ANNUAL REPORT - Department of Biotechnology

ANNUAL REPORT 

2006 - 2007 

Department Department of of Biotechnology 

Biotechnology 

Ministry Ministry of of Science Science & & Technology 

Technology 

Government Government of of India 

India

Annual Report 

2006-2007 

Department of Biotechnology 

Ministry of Science & Technology 

Government of India

CONTENTS 

Chapter-1: An Overview 1 

Advisory Structure 2 

Human Resource Development 2 

Biotech Facilities and Programme Support 2 

Research and Development 2 

- Agricultural Biotechnology 2 

• Crops 2 

• Biofertilisers 3 

• Biopesticides and Crop Management 3 

- Bioresource Development and Utilization 4 

• National Bioresource Development Board 4 

• Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 5 

• Plant Biotechnology 5 

• Animal Biotechnology 5 

• Aquaculture & Marine Biotechnology 6 

• Seribiotechnology 6 

- Basic Research in Modern Biology 7 

- Medical Biotechnology 7 

- Stem Cell 8 

- Bioengineering 9 

- Human Genetics and Genome Analysis 9 

- Environmental Biotechnology 10 

- Mission Mode Programme on Bioenergy and Biofuels 10 

Biotechnology for Societal Development 10 

Bioprocess and Product Development 10 

- Food and Nutrition Biotechnology 11 

- Large Cardamom -Product Plan 11 

- Microbial and Industrial Biotechnology 11 

- Biotechnology Patent Facilitating Cell 11 

- Small Business Innovation Research Initiative (SBIRI) 11 

for Public Private Partnership 11 

- Biosafety issues 11 

Bioinformatics 12 

Biotechnology Parks and Incubators 12 

International Collaboration 12 

Autonomous Institutions 13 

- National Institute Of Immunology, New Delhi 13 

- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 13 

- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad 13 

- National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana 14 

- National Centre for Plant Genome Research (NCPGR), New Delhi 14 

- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal 15 

- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar 15 

Public Sector Undertaking 15 

I 

Contents

International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 15 

Administration and Finance 16 

Chapter-2: Advisory Structure 17 

Standing Advisory Committee-Overseas 17 

Biotechnology Research and Promotion Committee 17 

Inter-Disciplinary Research Committee 17 

National Bioethics Committee 17 

Chapter-3: Human Resource Development 19 

Postgraduate M.Sc./ M.Tech Teaching Programme 19 

Training Programmes 20 

Scholarships and Awards 21 

Biotechnology Overseas Associateship 22 

Visiting Scientists from Abroad Programme 22 

DBT-TWAS Fellowship for Ph.D 24 

Biotechnology Popularization 25 

Support to seminars/symposia/conferences 25 

Chapter-4: Biotech Facilities and Programme Support 29 

Centres of Excellence in areas of Biotechnology 29 

Biotech Facilities 32 

Programme Support 35 

Chapter-5: Research and Development 37 

Agricultural Biotechnology 37 

• Crops 37 

• Biofertilisers 49 

• Biopesticides and Crop Management 51 

Bioresource Development and Utilization 57 

• National Bioresource Development Board 57 

• Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 69 

• Plant Biotechnology 74 

• Animal Biotechnology 81 

• Aquaculture & Marine Biotechnology 87 

• Seribiotechnology 94 

Basic Research in Modern Biology 97 

Medical Biotechnology 102 

Stem Cell 115 

Bioengineering 117 

Human Genetics and Genome Analysis 118 

Environmental Biotechnology 122 

Mission Mode Programme on Bioenergy and Biofuels 129 

DBT Annual Report 2006-07 

II

Chapter-6: Biotechnology for Societal Development 133 

Programmes for SC and ST Population 133 

Programmes for Women 135 

Progra mmes for Rehabilitation of Tsunami Affected People 140 

Programmes for Rural Areas 140 

Chapter-7: Bioprocess and Product Development 143 

Biotechnological Approaches for Food and Nutritional Security 143 

Large Cardamom -Product Plan 147 

Microbial and Industrial Biotechnology 147 

Biotechnology Patent Facilitating Cell 151 

Small Business Innovation Research Initiative for Public Private Partnership 153 

Biosafety Issues 153 

Chapter-8: Biotechnology Information System Network 159 

Chapter-9: Biotechnology Parks and Incubators 165 

Chapter-10: International Collaboration 167 

-Indo-Denmark collaboration 167 

-Indo-Finland collaboration 167 

-Indo-Germany collaboration 168 

-Indo-UK collaboration 168 

-Indo-US collaboration 168 

-Collaboration with IAVI 173 

-Indo-Australia collaboration 173 

New Bilateral Programmes 173 

Multilateral Collaboration 174 

Chapter-11: Autonomous Institutions 177 

National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 177 

National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 179 

Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad 182 

National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana 185 

National Centre for Plant Genome Research (NCPGR), New Delhi 187 

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal 190 

Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar 191 

Chapter-12: Public Sector Undertaking 195 

Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals Corporation Limited, Bulandshahr 195 

Indian Vaccines Corporation Limited, Gurgaon 195 

III 

Contents

Chapter-13: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) 197 

Human Health 197 

Plant Biotechnology 199 

Chapter-14: Administration and Finance 201 

Administration 201 

Establishment 201 

Progressive Use of Hindi in the Department 202 

Parlianmentary Matters 203 

Vigilance Unit 203 

Other Activities 203 

Finance 204 

Annexures 205 

Annexures I - Gender Budgeting Cell 205 

Annexures II - Important Committees and Task Forces 206 

Annexures III - DBT- Sponsored Universities/Institutions Offering Regular 229 

Teaching Courses in Biotechnology in India 

Annexures IV - Biotechnology Overseas Associateship (2005-06) 237 

Annexures V - Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facilities 242 

Annexures VI - Databases available with BTISnet Centres 246 

Annexures VII - Software available with BTISnet Centres 247 

AnnexuresVIII - Bioinformatics Training/Workshop Organized During 2006-07 248 

Annexures IX - Publications / Patents Of Department’s Autonomous Institutes 250 

Annexures X - Statement of Budget Estimates 263 

Abbreviations 264 


IV

An Overview 

Biotechnology is a set of rapidly emerging and far 

reaching new technologies with great promise in 

areas of sustainable food production, nutrition 

security, health care and environmental 

sustainability. Our vision is to use powerful tools of 

biotechnology to help convert the country's diverse 

biological resources to useful products and 

processes that are accessible to its masses for 

economic development and employment generation. 

Biotechnology is globally recognized as a rapidly 

emerging, complex and far reaching new technology. 

Biotechnology can, over the next two decades, 

deliver the next wave of technological change that 

can be as radical and pervasive as that brought about 

by IT. The recent and continuing advances in life 

sciences clearly unfold a scenario energized and 

driven by the new tools of biotechnology. The 

convergence of advances in biology genomics, 

proteomics, bioinformatics and information 

technologies is driving the emergence of a new 

bioeconomy.During the last five years, biotechnology 

industry has been growing at a rate of 40% and in 

2005-06 exceeded US$ 1.5 billion in turnover. 

Though the growth was achieved mainly through 

leadership in biogenerics and contract 

manufacturing, research leading to innovative 

product development did not lag behind. The social 

impact of such growth is evident from India assuming 

a dominant place in vaccine exports, diagnostics, 

transgenics (Bt Cotton) and a number of 

biotherapeutics. There is a projection of an annual 

turnover of US $ 10 billion for India by 2010 and a 

speculated about 25% annual growth rate between 

2010 and 2015.During the year 2006-07, the impetus 

has been on programmes of national relevance with 

special emphasis on strengthening of infrastructure, 

creation of centers of excellence, capacity building 

and developing mission mode programmes and 

public-private partnerships. Over 450 R&D projects 

have been supported during the year with 

approximately 200 universities and research 

laboratories being provided the necessary support in 

1 

Chapter-1 

terms of both capacity building and infrastructure 

strengthening.In the area of health care, new 

vaccines and diagnostics have been indigenously 

developed and are under clinical trials. A major 

initiative has been taken to develop stem cell 

research in the country and 6 centres have received 

programme support. A road map has been 

formulated and city clusters established to forge 

interdisciplinary collaboration, crucial to this sector. 

Cutting edge research in areas of tissue engineering, 

bio-medical devices, biomaterials, nanobiotechnology 

and RNAi is being supported. A 

special initiative for devices and formulation required 

for a national programme on maternal, neonatal and 

child health has been initiated. In the area of 

agriculture biotechnology the focus is on nutritional 

enhancement, increased productivity and 

development of crops resistant to biotic and abiotic 

stresses. Establishing Centres of Excellence has 

received special attention during the current year to 

achieve reengineering of certain institutes for greater 

innovation and focus. The societal development 

programme has received special attention and 

benefited more than 20,000 SC/ST population, 

women and rural population during the year. The 

efforts were focused to create enably circumstances 

for increasing access of common people to new 

technologies and products and promoting the mass 

use of these technologies for healthcare, nutritional 

security, employment generation and environmental 

well being.Life science and biotechnology sector is 

characterized by dynamic changes in flow of new 

idea and conception and development of new tools 

for research. Rapid responses are required to meet 

these challenges. A number of new initiatives has 

been taken up during the year to achieve this goal, 

which include increased number of Ph.D., post-docs 

including overseas fellowships, rapid grants for 

young investigators, innovation fellowships etc. A 

major success during the current year has been the 

launch of public/private partnership scheme Small 

Business Innovation Research Initiative (SBIRI), 

An Overview

which promotes highly innovative early stage, pre 

proof-of-concept and late stage development 

research emphasizing on important national needs. 

During the year, the Autonomous Institutes have 

concentrated on technology and product 

development beside4s basic science. New 

International Collaborations have been forged with 

Denmark, Netherlands, US, Finland, UK, etc. 

Several of these are dedicated to tailored agricultural 

and vaccine and diagnostics technologies for 

regional/local needs. 

Advisory Structure 

The standing Advisory Committee - Overseas, SAC 

(O) of the Department consisting of non-residential 

Indians settled abroad was reconstituted with the 

approval of the Hon'ble Minister for Science and 

th 

Technology. The 17 meeting of the Standing 

Advisory Committee-Overseas (SAC-O) will be held 

on March 15, 2007 which will be preceded by a twoday 

meeting on HIV/AIDS. 

Human Resource Development 

The Department is implementing M.Sc./M. Tech 

teaching programmes in general, marine, 

agricultural, animal, medical, pharma, industrial, 

biotechnology and molecular and human genetics. 

The students for these programmes are selected on 

all India basis and around 1000 students are 

admitted every year. The department is also 

facilitating industrial training of these students for a 

period of six months. A new programme for creation 

of database on placement of students in last 5 

years as well as assistance in placement has been 

initiated. The Department has assigned a study to 

IIM, Bangalore for evaluation of ongoing teaching 

programmes. A study has been assigned to Ernst & 

Young to assess the availability and requirement of 

manpower at different levels in the country. DBT 

JRF programme and DBT PDF programme is being 

implemented through Poona University, Pune and 

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore respectively. 

The number of JRFs has been increased from 100 

to 230 from 2007. Top ranking 100 students in 

merit will be given option to join any institute of their 

choice in the country for pursuing Ph.D. 2 JRFs will 

be provided to each PG teaching institution to 


2 

strengthen their teaching. To encourage medical and 

engineered students to take up research work, 26 

premier institutions have been identified and 10 

fellowships each will be provided. 

In addition to the ongoing scheme for hands on 

training of mid career scientists, new schemes for 

training of college teachers and postgraduate 

teachers have been initiated. The Department is also 

providing a number of awards and scholarships to 

recognize the outstanding contributions of scientists 

in the field of biotechnology in the country. 

Biotech Facilities and Programme Support 

Centre of Excellence in Areas of Biotechnology 

A programme to augment and strengthen institutional 

research capacity in areas of biotechnology through 

support for establishment of Centres of Excellence 

(COEs) continued during the year. Three types of 

COEs are planned to be supported: (i) Basic biology 

emphasizing new opportunities and emerging fields 

(ii) Centres for Science, Engineering and Technology 

that would address the interphase between 

engineering, physical sciences, biology, medicine, 

agriculture or forestry, and (iii) Translational Centres 

directed towards innovation in the areas of medicine, 

agriculture, environment, animal and food 

biotechnology sectors. Award decisions will be based 

on scientific and technical merit as determined by 

peer-review, the Programme Advisory Committee 

recommendations, the prospect of enhancement of 

the basic research capability in medical school 

system and translational capacity in basic science 

institutions and the availability of funds. Both 

excellence in technology development and 

excellence in science will be considered in the 

proposals for “Centre of Excellence”. The proposals 

with merit which may not qualify for support as 

'Centre of Excellence' may be considered for support 

as “Programme Support” or an individual 'R&D 

Project'. 

Research and Development 

Agricultural Biotechnology 

Crops

In a project to identify, map and transfer desirable 

alleles at QTLs for yield and yield components and 

stability and also to generate QTL near isogenic lines 

of rice, agronomic evaluation of BC2F4 Near 

Isogenic Introgressions lines (NIILs) as many as 200 

BC2F5 progenies were evaluated for the second 

consecutive year during summer 2006 in multilocation 

trials. A new triticale line involving Himalayan 

rye and indigenous wheat genotypes has been 

synthesized to be further utilized as a diverse source 

for obtaining certain important wheat-rye 

translocations. In project on functional genomics of 

rice aiming at discovery and functional validation of 

genes, novel genes conferring bacterial blight (BLB) 

resistance have been discovered in accessions of 

wild species like O. longistaminata, O. nivara, O. 

glaberrima and O. barthii; land race accession 

Ac32753 and few mutant lines of IR64. Gall midge 

resistance genes Gm1 and Gm4 are being fine 

mapped to within 10cM of 2 MB region of the 

genome. In the network project on programme on 

development of Salinity and dehydration stress 

tolerance in rice, a gene encoding fructose 1,6 

bisphosphate was cloned to full length from Portresia 

(PCFR) and this enzyme was found to be active in the 

presence of NaCl. In the project on multi-site 

Evaluation of Transgenic Mustard (DMH-11) based 

on barnase - barstar system, the National Research 

Centre of Rapeseed-Mustard, Bharatpur conducted 

the trials along with four checks, viz.CMS based 

hybrid (DMH-1), National Checks (Varuna and 

Kranti) and a zonal check, at 10 locations during the 

year 2006 Higher yield of DMH-11 over the best 

check variety was recorded in 6 out of 9 locations. In 

the project on development of Transgenics Cotton 

for Resistance to Insect Pests, around 300 

independent transgenics lines in cotton (Coker 

310FR) carrying the cry1Ac gene for attaining 

resistance to Helicoverpa armigera developed. In 

most of the transgenics, the cry1Ac gene is under the 

control of the double enhancer CaMV 35S promoter. 

Improvements have also been made in the 

transformation protocol of cotton which allows the 

use of Imidazolinone as a selection agent instead of 

kanamycin by using a double mutant acetolactate 

synthase gene as marker. 

Biofertilisers 

With growing environmental concerns, the sole 

dependence on chemical inputs based agriculture is 

being replaced by integrated approach involving 

conjunctive use of both organic and inorganic 

sources. In this context, biofertilizers have been well 

accepted as economical, cost effective, renewable 

and safe organic source of plant nutrients to sustain 

crop productivity. Moreover, with recent focus on 

organic/bio-dynamic farming, the demand of 

biofertilizers is likely to grow at a much faster rate 

than before. At this juncture, it is realized that 

microbial inoculants are 'ecological inputs' whose 

effects are 'subtle and not dramatic' like chemical 

inputs. Hence, inoculation with good quality 

inoculants is a must and should be treated as an 

insurance against failure of nodulation. The shelf life 

both in the storage and transit needs to be improved 

with due consideration to various 'abiotic' stresses. 

The quality oriented production and marketing 

network will certainly make biofertilizers a viable 

enterprise for ultimate customer satisfaction. 

Keeping these in view, programmes on development 

of liquid biofertilizers and biofertilizers based 

Integrated Nutrient management packages for 

plantation crops and medicinal plants have been 

generated. In addition biofertilizers strains developed 

through transgenosis will be evaluated in contained 

conditions. 

Biopesticides and Crop Management 

Integrated pest management system has become 

much more sophisticated through biotechnological 

interventions. A number of potent and cost effective 

methods of biological pest control have been 

successfully developed. Genetic improvement of 

various species of entomopathogenic nematodes for 

enhanced efficacy and tolerance to environment e.g. 

temperature etc. has been achieved and found to be 

effective against insect pests of pigeon pea, rice stem 

borer, gram pod borer cardamom root grub, sucking 

pests of cotton etc. Conservation and augmentation 

of two predators viz. Dipha aphidivora and Microuns 

igorotus have been achieved, which suppressed 

sugarcane wolly aphid populations. Pheromones 

were found to be quite effective against various 

3 An Overview

species of bollworms, Pomegranate fruit borer and 

sucking moths of sweet orange. Pheromone 

dispensers were also developed and found to be 

suitable for Indian condition in comparison to 

imported ones. Molecular characterization of 

antibiotic producing novel plant growth promoting 

rhizobacteria, has been done. Insecticidal toxin 

genes of various plant species and various novel 

bacterial strains is being done to develop a potent 

biopesticides formulation. The multicentric 

programme on the management of Parthenium 

launched to control the weed and for its possible 

economic potential is progressing well. 

Bioresource Development and Utilization 

National Bioresource Development Board 

Programmes under the Board continued in the area 

of Biodiversity Characterization and Inventorization, 

Bioprospecting, improvement and utilization of 

resources and Capacity Building. The Fourth 

Meeting of the Board Chaired by the Hon'ble Minister 

th 

S&T and ES, Shri Kapil Sibal was held on 25 July 

2006. The digitized inventory of the primary and 

secondary data of bioresources (plant, animal, 

microbial and marine) “Jeeva Sampada” and the 

maps and atlas prepared under the project on 

Biodiversity characterization of the landscape using 

remote sensing tools for Central India, Eastern Ghats 

and Mangrove regions were released by the Hon'ble 

Minister. A web portal Indian Bioresource 

Information Network (IBIN) has also been launched 

as a single window access to spatial and non-spatial 

data. This unique effort is the first of its kind which 

overlays all spatial information with ground level 

species information, the address to providing details 

of the genetic level studies being conducted. IBIN 

site was also launched by the Hon'ble Minister. Study 

on Mapping and Quantitative Assessment of Plant 

Resources continued for Eastern Himalayan Region, 

Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. The Country's 

first Butterfly Park at Bannerghatta Biological Park, 

th 

Bangalore was inaugurated on 25 November 2006 

by Hon'ble Minister Science & Technology and Earth 

Sciences, Shri Kapil Sibal. The Park houses more 

than 2000 butterflies at any given time representing 

42 species. The uniqueness lies in the research 


4 

activities continuing specially for rearing 

technologies, DNA Barcoding etc. 

Projects have been supported for prospecting of 

novel genes, molecules, enzymes etc. from plants, 

microbes, fungi, lichens for production of potential 

products of industrial importance. Novel genes/ 

promoters, transcription factors are also being 

identified so as to develop transgenics for biotic / 

abiotic stress and understand different metabolic 

engineering pathway(s) operative in a system. A 

biofertilizer formulation based on novel salt tolerant 

nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilising strains of 

bacteria was developed and transferred to the 

industry. 

A major new initiative during the year has been the 

launch of a Network programme on "Zingibers" and 

“Honey bee resources”. Under the Zingiber network, 

programmes have been supported on biochemical 

and molecular characterization in relation to 

commercially useful traits, prospecting for selected 

secondary metabolites and domestication of some 

underutilized species of ornamental value. Under 

the Tea Research Network, a major new initiative has 

been taken on generation and analysis of Expressed 

Sequence Tag (EST) and also integrated genetic 

linkage map and marker assisted selection. A 

network programme has been launched for the 

Indian Coffee Genome Research under which cDNA 

libraries and ESTs are being developed. Under the 

Sugarcane Genomics, a major achievement has 

been the development of PCR based diagnostic kits 

for red rot and smut diseases which is presently 

undergoing validation. Under the Bamboo 

Demonstration programme, nearly 380-ha has been 

planted with tissue culture material. In addition, R & 

D programmes have also been supported for 

developing and standardizing tissue culture 

protocols for other priority bamboo species. 

Under the Capacity Building Programmes, during this 

year 21 Vacation training programmes were 

organized in different parts of the country benefiting 

about 600 children on sustainable utilization of 

bioresources. A Bioresources Nature's trail has been 

established at Kerala Forest Research Institute 

(KFRI) sub-centre at Nilambur in an area of 5ha.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 

Four gene banks have been further strengthened with 

respect to collection, conservation and 

characterization of more number of germplasm 

accessions. A rapid and highly reproducible protocol 

for in vitro propagation of Picrorhiza scrophulariflora 

has been developed. High yielding lines of 

Nothapodytes nimmoniana with more than 1% 

camptothecin were identified from Western Ghats. 

Evaluation of the performance of elite tissue culture 

plantlets vis-à-vis stem cuttings of vanilla (Vanilla 

planifolia) in farmers' field over an area of 20 ha in 

Tripura state has been initiated. Cell-cultures of 

Commiphora wightii were grown in 2-litre stirred tank 

and 6-litre airlift bioreactor for guggulsterone 

production. A network project on development of 

standardized herbal product for bovine mastitis has 

been initiated. Purified pectic polysaccharide from 

Aegle marmelos have shown significant in vivo antileishmanial 

activity. Root extract of Clitorea ternatea 

and taraxerol showed significant inhibition of acetyl 

cholinesterase activity and cognitive enhancing 

property. RAPD and minisatellite profiles of the 

sandalwood (Santalum album) populations of the 

southern regions of India have been generated. Work 

on cloning and characterization of regulatory 

elements of genes involved in picrosides 

biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurrooa has been initiated. 

The full-length 4,11-diene synthase gene involved in 

sesquiterpene biosynthesis regulation in Artemisia 

annua has been cloned. Four genes of isoquinoline 

alkaloid biosynthetic pathway in Papaver somniferum 

have also been cloned. 

Plant Biotechnology 

During the year, studies continued in the areas of 

plant tissue culture, molecular characterization and 

transformation for desirable traits especially post 

harvest. Tissue culture protocols were standardized 

for important forest trees - pine, bamboo, red sanders 

etc; horticulture crops grapes rootstock, papaya, 

apple root stock and citrus and plantation crops 

cashew, vanilla, clove. Studies on delayed fruit 

ripening and increased shelf life continued on tomato, 

grapes, banana and bell pepper. Studies also 

continued on molecular characterization of important 

forest trees, horticulture and plantation crops for 

germplasm and biodiversity characterization. Field 

demonstration of Bamboo was further extended to 

cover around 200 hectares in different agroclimatic 

zones of the country. The activities envisaged under 

the programme support on Micropropagation 

Technology Plants were implemented. 

Basic research was identified as an important area 

where impetus has been on understanding the basic 

mechanisms as to how plants develop and adopt to 

various environmental conditions. Projects were 

supported to address issues like how a signal when 

perceived by a plant is received till a final response is 

obtained, how internal machinery of a plant operates 

etc. Salinity and drought tolerant genotypes of 

Brassica have been identified and physiologically 

characteised under laboratory conditions. 

Transgenic plants with both over-expression as well 

as RNAi constructs developed and are being 

analysed with respect to their behaviour under 

osmotic stress. The interaction between plant 

pathogens and their host plants is extremely complex 

and this has been identified as a priority area. Studies 

were supported to study the Molecular basis of 

determinants of host-pathogen specificity; Early 

events in pathogenesis initiation with respect to 

adhesion, penetration mechanisms, hydrolytic 

enzymes etc.; Signal transduction cascade involved 

in early events both in host as well as pathogen; 

Gene expression profiling of plant(s) and 

pathogen(s) during pathogenesis; Innate immunity / 

non-host resistance; Systemic Acquired Resistance; 

Induced Systemic Resistance etc. and Mechanism of 

Pathogenicity 

Under the international Solanaceae Genome Project 

launched alongwith 10 partner countries to sequence 

tomato genome, India has been assigned the 

responsibility of sequencing 12 Mb region of 

chromosome 5. So far 1.5 Mb region has been 

sequenced. In addition to genome sequencing an 

effort was made to support research in the 

understanding functional genomics aspects also, the 

thrust has been on disease resistance, nutritional 

improvement and fruit ripening. 

Molecular Taxonomy studies continued to receive 

support for those taxa which could not be segregated 

morphologically at family, genera, species and sub- 

5 An Overview

species, level. The taxonomic confustion between 

Amaranthaceae & Chenopodiaceae has been 

resolved using DNA fingerprinting. 

Animal Biotechnology 

New programme were initiated in the area of animal 

nutrition and development of newer animal 

vaccines. Standards were developed for estimation 

of mycotoxins in animal feed and distributed to 

various laboratories for routine analysis. A novel and 

potent anthrax vaccine which includes mutants of 

lethal factor and edema factor was developed which 

provides better efficacy in vivo. An attenuated 

buffalopox virus vaccine was developed and its field 

trial is underway. Phage display technique was used 

as an alternative to hybridoma to produce mono 

specific antibodies against recombinant gag antigen 

of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus. Diagnostics for 

peste des petits virus and buffalopox virus were 

developed and validated successfully. A RT-PCR 

assay was standardized for specific detection of 

Border disease virus and a nested PCR was also 

developed for differentiation of Border disease virus, 

Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2. Multicentric 

programme on Buffalo Genomics was implemented 

with focus on identification of genes of economic 

importance. Structural and functional aspects of 3D 

scaffold of bovine origin for cardio mycocyte culture 

are being studied. Efforts are also on to develop 

biomaterial of bovine origin for reconstruction surgery 

in animals. 

Aquaculture & Marine Biotechnology 

During the year, various projects on biosurfactants, of 

marine enzymes, bioactive molecules, immune 

response, neuro-peptide synthesis, bioreactors were 

pursued. Progress on vaccine development for fish, 

bacteriophage therapy genetic characterization of 

marine organisms, cell lines development, shrimp 

genomics, fish feed supplement, biosafety and water 

quality and monitored were implemented. 

Biosurfactant were screened using marine 

Acinetobacter genospecies. A prototype for raceway 

based shrimp production technology was utilized for 

nursery rearing of shrimp. Studies on occurrence of 

human pathogenic viruses in coastal marine waters 

were carried out. Marine cyanobacteria and chlorella 


6 

species were studied for over expression of 

superoxide dismutase enzyme useful for 

bioremediation and salt tolerance. Bioactive 

molecules were explored for antibacterial, antiviral 

and anticancer agents. Role of bacterial plasmid 

gene was studied in pathogenesis of Epizootic 

Ulcerative Syndrome and its virulence. Applications 

with the use of phytase were explored from yeast as 

an alternate fish feed supplement. Neuro-peptide 

synthesis was explored from Indian cone snails and 

conus peptide sequence was worked out. A 

bioreactor was under development for microbial 

based treatment system for seafood industrial 

discharge. Vaccine development for fish for 

Aeromonas showed promising leads. Bacteriophage 

therapy in improvement of shrimp larvae was 

pursued as an alternative to antibiotics in 

aquaculture. Oligonucleotide probe for monitoring 

vibrio counts in hatcheries were designed. Organ 

development and differentiation were studied using 

perivitelline fluid of Indian Horse Shoe Crab. 

Development of cell lines from Seabass showed 

promising leads. Shrimp genomics was pursued with 

focus on expression of immune function associated 

proteins from shrimp. 

Seribiotechnology 

Screening of silkworm germplasm for baculovirus 

resistance in silkworm (Bombyx mori) has resulted in 

identification of three each of bivoltine and 

multivoltine strains under a network project. 

Microsatellite analysis carried out in muga silkworm 

(Antheraea assama) populations indicate genetic 

variability in hill populations as compared to plain 

area populations. A Bombyx mori gene that code for 

antiviral protein has been partially characterized. A 

collaborative project has been initiated on 

epidemiology, spatial and temporal dynamics of 

diseases of muga silkworm. Under the Indian 

initiative on International Consortium on 

Lepidopteran Genome Project, functional annotation 

of unique putative genes of muga silkworm has been 

carried out. A total of 67 mulberry accessions have 

been conserved in vitro and 238 accessions have 

been successfully cryopreserved. Field evaluation of 

mulberry trangenics (with HVA-1 gene) for abiotic 

stress tolerance has been initiated. A few epicuticular

wax related gene fragments having homology with 

Arabidopsis have been cloned from mulberry. Under 

a network project, screening of mulberry germplasm 

for disease response to powdery mildew, tukra and 

nematode has been completed. 

Basic Research in Modern Biology 

Support to R&D projects having fundamental 

questions was continued to provide new vistas to the 

knowledge required for understanding the intricacies 

involved in applied research. Fifty-two projects 

across various disciplines were sanctioned. 

Significant achievement during the year are : NIPER, 

Mohali showed promising results for improvement of 

the oral bio-availability of cyclosporine and reduction 

of nephrotoxicity associated with the commercial 

formulation; Studies were carried out at Sree Chitra 

Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and 

Technology, Trivandrum, using an in vitro cell culture 

model to evaluate the response of adult rat cardiac 

fibroblasts to hypoxia; IISc Bangalore revealed that 

UdgB plays a significant role in mycobacteria; 

Scientists at IMTech., Chandigarh showed that phoP 

promoter activity is negatively autoregulated by PhoP 

through sequence-specific interaction(s) involving 3 

direct repeat subunits with a 9-bp consensus binding 

sequence; Studies carried out at IISc, Bangalore 

indicated that both MBP and preMBP are more prone 

to aggregation under crowded conditions with 

preMBP showing a greater extent of aggregation; 

Scientists at School of Life Sciences, JNU studied 

delineation methods to explore the physiological role 

of SMARCAL1; Scientist at IISc., Bangalore revealed 

that the stabilizing contacts in the folded 

conformations of glycodelins are different; Scientists 

at CDRI, Lucknow used NMR spectroscopy to solve 

structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 

Escherichia coli, and Homo sapiens peptidyl-tRNA 

hydrolase. A structural model based on E. coli Pth 

crystal structure, was generated; Crystallographic 

analysis of PfFabZ of Plasmodium falciparum carried 

out at IISc., Bangalore revealed new strategies in the 

design of novel antimalarials; Studies done at JNU, 

New Delhi suggested that D. discoideum under 

oxidative stress exhibits PARP mediated caspase 

independent paraptotic cell death; Oxidative stress 

induced DNA damage in ICSI being investigated at 

IIT Kharagpur revealed a positive correlation 

between ROS and sperm morphology and its DNA 

damage; Scientists at ICGEB, New Delhi 

characterized CIPK protein and showed that the 

protein contain autophosphorylation activity; 

Scientists at IIT, Kharagpur attempted to make folatenanoparticle 

conjugate by grafting folic acid through 

some biocompatible nonpolymeric coupling agent 

and Scientists at University of Madras, Chennai are 

using biophysical techniques, chiefly X-ray 

crystallography, but also computer modelling, UV 

spectroscopy and gel mobility, to study the structures 

of DNA junctions, such as three-way and four-way 

junctions, as well as unusual DNA packing modes 

that lead to novel microstructures. 

Medical Biotechnology 

Concerted efforts have been made towards 

development of vaccines and diagnostics for the 

major infectious and non-infectious diseases 

specially in the area of tuberculosis, avian influenza, 

chicken guinea, rotavirus, typhoid, malaria, HPV . 

New DBT-ICMR collaborative projects were initiated 

on HIV/AIDS and microbicide research. About 

fourteen projects have been implemented through 

this joint effort. Brain storming sessions were 

organized on future R&D efforts on Avian Influenza 

(H5N1) and Chikungunya and other viral infections. 

Emphasis was also laid on setting up of Virus 

Research Centres/ Networks projects. 

A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled 

Dose Escalating Phase Ib/IIa study to evaluate the 

safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated 

rotavirus vaccine (vero cell based 116E) in healthy 

non malnourished infants 8-20 weeks of age was 

initiated. As an initial step, infants are screened for 

eligibility (healthy, non-malnourished) for receiving 

the vaccine. A total of 187 infants have been enrolled 

into the study and vaccinated. The study is 

progressive well. The cell bank and technology for 

production of recombinant malaria vaccine 

candidates i.e. PfMSP-119 and PfF2 were transferred 

to BBIL, Hyderabad, for developing master cell bank 

and master working cell bank for characterization. 

The BBIL has successfully produced cGMP grade 

material of three consistent batches at 10L scale for 

7 An Overview

human clinical trial and initiated toxicological studies. 

Typhoid vaccine development technology was 

transferred to M/s. USV Limited, Mumbai for further 

cGMP grade production, preclinical and clinical 

studies. 

In HIV/AIDS research, a novel interaction of SMAR1 

with the host TAP (HIV-1 Tat activating protein) has 

been observed which has potential to block the 

transcription complex formation. Also, a human 

mannose receptor has been identified as CD4 

independent HIV receptor on spermatozoa which 

may determine the possible risk of sexual 

transmission of HIV. An indigenous lentivirus based 

gene transfer vector has been developed with novel 

features of versatile multiple cloning site with 

expanded cloning capabilities. Sandwitch ELISA and 

RT-PCR based assay systems have been developed 

for SARS virus. The network programme on the 

development of vaccine candidates for Human 

Papilloma Virus has been implemented and 

progressed well during the year. 

The department has implemented projects to study 

the effect of Curcumin for various cancers such as 

oral pre-cancerous lesions/OSMF; Head & Neck 

cancer; and cervical cancer. A herbal formulation, 

TM 

BASANT for clearance of early cervical lesions 

associated with HPV is also being investigated. 

Necessary steps have been initiated to start masters 

course/fellowship in translational health sciences 

and clinical sciences to create trained manpower in 

the area at selected medical schools. Steps have also 

been initiated to set up 5-6 clinical trial research 

training centres to train graduates and post 

graduates students of medical schools and life 

sciences. 

In order to reduce the age at which scientists get their 

first Principal Investigator grant and expand 

opportunities for young scientists (upto 37 years of 

age), DBT invited proposals under Rapid Grant for 

Young Investigators scheme, in which about 45 

proposals were recommended out of 144 proposals 

for support and the same were implemented. 

Stem Cell 

Stem cell biology is a promising and emerging field of 


8 

the life sciences. The potential of stem cell 

technology to develop therapy for many untreatable 

diseases through cellular replacement or tissue 

engineering is widely recognized. Keeping in view its 

potential therapeutic applications, both basic and 

translational research are being promoted by the 

Department in various institutions, hospitals and the 

industry. Till date, more than 55 programmes have 

been identified and supported on various aspects of 

stem cell research. These include generation of 

human embryonic stem cell lines, differentiation of 

pancreatic progenitor cells to insulin secreting cells, 

isolation of multipotent adult progenitor cells from 

bone marrow and their clonal expansion, use of 

banana lectins for stem cell preservation, 

haematopoitic stem cells (HSC) for haplo-identical 

HSC transplantation, use of limbal stem cells for 

ocular surface disorders, isolation and 

characterization of mesenchymal and liver stem 

cells, in vitro differentiation of human embryonic 

stem cells to neural and non- neural lineages, cardiac 

stem cells, embryonic stem cells etc,. 

Disease specific brainstorming sessions included in 

the area of cardiac, stroke, limb ischemia and 

orthopaedic to explore the potential applications of 

stem cells in these areas. “CMC-DBT Centre for Stem 

Cell Research” has been established at CMC, Vellore 

to carry out basic and translational research. Multicentric 

clinical study has been implemented on acute 

myocardial infarction and pilot study has been 

initiated on acute ischaemic stroke to determine 

safety and efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear 

cells. Stem cell research facilities including clean 

rooms to handle stem cells have been created at 

PGIMER, Chandigarh, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, KEM 

Mumbai and LVPEI, Hyderabad. A training centre to 

provide training for embryonic and adult stem cells 

has been supported jointly at NCBS & JNCSAR, 

Bangalore. Current Good Manufacturing Practices 

(cGMP) workshop/ training course was also 

organized. A number of scientists and clinicians were 

invited to participate in this training course. 

Currently the challenges in this area include: 

availability of human resource of desired expertise; 

adequate infrastructure; interdisciplinary network of 

researchers and clinicians for theme-based

esearch; appropriate regulatory mechanisms; well 

defined basic research leading toclinical/ 

translational research, focused centres and 

institutions. 

The Department and Indian Council of Medical 

Research have jointly formulated draft guidelines for 

stem cell research. The guidelines are currently 

being placed for public debate. 

Bioengineering 

Bioengineering has been identified as a potential 

area of research by the Department. In order to 

identify priority areas, create road map, strengthen 

R&D activities and infrastructure for bioengineering 

research in the country, the Department organized a 

number of brainstorming meetings. The key areas 

identified are: tissue engineering, biomaterials for 

therapeutics, medical devices, bioinstrumentation 

and biosensors. A number of workshops were 

organized in the identified areas. Brainstorming 

meetings were also organized on “Devices and 

equipments for maternal, new born and child health 

care” and “Indigenous production of surfactants for 

the treatment of pre-mature babies”. It was felt that 

there is a need to initiate mission mode programmes 

at institutions having adequate facilities in 

collaboration with the industry; to strengthen R&D 

activities for the development of biomaterials 

especially for drug delivery, cellular/molecular 

imaging technology; disposable biosensors at low 

cost for rapid diagnosis of diseases, MEMS 

biosensor using multi-parameter approach; 

fabrication of medical devices and bio-instruments, 

development of implants, etc. As an outcome, several 

network groups of clinicians and basic researchers 

have been formed. Multi-centric projects have been 

generated and implemented in the key areas of 

bioengineering. A separate task force has been 

constituted to consider projects in this area. 

There is an enhanced awareness among the 

scientists, clinicians and industry in the country about 

bioengineering and product development. Efforts 

have been made to form network of academia, 

clinicians and industry in this area so that all 

stakeholders are associated in all stages of 

development, namely research, product gy transfer 

development, technology transfer and 

commercialization. Product development, however, 

continues to remain a major challenge. 

Human Genetics and Genome Analysis 

The Human Genetics & Genome Analysis 

programme which is under implementation since 

1990-91 has established major infrastructure to 

pursue post genomic research activities in the 

country and also to keep pace with international 

efforts to exploit the available human, animal and 

microbial genomics available in public domain. A 

total of 21 genetic diagnosis-cum-counseling units 

have been established since 1991-92 providing 

continuous patients services to affected families to 

reduce common genetic disorder/disease burden. 

So far,more than one lakh families got benefited from 

these units and saved foreign exchange by providing 

diagnostic services in the country. In order to develop 

trained manpower in the area, established four 

training centres (CMC, Vellore; AIIMS, New Delhi; 

IIH, Mumbai; and SGPGIMS, Lucknow) to train 

clinician scientists and technicians working at various 

medical colleges/institutions. 

Several projects in the area of human genetics, 

human genome diversity, functional, structural, 

microbial, biocomputing, pharmacogenomics, 

clinical proteomics were implemented involving large 

number of clinicians, molecular geneticists and 

anthropologists. A strategy plan/roadmap document 

th 

for the 11 Plan was prepared to initiate major 

programmes in human genetics and genomic 

network projects including genetic education in the 

country. 

Several projects/programmes have been generated 

through brain storming session in the area of clinical 

proteomics, pharmacogenomics and RNAi and 

many projects were supported during the period. 

Environmental Biotechnology 

Concerted efforts have been made to identify priority 

areas for focussed R& D in the area of Environmental 

Biotechnology and Biodiversity Conservation. Major 

10 areas have been identified under which many 

research projects have been sponsored. Efforts 

were also made to generate collaborative, multi- 

9 An Overview

institutional network projects. Since, environmental 

pollutions are of different nature because of 

diversified industrial activities in the country, 

biotechnological interventions can provide the 

solutions for the environmental pollution problems 

through development of technologies, techniques, 

tools and processes. During the year, four brain 

storming sessions have been organized for 

generation of focussed, multi-institutional R&D 

projects in the area of Environmental Genomics, 

Environmental Biotechnology and Biodiversity 

Conservation. In addition two Task Force meetings 

were convened. 

During the year, progress of ongoing R&D projects 

and 18 completed projects were reviewed, 15 new 

R&D projects have been supported by Task Force. 

Sub-Committee of the Working Group for 

formulation of XI th Five Year Plan was constituted 

and its meeting was held in June, 2006 for finalization 

of priority areas for consideration in XI th Five Year 

Plan. 

Mission Mode Programme on Bioenergy and 

Biofuels 

The programme on biofuels continued with support 

for Bioenergy, Biodiesel and Bioethanol. Bioenergy 

plantations have been established at the nursery and 

demonstration levels in different agroclimatic zones. 

The plants have been developed through various 

propagation methods. The self-help groups were 

trained in maintaining nursery and vegetative 

propagation of the selected species. 

Under the Jatropha Micromission,1000 accessions 

have been collected from different parts of the 

country and tested for oil content. More than 50% 

show oil yield of more than 35%. 5 lakhs plants of 

superior material have been produced in the nursery. 

Nearly 300 ha have been brought under cultivation. 

Operational guidelines for collection,characterization 

and production of quality planting material have been 

brought out. Programmes are being initiated on 

improvement of Jatropha through marker assisted 

selection and metabolic pathway engineering. 

Under the programme on production of Bioethanol 

from lignocellulosic waste, methodology has been 


10 

developed for chemical hydrolysis of the 

lignocellulosic wastes from plants like Lantana 

camara and Prosopis juliflora into fermentable 

sugars and subsequent conversion into ethanol. The 

lignin degrading fungal isolate has been 

characterized, recombinant microbial strains have 

been identified which show enhanced ethanol 

recovery. They are being scaled up and industry 

interaction for commercial utilisation is further being 

explored. 

Biotechnology for Societal Development 

Demonstration and training programmes on proven 

and field-tested technologies were continued. The 

projects implemented could help in increasing the 

skills and income of SC/ST people, rural folk and 

women through product and process development 

and employment generation and improvement of 

their health status. More than 1,16,000 people have 

been benefited through around 135 ongoing projects 

on cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants, 

mushroom, biological control of plant pests and 

diseases, solid waste management, vermiculture 

and vermicomposting, biofertilizers, aquaculture, 

quail farming and human healthcare etc. This year, 

20 new proposals were funded. 

Bioprocess and Product Development 

Food and Nutrition Biotechnology 

During the year, the main emphasis during the year 

was on development and use of nutraceuticals and 

probiotics for holistic health. The Department after 

indepth consultation with national and Canadian 

experts has worked out the logistics to establish a 

National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), 

and the Bioprocessing Unit (BPU) as its autonomous 

institution. Both NABI and BPU are planned to come 

up along with an Agri-food Park designed to house 

start-up companies. All these three NABI, BPU, and 

the Park will form the Agri-food Cluster at Mohali, 

Punjab. Further, taking into account the demand of 

trained manpower in the area of food and nutritional 

science ,the Department took the initiative for 

seeking letters of intent for creation and/ or 

remodeling of Departments for an integrated 

Master's and Doctorate programme in Nutritional

Science or Food Science & Technology. 

Large Cardamom Product Plan 

Field evaluation of the performance of tissue cultureraised 

large cardamom vis-à-vis open pollinated 

seedlings continued on farmers' field in Uttarakhand 

state. About 34.45 ha area has been field planted 

during 2006 season using open-pollinated seedlings 

and tissue culture plantlets. Four training 

programmes for project personnel and farmers on 

cultivation and management of large cardamom 

have been organized. 

Microbial and Industrial Biotechnology 

The technologies for production and application of 

various enzymes having industrial importance such 

as keratinase, pullulanases, cellulase, laccase, 

protease etc. have been developed. Emphasis has 

also been given on production of enzymes like 

hydrolase, L-asparaginase, phytase, chitinase etc. 

and medicinally important fungal products such as 

fumagillin, lovosatin and ezetimibe. The new 

projects relevant to health sector are focused on 

development of a novel vesicular drug delivery 

system for psoriasis and biochip based diagnostics 

for detection of genetic diseases. Projects on hyper 

production of dyes/pigments from selected lower 

fungi for application in textile dyeing industry, 

development of membrane bioreactor for the 

synthesis of structured lipids, preparation of an 

amperometric biosensor for determination of 

triglycerides, development of immunodiagnostic kit 

for the detection of Karnal bunt in wheat lots, 

production of wine from mango, and design and 

optimization of a circulating fluidized bed biomass 

gasifier have been implemented. Besides the 

identified thrust areas, proposals with 

novel/innovative ideas for product related discovery 

science and product development have been invited 

from prospective investigators through a Call for 

Proposals. 

Biotechnology Patent Facilitating Cell 

Patents are powerful tools, which can be used to 

assert supremacy in the present worldwide 

knowledge driven scenario. A patent is also one of the 

few assets that can increase in value over time. They 

motivate researchers who enjoy challenges; and 

they also help record and develop new ideas. The 

Department recognises this and facilitates patenting 

of research results from publicly funded 

programmes. The public also benefits as they receive 

new, useful ideas when the invention develops into a 

marketable product. 

Small Business Innovation Research Initiative 

(SBIRI) for Public Private Partnership 

The department has launched a scheme 'Small 

Business Innovation Research Initiative (SBIRI) in 

September, 2005 to bring biotech industry at the 

forefront of technological revolution. Under the 

scheme, innovative, risky R&D projects for 

establishing proof of concept as well as development 

and commercialization of research leads having 

market demands are focused. The department has 

received tremendous response from the private 

sector. So far 34 projects are recommended in 

principle for support under the scheme. 

Biosafety issues 

Under Biosafety programme main emphasis is given 

to facilitate and implementation of biosafety 

procedures and guidelines for ensuring safety from 

the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 

and products thereof in research and application to 

the users as well as to the environment in the 

institutions and industries where recombinant DNA 

work is being undertaken through Institutional 

Biosafety Committees (IBSCs), Monitoring-cum- 

Evaluation Committee (MEC) and Review 

Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) and 

other institutional structures. Apart from considering 

the applications submitted by various organizations 

involved in the recombinant DNA technology, RCGM 

has taken several policy decisions such as 

standardization of protocol for conduct of multilocation 

field trials, data collection parameters, 

nomenclature of transgenic crop/ gene/ event and 

new monitoring mechanism for Bt. cotton. 

Applications made by several applicants in pharma/ 

agriculture sector for import of transgenic materials 

including transgenic seeds, conduct of pre-clinical 

11 An Overview

toxicity studies, contained single/ multi-location field 

trials on transgenic crops were examined by the 

RCGM and appropriate decisions were taken. 

Thirteen Central Monitoring Teams were constituted 

to interact with the Director of Research of the 

respective State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) 

regarding monitoring of the field trials conducted on 

Bt. cotton, Bt. brinjal, Bt. cabbage, Bt. rice and Bt. 

okra under the jurisdiction of the respective SAUs. 

Monitoring-cum-Evaluation Committee (MEC) 

constituted under RCGM in the Department of 

Biotechnology met five times during the year to 

review the field trial data generated in multi-location 

field trials. MEC & RCGM played an important role in 

the release of 38 new Bt. cotton hybrids by GEAC and 

marketing approval of indigenously developed 

several r-DNA pharmaceuticals. Keeping in view the 

Hon'ble Supreme Court Order, RCGM deferred the 

applications for contained open field trials till the 

Supreme Court takes a final decision on the conduct 

of transgenic crop field trials. 

Bioinformatics 

The BTISnet program of this department has today 

developed into an extensive nationwide Network 

covering over 120 institutions, spread geographically 

all over the country. The Network is engaged in 

providing support to Biotechnology research, 

creating human resource in Bioinformatics and 

carrying out research in different areas of 

Bioinformatics. Scientists of this network have 

published more than 1000 bioinformatics research 

papers in peer reviewed journals in last five years and 

helped in publishing more than 3000 research papers 

in biology and biotechnology. Fifty two 

Bioinformatics Facilities (BIF) were established 

towards introducing innovation in Biology Teaching 

through Bioinformatics (BTBI). These facilities will be 

a centralized resource of individual institutions to 

support bioinformatics tools and resources for the 

enhancement of learning capabilities in Biology and 

Biotechnology. 

Initiated focused multi-institutional consortium 

projects in bioinformatics to address specific 

problems through bioinformatics approach. 

Bioinformatics and experimental biology 


12 

collaborative projects are being considered so as to 

improve the contribution of bioinformatics in wet lab 

biotechnology research. The Centres of Excellence 

in Bioinformatics such as JNU and University of Pune 

have upgraded their Diploma courses in 

bioinformatics to M.Tech in Computational and 

Systems Biology and M.Sc. in Bioinformatics, 

respectively. A national level Bioinformatics 

Certification (BINC) Examination was initiated this 

year to recognize the quality human resource 

available in the country in Bioinformatics. 

th 

An unprecedented success made in organsing the 5 

International Conference on Bioinformatics 

(InCoB2006) in India. Over 1,000 registrants for this 

conference with 400 posters, 20 papers were 

published in BMC Bioinformatics with Impact Factor 

nd 

4.96 and others in J BioScience. The 2 ASEAN- 

INDIA workshop on Bioinformatics was also 

conducted in this year for the benefit of 30 ASEAN 

country scientists including scientists from India. 

Biotechnology Parks and Incubators 

The Biotech Parks and Biotech Incubation Centers 

provide an excellent template for promotion of 

Biotech startup companies. The Park at Lucknow has 

progressed well and has attracted several new 

partners in setting up ventures at the Park. The 

projects in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Himachal 

Pradesh and Karnataka are being actively performed 

to emerge as models of Public Private Partnership. 

International Collaboration 

International collaborations in biotechnology are an 

important vehicle for expanding the knowledge base 

and developing expertise which would leverage the 

growth of research and development in the country. 

There is a renewed interest in collaboration with India 

amongst the developed countries.Good progress 

has been made following the MOU which were 

signed with Denmark and Finland and joint projects 

have been funded. Joint projects have also been 

funded with The Biotechnology and Biological 

Sciences Research Council BBSRC, UK. In new 

collaborations, the Department signed two 

memoranda with Agriculture and Agri- Food, Canada

and the National Research Centre Canada 

respectively. The ongoing bilateral agreements and 

collaborations have also been significant, with joint 

projects being funded with Germany, Norway and 

USA. Bilateral interactions have been initiated with 

Sweden, Ukraine and EU. The multilateral 

collaboration including cooperation amongst SAARC 

countries were pursued. 

Autonomous Institutions 

National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 

The Institute continues to make inroads to basic 

research related to the immune system with a 

commitment that the knowledge gained would 

contribute to newer and more effective ways of 

addressing the health needs of the country. During 

the year, more than 50 peer reviewed manuscripts 

and 5 reviews have been published. There is about 

25% increase in the number of original peer-reviewed 

publications over the last year especially in high 

impact journals that include: Nature Immunology, 

Immunity, EMBO Journal, Journal of Clinical Cancer, 

Cell Death and Differentiation, Journal of Biological 

Chemistry and European Journal of Immunology etc. 

The Institute continued with the concept of 'end-toend' 

research in the biosciences and have signed 

MoU with AstraZeneca India, Bangalore, and Cadila 

Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad on a technology 

related to novel molecules that inhibit Mycobacterial 

FadD proteins and can have the potential as antimycobacterial 

drugs. 

National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 

The Centre has emphasis on R&D activities in the 

areas of cell biology including stem cell biology, signal 

transduction, cancer biology, diabetes, infection and 

immunity and chromatin architecture and gene 

regulation. The national cell repository supplied 1154 

cell lines 128 scientific institutions in India. Training 

and teaching programmes were also conducted. In 

the cell biology research, for the first time a nuclear 

pore protein has been found to be associated with 

interphase microtubules. A protein molecule from 

perivitelline fluid of Indian horse shoe crab has shown 

cardiac promoting activity. In stem cell research, 

arachidonic acid (omega 6) and its metabolities found 

to reduce apopotosis in CD34+ cells. The 

differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into 

dopaminergic neurons has been achieved. In 

diabetes research, chick pancreatic β islets has been 

found to be an excellent screening model for 

physiological and pharmacological studies. In cancer 

biology area, a distinctive nuclear-mitochondrial 

mutational profile and varying stem cell dynamics 

have been identified which seem to be associated 

with tumorigenesis. As a potential therapeutic anticholesterol 

agent, methgl- β-cycolodexterin in 

combination with other cytotoxic drugs towards 

reduction of drug dosage is being evaluated. Studies 

on signal transduction revealed that cox-2 is a 

potential agent for protate tumor suppression. In 

infection and immunity studies, selenophosphate 

synthetase gene has been cloned and characterized. 

Successfully isolated and characterized dendritic cell 

types 1 & 2. Genome sequencing of poxviruses and 

herpesvirus showed that members of these families 

encode structural homologs of human regulators of 

the complement activation to mask themselves 

against the hosts complement attack. Studies on HIV 

biology indicate that Hsp40 as a crucial player in Nef 

mediated enhancement of HIV gene expression and 

replication. Leads from chromatin architecture and 

gene regulation studies on HIV have advanced the 

knowledge on mechanism of global gene regulation. 

During the reporting period, 46 scientific papers were 

published in high impact factor journals and 7 patent 

applications have been filled. 

Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics 

(CDFD), Hyderabad 

The Centre has been providing services for DNA 

fingerprinting, diagnostics, new born screening and 

bioinformatics based on modern high-technology 

DNA-based methods of direct benefit to the public, as 

well as in performing fundamental research of 

international standards in frontier areas of biological 

science. The Centre is providing DNA fingerprinting 

services to various Government & Law Enforcement 

Agencies and signed MoUs with State/Central 

Forensic Science laboratories to popularize this 

technology for the benefit of the society. There are 

presently fifteen groups working on diverse research 

areas related to genetics, molecular and cell biology, 

13 An Overview

cancer biology, pathogen biology, HIV biology, 

Immunology, etc. CDFD also has a Sun 

Microsystem's Centre of Excellence in Medical 

Bioinformatics. Based on novel technology 

developed by the Centre, a new joint activity has 

been initiated this year at the CDFD as “APEDA- 

CDFD Centre for Basmati DNA Analysis” with funding 

through APEDA. The Centre will test and certify 

export consignments of basmati rice for their purity, 

and is expected to contribute in increasing the value 

and quality of such exports from the country. The 

major thrust areas of research in the Centre continue 

to be studies on infectious disease pathogens 

including M. tuberculosis, H. pylori, HIV, and HPV; 

silkmoth genetics and genomics; computational 

biology and bioinformatics; and fundamental studies 

on transcription and signal transduction. Transgenic 

silkworms have been created that are resistant to 

baculovirus, causative agent for destroying the 

worms, by using RNAi technology. Important results 

in K-Ras signaling pathways in cancer epithelial cells 

have been obtained and a novel and convenient tool 

for Human Papilloma Virus detection has also been 

developed. 

National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), 

Manesar, Haryana 

NBRC was established as a Centre of Excellence in 

Brain Research with state-of-art facility in the country 

to consolidate, network and undertake basic 

research of high caliber in neurosciences and also to 

generate highly trained human resource. The 

mandate of the centre is also to have establish 

linkages with national and international organizations 

involved in neuroscience research. So far, the centre 

has established interlinks 47 neuroscience 

groups/institutions in the country to promote multidisciplinary 

research and providing the facilities of a 

digital library. The Functional Magnetic Resonance 

Imaging (fMRI) facility of the centre was made 

th 

operational on 29 September, 2006. As a deemed 

university, NBRC is continuing its M.Sc. Ph.D 

programmes for research fellows. 

The major areas that have been identified for 

research include computational neuroscience, 

system and cognitive neuroscience, stem cell 


14 

research, developmental neurobiology and basic 

research towards understanding of neurological and 

psychiatric disorders. 

National Centre for Plant Genome Research 

(NCPGR), New Delhi 

The NCPGR is engaged in developing transgenic 

plants with improved agronomic characters and 

nutritive qualities. Nutritional Genomics is one of its 

priority areas under which a protein rich AmA1 GM 

potato has been developed. The GM potato lines 

showed enhanced photosynthetic activity in addition 

to its increased amino acid contents. The Centre has 

also made progress on transformation of other food 

crops such as rice , sweet potato and cassava with 

AmA1 gene for improving their protein contents. A low 

oxalate tomato has been developed transferring 

OXDC gene, which has been successfully tested in 

the restricted open field trial. 

The Centre is actively working on chickpea genomics 

with an idea to identify genes for disease resistance, 

agronomic traits and seed quality and place them on 

the genetic linkage map of the legumes. A foc-1 locus 

that renders chickpea resistance to Fusarium 

oxysporum f. sp. Ciceri (foc) has been mapped in the 

vicinity of several molecular markers; which may 

help in chickpea breeding programme. The Centre 

has undertaken studies on comparative genomics 

with focus on wheat, foxtail millet, tomato, chilies, 

Medicago and Brassica and could map QTLs for 

grain weight for wheat. The NCPGR has joined an 

international Solanaceae Genome Network 

programme for sequencing the chromosome 5 of 

tomato, and made a good progress on sequencing 

and annotation for the allocated part. 

Another area of genomics project concerns 

manipulation of genes for α-mannosidase and βhexosaminidase 

to increase the shelf-life of fruits and 

vegetables.. The Centre has cloned these genes 

from tomato as well as capsicum plants and their 

RNAi analogues have been synthesized for genetic 

manipulations to understand the roles of counterpart 

enzymes. 

On moving to its new building , the Centre has no 

constraint of space as a result of which it has added

many sophisticated instrumentation facilities and 

expanded its research programmes. The NCPGR 

has come up a national research centre only of its 

kind in the country entirely dedicated to core research 

in advanced areas of Plant Biotechnology including 

molecular biology, genetic engineering and 

genomics with an applied emphasis. In addition, it is 

making an important contribution to the 

development of trained scientific manpower for the 

development of these advanced fields in the 

country. 

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable 

Development, Imphal 

Work on the database on microorganisms with 

special reference to cyanobacteria available in 

Manipur has been initiated. A Distributed Information 

Sub-Centre (Sub-DIC) under the Bioinformatics 

Network has been set up at the institute. In vitro 

multiplication and hardening of tissue culture 

plantlets of Kaemferia galanga is in progress. 

Hybridization of two rare vandaceous orchids 

Aerides vandarium and Vanda coerulea achieved. 

Genetic differentiation of tree bean (Parkia timoriana) 

cultivars grown in Manipur were analyzed. About 10 

lakhs of spawn and 20,000 fingerlings of Osteobrama 

belangeri (Pengba) an endemic high value fish were 

supplied to the farmers. Three training programmes 

on the use of tools and techniques for bioresource 

development and utilization were organized. 

Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar 

Cutting edge technology in molecular biology 

continued to serve as a useful tool for acquiring 

insights into biology of the aging process, 

pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, infectious 

diseases such as cholera, malaria and filariasis and 

in plant and environmental biotechnology. A 

septaplex PCR assay was developed for rapid 

identification of species-specific virulent and sxtpositive 

strains of V. cholerae and one hundred 

strains of V. cholerae O1 were tested to document the 

validity of assay. A multiplex PCR assay to detect 

Anopheles fluviatilis sibling species developed 

during the course of the year will be used to 

understand feeding habits (Anthropophilic index) and 

sporozoite carrying capacity of these vectors. 

Studies on bio-prospecting were continued with a 

view to tap the vast potential of thermopiles. A diverse 

group of bacteria belonging to the genera 

Thiomonas, Comamonas and Chromobacterium 

were isolated from previously unexplored hot 

springs. A chemolithoheterotrophic, thiosulfate 

oxidizing, gram negative bacterium (designated 

strain S10) was isolated and identified. 16S DNA 

sequence data and the total fatty acid analysis 

suggested it to be a new species of genus Thiomonas 

for which the name Thiomonas bhubaneswarensis 

has been proposed. 

During the year, three workshops on training were 

organized on DNA technologies, functional genomics 

and proteomics research and studies of abiotic stress 

responses and stress inducible genes. Ten 

publications have been brought out in November 

2006 with an average impact factor of 3.02. Six 

additional non-technical posts were also sanctioned 

during the year. The construction activities for the 

new research building, animal house and research 

scholar's hostel have been initiated and the contract 

awarded to M/s RITES Ltd. 

Public Sector Undertaking 

There are two public sector undertakings i.e.Bharat 

Immunologicals & Biologicals Corporation Limited, 

(BIBCOL) and Indian Vaccines Corporation Limited, 

(IVCOL). The BIBCOL located at Bulandshahar 

manufactures Oral Polio Vaccine being used in the 

National Immunization Programme. The IVCOL was 

established as a joint venture company. Efforts are 

being made to revive it with new products mix and 

financial pattern. 

International Centre for Genetic Engineering and 

Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 

ICGEB continued its research efforts in identified 

areas of human health, agriculture and product 

development. A high through-put microtiter assay 

based on the heme detoxification pathway of 

Plasmodium has been developed for screening 

chemical combinatorial libraries and crude extracts 

of marine organisms. Several bioactive proteins from 

the secretome of insect pathogenic bacterium, 

15 An Overview

Xanthomonas nematophila have been identified. A 

HCV test based on designer diagnostic HCV multiepitope 

protein developed by the centre has been 

marketed in India. Three workshops were organized 

in the field of malaria, virology and plant 

transformation. An International symposium on 

tuberculosis research was also organized. Two 

patents have been field. 

Administration and Finance 

The Administration Division in the Department of 

Biotechnology provides assistance through 

infrastructure, logistical support and human resource 


16 

management to enhance its performance. It 

effectively utilises the inherent employee skills to 

achieve both long term and short-term goals of the 

Department. It provides training and development 

opportunities to improve the employee skills, 

improves working environment and thus increases 

the job satisfaction of the personnel. The vigilance 

section ensures that the officers and the staff in this 

department take quick and correct decisions, which 

ultimately translates into benefit to the Nation as it 

enhances the perception of India on the international 

platform.

Advisory Structure 

Standing Advisory Committee-Overseas 

_ 

The Standing Advisory Committee Overseas, 

SAC(O) of the Department consisting of nonresidential 

Indians settled abroad was reconstituted 

with the approval of the Hon'ble Minister for Science 

th 

and Technology. The 16 meeting of the Standing 

Advisory Committee-Overseas (SAC-O) was held on 

th 

13-14 March, 2006. The major areas discussed 

were: Translational Research, UNESCO Centre, 

Initiatives in tuberculosis, Plants as biofactories and 

Human Resource Development. 

The SAC(O) recommended that scientific leadership 

should be rewarded, a pool of centrally selected 

scientists should be created in centers of excellence 

and universities and create positions/ conditions (e.g. 

joint grants) where outstanding scientists working 

abroad can have laboratories in India, with students, 

staff and post doctoral fellows. SAC(O) also 

suggested that since the portfolio of DBT had 

considerably widened and the responsibilities 

multiplied, it may be appropriate to consider 

reorganization of DBT. 

th 

The 17 meeting of the SAC(O) will be held on March 

15, 2007, this will be preceded by a two-day meeting 

on HIV/AIDS.The meeting of HIV/AIDS is being 

organized with the help of SAC(O) members and 

would have participation of the best scientists from 

USA. 

Biotechnology Research and Promotion 

Committee (BRPC) 

During the year, two meetings of the BRPC were 

held. A total of 12 proposals were considered for 

support in the area of medical and agriculture 

biotechnology 

Inter-disciplinary Research Committee 

Chapter-2 

During the year, an Inter-disciplinary Research 

Committee was constituted to consider project 

proposals which were inter-disciplinary in nature. 

Two meetings of the committee were held and a total 

of 41 projects were considered for support in the area 

of agriculture, biotechnology. environment, basic 

research, biotech product & process development 

and animal and aquaculture 

National Bioethics Committee 

The Department has setup a “National Bioethics 

Committee” with the approval of Hon'ble Minister of 

Science and Technology. The terms and reference of 

this committee are: (a) To consider any 

amendment(s) in the “Universal Declaration on 

Human Genome and Human Rights”; (b) To liaison 

with the “International Bio-ethics Committee” of 

UNESCO; (c) To consider and recommend all the 

proposals for Gene Therapy Research; (d) To 

develop guidelines for bio-ethics and e) To monitor 

and review progress on “Gene Therapy Research” 

programme. 

This committee is providing inputs to the Permanent 

Representative of India to UNESCO from time to time 

based on the inputs received from orther Ministries. 

This committee has also discussed documents 

received from UNESCO. During the year, the 

committee discussed documents on: (a) “Assisting 

Bioethics Committee” (ABC), and (b) Project on 

“Ethics Around the World-Rotating Conferences”. 

ABC project is currently being developed by 

UNESCO for activities to be undertaken by the Social 

17 Advisory Structure

and Human Sciences Sector of UNESCO in support 

of establishment of ethics and bioethics committees 

at all levels i.e. national, regional, local as well as 

assistance to existing committees as part of capacity 

building action of UNESCO in the field of Bioethics. 


18 

The committee felt that there is a need to encourage 

this kind of activities to interact with the international 

groups. The committee was also in favour of pursuing 

the area “Ethics Around the World-Rotating 

Conferences”.


The Department is implementing an integrated 

programme of human resource development in 

biotechnology to generate adequate and 

appropriately trained manpower required as well as 

upgrade skills of existing manpower for overall 

development of Biotechnology in the country. Under 

this programme, the Department is implementing a 

number of schemes for teaching and training. 

The progress under different schemes is as follows : 

Postgraduate M.Sc/M.Tech Teaching Programme 

The Department of Biotechnology has initiated a 

number of M.Sc./M.Tech. teaching courses in 

different universities and institutes in biotechnology. 

The universities / institutions have been selected on 

the basis of existing expertise and infrastructure, 

strong ongoing R&D programmes and nearby 

institutions engaged in R&D in biotechnology. 

Selection has been made in close collaboration with 

agencies like University Grants Commission, 

Department of Ocean Development, Ministry of 

Human Resource Development and respective state 

governments to ensure continuation of the 

programme. The department provides critical inputs 

in terms of equipment, upgradation of infrastructural 

facilities, recurring grant for books and journals, 

consumables , travel, contingency, visiting faculty, 

studentship etc. The courses were started in 1985- 

86 in four universities and have been gradually 

th 

increased to 63 courses at the end of 10 five year 

Plan based on the need to increase the number of 

general biotechnology courses as well as start new 

courses in marine, agriculture, animal, medical , 

pharma, biochemical engineering, etc. Details of 

institutions running the courses, no. of seats, mode 

of selection of students, course coordinator, 

studentship are given in Annexure-I. To ensure 

Chapter-3 

quality of students and to maintain All India nature , 

students are selected through common entrance test 

conducted by JNU, New Delhi. The programme has 

an inbuilt component of visiting faculty to fill the gap 

areas in in-house expertise and provision of 

studentship and summer training for students. The 

progress of these programmes is vigorously 

monitored by annual course coordinators meet, task 

force and respective advisory committees. 

The annual meeting of course coordinators was held 

st 

on 31 July Ist August, 2006 at Bhubaneswar to 

review the progress of postgraduate teaching 

programme, DBT JRF and DBT-PDF programme. 

The DBT UGC task force on HRD has been 

reconstituted (annexure I) and task force met on 28th 

29 August, 2006 to consider 22 new proposals for 

support by UGC and 14 new proposals for support 

by DBT. During the year, advisory committees of 

NBRC, Gurgaon, HAU, Hissar, Goa University, Goa, 

Bhagalpur university, Bhagalppur, Burdwan College, 

Gopalbag, Jamia Milia Islamia, Delhi have been 

held.One new course on agricultural biotechnology 

by ND university , Faizabad has been supported and 

2 new proposals to start M.Sc. biotechnology in 

NEHU, Shillong, and agricultural biotechnology in 

UAS, Bangalore have been approved. One course 

for advanced PG diploma in intellectual property 

rights , biosafety and regulatory by M.S. University, 

Baroda is under consideration for financial support 

by the Department. 

The total intake of students in the postgraduate 

courses is around 1000 per annum. Of ongoing 63 

th 

courses, 24 have been started in 10 Plan. Till date 

17 universities/R&D institutions have been provided 

one time financial support under non-recurring grant 

for strengthening their ongoing PG teaching courses, 

th 

of which 7 have been supported during 10 Plan. 

19 Human Resource Development

A study for evaluation of ongoing PG teaching 

programme in terms of availability of infrastructure , 

faculty, selection of students, revision of course 

curriculum, quality of teaching programme, 

placement of students, need to start new courses in 

gap areas has been assigned to IIM , Bangalore. 

The Department is considering to initiate new 

courses in food & nutrition, clinical pharmacology 

and product development, bio-instruments and 

biomedical standards, bioenterprise management 

and financing, regulatory affairs etc. 

Placement Analysis 

The Department has compiled data on first 

placement of 2000 students who have passed out. 

Students coming out of these programmes qualify in 

UGC-CSIR National Entrance Test (NET) for Junior 

Research Fellowship (JRF), DBT Biotechnology 

eligibility test (BET) for JRF and are pursuing 

research in leading laboratories in the country e.g. 

TIFR, BARC, IISc, NII, CCMB, JNU etc. A number of 

students find placement in leading industries such 

as Biocon, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Shantha 

Biotech, Panacea, Advanced Enzyme Technology, 

Bharat Serum, Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Serum 

Institute, US Vitamins, Wockhardt, Zydus Cadila 

Pharmaceuticals Ltd. etc. Analysis of first placement 

of approximately 1000 students produced during 

1985 -1995 shows54%students opt for Ph.D. within 

the country, almost ¼th students opt for jobs in 

research, teaching and industry. Analysis of 2000 

students produced during last 5 years depicts almost 

similar trend. Percentage of general biotechnology 

students working in industry has increased from 12to 

17 while as expected, almost half M.Tech students 

join industries. The Department has assigned a study 

for compilation of database on first placement of 

students passed out in last 5 years and assist 

students in finding placement in industries by 

organizing regional interviews. 

Need Assessment Study 

The Department has approved a study to be 

conducted by Ernst & Young to find out the mation 


20 

availability and requirements of manpower in 

schools, colleges, universities, R&D institutions, 

industries, government, and NGOs as well as 

quality and gap analysis of teaching programmes visà-vis 

requirement of employers. The study would 

involve compilation of information about human 

resources produced in 2006 at 10+2 level in 

biology and biotechnology stream in CBSE and state 

boards undergraduate, post graduate, Ph.D. and 

post doctoral level in biotechnology and allied 

fields such as applied life science, botany, zoology, 

microbiology , biochemistry, biophysics, molecular 

biology, professional degrees such as B.Pharma / M. 

Pharma, B.Tech/ M.Tech., MBBS/ MD, BVSC/MVSC 

, B.Sc. / M. Sc. In agricultural science, biochemical 

engineering, down stream processing, veterinary, 

pharmacy, marine, bioinformatics, human genetics, 

IPR / biosafety and molecular biology etc. 

information on present manpower employed, future 

need , turn over, products produced in sector based 

industry in manufacturing and service sector will 

also be collected. 

Training programmes 

Short Term Training Courses for Mid Career 

Scientists 

The department has an ongoing scheme for 

conducting short term training courses for 12-16 

participants for the duration of 2- 4 weeks. Realizing 

the need to upgrade the skills of mid career scientists 

engaged in research in biotechnology. These 

courses are intended to provide hands on training in 

biotechnology in leading R&D institutions in the 

country. Every year, about 10-12 short term courses 

are conducted. During the year, 7 courses have 

been sanctioned. 

Short Term Training Courses for College 

Teachers involved in Undergraduate Teaching in 

Life Sciences and Biotechnology 

There is need to upgrade the skills of college 

teachers involved in undergraduate teaching in life 

sciences and biotechnology to improve the quality of 

teaching at undergraduate level as biotechnology is

a rapidly advancing area and teachers employed 

several years ago do not get opportunity to improve 

their skills. Realising this need, Department has 

initiated a new programme to organize short term 

training courses for college teachers. The 

programme was advertised during the year, 16 

proposals were received and 5 proposals have been 

supported. 

Refresher Courses for Faculty Involved in Post 

Graduate Teaching in Life Sciences & 


Considering the need to upgrade the skills of faculty 

members involved in postgraduate teaching in 

biotechnology, the department has initiated a 

programme to run refresher courses for upgradation 

of skills of faculty members involved in PG teaching. 

On the basis of an average of six faculty members 

per teaching programme, about 500 faculty 

members need to be offered faculty improvement 

programme. These courses will primarily cater to 

faculty of DBT sponsored programmes. However, 

provision has been made for non-DBT sponsored 

institute's faculty also. The programme was 

advertised and 3 proposals were received. 3 

proposals have been supported. 

Biotech Industrial Training Programme 

On an average, 1000 postgraduate students are 

passing out every year out of DBT supported 

teaching programmes. 

The Department of Biotechnology is facilitating 

practical exposure to biotechnology postgraduates 

for a period of six month in industry to bridge the gap 

between the skill sets of students produced by 

universities and requirements of industry. This 

programme is mutually beneficial to the students 

and industry. Industrial exposure ( in R&D, quality 

control, production & marketing) orients students to 

needs of industry increasing their acceptability for 

placement. It also provides an opportunity to the 

companies to assess the performance of trainees. 

This programme has completed 13 years and has 

become increasingly popular among students and 

industries as is evident from increase in number of 

applicants , number of selected candidates. Number 

of industries offering this training has also steadily 

grown. During the last 4 years, 402 students have 

availed this training. Several leading biotechnology 

companies like Monsanto, Workhardt, Aurigene 

Discovery Technologies, Gangagen Biotech, 

Lifecare Innovations, Dabur, Dr. Reddy's Lab, 

Panacea Biotech, JK Agrigenetics, Auroprobe Labs, 

Nicholas Piramal, Jubilant Biosys, Pepsi Foods, 

Pepsico Holdings, ABL Biotech Ltd., Mahyco etc. 

have offered training to the students. This industrial 

training has facilitated in permanent placement of 

students in industry with a success rate of 

approximately 25%. 

Scholarships/Felloships and Awards 

DBT Junior Research Fellowship (DBT- JRF) 

Programme 

To fill the gap between PG teaching courses and 

post doctoral fellowship (PDF) programme of the 

Department, JRF programme has been started from 

the year 2004. Under this programme, 100 JRFs 

are selected through Biotechnology Eligibility Test 

(BET) conducted by University of Pune, Pune and 

fellowships are provided for an initial period of 3 

years which may be extended upto five years 

depending upon the progress. Contingency grant of 

Rs.30,000/- per fellow per annum is also provided. It 

has been decided to provide JRF in two categories 

from 2007 . Top ranking 100 students in merit will be 

given option to join any institute of their choice in 

the country for pursuing Ph.D. 2 JRFs will be 

provided to each PG teaching institution to 

strengthen their teaching. To encourage medical 

and engineered students to take up research work, 

26 premier institutions have been identified and 10 

fellowships each will be provided. 

DBT Postdoctoral Fellowship (DBT-PDF) 

Programme 

The department initiated a programme for providing 

100 PDF per year in 2001. Under this programme, 

fellowship of Rs. 11,000 per month in the first year 


nd 

and Rs. 11,500 per month in the 2 year and 

contingency grant of Rs. 50,000 per PDF per annum 

is provided for a period of two years. Selection of 

PDFs is done by Indian Institute of Science, 

Bangalore. This fellowship can be extended upto 5 

years on merit / progress on NIH pattern. 

Biotechnology Overseas Associateship 

To match the increasing demand for highly skilled 

manpower, it is necessary to commensurately 

expand the capacity building in high tech areas of 

biotechnology. There is a gap in the expertise 

available in cutting edge areas of research and 

techniques. State-of-the art infrastructure is available 

within the country and it is imperative that skilled 

manpower is also available to optimally and 

constructively utilize these facilities. 

The biotechnology overseas associateship 

programme has provided an opportunity to scientists 

for undertaking advanced research in frontier areas 

of biotechnology in leading research institutions 

outside of India. The overseas associateship is 

awarded under two categories namely long term (for 

a period of one year) and short term (for a period of 3- 

6 months). The stipend amount per month for longterm 

is US $ 2000 and for short-term US $ 2400. 

Biotechnology Overseas Associateship programme 

was extended towards a new scheme for the 

associateship for advanced training of young 

scientists in niche areas in biotechnology. The areas 

identified are (i) medical genetics (ii) stem cell 

research (iii) nanobiotechnology (iv) transgenic 

animal models (v) agriculture biotechnology 

Biotechnology Overseas Associateship Award 

235 applications were received for the Biotechnology 

Overseas Associateship award 2005-06, of which 

121 were shortlisted by a screening committee and 

finally 82 applications were recommended for the 

award by the selection committee which includes 61 

short-term and 21 long-term. 

The advertisement for the award for the year 2006-07 

has been issued. 


22 

Associateship for specialised training of young 

scientists In niche areas of biotechnology 

The screening-cum-selection committee met twice in 

response to the advertisement for the associateship 

which was advertised twice in this year. 31 

applications were received in response to the first 

advertisement of which 12 applicants were awarded 

the associateship for specialized training in niche 

areas. In response to the second advertisement, 59 

applications were received and 27 applicants have 

been awarded the associateship in the areas of 

Medical Genetics; Stem Cell Research; Transgenic 

Animal Models; Agriculture Biotechnology; 

Bioengineering and Seribiotechnology. 

Visiting Scientists from Abroad Programme 

Under this scheme, eminent scientists working in the 

frontier areas of biotechnology in research 

laboratories abroad are invited for a period upto three 

months to research institutions / universities in India 

to initiate collaborative research programmes or 

conduct training courses or to participate in teaching 

activities. During this year, seven scientists from 

abroad have visited India under this programme at 

ICGEB, NBRC Manesar; National Instt. of 

Technology, Karnataka;, Hyderabad; Mangalore and 

Coimbatore and information and expertise were 

exchanged in the areas of comparative immunology, 

stem cell & tissue engineering, neuron-generative 

diseases and cancer immunology. The visits also 

provided opportunities for dissemination of 

information on various state of the art techniques. 

Scholarships and Awards 

National Bioscience Award for Career 

Development 

To recognize outstanding contributions of young 

scientists below 45 years of age pursuing basic and 

applied research in biosciences and biotechnology, 

National Bioscience Award for Career Development 

was instituted in 1999-2000. As per the scheme, 

each award carries a cash prize of rupees one lakh, 

citation and a research grant of rupees three lakhs

per year for a period of three years. The scheme has 

a provision to give upto ten awards every year 

subject to availability of suitable candidates. For the 

career development awards for 2006, 63 

nominations have been received and 7 scientists 

have been selected. 

National Women Bioscientist Award 

Department has instituted three National Women 

Bioscientist awards every year to encourage and 

recognise significant research contributions of 

women bioscientists. Senior Women Bioscientist 

Award is given to a senior women scientist for life 

time contributions, excellent research and 

application for the benefit of the society. The award 

carries Rs. 1 lakh along with citation and a gold 

medal. Two young women scientists below the age of 

45 years are awarded Young Women Bioscientist 

Award for pursuing a brilliant research career in 

biology. Contributions made in the last 5 years are 

considered mainly to select candidates for award. 

The awards carry cash amount of Rs.50,000/- along 

with citation and gold medal. During 2006-07, 14 

nominations under senior category and 29 

nominations under young category have been 

received. For the national women bioscientist award 

for 2006, 1 woman scientist under senior category 

and 2 women scientists under young category have 

been selected. 

Biology Scholarships 

Twenty-five biology scholarships are awarded to top 

students in Biology/Biotechnology at the CBSE 10 +2 

level examination. This scholarship is awarded to 

encourage them to take up Biology as a career. Each 

scholarship carries a cash amount of Rs.15,000/-, a 

gold plated medal and a certificate of merit. The 

awards are presented at the National Science Day 

th 

function held on 28 February every year. From 

2006-07, 2 candidates from each state board will 

also be given DBT biology scholarship. 

Innovative Young Biotechnologist Award (IYBA) : 

Background 

The Department of Biotechnology has launched a 

award namely Innovative Young Biotechnologist 

Award (IYBA) during the year 2005. The purpose of 

this scheme is to recognize potential young 

biotechnologist and promote them to carry out 

research in hardcore biotechnology subject with 

Innovative ideas. Through this award the scientists 

those are not working on regular basis will be getting 

a fellowship of Rs. 25000/- per month and grants-inaid 

of Rs. 30.00 lakhs for a period of 3 years to be 

investigated a specific innovative project. The 

candidate those are in the regular employment will 

receive an amount of Rs. 1.00 lakh as cash award per 

annum and grants-in-aid for a period of 3 year. 

IYBA 2005 

For the IYBA Award 2005, a total of 69 applications 

were received from various parts of the country 

based on wide advertisement in various means in 

which 42 applications were found eligible, meeting 

the minimum criteria. The review of these proposals 

was carried out through online with IYBA expert 

committee members. Out of 42 eligible applications, 

15 were short-listed and they were invited for 

presentation before the IYBA expert committee. 

Finally 4 candidates were awarded during the year 

2005. The following are those awardees. 

1) Dr. Amita Gupta, Delhi University, South 

Campus, New Delhi 

2) Dr. Samir Vishwanath Sawant, NBRI, 

Lucknow 

3) Dr. D. Sundar, Pondicherry University, 

Pondicherry. 

4) Dr. Gitanjali Yadav, NCPGR, New Delhi 

IYBA 2006 

For the IYBA 2006, the Department has received a 

total of 82 applications which are under online pear 

review. Once after this, the IYBA selection 

committee will select suitable candidate for this 

award and likely the number of awards can be 

increased upto 25 this year. 


Tata Innovation Fellowship 

To recognize the contribution of scientists in the area 

of Life Sciences, Agriculture, Biomedical Sciences 

and various fields of Bio-engineering, who are 

engaged in discovery, innovation and invention, the 

Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has instituted a 

scheme “Tata Innovation Fellowship” this year. This 

competitive fellowship is to recognize scientists with 

an outstanding track record in biological sciences 

and a deep commitment to find Innovative solutions 

to major problems in health care, agriculture and 

other related areas. The aim is to reward 

interdisciplinary work of high quality with emphasis 

on translation and innovation. The fellowship is open 

to Indian Nationals residing in India who are below 

the age of 60 years. 20 (maximum at any point of 

time). The amount of the fellowship will be Rs. 

20000/- per month in addition to regular salary from 

the host institute. In addition, each Fellow will receive 

a contingency grant of Rs. 5.00 lakh per annum. 

Ramalingaswami Fellowship 

This year, the department has instituted 

“Ramalingaswamy Fellowship” for scientists of 

Indian origin working outside the country in various 

fields of biotechnology, life sciences, bio-engineering 

and translational health science and all other related 

disciplines who are interested in taking up scientific 

research positions in India. Ramalingaswami Fellows 

could work in any of the scientific institutions / 

universities in the country and would also be eligible 

for regular research grant through extramural and 

other research schemes of various S&T agencies of 

the Govt. of India. The main objective of the scheme 

is to support scientists of Indian origin who wish to 

return to the home country and pursue research of 

high caliber in Life Sciences/Agricultural Sciences, 

Biotechnology, Bio-engineering, Translational Health 

Science, etc. All areas of Life Sciences & 

Biotechnology, Agriculture Science, Engineering and 

Health Care will be covered by this fellowship. The 

amount of the fellowship will be of Rs.50,000/- per 

month for the first 3 years and will be increased to Rs. 

60,000/- per month during the last two years. Each 


24 

awardee will, in addition, receive a contingency of 

Rs.5.00 lakh per annum. 

Emeritus Research Scientist Award 

In order to utilize the expertise of scientifically active 

superannuated scientists who have made significant 

contribution in basic and applied biotechnology and 

related fields, the Department of Biotechnology 

(DBT) instituted a scheme “DBT Emeritus Scientist 

Award”. The main aim of this scheme is to facilitate 

continued research by scientists particularly those 

who have been actively engaged in innovative 

science projects during the preceding five years of 

superannuation. As an emeritus scientist a person 

may also contribute towards creation of strategies 

and road maps in specific areas in biotechnology 

involving young scientists or promoting counseling or 

advice to biotechnology industry for innovative 

progress as well as help industry as a resource 

person and drive them through with his / her 

innovative ideas which could boost their research 

planning and strategy. Emeritus Scientist awardee 

could also mentor young scientists, guide them 

through their research projects, participate in training 

programmes and brain storming meetings. Each 

Emeritus Scientist (ES) would be entitled to 

honorarium of Rs. 20,000/-; Rs. 50,000/- as 

contingent grant per annum and Technical / 

Secretarial Assistance. 

DBT-TWAS Biotechnology Fellowships for Ph.D 

and Post- doctoral Research 

DBT along with the Third World Academy of 

Sciences (TWAS) has launched a DBT-TWAS 

Biotechnology Fellowship Scheme for students 

of the Third World Countries, to help them to 

pursue their Ph.D/Post-doctoral research 

programmes in Universities/National 

Laboratories in India. While TWAS bears the 

travel cost of the students, DBT provides the 

monthly stipend and living expenses for the 

students. The selection of students is done by an 

Expert Committee constituted by TWAS which 

has Senior Scientists and also a DBT 

representative. So far, 8 students have availed

this fellowship and 9 students have been 

selected for Ph.D and post-doctoral research for 

the current year. 

Biotechnology Popularization 

The objective of this programme is to popularize the 

potential of Biotechnology and its application in 

various fields, amongst students, scientific 

community and the general public. The department 

provides grant for organizing popular lectures by 

experts in Biotechnology; bringing out popular books 

in biotechnology in English and Indian languages; 

publication of science research journal in the area of 

biology / biotechnology; celebration of National 

Science Day by the institutes and universities which 

are conducting Post Graduate teaching programmes 

in Biotechnology with the support of the department. 

The department also participates in S&T exhibitions 

and trade fares held in India and abroad. 

During the year, five Popular lectures were organized 

and department participated in four exhibitions in 

Working (India BT) 

14% 

Working (Abroad) 

5% 

PLACEMENT OF STUDENTS (1985-95) 

Working 

(India Non-BT) 

2% 

Ph. D (Abroad) 

13% 

Industry 

12% 

India and two internaitonal trade fares in Chicago and 

Malaysia. 

Support to Seminar /Symposia / Conferences 

Financial support to the Universities and R&D 

institutions is provided for organizing the national / 

international seminar / symposia / conferences in 

various areas of Biotechnology. 

In the year, 100 national and international seminar / 

symposia / conferences have been supported. 

Financial support of Rs. 15.00 Lakhs to the 94th 

Indian Science Congress held during Jan 3-7, 2007 

at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar has been 

provided. 

The Department also provides travel support to the 

scientist for attending overseas international 

conferences to opportunity for give exposure through 

interaction with international scientific community. 

This helps in generating new ideas / research 

projects in the area of biotechnology. This year, travel 

support has been provided to 120 scientists 

Ph. D (India) 

54% 

Ph. D (India) 

Ph. D (Abroad) 

Working (Abroad) 

Working (India BT) 

Working (India Non-BT) 

Industry 

DATA AVAILABLE : 958 Students 

(Depicted Above) 

DATA NOT AVAILABLE : 261 

TOTAL No. : 1219 

19 25 Human Resource Development

Working 

15% 

Industries 

46% 

Industries 

17% 

PLACEMENT OF STUDENTS (2000-2005) 

Ph.D.(Abroad) 

14% 

M.Tech. Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical 

Biotechnology (2000-2005) 


Others 

3% 

Others 

4% 

Total No. of Students = 1979 

Working 

10% 

26 

Ph.D (India) 

26% 

Ph.D.(Abroad) 

15% 

Ph.D (India) 

Ph.D.(Abroad) 

Working 

Industries 

Others 

Ph.D (India) 

50% 

Ph.D (India) 

Ph.D.(Abroad) 

Working 

Industries 

Others

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

1600 

1400 

1200 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

45 

20 

300 


60 

501 


29 

2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 

45 

No. of companies offering training 

27 

80 

2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 

866 

95 

1296 

No. of applicants No. of Trainees placed 

60 

176 

1367 

67 

Human Resource Development

Centres of Excellence in the area of 


During the year 2006-07, the concept papers were 

invited through two rounds of call for establishment of 

Centres of Excellence through an open 

advertisements and DBT website. A total of 163 

letters of intent were received in response to the 

advertisement. Out of these, 38 were short-listed to 

be invited as full proposals by a screening committee. 

Thirty three full proposals were received from the 

invited Team Leaders. The same were peer reviewed 

and a total of 22 full proposals have so far been 

considered by a Programme Advisory committee 

(PAC) constituted by the Department. So far, the 

following four Centres of Excellence have been 

supported during the year: 

(a) Centre of Excellence for Genetics and 

Genomics of Silkmoths at Centre for DNA 

Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 

The major focus is to develop transgenic silkworms 

for baculovirus resistance, identification, 

characterization and functional evaluation of micro 

RNAs from silkworms, and analysis of immune 

related genes. 

(b) A Virtual Centre of Excellence for Coordinated 

Research on Tuberculosis: Development 

of Alternate Strategies at International Centre for 

Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), New 

Delhi, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi; 

Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, 

New Delhi; Sri Venkateswara College, University of 

Delhi, New Delhi; Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 

Chennai and Central Jalma Institute for Leprosy and 

other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra 

The major focus of this COE is to identify antigens or 

Chapter- 4 

Biotech Facilities and Programme Support 

combination of antigens that can potentially be used 

as vaccine candidates against tuberculosis 

alongwith identification and validation of genes 

involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis which are essential for the survival of 

pathogen in the host. Identification of new drug 

targets and understanding of the mechanism(s) of 

pathogenesis will also be carried out. The system 

biology of the Mtb-macrophage interaction will be 

studied by combining mathematical modeling with 

experimental approaches. 

(c) Centre of Excellence for Novel paradigms of 

inhibitor design against key metabolic pathways to 

decimate infectious agents at National Institute of 

Immunology, New Delhi; 

The major aims are development of anti-malarial and 

anti-tubercular leads for therapeutics, exploration of 

peptidomimetic antibiotics, to utilize glycosylation in 

the design of peptidomimetics and to dissect 

biosynthetic machinery involved in the biosynthesis 

of mycobacterial lipids and develop potential antituberculosis 

agents. 

(d) Centre of Excellence for High-Throughput 

Allele Determination for Molecular Breeding at 

International Crops Research Institution for Semi- 

Arid Tropics, Patancheru 

The goal of the centre is to develop effective and 

efficient Diversity Array Technology (DArT) platforms 

for enhancing the efficiency of basic research and 

breeding programmes for a range of Indian crops 

such as sorghum, millets, chickpea, pigeonpea, 

groundnut etc. High-throughput allele mining for 

drought responsive and agronomic trait (drought and 

salinity) related genes using Targeting Induced Local 

Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) in various crop 

species will also be established. It will provide high- 

29 Biotech Facilities and Programme Support

throughput molecular marker service (SSR, DArT) to 

Indian researches towards crop improvement and 

will also organize training programmes to students / 

scientists within India. 

Programme Support 

The following five projects have been supported in 

'Programme Support' mode during the year: (i) 

Studies on Human Genetic Disorders at Banaras 

Hindu University, Varanasi; (ii) Research on 

Micronutrient deficiencies (including essential amino 

acids and fatty acids in reproductive age women) at 

St. John's Research Institute and Medical College, 

Bangalore; (iii) Immunotherapy of Cancer and 

Leishmaniasis at National Centre for Cell Science, 

Pune; (iv) Translational Research on Transgenic rice 

at University of Calcutta, Kolkata; (v) Biotic Stress in 

plants: A concerted approach based on functional 

genomic, proteomic and transgenic techniques at 

Bose Institute, Kolkata. In addition, three individual 

R&D projects have also been supported during the 

year: (i) Identification of genes from Arabidopsis for 

engineering of apomixes at Centre for Cellular and 

Molecular Biology, Hyderabad (ii) Identification of 

new molecular targets for the development of anticancer 

agents at Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 

Kolkata (iii) Therapy of infectious and chronic 

diseases: targeted gene delivery and long-term 

specific modulation of gene expression at All India 

Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi and 

University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi. 

The salient achievements of the projects supported 

under the 'Programme Support' mode during the 

year 2005-06 are summarized below: 

Recombinant clones expressing erythropoietin 

(EPO), and interferon gamma (IFN-G) have been 

constructed and an expression clone for interleukin-2 

(IL-2) is being designed toward developing 

technologies for therapeutic proteins at Institute of 

Microbial Technology, Chandigarh. Current work is 

also focusing on optimization of protein yields and 

folding for wild-type chains of all these three proteins 

from E. coli. Synthesis of the constructs coding for 

therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to be used for 


30 

assembling the framework for human antibody light 

and heavy chain genes is underway. Optimization of 

various assays crucial for testing antibody binding 

and neutralization of TNG-α and EGFr is in progress. 

Putative homologous of genes encoding proteins of 

the soluble triglycerol biosynthetic complex (TBC) of 

Rhodotrula glutinis have been identified in Pichia 

pastoris at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. 

Gene cloning, recombinant protein expression and 

biochemical characterization of these recombinant 

proteins is in progress. A single stranded DNA 

binding protein that binds to specific upstream 

sequences of alcohol oxidase (AOX 1) promoter of 

the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastrosis has been 

isolated and identified as zeta crystallin (ZTA1). 

About 92 fungal isolates from garden soil and 

sugarcane baggase were screened for their 

Diacylglycerol (DAG) content. Four isolates showed 

a significant accumulation of DAG. The amount of 

DAG in one of the isolates was found to be very high 

(27% on dry weight basis). Several clones of M13 

phage from the phage display library have been 

identified which bind specifically with either the 

hyphal or yeast form of Candida albicans. The clones 

have been sequenced and peptide sequences have 

been determined. Under the programme on cancer 

biology and therapeutics at the same institute, efforts 

have been initiated to identify gene expression 

signatures in various forms of breast cancers and 

breast cancer stem cells. About 96 breast cancer 

tissues and 82 normal breast tissue have been 

collected for microarray analysis. In order to 

elucidate the role of AP2 α in the progression of 

breast cancer, a total of 314 breast cancer cases 

(retrospective) alongwith the respective survival data 

of various clinical forms were collected. 

Immunohistochemical staining for all these samples 

have been completed. Towards developing cancer 

cytotoxic drugs based on metal complexed 

compounds, two series of ruthenium and platinum 

complexes were prepared. The cytotoxicity of the 

complexes and the corresponding ligands has been 

established by MTT assay on cancer and normal 

cells. 

The 'Programme Support' at M.S. Swaminathan

Research Foundation, Chennai aims at 

characterization and validation of the mangrove 

genes in the transgenic rice system for abiotic stress 

0 6 12 24 48 12w 24w 0 6 12 24 48 12w 24w 

Expression studies with salt stress for the two transcription factors 

Plasmolysis with 0.8M Mannitol confirms plasmamembrane 

localisation of GFP-PR244 in the transgenics 

- Mannitol 

+ Mannitol 

A Expression of P5CS 

CP 

tolerance. Fifteen putative transcription factor cDNA 

clones were identified from the sequenced Avicennia 

marina ESTs. Agrobaterium medicated 

transformation of potential transcription factors 

isolated from A. marina with constitutive and stress 

inducible promoters in rice system has been 

undertaken. One of the EST clones (Am 244) have 

been shown to be upregulated in roots of A. marina 

seedlings upon treatment with 500 m M of sodium 

chloride. Studies showed that Am 244 has a possible 

role in the response to salt stress in A. marina. Am 

244 is found to be a putative plasma membrane 

protein and its transcript is expressed in both leaves 

and roots. 

Plasmolysis with 0.8M Mannitol confirms 

Non str ess 

Wt- Wild type 

IP- Inducible omoter pr 

CP- Constitutive omoter pr 

Transgenic plants expr essing P5CS (pr oline biosynthetic gene) on constitutive (CaMV35S) and inducible omoter (ABRE) were developed. pr 

Expression of P5CS (A), oline pr accumulation (B) was seen only stress under when expr essed on inducible omoter pr and transgenics showed 

improved tolerance to desiccation ess (C). str Constitutively essed exprplants 

showed eased decr gr owth under control conditions (C). 

IP 

WT 1 2 3 4 WT 1 2 3 4 

Stress 

B. Proline levels in wild type and transgenic plants 

WT 

Transgenic lines (CP) 

WT 

Transgenic lines (IP) 

Non-str ess 

Stress 

2 weeks after recovery 


plasmamembrane localisation of GFP-PR244 in 

the transgenics 

At University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 

work on transcriptome profiling of drought stress 

responsive genes from groundnut and their 

functional characterization has been initiated. 

Among the genes isolated from Arachis hypogaea, 

nearly 70% had homologues in Arabidopsis thaliana 

as revealed by genome analysis. The functional 

relevance of some of the stress responsive genes 

was validated. A genomic library of groundnut was 

developed in lambda as a genomic resource for 

cloning genes of interest. A few full-length stress 

responsive transcription factors and functional genes 

have been cloned from both finger millet and 

groundnut for functional validation. Trangenics 

expressing DREB2A, DREB1A and NAC genes in 

groundnut and finger millet have been developed 

and are being evaluated for drought tolerance and 

preliminary studies showed stress adaptive 

response. Work on introgression of specific drought 

tolerance traits such as water use efficiency and root 

characteristics through molecular breeding to 

improve drought tolerance in rice has been initiated. 

Biotech Facilities 

The sophisticated biotech facilities have been set 

up in research Institutes / Universities spread 

across the country for wide spread use by 

scientists, institutions, industries and students 

engaged in biotechnology activities. The facilities 

undertake production and supply of Biologicals, 

reagents, microbial cultures and experimental 

animals. The facilities also conduct regular training 

programmes for capacity building in areas of 

instrumentations, handling of small animal houses, 

bioprocessing, microbial taxonomy and molecular 

Biology. The department has supported 

establishment of following facilities during the year 

2006-07:- 

i) Automated DNA Sequencing and Controlled 

Environment Plant Growth Chamber Facility at 

National Centre for Plant Genome Research, New 

Delhi. 


32 

ii) Creation of P3 facility for studying dangerous 

pathogens with special reference to anthrax causing 

pathogen Bacillus anthracis at Jawaharlal Nehru 

University, New Delhi. 

iii) NMR facility for structure biology at National 

Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 

The significant achievements at the ongoing facilities 

are as under: 

International Depository Authority (IDA), 

Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh: 

The Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) and 

gene bank supported during 1987 jointly by DBT and 

st th th 

CSIR became 1 IDA in India and 7 in Asia and 34 in 

the world in October, 2002. Besides IDA deposits, 

cultures for regular purposes and safe deposits are 

maintained in the IDA. 

Repository for Filarial Parasites and Reagents at 

Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences 

(MGIMS), Sevagram, Maharashtra 

The activities and achievements of the facility are as 

follows: 

Maintenance of Brugia malayi infection in rodents 

(Mastomys & jirds): there are about 322 Mastomys 

and 285 jirds maintained in a CPCSEA registered 

animal house with about 24 Mastomys and 42 jirds 

carrying filarial infection. For breeding and rearing of 

Aedes aegypti mosquito colony (as vector for 

transmission of filarial infection to animal models), an 

Insectarium is also being maintained. Apart from 

being sources of parasite material & reagents, the 

animals have been used for filarial vaccine 

development studies involving Anna University, 

Chennai and BHU, Varanasi. 

Maintenance of Filarial parasite Bank: presently 

there are about 40 million B. malayi mf, 500 male and 

female adult worms (from infected animals) and 1000 

infective larvae (collected from infected mosquitoes) 

and about 2000 W.bancrofti mf collected from 

different endemic zones. The parasites from the bank 

from time to time have also been used for research 

work in the facility and supplied to VCRC (ICMR),

Pondicherry, Jiwajee Univ., Gwalior, Anna Uni. 

Chennai, Dept. of Biotechnology, RTM Nagpur 

University, Nagpur, IIT Kharagpur & BHU, Varanasi. 

Filarial serum bank: the bank has collection and 

storage of about 504 bancroftian filarial sera of 

different patient groups from different endemic zones 

(viz., Vidharbha, Raipur, Calicut, Mangalore, 

Bhubhaneshwar & Rourkela) and as well from nonendemic 

normal individuals. Sera from the bank have 

been supplied to BHU, Varanasi and Anna University, 

Chennai for diagnostic work. 

Databases on diagnostics and management of 

filarial cases has been developed that provide 

information pertaining to region-wise clinical 

manifestations, filarial antigen and antibody positivity 

in different patient groups, duration of drug treatment 

requires for different clinical groups etc. 

National Laboratory Animal Centre (NLAC) at 

Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 

The National Laboratory Animal Centre being a 

prime source of research animals in the country to 

fulfill the requirements of animals to the out-side 

institutions, universities and industrial 

establishments for research purposes. During the 

year upto October, 2006, 140 cell lines has been 

supplied, 581 samples of fecal, blood, urine etc. of 

different animal species examined and 

microbiological monitoring was undertaken in 

respect of 835 samples. About 28000 animal lines 

have been supplied both within institution and to 

about 35 institutions both in public and private sector. 

In addition, chest radiography and tuberculin testing 

services were rendered in 138 case and procuring & 

utilizing 96 non human primates. 

National Infrastructure Facility on Animal House 

at National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 

The center has been involved in breeding and 

supplying of different species and strains of animals 

all over the country. During the year, a total of 19139 

animals were bred and 16341 animals were 

supplied. The center has also provided 510 ml of 

different blood products so far. 

Programme support for priority areas in Plant 

Biotechnology at Bangalore University 

The activities wise achievements are: 

Mass propogation, establishment of germ plasm 

bank of rare, endangered and endemic orchids of 

Western Ghats: thirty different rare, endangered and 

endemic orchids species has been collected from 

Western Ghats. Out of them, 10 rare orchids were 

multiplied through in vitro seed germination. 

Conservation, mass propogation, nursery 

technology and establishment of germplasm bank of 

rare medicinal plants of Sothern Western Ghats; 

twenty five different rare critically endangered and 

high value target species of medicinal plants has 

been collected. 

Ex situ conservation of forest genetic resources of 

Southern Western Ghats; the establishment of gene 

bank and collecting of species is in progress. 

National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria 

(NFMC) at Bharathidasan University, 

Tiruchirappalli 

In NFMC, 400 marine cyanobacteria belonging to 25 

genera and 65 species are maintained and available 

for research purposes. From the survey of Nicobar 

and Lakswadweep Islands, 110 and 112 strains of 

marine cyanobacteria have been recorded. From 

Palk Bay region, 50 marine anoxygenic 

photosynthetic bacteria are isolated and the 

identification is in progress. Identification tools have 

been developed with isoenzymes patterns, RAPD, 

16sRNA , ITS, cpc and introns as markers. The 

facility has supplied 30 germplasm cultures to 30 

Research Institutions and instrumentation facilities 

offered to 96 scholars outside the institution. 

Centre for Genetic Engineering and Strain 

Manipulation at Madurai Kamaraj University, 

Madurai 

The significant advances have been made with 

regard to study on M. leprae infection / reaction, 

regulation of chitinase expression and regulation of 


antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces. Major 

achievements include identification of biomarkers 

in serum of leprosy patients; identification of 

daunorubicin (anti-cancer antibiotic from 

Streptomyces) development of strain over producing 

chitinase; patenting of two skin genes; 6 international 

publication with impact factor 3 and above and 

training of 10 students /scientists from 

industry/institution. The facility has developed 

technologies for production of chitinase, amylase 

and antibiotics. 

DNA Sequencing Facility at University of Delhi, 

South Campus, New Delhi 

The existing facilities have been optimally utilized 

and more than 1200 users are benefited. A 48 

capillary automated DNA sequencer has been 

installed as phase III of the facility. 

Toxicology facilities for GM Products at Shriram 

Institute for Industrial Research (SRI), New Delhi 

The Toxicology facility was inaugurated on 

23.11.2006 and evaluations of GM products has 

already been started. Remodeling of existing animal 

house is completed and has been made functional. 

Toxicological studies for DBT sponsored projects 

namely Natural Dye & Dunelliella Biomass has 

already been completed and Safety evaluation of the 

GM Tomatoes are in progress. These studies have 

been conducted on 50 % of the SRI's scheduled 

charges. 

High precision microcalorimetry facility for 

monitoring biomolecular stability and 

interactions at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New 

Delhi 

The main objective of the facility is to determine the 

thermal stability and conformational transitions of 

proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids and lipids in terms 

of transition temperature, enthalpy, free energy and 

heat capacity of denaturation. The equipments have 

been commissioned and are being utilized by various 

users. 

Flowcytometry Facility at All India Institute of 

Medical Sciences, New Delhi 


34 

The equipment has been installed and the facility has 

been extensively used for teaching, training and 

research. Three training programmes have been 

conducted on software, maintenance and operations 

of flowcytometry and 20 scientists /students have 

been trained.. 

Upgradation of the existing computing 

infrastructure at the Bioinformatics facility at 



Sun Fire E20K High End Server and related software 

for hosting various tools and database received from 

EMBnet and APBionet has been installed for 

developing new tools and services for Bioinformatics 

and Biotechnology Research. The upgradation has a 

very positive impact on quality and quantity of 

bioinformatics related publications from CDFD. 

Transgenic Green House Facilities at University 

of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore and Tamil 

Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore 

The green house with incinerator has been 

constructed with the objectives of testing of the 

transgenic crops already developed by these 

universities for evaluating their performance outside 

the laboratory, and to obtain Bio-safety data for large 

Scale cultivation and testing of the transgenic 

materials developed outside the Universities to test 

their performance and to obtain the Bio-safety data 

for large scale cultivation to derive their benefits. 

Prof. S.P. Roychaudhari Drosophila Stock Centre 

at University of Culcutta, Kolkata 

Drosophila stock centre maintains over 400 different 

genetic strains D. melanogaster. These stocks are 

used for teaching in various Universities and 

Institutes. Some of the strains has already been 

enlisted Drosophila Information Service, USA. 200 

M.Sc. and Post M.Sc. students from different 

Departments of Universities are trained by the 

Scientists of the Centre. A workshop entitled 

“Drosophila genetics: A new way to look teaching and 

Research resources” with 40 participants conducted.

700 MHz NMR facilities for Biological Research 

(Jointly with DST) at IISc., Bangalore 

The facilities has been utilized for structure studies 

on cytochorme b 5 based fusion protein system, 

Conotoxins, conformationally equilibrium forms of 

Holo-Acyl Carrier protein (PfACP) from Plasmodium 

falciparum. enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis 

pathway in the malarial parasite and Pantothenate 

Synthetase. During the year, two training 

programmes /seminars have been conducted with 68 

participants and 42 resource persons. The facility has 

resulted in 37 publications in International journals. 

Programme Support 

Programme Support for Micropropagation 

Research and Technology Development 

For large scale production and demonstration of 

tissue culture plants support continued to the two 

micropropagation technology parks and hardening 

units. A National Certification programme for insuring 

production of quality planting through tissue culture 

material was volved in consultation with Ministry of 

Agriculture. The salient achievements under the 

programme are given below: 

Micropropagation Technology park at TERI, New 

Delhi 

During the year, about 6.9 lakh tissue-cultured plants 

of various species were produced/ dispatched from 

DBT sponsored Micropropagation Technology Park 

at TERI. This includes forestry species (Paulownia, 

Dendrocalamus asper, D. strictus, Bambusa 

bambos, B. balcooa, etc), fruit crops (apple, citrus, 

strawberry), medicinal & aromatic plants (Aloe vera, 

Swertia chirata, Patchouli, Stevia, etc) and cash 

crops (Jatropha, hops). The tissue-cultured plants 

were distributed among various end users for field 

demonstrations and routine plantations. Production 

of a less-thorny type of Bambusa bambos, collected 

by Karnataka Forest officials was undertaken during 

the reporting period. More than 10,000 tissue 

cultured plants were dispatched from MTP. MTP shall 

be producing and dispatching approximately 15,000 

plants of Bambusa bambos by July 2007. Mass 

production of D. asper is in progress 10000, plants 

have been dispatched and it is aimed produce over 

40,000 plants by end of August, 2007. In addition 

other species of Bamboo are also being produced B. 

balcooa, B. nutans and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, 

Mass multiplication of Anogeissus latifolia is being 

carried out for the industry. Presently, over 6,000 

plants of this species are undergoing hardening in the 

nursery. 

Approximately 4.90 lakhs of imported citrus 

rootstocks varieties, C-35, US-812, Benton, Carrizo, 

Rich 16.6, Troyer Citrange and Rangpur lime were 

dispatched to Punjab Agri Export Corporation during 

Feb. 2006 Sep. 2006. Fresh initiations of the 

varieties, which are in demand, were made and the 

cultures were sent for virus-indexing. The results 

have confirmed the virus-free nature of the mother 

Tissue culture raised Acacia mangium plants in field : 3 years old 

cultures. Currently, mass-production with freshly 

initiated rootstocks is underway as MTP is required to 

supply 2,00,000 plants in Feb-March 2007 and 

additional 2,00,000 plants in September-October 

2007. Cultures have been initiated and plants being 

produced to meet target. In 2005, a new variety, 

'Kamarosa' of strawberry was introduced into 

production. The plants of this variety were massproduced 

and transplanted at TERI's Supi Centre in 

March 2006, for field trials and runner production. In 

addition to 'Kamarosa', 23,000 plants of two other 

varieties, Chandler and Ophra were produced during 


the reporting period. Out of these, approximately 

20,500 plants have been dispatched to various 

private growers. Approximately 55,800 plants of Aloe 

vera were dispatched to private growers during 2006. 

Over 12,000 plants of a natural sweetener, Stevia 

rebaudiana were dispatched to various private 

growers in and around Delhi-Gurgaon region. Largescale 

production of medicinal plant, Swertia chirata, 

was carried out and approximately 30,000 plants 

were dispatched. Approximately 4000 plants of 

'Lahul Bitter' variety of Hops were supplied to a 

private group. This production was taken up as a 

contract production order. 

Micropropagation Technology Park, NCL, Pune 

Extensive R&D was carried out on the 

micropropagation of identified crops species. 

Following tree species were selected based on 

economic importance and requirement of user 

groups-Acacia mangium ,Casuarina equisetifolia, 

and Jatropha curcas. Extensive work on 

development and refinement of micropropagation 

protocols for economically important plants at tissue 

culture pilot plant, NCL, Pune have led to 

development of micropropagation technologies 

which have been tested for technocommercial 

feasibility by the way of large number of field 

verificatory trials, benefit to cost ratio analysis and 

technology transfer to industries. With a view to 

generate awareness about the superiority of tissue 

culture raised propagules among the farmers and 

user agencies, small scale demonstration plots using 

tissue culture propagules for horticulture crops and 

forest tree species have been established under this 

project. For horticulture species five demonstration 

plots were established using tissue culture raised 

propagules of banana, turmeric, ginger, 

chlorophytum and patchouli. It was observed that 

tissue culture raised plants showed higher growth as 

compared to conventional plants. Growth of Banana 

var. mahan was best amongst the banana tissue 

culture raised plants. Two ratoon crops of these 

tissue culture raised banana were taken. The 

average yield was 30-40 kg/plant. The explants were 

taken from these plants for tissue culturing by a local 

tissue culture laboratory. These plants also exhibited 

early bearing capacity and higher yield (30- 


36 

40kg/plant). This has lead to generation of 

awareness among the farmers, that tissue culture 

propagules remain disease free for 3-4 generations, 

and exhibit early bearing, uniformity and higher yield. 

In turmeric, the average yield was approximately 

double as compared to the conventional plants. Two 

thousand ginger rhizomes were given for field trial to 

a farmer who conducted the trial near Narayangaon 

Dist. Pune. Rhizomes with a weight of 7-10 g have 

shown the highest survival rate. 

For forest trees species seven demonstration plots 

were established using tissue culture raised 

propagules of Teak and Bamboo in which two 

agencies, two research institutes, one farmer and 

one seed company are involved. A field trial on teak 

was carried out through Choudhary Plantation Ltd at 

Raipur, Chattisgarh. It was observed that the height 

of tissue culture raised trees was more than that of 

local variety. Tissue culture raised teak trees grew 

straight with fewer branches; hence the commercial 

bole realization will be more. Tissue culture teak trees 

had fewer branches on the lower portion and thus 

expenses of labour for pruning can be saved. The 

problem of nodes was also less. A clonal trial on teak 

using three clones of tissue culture raised propagules 

of teak has been conducted at Miraj, Sangli, 

Maharshtra through Shree Swami Samarth agency 

since June 2002. The plants are over 4 years old now. 

Field data recorded during the year indicate that 

Clone A and Clone B are exhibiting better growth than 

Clone C. This trial has again proved that tissue 

culture raised plants exhibit higher uniformity and 

biomass. 

A field trial on two species of Bamboo viz 

Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa bambos is 

being carried out through Kerala Forest Research 

Institute, Thrissur. A total of 4000 no. of tissue culture 

raised plants of bamboo were supplied to KFRI. 

These plants survived the transporting shock and 

have been field planted in the month of November, 

2006. A total of 3000 tissue culture raised Bambusa 

bambos plants have been supplied to West Bengal 

State Council of Science and Technology, Kolkata for 

field trial. These plants have been field planted in 5 

hectare area and are reported to show high survival 

rates and good growth.


Agricultural Biotechnology 

Crops 

An R&D project is ongoing at PAU, Ludhiana to 

identify alleles at QTLs for yield and yield 

components and stability and also to generate QTL 

near isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) for pyramiding 

desirable QTL alleles into elite breeding lines. To 

achieve the set objectives, for generation of 

introgression lines more than 35 000 cross seed were 

generated during 2005 crop season that were 

planted during 2006. BC F plants of the crosses 

2 4 

involving Pusa44 have introgressions from 18 

accessions and PR114 have introgression from 18 

accessions. Introgression of desirable variability is in 

progress from additional 30-40 accessions. 

Desirable plants selected from BC F have been 

2 4 

selected for agronomic evaluation. For agronomic 

evaluation of BC F , a set of 25 NILs were evaluated 

2 5 

in replicated trials. These lines are being analyzed for 

introgression using SSR markers. Out of the 200 

progenies about 79 progenies showed numerically 

higher yield (10-20% in small plots) than the recurrent 

parent PR114. About 800 BC F progenies were 

2 2 

evaluated at CRRI Cuttack. Selected plants of these 

progenies were evaluated in multi-location trial in an 

Panicle size of recurrent 

parent PR114 (3) and NIILs 

derived from O. nivara (1&2) 

and O. glaberrima (4&5) 

Comparison of Pusa44 (left) 

and Pussa44 introgression line 

(right) derived from a cross with 

O. glaberrima acc 100108 

Chapter- 5 

augmented design. Also 141 progenies had 

numerically higher yield (10-20% higher) than the 

corresponding recurrent parent yield components 

leading to this increased yield in each line have been 

identified. In general grains per panicle was the most 

important trait contributing to increased yield. 

In a project on microsatellites in wheat genomics 

continuing at CCS university, Meerut, two hundred 

seventy five (275) ESTSSRs were physically 

mapped to 672 loci with an average of 2.44 loci per 

ESTSSR. The distribution of loci in the three subgenomes, 

seven homologous groups, and 21 

chromosomes were nonrandom. Minimum number 

of 20 ESTSSR loci was mapped on chromosome 4B 

and a maximum number of 46 ESTSSR loci were 

mapped on chromosomes. The distribution of loci in 

distal and proximal bins deviated significantly from 

the distribution expected on the basis of the relative 

lengths of these bins. Also gene enrichment 

strategies of methylation-filtration and reassociation 

kinetics were used to generate and analyse 2000 

hypomethylated, 1026 high C0t (HC) and 1253 

reassociated DNA (RD) sequences of bread wheat, 

which together constituted 1.61 Mb of genomic 

sequences. SSRs were detected in the above 

sequences. 

At CSK HP Agricultural University, Palampur 

interesting results were obtained in the project on 

bread wheat improvement through doubled haploidy 

breeding following wheat x maize system. Studies 

were conducted during the period under 

investigation to enhance the doubled haploid 

production frequency in wheat through in vivo 

application of colchicine. A new triticale line involving 

Himalayan rye and indigenous wheat genotypes has 

been synthesized to be further utilized as a diverse 

source for obtaining certain important wheat-rye 

translocations. Development of a doubl haploid 

population for mapping the genes responsible for 

vernalization and resistance to leaf and stripe rusts is 

37 Research and Development

in progress. Besides multiplication of the elite winter 

and spring types of doubled haploids, multi locational 

evaluation was also conducted at different research 

stations of the University encompassing varied 

agroclimatic situations of HP including dry 

temperate. Seven doubl haploids of different 

maturity groups have been included in the Integrated 

Disease Screening Nursery (IDSN) of the All India 

Co-ordinated Wheat Improvement Project and 

subjected for further evaluations. Another project 

recently sanctioned at the same university is on 

application of molecular cytogenetic approaches and 

chromosome elimination techniques for genetic 

upgradation of bread wheat and other hill crops for 

various biotic and abiotic stresses. In the last couple 

of months, various elite triticale, wheat lines 

(hexaploid & tetraploid), wheat doubled haploids and 

triticale x wheat derived recombinants along with 

different maize lines (in the polyhouse) have been 

raised in the fields for developing fresh triticale x 

wheat hybrids and fix the already developed triticale x 

wheat derived recombinants through maize and 

Imperata cylindrica mediated haploid induction 

techniques. Besides all efforts are being made to 

establish and refine protocols for exercising in situ 

hybridization in the Lab so as to utilize it further for 

physical mapping of the alien gene introgressions in 

bread wheat. 

In a project on molecular analysis of dehydration 

response in chickpea undertaken at NCPGR, New 

Delhi interesting results reported. Plants suffer from 

dehydration or water-stress and they respond by 

inducing expressions a set of genes. Some of these 

genes have been shown to provide tolerance to the 

plants when expressed in high amount. In this project 

towards screening for dehydration responsive 

elements in chickpea, induction of expression of 101 

genes under dehydration stress in chickpea 

seedlings was carried out. One of the dehydration 

inducible chickpea genes (CaCIPK) is a CBLinteracting 

protein kinase (CIPK) homologue. CIPK is 

a recently identified serine/threonine kinase family. 

Computational analysis shows presence of a number 

of putative stress-responsive elements in the 

promoter. Different promoter deletion constructs 

with GUS gene as reporter have been transferred in 

tobacco. 

Efforts were being made at University of Hyderabad, 


38 

Hyderabad, for development of transgenic 

groundnut expressing synthetic cry IE-C and a rice 

chitinase cDNA for insect resistance.The transgenic 

plants reported earlier were characterized by RT- 

PCR, southern and western analyses. Western 

analysis on the transgenic plants using cry IC 

antibodies showed that the synthetic cry I E-C protein 

is expressed. Southern analysis using the PCR 

amplified npt II fragment as a probe indicated two 

integration sites on 3.5 kb and 6.0 kb fragments, 

which are longer than the expected sizes indicating 

integration of the transgenes into the groundnut 

genome. Insect bioassay on the transgenic plant 

progenies carrying the cry I E-C individually and in 

combination with rice chitinase cDNA indicated that 

the combination of genes had a better effect on insect 

mortality, combination plants exhibiting faster 

Spodoptera larval kill. 

Under project in progress at CPRI recombinant 

proteins of two putative subunits of potato RNase P, 

Pop5 and Rpp25, were over expressed in 

Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. RNase 

P assay was standardized using reconstituted E. coli 

RNase P protein (C5) and RNA (M1) subunits. 

However, both the antisera immunoprecipitated 

partially purified potato RNase P from floral buds. 

Standardization of purification procedure of potato 

RNase P to homogeneity and characterization of 

subunit composition of the enzyme from two different 

tissue sources are in progress. 

The full-length and truncated versions of the BC1 and 

BV1 genes have been amplified from the full-length 

DNA B of the Madhya Pradesh isolate of the virus at 

MKU Madurai. These have been cloned in the binary 

vector pGA643 mobilized into Agrobacterium strain 

KYRT1 and the high-yielding NRC37 variety of 

soybean was transformed. PCR and Southern blots 

indicated the presence of the inserted DeltaBC1 

gene in the transformed soybean plantlets. Although 

the wild type soybean could be regenerated from 

embryonic tip explants, the transformed plants did 

not form roots in the selection medium. Currently 

work is in progress towards establishing all the 

transgenic plants by micrografting. Molecular 

analysis of the transgenic plants will then reveal the 

presence and copy number of the transgenes. 

Insecticidal crystal protein genes (cry) of Bacillus

thuringiensis that are specific to Lepidoptera were 

selected out of 150 different cry sequences available 

at IARI, New Delhi. Sequences of all the three 

individual domains were extracted separately. As 

second and third domains are hyper variable among 

all delta-endotoxins and are implicated in insect 

receptor binding, they were aligned to study 

evolutionary relationships. Second domain of Cry 

proteins is responsible for insect specificity and 

receptor binding. The phylogenetic relationships of 

the second domains of Lepidoptera-specific genes 

show that Cry1J and Cry1Ac are closest to each 

other. On the basis of this study Cry1Ac the most 

effective toxin against Helicoverpa armigera and 

Cry1J that is closest to Cry1Ac second domain were 

used to design a chimeric Bt toxin. Twenty five 

tobacco transgenic lines were tested against 

neonates of Helicoverpa armigera by 'leaf feeding 

bioassay technique'. There was cent per cent larval 

mortality up to 3 days after feeding transgenic lines 

(T-9, 16, 22 and 25) and more than 90% in T-8, 12 and 

18 transgenic lines. Seventeen tobacco transgenic 

lines (A-Q) were tested against neonates of 

Spodoptera litura but none of them showed any 

potentiality against the test insect. The crystal protein 

(Cry 1Jb) was bioassayed against H. armigera and S. 

litura on the basis of 'artificial diet surface 

incorporation' method. 

The project work was initiated by using 82 maize 

inbreds procured from Almora, Ranichauri and 

Bjauara centres at CSKHPKV, Palampur. A field trial 

was conducted at Bajaura to evaluate these inbreds 

for different characters including diseases and purity. 

These inbreds have been subjected to RAPD 

analysis using 22 random primers at Palampur. The 

data are being processed. The SSR analysis of these 

lines has been also been started. On the basis of 

RAPD and SSR data, the lines will be assigned to 

different heterotic groups accordingly. A set of nine 

normal maize and five QPM inbred lines were 

analyzed for polymorphism with opaque 2 specific 

markers VPKAS, Almora. Based on the result, three 

normal inbred lines viz. V25, CM 212 and CM 145 and 

two QPM donors viz. CM 173 and CML 176 were 

chosen for the conversion programme. The QPM 

donors had tryptophan content ranging from 0.80 to 

1.05% of the total protein. Three SSR markers, viz., 

phi 057, phi 112 and umc 1066 located as internal 

repetitive elements within the opaque 2 gene, were 

used for the foreground selection and the 

polymorphic markers from a set of 500 SSR markers 

spanning all the bin locations were used for the 

background selection. The F1s were developed by 

using the recurrent parents as female parent and the 

first back cross was made with the F1 hybrid as the 

female parent to develop the BC1F1 seeds. The 

selected plants after MAS were used to develop the 

BC2F1 generation. At this stage the homozygosity of 

the selected plants were more than 90% and were 

similar to the recipient parents. Those selected plants 

were selfed to recover homozygous opaque 2 allele. 

The QPM version of CM 212 (VQL 1) and CM 145 

(VQL 2) were used to develop the QPM version of the 

maize hybrid Vivek 9. The new hybrid (FQH 4567) 

possesses all the good yield attributes with 

enhancement in tryptophan content and elevated 

level of lysine. 

Three mapping population's viz., TAG 24 x GPBD 4, 

TG 26 x GPBD 4, VL 1 x mutant differing for late leaf 

spot (Phaeoisariopsis personata Berk & Vrx) and rust 

(Puccinia arachidis Speg) resistance have been 

generated in groundnut at UAS, Dharwad. The 

phenotyping of the RILs under artificial ephiphytotics 

has been completed for late leaf spot and rust. 

Screening of the parents VL 1 and Mutant (AFLP- 768 

and SSR-47); TAG 24 and GPBD 4 (SSR-874); TG 

26 and GPBD 4 (SSR- 874) for DNA polymorphism 

have been completed. Ninety-nine AFLP primers and 

26 SSR markers (VL 1 and Mutant), 67 SSR markers 

(TAG 24 and GPBD 4) and 101 SSR markers (TG 26 

and GPBD 4) were found to be polymorphic. 

Selective genotyping with 19 SSR polymorphic 

markers revealed association of 13E6 SSR marker 

with resistance to late leaf spot and rust and 5D05 

with rust. The genotyping of individual RILs with the 

polymorphic markers is in progress. 

Under programme for survey of new Bt protein, a total 

of 415 soil and 87 leaf samples were collected from 

seven districts of Kerala. The locations have been 

mapped based on GPS reading. 693 Bacillus sp. 

were isolated, out of which 219 turned out to be 

Bacillus thuringiensis. These were characterized for 

starch hydrolysis, urea hydrolysis, VP test, utilization 

of lecithin, esculin and sucrose. Three different types 

of crystal proteins were identified by staining with 

comassie brilliant blue and these included spherical, 

cuboidal and bipyramidal. Thirty random decamer 


primers (Operon) under the series OPAA (OPAA1- 

20) and OPL (1-10) were screened for amplification 

by polymerase chain reaction. Five strains isolated 

from various parts of Kerala have been characterized 

by RAPD with 20 primers. Bioassay has been carried 

out with 58 isolates and 13 reference strains on 

larvae of the insect Diaphania indica, which is 

emerging as a problem for the cultivation of 

vegetables in Kerala. TNAU, Coimbatore collected 

soil samples from 759 different spots of fourteen 

different divisions of the Western Ghats forests in 

Tamil Nadu and out of 392 soil samples tested from 

various sites of Western Ghats, 285 samples were 

found positive for presence of B. thuringiensis 

isolates. From 285 soil samples, 343 new isolates of 

B. thuringiensis were identified based on the 

presence of crystalline inclusions. Forty nine of the 

new isolates of Bt were screened for toxicity against 

neonate larvae of Helicoverpa armigera and four of 

the new isolates were found to be on par with the 

reference strain, HD1 for toxicity against Helicoverpa 

armigera. 

Plant Molecular Biology Programmes : 

Research projects related to plant molecular biology 

are being supported at the following four 

universities/institutions: - 

University of Delhi, South Campus New Delhi: 

The CPMB at South Campus has four inter-related 

sub-areas of activity in the general area of plant 

molecular biology. The progress of work on these 

aspects is given as follows; analysis of inflorescence 

specific promoters from rice has revealed temporal 

pattern of gene expression under control of four 

promoters investigated. In case of OSIPP2, gus 

expression was evident after meiosis when 

microspores were released from callose wall and 

could be seen even after germination of pollen grains. 

Deletion constructs of promoters from OSIPK and 

OSIPA showed variable activity in Arabidopsis. 

Functional validation of OSISAP2 and OSIRPK 

revealed their activity in stress response and 

transgenics over-expressing these genes show 

stress tolerance. Performance of OSIRPK was better 

than OSISAP2. Stress tolerant rice with codA genes 

were investigated for mechanistic aspects in terms of 

transcription activity. Out of 31 AUX/IAA gene in rice, 


40 

OSIAA4 lacks a critical domain II which is known to 

be responsible for proteasome-mediated 

degradation, a prerequisite for auxin-induceed 

responses. Cryptochromes(CRY) are blue/UV-A 

light sensing photoreceptors involved in regulating 

various growth and developmental responses in 

plants. The group has functionally validated BnCRY1 

gene from Brassica napus, an oilseed crop, by 

regulating its expression in B. juncea transgenics. In 

contrast, the transgenics over-expressing CRY1 

were distinctly short and accumulated anthocyanins 

at a higher level. These data provide functional 

evidence for a role of blue light up-regulated cry1 in 

controlling photomorphogenesis in Brassica 

species. 

The protocol for induction of somatic embryogenesis 

has been used to create a cDNA library of wheat 

(Triticum aestivum CPAN1676) for the isolation of 

early auxin inducible genes. For screening the 

library differentially, reverse northern for nearly 1500 

clones were carried out using cDNA population 

derived from mRNA (isolated form the total RNA) of 

auxin treated and control samples. Database 

searches revealed the recovery of many previously 

known plant somatic embryogenesis (SE)-related 

genes, while the work on some of these novel genes 

is in progress, we have identified at least 15 ESTs 

from wheat (Triticum aestivum), which exhibit high 

sequence identity with Aux/IAA homologs in other 

species. One of these Aux/IAA genes, TaIAA1, has 

been characterized and encodes a nuclear localized 

protein, harboring all the four conserved domains 

characteristic of the Aux/IAA proteins. The 

expression of TaIAA1 is light-sensitive, tissuespecific. 

Isolation and characterization of abiotic 

stress-induced promoters is the need of the hour. 

Nearly 2 kb long rice hsp100 promoter was cloned 

upstream to gus reporter gene in pCAMBIA vector 

and the construct was transformed into rice. Putative 

transgenics have been analyzed for integrity and 

expression of the transgene by PCR, northern 

expression and for histochemical and fluorometric 

GUS expression. This analysis has suggested that 

hsp100 promoter is regulated by high temperature 

stress. Apart from high temperature, specific metals 

(such as arsenite and cadmium) also induced rice 

hsp100 promoter. This promoter has one distinct 

heat shock element. Experiments are underway to 

determine the functional role(s) of this element as

well as other specific domains of the rice hsp100 

gene promoter. 

D WL BL 

Comparison of hypocotyl length between 8-d-old AsCRY1 (antisensecryptochrome 

1) and WT seedlings grown in dark (D) or irradiated with 

white (WL) or blue light (BL). Note that the antisense-CRY1 seedlings are 

taller than the wild-type when grown in white or blue light; it has 

ramifications in engineering dwarfism in plants by over-expressing the 

blue light photoreceptor CRY1. 

Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore 

Projects on molecular markers for leaf folder, brown 

plant hopper (BPH) and yellow stem borer (YSB) 

resistance and pyramiding insect resistance genes in 

rice are being pursued. For leaf folder, a recombinant 

inbred population of 250 lines was developed from 

the cross of IR36 (susceptible to leaf folder) and 

TNAU831311 (resistant to leaf folder) by single seed 

decent (SSD) method to map the genes associated 

with leaf folder resistance in rice. Marker phenotype 

association resulted in the detection of QTLs for leaf 

folder resistance on the linkage groups viz., 7 

(RM5499, RM432 and RM11), 9 (RM257, RM242 

and RM3909) and 10 (RM271and RM244). To 

validate the contribution of the QTLs identified over 

environments, a trial with 250 RILs has been laid out 

and the phenotyping of the RILs for the leaf folder 

infection is in progress. Towards mapping QTLs for 

yellow stem borer resistance in rice, a recombinant 

inbred population (250 RILs) and a doubled haploid 

population (250 DH lines) were developed using the 

41 

parents viz., CO43 and W1263 as susceptible and 

moderately resistant to yellow stem borer 

respectively in rice. Microsatellite markers 

associated with YSB resistance at vegetative and 

reproductive stages were identified by deploying 

single marker analysis (SMA). 

In the project on mapping gene(s) associated with 

brown plant hopper resistance in rice, IR 50 and Ratu 

Heenati were identified as susceptible and resistant 

parents respectively to develop a mapping 

population to map the QTLs associated with BPH 

resistance. To identify the QTLs and validate the 

markers already identified the F progenitors were 

5 

advanced to F generation by following SDS method. 

6 

On genetic transformation of rice for insect 

resistance, genotypes viz., ASD16 and IR72 were 

transformed with cry1Ab gene through 

Agrobacterium mediated method. Three 

independent lines in ASD16 and one line in IR72 

were generated. These lines were forwarded to T 

1 

generation. With a view to developing marker-free 

transgenic cyr1Ab lines, IR 64 was transformed with 

Agrobacterium strain. Five out of six T lines 

0 

transformed with Agrobacterium strain C58C1RifR 

(pGV2260::pSSJ1; pCAMBIA0390-cry1Ab) were 

found to be positive for hph, gusA and with cry1Ab 

demonstrated the integration of cry1Ab. Progeny 

analysis in T lines of KP-IR64-65 (expressing 

1 

cry1Ab) revealed a stable inheritance of transgenes. 

Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 

On development of transgenic blackgram, two 

different promoters of MYMV-Vig DNA A have been 

cloned and studied. A 842-bp medium AV1 (coat 

protein) promoter was found to have a strong and 

constitutive expression in leaf, stem and root portions 

of the transgenic tobacco plants. The expression 

level was comparable to that of CaMV 35S promoter. 

A 341-bp AC2 (Transcriptional activator protein) 

promoter was found to have prominent expression in 

the root portions and thus can be used for rootspecific 

expression of transgenes. Two blackgram 

plants transformed with MYMV-Rep antisense 

construct gave PCR amplification with AC1, nptII and 

gus primers. However, these plants did not show any 

signal in the southern blot analysis. These two plants 

were advanced to the T generation and a total of 42 

1 

T plants were analysed by PCR with nptII primers. 

1 

All these T plants did not carry the transgene. From 

1 

Research and Development

a total of 326 cotyledonary node explants 

transformed with pLK3, three kanamycin-rooted 

plants have been obtained. To perform RNAimediated 

silencing of MYMV-Vig, we constructed a 

dsRNA-AC1 construct. This construct has a 369-bp 

fragment from the 3' end of the AC1 gene. The 

hairpin RNA construct was made by placing the AC1 

fragment in sense and antisense orientations with an 

intron in between. 

In another project on development of cardamom for 

virus resistance, plants were regenerated after 

bombardment with the NIb gene of cardamom 

mosaic virus. Out of the 86 plants which were 

regenerated, only three showed the amplification of 

the inserted gene after transferring to the 

greenhouse. The PCR products from these three 

plants were cloned and one of them was sequenced. 

The sequence was found to be identical to NIb gene. 

The transgenic plants have to be evaluated for virus 

resistance under field conditions. 

Bose Institute, Kolkata 

In project on engineering inositol metabolic pathway 

for raising salt-tolerant rice plants, several lines of 

trangenic rice plants (PB-1) have been obtained for 

cytosolic(3 lines for PcINO1 and 1 line for OsINO1) 

and chloroplastic (6 lines for Tp-PcINO1and 2 lines 

for Tp-OsINO1) introgression of the salt-tolerant 

inositol synthase from Porteresia (PcINO1). T1 plants 

were raised and analyzed for the stable integration of 

the gene. Photosynthetic efficiency of the plants was 

measured. After standardization of an in vitro 

regeneration protocol of an indica rice variety IR64, 

Agrobacterium mediated transformation of the same 

was carried out for cytosolic expression of PcINO1 

and the OsINO1 gene. Though the transformation 

and regeneration efficiency was quite low in IR64 in 

comparison to the PB-1 variety, transgenics of the 

same as analyzed through PCR analysis. For 

PcINO1 transformed plants, gene specific primers 

were used that amplified a region of approximately 

430 bp (described in the earlier report) and for 

OsINO1 transformed plants, hptII gene specific 

primers were used that amplified a region of 

approximately 1 kb. 

MALDI TOF MS analysis of the salt-regulated ~ 60 kD 

chloroplastic MIPS, identified the protein as rice 


42 

cytosolic MIPS. Upstream genome walking 

experiment showed the Oryza sativa MIPS sequence 

to possess a putative transit peptide for chloroplast 

localization. Thus the gene for the chloroplastic MIPS 

is identified as the same for that of the cytosolic MIPS 

(OsINO1-1 ) having an extension for the transit 

peptide which targets the translated product to the 

chloroplast. While this gene is mapped in the 

chromosome 3 in Oryza, a second gene for inositol 

synthase (termed OsINOI-2 ) has been identified and 

mapped in chromosome 10 after determining the 

exact exon and intron boundary in the process. In 

addition, upstream region of OsINO1 and 

PcINO1gene was cloned from genomic DNA library 

of Oryza sativa var. IR 64 and Poteresia coarctata 

respectively. The PcINO1 gene remarkably 

possesses some cis-acting elements found in stress 

regulated genes. 

Multi-institutional projects 

Functional genomics programme on rice: 

(i) Gene expression profiling during flower and 

seed development and functional validation of 

identified genes 

After the completion of transcriptome profiling for 

eight stages of panicle and five stages of seed 

development along with four vegetative stages by 

using the Affymetrix rice GeneChip microarrays, a 

comprehensive bioinformatics exercise to delineate 

individual expression profiles of the genes encoding 

transcription factors (TF) and signal transduction 

components (STC) has been initiated. Resulting from 

these analyses, 50 genes have been short listed for 

validation of gene function and/or promoter activity. 

Vector constructs for 6 genes (both for gene silencing 

and overexpression) and 15 promoters have been 

made and work on plant transformation is underway. 

Eight new constructs have been transferred to the 

groups working on rice transformation and the work 

on the functional validation of these genes initiated. 

Transgenic plants for 6 promoter and 4 gene 

constructs have been obtained and are being 

evaluated for phenotypic aberrancies reporter gene 

activities. Meanwhile, some important TF and STC 

gene families viz., Aux/IAA, GH3, CDPK, MADS, Fbox, 

C2H 2 Zn-finger etc., involved in flower and seed 

development have being analyzed and the results

have either been published or are at manuscript 

preparation stage. A potential downstream target of 

the transcriptional regulator OsMADS1, OsMGH3 

has been identified and the work on its functional 

validation initiated. Progress has also been made in 

developing a virus based gene silencing system for 

rice by using Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). 

Potential candidates for viral silencing suppressors 

have been identified and are being investigated by 

agroinfiltration using the standard Nicotiana 

benthamiana GFP silencing suppressor system. For 

the marker free transformations system, the genes 

encoding dianthin and Mungbean yellow mosaic 

virus (MYMV)-AC2 were evaluated as negative 

selection markers for deployment in gene targeting 

experiments in rice. Dianthin, which served as an 

effective negative selection gene in tobacco was 

found not to be toxic in rice. The work on (MYMV)- 

AC2 evaluation is underway. 

Number of genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) and signal 

transduction components (STCs) in rice. The genes up-regulated 

specifically during stages of panicle and seed development are 

represented by green and blue. 

A B 

A. Functional characterization of OsMADS1 as a regulator of floral organ 

development. Panel on the left shows panicles with knockdown of 

OSMADS1 have floret defects in floral organ formation and in 

determinacy. Panel center shows the experimental scheme and panel on 

the right shows a cluster analysis of the microarray data on expression 

levels of mRNA in the developing panicles of wild type or knockdown 

panicles. 

B. Functional categorization of transcripts affected on loss of OsMADS1 

identifies a large proportion of genes regulated by OsMADS1 are 

transcription factors or signaling molecules. 

43 

(ii) Identification and functional analysis of genes 

related to yield and biotic stresses in rice 

This project aims at discovery and functional 

validation of genes contributing to grain yield and 

tolerance/resistance to bacterial blight, blast, gall 

midge and brown plant hopper in rice. Genes 

contributing to grain yield are being identified from 

genotypes derived from indica and tropical japonica 

crosses which has given rise to New Plant Types 

(NPT) and from accessions of wild rice O. rufipogan. 

Mapping populations have been developed and both 

genotyping and phenotyping has been completed in 

the NPT derived material. The yield related 

quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been introgressed 

into elite genotypes like Jaya and Pusa Basmati. Of 

the ten yield related QTLs from the wild species, 

several have been introgressed into the popular CMS 

line IR 58025A. Development of flanking markers for 

these QTLs has helped in delineating the genomic 

region and carry out gene content analysis and 

identify candidate genes 

Novel genes conferring bacterial blight (BLB) 

resistance have been discovered in accessions of 

wild species like O. longistaminata, O. nivara, O. 

glaberrima and O. barthii; land race accession 

Ac32753 and few mutant lines of IR64. These novel 

genes confer wide spectrum of resistance against 

diverse isolates of the pathogen. Besides these 

genes being introgressed into elite genotypes of rice, 

these are also being characterized through 

development of closely linked markers. Nature of 

induced resistance in rice against the pathogen has 

been studied using selective mutant forms of the 

pathogen. These studies suggested that proteins 

secreted through the Xoo T2S (strain deficient in 

Type 2 secretion system) are major contributors 

towards inducing rice defense responses during 

infection and that these responses are suppressed 

by proteins secreted through the T3S. Transcription 

h 

analysis of the candidate Pi- k gene conferring 

resistance against the rice blast was done using RT- 

PCT and QRT-PCR. RT-PCR with axon specific 

primer amplified a single band of size ~ 990 bp with 

RNA derived from rice genotypes Tetep (resistant) 

and HP2216 (susceptible) after pathogen infection. 

There was no amplification without infection. An 

experiment on QRT-PCR to quantify the amplified 

products obtained from both resistant and 

susceptible rice lines challenged with the pathogen, 


Magnaportha grisea, showed significant difference 

th 

in the amount of product amplified at 35 cycle of the 

reaction. The quantity of amplified product was more 

in Tetep than in HP2216. Gall midge resistance 

genes Gm1 and Gm4 are being fine mapped to within 

10cM of 2 MB region of the genome. Candidate 

genes within the region are being identified through 

resistance gene analogue based primer 

development and through RTPCR approach using 

primers designed for the known resistance pathway 

genes. Simple sequence repeat markers are being 

developed for the rice gall midge as biotype 

diagnostic tools. Rice resistance against brown plant 

hopper has been characterized in several of the 

genotypes and using these genotypes, mapping 

populations have been developed to track down the 

resistance genes. A large number of polymorphic 

markers have been identified to develop linkage map 

as a pre-requisite for this. 

Development of varieties with durable resistance 

to leaf and stripe rusts using molecular marker 

technology in bread wheat 

During 2005-06, progeny of 1117 selected F , F , F 

3 4 5 

and F plants derived from the crosses of 

6 

PBW343/Yr16//PBW343/Lr24 or Lr28 or Lr37 were 

sown at three locations and evaluated for disease 

resistance. A set of these lines were also grown under 

net house conditions for screening with linked 

molecular markers. In addition, 32 F /F bulks from 

5 6 

the crosses PBW343/Yr16//PBW343/Lr24 or Lr28 or 

Lr37 were evaluated for agronomic and economic 

traits in a randomized block design with three 

replications during normal season 2005-06. Nine 

F /F bulks outperformed the parent and the checks 

5 6 

for one or more of the yield contributing traits or yield 

itself. All the 196 families selected during 2005-06 

were sown at off-season nursery in Wellington during 

May-Sept. 2006. Further selections were made on 

the basis of marker data, rust reaction and plant type. 

On molecular tagging of Lr37 and Yr16 genes, 

molecular analysis of Thatcher and Tc.Lr37 differing 

in presence and absence of Lr37 was carried out 

using 105 SSR (gwm, gdm, barc, wmc, cfa and cfd) 

and 17 EST-SSR (cfe, cwem, ksum) primer pairs 

specific to 2A chromosome. Of these, nine 

polymorphic primers namely gwm512, gwm382, 

gwm296, gwm359, gdm5, barc212, wmc382, 

wmc407 and cfd36 alongwith VentriUp/LN2, a 


44 

marker linked to Yr17 were analyzed on a complete 

population (109 lines) derived from the cross Tc X 

Tc.Lr37. The rust response of the mapping 

population (Tc X Tc.Lr37) using PBW343 isolate 

2 

showed monogenic inheritance at Lr37 locus ( 3:1 = 

0.0120, P= 0.950 - 0.900). Linkage analysis using 

this data revealed that VentriUp/LN2, Xgwm359 and 

Xgdm5 formed a linkage group with Lr37 (Figure 2). 

Rest of the primers failed to show an association with 

a gene and formed a separate linkage group. 

The primer pair VentriUp/LN was used for validation 

2 

on F populations derived from the cross PBW343 

2 

XTc.Lr37. Linkage analysis of the data using 

Mapmaker revealed co-segregation of the marker 

(VentriUp/LN ) with Lr37. Whereas, F population 

2 2 

derived from the cross Tc X Tc.Lr37 showed a linkage 

distance of 33.5 cM and eliminated the possibilities of 

using this marker for MAS in this population. 

Molecular analysis of these genotypes was carried 

out using 104 SSRs, 28 EST-SSRs mapped on 

wheat chromosome 2D and 200 SSRs spanning rest 

of the wheat genome. Combine analysis of all 61 

polymorphic primers formed a linkage group around 

the locus Yr16. The marker cfd50 and Xgwm 47 

flanked Yr16 at 35.7 and 38.8 cM respectively (LOD 

4.0). 

Development of molecular markers for wheat 

quality improvement. 

Under wheat quality improvement programme, 

genotyping of RILs has been completed with ~200 

SSRs for grain weight (GW) population and with 180 

SSRs for the pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PHST) 

population; framework maps will become available 

soon. An earlier SSR map of the grain protein 

content (GPC) population prepared by Meerut 

University had a few large gaps. Within these gaps, 

41 new SSR markers were placed and a revised map 

with 214 SSR loci was prepared. Three hundred 

sixty (360) EST-derived SSR/STS markers specific 

for a bin of 2DL containing an important QTL for GPC 

were developed. Out of these, 96 markers were so far 

tested for polymorphism; seven markers that were 

polymorphic are being used for high density 

mapping. Similarly, for a major QTL for PHST on 3AL, 

144 arm specific SSR/STS markers were developed. 

In both cases, homozygous recombinants (30 

containing QTL for GPC and 98 containing the major

QTL for PHST) were also identified for eventual use 

in fine mapping of the QTLs. Significant progress has 

already been achieved in transfer of major QTLs for 

high GPC and PHST into 10 elite Indian bread wheat 

genotypes using marker-assisted selection (MAS) 

during three backcrosses already completed; BC3F 1 

generation will be raised in the coming rabi-season 

and success will be evaluated again. The RILs for 

bread quality were developed at DWR Karnal taking 

HI 977 and CPAN 3004 as good bread quality parents 

and HD 2329 as poor bread quality parent (in the first 

phase of the project during 1995-2000). These along 

with parents were grown at different agro-climatic 

conditions of North Western Plains Zone, Central 

Zone and Peninsular Zone. The RILs of both the 

crosses were analysed for various quality 

parameters like protein content, moisture content, 

hectolitre weight, sedimentation value, thousand 

grain weight including bread loaf volume and bread 

quality score. 

Salinity and dehydration stress tolerance in rice: 

cloning of responsive genes, their promoters and 

development of transgenics 

Towards cloning of stress responsive genes, several 

genes have been cloned. Amongst them one of the 

gene encoding fructose 1,6 bisphosphate was 

cloned to full length from Portresia (PCFR) and this 

enzyme was found to be active in the presence of 

NaCl. This gene is being functionally validated. 

Another novel gene encoding glycine rich RNA 

binding protein (GR-RBP5) has been cloned. It has 

been shown that GR-RBP5 is nuclear-localized but 

under stress conditions, bulk of this protein appears 

in cytoplasm. On cloning of stress responsive 

promoters and regulatory factors through 'genome 

walking PCR' technique, promoters for various genes 

that gets induced 'early' or 'late' with the persistence 

of stress, and also which are down regulated have 

been cloned. Using the 'promoter deletion approach', 

the stress responsiveness of these promoters is 

being validated by analyzing the reporter gene 

activity in the transgenic system. The specific 

transacting factors that bind to the specific ciselements 

of the promoter have been cloned. The 

OsBZ8 (an ABRE binding factor) has been shown to 

be highly expressed in salt tolerant cultivars than in 

salt sensitive cultivars of indica rice. Another 

45 

transcription factor DREB2A (a DRE binding factor) is 

being functionally validated using the transgenic 

approach by over- and under-expression in indica 

rice . Regarding genetic transformation of rice, the 

PgNHX1 gene overexpressing transgenic rice 

tolerates high level of NaCl and their seeds could also 

germinate in the presence of salt. The glyoxalase II 

gene also confers improved tolerance towards 

salinity stress in transgenic rice. 

Localization of OsGR-RBP5 homologous protein in tobacco BY2 cells. A. 

a- Tobacco BY2 protoplasts (under uninduced control conditions) viewed 

in bright field b- DAPI-stained protoplasts. c- protoplasts probed with anti 

OsGR-RBP5 antibodies. B. a- Tobacco BY2 DaPI-stained protoplasts 

o 

(following 42 C, 1 h heat stress) b- protoplasts probed with anti OsGR- 

RBP5 antibodies (arrowheads mark the nuclear regions) c-merged 

image of panels a and b. 

Relative salt tolerance of wild type (WT) and glyoxalase overexpressing 

transgenic T1 generation rice plants grown in the continued presence of 

200 mM NaCl. Note that WT plants could not sustain growth under this 

condition while the transgenic was able to grow and set seeds. 

Improvement of sorghum, finger millet and pearl 

millet through application of biotech tools 

Sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet are important 

dual purpose crops in the arid and drier semi arid 

tropics of north and north western and southern India 

and are usually grown as rainfed crop. Drought and 

some diseases are the two most important 


some diseases are the two most important 

constraints in their production throughout these 

regions. Therefore, the development of drought and 

disease resistant cultivars are important objectives in 

most breeding programmes of these crops. Under 

Sorghum programme, two genotypes M35-1 and B35 

were used as parents for developing the recombinant 

inbred line mapping population. The genotype B35 is 

a well characterize source of staygreen while M 35-1 

is the most popular post rainy season leaf senescent 

cultivar grown on a vast area in the states of 

Maharashtra and Karnataka. Quantitative trait loci 

and corresponding flanking molecular marker for 

staygreen have been identify and verified by NRCS, 

Hyderabad. UAS, Dharwad is evaluating 

recombinant inbred line population for charcoal rot 

resistance and related traits across location and 

seasons to develop genetic linkage map using SSR 

and EST based markers. MAU, Parbhani is 

developing population for marker development for 

shoot fly resistance in sorghum. TNAU, Coimbatore 

is characterizing sorghum germplasm for drought 

tolerance using molecular markers. QTL mapping 

and MAS to improve drought tolerance, downy 

mildew resistance stover quality and under standing 

the oxidative stress adaptation in pearl millet are in 

progress. SSR markers are being developed to 

saturate linkage map of finger millet at UAS, 

Bangalore. Transgenic approach is also being 

followed for salinity tolerance and low-HCN in 

sorghum to control downy mildew in pearl millet. 

Multi-site evaluation of transgenic mustard 

(DMH-11) based on barnase barstar system 

Heterosis breeding could be deployed for enhancing 

the crop productivity in mustard. Production of 

hybrids requires availability of suitable male sterility 

restorer system to facilitate hybrid seed production. 

University of Delhi, South Campus has developed a 

male sterility restorer system making use of barnase 

and barstar genes. The male sterility and restorer 

capacity were subsequently transferred to suitable 

combines through recurrent backcrossing for 

development of DMH-11 hybrid. The hybrid seed 

production of DMH-11 is being undertaken by the 

inventors for last 2-3 years after taking necessary 

regulatory clearances. Two contained open field 

trials of the DMH-11 at Delhi University research 

station during 2003-04 and 2004-05 sought 55% and 


46 

45% yield heterosis respectively over national check 

variety Varuna. Hence the Department supported to 

conduct the multi-location field trials of this hybrid. 

The National Research Centre of Rapeseed- 

Mustard, Bharatpur conducted these trials along 

with four checks, viz.CMS based hybrid (DMH-1), 

National Checks (Varuna and Kranti) and a zonal 

check, at 10 locations during the year 2006. It was 

observed that higher yield of DMH-11 over the best 

check variety was recorded in 6 out of 9 locations. 

Maximum heterosis was recorded at Delhi location 

(28%). Since the trial was not shown in time in all the 

locations, the data recorded for the yield and its 

components did not reflect the true potential of DMH- 

11. Keeping in view the recommendation of the MEC, 

the trials are being repeated during the current rabi 

season at 10 sites in six states 

Crop Biofortification 

(i) Biofortification of wheat for micronutrients 

through conventional and molecular breeding 

approaches 

The Network Project through conventional and 

molecular breeding approaches was sanctioned in 

the month of December 2005. There are 5 subprojects 

ongoing at 4 institutions namely IARI, New 

Delhi and its Exptl Station Indore, IIT, Roorkee, PAU, 

Ludhiana and IARI, Pune. 

Cereal crops vary considerably for micronutrient 

content in grains and other plant parts. In wheat only 

20% of Fe and 70% of Zn, that is taken up by the plant 

are translocated to the grain, and these are primarily 

deposited in aleurone layer. Large proportion of 

micronutrients deposited in the aleurone layer is lost 

during milling and less than 50% of whatever is 

consumed, is absorbed by the body due to presence 

of phytic acid. Some of the wild species of wheat with 

higher levels of micronutrients might be very efficient 

in micronutrient uptake and their partitioning to grains 

as compared to the cultivated germplasm that shows 

little variability for the traits. 

Activity wise progress is as follows : For screening 

of wheat and related germplasm for micronutrients 

iron and zinc (including carotenoids for beta 

carotene in case of durum) and for low phytate level, 

diverse germplasm consisting of old and new

cultivars, landraces, synthetics, wild relatives, their 

derivatives and cytogenetic stocks are being 

analysed for the micronutrient content. For chemical 

analysis of iron and zinc whole grain samples from 

cultivated and wild accession were taken. It was 

decided to share a common set of genotypes at all 

the centers for the purpose of inter centre 

collaboration of the AAS at different centres. A high 

correlation between flag leaf iron and zinc content 

with those of seed content of potential donors was 

observed suggesting that the flag leaf content could 

be used as an indicator for high grain micronutrient 

content during early generation selection. For total 

carotenoid estimations, germplasm consisting of 225 

wheat accessions, including varieties and locals from 

T. aestivum, T. durum, T. dicoccum, mutant lines as 

well as less cultivated species of tetraploid wheat 

were grown at Hol farm during 2005-06 season using 

RBD design in two replications and harvested 

manually. 

A set of 68 lines, including 15 cultivated wheats, 10 

accessions of T. dicoccum and 43 T. dicoccoides, 

were analyzed for phytic acid content in the grains in 

three replicates. In cultivated wheats, the phytic acid 

content ranged from 81.8mg/100g in CS to 99.5 

mg/100g in C306. In T. dicoccoides accessions the 

phytic acid content ranged from 72.9mg in 601012 to 

101.3 in 4637. Maximum phytic acid content 

(121.91mg/100g) was observed in T. dicoccum acc. 

DDK 1018. For Interspecific hybridization to transfer 

high micronutrient content traits, crosses were made 

between wild species (putative) donors and 

hexaploid recipient parents. A number of interspecific 

hybrids were treated with colchicine for chromosome 

doubling and as many as nine synthetic amphiploids 

were generated which will be used for transferring 

useful variability as translocation, substitution and 

addition lines. Towards mechanism of micronutrient 

uptake and partitioning and accumulation 

investigation a set of related species and cultivated 

varieties has been grown in the field with 

recommended dose of fertilizer and spacing. Plants 

will be uprooted at different growing stages and 

micronutrient studies will be carried out in the plant 

parts and in the soils to find differences among the 

genotypes in the partitioning. 

(ii) Development of micronutrient-enriched maize 

through molecular breeding 

The Network Project on Maize Biofortification, 

involving three institutions (VPKAS, Almora; IARI, 

New Delhi; HPKV, Palampur) was sanctioned in 

December 2005. The salient accomplishments are 

as follows: For analysis of genetic variability for 

kernel micronutrient content of the Indian maize 

germplasm a total of 82 maize genotypes including 

29 popular CM (Coordinated Maize) lines and 53 

maize landraces collected from diverse agroecologies 

were analyzed for kernel micronutrients 

(Fe, Zn and P) using Atomic Absorption 

Spectrophotometer. The kernel Fe and Zn content in 

the material analyzed ranged from 15-76 mg/kg and 

16-56 mg/kg, respectively. This study led to the 

identification of potential maize genotypes with 

higher Fe and Zn content. Towards Multi-location 

evaluation of maize germplasm for kernel 

micronutrient analysis an experiment was 

undertaken during Kharif-2006 at three locations (i) 

IARI, New Delhi; (ii) VPKAS, Almora; and (iii) HPKV 

Research Station, Bajaura in order to identify 

promising germplasm for different agro-ecologies. 

The materials comprised of a common set of 100 

maize inbred lines/landraces collected from different 

sources and the analysis for micronutrient content is 

in progress at all the these centres. 

For molecular characterization of selected maize 

lines based on kernel micronutrient content a set of 

20 promising maize inbred lines were selected for 

molecular analysis. Analysis for molecular 

polymorphisms in the selected set of maize inbred 

lines has been partially completed using 30 SSR 

markers covering various bin locations in the maize 

genome. Also transfer of Low Phytate gene in the 

genetic background of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) 

lines attempted. Out of six low phytate lines, two viz. 

A619 1-1 and A619 2-2 were crossed with VQL 1 and 

VQL 5, QPM lines developed at VPKAS, Almora. The 

seeds, thus obtained will be utilized during the 

ensuing season. The same set of low phytate donors 

were used to study polymorphism between the 

donors and recipients. The amplified products did not 

give any polymorphism. The amplified products of 

both the donors and the recipients were digested with 

more than 10 restriction enzymes. Only two enzymes 

viz. MspI and DPN II were found to have restriction 

sites within the amplified products. 


For utilization of Multiple Aleuron Layer (MAL) lines 

for improving micronutrients, a set of seven MAL 

(Multiple Aleurone Layer) lines obtained from 

CIMMYT Gene Bank is being explored for kernel 

micronutrient enrichment and development of 

suitable mapping population for the identification of 

SSR markers linked to the MAL genes. 

(iii) Rice bio-fortification with enhanced iron and 

zinc in high yielding non basmati cultivars 

through marker assisted breeding and 

transgenic approaches 

Six independent integration events of ferritin 

transgenic lines were developed by Agrobacteriummediated 

transformation in the indica rice Oryza 

sativa at the MSSRF, Chennai. Matured 

nontransgenic and T 2 homozygous transgenic seeds 

were used for histochemical and immunoblot 

analysis. At the TNAU, the plasmid "1301FerGlu1" 

has been mobilized into Agrobacterium strain 

LBA4404 through triparental mating. The 

transconjugants were confirmed for the presence of 

binary plasmid by restriction analysis and backtransformation. 

The Agrobacterium LBA4404 

(1301FerGlu1) was used to mobilize the gene of 

interest into ASD16 and ADT43 using mature seed 

derived calli as target tissue. The cultures are in 

various stages of selection and regeneration. 

Southern blot analysis was carried out with genomic 

DNA from nontransgenic and T 2 homozygous PCRpositive 

plants. Genomic DNA digested with EcoRI 

and probed with ferritin cDNA showed the expected 

hybridization signal of 800 bp in all the transformed 

plants. This confirmed integration of the ferritin cDNA 

in the rice genome. Perl's Prussian blue staining of 

ferritin transgenic rice grain sections showed the 

distribution of iron accumulation throughout the 

alureone and sub aleurone layers and also in the 

central region of starchy endosperm. However, in 

nontransgenic grains, blue colour formation of iron 

accumulation was restricted only to aleurone layer 

and the intensity of the colour development was also 

very low. This histochemical analysis of iron in rice 

specifically showed temporal and spatial deposition 

of storage iron. This finding showed correlation with 

the Western blot analysis of expression of exogenous 

ferritin gene. In all the transgenic southern positive 

plants (seeds), a 28-kDa-ferritin protein was 

detected, confirming that ferritin protein accumulates 


48 

in rice seeds 

At IGAU, Raipur, the rice lines with high iron and zinc 

levels are grown in the field for seed multiplications 

and further confirmations of mineral value. The 

plants were grown in the field during wet season 2006 

with different levels of fertilizer applications. The 

mineral analysis of these materials is in progress. Six 

rice lines showing higher level of grain iron and zinc 

concentrations were crossed with the five modern 

rice cultivars F1 seeds (5-35 seeds) were harvested 

from each cross and are being analysed for mineral 

content evaluation. 

At UAS, Bangalore, a field experiment has been 

conducted at Shettigere, Doddajala, Bangalore with 

279 short duration, 325 medium duration and 320 

long duration rice genotypes representing the 

breeders' active gene pool and germplasm to know 

iron, zinc and phytic acid contents in different parts of 

rice plant. All genotypes have been replicated thrice, 

under aerobic cultivation system at Shettigere, 

Bangalore. All necessary management practices 

have been implemented. Phenotypic characters of 

different rice genotypes have been documented. 

Samples for collection of DNA, iron and zinc have 

been collected. For the development of DNA markers 

based on the known metal transporter genes, 

attempt has been made to design the primers for 

expression analysis of these genes in elite and 

modern rice lines. The c-DNA sequences of these 43 

metal genes were downloaded from the rice genome 

and primers were designed using Primer 3 

programme.Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers, 

grain milling and polishing facilities have been 

created at MSSRF and IGAU for the precise 

estimation of minerals. 

Generation of virus-resistant rice for India: 

Diversifying transgenic resistance to popular 

varieties 

This network project has been implemented at three 

institutions viz. University of Delhi South Campus, 

New Delhi, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, 

Kalyani and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, 

Coimbatore. The salient achievements reported 

during last one year are; Transgenic rice seeds 

(RTBV-O-Ds2) have been multiplied in the 

transgenic glasshouse at UDSC. Seed setting is

complete and will be distributed to the collaborating 

partners for back-crossing. Majority of equipment at 

all three centres have been acquired. At BCKV, the 

varieties to be used in the back-cross have been 

identified. Procedures for the award of contract for 

the construction of poly-house for back-crossing and 

resistance testing have been initiated. Tungro 

incidences in several districts of West Bengal have 

been studied. At TNAU, the construction of the 

controlled field testing facility has been initiated. The 

varieties for back-crossing have been selected. To 

help in the resistance evaluation, E. coli cells, 

expressing the RTBV and RTSV coat proteins as 

fusion proteins were constructed at UDSC. These 

have been transferred to TNAU centre, where 

immunization is in progress. 

Development and analysis of cotton transgenics 

for resistance to insect pests (Bollworm 

complex) 

More than 300 independent transgenics lines in 

cotton (Coker 310FR) carrying the cry1Ac gene for 

attaining resistance to Helicoverpa armigera have 

been developed. In most of the transgenics the 

cry1Ac gene is under the control of the double 

enhancer CaMV 35S promoter, while in some it is 

driven by either the FMV double enhancer or the 

MMV double enhancer promoters developed in the 

laboratory. One of the problems observed in 

developing these transgenics was that a large 

number of the initial transformants showed abnormal 

phenotype and would not set seeds under green 

house conditions. Analysis of junction sequences by 

Southern hybridizations revealed that only a small 

population of the initial transgenics developed had a 

single copy of transgene. Currently the group is in 

the process of assessing insect resistance vis-à-vis 

expression of the cry1ac protein in the BC1/T1 

progeny of 22 of the T0 lines which have either one or 

two copies of the transgene. These lines showed no 

abnormality in their phenotype and set seeds 

properly when grown in field under containment net 

houses. 

Improvement has also been made in the 

transformation protocol of cotton which allows the 

use of imidazolinone as a selection agent instead of 

kanamycin by using a double mutant acetolactate 

synthase gene as marker. These modifications have 

simplified the earlier protocol developed and used in 

our laboratory as the transgenic embryos could be 

directly germinated on MSO medium and transferred 

to pots without the need of grafting. Our preliminary 

observations also show that a higher percentage of 

transgenics have normal morphology when selected 

on imidazolinone as compared to selections on 

kanamycin. Thus, different promoters as well as 

innovative modifications in the gene per se need to 

be tested. Testing large number of such modifications 

by developing transgenics in cotton is not easy in the 

current scenario. In order to overcome this an 

expression system for cotton has been developed 

which allows to test expression levels of any 

transgene cassette quickly. 

Biofertilizers 

With growing environmental concerns, the sole 

dependence on chemical inputs based agriculture is 

being replaced by integrated approach involving 

conjunctive use of both organic and inorganic 

sources. In this context, biofertilizers have been well 

accepted as an economical, cost effective, 

renewable and safe organic source of plant nutrients 

to sustain crop productivity. Moreover, with recent 

focus on organic/bio-dynamic farming, the demand 

of biofertilizers is likely to grow at a much faster rate 

than before. At this juncture, we must realize that 

microbial inoculants are an 'ecological inputs' whose 

efforts are 'subtle and not dramatic' like chemical 

inputs. Hence, inoculation with good quality 

inoculants is a must and should be treated as an 

insurance against failure of nodulation. The shelf life 

both in the storage and transit needs to be improved 

with due consideration to various 'abiotic' stresses. 

The quality oriented production and marketing 

network will certainly make biofertilizers a viable 

enterprise for ultimate customer satisfaction. 

Keeping these in view, programmes on development 

of liquid biofertilizers and biofertilizers based 

Integrated Nutrient management packages for 

plantation crops and medicinal plants have been 

generated. In addition, biofertilizers strains 

developed through transgenosis will be evaluated in 

contained conditions. 

The report will be a document to highlight the 

importance and the genesis of the programme, 

scientific hypotheses behind the main networks (e.g. 


BGA transformations, MPS transformation of 

PGPRs, Rhizobial transformations for rhizosphere 

competence etc.) and the significant achievements 

against completed projects supported with essential 

information (abstracts of data, figures, diagrams 

etc.). 

Some of the projects under development of 

transgenic biofertilisers programme have been able 

to develop a few transformed strains of the 

organisms. Further assessment of the scientific and 

technological merits of the transformed strains and 

prepare a plan of action for their testing for the 

transformed properties by carrying out uniform 

centralized trials in an institution are being carried 

out. For the purpose, the identified centres who have 

developed the strains will form a team incorporating 

one member from the investigating UAS Dharwad. 

The centres who have been identified to have 

prospective transformed strains BARC for BGA, 

University of Hyderabad for Azotobacter, UAS 

Dharwad for Azospirillum and University of Baroda 

for Pseudomonas. The action plan as to be prepared 

by BARC in this regard will be finalized in the 

beginning of 2007-2008 and one external expert will 

be deputed to oversee and evaluate the conduct of 

the trials and the results thereof. 

Under a previous project JNU developed some 

genetically engineered strains of Azotobacter. 

Against an ad-hoc project under the network, 

Division of Microbiology, IARI tested the performance 

of these strains by container grown studies for 2 

years. Results of the study have shown improved 

growth promotional efficiency of these strains in 

wheat. The strain is fit for further and larger testing 

against a few more crops (e.g. rice) which will be 

undertaken during kharif 2007 along with other 

strains. 

Significant scientific contributions has been made by 

BARC in the development of strains of 

Cyanobacteria. The notable achievements are: 

standardization of electro-transformation protocol for 

selected cyanobacterial strains, construction a novel 

integrative expression vector (pFPN) for Anabaena, 

cloning hetR and groESL in shuttle vector, 

transformation, integration of pFPN and expression 

from psbA1 promoter from Anabaena, cloning of 

hetR, groESL and linA2 genes downstream to 

promoter sequence in pFPN, construction of hetR 


50 

transformants of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 with 

higher heterocyst frequency and nitrogenase activity, 

construction of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 

constitutively expressing groES-El with increased 

thermotolerance. 

The hyphal fusion of mycorhhiza programme, inter- 

and intra-species hyphal fusion of the AMF by the 

standardized protocol of co-culturing and injury repair 

mechanism, characterization of the fusants 

(progeny spores) employing morpho-taxonomic 

markers, possible nuclei based recombinant 

variation in physiological markers (glomalin 

production, heavy metal accumulation) among the 

fusants and some improvements in recombinant 

strains with regard to such properties have been 

achieved. The attempts to develop molecular 

markers employing RFLP and marker based 

distinction between parents and the presumptive 

fusant strains will be undertaken during 2007. 

The cloning of gdh gene and transformation of 

Azotobacter strain for gdh mediated MPS phenotype 

was successful. Results of in vitro studies showed 

gain of MPS phenotype in the strains with 

simultaneous reduction in nitrogen fixation ability. 

UAS Dharwad centre could clone pqq synthase and 

gadh genes from S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae, 

transformed and expressed gadh gene in 

Azosprillum and Pseudomonas. Demonstration of 

MPS phenotype in the transformed strains and 

results of plant growth promotion with a few of the 

transformed strains was demonstrated. 

MS University achieved in cloning and expression of 

- 

ppc gene under lac promoter in E.coli ppc mutant. 

The system was used to successfully transform P. 

fluorescens strains for over expression of the ppc 

gene. The transformed strains showed high MPS 

phenotype in buffered alkaline medium against TCP. 

Qualitative and quantitative changes in organic acid 

secretion profile of the transformed strains were 

demonstrated. Effect of these strains on plant growth 

promotion via P-solubilization could be studied 

during 2007. 

The intra-and inter-species molecular 

phylogenetic differences among the widespread 

fluorescent Pseudomonas species strains in plant 

rhizospheres and development of molecular marker

ased identification of the strains were 

achieved by MKU, Madurai. Successful cloning of 

the target genes, construction of vectors for 

transformation and transformation of selected 

fluorescent Pseudomonas strains for ACC 

deaminase gene expression were demonstrated. The 

centre will continue with the line of investigation to 

bring the hypotheses of improved rhizocompetence 

of the transformed strains through over-expression of 

the ACC-demainase and catalase genes. 

The other unit of MS University procured cloned cross 

utilizing receptor genes (fhuA and fegA) from external 

sources and subcloned the same in an expression 

vector. It used the cloned constructs to transform 

strains and reported improved siderophore crossutilization 

phenotype of the transformed strains. 

Some of the transconjugants of a strain for fegA 

showed improved plant growth performance as 

compared to the parent strain. 

Attempts have been made to clone the pqq gene from 

Pseudomonas striata following the genomic library 

and sub-cloning approach at IARI with some success 

achieved for development of cloned constructs. The 

main objective of the programme of developemt N. 

muscorum transformants with mps phenotype 

through gdh expression under expression of pqq will 

be undertaken during 2007. However, in another trial 

at IARI it was successfully brought out the potential of 

+ 

the genetically modified (nif ) strains with regard to 

growth and yield promotion of wheat by elaborate 

container grown studies. The results interpreted from 

N-response curves showed that inoculation with the 

modified strains resulted in higher N-accretion by 

wheat plants as compared to that with the wild type 

parent strains, both in presence and absence of low 

levels of externally applied chemical N-fertilizer. 

Evidence has been provided for differential survival 

rates of the transformed strains in soil, in some cases 

at par with the wild types. 

IGEB developed strains by site directed mutagenesis 

of host specific Rhizobium strains which showed 

atypical nodulation properties with non-host legumes. 

A few mutant strains showed strong salinity and 

acidity tolerance. 

Biopesticides and Crop Management 

R&D efforts were continued to develop production 

technologies of bio-control agents to control major 

pests and weeds of economically important crops, 

vegetables and other important plantation crops. A 

multicentric programme on control of storage pests 

was initiated during this period. Various ongoing and 

completed projects were reviewed for their progress 

and achievements in the three Task Force meetings. 

15 new projects have been funded in different 

aspects of biological control. Salient achievements 

of the few projects are as follows: 

Microbial Pesticides and Natural Enemies 

Indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) 

are being used for the management insect pests of 

rice at DRR, Hyderabad. Three EPN isolates viz. 

Steinernema thermophilum, S. asiaticum and 

Rhabditis (Oscheius) sp. have shown 

entomopathogenic ability to infect and multiply on 

Corcyra cephalonica and Galleria mellonella. The 

recovery of Oscheius sp. and S. thermophilum from 

G. mellonella was much higher than C. cephalonica. 

Both EPNs survived up to 50 days in storage. 

Bioefficacy studies against rice yellow stem borer 

revealed that both nematodes caused 92-98% 

mortality of the egg masses. S. thermophilum caused 

faster mortality rate against larvae of both the 

pathogens. 

Two novel heat tolerant EPN viz. Steinernema 

masoodi and S. seemae have been identified at IIPR, 

Kanpur. Three field trials to establish the efficacy of S. 

9 

masoodi indicated that at a dose of 1.5 10 infective 

juveniles/ha at IIPR recorded 83% larval mortality of 

H. armigera with an increase of 53.9% in yield over 

control. In another trial, survival of S. masoodi on 

pigeon pea after foliar application was conducted and 

evening spray was found to be quite effective with 

respect to EPN survival. A similar study was carried 

out at RAU, Udaipur. Steinernema and 

Heterorhabditis collected from different agro climatic 

regions were mass multiplied both in vivo and in vitro 

and rearing of Corcyra cephelonica and Galleria 

mellonella was also done on artificial diet. Bioefficacy 

of promising populations of Steinernema and 

Heterorhabditis against H. armigera under pot 

condition on tomato is in progress. 

Under a collaborative project, arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)and EPN cruisers interaction 

is being evaluated on the reproduction and 


development of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne 

incognita on tomato at TERI, New Delhi and PDBC, 

Bangalore. Seven EPN isolates from the collected 

from hills were identified as Heterorhabditis sp. 

Pathogenicity of nematode isolates against Galleria 

mellonella was studied and LC50 was calculated for 

different EPN isolates. Progeny production of EPN 

isolates in G. mellonella was studied and two best 

isolates were selected. Application of EPN prior to M. 

incognita infestation was found to reduce the root 

knot nematode population and also reduce the 

damage due to root knot infection on tomato plants. 

At ICRI, Idukki, EPN are being identified for the 

management of cardamom root grub. Thirty one local 

EPN isolates were collected from the soil samples 

and so far two local isolates viz. Heterorhabditis 

indica (ICRI-18) and S.bicornutum (ICRI-35) have 

been identified. Efficacy of three virulent isolates viz. 

ICRI-18 (Heterorhabditis sp.), ICRI-90 (Steinernema 

sp.) and ICRI-81 (Heterorhabditis sp.) were 

confirmed against root grub by laboratory bio-assay. 

Significant reduction of root grub has been observed 

in the field conditions also and100% grub reduction 

was observed in some of the field trials. 

Genetic improvement of EPN for tolerance to 

environment and enhanced efficacy against 

Helicoverpa armigera, cotton bollworm, is being done 

at CICR, Nagpur. One isolate each of H. indica and 

S.riobrave was developed to tolerate high 

temperatures. Both isolates could infect H. armigera 

Bacterial symbiont developed into formulation 

against sucking pests of cotton 


52 

0 

larvae at high temperature of 40 C and found to be 

effective against other insect pests viz. Anomis flava, 

Spodoptera litura, Pectinophora gossypiella, Sylepta 

derrogata and Earias sp. at ten to fifteen infective 

juveniles per host larva. A new bacterial formulation 

was also developed from bacterial symbionts against 

sucking pests of cotton and was found effective 

under field conditions. This formulation was also 

effective for control of Bracon sp. 

At PDBC, Bangalore, genetically improved strain of 

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii resistant to multiple 

insecticide and high temperature has been 

developed. The strain showed cross tolerance to 

many other insecticides also. Genetic analysis of the 

strain for tolerance to endosulfan, monocrotophos 

and fenvalerate suggested that semi dominant and 

recessive genes are responsible for tolerance. 

Biochemical studies showed that difference in 

esterase isoenzyme composition is due to the role of 

esterases in insecticide resistant mechanism. Out of 

forty RAPD primers tested, fourteen primers were 

found useful in studying polymorphism. RT-PCR for 

hsp (heat shock proteins) gave three bands of the 

size 500bp, 400bp and 300bp. 

At GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, also temperature and 

insecticides tolerant strains of T.chilonis and 

Chrysoperla are being developed . Native superior 

strains of these species were mass multiplied in the 

laboratory and subjected to selection pressure of 

insecticides and temperature to develop their 

tolerance. T.chilonis took seventy generations to 

develop tolerance against ¼ of field dose of both 

endosulfan and chlorpyriphos. Sixty two generations 

against imidacloprid and sixty six generations 

against cartap hydrochloride. T. chilonis and 

Chrysoperla carnea have developed tolerance up to 

0 

42 C temperature. C.carnea was reared at 

incremental doses of all four insecticides and found 

to have tolerance to the ¼ of the field dose of 

insecticides. 

At TNAU, Coimbatore a biopesticide formulation is 

being developed for the management of major pests 

and diseases of rice ecosystem. Four plant growth 

promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains of 

Pseudomonas fluroescens viz. TNAU Pf-1, TDK-1, 

Py-15 and P. putida producing antibiotics like 

Diacetyl pholro glucinol (DAPG) and phenazine 

chitanase and ACC deaminase were found to be

promising in bioefficacy and growth promotion 

activities. Field trials study confirmed that application 

of Pf-1 + TDK-1 + Py-15 bioformulation reduced the 

incidence of leaffolder, brown plant folder, stem borer 

etc. in rice plants. 

At IISR, Calicut, fifty six isolates of endophytic 

bacteria were isolated from black pepper and 

characterized. Nursery evaluation of short-listed 

endophytes has confirmed the superiority of TC10, an 

unidentified bacteria, in suppressing Radopholus 

similis, irrespective of the black pepper variety. Two 

Pseudomonas isolates (BP 17 and BP 35) were also 

found to suppress R. similis significantly and found to 

be quite effective against Phytophthora capsici, a 

major pathogen of black pepper. Talc and chitin based 

formulations of these three promising endophytic 

bacteria were compared for their suitability and shelflife. 

Chitin based formulations supported 

7 

comparatively higher populations of bacteria (x 10 

cfu/g) than talc-based, even after 90 days of storage. 

Study confirmed that chitin based formulations would 

be a viable option for management of two important 

soil-borne problems of black pepper viz. 

Phytophthora foot rot and burrowing nematodes (R. 

similis). 

A biological control strategy involving the 

conservation and augmentation of the two major 

predators viz. Dipha aphidivora and Microuns 

igorotus has been developed for the management of 

the Sugarcane Woolly Aphid, Ceratovacuna lanigera 

at PDBC, Bangalore. Augmentation of the predators 

were achieved either by redistribution of wooly aphids 

from high to low population density or by mass 

production in shade net over a 6 months old 

sugarcane crop already infected by the aphids. 

Experiments in farmer's field have shown that release 

of either 1000 larvae of Dipha or 2500 larvae of 

Micromus per hectare suppressed woolly aphid 

populations in 45 to 60 days. 

At NCL, Pune, various formulations of the protease 

inhibitor as biocontrol agent against fungal pathogens 

were prepared. Talcum powder formulation was 

found most suitable to control wilt of pigeon pea. This 

formulation was used to coat pigeon pea seeds (ICPL 

2376), which showed 45% disease control while 

drenching gave 60% control. A maximum disease 

control of 65% was obtained after additional 

drenching. Study confirmed that drenching boosters 

had the additional effect of enhancing the plant 

growth. In the combination trials of mung bean, 80% 

substitution of the chemical control agent was 

achieved with the biocontrol agent. 

At University of Hyderabad, efforts are being made 

for the development of ecofriendly truncated peptides 

of harpin from P. syringae as broad spectrum 

biopesticides. So far, seven (four N terminally 

truncated and three C terminally) truncated peptides 

have been produced by cloning and expression of the 

truncated versions of the HarpinZ in to pET28a vector 

to produce truncated proteins. Four N terminal 

truncated peptides were produced in E. coli BL21 

DE3, while the C-terminal truncated versions are 

currently being expressed. 

At KFRI, Peechi, control of teak defoliator outbreaks 

by seeding Baculovirus (HpNPV) in epicenter 

populations is being attempted. Out break patterns 

revealed that the sequence was similar to the 

predicted pattern of development from epicenter to 

epidemic phase. Modeling of virus transmission 

showed that third and fourth instars are not suitable 

for inoculation and manifestation of vertical 

transmission, as even very low dose of HpNPV 

caused total mortality in the parent generation itself. 

At MPKV, Rahuri, in vitro production of nuclear 

polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera and 

Spodoptera litura is being studied. Various cell lines 

viz. Sf-9, Sf-21, Su-893, Su-992 and Ha-197 were 

maintained. The wild type strains of SINPV were 

collected and maintained Sf-9 cell line was found to 

be best for multiplication of SINPV virus followed by 

Sf-21 and Su-893 cell lines. The Sf-9 cell line was also 

found susceptible for ACMNPV. About 3000 ml pure 

in vitro SINPV was produced in Sf-9 cell line. 

At Manipur University, Manipur, evaluation and 

augmentation of viral pesticide viz. Pieris brassicae 

granulosis virus (PbGv) for the control of cabbage 

butterfly is underway. Bioassay of virus was initiated 

rd 

against 3 instar larvae and preliminary studies 

indicated the utility of this virus for the control of 

cabbage butterfly. 

The role of elicitor to combat Panama disease of 

banana is being studied at Sardar Patel University, 

Vallabh Vidyanagar. Study confirmed that elicitors not 

only protect plants from the Fusarium but also help in 


plant growth and development. Due to elicitors there 

is more lignin accumulation which helps in 

strenghtning the plant. Field trial data show that 

average production of elictor treated field is 28 

Kgs/plant and that of untreated field is 22 Kgs/plant. 

Botanical Pesticides : 

At North Maharasthra University, Jalagaon, studies 

on the use of plant cyclotides are being conducted for 

the management of storage pests. Few indigenous 

plants belonging to family Rubiaceae and Violeaceae 

were screened and bioactive molecules were 

isolated, partially purified and characterized. The 

isolated protein from Rubia cordifolia has shown 

good antimicrobial activity in preliminary studies. 

Pheromones & Semiochemicals : 

In a collaborative project implemented at IICT, 

Hyderabad and MPKV, Rahuri indigenously 

synthesized pheromone components are being used 

under Integrated Pest Management. The 

pheromone blends of all the three species of 

bollworms were synthesized using viable synthetic 

routes with required purity and found to be 

economical. Pheromone application technology was 

demonstrated in cotton crop by mass trapping and 

mating disruption. All the three species of bollworms 

were effectively controlled by pheromone, which 

confirms the efficacy of synthesized pheromone 

blends. Pheromone dispensers were also developed 

and compared with the imported ones for their 

affordability and suitability and found to be 

economical. 

At IICT, Hyderabad, pheromones of Pomegranate 

fruit borer and fruit sucking moths of sweet orange 

were isolated, identified and synthesized. Several 

synthetic pheromone standards ranging from C to 

12 

C carbon atoms both E & Z configuration were 

16 

screened against male antenna for their bio-activity. 

Existence of female produced sex pheromone 

communication was confirmed in different bio-assay. 

Significant olfactory responses in male antenna 

against female gland extract are recorded using 

Electroantennogram (EAG). Studies on identification 

of bioactive fractions of pheromone glands extract 

are in progress. Preliminary GC-MS studies with 

female glands extract have given valuable leads for 

the characterization of bioactive fractions. Mass 


54 

rearing of Pomegranate fruit borer, Deudorix 

isocrates successfully achieved at MPKV, Rahuri. 

Molecular Studies on Biocontrol Agents : 

Studies are underway to control sugarcane borer 

through transgenic endophytic Acetobacter 

diazotrophicus is being made at Pondicherry 

University. Cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis 

was cloned using the shuttle vector pKT230, which 

produce cry toxin protein of 130 kDa in recombinant 

A. diazotrophicus. Preliminary bioassay studies 

employing artificial medium to study the effect of wild 

A. diazotrophicus and its transgenic and E. coli 

containing Cry1Ac gene in the control of early shoot 

borer revealed that the transgenic strains were able 

to drastically reduce the live weight of neonate larvae 

th 

on 15 day post feeding but no larval mortality was 

observed. 

In a multicentric project being implemented at 

ICGEB, and IARI, New Delhi, a 60 kDA native protein 

of Xenorhabdus nemetophilus was purified from cell 

lysate and oral toxicity was checked on H. armigera 

and S. litura neonates. The protein has shown potent 

oral toxicity on H. armigera with a LD50 value. 

However, it was not potent against S. litura. The 

recombinant 60Kda protein was also purified and 

checked for oral toxicity on H. armigera however, no 

oral toxicity on S. litura was recorded. A 4.5 kb DNA 

fragment containing the GroEL homolog was 

obtained by screening a genomic DNA library of X. 

nematophilus. Analysis of the 4.5 kb DNA fragment 

predicted an open reading frame of 1.7 kb, encoding 

a 60 kDa protein. Primary sequence comparison of 

the protein showed high homology with GroEL 

protein of E. coli and Photorhabdus luminescence. 

Gene specific primers were designed and a 1.7 kb 

gene was amplified by PCR. The amplified DNA was 

cloned for expression. The recombinant GroEL was 

expressed as a soluble protein, which is being used 

in the insecticidal assay 

Molecular studies on insecticidal toxins of indigenous 

P. luminescens and Xenorhabdus spp. are being 

conducted at PDBC, Bangalore. Study confirmed the 

presence of insecticidal toxin genes viz., TcdA1, 

TcdB1, TcdB2, TccC1 and TccC3 in 6 isolates of 

Photorhabdus luminescens and 4 isolates of 

Xenorhabdus spp. Insecticidal toxin gene TcdB1 of 

4.5 kbs from P. luminescens was cloned in to TA

cloning vector and transformed in to E. coli DH5 

competent cells. The expression of the toxin moiety 

was examined through bioassay on Galleria 

mellonella and Plutella xylostella. The LD50 value of 

these cells was high compared to the original cells of 

the strain indicating that the native cells of 

Photorhabdus were more toxic compared to the 

transformed cells of E. coli. 

At University of Pune, molecular characterization of 

antibiotic producing novel PGPR Acinetobacter 

species is being done and so far 37 strains have been 

isolated from rhizosphere of wheat and biotyped. 

These strains were tested for their ability to inhibit the 

growth of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. A. junii 

A7 and A.haemolyticus A19 demonstrated strong 

antibacterial and antifungal activity while 

A.haemolyticus A22 demonstrated only anti-fungal 

activity. Molecular identification of these three strains 

was conducted using rDNA sequencing. 

A.haemolyticus A19 produced antibiotic, which was 

1 

inducible by co-cultivation method and H-NMR 

analysis revealed this antibiotic as pyrrolnitrin. 

Characterization of other strains in order to optimize 

antibiotic production is in progress. 

At Lucknow University, studies on the 

characterization of antiviral resistance inducing 

protein gene of Clerodendrum inerme is being carried 

out. CIP-29 protein was purified from the leaves of C. 

inerme and polyclonal antibodies in rabbits were 

produced. The anti CIP-29 serum was tested and it 

was found to be specific. Cloning of the CIP-29 gene 

was initiated with the designing of primers for RT- 

PCR. One set of forward and reverse primers yielded 

an approximate 950 bp length fragment, which is 

being sequenced. 

At TNAU, Coimbatore, a chimeric gene, cry 2Ax1 of 

Bacillus thuringiensis was constructed by 

engineering C-terminal region of domain-III in 

Cry2Aa to improve toxicity of its protein against 

Helicoverpa armigera. The constructed chimeric 

cry2Ax1 gene was expressed in transformant of 

acrystalliferous Bt strain. Analysis of Cry2Aa, 

Cry2Ab, Cry2Ac and chimeric Cry2Ax1 proteins for 

toxicity against larvae of H. armigera showed about 

22-fold higher activity in the chimeric Cry2Ax1 protein 

(in terms of LC ) than the Cry2Ab. 

50 

At AMU, Aligarh, the concurrent antagonistic activity 

of novel plant growth promoting bacterial strains, 

which was isolated from rhizospheric soil has been 

demonstrated against a range of phytopathogenic 

fungi under in vitro conditions. Some of the strains 

produce antibiotic Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid 

(PCA). The PCA gene ~ 1.4 kb (phz C and D) has 

been cloned and sequenced. The potential of strains 

as super-bioinoculant for plant growth promotion with 

parallel fungal growth suppression has been 

established both in pot culture and field studies in 

disease-conducive soil. Different combinations of 

bioinoculants were tested and consortium No. 19, 

consisting of P. aeruginosa - NJ15 + P. aeruginosa - 

NJ101 + Rhizobium sp. -PS1 + P. putida - PS2 strains 

in equal proportions has proved to be the most 

efficient to increase the yield. Treatment with this 

combination, significantly decreased the disease 

incidence also. 

At Pondicherry University, Pondicherry antagonistic 

Fluorescent pseudomonad isolates viz. W5, Pf6, Pf11 

and Pf13 were isolated. Strain, W5 exhibited a 

broad-spectrum antifungal activity towards several 

phytopathogenic fungi that attack rice, groundnut, 

chilli, cotton, sugarcane, mango and banana. 

Parthenium Weed Management 

A major multicentric programme on the management 

of Parthenium weed, which is an obnoxious weed, 

was launched. Salient achievements of few centers 

are as follows: 

Control of Parthenium through eco-friendly approach 

is being undertaken at NBRI, Lucknow. Effect of three 

tree species Jatropha curcas, Terminalia arjuna and 

Riccinus communis on the growth and control of 

Parthenium was studied and R. communis was found 

to suppress the growth of Parthenium maximally. The 

active fractions of the different parts of tree species 

were tested on seed germination. Bark fraction of T. 

arjuna at only 2.0% concentration inhibit 100% 

germination of seed. Leaf and bark extracted fraction 

of T. arjuna was developed and tested on P. 

hysterophorus and found to be effective at different 

stages. 

At RDU, Jabalpur, various Mycoherbicide are being 

developed for the control of Parthenium. Colletotrium 

gleosporioides, C. dematium, Alternaria alternate, 

Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, have shown 


significant weed control at seedling stage particularly 

in seed function and germination. These 

mycoherbicidal agents have been successfully mass 

produced through solid substrate fermentation 

employing maize cob wastes and when applied to the 

seedling of the target caused more than 90% 

mortality. Cell free culture filtrates of these agents 

have also shown significant seed mortality. 

Purification and characterization of these byproducts 

are under progress. 

Large-scale demonstration on management of 

Parthenium through integrated approach is being 

done at NRCWS, Jabalpur. Few plant species were 

found competitive against Parthenium. Cassia tora 

was found to be the best plant as it replaces 

Parthenium infected site during rainy season. 

Introductory releases of bioagants, Mexican beetle, 

Zygogramma bicolorata at newer sites, confirm its 

establishment, which reflected its success in 

integrated management programme. Good quality 

A view of field visit of trainees doing practical during 

Parthenium Training Programme. 

Parthenium compost was also prepared by pit 

method with low inputs. Parthenium compost along 

with 50% NPK gave higher yield than FYM and 50% 

NPK suggest its use in compost. 

Development of comprehensive website on biopesticide. 

A comprehensive website on “Bio-pesticides” has 

been developed which highlights the achievements 

made in major programmes supported by the 

Department on biological control of pests, disease 


56 

and weeds. Salient achievements compiled from 

more than 124 completed projects have been 

included which will benefit scientists, entrepreneurs 

and farmers. The website will be launched shortly. 

Toxicological data generation 

In order to facilitate the commercialization of 

biopesticides, the department has taken a proactive 

step of the generation of toxicological data of 

potential biopesticides. In the first phase, 10 

biopesticides have been taken up for generation of 

toxicological data both for primary cultures as well as 

for their formulations. Data have been generated for 

almost all the biopesticides by the two identified 

centers viz; ITRC, Lucknow and RRL, Jammu. 

Patents 

Patents have been filed for the mass production 

technologies of various biocontrol agents viz. 

Nomuraea rileyi, Trichoderma virens, two effective 

bioformulations of B. bassiana, Verticillium lecanii 

and Myrotheceium verucarria. Two patents for the 

products viz. Biowiltex (Trichoderma harzianum), 

Bionem x (Pochonia chlamydoisporia) and Biocomp 

x (Pseudomonas fluorescens) have been filed in 

India and USA through DBT patent cell. 

Technologies transferred and products marketed 

Several mass production technologies of biocontrol 

agents/biopesticides have been developed and 

standardized. Mass production technology of 

Trichoderma viride (fermentation based) has been 

transferred to M/s Prathista Industries Ltd. in 

Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh and M/s Haryana 

Biotech, Gurgaon. They have filed application for 

registration of their products and procured funds from 

the Technology Development Board (TDB). 

Registration has been granted to the product 

Biofungicide to M/s Prathista Industries Ltd. and the 

product has been launched in the market as 

“Protect”. Cost effective mass multiplication of 

Trichoderma and Pseudomonas and their mixed 

formulation on FYM and chicken manure have been 

developed at GBPUAT, Pantnagar and this 

technology has been transferred to the farmers of 

Uttrankhand and Uttar Pradesh as a 

recommendation from University as well as State 

Department of Agriculture.

Bioresource Development and Utilization 

National Bioresource Development Board 

Programmes under the Board continued on 

characterization of the biodiversity at both primary 

and secondary level, prospecting of bioresources for 

potential products, improvement of bioresources and 

capacity building/awareness generation. The Fourth 

meeting of the Board under the Chairmanship of 

th 

Hon'ble Minister S&T and ES was held on 25 July 

2006. During the year two meetings of the Steering 

Committee and four meetings of the Scientific 

Advisory Committee were held. In addition a number 

of idea generation meetings and brainstorming 

sessions were held to initiate programmes in new 

areas such as Zingibers, Honey Bee, DNA 

Barcoding, Microbial Prospecting etc. Some of the 

salient achievements of the ongoing programmes are 

as follows: 

Bioresource Characterization and Digitized 

Inventorization: 

The programme on Biodiversity Characterization at 

Landscape Level using Satellite Remote Sensing 

and Geographic Information System executed by 

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, 

NRSA in collaboration with other DOS centres, 

universities and NGOs, has generated geospatial 

biodiversity data on important biodiversity rich 

regions of the country. Under Phase II, Eastern 

Ghats, Central India and Mangrove regions have 

been mapped. 80% of the country's forest cover has 

been mapped. To complete the whole country a 

Phase III has been launched for Biodiversity 

characterization at landscape level using satellite 

remote sensing in parts of Deccan Peninsula, North 

West India and Himalayan Cold Desert. 

In the project on mapping and quantitative 

assessment of bioresources of Western Ghats about 

a third of the Western Ghats has already been 

sampled. Specimens of about 1000 species have 

been collected and new populations of at least four 

endangered species have been located, distribution 

maps have been prepared. About 4000 images have 

been compiled for 1000 plants from the field and 

fliers have been developed for 400 species. 

In a similar project on Quantitative assessment and 

mapping of plant resources of Eastern Ghats, all the 

six teams have initiated the field work. 324 plant 

species representing 133 trees, 20 shrubs, 98 herbs 

and vines, 65 grasses and 8 other life forms covering 

67 families were recorded from 81 grids, covering 111 

transects in the South Central zone. Overall, 23, 960 

tree individuals representing 38 families with a range 

of 364-760 tree density were recorded. Eighty eight 

percent of all trees recorded in published literature 

and 8 new species were recorded from the forest 

region of kadapa hills. In the Northern zone, 143 plant 

species were recorded from 45 grids and 76 

transects. The Northern Eastern zone recorded 180 

plant species from 37 grids and 44 transects, while 

North-central zone recorded 235 plant species from 

44 grids and 57 transects. Southern-Eastern Zone 

recorded 320 plant species from 51 grids and 70 

transects. 

Jeeva Sampada a digitized inventory of 

Bioresources has been developed. The database of 

approx. 7 GB, packaged in nine CDs contains 

information on 39,000 species, with over 82,00,000 

records. Over 400 scientists from over 150 centres 

across the country have worked together to complete 

this enormous task. 

For proper integration of all the databases - spatial 

and non-spatial, an Indian Bioresource Information 

Network (IBIN) has been launched, as a service and 

network system for all the digital databases on 

bioresources. The network comprises two interacting 

nodes, one for the predominantly non-spatial data 

sets and the other to serve predominantly spatial 

data sets, which would be on a common web-based 

portal. The purpose of such an effort is to facilitate the 

use of the existing digital databases by the diverse 

end users; promote interlinking of the diverse 

databases through a continuous interaction and 

promote a continuous growth of the databases and 

their utility in conservation. (The website address is 

www.ibin.co.in) This IBIN portal along with Jeeva 

Sampda was launched by Shri Kapil Sibal, the 

Hon'ble Minister of Science and Technology, and 

th 

Earth Sciences, GOI on 25 July 2006. 

Molecular characterization and conservation 

As many as 9860 rice landraces belonging to ten 

different groups based on their maturity and grain 

characteristics of CG Core Collections maintained at 

Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur were 

analyzed for the four nutritionally important traits, the 

grain protein, lysine, iron and zinc concentration. Top 


three rice accessions with enhanced level of protein, 

lysine and micronutrients have been identified for all 

the ten groups. Wide genetic variations for all the four 

traits have been recorded. The rice accession CGR: 

20390 was found to possess highest protein content 

(14.05%) and CGR: 18675 had the highest lysine 

concentrations (7.74 g/16gN). Protein and lysine 

concentration was found to be negatively correlated 

suggesting that with the increase of quantity, the 

quality of protein gets compensated. The protein and 

carbohydrate content was estimated in cereals like 

rice, maize, sorghum and pulses used by major tribes 

of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 52 rice, 32 maize and 60 

Sorghum samples from tribal area were analyzed. 

Protein content varied between 5-9.71%, 8-13% and 

7-11% respectively. 

In a collaborative research work between Centre for 

Ecological Sciences, Bangalore and CDFD, 

Hyderabad, 80 microsatellite markers from Ropalidia 

marginata genome have been isolated, thirty two 

microsatellite loci were polymorphic. The number of 

alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11, these loci are 

being used to study the role of intra-colony genetic 

relatedness in social evolution and the pattern of 

queen succession in R. marginata. From the tropical 

silkworm Antheraea mylitta, 22 microsatellite 

markers have been isolated, seven polymorphic 

microsatellite markers were employed to study the 

genetic analysis of well defined mature grown 

ecotypes. Low genetic variation was observed 

among populations (11%), however, within 

population variability was 89%. A workshop on 

“Microsatellite Markers in Molecular Ecology” was 

also conducted at CDFD Hyderabad for young 

teachers and senior research students. 

Prospecting of genes and molecules for product 

development: 

Projects have been supported for prospecting of 

novel genes, molecules, enzymes etc. from plants, 

microbes, fungi, lichens for production of potential 

products of industrial importance. Novel genes/ 

promoters, transcription factors are also being 

identified so as to develop transgenics for biotic / 

abiotic stress and understand different metabolic 

engineering pathway(s) operative in a system. 

Prospecting of novel genes: 


58 

+ + 

A partial Na /H clone from Porteresia coarctata 

(PcNHX) was isolated and complete sequence 

information for this gene was obtained at MSSRF, 

Chennai. The PcNHX- was transferred to tobacco via 

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for gene 

validation. Of the seven lines obtained for the PcNHX 

construct, four were single copy insertions as 

revealed by Southern blot analysis. Northern analysis 

of the four lines indicated expression of the PcNHX 

gene in the tobacco plants. 

In another ongoing study at MSSRF, Chennai more 

than 4000 ESTs have been cloned and sequenced 

from Avicennia marina. Sequence analysis of these 

ESTs revealed homology to different categories of 

genes with different functionality. More than 90 full 

length genes have been isolated, out of which about 

50% are with implications for abiotic stress tolerance. 

36 full length genes have been analyzed for their 

expression profiles under abiotic stress conditions. 

Most of the genes have been tested in tobacco 

transgenic systems while currently ten genes are 

being used for generating transgenic rice systems. 

Salt stress analysis of the transgenics has shown that 

transgenics could tolerate upto 150 mm of NaCl 

concentration for about 7 days whereas the 

untrasformed control plants started showing signs of 

th 

wilting from the 4 day itself. The salt stress analysis 

was carried out in two generations. The transgenic 

plants could withstand the drought stress and showed 

lesser amount of visible damage at the end of the 

drought stress in comparison to the untransformed 

control plants. Field trial of transgenic rice is being 

carried out at Kalpakkam in six plots. Transgenic 

plants were found to be of shorter height but the yield 

was higher as compared with control. The grain yield 

across the transgenic and control plants were found 

to be comparable. 

A study has also been supported to fish out drought 

tolerant genes from Prosopis juliflora. A cDNA library 

of two-month-old leaf tissue after 25 days of water 

withdrawal has been constructed. Random EST 

sequencing of 1750 clones produced 1467 quality 

reads. The sequences have been deposited in the 

NCBI EST database. Two of the abundant genes 

coding for a non-specific lipid transfer protein and late 

embryogenesis abundant protein have been 

sequenced completely.

Studies on gene prospecting by comparative 

proteomics in water stress legumes was supported at 

NCPGR, New Delhi. The extracellular matrix (ECM) 

proteome map of chickpea and the identification of 

163 ECM-specific proteins has been completed. ESI- 

MS/MS analysis has led to the identification of 134 

drought related proteins (DRPs). Protein reference 

map of nucleus in chickpea from purified nuclear 

fraction has been developed. The largest percentage 

of the identified proteins has been found to be 

involved in signaling and gene regulation (36%), 

while 17% are found to be involved in DNA replication 

and transcription. 

Under a study supported at Bharath Vidya Peeth, 

Pune for enhanced Omega-3-Nutrition in Flax, 

several primers based on the Omega-3 desaturase 

were designed based on the sequences available. 

Many primers amplified different loci and several of 

these were cloned and sequenced. Two variants 

each of delta-9 desaturase and Omega-3 desaturase 

have been obtained. Omega 3-desaturase is being 

cloned in binary expression vector for plant 

transformation. The transformants are being 

analysed. 

Studies at TBGRI and RGCB, Trivandrum are 

continuing on isolation and characterization of 

gene(s) involved in the regulatory step(s) leading to 

the biosynthesis of hypericin using transcript profiling 

technology. Hypericin rich callus, shoot and cell 

suspension cultures of Hypericum sp were 

developed by optimization of nutrient media with 

respect to PGR's and carbon source. Possible 

enhancement in hypericin production through elicitor 

treatment is in progress. Differential expression of 

gene in NAA induced shoot and callus cultures is 

being screened by Suppression Subtractive 

Hybridization (SSH) analysis. 

At IHBT, Palampur a cold tolerant gene has been 

isolated and characterized from a plant of Lahul and 

Spiti region. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants using the 

Cu-Zn SOD gene have been developed and T1 

generation has been obtained. Study of gene 

behavior and its expression is under progress. Seeds 

have been obtained from vacuum infiltered 

Arabidopsis plants for beta helix-loop-helix (bHLH) 

protein encoding transgenes. Selection process for 

getting positive plant transformants is in progress. 

Putative potato transformants for Cu-Zn SOD have 

been obtained for two varieties using Agrobacterium 

mediated transformation. 

Bioactive Molecules 

A Novel superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was 

isolated from Potentila and is being used for 

preparation of antioxidant cream and other products 

at IHBT, Palampur. A fully characterized heme 

peroxidase from Acorus calamus with antifungal 

activity has been purified at IFGTB, Coimbatore and 

is being tested for antifungal activity against 

Tricosporium vesiculosum. Further work on 

validation of peroxidase on fungal hyphae is being 

carried out in other plant species to understand its 

function during defence. The toxic nature of the 

enzyme which inhibited hyphal growth has been 

demonstrated against phytopathogens such as 

Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme 

and T. vesiculosum. This study indicates that 

peroxidases may have a role to play in host defence 

by inhibiting the hyphal extension of invading 

pathogens. 

Secondary metabolites from lichens sps. like 

Rorcella montagnei, Dirinaria consimilis, Ramalina 

pollinaria have been screened at MSSRF, Chennai 

for presence of bioactive compounds. Two novel 

compounds have been identified and toxicity testing 

is being done. 

Studies have been supported at RGCB and TBGRI, 

Thiruvananthapuram on metabolic engineering of 

andrographolide accumulation. Agrobacterium 

mediated transformation protocol for Andrographis 

paniculata has been developed and transgenic calli 

overexpressing A.paniculata 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5phosphate 

synthase (DXS) gene apdxs1 have been 

produced which on HPLC analysis show enhanced 

accumulation of andrographolides as compared to 

the control. Further work is on to develop a number of 

primary transformants from the generating calli 

transformed with apdxs1 and to do phytochemical 

analysis of the transgenic Andrographis plants for 

andrographoides. 

In a study supported at TERI, New Delhi, biopesticide 

formulation has been developed from plants of 

Myrtaceae family. The formulation prepared has 

been found to be effective not only against a 

bollworm but was also against jassid population - 


oth adults and nymphs. First year multilocation 

trials of the biopesticide formulation developed has 

been under taken on cotton. The trials were 

undertaken at CICR, Nagpur and Coimbatore during 

Kharif 2005. The formulations were effective even 5 

days after spraying in terms of %age reduction in 

square damage over control and significantly 

superior to control recording a higher yield. 

Multilocation trials on chickpea were also undertaken 

at Rajasthan Agricultural University, Jaipur and ICAR 

Centre at Sehore, Bhopal. All the treatments were 

found significantly better than control against 

H.armigera. 

Prospecting for Microbes 

Plant growth promoting microbial inoculants isolated 

at IHBT, Palampur are under field trial. Presently, field 

evaluation is in progress in cold desert of Himachal 

Pradesh. Eleven efficient PGPR isolates have been 

characterized on the basis of 16S rRNA gene 

sequencing. The sequence generated has been 

deposited with NCBI Gene Bank. 

At MSSRF, Chennai, novel salt tolerant nitrogen 

fixing and phosphate solubilising strains of bacteria 

already identified were further taken up for field trial. 

The 4 strains MSP-27, MSP-146, MSP-393, MSP- 

573 were taken up for field trials for testing as 

biocontrol agents. Two strains - MSP393 and MP27 

found to be efficient would be taken up for further 

testing. MSP-573 showed 33.4% of disease 

suppression under non-saline conditions. 

Comparative performance of phosphate solubilizers 

and nitrogen fixers was tested at lab/green house 

conditions. Field-testing of the selected strains of 

phosphate solubilizers and nitrogen fixers was found 

efficient under normal and saline conditions. MOU for 

formulations and third party testing was signed with 

Elbitec. Development of carrier based formulations 

for all the 16 strains have been achieved. Liquid 

formulations for Azospirillum MSA- 148 and 

Phosphobacteria PS-5 were also achieved but the 

liquid formulation for Swaminathania salitolerans 

could not be achieved. Extensive field trials have 

been conducted in 208 acres of paddy on a 

participatory approach with a consortium of biocontrol 

strains, phosphate solubilizers and nitrogen fixers. An 

efficient P. fluorescens strain has been identified 


60 

which has been taken up for field trials on crops 

affected by leaf streak disease at Rice Research 

Station, Tirur after being confirmed to be non-toxic. 

The occurrence of symptom in the new leaves was 

not observed and this study also prevented further 

spread of the disease to the adjacent field where the 

same rice variety was grown. 

500 endophytic fungal isolates have been isolated 

from the inner bark segments of four medicinal plant 

species viz., Terminalia arjuna, Crataeva magna, 

Azadirachta indica and Holarrhena antidysenterica 

representing various habitats. Two thousand 

fermentation products of fungal endophytes 

prepared employing six media combinations, were 

screened for DPPH free radical scavenging assay 

and antimicrobial assay. One hundred isolates 

exhibiting more than 50% DPPH radical scavenging 

activity were selected and fermented on a large 

scale, which include species of Pestalotiopsis, 

Trichoderma, Myrothecium, Mycelia sterilia and 

unidentified sporulating fungi. These extracts were 

subjected to DPPH, lipid peroxidation, DNA 

protection and antihypertensive assay. In 

antibacterial assay, ten isolates were found positive 

against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria 

by microplate assay as well as disc diffusion method. 

Endophytic fungal extracts from Aspergillus flavus 

columnaris, Pestalotiopsis spp. and some 

unidentified sporulating fungi showed positive 

antifungal activity against important plant pathogenic 

fungi. 

In another project on investigation of the microflora of 

insect of Western Ghats for potentially useful 

Bioactive molecules, about 30 insects specimens 

have been collected and identified morphologically 

from different parts of Western Ghats. Insects were 

identified by sequencing the mitochondrial 16S rRNA 

primers specific for insect taxa yielding 600 base pair 

amplicons. Bacterial isolates recovered from the 

insect gut were screened for protease, cellulase and 

lipase activities, and also for the presence of 

nanoparticles like gold and silver in presence of 

different salts. 

Region Specific Programmes launched 

specifically targeting bioresources of fragile 

ecosystems.

Eastern Ghats: Diversity of metallophiles in Eastern 

Ghats is being studied for exploration and exploitation 

in metal prospecting and bioremediation. Open cast 

and underground chromite mines in Sukinda valley of 

Jajpur district and Baula-Nuasahi belt of Bhadrak 

district have been surveyed and a total of 22 samples 

from mining environment were collected and 

analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. The 

samples were more or less acidic to neutral in nature 

and contain significant amount of chromium (1.6 3%) 

and nickel (0.3 0.8%) in addition to cobalt, cadmium, 

Delphinium malabaricum a. cultivation in open area, b. flowering, 

c. cultivation in polyhouse, d. cultivation in pots, e. entire plant, f, g, h, i, j, 

range of flower colour 

61 

and zinc. Microbial density, diversity and activity of 

these metalliferous environmental samples were in 

general relatively low. Aspergillus niger SUK101, the 

most potent strain has been found to solubilize 52.8% 

nickel, 28.7% chromium and 20% iron from the mine 

overburden. Optimization of conditions for better 

nickel leaching is in progress. 

Western Ghats: In the project entitled “Evaluation of 

Viscaceae Members of Western Ghats Region for 

Prospecting of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins”, field 

surveys of Western ghats regions (Puna, Kolhapur, 

Belgaum-Amboli) were carried out. Different 

populations of Viscum spp. distributed in the region 

were mapped and diversity documented, distribution 

was found to be associated with the type of forest and 

host species. 

Using immuno-probe developed, different Viscum 

spp. were evaluated for the presence of ribosome 

inactivating proteins (RIPs). Domestication of 

potential ornamental plants from the wild 

bioresources of the Western Ghats is being 

attempted for Delphinium malabaricum, Impatiens 

pulcherrrima, Senecio bombayensis, S. 

belgaumensis, Pogostemon deccanesis, collected 

from various localities of the Western Ghats. 

Reproductive ecology and population enrichment of 

endemic and critically endangered plant species of 

Western Ghats is also being worked out. 

Considerable work has been carried out on 

reproductive ecology of two of the target species - 

Dysoxylum malabaricum and Garcinia indica in the 

Uttara Kanda district of Karnataka. 

Himalayan Region: IHBT, Palampur, produced 

65480 plants of Phyllostachys pubescens (Moso 

bamboo) and 82805 plants of other species of edible 

bamboo provided them to R&D institutions and State 

Forest Departments. An elite cultivar of Curcuma 

aromatica “Himhaldi” was released. A multipurpose 

herbal pain ointment, herbal toothpicks having 

antibacterial properties and an anti-inflammatory skin 

cream with anti-oxidant, venotonic and vascular 

protective properties were developed. Mapping of 

Solang nala in Kullu Dist. of Himachal Pradesh was 

completed and total 12 vegetation types were 

identified in the area. Complete genome of chilli vein 

mottle virus was amplified and cloned. Radioactive 


c-DNA probes were developed using amplified 

region of coat protein gene for detection of group 

specific potyvirus. An important achievement was for 

Cryo-preservation of Podophyllum hexandrum and 

Aconitum heterophyllum seeds, which could 

withstand dehydration up to 5% level, and showed 

>90% survival even after 120 days of storage. 

Selected Acorus calamus accessions containing low 

beta-asarone were micro-propagated and 

transferred to field for evaluation. 12 training 

programmes benefiting 584 participants have been 

conducted during the year on different aspects of 

bioresource conservation and sustainable utilization. 

A Mountain Bioresource Complex (MBC) has been 

established in Kumaon and Garhwal region of 

Uttarakhand as a community approach to apply the 

knowledge regarding new tools of biotechnology to 

untapped and exploit sustainably the under utilized 

resources. A novel method of composting has been 

developed which is unique for its low cost and 

reliability. 250 such composting units have been 

erected in village around MBC. A total of eight training 

programms were organised in villages to popularize 

the post harvest technology involving eighty women. 

Cultivation of spices such as turmeric, ginger, 

foneculum, etc. has been promoted and on a 

technology developed for extracting oil from turmeric 

leaves, 150 women were trained. In addition, school 

children are being trained on utility and conservation 

of important bioresources. 

Desert Region: At Birla Institute of Scientific 

Research, Jaipur the genetic and functional diversity 

of rhizobacteria of clusterbean (Cyamopsis 

tetragonoloba) and other arid plants is being studied. 

The isolates were highly diverse in effectiveness e.g. 

nodulation, nitrogen fixation, plant growth of cluster 

bean, and also in salt and temperature tolerance. 

Seventy-nine rhizobacterial isolates showed 

biocontrol activity against Macrophomina phaseolina 

and Fusarium oxysporum. Two isolates showed 

maximum salt tolerance (5% NaCI) among 

rhizobacterial isolates showing biocontrol activity. 

Partial 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that out of 79 

isolates having antifungal activity many belonged to 

B. subtilis, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis and two 

were Pseudomonas spp. 


62 

Resource Specific Programmes: 

Different priority resources have been identified for 

improvement through biotechnological interventions. 

Germplasm characterization, marker development, 

identification of genes, constructs, transcription 

factors, genetic transformation are some of the 

important activities being pursued. 

Sugarcane: Under the Sugarcane genome project, 

general cDNA libraries of different tissues (leaf whorl, 

mature leaf, stem and root) from sugarcane variety 

CoS767 were prepared in plasmid and phage 

vectors. In all, 34367 clones were sequenced from 5' 

end to generate EST sequence data. Good quality 

sequences (25384) having PHRED score >20 and 

sequence longer than 299 bp were submitted to the 

GenBank. Besides the general libraries, various 

subtractive libraries were also made. About 1440 

sequences were generated from a subtracted library 

made from red-rot challenged and normal sugarcane 

stem, out of which 1069 good quality sequences 

were submitted to the GenBank. Some stressrelated 

and disease resistance genes, identified from 

the general as well as red-rot subtracted library, were 

tested for expression. A few disease-related genes 

did not show expression altogether in the tolerant 

variety, while some other genes were found to be upregulated 

or down-regulated. Various stress-related 

genes were induced to significant levels under 

dehydration stress conditions. The EST sequences 

showing homology to some useful genes have been 

selected for further analyses and constructs are 

being prepared to transform sugarcane with 

potentially useful genes. 

In another programme, two genomic libraries 

including one enriched for six different microsatellite 

motifs and one cDNA library from popular sugarcane 

varieties were constructed for the identification of 

microsatellites. For use in gene mapping 

experiments, primer sequence information on 500 

markers were provided to the two network partners. 

To evaluate the efficiency of the designed STMS 

markers, a subset of 50 markers were synthesized 

and amplified in five sugarcane species clones, eight 

varieties and three related genera for polymorphism 

survey. In addition, these STMS markers were 

amplified in a set of genotypes of five cereal species

namely barley, wheat, rice, maize and Sorghum for 

studying their conservation and cross-transferability. 

For analyzing SNPS, twenty-two unigenes predicted 

to be involved in sugar pathway were amplified in a 

set of 13 sugarcane genotypes and sequenced. The 

presence of SNPs was revealed in four genes 

namely, sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate 

synthase, soluble acid invertase and sucrose 

transporter. Polymorphism survey was extended to 

25 genotypes belonging to different species, 

varieties, related genera of sugarcane and five 

cereals, and validated through CAPS analysis. 50 

primers were designed for “R” gene analogues based 

on sequences from NCBI database and Sugarcane 

EST database (SUCEST). The chitinase gene (PR 

protein) a major gene involved in defence 

mechanism in crop plants, resistance protein (R30), 

metallothionein like protein with possible 

hypersensitive response regulation, receptor protein 

kinase (RPK) involved in cell signaling, reversibly 

glycosylated protein (RGP) involved in cell wall 

biosynthesis and transcription factor (SSHR5) were 

differentially expressed in cane tissues challenged 

with C. falcatum. Coronatine insensitive gene (RcoiII) 

involved in salicylic acid pathway regulation and 

basal antifungal peptide (BAF) with antifungal activity 

were the transcripts that were differentially 

expressed in cell lines. 

Molecular Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids of 

Sugarcane Using Genomic In Situ Hybridization 

(GISH) is being attempted at G.B. Pant University of 

Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The 

chromosome count (utilizing the root tips) of 20 

interspecific hybrids indicates that the somatic 

chromosome numbers varies from 90 to 112. Some 

of the interspecific hybrids were utilized in in situ 

hybridization experiments using two repetitive DNA 

clones as FISH probes. The physical localization of 

these two clones is helping to develop FISH 

landmarks on 10 to 14 pairs of chromosomes of these 

interspecific hybrids. 

Efforts are on to develop a diagnostic tool for 

Sugarcane Grassy Shoot (SCGS) disease at ICGEB, 

New Delhi and Vasantdata Sugarcane Institute, 

Pune. A total of 339 samples with symptoms of 

phytoplasma were collected from various fields of 

Maharashtra, UP, Karnataka and Tamilnadu and 

screened with a phytoplasma specific oligonucleotide 

primers corresponding to two regions - 16SrRNA and 

16S-23S rRNA intergenic region. Antibodies against 

SecA and SecE proteins were developed and are 

being used to screen the field samples at Vasantdada 

Sugar Institute in order to develop the diagnostic tools 

based on ELISA to detect the early stage of infection. 

A PCR based diagnostic kit for red rot and smut 

diseased of sugarcane has been developed at IISR, 

Lucknow and is undergoing validation. It was 

concluded that the designed primer pair is specific to 

red rot pathogen and can amplify total genomic DNA 

of wide variety of isolated or pathotypes causing 

incipient infection in sugarcane stalks. Further to 

validation of specificity of synthesized primer pair to 

smut pathogen (Ustilago scitaminea) in three smut 

affected varieties of sugarcane, infected stalks from 

sugarcane varieties from Coimbatore, Pune and 

Lucknow were sampled. 

Over expression of Cry endotoxins from B. 

thuringiensis in E.coli to test the efficacy against 

sugarcane borers is being done at PAU, Ludhiana. 

Cry 1Ac, Cry 1Aa3, Cry1IA5, Cry 1F were procured 

from IARI, New Delhi. DNA of Cry 1Ac and Cry 1IA5 

has been isolated and restriction analysis of 

constructs has been done using different restriction 

enzymes (Bam HI and Hind III). Sugarcane borers 

collected from different places in the state are being 

reared on natural diet in the laboratory for insect 

bioassays using different Cry proteins. 

Tea: Under a network programme on 

“Characterization and improvement of tea through 

biotechnological tools” involving IHBT, Palampur, 

GBPHIED, Almora, Tocklai Experimental Station, 

Jorhat, Bose Institute, Kolkata, University of Delhi, 

Delhi, TERI, New Delhi, UPASI, Valparai, molecular 

and morphological characterization has been 

completed for 150 accessions. The study has been 

extended to around 2000 accessions, including 

garden selections. Genomic DNA has been isolated 

from a total of 500 tea clones (350 of TRA, 100- IHBT, 

and 50- UPASI). Pre-amplification was successfully 

done in 462 tea clones by TERI, and was provided to 

all the collaborative laboratories for running AFLP 

gels. So far, AFLP profiles have been generated 


across all the 462 clones with allotted six primer pairs 

by the three institutes namely TERI, DU, and IHBT. 

Studies are continuing for development of 

transgenics resistant to blister blight and dormancy. 

Expression and validation of trait specific gene(s) 

isolated from tea in model plants was done and 

construct was developed for tumor suppressor gene, 

and transferred into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 

using the helper strain PRK-2013. Agrobacterium 

has been checked for harbouring the desired insert. 

The work is in progress to transfer the gene into tea 

and for development of construct with two other 

genes. 

Coffee: As a follow up of the earlier work done, a 

Network programme on Coffee has been launched 

for development of markers, ESTs and 

transformation for disease resistance. India is also a 

partner to the International Coffee Genome Network. 

Lac: Innovative laboratory processes are being 

developed at IIT, New Delhi for value added products 

from Lac. Existing processes for two export products 

from lac have been modified while lab processes 

have been developed for two new value added 

products (methyl alueritate and 16-hydroxy-9hexadecenoic 

acid) with a potential to generate 

better revenue in the flavors, fragrance and cosmetic 

industry. The modifications have enabled increase in 

yield of alueritic acid from 14-17.3% to 19-23% while 

purity increased from 92 to 96% (depending upon the 


64 

quality of raw material used) and have reduced the 

period of hydrolysis by about 40%. The protocols and 

cost benefit analysis of the new method(s) are being 

evaluated to translate the findings in an industrial set 

up at pilot level. 

Biological, chemical and molecular characterization 

of Lac insect host plant relationship is being studied. 

The two strains of lac insect i.e. rangeeni and kusmi 

were inoculated on five different host plant species 

viz. Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmani), Albizia lucida 

(Galwang), Flemingia semialata (Semialata), 

Schleichera oleosa (Kusum), Ziziphus mauritiana 

(Ber) and Butea monosperma (Palas) for the study of 

biological parameters. Bio-control and bio-rational 

approaches for management of lac insect predators 

are being evaluated. Wide variations in different 

parameters were observed when lac insects were 

reared on different host plants as well as between the 

two strains of the lac insects on the same host plant. 

In another study, molecular fingerprinting is being 

used for genetic characterization of races and 

species of lac insects, DNA isolation protocol has 

been standardized for single lac insects. Oligos have 

been synthesized and further work is in progress for 

development of microsatellite markers. 

Network Programme on Bamboo: Under the 

Network Programme for the Establishment of 

Demonstration of Bamboo plantations in different 

location across the country, nearly 380 ha has been 

covered as per table given below.

Dendrocalamus 

strictus 

D. asper 

Bambusa 

bambos 

Phyllostachys 

stocksii 


R & D programme have also been supported for developing and standardizing protocols for tissue 

culture micropropagation of different bamboo species as follows:- 


Species Institute 

Bambusa balcooa FRI, Dehradun 

B.nutans IHBT, Palampur 

IFGTB, Coimbatore 

TFRI, Jabalpur 

B.pallida munro IWST, Bangalore 

B. tulda 

D. hamiltonii 

Dendrocalamus giganteus 

Melocanna bambusoids 

Phyllostachys bamusides sieb. E. jucc. 

A B 

C 

E 

F G 

66 

D 

TFRI, Jabalpur 

IHBT, Palampur 

IHBT, Palampur 

IFGTB, Coimbatore 

KFRI, Thrissur 

FRI, Dehradun 

IWST, Bangalore 

A. Multiple shoots of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii in vitro; 8. 

Rooted plants of D. asper in vitro; 

B. Seedings of Bambusa bambos growing in the 

polyhouse, 

C. Denderocalamus asper plants (TCPs) growing in the 

green house; 

D & E. Representative photographs of Setting up of 

demonstration plots by UBFDB, Dehradun and UFA, 

Haldwani in various forest divisions in Uttranchal; 

F&G. Field performance of Tissue culture raised plants D. 

Hamiltonii (1 year old) Dehradun Forest Division.

In addition Transgenic Bamboo development at 

IHBT, Palampur is being attempted. D. hamiltonii 

plants produced through bombardment of somatic 

embryos with SOD gene were selected on the 

antibiotic hygromycin, these transformants are being 

multiplied for molecular characterization. 

Development of molecular markers for 

characterization of Bamboo germplasm is being 

done at TERI, New Delhi and IHBT, Palampur. 

Standardization of several molecular marker 

techniques for bamboo germplasm (AFLP, 4-slect 

AFLP, TE-AFLP and SAMPL) have been done. 

Analysis of genetic diversity of 48 accessions 

comprising 7 species using AFLP markers has been 

done. High level of marker polymorphism between 

different bamboo species (is 98.6%) was observed. 

At IHBT, Palampur genomic DNA of 58 bamboo 

accessions have been isolated and checked for its 

quality and quantification. RAPD fingerprinting of 40 

bamboo accessions has been completed with 40 

decamer primers. AFLP fingerprinting of 58 

accessions of bamboo were completed with eight 

primer combinations and AFLP fingerprinting with 

remaining ECO-RI/Mse I primer combinations is in 

progress. 

New Initiative on Zingiberaceae: 

Recognizing the importance of ginger family 

(Zingiberaceae) an important bioresource with 

considerable economic potential, the department 

organized a brainstorming on “Zingiberaceae 

Biotech intervention for improved planting material 

and product development”. Programmes have been 

supported during this year in the identified thrust 

areas: development of improved planting material, 

role of gene environment interaction, biochemical 

and molecular characterization in relation to 

commercially useful traits, prospecting for selected 

secondary metabolites and domestication of some 

underutilized species of ornamental value. 

Butterfly Park: 

The country's first Butterfly Park has been 

established at Bannerghatta Biological Park, 

67 

th 

Bangalore. The Park was inaugurated on 25 

November 2006, by Shri Kapil Sibal, Hon'ble Minister 

for Science, Technology and Earth Sciences, 

Government of India. The project was executed by 

the Zoo Authority of Karnataka in collaboration with 

the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), 

Bangalore and Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology 

and the Environment, Bangalore. The butterfly park 

is spread over an area of 18 acres which includes a 

ten acre host-plant garden and 7.5 acres of the park 

which is open to visitors. The park comprises a 

butterfly garden which leads to a butterfly 

conservatory spread oven an area of 10,500 sq feet, 

under a polycarbonate roof. The visitors to the 

conservatory can see a 15 to 30 species of butterflies 

depending on the season. The butterfly conservatory 

leads to a museum spread over an area of 3000 sq 

feet that houses dioramas, live-exhibits, specimens 

and inter-active computer kiosks. The museum also 

has a multi-media centre attached to it which will be 

used for educational programmes. 

The UAS, Bangalore has achieved the following 

milestones during the project period. 

� Developed captive breeding methods for 42 

species of butterflies of peninsular India 

� Carried out DNA finger-printing 25 species of 

butterflies 

� Developed methods for DNA bar-coding of 

butterflies 

A view of butterfly park 


Inauguration of Butterfly Park by Shri Kapil Sibal, Hon.'ble Minister of 

Science & Technology and Earth Sciences. 

� Pathanga Bharathi - A database CD on butterflies 

of India has been developed 

� Pathanga Suchya - An interactive CD for 

identification of common butterflies of peninsular 

India has been developed. 

Capacity Building Programmes: 

A Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) sub-centre 

at Nilambur established a Bioresources Nature Trail 

in an area of 5ha. The landscaping of the Nature trail 

is completed for the conservation and separate 

theme areas have been set up for the lower groups of 

plants such as algae and bryophytes, pteridophytes, 

plants found in specialized ecological niche such as 

xerophytes (cacti and succulents) and hydrophytes 

(aquatic plants), beneficial plants (medicinal plants), 

ornamental and aesthetic plants (orchids) with 

special reference to endemic and rare, endangered 

and threatened species of Kerala. Propagules of over 

700 species of plants have been collected and 

introduced in the thematic areas of the nature trail. A 

gymnosperm garden with five native species and 

certain exotic species, which are of academic interest 

is being established in the Nature Trail. Thallpohyte 

and Bryophyte specimens are also displayed in a 

specially designed shade house with mist and drip 

irrigation facilities. The trail is being also equipped to 

provide the know-how for conservation of Kerala's 

biodiversity for the visitors. 


68 

At MSSRF, Wayanad about 100 students in the age 

group 6-16 years including school dropouts have 

been made aware of the importance of the 

bioresources. The activity has generated a high 

demand from various segments including schools, 

NGO's, farmers groups, nature clubs, and parentteacher 

associations for starting similar programme 

in their locations. Children attending this programme 

have started awareness programme in their locality 

about water-soil conservation and importance of 

organic farming. 

Under the project entitled “Involving India's high 

school / junior college community in inventorying and 

monitoring of biodiversity” supported at Indian 

Institute of Science, Bangalore, a number of schools 

and panchayats have been identified in Karnataka, 

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to 

implement the project. Participating students have 

completed data collection. Information collected is 

being entered into the software called PeBInfo 

(People's Biodiversity Information). 

Twenty one Vacation training programme on 

Bioresources for school children were conducted 

benefiting about 600 children. 

Under the programme for the Visually Challenged, 

workshops were organized at MSSSRF, Chennai for 

teachers and heads of various blind schools. A Braille 

embosser was installed along with softwares for 

conversion of text to Braille and vice versa. An audio 

system with walkman has been set up at the garden 

for the students to listen to the additional resources 

developed in audio format. 

A capacity building programme for college and 

university lecturers on Bioresources and 

Biotechnology in Sustainable Development has also 

been supported. Under the programme training to the 

College teachers was imparted on thematic areas 

such as: Thematic areas of the Workshop include: (i) 

Relevance of Theme in Science and Society; (ii) 

Ecological Bioresources and Biotechnology; (iii) 

Economic Bioresources and Biotechnology; and (iv) 

Socio-Economic, Legal and Ethical Issues Linked to 

Bioresources.

Rural Bioresource Complex: 

Five Rural Bioresource Complexes have been set up 

at University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore; 

Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar; G.B. Pant 

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant Nagar 

and Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani 

and Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, 

Orissa with the basic objective of economic 

empowerment of the target group through income 

generation and better employment opportunities 

along with entrepreneurship development, social 

benefits and environmental sustainability. 

In the Rural Bioresource Complex at UAS, 

Bangalore, inaugurated by Dr. V. L. Chopra, Member 

Planning Commission. 17 types of interventions 

were identified and 15 of them are being promoted in 

the RBRC project area at Tubagere in Doddaballapur 

taluk of Bangalore District involving the 6,067 

families. The major interventions promoted were 

seed productions in Ragi and Groundnut, 

commercial production of Pop corn, Baby corn, 

Tissue culture banana, Rose, Watermelon, 

Drumstick, Mulberry, Improved fish farming and 

Value added products in ragi In order to effectively 

implement the interventions 42 training programmes 

and two study tours were organized. Market linkages 

are established to sell the produce of growers at a 

profitable price. 

At MAU, Parbhani, base line survey has been 

completed. Seed production programme has been 

taken on 271.6 hectare areas covering 678 

beneficiaries directly. The intervention on 

pomegranate cultivation (Bhagva variety) was 

completed on 75 acres area benefiting 75 farmers. 

The goat keeping intervention was extended to 40 

landless beneficiaries by providing them most sturdy 

Osmanabadi goats after vaccination and deworming, 

25% of the total beneficiaries have reported birth of 

single or twins among two-three goats. For Poultry 

farming (Vanraja Variety), a low cost completely prefabricated 

poultry shed was designed and developed 

and is now under mass construction on the site of 40 

landless beneficiaries. The shed is designed to 

69 

accommodate 100 poultry birds. Till date, 843 

families are direct beneficiaries and 2297 are indirect 

beneficiaries. 


A programme on biotechnological intervention on 

medicinal and aromatic plants was continued for 

conservation, characterization, micropropagation, 

production of secondary metabolites, development 

of standardized herbal products, isolation and 

characterization of novel therapeutic agents, 

genomics and metabolic engineering. A network 

project on developing standardized herbal product(s) 

for bovine mastitis has been initiated. The salient 

achievements of the programme during the year are 

as follows: 

National Gene Bank for Medicinal and Aromatic 

Plants 

The four gene banks have been further strengthened 

with emphasis on collection, conservation and 

characterization: 

Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, 

Thiruvananthapuram 

A total of 370 accessions belonging to 96 species 

were collected from Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, 

Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Andaman Islands and 

introduced in to field gene bank. Morphological 

characterization based on qualitative and 

quantitative characters of 51 accessions belonging to 

7 species and anatomical characterization of 10 

accessions of two species were carried out. Seeds of 

19 target species were collected and deposited to the 

seed bank. Seven accessions belonging to three 

species were added in to the in vitro bank. Zygotic 

embryo cryopreservation was standardized in 

Coscinium fenestratum. Molecular characterization 

of 24 accessions of Costus speciosus and six 

accessions of Trichopus zeylanicus using RAPD and 

ISSR markers has been completed. 


Germlasing of NAPs conversed in gene bank at TBGRI, 

Thiruvenanthpuram. 

1. Abrus precatorius- an accession from Andaman Island 

2. Rauvolfia serpentina- a potential accession from Tamilnadu 

3. Accessions of Bacopa monnieri 

1. Cryopreserved zygotic embryo of Coscinium fenestratum showing 

germination and development 

2. Shoot tips of Kaempferia galanga cryopreserved through vitrification 

showing recovery and development 


70 

species conserved in this mode. Seed bank has been 

enriched by 96 accessions and now comprises of 

2286 accessions belonging to 418 species. 

Morphological characterization of various 

accessions of Matricaria chamomilla (62), 

Foeniculum vulgare (38), Withania somnifera (121) 

and Papaver somniferum (350) has been carried out. 

Thirty four accessions of W. somnifera have been 

chemically evaluated for Withaferin-A contents. 

Representative cultures of some new germ plasm accessions of MAPs 

been added to tissue bank at CIMAP. 1- Chlorophytum arundinaceum; 2- 

Aloe vera; 3- Centella aisatica; 4- Acorus calamus; 5- Indigofera sp.; 6- 

Chrysanthemum cineraraefolium; 7- Berginia sp; 8- Hypericum 

himalaicus; 9- Swertia chirayita; 10- Paris polyphylla; 11- Salvia scalarea; 

12- Gentiana kurrooa; 13- lavendula officinalis. 

Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu 

Field gene bank has been enriched by addition of 27

accessions of 15 high altitude species collected from 

Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. About 3000 

plants of Picrorhiza kurrooa have been provided to 

the field conservatory at Srinagar. Fifteen accessions 

have been added to the seed bank. In vitro repository 

has been enriched by adding various accessions of 

Swertia chirayita spp (5), Picrorhiza kurrooa (5) and 

Angelica archanglica (1). Somatic embryogenesis 

has been developed in Aconitum heterophyllum. 

Morphological characterization of various 

accessions of Argyrolobium roseus (7), Podophyllum 

hexandrum (2), Picrorhiza kurrooa (2), Jatropha 

curcas (3), Aloe vera (20) and Silybum marianum (3) 

have been carried out 

Ex-situ conservation and characterization 

A total of 1686 accessions belonging to 146 species 

used in Ayurveda are being maintained in the field 

gene bank at Arya Vaidya Sala (AVS), Kottakal. Seed 

samples of 44 species have been stored in the seed 

bank. An image library has been developed which 

has 2294 plant images belonging to 811 species. 

Morphological and phytochemical characterization of 

various accessions of Adhatoda zeylanica, Coleus 

aromaticus and Hemidesmus indicus have been 

carried out. At National Bureau of Plant Genetic 

Resources, New Delhi, in vitro repository of a total 30 

accessions of Allium tuberosum, A. chinense, 

Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica has been 

established. Cryopreservation protocols of in vitro 

shoot bases in Allium tuberosum using 

encapsulation-dehydration and vitrification 

technique have been established. In vitro bulblets in 

A. chinense and encapsulated explants in A. 

tuberosum and B. monnieri in cryovials were 

successfully maintained without nutrient medium. 

A rapid and highly reproduciable protocol for in vitro 

propagation of Picrorhiza scrophulariflor,an 

endangered medicinal plant of Eastern Himalayas 

has been developed at North-Bengal Agricultural 

University, Cooch Behar. About 350 in vitro raised 

plantlets have been hardened with 90% survival rate. 

A total of 162 accessions of Withania somnifera and 

18 accessions of Gymnema sylvestre collected from 

71 

different geographical locations were chemically 

analysed for withanolide and gymnemic acid content 

, respectively at The Energy and Resources Institute, 

New Delhi. Withaferin-A content varied in leaves from 

0.22 to 3.38% and in roots from 0.002 to 0.75% in W. 

somnifera. In 18 accessions of G. sylvestre, the 

gymnemic acid content varied from 0.23 to 2.53%. 

Eleven different populations of Nothapodytes 

nimmoniana from the Western Ghats were 

chemically profiled for camptothecin content jointly at 

University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and 

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Out of 

148 individuals assayed, 23 yielded more than 1% 

camptothecin. These high yielding lines are being 

multiplied clonally for re-introduction in to their 

natural habitat. SSR markers are being developed to 

assess the genetic variability of populations and also 

to identify molecular marker tags for camptothecin. 

Micropropagation 

Multi-location field trials of tissue culture plantlets and 

rooted cuttings of elite patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) 

continued at five institutions; Kelkar's Scientific 

Research Centre (SRC), Mumbai; Konkan Krishi 

Vidyapeeth (KKV), Dapoli; NRC on Medicinal and 

Aromatic Plants, Anand; Central Plantation Crops 

Research Insititute (CPCRI), Kasaragod and 

University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad. 

Agrotechniques were standardized for cultivation of 

patchouli in Gujarat, Konkan and Karnataka region. A 

total area of 30 ha has been covered in different 

locations with the patchouli crop in the farmers' field. 

The biomass obtained from the nodal centres was 

analyzed for oil yield and profile. The oil obtained 

from different experimental trials have been found to 

be similar to the parent plant with respect to the 

composition. Based on the results, it is concluded 

that cultivation of patchouli can be undertaken in 

regions with high humidity as a single crop or in dry 

regions as an intercrop with other crops. The design 

of the mist bioreactor system for generation of 

patchouli plantlets has been further improved at 

Kelkar's SRC, Mumbai. The growth performance and 

oil profile of bioreactor-generated plantlets of 


patchouli were found to be similar to those of tissue 

culture and rooted cutting plants. 

Evaluation of field performance of tissue culture 

plants vs open pollinated seedlings of large 

cardamom (Amomum subulatum) planted over an 

area of 55 ha in farmers' field in Sikkim and Darjeeling 

district of West Bengal continued at the Regional 

Research Station, Indian Cardamom Research 

Institute, Gangtok. A substantial increase of growth 

and yield were recorded in tissue culture plantlets as 

compared to open pollinated seedlings. The clone 

SBLC-47 A (Varlangey) planted during 1998 season 

recorded maximum yield of 540 kg/ha. Fifteen 

farmers' training programmes and group meetings 

were organized during the year on various aspects of 

large cardamom production. 

Evaluation of the performance of elite tissue culture 

plantlets vis-à-vis stem cuttings of vanilla (Vanilla 

planifolia) in farmers' field over an area of 20 ha in 

Tripura state has been initiated jointly by the Tripura 

Biotechnology Council, Agartala and the Indian 

Cardamom Research Institute (Spices Board), 

Myladumpara. An area of 5 ha has been planted 

during 2006 planting season with tissue culture 

plantlets and stem cuttings of vanilla (in 80:20 ratio). 

Production of secondary metabolites 

Cell-cultures of Commiphora wightii were grown in 2- 

L stirred tank and 6-L airlift bioreactor towards 

developing technology for guggulsterone production 

at M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur. Various 

empirical approaches were used for guggulsterone 

enhancement in embryogenic and non-embryogenic 

callus and cell suspension in C. wightii. At the Indian 

Institute of Technology, New Delhi, out of several root 

lines of Azadirachta indica developed, high yielding 

hairy root cell-lines have been selected on the basis 

of growth index and azadirachtin content. Effect of 

various elicitors, precursors, growth regulators and 

permeabilizing agents was studied on hairy root 

growth and azadirachtin production. Development 

and selection of a suitable bioreactor configuration 

for mass production of hairy roots has been carried 

out. 


72 

Herbal Formulation 

Pre-clinical studies on a herbal preparation from the 

stem bark of Terminalia arjuna for left ventricular 

dysfunction continued jointly at AIIMS, New Delhi and 

B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad. The 50% 

effective dose (ED50) value of the standardized 

extract was determined as 169.8 mg/kg in rat models. 

Preventive effect of the standardized extract of T. 

arjuna on the development of heart failure was also 

studied in rat models. No significant change in the left 

ventricular wall thickness (both systolic and diastolic) 

on echocardiography and left ventricular dysfunction 

was observed in extract treated group as compared 

to normal rats. Ninety-day toxicity study of aqueous 

extract of T. arjuna has been initiated. 

Two compounds-Daidzein and Genistein 8-C 

glucoside isolated from root extract of a legume have 

shown considerably high anti type-2 diabetes activity 

in vitro jointly at Viswa Bharati, Santi-Niketan and the 

IICB, Kolkata. Work on developing a standardized 

herbal formulation from a common weed having anti- 

Entamoeba histolytica activity continued jointly at 

Bose Institute, Kolkata and IICB, Kolkata. Two 

separate collections of the plant have been analysed 

by activity-guided purification. Active principles were 

identified to be saturated fatty acids, their esters and 

an ester of the unsaturated fatty acid linolenic acid. At 

C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, efficacy 

and safety studies of root extract of Cyperus rotundus 

and Aloe vera gel for anti-atherosclerosis activity 

have been taken up. Significant hypolipidaemic 

activity has been recorded in hydroalcoholic and 

alcoholic extracts of C. rotundus in hamsters. 

Aqueous, hydro-alcoholic as well as alcoholic extract 

of C. rotundus were found to be non-toxic in acute 

toxicity studies. Studies have been initiated recently 

to develop a standardized anti-diabetic herbal 

formulation from Annona squamosa jointly at 

Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai and BYL Nair 

Charitable Hospital, Mumbai. A network project on 

development of standardized herbal product for 

bovine mastitis has been initiated recently involving 

five institutions: Maharashtra Animal and Fishery 

Sciences University, Nagpur; Central Institute of

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow; Indian 

Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar; Tamilnadu 

Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 

and G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and 

Technology, Pantnagar. 

Isolation and Characterization of Novel 

Therapeutic Agents 

Five compounds (K-051, K-052, K-054, K-080) have 

been identified from plant extracts showing 

promising osteogenic (bone forming) activity at the 

CDRI, Lucknow. An Indian patent has been filed on 

anti-osteoporosis activity of Butea species. Work on 

in vivo efficacy of pure compounds showing 

promising osteogenic activity and molecular 

mechanism of osteogenic action is planned to be 

initiated. A plant extract has been identified which 

inhibit the differentiation of pre-osteoclastic cells to 

osteoclasts at Rajiv Gandhi Centre for 

Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram. It is also found 

to stimulate collagen synthesis in osteoblasts. 

Ethanol extract of Phyllanthus rheedii inhibited 

Hepatitis-B (HBs Ag level) up to 68% at RGCB, 

Thiruvananthapuram. At TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram, 

ursolic acid was identified as the marker 

compound in Ixora coccinia and flavonoids and 

coumarins in Rhinacanthus nasuta extracts showing 

hepatoprotective activity. 

Potential anti-bacterial activity has been recorded in 

leaf extracts of Callistemon rigidus against standard 

strain of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC-65-71 at 

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, 

Patiala. Bio-activity guided fractionation of the active 

extract has also been carried out. Purified pectic 

polysaccharide from Aegle marmelos (Bael) have 

shown significant in vivo anti-leishmanial activity 

using BALBc mice models infected with Leishmania 

donovani at IICB, Kolkata. 

Root extract of Clitorea ternatea and taraxerol 

showed significant inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase 

activity and cognitive enhancing activity at Jadavpur 

University, Kolkata. Similarly, rhizome extract of 

Acorus calamus and β-asarone isolated from it also 

73 

Leishmania donovani infected BALB/e mice liver cells control (left); After 

treatment with the pectic substance from bael fruit for 10 days (IICB, 

Kolkata) 

Leishmania donovani infected BALB/e mice spleen cells control (left); 

After treatment with the pectic substance from bael fruit for 10 days (IICB, 

Kolkata) 

showed marked inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase 

effect and cognitive enhancing activity. A set of p 300 

histone acetyl transferase (HAT) specific inhibitors 

have been synthesized and characterized from 

garcinol for cancer therapy and diagnostics 

purposes at JNCAR, Bangalore. A polyhydroxylated 

aromatic compound has been identified as a novel 

specific inhibitor of histone methyl transferase 

(HMTase) which was found to be toxic to cancerous 

cells but no effect on the normal cells. Hydroethanolic 

extracts of Citrus sinensis, Emblica 

officinalis and Ocimum sanctum have been found to 

inhibit farnesyl transferase enzyme activity at Jamia 

Hamdard, New Delhi. 

Genomics and Metabolic Engineering 

Efforts have been initiated to construct a high 

precision genetic linkage map of Catharanthus 

roseus at NCPGR, New Delhi. The Inflorescence 

architecture (ia) locus has been mapped on the 

linkage group 2 (LG2) of C. roseus using bulk 

segregant anlaysis of a population of recombinant 

inbred lines (RILs) and a series of RAPD, ISSR, SSR 

and sequence specific molecular DNA markers. 


With a view to isolate the taxol biosynthetic genes, a 

cDNA library from the endophytic fungus isolated 

from Taxus celabica was constructed at Indian 

Institute of Science, Bangalore. Presence of 

taxadiene synthase and taxadiene 13 hydroxylase 

was confirmed by DNA sequencing and it would be 

used in the screening of the Alternaria cDNA library to 

isolate the corresponding cDNA clones. Work has 

been continued to elucidate the novel metabolic route 

to a phenolic fragrance 2-hydroxy-4methoxybenzaldehyde 

formation in root organs of 

Hemidesmus indicus at Indian Institute of 

Technology, Kharagpur. Two novel enzymatic routes 

have been demonstrated. 

RAPD and minisatellite profiles of sandalwood 

(Santalum album) populations of the Southern 

regions of India have been generated at Vittal Mallya 

Scientific Research Foundation, Bangalore. Marked 

genetic variability has been observed in different 

populations and within individuals of a population. 

The wood oil quality of representative samples was 

assessed by GC-MS for presence of various 

sesquiterpenes. cDNA libraries from leaf and wood 

tissues have been generated to isolate complete 

ORFs of terpene synthases from sandalwood. 

Work on cloning and characterization of regulatory 

elements of genes involved in picrosides 

biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurrooa has been initiated 

at Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, 

Palampur. Upstreem sequences of 1-deoxy-Dxylulose-5-phosphate 

reductoisomerase (DXR) and 

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-A reductase (HMGR) 

have been cloned. 

Genomic analysis of sesquiterpene biosynthesis 

regulation in Artemisia annua metabolome has been 

initiated at CIMAP, Lucknow. The full-length amorpha 

4, 11diene synthase (ads) gene from A. annua 

genotype CIM-Arogya have been cloned. Work on 

expression of genes controlling trichome number 

(from Arabidopsis) in A. annua has been recently 

initiated at University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. 

Four genes of the isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic 


74 

pathway in genotype Sampada of Papaver 

somniferum (poppy) have been cloned at CIMAP, 

Lucknow. 


During the year, support continued for programmes 

under forestry, horticulture and plantation crops; 

basic research; solanaceae genome and molecular 

taxonomy. Three meetings of the Task Force were 

held during the year and two meetings of the 

Scientific Advisory Committee on micropropagation 

research and technology development. In addition a 

number of idea generation meetings and 

brainstorming discussions were organized for 

th 

initiating new programmes during the 11 Plan. A new 

initiative launched during the year was on host 

pathogen interaction. During the year another major 

new initiative has been on improvement of vegetable 

crops using biotechnology approaches. Some of the 

salient achievements of the ongoing programmes are 

as follows. 

Forestry, Horticulture & Plantation Crops: 

In the area of forestry, studies continued on 

developing micropropagation protocols for important 

trees, germplasm characterization, conservation and 

other related aspects of forestry improvement. 

Micropropagation protocols are being developed for 

Grewia optiva, Buchanania lanzan, Red sanders, 

Sandal wood and Eucalyptus hybrid. Field evaluation 

studies for two important eucalyptus hybrids have 

been taken up at 6 locations, and data is being 

collected. 

In a study supported at TFRI, Jabalpur, teak 

populations belonging to Andhra Pradesh, 

Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, 

Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu, were assessed 

for their genetic diversity using ISSR and AFLP 

molecular markers. The polymorphic loci amplified 

were 43 from the 29 populations by ISSR markers 

and 226 from ten populations by AFLP markers. 

Studies were also supported for genetic engineering 

of Leucaena leucocephala and Populus for

producing low lignin varieties. A full length clone of 

OMT ( ~ 1.1 Kb) was isolated by screening of cDNA 

library of Leucaena leucocephala and sequenced. 

On blast analysis, the sequence exhibited homology 

to reported OMT sequences in the data bank 

indicating authenticity of our clone. Leucaena 

leucpcephala was transformed with an antisense 

OMT gene construct from aspen and analysis of the 

transformant was done. The integration of a 

heterologous antisense OMT gene construct in 

transformed plants led to a maximum of 60% 

reduction in OMT activity relative to control. The 

evaluation of total lignin content by Klason method 

revealed a maximum of 28% reduction. 

In the area of horticulture, studies were focused on 

development of protocols for generation of superior 

planting material, molecular characterization of 

germplasm and development of improved varieties 

for increased shelf life and disease resistance. Under 

the apple network programme, protocols for 

micropropagation of important root stocks were 

standardized and mass produced and nearly 10,000 

root stocks have been planted with approximately 85 

to 90% success. Protocol for root stock Merton 793 & 

M26 has also been standardized and approximately 

15,000 plants have been produced, which would be 

field planted shortly. Germplasm assessment and 

molecular characterization for apple was 

successfully conducted during the year. 119 superior 

cultivars were collected from 13 orchards and 

morphological descriptors prepared for 80 cultivars 

with molecular profiles generated for 78 and 

cytological studies completed for 56 genotypes with a 

significant achievements of identification of a scab 

resistant cultivar. The microsatellite markers are 

being developed for specific traits. 

Large scale production and demonstration of disease 

free planting material of Citrus (Nagpur mandrin) is 

being done through shoot tip grafting. During the year 

nearly 35,000 bud grafts were released to the farmers 

and these are now being evaluated in the farmer's 

field. Disease free planting stock has been raised in 

the nursery for multiplication during the current year. 

A multiplex diagnostic kit for detection of viruses, 

75 

viroids and greening bacteria is being developed. 

PCR detection of greening bacterium and Citrus 

Yellow Mosaic Virus in Citrus tissues was 

standardized using a simplified template preparation 

protocol. Both the greening bacterium and CMBV 

were detected through PCR when the eluted liquid 

from the spotted membrane was used. The eluted 

liquid was found comparable in detection efficacy to a 

multi-step laboratory method or a commercial kit for 

nucleic acid preparation. The protocol is simple, 

inexpensive, rapid, and applicable to large-scale 

survey of citrus trees. Studies are also continuing on 

molecular characterization and detection of citrus 

yellow mosaic virus. 

A programme has been supported at IIHR, Bangalore 

and CISH, Lucknow for characterization of the 

germplasm of mango from Southern and Northern 

region. Based on microsatellite enrichment method, 

STMS primers have been developed. Using four 

mango species (Mangifera odorata, M. zeylanica, M. 

andamanica, M.camptosperma) and eleven cultivars 

(Muvandan, Kurukkan, Alphonso, Raspuri, Totapuri, 

Langra, Dashehari, Neelum, Kesar, Padari, Bhutto 

Bomaby) genescan analysis was done for 30 STMS 

primers with the help of automated DNA sequencer. 

Many of these primers amplified all the species used 

here indicating cross species compatibility. 13 ISSR 

primers were used to screen the 48 accessions of 

mango, among these 11 primers yielded distinct 

polymorphic products, cumulatively amplifying 160 

bands ISSR 5 yielded 14 polymorphic bands and 7 

monomorphic bands.Based on similarity matrix, 

dendogram using UPGMA tree was constructed, 

which has efficiently clustered the accession from 

these two regions. 

Expression of Bougainvillea antiviral protein gene is 

being studied at IIHR, Bangalore to develop virus 

resistant tomato plants. The cDNA encoding 

Bougainvillea anti viral protein was cloned into 

pMALc2X expression vector. After confirmation for 

the presence of the insert, the recombinant vector 

was transformed into E.coli. The transformants were 

selected by blue white colour. The transformants 

growth was slower when induced with IPTG which is 


attributed to the ribosome inactivating property of the 

Bougainvillea antiviral protein. The recombinant 

protein expressed in E.coli. was tested by SDS- 

PAGE. Construction of suitable plant transformation 

vector is in progress. 

A study was supported at NBRI, Lucknow for 

identification and characterization of fruit-specific 

and ripening related gene promoters from banana. A 

PCR select subtractive library was prepared using 

mRNA from unripe and ripe banana fruit. Nucleotide 

sequence analysis of these clones has identified 

several ripening related genes that are involved in 

ethylene biosynthesis, cell wall hydrolysis, 

defence/stress and detoxification and 

transcription/translation machinery. Most of the 

genes show strong ethylene dependent expression 

in ripening fruits, and are inhibited by treatment with 

1-MCP an ethylene inhibitor. Different promoters 

isolated in the above study were analysed in silico for 

the presence of common cis acting regulatory 

elements. Method for transient expression analysis 

using reporter gene in banana fruit slices has been 

standardized. 

A study has also been supported at NBRI, Lucknow 

to identify and characterize genes involved in petal 

abscission in rose and senescence in gladioli. Partial 

promoters of two rose xyloglucan transglucosylase/ 

hydrolase genes RbXTH1 and RbXTH2, which are 

known to be differentially expressed during ethylene 

induced petal abscission, were isolated and 

AZ 

Stigmatal hair 

Stamen 

A B C 

D E F 

GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing the RbXTH2 

promoter (in translational fusion with GUS in pBI101) 

A - D ethylene treated (0.5 ppm , 4h); E – ethylene untreated; 

F – 1 - MCP treated (followed by ethylene treatment) 

AZ - abscission zone 


76 

translational promoter-GUS fusions were introduced 

into Arabidopsis. Expression of GUS was observed 

consistently in most tissues after ethylene (2ppm, 4h) 

treatment. Transformants of Arabidopsis expressing 

RbXTH2 constitutively showed significant changes in 

root length and plant height. These are being studied 

in detail. In gladiolus, genes encoding SAM 

synthetase, chalcone synthase, alpha mannosidase, 

XTH and several unknown protein were shown to be 

differentially regulated during the course of petal 

senescence. 

During the year, a major new initiative has been taken 

on improvement of vegetable crops through 

biotechnological approaches. Programmes have 

been supported on development of transgenic brinjal 

for insect resistant. In this programme, a novel 

approach of pyramiding of genes cry 2A, cry1Ac, 

vip3A and cry1f has been adopted. Transgenic onion 

for resistant to purple blotch is also been studied. A 

project on molecular approaches for repression of 

cold induced sweetening in potato has also been 

supported at CPRI, Shimla 

Under the plantation crop area, one of the major 

achievement during the year has been completion of 

the field demonstration of tissue culture raised black 

pepper in 100 ha of area in the states of Karnataka, 

Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and North East. 

The tissue culture raised plants have performed 

better than the conventionally raised material and 

more number of laterals thereby giving as higher 

yield have been reported. Over 400 farmers have 

been benefited. 

Basic Research 

The thrust of the programmes supported under basic 

research is to study the signal transduction pathway 

in identified plants to understand the mechanism 

involved in responding to external stimuli and the 

process of adaptation to these changed environment 

conditions. A number of projects have been 

supported broadly under three categories: signal 

transduction, root differentiation and flowering.

Signal Transduction 

In a study supported at JNU to study signal 

transduction machineries in plant under osmotic 

stress, complete physiological characterization of 

genotypes of Brassica campestris, B. nigra, 

B.oleracea, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata for 

their tolerance has been achieved under laboratory 

conditions. Primers have been designed to isolate 

the middle portion of the hybrid type Histidine kinase 

from B. juncea (CS52) which has resulted in cloning 

and sequencing of G80 bp fragment. Novel 

transcription factors have also been cloned from 

three B. juncea varieties specific to salinity tolerance. 

RNA has been isolated and primers were designed 

using Atmyb2 conserved domain. The PCR-product 

was amplified and cDNA is being cloned. An efficient 

plant regeneration and transformation system has 

been optimized in selected commercial cultivars of B. 

juncea. A study has been supported at ICGEB to 

clone and characterize stress responsive promoters 

from Brassica sps. Putative promoter regions for 

stress related genes like SoS2, Histidine kinase 

(HKI), Myb and MyC like factors have been cloned. 

The amplified fragments for putative promoters have 

been cloned, which show 50-80% homology. Further 

work is going on to assess the true stress inducibility 

of these promoter sequences. 

Scientists at NCPGR, New Delhi has been able to 

clone 8 members of mitogen activated protein kinase 

family (MAPK) from rice. From the 8 clones, four full 

length genes have been obtained. They have further 

been cloned in PGEX vector having GST protein 

fusion for heterologous expression in bacterial 

system. MAP kinase induced by heat has been 

identified and work is on to transform rice with 

different constructs.To understand the mechanism 

operative during early signaling events mediating 

auxin dependent abiotic stress tolerance in 

groundnut at Calcutta University, CDPK has been 

characterized from Arachis hypogea showing 88% 

homology to a stress responsive CDPK from 

Arabidopsis. Result indicated that Dephsphorylation 

of AhCPK2 is not a response to water loss per se but 

to a change of water potential. No such change was 

77 

noted in the presence of ABA treatments indicating 

the noted oscillation of phosphorylation of this kinase 

to be an upstream event. 

Based on in silico analysis, 46-stress responsive 

transcription factors were identified from Arabidopsis 

highly stress responsive functional genes have also 

been identified and their promoter analyzed. No 

significant difference was observed for presence of 

transcription binding sites of stress responsive 

transcription factors belonging to 10 families. 

Functional involvement of a light signaling 

component (ZBF1) in root development in 

Arabidopsis. ZBF1 (Z-box binding factor 1), which 

codes for a bHLH protein has recently been cloned at 

NCPGR, New Delhi. The function of A novel 

transcription factor of light signaling on root 

development has been investigated. Mutations in 

ZBF1 results in elongated roots as compared to wild 

type plants. 

At NBRI, the expression of three Ethylene 

Responsive Factors (ERFs) was found ten days after 

watering was stopped. Increased transcript 

accumulation was also observed after a cold shock 

of 4 hours for LeERF5 and LeERF6 while expression 

of all three ERFs was repressed after a heat shock at 

42°C for one hour. In order to functionally analyse 

these genes, they were expressed in a bacterial 

expression system in the vector pET28. The proteins 

isolated are currently being analysed. Transgenic 

tomato plants that overexpress the three ERFs have 

also been raised and are being studied for 

morphological and physiological changes. 

Floral Development 

To understand how floral organ development and 

regulation of size & shape of floral organs and leaves 

take place at molecular level, studies have been 

conducted at IISc, Bangalore on Arabidopsis. 

17,000 EMS-mutagenized M2-seeds were screened 

and based on phenotypes, mutants have been 

categorized. To check the DNA binding properties of 

wild type TCPY, consensus binding site of TCP4 was 

determined using random binding site selection 


(RBSS) assay. 

Study was supported at IISc, Bangalore on functional 

analysis of meiosis in Arabidopsis using candidate 

gene approach. So far generation of AML RNAi 

constructs has been completed. The corresponding 

portion of the OML5 gene has been PCR amplified, 

cloned, and authenticated. A 3.6 kb region of the 

AML3 has been amplified and construction of the 

pAML2::GUS fusion in the reporter gene vector 

pBI101 has been completed. Transformation of 

Arabidopsis with AML RNAi construct has been done 

and multiple T1 transgenic plants have been 

obtained. Detailed characterization of phenotypes in 

70 T1 plants screened has been completed. In 11 out 

of 70 T1 plants sterility was observed due to defects 

in male and female gametogenesis. 

Host Pathogen Interaction 

Studies have been supported during the year on 

Host Pathogen Interaction concentrating on the 

following areas :- Molecular basis of determinants of 

host-pathogen specificity; Functional 

characterization of R/ Avr genes, Early events in 

pathogenesis initiation with respect to adhesion, 

penetration mechanisms, hydrolytic enzymes etc., 

Study of signal transduction cascade involved in 

early events both in host as well as pathogen, Gene 

expression profiling of plant(s) and pathogen(s) 

during pathogenesis, Innate immunity / non-host 

resistance; Systemic Acquired Resistance; Induced 

Systemic Resistance etc., Mechanism of 

Pathogenicity, Genetic diversity of important plant 

pathogens., Genome sequencing and functional 

genomics of important pathogens. These studies 

have been supported to understand and develop the 

complex interactions between plant pathogen and 

host plants. 

SOL Genome 

An international consortium of ten countries, 

including USA, Korea, China, UK, India, 

Netherlands, France, Japan, Spain and Italy aims at 

sequencing the euchromatic region of the tomatog 

genome under the auspices of “The International 


78 

Tomato Sequencing Project”. India which is one of 

the partner has been assigned ~12 Mb euchromatic 

region of chromosome 5 for sequencing. The Indian 

initiative on tomato genome sequencing is being 

taken up by 3 centres with UDSC and NCPGR 

sequencing the short arm, and NRCPB sequencing 

the long arm. In all, 38 BAC clones, covering 

approximately 3.8 Mb regions have been mapped to 

chromosome 5. 

Status Clones selected Marker cM 

Phase I SL_MboI0050C14 

Phase III LE_HBa0191B01 CT101 

0 

Phase II LE_HBa0106O06 C2-At1g60440 0 

Phase II LE_HBa0051A13 T1252 

3 

Phase II SL_MboI0005B15 

Phase III LE_HBa0261K11 C2-At1g60200 7 

Phase I SL_EcoRI0086I08 

Phase III LE_HBa0042B19 cLET-8-B23 10 

Phase I LE_HBa0189E17 T0564 11 

Phase II LE_HBa0179E24 cLED-8-G3 15.5 

Phase III SL_MboI0037H06 

Phase I SL_MboI0095J08 

Phase II LE_HBa0074A13 

Phase III LE_HBa0058L13 T1592 

16 

Phase II LE_HBa0195M17 

Library LE_HBa0165L04 TG432 21 

Phase II 

Phase II 

Phase III 

LE_HBa0051A18 

LE_HBa0027B05 

SL_EcoRI0053P22 

BS4 

22 

Library SL_EcoRI0073I01 

Phase I LE_HBa0169M21 T1360 73 

Phase I 

Library 

LE_HBa0334K22 

LE_HBa0138J03 

cLEX-13-G5 

T1746 

79 

84 

Phase II LE_HBa0166A02 T1777 105 

Phase II 

Library 

Phase II 

Library 

Phase II 

Phase II 

Library 

Library 

Phase II 

Library 

Phase II 

Library 

Phase II 

Library 

LE_HBa0040C21 

LE_HBa0025A19 

LE_HBa0131D04 

LE_HBa0100I06 

LE_HBa0006N20 

LE_HBa0108A18 

LE_HBa0019C24 

LE_HBa0141A12 

LE_HBa0239D11 

LE_HBa0013H09 

LE_HBa0251J13 

LE_HBa0028M20 

LE_HBa0245E05 

LE_HBa0076P16 

T1584 

TG69 

CT130 

TG185 

TG597 

CT138 

108 

111 

115 

119 

119 

119 

Telomeric Region 

Euchromatic Region 

Heterochromatic Region 

Centromeric Region 

Heterochromatic Region 

Euchromatic Region 

Telomeric Region 

Sequencing status of tomato chromosome 5 

Annotation of fifteen BAC clones using FGENESH 

revealed a gene density of one gene per ~5 kb 

sequence. Some locus specific variations in gene 

density were also observed. 

Studies have also been supported to understand the 

molecular basis of root development in tomato. Root 

specific subtractive library from tomato using 

Suppression Subtraction Hybridization (SSH, 

Clontech) has been construccted. 34 root specific 

EST's have been generated. Another 500 clones are 

in the process of sequencing. Subtractive library for 

temporal specific genes (8-day root and 40-day root) 

have also been constructed and are further being 

screened. 

TILLING (Targeting induced local lesions in genome) 

is an advanced selective molecular breeding 

technology that allows improvement of crop plants for 

which the genome sequences are known or in 

progress. At University of Hyderabad, a study has 

been initiated where TILLING technology is being 

Short Arm 

Long Arm 

UDSC 

& 

NCPGR 

NRCPB

applied for improvement of tomato in term of quality 

and shelf life. Nearly 12,000 mutant lines of M82 

cultivar and 6000 mutant lines of Arka Vikas cultivar 

have been planted in the field. Fifteen major 

characters of tomato plants were targeted for the 

analysis at different stages of the plant development 

and a database for the distinct phenotype features 

has been created. Currently experiments are 

underway to detect the mutant lines with gene 

modifications for improved shelf-life and carotenoid 

contents. Under Functional genomics, three aspects 

were supported on (i) disease resistance, (ii) 

nutritional quality (iii) shelf life. 

Disease Resistance 

For developing mapping population and 

identification of molecular markers linked to Tomato 

Leaf Curl Virus (TLCV) resistance in Tomato 

(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), 45 tomato lines 

including four wild accessions with reported 

resistance to TLCV were screened under field 

conditions, 39 were resistant and 3 tolerant. Eight 

lines were completely free for TLCV incidence when 

the susceptible Pusa Ruby exhibited 100% TLCV 

incidence. A total of 15 hybrids were produced 

involving six resistant parents and five susceptible 

lines for studying inheritance of resistance to ToLCV. 

Five F2's of crosses of three wild species viz; 

Lycopersicon hirsutum (Acc. LA-1777), 

Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum (B-6013), 

Lycopersicon peruvianum & Lycopersicon chilense 

and two resistant cultivars with the susceptible 

cultivar have been raised as mapping populations. 

Study of parental polymorphism using 94 SSR 

primers, revealed 44 were polymorphic between 

ToLCV resistant parent IIHR-2101 and the 

susceptible parent 15 SBSB. Genotyping of the 

mapping populations has been initiated using the 

polymorphic markers. 

For isolation and characterization of genes encoding 

for disease resistance (TLCV and bacterial wilt), 60 

genotypes have been screened against the 

diseases. Over three seasons 27 genotypes have 

been found to be resistant to TLCV. The resistance 

79 

shown by the genotypes H24 and Hawai 7998 for 

TLCV was further confirmed through graft test as well 

as through ELISA test at KAU and PCR assay at 

ICGEB, New Delhi. As for the wilt, 11 genotypes were 

found to be resistant. Development of mapping 

populations for mapping the resistance gene(s) is 

underway. At IARI, New Delhi, samples of diverse 

begomoviruses infecting tomato have been collected 

from different states and subjected to PCR analysis. 

Those samples which were positive have been 

subjected to amplification with primers, that can 

differentiate the four begomovirus species viz., 

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, Tomato leaf curl 

Gujarat virus, Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus and 

Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus. Based on the 

analysis, the virus that is expected to be present in 

the samples collected is further being identified. 

Nutritional Quality 

To improve nutritional quality in tomato a study has 

been supported at IARI, New Delhi & IVRI, Varanasi 

to analyse carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes. 

Lycopene - -cyclase (CRTL- B) from tomato 

(Lycoperiscon hirsutum) which regulates lycopene 

biosynthesis, has been cloned. The promoter is being 

characterized further. IIVR, Varanasi has collected 

tomato genetic stock for assessing variability for 

lycopene content. Protocol for estimation of lycopene 

by HPLC is being standardized. To understand the 

genetics and the pathway of lycopene, a crossing 

programme involving genotypes having maximum 

and minimum lycopene content has been initiated. 

Shelf Life 

In an ongoing study on post harvest biotechnology for 

improved shelf life of tomato at IARI, New Delhi, S. 

adenosyl-mithione decarboxylase (Sam-DC) has 

been overexpressed with the introduction of an EXPI 

cDNA driven by LeACS4 promoter into L. esculantum 

cv. Pusa Uphar through Agrobacterium mediated 

transformation using colytedon as explant. 

Transgenic plants at T1 stage have been raised 

successfully to maturity in phytotron and they have 

produced flowers and fruits. The fruits harvested 


showed sign of spoilage even after 30 days of harvest 

whereas wild type fruits were rotten completely. 

Detailed post-harvest ripening data is being 

collected. 

Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeMADS-RIN 

gene under 35S promoter were produced with the 

aim of producing tomato with delayed ripening as well 

as prepare material to find out genes controlled by 

LeMADS-RIN transcription factor at UDSC, New 

Delhi. However, though these lines showed 

substantial reduction of transcript level, all the 

antisense transgenic lines were found to have no 

significant delay in fruit ripening. This suggested that 

stronger suppression of LeMADS-RIN gene may be 

required for delay in ripening. Therefore, 3 RNAi 

vectors designed to suppress transcript level of 

LeMADS-RIN gene have been constructed and used 

for transformation of tomato plants. These vectors 

are likely to have stronger suppression of LeMADS- 

RIn gene, but the degree of suppression may vary. 

Transformation experiments have been initiated with 

all three vectors. 

Six different ethylene responsive factors have been 

cloned from tomato cDNA using degenerate primers 

and full-length sequences of three have been 

obtained. Besides, transcript pattern for three genes 

during the course of ripening and in different stress 

conditions have been obtained. Sense and antisense 

constructs for three ESTs have been prepared. 

Molecular Taxonomy 

Molecular Taxonomy was identified as R&D priority 

for those taxa which could not be segregated 

morphologically at family, genera, species and subspecies 

level. Some of the achievements reported 

during the year are as follows: 

Studies have also been initiated on genetic diversity 

assessment in wild species of Citrus and Atlantia at 

NBRI, Lucknow. Sixty eight accessions of three 

species of Atlantia (A. monophylla, A. racemosa; and 

A wightii) were collected from different locations of 

the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and 

Kerala and 20 accessions of Citrus from Khasi hills 


80 

(Meghalaya), Eastern UP, Western Himalayas 

(Uttranchal) for morphometric and molecular 

taxonomic studies. Further work on DNA profiling of 

Atlantia accessions using RAPD and microsatellite 

markers is in progress. Besides, essential oils have 

been extracted from five accessions of four different 

varieties of Citrus using solvent extraction and 

hydrodistillation method. The chemical constituents 

of oil were analysed using different chromatographic 

techniques. Identification of essential oil constituents 

from other accessions of Citrus viz. C. jhambhiri, C. 

karma and Kaithari nimboo is in progress. 

At the University of Calcutta, Kolkata accessions of 

Phyllanthus from different parts of West Bengal have 

been collected and RAPD analysis is being carried 

out to segregate the populations. In another study at 

the same institute, DNA fingerprinting studies have 

been done for different species of Amaranthus and 

some members of Chenopodiaceae. Dendogram 

analysis showed that members of Amaranthaceae 

and Chenopodiaceae form broadly two clusters. 

Further work is going on to identify AmA gene on the 

chromosome and comparative study is on to see 

variation in AmA gene in some special of 

Amaranthus. 

A study has been supported at CIMAP, Lucknow to 

segregate different species of Phyllanthus using 

molecular tools. The fragments in the RAPD profiles 

generated by MAP-9 primer were cloned for 

Phyllanthus amarus, P. fraternus, P. debilis and P. 

urinaria. These fragments are being sequenced to 

generate SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified 

Regions) markers for differentiation of these species. 

The genetic relationship among Phyllanthus 

accessions of various species has been determined. 

Polymorphism rates were high indicating a 

substantial amount of molecular variation and 

potential genetic diversity. Subsequent analysis 

yielded eight groups out of which three major clusters 

are of P. debilis, P. amarus and P. urinaria. Least 

variation was detected among the P. amarus 

accessions, close to the group of P. amarus falls the 

cluster of P. fraternus. On the basis of molecular 

techniques (AFLP), it is possible to predict that four

herbaceous species (P. amarus, P. fraternus, P. 

debilis, P. urinaria) are more closely related to each 

other than other species of the same genus. P. 

amarus showed most similarity with P.fraternus 

following P.debilis and P.urinaria. 

Systematic and molecular taxonomic studies have 

been conduced in Asiatic Vigna and Macrotyloma at 

NBPGR, New Delhi. So far a total of 193 samples of 

Vigna and Macrotyloma have been collected from 

different national and international sources. Analysis 

of sequence variation in rDNA regions has been 

completed using PCR amplification of ITS1, ITS2, 

26S & 18S regions. Further work on cloning and 

sequencing of the amplified region is in progress. In 

an another study at NBPGR, 153 germplasm 

accessions of Solanum melongena; 25 accessions of 

S. insanum and 6 accessions of S. incanum have 

been collected and herbarium specimens have also 

been deposited at Botanical Survey of India. AFLP 

analysis was done for 48 accessions comprising S. 

melongena, S. incanum, S. viarum, S. virginianum, 

S. sysibriifolium, S. gilo, S. violaceum, S. 

acculeatissimum, S. macrocarpon and intermediate 

types. The AFLP data differentiated species 

belonging to the egg plant complex (S. melongena, 

S. insanium, S. incanum). The 'intermediate' 

accessions occupied positions among the S. 

melongena, S. insanum and S. incanum accessions 

indicating that they might be natural hybrids of these 

species. 

Animal Biotechnology 

R&D support was continued for the development of 

novel animal vaccines and diagnostics, 

characterization of indigenous breeds, development 

of newer reproductive techniques, utilization of 

animal byproducts etc. A new multicentric 

programme on various aspects of animal nutrition 

was also initiated. During this period, 36 new projects 

were considered for financial support and so far 26 

projects have been funded. 14 completed and 44 

ongoing projects were reviewed for their outcome 

and successful progress. Currently, 85 projects are 

under implementation. Significant achievements are 

as follows: 

Animal Health Care: Vaccines and Diagnostics : 

The technology of large scale production of 

recombinant protective antigen (PA) based vaccine 

for anthrax was developed at JNU, New Delhi and 

transferred to industry. Phase I / II human clinical 

trials of recombinant vaccine has been 

successfully completed. Towards developing 

another anthrax vaccine, lethal factor (LF) and 

edema factor (EF) mutants of anthrax were 

constructed, expressed, purified and characterized. 

Novel mutants of EF and LF were found to be nontoxic 

in vitro which provided better protective efficacy 

in vivo and safe to be used as vaccine component. 

Efforts were made to develop DNA vaccine against 

rabies through a multicentric project implemented at 

CBT, JNU, New Delhi and IVRI, Izatnagar. The RNA 

from rabies virus virulent strain infected mouse brain 

was isolated and G gene was amplified and cloned in 

mammalian expression vector. The 

immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests 

were standardized for detection of the expression of 

rabies virus G gene in cell culture. DNA vaccine 

constructs using the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus 

ERA strain have been developed and their potency 

are being studied. 

Molecular analysis of Indian buffalopox virus (BPXV) 

isolates recovered from outbreaks in both cows and 

buffaloes was carried out at IVRI, Mukteshwer. 

Sequence analysis of structural and non structural 

genes of BPXV showed more than 96% sequence 

identity (over 96%) with vaccinia virus (VACV) at the 

nucleotide and amino levels. PCR and PCR-RFLP 

based diagnostics for BPXV were devised and 

evaluated successfully for their diagnostic efficacy. 

An attenuated BPXV vaccine was developed and 

experimental trials in buffalo calves confirmed its 

safety and protection against challenge infection. 

Field trial of the vaccine is underway. 

At GBPUAT, Pantnagar, molecular characterization 

of fowl adenoviruses associated with 

Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) and Inclusion 


ody hepatitis (IBH) in domestic fowl were studied 

with an aim to develop a cell culture based vaccine. 

Both the viruses were successfully isolated in 

chicken embryo liver (CEL) and chicken kidney (CK) 

cell lines. Cytopathic effects (CPE) produced by HPS 

virus were characterized, which was evident from the 

first passage itself. All three HPS isolates were 

serotyped. Viral DNA of all 3 HPS isolates extracted 

from infected CEL revealed the presence of 1223 bp 

and 1190 bp PCR products. 

In an effort to develop a candidate vaccine against 

Haemonchus contortus, at IVRI, Izatnagar, a 66 kDa 

antigen (p66) secreted by adult worms was 

characterized as monocyte inhibiting factor. 

Challenge experiment in goats showed reduction in 

worm burden that ranged between 34% (lowest 

reduction) to 70% (highest protection). The 

protection reported to be mediated by antibody as 

immunized animals had elevated levels of anti-p66 

antibodies whereas no cell mediated immune 

response was observed. Characterization of 

Haemonchus CalR indicates that it may act as an 

anti-coagulant. A 55 kDa protein that inhibits 

neutrophil and monocytes functions also appeared to 

down regulate T lymphocyte but not B cells. 

At IVRI, Bangalore, attempts were made to develop a 


82 

self replicating gene vaccine for foot and mouth 

disease virus(FMDV). Two vectors viz. one for 

cellular response carries a CMV promoter and 

polyadenylation signal and another vector for 

humoral immune response contains eEF1 promoter, 

Sindbis virus polymerase gene and secretory and 

anchoring signals were constructed. The linked 

polyvalent protein genes of FMDV serotype A, O and 

Asia 1 were cloned into the vectors and the presence 

of the insert was confirmed by restriction enzyme 

digestion. The constructed DNA vaccine was injected 

into guinea pigs and the immune response was 

compared with the naked DNA vaccine. This 

approach of constructing self replicating DNA 

vaccine for humoral response is the first report in 

FMD. 

At NII, New Delhi, attempts were made to develop 

recombinant ε-toxin and DNA based vaccine against 

Clostridium perfringens. Gene encoding epsilon 

toxin of C.perfringens type D has been cloned in 

pQE60 expression vector. High level expression and 

single step purification of recombinant epsilon toxin 

have been achieved. Toxicity of recombinant epsilon 

toxin was tested in MDCK cells and has been found to 

be toxic. The gene for the toxin has been cloned in 

order to produce epsilon toxin independently or in 

fusion with GFP aimed at the development of a DNA 

based vaccine. Recombinant constructs have been 

confirmed by DNA sequencing and authenticated by 

the fluorescence analysis of GFP in CHO-K1 cells 

transfected with the recombinant constructs. 

At IVRI, Izatnagar, a recombinant Brucella antigen 

(L7/L12 ribosomal protein) was developed and 

found to provide considerable protection to 

immunized mice. To increase the efficiency of this 

DNA vaccine, two additional immunodominant 

antigens viz. Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 

and P39 antigen were also cloned and expressed. 

DNA vaccine constructs of these genes have been 

made and three antigens (L7/L12, SOD and P39) 

were fused to generate a chimeric antigen. 

Recombinant proteins as well as the DNA vaccine 

constructs were purified and produced in large scale. 

Antisera were also raised against the recombinant 

antigens and their protective efficacy tested in 

laboratory animals. 

In a joint programme implemented at MVC, Chennai

and IISc, Bangalore, a recombinant baculovirus 

expressing the nucleocapsid protein of peste des 

petits virus(PPRV) was generated and used for 

detection of PPRV-specific antibodies in infected 

animals. Diagnostic methods were developed for 

PPRV antigen and antibody detection. The lateral 

flow method for qualitative detection of PPRV 

antibody was found to be ideal for use as a fieldbased 

kit. For quantitative estimation of PPRV 

antibodies, single serum dilution ELISA using precoated 

plates was developed using self-designed 

modules. An antigen competition ELISA was also 

developed as a 'lab-based' second tier test for PPRV 

antigen detection. Some of these tests have been 

validated at IVRI, Mukteswar and efforts are 

underway to transfer the technology. 

Phage display technique was successfully used as 

an alternative to hybridoma to produce mono-specific 

antibodies against recombinant gag antigen of 

Bovine immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) at HSADL, 

Bhopal. Five anti-gag recombinant antibodies (RAbs) 

from two gag specific hybridoma clones were 

developed from gag-immunized mouse. One of the 

high reacting anti-gag RAb was successfully used in 

competitive inhibition ELISA. RAb based ELISA 

showed high sensitivity with reference to positive 

serum in comparison to MAb based ELISA. Using 

mRNA from mouse immunized with recombinant NP 

antigen of Avian Influenza virus(AIV), five anti-NP 

RAbs were generated. Preliminary results with one of 

the anti-NP RAb has shown encouraging results for 

developing a RAb based competitive ELISA for 

detection of antibodies to nucleoprotein of AIV in 

chicken sera. 

Biological control of parasitic gastroenteritis by 

nematode trapping fungi in livestock was studied at 

Veterinary College, Anjora. Two promising fungal 

isolates viz. Arthrobotrys oligospora and 

Duddingtonia flagrans were studied for their ability as 

bio-control agents using growth assay, predatory 

activity, germination potential and ability to survive 

passage through the guts of domestic livestock. A. 

oligospora was better than D. flagrans in terms of 

growth and predatory activity. However, only D. 

flagrans produced profuse chlamydospores that 

0 

germinated easily at 26 C and could survive passage 

through the guts of both monogastric and polygastric 

animals. 

Efforts were made to develop diagnostics for 

leptospira, at IVRI, Izatnagar and TANUVAS, 

Chennai. An immunodominant surface outer 

membrane lipoprotein, LipL41, was targeted as an 

antigen for serodiagnosis using ELISA. The protein 

gene from various serovars was amplified by PCR 

using a set of designed primer and the gene from 

Canicola serovar was cloned and expressed in E. coli 

DH5 cells. The purified recombinant protein was 

found to be seroreactive using western blotting and 

ELISA. The 41 kDa protein and the 32 kDa 

recombinant protein were used for serodiagnosis of 

leptospirosis in various animal species. As 

compared to the conventional microscopic 

agglutination test, the recombinant proteins based 

ELISAs were found to possess 100% sensitivity. 

Molecular studies of pestivirus infections of small 

ruminant was done at HSADL, Bhopal. Prevalence 

rate of pestivirus antibodies was 26.1% in sheep and 

29.1% in goats while it was 7% in sheep and 2.8% in 

goats for border disease virus (BDV) antibodies 

tested by ELISA. pestivirus antigen was detected in 

11.8 % sheep and 8.7 % in goats providing 

serological evidence of infection first time in Indian 

small ruminants. A RT-PCR assay was standardized 

for specific detection of border disease virus and a 

nested PCR was developed for differentiation of 

BDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1 and BVDV 

2 using 5' UTR primers. 

Animal Reproduction: Embryo Transfer (ET) 

Technology and related areas : 

Isolation, characterization and in vitro development 

of buffalo preantral follicles for embryo development 

was attempted at IVRI, Izatnagar. Mechanical 

methods of isolation were found to be better as 

compared to the enzymatic isolation as more number 

of follicles of different sizes were recovered in short 

period. Buffalo preantral follicles were cultured with 


FSH, IGF-1 and cumulus granulosa monolayer in 

control medium during in vitro culture showed their 

better survival. 

At RGCB, Thiruvanathapuram, purification and 

characterization of testosterone specific receptor of 


84 

goat caput epididymis has been attempted to study 

its role in the sperm maturation function. A 66 kDa 

protein with high affinity for binding both testosterone 

and estradiol was isolated and purified. Thus a 

unique system exists where one receptor binds two 

hormones. A primary culture of caput epididymal 

epithelial cells showed the presence of plasma 

membrane localized binding sites for testosterone. 

Embryo transfer technology in equines was 

standardized at EBS, Babugarh and an ET foal was 

born. A total of 58 flushings were made from 24 mares 

and 47 embryos were collected. At present, 2 mares 

of more than 250 days, 4 mares of more than 190 

days and 2 mares of less than 190 days are held as 

pregnant. 

Attempts to preserve native Ongole breed by 

producing embryos through ET technology were 

made at Lam farm, Guntur. So far, 165 embryos were 

produced through non-surgical collection and 96 

were found to be transferable embryos. Significant 

improvements in the yield of transferable embryos 

were recorded. A new protocol to induce 

synchronous ovulation and to enhance embryo 

quality was studied which focused on emergence of 

new follicular waves using steroid hormones prior to 

superovulation treatment. 

Signaling mechanisms controlling the follicular 

differentiation in rat were studied at Delhi University, 

Delhi. Protein-protein interactions involving SH3 

domain of src tyrosine kinases was used to study 

novel proteins involved in proliferation and 

differentiation of granulosa cells. Differential gene 

expression profiling by DDRT-PCR during 

folliculogenesis helped to identify important genes. 

Cloning and expression studies have given lead for 

furtherance of the study for human cases of infertility 

and ovarian diseases. 

Transgenics and Cloning 

Spermato- transgenesis technique for the production 

of transgenic mice has been standardized at NII, New 

Delhi. EGFP and IGFBP6 mammalian genes having 

viral or mammalian promoters were injected in the

intra seminiferous tubular space of the testis and 

electroporated males were mated with the wild type 

females. The transgene was successfully 

propagated to F3 generation as evidenced by PCR 

as well as Southern blotting analysis of genomic 

DNA. In another study for the development of cloned 

embryos, enucleation technique in mice and buffalo 

has been standardized using various somatic cells. 

The cumulus cells were found to be best suitable for 

production of cloned embryos in both the species. 

Transgenic cloned mice were successfully produced 

r 

using granulosa cells from Neo mice and its 

presence in cloned embryos were analyzed by PCR. 

Non GFP as well as GFP expressing cloned buffalo 

embryos were also produced. 

At IISc, Bangalore, EGFP-expression pattern was 

evaluated to study transgene expression during 

embryo development in mice during the entire period 

of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. In the EGFPtransgenic 

female, oocytes exhibited green 

fluorescence during the entire meiotic maturation 

process. EGFP trangene was expressed during fetal 

oogenesis and the expression of the transgene 

persisted in embryos, which inherited the transgene. 

EGFP-expression was detected in 100% oocytes 

and embryos. 

Buffalo Genomics: 

A multicentric programme on Buffalo Genomics was 

initiated with an emphasis on identification of genes 

of economic importance. Significant achievements 

are as follows : 

Radiation hybrid mapping panel and DNA markers for 

creation of buffalo genome map is being developed at 

CCMB, Hyderabad. So far, 81 radiation hybrid clones 

of buffaloes with the background of Chinese hamster 

genome were created. Besides this, 598 

microsatellite markers were developed which would 

be used for mapping a radiation panel. An additional, 

74 putative hybrid clones were isolated and are being 

tested for contents of buffalo genome. To develop 

expressed sequence tags(EST) markers for 

buffaloes, 284 cattle EST primers pairs on buffalo 

genomic DNA were tested. Out of these, unique 

fragments from 167 (59%) primers pairs could be 

amplified and sequenced. To increase the efficiency 

of buffalo EST development, a database of primer 

pairs for 1960 potential buffalo ESTs was created. 

Out of these, 1023 ESTs have been validated. At 

present, more than one thousand DNA markers 

(microsatellite and ESTs) are available for creation of 

a radiation hybrid map of buffaloes. 

Characterization and mapping of fertility related 

hormone / hormone receptor genes in Buffalo was 

attempted at NDRI, Karnal. The full coding part of the 

buffalo FSHβ gene corresponds well to the GenBank 

reported sequence of buffalo. The mutation study 

revealed a total of eight substitutions of nucleotides in 

the FSHβ gene coding part. Out of these, five 

pertained to amino acid changes and three were 

silent mutations. The FSH receptor gene was 

sequenced and conserved motifs and Nglycosylation 

sites also corresponded with most of 

the other mammalian species. A total of nine 

nucleotides substitutions were observed in the 

coding part of FSH receptor gene and out of these six 

mutations were reported to be silent. 

At NBAGR, Karnal, cDNA library from buffalo 

mammary gland tissues (lactating & non-lactating) 

was screened for maximally expressed genes. 

Sequence information for 764 buffalo mammary 

gland ESTs from lactating and non-lactating stages 

was generated and charaterized. Out of these 222 

EST sequences were submitted to GenBank/ dbEST 

data-base. Complete sequence characterization of 

two important buffalo mammary gland derived genes 

viz. Osteopontin and Beta-casein genes was carried 

out and compared with other livestock species. 

Buffalo specific cDNA probes with respect to 

mammary derived genes were generated to screen 

the redundancy and expression profile of individual 

genes in mammary gland cDNA library. 

Genes regulating embryonic survival and maternal 

recognition of pregnancy in buffaloes were 

characterized at IVRI, Izatnagar. The complete 

coding sequence of Uterine Milk Protein (UTMP) 

cDNA of 1309 bp was cloned and characterized. The 


uffalo UTMP cDNA exhibited 94.5, 88 and 88.6% 

homology with cattle, sheep and goat respectively. 

Genomic sequence (>4 kb) of buffalo ghrelin gene 

was characterized and this is the first report in any 

non-human species. One of the 12 variants of buffalo 

interferon-tau (IFNT) was expressed in prokaryotic 

system. The identity of the recombinant buffalo 

interferon-tau protein was confirmed using western 

blot analysis. Expression profile of osteopontin 

(OPN) gene in uterine tissues of buffalo during 

different reproductive phases has also been 

analyzed using Real-time PCR. 

Molecular characterization of Satellite Tagged 

Transcribing Sequences (STTS) in buffalo genome 

was studied at NII, New Delhi. A total of 43 known and 

novel genes have been accessed showing 

differential expression employing minisatellite 

associated amplification (MASA) with cDNA from 

different tissues of buffalo. Characterization of two 

species of BamHI repeat showed that only one is 

localized in the centromeric regions of all the 

chromosomes whereas the other one remained 

confined to the centromeric regions of acrocentric 

chromosomes. Isolation of 2973 bp full length c-kit 

cDNA from testis and other tissues showed specific 

nucleotide changes resulting in novel truncated 

peptides. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences 

showed unique tyrosine kinase domain in buffalo. 

Highest expression of c-kit in testis and its mRNA 

transcripts in sperm substantiate its predominant role 

in spermatogenesis besides other pleiotropic 

functions. 

Characterization and mapping of selected genes 

known to control immune response in water buffaloes 

was done at IVRI, Izatnagar. Polymorphism studies 

of ITGB2 (CD18), BuLA-DRB3 and TCR-Zeta 

(CD3Z) genes known for their immunity were 

carried out in 152 Murrah and Bhadawari buffaloes by 

PCR-RFLP. Polymorphism in ITGB2 gene was 

reported in the 570 bp region of gene with Msp I RE 

digestion which revealed two genomic patterns. 

The genotypic frequency was observed to be 0.909 

and 0.091 for AA and BB genotype respectively 

whereas AB genotype could not be found. 


86 

Consequently, the gene frequency for A and B allele 

was calculated as 0.907 and 0.093 respectively. 

Monomorphic pattern was reported in BuLA-DRB3 

and TCR-Zeta genes with different REs. 

At NBAGR, Karnal, identification of single nucleotide 

polymorphisms (SNPs) in quantitative trait loci was 

studied for diversity analysis of buffaloes. 

Quantitative trait loci for milk traits in cattle were 

selected for designing the primers for amplification 

of regions of selected genes in buffaloes. The 

primers were subjected to a panel of buffalo samples 

(drawn from 6 different breeds) for amplification and 

SNP studies. A total of 32 of the selected 36 genes 

were amplified in buffaloes and sequenced for 

detection of SNPs. 

Animal Nutrition: 

A multicentric program on Animal nutrition was 

initiated during the current year and projects were 

supported on various aspects viz. to study genetic 

manipulation of rumen microbial ecosystem for 

improving productivity and protecting environment, 

Identification of genes for better feed conversion of 

agro-byproducts (lignin, oil cakes, oil meals, 

cellulose etc.), microbial feed additives (Probiotics) 

for enrichment of feed quality, use of fibrolytic 

enzymes in feed to improve digestibility and nutritive 

value and genetically modified silage bacteria. 

Effect of growth factors in augmenting reproductive 

efficiency in local and crossbred pigs of Assam was 

studied at College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati. 

Lactobacilli strain, isolated from the fecal samples of 

healthy piglets, were characterized and found to 

have antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens. 

Further studies on Lactobacilli as probiotics 

application with feed is in progress. 

Molecular techniques for identification of meats of 

different animal species were developed at 

GBPUAT, Pantnagar. A simplex PCR technique was 

optimized for the identification of sheep, goat, cattle, 

pig, horse and chicken. This technique was found to 

be of immense value for the detection of adulterated 

raw meat samples. An attempt was also made to

develop a unique technique for meat identification i.e. 

multiplex PCR, which efficiently differentiate six 

species in a single reaction as against multiple 

reaction in simplex PCR. 

Animal Byproducts : 

Efforts were continued to develop biomaterial of 

bovine origin for reconstructive surgery in animals at 

IVRI, Izatnagar. A protocol for the production of 

completely acellular tissue metrics by specifically 

removing cellular components has been 

standardized. In-vitro cell cytotoxicty of the 

biomaterials extract was studied using chick embryo 

fibroblasts. None of the biomaterial had shown any 

cytopathic effect with in 48 hours of post addition of 

extract in the cell culture. 

Structural and functional aspects of the 3 D Scaffold 

of bovine origin for cardiomyocyte culture were 

studied at SRMC and CLRI, Chennai. Normal bovine 

heart tissue was decellularized and its criss cross 

trabecular architecture resemble to honey comb with 

cavities varying in size. Fibrillar Type I/III collagen 

found in the heart provides structural scaffolding for 

cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels. The 3D 

sponge fabricated from bovine collagen Type I/III has 

a hexagonal appearance. Hence it can be expected 

to mimic the extracellular matrix of the heart for 

cardiomyocyte culture invitro. 

Poultry : 

Various aspects on disease resistance, genomics 

and diagnostics were pursued. Three generations of 

six immunodivergent lines of chicken were produced 

to study disease resistance at CARI, Izatnagar. 

Highest genetic distance (0.453) among these lines 

was found between high SRBC and high index lines. 

AFLP analysis of these lines with two primer sets 

revealed total 42 recordable bands ranging from 23 

bp to 456 bp. The phylogenetic tree based on AFLP 

and RAPD-PCR showed linewise clustering. 

Genotype of IFN- promoter (-318G) was found to be 

associated with immune response to NDV. 

Comparative genomic studies on wild and 

87 

domesticated avian species were undertaken at 

CARI, Izatnagar. Red jungle fowl (RJF) showed 

genetic similarity with all the chicken breeds except 

Kadaknath (KN), with whom it showed least genetic 

similarity. Very few changes were observed in IL-2 as 

well as IFN- promoter sequence in RJF in 

comparison to chicken. Based on nt sequence 

comparisons for IL-2 as well as IFN- gene, RJF 

showed maximum genetic similarity of with chicken, 

followed by turkey and quail. 

At IVRI, Izatnagar, PCR and nested PCR 

techniques have been standardized for developing 

diagnostics against chicken anemia virus(CAV). 

One of the CAV isolate was propagated for 

restriction endonuclease (RE) study. Preliminary 

study indicated the prevalence of CAV in difference 

states of the country on the basis of CAV DNA 

detection by PCR in field samples and PCR-RE 

analysis revealed variation among the CAVs 

circulating in the poultry flocks of the country. 

Immunofluorescent 

infected with CAV at 48 hr PI. FA stain x 400 

Aquaculture & Marine Biotechnology 

R&D Efforts continued for increasing productivity, 

development of new vaccines and diagnostics, 

molecular characterization of fish stock, cell culture, 

molecular signaling, development, bioactive 

molecules and immunostimulants etc. 


Biosurfactant 

Work on screening of marine Acinetobacter 

genospecies for production of biosurfactant/s, 

purification and antimicrobial activity was continued 

at Pune University. The Acinetobacter strain was 

confirmed and DNA transformation was carried out. 

Bioemulsifier production by A. haemolyticus grown 

on cheaper substrates viz. molasses and whey 

reported the best medium for the bioemulsifier 

production. Highest yield of bioemulsifier was 

obtained with A. junii with 2.5 gm/lit. Marine 

Acinetobacter haemolyticus was found to produce 

antimicrobial compound and bioemulsifier and 

showed wide spectrum activity against Gram positive 

and Gram negative bacteria and also inhibited 

sporulation in Tramentia serialis, Tramentia spp, 

Alternaria solani, and Ustilago medis and human 

dermatophyte Microsporum audouinii. 

Biosafety and Water Quality 

Studies were continued on occurrence of human 

pathogenic viruses in coastal marine waters and their 

detection using molecular techniques at the College 

of Fisheries, UAS, Mangalore. From the oyster, clam 

and water samples analyzed, fecal coliforms were 

isolated. 88% of shellfish and 84% water samples 

showed the presence of coliphages. Enteroviruses 

were detected in 32.29% shellfish samples tested 

and seasonal variation was observed in the 

occurrence of enteric viruses. The samples tested 

were negative for Norwalk like viruses and 

rotaviruses. The study revealed the possible use of 

coliphages as fecal indicators for detecting enteric 

viruses. 

Raceway for Shrimp Production 

A project on the development of a prototype for 

raceway based shrimp production technology was 

continued at the Fisheries College and Research 

Institute, Tuticorin. Nursery raceway trials conducted 


88 

for Penaeus monodon and Fenneropenaeus indicus 

showed that the raceway technology found suitable 

for successful survival of over 80%. Sustainable 

water quality in raceways was possible with the 

addition of phytoplankton (Chaetoceros calcitrans) 

and yeast based fermented products. Prototype 

developed was successfully adopted for sustaining 

water quality management and raceways operations 

for high stocking densities using bioremediaiton 

approach in aquaculture. A training course on 

raceway-based shrimp farming technology was 

conducted to disseminate the technology to shrimp 

farmers. The protocol developed on raceway 

technology was under transfer to a private 

entrepreneur, M/s. Pancham Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd., 

Mumbai. 

Marine Enzymes 

Over expression of engineered superoxide 

dismutase enzyme in marine cyanobacteria for 

bioremediation was undertaken at Bharathidasan 

University, Tiruchirappalli. Fifteen species were 

screened for their ability to degrade azo dye, Orange 

G. Spectral studies showed a 14% reduction in colour 

in sulphur deficient condition. SOD profiles of these 

species revealed the presence of Ni-SOD. Fe/Mn 

SOD of Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 was 

cloned in a pET vector system. Work on marine 

cyanobacterial plasmid for vector construction and 

plasmid profile was undertaken. Characterization of 

superoxide dismutases (SODs) from halophiles was 

pursued at Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar 

to understand possible role of the enzyme in salt 

tolerance. The aquatic plants, N. gramenia and 

Chlorella, showed greater tendency to increase the 

activity levels of SOD than catalase, while the 

terrestrial plant, S. maritima showed greater increase 

in the activity of catalase than SOD. Significant 

increase in enzyme activity in test plants upon 

challenge with salt eloquently indicated the possible 

involvement of enzymes in salt tolerance.

Bioactive Molecules 

Various aspects on development of bioactive 

molecules from marine organisms were continued 

and over 7000 marine bacteria were screened for 

antibacterial activity. Eighteen isolates showed 

antibacterial activity against both gram positive and 

gram negative bacteria. Sand anemones from 

Karnataka coast were found to have anticancer 

activity. Purification, characterization and synthesis 

of bioactive molecules produced by marine 

Pseudomonas were undertaken for screening 

antiviral and anticancer agents. Batteries of bacteria 

isolated from the deep sea water were collected from 

Bay of Bengal, of the Andaman Coast and a few of 

them showed the potential of producing anti-cancer / 

anti-inflammatory bioactive molecule(s). Production 

of highly unsaturated marine lipids, ester and specific 

bioactive analogues from fish for medical 

applications was undertaken at Indian Institute of 

Chemical Biology, Kolkata. Cell culture and animal 

model for the testing of the highly enriched EPA and 

DHA were developed using an animal model for in 

vivo studies and studies on kidney damage, diabetes 

development and cataract formation were conducted 

using different concentrations of phospholipids 

enriched with EPA/ DHA. Purified phospholipid 

fractions were reported to stimulate sperm motility 

and increase in flagellar movement. Phospholipid at 

50mg/ ml level caused the highest degree of motility 

activation. Information of mangroves having 

medicinal values was collected from Sundarban 

Estuary in a collaborative project funded at IICB, 

Vivekananda Institute of Biotechnology and Vishwa 

Bharti University. A survey was conducted on the 

traditional uses of the mangrove plants in different 

ailments. 

Plasmid immune response 

A collaborative project was implemented at CCMB, 

Viswa Bharti University and North Bengal University. 

Plasmid gene involved in the pathogenesis of 

89 

Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome was identified and its 

role in virulence and pathogenesis was studied. 21kb 

plasmid appears to be an important virulence marker 

for A. hydrophila. Immunization studies with plasmid 

cured isolates lead to significant increase in serum 

immunoglobulin levels and conferred significant 

protection when challenged with wild type A. 

hydrophila as well as A. sobria and A. salmonicida. 

Transformation of the plasmid helped the bacteria to 

regain the virulence attributes. 

Alternate fish feed supplement 

Applicability of cell-bound phytase of yeast Pichia 

anomala in improving growth of freshwater fishes, 

rohu and magur, was pursued. A protocol was 

standardized for yeast cultivation and the growth 

conditions were optimized. When the fingerlings of 

Labeo rohita (rohu) were fed with fish feed 

supplemented with yeast phytase, specific growth 

rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were 

better than the control. A decrease in phosphate and 

ammonia excretion was observed, suggesting better 

utilization of phosphate and protein in the fish fed with 

yeast phytase. Supplementation of cane molasses 

medium with urea was found to be better for 

achieving good growth and phytase production. 

Growth conditions were optimized for yeast 

cultivation using air-lift fermenter leading to higher 

biomass and phytase production. 

Neuro-peptide Synthesis 

Cone snails from Indian coasts were collected and 

venoms characterized using mass spectrometry. 

Peptides obtained from crude venoms were studied 

for structural determination using 'de novo' 

sequencing by mass spectrometry. Novel conus 

peptide sequence derived were further confirmed by 

synthesizing the corresponding peptide and 

comparing the fragmentation pattern of natural and 

synthetic peptides. Construction of cDNA libraries for 

conus venom was undertaken. Three putative 


conotoxins along with the posttranslational 

modifications were identified from Conus achatinus 

sp. Experiments were undertaken to identify the 

biological activity of conus peptides and three novel 

toxins were found to target voltage-gated ion 

channels. The 3D-structure has been determined 

using NMR resulting a cysteine knot motif. 

Bioreactor 

A microbial analysis of marine sediments was 

undertaken to develop an anaerobic consortium for 

wastewater treatment, at RRL, Thiruvananthapuram. 

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bacteria, 

archaea, protozoa and micro-metazoa in anaerobic 

marine sediment were done. Fluorescent labeled 

16S/23S rRNA targeted synthetic nucleotides were 

used for analyzing the bacteria and archaea. Protocol 

for whole cell Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization 

(FISH) technique was standardized. Different batch 

experiments were conducted to evaluate the activity 

of protozoa and micro-metazoa under anaerobic and 

organic rich saline conditions. The organic and 

nutrient load in shrimp processing wastewater was 

quantified and a Laboratory scale UASB type 

bioreactor for wastewater treatment was studied. 

This is expected to lead to development of a microbial 

based treatment system for seafood industrial 

discharge. 

Vaccine development for fish 

Aeromonad septicaemia is an important disease 

problem affecting warm water aquaculture. Due to 

antigenic heterogeneity among motile aeromonads, 

vaccine development has been a problem. 

Conserved outer membrane proteins of aeromonads 

were evaluated as candidates for vaccine 

development. Gene coding for the outer membrane 

protein ompTS was cloned, sequenced and 

expressed in Escherichia coli. A new gene coding for 

outer membrane protein of A. hydrophila, omp48 was 


90 

also identified, cloned, sequenced and expressed in 

E. coli. The sequence has been deposited in 

GenBank. Recombinant proteins were found to be 

immunogenic in Labeo rohita and induced protective 

immune response. On challenge, the immunized fish 

showed relative percentage survival of over 60 

indicating promise in development of commercial 

vaccine. 

Bacteriophage therapy in improvement of 

Expression of recombinant ompTS protein. Lane 1- Molecular wt 

marker (Pmw m); Lane 2- Non recombinant M15 E. coli cells without 

IPTG; Lane 3 Non recombinant M15 E. coli cells with IPTG; Lane 4 - 

Recombinant M15 E. coli without IPTG; Lane 5 Recombinant M15 E. 

coli with 1 mM IPTG; Lane 6- Purified ompTS protein. 

Bacteriophage shrimp larvae therapy in improvement of 

shrimp larvae 

Luminous bacterial disease is a leading cause of 

Luminous bacterial disease is a leading cause 

shrimp larval mortalities in hatcheries. 

of shrimp larval mortalities in hatcheries. 

Development of resistance to antibiotics by 

Development of resistance to antibiotics by luminous 

luminous bacterial disease is a major hurdle in 

bacterial disease is a major hurdle in tackling the 

problem tackling of the luminous problem bacterial of disease. luminous At College bacterial of 

Fisheries, disease. At Mangalore, College several of Fisheries, lytic bacteriophages Mangalore, 

against several luminous lytic bacteriophages Vibrio harveyi have against been luminous isolated 

and Vibrio characterized harveyi have at been both morphological 

isolated and 

and characterized molecular at level. both The morphological lytic ability and of 

these molecular bacteriophages level. The has been lytic tested ability against of these over 

bacteriophages has been tested against over

200 isolates obtained from different parts of the 

world including Asia, Australia and South 

America. Using bacteriophages having a broad 

spectrum of activity, technology for 

bacteriophage therapy of luminous bacterial 

disease in shrimp larvae has been developed. In 

hatchery trials, bacteriophage therapy led to 

over 80% survival in larvae while antibiotic 

therapy led to 40% and untreated control 

showed less than 20% survival . 

Electron microscopic images of lytic bacteriophages (Phages A-c and E-F belong to siphoviridae and phage D belonds to myoviridae). 

Hatchery trial of bacteriophage therapy- survival of Penaeus monodon larvae infected with luminous bacteria under various conditions 


Oligonucleotide probe for monitoring vibrio 

counts in hatcheries 

Vibrio sp including luminous V. harveyi, V. vulnificus 

and V. parahaemolyticus are major bacterial 

pathogens of shrimp larvae. Monitoring Vibrio counts 

in hatchery water and larval samples would be an 

important aspect in health management. To 

overcome the problem and get a realistic estimate of 

Vibrio counts, an oligonucleotide probe binding to a 

region of gyrB gene of all Vibrio spp has been 

designed. When labeled with alkaline phosphatase, 

this label could be used for enumeration of Vibrio spp 

in hatchery environments by colony hybridization 

technique. 

Colonies of Vibrio spp hybridizing with alkaline phosphatase labeled 

oilgonucleotide probe. 

Genetic characterization of marine organisms 

Studies on genotypic characterization of antagonistic 

and detritus degrading bacteria based on their 16S 

rDNA sequence ere carried out and partial 

sequences of 6 organisms were deposited in 


92 

Genbank. Molecular characterization of 

antimicrobial peptides in shrimp and their enhanced 

production was undertaken, which showed broad 

antimicrobial activity. Studies on novel drugs targeted 

at Vibrios from marine microorganisms were 

undertaken and an antivibrio compound produced by 

Pseudomonas was identified as pyocyanin. A 

bioprocess technology for large-scale production of 

marine yeast Candida sake as single cell protein was 

programmed and executed. An isolate was identified 

as the source of alkaline protease for industrial 

applications. The crude enzyme was partially purified 

and found to have blood stain removal property from 

fabrics in the absence of any detergent. A training 

programme in Marine Biotechnology was initiated. 

Genetic marker for population of cultured animals 

would be important for genetic selection of 

populations with commercially important traits like 

fast growth and disease resistance. Using 

microsatellite enrichment techniques, two DNA 

microsatellites were identified in genome of 

freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenberii . The 

sequences of these microsatellites, (CA) repeats, 

13 

(GA) and (GA) repeats have been deposited in 

38 30 

GenBank with accession number DQ793216 and DQ 

793215. Primers binding to flanking region of these 

microsatellites were designed and evaluated in 

population of M. rosenbergii from Kerala and 

Karnataka. The discriminative ability of microsatellite 

was very good with heterogeneity index of 0.27 ± 

0.32 and 0.92 ± 0.29 respectively. Shannon index for 

these microsatellites were 0.6161 ± 0.2310 and 

0.6619 ± 0.2276 respectively. 

Organ Development 

Aspects of in vitro organ development and 

differentiation were undertaken through regeneration 

and stem cell biology to search for novel 

biomolecules from hitherto untapped sources that 

will be useful in the differentiation and regeneration of 

vertebrate organs. Preliminary studies showed that 

perivitelline fluid (PVF) of Indian Horse Shoe Crab 

influences early vertebrate development. Chick 

embryo explants cultured in vitro were used as a

model. The seventh fraction of the PVF contained 

cardiac development promoting activity. Sequencing 

and identification of active protein molecules was 

done. 

Due to possible relationship between cardiac 

development and angiogenesis, preliminary 

experiments to assess the angiogenic potential of 

PVF were carried out. Transcriptional studies were 

carried out by quantitative real-time PCR for the 

markers Noggin (Signalling molecule, antagonistic to 

BMP2, recently shown to be involved in 

cardiomyogenic differentiation). There was overall 

increase in the expression of these markers in chick 

th th 

embryo of the 5 stage of development. At 7 Stage of 

development there was a decrease in their overall 

expression and this trend was reversed in stage 10th 

of development of chick embryo. Perivitelline fluid of 

the eggs of the horse shoe crab was fractionated and 

th 

7 fraction was found to possess early cardiac 

development promoting activity. 

Cell Lines from Seabass 

A project was continued to develop cell lines from sea 

bass (Lates calcarifer). Kidney and spleen cell lines 

from sea bass were established and designated as 

SISK and SISS. These lines have been deposited in 

NCCS, Pune. The established cell lines have been 

used for isolation of nodavirus which is responsible 

for viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in sea bass larvae. 

The nodavirus was isolated from infected sea bass 

(Lates calcarifer) larvae during a massive outbreak in 

sea bass hatcheries using these cell lines. The typical 

cytopathic effect of nodavirus was characterized by 

multiple vacuolations was observed in SISK. 

Embryonic stem cell cultures were initiated from 

blastula stage embryo of sea bass. The sea bass 

embryonic cells were small, round or polygonal with a 

big nuclei and sparse cytoplasm in shape. 

Differentiation of embryonic cells into variety of cell 

types was induced by all-tansretinoic acid and 

differentiated into various cell types, including 

neuron-like cells, oligodentritic, muscle cells and 

93 

unidentified cells. 

Extensive CPE with multiple vacuolation (arrow) in SISK cells infected 

with nodavirus 

Shrimp Genomics 

Expression of immune function associated proteins 

from shrimp Penaeus monodon was studied at 

College of Fisheries Mangalore, Central Institute of 

Brackishwater Aquaculture Chennai, Anna 

University Chennai and National Institute of 

Oceanography Goa. The gene coding for a c-type 

lysozyme from P. monodon was amplified by reverse 

transcriptase PCR after the animals were challenged 

with luminous bacterial pathogen, Vibrio harveyi. 

The amplified DNA fragment was cloned in pEXP5- 

NT/TOPO expression vector and recombinant 

plasmids were transformed into competent BL21 

Escherichia coli cells. Lysozyme was over 

expressed by induction with 1 mM IPTG. The 

recombinant protein was found to be active against 

both gram positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) 

and garm negative bacteria (Vibrio harveyi). The 

commonly used lysozyme standard from hens egg 

white is active only against gram negative bacteria. 

A similar collaborative project was undertaken at 

Cochin University of Science and Technology on 

development and application of CMG family 

recombinant hormones, their antagonists and RNAi 

technique for induced maturation and spawning of 

Penaeus monodon. Sequence data available with 

the genbank was utilized to design primers to get 

ORF amplified. The amplified product showed a 98% 


similarity with the already reported Penaeus 

monodon Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone 1 

precursor gene complete cds. Primers for amplifying 

CDS of GIH gene were designed from the conserved 

region of the available GIH gene sequence of 

Lobsters and Metapenaeus sp. Total RNA isolation 

from the eyestalk of shrimp was standardized and 

the method yielded sufficient amount of good quality 

total RNA for further purification and analysis. 

Patents 

a. PAT/4.9.2/06052: Biocontrol of luminous bacteria 

in shrimp hatcheries using bacteriophages 

b. PAT/4.9.15/06053: Oligonucleotide probe for 

detection and enumeration of Vibrio spp. in 

aquaculture systems 

Technologies transferred 

- Technology for Biocontrol of luminous bacteria in 

shrimp hatcheries has been transferred to 

Mangalore Biotech Laboratory 

Seribiotechnology 

A programme on application of biotechnology for 

improving the productivity and enhancing the quality 

of silk alongwith the improvement of host-plants 

continued during the year. A brainstorming session 

on application of biotechnology for tasar culture was 

organized in collaboration with Central Silk Board 

(CSB) during November 17-18, 2006 at Central 

Tasar Researh and Training Institute, Ranchi. 

Significant achievements during the year are 

summarized below:- 

Development of better races of silkworm for 

increased productivity 

Lysozyme-like proteins (LLPs) identified in Bombyx 

mori and Antheraea mylitta exhibited a broadspectrum 

anti-bacterial activity jointly at Centre for 

DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), 

Hyderabad and National Institute of Immunology 

(NII), New Delhi. Phylogenetic analysis clustered 

LLPs with some uncharacterized lysozyme-like 


94 

proteins from Anopheles and Drosophila and not with 

the classical lysozymes. At the Central Sericultural 

Germplasm Resource Centre (CSGRC), Hosur work 

has been carried out to identify variable regions 

existing in the diapause (NB4D 2) 

and non-diapause 

(Pure Mysore) silkworm (B. mori) races and to corelate 

with diapause gene expression. High 

homology percentage between the diapause and the 

non-diapause indicates that there is no difference in 

the genomic organization of the diapause gene in 

both silkworm races. Expression pattern of the 

diapause related genes is being studied. 

A network project involving five institutions: CDFD, 

Hyderabad; Seribiotech Research Laboratory, 

Bangalore; Central Sericultural Research and 

Training Institute, Mysore; Andhra Pradesh State 

Sericulture Research and Development Institute 

(APSSR&DI), Hindupur; and Karnataka State 

Sericulture Research and Development Institute, 

Bangalore continued with a view to identify 

baculovirus resistant strains and DNA markers linked 

to baculovirus resistance in silkworm (Bombyx mori). 

Screening of silkworm germplasm for baculovirus 

resistance has resulted in identification of three 

strains each of bivoltine and multivoltine. Out of 

these, most resistant strain has been used as a donor 

parent to cross with the most susceptible strain to 

raise a mapping population, which is being used to 

map the markers that are polymorphic between 

parental strains. In a collaborative project at the 

University of Delhi, Delhi and Central Muga Eri 

Research & Training Institute, Jorhat, morphometric 

data were collected, compiled for 14 populations of 

muga silkworm (Antheraea assama) and maintained 

at Jorhat, Assam. Seventeen microsatellite primers 

provided by CDFD, Hyderabad and other repetitive 

sequence derived primers were successfully tested 

by PCR with A. assama DNA. A distinct polymorphic 

band of 1.4 kbp size was successfully cloned and 

sequenced from A. assama. Work is underway to 

screen population with more molecular markers and 

statistically analyze data for population genetic 

diversity. 

Studies have been continued on genetic analysis of

quantitative trait loci (QTL) for cocoon weight, 

cocoon shell weight and identification of DNA 

markers linked to the QTLs in the silkworm (B. mori) 

jointly at Andhra Pradesh State Sericulture Research 

and Development Institute, Hindupur and CDFD, 

Hyderabad. Two silkworm lines with lower (Nistari) 

and higher (CSR2) quantitative traits for cocoon 

weight and cocoon shell weight were selected as 

initial parents for raising F-1 generation. Using the F- 

1 population, eight back crosses (four each as direct 

crosses and reciprocal croses) were made to 

develop mapping population with linkage 

disequilibrium. In addition, two F-2 generations were 

also developed for raising bulked segregant 

population. From each cross, individual cocoons 

(both male and female) were assessed for the 

desired traits. A network project on phylogeography 

of tropical tasar (Antheraea mylitta) and muga 

silkworm (A. assama) has been continued involving 

three institutions: Seribiotech Research Laboratory, 

Bangalore, Central Tasar Research and Training 

Institute, Ranchi and Central Muga Eri Research and 

Training Institute, Jorhat. Microsatellite analysis 

carried out in muga silkworm populations indicated 

genetic variability in hill populations in comparison 

with the plain area populations. Tasar silkworm 

populations exhibited intra-and inter- population 

vaiability when amplified with SSR anchored marker 

system. 

Cocoon of different ecotypes of tropical tasar 

silkworm (Antheraea mylitta) 

95 

Development of control measures for major 

diseases of silkworm 

At Central Sericultural Research and Training 

Institute, Mysore, a Bombyx mori gene that code for 

antiviral protein has been partially characterized. The 

partial sequence of gene (644 bp) encoding the 

protein showed homology with NADPH 

oxidoreductase and xanthine dehydrogenase 

proteins. 

Silkworm larvae fed on mulberry leaves 

supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum, a 

probiotic showed significant increase in weigh of 

larva, cocoon and pupa; including shell ratio and 

pupation rate as compared to control groups at the 

BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune. 

Feeding of silkworm larvae (III moult) with L. 

plantarum and Sporobolomyces roseus and then 

treating with Bm NPV showed significant increase in 

larval weight and survival percentage as compared to 

controls. Effect of probiotics varied among different 

silkworm races when treated with Bm NPV. Studies 

have also been initiated on epidemiology, spatial and 

temporal dynamics of diseases of muga silkworm (A. 

assama) alongwith the identification and 

characterization of their causal agents jointly at 

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat and Central 

Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Jorhat. 

Silkworm Genome Programme 

Under the International Consortium on Lepidopteran 

genome project, the muga silkworm (Antheraea 

assama) transcriptome has been investigated by 

generating over 35,000 ESTs which resulted in the 

identification of over 8200 unique putative genes at 

CDFD, Hyderabad. Functional annotation of these 

revealed several genes that are involved in silk 

production, circadian rhythm, sex determination, 

immune response and also several novel tissue 

specific genes. Digital differential display showed 

over 1000 transcripts expressing only in testes. 

Similarly, ESTs that code for fibroin and sericin were 

also identified. Preliminary analysis of fibroin and 

sericin shows that silk proteins of A. assama are quite 

distinct from those of Bombycids. Comparative 


studies on expressed sequences of the B. mori and 

wild silkmoths with the genome sequences of insects 

and model organisms are underway to uncover 

Lepidoptera specific genes. A database is being 

developed to catalogue all the ESTs developed in the 

present study. At Indian Institute of Technology, 

Kaharagpur, two cDNA libraries from Antheraea 

mylitta were prepared in lambda ZApII vector from the 

mRNA. Clones were excised as plasmids from these 

libraries, sequenced and analyzed. Clustering and 

assembly of 2500 sequences showed presence of 

660 unique sequences (400 contigs and 260 

singletone). Analysis of microsatellites within nonredundant 

sequences showed that pentanuclotide 

and trinucleotide repeats represents more in the 

transcribed sequences. 

Anterior 

silkgland 

Middle 

silkgland 

Posterior 

silkgland 

B. mori A. assama 

Architecture of Bombyx mori and Antheraea 

assama silkglands. Silkglands of Muga are 

morphologically different from those of B. mori. 

Improvement of Host Plants 

DNA polymorphism data was generated for the 

segregating populations (160+progeny plants) from 


96 

the cross “Mysore Local” and “V-1” using 250+RAPD 

primers and 45 in-house developed mulberry 

specific microsat markers for construction of linkage 

map in mulberry jointly at Centre for Cell and 

Molecular Biology, Hyderabad and Central 

Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore. 

Two sets of primers based on unique SNPs have 

been developed which are found to be diagnostic of 

good rooting ability and have potential to be used as 

MAS marker. Molecular 'ID' of 18 elite mulberry 

varieties have been developed. A new trait-specific 

(alkaline tolerance) mapping population was 

developed by crossing Sujanpur-5 (tolerant) and V-1 

(sensitive) varieties. A set of putative genotypes have 

been identified for developing mapping populations 

for two other traits of interest (photosynthetic 

efficiency and moisture retention) using RAPD-PCR 

based screening of two sets each of 18 diverse 

mulberry genotypes. 

A total of 67 mulberry accessions have been 

conserved in vitro and 238 accessions have been 

successfully cryostored using dehydration and stepwise 

freezing protocols under a joint project at the 

Central Sericultural Germplasm Resource Centre, 

Hosur and the National Bureau of Plant Genetic 

Resources, New Delhi. The species represented 

are Morus indica, M. alba, M. rotundiloba, M. 

australis, M. multicaulis, M. bombycis, M. cathayana, 

M. nigra, M. laevigata, M. macroura, M tiliaefolia, M. 

serrata and M. sinensis. Genetic stability analysis 

using molecular markers ascertained the similarity 

between the fresh and cryo-regenerated samples. 

Transgenic mulberry were generated using barley 

late embryogenesis abundant proteins (HVA I gene) 

under a constitutive rice actin promoter via 

Agrobacterium mediated transformation at 

University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi. The 

transgenic plants showed better cellular membrane 

stability, photosynthetic yield, less photooxidative 

damage and better water use efficiency as compared 

to the non-transgenics under both salinity and 

drought stress conditions. Among the lines analysed 

for stress tolerance, transgenic line ST8 was found to 

be relatively salt tolerant whereas ST-30 and ST-31 

were found to be drought tolerant. Transgenic lines 

ST-11 and ST-6 respond well under both salinity and

drought stress. A project has been recently initiated 

on field evaluation of mulberry transgenics (with HVA 

I gene) jointly at University of Delhi, South Campus, 

New Delhi and Central Sericultural Research and 

Training Institute, Mysore. Work on identification of 

QTLs associated with drought tolerant traits such as 

water use efficiency (WUE) and root traits in 

mulberry has been continued jointly at the University 

of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and Central 

Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore. 

Significant variability was observed for WUE and 

other physiological parameters in the segregating 

population. A strong corelationship was observed 

between root biomass and the predicted 

transpiration among the mulberry germplasm 

accessions. SSR markers are being used to screen 

the root mapping population (200 individual) for 

polymorphism. Three crosses were made between 

high root and high WUE genotypes to identify 

desirable lines having both WUE and root QTLs by 

marker assisted selection. In another collaborative 

project at both these institutions, efforts have been 

continued towards cloning and characterization of 

epicuticular wax synthesizing genes from mulberry 

with a view to reduce transpiration and post-harvest 

water loss. A few epicuticular wax (EW) related gene 

fragments having homology with Arabidopsis have 

been cloned. The cloned genes and other related 

EW genes from Arabidopsis are being used as a 

probe to examine the pattern of EW gene expression 

by northern blot in contrasting mulberry accessions. 

In a network project being implemented at the Centre 

for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), 

Hyderabad, Central Sericultural Research & Training 

Institute, Mysore, Karnataka State Sericulture 

Research and Development Institute, Bangalore; 

Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, 

Berhampore and Central Sericultural Germplasm 

Resource Centre, Hosur, work on identification of 

DNA markers associated with disease (powdery 

mildew) and pests (tukra and nematode) resistance 

in mulberry has been continued. One round of 

screening of the identified germplasm for disease 

response to three biotic agents has been completed 

97 

at the respective participating centres. Good genetic 

variability has been recorded in the selected 

mulberry germplasm for resistance to three biotic 

agents. The DNA polymorphism data on 144 

selected genotypes of mulberry have been 

generated using 200 RAPD decamer primers and 50 

inhouse developed mulberry specific microsatellite 

markers. The same is being scored for undertaking 

diversity analysis to infer the genetic base and 

genetic interrelationships of the identified genepool. 

Basic research in modern Biology 

Support to R&D projects having fundamental 

questions was continued to provide new vistas to the 

knowledge required for understanding the intricacies 

involved in applied research. An initiative was taken 

to bring biologists, mathematicians, physicists and 

engineers to develop a new and fast emerging area 

of systems biology. During the period, the 

department received 70 proposals and sanctioned 

52 projects across various disciplines. On-going 

projects resulted in publication of several research 

papers in high impact journals. Significant 

achievements of some of the projects are presented 

below- 

Drug Discovery 

Studies are being carried out at NIPER, Mohali to 

improve the oral bio-availability of cyclosporine and 

to reduce nephrotoxicity associated with the 

® 

commercial formulation (Sandimmune Neoral ). 

The relative bio-availability of cyclosporine from the 

nanoparticulate formulation is 119.19% as compared 

® 

to Sandimmune Neoral . Additionally, cyclosporine 

nanoparticles exhibited significantly lower 

® 

nephrotoxicity as compared to Sandimmune Neoral 

in rats which was indicated by reduced blood urea 

nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SC), as well as 

histological examination of kidneys. 

Hypoxia, a major factor influencing the extent of cell 

injury in myocardial ischemia and infarction, is a 

powerful regulator of gene expression for multiple 

regulatory proteins, including cytokines and growth 


factors. Scientists at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for 

Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum used 

an in vitro cell culture model to evaluate the response 

of adult rat cardiac fibroblasts to hypoxia. 

Uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs) excise uracil from 

DNA and initiate the base excision repair pathway. Of 

the known UDGs, Ung proteins belong to a category 

of highly conserved and efficient enzymes, and 

shown to be crucial in mycobacteria. Studies carried 

out at IISc Bangalore revealed that UdgB plays a 

significant role in mycobacteria. 

The ability of MTB to survive and adapt to changing 

environmental conditions appear to be regulated 

largely by two-component signaling systems (TCS). 

Of the eleven TCSs that MTB possesses, the PhoP- 

PhoR system is the only one disruption of which has 

been shown to drastically affect the bacillus's 

replication in cellular and animal models. Scientists 

at IMTECH., Chandigarh have shown that phoP 

promoter activity is negatively autoregulated by 

PhoP through sequence-specific interaction(s) 

involving 3 direct repeat subunits with a 9-bp 

consensus binding sequence. 

One of the most clinically significant mechanisms of 

azoles resistance in the pathogenic fungi, Candida 

albicans is an over expression of the drug efflux 

pumps encoding genes CDR1 and CDR2 belonging 

to the ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) and CaMDR1 

belonging to MFS (Major Facilitator Superfamily) 

transporters. Among the ABC transporters, high level 

of expression of CDR1 invariably contributes to an 

increased efflux of fluconazole and thus 

corroborates its direct involvement in drug efflux. 

The study conducted at JNU, New Delhi suggests 

that Asp327 of N-terminal NBD has acquired a new 

role to act as a catalytic base in ATP hydrolysis, a role 

normally conserved for Glu present adjacent to the 

conserved Asp in the Walker B motif of all the nonfungal 

transporters. 

Proteomics 

Many proteins in Escherichia coli are initially 

synthesized in their precursor form with a signalling 


98 

motif, the signal peptide that directs them to their 

target membrane. SecB is a soluble cytosolic 

chaperone component of the sec export pathway 

which binds to the newly synthesized precursor 

proteins thus preventing their premature aggregation 

and folding and then targets them to the translocation 

machinery on the membrane. PreMBP is the 

precursor form of maltose binding protein (MBP) with 

a 26-residue signal sequence. Studies carried out at 

IISc, Bangalore indicates that both MBP and preMBP 

are more prone to aggregation under crowded 

conditions with preMBP showing a greater extent of 

aggregation. 

The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates 

transcription of many genes, which mediate cell 

cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair and other cellular 

responses. Studies being done at CCMB, 

Hyderabad has shown that caspase-1 activator Ipaf 

is a p53-inducible gene involved in apoptosis 

because blocking of Ipaf function by RNA 

interference or by a dominant negative mutant 

reduced p53-induced apoptosis. To determine the 

molecular components involved in p53-dependent 

apoptotic pathway, they have analysed the role of 

Ipaf and caspase-1. Since the mechanism by which 

caspase-1 executes apoptosis under these 

conditions is not known, the investigators have also 

determined the sequence of events that lead to 

apoptosis upon caspase-1 activation by Ipaf. The 

results show that Ipaf is involved in p53-dependent 

apoptosis (induced by PTP-S2) and that caspase-1 

activated by Ipaf primarily functions upstream of 

mitochondrial events to mediate p53-dependent 

apoptosis. 

SMARCAL1 belong to the SWI/SNF family of DNAdependent 

ATPases. The SWI/SNF protein family 

has been shown to be involved in all DNA metabolic 

processes- DNA replication, DNA repair, 

transcription, and DNA recombination. Scientists at 

School of Life Sciences, JNU carried out 

experiments to delineate methods to explore the 

physiological role of SMARCAL1. The conditions for 

over-expression and solubilization of the protein 

have been standardized.

Scientist at IISc., Bangalore carried out experiments 

for elucidating the significance of glycosylation for 

the immunomodulatory activity of glycodelin. 

Despite the similarities in overall folding status of 

glycodelin and LG, the study revealed that the 

stabilizing contacts in the folded conformations of 

these proteins are different. 

Scientists at CDRI, Lucknow used NMR 

spectroscopy to solve structure of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, and Homo sapiens 

peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. The peptidyl-tRNA 

hydrolase enzyme is essential for the viability of 

bacteria. The ORF Rv1014c of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis H37Rv, labeled as mtpth gene, was 

cloned in pET 28b vector and over-expressed in 

Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. A structural 

model based on E. coli Pth crystal structure, was 

generated. 

Oligomerization of PfFabZ 

99 

The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum 

synthesizes fatty acids by the type II mechanism. In 

this cycle, the dehydration of the βhydroxyacyl 

acyl carrier protein is 

catalyzed by FabZ. Scientists at IISc., 

Bangalore purified FabZ and crystallized using the 

hanging-drop vapour-diffusion and microbatch 

techniques. The crystal structure PfFabZ has been 

determined by molecular replacement method. 

PfFabZ has a hot-dog fold and has been found to 

exist as a homodimer (d-PfFabZ) in the crystals of the 

present study in contrast to the reported hexameric 

form (h-PfFabZ) which is a trimer of dimers 

crystallized in a different condition. The existence of 

the inactive state of the enzyme and the pH triggered 

conformational switching between active and 

inactive states were revealed by this crystallographic 

analysis and provides to new strategies in the design 

of novel antimalarials. 


A study was implemented at NCCS, Pune to 

delineate the role of insulin in regulating the 

expression of IGFBP-1 in the context of active 

hypoxia inducible factor (Hif1). The hypothesis is 

that insulin plays a dual role in the regulation of 

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 

(IGFBP-1). IGFBP-1 gene expression is positively 

regulated by hypoxia and negatively by insulin. The 

scientists have cloned the 1.5 kb upstream 

sequence of IGFBP-1 promoter in the luciferase 

reporter gene and have generated various deletion 

fragments to analyse promoter activity in the 

presence of insulin and iron chelators. They have 

also cloned the 300 bp intron1 fragment containing a 

putative Hif1 site in the luciferase reporter vector to 

analyse the role of Hif 1 in insulin mediated activation 

of IGFBP1. 

A novel non-apoptotic cell death has been recently 

identified which is designated as paraptosis. The 

hallmark features of paraptotic cell death are 

cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, 

and absence of caspase activation and 

oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Absence of 

caspases makes Dictyostelium discoideum a good 

model system to study the role of Poly (ADP-ribose) 

polymerase (PARP) in caspase independent cell 

death mechanism. Studies done at JNU, New Delhi 

suggest that Dictyostelium discoideum under 

oxidative stress exhibits PARP mediated caspase 

independent paraptotic cell death. 

Computer Modelling, Simulation and 

Optimization 

A project is being implemented at IIT, Kharagpur to 

understand the structure and interaction between 

Rv0600c/Rv0601c/ Rv0602c proteins from M. 

tuberculosis. In silico molecular model of Rv0600c 

showed a typical kinase catalytic domain, with a well 

conserved ATP binding site. The histidine kinases 

were cloned into E.coli expression vector pQE30, 

overexpressed and purified. Their secondary 

structure was analysed by circular dichroism and 

that confirmed the molecular models generated. 


100 

Molecular Immunology 

Studies were carried out at IISc, Bangalore to 

understand the trafficking of salmonella in dendritic 

cells and its implication in antigen presentation. The 

data elucidates a very potential role of intracellular 

tolls like TLR9 in the pathogenesis of salmonella and 

might be modulating the trafficking and antigen 

presentation of salmonella. Studies are underway to 

elucidate how TLR9 can modulate the trafficking and 

presentation of salmonella in dendritic cells. 

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a group of 

single-pass transmembrane receptors conserved 

from Drosophila to mammals, expressed on sentinel 

cells, which are central to the innate immune 

response and responsible for sensing microbial 

products to trigger an antimicrobial response. The 

studies carried out at Bose Institute, Kolkata 

revealed how a virulence factor of the pathogenic M. 

tuberculosis is able to trigger signaling processes 

which dampen TLR-dependent proinflammatory 

signals. They also raise the possibility of using ESAT- 

6 or peptides derived from it as potential modulators 

which may dampen prolonged undesirable 

inflammatory signalling associated with conditions 

such as sepsis. 

Gene Cloning and Biochemical Characterization 

Studies were carried out JNU, New Delhi for 

understanding the initial steps in the 

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis 

pathway in Candida albicans GPI anchored proteins 

in C. albicans are essential for morphogenesis, 

virulence, and adhesion of the fungal cells to their 

host cells. 

Amino acid sequences for PIG-A of Sachromyces 

cerevisiae, Homo sapiens and putative Candida 

albicans were analysed. Candida albicans, and 

Sacchromyces cerevisiae possess 56% identity 

while Candida albicans and, Homo sapiens has 46% 

identity. 

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) represent 30% of 

the total fatty acids in some tissues like retina, lens

and brain- indicating that they might play a crucial 

role in normal functioning of these specialized 

tissues. Studies are being carried out at NIN, 

Hyderabad to characterize ELOVL4 with regard to 

physicochemical, structural and functional 

properties of the protein. Trans fatty acid not only 

decreased Elvol4 expression but also affected the 

structural integrity of retina in rats 

Oxidative stress induced DNA damage in Intra 

Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is being 

investigated at IIT Kharagpur. A total of 72 ICSI cases 

have been analysed to ascertain oxidative stress 

induced DNA damage in ICSI. Results indicate that a 

positive correlation exists between Reactive Oxygen 

Species (ROS) and sperm morphology and its DNA 

damage. Further, samples with higher ROS levels 

appear to be unfavorable for pregnancy outcome. 

Plant Molecular Biotechnology 

Studies are being carried out at ICGEB, New Delhi 

on Calcineurin B-like Protein (CBL) and CBLinteracting 

protein kinases (CIPK) paradigm: Cloning 

and characterization. The calcineurin mediated 

signal transduction pathway in response to salinity 

stress was analyzed. By using PCR approach 

followed by pea cDNA library screening, full-length 

cDNAs of both the CBL and CIPK have been cloned 

and also purified the encoded proteins of 26 and 58 

kDa, respectively. The genomic clones of CBL and 

CIPK have also been cloned and found that CBL 

contains nine introns while CIPK is intronless. The 

CIPK protein has been characterized and shown to 

contain autophosphorylation activity. 

Nanobiotechnology 

Targeted delivery of magnetic nanoparticles is a 

highly desirable strategy for enhancing efficacy and 

reducing unintended side effects and toxicity. 

Receptor targets are especially suitable for such a 

strategy. Folic acid is generally recognized as an 

effective tumor targeting agent to conjugate with 

nanoparticles. Scientists at IIT, Kharagpur made an 

attempt to make folate-nanoparticle conjugate by 

grafting folic acid through some biocompatible 

101 

nonpolymeric coupling agent. The design of such 

folate-nanoparticle conjugate has many combined 

advantages in view of its targeting functionality to 

tumor cells. Figure below shows the log normal 

distribution of folate conjugates along with particle 

size histograms. The effective hydrodynamic dimeter 

the synthesized folate conjugates was found to be 88 

nm The attachment of folic acid was confirmed 

through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 

(FTIR). Figure below indicates the confocal image 

showing the cellular uptake of folates in B96 Melonal 

S0 cancer cell line. This result shows that the targeted 

intra-cellular delivery of iron oxide-folate-FITC 

nanoparticles has taken place via a receptor 

mediated endocytosis. 

One of the important aspects of the forthcoming 

nanotechnology revolution is the use of DNA as a 

structural material. Scientists at University of Madras, 

Chennai are using biophysical techniques, chiefly Xray 

crystallography, but also computer modelling, UV 

spectroscopy and gel mobility, to study the structures 

of DNA junctions, such as three-way and four-way 

junctions, as well as unusual DNA packing modes 

that lead to novel microstructures. 

Confocal image of B96 cells showing intracellular 

upatake of iron oxide nanoparticles 


Medical Biotechnology 

Health related biotechnology research has assumed 

a central place in the field of biotechnology. The 

department during the year has made concerted 

efforts to focus research activities in the area of 

vaccines & diagnostics, infectious disease biology, 

chronic disease biology, stem cell research and 

bioengineering. A new impetus has been given to 

newer diagnostic approaches, better therapeutics, 

vaccines, diagnostics, clinical proteomics, cancer 

biology, cardiothoracic, bioengineering, neurological 

disorders, RNAi, medical devices etc. that are aimed 

through generation of good infrastructure, trained 

manpower and high-class science. An active 

collaboration with the industrial partners is being 

sought in all product oriented projects. A major 

emphasis has been given towards development of 

newer vaccines dengue, chicken guinea, typhoid, 

HPV, and continued efforts were made to carry out 

clinical trials of rotaviral diarrhoea vaccine, malaria, 

typhoid, rabies etc. The various Task Forces of 

medical biotechnology met thrice during the year 

alongwith expert committees, inter-disciplinary 

research committees and more than 100 new 

projects have been recommended for support they 

reviewed the progress of ongoing projects. Follow up 

action has been initiated wherever leads are 

available. 

The significant progress are highlighted below : 

Vaccines & Diagnostics 

Cholera 

The oral, live, recombinant, non-residual cholera 

candidate vaccine strain VA1.3 developed through 

DBT's financial support using novel methods of 

strain isolation and genetic manipulations completed 

Phase 1 safety trials and Phase IIa efficacy trials 

after detailed pre-clinical animal toxicology studies. 

The vaccine has been patented in USA and India and 

all necessary regulatory approvals required for 

recombinant products as per EPA, 1986 obtained. 

Fermentation conditions as well as a semi-synthetic 

medium, which allows healthy growth of vaccine 


102 

strain without loss of physiological viability ensuring 

genetic stability, have been worked out. A site for 

Phase III human clinical trials has been prepared with 

all necessary demographic patterns in a slum 

population of about 50,000 in Kolkata. 

During the year, proposals were invited from 

competent industries for licensing and/or contract 

manufacture of the clinical grade material under 

cGMP for conducting Phase III human clinical trials 

following ICH-GCP guidelines. Shantha Biotechnics, 

Hyderabad has been identified through a competitive 

bidding for the pre-filled and finished product on a 

contractual basis. Clear-cut “Product Development 

Plan” and “Clinical Development Plan” have been 

laid. Management Structures to monitor formulation, 

regulatory and clinical trial issues are being 

established outside DBT for ensuring quality and 

timelines. 

Typhoid Vaccine Development Technology 

Transferred to Industry 

Work towards development of Vi-Conjugate typhoid 

vaccine has been carried out at the All India Institute 

of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. The 

conjugate typhoid vaccine has been developed. The 

vaccine has shown promising results in animal 

studies. This vaccine may be effective even in 

children below two years of age and school going 

children. Therefore, it has the potential to prevent 

typhoid fever more effectively than Vi alone in 

children and adults, thereby the morbidity and 

mortality could be reduced to a greater extent. The 

technology has been transferred to M/s. USV Ltd., 

th 

Mumbai on 19 July 2006 through a License 

Agreement with Biotech Consortium India Ltd. 

(BCIL), New Delhi to upscale, manufacture (cGMP 

grade), preclinical toxicological studies and human 

clinical trials. 

Tuberculosis 

As a sequel to a “Brain storming” held in May 2005, 

the approach towards research on tuberculosis has 

been broadened and funding expanded during the 

year. The department invited proposals through open

advertisement in the following areas: 

� Collection and storage of aliquots of specimen 

i.e. sputum, serum, CSF, urine, tissue etc. 

� Creation of centralized facilities and reagent 

bank 

� International level repository/depository of 

Mycobacterium 

� A central animal facility for breeding various 

inbred and knockout strains Creation/ setting 

up of a centralized vaccine/drug testing facility 

� Creation/ setting up of a centralized validated 

assay development facility 

� Containment facilities 

� Preparation of clinical trial site/s 

� Human Resource Development 

� Industrial Collaboration 

While the focus of research remained on early 

diagnosis and vaccine development, the department 

entered into the area of drug development for 

tuberculosis using proteomics, genomics and 

bioinformatics approaches. About 90 R&D proposals 

were received from established and new research 

groups including from the leading industrial groups. 

About fifty projects have been funded at different 

places i.e JALMA, Agra, IIT, Kharagpur, IIT, Kanpur, 

University of Delhi, South Campus, NIPER, Mohali, 

as well as at Ranbaxy Labs. A “National Tuberculosis 

Research Initiative” in a strategic ten- year missionlike 

activity with in-built mechanism for uninterrupted 

funded and strict monitoring is in place. 

An Expert- cum-Working Group has been set up to 

monitor the progress of the mission as also to 

provide guidance on newer areas. 

Work has progressed well in about 30 on-going 

projects on tuberculosis. In a study on TBM 

diagnosis At CIMS, Nagpur, a 30 kDa protein antigen 

markers unique to CSF samples collected from 

103 

suspected patients was found in 89% of the TBM 

patients. The studies cumulatively identified two 

mycobacterial antigens, Rv3804c and Rv1886c 

(Ag85A and B respectively) in the CSF of TBM 

patients. Antibodies produced against the 30-kDa 

protein band reacted with the whole Ag85 complex, 

and the indivitual components of the Ag85 complex, 

(Ag 85A and Ag 85B). Ag85 complex expression in 

the CSF of TBM patients might provide prospective 

insights in the area of infection by M .tuberculosis. 

Immuno-modulator / Adjuvant Research 

The department has been supported a double blind, 

randomized, placebo-controlled multi-centric trials to 

see the safety and efficacy of an immuno-modulator , 

Mycobacterium w as an adjunct to chemotherapy in 

Category II of the pulmonary tuberculosis at seven 

centers i.e. AIIMS, New Delhi; LRS Institute of TB & 

Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi; Central JALMA 

Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial 

Diseases, Agra; SMS Medical College, Jaipur; 

N.H.L. Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad; RNT 

Medical College, Udaipur and Tuberculosis 

Research Centre, Chennai . Trials are at full swing at 

six centers. 

The first Interim Analysis (IA) is due shortly as ¼ of 

the patients have completed the treatment. IA 

template for the data entry and compilation has been 

firmed up. Data auditing, data cleaning and data 

capture processes are going on. An independent 

group under an eminent Bio-statistician has been set 

up for the purpose. 

About 40 patients of the randomized and 26 healthy 

control subjects at AIIMS, New Delhi have been 

studied for the immunophenotyping of various T cell 

subset(s) and their intracellular cytokine production 

profile. In the recruited patient cohort, enumeration of 

various T cell subsets has shown differential 

peripheral representation following vaccination. 

Though patients decoding have not been done, an 

over all enhancements in central and effector 

memory cells on follow up visits have been observed. 


F S C 

# C e lls 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

800 

600 

400 

200 

88.6% 

0 200 400 600 800 1000 

10 0 

0 

10 0 

0 

10 0 

10 0 

10 0 

0 

SSC 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

CD4 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

62% 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

C D 2 5 

F o xP 3 

10 4 

10 

3.69% 8.03% 

4 

10 

3.69% 8.03% 

4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

3.69% 8.03% 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 

10 0 

62% 

10 0 

62% 

10 0 

10 0 

10 0 

10 0 

62% 

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 

0 1 2 3 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 4 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 3 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 2 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

10 1 

0.58% 

10 0 91.3% 

10 0 91.3% 

10 0 

10 0 

10 0 

10 0 91.3% 

CD4 

26.3% 

10 10 10 10 10 

0 1 2 3 4 

CD25 

+ 

Presentation of Fox-3 regulatory T cells 

tuberculosis patients vis-a vis healthy controls 


2.09% 

6.05% 

104 

Mw as an adjuvant in other clinical indications- 

There are emerging indications that Mw may be 

clinically useful as an immunomodulator in other 

diseased indications including cancer. During the 

year, the Department invited proposals to explore the 

potential of Mw, both in pre-clinical and clinical 

conditions and to elucidate basic pathways of the 

action of Mw in appropriate animal models for cancer, 

leishmania , hepatitis, rabies etc. 

Dengue diagnostics and Vaccine/s 

Taking into consideration the recurrent outbreaks of 

dengue in the country, R&D projects have been

initiated for the development of dengue diagnostics 

and vaccines using approaches that could generate 

propriety leads. 

A group at NIMHANS, Bangalore has initiated the 

development of dengue specific monoclonal 

antibodies for an assay towards development of a 

serological kit. Efforts are being made to replace the 

mouse brain antigens. 

Work has been initiated to make non-replicating subunit 

tetra-valent dengue vaccine based on a critical 

domain of the major dengue structural envelope 

protein that is involved in host receptor recognition 

and in the induction of robust protective immunity. 

The prototype strains of each of the four DEN 

serotypes have been incorporated into Pichia 

pastoris and a novel 'monovalent' and 'tetravalent' 

dengue antigen genes encoding the serotypespecific 

Pichia shuttle vector created. Efforts are 

now being made to express the recombinant 

domains III of all four dengue (DEN) virus serotypes 

(tetravalent) in P. pastoris, which can grow in simple 

defined medium and produce functional 

recombinant proteins in gram quantities per liter of 

culture. The “Proof of Principle” has been 

established to use tetravalent domain III based 

vaccine candidate in animal models. The same is 

being taken up on a fast track with an industrial 

partner i.e. Bharat Biotech International Ltd., 

Hyderabad. 

Parallely, the scientists at ICGEB are working on a 

hypothesis that a single tetravalent DNA virus-based 

vaccine may provide a means of circumventing viral 

interference. 

Japanese Encephalitis 

The Department continues to support translation 

research towards improvement of current vaccines; 

and development of newer approaches for the JE 

vaccine especially due to recurrent epidemics as 

also serious adverse events reported by the 

introduction of a Chinese vaccine. The project on the 

development of a tissue culture based vaccine 

(Indian strain adapted to Vero cells) carried out NII, 

105 

New Delhi progressed well. Vero cell-derived, 

inactivated JEV vaccine was successfully 

transferred to M/s Panacea Biotech. This 

technology has since been validated, optimized 

using WHO-supplied Vero cells, and upscale to the 

fermenter level. A GMP facility for JE vaccine 

production is now in place at Panacea. Several 

reagents and quality assurance methods related to 

the vaccine production process have been 

developed and validated. However, methods for 

virus purification are being optimized for which 

Panacea, Delhi has procured a continuous-flow 

zonal ultracentrifuge which is likely to be installed by 

February 2007. The centrifuge will then be used for 

the large scale virus purification process 

development after which the material for pre-clinical 

toxicology and phase I trials would be produced. 

The approach using Adeno based vectors as a 

backbone for JE DNA vaccine has shown good 

results. The “Proof of concept” in animal model has 

been established for using Adeno 5 as backbone for 

relevant DNA in JE infection. It was suggested to be 

seen whether there are pre-existing antibodies to 

Adeno 5 in infant/children that may hamper the 

protective response. In a study carried out, results 

show that children below 12 months age possess 

significantly lower anti-adenovirus antibodies as well 

as Ad5-neutralising antibodies, after which there is a 

marked increase in antibody titers. The findings are 

consistent with the reports from other parts of the 

world. Although alternate strategies are being 

explored to overcome the pre-existing Ad5 immunity 

in humans, the results, together with earlier finding 

that low levels of Ad5 antibodies do not interfere with 

the recombinant adenovirus vaccine uptake in mice 

suggest that Ad5-based vaccines or other 

therapeutics may still be effective if administered 

during the 6-12 months age bracket. This may pave a 

path for Adeno- based JE vaccine for that age group. 

The study on molecular mechanisms of 

microglia/macrophages mediated neuron- 

inflammation in Japanese Encephalitis carried out at 

NBRC, Manesar has demonstrated that microglial 

activation may be an important contributory factor in 


the pathogenesis of JE. It has been seen that JEV 

infection activates microglia both morphologically 

and functionally; infection leads to an elevation of 

proinflammatory mediators for which microglia are 

predominantly responsible and the cytotoxins 

released from activated microglia are instrumental in 

inducing neuronal death that accompanies JE. 

Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus 

A brain-storming session was organized by the 

Department on the status of Avian Influenza Research 

in India: Past, Present and Future on September 9, 

2006. Experts from India and USA participated and 

deliberated. The priority areas identified are genetic 

diversity, pathogenesis and zoonosis, diagnostics, 

vaccines. Accordingly, the Department has funded two 

R&D projects on development of a cost effective and 

easily up-scaleable multivalent vaccine using a novel 

yeast expressed virus like particles approach against 

the deadly Influenza A (H5N1) virus and molecular 

biology studies on the pathogenic strain of H5N1 virus 

(Indian isolate): protein-protein interaction based 

approach to study molecular evolution of the virus from 

its non-pathogenic strain at ICGEB, New Delhi. 

Malaria 

The project implemented at ICGEB, NIMR, New 

Delhi and Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela the cell 

bank and technology for production of recombinant 

PfMSP-119 and PfF2 were transferred to Bharat 

Biotech International Limited (BBIL), Hyderabad for 

developing master cell bank and master working cell 

bank for characterization. The BBIL has successfully 

produced cGMP grade material of three consistent 

batches at 10L scale for human clinical trial and 

toxicological studies. Efforts have been made to 

scale up to 50-100L ferment. 

Malaria vaccine trial site has been developed at 

Sundergarh District of Orissa to evaluate the malaria 

candidate vaccinogens PfMSP-119 and PfF2 through 

collection of clinical, entomological and molecular 

epidemiological /immunological indicators from the 

study. The group conducted longitudinal 


106 

entomological surveys in two indicator villages each 

from forest and plan area. A total of 11 anopheline 

species from forest area and 10 speciies from plain 

area were recorded. It was observed that Anopheles 

Culificacies was the most predominants species and 

accounted for 41.2 and 36.5% of the total 

anophelines in forest and plain area respectively. 

Further observed that An. Fluviatilis was restricted to 

only forest area and its prevalence rate was 1.1%. It 

was measured that the antibody levels against 

PfMSP1 19, 

EBA 175 and TRAP antigens in 222 (110 

from forest and 112 from plain areas) and 248 (138 

from forest and 110 from plain areas) blood samples 

collected during low and high transmission seasons, 

respectively. The results suggest that there was a 

boosting in antibody production against these 

molecules by natural infectious in these individuals. 

The level of antibodies in study groups appeared to 

be related to their exposures to the parasite during 

high transmission phase. Update on progress on the 

project was reviewed in the month of January, 2007 

and decided to validate the data generated to initiate 

phase I/II clinical trial with malaria vaccinogens 

through national and international experts. 

A new multi-centric project entitled “Use of 

artemisinin and curcumin combination in treatment of 

uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria” was 

implemented at five institutions i.e. at National 

Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi; Indian Institute 

of Science, Bangalore; NIMR Field station, 

Rourkela; Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela and 

NIMR, Jabalpur. 

Another project implemented at IISc., Bangalore on 

development of candidate anti-malarials based on 

new drug targets, analyzed Pfcrt mutation as a 

marker for chloroquine resistance in 200 P. 

falciparum infected patients. Analysis of Pfmdr1 gene 

as a marker for chloroquine resistance has revealed 

that only around 30% of the Indian samples show the 

N86Y mutation, although in Africa there is a good 

correlation between K76T-Pfcrt mutation and N86Ymdr1 

mutation. The high prevalence of K76T- Pfcrt 

mutation in the Indian isolates of P.falciarum is a

cause for concern. The modeling studies have led to 

elucidation of differences between PfALAD and host 

enzyme at the active site and metal binding site. 

These results would be useful in designing molecules 

to specifically inhibit PfALAD. Further it was found 

that rifampicin inhibited the malaria parasite 

apicoplast RNA polymerase. Studies in mice infected 

with P. berghei, revealed that rifampicin at the 

optimum dose could give around 50% protection, the 

end point being parasite load and mortality. Further 

studies have been carried out to establish the 

production. 

Infectious Disease Biology 

Two meetings of the Task Force were organized 

th 

during the year. Priority areas for 11 Plan period 

were identified. A total of 52 new project proposals 

were considered and 24 were recommended for 

support. Besides, advertisements for call on 

proposals were made in the areas of HIV/AIDS & 

microbicides, Chikungunya research and Virus 

Research Programmes. Some of the significant 

progress are highlighted below: 

HIV/AIDS 

Studies on the molecular basis of CTL dysfunction in 

HIV infection at NCCS, Pune showed that CD40 and 

IL-12 in priming of CD4+ cells provide help in CD8+ 

cells in CTL maturation. Appropriate CD4+ T cell help 

is necessary for maturation of even fully expanded 

CD8+ T cells into functional CTLs. The importance of 

IFN-γ in inducing expression of CTL effector 

molecules, perforin and granzyme has been already 

demonstrated. Finding means of rescuing an 

impaired CTL functions may devise an 

immunotherapeutic strategy towards control HIV 

replication or to boost existing strategies. At the same 

institute studies on extracellular Tat Mediated 

inhibition of HIV-1 replication has led towards 

identification of a novel interaction of SMAR1 with the 

host protein TAP (HIV-1 Tat activating protein). 

SMAR1 peptide may be used to block the 

transcription complex formation between Tat-TAP 

and SMAR1. 

107 

Towards identification and characterization of CD4 

Independent HIV receptors on spermatozoa at 

NIRRH, Mumbai, human mannose receptor has 

been identified as CD4 independent HIV receptor 

present on spermatozoa. Its differential expression 

on the spermatozoa may determine the possible risk 

of sexual transmission of HIV. Results also indicate 

the need for revised strategy for prevention of sexual 

transmission of HIV. 

Towards identification and characterization of anti- 

HIV compounds in Indian marine bivalves at NCCS, 

Pune, NIO, Goa & ICGEB, New Delhi, new anti-HIV 

compounds have been isolated, identified and 

characterized. Application for filing patent is under 

progress. 

Studies on HIV-1 pathogenesis and the role of 

integrase in reverse transcription and nuclear 

transport of viral genome at CDFD, Hyderabad 

suggested that Integrase play a critical role in reverse 

transcription in addition to its role in integration. 

Understanding of its role in early viral life cycle may 

help to develop new effective antiviral molecules. 

Work on functional analysis of the NF-KB 

polymorphism in the terminal repeat of HIV-1 

subtype-C viruses at JNCASR, Bangalore revealed 

that the NF-kB polymorphism unique for subtype C 

promoter (C-LTR) contributes significantly for gene 

expression regulation. A novel strategy has been 

developed to prepare Tat protein with higher 

efficiency more importantly by preserving the 

biological functions of the recombinant protein intact. 

Studies on development of a lentivirus (HIV-2, Indian 

Isolate) based high efficiency gene transfer vector 

were carried out at ACTREC, Mumbai. An indigenous 

gene transfer vector is in final stages of development 

with novel features of versatile multiple cloing site 

with expanded cloning capability. 

Core Immunology Lab 

Efforts were continued towards establishing an 

immunology core/clinical laboratory to evaluate HIV 

vaccine elicited immune responses at ICGEB, New 


Delhi. The protocol for 4-colour whole blood flow 

cytometry has been standardized. Forty HIV infected 

Indian patients and 15 normal individuals for T cell 

activation and coreceptor expression were analysed 

using the protocol. Indian HIV patients were found to 

have a marked decrease in percentage of activated 

CD4 T (CD4+HLA-DR+) cells expressing CCR5. The 

expression of CCR5 on CD14+ monocytes or CD8+ 

T cells is not down regulated. HIV infection induced T 

cell activation in Indian HIV patients alters both the 

percentage and expression of CCR5 on activated 

CD4 T cells. The protocol for IFN-γ Elispot has been 

standardized and used to test immodominant 

epitopes in 4 HIV infected patients. Attempts were 

made to isolate HIV-1 by co-culture methods from an 

Indian patient with a skin cancer and seropositive 

positive for HIV on routine testing as it was unique for 

two reasons: (a) it would be the earliest case from 

India, and (b) it showed long-term non-progression. 

These observations suggest that the virus may be a 

CXCR4 utilizing virus. This itself would be a unique 

observation as all Indian isolates have so far been 

reported to be CCR5-tropic. 

SARS 

Towards studies on functional analysis of SARS 

virus proteins for understanding pathogenesis at 

ICGEB, New Delhi, polyclonal antibodies to the X1 

protein have been generated and tested. Protease 

protection study suggested that the topology of X1 is 

such that its N-terminus is towards the luman of the 

vesicle and C-terminus is towards the cytoplasm, 

thus exposing its cytoplasmic domain to trypsin. It 

was also found that X1 and Caveolin are present in 

the same biochemical fractions, supporting the case 

for their interaction. 

Studies on cloning and characterization of the SARS 

virus structural proteins and their biomolecular 

interactions at ICGEB, New Delhi indicated that s 

phase inhibitory activity of the N protein may have 

major significance during viral pathogenesis. Also, 

the 3a accessory protein of SARS-CoV is an RNA 

binding protein and specifically interacts with the 5' 

UTR of its viral RNA using a 92 amino-acid 


108 

interaction domain. It has been found that ORF6 may 

play a role in virus replication as observed in 

interaction between SARS-CoV accessory protein 

and nsp8. 

Work on reagents for Immunological detection of 

SARS associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) at 

DUSC, New Delhi led to development of a sandwitch 

ELISA using high affinity anti N MAb to capture intact 

N and purified anti-N polyclonal antibody to reveal 

captured N-protein. This assay detected 10 pg of Nprotein. 

The same will be evaluated for detecting Nprotein 

in SARS-CoV infected persons. At AIIMS, 

New Delhi a real time RT-PCR has been developed 

for SARS virus. 

HEV 

Studies were carried on development of nonradioactive 

antigen specific reporter release 

cytotoxicity assay and analysis of cytotoxicity against 

HEV proteins at AIIMS, New Delhi. Bicistronic 

eukaryotic HBV core/HEV reporter expression 

vectors were generated to develop and validate the 

non-radioactive antigen specific CTL assay using 

HBVcore as target antigen were checked in HepG2 

cell line for the expression of both antigen and 

reporter proteins. The expression of the reporter 

proteins were transiently transfected in non-adherent 

mouse A20 cell line but transfection efficiency was 

found to be low. Bicistronic HBVcore/HEV (RdRp, 

ORF2, and ORF3) reporter pLXSN retroviral 

constructs were made and tested for expression in 

HepG2 cell line. These vectors were transfected into 

retroviral packaging cell line to generate viral 

particles and were able to infect human HepG2 and 

mouse NIH3T3 cell lines. Neomycin selectable 

HBVcore reporter retroviral vector containing 

packaging cell lines were generated to produce 

retroviral particles. 

HCV 

Studies on inhibition of HCV RNA translation and 

replication using small RNAs jointly at IISc., 

Bangalore and DUSC, New Delhi demonstrated the

'proof of concept' that the transient expression of 

these si/sh RNAs in vivo. The results laid a solid 

footing to investigate the efficacy of these molecules 

using in vivo model using Sendai virus Virosome 

based delivery system. 

Leishmania 

Studies on Leishmania target antigens from 

promastigotes and amastigotes on the basis of Th1 

stimulatory proteins for immunoprophylactic activity 

against experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis at 

CDRI, Lucknow have led to identification of four subfractions 

having immunostimulatory properties. 

They were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. 

Towards exploration of mechanism of drug 

unresponsiveness to SbV in field isolates of 

Leishmania donovani at CDRI, Lucknow, role of 

thiols in clinical resistance against sodium 

stibogluconate was established for the first time. No 

amplification of γGCS1 and ODC was observed in 

resistant isolates as compared to sensitive ones. 

STD 

Studies on virulence genes in Indian strains of 

Chlamydia trachomatis at Institute of Pathology and 

ACBR, New Delhi were conducted. Expression of 

pkn1, ompA and incA genes was studied in Indian 

isolates of C. trachomatis and expression of proteins 

for virulent genes pkn1 and ompA has been 

achieved. 

Candidiasis 

Studies on molecular aspects of Candidiasis at JNU, 

New Delhi has been carried out to determine the role 

of GlcNAc in Candida albicans in relation to 

morphogenic changes and pathogenicity. Identified 

several critical residues in Cdrlp which could be 

exploited further to develop rational 

inhibitors/blockers. 

Diagnostics 

109 

Towards development of new generation diagnostics 

against HIV and malaria by using Quantum Dots at 

NCCS & NCL, Pune. Anti-EBA-175 antibodies were 

found to be useful for developing quantum dot based 

diagnostic kits. 

Shigellosis 

Studies were carried out on molecular epidemiology 

and characterization of Shiga Toxin-producing 

Escherichia coli (STEC) at SKUAST-K, Srinagar. 

Isolation of stx 2f variant of stx2 gene from bovines 

appears to be the first report in the world. Subtyping 

of eaeA gene into eaeA-δ, eaeA-e, eaeA-ζ, eaeA-η, 

eaeA-κ subtype analysis seems to be novel work 

from India. The group has been able to isolate the stx 

genes from human diarrhoeic samples in J&K. 

Wound healing 

Studies on the development and delivery of stress 

induced siderophore for wound healing at CLRI, 

Chennai have resulted into a bilayered membrane 

collagen scaffold. It was found to simulate with 

normal healing pattern, considering infection as a 

predisposing factor after injury. The designing of 

collagen based wound dressing to deliver the 

therapeutic agents locally in a finite dose and 

controlled fashion is a novel approach. The biphasic 

Morphological Features of TPHS Loaded Chitosan 

Microspheres Impregented Collagen Scaffold 


Cross Sectional Morphology of the TPHSM Impregnated Collagen 

delivery device is one such class of new generation 

wound dressing. 

Drug Development 

Investigations on programmed cell death in 

pathogenic bacteria: towards developing novel 

antibiotics to control infectious diseases were carried 

out at JNU, New Delhi. The organism under study, 

Bacillus anthracis, is a pathogen that causes deadly 

anthrax disease in cattle and humans. Through 

extensive database mining and BLAST search, a 

Toxin-Antitoxin module has been hypothesized in B. 

anthracis chromosomal DNA where it exists as an 

operon and was found to be 50% homologous to E. 

coli. The toxin is reported to belong to a family of 

PemK like toxins (116 amino acid residues) while the 

antitoxin (95 amino acid residues) is not well defined 

in the database. The genetic organization of toxinantitoxin 

loci led the investigation to infer the 

presence of second ORF upstream from the PemK 


110 

homolog of B. anthracis. 

Drug Delivery 

Studies on drug delivery system targeting of antileishmanial 

drugs to specific sites using lipid 

microspheres were carried out at Kakatiya University, 

Warangal & IICB, Kolkata. The pharmacokinetic 

parameters of Amphotericin B in rats and mice were 

influenced by the type of lipid microspheres 

formulation administered. Pegylated lipid 

microspheres exhibited higher mean residence time 

while mannose grafted and positively charged 

systems cleared quickly due to rapid tissue 

distribution. Tissue distribution studies revealed the 

facts that both the mannose grafted lipid 

microspheres and positively charged lipid 

microsphers are concentrated in liver and spleen 

where the leishmania parasite resides. This is in 

conformity with the results obtained in in vivo antileishmanial 

studies. The nephrotoxicity observed is 

due to high Amphotericin B levels in kidneys following 

fungizone administration. Amphotericin B distribution 

to kidney and brain has not been influenced much by 

the type of formulation administered. The 

pharmacokinetic parameters obtained both in rats 

and mice with piperine followed similar pattern. The 

clearance was very high for free piperine as 

compared to those obtained following the 

administration of formulations. The tissue distribution 

pattern of piperine following the IV administration of 

free piperine and lipid microspheres formulations is 

similar to that of Amphotericin B indicating the strong 

influence of the characters of the lipid microspheres 

on drug distribution. 

Acanthamoeba 

Studies continued on in vitro pathogenicity, molecular 

characterization and molecular diagnosis of 

Acanthamoeba infections at LVPEI & CCMB, 

Hyderabad. Results of the assay done on clinical 

samples from test and control subjects were found to 

have a sensitivity of >85.0% with some of the 

smear/culture positive samples failing to amplify the 

Acanthamoeba specific amplicons.

Zinc as an immunomodulator 

Studies on zinc as an immunomodulator in the 

treatment of possible serious bacterial infection in 

infants of more than 7 days up to 4 month of age are 

being carried out at AIIMS, New Delhi. Since it is a 

double blind randomized controlled trial results of the 

outcomes by groups are not available at this stage till 

the code is broken at the end of the study. In this 

study, the treatment failure rate is 15.7% which is 

lower than the treatment failure rate of 25% used for 

calculating the trial size. Eighteen infants died during 

the study and the predominant cause was septic 

shock. The overall case fatality rate of 4.5% has been 

consistent over the last one and half years of 

enrollment which is usual this kind of clinical settings 

and also reflects the better case management for 

enrolled infants in the study. Three hundred and 

eleven infants (about 78.5%) achieved overall 

recovery without change in initial antimicrobial 

therapy. Forty three infants were discharged after 

they had achieved clinical recovery but had not 

gained 10g/day for two consecutive days. An overall 

6.5% rate of loss to follow up, is much lower than 

observed in the initial 6 months of enrollment, which 

reflects the good co-ordination of the research team. 

The isolation rates of pathogens in blood culture 

were 17.4% and out of these 43% were due to 

Staphylococcus (aureus, coagulase negative aureus 

and methicillin resistant aureus). DSMB was 

constituted before the enrollment of patients was 

started. The adverse event forms and the death 

summary of the infants are being constantly 

reviewed by the DSMBs as per the stipulated 

procedures. 

New Initiatives: 

DBT-ICMR Collaborative Effort on HIV/AIDS and 

Microbicides 

The Department of Biotechnology and Indian 

Council of Medical Research jointly made a 

programme announcement inviting proposals/ 

concept papers from investigator driven research 

initiatives with interactive collaborating efforts across 

111 

institutions and disciplines in the areas of HIV/AIDS 

and microbicides. The emphasis is to address major 

scientific challenges, which require a team approach. 

The idea is to augment the advanced scientific 

research and development through the 

implementation of shared scientific strategic plan, 

mobilization of adequate financial resources and 

greater collaboration among the HIV/AIDS 

researchers in the country. The strategic areas 

identified include understanding the pathogenesis of 

HIV/AIDS, designing novel vaccines and 

microbicides concepts, curtail HIV replication etc. In 

response, 133 Letters on Intent (LOIs) were received 

from various research institutions, universities, 

private companies and NGOs. The LOIs were 

considered by an Expert Committee and 14 projects 

have been implemented. 

Chikungunya Virus Research Programme 

The Department invited pre proposals in order to 

conduct focused research related to Chikungunya 

Virus keeping in view of the resurgence of 

Chikungunya virus infection in India and other 

countries around the Indian Ocean. The aim is to 

initiate a broad and comprehensive research 

programme related to the virus and disease aspects 

primarily based on team effort in the areas of 

structural biology and molecular mechanism of viral 

replication, rapid methods of virus detection 

(serologic and molecular tools), viral tropism and host 

factors & animal reservoirs, viral diversity and 

molecular epidemiology, immune correlates of 

infection or protection (establishment of links with 

access to clinical material), viral pathogenesis, 

development of experimental animal model systems, 

designing of new antivirals based on the molecular 

structure of the virus, development of novel vaccine 

platforms and immunogens, novel vector control 

strategies. A total of 20 pre-proposals were received 

and out of which 11 have been selected to develop as 

full proposals after screening by an Expert 

Committee. The full proposals will be examined 

further by an Expert Committee and implemented as 

per the recommendations. 


Virus Research Centers or Networks 

The Department invited pre-proposals towards 

establishment of Virus Research Centers or 

Networks in order to develop comprehensive 

biomedical programme for virus research in India. 

Under this programme, Centres of Excellence 

capable of developing broad and comprehensive 

research programmes for virus research has been 

emphasized. This will primarily be investigator driven 

team effort to address diverse aspects of virus 

research ranging from basic structure, biology, 

replication, antigenic and genetic diversity, methods 

of detection, pathogenesis and vaccine 

development. The priority research areas include 

Respiratory viruses with emphasis on Avian 

Influenza, Enteric viruses, Hepatitis 'C' & 'E', 

Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue, Cytomegalovirus 

and other emerging viruses such as Chikungunya. A 

total of 46 pre proposals have been received. 

Chronic Disease Biology 

The department has provided impetus to Chronic 

Diseases Biology (CDB) as the cases of cancer; 

cardiothoracic disorders, diabetes, neurology and 

joint diseases etc. have reported to be on the rise in 

developing countries. An independent Task Force 

has been constituted and areas such as joint 

diseases, cancer immunotherapy, vascular biology, 

stroke and reproductive biology identified for brain 

storming/ interactive meetings. It is proposed to set 

up a few Centers of Excellence in the area of CDB. 

Cancer 

The focus continues to be towards early diagnostic 

and prognostic markers. While there are about 90 

on-going investigator driven projects adopting 

various intervention strategies i.e. new synthetic 

compounds, study of novel signaling pathways and 

their intervention strategies using novel proteins; cell 

based therapy etc., there are well-defined network 

projects that have shown good promise. 

Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Project: The 

network programme on the development of vaccine 


112 

candidates for Human Papilloma Virus has several 

components and progressed well during the year. 

The whole approach is based on identification of 

strains that could be uniquely responsible for 

considerable number of cervix cancer ( CaCx ) cases 

in Indian women. Scientists are making Virus Like 

Particles (VLPs), Capsomere Like Particles (CLPs), 

synthetic peptides and use these with or without 

novel antigen presenting systems. Companies have 

joined the development efforts under proper 

agreements. 

Six centers located in different parts of the country. 

i.e. AIIMS, New Delhi; CMC, Vellore; KMIO, 

Bangalore; ACTREC, Mumbai; RCC, Trivandrum 

and CFI, Kolkata collected 125 samples each from 

the confirmed cases of CaCx and genotyping done to 

identify the presence of ulcerogenic and nonulcerogenic 

HPV strains using standard protocols. 

The genotyping of all 600 samples would be available 

and sequencing of L1, E6, E7 protein done. The 

results may provide distinct clue as to what strains 

could be important for designing vaccine candidate in 

Indian women so to give maximum protection against 

oncogenic strains. HPV genotyping has been done in 

collaboration with XCyton Diagnostics Ltd., 

Bangalore who have designed and developed a 

“Papilloma chip” for testing all strains in one go. The 

chip has been validated and a 100% concordance 

found between the results of the collaborating 

centers and that of the company. 

Further on, L1, E6 and E7 proteins of HPV 16 are 

being sequenced by Lab India Instruments Pvt. Ltd, 

Gurgaon to check if there is any strain variability in 

HPV 16. 

VLPs of HPV 16 have been prepared with average 

diameter ranging 35-50 nm. A dialogue between 

ACTREC and Nicolas Piramal India Limited, Mumbai 

(NPIL) was initiated towards co-development efforts 

and a possible technology transfer of rHPV-16 L1 

VLP preparation and purification. As a preliminary 

feasibility study, ACTREC provided seed culture, 

which was grown to 5L fermentor at NPIL and VLPs 

purified. The protein yield (VLP) increased to >5 fold

in fermenter as compared to the flask. Animal studies 

have began with GLP produced VLPs with or without 

APCs as per the co-development agreement with 

M/s Nicolas Piramal Pvt Ltd., Mumbai. VLPs were 

provided in batches to ACTREC, Mumbai for 

assessing VLP induced immune response in mice 

using different routes. It is expected that animal 

studies would be completed soon. Work on 

therapeutic aspects is also be studied at AIIMS, New 

Delhi. 

For developing immunological assays for assessing 

the immune responses to the indigenously 

developed HPV vaccine, C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice 

were immunized via intra-peritoneal route to study 

the lymphocyte responses to the vaccine. Studies 

are in progress to analyse different immunization 

schedules and analyse antigenic specific functions in 

control and immunised mice. 

Cohort Development by AIIMS, New Delhi is going 

on. The sample size for the study on HPV vaccine 

trial site preparation has been calculated to be 2000 

women based on the assumption that there will be a 

20% prevalence of HPV infection in the population of 

married women aged 16-24 years and that 50% of 

them will be positive for HPV 16/18. Govindpuri 

slums have been selected as the study site where a 

support services set up for examination of patients. 

Enumeration process has started, a database was 

created based on the enumeration forms and a list of 

all the eligible women in the age group of 16-24 years 

generated. Pre enrollment and enrollment forms, 

consent form and information Sheet as well as food 

frequency questionnaire were designed and identity 

cards printed for all recruited women. Samples for 

Zinc testing on serum are being stored at present. Sri 

Ram Institute in Delhi University has agreed to 

collaborate in processing the samples. Follow up has 

been done on 76 women so far. 

Cervical cancer and Toll-like receptors (TLR) and 

Notch induced oncogenesis: 

The study on “TLR expression profile in langerhans 

and Dendritic cells in invasive cervical cancer, 

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and chronic 

113 

cervicitis” is being carried out at KMIO, Bangalore to 

assess the inherent immunity to HPV and to study the 

role of t-reg cells. 

Major progress had been achieved in terms of 

validation of the role of Notch signaling in human 

epithelial oncogenesis and defining the pathway that 

may serve as therapeutic targets. 

Curcumin Cancer Clinical trials: The department 

has taken an initiative to start clinical trial using a 

common herb, Curcumin for various cancers. As a 

follow up of a brainstorming in May, 2005, proposals 

were invited and funded to objectively study the effect 

of curcumin in Oral pre-cancerous lesions/OSMF; 

Head & Neck cancer; and cervical cancer. A herbal 

TM 

formulation, BASANT for clearance of early cervical 

lesions associated with HPV is also being 

investigated. As the bio-availability of curcumin is 

poor, different formulation that have shown enhanced 

bio-availability in animal models would be procured in 

bulk from a vendor/drug suppliers after ensuring 

quality control and physico-chemical uniformity. A 

comparative bio-availability studies on different 

formulation of Curcumin is being done at DIPSAR, 

New Delhi. Four groups involved in the trials are : 

� 

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Pre-cancer lesions and Oral Sub mucous 

Fibrosis- Co-ordinating centre - AIMS, Kochi ; 

Participating centers: Tata Memorial Hospital, 

Mumbai; RGCBT and RCC, Trivandrum; 

AIMS, Kochi; RDCH and CDRF,Chennai 

Head and neck cancer- Co-ordinating centre, 

AIIMS, New Delhi and Participating centers: 

AIIMS, New Delhi; HIMS, Dehradoon 

Cervical cancer: Co-ordinating centre- AIIMS, 

New Delhi and Participating centers: AIIMS, 

New Delhi; TMC, Mumbai. 

Basant for the Cervical Cancer- Early lesions 

associated with HPV infection (BASANT 

formulation, Co-ordinating centre - ICPO, 

Noida and Participating Centers: ICPO, 

Noida; TRF, New Delhi; TMC, Mumbai; CNCI, 

Kolkata. 


As the clinical trials ae planned to be done following 

ICH-GCP guidelines, Contract Research 

Organization (CROs) have been engaged clinical 

trial and data management. CROs that have been 

firmed up are: 

� 

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Neeman Medical International, New Delhi, 

Manipal Acunova Ltd, Bangalore 

Catalyst Clinsys Services Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 

Cell based immunotherapy 

Phase I studies on the development and clinical 

evaluation of Dendritic cell (D.C.) vaccine derived 

from autonomous mononuclear cells from peripheral 

blood of patients and primed with whole cell lysates 

from tumours of individual patients have been carried 

out at WIA Cancer Institute, Chennai. The data 

indicated that there was minimal or no toxicity or 

autoimmune reaction in the vaccinated patients 

whereas a DTH response was seen in 2/3 patients 

receiving primed DC and CD8 infiltration elevated in 

one patient indicating immune modulation. Though 

no objective tumor regression was seen, the studies 

were not intended to see the efficacy as it was carried 

out in extensively treated patients. Encouraged by 

the results, the Task Forces on “Vaccines and 

Diagnostics” and “Chronic Diseases Biology” 

suggested the need for setting up a full fledged 

“Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy” with several 

peripheral centers. A discussion meeting on “Center 

for Cancer Immunotherapy” was held at Cancer 

Institute (WIA), Chennai. Considering the high 

quality of on-going translational work, CI, Chennai is 

being considered as a Centre for Cancer 

Immunotherapy (CCI) with the peripheral units as 

Associated Centers for Cancer Immunotherapy 

(ACCI). Institutions likely to be linked as ACCI are 

NCCS, Pune; NII and AIIMS, New Delhi; ACTREC, 

Mumbai, TRF, New Delhi and RLS, Mumbai. 

Cancer Stem Cells: Glioblastoma multiformes 

(GBM) represents one of the most malignant brain 

tumors characterized by intense proliferation, 

widespread invasion and poor prognosis. Tumor 


114 

initiating cancer stem cells (CSC) have been found 

within GBM. In a study to understand the signaling 

cascades involved in the proliferation and 

differentiation, CSC from GBM cell line U87MG have 

been generated by a group at NBRC, Manesar. It is 

now proposed to study intrinsic circuitries regulating 

gene programs involved in maintenance and 

differentiated. 

A B 

Neurosciences 

Cancer Stem Cells generated from 

gBM cell line U87MG 

The Department is supporting R&D projects in the 

area of neurosciences that , includes projects on 

neuronal aging, cognitive malfunctioning in normal 

and diseased conditions, neuro-genetic disorders 

etc. The area has been identified as a priority for the 

next plan bringing together scientists, clinical 

partners and industries. The Department is 

proposing to set up “Centers of Excellence” on 

stroke, vascular biology, dementia and basic neuronbiology 

in close association with NBRC, Manesar; 

AIIMS, New Delhi; CMC, Vellore; NCBS, Bangalore; 

and NIMHANS, Bangalore It is proposed to hold a 

brainstorming on “Stroke” . 

Metabolic Disorders 

An elevated level of homosysteine has been 

implicated as an independent risk factor in 

cardiovascular diseases as well as in a variety of

other diseases like end-stage renal disease, 

hypothyroidism, neural tube defect, diabetes, 

Alzheimer's ec. Work is under progress to study the 

effect of hyper-homocysteine in CAD and stroke. It is 

emerging that the levels of homocysteine are 

significantly higher in subjects adhering to a 

vegetarian diet. Homocysteine levels are also 

associated with MTHFR C677T polymorphism. Insilico 

studies indicated that elevated levels of 

homocysteine probably result in endoplasmic 

reticulum stress. Similarly, in stroke patients with 

hyperhomocysteinemia, the probable cause was 

identified in about 61% 

Joint Diseases 

A workshop on Joint Diseases was organized at 

SGPGIMS, Lucknow and suggestions made for 

biomarker studies for diagnosis and prognosis; 

understanding mechanisms of apoptosis and 

autoimmunity, clinical genetics, cohort 

development, bio-banks etc. It is proposed to create 

a “Center on Joint Diseases” to address crucial 

th 

scientific issues on the subject during early 11 plan. 

Stem Cell Research 

The potential of stem cell technology to develop 

therapy for many untreatable diseases through 

cellular replacement or tissue engineering is widely 

recognized. A highly interactive field of life sciences, 

it requires close interaction of basic researchers, 

clinicians and the industry for the overall growth and 

development. In view its potential therapeutic 

applications, major programmes on stem cell 

science was initiated in the country. After a wide 

consultation with the national and international 

experts, priority areas have been identified and 

categorized into basic research, translational 

research, institutional development, creation of 

facilities/infrastructure and human resource 

development. 

Both basic and clinical research are being promoted 

by the Department. The programmes have been 

115 

identified and implemented on various aspects of 

both embryonic and adult stem cells such as limbal, 

haematopoitic, embryonic, pancreatic, neural, 

cardiac stem cells; generation of human embryonic 

stem cell lines; use of banana lectins for stem cell 

preservation; haematopoitic stem cells (HSC) for 

haplo-identical HSC transplantation; use of limbal 

stem cells for ocular surface disorders, isolation & 

characterization of mesenchymal and liver stem 

cells; in vitro differentiation of human embryonic 

stem cells to neural and non- neural lineages; 

phenotypic and genotypic characterization of limbal 

stem cells, cultivated limbal epithelial cells; etc. 

Major research leads include use of limbal stem cells 

to repair corneal surface disorders caused by limbal 

stem cell deficiencies. So far, more than 300 patients 

have been treated at LV Prasad Eye Institute 

(LVPEI), Hyderabad. A technology has been 

established at Christian Medical College (CMC), 

Vellore for collection, isolation and purification of 

HSCs for haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell 

transplantation. Banana lectins have been isolated 

and purified showing stem cell preservation 

activities by the scientists of NCCS, Pune and IISc, 

Bangalore. Indigenous human embryonic stem cell 

lines are being generated at few institutions in the 

country. In the programmes supported on spinal 

cord regeneration using stem cell transplantation 

and other novel techniques, olfactory ensheathing 

cells have been isolated and cultured from human as 

well as rat samples of olfactory mucoa and bone 

marrow stromal cells have been cultured and 

differentiated in to neuronal tissue. In the study 

supported on molecular characterization of human 

liver stem cells for use in the treatment of hepatic 

diseases, hepatic progenitors have been isolated 

from human fetal gestation (13-20 weeks) and 

characterized by hepatocytic lineage markers. The 

isolated and characterized hepatic progenitors were 

cultured and maintained as per the standard 

procedures. 

During the period, about twenty programmes have 


een implemented for both basic and translational research at various institutions and hospitals. The details are 

as follows: 


116

Clinical research is an integral part of stem cell 

science. Thorough clinical research for determining 

the safety and efficacy of stem cells in human is 

essential. A system to consider clinical research 

proposals has been established by constituting four 

separate committees (i) “Human Studies Committee” 

for evaluation and guidance for clinical research 

particularly for development of clinical research 

protocols; (ii) “National Bioethics Committee” to 

ascertain rigid ethical guidelines being followed while 

conducting research on human beings; (iii) “Task 

Force on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine” to 

evaluate basic research and also recommend 

funding for clinical research based on the evaluation 

of the above committees and (iv) “Programme 

Advisory Committee” to consider the proposals of 

Centre of Excellence and infrastructure. Following 

this system and based on the thorough review of 

literature, a multi-centric phase-I clinical study has 

been implemented at six hospitals (CMC, Vellore; 

SGPGIMS, Lucknow; PGIMER, Chandigarh; 

Research & Referal Hospital, Delhi; AFMC, Pune 

and AIIMS, Delhi) to determine the safety and 

efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cells in acute 

myocardial infarction. The pilot study on acute stroke 

using bone marrow mononuclear cells has also been 

implemented initially at one center i.e. AIIMS, New 

Delhi. Based on the results of the pilot study, the main 

study would be designed. A multi-centric phase-I 

proposal on limb ischemia is under active 

consideration. 

A “CMC-DBT Centre for Stem Cell Research” at 

CMC, Vellore has been established to carry out basic 

and translational stem cell research. This Center is 

under construction and will be functional soon. 

Facilities have been created to handle stem cell at 

few hospitals in the country such as PGIMER, 

Chandigarh; SGPGIMS, Lucknow; LVPEI, 

Hyderabad and KEM Hostipal, Mumbai. A training 

proposal has been implemented jointly at NCBS and 

JNCSAR, Bangalore. Efforts were also made to bring 

clinicians and basic researchers together for close 

interaction by organizing a number of clinical 

research workshops, extensive training 

programmes, brainstorming sessions, etc. 

117 

Programmes have been formulated to support long 

and short-term overseas training in niche areas of 

stem cell research. For close interaction amongst the 

researchers, a “Stem Cell Research Forum of India” 

has been created. The “Forum” will provide a 

platform to the scientists and clinicians for discussion 

on new developments and also facilitate sharing of 

the achievements. An Annual conference was also 

being organized by this “Forum” during January 29- 

February 1, 2007 with the support of DBT to discuss 

various aspects of embryonic and adult stem cells 

with the international experts. 

Draft guidelines for stem cell research in the country 

have been formulated jointly by the DBT and ICMR. 

These were discussed jointly by both the 

Committees to finalize this document. The guidelines 

will be placed for public debate soon. As per the draft 

guidelines, stem cell research has been classified 

under permissible, restricted and prohibited 

categories Research pertaining to adult and 

umbilical cord blood stem cells would be classified as 

permissible. However, embryonic stem cells 

research falls under restricted category. Research 

pertaining to reproductive cloning, introducing 

animal embryos in human, etc. has been categorized 

as prohibited. 

Bioengineering 

The area of “Bioengineering” has been identified as a 

potential area of research by the Department during 

th 

10 plan. The broad goals of the programme are: to 

initiate advance research, human resource 

development, creation of facilities in the four key 

areas of bioengineering i.e. tissue engineering, 

biomaterials, biomedical sensors, medical devices, 

implants and bioinstruments. It was felt that there is 

a need to initiate mission mode programmes at 

institutions having adequate facilities in collaboration 

with the industry; to strengthen R&D activities for the 

development of biomaterials especially for drug 

delivery, cellular/molecular imaging technology; 

MEMS biosensor using multi-parameter approach; 

fabrication of medical devices and bio-instruments, 

development of implants, disposable biosensors at 


low cost for rapid diagnosis of diseases, etc. A 

number of workshops in the identified areas were 

organized at various institutions such as Sree Chitra 

Tirunal Institute of Medical science, 

Tiruvananthapuramon; IIT, Mumbai; Central 

Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh and 

National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi. 

Brainstorming meetings were also organized on 

“Devices and equipments for maternal, new born and 

child health care” and “Indigenous production of 

surfactants for the treatment of pre-mature babies”. 

As an outcome, several network groups of clinicians 

and basic researchers have been formed. “Letter of 

Intent” was also invited in these areas through 

advertisement and placed before the expert 

committee for consideration. 

During the period, thirty nine projects have been 

considered on tissue engineering, biomaterials and 

medical devices, bioinstrumentation and biomedical 

sensors. Out of which, nine projects have been 

implemented on polymeric scaffolds, bio-medical 

sensors, tissue engineering, low cost diapers for 

newborn infants, imprinted polymers as substrates 

for glucose, etc. The projects on cultured autologous 

chondrocyte, scaffolds for tissue engineering of 

blood vessels, multi-axial mechanical tests on soft 

tissues, chondrocyte culture on 3D collagen scaffold, 

etc. are under active consideration. Currently in the 

country, few medical institutions, IITs and industries 

are involved in the development of biomaterials for 

therapeutic applications, biomedical sensors and 

pilot scale indigenous production of medical devices, 

implants and bioinstrumentations. Based on wide 

consensus, the need has been felt to establish a 

dedicated multidisciplinary “Center” or the “Institute” 

academically connected with other related institutes, 

hospitals and industry in an integrated manner for 

application oriented progammes. In order to discuss 

existing models at global level and also various 

possible models in the country, discussion meetings 

have been organized by inviting national and 

international experts. Efforts are also being made for 

“Health Science and Technology Initiatives” in the 

country based on good existing models 

internationally. The concept was discussed in detail 


118 

with the national and international experts. Draft 

white paper has been prepared jointly with the 

international experts and the same is being finalized. 

Similarly, a new initiative has been taken for “Centre 

for Biodesign” in the country in collaboration with 

Stanford University, USA for the indigenous 

production of biomedical devices, implants and 

bioinstruments. Draft proposal on “Stanford-India 

Biodesign” programme is under consideration and 

was discussed in a meeting on January 24-25, 2007 

with national and international experts. 

Others 

Masters Course / Fellowship in Translational 

Health and Clinical Sciences, 

Necessary steps have been initiated to start masters 

course/fellowship in translational health sciences 

and clinical sciences to create trained manpower in 

the area at selected medical schools. 

Setting up of Clinical Research Training Centres 

Steps have also been initiated to set up 5-6 clinical 

trial research training centres to train graduates and 

post-graduates students of medical, veterinary and 

life sciences to design clinical trials implementation, 

data management 

analysis, regulator requirement,documentation, 

concept of bioequlence bioequence for pharma and 

bioproducts, assay validation for product evaluation, 

ethical, legal issues etc. 

Rapid Grant for Young Investigators 

In order to reduce the age at which scientists get their 

first Principal Investigator's grant and expand 

opportunities for young scientists, DBT invited 

proposals in various branches of biotechnology 

related to medical, agriculture, vetinerary, 

environment, marine, industrial, bioresources. Out 

of 144 proposals received, about 45 proposals were 

recommended for support and implemented. 

Human Genetics and Genome Analysis 

The Human Genetics & Genome Analysis of genetic

programme is under implementation since 1990-91 

with the objective to identify, map and characterize 

genes related to genetic disorders prevalent in India 

for diagnosis; prevention and management of 

genetic disorders and to develop new methods for 

the analysis and interpretations of genomic DNA 

sequences. Further, based on a strategic meeting 

held in August, 2000, several new major initiatives 

were taken based on the announcement of Human 

Genome Sequences under International Human 

Genome project and the information available in the 

public domain to identify genotypes associations 

with varied clinical symptoms of different diseases 

and disorders. These were aimed at better molecular 

diagnostics and preventive strategies including 

vaccines, new drug targets, which would lead to 

development of new drugs with customized use in 

patients/subjects. 

Significant achievements during the year are as 

follows: 

Genetic Diagnosis cum Counseling Units 

The genetic unit established at CMC, Vellore on 

Molecular Genetics of Thalassemia, Hereditary, 

Bleeding Disorders and Leukemia”, collected 

samples from 225 patients and screened β globin 

gene mutations and these were characterized by 

DNA sequencing. Further 4 rare mutations that have 

not been reported earlier in the Indian population 

were identified. Common α globin gene deletions 

were screened by multiplex PCR in the 

heterozygous. Alpha globin triplications and 

quadruplications were screened by a multiplex PCR 

approach, In the area of leukemia diagnosis, the 

group has standardized the quantitative real time 

PCR for several transcripts. Excellent infrastructure 

has been established to undertake advanced 

molecular genetic research in blood disorders and 

providing services for bone marrow transplantation 

for thalassemia patients. 

Under the project “Characterisation of mutations 

underlying Hemophilia A and B” at AIIMS, New Delhi, 

143 samples of Hemophilia A&B have been collected 

and DNA extracted from 78 samples. The 

Conformation Sensitive Gel Electrophoresis (CSGE) 

has been standardized which can accommodate 

small and thick gels. Linkage markers are being 

used for carrier detection in females with a positive 

family history of Hemophilia A&B and the females 

with affected fetus are being advised to abort the 

fetus. 

In the multi-centric project on Methotrexate in 

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pharmacogenenetics and 

Clinico-Immunoogical correlates implemented at 

AIIMS, R&R Hospital and UDSC, New Delhi, 292 

cases of rheumatoid arthritis [AIIMS=210, R&R 

Hospital=82] were recruited and patients were 

classified into methotrexate responder and nonresponder 

phenotypes as per the criteria described 

in the project. The DNA was isolated from a total of 

292 samples and 267 samples have been analysed. 

Two approaches were used for the genetic analysis 

i.e. (1) re-sequencing of selected genes to identify 

novel SNPs and validate published SNPs in a small 

number of control samples, (2) genotyping of 

published SNPs and novel ones identified from (1) 

above in responders and non responders to MTX. 

Further one novel SNP in exon 5 of RFC gene has 

observed and its analysis is in progress. 

In the project implemented at JIPMER, Pondicherry 

on “Genetic susceptibility to essential hypertension 

in a South Indian Population”, standardization of 

genotyping procedures for ATI polymorphism, eNOS 

polymorphism and ACE polymorphism were done 

using PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR methods. Allele 

specific PCR method was done using primers. DNA 

analysis of eNOS (Glu298Asp) and ATI (A1166C) 

polymorphism were carried out by PCR-RFLP 

method using Mbo1 and Dde1 restriction enzyme 

respectively. It was observed that individuals in the 

Tamilian population, with I/I genotype had an 

increased risk for hypertension when compared to 

D/D genotype, but the difference was not statistically 

significant. The A/A genotype occurred more 

frequently in cases when compared to control. 

Others 


Under the multi-centric project on “Deafness in India : 

A network mission towards understanding the genes 

and mutations and their clinical outcomes”, clinical 

interview and examination was carried out to collect 

information on demographic profile of the families 

and molecular genetic analysis of the 14 genetic loci 

implicated in causation of deafness. The group also 

provided free patient services for audio logical and 

clinical assessment as a part. Seminars were 

conducted to educate the families regarding genetic 

causes of deafness and possible utility of the results 

obtained for the Cx26 mutations. The results 

obtained have implications for early detection and 

intervention of the disorder. With the results of six 

genes that have been analyzed in at least 300 

affected families, the group expects to detect 45-50 

pathogenic mutations in Indian populations. 

Under the project on molecular role of transcription 

factors in retinal diseases at NBRC, Manesar, the 

research group has identified retinal proteins that 

interact with NRL, a key rod photoreceptor specific 

transcription factor, expressed NRL as a GST fusion 

protein by sub-cloning the cDNA encoding the entire 

ORF of NRL without any extra sequences at 5' untranslated 

sequence. The protein was purified to 

homogeneity and used for protein-interaction 

studies. Two transcription factors, TBP and CREB-1 

that interact with NRL were identified. The truncated 

carboxyl terminal half of NRL were identified 

produced strong interaction with both the proteins 

than the full length NRL protein. 

Under the project on study of angiotensin converting 

enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism of 

renal damage at AIIMS, New Delhi, about 120 

samples were been studied. The most significant 

observation in the study was the influence of ACE I/D 

gene polymorphism in adversely influencing normal 

renal function. The group conducted genetic studies 

as well as assessment of molecular markers in the 

patients in the Paediatric Urology clinic of AIIMS. 

These patients are counseled on the possible 

influence of ACE I/D gene polymorphism on renal 

prognosis as well as the significance of molecular 

markers in further therapy. 


120 

The project implemented at NIMHR, Mumbai in 

decipherning role of homeobox protein HOXA 10 

and decidualization, the research group studied 

expression of HOXA10 in a zone specific manner 

in the adult primate endometrium. The zone 

specific distribution was significantly modulated in 

vivo by progesterone. The changes in the 

expression of HOXA 10 associated by altered 

expression of its downstream effectors IGFBP-1 in 

vivo. 

The group at IITB, Mumbai under the project on 

identification and functional characterization of P. 

falciparum, characterized unknown function and 

showed the data very promising. This analysis will 

be useful in downstream analysis of the 

candidates. The group also attempted transient 

transfection of a-sexual blood stage parasites with 

some success. Transfections were carried out 

using two different electroporation conditions and 

new ncRNAs were identified by bioinformatics and 

cloning. 

Under the project on status of HFE gene frequency 

& other modifier genes of iron homeostasis in 

Indian population at SGPGIMS, Lucknow, DNA 

extraction has been done in the samples collected. 

The group identified ferroportin gene (A77D) and 

H63D gene mutation in thalassaemia group of 

patients and on screening observed high serum 

ferritin levels in subjects positive for H63D 

mutation and A77D mutation. 

Genomics, Clinical Proteomics and RNAi 

Programmes have been supported on RNAi; 

clinical proteomics; whole genome sequencing of 

Mycobacterium w; microbial, functional, and 

comparative genomics. In the area of RNAi, the 

study is on screening interfering RNA sequences 

(siRNAs) made against the genes (protein 

kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases, etc.) in 

the skeletal muscle cells. By siRNA silencing, a 

novel role for FAK has been demonstrated as a 

positive regulator of insulin signaling pathway 

leading to glucose transport and insulin 

sensitization. In another study, expression and

profiling of the outer membrane proteins of 

Acinetobacter baumannii in native strain and its βlactam 

resistant strains using SDS PAGE has been 

carried out by a group at AIIMS, New Delhi. The 

resistant groups were characterized according to 

their outer membrane profiles and designation of 

profiles as A (ATCC type), A2 (ATCC type with 

prevalence of high molecular weight proteins) and U 

(Unusual profiling). Proteins of native and resistant 

strains have been identified and structural and 

functional characterization of OmpAb protein of 

native strain has been carried out. 

A combined approach of genomics and proteomics 

was used to understand the role of geneenvironment 

interactions in Parkinson's disease 

(PD). Several genes and proteins were identified that 

participate in pesticide induced PD. The study 

highlighted the contribution of several genes and 

proteins in understanding the basic mechanism of 

PD. Proteome profiles of striatal tissues were 

compared and differentially expressed proteins were 

identified. Three proteins significantly down 

regulated in treated groups were identified as - 

enolase, glia maturation factor β (GMF-β) and 

complexin-I. The differential expressions of these 

proteins were also validated. Microarray profiling 

was done in the striatal tissues of animals treated 

with maneb+paraquat for 3, 6 and 9 weeks and upregulation/down-regulation 

of several genes 

including those involved in neuronal/apoptotic 

pathways were identified. Some sets of treated 

animals were further treated with L-DOPA and a 

significant alteration in protein and gene expression 

profiles were observed. 

Oral cancer is a major global health problem with no 

marked improvement in five year survival rates over 

the past decade. Understanding the molecular 

mechanisms involved in invasion and loco regional 

spread of oral tumors will pave the way for 

identification of key proteins implicated in these 

processes. A research group at AIIMS has recently 

identified some novel proteins in oral carcinomas 

that may be involved in interacellular adhesion and 

communication using high throughput gene 

121 

expression profiling. This study is designed to test 

the hypothesis that these differentially expressed 

proteins (14-3-3 zeta and ALCAM) play an important 

role in the development and progression of oral 

cancer, either directly or by interacting with other 

cellular proteins, involved in cytoskeletal 

reorganization and loco regional spread of oral 

carcinomas. 

In “The Mycobacterium w genome program: 

complete genome sequencing and comparative 

genomics”, 10X sequence has been completed with 

a sequencing efficiency of 87.84% and total 

sequence coverage of over 6 Mb. An extensive study 

of scaffolds and their linking pattern with 562 contigs 

from 10X assembly has been carried out which 

shows that the assembly has almost reached a 

plateau in terms of its lateral expansion in size and 

the total genome size of around 6 Mb has been 

expected. There are a total of 82 contigs oriented in 

the 24 scaffolds covering around 5.75 Mb (95.5%) of 

the genome sequenced with the largest scaffold of 

about 1.3 Mb in size. There are 58 sequencing gaps 

and 24 physical gaps in the genome data at the 10X 

stage of assembly that need to be filled to obtain a 

finished quality sequence and to carry out annotation 

work. The preliminary analysis of the sequencing 

gaps show that 22 out of these 58 have linking sub 

clones of a 5 kb library and the remaining 36 are 

linked by 2 kb sub clones. The detailed analysis and 

targeted gap filling for the same is currently under 

process. So far, information about sequencing gaps 

(58) and physical gaps (14) have been generated. 

Phylogenetic analyses based on high-resolution 

genome fingerprinting by FAFLP analysis, ERIC 

typing, and sequence analyses with the help of 

candidate gene sequencing like 16S rRNA, hsp65 

and rpoB point to its relatedness to the M. avium 

complex. The study of genome assemblage trend of 

Mw indicates a size ~6.0 Mb which points to the 

possibility of Mw being the predecessor of M. avium 

complex species. This is an interesting observation 

considering the opportunistic nature of members of 

M. avium complex in contrast to a non-pathogenic 

attribute of Mw. 


The genetic basis of Type2 diabetes is 

heterogeneous and shows ethnic variations among 

different populations. Indians are one such ethnic 

group who are more insulin resistant and are 

considered to be a vulnerable high-risk population. A 

project was implemented for an extensive genetic 

and protein profiling using state-of-the-art 

technologies in the Chennai Urban Rural 

Epidemiology Study (CURES), on a large population 

at Chennai. Genes such as PPAR, PGC-1 , 

Adiponectin, UCPs, Resistin, INSR, IRS, Calpain- 

10, PTPN1, GLUT, RAGE and VEGF are being 

studied on a large number of well characterized 

subjects and are correlated with clinical and 

biochemical investigations. Identification of the 

genes predisposing to Type2 Diabetes will contribute 

to the understanding of the molecular 

pathophysiology of the disease, which is crucial for 

development of effective treatment modalities and 

community based strategies to prevent the epidemic 

growth in the incidence of Type2 diabetes. The 

studies showed that: a) Pro12Ala polymorphism was 

highly frequent in South Asians but does not 

modulate the excessive risk for type 2 diabetes in this 

ethnic group; b) Thr394Thr polymorphism of 

PPARGC1A was associated with type 2 diabetes and 

body fat in Asian Indians; c) Among the four 

polymorphisms(866G/A, Ala55Val, 45bp I/D and 

55C/T) of the uncoupling protein 2-3 (UCP2-3) 

examined at the UCP2-3 locus, the Ala55Val and 

55C/T polymorphisms were associated with a 

significantly reduced risk of developing Type 2 

diabetes in Asian Indians; d) In Asian Indians in the 

presence of obesity, the GD genotype of IRS-2 gene 

appears to be protective against, while the DD 

genotype increases susceptibility to, type 2 diabetes; 

and e) There was no significant difference in the 

frequency of the four polymorphisms, SNP-19, -43, - 

44 and -63 in the Calpain10 gene between NGT and 

diabetic subjects. 


Department has made concerted efforts to identify 

priority areas for focussed R&D in the area of 

Environmental Biotechnology. 10 Major areas have 


122 

been identified under which many research projects 

have been sponsored. Efforts were also made to 

generate collaborative, multi-institutional network 

projects. Since, environmental pollutions are of 

different nature because of diversified industrial 

activities in the country, biotechnological 

interventions can provide the solutions for the 

environmental pollution problems through 

development of technologies, techniques, tools and 

processes. During the year, four brain storming 

sessions have been organized for generation of 

focussed, multi-institutional R&D projects in the area 

of Environmental Genomics, Environmental 

Biotechnology and Biodiversity Conservation. In 

addition two Task Force meetings were convened. 

During the year, progress of ongoing R&D projects 

and 18 completed projects were reviewed, 15 new 

R&D projects have been supported by Task Force. 

Sub-Committee of the Working Group for 

formulation of XI th Five Year Plan was constituted 

and its meeting was held in June, 2006 for finalization 

of priority areas for consideration in XI th Five Year 

Plan. 

Salient achievements in some of the R&D 

projects are : 

Biodegradation of Pesticides, Nitro-compounds, 

Xenobiotics, oil etc. 

Saurashtra Univesity has identified and 

characterized wood rotting strain 5A Trametes 

versicolor a white rot basidiomycete, which produces 

typical ligninolytic enzymes on natural 

lignocelluloses and in liquid cultures. The plant 

pigment extracts out along with ligninolytic enzymes 

from wheat straw infested by the white rot fungus, 

and hinders in the downstream processes as well as 

analysis of enzyme activities especially Lignin 

Peroxidase. A new protocol has been designed for 

the removal of plant pigments from the ligninolytic 

enzyme mixture. Efforts were made to develop a low 

cost, easy to handle and sustainable form of 

inoculum of white rot basidiomycetes for its 

application at field level in the remediation of dye

infested soil. Culture was grown on grains to develop 

spawn. It colonizes grains within 3-5 days and spawn 

retains its property of inoculum till 2 months when 

o 

stored at 4-8 C. Spawn grows rapidly and infests soil 

in 7 days in moist soil in a tube reactor. Thus 

bioremediation of soil could be demonstrated 

successfully by the use of spawn. Protocol for 

extraction of dyes from soil has been standardized. 

IIT, Kanpur has isolated and characterized pure 

bacterial strains for the degradation of few xenobiotic 

compounds and toxic organic compounds. 

Nitroaromatic compounds were degraded by 

bacterial strains NP-1 and NP-2, which were 

identified to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 

Serratia marsecens. A bacterial strain PNS-1 was 

isolated for 4- Aminobenzene degradation during the 

study and was characterized to be belonging to the 

genus, Agrobacterium. Dimethylformamide (DMF) 

was degraded by 16S rRNA gene, which belongs to 

Paracoccus strain. Pathways for their degradation 

have been identified. Although plasmids have been 

detected in two strains, their actual role in 

degradation of specific growth substrates is yet to be 

delineated. 

University of Delhi used biodegradation of 

endosulfan in soil microcosm as a model system with 

the aim to eventually develop a strategy for 

biodegradation of endosulfan contaminated sites. 

Conditions for growth of bacterium Bordetella sp. B9 

was optimized prior to its use in microcosm studies. 

The study showed that soil bacteria are good 

degraders of endosulfan and therefore could be 

applied as a technology to decontaminate the 

endosulfan at contaminated sites. 

ITRC, Lucknow has developed microbial techniques 

for degradation of pyridine and picoline raffinate for 

safe disposal. The aerobic bacterial strain ITRC EM1 

and ITRC EM2 were isolated and identified as 

Bacillus cereus (DQ435020) and Alcaligens faecalis 

(DQ435021). The bacterial consortia are capable to 

degrade pyridine from 20% pyridine raffinate up to 

95.99 % within 7 days of incubation at temperature 

O 

range 35-37 C after chemical pretreatment in 

presence of 1% (w/v) glucose and 0.5% (w/v) 

peptone. All isomers of picoline (α,β and γ) were 

degraded from pyridine raffinate along with pyridine 

by isolated bacterial strain and Aspergillus niger 

separately upto 95.99% and 96.98% respectively. 

There was more than 80% toxicity reduction in 

pyridine raffinate after bacterial and fungal 

degradation. The study concluded that biological 

detoxification of pyridine raffinate is possible only 

after chemical pretreatment. 

IIT, Bombay has isolated microorganisms degrading 

hydrocarbons in petroleum oil and in oily wastes in 

Rotating Biological Contacter (RBC). Specific means 

for enhancing adherence of oil degrading 

microorganisms to the rotating discs in the RBC was 

explored in a bench-scale RBC model and in a floor 

model. 

Two aliphatic hydrocarbon degrading cultures 

identified as Burkholderia cepacia and 

Exiguobacterium aurantiacum demonstrate 

significant enhancement when diesel was emulsified 

with Triton X 100 at twice its critical micelle 

concentration. Unidentified bacterial cultures 

enriched and isolated with naphthalene (designated 

as NG1, HNA1) were found to grow on emulsified 

diesel oil by degrading the aromatic fraction. A 

marine algal/ cyanobacterial culture obtained from 

Kurusadai Island, Tamil Nadu and B. cepacia was 

spiked in a bench scale RBC model fed with 0.5% n- 

Floor model RBC Reactor - Full set-up showing rotary shaker and 

overhead stirrer for preparation and temporary storage of emulsion 

before the emulsion is fed to the reactor 


Floor model RBC Reactor - Close-up view of the reactor 

hexadecane was also explored. Another algal 

cyanobacterial culture was obtained from Powai 

Lake, IIT Bombay that could be acclimatized to diesel 

oil. Exposure to oil caused a loss in species diversity 

and thin filamentous algae was found to 

predominate. Such oil tolerant algae can facilitate 

formation of biofilm in growth reactors. 

Distillery waste treatment (including 

deodorization) 

At NEERI, Nagpur, potential bacterial cultures were 

isolated for deodorization of sulphurous compounds. 

The isolated cultures were characterized for colony 

morphology, biochemical and physiological 

characteristics and are under the process of 

identification. The isolated cultures have been used 

for treatment of waste gas containing 

dimethylsulphide in a biofilter system packed with 

wood chips and compost. The bench scale unit is 

under evaluation for optimization of process 

parameters viz Effective Bed Retention Time 

(EBRT), loading, moisture, pH of the medium, 

recovery after shock load etc. 

Sardar Patel University focussed on improvisation of 

existing anaerobic treatment technologies by 

introducing potential anaerobes, developing efficient 

bioreactors and exploring additional microbial 

treatments to remove color from molasses effluent. 


124 

Treatment Technologies: Anaerobic technology was 

applied as the primary treatment, which involves 

single-phase and biphasic systems. For 

biomethanation Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactors 

(AFFR) have been employed in the anaerobic 

system. It was observed that in single-phasic 

reactors, coconut coir was the best packing material 

with 55 % COD reduction at 6 days HRT, 31 kg COD 

3 3 3 

m /day with gas production of 3m /m day having 

methane content of about 60-65%. The biphasic 

reactor was packed with charcoal with 68 % COD 

3 3 

reduction with gas production of 4m /m /d having 

high methane content. Both the packaging materials 

are economically beneficial. Biodegradation and 

decolourization of anaerobically treated distillery 

spent wash was achieved by exploiting lignolytic 

ability of white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. 

Maximum decolorization 71 ± 2 % was observed at 

o 

30 C under shaking condition in acidic pH range of 5- 

5.5 at an inoculum size of 10% (v/v) with 70 % COD 

reduction. 

Bacterial consortium DMC, comprising 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Stenotrophomonas 

maltophila and Proteus mirabilis 

appeared a good choice in terms of low additional 

nutrient requirement for biodegradation and 

decolourization of post biomethanated distillery 

effluent. Production of high value compounds like 

enzymes (xylanase, cellulase) from treated effluent 

by solid state fermentation is being investigated. 

Dye, paper and pulp mill waste treatment 

(including deodorization) 

Sardar Patel University had selected Common 

Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) of Vatva, which 

treats the wastewater of 525 small-scale industries. 

The existing CETP of Vatva consists of equalization 

and aeration tank. They have developed a composite 

plan for treatment comprising of physiochemical, 

biological anaerobic and aerobic processes in 

sequence. This has improved treatment efficiency 

from 40-45% to 94% COD removal and 30-40% to 

89% decolorisation.

IIT, Mumbai has used bimetallic Magnesium 

Pallidium catalyst to effectively decolorize and 

degrade reactive black 5, sunset yellow FCF and 

tartrazine dyes. Colour removal was more than 95% 

+4 o o 

within 24hrs of reaction using Mg/Pd or Mg /Pd 

alumina. 

Heavy metal removal 

At IIT Chennai, a new bacterial strain Arthrobacter 

rombhi RE has been isolated. A continuos aerobic 

system was developed which was able to achieve 

95% of Cr (VI) reduction (initial concentration: 

25mg/L) and around 90% COD reduction (initial 

concentration: 2000mg/L and molasses as the 

carbon source) at a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 

of 12hrs. Nolina recurvata (Palam flower), 

Ganoderma lucidum (wood rotting fungus) and few 

aquatic weeds have been extensively studied for 

biosorption potential. Various instrumental 

techniques have also been developed for 

biosorption of Cr (VI) and Cr (III). 

Metal resistant P . putida strain KNP9 was studied in 

chickpea at G.B Pant University of Agriculture and 

Technology, Pantnagar. The KNP9 strain is resistant 

to 1.8mm of lead acetate and 0.546mm CdCl 2 

respectively. Probability of metal accumulation was 

evident by increase in size of bacterium in presence 

of cadmium and lead as seen by Scanning Electron 

Microscopy (SEM). It has been found that the metal 

resistant 'P' solubilizing bioinoculant KNP9 is 

reducing metal toxicity in chickpea in the presence of 

cadmium and lead. The ability of microorganisms to 

survive and reproduce in metal habitat may depend 

on genetic as well as physiological adaptations. 

Thus, cadmium and lead resistant strains can be 

exploited for bioremediation/ detoxification at sites 

containing respective metals. 

TERI, New Delhi has characterized the arbuscular 

mycorrhizal (AM) fungal germplasm for two major 

activities. 

1) Functional characterization of AM fungal isolates 

of CMCC (Centre for Mycorrhizal Culture Collection) 

2) Optimization of protocol for molecular 

characterization. 

Based on sequence data from 5.8S and 18S 

ribosomal RNA genes, primers were designed to 

specifically amplify DNA fragment including the ITS 

(Internal Transcribed Spacer). The resulting PCR 

product can be used to identify the fungal symbionts 

at the genus level by DNA sequencing. Optimisation 

of protocol for partial sequence analysis of CMCC 

germplasm was done by using Glomous specific 

primer. 

Biodegradable plastics 

Scientists at Agharkar Research Institute, Pune have 

isolated alkalophilic and salt tolerant bacteria from 

Lunar Lake, which are able to synthesize 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The process has 

been optimized for different parameters like 

temperature, pH, inoculum density and incubation 

period. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectroscopy) and H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic 

Resonance) analysis confirmed the presence of 

copolymer hydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate in 

96:4 proportion. The organism could utilize agro 

waste like wheat bran for production of the polymer. 

Bacterial strains, taken from available gene pool 

including different agro climatic zones (Leh, Chamoli, 

Pithoragarh and artificially developed soil bed in 

Pantnagar) were screened for their ability to utilize 

polymers as 'C' source. Eight strains have shown 

better degradation potential against these polymers 

and have been identified based on 16S rDNA 

sequence and was submitted to NCBI database. TG- 

DTG-DTA (Thermal Gravimetric-Differential Thermal 

Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis) 

profiles of consortium treated versus control samples 

were compared depicting different patterns of 

exotherm and endotherm peaks in thermograms 

which confirmed biodegradation of the compound. 

In a project, at TERI, New Delhi, 262 bacterial strains 

were screened for PHA production. P. genus was the 

most frequently isolated PHA producer from the 

contaminated sites. Fifteen strains were selected and 


analyzed for the selection of best substrate for 

growth. Different carbon source like propionate, 

octanoic and decanoic acid were used as sole 

source of carbon in the nutrient deficient media to 

check for PHA production. A combination of glucose 

and propionate was found to be the best substrate, in 

which most of the selected isolates showed good 

growth. 

Bioconversion of solid waste and Biomethanation 

Fisheries College and Research Institute, 

Thoothikkudi in Tamil Nadu performed 

Vermicomposting of seafood processing waste. The 

seafood processing wastes, bulking agents and 

inoculum cow dung slurry or microbes 

Trichoderma/Azotobactor were mixed 

homogeneously in different ratios. Composting 

methods were employed for 21-25 days. Compost 

was then subjected to vermicomposting by using 

exotic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae for 25 days 

which led to odourless, nitrogen rich biocompost. A 

biocompost yard is under construction. 

Self mixing Anaerobic Reactor Technology (SMART) 

has been developed and patented by IICT, 

Hyderabad and ANGRAU, Hyderabad for High Rate 

Biomethanation from poultry litter. The process 

consists of feed preparation system, two number of 

Self Mixing Anaerobic Reactor (SMAR) in series with 

solid liquid separation system. The study revealed 

that approximately 60% of volatile solids in the litter 

3 

could be removed yielding 0.33m CH 4/(kg 

VS 

reduced) of methane at 20 days of residence time. 

This design is efficient as it has low residence time 

and methane produced could be used for brooding 

within the farm saving LPG and dried bio-manure 

could be sold as fertilizer. 

Bioremediation 

University of Rajasthan, Jaipur has identified the 

most tolerant plant species for the development of 

Ecotechnology for distillary waste treatment. 9 

terrestrial (7 glycophytes and 4 halophytes) and 5 

marshy species were studied in spent wash in 


126 

different seasons under two types of irrigation 

practices at field capacity viz. surface and subsurface. 

Plant growth was quantified in terms of 

Schematic Flow diagram of high rage Bioemthanation of poultry litter 

based on smart 

Hight rate Biomethanation of Poultry litter : bench scale studies 

conducted at IICT 

biomass, chlorophyll and proline contents. Important 

findings are: 

Marshy species : 

It has been observed that Phargmites is the most 

tolerant species followed by Arundo and Typha , 

whereas Scirpus species were the least tolerant. 

During the study period, identification of 

economically important species such as henna 

(Lawsonia in cosmetics), Acacia (for fodder and

energy) and Atriplex (shoots for fodder and seed for 

oil) for phytoremediation of distillery spent wash was 

completed. Phragmites and Arundo having very high 

organic matter production may provide organic 

substrate (filler) for bio-composting of spent wash a 

technology presently considered to be the most 

ecofriendly. The plantation of proposed herbaceous 

species (surface feeder for moisture and nutrients) 

with tree (deep feeder) will not only improve 

landscape and its general environment, but it will 

also prevent ground water pollution. 

Mercury resistant E.coli strains have been isolated 

from different mercury polluted sites of India viz 

Yamuna river sites I, II, and III, Delhi; Hindon river, 

Ghaziabad; Kalu river; Bombay; GTB Hospital, 

Delhi; Floodwater, Delhi; Kalindi Kunj, Delhi; 

whereas the sample collected from the Dal Lake, 

Srinagar, Kashmir, was taken as control. Amplicons 

of putative merA genes were purified and cloned into 

plant expression vector pB1121. These recombinant 

vectors had been screened out by PCR and 

restriction digestion for the presence of the putative 

merA gene was performed. Construct of mercuric 

reductase gene (merA) in plant binary vector was 

made and it was mobilized in to Nicotiana tabaccum 

callus. It is under selection and screening process. 

After transgenics screening, molecular analysis of 

transgenics and its field trial studies will be initiated to 

utilize the outcomes of this research study. Present 

investigation revealed that the seven selected 

strains used in the study showed significant level of 

tolerance against HgCl of the different E.coli 

2 

isolates. Dal Lake sample showed maximum 

tolerance to HgCl i.e., 55µg/ml, and the sample 

2, 

collected from Kalu river tolerated the lowest 

concentration of HgCl (25µg/ml). The isolated E.coli 

2 

showed the following order of incidence of mercury 

resistance : Dal lake > Kalu River> Flood Water > 

Yamuna River > GTB Hospital 

IASST, Guwahati assessed physiochemical 

characteristics including heavy metals of the soil 

near the five Group Gathering Stations (GGSs) 

operated by the ONGC Limited for their eventual 

remediation and reclamation. It was found that 

concentration of trace elements in fruits and 

vegetables from contaminated soil were found to be 

higher. The degradation was monitored by 

gravimetric loss of the crude oil with time. The results 

of the study suggest that the degradation was 

prominent at pH 7.5. 

Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded 

Ecosystems, University of Delhi collected data on 

functional diversity among rhizosphere bacteria 

which was analyzed to understand their ecological 

significance in nutrient enrichment and colonization 

potential of the host grass species. Bacterial isolates 

which produce extremely efficient siderophores for 

chelation of iron and trace elements were identified. 

Rhizospheres of these grasses harbour a high 

proportion of multi-functional bacteria, which need 

detail investigation. Lysogeny seems to be one of the 

important strategies among rhizosphere bacteria for 

their persistence, survival and multiplication in 

nutrient-stressed and degraded habitats and in 

assisting the host plant for better colonization and 

biomass production. Phages form an important 

component of rhizosphere bacterial community and 

understanding of their role in evolution in structure 

and function of rhizobaterial community will lead to 

improvement of efficacy of microbial biotechnologies 

useful for restoration of stressed and degraded 

habitats. Plant growth promoting ability of selected 

rhizobacterial isolates using host grass species and 

other model plant species is being initiated. 

Cleaner Technologies (including Hydrogen 

production from waste, desulphurization, 

chemicals /value added products from waste 

etc.) 

Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08, a facultative 

anaerobic bacterium has been reported to be a high 

yielding strain for biological hydrogen production. 

Spent media from dark fermentation by Enterobacter 

cloacae strain DM11 is found to have the ability to 

photo produce hydrogen by Rhodobacter spheroides 

strain O.U 001 in a hybrid reactor system with 

maximum conversion efficiency of acetate into 

gaseous hydrogen about 81%. In a batch system, the 


yield of hydrogen in the first stage was about 3.31 

-1 

mol H 2 (mol glucose) and that of the second stage 

-1 

was about 1.5-1.72 mol H 2 (mol acetic acid) . The 

overall yield of hydrogen in two-stage hybrid process 

considering glucose as preliminary substrate was 

found to be higher compared to a single stage 

process. Further, light conversion efficiency of 

hydrogen was found to be inversely proportional to 

the incident light intensity. 

Feasibility of E. cloacae IIT-BT 08 for biohydrogen 

production from sludge has been studied. In the 

process two potential hydrogen producers, Bacillus 

coagulans IIT-BT S1 and Citrobacter freundii IIT-BT 

L139 were also isolated. Heat-treated sludge was 

found to be better substrate for the enhancement of 

the production of hydrogen. 1% (w/v) 

supplementation of dextrose for 15% (v/v) heat 

treated sludge was recorded to give maximum 

hydrogen yield of 121.38 mol H 2/g 

COD after 32 hrs. 

of fermentation. The process has been scaled-up 

successfully to 20 L with significant improvement in 

H 2 yield. 

TERI, New Delhi has collected samples from Indian 

oil reservoir for microbial diversity of hyper 

thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria. The DNA of 

the purified strains was sequenced by Microseq 

sequencing kit. Total culture independent studies 

based on 16S rDNA and DGGE (Denaturing 

Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) analysis indicted 

diversity of the Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) 

population in the various oil wells of Oil India Ltd, 

Assam. Out of 31 biocides tested, two (Navdeecide 

AM 5015, and Navdeecide 91) were found to be 

effective against sulphate reducing bacteria. These 

o O 

biocides were tested at 37 C and 55 C. This study 

: 

resulted in two important findings 

(i) Sulphate reducing bacteria are indegenous to the 

oil reservoirs, and 

(ii) Fermentative bacteria also lead to the production 

of sulphide, in addition to the sulphate reducing 

bacteria. 


128 

Biosensors/Biomarkers 

Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow 

aims to detect the functional genes and study their 

expression levels in natural environments in a high 

throughput format such as a DNA microarray. They 

have developed 50-mer based oligonucleotide 

microarray based on most of 2,402 known genes 

involved in biodegradation and metal resistance. The 

oligos arrayed were specific to genes involved in 

biodegration of synthetic compounds like 

polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), monocylic 

aromatic compounds like BTEX, textile dyes, metal 

and nitro aromatic compounds and pesticides. This 

specific gene-chip is being validated with few 

organisms having genes for well-characterized 

degradative pathways. 

Biodiversity conservation 

Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun and CCMB, 

Hyderabad have attempted to standardize the 

protocol for isolation of DNA from tissue samples and 

toe tips. Four new species of anurans belonging to 

the genus Rhacophorus, Polypedates, Philautus 

and Bufo are diagnosed by morphological and 

molecular characters and also compared with all 

related congenerics and their distinctiveness has 

been demonstrated. The study has proved that 

allopatric speciation and convergence has played an 

important role as well as usefulness of 

biotechnological tools in the evolution of endemism 

of amphibians and reptiles in Western Ghats. 

Molecular tools such as genome-wide profiling 

Single Primer Amplification Reaction (SPAR) 

methods, namely, Random Amplified Polymorphic 

DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeat 

PCR (ISSR PCR) are used to resolve Equisetum 

taxonomy at NBRI, Lucknow. Two species of 

Equisetum which are E. ramosissimum and E. 

arvense have been analyzed and then were 

classified systematically. Study has clearly shown 

the utility and resolution power of the SPAR profiles 

for carrying out or inferring inter- species 

relationships as well as diversity amongst 

accessions of the same species of Equisetum.

ATREE, Banglore is working on two critically 

endangered plant species of Western Ghats 

Dysoxylum malabaricum and Garcinia indica. 

Protocols have been standardized for raising 

number of seedling. 

Mission Mode Programme on Bioenergy and 



The mission programme initiated by the Department 

th 

during 10 Plan concentrated on perfecting 

technologies for establishing bioenergy plantations 

for different agro-climatic zones with the involvement 

of local people; developing a cost effective 

economically viable technology for production of 

ethanol using alternate feed stock especially 

lignocellulosic wastes and efficient high yielding 

strains and recombinant strains of microorganisms; 

increased biodiesel production through improved 

planting material and improved transesterification 

process and production of hydrogen from algae and 

bacteria. Duriong the year activities continued inall 

area. Some salient achievements are: 

Bioenergy plantation 

Under the demonstration plots established in 

different agroclimatic zones for a number of energy 

crops, a total of 22 ha has been covered for 

sustainable utilization of the Bioenergy crops. 

Necessary linkages at grass root level are being 

fostered. Technologies for utilization of raw material 

for energy production are being developed and 

demonstrated. Main species are Jatropha curcas, 

Exocecaria agallocha, Avicennia marina, Salicornia 

brachiata, Cassia siamea, Albizzia lebbeck, 

Hardwickia binata, Dalbergia sissoo, D. sericia, 

Ficus glomerata, Leucaena leucocephala and 

Acacia nilotica. Agrotechnology packages have 

been developed for these species and are being 

documented. Technologies for nursery raising and 

harvesting are being transformed to the grass root. 

Biodiesel 

Micromission on “Production of Quality Planting en 

129 

Material of Jatropha” has been launched with the 

emphasis on collection and characterization of 

Jatropha in demanstration plot 

On farm trial Jatropha plantation; at farmers field 

superior material from across the country based on 

yield and oil content. 14 centres were supported 

covering 12 states. Nearly 1000 accessions of 

Jatropha have been collected and characterized for 

oil quality and quantity. 8.02 lakhs plants of superior 

material (>30% oil content and approximate 2t / ha 

yield) have been produced, covering 300 ha. 

Besides, experimental plots have been laid for 

standardization of agrotechnology package, seed 

collection time and seed storage conditions. 


Operational guidelines for collection, 

characterization and production of quality planting 

material have been brought out. All accessions 

collected are being finger printed and superior 

accessions are being conserved at NBPGR, New 

Delhi. This is the first scientific documentation of 

superior germplasm. Work has also been initiated on 

multi-locational trials of the superior accessions 

collected in terms of increased yield and oil quality. 

R&D programmes are being initiated for 

improvement of Jatropha; studies include marker 

assisted selection, prospecting of genes associated 

with oil production pathway, metabolic pathway 

engineering etc. 

Programmes have also been supported for testing 

the potential of other tree borne oil seeds 

standardizing plant production technologies and 

transesterification. Seeds of Heynea trijuga, Sapium 

sebiferum, Aleurites moluccana, Mesua ferrea and 

Pongamia pinnata were collected, processed to 

separate the kernels and oil extracted and estimated 

from seeds / kernels. Physico-chemical properties of 

the oils were determined. The methyl esters 

prepared from the oils were analysed by GLC to 

determine the fatty acids composition. Heynea 

trijuga oil has been evaluated at IIP for biofuel 

properties and has shown encouraging results. 

Trans-esterification of curcas oil on a pilot scale (10 

kg batch) has been carried out at IIP, Dehradun. Use 

of Pongamia, Salvadora and Madhuca as a raw 

material for biodiesel has been studied at NBRI, 

Lucknow. Agrotechnology package for cultivation 

has been worked out. 

In a study supported at CFTRI, Mysore, indigenous 

Botryococcus braunii strains were isolated from 

fresh water samples collected from Kodaikanal, 

Chennai, Mamallapuram and purified and identified 

them as A race based on their hydrocarbon profiles. 

All the strains were established in autotrophic 

medium and growth profiles were studied. All the 

indigenous strains produced long chain 

hydrocarbons of C to C chain length as major ones 

22 33 


130 

and higher than C at low proportion. Cultivation of 

33 

B.braunii strain was scaled up to 100 L level in both 

circular and race way ponds and further to 1000L and 

3000L in raceway ponds under out door conditions, 

which is a major achievement. B.braunii growth and 

hydrocarbon production in outdoor ponds was 

evaluated in different seasons and maximum 

biomass (2 gL-1) was obtained during Oct-Dec and 

Feb-Apr. Hydrocarbon production correlated with 

biomass yields and maximum hydrocarbon content 

28% (w/w) was observed during winter season (Nov- 

Dec) using three-phase partitioning system. 

Conditions for lipase production from Pseudomonas 

cepasia strain have been optimized. Reusability of P. 

cepasia lipase immobilized on celite in the laboratory 

has also been studied at IIT, New Delhi. It was found 

that same could be used four times without loss in 

activity. P. cepasia was found to give high 

transesterification activity. 97-99% conversion of 

Jatropha oil by celite immobilized P. cepasia lipase 

towards biodiesel production. 

Since Biofuels is one of the identified priority areas, it 

becomes imperative to have improved Jatropha 

plantation which provides raw material for biodiesel 

production. A brain storming session was held in the 

department to identify priorities in biodiesel and 

bioethanol. Under biodiesel, the focus is on : An 

integrated breeding programme for developing 

mapping populations including polyploidy and 

induced mutation for genetic improvement, marker 

assisted selection, development of micro-satellite 

markers for fingerprinting of elite genotypes and 

markers for yield and oil content and quality. Gene 

based association mapping study will also be taken 

up with an emphasis on oil content and quality. 

Besides, prospecting of genes associated with oil 

production pathway; metabolic pathway engineering 

for improved oil production will also be looked into. 

Bioethanol 

Various projects have been supported to produce 

ethanol using alternate feed stocks as a raw material. 

Sweet sorghum, lignocellulosic wastes, fruit &

vegetable waste were found to be suitable as feed 

stock for bioethanol production. Cost economics of 

bioethanol production is being worked out at pilot 

scale.Thermotolerant yeast strain (Saccharomyces 

cerevisiae) identified, characterized and studies 

towards complete utilization of starch for ethanol 

production were carried out. In a study supported at 

University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 

methodology has been developed for chemical 

hydrolysis of lignocellulosic wastes like Lantana 

camara and Prosopis juliflora into fermentable 

sugars and subsequent conversion into ethanol will 

be refined. The lignin degrading fungal isolate are 

being characterized. Recombinant microbial strains 

have been identified, which show enhanced ethanol 

recovery. 

In an ongoing project on bioethanol production at 

Osmania University, Hyderabad, efficient cellulose 

producing microorganisms have been identified. 

Pentose utilizing fusant has been constructed by 

protoplast fusion between thermotolerant yeast and 

Candida utilis. Fusant strain has been sent to 

IMTECH, Chandigarh for molecular 

characterization. Cloning, expression and 

confirmation studies are in progress. Ethanol 

fermentation upto 20 litre level was carried out. 

Further optimization work is going on. 

Cyanobacterial strain, Phormidum sp. BDU-5 has 

also been used for degradation of different cellulosic 

wastes like P. julflora, L. camara and coir pith. By 

products released during degradation are being 

studied. Besides, phenolic compounds like 3, 4dimethoxy 

cinnamic have been isolated and furher 

purification is being carried out by solvent extraction 

and column chromatography. 

The substrates were delignified and hydrolysed to 

obtain fermentable sugars using Candida shehatae, 

Pichia stipitis and co-culture of both. In a12 L batch 

fermentor, Candida shehatae maximum ethanol 

yield was 18.78 g/L (0.65 g/g), followed by 16.72 g/L 

(0.62 g/g) by P. stiplis and 12.48 g/L (0.48 g/g) in coculture 

after 36 hrs. The optimization of enzymatic 

saccharification has been carried out and is further 

being optimized, before economic evaluation is 

done. 

Based on discussion with experts future priorities 

under bioethnaol programme have been identified. 

These include development of a low cost cellulose / 

hemi cellulose for enzymatic hydrolysis which could 

be achieved either through natural selection of 

microorganism or development of a recombinant 

microorganism(s) or microbial consortia. Studies 

would also be initiated to develop an efficient 

process for production/scale up of the enzyme either 

through solid state or submerged fermentation. 

Simultaneous fermentation of both pentose and 

hexose for ethanol production either through 

development of recombinant microorganisms or 

coculture would also be taken up. Impetus will be on 

development of an efficient biological pre-treatment 

system for delignification. 

Hydrogen from Biomass 

Various efforts have been made to explore 

production of biological hydrogen from available 

biomass sources. In a study supported at 

Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli, marine 

cyanobacteria have been screened for hydrogen 

photoproduction both in argon and nitrogen 

atmospheres under light regimes. All nonheterocystous 

filamentous strains tested produced 

hydrogen in nitrogen atmosphere with slight 

reduction. Production of hydrogen in nitrogen 

atmosphere finding totally disproves the earlier 

findings that hydrogen could not be produced in 

nitrogen atmosphere. By methane supplementation 

(5% - 20%) in nitrogen atmosphere the reduction of 

hydrogen rate could be revoked. Besides, a survey 

was carried out along the coast from Mimesal to 

Mandapam and Rameswaram and Kurusadai 

islands for marine photosynthetic bacterial 

collection. The survey yielded more than 50 different 

isolates of different groups of photosynthetic 

bacteria. This would be helpful in designing the 

integrated bioreactors for hydrogen photoproduction 

and the work in this direction is going on. 


Programmes for SC and ST Population 

Biotechnology-based Programme for SC/ST 

population has benefited around 65,000 people 

through 50 ongoing projects and 12 new ones during 

the year. The projects supported cover cultivation of 

medicinal and aromatic plants, production of 

biofertilizers and biopesticides, organic farming, 

aquaculture, mushroom cultivation as well as human 

healthcare interventions etc. Universities, Krishi 

Vigyan Kendras and voluntary/non-governmental 

organizations have been involved in the 

implementation of the projects. The target group 

received the benefit of hands-on training and field 

demonstrations to bring greater awareness. Salient 

achievements of the programme are as follows: 

Integrated Aquaculture 

Activities on integrated aquaculture were undertaken 

through awareness programme conducted for the 

farmers in West Bengal. Farmers were trained in 

maintaining the ducks, poultry birds, pigs in 

integration with fish culture in addition to their 

domestic farm based activities. Around 3500 families 

were benefited through integrated fish farming. 

Integrated scampi-fish culture was undertaken in 

Allahabad district through small scale production of 

prawn seeds at the hatchery. Villagers were trained 

on technicalities of seed production and freshwater 

prawn culture. Honey production was also taken up 

to help target population in additional income 

generation. Farmers were trained on technologies 

through monoculture and polyculture at 

Palayamkottai in Tamil Nadu. Different species of 

murrels, Channa striatus, C. punctatus and C. 

micropeltus, were collected and successfully breed. 

Breeding and feeding technologies developed were 

standardized and disseminated to the beneficiaries. 

Cage culture activity was taken up for rearing of 

fingerlings in the reservoir with faster growth, high 

survival and reduces transportation losses and cost 

133 

Chapter- 6 

Biotechnology for Societal Development 

of large size fish seed. Technology on floating cages 

was demonstrated through installation in Halali 

Reservoir in Bhopal with effective utilization of feed to 

benefit cooperative societies/self help groups, 

graduate and postgraduate entrepreneurs. 

Techniques of crab and lobster fattening were 

disseminated in coastal villages of Tamil Nadu as 

viable alternative livelihood. The activity was 

extended for post tsunami rehabilitation 

programmes. About 1000 farmers have been 

benefited through the implementation of the projects. 

Fattening techniques transferred to fisher folk helped 

to sustain income generation by coastal villages. 

DRDA has taken up the extension of the activity 

through establishment of crab fattening unit for 

dissemination of technological know-how. Model 

crab fattening units were replicated in Pudukottai 

District and 60 women were trained. Around 261 fish 

farmers benefited through implementation of the 

programme. 

Techno-economically feasible treatment of parboil 

rice mill waste followed by recycling through 

aquaculture was taken up in Gondia District in 

Maharashtra with a view to generate additional 

Harvesting of fish and prawn of 

a polyculture pond in Mysore 

Biotechnology for Societal Development

source of income to surrounding local people. Based 

on the standard design practice and laboratory 

studies, an effluent treatment plant and a fish pond 

were constructed. Experimental protocol was 

standardized on fish culture and a low-cost extruder 

based fish feed production unit fabricated. Fortified 

fish feed pellets with essential minerals and vitamins 

have been tested on fish and performance of 

standardized fish feed formulation was studied. 

Training programmes on feed preparation was 

organized. The demonstration of technology was 

undertaken for selected youths belonging to SC/ST 

weaker sections to train them in wastewater 

aquaculture and value addition of by-products from a 

typical parboil rice mill industry. 

Animal Husbandry 

Project was undertaken to train farmers on various 

aspects of brooding, hatching, production and 

reproduction using locally available materials in 

Mizoram. Quail farming has been popularized 

among the tribal community and school children of 

Mizoram, as it is easy for them to rear and earn. 

Trained beneficiaries started rearing Quails through 

adoption of technology packages through erection of 

bamboo housing and maintaining sex ratio. Pig 

rearing is also very common in Mizoram and some 

farmers are rearing both quails and pig together to 

earn extra income. 

Organic Farming 

Aspects on organic farming through dissemination of 

Quail farming by tribal folk in Mizoram 


134 

know-how for on farm fertility management, 

vermiculture and it's enrichment was undertaken in 

Rajastan through training programs conducted using 

agriculture waste, crop residues & cow dung. Around 

6000 farmers were trained on various bio-dynamic 

preparations and composting. Linkage established 

with the exporters to enable direct market of cotton, 

banana, turmeric and pulses. Farmers fetches 

around 20-25% additional revenue for their organic 

certified produce. In Tirupati district of Andhra 

Pradesh, SHGs formed are creating awareness on 

productive use of agricultural waste for 

vermicomposting and mushroom cultivation and its 

advantages in income generation, employment, 

enhancing food nutritive value and pollution 

abatement. Training programmes on compost 

production were undertaken at Kerala benefiting 

around 400 farmers. A vermi-mela was organized for 

technology dissemination to the farmers at Aligarh for 

two days, which was attended by farmers and district 

agriculture extension officials. 

Biocontrol Agents 

Popularization programme on use of Trichoderma 

spp. was undertaken at National Botanical Research 

Institute, Lucknow to educate and train farmers using 

cheap agricultural wastes. Mass multiplication of 

Trichoderma was undertaken using locally available 

raw material, protecting high value crops against 

several soil-borne diseases. Packets of mother 

culture of potential strain of Trichoderma were 

distributed to the farmers along with the extension 

material. 

Mushroom Cultivation 

The activity was promoted as an alternate income 

generation source in Tamil Nadu utilizing locally 

available agriculture residues, coir pith, mat, banana 

dried leaves, handloom waste and paddy straw 

available at the villages. Various aspects on 

mushroom cultivation such as spawn preparation, 

selection of raw materials, bed preparation, 

harvesting, processing and sale of mushroom were 

demonstrated. Around 500 beneficiaries were 

benefited through cultivation of mushrooms, product 

preparation, commercialization and marketing etc. 

The training programmes on oyster mushroom 

cultivation were undertaken for SC/ST and Weaker

section in the Western Dun Valley to benefit around 

234 people from 18 villages of Sahaspur Block of 

DehraDun. A commercial spawn production unit was 

established and marketing linkages were 

established. Doon Valley Mushroom Cooperative is 

helping the beneficiaries in marketing the produce in 

the local market. The beneficiaries are earning a 

good income through sale of their produce in addition 

to consumption in their daily meals to improve their 

nutritional status. 

Medicinal Plants and Plantation Crops 

Aspects on biodiversity conservation were pursued 

to improve the livelihood of communities dependent 

on forests. High yielding varieties viz. large 

cardamom, black pepper, ginger were introducted for 

farmers and cultivation was promoted in Trichy 

district. Self-help groups were established for 

successfully producing and selling the compost. 

Farmers were trained on scientific cultivation of 

medicinal plants, organic farming, water 

management techniques & marketing strategies. 

Farmers realized lucrative income through 

cultivation of medicinal plants as compared to 

conventional cash crops. Sensitization programme 

was undertaken for SHGs to introduce non-timber 

forest produce collectors and herbal healers at 

Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh. Model for 

development of herbal medicines and its cultivation 

in kitchen gardens were demonstrated to identified 

SHGs. Training programmes were conducted on 

herbal medicine preparation, nutritive foods, 

sustainable harvesting techniques and cultivation of 

MAPs. Model manufacturing units are being 

established for manufacturing licensed medicines 

through tribal involvement. Integrated horti-forest 

herb cultivation was undertaken in Nagalnd and 

Manipur through transfer of technology on cultivation 

of citronella, lemongrass, patchouli, bamboo and 

mushroom to benefit around 250 people. 

Demonstration units on essential oil, bamboo and 

mushroom cultivation were established. 

Identification of superior germ plasm and selection of 

plus trees after extensive survey in different parts of 

Madhya Pradesh was undertaken. Trees of Aonla, 

Achar, Harra, Baheda and Mahua are being used far 

clonal propagation. Seedlings of these species have 

been produced and budding were successfully 

carried out. Flowering and fruiting in Mahua was 

Herbal plantation production through nursery 

achieved in one year old clonal plants through clonal 

propagation technique. Successful epicotyls grafting 

in Mohua was achieved. Training programmes on 

activation of bud material and collection of activated 

bud were imparted to the villagers. The knowledge of 

aftercare of clonal plants was also given to them 

through field trainings. Around 6000 clonal plants 

were distributed to 218 tribal beneficiaries. 

Programmes for Women 

During the year, 186 new proposals received (April- 

November). Out of these, 20 were supported after 

their evaluation through three tier system. The Task 

Force reviewed 62 completed as well as ongoing 

projects. Over 16,000 women benefited though these 

projects under three major categories viz. (i) 

economic empowerment using softer 

biotechnologies, (ii) awareness on nutrition and 

health including importance of traditional 

food/healthcare and (iii) technical empowerment 

including capacity building, developing training 

modules etc. Over 8,000 women were benefited 

directly through biotech packages for floriculture, 

horticulture, cultivation of mushrooms, medicinal and 

aromatic plants, biofertilisers, organic farming, 

vermicomposting, sericulture, bee keeping, 

aquaculture, animal husbandry, poultry farming and 

value added food items. Approximately similar 

numbers benefited indirectly through programmes 

for human health and awareness generation. 

Highlights of the projects are given below : 


Approximately 800 women from J&K, Uttaranchal, 

135 Biotechnology for Societal Development

Chandigarh, Gujarat and Karnataka states were 

trained in cultivation practices of medicinal plants of 

commercial importance as well as conservation of 

local species. They were also trained in preparation 

of semi-processed products. Major achievement of 

some these projects are : 

(i) Over 150 women from Lolab valley & Tangmarg 

were trained in cultivation, semi-processing & value 

addition of four medicinal plants. These women (are 

selling the semi-processed items in local market) 

while growing their own plants in their nurseries and 

are earning about Rs. 200/- per month/person. 

(ii) In another project, supported through S&T 

Council, Chandigarh, over 230 women were trained 

in cultivation of Amla along with lemon grass as an 

inter-cropping covering an area of about 25 ha. 

Interested women were also trained in preparation of 

Amla products for which marketing has been 

established through two agencies namely Unnati 

Biofresh and Sunstar Overseas Ltd. (At Supi, 

Uttaranchal, women were trained in vegetative 

propagation of high yielding variety of potato (Kufri 

jyoti and Kufri chipsona) and French bean) 

(iii) Through TERI, unit at Supi Uttaranchal women 

were trained in Orgainc cultivation of digitalis, 

swertia, oregano and lavender as the commercial 

crops for medicinal and aromatic importance. 

(iv) A training cum demonstration programme was 

arranged through Zandan Foundation for tribal 

people of South Gujarat. Interested 41 women were 

trained in cultivation of Kauncha, Ashwagandha, 

Senna and Kalmegh. 

(v) Through NGO, Rishi Herbal, Bangalore, 208 

women have cultivated Coleus, Vinca, Patchouli, 

Solanum and Artmisia at their own land, covering an 

area of 45 acres. 

(vi) In an attempt to conserve and propagate local 

plants of medicinal and aromatic importance, a 

project was supported to H.P.K.V., Palampur. 

Through this project, 23 training camps were 

organized in Lahaul Spiti distt. and over 330 

beneficiaries were trained in cultivation practices for 

Aconitum heterophyllum, Picrorhiza kukrrooa, 

colchicum luteeum and Valeriana jatamansi species. 


136 

Women participating in medicinal plants cultivation 

Women were also encouraged for entrepreneurship 

through cultivation of aromatic plants and their 

processing. Over 700 women from Uttaranchal, 

Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were 

trained in cultivation of Patchouli, Lavender and

aromatic grasses. These women are getting good 

return through sale of semi-processed essential oils 

procured at oil extraction units set up at their own 

land or community land. The high lights are as 

follows 

(i) At G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & 

Technology, Uttaranchal, tissue culture techniques 

has been perfected from leaf & nodal explants of 

Patchouli. Over 300 women were trained in complete 

technology including cultivation, harvesting and oil 

extraction. An extraction unit has been installed for 

the beneficiaries and market linkage established for 

their product. 

(ii) Under a roject supported at HRG, Shimla, over 

100 women from 23 families of two blocks of Mandi 

distt. were selected for training in organic cultivation 

of lavender. They were provided with 50,000 plants 

raised in nursery covering an area of 5 ha. The 

beneficiaries were also trained in rearing those 

plants and collecting the spikes for Lavender 

processing. Individual beneficiary has been able to 

earn around Rs. 3000-4000/- per month through half 

ha; of land. 

(iii) In another project supported to an NGO, at 

Bhopal, over 300 women belonging to SC/ST 

category were selected from 6 villages. They were 

trained in cultivation of aromatic grasses and oil 

extraction. A low cost extraction unit was also set up. 

Women are earning approx Rs. 200/- per month 

through sales of essential oils of mint and lemon 

grass. 

Floriculture 

Over 300 women from Shillong, Itanagar and 

Chandigarh were trained in complete packages of 

hardening of micropropagated plants of 

commercially important varieties of orchid viz. 

Dendrobium fimbriatum var. oculatum, D. 

longicornu, D.lituiflorum, C. pendulum, C. aloifolium 

and C. giganteum in their backyard. The 

beneficiaries were also trained in vegetative 

propagation of local species and post-harvest 

technologies. Also 100 women from Papum Pare 

Distt., Itanagar were trained in establishing 

hardening facilities using local resources such as 

bamboo. 

Horticulture 

In an attempt to provide quality hybrid rice seed to the 

farmers, a project was supported to TNAU, 

Coimbatore, where the technology had already been 

perfected. Through this project, about 200 

progressive farm women were trained in cultivation 

practices at their field covering an area of 4 ha; about 

5000 kg of CORH-3 hybrid rice seed was produced 

which has provided additional profit of more than Rs. 

10,000/ ha. 

In another project supported to TERI, New Delhi, 

women from Supi, Uttaranchal were trained in 

vegetative propagation of high yielding variety of 

potato (Kufri jyoti and Kufri chipsona) and French 

bean. 

Organic Farming / Vermicompost 

Organic farming has been taken in a big ways This 

sector not only deals with application of various bioagents 

but production of biopesticides, biofertilizers 

based on local strains and vermicomposting. 

Thousand of women are benefited with several 

projects supported throughout the country. A 

examples are as follows : 

(i) A formulation of bio-control agent (Pseudomonas 

fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum and P. 

fluorescens + Paecilomyces lilacinus) developed at 

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, 

Hessarghata was tested at farmers field. About 300 

rural farmers were trained to produce the formulation 

for the treatment of seeds, nursery substrate to be 

used for raising the seedlings of the horticultural 

crops in the polyhouses, nursery soil mixture and 

nursery beds in the open field conditions. 

(ii) In another project supported to Sri Padmavati 

Mahila Vishwavidyalaya, Tirupati, 320 members 

from 8 villages of 3 mandals of Chittur Distt. were 

trained in preparation and marketing of phosphate 

solubilising biofertilizer enriched vermicompost. The 

individual beneficiary is earning around Rs.570/-. 

(iii) Through JSS Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Suttur, 

Karnataka, farmers were trained in large scale 

production of vermicompost enriched with vesicular 

arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). The farmers were 

educated on the benefit of organic cultivation of 

various vegetable and horticulture crops. 30 


vermicompost units were set up at beneficiarie's 

land. The trained beneficiaries are selling their 

surplus vermicompost @ Rs. 3/kg and are able to 

earn additional income. 

(iv) A low cost biofertiliser production unit has been 

set up at Kuttathavaranpathi for the benefit of 

farmers from 8 villages under Rediarchatram block 

through a project supported at MSSRF, Chennai. 

(v) At UAS, Dharwad, 350 women from 12 villages 

were trained in vermicomposting. 70 units were set 

up at beneficiaries site. A hatchery for rearing the 

quality worms Eudrilus euginae, was set up at 

demonstration unit. The beneficiaries were 

encouraged to use their vermicompost at their farm. 

The surplus vermicompost was purchased by the 

University @ Rs. 2.5/kg and were demonstrated in 

various horticultural crops like pomegranate. On an 

average each family is earning Rs. 500-2000/- per 

month through the sale of additional vermicompost. 

(vi) Under a project at College Damoh, MP, over 1000 

women were educated on the benefit of 

vermicompost, recycling of agrowaste and organic 

cultivation of vegetables and horticultural crops. Out 

of these, 200 beneficiaries from 8 villages were 

trained in production and application of 

Vermicompost, They were provided earthworms and 

assisted in setting up Vernicompost units at their 

land. The individual beneficiary is now earning Rs. 

200-400 per month through the sale of compost. 

(vii) In another project supported at Bhubaneshwar 

through an NGO, 500 women were trained in 

converting coir pith to vermicompost, 5 

demonstration unit set up at beneficiaries land and 

market linkages established after making 25 SHGs 

of trained women. 

(viii) At Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, 

Anantpur, 40 women were trained in seed collection, 

drying, pulverizing and collecting neem oil by cold 

compression method. A neem processing unit has 

been installed at sub-centres. The beneficiaries have 

been trained to operate these units. On an average 

each beneficiary is earning around Rs. 6,500/- per 

month through the sale of neem oil. 


138 

Mushroom Cultivation 

About 150 women from Tarra and Dondekhurd 

villages around Raipur were trained in cultivation and 

processing of oyster and milky mushroom. Out of 

these, 13 women were trained in spawn production 

technology. These women have established spawn 

production unit at Panchayat's land and are selling 

their product under the name of Swa Shakti Samiti. 

The unit 

has earned Rs. 68,000/- in six months. 

Through Manipur Science & Technology Council, a 

spawn production unit for Pleurotus and 

demonstration units for Oyster mushroom including 

few local species were set up. Selected 55 women 

were trained in mushroom cultivation including 

identification of edible variety, mushroom diseases 

and pests maintenance of spawn, harvesting and 

marketing. On an average each family is earning 

approximately Rs. 600/- per month by selling fresh 

mushroom @ Rs. 50 per kg. At TBGRI, 

Thiruvananthapuram, 25 strains of Pleurotus were 

collected from different places throughout Kerala 

state. They were screened for better yield, their 

availability throughout the year using RAPED and 

ITSRFLP methods. Seven training-cum-awareness 

fair were organized, over 10,000 people participated 

in these 3- day fair, out of which 2000 women were 

trained in Pleurotus cultivation at three satellite 

units. They were provided with quality spawn and 

assisted in setting up their units. 75 women are 

selling fresh mushroom @ Rs. 100/kg in local market. 

Bee Keeping 

A project was supported to an NGO, HESCO, 

Dehradun to promote entrepreneurship through bee 

keeping. Under this project about 400 women from 

two different altitude were selected and low cost 

wodden hives were introduced for lower altitude and 

upgraded wall hives in higher altitude. The lantana 

hives became very popular among the beneficiaries 

for its being cheaper as well as availability of the 

lantana in the region. They were also trained in valueaddition 

like extraction, purification, packaging for 

honey. The interested farmers were also trained in 

lantana box preparation. The trained women have 

already started their units and are selling their 

products in local market @ 150/- .

Poultry and Livestock Farming 

In an attempt to strengthen livestock industry through 

biotechnology, projects were supported for improved 

production and productivity for cattle a project was 

supported to Veterinary College & Research 

Institute, Namakkal. A total of 200 women from 10 

villages were trained in detection of mastitis and their 

control, low cost feed for better milk yield in cattle. 

Interested women were also trained in preparation of 

anti helminthic mineral blocks for sheep and goats. 

These women are earning good amount through the 

sale of these mineral blocks @ Rs. 35/- each. Also 

training was provided to selected women in 

entrepreneurship through poultry farming including 

low cost hatchery, feed and disease aspect. In order 

to strengthen the animal feed sector through protein 

and vitamin rich azolla, a project was supported to 

an NGO at NARDEP, Vivekananda Kendra, 

Kanyakumari. Under this project 1000 women were 

trained in low cost technology for azolla production 

and its application as supplement animal feed. The 

project had shown significant improvement in 

production & productivity in poultry & cattle. Over 

1000 women from Mutharasanallur, Pirattiyur, 

Nachikurichi, Maruthanddakurichi and Melavaaladi 

villages of Tiruchirapally were trained on desi 

chicken rearing and incubation using custimised 

hatchery unit. Out of these 100 women have set up a 

small poultry farm and are earning Rs. 35,000/- per 

annum. 

Aquaculture 

Through College of Fisheries, Mangalore, a 

dedicated demonstration facility has been installed 

at Bengre village having 16 racks with the capacity of 

20 kg fish each and dry fish storage cabinets. 

Approximately 140 women were trained in various 

activities for maintaining a fish village by these 

fisherwomen. About 40 women were trained in 

hygienic fish drying and packaging, 37 women in 

aquarium fish breeding and feed pellet making, 20 

women in Laboratory analysis of dry fish, 20 women 

in laboratory analysis of water & ice and 26 women in 

handling computers. An attempt to train women in 

entrepreneurship through ornamental fish three 

projects were supported at T.N., Orissa and West 

Bengal. Over 700 women were trained in the 

preparation of pelleted fish feed, glass tanks, mother 

aquarium, backyard breeding tanks for commercial 

and local of ornamental fish. The trained women are 

earning good amount through these projects. 

Sericulture 

Under project for economic empowerment to women 

in through Sericulture projects are supported at 

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. A total 

of 130 women were trained in organic cultivation of 

Mulberry, rearing of silkworm including disease 

management. They were also trained in preparation 

of various decorative items using the cocoon waste 

for additional income through the by-product of silk 

industry. 

Healthcare 

Through a project supported to Mahavir Hospital, 

Hyderabad, attempts were made to create 

awareness on lead toxicity to women and children 

working in paints or batteries industries. The blood 

samples from these population were screened for 

chemical, biochemical and clinical data. The affected 

population were also provided counseling and 

treatment. Kowing the fact that Vitamin D deficiency 

affects more to growing children and women a 

project was supported SGPGIMS & KGMC, 

Lucknow, Through the project, 200 girls from 6 

villages were selected on random bases. Their 

detailed health status and serum alkaline 

phosphatase (SAP) level recorded. The affected 

population was advised to take 600 unit of calcium in 

the form of Calcium Carbonate and at least 15 

minutes exposure to sun. As fluorosis (dental or 

skeletol) is endemic in large parts of UP, Karnataka, 

Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan a project 

was supported to Saraswati Dental College, 

Lucknow. Through this project, attempts were made 

to find out the genetic linkages among the 

children with skeletol or dental fluorosis. A population 

of 5024 from 7 villages around Lucknow 

were screened and it was noted that 28% of 

adolescent girls and 43% of pregnant women have 

biochemical osteomalacia. Through a project 

supported at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, 

Bangalore, a total of 3,000 women were screened for 

Carcinoma Cervix using Pap Smear test; 28 positive 

cases were referred to hospital for detailed diagnosis 

and treatment. 


Fruiting in Dhingri bags 

Network Programme for Prasad Kit 

Under the Network Project for Prasad Kit, emphasis 

was given on involvement of community in 

preparation of offerings using local bioresources and 

negotiations with authorities of local shrines for 

marketing. Over 150 local people got employment 

through five ongoing projects around major shrines 

like Male Mahadeshwara Temple & Biligiri Rangan 

Temple at Bangalore in Karnataka, Sri Bade 

Haniman Ji shrines & Hanuman Temple at 

Allahabad, U.P., Kaliyar Sharif Dargah, Udhampur 

and churches of Thrissur. Through project supported 

at Ashoka Trust for Reseacrh in Energy & 

Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, women from 56 

SHGs from Male Mahadeshwara Hills (MM Hills) 

and 17 SHGs from Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple 

(BRT) were trained in ladoo preparation, raising 

nurseries of sacred plants including sixteen native 

species. In another project supported to Parivartan 

Vikas Sansthan, Udamsingh Nagar, Uttaranchal, 60 

women from 4 villages around Kaliyar Sharif Dargha 

were trained in preparation of sweet bread, the 

traditional tabarruk, ladoos from maize and rice. The 

beneficiaries were also trained in incense making as 

well as candle making. Waqf Board of Dargah 

assured the marketing of all the products prepared 

by these women. It is expected that 5 new projects 

will be supported during this year. 

Programme for Rehabilitation of Tsunami 

Affected People 

After the Tsunami disaster in December 2004, the 


140 

department supported 6 projects for rehabilitation of 

Tsunami affected people and the area. These 

projects were able to provide employment 

opportunities to affected people at Tamilnadu, 

Pondicherry and Andaman & Nicobar Islands 

through softer biotechnology packages like 

cultivation of horticulture crops, vegetable, seaweed, 

poultry & goat rearing etc. Over 600 people were 

trained in various technologies and setting up their 

own units for sustainable employment. The project 

supported for prevention of outbreak of Malaria after 

Tsunami attack had made a significant impact to the 

people at Car Nicobar. The project supported for ecorestoration 

of devastated coastal land at Andaman 

Islands is an attempt to provide bioshield for the 

coastal line. The beneficiaries trained for softer 

biotechnologies for economic empowerment through 

poultry rearing, seaweed cultivation and organic 

farming have already started earning a good amount 

through the sale of their produce. 

Programmes for Rural Areas 

Biotechnology-based Programme for rural areas has 

benefited around 35,000 people through 30 ongoing 

projects and 8 new ones during the year. The projects 

supported cover cultivation of medicinal and 

aromatic plants, production of biofertilizers and 

biopesticides, organic farming, aquaculture and 

ornamental fish breeding, mushroom cultivation, 

genetic counseling, bee keeping and product 

development etc. Universities, Krishi Vigyan 

Kendras and voluntary/non-governmental 

organizations have been involved in the 

implementation of the projects. The target group 

received the benefit of hands-on training and field 

demonstrations to bring greater awareness. 

Ornamental Fish Breeding 

An integrated aquafarming project was undertaken 

at two districts namely Puri and Khurda of Orissa by 

undertaking activity in water spread area of about 6.9 

ha. Fish-poultry activity was undertaken with 

mushroom, vegetable cultivation and plantation of 

crop like banana and drumstick. Ornamental fish 

breeding units were set up through introduction of 

live bearers such as Guppy, Balloon molly, Black 

molly, Sword tail and egg layers like Gold fish, Rosy 

barb and Gourami. Training programmes were

conducted on mushroom cultivation, brooding and 

management of ducklings and chicks, vaccination, 

aquarium setting, marketing of ornamental fish, land 

preparation and management for nursery plants etc. 

Bee Keeping 

Training and demonstration was conducted on bee 

keeping and honey processing in two blocks of 

Jagdeeshpur and Musafirkhana in Sultanpur District 

of UP. Ninety farmers were trained on bee keeping, 

honey production, value addition, product making 

and marketing. Trained beneficiaries were 

introduced to banking schemes for financial support. 

Kisan Credit Cards were provided through banks and 

National Kisan Clubs were formed by the trainers for 

further development. Trainers' training was 

organized. 

Medicinal Plants 

Organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants 

was undertaken in Uttarkashi District of Uttaranchal 

for income generation and sustainable development 

of the rural community. Nursery was established and 

the planting material was distributed to the farmers in 

three villages, Ranadi, Hitandu and Matholi to 

motivate them to cultivate medicinal plants. The 

species under cultivation were Coleus forskholii, 

Rauvolfia serpentina and Pelargonium graveolens. 

Farmers' visits were arranged to the nursery and 

learn about the prospects of cultivation of medicinal 

plants. About 25 farmers showed interest and agreed 

to undertake the cultivation in their respective fields. 

To conserve biodiversity and improve the livelihoods 

of communities dependent on forests, a programme 

was undertaken in Darjeeling, West Bengal. High 

yielding varieties were introduced and depending 

upon the suitability of land and climatic condition, 

different feasible interventions were designed with 

the involvement of target population. Around 6250 

seedlings of large cardamom were raised by 30 

households and are being sold as well as 

transplanted in the beneficiaries' field. Progressive 

farmers are raising multiple saplings procured from 

reliable sources and building certified nurseries and 

availed subsidy besides the benefits that will accrue 

from the sale of these saplings. Black pepper and 

ginger saplings were distributed amongst the 

farmers for cultivation. Square Metre Vegetable 

Garden was introduced as a green house technology 

to enabled farmers to cultivate a variety of 

vegetables, mainly: coriander, spinach, fenugreek, 

beetroot, carrot, cauliflower, tomato, capsicum, 

broccoli, lettuce and round chilli from a small piece of 

land for higher economic return. Vermicomposting 

approached was introduced and five units were 

established involving five self-help groups for 

producing and selling the compost. 

Product Development 

A protocol was standardized for oil extraction from 

trash fish and its purification at Kanyakumari District, 

Tamil Nadu. Chemical analysis such as acid value, 

free fatty acids, -carotene and HUFA content were 

analyzed. Vitamins A, D, E and K compared with the 

values obtained for commercial cod liver oil. Dried 

fish were powdered and different ingredients and 

vitamin mineral premix were used to prepare poultry 

feed by altering the ratio of fish waste meal. Capsule 

formation and shelf life of fish oil capsule are being 

evaluated and efficacy of the prepared poultry feeds 

is being tested. Training programmes were 

conducted to disseminate the technology to the 

target community. 

Genetic Disorders 

The programme was taken up in Balanagar Mandal 

of Andhra Pradesh to create awareness on genetic 

disorders in rural folk and training the primary health 

centre workers about identification and prevention of 

genetic disorders. Demonstration and training 

programmes were conducted to benefit Anganwadi 

workers and multipurpose health assistants. Posters 

and handouts on genetic disorders in English and 

local language were distributed. The data obtained 

from the survey on prevalence of genetic disorders 

has been documented. 


Bioprocess and Product Development 

Biotechnological Approaches for Food and 

Nutritional Security 

The main emphasis during the year was on 

development and use of nutraceuticals and 

probiotics for holistic health. Brain storming sessions 

were convened to generate inter-institutional 

projects for studying the relationship of nutrition with 

reference to chronic diseases and on cellular & 

molecular nutrition. 

Probiotics for holistic health : 

a) Molecular characterization of Probiotics: 

Human faecal samples, human milk and raw milk 

samples from different sources were used for the 

isolation of Lactobacilli. Molecular techniques for 

identification and typing of indigenous probiotic 

cultures have been standardized to conserve 

probiotic strains ex situ and create a well catalogued 

probiotic culture bank for their commercial and 

research uses. 

b) Immuno-modulatory effect of Probiotics: 

Colonization and immuno modulatory effect of 

probiotic strains in Indian children are being 

studied. The levels of cytokines (IL-1,IL-6, IL-10 

and TNF-alpha) in stool samples of subjects, 

before and after intervention were monitored to 

Induction of chemokines by V. cholerae 

143 

Chapter- 7 

analyze the expression of Immunoglobulin 

receptors (IgG & IgA) on colonocysts isolated from 

stool before and after intervention by flow 

cytometry. Network R&D programme on 

identification, screening and mass production of 

probiotic strains and placebos for clinical trials was 

initiated. A cell culture-based assay has been 

developed to evaluate attenuation of the 

inflammatory response by test probiotic bacteria. 

Two human epithelial cell lines and a human 

macrophage cell line were grown in monolayers 

and the effects of pathogenic bacteria as well as 

individual bacterial components including 

lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide on 

chemokine production was tested. Interleukin-8 

was identified as the most prominent inflammatory 

chemokine. Probiotic bacteria from various sources 

were tested to identify those which suppressed IL-8 

production in response to stimuli. Eight different 

bacteria (4 Lactobacilli and 4 Bifidobacteria) were 

identified for inclusion in a probiotic cocktail. One 

billion of each of these bacteria were administered 

daily to Swiss albino mice before induction of 

experimental colitis. Compared to controls that did 

not receive the probiotic cocktail, treated mice 

showed significant reduction in ulceration and 

increase in healing suggesting that the probiotic 

modulated inflammation and repair in colitis. 

Analysis of the cytokine and chemokine mRNA 

response in these mice using reverse transcriptase 

qPCR is underway. Pathway-targeted human 

inflammatory chemokine array, analysis revealed 

that enteropathogen upregulated neutrophil 

chemoattractants, while downregulating monocyte 

and macrophage chemoatractant proteins. The 

probiotic were observed to reduced neutrophil 

chemoattractant response without altering 

monocyte and macrophage chemoattractant 

response. 

c) Probiotics for reproductive health: 

Phase-I clinical trials on safety and capability of 

Bioprocess and Product Development

probiotic selected strains of Lactobacilli to colonize 

in vagina for reproductive health of women have 

been initiated, to determine whether Lactobacilli can 

colonize in vagina of women depleted of such 

organisms. The safety, lack of side effects and 

efficacy of replenishment for preventing episodes of 

vaginosis are being determined. 

d) Bacteriocins from Probiotics: Natural 

isolates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the 

rhizosphere were screened for bacteriocin 

production and , strain LR/14 has been found to be 

potential bacteriocin producer. This strain was 

identified as Lactobacillus plantarum LR/14 by 

biochemical tests and 16SrDNA sequencing. The 

crude bacteriocin of strain LR/14 was heat and pH 

stable with shelf-life upto 2 years was checked. The 

mode of action was observed to be bactericidal with 

broad host range against related as well as some 

food-borne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, 

Staphylococcus and Salmonella. 

E-Test (VA & CIP) - probiotic [C] 

e) Probiotics as Potential Source of Vitamin 

B12: Various Propionibacteria are being explored as 

potential source of Vitamin B12 and functional 

probiotic ingredient in a dairy based nutraceutical 

formulation. Twenty two cultures were identified as 

dairy Propionibacteria. Molecular Characterization 

with the help of genus-specific primers from the 16S- 

23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions for dairy 

propionibacteria, isolated organism are under 

process. The estimation of Vitamin B12 in milk has 

been standardized using immunosorbent method. 

Using ELISA kit, the values of vitamin B12 in cow 

milk, buffalo milk and goat milk were observed to be 


144 

4.91 ± 0.40, 21.68 ± 2.69 and 3.91 4.91 ± 0.26 ppb, 

respectively. Further work on the validation of 

ELISA method with microbiological assay employing 

Lactobacillus leichmannii as an assay organism is in 

progress. 

f) Food mixtures with Probiotics: 

Standardization and quality evaluation of banana 

based probiotic fermented food mixtures are being 

accomplished. Initial standardization of the 14 

different combinations of food mixtures based on raw 

banana flour, defatted soya flour, green gram flour, 

tomato, papaya and mango have been carried out. 

Banana flour was the main ingredient in the food 

mixture which ranged from 50 to 70% in all 

combinations. A total of 56 food mixtures with the 

above raw ingredients were developed and 

subjected to organoleptic evaluation and out of this, 

14 combinations were selected based on their 

sensory qualities, for further studies. 

Nutraceuticals 

a) Reduced calorie fats: Various novel 

reduced calorie fats have been developed. The 

conditions for the transesterification were optimized 

at laboratory scale and further upscaled. In a typical 

reaction, sunflower oil was transesterified with ethyl 

behenate in presence of specific enzyme 

Lipozyme. Reaction products from five similar 

reactions were pooled and distilled. Various 

structural lipids have been prepared and the 

products have been analyzed for RP-HPLC and 

physico-chemical properties. 

b) Tea Polyphenols: Theaflavins, (TF) is a 

high valued neutraceutical found in Black Tea in 

limited amounts, through the bioconversion of 

catechins from tea by the immobilized polyphenol 

oxidase (PPO) enzyme system native to tea. 

Identification of suitable matrix for the enzyme 

immobilization, isolation of tea PPO, kinetic studies 

of the immobilized enzyme system, number of 

turnovers of immobilized enzyme system to 

Theaflavins, stability of the immobilized enzyme 

matrix, isolation of tea PPO in soluble form, alogwith 

characterization of Theaflavins product through UV, 

IR and mass spectrometery, were completed. 100% 

conversion of tea catechins to Theaflavins were 

achieved with the system with repeated turnover of

ecorded 50 times batch run without any loss of 

efficiency of conversion rate. 

In another study, potential of black tea and its 

constituents in reversal of multidrug resistance and 

as bio-enhancer are being studied. The non-toxic 

concentrations of tea polyphenols were found to 

effectively reverse the drug resistance as evident by 

p-glycoprotein expression (through western blotting) 

and increased drug uptake of doxorubicin (through 

flow cytometry). Potential of tea polyphenols as bioenhancer 

in cancer chemoprevention studies, 

experiments on hepato-carcinogenesis and skin 

carcinogenesis were undertaken revealed that 

polyphenolic constituents of both varieties of tea, 

green and black are providing significant protection 

against cancer induction in vivo models. 

c) Enhanced Omega-3 fatty acid content in 

foods: Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential 

omega-3 fatty acid required in the diet that gets 

converted in the body to Eicosapentaenoic acid and 

Docosahexaenoic acid that form precursors 

respectively for eicosanoids and membrane 

components especially, brain and retina. Many 

microorganisms can desaturate the abundant plant 

linoleic acid (LA) to ALA that is poorly present in plant 

oils. Work to develop recombinant yeast strains 

capable of converting LA to ALA extracellularly was 

carried out. More than 100 yeast isolates were 

collected, mostly from the premises of plant oil mills 

from different parts of the country, and grouped into 

forty independent types based on colony and cellular 

characteristics. Genomic DNA was isolated from the 

forty different strains and used for screening of 

omega-3 desaturase gene by PCR. Primers were 

designed based on sequence homology of a 

published yeast omega-3 desaturase with those 

present in algae, fungi and plants. When compared 

across different phylogenetic groups there is over all 

poor sequence similarity (23%-29%), with the 

exception of cyanobacetria and Arabidopsis which 

showed 45%-50% similarity. Three aminoacid 

clusters, 16-22 aa long with 45%-50% similarity 

among all the known desatuarse, was used for 

designing primers. Seven out of forty samples 

yielded ~600 bp amplicon. These were further 

confirmed by PCR using a different set of primers 

and 2 DNA hybridization studies. The PCR positive 

strains were able convert LA to ALA. 

d) Beta-carotene from Alga: A total of 272 salt 

pans seawater samples were collected along the 

coasts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Most of 

the samples contained the quadriflagellate alga like 

Tetraselmis. Only a few samples known to contain a 

mixture of naked green algal species Dunaliella, thus 

indicating the rare occurrence of the species. The 

algal colonies appeared after 20 days were isolated 

and maintained. Dunaliella strains were investigated 

for their growth study and total carotenoids and 

potential strains have been identified for enhanced 

beta carotene production. In another study, 

carotenoids and fatty acid composition of some 

selected Indian brown and red seaweeds were 

analysed and phenolic content and antioxidant 

activity of extracts from seaweeds were also 

analysed. The brown seaweeds analysed included 

Sargassum marginatum, Padina tetrastromatic and 

Turbinaria connoides; while, the red seaweeds 

included Acanthophora spicifera, Euchema 

kappaphycus and Gracilaria folifera. The lipid 

content in various seaweeds varied between 1.0 and 

3.0% (dwb) with P. tetrasromatica showing the 

highest content. Glycolipids were found to be a major 

lipid class, followed by neutral and phospholipids, in 

brown as well as red seaweeds. Brown seaweeds 

were found to contain fucoxanthin as the major 

pigment. Fucoxanthin content of fraction obtained by 

column chromatography was found to be >90%. 

Among the various solvent fractions obtained, 

butanolic fraction of E. kappaphycus was found to 

contain the highest. The red seaweeds showed 

relatively higher antioxidant activity than brown 

seaweeds as indicated by radical scavenging 

activity. 

e) Microbial Production of Nicotinamide: 

Nicotinamide is one of the important vitamins B3, which is mainly used in pellagra and niacin 

deficiency. It also has an antioxidant and 

cytoprotective effect. The other form of vitamin B3 is 

nicotinic acid, which is equally important as 

nicotinamide. In this project a large number of 

microbes have been screened for both nicotinamide 

and nicotinic acid production. The nitrile hydratase 

activity of these strains was determined by assaying 

the enzyme activity. The HPLC method was 

developed to determine 3-cyanopyridine, 

nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Good nitrile 

145 Bioprocess and Product Development

hydratase activity was shown by eight strains among 

the different strains screened for this purpose. 

Reactions conditions are being optimized with the 

isolated strains. 

f) Folate Supplementation: The study 

investigated the optimal level of folate 

supplementation in the presence and absence of Vit. 

B12 using rat model. In the first protocol, there were 

three treatment groups (12% protein with folate 

supplementation at 2, 4 & 8 mg/kg diet) and one 

control group (18% protein). There was no difference 

observed in brain weights of pups from different 

groups at birth. In contrast, males pups from both 4 

and 8 mg folic acid supplemented groups had 

significantly lower (p

The conditions for the preparation of crude bromealin 

extract from pineapple wastes (peel, core, stem and 

crown) have been standardized. The storage studies 

under different conditions (25±2ºC and 4±2ºC) are 

carried out to examine the stability of enzyme. The 

crude extract preparation of β-galactosidase from 

plant sources such as tomato, radish seeds, cow pea 

and spinach are attempted. The work on 

standardizing the extraction conditions for βgalactosidase 

from other plant sources is under 

progress. The processing conditions for the forward 

and back extraction of bromelain from the crude 

extract (from pineapple wastes) are being varied to 

optimize the enzyme activity recovery and 

purification. A purification factor of 5.2 with nearly 

130% activity recovery has been achieved with the 

crude extract obtained from pineapple core. The 

bromelain activity in the pineapple peel is found to be 

very less (~17%) as compared to that of core. The 

RME of peel extract resulted in an activity recovery of 

50% with 2 fold purification. The processing 

conditions have been suitably modified to selectively 

separate the bromelain from polyphenol oxidase 

(PPO). The selective separation of enzyme has been 

achieved based on the iso-electric point of the two 

enzymes. The work on integration of RME with 

membrane processing has been taken up and 

preliminary results are found to be encouraging 

Large Cardamom - Product Plan 

Evaluation of the performance of tissue culture 

raised large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) vis-àvis 

open pollinated (OP) seedlings in farmers' field 

over a total area of 50 ha has been continued in four 

districts Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Champawat and 

Pithoragarh of Uttarakhand state jointly by the Herbal 

Research and Development Institute, Gopeshwar 

and Regional Research Station of the Indian 

Cardamom Research Institute (Spices Board), 

Gangtok, Sikkim. About 1.00 lakh OP seedlings were 

raised in two secondary nurseries located at 

Dewalthal Pithoragarh and Kothiyalsain Chamoli. A 

total of 47, 898 tissue culture plantlets of large 

cardamom were supplied by M/S Sunglow Biotech, 

Coimbatore. These were hardened at Kothiyalsain 

nursery and field planted during the planting season 

2006. A total of about 34.45 area has been planted 

during 2006 season involving 222 beneficiaries 

using 90,000 OP seedlings (22.50 ha) and 47,818 

tissue culture plantlets (11.95 ha). Accordingly, a total 

area of 50.45 ha has been covered in the project so 

far with OP seedlings (38.50 ha) and tissue culture 

plantlets (11.95 ha) involving 276 beneficiaries. 

Four training programmes for project personnel and 

farmers on scientific cultivation and management 

practices of large cardamom were organized during 

the year at Pithoragarh, Gopeshwar and Gangtok. 

Microbial and Industrial Biotechnology 

Microbial Enzymes for Industrial Use 

In an ongoing project at Himachal Pradesh 

University, Shimla, 11 fold purification of nitrile 

hydratase enzyme (NHase, EC 4.2.1.84) with a yield 

of 52 % has been achieved from cell free extract of 

Rhodococcus rhodochrous PA-34. The molecular 

weight of holoenzyme of NHase was found to be 86 

kDa by native-PAGE. Studies also revealed that the 

enzyme consisted of two subunits of 25.04 kDa and 

30.6 kDa. The Km and Vmax values were 167 mM 

and 250 µmole/min/mg respectively. A DNA 

sequence of 1.7 kb containing NHase gene was 

cloned and expressed in E. coli JM109 using specific 

primers based PCR techniques from genomic DNA 

of R. rhodochrous and the gene sequence had 99% 

homology with low molecular weight NHase gene of 

R. rhodochrous J1 (Fig.5). 

At NIO, Goa, among the 14 marine fungi identified for 

laccase activity, a basidiomycetous fungus, NIOCC # 

2a, isolated from mangrove wood was found to be the 

best producer of laccase enzyme when grown in 

seawater of 25-30 ppt salinity. The enzyme with 

optimum activity at 60ºC with pH 3 and 6 

decolorized several synthetic dyes, effluents from 

textile mills, paper and pulp mills and alcohol 

distilleries. In an ongoing project at IIT, Delhi, on 

lipases from haloalkalophilic and organic solvent 

tolerant microbes for industrial applications, a 

solvent tolerant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

has been isolated which secrets very good protease 

and lipase. These enzymes were purified and it also 

exhibited stability in alkaline range and in presence of 

surfactant and detergents. The gene responsible for 

expression of protease was identified and 

characterized as lasB gene and the phylogenetic tree 

based on the gene sequence was deduced. 


At Birla Institute for Scientific Research, Jaipur, 

studies have been carried out for development of 

thermostable nitrile metabolizing enzymes for 

enantio- and regio-selective biotransformation. 

Streptomyces sp. MTCC 7546 was identified as the 

best micro organism with desired characteristics and 

the enzyme production from this strain is optimized. 

The enantio-selectivity using mandelonitrile as 

substrate in different percentage of organic solvent 

was thoroughly investigated and an ee% of more 

than 98% was achieved. The immobilization of 

bacteria in agar-agar powder as an entrapment was 

attempted and it was observed that the immobilized 

whole cells could be used for more than 25 cycles 

without much decrease in activity. 

At NCL, Pune, biochemical and structural 

investigations of pharmaceutically important 

enzymes are being pursued. Fermentation 

parameters for maximum production of 

cephalosporin acylase from a new bacterial source, 

Alcaligenes xylosoxidans ATCC 14648, have been 

optimised. Chemical modification studies of the 

purified enzyme revealed that serine plays an 

important role in catalysis of the enzyme. Studies on 

the substrate specificity of the enzyme indicated that 

alpha amino substitution does not affect binding but 

prevents catalysis. Crystal structure of gamma 

Glutaryl trans peptidase from Bacillus subtilis has 

been determined. 

Drug Development and Delivery Systems 

In a DBT funded project, KEM Hospital, Mumbai in 

collaboration with Delhi University had developed a 

liposomal amphotericin (Fungisome), which has 

been investigated in animals and man, and shown to 

be safe and effective. The manufactured formulation 

is patented and currently available in the Indian 

market. A multi centric, prospective, open label, 

randomized trial comparing fungisome (1mg/kg/day 

or 3 mg/kg/day) and conventional amphotericin B is 

being conducted to investigate the use of liposomal 

amphotericin in empirical therapy for presumed 

fungal infection in febrile neutropenic patients. 6 out 

of 7 patients enrolled in the study are assessable. 

Three patients are randomized to the dose of 

1mg/kg/day (Fungisome), and all are assessable. 

Similarly 02 patients are randomized to 3 mg/kg/day 

(Fungisome) dose, of which 01 is assessable. Two 


148 

patients randomized to 1mg/kg/day (conventional) 

are assessable. 

In another multicentric, open, comparative, 

randomized study to optimize dose, duration, safety, 

efficacy, and cost of two treatment regimens with 

Liposomal amphotericin (Fungisome) in the 

treatment of systemic fungal infections in India, with a 

sample size of 60, a total of 26 patients has been 

enrolled so far at various centers of which 20 are 

assessable. The analytical method for the 

estimation of the Amphotericin B has been 

developed and the validation is under progress. 

At AIIMS, New Delhi, a mouse monoclonal antibody 

against a neutralizing epitope of hepatitis B surface 

antigen was cloned and expressed as mouse scFv 

fusion protein of mouse scFv with human Fc 

chimaeric Fab (fusion protein of mouse variable) and 

human constant regions and full length chimaeric 

antibody incorporating mouse variable and human 

constant regions. All these molecules bind to the 

same epitope on HbS Ag as the original monoclonal 

and with similar affinity. A humanized antibody has 

been expressed and characterized by further 

mutating framework residues within the variable 

regions of the mouse derived sequences to residues 

found in human antibodies. These amino acids have 

been identified by both homology matching and 

molecular modeling. 

In a multidisciplinary collaborative project at NII, 

JNU, AIIMS and Kirorimal College, Delhi, with an aim 

to inhibit beta cell autoimmunity in children 

predisposed to get type I diabetes, the investigators 

have designed competitive peptides to auto-antigens 

in order to inhibit their presentation and abrogate 

self-destruction of beta cells. The newly developed 

altered peptides reduce the number of Th1 cells in 

response to auto antigens when used for priming the 

lymphocytes before exposure to the auto antigen invitro. 

For in-vivo as well as targeted and sustained 

delivery, these peptides have been encapsulated in 

nanosized carriers. The release kinetics of the 

peptides in buffer as well serum/plasma have been 

studied. Two peptides with good results were 

synthesized using standard FMOC chemistry and 

purified using HPLC. Additional blood samples from 

type 1 diabetes were studied to check if they would 

inhibit auto-antigen-specific Th1 responses in

ELISPOT assay after brief incubation with the 

peptides. Nanoparticles were characterized by 

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques. 

Scattered light was detected by a photodiode and 

scattered intensity was converted to intensity autocorrelation 

function by a digital correlator. The AFM 

can also probe mechanical and other fundamental 

properties of sample surfaces, including their local 

adhesive or elastic (compliance) properties. 80 blood 

samples have been collected to study the 

autoantibody profiles in these patients and 60 

samples have already been studied for anti-GAD and 

anti-IA2 antibodies. Haemolytic and cytotoxicity 

assay show that P2 and P2 loaded nanoparticles are 

not Cytotoxic either to RBCs or lymphocytes at the 

working concentrations they are being used in the 

assays 

In an ongoing project at Delhi University South 

Campuus, genome sequencing of Amycolatopisis 

mediterranei S699 that produces anti tubercular 

antibiotic, rifamycin, is being done to explore the 

potential for producing better rifamycin analogs and 

other secondary metabolic pathways. At UICT, 

Mumbai, experiments are ongoing for synthesis of 

chiral drugs such as Fluoxetine, Naproxen, 

Flurbiprofen, Methyl mandelate through 

biotransformation. Optimization of production 

conditions and characterization has been done for 

alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces 

cerevisiae and lipase from Candida rugosa. 

On the technology developed in a completed project 

by ACTREC, Tata Memorail Centre, Mumbai and 

transferred to J.Mitra & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 

Industrial Products 

At Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, 

Chennai, pigment producing fungal fruit bodies of 

basidiomycetes like Amanita muscarria, Coriolus 

versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum were collected, 

identified and established the pure culture for 

pigment extraction in textile dyeing. Using sugarcane 

bagasse and sawdust combinations Coriolus 

versicolor initiated orange color fruit body. Agar 

diffusion assay was performed to assess the efficacy 

of pigment extracts on a number of bacterial strains 

The antibacterial assay confirmed that pigment 

extract did not have lethal effect on the flora. The 

fungal basidiocarps used for pigment extraction 

yielded different shades of yellow, reddish orange 

and orange color. The fungal pigments did not 

change its original color shade when exposed to 

0 0 

temperatures of 90 C and 100 C. and when these 

pigments amended individually with different 

mordant like alum, copper, chromium, iron and tin 

developed color variation from orange to yellow and 

deep brown shades. The dyed cotton yarns did not 

change color on repeated washing, sunlight drying 

0 0 

and extensive heating at 35 C 65 C. 

In an ongoing collaborative project on development 

of biosensor for infectious diseases at IIIT, Hyderabd, 

studies were carried out to estimate the stability and 

solvation energy of covalently modified horseradish 

peroxidase (HRP) in silico. Efforts are being made to 

devise alternative simulation strategies for 

standardization and application. 

In an ongoing project at IIT, Delhi, studies were 

carried out for process optimization strategies for 

concentrated and pure L(+) lactic acid production 

- 

and its characterization as lactides using adh 

mutants of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The anaerobic 

environment was maintained by continuously 

sparging nitrogen gas into the medium and the 

agitation was kept at 450 rpm and fermentations 

o 

were carried out at temperature 40 C and pH 6.2. 

Two modes/processes were used for lactic acid 

productivity improvement. The cell recycle system 

was successfully operated at different sets of dilution 

rates and cell recycle ratio. Under the optimum 

-1 -1 

conditions lactic acid production of 1.368 gl h were 

observed and the production profile indicated that 

production is both growth associated and non-growth 

associated and is exponential. An overall yield of 

lactic acid based on substrate supplied was equal to 

-1 

0.875 gg . 

At NII, New Delhi, studies have shown that by 

measuring the 'X cross over' frequency in a new 

design of microwave probe by non destructive 

method it is possible to directly estimate the 

permittivity of the medium around the probe. This 

method is sufficiently sensitive and finds application 

in many areas, especially in food science. At 

present, the probe is used with a general purpose 

microwave LCR meter. These kinds of probes along 

with a dedicated meter will make a package for real 

time monitoring of inclusion bodies. In a collaborative 


study at Osmania University and IICT, Hyderabad, 

corncobs recorded the highest xylose production 

than other agro-products and 81g/kg xylose is 

released from corncobs at optimum conditions. 

Optimization studies are ongoing. Since sugarcane 

bagasse was also used for the generation of 

electricity, the commercial value of the bagasse has 

increased. As H SO gave better xylose (0.2g/g) than 

2 4 

HCL (0.14g/g), H SO was selected for the acid 

2 4 

hydrolysis. Adaptation of Candida tropicalis to 

corncobs hydrolysate for 18 cycles gave 52% 

conversion of xylose to xylitol. 

At JNU, New Delhi, investigations are being 

conducted to study two major problems in host cell 

productivity during high cell density cultivation of 

recombinant E. coli viz., acetate accumulation and 

oxygen starvation, by genetically modifying the host 

cell machinery by introducing genes for Vhb and 

pyruvate carboxylase. A reverse metabolic 

engineering approach is also being used where a 

library is being screened to identify metabolic blocks, 

which might be beneficial to recombinant protein 

expression. 

In a study supported at CSMCRI, Gujarat, 

functionalized chitosans and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) 

based nanoporous charged membranes were 

prepared in the aqueous media and gelated in 

0 

methanol at 10 C for tailoring their pore structure. 

These membranes were extensively characterized 

for their physicochemical, electrochemical and 

permeation characteristics using FTIR, TGA, DSC, 

water content, ion-exchange capacity, ionic transport 

properties and membrane permeability studies. Nmethylene 

phosphonic chitosan (NMPC)/PVA based 

membranes exhibited mild cation selectivity, 

quaternized chitosan (QC)/PVA composite 

membranes resulted mild anion selectivity while 

blend of NMPC-QC/PVA membranes exhibited weak 

cation selectivity because of formation of zwitterionic 

structure. Elaborate electrochemical and 

permeation experiments were conducted to predict 

suitability of these membranes for the separation of 

mono- and bi-valent electrolytes based on their 

hydrated ionic radius and it was found that among all 

the synthesized membranes PC/QC-30 was resulted 

highest relative permeability, which may extend its 

suitability for the electrolyte separations. The 

feasibility of separation of BSA and lysozyme mixture 


150 

at desired pH and experimental conditions were 

studied. 

Environmental Application Products 

At Jai Research foundation, Gujarat, a large scale 

screening for the isolation of Bacillus thuringenesis 

was undertaken to characterize the crystal protein 

toxin genes (cry) available in Indian environment. 

Several isolates harboring Lepidoptera and 

Coleptera specific toxin genes were isolated and the 

distribution of these toxin genes in the naturally 

occurring system was unravelled. Efforts are being 

done to characterize these isolates to exploit its toxin 

potential to use in Indian agriculture for developing 

insect resistance transgenic plants. 

At CFTRI, Mysore, DDT dehydrohalogenase has 

been identified as the potent enzyme for degradation 

of DDT. This enzyme is responsible for the initial 

dechlorination of DDT and is assayed in individual 

bacterial isolates and also in the consortium. Dot blot 

assay with AgNO 3 gave good response with bacterial 

cell consortium for the presence or absence of DDT. 

Generation of antibodies against DDT for biosensor 

application is being done in poultry and rabbits. 

Hyper expression of the DDT degradative genes in 

suitable hosts for enzyme production is in progress. 

At IIT, Delhi, protective properties of selected natural 

dyes and chitosan derivatives for development of 

multifunctional textiles are being investigated. 

Treatment with modified chitosan makes it possible 

to dye cotton in bright shades with cationic dyes 

having high wash fastness. Results revealed that 

treated cotton has better dyeability with direct and 

reactive dyes and improved wrinkle recovery and 

high antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. 

aureus and the effect was found to be durable for five 

laundering cycles. Studies on the UV absorption 

spectra of seven natural dyes showed that some of 

these dyes could be used to produce cotton and 

polyester fabrics offering high UV protection . The 

UPF appears to be closely related to the fibre 

properties and the dye fibre interactions and the 

same dyes can give very different results on different 

fibres. Terminalia chebula and Punica granatum 

showed good results on cotton fabric. 

At Delhi University, in an ongoing project on

decontamination and microbial diversity of HCH and 

p-Nitrophenol contaminated soils from dumping 

sites, HCH degrading sphingomonads were isolated. 

The analysis of these strains revealed that they 

contain lin genes (responsible for the degradation of 

HCH isomers). It was also demonstrated that 

biostimulation of sphingomonads population can be 

used for the degradation/decontamination of high 

dose point HCH residues. 

At University of Allahabad, germ plasm of more than 

three hundred strains representing full biodiversity of 

cyanobacteria from U.P. & Bihar has been 

developed. A few useful strains rich in phycocyanin, 

phycoerythrin, protein, and nitrogen fixing activity 

have also been recognized. Combination of certain 

strains have been developed for their use as 

biofertilizer in rice-fields. 

Biotechnology Patent Facilitating Cell 

The Department of Biotechnology support research 

in basic and applied aspects of life sciences and 

protects the outcome/invention. The Biotechnology 

Patent Facilitating Cell (BPFC) of the Department 

extends administrative and financial support to 

inventions that fulfill the patentability criteria. The 

Patent Cell also creates awareness and 

understanding about the importance of Intellectual 

Property among scientists and researchers through 

workshops, seminars, conferences and regular 

training courses. 

During the year 2006-2007, out of 22 applications 

received for patenting, DBT filed 15 patent 

applications in India and other countries through 

NRDC. The total number of patent applications filed 

by DBT in India and with PCT, USPTO, EPO and 

other countries, which have potential commercial 

value stands at 187 (approx.). The list of patent 

applications filed during the year 2006-2007 (upto 

December 2006) is given in table 1. 

The Department has sponsored seminars and 

workshops by NRDC and BCIL for the researchers to 

acquire hands on knowledge to introduce IPR culture 

and novelty protection in R&D pursued with an 

effective IP management for commercial value 

addition to their business portfolio. 

Three officers of the Department were trained at the 

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad to 

familiarize themselves with the basic theory and 

practice of IP regimes, to get hands-on experience in 

reading patents, reviewing prior art and 

understanding the strategic issues involved in 

protection of IP and also to appreciate the 

dimensions of licensing associated with IP 

protection. 

The Centre for IPR Research and Advocacy 

(CIPRA), Bangalore, with the support of this 

Department, has conducted a one week Refresher 

Course on IPR and Biotechnology for the scientists 

working under the DBT sponsored projects in 

different institutions in India, from 25.12.2006 to 

30.12.2006 to promote basic understanding of 

patents and other IPR related issues. More than 25 

scientists attended the training course. The course 

will be continued to build capacity in the area of IP. 

The database of patents has been redesigned and 

upgraded for better information retrieval by scientists 

and the policy makers alike and is in the process of 

updation. 



152

Small Business Innovation Research Initiative 

for Public Private Partnership 

Keeping in view the immense potential of 

biotechnology for the economic growth of the 

country, it was felt necessary to forge Public Private 

Partnerships for strengthening R&D as well as 

commercialization in the biotech sector. The 

department has initiated the scheme “Small 

Business Innovation Research Initiative (SBIRI)” to 

encourage companies in the biotech sector. The 

programme aims to build and capture a leadership 

position for India among the top most countries of the 

world in biotech sector. The SBIRI scheme operates 

in two phases. Under Phase I highly innovative, 

early stage, pre-proof-of-concept research is 

supported while under Phase II, the funding is 

provided for late development and 

commercialization of innovative research leads. The 

proposals that address important national needs are 

given preference. This scheme marks a new phase 

in public-private-partnerships in a way that combines 

the strengths of the public sector with creativity and 

efficiency of the private sector. Effective linkages 

between the industry and academia are forged for 

up-scaling and validation of laboratory research to 

facilitate commercialization. The department 

advertised the scheme four times since September, 

2005. A total of 208 proposals were received by the 

department in first three batches and the fourth 

st 

advertisement is open till 31 March, 2007. The 

department has considered 169 proposals from the 

first and second batches through Technical 

Screening Committee (TSC) and Apex Committee of 

SBIRI (ACS). The proposals are in the broad areas of 

healthcare; agriculture & allied areas; industrial 

product & process development; and environmental 

biotechnology in the ratio of 58:20:21:1. The TSC 

met four times while the ACS met three times since 

the inception of the scheme. On-site visits were 

made to different companies to undertake due 

diligence process on 47 projects. A total of 34 

projects were recommended for support by the ACS. 

The department is in the process of executing 

agreements with companies. The proposals 

received in the third batch are under consideration by 

the department. Under the health sector, the major 

thrust is on the development of therapeutics and drug 

designing while other areas like diagnostics, 

development of bioinstrumentation having utility in 

medical sector, R&D in different health related areas 

and clinical research are also covered up by the 

private sector. In the agri-sector, the focus of private 

companies is on development of transgenics. The 

scheme has also been well taken and appreciated at 

different forums. 

For close monitoring and review of the projects a two 

tier mechanism is envisaged. At the first level, a 

Project Monitoring Committee (PMC) comprising of 

2-3 experts in the particular area, scientists from the 

department and a representative from SBIRI 

Management Agency (SMA) would review the 

progress on a periodical basis. The reports of the 

PMCs would be reviewed by the Technical Screening 

Committee/Apex Committee of SBIRI. The SBIRI 

initiative marks an important milestone and augurs 

well for the development of the Biotech Sector in 

India. 

Biosafety Issues 

In compliance with the Rules-1989 of Environment 

(Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA-1986), the Department 

had constituted the Review Committee on Genetic 

Manipulation (RCGM) to monitor the safety related 

aspects in respect of ongoing r-DNA projects & 

activities involving genetically engineered 

organisms/ hazardous organisms and controlled 

field experiments of transgenic crops. During the 

year, RCGM took several policy decisions for the 

promotion of r-DNA technology in the fields of 

agriculture and pharmaceutical sector. The policy 

decisions in agriculture sector include 

standardization of protocol for conduct of multilocation 

field trials and data collection parameters on 

Bt. cotton. RCGM further recommended a uniform 

nomenclature of transgenic crop/ gene/ event. 

Keeping in view the observations and 

recommendations of Monitoring-cum-Evaluation 

Committee (MEC) and Genetic Engineering 

Approval Committee (GEAC) to decentralize the 

monitoring activity on transgenic crops, the RCGM 

approved the new monitoring mechanism proposed 

by the department to evaluate the Bt. cotton field 

trials and other transgenic crops by local Monitoring 

Teams headed & consisting Scientists from State 

Agricultural Universities and State Agricultural 

Departments. 


In the area of recombinant pharma sector, the 

department actively participated in finalization of 

report for the Task Force on “Recombinant Pharma 

Sector” constituted by the Ministry of Environment & 

Forests. The recommendations of the Department 

on protocols for different kind of r-DNA pharma 

products based on indigenous development and 

marketing, import and marketing, purified materials 

from Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as 

products for commercialization and GMOs as 

products were included in the final report. After 

notification by GEAC, MoE&F, the department has 

been implementing the recommendations of the 

Task Force on 'Recombinant Pharma Sector' since 

st 

1 April, 2006 

Development of a dedicated dynamic & interactive 

web site on “Biosafety” was completed and 

154 

preparations are underway to launch the “Biosafety” 

website by the department. Another website on 

“Indian GMO Research Information System 

(IGMORIS)” aimed to provide information on 

research work going on in Indian laboratories, is also 

ready for launching. 

During the year, the RCGM met 11 times to consider 

a total of 517 applications: 331 in agriculture sector 

and 186 in pharma sector. The applications were for 

the import of transgenic materials including 

transgenic seeds, conduct of pre-clinical toxicity 

studies, contained single/ multi-location field trials on 

transgenic crops and generation of food safety data. 

Approval accorded by the RCGM for conduct of 

multi-location field trials in contained conditions on 

several transgenic crops developed by public and 

private institutions are given in Table-1. 

Table-1 

Transgenic crops approved for conduct of contained limited field trials including multi-location field 

trials during 2006. 

+ 

Sl. No. Crop Institute/Industry Transgene 

1. Brinjal Mahyco, Mumbai cry2Ab 

Sungro Seeds Ltd, New Delhi cry1Ac 

IARI, New Delhi cry1A 

2. Cabbage Nunhems India Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon cry1Ba and cry1Ca 

3. Castor Directorate of Oilseeds Research cry1Aa and cry1Ec 

(DOR), Hyderabad 

4. Cauliflower Sungro Seeds Ltd, New Delhi cry1Ac 

Nunhems India Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon cry1Ba and cry1Ca 

5. Corn Monsanto, Mumbai cry1Ab 

6. Cotton Ajeet Seeds, Aurangabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Amar Biotech Ltd., Hyderabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Ankur Seeds P.Ltd., Nagpur cry1Ac, cryX 

M/s Bioseed Research India Pvt Ltd, Hyd cryX 

Central Institute for Cotton Research, cry1Ac 

Nagpur 

M/s Emergent Genetics India P. Ltd, Hyd cryX 

Ganga Kaveri Seeds Ltd, Hyderabad cryX 

Green Gold Seeds Ltd, Aurangabad GFM cry1A 

DBT Annual Report 2006-07

JK Agri Genetics, Hyderabad cry1Ac 

M/s Kaveri Seeds Co. P. Ltd, S'bad cryX 

Krishidhan Seeds, Jalna cry1Ac, cryX 

Mahyco, Mumbai cryX 

Metahelix Life Sciences, Bangalore cry1C 

Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore cryX 

Nandi Seeds Pvt. Ltd Mehbubnagar cry1Ac 

Nath Seeds, Aurangabad GFM cry1A 

M/s. Navkar Hybrid Seeds Ltd., Ahmedabad GFM cry1A 

Nuziveedu Seeds, Hyderabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Prabhat Agri Biotech Ltd. Hyderabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Pravardhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd Hyderabad cryX 

Proagro Seeds Co. Ltd Hyderabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Rasi Seeds Ltd., Attur cryX 

Safal Seeds & Biotech Ltd., Aurangabad GFM cry1A 

Seed Works Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad cry1Ac 

Solar Agro Tech Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot cryX 

Syngenta India Ltd., Pune Vip-3A, cry1Ab 

Tulsi Seeds, Guntur cry1Ac, cryX 

Uniphos Enterprises Ltd., Mumbai GFM cry1A 

Vibha Agrotech Ltd. Hyderabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Vikki's Agrotech, Hyderabad cryX 

Vikram Seeds Ltd, Ahmedabad cry1Ac, cryX 

Zuari Seeds Ltd. Bangalore GFM cry1A 

7. Groundnut ICRISAT, Hyderabad chitinase gene from 

Rice (Rchit) 

8. Mustard UDSC, New Delhi barnase & barstar 

9. Okra Mahyco, Mumbai cry1Ac,cry2Ab 

10. Potato CPRI, Shimla RB gene derived from 

Solanum bulbocastanum 

11. Rice IARI, New Delhi cry1Aa - cry1B 

Mahyco, Mumbai cry1Ac, cry2Ab 

TNAU, Tamil Nadu rice chitinase (chi11) or 

tobacco osmotin gene 

12. Tomato IARI, New Delhi antisense replicase gene 

of tomoto leaf curl virus 

Mahyco, Mumbai cry2Ab 

The workshops, seminars and symposia organized by the Department of Biotechnology on biosafety rules 

and regulations have increased the awareness among the research institutions working in the area of r- 

DNA technology. At present there are 358 IBSCs constituted at various public-funded institutions, 

universities, private R&D institutions and industries. 

155 


MEC met five times during the year to review the field 

trial data generated in multi-location field trials on Bt 

cotton. MEC also evaluated the data generated on 

Bt. brinjal, Bt. cabbage and Bt. cauliflower in multilocation 

field trials. The MEC recommended for 

conduct of large scale field trials and also for 

commercial release of Bt. cotton hybrids expressing 

cry1Ac gene (MON-531 event), cry1Ac (JK event No. 

1), cry1Ac & cry2Ab genes (MON 15985 event) and 

GFM cry1A gene. The department played an 

important role in release of 38 new Bt. cotton hybrids 

suitable for commercial cultivation in north, central 

156 

and south zones by GEAC. 

Thirteen Central Monitoring Teams were constituted 

by the Department to monitor multi-location field trials 

of Bt. cotton, Bt. brinjal, Bt. cauliflower & Bt. cabbage 

In r-DNA pharmaceuticals area, most of the 

applications filed for approvals from RCGM were by 

private institutions. Table-2 provides information on 

the products, approved by RCGM for conduct of preclinical 

toxicity studies and recommendations to 

conduct human clinical trials during the year. 

List of r-DNA Pharmaceuticals approved for pre-clinical and clinical studies during 2006. 

Sl. No. Product Institute/Industry 

1. rh-PEG-Interferon alpha 2b M/s. Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Ahmedabad 

2. rh-polysialated Interferon alpha 2b M/s. Serum Institute of India Ltd, Pune 

3. Modified rh-tPA-reteplase M/s. Biocon India Ltd., Bangalore 

4. r-reteplase M/s. Shantha Biotechnics Pvt. Ltd., 

Hyderabad 

5. rh-polysialated erythropoietin M/s. Serum Institute of India Ltd, Pune 

6. Pegylated rh-erythropoietin M/s. Serum Institute of India Ltd, Pune 

7. rh-Erythropoietin Alpha M/s. INTAS Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., 

Ahmedabad 

8. rh-Interferon beta 1b M/s. Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Ahmedabad 

9. Tetravalent vaccine (DPT+r-HB) M/s. Indian Immunologicals, Hyderabad 

10. r-monoclonal tetanus immunoglobulin M/s. Bharat Serum and Vaccines Ltd, 

Mumbai 

11. Recombinant Darbepoietin M/s Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Hyderabad 

12. Recombinant PvRII ICGEB, New Delhi 


Table-2

13. Recombinant formulated composition(s) M/s. Avestha Gengrain, Bangalore 

of the novel erythropoiesis stimulating 

protein 

14. Recombinant IN-105 M/s. Biocon India Ltd., Bangalore 

15. Recombinant human Nesiritide M/s. USV Ltd., Mumbai 

16. rh-Epoetin alpha M/s. Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Ahmedabad 

17. r-monoclonal tetanus immunoglobulin M/s. Bharat Serum and Vaccines Ltd, 

Mumbai 

18. Recombinant Insulin Glargine M/s. Biocon India Ltd., Bangalore 

19. rh-G-CSF M/s. Reliance Life Sciences Ltd, Mumbai 

20. rh-polysialated G-CSF M/s. Serum Institute of India Ltd, Pune 

21. Peg-rh-G-CSF M/s. Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Ahmedabad 

22. Recombinant G-CSF M/s. Shantha Biotechnics Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad 

23. Bevacizumab M/s Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Hyderabad 

24. Trastuzumab M/s Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Hyderabad 

The workshops, seminars and symposia organized 

by the Department of Biotechnology on biosafety 

rules and regulations have increased the awareness 

among the research institutions working in the area 

of r-DNA technology. At present there are 358 IBSCs 

constituted at various public-funded institutions, 

universities, private R&D institutions and industries. 

157 

RCGM felt that suitable guidelines have to be 

developed while developing transgenics / varieties. 

In order to harmonize the existing guidelines on 

biosafety issues and to develop specific guidelines 

while evaluating transgenics for biotic and abiotic 

stress response, herbicide tolerance, containment 

facility in polyhouses etc. a sub-committee 

comprising RCGM members is being constituted 


Biotechnology Information System Network 

After making a mark in Information Technology, the 

Indian IT community is in the process of changing 

gears. Focus has already shifted to the industry of 

the future - Bio-technology, also known as the 

science of the living organism. In this goal, we are 

fortunate to have a strong foundation in terms of pool 

of scientific talent, world class software engineers 

and a vibrant pharmaceutical and biotech sector. 

Drug discovery is increasingly becoming 

unaffordable and risky venture. Bioinformatics holds 

out promise towards reducing the cost and time of 

development of new products such as new drugs, 

vaccines, plants with specific properties and 

resistance to environmental stress, pest and 

diseases etc. As the full genome sequences, data 

from micro arrays, proteomics as well as species 

data at the taxonomic level become available, 

interrogation of these databases require 

sophisticated bioinformatics tools. Organizing this 

data into querriable and interoperable databases and 

developing appropriate software to extract 

knowledge from these databases is going to be a 

major challenge. 

Biotechnology Information System(BTISnet) 

India was the first country in the world to establish 

National distributed Bioinformatics Network. Due to 

personal intervention and support by the then Prime 

Minister Late Rajiv Gandhiji, India established a 

Distributed Bioinformatics Network in 1986-87. The 

culture of use of computers in biology and 

importance of quantization in biology in India was the 

result of this network. The BTISnet covers 

institutions under DST, CSIR, ICMR, ICAR, 

Universities and Institutes under Human Resource 

Ministry. 

Today an extensive Bioinformatics Network, 

covering 117 institutions, spread geographically all 

over the country, has been established. The Network 

Chapter : 8 

is creating human resource in Bioinformatics and 

carrying out research in different areas of 

Bioinformatics. Scientists of this network have 

published more than 1000 bioinformatics research 

papers in peer reviewed journals in last five years and 

helped in publishing more than 3000 research papers 

in biology/biotechnology. The network has also 

helped directly or indirectly several Bioinformatics 

companies in India. The scientists from the network 

have participated in major national millennium 

technology initiative projects of CSIR such as 

Biosuite of Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) or 

software packages for visualization of bioinformatics 

data by Strand Genomics. The BTISnet is the first 

network which established BioGrid India of large 

bandwidth and high speed connectivity among 

various institutions in the country and also high 

performance national computing facility. Thus, this 

unique network has showed that India can work in 

network consortium mode. 

Major Activities during 2006-07 

Bioinformatics facility (BIF) for Biology Teaching 

through Bio Informatics (BTBI): 

Innovation is required not only in research but also in 

teaching activities of Biology and allied areas. 

Towards this, the department has evolved a new 

program, namely biology teaching though 

bioinformatics (BTBI) by establishing bioinformatics 

facilities at teaching institutions. The scheme was 

widely advertised in newspapers, journals, websites, 

E-mail list servers etc. A total of 165 applications 

were received out of which 52 institutions were 

selected and extended grants-in-aid for setting up of 

bioinformatics facilities. The facility will be a 

centralized resource of an individual institution to 

support bioinformatics tools and resources for the 

enhancement of learning capabilities. A list of these 

52 BIF facilities is given at Annexure-V. 

159 Biotechnology Information System Network

Establishment of New Sub-DICs: 

During this year, two new centres at the level of Sub- 

DICs have been established under the BTISnet. 

These centres have been established at 1) NCPGR, 

New Delhi and 2) IIAR, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat. 

R & D Programs in Bioinformatics: 

The department has started receiving good quality 

research projects proposals in the area of 

bioinformatics. During this year 10 R&D projects 

have been supported, with specific applications 

towards medical biotechnology like design of 

inhibitors for cholera toxin and proteomics with 

special reference to hepatitis, plant sciences, 

algorithm design for sequence classification and elearning 

in bioiformatics. The department is now 

focusing on multi-institutional consortium projects to 

address specific problems through bioinformatics 

approach. Bioinformatics and experimental biology 

collaborative projects are being considered so as to 

improve the contribution of bioinformatics in wet lab 

biotechnology research. Demand analysis of 

particular information resources will be the important 

criteria for supporting database and software 

development projects. 


Bioinformatics is an emerging interdisciplinary area 

of science and technology encompassing systematic 

development and application of IT solutions to 

handle biological research problems. The area 

requires highly trained human resource to 

understand molecular biology issues vis-a-vis 

application of computer and software tools. The 

present crisis is non availability of sufficient 

manpower for teaching as well as for perusing R&D 

activities in bioinformatics in combination with 

Experimental Biology. The department had realized 

this problem and therefore introduced several longterm 

and short term educational activities to address 

this gap. The details are as follows. 

Up gradation of Bioinformatics courses: 

Five Universities namely 1) JNU, 2) Pune University, 

3) Calcutta University, 4) Pondicherry University, and 

5) MKU are running an one year advanced post 


160 

graduate diploma course in Bioinformatics. A total of 

100 candidates are being produced per annum 

through these courses. The first two universities 

mentioned above namely JNU and University of 

Pune have upgraded their diploma courses as Post 

graduate courses namely M.Tech. in computational 

and systematic biology and M.Sc. in Bioinformatics 

respectively. The candidates for these courses are 

being selected through entrance examination carried 

out by the respective universities. The MKU and 

Ponidicharry University along with Anna University 

are also planning to start M.Sc in Bioinformatics 

through consortium basis so as to share the faculty 

and resources through video Conferencing and 

virtual class room approaches. 

Ph.D. Programs in Bioinformatics 

The COEs of BTISnet including the super computing 

facilities are running Ph.D. programs in 

Bioinformatics since the demand for skilled human 

resource is very high. The first batch of Ph.D. 

students of JNU and Pune University shall be coming 

out this year. 

Workshop on Bioinformatics for college teachers 

Short Term Training Programs: 

It is important for the researchers, faculty and 

students to have an exposure about Bioinformatics 

tools and resources so that they can be better 

equipped for their professional activities. The DBT 

organized 85 short-term training programs at various 

institutions of BTISnet and over 2000 personal have 

been trained during this year.

Bioinformatics National Certification (BINC) 

Examination: 

The department of biotechnology has conducted a 

national level Bioinformatics Certification 

Examination through University of Pune, Pune. The 

purpose of this examination is to ensure high 

standard in Bioinformatics. Besides this would also 

help in identifying outstanding Bioinformatics 

professionals in the country. This type of 

examination was first time conducted in India and 

has been well received across the country and 

outside the country as well. Several ASEAN 

countries have requested India to offer this model for 

their use. Without diluting the standard the 

examination, it is now being conducted for the year 

2007 by the Pune University in association with JNU, 

West Bengal University, Anna University, IBAB etc. 

For further details please visit http:/bioinfo.ernet.in 

Independent Review of BITSnet: 

An independent review committee constituted by 

th 

DBT has reviewed the BITSnet activities of 10 plan 

period. The committee comprises of members from 

academia, industry and NGOs. It has reviewed 

th 

various activities undertaken during the 10 plan 

period and appreciated DBT's effort in executing 

various important activities such as bioinformatics 

capacity building, human resource development, 

R&D activities, networking of various institutions and 

bringing the remote institutions in the main stream of 

activities etc. The committee also recommended 

benchmarking of various databases and software 

packages developed through this program. The 

Sub-DICs of BITSnet requires close review to 

improve some of the center's activities. 

th 

Overall Impact of the 10 plan 

Bioinformatics applications in various areas of 

biotechnology is growing constantly. 1000 

publications have been published in various peer 

reviewed journals by the BTIS centers during the last 

4 years. Besides this 3000 research publications 

were published through the support of the BTISnet 

resources. 200 databases have been developed and 

over 100 software programs have been developed by 

the centers. More than 10, 000 personal have been 

trained in Bioinformatics and 30, 000 users are 

interacting with the BTISnet centres for information 

resources and are getting other bioinformatics 

support. The quality of research papers published 

from India is growing as the software packages are 

helping to analyze the data effectively. The small 

institutes have greatly benefited due to 

establishment of bioinformatics centres. The 

Bioinformatics Centres in the bigger institutions have 

carried out R&D and human resources development 

besides providing Bioinformatics support to the host 

institution and the other networking institutions. 

PUBLICATIONS 

Training Calendar 2006-2007: 

Training Calendar for the year 2006-2007 was 

published during this year, which has been circulated 

to various institutions. A total of 85 training programs 

were included in this publication in 6 different areas of 

bioinformatics. These include bioinformatics 

analysis in biotechnology, bioinformatics in animal 

and agriculture biotechnology, bioinformatics and 

biodiversity/environment, bioinformatics in 

genomics, proteomics & in-silico drug design, 

computational systems biology and general topics 

and International conferences on Bioinformatics. The 

training calendar is also made available thorough 

bioinformatics website of DBT (www.btisnet.gov.in). 

BIOBYTES Open Access News Letter: 

An open access newsletter BIOBYTES of BITSnet 

has been published this year. This was released 

th 

during the inauguration InCoB2006 on 18 

December 2006. The newsletter has been compiled 

by COE/ MKU Madurai. BIOBYTES is meant to 

serve as a medium of continuous update of ideas and 

information. It will also provide news, views, and 

information regarding the current scenario in the 

areas related to bioinformatics and biotechnology 

both at the national and international level. The 

BIOBYTES is accessible through URL 

(http://biobytes.bicmku.in) 



162

Meetings 

1) International Conference on Bioinformatics 

(InCoB 2006): 

The department organized a 3 day International 

Conference on Bioinformatics through IIT, Delhi and 

th th 

JNU during 18 to 20 December 2006 at New Delhi. 

Over thousand participants from all over the world 

had participated in the Conference, which was 

conducted in three parallel sessions for three days 

with four sessions each day, besides there were also 

poster sessions. Several leading scientists in this 

area delivered keynote addresses and plenary talks. 

The InCoB 2006 was inaugurated by Hon'ble 

Minister for S&T and Earth Sciences Shri Kapil Sibal 

th 

on 18 December 2006. 

Nd 

ASEAN INDIA 2 Workshop on Bioinformatics: 

nd 

2 ASEAN India Bioinformatics Workshop , jointly 

supported by DBT and MEA was organized through 

Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, during 

December 14-16, 2006 at Hotel Samrat New Delhi. 

The workshop was inaugurated by Shri Anand 

Sharma, Hon. Minister of State, Ministry of External 

Affairs. The focus of the workshop was to impart an 

awareness of Bioinformatics among the 20 

delegates from 10 ASEAN member countries namely 

Brunei, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, 

Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, 

Indonesia and India by way of introducing the basics 

as well as current technologies in Bioinformatics. The 

goal of the workshop was to serve as a basis for 

developing a strong team of collaborating networks 

of Bioinformaticians in the ASEAN-India region. The 

workshop witnessed lectures by eminent scientists 

from all over India working in the area of Genomics, 

Proteomics and Drug Design. The workshop also 

had a special session on Bioinformatics Industrial 

presence from India showcasing the latest 

developments in technology. In addition, there were 

discussions on ASEAN-INDIA Bioinformatics Master 

plan where policy issues and collaborative 

framework pertaining to manpower training, 

educational curriculum reform, sharing of 

computational hardware and software resources, 

strategic research collaborations and scientific 

exchanges between ASEAN countries and India 

Second Asian India workshop on Bioinformatics 

were taken up. 

th 

XVII BTISnet Coordinators Meeting: 

The Annual BTISnet Coordinators meeting for 

rd th 

the year 2006-07 will be held during 3 & 4 February 

2007 at Bioinformatics Centre , State Council for 

Science & Technology, Sikkim, Gangtok.The last 

year Annual Coordinators meeting was organized at 

CPCRI, Kasargod and the proceeding of the meeting 

is available from the BTISnet website 

(www.btisnet.gov.in) 

Websites of DBT: 

DBT website:The DBT website is now receiving in 


an average of 60,000 hits in a month. The site has 

been reengineered by using the latest web tools, 

which provide much more clarity for access to 

information easily from the site. The URL of the site is 

http:// www. dbtindia.gov.in. 

Bioinformatics website: 

The bioinformatics website is also reengineered with 

library and publication web portal of the BTISnet. The 

site is updated regularly with latest information about 

the BTISnet. The soft copy of the BTISnet 

coordinators meet proceedings is also published on 

the website. The site can be accessed through the 

URL http:// www.btisnet.gov.in. 

Others 

Biotechnology Outcome Analysis: 

The department has carried out a survey through 

Bioinformatics Centre BCIL New Delhi for the 

outcomes of biotechnology in the country. About 

1000 institutions have responded the questioners 

circulated as well as through on-line. The analysis 

have revealed that a total of 4674 peer reviewed 

research publications have been published since 

2002 to 2005. Similarly 209 patents were filed and 

63 patents have been granted. 209 technologies 

were also transferred to the industries during this 


164 

period. 

NIC Cell in DBT 

The NIC Cell in DBT has made significant 

contribution towards promotion of IT activities in the 

department during the year 2006-2007. A user 

interface web-enabled module has been developed 

as a part of strengthening e-governance acvitities 

and thereby bringing transparency in the work culture 

using Composite Pay Roll System(CPS) and 

Personnel Information System (PIS) as the data 

source. Apart from it, two web sites 

(http://www.igmoris.nic.in) and 

(http://www.bcil.nic.in) have been developed and 

hosted in the NIC Server after receiving the security 

clearance report. The Biopesticides / Biocontrol 

agent web site is ready and is undergoing security 

auditing. Re-engineering of DBT website is also 

awaiting security clearance. Once these sites are 

cleared, it will be hosted on the NIC Server. A 

detailed study has been made and a report has been 

submitted for enhancing the Project Monitoring 

System with on-line submission by PI and reviewing 

by the experts. Development work will be started 

soon. NIC Cell is coordinating with BTIC towards 

brining latest IT culture in the department and is 

continually upgrading its process at par with the IT 

development taking place any where else.

Biotechnology Parks and Incubators 

Biotechnology Incubation Centre/Pilot plant 

facilities at Kerala 

The Biotechnology Incubation Centre (BTIC) in 

Kerala is being established in an area of 240 acres at 

Kalamassery, Ernakulum Dist., Kochi by the Kerala 

Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation 

(KINFRA) to promote biotechnology. Since Kerala 

has internationally reputed ayurvedic centers, the 

Biotech Park would promote small entrepreneurs 

and units for traditional medicine, herbs and plant 

varieties, spices etc. The incubation center would 

help to modernize production technologies and for 

extraction and drug formulation by using modern 

facilities. It would also support quality assurance of 

raw materia and products aimed at value addition. 

The BTIC will comprise facilities for tissue culture, 

micro-propagation, plant extraction, molecular 

biology lab for DNA finger printing, bio-Informatics 

centre, quality control lab and patent facilitation cell 

etc. The incubator facility would accelerate 

commercialization of new technologies, support new 

ventures in biotechnology and provide appropriate 

linkages to entrepreneurs. The building for housing 

the Incubator Facility has been constructed and the 

Construction of Biotechnology 

Incubation Centre /Pilot plant facilities 

Chapter : 9 

process of procurement of internal utilities has been 

initiated. 

Biotechnology Incubation Centre, Hyderabad, 

Andhra Pradesh 

A Biotech Incubation Center has been set up in the 

Biotech Park at Shapoorji Pallonji Biotech Park, 

Genome Vally, Hyderabad. The incubator facility is 

mainly designed for development and scale up of bio 

processes and technologies. It will provide research 

laboratories, knowledge based service centers and 

utility generation facilities. Discussions were held 

with entrepreneurs, technocrats and experts from 

industry for selection and finalization of various 

facilities and equipment to be installed in the different 

modules of BTIC. During 2006-2007, DBT provided 

support for current good manufacturing practices 

(cGMP) compliance for Pilot plant facilities, required 

for quality manufacturing and for minimizing or 

eliminating contamination. The pre-BTIC Process 

Generator (PBPG) component of BTIC was set up at 

IICT, Hyderabad as an intermediate scale up facility 

and to act as a front end facility to provide lab and 

bench scale process technologies for biotech 

processes. 

Biotechnology Incubation Centre/Pilot plant 

facilities at Himachal Pradesh 

A Biotechnology Park project at Himachal Pradesh 

was sanctioned to the Department of Biotechnology, 

Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla. The 

Government of Himachal Pradesh constituted an 

executive committee and Society for Promotion of 

Biotechnology and Biobusiness (SPBB) as a nodal 

agency for implementing the Biotech Park Project. 

Establishment of the Biotechnology Park is under 

way and discussions were held for selection of land 

and for identification of prospective investors. 

165 Biotechnology Parks and Incubators

Biotechnology Park at Lucknow 

The Biotech Park at Lucknow has become 

functional. Six industries have availed the facility. 

Three of these industries would share 50% of their 

profit with the Biotech Park. The administrative block 

and Bio-informatics Centre have been shifted to a 

new building and are operational. Agreements have 

been signed under Public Private Partnership for 

setting up tissue culture units, biofertilizer units and 

the Central support facility for analytical and 

molecular biology and these are expected to be 

operational in March, 2007. Through its tissue 

culture facility, the Biotech Park anticipates to 

provide 3-4 lacs elite plantlets of jatropha and 2-3 

lacs banana plants. An MOU was signed in Nov., 

2006 with an industry to be a technical Partner and 

another one with NBRI, Lucknow for development 

and updating the website of ENVIS Centre. An MOU 

was also signed with a US firm registered in India for 

using the constructed space and with other three 

firms for their investment and setting up of units. 

About 90 persons were trained so far in four 


166 

Bioinformatics training programmes. Regular kisan 

ghosthis were conducted in collaboration with NBRI, 

CIMAP etc. 

Biotechnology Park/Incubation Centre and 

Common instrumentation facility at Bangalore 

The Biotech Park project in Karnataka has been 

structured as three components (a). Institutional 

Block and the Research & Development Block 

comprising of the Institute of Bio-informatics and 

Applied Biotechnology and the Centre for Human 

Genetics; (b) Biotech Incubation Centre and 

Common Instrumentation Facility; and (c) 

Biotechnology Industries Cluster comprising of 

independent private industry units with a Common 

Effluent Treatment Plant. The DBT has provided 

support for a common instrument facility and animal 

facility for the Biotech Incubation Centre. The 

Karnataka Biotechnology and Information 

Technology Services (KBITS) is the implementing 

agency for the Biotech Park Project in Karnataka and 

the formal approval of SEZ status for 37 hectares 

area has been taken. KBITS has identified a few 

Public Private Partners.

International Collaboration 

International collaborations in biotechnology are an 

important vehicle for expanding the knowledge base 

and developing expertise which would leverage the 

growth of research and development in the country 

There is a renewed interest in collaboration with 

India amongst the developed countries. Good 

progress has been made following the MOU which 

were signed with Denmark and Finland and joint 

projects have been funded. Joint projects have also 

been funded with the Biotechnology and Biological 

Sciences Research Council BBSRC, UK. In new 

collaborations the Department signed two 

memoranda with Agriculture and Agri- Food, Canada 

and the National Research Centre Canada 

respectively. The ongoing bilateral agreements and 

collaborations have also been significant, with joint 

projects being funded with Germany, Norway and 

USA. Bilateral interactions have been initiated with 

Sweden, Ukraine and EU. The multilateral 

collaboration including cooperation amongst 

SAARC countries were pursued. 

Indo-Denmark 

Under the Indo-Denmark bilateral collaboration a 

joint call for proposals was announced and ten 

proposals were received. The second meeting of the 

Indo-Danish Joint Biotech Steering Committee was 

held in February, 2006 in Delhi, India to consider the 

proposals. The committee recommended seven 

proposals for funding in the areas of : Biohydrogen 

production and biomethanation; fungal resistance in 

pearl millet, bioprocess engineering and stem cell. 

As a recommendation of Indo-Danish Joint Biotech 

Steering Committee a workshop on “Nutrigenomics, 

molecular aspects of food and feed quality, 

improved use of raw materials, nutrition and safety 

(for both humans and animals)” was held in 

st 

Hyderabad during 29-31 January, 2007. It is 

expected that at the end of the workshop the two 

sides would be able to forge partnerships and 

develop joint programmes. 

Indo-Finland 

Chapter : 10 

The Indo-Finland bilateral collaboration is being 

actively pursued by both sides. A joint call for 

st 

proposals was issued. As a response to the 1 call for 

proposals in Medical Biotechnology, five proposals 

have been funded. These are characterization of the 

network through which IL4 influences B and T 

lymphocytes, computational biology in drug 

development, polymer based vaccine delivery 

system for inactivated enteroviruses and diagnostics 

using novel reporter systems for viral infections. 

In the project funded at ICGEB, New Delhi and 

Centre for Biotechnology, Turku, Finland, 

approaches for mass spectrometry-based 

characterization on in vivo complexes of proteins 

involved in signaling, siRNA in primary cells, 

correlating microarray data with protein expression 

profiles, and live cell imaging techniques for studying 

protein-protein interactions in whole cells would be 

optimized. Training of students in each group would 

be undertaken in PCR, KMNO4-footprinting and 

newly emerging technique of ChIP-on-CHIP. 

In another project funded at the National Institute of 

Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab 

and Abo Akademi University, Abo/Turku, Finland, 

computational drug discovery project has been 

initiated by sharing the data and executing the 

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) 

analysis for ligands acting to inhibit 

acetylcholinesterase enzyme. IC 50 values of 280 

compounds screened for this inhibition were used for 

QSAR model development. This study would 

definitely pave the way for in silico identification of 

better lead compound and further ADMET analysis to 

combat Alzheimer disease. This project aims to 

develop efficient and effective validated tools that 

167 International Collaboration

would have application in both academic as well as 

by industry. The newly designed molecules are 

expected to possess anti-alzheimer activities. These 

molecules have potential industrial significance after 

synthesis and pharmacological testing. 

An Indo-Finnish workshop on 'Modern plant and food 

biotechnology' was organized in Helsinki, Finland, 

from April 3-5, 2006. As a follow-up of this workshop, 

the second joint Indo-Finnish call for proposals in 

plant and crop biotechnology has been announced. 

The call focuses on the following specific areas of 

plant and crop biotechnology : (i) improving the 

capability of plants to stand stress, concentrating on 

biotic and abiotic stress and (ii) collaboration in the 

methodology, especially in genomic, proteomic and 

transformation techniques. 

Indo-Germany 

Under the ongoing joint collaboration between India 

and Germany, during the reporting period four 

projects have been completed and six are ongoing. 

Some of the results obtained in the projects are given 

below. 

Areas of research of the ongoing projects focus on : 

standardization and estimation of tylophorine 

content in Tylophora indica at TERI, New Delhi. At 

ICGEB, New Delhi simplified purification procedure 

for the efficient recovery of recombinant hepatitis B 

surface antigen, virus like particles, (VLPs) from 

crude lysates of Pichia pastoris is being undertaken. 

Characterization of secondary metabolites, 

especially the antimicrobials produced by 

rhizobacteria with action against plant and human 

pathogenic fungi and bacteria and effect of 

endophytic fungus VIG0051 on cells derived from an 

immortalized mouse fibroblast cell line and PtK 2 cells 

is being studied at Ramakrishna Mission 

Vivekananda College, Chennai. 

In a collaborative project involving three institutes : 

Guru Nanak Dev Univ., Amritsar; Dr.ALM PG Instt. of 

Basic Medical Sciences, Chennai and Manipal 

Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, detailed 

histories of 04 families with different ocular 

anomalies (retinitis pigmentosa = 50, congenital 

cataract = 26, glaucoma = 11, macular degeneration 

= 11, Marfan syndrome = 3, high myopia = 3) have 


168 

been collected and critical data recorded. In an 

autosomal dominant congenital cataract (ADCC) 

family having 10 members in 4-generations affected 

with a novel “fan-shaped” cataract - microcornea 

syndrome was performed genome-wide linkage 

analyses using more than 400 microsatellite markers 

to identify the diseases locus. Positive lod scores of 

more than 3.0, indicative of linkage, were obtained 

with several consecutive markers on chromosome 

21q. Further, by bi-directional sequencing of exonic 

regions and exon-intron boundaries of positional 

candidate gene alpha-crystallin (CRYAA) at 21q, the 

underlying mutation i.e. arginine 116 cysteine 

(R116C) substitution, in exon 3 of CRYAA gene for 

this novel phenotype that showed complete 

segregation with the diseases in this family have 

been identified. 

In another project, purification of bioactive 

compounds from Serratia marcescens was 

undertaken at large scale. Six new serratomolides 

(A-F) have been extracted in this study which are 

more active against Mycobacterium drehoferi as 

compared to the earlier reported main compound A. 

Cytotoxic activity of these compounds is to be 

assayed. A new Indo-German call for joint proposals 

in microbial biotechnology, bioprocess and enzyme 

engineering and system biology was issued in July 

2006. Thirteen proposals were received and 8 

proposals are being considered for funding. 

Indo-UK 

A MOU was signed in 1998 with the Biotechnology 

and Biological Sciences Research Council, 

Government of United Kingdom for co-operation in 

the field of biotechnology and biological sciences to 

facilitate broad opportunities for co-operation 

between the two countries thereby promoting the 

areas of research of mutual benefit to both countries. 

Five joint projects have been funded in the areas of :- 

disease resistance; pest resistance and new 

platform for expression systems of recombinant 

proteins. 

Indo-US: 

The progress of the ongoing collaboration between 

India and US under the various areas has been 

satisfactory. The details of the programmes are given

elow: 

Contraceptive and Reproductive Health 

Research (CRHR) Programme : 

Under the Indo-US CRHR programme, 11 projects 

have been completed, 12 projects are ongoing and 

four projects have been recommended for funding 

by the eighth CRHR Joint Working Group meeting 

held in September, 2006. The ongoing projects have 

resulted in significant results and are listed below : 

Studies carried out on the effectiveness of vas 

irrigation with Methylene blue in conjunction with 

vasectomy indicated that vas irrigation with 

methylene blue in conjunction with vasectomy did 

not cause any mortality of rats. Local injection with 

methylene blue at a dose of 0.01 mg/ vas is safe and 

effective. At low dose the motility and viability of 

sperm is known to be affected in vitro in humans and 

hence it appears that at this dose methylene blue 

can be used as a vas irrigant. 

In a project on cloning, expression, and analysis of 

ePLA2 shRNA's at National Institute of Immunology, 

New Delhi selection of siRNA target has been 

achieved and attempts are being made to clone 

these targets. 

At NIRRH, Mumbai, cloning of genomic c-kit and Ckit 

gene silencing in vitro using RNAi approach are 

being pursued. After confirming the sequence, 

product of 630 bp was cloned in pMosblue vector 

and transformed into E.coli competent cells. The 

presence of insert was confirmed by colony PCR. 

The siRNA was tested in c-kit expressing P815 

mouse mastocytoma cell lines for determining its 

ability to silence the endogenous c-kit gene 

expression. Results indicate a significant 

knockdown (~80%) of c-kit. 

In a collaborative study carried out at AIIMS, New 

Delhi and Mediciti Hyderabad, the prevalence, 

management and treatment of invasive cervical 

tumors was undertaken in 548 recruited patients. 62 

women with preinvasive lesions and 5 cases with 

invasive cancer have been diagnosed and 

appropriately treated. Data analysis is being done. 

In a collaborative project at NII, New Delhi and 

Columbia University, USA effort to determine the 

importance of the Fas/FasL pathway in the 

sustenance of normal spermatogenesis and status of 

spermatogenesis during oxidative stress and 

estrogen effects, were carried out with rats and mice 

at 28 days after birth as models. It has been 

concluded that upregulation of Fas and FasL in the 

testis of cyclin and P53 knockouts indicate that death 

of germ cells is mediated through the Fas/FasL 

pathway. The knockouts available with the US 

collaborator are proposed to be used for estrogen 

related effects. 

A joint NIHCD-DBT-ICMR workshop on 'Maternal 

and early childhood infections : Interplay, prevention 

and managemen't was held at India Habitat Centre, 

New Delhi in September, 2006. 

Indo-US Vaccine Action Programme (VAP) 

The scientific co-operation between India and USA in 

the field of biotechnology has been one of the 

landmarks for the technological innovation and 

developments for both the countries. To promote 

focused and applied research on new and improved 

vaccines and immuno-diagnostics against some of 

the major communicable disease presently take a 

large toll in India and USA, by bringing together 

leading Indian and US scientists, a programme 

called Indo-US Vaccine Action Programme popularly 

known as `VAP' was initiated under the Gandhi- 

Reagen Science & Technology Agreement and the 

programme is under implementation since July, 

1987. 

At present the projects under implementation are of 

rotavirus, hepatitis-C, tuberculosis, RSV, 

leishmaniasis etc. Concerted efforts have been 

made to generate new projects under the priority 

areas as identified under Strategic Plan document 

(2001-2010) of the programme. A joint expert 

committee revised the strategic plan document of 

Indo-US VAP in its meeting held in March, 2006 and 

suggested to include new areas of research under 

the programme. 

Significant achievements made during the year 

under the following areas : 

Rotavirus 

The project implemented at AIIMS, New Delhi-CDC, 


Atlanta and IISc., Bangalore-Stanford University, 

USA, phase-I clinical trials of the rotaviral diarrhoea 

vaccine strains (116E & I321) for the safety and 

immunogencity studies have been completed in 

India and USA using the vaccine produced in AGMK 

cell lines in adults, older children and infants, 

suggesting that the vaccine is safe. Vaccine take was 

reported in 74% of recipients of 116E vaccine 

candidate and 40% recipients of I321 vaccine. M/s. 

Bharat Biotech International Ltd. (BBIL), Hyderabad 

has produced prototype vero cell based vaccine 

(116E), under cGMP conditions and initiated Double- 

Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Dose 

Escalating Phase Ib/IIa study in December, 2006 to 

evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of live 

attenuated rotavirus vaccine 116E in healthy non 

malnourished infants 8-20 weeks of age. As an initial 

step, infants were screened for eligibility (healthy, 

non-malnourished) for receiving the vaccine. 

Subsequently rotaviral diarrhoea vaccine was 

administered to eligible infants. 

Malaria 

Under the project implemented at ICGEB and 

NMRC, New Delhi, expression of recombinant 

PvRII (one of the P.vivax duffy binding protein) 

encoding for 38 kD product has been studied. Pilot 

scale (10L fermentation scale) methods to produce 

correctly folded recombinant PvRII have been 

developed with final yield of ~200 mg PvRII per L 

fermentation culture and produced at pilot scale and 

formulated with Montanide ISA 720, AS02A, QS21, 

MF59 and alum has been used for immunogenicity 

studies in mice. Formulations with Montanide ISA 

720 and AS02A are highly immunogenic in mice and 

elicit high titer binding inhibitory antibodies. Methods 

for production of PvRII have been scaled up to 50L 

fermentation scale and 100L refolding scale at the 

Bharat Biotech International Ltd. under cGMP 

conditions. Further stability studies have been 

performed with two batches of recombinant PvRII 

produced at 50L scale at two temperatures. 

Lyophilization condition for recombinant PvRII has 

been developed. Formulation of recombinant PvRII 

with AS02A has been tested for stability where PvRII 

was found to be stable in the emulsion. The scale up 

studies and recombinant PvRII have been carried 

out at BBIL, Hyderabad, including establishment of 

downstream processes and various quality control 


170 

parameters etc. Toxicology studies have been 

completed and planned to start phase-I clinical trial 

are being initiated in humans. 

Hepatitis-C 

The joint project implemented at Deccan College of 

Medical Sciences & Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad and 

University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 

Memphis, USA, on molecular epidemiology of 

genetic variation in the Hyper Variable Region-I 

(HVR-I) sequence of Indian patients and response to 

interferon, therapy, 300 HCV infected samples for 

genotyping in north and south India (Hyderabad, 

New Delhi, Lucknow) have been studied. Cloning 

and sequencing of the complete genome of HCV 

strain isolated from a single patient was carried out. 

The complete sequence was deposited in GenBank 

and can be retrieved using Accession No.: 

AY051292. Further comparative studies have been 

carried out with other known full-length sequences 

isolated from various geographical regions and it was 

observed that the Indian strains are closely related to 

Indonesian strains and there is high heterogeneity on 

gene sequences in envelope region. 

Further twenty two of the 59 samples analyzed for 

HVR region showed 100% homology to the 

AY051292 strain, while only 4 showed 100% 

similarity to the AY651061 strain. Under the present 

study only 17 of the enrolled 25 patients, samples 

showed response to the therapy. The study also 

shows that genotype 3 samples had a response rate 

of 77.7% when compared to genotype 1 samples that 

had a response rate of 62.5%. 

Tuberculosis 

The collaborative study on “High throughput 

PCR assays for diagnosing tuberculosis caused by 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium 

bovis using molecular beacons” at AIIMS, New Delhi, 

CJILMD, Agra and Public Health Research Institute, 

Newark, New Jersey supported with an objective to 

develop reliable devR- and hupB-based PCR assays 

in visual format using molecular beacons. The group 

has collected a total of 77 sputum specimens from 

LRSI of TB and Respiratory Diseases. The samples 

were processed for culture and devR PCR by the

USP method. These included 59 smear negative and 

18 smear positive samples (17 of 1+ and 1 of 3+ 

grade). So far five sputa yielded culture in liquid 

medium that was confirmed as M. tuberculosis. PCR 

positivity was estimated to be 71.4%, 83.1%, 76.6% 

for gel-based, visual and fluorimetric detection 

formats, respectively. At present the group is 

analyzing with molecular beacons obtained from US 

collaborator. 

Further a total of 120 samples have been collected 

from pulmonary as well as extra-pulmonary patient 

samples. The samples have been processed by the 

USP method. The extracted DNA is being used in the 

N-PCR hupB assay for the detection of M. 

tuberculosis and M. bovis. The hupB molecular 

beacons are being designed. Analysis of the human 

samples is near completion to standardize the 

beacon assay with PHRI collaboration. 

Leishmania: 

Studies were conducted at the Institute of Pathology, 

New Delhi and CBER, FDA, USA on discovery of 

virulence-related genes in Leishmania donovani 

using genomic microarray. The study has identified 

the full length ORF of 3 clones and found them to be 

Calpain, NAD/FAD dependent dehydrogenase and 

a trypanosomatid specific hypothetical protein. 

Transcripts for each of these genes have been 

demonstrated in bone marrow of kala-azar patients, 

implicating their role in disease pathogenesis. 

Cloning, expression and functional characterization 

of these three genes in underway. 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and 

Metapneumovirus (hMPV) 

The first community-based study of viral ALRI in 

India in the past three decades has been conducted 

at AIIMS, New Delhi and UAB School of Medicine, 

Albama, USA.. These data will be useful for planning 

the study of future respiratory virus vaccines or other 

interventions to reduce the disease due to viral ARIs. 

Molecular characterization of RSV strains from New 

Delhi revealed variation in proportion of infections by 

different RSV genotypes. This is the first study of 

RSV molecular epidemiology from India and the first 

description of the circulation pattern of RSV 

genotypes in both rural and urban Indian settings. 

The present sero-epidemiological study gives 

information on RSV infection in the rural community 

in India. Further longitudinal sero-epidemiological 

studies with both group A and group B specific 

antigens of RSV are required to define the role of 

antibodies in immunity and pathogenesis of RSV 

infection. This information is crucial for development 

of RSV vaccine strategies. 

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) 

Epidemiological surveillance studies were 

conducted at PGIMER, Chandigarh; CMC, Vellore 

and NIAID, NIH, USA. At PGIMER, Chandigarh, out 

of a total of 178 group A positive samples of 

pharyngitis and impetigo, emm typing of 111 has 

been done. emm typing of rest will be completed 

soon. Anti Streptolysin O and Anti Dnase B titration 

shall also continue. 

Joint Workshops 

In order to have trained personnel to carry out clinical 

trials and conduct clinical research, DBT, ICMR, 

DCGI and USDHHS have organized a series of 

workshops on clinical trials and clinical research over 

the next 2-3 years with a goal to provide state-of-theart 

training on clinical research with particular 

emphasis on clinical trials and the complex 

requirements necessary for the testing and licensure 

of drugs, vaccines, diagnostics, and devices for 

therapeutic and preventive use. The first workshop of 

the series was organized from April 4-6, 2006 at 

G.S.Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai in 

which about 140 scientists/clinicians participated. 

The workshop focussed on issues like selecting 

relevant research question, protocol development, 

biostatistics, managing a study, good clinical 

practice (GCP), good laboratory practice (GLP), 

Indian regulations agencies etc. Lectures, group and 

panel discussions on specific topics were also 

presented by faculty which comprises of national and 

international experts. 

The second workshop on Bioethics in Clinical 

Research was organized from June 20-22, 2006 in 

New Delhi in which more than 100 member 

secretaries of institutional ethical committees and 

others participated. The workshop focused on a 

specific aspect of clinical research, the need for 


ethical principles and ethical practices, to increase 

the involvement of communities by protecting the 

individuals in those communities that participate in 

clinical research, update clinical researchers on the 

ethics requirements by Indian and international 

research and regulatory agencies and to provide a 

platform for sharing real-life experiences (problems 

and solutions) concerning bioethics in the conduct of 

clinical research and clinical trials. Overwhelming 

response was received from scientists and clinicians 

in the country. 

Training of Indian Scientists 

Over the period a large number of Indian scientists 

(about 300 scientists) have been trained in leading 

institutions in the USA for vaccine development and 

other related technologies. Considerable 

infrastructure and other facilities have been 

established under the programme in the 

collaborating Indian institutions, for advanced R&D. 

About 175 scientific articles were published in 

reputed national/international scientific journals. 

During the year about 7 exchange visits taken place 

and about 11 scientific papers published in reputed 

international scientific journals. 

Joint Working Group 

The twentieth meeting of Joint Working Group of 

Indo-US Vaccine Acton Programme was organized 

in September 26-27, 2006 to review the progress 

made under ongoing and completed projects and 

also to consider new joint projects. A joint Indo-US 

workshop on “Translational Research” was also 

organized with JWG meeting, in which several 

renowned Indian and US scientists were 

participated. During the workshop the third Rama- 

Robbins lecture was also organized in honour of late 

Prof. V. Ramalingaswami and late Prof. Frederick C. 

Robbins, Nobel Laureate, which was delivered by 

Prof. V.S.Chauhan, Director, ICGEB, New Delhi on 

the topic “India Vaccine Hub : Reality or Mirage” 

Indo-US Agriculture 

Indo-US Joint Working has a project sanctioned on 

“Development and evaluation of salt and drought 

tolerant transgenic rice”. DRR Hyderabad, CSSRI, 

Karnal, ICGEB, New Delhi and Cornell University, 


172 

Ithaca are partners in the project. The project has 

been sanctioned to develop transgenic IR64 rice 

overexpressing trehalose biosynthesis genes using 

a marker free gene construct through Agrobacterium 

- mediated transformation and screen and test the 

performance of transgenic rice lines under 

glasshouse and limited field conditions. The gene 

constructs pLHW-TPSP (harbouring the gene for 

trehalose biosynthesis) and pJS 17 (carrying the 

antibiotic selection marker gene) were received from 

Cornell University DRR, Hyderabad. The plasmids 

were transferred to other two participating Institutes 

where they were mobilized into Agrobacterium strain 

LBA 4404. 

At DRR approximately 300 putative transgenic lines 

have been regenerated out of which 279 plants 

analyzed by PCR using gene/marker specific primer. 

41 plants have been found to be positive. 20 plants 

have been analyzed for “southern blot” but the 

signals have been found to be weak. Other plants are 

being confirmed. A total 210 putative transgenic lines 

have been regenerated at ICGEB so far. An average 

of 5 seeds have been collected from 65 putative 

plants. The presence of transgene in the regenerated 

plants has been confirmed by PCR using the gene 

specific forward and the reverse primers. The 

transgenic status of some of these lines has also 

been confirmed by southern hybridization. However, 

the integration pattern of this gene is not very clear 

from the southern blots. Importantly, preliminary 

screening for the enhancement in salt tolerance has 

been carried out for the putative lines. Total 185 lines 

were screened out of which 32 lines have shown 

high tolerance and 30 lines shown moderate 

tolerance to salinity.TNAU carried out 

standardization of the protocol for regeneration and 

transformation IR64. 20 putative plants are in 

hardening process in test tubes which will be planted 

in soil soon. 

An Indo-US Interactive Workshop in the area of Plant 

Molecular Virology was held from Feb 11-12, 2006 at 

INSA, New Delhi. The main recommendations of the 

workshop are: (i) To set up a Center of Excellence in 

the area of Plant Molecular Virology. The proposed 

Center would have focus on the following viruses 

with the participations of certain institutions yet to be 

finalized. Begomoviruses (IARI, Danforth); 

Tospoviruses (IARI, SV); Ilarviruses (IISC &

Danforth); others (IHBT & possibly 1-2 more) and (ii) 

To support 4-5 projects each in the following group of 

viruses, Begomoviruses, Tospoviruses, Ilarviruses 

and others. The common recommendations 

amongst these are; knowledge of viral genomics, 

development of diagnostic tools, exploring the 

possibility of DNA chip for detection of various 

viruses and viroids, possible refinement in the 

certification programme and development of virus 

resistant transgenics. 

Collaboration with IAVI 

Under this effort, four areas were identified viz. 

neutralizing antibodies and new antigen design, HIV 

genome diversity in India, novel vector development 

and protocol G. The coordinators in the respective 

areas interacted with the relevant scientists in the 

country and developed the pre-proposals in the 

structured format. The pre proposals were 

scrutinized by the IAVI Board and SAC. It is intended 

to initiate collaborative efforts in the areas of 

neutralizing antibodies and new antigen design. 

Indo-Australia 

Department of Biotechnology and Department of 

Education Science & Technology, Government of 

Australia have signed Memorandum of 

Understanding (MoU) for collaboration in the area of 

Biotechnology. An Indo-Australian fund for Science 

& Technology cooperation in biotechnology has 

been established with the Australian Government 

providing approximately AUD 6 million for a period of 

3 years. A matching grant is to be made available by 

Government of India. 

The overall objective of the Indo-Australian 

Biotechnology Fund is to develop and support 

collaborative research activities which draw upon 

complementary science and technology strengths in 

India and Australia. The Indo-Australian 

Biotechnology Fund will support Indian and 

Australian scientists, from both the public and private 

sectors, to collaborate on cutting edge science and 

technology in order to contribute to the economic, 

social and environmental wellbeing of both 

countries. 

th 

The first Call for Proposal was advertised on 25 

September 2006 and the priority areas identified 

include-Biomedical devices and implants; Stem 

cells; Vaccines / medical diagnostics; Transgenic 

crops; Nutraceuticals and functional foods; and 

Bioremediation. 

st 

There was an overwhelming response to the 1 Call 

for Proposals and over 55 projects were received. 

These projects have gone through a very stringent 

peer review system and based on the expert 

comments, the projects are being reviewed further. A 

Joint Biotechnology Committee has been constituted 

to supervise the programme of cooperation. In 

particular, the JBC will discuss and review the 

programme of cooperation in light of relevant science 

and technology policy and developments in Australia 

and India, priority areas with high probability for the 

development of successful collaborative projects 

and also review the progress of ongoing projects and 

funding of new project proposals. 

New Bilateral Collaborations : 

Indo-Canada 

Two Memoranda of Understanding between DBT 

and Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) 

National Research Council, (NRC) Canada were 

signed on December 5, 2006 in presence of the 

Hon'ble Minister for Science and Technology and 

Earth Sciences, Sh. Kapil Sibal: 

The identified priorities for cooperation with AAFC 

include: 

a) Agriculture and food processing and storage; 

b) Bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers; 

c) Functional and nutraceutical foods and impact on 

human nutrition; 

d) Agricultural biotechnology; 

e) Biomass utilization; 

f) Sustainable alternative energy and 

environmental technologies; and 

g) Water quality. 

The identified priorities for initial collaboration 

between DBT and NRC are: 


a) Harnessing plants for improving human and 

animal health, and 

b) Understanding and exploiting genomics of 

plants of common interest to the benefit of both 

the countries 

c) Collaborations in additional areas such as, but 

not limited to, vaccine design, production and 

delivery systems, and biodevices are being 

explored. 

As a follow-up of the MoU, the following workshops 

were held : 

1. Workshop on “Biofuels : An Indo-Canadian 

perspective opportunities for collaboration” was 

held on February 3, 2007 at TERI, New Delhi 

2. Indo-Canadian Bio-pharma workshop was held 

from February 21-23, 2007 at Hotel Ashoka, 

New Delhi. 

Indo-Korea 

The MoU was signed between DBT and 

International Vaccine Institute, Korea in June, 2006 

for co-operation in Biotechnology. 

Indo-Norway 

Signing of MOU in the area of Agri-food 

Biotechnology between Canada and India 

The Indo-Norway collaborative effort has emphasis 

on vaccine research development. This initiative has 

been taken as a result of the Norwegian Prime 

Minister's visit to India during December, 2005. The 

road-map was developed during two seminars; in 


174 

Bergen February 1-2, 2006 and in New Delhi March 

7-8, 2006. The mission goal is to attack global 

challenges and threats through vaccination, to create 

a platforms for the private sector in both countries to 

exploit the markets in both countries and globally, to 

facilitate continued co-ownership in emerging private 

companies in the two countries, to strengthen 

vaccine related R&D in both countries and to foster 

innovation and problem solving attitudes as well as 

global commitment. The programme will spearhead 

a broader framework for research collaboration 

between India and Norway. The road map includes 

specific areas of work as well as proposed timelines 

and project management for Indo-Norwegian 

collaboration in this area. The focus of this 

programme is vaccine and vaccination research and 

development. The programme comprises both 

human, animal and aquaculture areas. 

Indo-Ukraine: 

An MoU was signed between DBT and Academy of 

Medical Sciences of Ukraine in October, 2006. The 

areas have been identified in medical biotechnology 

and specific areas are : high-immunogenic oral 

vaccine, stem cell research, infectious diseases and 

management. 

Multilateral Collaborations : 

SAARC 

A project on the “Study on available technologies and 

mechanisms of transfer in SAARC region in the 

areas of vaccines, diagnostics and plant materials“ 

under SAARC has been funded by the Ministry of 

External Affairs to be implemented by the 

Department. 

UNESCO Regional Centre for Training and 

Education in Biotechnology 

The UNESCO Regional Centre for Education and 

Training in the frontier areas of biotechnology under 

the aegis of UNESCO has been proposed to be set 

up during the current financial year in New Delhi. The 

rd 

proposal has been approved by the Cabinet and 33 

General Conference of UNESCO. The

Memorandum of Agreement between Department of 

Biotechnology and UNESCO for the formal 

establishment of this centre was signed on July 14, 

2006 by Secretary, DBT, on behalf of Government 

of India and Director, Division of Basic and 

Engineering Sciences, UNESCO, Paris on behalf of 

the UNESCO. The major roles of this proposed 

centre would be viz. Regional hub for education and 

training for leveraging skilled scientific pool of human 

resource; specialized short-term executive training 

Signing of the agreement between UNESCO 

and DBT for setting up of Regional Centre in Delhi 

such as IPR, technology development, biotech 

industry; a platform to develop harmonized 

regulations and policies in the region; IPR issues and 

mutual knowledge sharing platform between 

member countries. Efforts are in progress for setting 

up of this center in vicinity of New Delhi with initial 

focus on health science technology with emphasis on 

biology, medicine and engineering in an integrated 

manner. 


Autonomous Institutions 

National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 

The National Institute of Immunology (NII)'s primary 

mandate is to understand and exploit the 

mechanisms of the immune system using various 

tools of modern biology in order to pursue creative 

solutions to a broad range of health problems. The 

focus of research has been on: 

Infection, Immune Mechanisms and 

Autoimmunity 

Studies on Salmonella - host cell interaction 

revealed a regulatory mechanism involving 

induction of Toll-like receptor-ligand (flagellin) 

synthesis for inflammation and innate immunity 

during infection by bacterial pathogen. In a study on 

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), patients 

showed that a human monoclonal antibody, 

generated from an SLE patient, recognizes antigens 

externalized during the process of apoptosis. It can 

also mediate a variety of potential pathogenic effects 

including stimulation of the idiotypic network and 

increasing the range of molecular targets. 

Several Ribozymes (Rzs) and DNA-enzymes (Dzs) 

were constructed that were specific for HIV-1 Tat and 

Rev genes. Rzs and Dzs cleaved the Tat/Rev RNA 

very efficiently, and most of them showed excellent 

activity under simulated physiological conditions of 

cleavage. In a study related to biology of Tlymphocytes, 

a major role for Hsp90 activity in MHC 

II-mediated antigen presentation pathways in 

addition to MHC class I restricted antigen has been 

revealed. Studies have shown that the frequency of 

naive T cells capable of responding to a given 

antigenic stimulus is marginally lower in aged mice 

as compared to young mice as also the activated T 

cells are more susceptible to death during the 

antigen-mediated proliferation phase. Hence, 

immune responses are short-lived in the aged mice 

and immune memory is also defective.Effect of IL4- 

Chapter : 11 

and IL10- deficiency on B cell differentiation in vivo 

and in vitro reveals that the that IL4 supports clonal 

expansion in vivo and that in its absence, both 

plasma cell generation as well as memory cell 

generation is compromised. IL10, on the other hand, 

appears to dampen clonal expansion in vivo. In its 

absence, enhanced primary antibody responses as 

well as enhanced memory cell generation are 

observed early after immunization.Ligation of the 

TNFR molecules CD27 and CD40 on B cells has 

been shown to skew B cell differentiation towards the 

memory pathway. In a study on vaccine against JEV, 

replication defective recombinant adenoviruses 

(RAds) have been constructed that synthesized the 

pre-membrane and envelope (E) proteins of the 

virus. Oral immunization of mice with RAdEs 

generated high titres of JEV antibodies and 

intramuscular immunization of naïve mice with 

RAdEs showed complete protection against a lethal 

dose of JEV given intra-cerebrally. 

A study has shown that size of the polymer particles 

being used as adjuvant can modulate the immune 

response. It was noted that Nano-particles promoted 

cellular immune response, while micro-particles 

were good at eliciting a humoral response. Detaied 

antigen processing and presentation by polymeric 

particles are under investigation. In a study on 

inhibition of beta cell autoimmunity in children 

predisposed to get type I diabetes, T-cells involved in 

presenting auto-antigen peptides to auto-antigens 

were designed to inhibit their presentation and hence 

abrogate self-destruction of beta cells. 

Structural, Chemical & Systems Biology 

Correlations between the promiscuity of the primary 

antibody response and conformational flexibility in a 

germ line antibody were addressed through 

crystallographic analyses revealing a simple 

mechanism for expanding the primary antibody 

repertoire. New insight into the mechanism of 

177 Autonomous Institutions

cytokine-mediated regulation of intracellular 

trafficking demonstrates that cytokine differentially 

regulates endocytic trafficking by controlling the 

expression of appropriate Rab GTPase. Several 

protease-trans-peptidase enzymes (sortases) from 

Staphylococcus aureus and S. pneumonia, were 

expressed to study their structure, mechanism of 

action and inhibition with a view to develop 

therapeutic inhibitors. 

Studies on biotin biosynthesis pathway, which does 

not exist in humans, suggests that it can be an 

attractive target for the development of novel drugs 

against a number of pathogens. Studies on the 

characterization of the enzyme 7-keto-8aminopelargonic 

acid (KAPA) synthase showed 

broad substrate stereo-specificity in M. tuberculosis 

KAPA synthase. It sets the stage for inhibitor design. 

Another study provides a new possibility that iron 

can potentate protozoan parasite (Leishmania) 

death induced by metalloids like arsenic and 

antimony. Continuing studies on M. tuberculosis 

have resulted in identification of a new gene cluster 

which is required for iron acquisition. Since iron 

plays a key role in the development of infectious 

diseases, the biosynthetic pathways that have been 

studied with the functioning of gene cluster, 

represent an attractive target for developing an antibacterial. 

M. tuberculosis require mycobactins 

(membrane associated siderophores) for acquiring 

intracellular iron so as to adapt to it's intracellular 

habitat. 

2+ 

During low iron conditions, the IdeR-Fe complex is 

not formed, which results in the activation of 

transcription of IdeR-repressed genes. The iron box 

Iron transport system operating in 

M. tuberculosis during low iron conditions 


178 

promoters (Fe-box) are found adjacent to both mbt-1 

and mbt-2 clusters whereas mbt-1 gene cluster 

produces mycobactin skeleton and mbt-2 cluster 

produces acyl-S-ACP intermediates. 

These acyl-S intermediates are then transferred to 

produce didehydroxymycobactin in the presence of 

MbtK. The final hydroxylation is carried out by MbtG 

to generate the amphiphilic mycobactin 

siderophore). 

Genetics, Cellular Signalling & Cancer Biology 

Study has revealed a novel signaling pathway 

involving PfPKB, a protein kinase B-like enzyme from 

Plasmodium falciparum wherein calcium/calmodulin 

works as the upstream activator suggesting probable 

intercepting pathways. Studies related to SPAG9 

expression and immuno-genicity in epithelial ovary 

cancer patients (EOC) shows that majority of 

epithelial ovary cancer tissues exhibited SPAG9 

expression at both mRNA and protein level. The 

study further indicates that SPAG9 is highly 

expressed in EOC and is immunogenic in patients. 

Work on BLM helicase in the Bloom Syndrome (BS) 

patients who are predisposed to almost all types of 

cancers has indicated that it may act in two different 

stages of the transmission of DNA damage signal 

during replication. It is thus possible such proteins 

can have physiological functions different than that 

are presently ascribed to them. Studies on the 

genomics of human Y chromosome in patients with 

sex chromosome related anomalies (SCRA) and 

males exposed to natural background radiations 

(NBR) revealed AZFc somatic micro-deletions and 

copy number polymorphism of the DAZ genes. 

Reproduction & Development 

Studies on understanding the molecular basis of 

fertilization in humans have demonstrated that Cterminal 

fragment of human ZP3- the primary sperm 

receptor, is able to induce acrosomal exocytosis in 

capacitated human spermatozoa. Deletionrecombinant 

fragments made and being investigated 

for sperm receptor activity are expected to help in 

developing drugable novel contraceptive molecules. 

Multiplex PCR has been designed and validated to 

screen Y chromosome micro-deletions in infertile

oligospermic/azoospermic men, Study on 

engraftment potential of murine bone marrow stem 

cells cultured on three-dimensional matrix in vitro 

and in vivo showed that both short-term and longterm 

hematopoietic stem cell compartments could 

be expanded in reconstituted bone marrow culture 

environment. The cultured cells were multi-lineage 

engraftable in a compatible host for more than 8 

months. The results suggest that stemness and 

engraftibility of hematopoietic stem cells do not 

compromise with their expansion in marrow-like 

culture environment. 

A: Dot-plot analysis of cultured bone marrow cells, 

B: Dot-plot analysis of donor cell chimerism in recipient bone marrow. 

C: RT-PCR analysis for the expression of mdr1 gene in cultured cells. 

D: Cultured BM cells incubated with dye in the absence or in the 

presence of verapamil 

Mechanistic analysis for trans-differentiation of 

hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into hepatocytes in 

hemophilia mice model revealed that a major 

- 

fraction of Lin BM (bone marrow) cells differentiate 

into albumin expressing hepatocytes and express 

liver specific enzymes, e.g. TAT and TDO in vitro. In 

vivo studies have shown that in response to liver 

- + 

damage, Lin Sca-1 cells multiply in BM and then 

mobilize in the peripheral blood for migration in the 

damaged liver. One year in vivo study showed that a 

significant number of hematopoietic cells 

differentiate into hepatocytes, expressing albumin 

and CK-18. BM derived hepatocytes do not express 

AFP and GGT, markers for liver carcinogenesis. It 

appears that transformation of BM-hematopoietic 

cells into hepatocytes is the result of direct 

differentiation. 

National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 

The National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 

in addition to serving as a National Cell Repository, 

focuses on Human Resource Development and 

Research & Development in the areas of Cell biology, 

Signal transduction, Cancer Biology, Diabetes, 

Biodiversity, Infection & Immunity and Chromatin 

Architecture & Gene regulation. Over the past year, 

the Cell Repository at NCCS has supplied 1154 cell 

lines comprising of 148 different cell types to 128 

scientific institutions in India. Under the “Teaching 

and Training” programs, it has conducted workshops 

on “Basic Techniques in Animal Tissue Culture” 

onsite for 30 researchers at Bangalore and Goa. The 

research activities have evinced an increase in the 

impetus towards translational biology that reflects 

the commitment of NCCS scientists to societal 

needs. The highlights of area-wise research work are 

given below: 

Cell Biology 

Nuclear pore proteins are traditionally believed to be 

involved in the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of 

macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. For 

the first time a nuclear pore protein (Nup358) has 

been shown to be associated with interphase 

microtubules. Currently its potential implication in the 

regulation of cell polarity is being investigated. 

Further, a protein molecule has been identified from 

the perivitelline fluid (PVF) of Indian Horse Shoe 

Crab that has cardiac promoting activity during early 

vertebrate development. Increased bone resorption 

by osteoclasts is a major pathological factor in 

arthritis, perodontitis and orthopedic implant 

loosening. The receptor activator of NF-B ligand 

(RANKL) has been determined to be a crucial factor 

for osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. 

Further investigation demonstrated that TNF- in 

association with proinflammatory cytokines such as 

IL-1 and IL-6, and TGF enhances bone resorption, 

and that IL-3 has an inhibitory effect on osteoclast 

differentiation. In another study, the mechanism of 

activation of insulin mRNA translation upon higher 

glucose levels is being investigated. The findings 

indicate that a 60-80 kDa protein binds to the 5'UTR 

in an insulin-dependent manner and regulates 

translation. 


In stem cell research, the studies showed that 

inhibition of stress kinases in primitive hematopoietic 

cells result in increased proliferation by making them 

more responsive to growth conditions. The 

mannose binding lectin FRIL was demonstrated to 

have stem cell preservation activity. Optimization of 

in vitro expression and cryopreservation of 

hematopoietic stem cells is another area of interest 

at NCCS, whereby the efforts led to the identification 

arachidonic acid (Omega6) and its metabolites as 

additives that reduced apoptosis in CD34+ cells. 

Further, the conditions for enrichment, freezing and 

ex vivo expansion of cord blood megakaryocyte and 

dendritic cells have been optimized. This has a 

potential future application in thrombocytopenia 

therapy and dendritic cell tumor therapy. Embryonic 

stem cell (ESC) systems, which have the unique 

property to differentiate into all cell types, are being 

used to understand developmental events during 

neuro- and cardiomyogenesis. The differentiation of 

mouse ESCs into neurons, in particular the 

dopaminergic neurons, has been achieved. The 

studies also indicated that retinoic acid has a role in 

increasing the neural progenitor population and 

further investigation on a potential role of Wnt 

signaling in cardiomyogenesis is underway. 

Diabetes 

Ongoing studies indicate that insulin protects 

cardiomyocytes from oxidative and nitrative stressinduced 

apoptosis by inhibiting reactive oxygen and 

reactive nitrogen species generation. Similarly, 

curcumin pretreatment was found to protect islets 

against streptozotocin and cytokine induced damage 

through scavenging cellular ROS and augmenting 

cellular defense responses. These findings indicate 

a therapeutic potential of multiple anti-oxidants on 

oxidative and nitrate stress in diabetes. In another 

study, for the first time it has been found that chick 

pancreatic islets could be used as excellent 

alternative in vitro model for physiological and 

pharmacological studies in diabetes research. 

Cancer Biology 

In the area of ovarian tumor stem cells, a distinctive 

nuclear-mitochondrial mutational profile and varying 

stem cell dynamics has been identified to be 

associated with the emergence of a specific lineage 


180 

on a trajectory towards tumorigenesis. The human 

homologue of the mouse melanoma gene (M3TR) 

was shown to be involved in induction and 

maintenance of stemness; its functioning as 

microRNA also triggers off a cascade of events that 

culminate in cellular transformation. Further, the 

deciphering of TNF- mediated signaling pathway(s) 

in monolayer and spheroids generated from gliomas 

revealed that while the two Cyclin dependent kinase 

(CDK) inhibitors p21 cip/waf1 and p27 kip1 are both 

expressed on stimulus with TNF-, only p27 might be 

important in growth arrest in the spheroids. Towards 

exploring the sensitivity of HPV E6 positive cancer 

cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, studies revealed 

that though upregulation of the DNA damageinducible 

gene alpha (Gadd45) occurs as a 

consequence of apoptotic response to genotoxic 

stress, induction of apoptosis is solely dictated by the 

nature of stress and cell type. A potential therapeutic 

application of the cholesterol depleting agent, 

methyl--cyclodextrin (MCD) in combination with 

other conventional cytotoxic drugs to facilitate 

reduction of drug dosage that offers a better 

chemotherapeutic approach with low toxicity is being 

evaluated. 

Signal Transduction 

Studies on prostrate cancer revealed that 

osteopontin regulates the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX- 

2) - mediated PGE 2 production and MMP-2 activation 

by tumor cells, that in turn, mediate tumor 

progression and angiogenesis. The data suggested 

that blockade of OPN and COX-2 is a promising 

therapeutic approach for the inhibition of tumor 

progression by suppressing prostate tumor growth 

and angiogenesis. Another study regarding 

differential membrane dynamics mediated by 

various lectins indicated that lectins with similar 

carbohydrate specificity evoke different cellular 

responses depending on the cell line lineage, 

through differential protein-lectin interactions. An 

example is that the jacalin lectin exerts reversible 

stress on A431 cells through the induction of 

phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and p38 but not JNK, 

whereas another lectin viz. PNA, which has a very 

similar specificity to that of jacalin, did not induce the 

same effect. Further studies suggested that jacalin 

cytotoxicity is mediated through the caveolin-c-src 

p38 pathway and involves an impairment of the

functionality of ORP150 - a novel ER chaperon. 

Infection & Immunity 

Towards further understanding the biology of 

Leishmania, the selenophosphate synthetase [selD] 

gene has been cloned and characterization of the 

role of the protein with respect to its cellular 

localization and stage-specific expression in the 

parasite is in progress. The studies on the 

mechanism of immuno-suppression in leishmaniasis 

revealed that in vivo suppression of ERK-1/2 or 

exaggeration of p38MAP kinase might result in the 

amelioration of Leishmania infection. Further 

investigation led to the conclusion that the anti-IL-2 

treatment is effective in the early phase of infection 

while IL-10 blockade is effective at a later stage of 

infection. Taken together, these findings could lead 

to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic 

principles for the dreaded disease. 

The modulation and induction of CTL responses, by 

different antigen presenting cells can provide key 

information in studies of CD8+ T cell mediated 

immunity. NCCS has been successful in the 

isolation and characterization of dendritic cell types 1 

and 2 (DC1 & DC2). Further, activation of these 

through the T-independent and T-dependent modes 

revealed that the DC1 cells have a stimulatory effect 

while the DC2 cells are regulatory in nature. 

Genome sequencing of poxviruses and 

herpesviruses has shown that members of these 

families encode structural homologs of human 

regulators of the complement activation (vCCP) to 

mask themselves against the host's complement 

attack. Thus, the Herpesvirus saimiri homolog (HVS 

CCPH) was seen to possess all the complement 

regulatory activities present in kaposica and VCP, 

and exhibits 14-fold higher factor I cofactor activity 

against C3b. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed 

that R118 contributes significantly to the factor I 

cofactor activity of HVS CCPH. 

The study on HIV biology led to the elucidation of 

Hsp40 as a crucial player in Nef-mediated 

enhancement of HIV gene expression and 

replication. Anisotropy studies using fluorescein 

labeled DNA suggested that Tat binds to NFB 

enhancer DNA as a dimer with binding affinity in 

nanomolar range. Further, the Tat:NFκB interaction 

followed a two site sequential binding model and 

could be responsible for Tat mediated modulation of 

cellular genes. Preliminary evidence also indicated 

the importance of IFN-γ in inducing expression of 

CTL effector molecules perforin and granzyme, 

emphasizing that the rescue of impaired CTL 

functions might help devise an immunotherapeutic 

strategy to control HIV replication or boost existing 

strategies. 

Chromatin Architecture & Gene Regulation 

Understanding the role of a MAR binding protein, 

SMAR1, in many cellular processes has been 

another area of interest. This tumor suppressor 

activates p53 through phosphorylation that in turn 

modulates global transcription from various 

promoters. PGA2 mediated repression of Cyclin D1 

transcription and cell cycle arrest requires SMAR1. 

SMAR1 also inhibits TGFβ signaling and its 

downstream target genes that are involved in tumor 

cell migration and metastases. In another study, 

phosphorylation of the T-cell specific transcription 

factor SATB1 was seen to determine its association 

with either HDAC1 or PCAF. Further, it has been 

found that recruitment of the chromatin modifiers 

HDAC1 or PCAF to the IL-2 promoter in vivo is 

dependent on the phosphorylation status of SATB1 

at serine 185. It has been observed that 

phosphorylation and acetylation of SATB1 have 

contrasting effects on gene expression at a global 

level. Collectively, these studies have significantly 

advanced our knowledge about the mechanisms of 

global gene regulation. 

Biodiversity 

Understanding the microbial community structure of 

unique ecosystems like insect gut, human colon and 

some extreme ecosystems is another area of 

research at NCCS. In the case with Aeromonas 

culicicola, a microbe from the midgut of mosquito, the 

distribution of its toxin genes that are implicated in its 

virulence was used to assess the extent of 

pathogenicity in these organisms. The study 

described for the first time the presence of 

Ochrobacterium intermedium in the antrum of a nonulcer 

dyspeptic patient diagnosed with H. pylori, in a 

view to asses the correlation of infection by these 


two pathogens in the acidic environment. 

Publications & Patents 

During the year, 46 scientific papers were published 

in reputed peer-reviewed journals, and 3 chapters 

have been contributed to books. Seven patents 

have been filed. In addition to the institutional 

research funds, the scientific endeavours are further 

substantiated by peer reviewed funding from various 

national and international funding agencies such as 

DBT, DST, DRDO, Wellcome Trust, etc. 



The Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics 

(CDFD) is an autonomous organization funded by 

the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of 

Science and Technology, Government of India. 

CDFD receives funding also from other agencies on 

specific collaborative projects. The Centre is 

recognized by the Manipal Academy of Higher 

Education for pursuing Ph.D. programme in Life 

Sciences and is equipped with world class, state-ofthe-art 

instrumentation and computing infrastructure 

to facilitate working in frontier areas of research in 

Life Sciences. There are presently fifteen groups 

working on diverse research areas related to 

genetics, molecular and cell biology, cancer biology, 

pathogen biology, HIV biology, Immunology etc. and 

the centre continues to attract leaders in related 

disciplines. CDFD is supported with a strong 

Bioinformatics facility and is the India node of the 

European Molecular Biology Network (EMBnet). 

CDFD is also a Sun Microsystem's Centre of 

Excellence in Medical Bioinformatics. CDFD is 

located in the fastest growing metropolitan city of 

Hyderabad, more popularly known as Cyberabad for 

its initiative and pioneering role in developing the 

state during the past few years in the area of 

information technology. Amongst the institutions of 

its kind that are working in various areas of 

molecular biology, CDFD is unique in that it has been 

successfully involved both (i) in providing services, 

based on modern high-technology DNA-based 

methods, of direct benefit to the public, as well as (ii) 

in performing fundamental research of international 

standards in frontier areas of biological science. The 


182 

value addition that has been obtained from combining 

these two kinds of activities within a single institution 

cannot be overestimated, since it has enabled CDFD 

to attract faculty and students/project staff of topnotch 

caliber who have provided a vibrant and nonhierarchical 

environment where both research and 

services thrive and the spirit of questioning, learning, 

improving, and innovating is taken for granted. The 

high credibility enjoyed by CDFD, in particular 

amongst the stakeholders of the country's criminal 

justice delivery system, stands testimony to its 

success. The centre has witnessed an 

unprecedented growth during last year in terms of 

new service initiatives and cutting edge research. 

Based on novel technology developed by the Centre, 

a new joint activity has been initiated this year at the 

CDFD as “APEDA-CDFD Centre for Basmati DNA 

Analysis” with funding through APEDA (Agricultural 

and Processed Food Products Export Development 

Authority). The Centre will test and certify export 

consignments of basmati rice for their purity, and is 

expected to contribute in increasing the value and 

quality of such exports from the country. The major 

thrust areas of research in the Centre continue to be 

studies on infectious disease pathogens including M. 

tuberculosis, H. pylori, HIV, and HPV; silkmoth 

genetics and genomics; computational biology and 

bioinformatics; and fundamental studies on 

transcription and signal transduction. Transgenic 

silkworms have been created that are resistant to 

baculovirus, causative agent for destroying the 

worms, by using RNAi technology. Important results 

in K-Ras signaling pathways in cancer epithelial cells 

have been obtained and a novel and convenient tool 

for Human Papilloma Virus detection has also been 

developed. 

Services 

CDFD continues to provide crucial support to the 

justice delivery system in the country through DNA 

fingerprinting services, while the Diagnostics service, 

apart from meeting the needs of regular patients, is 

also striving to introduce and to test potential new 

diagnostic tools and methods. CDFD received more 

than 150 cases ranging from violent crimes and 

paternity/maternity disputes to wildlife poaching. One 

of the major cases received was from the Gujarat 

High Court, which acted on the request of the Central 

Bureau of Investigation to direct the Centre to

undertake the identification of skeletal remains from 

a recently detected mass grave of alleged riot 

victims. The case wise breakup of the matters 

handled in the last reporting year is as follows: 

On the Diagnostics service front, close to 3000 cases 

were received for biochemical, cytogenetic, and 

molecular investigations for proband diagnosis, 

prenatal diagnosis, as well as carrier detection. Apart 

from these established diagnostics tools, the Centre 

Phase GNL3L-GFP 

Nucleolar localization of GNL3L. Cos-7 cells were transfected 

with GNL3L-GFP expression vector and the localization was 

determined by fluorescence microscopy. 

is also attempting to develop novel DNA-based 

diagnostic markers for genetic disorders, infectious 

diseases, and cancer. The Centre is also in the 

process of creating a National Database for genetic 

disease and disorders. The case wise breakup for 

the diagnostic referrals handled by the centre during 

the last reporting year is as follows: 

Crystal structure of M.tuberculosis chorismate mutase monomer 

183 

CDFD started the world's first Centre of Excellence 

(COE) in clinical bioinformatics in its Gandipet 

campus, which is a joint venture between the CDFD, 

M/s Sun Microsystems and the Government of 

Andhra Pradesh. The CoE was inaugurated and 

dedicated to the nation by His Excellency the 

President of India, Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. The 

Gandipet bioinformatics facility is now fully 

operational with high-speed servers and internet 

connectivity. The COE environment offers scalability 

from desktop to teraflop with binary compatibility 

across architecture offering mainframe class like 

availability and superior balanced performance. The 

servers support features like fault isolated Dynamic 

System Domains (Dynamic Hard partitions), 

Dynamic reconfiguration, full Hardware redundancy 

and hot CPU upgrades. 

The COE has been organizing training and 

brainstorming activities in bioinformatics, 

computational biology and medical informatics. A 

two-week's Training Programme in Bioinformatics 

Applications for M.Sc (Biotechnology) students was 

conducted at the SUN-COE campus. This program 

covered the areas of biological database searching, 

sequence analysis, homology modeling and 

phylogenetic analysis applications under 

Bioinformatics for the students. 

The Bioinformatics and Sun-COE hosted the First 

ASEAN-India Bioinformatics Workshop from 7-11 

November 2005. This was attended by over 20 

delegates from ASEAN countries. The workshop 

showcased India's expertise in Bioinformatics to 

ASEAN delegates, and included lectures from 

leading Indian Bioinformatics experts and practical 

demonstration of the TCS BioSuite - a bioinformatics 

a.Micrographs of liver tissue section stained for GFP (green) nuclei 

DAPI stained (blue) 

b. Micrographs of liver tissues section stained for GEP (green), 

albumin (red), and nuclear (blue) 

c. Micrographs of liver tisue section stained for GFP (green), CK-18 

(red), and nuclear (blue) 

d. Merged photographs showing yellow color GFP* CELLS (MIDDLE) 

AND GFP*CK-18* cells` 

Autonomous Institutions

software developed by TCS with support from 

academicians (including scientists from CDFD). The 

workshop was supported by Ministry of External 

Affairs through ASEAN Secretariat, Sun 

Microsystems Inc, and Tata Consultancy Services 

(TCS). 

The National Genomics and Transcriptomics Facility 

is operational in its full capacity to provide services in 

the areas of DNA sequencing and genotyping, real 

time PCR, and microarray analysis. 

Research highlights 

In the discipline of molecular genetics, three lines of 

experiments were undertaken in the Laboratory of 

Bacterial Genetics, namely (i) to test the model of 

and mechanisms mediating R-loop formation from 

nascent untranslated transcripts; (ii) to study the 

mechanism of ArgP-mediated transcriptional 

regulation of the arginine exporter ArgO; and (iii) to 

+ 

investigate an unusual phenomenon of K toxicity in 

hns trx double mutant strains. 

The molecular genetics laboratory has shown that, in 

insects, immune pathway genes are controlled in sex 

dependent manner leading to sex biased expression 

of antimicrobial protein (AMPs) genes. Expression of 

antimicrobial genes before bacterial infection, was 

male biased, but, after infection their expression was 

stronger in females. Thus it was proposed that 

sexually dimorphic immune responses have evolved 

to increase reproductive fitness in both the sexes. 

The Laboratory of Mammalian genetics is attempting 

to develop a novel DNA-methylation based 

diagnostic tool for cancer detection, whereas the 

Laboratory of Oncology is using genomic 

hybridization assays (CGH) for a similar purpose. 

Research in the Cell and Molecular Biology theme is 

mainly concentrated on studies of the mechanistic 

aspects of eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription 

and signal transduction processes. The Laboratory 

of Molecular and Cellular Biology has identified and 

characterized different subunits of baculovirus RNA 

polymerases, which will be important for 

understanding the enzymatic properties of the 

polymerase. This laboratory has also made 

progress in understanding the anti-apoptotic 

properties of viral protein P35. Studies in the 

Laboratory of Transcription Biology are devoted 


184 

towards understanding the basic mechanism of 

transcription termination and antitermination in 

prokaryotes. The Laboratory of Immunology has 

continued to produce excellent results on the effects 

of different synthetic and naturally occurring small 

molecules on the signal transduction networks in 

human cells. 

One of the major thrust areas of CDFD's research is 

to understand the basic mechanisms in 

pathogenesis of infectious diseases caused by 

bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Work involving 

cloning and characterization of different ORFs of M. 

tuberculosis, and molecular epidemiology of this 

pathogen together with H. pylori, have made 

significant progress during this period. Evolutionary 

genomics of M. tuberculosis revealed a 

predominance of ''ancestral' M. tuberculosis in 

Indian, which supports the hypothesis that the Indian 

subcontinent was an early step of the worldwide 

expansion of the M. tuberculosis complex, 

subsequent to the emergence of tubercle bacilli in 

eastern Africa millions of years ago. Another study 

involving H. pylori as a chronic colonization model 

investigated co-evolution of 'ancestral' H. pylori (hsp- 

Amerind) strains and the more recent Spanish strains 

in Peruvian Amerindians, suggesting that human 

history significantly impacted shaping of virulence on 

an evolutionary time-scale in different continents. 

The Virology group has achieved significant 

milestones in deciphering the biology of import 

mechanisms in viruses. They showed that Vpx 

protein in immunodeficiency viruses is imported to 

the nucleus by a novel signal mediated process and 

that the nuclear import property of Vpx is critical for 

the optimal virus replication in nondividing cells such 

as macrophages. They also identified the players 

such as GNL3L in nucleolar import pathways 

The Computational Biology groups are involved in 

advanced genome analysis research for 

determination of microsatellite distributions and 

prediction of operons in different microbial genomes. 

They are also using different molecular dynamics 

tools for analysis, prediction, and modeling of protein 

structures. These theoretical works are well 

complemented by the Structural Biology group, 

whose work has led to the crystal structures of 

several important proteins from M. tuberculosis

eing solved during this reporting period. 

They are also using different molecular dynamics 

tools for analysis, prediction, and modeling of protein 

structures. These theoretical works are well 

complemented by the Structural Biology group, 

whose work has led to the crystal structures of 

several important proteins from M. tuberculosis 

being solved during this reporting period. 

National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), 

Manesar, Haryana 

The National Brain Research Center (NBRC) was 

established by this department in 1999 to provide 

state-of-the-art facilities for a coordinated 

multidisciplinary team of scientists to work in the 

frontier areas of neuroscience. The mandate of 

NBRC, a Deemed University is to create a “Centre of 

Excellence in Brain Research” with state-of-art 

facilities, evolve the center through a networking 

approach and generate highly trained human 

resource. Brain-related disorders represent one of 

the major disease groups that affect the population 

and cause a huge burden on the society. With 

increasing life expectancy the world over, the 

prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative 

disorders such as Parkinson's disease would 

contribute enormously to the years lived in disability. 

Psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit 

disorder (ADHD), depression and schizophrenia 

also affect a fairly large percentage of the world 

population. In spite of the efforts made in the last 

decade, we are far from understanding the 

mechanisms underlying this group of disorders. At 

NBRC, an inter-disciplinary approach is adopted 

towards achieving the objectives. The major areas 

that have been identified for research include 

computational neuroscience, system and cognitive 

neuroscience, stem cell research, developmental 

neurobiology and basic research towards 

understanding of neurological and psychiatric 

disorders. Since its inception NBRC has been 

working steadily towards achieving its objectives and 

translation of basic research and technological 

advances into better diagnostic tools, cures and 

therapies for brain disorders. 

The year 2006-07 witnessed the growth of NBRC 

and the campus at Manesar bustles with the 

expanding student community. The interdisciplinary 

Ph.D. and Integrated PhD programmes at NBRC 

continue to attract students from a wide range of 

disciplines including electrical engineers, 

computational scientists, psychologist, clinicians and 

biologists from all over the country. NBRC's 

mandate to network existing neuroscience 

groups/institutions in the country and promote 

multidisciplinary research in neuroscience is also 

being implemented and at present, the number of 

networked centres across the country has grown to 

47. The institute also continues to share its digital 

library with the network centres. 

The molecular and cellular neuroscience group is 

actively engaged in understanding mechanisms 

involved in the pathogenesis and progression of 

neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, 

Alzheimer's and polyglutamine diseases using 

cellular and animal models,. The molecular 

mechanisms underlying the behavioral learning 

deficit in neurodevelopmental diseases such as 

Angelman's syndrome was investigated. Importantly, 

the neuro-pharmacological effects of plants that are 

used in traditional system of medicine for improving 

higher mental function are being examined as 

potential treatment for senile dementia including 

Alzheimer's disease. The role of ubiquitin 

proteasome system (UPS) in the pathogenesis of 

various neurological disorders is being studied with 

special reference to polyglutamine disease such as 

Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar 

ataxia type 3 (SCA3). The expression of expanded 

polyglutamine proteins down-regulates NF-Bdependent 

transcriptional activity. Oxidative stimuli 

and curcumin enhance the mutant huntingtin 

aggregation and mutant huntingtin-induced cell 

death. The role of UPS in the pathogenesis of 

Angelman mental retardation syndrome (AS), a 

neurodevelopmental disorder is also being studied. 

E6-AP (gene product mutated in AS) promotes the 

degradation of p53 in the neuronal cells. 

The studies carried out at NBRC on the Japanese 

encephalitis virus (JEV) have demonstrated for the 

first time that (i) JEV infection activates microglia 

both morphologically and functionally, in vivo (ii) 

infection leads to an elevation of proinflammatory 

mediators; (iii) microglia are the predominant source 

of proinflammatory mediators, and (iv) the cytotoxins 


eleased from activated microglia are instrumental in 

inducing neuronal death that accompanies JE. 

These findings clearly suggest that microglial 

activation may be an important contributory factor in 

the pathogenesis of JE. In the central nervous 

system (CNS) generation of phenotypic diversity 

within the neuronal lineage is precisely regulated in a 

spatial and temporal fashion. Neural basic helix- 

loop- helix (bHLH) transcription factors are cell 

intrinsic factors that control commitment to neuronal 

lineage and play an important role in neuronal cell 

type specification. The ability to differentiate human 

embryonic stem (hES) cells into neurons provide a 

good model system to address human neuronal 

specification. Previous studies have shown 

neurogenin 2 (Ngn2) to be involved in the 

development of mesencephalic dopaminergic 

neurons. Towards the goal of correlating neuronal 

phenotype with early gene expression pattern, the 

expression of Ngn2 has been characterized during 

hES cell differentiation. The results show that 

treatment of embryoid bodies (EB) with retinoic acid 

(RA) leads to proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 

positive cells followed by vasoactive intestinal 

peptide (VIP) treated EB and untreated EB. This 

increase in the proportion of TH positive neurons was 

correlated with the unique morphology of RA treated 

aggregates and the spatial de-localization of the 

expression of Ngn2 within the EB. Neurospheres 

(NS) derived from RA treated EB contained many 

nestin positive cells within regions that expressed 

Ngn2. The data suggests that the appearance of TH 

positive neurons is correlated with the extent of 

overlap between Ngn2 expression and nestin 

expression. 

The molecular role of transcription factors in 

photoreceptor differentiation and associated retinal 

diseases was studied. The objective is to determine 

the network of genes associated with the normal 

photoreceptor development in retina. Neural Retina 

Leucine zipper (NRL) is a key protein that regulates 

expression of several photoreceptor specific genes 

in retina. The mutations in NRL produce retinal 

degeneration in affected patients. Y-Box binding 

protein-1 (YB-1), a ubiquitously expressed 

transcription factor interacts with NRL. Enhanced 

expression of YB-1 represses NRL-mediated 

transactivation of rhodopsin expression. This has 

helped the identification of YB-1 as one of the few 


186 

repressors known so far that affect NRL mediated 

gene transcription in retina. Different mutations 

associated with autosomal dominant retinitis 

pigmentosa affect mitogen-activated protein kinasemediated 

phosphorylation of NRL. Investigations of 

the NRL-dependent molecular network and 

influence of different signaling molecules in NRLspecific 

gene regulation could unravel molecular 

mechanism of photoreceptor differentiation and role 

in associated retinopathies. 

Systems & Computational Neuroscience: One of the 

research programme aims to understand how the 

sensorimotor system processes sensory information 

to enable tactile perception and motor control, and 

how spinal cord injuries in adult animals and during 

early development affect functional organization of 

the system. The motor areas of rats with unilateral 

lesions of the dorsal columns at upper cervical levels 

were mapped. The results showed that after injuries, 

stimulation at many sites that were expected to relate 

to the movement of the forearm, no movement of any 

body part was evoked. However, at some of these 

sites movements of the ipsilateral elbow and wrist 

were evoked or there were bilateral movements. In 

normal animals bilateral movements are elicited only 

at a few points and that too only for the proximal 

shoulder. Such reorganizations of the adult brain 

following injuries can affect the outcome of the 

rehabilitative therapies. The mechanisms of 

emergence of distal ipsilateral movements following 

lesions of the dorsal columns are currently under 

investigation. 

Transmission of visual information is disrupted in 

retinal degenerative diseases such as Retinitis 

Pigmentosa and Age-Related Macular 

Degeneration, leading to blindness. Currently there 

are no effective treatments for these diseases 

because it is not clear how the complex retinal 

circuitry develops, and how it processes visual 

information. Investigations are on to study how 

different types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) 

receive, encode and transmit visual information to 

the brain. The findings from these experiments would 

have direct implications for developing therapeutic 

retinal prostheses. In order to understand the mode 

of action and control of health and disease has been 

identified using saccadic eye movements as a model 

system. The results reveals that the basis of such

predictive control might lie in the ability of human 

brain to estimate the time it takes to cancel a 

response. In collaboration with AIIMS it is has been 

shown that Parkinson's disease patients have 

impaired inhibitory control and current experiments 

are testing their ability to detect and correct errors. 

These future studies may help in better diagnose and 

evaluation of the efficacy of treatment of Parkinson's 

disease. 

Speech is a timed motor response and requires the 

processing of auditory information at different time 

scales. The knowledge of speech development is 

extremely limited and it is important to obtain an 

accurate picture of the development of speech in 

normal children, since this could have implications in 

the understanding of disorders that disrupt speech in 

pediatric populations. The speech and language 

laboratory (SALLY) at NBRC uses digital signal 

processing to study the development of various 

language features in children. The project is aimed at 

investigating the development of speech in a 

population of normal children in the age group 4-8 

years. A repetition task and a picture-naming task for 

obtaining utterances for various words, vowels and 

phrases are used. Analysis shows that as children 

get older they exhibit more power in features 

associated with shorter time scales, thereby also 

demonstrating fine motor control. Interestingly, 

between 4-8 years we observe the achievement of a 

specific feature at a particular age in the population. 

Since features associated with different time scales 

are believed to be associated with various speech 

and language disorders, this study could be useful 

for development of language features in children with 

communication disorders. The use of stochastic 

activation is being explored for increasing the 

efficiency of brain imaging and therapy. An MRIbased 

non-invasive approach is being formulated 

that can be used to automatically grade brain 

tumours. This procedure minimizes sample errors 

that arise in small tissue sampling in directed biopsy 

or spectroscopy. The application of ependymal and 

CSF flow patterning to differentiate neurological 

disorders as Alzheimer's disease, normal pressure 

hydrocephalus, and obstructive hydrocephalus is 

being examined. This involves the use of 

thermodynamics and tensor imaging to track 

abnormal information flow and electrical connectivity 

in the brain. The novel methodology of generalized 

187 

tensor imaging has been delineated, especially the 

modality of electrical and thermal conductivity tensor 

imaging of the brain, which respectively provides 

more accurate targeting in surgical management of 

epilepsy and in hyperthermic treatment of glioma. 

National Centre for Plant Genome Research 

(NCPGR), New Delhi 

The Centre moved to its new campus after its formal 

inauguration by His Excellency, the President of 

India. With space no longer a constraint and addition 

of many sophisticated instruments to the common 

equipment facility, the Centre now is on the road to 

grow and substantialize its contribution. During the 

year, the Centre has made good progress in several 

areas of plant genomics. The following are the 

highlights of its progress: 

A) Nutritional Genomics 

1) AmA 1 protein rich food crops: Protein rich AmA1 

GM potato with high nutritional value, which is also 

found to be non-toxic and non-allergenic in the 

laboratory animals, has successfully completed 

multilocational trials in collaboration with Central 

Potato Research Institute (CPRI). Expression of 

AmA1 in transgenic potato tuber led to the increase 

in the total protein content up to 60%. In addition, 

concentration of several amino acids was increased 

by a factor of 2-3. Shortly, the pre-release approval 

from GEAC would be sought for large-scale 

production of GM potato lines. Transformation of 

indica rice cultivars, sweet potato and cassava with 

AmA1 gene is currently under progress. 

2) Development of low oxalate fungal tolerant 

vegetable and grain crops using OXDC gene: 

Management of oxalate in vegetable and grain crops 

is one of the important areas in Nutritional Genomics. 

Towards this, the low oxalate OXDC tomato varieties 

earlier developed have successfully completed the 

restricted plot trial. The field performance of the 

transgenic tomato lines was found to be consistent 

over the years. Very recently, the food value and food 

safety analyses of these GM tomatoes have been 

initiated and OXDC GM Lathyrus lines have been 

developed. 


Genetic linkage mapping in Catharanthus roseus. 

(A) Morphological and DNA marker map of linkage group I; 

(B) A field view of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross 

whose second filial generation was the mapping population. 

B) Structural Genomics 

1) Genome Structure analysis in chickpea and 

Catharanthus roseu 

The programme on chickpea genomics has been 

making steady progress. One of the objectives is to 

place the genes for disease resistance, agronomic 

traits and seed quality on the genetic linkage map of 

the legumes. A set of 293 primer pairs to serve as 

sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers 

have been made available for genetic linkage 

mapping and intra- and inter-specific polymorphism 

investigations. Eleven STMS markers were 

developed from Cicer reticulatum, the wild annual 

progenitor of chickpea, and used to study the interspecific 

polymorphism in all nine annual Cicer 

species. A search for EST-SSR markers has been 

initiated, especially from the ESTs of origin specific in 

root nodules formed following rhizobial infection. A 

cDNA library was constructed using the 6 DAA 

developing pods of chickpea. Approximately 3000 

positive clones were obtained whose sequencing is 

in progress in order to identify novel genes and 

markers for transcript mapping. In addition, progress 

has been made for developing primary genetic 

linkage map of C. roseus. 


188 

C) Functional Genomics 

1) Genome function analysis in Chickpea: 

a) Genomics of wilt disease: In the area of genomics 

of chickpea-fusarium interaction, foc-1 locus that 

renders chickpea resistance to Fusarium oxysporum 

f. sp. Ciceri (foc) has been mapped in the vicinity of 

several molecular markers; one of the closest is 

CaSTMS1 that opens the way for cloning of the foc-1 

locus. Very recently, the expression profiling using 

microarray technique has been performed to study 

pathotype-genotype interaction during compatible 

and incompatible interactions between chickpea and 

Fusarium. In addition, work has been initiated to 

develop functional ESTs in chickpea. 

b) Genomics of blight disease: A gene of chickpea 

called CaMAPK1 that specifies a step of the MAPK 

pathway in the chickpea response to Ascochyta 

infection has been characterized. 

c) Genomics of drought tolerance: A new single copy 

intron-less gene CAP2 of chickpea that is intranuclear 

in action, induced by salinity, abscicic acid 

and auxin and which upon transfer to Nicotiana 

tabacum increases cell mass, shoot and root size 

and tolerance to salinity and dehydration stress 

response has been cloned and sequenced and 

variously characterized for further use in genetic 

engineering experiments. 

d) Subcellular stress responsive proteome 

inlegumes and cereals: Considerable progress has 

been made in the area of legume and cereal subcellular 

proteomics under different environmental 

stresses. To understand, the molecular basis of 

abiotic stress responses, a comparative proteomic 

approach has been applied to identify stress 

responsive proteins (SRPs). Towards this, a 

comprehensive cell wall and nuclear proteome map 

in chickpea has been developed. In addition, the 

differential nuclear proteome in rice and cytosolic 

proteome in grasspea is in progress. Few such 

candidate genes of SRPs have been cloned. 

2) Genome function analysis in Catharanthus 

roseus: 

a) Genetic/ genomic analysis in the ornamental and

medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus: The ongoing 

work on Catharanthus roseus concerns (a) analysis 

of genetic and epigenetic regulation of the plant 

growth and development traits and terpenoid indole 

alkaloid metabolism, and (b) construction of new 

horticultural varieties and genotypes where roots, 

stem and leaves are rich in one or more 

pharmaceutically important alkaloids. Importantly, a 

gene responsible for the peroxidase enzyme called 

CrPrx was cloned and sequenced and found to be 

present in multiple copies in situ and expressed in 

multiple organs, with highest specific activity in the 

roots, in a stress responsive manner. 

3) Functional genomics in other plant systems: 

a) Genetics of compound leaf morphogenesis in 

Pisum sativum: Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) 

allowed mapping of pea leaf morphogenetic genes 

MULTIFOLIATE PINNA (MFP) and LEAFLET 

DEVELOPMENT (LLD) in respect of molecular 

markers and the latter gene could be placed on the 

linkage group 3 of Pisum sativum. 

b) Analysis of light signal transduction pathway in 

Arabidopsis thaliana: ZBF2 (a bZIP transcription 

factor; GBF1), another Z-box binding factor has been 

recently characterized in Arabidopsis. The DNAprotein 

interaction studies revealed that ZBF2/GBF1 

interacts with the Z- and G-box light responsive 

elements of light regulated promoters. Genetic 

analyses of gbf1 mutants and over-expression 

studies demonstrated that GBF1/ZBF2 acts as a 

repressor of blue light mediated inhibition in 

hypocotyl elongation, however it acts as a positive 

regulator of cotyledon expansion during 

photomorphogenic growth. Further studies 

demonstrated that GBF1/ZBF2 is a unique 

transcriptional regulator of light signaling in 

Arabidopsis. Based on the knowledge about the 

roles of ZBF-1 and -2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, 

a project has been initiated to clone and hyper 

express corresponding genes in tomato for the crop 

yield. 

c) Genes for increasing shelf life in fruits and 

vegetables: The determining factor in the postharvest 

deterioration of fruits and vegetables is the 

rate of softening, which influences shelf-life and 

limits transportation and storage. The presence of 

189 

high activity of α-D-mannosidase and βhexosaminidase 

in ripening fruits and vegetables 

suggest their possible role in softening process. 

Thus, α-mannosidase and β-hexosaminidase have 

been identified as target genes for genetic 

engineering to increase shelf life of fruits and 

vegetables. Towards this, the genes have been 

cloned from tomato as well as capsicum plants and 

their RNAi analogues have been synthesized for 

genetic manipulations to understand the roles of 

counterpart enzymes. 

d) Oxalate deficiency imparts fungal resistance: 

Oxalic acid, besides being a major antinutrient factor 

in many crops, the degradation of oxalic acid in 

transgenic plants should lead to fungal tolerant. 

Towards this, an oxalic catabolizing enzyme oxalate 

decarboxylase from edible mushroom, Flammulina 

velutipes has earlier shown to protect transgenic 

tobacco and tomato from fungal diseases. Thus, 

fungal tolerant OXDC tomato was developed which 

have successfully completed to restricted plot trial 

experiment. 

e) Characterization of mitogen activated protein 

kinases (MAPK) in rice: Twelve genetic components 

of MAPK cascade in rice, 8 MAPKs and 4 MAPKKs 

were characterized for their expression in response 

to heat, cold, salinity and drought conditions. 

f) Comparative genome analysis among cereals: 

Comparative genomics investigations on wheat, 

foxtail millet, tomato, chilies, Medicago and Brassica 

were initiated and QTLs for grain weight were 

mapped on wheat genome. In addition, comparative 

genomics techniques are being used to recover 

paralogues of DREB (CAP2 included) genes of 

chickpea in the drought tolerance of foxtail millet 

Setaria italica for their characterization. 

D) Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequencing: 

Progress has been made in the EST database 

development by sequencing of 12000 cDNA clones 

in chickpea and periwinkle. 

E) Tomato Genome Sequencing: 

As a part of international SOL initiative, the Centre 

has already completed sequencing and annotation of 


three of the BACs (374Kb) of chromosome 5 of 

tomato allocated to it in the Solanaceae Genome 

Network (SGN) project. 

The Centre has published 13 research papers in 

journals of high impact factor, and it is playing an 

important role for human resource development. 

Presently there are as many as 45 research 

students pursing their research work in the institute 

for the award of Ph.D. 

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable 

Development, Imphal 

The research programmes of the institute have 

continued towards bioresource development and 

their sustainable use through biotechnological 

interventions for the socio-economic growth of the 

North-East region. The scientific progress of the 

institute was reviewed in the first meeting of the reconstituted 

Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) of 

IBSD held in October, 2006. Meeting of the 

Governing Council and IBSD Society was also held 

in November, 2006. The institute has brought out 14 

research publications and received extra-mural 

funding for three R&D projects during the period 

under report. The progress made during the year is 

summarized below: 

Bioresource(s) Database Unit 

A digitized database of bioresources of North-East 

region has been further updated with an addition of 

1,619 records from primary and secondary sources 

to amounting a total of 4085 records. Currently, 41 

species records from Manipur have been added to 

the database on Zingiberals of North-East region. 

Transfering the data base on Zingiberals to the 

format of Indian Bioresources Information Network 

(IBIN) of the National Bioresources Development 

Board (NBDB) is in progress. 

Work on a database on microorganisms with special 

reference to Cyanobacteria has been initiated. A 

Distributed Information Sub-Centre (Sub-DIC) has 

been recently set up at the institute under the 

Bioinformatics Network (BTIS net) of the DBT. 

Medicinal and Horticultural Plants Resources 


190 

Morphological characterization of 25 accessions of 

Hedychium, 8 accessions of Boesenbergia and 35 

accessions of Curcuma was carried out. A new 

record as Boesenbergia longiflora was identified 

from Manipur. Twenty five local cultivars of aroids 

have been collected and maintained in the field gene 

bank. Fortytwo species of Zingiberals and 22 

accessions of five Citrus species have been 

collected and maintained. 

Hardened plantlets of a. Kampferia rotunda, b. Curcuma 

Zedoaria and c. K. galanga 

In vitro multiplication and hardening of tissue culture 

plantlets of Kaempferia galanga is in progress for 

supply as nuclear stock planting material to the local 

NGOs. Induction of callus from root explants, plantlet 

regeneration from calli, direct shoot regeneration 

from root culture, rooting and hardening of in vitro 

grown plants for Aerides odoratum has been 

achieved. 

Hybridization of two rare vandaceous orchids - 

Aerides vandarum and Vanda coerulea and in vitro 

culture of the parent species and their hybrids has 

been established. PCR-RAPD profiling of the cross 

to confirm the hybridization and its reciprocal cross 

was carried out. 

Genetic differentiation of elite tree bean (Parkia

timoriana) cultivars grown in Manipur was analysed 

using pod morphology and RAPD profiles. 

In vitro regeneration through induction of callus and 

somatic embryos was achieved in P. timoriana using 

cotyledonary node and hypocotyl explants. 

Microbial Resources 

Efforts have been continued to develop pure culture 

of the root nodule bacteria (NNB) of the aquatic 

legume, Neptunia oleracia (NO), as a microbial 

inoculant and the NO as green manure in rice. The 

inoculation of NNB resulted in grain yield increase of 

13.4% in rice. Inoculated rice showed para-nodules 

on the roots. The effect of NO as green manure was 

also found to be at par with that of Azolla, a 

commonly used green manure for rice. Suitability of 

NO as green manure will be demonstrated at 

farmers' field. Fast growth rate of NO during summer 

months may prove to be a better green manure in rice 

than Azolla which is commonly used in wet land rice 

cultivation. 

A Neptunia oleracea runner at 0 day (left) and after 

30 days (right) of growth in tank water 

Petroleum ether extracts of culture filtrate of the 

Pseudomonas isolate - RFP-36 showed antifungal 

activity against Rhizoctonia solani and 

Macrophemina phaseolina. 

Forty-two isolates of Bacillus obtained from the 

marketed samples of fermented soybean (Hawaijar) 

were added to the collections already maintained at 

the institute raising the total Bacillus collections to 

126. Molecular identification of the 126 Bacillus 

isolates was carried out using ARDRA (Amplified 

Ribosomal DNA Restriction Digestion Analysis). One 

hundred and twenty six isolates in 23 genera of 

cyanobacteria have been isolated from Loktak lake, 

191 

rice fields of Manipur and catalogued. These 

isolates are currently screened for production of 

natural colorants. Initial screening of 20 isolates 

showed marked variation in phycobillin and carotene 

content. 

Aquatic Bioresources 

Ornamental fishes belonging to the genera Puntius, 

Colisa and Botia have been collected and maintained 

at aquaria for identification of spawning phase, 

sexual dimorphism, age at first maturity, breeding 

behaviour, reproductive cycle, fecundity, style of 

reproduction, parental care, characteristic of eggs 

and larvae in captivity. Two endemic and one 

indigenous fish of the genus Puntius viz, Puntius 

manipurensis, P. bizonatus and P. sophore; three 

indigenous fishes of the genus Colisa viz. Colisa 

fasciatus, C. labiosus and C. sota and one 

indigenous fish belonging to the genus Botia have 

been taken up for commercial exploitation. 

Other Activities 

The institute has organized three Training 

Programmes on the “Use of tools and techniques for 

bioresource development and utilization” for the 

graduate students of the leading colleges of Manipur. 

Culturable seeds of Osteobrama belangeri (Pengba) 

were produced in a Training-cum-demonstration 

programme of the institute and about 10 lakh 

spawns and 20,000 fingerlings were distributed free 

of cost to selected fish farmers and entrepreneurs of 

Manipur as starting material for popularization of this 

fish in the region. 

Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar 

Technical 

Cutting edge technology in molecular biology 

continued to serve as a useful tool for acquiring 

insights into biology of the aging process, 

pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, infectious 

diseases such as cholera, malaria and filariasis and 

in plant and environmental biotechnology. 

Molecular Biology of Aging 

Inorganic pyrophosphatase, 3' non-translated β-F1 


ATPase mRNA binding protein, cathepsin L and 

trefoil factor 3 that play critical roles in cellular 

processes were found to be significantly altered 

during the process of aging. Promoters of iPPase, 3' 

non-translated β-F1 ATPase mRNA binding protein 

and cathepsin L gene were cloned and the location of 

transcription start site of iPPase gene identified by 

primer extension analysis. Sequencing of 

senescence marker protein (SMP30) promoter up to 

-3 kb and DNA-protein analysis have identified a total 

of 30 nuclear factor binding sites within -2.5 kb to - 

800 bp of transcription start site of which 10 sites 

(Oct-1, GATA-1, GATA-2, C/EBP, CdxA, AP-1, Nkx- 

2.5, SRY, c-Ets and Ik-2) have been confirmed by 

EMSA. Age-dependent alterations in the activity of 

transcription factors and androgen receptor 

indicated that the transcription factors, e.g. SRY, 

HSF2 and GATA have an important role to play in 

aging. The other transcription factors such as HSF2, 

Ikaros, GATA, Pbx, SRY were also found to be 

involved in the differentiation and development of 

organisms. The binding of these transcription factors 

to the AR promoter which has age-dependent 

expression strongly indicated a regulatory role 

during senescence. C/EBP, CREB, AP-1, Oct-1, Sp1 

and IRF also have been reported to play a regulatory 

role in hepatic genes and may play a significant role 

in age-dependent down regulation of rat androgen 

receptor gene. The varying level of transcription 

factors and their expression during aging indicate a 

complex interplay of transcription factors regulating 

the decline in AR expression during aging. 

Molecular biology of Cancer 

Studies on proto-oncogene EVI1 in a subgroup of 

chronic myeloid leukemia patients progressing to 

blast crisis were undertaken. Several deletion 

mutants of EVI1 were constructed and P/CAF shown 

to acetylate EVI1 at the proximal part of the protein. 

Site directed mutagenesis revealed acetylation of 

EVI1 at lysine 367 residues. 

Infectious Diseases 

A septaplex PCR assay was developed for rapid 

identification of species-specific virulent and sxtpositive 

strains of V. cholerae and one hundred 

strains of V. cholerae O1 were tested to document 

the validity of assay. PCR testing of Vibrio cholerae 


192 

O1 biotype El Tor serotype Inaba associated with an 

outbreak of cholera revealed that all of the five 

isolates examined carried the TCP pathogenicity 

island, the CTX genetic element, the RTX toxin, and 

produced cholera toxin (CT). Restriction fragment 

length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed that 

these Inaba isolates possess a single copy of the 

CTX element flanked by two tandemly arranged 

copies of the RS element upstream of the core 

region. The isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 

nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, 

streptomycin, and to the vibriostatic agent. 

Ribotyping of these Inaba isolates revealed a 

hybridization profile similar to a strain of serotype 

Ogawa prevalent in Southern India. 

Molecular ecology of malaria vectors were analyzed 

by comparing sequences of rDNA of various 

Anopheles species. Four novel sequences of ITS2 

region of rDNA of Anopheles fluviatilis were 

identified. A multiplex PCR assay to detect fluviatilis 

sibling species developed during the course of the 

year will be used to understand feeding habits 

(Anthropophilic index) and sporozoite carrying 

capacity of these vectors. 

Bioprospecting of Microbes 

Studies on bio-prospecting were continued with a 

view to tap the vast potential of thermopiles. A diverse 

group of bacteria belonging to the genera 

Thiomonas, Comamonas and Chromobacterium 

were isolated from previously unexplored hot 

springs. A chemolithoheterotrophic, thiosulfate 

oxidizing, gram negative bacterium (designated 

strain S10) was isolated and identified. 16S DNA 

sequence data and the total fatty acid analysis 

suggested it to be a new species of genus 

Thiomonas for which the name Thiomonas 

bhubaneswarensis has been proposed. A mutant of 

Mesorhizobium ciceri unable to grow on C4- compounds (succinate, malate and fumarate) 

forming symbiotically defective nodule on the roots of 

chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) has been identified. 

Characterization of an rpoN deficient mutant 

provided evidence that the rpoN encoded alternative 

sigma factor is required for symbiotic function in M. 

ciceri, suggesting that like Rhizobium spp. strains 

NGR234 and Rhizobium etli, the rpoN encoded 

alternative sigma factor of Mesorhizobium ciceri also 

played a role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.


A segment of Rice Catalase-B indica gene promoter 

was cloned and sequenced which showed 99% 

homology with Japonica rice cultivar. Bioinformatics 

analysis suggested that the footprint signature of rice 

CAT-B, Indica variety is a Myb-5 type transcription 

factor binding site, a novel finding of the study. CAT-C 

gene of Indica Rice cultivar, Ratna was also cloned 

and sequenced which showed nearly 98% 

identity/homology with CAT-C of Japonica rice 

cultivar but only 70% identity in translated protein 

(amino acid) sequence. Homology modeling of the 

CAT-C using a flexible docking study with the H2O 2 

indicated that Arg 310, Asp 343 and Arg 346 are three 

important determinant residues in binding which play 

an important role in the stability of the complex. 

Studies on structural and functional changes of 

photo-system II in response to changing light 

intensities indicated that the photo-system II activity 

in submerged leaf, as compared to the floating leaf, is 

highly susceptible to photo-inhibition and also 

maintain a slower kinetics of recovery in dark. The 

issue of dearth of tissue specific and functionally 

efficient constitutive promoters in plant 

biotechnology was addressed since existing 

promoters are patent protected. A protocol for DNA 

shuffling was standardized - the shuffled promoter 

fragments were cloned into pBSK for sequencing 

purpose and pUCPMA vectors for their transient 

assay in protoplast. Several respective promoter 

fragments were amplified from MMV-Flt and FMV-Flt 

clone DNA as template using newly designed 

synthetic primers to carry out the finer deletion 

analysis of MMV-Flt and FMV-Sgt promoter fragment 

and were used to carry out EMSA and DNA-shuffling 

reaction. 


Biochemical and molecular basis of tolerance in 

plants to metals, drought and salts was investigated 

with the objective of improving tolerance of the plants 

of interest to abiotic stresses. Studies revealed that 

dicot plants differed more in their ability to 

accumulate proline in response to metal and salt 

stress in a calcium dependent fashion. Several 

isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 

peroxidases were induced in the salt tolerant and 

moderately salt tolerant species upon their exposure 

to salinity. Enhanced accumulation of 

malondialdehyde (MDA) in N gramenia and Chlorella 

upon exposure to salinity (1.5%) resulting in 

maximum accumulation of H O suggest that there is 

2 2 

involvement of this compound in oxidative damage. 

+ 

The response of H ATPases to salt treatment in rice 

cultivars differing in salt tolerance indicated that salt 

tolerant Lunishri exhibited constitutively higher level 

+ 

of H ATPase activity when compared to the nontolerant 

Badami. 

During the year, three workshops on training were 

organized on DNA technologies, functional 

genomics and proteomics research and studies of 

abiotic stress responses and stress inducible genes. 

Ten publications have been brought out in November 

2006 with an average impact factor of 3.02. 


The total faculty strength of the Institute is nine. Six 

additional non technical posts were also sanctioned 

during the year. The process of filling up of these and 

the 7 vacant scientific posts has been initiated. The 

Institute also finalized its recruitment and promotion 

rules during the year. The construction activities for 

the new research building, animal house and 

research scholar's hostel have been initiated and the 

contract awarded to M/s RITES Ltd. The process for 

tendering etc. has been completed and the 

construction activity is likely to begin in February 

2007. 


Public Sector Undertaking 

Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals 

Corporation Limited, Bulandshahr 

The Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals 

Corporation Limited, Bulandshahr (BIBCOL) was 

incorporated in March, 1989 as a Public Sector 

Company at Village Chola, Dist. Bulandshahr, Uttar 

Pradesh to manufacture Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) 

and other immunobiologicals cGMP conditions as 

specified by WHO and Federal Standards. 

The company has been formulating OPV from bulk 

since January, 1996 and supplied to the National 

immunization programme being undertaken by 

MOH&FW. BIBCOL also supplied OPV through 

UNICEF. The company has settled all its outstanding 

loans liability of the Government of India. Now the 

company has become debt free. BIBCOL continues 

to be a partner in the eradication of Polio. 

195 

Chapter : 12 

Indian Vaccines Corporation Limited, Gurgaon 

The Indian Vaccines Corporation Limited (IVCOL) 

was incorporated as a joint venture company in 

March, 1989 to undertake research and 

development and manufacture of viral vaccines. Due 

to change in product mix policy and non-availability 

of vero cell technology from Pasteur Merieux Serum 

& Vaccines (PMSV), France the company was on 

hold since February, 1992. 

As per the decision of the Cabinet in Sept., 1998, the 

promoters made concerted efforts to revive the 

company with new activities for optimum utilization of 

the assets created under the project. The National 

Brain Research Centre (NBRC), a state of art 

research centre in the area of neurosciences, has 

been established at IVCOL premises. 

Public Sector Undertaking

Chapter : 13 


Biotechnology (ICGEB) 

ICGEB continued its efforts as per its mandates for 

research in the field of biotechnology with special 

reference to human health and agricultural related 

plant biotechnology with focus on ICGEB member 

states. During the course of the year ICGEB 

organized three workshops on malaria, virology, 

plant transformation and an international symposium 

on tuberculosis research. The centre filed two 

patents during the year and extended one to PCT. 

Human Health 

Malaria 

The malaria group is working on development of 

human malaria vaccine candidate antigens for 

clinical trials; development of high through-put 

screens to provide leads for antimalarials, and 

characterisation of Plasmodium falciparum proteins 

as novel drug targets; understanding the basic 

biology of Red cell invasion and cytoadherence by 

malaria parasite; and development of 

conformationally constrained synthetic peptides as 

peptido-memtics with diverse biological activities. 

Red cell invasion and cytoadherence by malaria 

parasites: The receptor-binding domains of these 

proteins lie in conserved cysteine-rich regions that 

are referred to as Duffy-binding-like (DBL) domains. 

The crystal structure of the Plasmodium knowlesi 

DBL domain has been solved by the Structural 

Biology Group at ICGEB. The dual character of the 

binding site mirrors the nature of the receptor given 

that a sulfated tyrosine on DARC has been shown to 

play a key role in the interaction. Antibodies raised 

against the receptor binding domain of PvDBP 

should thus be able to block binding and invasion by 

diverse P. vivax field isolates, which bodes well for a 

vaccine based on PvDBP. 

197 

Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected 

erythrocytes (IEs) in the placenta is implicated in 

pathological outcomes of pregnancy-associated 

malaria (PAM). Protective immunity to PAM is 

associated with development of antibodies that 

recognise diverse CSA-binding, placental P. 

falciparum isolates.The epitopes recognised by such 

protective antibodies are likely to lie in the DBL 

domains of var genes encoding variant surface 

antigens expressed on the surface of infected 

erythrocytes. Immunisation of mice with the CSAbinding 

DBL3γ domain of var1CSA elicits crossreactive 

antibodies, which recognise and block 

adhesion of diverse CSA-binding P. falciparum 

laboratory strains and field isolates to placental cryosections 

under flow. Antibodies raised against 

DBL3γ of var1CSA cross-react with one of the CSAbinding 

domains, DBL3X, of var2CSA, which is 

upregulated in diverse CSA-binding isolates. Sera 

from endemic areas recognise DBL3γ of var1CSA 

and block its binding to CSA in a gender and paritydependent 

manner indicating that it contains 

epitopes recognised by protective antibodies. Thus, 

it may be possible to target conserved epitopes in 

CSA-binding DBL domains and develop novel 

intervention strategies against PAM. 

Malaria vaccine research: Laboratory protocols to 

produce two major P. falciparum antigens to be used 

as a malaria vaccines have been developed in 

collaboration with an industrial partner. GMP grade 

materials have been produced and toxicological 

studies on the adjuvant formulated vaccines are 

underway. The immunogenecity of the two 

recombinant fragments of PfMSP-1 (PfMSP-142 and 

PfMSP-119) have been compared. Passive 

immunisation of mice with anti-PfMSP-142 IgG, 

purified from immunised rabbit sera showed 

International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

complete protection against a parasite challenge 

with a P. berghei/P. falciparum chimeric cell line (Pb- 

PfM19) that expresses P. falciparum MSP-119. 

These results suggest that P. falciparum MSP-142 is 

an important malaria vaccine candidate antigen for a 

subunit malaria vaccine. 

Characterisation of P. falciparum protein as 

novel drug targets 

RNAi have been developed which are in P.falciparum 

used it to study the role of four identified cysteine 

proteases in the parasite's life cycle. All the falcipains 

siRNAs reduced parasite growth considerably. 

Results of FP-2 siRNA treatment on transgenic 

parasite line expressing GFP revealed that falcipain- 

2 plays an important role in the rupture of erythrocyte 

membrane and the release of merozoites. 

The first full-length 'DEAD-box' helicase gene from P. 

falciparum has been characterized and named it as 

PfDH60 (P. falciparum DEAD-box helicase 60 kDa). 

The DNA helicase and ssDNA-dependent ATPase 

activities of PfDH60 are upregulated by 

phosphorylation with protein kinase C (PKC). The 

PKC phosphorylation may contribute to the 

physiological regulation of the activities of PfDH60 

and overall DNA metabolism in the parasite. 

Malaria drug development - novel targets: The 

availability of P. falciparum genome sequence has 

provided the opportunity to identify a new and novel 

drug target candidate. Using in silico methods 

ATPase dependent proteolysis system (HSLV- 

HSLU) has been identified as one such target 

machinery in the parasite. The HslVU system is the 

prokaryotic counterpart of eukaryotic 20S 

proteasome that plays important role in cell cycle 

regulation. The PfhslV and PfhslU genes have been 

cloned and are being characterised to assess their 

potential as novel drug target for the parasite. 

A high through-put microtiter assay based on 

the heme detoxification pathway of Plasmodium, 

was developed, which has allowed to screen 

chemical combinatorial libraries and crude extracts 

of marine organisms from the coastal regions of 

198 

India. Seven of the 11,000 synthetic molecules and 3 

of the 32 marine extracts have been identified as 

possible hits in both the heme-PfHRPII in vitro screen 

and in the in vivo culture of the parasite. 

Recombinant gene products laboratory: Dengue 

research group is working primarily on the 

development of diagnostic intermediates and 

vaccines candidates. A novel, cost-effective strategy 

to create recombinant proteins of diagnostic utility 

has been developed. A synthetic recombinant 

protein capable of detecting both IgG and IgM 

antibodies in dengue patient sera with a high degree 

of sensitivity and specificity has been developed. 

This technology has been transferred to industry and 

has resulted in the production of a rapid whole blood 

diagnostic test for dengue, is currently available in 

the market. Similarly, a HCV test based on designer 

diagnostic HCV multi-epitope protein has been 

marketed in India. 

Immunology 

DNA vaccines for tuberculosis: Three DNA 

vaccines constructs have been successfully 

prepared, viz., pVRCF10, pVAX21, pVAX85, 

respectively incorporating mycobacterial genes 

encoding MTSA-10 in the eukaryotic expression 

vector VR1020, and CFP-21 & Ag85B, individually in 

pVax1. When tested in mice, all three constructs 

induced strong splenocyte proliferation response 

(stimulation indices (SI) ranged from 8 to 25) to 

homologous antigen. The proliferating splenocytes 

from immunized mice also produced significant 

levels of IFN-? in response to homologous antigens. 

Work on protective efficacy of these constructs in 

comparison to that of BCG was carried out in mice at 

PGIMER, Chandigarh. All three constructs induced 

significant protection against challenge with M. 

tuberculosis H37Rv (in terms of CFU reduction in 

lungs and spleen) as compared to vector controls. 

The level of protection obtained with multivalent DNA 

vaccine formulation was equivalent to that with M. 

bovis BCG at 4 and 8 weeks post-challenge. 

The establishment of a BSL-3 aerosol challenge

facility for experimental TB infection of small animals 

(mice and guinea pigs) is in progress. 

Mediating immunity to mycobacteria from 

secretory antigen activated dendritic cells: In an 

effort to identify the mechanisms mediating 

suppressor responses from Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis secretory Antigen (MTSA) differentiated 

and matured Dendritic cells (DCs) (MTSA-DCs) the 

roles played by cellular and intracellular factors were 

investigated. At the cellular level, stimulation of 

MTSA-DCs with mycobacteria resulted in a change 

in their polarization. These DCs secreted high levels 

of IL-10 and TGF-beta and downmodulated IL-12p40 

and IFN-gamma production. Either blocking IL-10 or 

TGF-beta or alternatively, conditioning MTSA-DCs 

with IFN-gamma and/or IL-12 now induced proinflammatory 

responses to mycobacteria. In 

addition, cross-talk between MTSA-DCs and T cells 

during a cognate interaction resulted in modulation of 

surface densities of costimulatory molecules CD80 

and CD86 that affected the subsequent quality of Th 

responses from these DCs. 

Structural and computional biology: The 

structural and computational biology group aims at 

understanding the structural principles of proteins 

using a variety of biophysical (like X-ray 

crystallgraphy) and computational tools. The present 

focus of research is in the field of malaria and in 

membrane protein complexes. The latest 

computational tools for modelling large number of 

proteins are being used. Finally, In silico screening of 

inhibitor libraries against essential malaria parasite 

proteins is also in progress. 


The main focus of research is genetic engineering of 

cotton, rice and tomato to make them resistant 

against insect and fungal pathogens. The group is 

working to develop technologies to accelerate the 

production of transgenic cotton and rice for durable 

resistance against the cotton bollworm complex and 

rice yellow stem borer, respectively. Development of 

fungal resistant tomato and ginger based on the 

expression of AFP-Ca defensin is another area of 

major focus. Chloroplast genetic engineering has 

several advantages over the conventional nuclear 

transformation approaches in terms of high level 

expression of foreign proteins. Also the T7 RNA 

polymerase based expression developed by this 

group has potential to overexpress foreign genes in 

a tissue specific manner. Therefore, these 

technologies are being applied in the area of 

molecular farming. 

Plant molecular biology: The group is actively 

involved in understanding the mechanisms of plant 

adaptation in response to abiotic stresses and 

mechanics of DNA replication following virus 

invasion. The final aim is to develop abiotic stress 

tolerant and virus resistant plants using transgenic 

approaches. Functional validation of the genes is 

being undertaken using a transgenic approach to 

identify the most potential genes for manipulation in 

crop plants such as. 

Insect resistance: Insecticidal proteins produced by 

several soil-dwelling microbes have been studied 

with the objective of developing bio-control agents 

against crop-pests. The Cry proteins or -endotoxins 

produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been 

deployed against crop pests in transgenic plants. 

The group has identified several bioactive proteins 

from the secretome of insect pathogenic bacterium, 

Xanthomonas nematophila. The protein caused 

aggregation and lysis of larval hemocytes. For the 

first time the pore-forming property of pilin subunit of 

X. nematophila has been revealed. The gene 

encoding a major 60 kDa insecticidal protein from the 

culture supernatant of X. nematophila has been 

cloned and expressed in E. coli. Group has simulated 

putative conditions for development of resistance to 

insecticidal protein Cry1Ac in Heliothis armigera. A 

stable Cry1Ac resistant population was obtained after 

nine generations. Molecular analysis of resistant 

insects revealed aberrant Cry1Ac processing by the 

resistant population. The Cry1Ac processing 

protease has been identified and characterized. 

Susceptibility of resistant population against other Bt 

proteins that are active against H. armigera is being 

evaluated. 

199 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology


Administration 

With rapid advances in Biotechnology Sector and 

expansion of the activities of the Department of 

Biotechnology in the recent years, Administration 

Section of the Department continues to provide the 

following assistance in the successful 

implementation of programmes of the Department 

despite constraints like shortage of space and 

manpower: 

� Smooth conduct of more than 300 meetings 

both inside and outside the Department, 

providing infrastructure and logistic support 

including office equipment such as computers, 

printers, photocopiers, LAN connectivity, 

telephones, faxes, furniture, transport facilities, 

etc. ] 

� Office space has been improved both from 

aesthetic and hygienic angle with a view to 

improving efficiency and ambience. 

� Though office space has not increased with the 

volume of work, attempts have been made to 

ease the problem by providing composite work 

stations equipped with computers and other 

accessories. 

� Tele Conferencing facility has been introduced 

so that Department of Biotechnology is able to 

interact with leading Scientific Institutions in 

India and abroad. 

� All computers in the Department have been 

connected through LAN for implementation of egovernance. 

Administration Section co-ordinates placing of 

advertisements for inviting the Scientific R&D 

201 

Chapter : 14 

proposals through newspapers, science journals, 

etc. 

Establishment 

1. Establishment Section in the Department of 

Biotechnology is entrusted with the following 

functions:- 

a) Recruitment and Promotion 

b) Assessment of eligible Departmental 

Scientists for in-situ promotion under 

Flexible Complementing Scheme (FCS), 

Grant of Financial Upgradation under ACP 

Scheme. 

c) Advances to the officers and staff as 

admissible under various rules 

d) Reimbursement of medical bills as per 

rules. 

e) Any other matter related to the employees 

of the Department. 

2. The Establishment Section has been managing 

the recruitment of workforce and matters like 

promotions, trainings, grant of incentives etc. to 

the employees so as to prepare them to meet 

challenges of a modern government workforce . 

3. The Flexible Complementing Scheme is a 

unique system for in situ promotion of eligible 

scientists in the Department. The promotions of 

the scientists are being done on time. Last 

financial year eight Group 'A' officers were 

promoted from the level of Scientist 'F' to 

Scientist 'G', one from Scientist 'E' to Scientist 

'F', four from Scientist 'D' to Scientist 'E' and one 

Administration and Finance

from Scientist 'C' to Scientist 'D'. Three officials from 

Group 'B' and Group 'C' have been granted 

financial upgradation under ACP Scheme. The 

process of recruitment of the post of Scientist 

'H', Scientist 'B', Junior Accounts Officer and 

Data Entry Operator Gr. 'B' has also been 

initiated. 

4. Training being a critical element of any 

personnel strategy, the employees were sent for 

various trainings to update their skills. The 

Section continued to process promptly claims 

202 

like medical, LTC and grant of GPF advances and 

withdrawals etc. 

5. To automate file tracking and dispense with 

manual registers, Establishment Section had 

implemented the File Tracking System within 

the Department. It has been successfully 

running and is facilitating in finding status of 

receipts/files and monitoring their movement. 

6. The Category-wise position of posts sanctioned 

and filled as on 31.12.2006 is as under :- 

Category 

Sanctioned 

Posts 

of posts 

Posts 

filled 

Group ‘A’ 48 42 

Group ‘B’ 67 51 

Group ‘C’ 67 49 

Group ‘D’ 41 40 

Total 223 182 

7. Representation of SC/ST/OBC/PH : The number of SC/ST/OBC/PH employees in Gr. 'A', 'B', 'C' 

and 'D' categories as on 31.12.2006 is as under:- 

Category of Employees Gr. ‘A’ Gr. ‘B’ Gr. ‘C’ Gr. ‘D’ Total 

Total Employees 42 51 49 40 182 

Scheduled Castes 3 7 6 19 35 

Scheduled Tribes 2 3 6 3 14 

OBC -- 1 6 -- 7 

Physically Handicapped 1 1 3 -- 5 

Progressive use of Hindi in the Department 

1. Hindi Section ensures the progressive use of 

Hindi in the Department and the 

implementation of government policy on official 

language. An Official Language Implementation 

Committee, constituted under the chairmanship 

of the Joint Secretary (Admn.), reviews the 

progressive use of Hindi in the Department 

every quarter and corrective measures are 

suggested. Under section 3(3) of OL Act, 1963, 

all the documents are issued in bilingual form. 

Letters received in Hindi are replied to in Hindi. 

Hindi fortnight was organized in the Department from 

01 to 15 September, 2006 during which 6 

different competitive events were held and 7 

officers and 22 employees were awarded with 

cash prizes and certificates. In addition to 

Establishment and Administration Sections, 

which were already specified under section 8(4) 

of OL Act, 1976 for doing 100% work in Hindi, 

PPVC and Cash Sections and Library have also 

been specified to do the same. All the computers 

in the Department have been loaded with Hindi 

software “ Akshara '', thereby enabling every 

Division to work in Hindi.

2. As the Department wants the common people to 

have an access to its research activities and 

achievements, it has published a number of 

bilingual (Hindi-English) publications. To 

encourage publication of original books on 

biotechnology related subjects in Hindi, the 

Department has introduced “Dr. Jagdish 

Chandra Bose Hindi Granth Lekhan Puraskar 

Yojna”. Under this scheme, 3 cash prizes of Rs. 

40,000, Rs. 30,000 and Rs. 20,000 are 

st rd 

awarded for the 1 , 2nd and 3 positions 

rd 

respectively. For the year 2005, 3 prize was 

awarded to Shri Bajrang Lal Jethu by the 

Hon'ble Minister for Science and Technology 

and Earth Sciences for his book named 

“Prarambhik Jaivprodyogiki” on 16.12.2006 

3. In order to remove obstacles in usage of Hindi 

by the officers/staff, 2 workshops were 

organized on 24.05.2006 and 23.08.2006 

respectively during the year. 

4. This Department has initiated a cash award 

scheme from the current financial year under 

which the officers/employees would be awarded 

3 prizes of Rs. 2500/-, Rs. 2000/-, and Rs.1500/st 

nd rd 

for the 1 2 and 3 position respectively for 

issuing maximum number of sanction orders in 

Hindi in the Scientific Divisions of the 

Department. 

Parliamentary Matters 

A presentation was made by Secretary, Department 

of Biotechnology before the Parliamentary Standing 

Committee on Science & Technology and 

Environment & Forests on April 3, 2006. The 

Committee appreciated the efforts and considered 

the Demands for Grants (2006-2007) of the 

Department of Biotechnology and recommended the 

same for approval by the Parliament. The 

th 

recommendations of the Committee made in its 157 

th 

Report and subsequently in its 167 Report have 

been taken up for implementation. Both the Houses 

of Parliament were regularly updated on the 

progress of the implementation of the 

203 

recommendations by way of making Statement on 

the floors of the Houses by Hon'ble Minister of 

Science & Technology and Earth Sciences. 

Vigilance Unit 

A Vigilance Cell is functioning in the Department of 

Biotechnology. During the period January to 

December 2006, no vigilance case was registered. It 

was ensured that all preventive measures are taken 

to minimize the scope of emergence of any vigilance 

case. Observing the 'Vigilance Awareness Week', 

th 

the 'Pledge' was taken on 6 November, 2006 by the 

officers and staff members of the Department in 

pursuance of the instructions of Central Vigilance 

Commission. Complaints received from various 

sources were processed timely and the Commission 

was apprised of the progress, final outcome of these 

complaints. 

Other Activities 

� The Grievance Redressal Machinery, set up in 

the Department handles the public as well as 

staff grievance petitions. These were disposed 

of in time. Department of Administrative 

Reforms and Public Grievances were updated 

regularly on the progress and pendency of 

public grievances with the Department. 

Anti-Terrorism Day pledge was taken by the officers 

and members of staff of the Department on May 19, 

2006 in accordance with the instructions received 

from the Ministry of Home Affairs. 

Sadbhavana Day pledge was taken by the officers 

and members of staff of the Department on August 

18, 2006, in accordance with the instructions 

received from the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports. 

National Integration Pledge was administered to the 

officers and members of the staff of the Department 

th 

on 17 November, 2006. To foster the spirit of 

patriotism and national integration, Quami Ekta 

Week was observed from November 19-25, 2006. 

In accordance with the programme schedule of the 

Administration and Finance

National Foundation for Communal Harmony 

(NFCH), Flag Day was observed on November 24, 

2006. The funds raised were remitted to the 

Foundation. 

The Department of Biotechnology has taken the 

required steps with regard to implementation of the 

Right to Information Act, 2005. The mandatory 

disclosures of information under the provisions of the 

Act were made timely and is being updated from time 

to time. Central Public Information Officers and 

Appellate Authorities were designated in the 

Department. Most of the applications received by the 

Department were related to scientific matters and 

204 

dealt with as per provisions of the Act. 

Finance 

The department has been allocated an amount 

of Rs. 534,60 crores [Rs. 521.00 crores (Plan) 

and Rs. 13.60 crore (Non-Plan)] for the year 

2006-07. The Budget allocation for 2007-08 is 

Rs. 675.00 crore (Plan) and Rs. 19.70 crore 

(non-Plan). The financial statement showing the 

details of actual expenditure during 2005-06, BE 

and RE 2006-07 and BE 2007-08 in respect of 

various Programmes/Schemes is at Annexure x.

GENDER BUDGETING CELL 

The Department has established a Gender Budgeting Cell in pursuance of the recommendations of 

the Inter-Departmental Committee, Govt. of India 

The Gender Budgeting Cell takes necessary action as per the guidelines/ circular of Ministry of 

Finance for identifying specific schemes for which budget needs to be earmarked for the benefit of 

women under various schemes supported by DBT, for the year 2006-2007 are as follows : 

205 

Annexure-I 

Annexures

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES AND TASK FORCES 

Biotechnology Research Promotion Committee(BRPC) 

1. Prof. G. Padmanaban Chairman 

Emeritus Scientist & Honorary Prof. 

Indian Institute of Science 

Bangalore 560012. 

Tel: 080-3601492/3092540; 3342223 (R) 

Fax : 080 3601492 

E-mail : geepee@biochem.iisc.ernet.in 

2. Prof. K. Vijay Raghavan 

Director Member 

National Centre for Biological Sciences, 

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 

GKVK, P.O., Bellary Road, 

Bangalore-560065. 

Ph. :080-23636460 (Direct), 5762630 (Direct) 

Fax: 080-23636429; 080-23636662 

E-mail: vijay@ncbs.res.in 

3. Dr. S. Ayyappan Member 

DDG (Fy.) - ICAR 

Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan-II, 

Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, 

IARI Campus, Pusa, New Delhi - 110012 

Phone: 011-25846738 (O), 011-25842508 (R) 

Fax: 011-25841955 

Email: ayyappans@icar.nic.in, ayyapans@yahoo.co.uk 

4. Dr. D. Balasubramanian Member 

Director of Research 

L.V. Prasad Eye Institute 

L V Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills 

Hyderabad-500 034 

Tel : 040 23608262/ 23548273 

Fax : 040 23548271 

E-mail : postmast@lvpeye.stph.net 

5. Dr. Alok Adholeya Member 

Fellow & Area Convenor 

Centre for Mycorrhizal Research 

TERI, Darbari Seth Block, 

India Habitat Place, Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110003 

Tel: 011-24682100 / 2111, Fax: 011-24682144 /2145 

Email: aloka@teri.res.in 


206 

Annexure-II

6. Prof. K. Dharmalingam Member 

Head & Sr. Prof. 

Dept. of Genetic Engineering, 

School of Biotechnology, 

Madurai Kamaraj University, 

Madurai - 625 021 

Tel : 0452 2459115 / 2458211(O); 2458448 (R) 

Fax : 0452 459105 

E-mail : kdharmalingam@vsnl.com 

7. Dr. Tapan Chakrabarti Member 

Director Grade Scientist & Head, 

Environmental Biotechnology Division, 

National Environmental Engineering Research 

Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440020 (M.S.) 

Phone: 0712- 2249999; 2249757 

Cell: 09422110351, Fax: 0712-2249961 

E-mail: twmneeri_ngp@sancharnet.in 

8. Prof. S. S. Handa Member 

Bunglow No. 522 - A 

Block - C, Sushant Lok 

Phase-I, Gurgaon.(Haryana) 

Phone: 0124-5041526 

9. Dr. V. P. Kamboj Member 

Emeritus Scientist 

Div. of Endocrinology 

CDRI, Chattar Manzil 

P.B.No.173, Lucknow 226 001. 

Tel : 0522-21241118 

Fax:0522-223405/ 223938/ 229504 

E-mail:vpk@cscdri.ren.nic.in; root@cscdri.ren.nic.in 

10. Prof. M. Vijayan Member 

Honorary Professor/Distinguished Biotechnologist 

Molecular Biophysics Unit, 

Indian Institute of Science, 

Bangalore - 560 012 

Tel. +91-80-23600765, 22932590 (lab) 

+91-80-23340031 (residence) 

Fax. +91-80-23600683, 23600535 

E-mail: mv@mbu.iisc.ernet.in 

11. Dr. M. Mahadevappa Member 

Ex-Chairman, ASRB 

1576, 1st Cross Chandra Lay out 

Bangalore 560 040 

Tel: 080-23216040 

E-mail: mahadevrice@yahoo.com 

207 Annexures

12. Prof. P.N. Bhat Member 

Chairman 

World Buffalo Trust 

Flat No. 205, F-64 C/9, Sector - 40, 

Noida - 201 301 (U.P.) 

Telefax: 012-2579627 

Mobile : 9810898361 

E-mail:wbtnoida@vsnl.net; pnbhat@bol.net.in 

13. Prof. K.P. Gopinathan Member 

Dept. of Microbiology & Cell Biology 



Phone: 080-3600090/2932884 

Fax: 080-3602697 

14. Dr. S. Nagarajan Member 

Chairperson 

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights 

Authority, NASA Complex, DPS Marg 

Opposite Todapur Village, New Delhi-12. 

Phone: 9868204330 

E-mail: plantauthority@gmail.com 

15. Dr. B.S. Narasinga Rao Member 

102, Brigade Hill View Apartments 

Govindpura Main Road 

Bangalore 560 019 

16. Dr. S. N. Puri Member 

Vice Chancellor 

Central Agricultural University, 

Imphal, Manipur- 795004 

Fax : 0385-2415933 

E-mail : snpuri@mpkv.ren.nic.in 

17. Dr. M.R.S. Rao Member 

President 

Jawaharal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific 

Research, Jakkur Campus, Jakkur P.O. 

Bangalore 560 064. 

Tel : 080-28462750-57; 9886233032 (M); 

E-mail: mrsrao@biochem.iisc.ernet.in 

18. Prof. A. K. Sharma Member 

Deptt. of Botany 

Calcutta University 

35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019. 

Phone: 033- 24405802 / 24753681 

Fax: 033-24741042; 24764419 


208

19. Prof. Mahtab S. Bamji Member 


Dangoria Charitable Trust 

211, Sri Datta Sai Apts 

RTC Crosss Road - Hyderabad 

Phone: 040-27615148; 27661422 

Cell: 9246886442 

E-mail: mbamji@sancharnet.in 

20. Prof. P. N. Tandon Member 

1, Jagriti Enclave, Vikas Marg 

Delhi-110092. 

Tel : 951242338929 (O) 

22163272; 22150578 (R) 

21. Dr. S. K. Basu Member 

Former Director 

National Instt. of Immunology 

Aruna Asaf Ali Road 

New Delhi 110 067. 

Tel : 26717102 & 26717103 (O); 26107625(R) 

Fax : 26717104 

E-mail : sandip@nii.res.in 

22. Prof. H. Sharat Chandra Member 

Deptt. of Microbiology & Cell Biology 

Indian Instt. of Science 

Bangalore 560 012. 

Phone: 080-3601382; Fax: 080-3602697 

E-mail: sharat@mcbl.iisc.ernet.in 

23. Dr. V.S. Chauhan Member 

Director 

ICGEB, P.B. No. 10504 

Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 

New Delhi - 110 067. 

Tel : 26102317 (O) ; 26693040 (R) 

Fax : 26162316 

E-mail : virander@icgeb.res.in 

24. Dr. Asis Datta Member 

Director 

NCPGR, JNU Campus 

P.B. No. 10531 


Tel : 26187224 (O); 26715263; 26106437(R) 

Fax : 26167394. 

E-mail: ncpro2@bol.net.in 

209 Annexures

25. Prof. N. K. Ganguly Member 

Director General 

Indian Council of Medical Research 

Ansari Nagar, Post Box No. 4911 


Tel : 26588204; 26567136/ 26963980 

Fax : 26588662/26868662/ 26566258 

E-mail: gangulynk@icmr.delhi.nic.in 

26. Dr. C. M. Gupta Member 

Director 

CDRI, Chattar Manzil 

P.B.No.173, Lucknow 226 001. 

Tel : 0522 223286/ 210932 

Fax : 0522 223405/ 223938 

E-mail : drcmg@satyam.net.in 

27. Dr. G. C. Mishra Member 

National Cell Science Centre 

Ganeshkhind 

Pune-411 007 

Phone: 020-25691064 (O) ; 5691064 (R) 

E-mail: infonccs@nccs.res.in 

; infonccs@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in 

28. Dr. R. P. Sharma Member 

Ex-Director, NRC on Plant Biotechnology 

Pusa Campus, IARI 


Tel : 5788783, 5823984 

Fax : 5766420, 5823984 

E-mail : rps_ncpb@iari.ernet.in 

29. Prof. Kasturi Datta Member 

School of Environmental Sciences 

Jawaharlal Nehru University 

New Mehrauli Road 

New Delhi-110 067. 

Tel : 26717538 / 26704327 (O) 

26715263 / 26106437 (R) 

E-mail: kdatta@mail.jnu.ac.in 

30. Dr. Renu Swarup, Member Secretary 

Adviser, DBT 

31. Dr. Meenakshi Munshi, Member Secretary 

Joint Director, DBT 


210

INTER-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH COMMITTEE (IDRC) IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Chairman 

Dr. A. Surolia 

Director 

National Institute of Immunology 


New Delhi-110 067 

Co-Chairman 

Prof. Sudhir K. Sopory 

Senior Scientist, 

I CGEB, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 

New Delhi 110 067 

Member 

Dr. S. Nagarajan 

Chairman, 

Protection of Plant Varieties & 

Farmers Rights Authority, 

DPS Marg, Opposite Todapur Village, 

New Delhi-110012 

Professor C. R. Babu 

Centre for Environmental Management of 

Degraded Ecosystem, 

School of Environmental Studies 

University of Delhi, 

Delhi 110007 

Dr. Kanury Rao 

ICGEB, 

Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 


Dr. Rama Mukherjee 

Vice President, 

Dabur Research Foundation, 

22, Site-IV, Sahibabad, 

Ghaziabad 202 010 

Dr. R. P. Sharma 


NRC for Plant Biotechnology 

Pusa Campus, IARI, New Delhi-110012 

Dr. Rakesh Bhatnagar 

Centre for Biotechnology 

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) 

New Delhi 110067 

Professor N K Mehra 

Dept of Transplant Immunology and 

Immunogenics, 

AIIMS, New Delhi 110029 

Professor Sunil Khanna 

Professor of Biotechnology 

NIIT, 8-Balaji Estate 

Sudarshan Munjal Marg, Kalkaji 


Dr. Alok Ray 

Center for Biomedical Engineering 

Indian Institute of Technology 


Dr. Alok Adholaya 

TERI, 

Darbari Seth Block, 

Habitat Place, Lodhi Road, 


Dr. S. K. Gupta 




Dr. S. Natesh 

Sr Adviser, DBT 

Adviser, DBT (Subject 

Area) 

Member Secretary 

Dr. Renu Swarup 

Adviser, DBT 

211 Annexures

Task Force on Biotechnological 

Approaches for Food and Nutritional 

Security 

Chairman: 

Dr.B.S. Narasinga Rao, 

102, Brigade Hill View Apartments, 

Govindpura main Road, 

Bangalore- 560 019 

Member(s): 

Director, (ex-officio) 

Central Food for Technological Research Institute, 

Mysore - 570 013. 

Director,(ex-officio). 

National Institute of Nutrition, 

Jamai- Osmania P.O., 

Hyderabad-500 007 (A.P.) 

Dr. S.P.S. Khanuja, 

Director, 

Central Institute of Medicinal 

& Aromatic Plants, 

P.O. CIMAP,Lucknow - 226 015 (U.P.) 

Dr. P.S. Ahuja, 

Director, 

Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, 

Post Box No. 6, 

Palampur - 176 061 (H.P.) 

Prof. P.Rama Rao, 

Director, 

National Institute of Pharmaceutical 

Education and Research, 

Sector 67, Mohali - 160 062 (Punjab). 

Prof. Srinath Reddy, 

Cardiology Deptt., 

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 

New Delhi - 110 029 

Dr. H.P. S. Sachdev, 

Senior Consultant, 

Pediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, 

Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, 

B-16 Qutab Institutional Area, 



212 

Dr. Satyajit Rath, 

National Institute of Immunology, 


New Delhi- 110 067. 

Dr. C.S.Yajnik, 

Director, 

Diabetic Unit, KEM Hospital & Research Centre 

Sardar Moodliar Road Rasta Peth, 

Pune-411 011. 

Dr.A.V. Kurpad, 

Dean, 

Institute of Population, Health & Clinical Research, 

St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 

Bangalore - 560 034. 

Dr. V.K. Batish, 

Head, 

Dairy Microbiology Division, 

National Dairy Research Institute, 

Karnal- 132 001 

Dr. Sanjay Nene, 

Scientist, Department of Chemical Engineering, 

National Chemical Laboratory, 

Pune - 411 008 

Dr. G. Chandok,Scientist, 

Central for Cellular & Molecular Biology, 

Uppal Road, 

Hyderabad - 500 007 (A.P.) 

Dr. Mukul Das, Scientist, 

Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, 

Mahatma Gandhi Marg, 

Post Box No. 80, 

Lucknow - 226 001 (U.P.) 


Dr. Rajesh Kapur 

Advisor /Scientist 'G' 

Department of Biotechnology, 

Ministry of Science&Technology 

Government ofIndia 

Block-2, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, 

New Delhi-110003

MONITORING-CUM-EVALUATION 

COMMITTEE (MEC) 

Chairman 

Dr. P. Anand Kumar, Scientist 

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology 

(NRCPB), 

IARI Campus, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012. 

Ph. 011-2584 1787 

Members 

Dr. Kiran Sharma, Scientist 

International Crops Research Institute for the 

Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 

Patancheru 502 324. 

Dr. M.V. Rajam, Reader 

Department of Genetics, 

University of Delhi South Campus, 

Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi - 110 021. 

Dr. M.S. Kuruvina Shetty, 

Professor and HOD Biotechnology, 

Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad Farm, 

University of Agricultural Sciences, 

Dharwad 580 005, Karnataka. 

Dr. K.R. Koundal, Project Director, 

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, 

IARI, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012. 

Dr. S.P. Sharma, Professor 

Division of Seed Science & Technology, 

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), 

Pusa, New Delhi 110 012. 

Dr. K.C. Bansal, Scientis 

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology 

(NRCPB), 

IARI Campus, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012. 

Dr. B.B. Singh, 

Ex-Head, Division of Genetics, 


Pusa, New Delhi 110 012. 

Dr. Ramasami, Director 


Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, 

Coimbatore 641 003. 

Dr. Alok Adholia, Scientist 

The Energy and Resources Institute, 

Darbari Seth Block, Habitat Place, 

Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003. 

Dr. Ravi Khetrapal, Scientist 

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources 

(NBPGR), 

Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012 

Nominee of GEAC 

Chairman, GEAC, MoE&F, Lodi Road, 

New Delhi- 110 003. 

Dr. V.K. Singh 

Assistant Legal Adviser, Room No. 407, 

D-Wing, 4th Floor, Department of Legal Affairs, 

Ministry of Law, Justice & Company Affairs, 

Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi - 110 001. 

Dr. V.P. Gupta, Adviser, DBT 

Dr. R.R. Sinha, Adviser, DBT 

Dr. K.S. Charak, Director, DBT 


Dr. K.K. Tripathi, Adviser, DBT 

Co-Member Secretary 

Mrs. Rajalakshmi Muralidharan 

Scientist-'D', DBT 

213 Annexures

REVIEW COMMITTEE ON GENETIC 

MANIPULATION (RCGM) 

Chairman 

Dr. V.P. Kamboj, Ex-Director, CDRI and 

CSIR Emeritus Scientist, 

Central Drug Research Institute, 

Chattar Manzil, Post Box. No. 173, 

Lucknow - 226 001. 

Co-Chairman 

Prof. M. Udaya Kumar, Professor, 

Department of Crop Physiology, 

University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, 

GKVK, Bangalore - 560 065. 

Members 

Dr. N.T. Yaduraju, National Coordinator 

National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), 

Division of Agronomy, 


Pusa Campus, New Delhi -110 012. 

Dr. Rakesh Tuli (CSIR Nominee), 

Director, 

National Botanical Research Institute, 

Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. No. 436, 

Lucknow - 226 001. 

Dr. J. Nagaraju, 

Staff Scientist& Chief, 

Laboratory of Molecular genetics, 

Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, 

4-87/1, ECIL Road, 

Nacharam, Hyderabad - 500 076. 

Dr. T.P. Rajendran, 

ADG (Plant Protection) 

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 

Krishi Bhawan, 

New Delhi - 110 001. 

Dr. V.V.S. Suryanarayana, 

Principal Scientist, 

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 

Hebbal, Bangalore - 560 024. 


214 

Dr. B.M. Khadi, Director, 

Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR), 

(Indian Council of Agricultural Research) 

Post Bag No. 2, Shankar Nagar P.O., 

Nagpur - 440 010. 

Dr. A.R. Reddy, Professor, 

Department of Plant Sciences, 

School of Life Sciences, 

University of Hyderabad, 

Hyderabad - 500 046. 

Dr. Shiva Reddy, Group Leader, 

Plant Biology: Plant transformation, 


Biotechnology, 

P.O. Box No. - 10504, 

Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110 067. 

Prof. Har Narayan Gour, 

Professor and Head, 

Department of Plant Pathology, 

Rajasthan College of Agriculture, 

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and 

Technology 

Udaipur - 313 001, Rajasthan. 

Dr. Rakesh K. Jain, Scientist-F, 

Institute of Microbial Technology, 

Sector 39A, Chandigarh - 160 036 

Dr. Hemant J. Purohit, 

Head, 

Environmental Genomics Unit, 

National Environmental Engineering Research 

Institute (NEERI), 

Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020. 

Dr. A.K. Panda, 

Staff Scientist, 



New Delhi - 110 067. 

Dr. P. Kondaiah, Professor, 

Department of Molecular Reproduction, 

Development & Genetics, 

Indian Institute of Science, Maleswaram, 

Bangalore - 560 012.

Dr. Debi P. Sarkar, 

Professor & Head, 

Department of Biochemistry, 

University of Delhi South Campus, 

Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi - 110 021. 

Dr. B. Sesikeran, 

Director, 

National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), 

Jamai-Osmania PO. 

Hyderabad 500 007. 

Assistant Director General (Seeds) 

(Nominee, ICAR), Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 

110001 

Dr. N.B. Singh 

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 

Room No. 214, Krishi Bhawan, 


Dr. Balram Ghosh (CSIR Nominee), 

Scientist-F, 

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, 

University Campus, Mall Road, 

Delhi - 110 007. 

Dr. O.P. Agarwal, EMS, (Nominee, ICMR) 

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 

Prof. V. Ramalingaswamy Bhawan, 

Ansari Nagar, Post Box No.4911, 

New Delhi - 110 029. 

Nominee MoE&F / GEAC 

Ministry of Environment & Forests, 

Paryavaran Bhavan, C.G.O. Complex, 

Lodi Road, New Delhi -110 003. 

Dr. A.K. Singh, Director 


(NBPGR), 

Pusa Campus, 


Sh. Satyapal Shani 

Technical Officer (Drug), 

Room No. 547, Drug Section, 

Directorate General of Health Services, 

Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi - 110 011. 

Dr. K.S. Charak, Adviser 

DBT, 

New Delhi - 110003 

Dr. S.R. Rao, Adviser, 

DBT, 


Dr. Rajesh Kapur, Adviser, 

DBT, 


Dr. Bindu Dey, Scientist-F 

DBT, 


Dr. Suchita Ninawe, Scientist-E 

DBT, 


Dr. Ravi Khetrapal, 

Scientist 


(NBPGR), 

Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012 

Dr. Ranjini Warrier 

Additional Director & Member-Secretary, GEAC 

Ministry of Environment & Forests, 

Paryavaran Bhavan, C.G.O. Complex, 

Lodi Road, New Delhi -110 003. 

Member-Secretary 

Dr. K.K. Tripathi, Scientist-'G', DBT 

Co-Member Secretary 

Mrs. Rajalakshmi Muralidharan, Scientist-'D', DBT 

215 Annexures

TASK FORCE ON “BIOTECH PRODUCT 

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT 

Chairman 

Dr. V.P. Kamboj 


Central Drug Research Institute 

Chattar Manzil, 

Lucknow-226001 

Members 

Prof. P. Rama Rao 

Director 

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational 

and Research 

Sector 67, SAS Nagar 

Mohali - 160 062, Punjab 

Dr. Banwari Lal 

Director 

Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology 

Division 

The Energy and Resources Institute 

Darbari Seth Block 

IHC Complex, Lodhi Road 


Prof. N.G. Karanth 

773, 10 Main 7th Cross 

Kamakshi Hospital Road 

Saraswathipuram 

Mysore-5700091 

Dr. J. Gowrishankar 

Director 


ECIL Road, 

Nacharam 

Gandipet, Hyderabad 500 075. 

Prof. Subrata Sinha 

Professor & Head 

Department of Biochemistry 

All India Institute of Medical Sciences 

Ansari Nagar 



216 

Prof. Syed Akhtar Husain 

Professor & Head 

Department of Biosciences 

Jamia Millia Islamia 


Dr. Ranjana Srivastava 

Scientist-F 

Division of Microbiology 

Central Drug Research Institute 

Chattar Manzil, Lucknow-226001 

Dr. Ch. Mohan Rao 

Dy. Director 

Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology 

Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007 

Dr. Rup Lal 

Professor, Molecular Biology 

Department of Zoology 

University of Delhi 

Mall Road, Delhi-110 007 

Dr. Laxman Prasad 

Scientist 'G' 

Department of Science & Technology 

Ministry of Science & Technology 

Mehrauli Road 

New Delhi- 110 067 

Dr. Naresh Kumar 

Scientist 'G' and Head 

Project and Technology Management Group 

Institute of Microbial Technology 

Sector 39A, 

Chandigarh-160 036 

Dr. K.K. Tripathi 

Adviser, DBT, 



Rajalakshmi Muralidharan 

Scientist 'D', DBT, 

New Delhi - 110003

TASK FORCE ON BIOTECHNOLOGY 

BASED PROGRAMMES FOR SC/ST AND 

RURAL POPULATION 

Chairman 

Dr. M. Mahadevappa 

Ex-Chairman ASRB 

1576, 1 Cross, 

Chandra Layout, 

Bangalore - 560040 

Member / Co-chairman 

Dr. P. Pushpangadan 


Amity Institute for Herbal & Biotech Products 

Development, 

C/o Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology 

Campus, 

Thycaud P.O, Poojappura, 

Trivandrum - 695014, Kerala 

Members 

Dr. G. K. Garg 

Professor and Head 

Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic 

Engineering, 

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, 

Pantnagar - 263145 

Dr. Mahtab S. Bamji 


Dangoria Charitable Trust, 

1-7-1074, Musheerabad, 

Hyderabad - 500020 

Dr. L. Krishnan 

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 

Tatapuram, Cochin - 682014 

Dr. B.S. Hansra 

Director 

School of Agriculture, 

Indira Gandhi National Open University, 

New Academic Complex, 

Maidan Garhi, New Delhi - 110068 

Dr. Narayan G. Hegde 

President 

BAIF Development Research Foundation, 

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, 

Warje, Pune - 411058 

Dr. Anil P. Joshi 

Director 

Himalayan Environmental Studies & Conservation 

Organization (HESCO), 

Vill.-Ghisadpadi, 

P.O. Mehuwala Via Majra, Dehradun - 248001 

Dr. D. Padmanaban 

Managing Trustee 

GRD Educational Trust, 

Kalaikathir Building, Avanashi Road, 

Coimbatore - 641037 

Dr. Ajay Parida 

Principal Scientist 

MSSRF, III Cross Road, 

Taramani Institutional Area, 

Chennai - 600113 

Dr. Maroti A. Upare 

Former GM - NABARD, 

A 502, Anaxit Apts., 

Thakur Complex, Kandivili (East), 

Mumbai - 400101 

Smt. Surendra Jain, 

Assistant Technical Advisor, 

Food and Nutrition Board, 

Jeevan Deep Building, 


Dr. R. R. Sinha, Advisor, DBT, 



Dr. A. S. Ninawe, Advisor, DBT, 


217 Annexures

TASK FORCE ON AQUACULTURE & 

MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Chairman 

Dr. S. Ayyappan, 

DDG (Fy.), ICAR, 

Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan - II, 

Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, 

IARI Campus, PUSA, New Delhi - 110012 

Members 

Dr. K. C. Majumdar, 

Scientist EII, 

Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, 

Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500007 

Dr. Deepti Deobagkar, Prof.& Head, 

Dept. of Zoology, 

Pune University, 

Ganeshkind, Pune - 411007 

Dr. M. Chandrasekaran, Professor, 


Cochin University of Science & Technology, 

Cochin - 682022 

Dr. Dilip Kumar, Director, 

Central Institute of Fisheries Education, 

JP Road, Seven Bungalows, 

Versova, Mumbai 400061 

Dr. A. G. Ponniah, 

Director, 

Central Institute of Brakishwater Aquaculture, 

75, Santhome High Road, 

R.A. Puram, Chennai 600028 

Dr. N. Sarangi, 

Director, 

Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, 

PO-Kausalyaganga, 

Bhubaneswar 751002 

Dr. Anil Chatterjee, 

Scientist 'F', 

National Institute of Oceanography, 

Dona Paula, Goa- 403004 


218 

Dr. Dinkar Sahal, 

Senior Research Scientist, 

Malaria Research Laboratory, 

International Centre for Genetic Engineering & 

Biotechnology, 

Aruna Asaf Ali Road, 


Dr. Aparna Dixit, Professor, 

Centre for Biotechnology, 

Jawaharlal Nehru University, 

Aruna Asaf Ali Road, 


Dr. K. Riji John, 

Associate Professor, 

Department of Aquaculture, 

Fisheries College & Research Institute, 

Tuticorin - 628008 

Dr. K. O. Isaac, 

Chairman & Managing Director, 

Abl Biotechnolgies Limited, 

55, 3rd East Street, Kamaraj Nagar, 

Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai - 600041 

Shri Y. C. Thampi Samraj, 

Project Director, 

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture, 

(MPEDA, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. 

of India), 

5/133 Hidayath Complex, 

1st Floor, Main Road, 

Thirumullaivasal - 609113, 

Sirkali Tk, Nagapattinam District (Tamil Nadu) 

Shri P. Madeswaran, 

Scientist E, 

Department of Ocean Development, 

Mahashagar Bhawan, 

Block 12, CGO Complex, 

Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003 

Dr. R. R. Sinha, 

Advisor, DBT 

Member-Secretary 

Dr. A.S. Ninawe, Advisor, DBT

TASK FORCE ON AGRICULTURAL 

BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Chairman 

Dr. S. Nagarajan, 

Chairperson, 

PPV&FRA, New Delhi 

Co-chairman 

Prof. Sudhir Sopory, 

Group Leader, 

ICGEB, New Delhi 

Members 

Dr. Rakesh Tuli, 

Director, 

NBRI, Lucknow 

Dr. R.K. Jain, 


IARI, New Delhi 

Prof. H.S. Dhaliwal, 

IIT, Roorkee 

Dr. S.A. Patil, 

Director designate, 

IARI, New Delhi/ 

VC, UAS, Dharwad 

Dr. J.S. Bentur, 


DRR, Hyderabad 

Dr. Usha Barwale, 

Director, 

MAHYCO Research Centre, 

Jalna 

Dr. K.K. Naryanan, 

Metahelix, Bangalore 

Prof. Uday Kumar, 

UAS, Bangalore 

Dr. Balram Sharma, 

IARI, New Delhi 

ICAR nominee, Ex-officio member 

Dr. V.P.Gupta, Adviser,DBT 


Dr. R.R. Sinha, Adviser, DBT 

Dr. K.S. Charak, Advisor, DBT 

TASK FORCE ON ANIMAL 

BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Chairman 

Prof. P. N. Bhat 

102 A/D-I, Satya Marg, 

Chankya Puri, New Delhi- 110021. 

Co-Chairman 

Dr. Lalji Singh, Director, 

CCMB, Uppal Road, 

Hyderabad 500 007. 

Members 

Prof. M. P. Yadav 

Vice-Chancellor 

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agri. & 

Tech. 

Meerut 250110 

Dr. Sudhansu Vrati 

Scientist 


Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110 067 

Dr. Shahid Jameel 

Leader, Virology Group 

ICGEB, Asaf Ali Marg 


Prof. Nagendra Sharma 

Vice-Chancellor, 

SKUAST, Rail Head Complex, 

Jammu-180012 

219 Annexures

Dr. Sher Ali 

Chief, Molecular Genetics Laboratory 


Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi- 110 067 

Prof. Rakesh Bhatnagar 

Centre for Biotechnology, 



Prof. M.S. Shaila 

Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology 

Indian institute of Science, 

Bangalore 560012 

Dr. Rajeev Raman 

Dept. of Zoology 

Banaras Hindu University 

Varanasi-221 005 

Dr. S.P.S. Ahlawat 

Director 

National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources 

Karnal-132 001, Haryana 

Dr. A. T. Sherikar 

Vice-Chancellor, 

MAFSU, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006 

Prof. Rajvir Singh 

Director, 

Central Avian Research Institute, 

Izatnagar- 243 122, Bareilly 

Dr. K.T. Sampat 

Director 

NIANP, Adugodi, 

Bangalore-560 030 

Prof. O.P. Dhanda 

ADG(Animal Reproduction and Physiology), 

ICAR, Krishi Bhawan, 

New Delhi- 110001 

Dr. S.K. Bandhopadhyay 

Animal Husbandry Commissioner 

Department of Animal Husbandry 

Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001 


220 

Dr. H.K.Pradhan 

Joint Director, 

HSADL, IVRI, 

Anand Nagar, Bhopal- 462 021 

Dr. V. A. Srinivasan 

Executive Director 

Indian Immunologicals Ltd. 

Cachibowli Post, Hyderabad-500 019 

Dr. Seema Wahab, 

Adviser, DBT 


Dr. A. K. Rawat 

Principal Scientific Officer, DBT 

NATIONAL BIOETHICS COMMITTEE 

Chairman 

Prof. P.N. Tandon 


1, Jagriti Enclave, Vikas Marg, 

New Delhi 

Members 

Prof. G. Padmanaban 


Department of Biochemistry 

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 

Dr. M.K. Bhan 

Secretary, Department of Biotechnology 

New Delhi 

The Chairman, 

University Grant Commission 

Bhahadur Shah Zafar Marg, 

New Delhi - 110001. 

Dr. N.K. Ganguly 


Indian Council of Medical Research 

Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029

Prof. H. Sharat Chandra, 

Director, 

Centre for Human Genetics 

G-04/05 Tech Park Mall, ITPL 

Whitefield Road 

Bangalore- 560066 

Dr. S.S.Agarwal 

Ex-Director 

Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & 

Education in Cancer (ACTREC) 

D-13, Vivekanandpuri, 

Lucknow - 226007 

Mr. Rajiv Dhawan 

Senior Advocate 

Supreme Court of India, 

New Delhi 

Prof. Partha Majumdar 

Indian Statistical Institute 

Kolkata 

Dr. S.K. Brahamchari 

Director, 

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , 

Mall Road, 

Delhi-110007 

Shri D.R. Meena 

Joint Secretary & Legal Adviser 

Room No. 422A, 'A' Wing 

4th Floor, 

Shastri Bhavan 

New Delhi. 

Dr. T.S. Rao 

Adviser 


Govt. of India 

New Delhi 


Dr. Alka Sharma 

Joint Director 


Govt. of India 

New Delhi 

TASK FORCE ON BIOENGINEERING 

Chairman 

Prof. Alok R Ray 

Head, Centre for Biomedical Engineering 


Hauz Khas, New Delhi -110016 

Members 

Joint Secretary, 

DBT, 


Dr. G.S. Bhuvaneshwar 

Head 

Biomedical Technology Wing 

Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & 

Technology 

Satelmond Palace, Poojappura 

Thiruvananthapuram-695 012 

Dr. Ajit K. Banthia 

Professor, 

Materials Science Centre, 

Indian Institute of Technology, 

Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal 

Dr. Ashima Valiathan 

Director of PG Studies, 


Dept. of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 

College of Dental Surgery, Manipal 576119 

Prof. K.R. Balakrishnan, 

Prof. and Head, 

Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular 

Surgery, 

Sri Ramachandra Medical College & 

Research Institute, Chennai 

Dr. Pawan Kapur 

Director 

Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, 

Sector 30 C, Chandigarh-160 030 

Dr. Mary Babu 

Deputy Director, Head Biomaterials Division 

Central Leather Research Institute 

221 Annexures

TICEl BIOPARK - Taramani, Chennai-600 113 

Dr. Bansi D. Malhotra 

Biomolecular Electronics & Conducting 

Polymer Research Group, 

National Physical Laboratory, 

Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, 

New Delhi-110012 

Dr. Naveen Khanna 

Senior Scientist & Group Leader, 

Recombinant Gene Products Laboratory 



ICGEB Campus, P.O. Box10504 

Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067 

Dr. Sanjay Gupta, 

Asstt. Prof., Department of Nephrology 

All India Institute of Medical Science, 

Ansari Road, New Delhi- 110029 

Dr. Vivekanand Jha 

Additional Prof. of Nephrology 

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & 

Research, 

Chandigarh 160 012 

Dr. A. Jayakrishnan, 

Scientist G, 

SCTIMST, Satelmond Palace, 

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695 012 

Dr. Bhuvnesh Gupta 

Department of Textile 


Hauz Khas, New Delhi -110016 

Dr. S.K. Sarin, 

Director Professor and Head, 

Gastroenterology 

Academic Block, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi 

110 002 

Dr. Jayesh R. Bellare 

Head, 

Deptt. of Chemical Engineering and 

School of Bioscience and Bioengineering 

Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay 

Powai, Mumbai-400 076 


222 

Dr. Debabrata Basu 

Scientist & Head 

Bio-Ceramic & Coating Division 

& Chairman, International Science & Technology 

Affairs Group 

Central Glass & Ceramics Research Institute 

196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032 

Dr. Prunendu Ghosh 

Executive Director 

Birla Institute of Scientific Research 

Statue Circle, Jaipur-302001, Rajasthan 

Dr. Nikhil Tandon 

Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 

All India Institute of Medical Sciences 


Dr. S.N. Pal 

Director (Technical & Operations), 

Hindusthan Latex Limited, Corporate & Regd. 

Office, 

Poojapura, Thiruvanthapuram 695012, Kerala 

Dr. Lalit M. Bharadwaj, 

Head, 

Biomolecular Electronics & Nanotechnology 

Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, 

Sector 30 C, Chandigarh-160 030 

Representative from DST, New Delhi 


Dr. Alka Sharma, 

Joint Director, 

DBT, 

New Delhi - 110003

NATIONAL BIORESOURCE 

DEVELOPMENT BOARD 

Chairman 

Minister of Science & Technology 

Ex-officio Members 

Minister of State (S & T) 

Member (Science) Planning Commission 

Secretary, DBT 

Secretary, DST 

Secretary, Department of Space 

Secretary, DOD 

Secretary, DA&C 

Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR 

Secretary, DSIR & Director General, CSIR 

Secretary, DISM&H 

Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forests 

Secretary, Department of Expenditure 

Expert Members 

Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, Chairman 

MS Swamninathan Research Foundation, 

Chennai 

Dr. Amit Ghosh, Director, 

IMTECH, Chandigarh 

Prof. A. K. Sharma, University of 

Kolkata, Kolkata 

Prof. Raghavendra Gadagkar, 

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 

Shri Brihaspati Dev Triguna, 

Nizamuddin, New Delhi 

Permanent Special Invitee 

DG, ICFRE, Dehra Dun 


Adviser, DBT, 


TASK FORCE ON STEM CELL 

RESEARCH AND REGENERATIVE 

MEDICINE 

Chairman 

Dr.D. Balasubramanian 

Director of Eye Research, L.V.Prasad Eye Inst. 

Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, 

L.V.Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad -34. 

Co-Chairman 

Dr. Alok Srivastava 

Professor, Deptt.of Haematology, 

Christian Medical College Hospital, 

Vellore 632 004. 

Members 

Dr. S.K. Sarin, Head, 

Deptt.of Gastroentrology, G.B. Pant Hospital, 

New Delhi - 110002. 

Dr. Vivekanand Jha, Associate Professor, 

D/o Nephrology, PGIMER, 

Chandigarh 160012 

Dr. Ajit Mullasari 

Head of Adult Cardiology, 

Institute of Cardio Vascular Diseases, 

4-A, Dr.J. Jayalalitha Nagar, Mogappair, 

Chennai-600 037. 

Dr. Surya Bhan, Department of Orthopaedics, 


Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029. 

Dr. Sonia Nityanand 

Professor & Head, Deptt.of Hematology, SGPGI, 

Raebareli Road, Lucknow - 226 014. 

Dr. M. M. Panicker, Scientist, 

National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), 

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 

GKVK Post, Bangalore- 560065. 

Dr.G.C.Mishra, Director, 

223 Annexures

National Centre for Cell Sciences, 

NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007. 

Dr. Jyotsana Dhawan, 

Scientist, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, 

Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007. 

Dr. Maduri Behari, Professor, 

Department of Neuroscience, All India Institute of 

Medical Sciences, 

Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029. 

Dr.K.K.Talwar, Director, 

Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and 

Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh - 160012. 

Dr. R. Yagnik, Diabetologist, 

KEM Hospital, Sardar Mudliar Road, Rastapeth, 

Pune - 411001. 

Dr. Satish Totey, 

KMC Life Sciences and Research Director, 

Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed 

University), Airport Road, Bangalore - 560 017 

Prof. N.K. Mehra 

Prof. & Head, 

Deptt. of Transplant Immunology & Immunogeneics 


Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029 

Dr. T.S.Rao, Adviser, DBT, New Delhi 


Dr. Alka Sharma, 

Joint Director, DBT, New Delhi 

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON 

BIORESOURCE INVENTORIZATION 

AND PROSPECTING 

Chairman 

Prof. S. K. Sopory, 

ICGEB, P.B. No.- 10504 



Members 


224 

Dr. P. K. Ranjekar 

B-11, Tarang, Gate 4, 

Abimanshree Housing Society Pashan Road, 

Pune 

Prof. V.S. Parmar 

Department of Chemistry, 

Delhi University, 


Dr. R. Uma Shankar 

Deptt. Of Crop Physiology 

University of Agricultural Sciences 

GKVK Campus, Bangalore - 560 065 

Dr. M. Sanjappa,Director, 

Botanical Survey of India, 

CGO Complex, F Block, 

V floor, Salt Lake City, DF Block, 

Sector - I Kolkata - 700 064 

Dr. Imran Siddique 

Scientist - EII, 

Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, 

Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007 

Dr. Tapan Chakrabarti 

Institute of Microbial Technology, 

Sector 39-A, 

Chandigarh-160 036 

Dr. Hemant Purohit 

Scientist, NEERI 

Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020 

Dr. Anuradha Lohia 

Bose Institute, 

Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road 

Kolkata 700 009 

Prof. Jitender Khurana 

Deptt. of Plant Molecular Biology 

University of Delhi, South Campus, 

Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110 021 

Dr. G. Dhinakar Raj, Associate Professor, 

Deptt. of Biotechnology, MVC 

Chennai 600 051 

Dr. Sas Biswas

Scientist 'F' 

Forest Research Institute, 

PO New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006 


Shri Sundeep Sarin 

Joint Director, DBT 

RECONSTITUTED SCIENTIFIC 

ADVISORY COMMITTEE- CONSORTIUM 

ON MICROPROPAGATION RESEARCH 

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

Chairman 

Dr. P.S. Rao, 

Director, 

Life Sciences & Engineering, 

Dayananda Sagar Institutions, 

Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560 078 

Members 

Dr. N.B Singh 

Agriculture Commissioner 

Ministry of Agriculture 

Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi. 

Dr. M. L Choudhary 

Horticulture Commissioner 

Ministry of Agriculture 

Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi. 

Dr. P. S. Chandurkar 

Plant Protection Advisor 

Directorate of Plant Quarantine & Storage 

NH IV, Faridabad 121 001. 

Shri. V.S. Oberoi 

Mission Director, 

National Mission on Bamboo Application (NMBA) 


4th Floor, A wing, Vishwakarma Bhawan, 

Saheedjeet Singh Marg, New Delhi-16 

Shri Sanjay Kumar 

Ministry of Environment & Forests 

Paryavaran Bhawan, CGO Complex 

Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 

Mr. M. R. Sharma 

K-1102, Aster Building, 

Jal Vayu Defence, Enclave, 

Sector 20, Kharghar, 

New Mumbai-410210 

Dr. H. C. Chaturvedi 

National Botanical Research Institute 

Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. No. 436 

Lucknow 226 001. 

Prof. Akhilesh Tyagi 

Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology 

University of Delhi 

South Campus, Benito Juarez Road 

New Delhi - 110 021. 

Shri. Navneesh Sharma 

Dy. General Manager 

Agricultural and Processed Food Products 

Export Devp. Authority 

3rd Floor, NCUI Building, 3 Siri Institutional Area 

August Kranti Marg, New Delhi-110 016. 

Shri T.P. Subramony 

Resident Manager 

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan 

(INMAR),South Asia Office 

200, Jor Bagh, New Delhi-110 003 

Dr. C. K. George 

Adviser, Organic Agri-products and Exports 

Division 

Peermade Development Society 

Post Box II, Peermade 685 531 

Idukki Dist., Kerala. 

Dr. Bhartendu Vatsya 

Vice-President-Biotechnology 

Biotechnology Center, 

GUFIC Building, 11th Road, 

MIDC, Marol, Andheri (E), 

Mumbai-400 093 


Dr. Anamika Gambhir, 

SSO-I, DBT 

225 Annexures

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON 

RESOURCE-SPECIFIC NETWORK 

PROGRAMME 

Chairman 

Dr. A. K. Kaul 

14, Bhagwati Nagar 

Razdan Lane, Canal Road 

Jammu - 180 002 

Members 

Dr. B.S. Dhillon 

Director (Research) 

Punjab Agriculture University 

Ludhiana-141 004 

Prof. Akhilesh Tyagi 

Department of Plant Molecular Biology, 

Delhi University South Campus, 

Benito Juarez Road, 


Dr. Malathi Lakshmikumaran 

Consultant, 

B-6/10, Safdarjung Enclave, 


Dr. Aparna Dixit, Professor 

Jawahar Lal Nehru University, 

New Mehrauli Road, 


Dr. J. Karihaloo, Coordinator 

APCoAB Secretariate, C/o ICRISAT Office 

National Agriculture Science Complex 

Dev Prakash Shastri Marg 

Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012 

Dr. Anand Kumar 

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, 

Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), 


Dr. R.D. Iyer 

CP-VIII/152, Indira Nagar 

Chengegala, Kasaragod 671 541, 

Kerala 


226 

Dr. Sudha Nair, Scientist, 

M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation 

Taramani Institutional Area 

CPT Campus, III Cross 

Chennai - 600 113 

Dr. Rakesh K. Jain, 

Scientist 'F' 

Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH) 

Sector 39-A, Chandigarh -160 036 

Dr. K. N. Ganesh 

Scientist 


Pune Homi Bhabha Road, 

Pune - 411 008 


Dr. Anamika Gambhir 

SSO-I, DBT 

EXPERT COMMITTEE ON CAPACITY 

BUILDING AND AWARENESS 

GENERATION ON BIORESOURCE 

DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION 

Chairman 

Dr. D. Balasubramanian 

Director, 

Eye Research Institute, 

L. V. Prasad Marg, 

Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 34 

Members 

Prof. H. Y. Mohan Ram 

194 D.D.A. 

SFS, Mukherjee Apartments, 

Mukherjee Nagar, 

Delhi 110 009 

Prof. Krishna Kumar 

Director, 

NCERT, 

Sri Aurobindo Marg, 

New Delhi - 110 016

Prof. B. N. Johri 


Barkatullah University 

Bhopal - 462 026 

Dr. V.S. Hegde 

Programme coordinator, VRC 

Antariksh Bhavan 

New BEL Road 


Dr. R. Gadagkar 


Centre for Ecological Sciences, 



Shri Kartikeyal Sarabhai 

Director 

Centre for Environment Education 

Nehru Foundation for Development 

Taltej Tekra, 

Ahmedabad- 380 054 

Dr. Deepti Deobagkar 


Department of Zoology 

University of Pune 

Dr. Anuj Sinha 

Adviser 


Technology Bhavan 

New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 

Dr. Alok Bathacharya 

School of Life Sciences, 

Jawahar Lal Nehru University, 

New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi - 110067 

Prof. R. Umashanker 

Deptt. Of Crop Physiology 

University of Agricultural Sciences 

GKVK Campus 


Dr. Poorvi Mehta Bhat 

Director, 

The Science Ashram, 

27, BIDC, Gorwa, Baroda - 390 016 

Dr. Hemant Purohit 

Head 

Environmental Genomics Unit 

NEERI 

Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020 

Dr. Sanjay Nene 

Scientist, 


Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 

Pune - 411 008 


Dr. Anamika Gambhir 

SSO-I, DBT 

TASK FORCE ON BIOINFORMATICS 

Chairman 

Dr. M. Vijayan, 


Bangalore - 560012 

Members 

Dr. A.S.Kolaskar 

Pune University, Pune. 

Dr. B.K. Gairola 

Director-General, 

National Informatics Centre, 

New Delhi 

Dr. N. Balakrishnan 

Head, 

Indian Institute of Science, 

Bangalore 

Dr. A.K.Chakravarty 

Advisor, Dept. of Electronics, 

Ministry of Information Technology, 

New Delhi 

Dr. Alok Bhattacharya 

Bioinformatics Centre, 

Jawaharlal Nehru University, 

New Delhi 

227 Annexures

Dr. B. Jayaram 

Department of Chemistry, 

Indian Institute of Technology, 

New Delhi 

Dr. Akhilesh Tyagi, 


Delhi University, South Campus, 

New Delhi 

Dr. Pinakpani Chakrabarti 

Bose Institute 

Kolkata - 700 054 

Dr. P. Gautam 

Center for Biotechnology, 

Anna University, 

Sardar Patel Road 

Guindy, Chennai - 600025 

Dr. M.R. N. Murthy 

Molecular Biophysics Unit 


Bangalore - 560 012. 

Dr. Pramod Tandon 

Vice-Chancellor 

North Eastern Hill University 

Shillong - 793 022 

Dr. Debashis Mohanti 

NII, 


New Delhi 

Shri. U N Behera 

Chief Vigilance Officer 

Delhi Development Authority, 

New Delhi 


Dr. T. Madan Mohan 

Adviser 

Dept. of Biotechnology 

New Delhi 


228 

EXPERT COMMITTEE FOR THE 

SELECTION OF CANDIDATES FOR THE 

AWARD OF INNOVATIVE YOUNG 

BIOTECHNOLOGIST AWARD (IYBA) 

Chairman 

Dr. Kanury V. S. Rao 

ICGEB, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 

New Delhi 

Members 

Dr. Satyajit Mayor 

National Centre for Biological Sciences 

New Bellary Road, Bangalore - 560 065 

Prof. Vijay K. Chaudhary 

University of Delhi, South Campus, 

New Delhi 

Dr. Vivekanand Jha 

Postgraduate Inst. of Medical Education and Res. 

Chandigarh 

Dr. J. Nagaraju 


Hyderabad 

Dr. Sudhir K. Sopory 

ICGEB, 

New Delhi 

Dr. Bhabani Sankar Das 

ICMR, BBSR, Bhuvaneswar 

Dr. S. Natesh, Sr. Adviser 


New Delhi 

Shri N.S. Samant 

Joint Secretary 


New Delhi 


Dr. T. Madhan Mohan, Adviser 


New Delhi

Annexure-III 

DBT SPONSORED UNIVERSITIES / INSTITUTIONS OFFERING 

REGULAR TEACHING COURSES IN BIOD\TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 

S. No. Name of the University Annual Mode of Selection Contact person 

Intake 

M.Sc. General Biotechnology (2 years) 

1. University of Allahabad, 10 JNU-CET Prof. Hari Prakash, Dean & 

Allahabad Course Coordinator, Faculty of 

Science,Dept. of Physics, 

Centre of Biotechnology, 

University of Allahabad, 

(1999-2000) Allahabad - 211 002 (U.P.) 

2. Aligarh Muslim University 14 University Test Prof. M. Saleemuddin, 

(AMU), Aligarh Coordinator, Inter-disciplinary 

Biotechnology UnitAligarh 

Muslim UniversityAligarh- 

(1991-92) 202002 (U.P.) 

3. Banaras Hindu University 12 JNU-CET Dr. Ashok Kumar, School of 

(BHU), Varanasi Biotechnology, Faculty of 

Science, Banaras Hindu 

(1986-87) University, Varanasi-221005, (U.P.) 

4. Banasthali Vidyapeeth, 10 JNU-CET Dr. Vinay Sharma Prof. & Head, 

Banasthali, Rajasthan Deptt. of Biosciences & 

(for girls only) Biotechnology Banasthali 

Vidyapeeth P.O. Banasthali 

Vidyapeeth Banasthali - 

(1994-95) 340 022 (Rajasthan) 

5. University of Burdwan, 10 University Test Dr. Pranab Roy, Head Dept. 

Burdwan of Biotechnology, University 

of Burdwan,Golapbag More, 

(2005-06) Burdwan-713104 (W.B.) 

6. University of Calicut, 12 JNU-CET Dr. M.V. Joseph, HeadDeptt. 

Kerala Of Biotechnology, University of 

Calicut, P.O.673 635Kozikode 

(1994-95) (Kerala) 

7. Devi Ahilya 12 JNU-CET Prof. Anil Kumar, Head, School 

Vishwavidyalaya, of Biotechnology, Vigyan 

Indore Bhavan, Devi Ahilya Vishwa 

(1991-92) 

229 

Annexures

8. Gulbarga University 10 JNU-CET Prof. G.R. Naik, Chairman. 

(Karnataka) Dept. of Biotechnology, 

Gulbarga University, Gulbarga- 

(1998-99) 585 106 (Karnataka) 

9. Guru Jambheshwar 10 JNU-CET Dr. Ashok Chaudhury, Reader & 

University, Hisar Chairperson, Dept. of 

Biotechnology, Guru 

Jambheshwar University, 

(2000-2001) Hisar-125 001 (Haryana) 

10. Guru Nanak Dev 10 JNU-CET Dr. (Mrs.) Gurcharan Kaur 

University, Amritsar Head, Department of 

Biotechnology, Guru Nanak 

Dev University, Amritsar- 

(1991-92) 143005 (Punjab) 

11. HNB Garhwal University, 10 University Test Prof. Asha Chandola Saklani 

Srinagar Head, Dept. of Zool. & 

Biotechnology, HNB Garhwal 

University, Srinagar Garhwal- 

(2005-06) 246174, (Uttaranchal) 

12. H.P. University, Shimla 15 JNU-CET Prof. T.C. Bhalla, Coordinator 

& Chairman, Deptt. of 

Biotechnology, Himachal 

Pradesh University, Summer 

(1994-95) Hill, Shimla - 171 005 (H.P.) 

13. University of Hyderabad, 14 JNU-CET Prof. Aparna Dutta Gupta 

Hyderabad Coordinator, Deptt. of Animal 

Science, University of 

Hyderabad, Hyderabad- 

(1991-92) 500 046 (A.P.) 

14. Indian Instt.of 16 IIT Test Prof. K.K. Rao, Head, School 

Technology (IIT), of Biosciences & 

Mumbai Bioengineering, Indian Instt. of 

Technology, Mumbai-400076 

(1987-88) (MS) 

15. Indian Instt.of Technology 24 IIT Test Prof. Gursharan S. Randhawa 

(IIT), Roorkee Prof. & Head, Deptt. of 

Biotechnology, Indian Instt. of 

Technology, (formerly 

University of Roorkee), 

(1991-92) Roorkee-247667 (Uttaranchal) 


230

16. University of Jammu, 10 JNU-CET Dr. Manoj Dhar, Head, Dept. of 

Jammu Biotechnology, University of 

Jammu, Ambedkar Road, 

(1999-2000) Jammu Tawi180 006 (J&K) 

17. Jawaharlal Nehru 30 JNU-CET Prof. Uttam Pati, Chairman, 

University (JNU), Centre for Biotechnology 

New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru Univeristy, 

New Mehrauli Road, New 

(1985-86) Delhi-110067 

18. University of Kashmir, 10 JNU-CET Prof. Khurshid I. Andrabi, Prof. & 

Srinagar Head, Biotechnology 

Department, University of 

Kashmir, Srinagar - 190 006 

(2000-2001) (J&K) 

19. Kumaun University, 10 JNU-CET Dr. Veena Pandey, Head & 

Nainital Coordinator, Dept. of 

Biotechnology, Kumaun 

University, Nainital - 263 001 

(2000-2001) (Uttaranchal) 

20. University of Lucknow, 10 JNU-CET Prof. U.N. Dwivedi, 

Lucknow Coordinator, Department of 

Biochemistry, University of 

Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007 

(2002-2003) (U.P.) 

21. Madurai Kamaraj 25 JNU-CET Prof. P. Palanivellu, Head & 

University (MKU), Coordinator, School for 

Madurai Biotechnology, Madurai 

Kamaraj University, Madurai- 

(1985-86) 625021 (TN) 

22. MS University, Baroda 25 JNU-CET Prof. B.B. Chattoo, 

Coordinator, Biotechnology 

Centre, Deptt. of Microbiology 

Faculty of Science, M.S. 

University of Baroda, Baroda- 

(1985-86 390002 (Gujarat) 

23 University of Mysore, 14 JNU-CET Prof. H.S. Prakash, Prof. & 

Mysore Chairman, Dept. of Applied 

Botany & Biotechnology, 

University of Mysore 

Manasgangotri, Mysore - 

(1999-2000) 570 006 (Karnataka) 

231 Annexures

24 Nagpur University, 10 JNU-CET Prof. Sudhir U. Meshram, 

Nagpur Director, Rajiv Gandhi Vikas 

Biotechnology Centre, L.I. T. 

Premises, Nagpur University, 

(2003-04) Nagpur-440033 (M.S.) 

25. University of North 10 JNU-CET Dr. Ranadhir Chakraborty 

Bengal, Siliguri Coordinator, Dept of 

Biotechnology, University of 

North Bengal, PO-North Bengal 

University, Raja 

Rammohunpur, Siliguri - 734 

430 Distt. Darjeeling 

(2001-2002) (West Bengal) 

26. Pondicherry University, 10 JNU-CET Dr. S. Jayachandran, Prof. & 

Pondicherry Head, Department of 

Biotechnology, Pondicherry 

University, 

(2002-2003) Pondicherry-605 014 

27. University of Poona, 20 JNU-CET Prof. W.N. Gade, Head, 

Pune Department of Biotechnology, 

University of Pune, 

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007 

(1985-86) (Maharashtra) 

28. Sri Padmavathi Mahila 10 University Test Prof. Kala Rani, Head, Dept. of 

Visvavidyalayam, Biotechnology, Sri Padmavathi 

Tirupati (for girls only) Mahila Visvavidyalayam, 

(2003-04) Tirupati-517 502 

29. Tezpur University, 10 JNU-CET Dr. B.K. Konwar, Department of 

Tezpur, Assam Molecular Biology & 

Biotechnology, Napaam, 

Tezpur University, P.B. 72, P.O. 

Tezpur - 784 028, Distt. Sonitpur 

(1998-99) (Assam) 

30. T.M. Bhagalpur 10 University Test Dr. A.K. Roy, Prof. & Head, PG 

University, Bhagalpur Department of Biotechnology, 

T.M. Bhagalpur University, 

(2004-05) Bhagalpur - 812 007 (Bihar) 

31. Utkal University, 10 JNU-CET Prof. G.B.N. Chainy 

Bhabaneshwar Coordinator, International 

Centre for Applied 

Biotechnology, Utkal 

University,Vani Vihar, 

(2002-2003) Bhubneshwar - 751 004 


232

32. Visva-Bharati, 10 JNU-CET Prof D. Bandopadhya I/c and 

Shantiniketan, Coordinator Centre for 

West Bengal Biotechnology Visva-Bharati, 

Shantiniketan-731 235 

M.Sc. Agricultural 

(2003-04) Biotechnology (2 years) 

33. Assam Agricultural 10 University Test Dr. Mahendra Kumar Modi 

University, Jorhat Head & I/c, Coordinator, Dept. 

of Agricultural Biotechnology, 

Assam Agricultural University, 

(1988-89) Jorhat - 785 013 (Assam) 

34. GB Pant University of 20 JNU-CET Dr. Anil Kumar, Incharge Dept. 

Agricultural & of Molecular Biology & Genetic 

Technology, Pantnagar Engineering,College of Basic 

Science & Humanities, G.B. 

Pant Uni. of Agri. & Tech., 

Pantnagar - 263 145 

(1988-89) (Uttaranchal) 

35. HP Krishi 05 JNU-CET Dr. S.R. Thakur Programme 

Vishvavidhalaya, Director & Coordinator, 

Palampur (H.P) Advanced Centre of Hill 

Bioresource and 

Biotechnology, CSK Himachal 

Pradesh Krishi 

Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 

(1999-2000) 176 062 (H.P.) 

36. Prof. D.K.Sharma 10 JNU-CET Coordinator & Head, Dept. of 

Indira Gandhi Agricultural Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi 

University, Raipur Agricultural UniversityRaipur - 

(2000-2001 492 006, (Chattisgarh) 

37. Kerala Agricultural 10 University Test Dr. P. A. Nazeem, Associate 

University, Thrissur Prof & Head, Centre for Plant 

Biotechnology & Molecular 

Biology, College of Horticulture, 

Kerala Agri. University, 

Vellanikkara, Thrissur - 

(2004-05) 680 656 (Kerala). 

38. Marathwada Agricultural 10 JNU-CET Dr. U.G. Kulkarni, Head O/c 

University, Parbhani Tissue Culture, Marathwada 

(2000-2001) Agri. University, Parbhani - 

431 402 (M.S.) 

233 Annexures

39. Narendra Deva University 10 Dr. Kapildeo N. Singh, Prof. 

of Agriculture & & Head, Department of Plant 

Technology, Kumarganj, Molecular Biology and 

Faizabad Genetic Engineering, 

Narendra Dev University of 

Agriculture & Technology, 

Narendra Nagar, P.O. 

Kumarganj, 

(2006-07) Faizabad - 224 229 (U.P.) 

40 Orissa University of 10 JNU-CET Dr. D. Mahapatra, Incharge 

Agricultural & Biotechnology Lab, Orissa 

Technology, University of Agriculture & 

Bhubaneshwar Technology, Bhubaneshwar 

(2002-2003) - 751 003 

41. Tamil Nadu Agri. 15 JNU-CET Dr. P. Balasubramanian 

University, Coimbatore Director, Centre for Plant 

Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu 

Agricultural University, 

(1988-89) Coimbatore - 641 003 (T.N.) 

42. University of Agricultural 10 University Test Dr. M. S. Kuruvinashetti, Prof. 

Sciences, Dharwad & Head, Dept. of 

Biotechnology, Institute of 

Agri. Biotechnology, 

University of Agricultural 

Sciences, Dharward-580 005 

(2004-05) (Karnataka) 

M.V.Sc. Animal Biotechnology 

(2 years) 

43. CCS Haryana 10 University Test Dr. Gaya Prasad, Prof. & 

Agricultural University, Head, Dept of Animal 

Hisar Biotechnology, College of 

Veterinary Sciences, CCS 

Haryana Agricultural 

University, Hisar-125 004 

(2004-05) (Haryana) 

44. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi 10 University Test Dr. B.C. Sarkhel, Director, 

Vishwavidyalaya, Biotechnology Centre, 

Jabalpur Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi 

Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur- 

482004, Masters in Medical 

(2004-05) Biotechnology (2 years) 

45. All India Institute of 10 AIIMS Test Prof. Y.D. Sharma. Coordinator, 

Medical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, 

New Delhi All India Institute of Medical 

Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New 

(1986-87) Delhi - 110 029 

Masters in Molecular and 

Human Genetics (2 years) 


234

46. Banaras Hindu 12 JNU-CET Prof. S.C. Lakhotia, Course 

University (BHU), Coordinator, Molecular & 

Varanasi Human Genetics, Faculty of 

Science, Banaras Hindu 

University, Varanasi - 221 005 

(2000-01) (U.P.) 

M.Sc. Marine Biotechnology 

(2 years) 

47. Annamalai University, 10 JNU-CET Prof. T. Balasubramanian, 

Parangipettai Director, Centre of Advanced 

Studies in Marine Biology, 

Annamalai University, 

(2002-2003) Parangipettai - 608 502 (T. N) 

48. Goa University, Goa 20 JNU-CET Dr. Urmila Barros, Dept. of 

Marine Biotechnology, Goa 

University, Teleigao Plateau, 

P.O. Bambolim Complex, 

(1988-89) Goa-403 206 (Goa) 

M.Sc. Neuroscience 

(3 / 2 years) 

49. Jiwaji University, Gwalior 10 University Test Dr. Ishan Patro, Neuroscience 

Centre (School of Studies in 

Neuroscience), Jiwaji 

University, Gwalior-474 011 

(2003-2004) (M.P.) 

50. National Brain Research 10 NBRC Test Dr. Aditya Murthy, National 

Centre, Gurgaon Brain Research Center, Near 

NSG Campus, Nainwal Mode, 

Manesar, Gurgaon-122 050 

(2003-2004) (Haryana) 

51. Tata Instt. of 05 TIFR Test Prof. Shobha Tole, Tata 

Fundamental Research, Institute of Fundamental 

Mumbai Research,Homi Bhabha Road, 

Colaba,Mumbai - 400 005 (M.S.) 

(2000-2001) M.Sc.Industrial Biotechnology 

52. Sardar Patel University, 10 JNU Prof. Datta MadamwarDept. of 

Vallabh Vidyanagar, Biosciences, Sardar Patel 

Anand University, Vallabh 

Vidyanagar - 388 120 

M.Sc. Environmental 

(2003-04) Biotechnology 

53. Shivaji University, 10 All India Test Prof. S.P. Govindwar, Prof. & 

Kolhapur Head, Dept. of Biotechemistry, 

Shivaji University, 

Vidyanagar,Kolhapur-416004 

(2005-06) (M.S.) 

235 Annexures

M.Tech Biochemical 

Engineering & Biotechnology 

(5 years integrated / 4 

semesters / 2 years) 

54. Anna University, 25 JNU-CET Dr. R. B. Narayanan, Director, 

Chennai Centre for BiotechnologyAnna 

University, Guindy, Chennai - 

(1991-92) 600 025 (T.N.) 

55. Indian Institute of 10 IIT Test Prof. Pradip Sinha,Head, 

Technology, Kanpur Deptt. of Biological Science & 

Bioengineering, Indian Instt. of 

(2002-2003) Technology, Kanpur - 208 016 

56. Indian Institute of 20 IIT-JEEIIT Test Prof. S.C. Kundu, Dept. of 

Technology, Kharagpur Biotechnology, Indian Institute 

of Technology, Kharagpur- 

(1986-87) 721302 

57. Indian Institute of 10 IIT-JEE Dr. A.K. Srivastava, Prof. & 

Technology, New Delhi Head,Dept. of Biochemical 

Engineering & Biotechnology, 

Indian Instt. of Technology, 

(1986-87) Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016 

58. University Institute of 20+10 UICT Test Prof. Smita S. Lele, 

Chemical Technology, **indus University Instt. of Chemical 

Mumbai -try Technology (UICT), University 

spon- of Mumbai, Nathalal Parekh 

sored Margh, Matunga, Mumbai - 400 

(1993-94) 019 (M.S) 

59. West Bengal University 15 JNU-CET Prof. Ashoke Ranjan Thakur, 

of Technology, Vice Chancellor, West Bengal 

Kolkata University of Technology,BF- 

142, Sector-1, Bidhannagar, 

Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 064 

M.Tech. Pharmaceutical 

Biotechnology (2 years) 

60. National Institute of 10 All India Test by Dr. U.C. Banerjee, 

Pharmaceutical NIPER at seven Department of 

Education and Research center Pharmaceutical Technology, 

(NIPER),Mohali National Institute of 

Pharmaceutical Education and 

Research (NIPER), Sector 67, 

S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali - 160 062 

(2003-04) (Punjab) 


236

LONG TERM 

237 

Annexure-IV 

BIOTECHNOLOGY OVERSEAS ASSOCIATESHIP (2005-06) 

, 

, 

Annexures 

,


238

239 Annexures


240

241 Annexures

Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility (BIF) 

SGPGIMS, Lucknow - 226014 


242 

Annexure-V

243 Annexures


244

245 Annexures

DATABASES AVAILABLE WITH BTISNet CENTRES 


246 

, Kolkata 

, Banasthali 

Annexure-VI

SOFTWARE AVAILABLE WITH BTISNet CENTRES 

247 

Annexure-VII 

, Chennai 

, Trivendrum 

Annexures

BIOINFORMATICS TRAINING/WORKSHOP ORGANIZED 

DURING 2006-07 


248 

Annexure-VIII

249 Annexures

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY, NEW DELHI 

A. ORIGINAL PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES 

1. Appaiahgari MB, Saini M, Rauthan M, Jyoti, Vrati S (2006) Immunization with recombinant adenovirus 

synthesizing the secretory form of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein protects adenovirusexposed 

mice against lethal encephalitis. Microbes and Infection 8: 92-104. 

2. Arora P, Vats A, Saxena P, Mohanty D and Gokhale RS (2005) Promiscuous fatty acyl-CoA ligases 

produce acyl-CoA and acyl-SNAC precursors for polyketide biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 127:9388- 

9389. 

3. Bharati K, Appaiahgari MB and Vrati S (2005) Effect of cytokine-encoding plasmid delivery on immune 

response to Japanese encephalitis virus DNA vaccine in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 49: 349- 

353. 

4. Chakravarty S, Suraj K and Gupta SK (2005) Baculovirus expressed recombinant human zona pellucida 

glycoprotein-B induces acrosomal exocytosis in capacitated spermatozoa in addition to zona pellucida 

glycoprotein-C. Mol Human Reprod 11: 365-372. 

5. Chaudhry A, Das SR, Hussain A, Mayor S, George A, Bal V, Jameel S and Rath S. (2005) The Nef protein 

of HIV-1 induces loss of cell surface costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in APCs. J Immunol 

175:4566-4574. 

6. Devi YS, Sarda K, Stephen B, Nagarajan P, and Majumdar SS (2006) Follicale-stimulating hormoneindependent 

functions of primate sertoli cells: potential implications in the diagnosis and management of 

male infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 91:10621068 

7. Furdui C, Sau AK, Yaniv O, Belakhov V, Woodard RW, Baasov T and Anderson KS (2005) The use of (e)- 

and (z)-phosphoenol-3-fluoropyruvate as mechanistic probes reveals significant differences between 

the active sites of kdo8p and dahp synthases. Biochemistry 44: 7326-7335. 

8. Gahlay GK, Batra D and Gupta SK (2005) Baculovirus expressed C-terminal fragment of bonnet monkey 

(Macaca radiata) zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 inhibits ZP3 mediated induction of acrosomal 

exocytosis. Mol Reprod Dev 71: 237-244. 

9. Gaur D and Batra JK (2005) Role of aspartic acid 121 in human pancreatic ribonuclease catalysis. Mol 

Cell Biochem 275:95-101. 

10. Goel M, DamaiRS, Sethi DK, Kaur KJ, Maiya BG, Swamy MJ and Salunke DM (2005) Crystal structures 

of PNA-porphyrin complex in the presence and absence of lactose: mapping the conformational 

changes on lactose binding, interacting surfaces and supramolecular aggregations. Biochemistry 

44:5588-5596. 

11. Goswami R, Gupta N, Ray D, Rani R, Tomar N, Sarin R and Vupputuri MR (2005) Polymorphism of the of 

the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene and autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene mutation: 

association analysis in sporadic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Int J Immunogenetics 32:393-400. 

250 

Annexure-IX 

PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS OF DEPARTMENT'S AUTONOMOUS 

INSTITUTES (2006-07) 

DBT Annual Report 2006-07

12. Jagadish N, Rana R, Mishra D, Garg M, Selvi R and Suri A (2006) Characterization of immune response 

in mice to plasmid DNA encoding human sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9). Vaccine 24: 3695-3703. 

13. Jagadish N, Rana R, Selvi R, Mishra D, Garg M, Yadav S, Herr JC, Okumura K, Hasegawa A, Koyama K 

and Suri A (2005) Characterization of a novel human sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) having 

structural homology with c-Jun NH -terminal kinase interacting protein. Biochem J 389: 73-82. 

2 

14. Jain D, Panda AK and Majumdar DK (2005) Eudragit S100 entrapped insulin microspheres for oral 

delivery. Pharm Sci Tech 6: E100-107. 

15. Kabeer RS, Pal R and Talwar GP (2005) Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells make human 

pregnancy hormone hCG and expose it on the membrane: A case for using recombinant antibody 

against hCG for selective delivery of drugs and /or radiations. Curr Sci 89: 1571-1576. 

16. Kamra P, Gokhale RS and Mohanty D (2005) SEARCHGTr: A program for analysis of 

glycosyltransferases involved in glycosylation of secondary metabolites. Nucl Acids Res 33:W220-225. 

17. Katare YK, Muthukumaran T and Panda AK (2005) Influence of particle size, antigen load, dose and use 

of additional adjuvant on immune response from antigen loaded PLA microparticles. Int J Pharmaceutics 

301: 149-160. 

18. Kelkar RL, Meherji PK, Kadam SS, Gupta SK and Nandedkar TD (2005) Circulating auto-antibodies 

against the zona pellucida and thyroid microsomal antigen in women with premature ovarian failure. J 

Reprod Immunol 66: 53-67. 

19. Krithika R, Marathe U, Saxena P, Ansari MZ, Mohanty D and Gokhale RS (2006) A genetic locus required 

for iron acquisition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1037:2069-2074. 

20. Li Z, Sau AK, Furdui C and Anderson KS (2005) Monitoring E. coli 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8phosphate 

(KDO8P) synthase catalysis on the millisecond time scale by on-line electrospray ionization 

mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 343:35-47. 

21. Mathur D, Ahsan Z, Tiwari, M and Garg LC (2005) Biochemical characterization of recombinant 

phosphoglucose isomerase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337: 626- 

632. 

2 

22. Mishra DP, Pal R and Shaha C (2006) Changes in cytosolic Ca + levels regulate Bcl-xS and Bcl-xL 

expression in spermatogenic cells during apoptotic death. J Biol Chem 281: 2133-2143. 

23. Mitra A, Dada R, Kumar R, Gupta NP, Kucheria K and Gupta SK (2006) Y-chromosome microdeletions in 

azoospermic patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Asian J Andrology 8: 81-88. 

24. Pal R, Deshmukh U, Ohyama Y, Fang Q, Kannapell CC, Gaskin F and Fu SM (2005) Evidence for 

multiple shared antigenic determinants within Ro60 and other lupus- related ribonucleoprotein 

autoantigens in human autoimmune responses. J Immunol 175: 7669-7677. 

25. Parameswaran N, Suresh R, Bal V, Rath S and George A. (2005) Lack of ICAM-1 on APCs during T cell 

priming leads to poor generation of central memory cells. J Immunol 175:2201-2211. 

26. Parashuraman S and Mukhopadhyay A (2005) Assay and functional properties of SopE in the 

recruitment of Rab5 on Salmonella-containing phagosomes. Methods Enzymol 403:295-309. 

27. Pathak D, Srivastava J, Premi S, Tiwari M, Garg LC, Kumar S and Ali S (2006). Chromosomal 

localization, copy number assessment and transcriptional status of BamHI repeat fractions in water 

buffalo Bubalus bubalis. DNA Cell Biol 25:206-214. 

251 Annexures

28. Pedeux R, Sengupta S, Shen JC, Demidov ON, Saito S, Onogi H, Kumamoto K, Wincovitch S, Garfield 

SH, McMenamin M, Nagashima M, Grossman SR, Appella E and Harris CC (2005) ING2 regulates the 

onset of replicative senescence by induction of p300-dependent p53 acetylation. Mol Cell Biol 25:6639- 

6648. 

29. Prasad T, Saini P, Gaur NA, Vishwakarma RA, Khan LA, Haq OM and Prasad R (2005) Functional 

analysis of CaIPT1, a sphingolipid biosynthetic gene involved in multidrug resistance and 

morphogenesis of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3442-3452. 

30. Premi S, Srivastava J, Chandy SP, Ahmad J and Ali S (2006) Copy number polymorphism of the SRY 

gene in patients with sex chromosome related anomalies and males exposed to natural background 

radiation. Mol Human Reprod 12:113-121. 

31. Rajagopal D, Bal V, Mayor S, George A and Rath S (2006). A role for the Hsp90 molecular chaperone 

family in antigen presentation to T lymphocytes on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. 

Eur J Immunol Epub 21 March 2006. 

32. Rana R, Jagadish N, Garg M, Mishra D, Dahiya N, Chaurasiya D and Suri A (2006) Small interference 

RNA (siRNA)- mediated knockdown of sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) having structural homology 

with c-Jun N-terminal kinase interacting protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 340: 158-164. 

33. Rani R, Kumar R, Goswami R, Tiwari D, Agarwal S, Israni N (2005) Do cytokine gene have a role to play 

in differential manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes: A study on association and interaction of TNF-á, IFN- ã, 

IL-10, TGF-â1 and IL-1 â genes in North Indian ketosis prone and ketosis resistant T1D patients. Tissue 

Antigens 66: 523. 

34. Rath A, Choudhury S, Batra D, Kapre SV, Rupprecht CE and Gupta SK (2005) DNA vaccine for rabies: 

Relevance of trans-membrane domain of glycoprotein-G in generating antibody response. Virus Res 

113: 143-152. 

35. Ray BD, Jarori GK, Raghunathan V, Yan H and Nageswara Rao BD (2005) Conformations of nucleotides 

bound to wild type and y78f mutant yeast guanylate kinase: proton two dimensional transferred noesy 

measurements.Biochemistry 44: 13762-13770. 

36. Rentala S, Balla MMS, Khurana S and Mukhopadhyay A (2005) MDR1 gene expression enhances longterm 

engraftibility of cultured bone marrow cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335: 957-964. 

37. Sharma P, Mukherjee R, Talwar GP, Sarathchandra KG, Walia R, Parida SK, Pandey RM, Rani R, Kar 

HK, Mukherjee AK, Katoch K, Benara SK, Tulsi and Singh P (2005) Immunoprophylactic effects of the 

anti-leprosy Mw vaccine in household contacts of leprosy patients: Clinical field trials with a follow up of 

8-10 years. Leprosy Rev 76:127-143. 

38. Singh A, Gupta R, Vishwakarma RA, Narayanan PR, Paramasivan CN, Ramanathan VD and Tyagi AK 

(2005) Requirement of mymA operon for appropriate cell wall ultrastructure and persistence of 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the spleens of guinea pigs. J Bacteriol 187:4173-4186. 

39. Singh SM and Panda AK (2005) Solubilization and refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. J Biosci 

Bioeng 99:303-310. 

40. Srinivasan C, Katare YK, Muthukumaran T and Panda AK (2005) Effect of additives on stability, 

encapsulation, and release of lysozyme/protein from biodegradable polymer particles. J 

Microencapsulation 22:127-138. 

41. Srivastava J, Premi S, Pathak D, Ahsan Z, Tiwari M, Garg LC and Ali S (2006) Transcriptional status of 

known and novel genes tagged with consensus of 33.15 repeat loci employing minisatellite associated 

sequence amplification (MASA) and real time PCR in water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. DNA Cell Biol 

25:31-48. 


252

42. Vats D, Vishwakarma RA, Bhattacharya S and Bhattacharya A (2005) Reduction of cell surface 

glycosylphosphatidylinositol conjugates in Entamoeba histolytica by antisense blocking of E. histolytica 

GlcNAc-phosphatidylinositol deacetylase expression: effect on cell proliferation, endocytosis, and 

adhesion to target cells. Infect Immun 73:8381-8392. 

43. Verma SK, Mani P, Sharma NR, Krishnan A, Kumar VV, Reddy BS, Chaudhuri A, Roy RP, and Sarkar DP 

(2005) Histidylated lipid - modified sendai viral envelopes mediate enhanced membrane fusion and 

potentiate targeted gene delivery. J Biol Chem 280: 35399-35409. 

44. Vishwakarma RA, Anand MT, Arya R, Vats D and Bhattacharya A (2006) Glycosylated inositol 

phospholipid from Entamoeba histolytica: identification and structural characterization. Mol Biochem 

Parasitol 145:121-124. 

45. Yadav A, Kalita A, Dhillon, and Banerjee K (2005) JAK/STAT3 pathway is involved in survival of neurons 

in response to insulin-like growth factor and negatively regulated by suppressor of cytokine signaling-3. 

J Biol Chem 280: 31830-31840. 

46. Zhang R, Sengupta S, Yang Q, Linke SP, Yanaihara N, Bradsher J, Blais V, McGowan CH and Harris CC 

(2005) BLM helicase facilitates Mus81 endonuclease activity in human cells. Cancer Res 65:2526-2531. 

B. REVIEWS/PROCEEDINGS 

1. Chaudhry A and Rath S (2006) Immune evasion and the Nef protein of HIV-1. Diversity and overlap in the 

mechanisms of processing protein antigens for presentation to T cells. Modern Asp Immunobiol 

(http://www.mai-journal.com/html/rath.html) 

2. Dhawan J, Gokhale RS and Verma IM (2005) Bioscience in India: times are changing. Cell 123:743-745. 

3. Gupta SK, Chakravarty S and Kadunganattil S (2005) Immunocontraceptive approaches in females. 

Chem Immunol Allergy 88: 98-108. 

4. Jagadish N, Rana R, Mishra D, Garg M, Hasegawa A, Koyama K and Suri A (2005) Evaluation of 

humoral response of recombinant human sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) in rat model. J Reprod 

Immunol 67: 69-76. 

5. Jagadish N, Rana R, Mishra D, Kumar M, Ramasamy S and Suri A (2005) Sperm associated antigen 9 

(SPAG9): a new member of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) interacting protein exclusively expressed in 

testis. Keio J Med 54: 66-71. 

6. Naz RK, Gupta SK, Gupta JC, Vyas HK and Talwar GP (2005) Recent advances in contraceptive vaccine 

development. Hum Reprod 20: 3271-3283. 

7. Panda AK (2005) High throughput recovery of therapeutic proteins from inclusion bodies of E. coli. In: 

Therapeutic proteins: Methods in molecular biology (Eds: Smales CM and James DC), The Humana 

Press, 308: 155-162. 

8. Rao K, Panda AK and Labhasetwar V (2005) Intravascular drug delivery systems and devices: 

interactions at biointerface. In: Surfaces and interfaces for biomaterials (Ed: Vadgama Pankaj), 

Woodhead Publishing Limited, UK, 573-584. 

9. Singh SM, Eshwari ANS, Garg LC and Panda AK (2005) The isolation, solubilization, refolding and 

purification of human growth hormone from inclusion bodies of E.coli cells. In: Therapeutic proteins: 

Methods in molecular biology, (Eds) Smales CM and James DC), The Humana Press, 78,163-176. 

253 

Annexures

10. Suri A (2006) Cancer testis antigens - their importance in immunotherapy and in early detection of 

cancer. Expert Opin Biol Therapy 6:379-89. 

11. Suri A (2005) Sperm-based contraceptive vaccines: current status, merits and development. Expert Rev 

Mol Med 7: 1-16. 

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR CELL SCIENCE, PUNE 

1. Prasad V, Chandele A, Jagtap JC., Sudheer Kumar P. and Shastry P. ROS-triggered caspase 2 

activation and feedback amplification loop in beta carotene-induced apoptosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 

2006; 41: 431-442. 

2. Kumar M and Mitra D. Heat shock protein 40 is necessary for human immunodeficiency virus-1 Nef 

mediated enhancement of viral gene expression and replication. J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280: 40041- 

40050. 

3. Salunke, DB., Ravi DS, Pore VS, Mitra D. and Hazra, B. G. Amino functionalized novel cholic acid 

derivatives induce HIV-1 replication and syncytia formation in T cells. J Med Chem. 2006; 49: 2652- 

2655. 

4. Joseph, J. Ran at a Glance. J. Cell Sci. 2006; 119: 3481-3484. 

5. Arnaoutov A, Azuma Y, Ribbeck K, Joseph J, Boyarchuk Y Karpova T, McNally J and Dasso M. CRM1 is 

a mitotic effector of Ran-GTP in somatic cells. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2005; 7: 626-632. 

6. Prunuske AJ., Liu J, Elgort S, Joseph J, Dasso M, Ullman KS. Nuclear envelope breakdown is 

coordinated by both Nup358/RanBP2 and Nup153, two nucleoporins with zinc finger modules. Mol. Biol. 

Cell, 2006; 17:760-769. 

7. Bapat SA. Evolution of cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol. 2006; in press. 

8. Wani AA, Sharma N, Shouche YS, Bapat SA. Nuclear-mitochondrial genomic profiling reveals a pattern 

of evolution in epithelial ovarian tumor stem cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:6336-44. 

9. Bapat SA, Mishra GC. Stem cell pharmacogenomics: a reality check on stem cell therapy. Curr. Opin. 

Mol. Ther. 2005; 7: 551-6. 

10. Kale VP. MAP Kinase: A switch in Fate Determination of Stem Cells. Stem Cells and Dev. 2005; 14: 248- 

251. 

11. Sasnoor LM, Kale V and Limaye L. A combination of catalase and trehalose as additives in the 

conventional freezing medium results in improved cryoprotection of human hematopoietic cells with 

reference to in vitro migration and adhesion properties. Transfusion 2005; 45:622-633. 

12. Sasnoor LM, Kale V and Limaye L. Cryopreservation of mouse bone marrow: Prevention of apoptosis as 

a possible mechanism of improved protection of cells by catalase and trehalose as additives in 

conventional freezing medium. Transplantation 2005; 80: 1251-1260. 

13. Singh S, Chhipa RR, Vijayakumar MV and Bhat MK. DNA damaging drugs induced down regulation of 

Bcl-2 is essential for induction of apoptosis in high-risk HPV-positive HEp-2 and KB cells. Cancer Lett. 

2006; 236: 213-221 

14. Upadhyay AK, Singh S, Chhipa RR, Vijayakumar MV, Ajay AK and Bhat MK. Methyl-â-cyclodextrin 

enhances the susceptibility of human breast cancer cells to carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil: Involvement 

of Akt, NF-kappaB and Bcl-2. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2006; 216:177-185. 


254

15. Singh, S., Upadhyay, A.K., Ajay, A.K and Bhat, M.K. Gadd45alpha does not 

modulate the carboplatin or 5-fluorouracil induced apoptosis in human 

papillomavirus-positive cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 2006; in press. 

16. Rangaswami H, Bulbule A and Kundu GC. Osteopontin: role in cell signaling and cancer progression. 

Trends in Cell Biol. 2006; 16: 79-87. 

17. Rangaswami H, Bulbule A and Kundu GC. Nuclear factor inducing kinase: A key regulator in 

osteopontin-induced MAPK/I?B kinase dependent NF?B-mediated promatrix metalloproteinase-9 

activation. Glycoconj. J. 2006; 23: 223-234. 

18. Chakraborty G, Rangaswami H, Jain S, and Kundu GC. Hypoxia regulates crosstalk between Syk and 

Lck leading to breast cancer progression and angiogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 11322-11331. 

19. Shalini J, Chakraborty G and Kundu GC. The Crucial Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in osteopontin-induced 

PKCá/c-Src/IKKá/â dependent prostate tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 

6638-6648. 

20. Shukla R, Bansal V, Chaudhary M, Basu A, Bhonde RR, Sastry M. Biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles 

and their endocytotic fate inside the cellular compartment : a microscopic overview. Langmuir. 2005; 

21:10644-10654. 

21. Lakra WS, Bhonde RR, Sivakumar N, and Ayyappan S. A new fibroblast cell line from the fry of golden 

mahseer Tor putitora (Ham) Aquaculture 2006; 253: 238-243. 

22. Lakra WS, Sivakumar N, Goswami M, Bhonde RR. Development of two cell culture systems from Asian 

seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch), Aquaculture Res. 2006; 37: 18-24. 

23. Banerjee M, Kanitkar M & Bhonde RR Approaches Towards Endogenous Pancreatic Regeneration. The 

Reviews of Diabetic Studies 2005; 2: 165-176. 

24. Datar S and Bhonde R. Shell-less chick embryo culture as an alternative in vitro model to investigate 

glucose-induced malformations in mammalian embryos. The Reviews of Diabetic Studies 2005; 2: 221- 

227. 

25. Sahul Hameed AS, Parameshwaran V, Shukla R, Bright Singh IS, Thirunavukkarasu AR and Bhonde 

RR. Establishment and characterization of India's first marine fish cell line (SISK) from the kidney of sea 

bass (Lates calcarifer) Aquaculture 2006; 257:92-103. 

26. Shukla R, Barve V, Padhye S and Bhonde RR. Reduction of Oxidative Stress Induced Vanadium Toxicity 

by Complexing with a Flavonoid, Quercetin: A Pragmatic Therapeutic Approach for Diabetes, Bio-Metals 

2006; in press. 

27. Murugaiyan G, Basak S and Saha B. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy: A promising approach for 

treatment of cancer. Gene Ther. Mol Biol. 2005; 9: 343-358. 

28. Mathur RK, Awasthi A and Saha B. The conundrum of CD40 function: Host-protection or Disease 

promotion. Trends in Parasitol. 2006; 22: 117-122. 

29. Murugaiyan G, Basak S and Saha B. Reversal of tumor-induced dendritic cell paralysis: A treatment 

regime against cancer. Curr. Rev. Immunol. 2006; 2: 261-272. 

30. Mookerjee Basu J, Mookerjee A, Sen P, Bhaumik S, Sen P, Banerjee S, Naskar K, Choudhuri SK, Saha 

B, Raha S, and Roy S. Sodium antimony gluconate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and 

nitric oxide via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania 

donovani-infected macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006; 50:1788-1797. 

31. Bodas M, Jain N, Awasthi A, Martin S, Raghu Kumar PL, Dandekar D, Mitra D and Saha B. Inhibition of 

255 

Annexures

IL-2-indued IL-10 production as a principle of phase-specific immunotherapy. J. Immunol. 2006; 177: 4636- 

4643. 

32. Singh AK, Mullick J, Bernet J and Sahu,A. Functional characterization of the complement control protein 

homolog of Herpesvirus saimiri: R118 is critical for factor I cofactor activities. J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 

23119-23128. 

33. Soulika AM, Holland MCH, Sfyroera, G, Sahu A., and Lambris JD. Compstatin inhibits complement 

activation by binding to the b-chain of complement factor 3. Mol. Immunol. 2006; 43: 2023-2029. 

34. Sarkar A, Kulkarni A, Chattopadhyay S, Mogare D, Sharma KK, Singh K, Pal J. K. Lead-induced 

upregulation of the heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase is compromised by hemin 

in human K562 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 2005; 1732: 15-22. 

35. Umasankar PK, Jayakumar PC, Shouche YS, and Patole MS. Molecular characterization of the 

hexokinase gene from Leishmania major. J. Parasitol. 2005; 91:1504-1509. 

36. Jayakumar PC, Shouche YS, and Patole MS. Functional analysis of hexokinase HexA gene from 

Drosophila melanogaster. A conserved cis-element TCAWT enhances promoter strength. Insect Mol. 

Biol. 2006; in press. 

37. Bharde A, Wani AA, Shouche Y, Joy PA, Prasad BL and Sastry M. Bacterial Aerobic Synthesis of 

Nanocrystalline Magnetite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127: 9326-9327. 

38. Barnabas S, Shouche YS. and Suresh. CG. High-resolution studies of the Indian population: 

Implications for Paleolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent. Ann. Hum. Gen. 2005; 70: 42-58. 

39. Wani AA., Devkar N, Patole, MS, and Shouche YS. Description of two new Cathepsin C gene mutations 

in patients with Papillon Lefevre Syndrome. J. Periodontol. 2006; 77: 233-237. 

40. Lakshmikanth S, Manohar M, Patnakar J, Vaishampayan P, Shouche Y and Lalitha J. Optimization of 

culture conditions for the production of extracellular agarases from newly isolated Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa AG LSL-11. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 2006, in press. 

41. Wani AA, Prasad VS, Siddharth J, Raamesh GR, Patole MS, Ranade DR and Shouche YS. Microbial 

diversity of Lonar Soda Lake, India: An impact crater in a basalt area. Res. Mircobiol. 2006; 157: 928- 

937. 

42. Prakash D, Fesel C, Jain R, Cazenave PA, Mishra GC, Pied S. Clusters of Cytokines Determine Malaria 

Severity in Plasmodium falciparum -Infected Patients from Endemic Areas of Central India. J. Infect. Dis. 

2006; 194:198-207. 

43. Sahasrabuddhe A, Ahmed N and Krishnasastry MV. Stress-induced phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and 

p38, and downregulation of EGFr and ERK by the dietary lectin jacalin in two human carcinoma cell lines. 

Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 11: 135147 

44. Majumder N, Dey R, Mathur RK, Datta S, Maitra M, Ghosh S, Saha B and Majumdar, 

S. An unusual proinflammatory role of interleukin-10 induced by6311arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan 

in murine peritoneal macrophages. Glycoconj. J. 2006; 23: 675-686 

45. Kumar PP, Purbey PK, Sinha CK, Notani D, Limaye A, Jayani RS, and Galande S. Phosphorylation of 

SATB1, a global gene regulator, acts as a molecular switch regulating its transcriptional activity in vivo. 

Mol. Cell 2006; 22:231-243. 

46. Kumar PP, Bischof O, Purbey PK, Notani D, Urlaub H, Dejean A, and Galande S. Functional interaction 

between PML and SATB1 regulates chromatin loop architecture and transcription of the MHC class I 

locus. Nat. Cell Biol. 2007; 9: 45-56. 


256

PATENTS FILED / SEALED 

Dr. V. P. Kale 

Creation of Artificial Bone-Marrow Environment and Uses Thereof: Indian and PCT applications filed 

Adipogenic Differentiation of human hematopoietic cells Induced by Mannose Binding Dietary Lectins of 

plant origin. Indian patent application filed 

Preservation of Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells using mannose binding lectins of plant origin. 

Indian and PCT applications filed. 

Dr. S.A. Galande 

“A novel protein expression system” Indian patent filed # 105/MUM/2005 US patent filed # 11/347,717/2006 

Dr. P.B. Parab 

A new molecule for cardiac development promoting activity. Application No. 435/MUM/05 Filing Date 

06/04/2005 

Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad 

1. Banerjee S, Chalissery J, Bandey I and Sen R (2006) Rho-dependent transcription termination. More 

questions than answers. Journal of Microbiology 44:11-22 

2. Du X, Subba Rao, MRK, Xue Qin Chen, Wei Wu, Mahalingam S and Balasundaram D (2006) The 

homologous putative GTPases Grn1p from fission yeast and the human GNL3L are required for growth 

and play a role in processing of nucleolar pre-rRNA. Molecular Biology of the Cell 17; 460-474 

3. Kazim SN, Sarin SK, Sharma BC, Khan LA, Hasnain SE (2006) Characterization of naturally occurring 

and Lamivudine-induced surface gene mutants of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B in 

India. Intervirology 49:152-160 

4. Khan N, Rahim SS, Boddupalli CS, Ghousunnissa S, Padma S, Pathak N, Thiagarajan D, Hasnain SE, 

Mukhopadhyay S (2006) Hydrogen peroxide inhibits IL-12 p40 induction in macrophages by inhibiting crel 

translocation to the nucleus through activation of calmodulin protein.1: Blood.107:1513-1520 

5. Kenchappa P, Duggirala A, Ahmed N, Pathengay A, Das T and Hasnain SE (2006) Fluorescent amplified 

fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) genotyping demonstrates the role of biofilm-producing 

methicillin-resistant periocular Staphylococcus epidermidis strains in postoperative endophthalmitis. 

BMC Ophthalmology 6: 1 

6. Manna SK, Sarkar A and Sreenivasan Y (2006) á-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone downregulates CXC 

receptors through activation of neutrophil elastase. European Journal of Immunology 36: 754-769 

257 

Annexures

7. Manna SK, Sreenivasan Y and Sarkar A (2006) Cardiac glycoside inhibits IL-8-induced biological 

responses by downregulating IL-8 receptors through altering membrane fluidity. Journal of Cell 

Physiology 207:195-207 

8. Manna SK, Rangasamy T, Wise K, Sarkar S, Shishodia S, Biswal S and Ramesh GT (2006) 

Environmental tobacco smoke activates nuclear transcription factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and 

stress responsive kinases in mouse brain. Biochemical Pharmacology 71: 1602-1609 

9. Radha Rama Devi A, Naushad S M and Krishna Prasad C (2006) Evaluation of total plasma 

homocysteine in Indian newborns using heel-prick samples. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 73: 21-26 

10. Ramasarma T and Rao AV (2006) Decavanadate interacts with microsomal NADH oxidation system and 

enhances cytochrome C reduction. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 281: 139-144 

11. Rao KR, Ahmed N, Sriramula S, Sechi LA and Hasnain SE (2006) Rapid identification of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis Beijing genotypes on the basis of the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit locus 26 

signature. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44:274-277 

12. Rao KR, Kauser F, Sriramula S, Sechi LA, Ahmed N and Hasnain SE (2006) Analysis of genomic 

downsizing on the basis of region-of-difference polymorphism profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

patient isolates reveals geographic partitioning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43:5978-5982 

13. Sechi LA, Ahmed N, Felis GE, Dupre I, Cannas S, Fadda G, Bua A and Zanetti S (2006) Immunogenicity 

and cytoadherence of recombinant heparin binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) of Mycobacterium avium 

subsp. paratuberculosis: Functional promiscuity or a role in virulence? Vaccine 24:236-243 

14. Sechi LA, Mara L, Cappai P, Frothingam R, Ortu S, Leoni A, Ahmed N and Zanetti S (2006) Immunization 

with DNA vaccines encoding different mycobacterial antigens elicits a Th1 type immune response in 

lambs and protects against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vaccine 

24:229-235 

15. Singhal PK, Rajendra Kumar P, Subba Rao MRK, Mahesh Kyasani and Mahalingam S. (2006) Simian 

Immunodeficiency Virus Vpx is imported into the nucleus via importin alpha dependent and independent 

pathways. Journal of Virology 80: 526-536 

16. Sreenu VB, Kumar P, Nagaraju J and Nagarajaram H A (2006) Microsatellite polymorphism across the 

M. tuberculosis and M. bovis genomes: Implications on genome evolution and plasticity. BMC Genomics 

7:78 

17. Tundup S, Akhter Y, Thiagarajan D and Hasnain SE (2006) Clusters of PE and PPE genes of 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis are organized in operons: evidence that PE Rv2431c is co-transcribed with 

PPE Rv2430c and their gene products interact with each other. FEBS Letters 580:1285-1293 

18. Varsha (2006) DNA fingerprinting in criminal justice system: An overview. DNA and Cell Biology 25: 181- 

188 

19. Vijaykrishnan S, Qamra R, Verma C, Sen R and Mande SC (2006) Cation-mediated interplay of loops in 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Chaperonin-10. Journal of Biomolecular and Structural Dynamics 23: 365- 

376 

20. Arunkumar KP, Metta M and Nagaraju J (2006) Molecular phylogeny of silkmoths reveals the origin of 

domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori from Chinese B. mandarina and paternal inheritance of Antheraea 

proylei mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 

21. Khurad AM, Kanginakudru S, Qureshi SO, Rathod MK, Rai MM and Nagaraju J (2006) A new Bombyx 

mori larval ovarian cell line highly susceptible to nucleopolyhedrovirus. Journal of Invertebrate 

Pathology 


258

22. Johny S, Kanginakudru S, Muralirangan MC and Nagaraju J (2006) Morphological and molecular 

characterization of a new microsporidian (Protozoa: Microsporidia) isolated from Spodoptera litura 

(Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Parasitology 

23. Manna SK, Manna P and Sarkar A (2006) Inhibition of RelA phosphorylation sensitizes 

chemotherapeutic agents-mediated apoptosis in constitutive NF-kappaB-expressing and 

chemoresistant cells. Cell Death & Differentiation 

24. Mukhopadhyay S, Nair S, and Hasnain SE (2006) Nitric oxide friendly rivalry in tuberculosis. Current 

Signal Transduction Therapy 

25. Negi DS, Alam M, Bhavani SA and Nagaraju J (2006) Multi-step microsatellite mutation in the maternally 

transmitted locus D13S317: A case of maternal allele mismatch in the child. International Journal of 

Legal Medicine 

26. Qamra R, Prakash P, Aruna B, H asnain SE and Mande SC (2006) A crystal structure of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis chorismate mutase reveals an unexpected gene duplication, and suggest a role in hostpathogen 

interactions. Biochemistry 

27. Ranjan S, Seshadri J, Vindal V. Yellaboina S and Ranjan A (2006) iCR: a web tool to identify conserved 

targets of a regulatory protein across the multiple related prokaryotic species. Nucleic Acids Research 

28. Ranjan S, Yellaboina S and Ranjan A (2006) IdeR: From target recognition to physiological functions. 

Critical Reveiws in Microbiology 

29. Sarkar S, Wise KC, Manna SK, Ramesh V, Yamauchi K, Thomas RL, Wilson BL, Kulkarni AD, Pellis NR 

and Ramesh GT (2006) Activation of activator protein-1 in mouse brain regions exposed to stimulated 

microgravity. In Vitro Cell Developmental Biology Animal 

30. Yellaboina S, Ranjan S, Vindal V and Ranjan A (2006) Comparative analysis of iron regulated genes in 

mycobacteria. FEBS Letters 

31. Bashyam MD and Hasnain SE (2006) Array-based comparitive genomic hybridization: applications in 

cancer and tuberculosis. Bioarrays, Ed. K Appasani, Humana press 

NATIONAL BRAIN RESEARCH CENTRE (NBRC), MANESAR, HARYANA 

1. D. Lawrence, P. Seth, L. Durham, F. Diaz, R. Boursiquot, R. Ransohoff, and E. Major. Astrocyte 

Differentiation Selectively Up-regulates CCL2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Cultured Human 

Brain-DerivedProgenitor Cells. Glia 53: 81-91, 2006. 

2. P. Gupta, P. Seth, M.M. Husain, S.K. Puri, R.K. Maheshwari. Co-infection by Semliki forest virus and 

malarial parasite modulates viral multiplication, pathogenesis and cytokines in mice. Parasite. 13: 251- 

255, 2006. 

3. K.E. Steele, P. Seth, K.M. Catlin-Lebaron, B.A. Schoneboom, M.M. Husain, F. Grieder, R.K. 

Maheshwari. Tunicamycin enhances neuroinvasion and encephalitis in mice infected with venezuelan 

equine encephalitis virus. Vet Pathology. 43: 904-913, 2006. 

4. J. Hou, P. Seth, and E.O. Major. JC Virus can infect human immune and nervous system progenitor cells: 

Implication for Pathogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 577:266-273, 2006. 

5. V. Sharma, M. Mishra, S. Ghosh, R. Tiwari, A. Basu, P. Seth and E. Sen. Modulation of Interleukin-1beta 

Mediated Inflammatory Response in Human Astrocytes by Flavanoids: Implications in Neuroprotection. 

259 

Annexures

Brain Research Bull. (In Press) 2007. 

6. Goswami, P. Dikshit, A. Mishra, N. Nukina and N. R. Jana. Expression of expanded polyglutamine 

proteins suppresses the activation of transcription factor NF-kB. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 

37017-37024, 2006. 

7. Dikshit, M. chatterjee, A. Goswami, A. Mishra and N. R. Jana. Aspirin induces apoptosis through the 

inhibition of proteasome function. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281, 29228-29235, 2006. 

8. P. Dikshit, A. Goswami, A. Mishra, N. Nukina and N. R. Jana. Curcumin enhances the polyglutamineexpanded 

truncated N-terminal huntingtin-induced cell death by promoting proteasomal malfunction. 

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 342, 1323-1328, 2006. 

9. Goswami, P. Dikshit, A. Mishra, S. Mulherkar, N. Nukina and N. R. Jana. Oxidative stress promotes 

mutant huntingtin aggregation and mutant huntingtin-dependent cell death by mimicking proteasomal 

malfunction. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 342, 184-190, 2006. 

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR PLANT GENOME RESEARCH, NEW DELHI 

1. Pandey, A., Choudhary, M. K., Bhushan D., Chattopadhyay, A., Chakraborty, S., Datta, A. and 

Chakraborty, N (2006). The nuclear proteome of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) reveals predicted and 

unexpected proteins. J. Proteome Res. 5: 3301-3311 

2. Chakraborty, N., Ohta, M.O. and Zhu, J-K. (2006) Recognition of a PP2C interaction motif in several 

plant protein kinases. In Methods in Molecular Biology. Ed. G. Moorhead. 365: 287-298 

3. Bhushan, D, Pandey, A., Chattopadhyay, A., Choudhary, M.K., Chakraborty, S., Datta, A. and 

Chakraborty, N. (2006) Extracellular matrix proteome of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) illustrates pathway 

abundance, novel protein functions and evolutionary perspect. J. Proteome Res. 5: 1711-1720 

4. Sethy NK, Shokeen B, Edwards KJ and Bhatia S (2006) Development of microsatellite markers and 

analysis of intraspecific genetic variability in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). Theor Appl Genet 112:1416- 

1428 

5. Sethy NK, Choudhary S, Shokeen B and Bhatia S (2006) Identification of microsatellite markers from 

Cicer reticulatum: molecular variation and phylogenetic analysis. Theor Appl Genet 112:347-357 

6. Choudhary S, Sethy NK, Shokeen B, Bhatia S (2006) Development of sequence-tagged microsatellite 

site markers for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). Mol. Ecol. Notes 6:93-95 

7. Shokeen B, Sethy NK, Kumar S, Bhatia S (2006) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers 

for analysis of molecular variation in the medicinal plant Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus 

(L.) G. Don). Plant Science (in press) 

8. Ashverya Laxmi, Laju K. Paul, Anirudha Roy Chaudhuri, Janny L. Peters and Jitendra P. Khurana (2006) 

Arabidopsis cytokinin resistant mutant, cnr1, displays altered auxin response and sugar sensitivity. 

Plant Molecular Biology, 62, 409-425. 

9. Rakesh K. Shukla, Sumita Raha, Vineeta Tripathi and Debasis Chattopadhyay. (2006) Expression of 

CAP2, and AP2-family transcription factor from Chickpea enhances growth and tolerance to dehydration 

and salt stress in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiology, 142:113-123 

10. S. Biswas, M. Kaur Gupta, Debasis Chattopadhyay, C.K. Mukhopadhyay. (2006) Insulin induced 

activation of Hypoxia inducible factor-1 requires generation of reactive oxygen species by NADPH 

oxidase. Am. J. Physiol: Heart Circ. Physiol. (in press) 


260

11. Mallappa, C., Yadav, V., Negi, P., and Chattopadhyay, S. (2006) A bzip transcription factor, GBF1, 

regulates blue light mediated photomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis. Journal Biological Chemistry 

281, 22190-22199 

12. Dutta A, Singh D, Kumar S, Sen J (2007) Transcript profiling of terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway genes 

and regulators reveals strong expression of repressors in Catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Plant Cell 

Reports (in press) 

13. Kumar S, Dutta A, Sinha AK, Sen J (2007) Cloning, characterization and localization of a novel basic 

peroxidase gene from Catharanthus roseus. FEBS Journal (in press) 

INSTITUTE OF BIORESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, IMPHAL 

1. Rama Kant, Tiwari, O.N., Tandon, Richa and Tiwari, G.L. (2006): On validity of the genus Aphanothece 

Nageli Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria, Jour. Indian Bot. Soc. Vol.85 (1-4), 61-65 

2. Tiwari, O.N., Singh, M.R.K., Dhar, Dolly Wattal, Tiwari, G.L. (2006): Cultural studies and physiological 

characterization of diazotrophic cyanobacterial isolates of rice fields of Manipur, India Nat. Jour. of Life 

Sciences, 3(2), 109-113 

3. M.S. Singh and Bijaya Th.: Response of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Biofertilizers in combination with FYM and 

Nitrogen J.Ecobiol. 18(4) 363-369 (2006) ISSN: 0970-9037-06-18-363 

4. Rana, V.S. and Blazquez, M.A.: Chemical composition of the essential oil of Gaultheria fragrantissima 

Wall. leaves. Indian Perfumer, 2006, 50-, 51-52 

5. Basudha, Ch. and Singh, N.S. 2007: Biodiversity and conservation status of freshwater fishes of 

Manipur. In: Biodiversity Conservation and Legal Aspects. (Eds. A.K. Kandya & Asha Gupta) Aaviskar 

Publishers & Distributors, Jaipur, 72-89 

INSTITUTE OF LIFE SCIENCES, BHUBANESHWAR 

1. Kar P, Supakar PC, Expression of Stat5A in tobacco chewing-mediated oral squamous cell 

carcinoma. Cancer Letter, 2006, 240: 306-311. (IF: 2.938) 

2. Debata PR. Panda H and Supakar PC. Altered expression of trefoil factor 3 and cathepsin L. gene in rat 

kidney during aging. Biogerontology, 2006, in press. (IF: 3.11) 

3. Sekhar PN, Kavi Kishor PB, Reddy LA, Mondal P, Dash AK, Kar M, Mohanty S, Sabat SC. In silico 

modling and hydrogen peroxide binding study of rice catalase. In Salico Biology 2006, 6, 0041. (IF: 

3.45) 

4. Parveen S, Sahoo SK. Nanomedicine: Clinical applications of Polyethylene Glycol Conjugated 

Proteins and Drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 2006, 45(10): 965-88. (IF: 5.453) 

5. Satapathy AK, Sartono E, Sahoo PK , Dentener MA, Machael E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Ravindran B. 

Human bancroftian filariasis: Immunological markers of morbidity and infections. Microbes Infection 

2006, 9-10: 2414-2423. (IF: 3.573) 

261 Annexures

6. Mantri CK, Mohapatra SS, Ramamurthy T, Ghosh R, Colwell RR, Singh DV. Septaplex PCR Assay 

for Rapid Identification of Vibrio cholerae including Detection of Virulence and intSXT genes. FEMS 

Microbiology Letters. 2006, in press. (IF:2.057) 

7. Mohapatra SS, Ramachandran D, Mantri CK, Singh DV. Characterization of a new ribotype of Vibrio 

cholerae O1 biotype E1 Tor serotype Inaba strains isolated in Trivandrum, Southern India. Journal of 

Medical Microbiology. 2006. (IF: 2.484) 

8. Mohanty A, Kar P, Mishra K, Singh DV, Mohapatra N, Kar S, Dash AP, Hazra RK. Multiplex PCR 

assay for the detection of Anopheles fluviatilis species complex, human host preference, and 

Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite presence, using a unique mosquito processing methods. 

American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 2006. (IF: 2.013) 

9. Das SK, Gautam US, Chakrabartty PK, Singh A. Characterization of a symbiotically defective serine 

auxotroph of Mezorhizobium ciceri. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2006, 263: 244-251 (IF: 2.057) 

INTERNATION CENTRE FOR GENETICS ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY, 

NEW DELHI 

The centre has published many papers in National and International peer reviewed journals during the 

year 2006. Some major publications are: 

1. Sachdeva, S., Mohmmed, A., Dasaradhi, P.V., Crabb, B.S., Katyal, A., Malhotra, P., Chauhan, V.S. 2006. 

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Escherichia coli expressed Plasmodium falciparum merozoite 

surface protein-1(42) using human compatible adjuvants. Vaccine. 24(12), 2007-2016. 

2. Singh, S.K., Hora, R., Belrhali, H., Chitnis, C.E., Sharma, A. 2006. Structural basis for Duffy recognition 

by malaria parasite Duffy-binding-like domain. Nature 439, 741-744 

3. George, A.A. Sharma, M., Singh, B.N., Sahoo, N.C., and Rao, K.V.S. (2006). Transcription from a TATA 

and INR-less promoter: Spatial segregation of promoter function. EMBO J. 25: 811-821. 

4. Choudhury, N.R., Malik, P.S., Singh, D.K., Islam, M.N., Kaliappan, K., Mukherjee, S.K. 2006. The 

oligomeric Rep protein of Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is a likely replicative helicase. 

Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 6362-6377. 

5. Desai, M.K., Mishra, R.N., Verma, D., Nair, S., Sopory, S.K., Reddy, M.K. 2006. Structural and functional 

analysis of a salt stress inducible gene encoding voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) from pearl 

millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 44, 483-493. 

6. Singla-Pareek, S.L.,Yadav, S.K., Pareek, A., Reddy, M.K., Sopory, S.K. 2006. Transgenic tobacco 

overexpressing glyoxalase pathway enzymes grow and set viable seeds in zinc-spiked soils. Plant 

Physiol. 140, 613-623. 


262

Annexure-X 

STATEMENT OF BUDGET ESTIMATES 

263 

Annexures

Abbreviations 

AAU 

AFLP 

AI 

AIIMS 

AIV 

ALP 

AMU 

ANGRAU 

ARDRA 

ARI 

ATP 

BAIF 

BCIL 

BDU 

BHK 

BOD 

BRCC 

BSI 

CAS 

CBA 

CBT 

CCMB 

CDB3 

cDNA 

CDRI 

CETP 

CFTRI 

CHD 

CHNS 

CHO 

CICR 

COD 

CPCB 

CPCL 

Assam Agricultural University 

Amplified Fragment Length 

Polymorphism 

Aluminium 

All India Institute of Medical 

Sciences 

Avian Influenza Virus 

Alkaline Phosphatase 

Aligarh Muslim University 

Acharya N. G. Ranga 

Agricultural University 

Amplified Rribosomal DNA 

Restriction Analysis 

Agharkar Research Institute 

Adenosine Triphosphate 

Bhartiya Agro-Industries 

Foundation 

Biotech Consortium India 

Limited 

Bharathidasan University 

Baby Hamster Kidney 

Biological Oxygen Demand 

Bioved Research 

Communication Centre 

Botanical Survey of India 

Chemical Abstracts Service 

Chloro Benzoic Acid 

Centre for Biotechnology 

Centre for Cellular and 

Molecular Biology 

Cytoplasmic Domain of Band 3 

Complimentary Deoxyribo 

Nucleic Acid 

Central Drug Resarch Institute, 

Lucknow 

Common Effluent Treatment 

Plant 

Central Food Technological 

Research Institute, Mysore 

Chromo Helicase DNA 

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen 

Sulphur 

Chinese Hamster Ovary 

Central Institute for Cotton 

Research 

Chemical Oxygen Demand 

Central Pollution Control Board, 

Chennai Petrochemicals Limited 


264 

CSIR 

CSTR 

DAPG 

dbEST 

DDRT 

DGAT 

DHLs 

DNA 

DRR 

DST 

E.coli 

EBS 

EGFP 

ELISA 

EPA 

EPN 

ERR 

EST 

ETP 

FACS 

FAT 

FeCl3 

FISH 

FMRI 

FRI 

FSH 

GBPUAT 

GC 

GFP 

GH-R 

GIDC 

GLP 

GMCSF 

GNDU 

Gr 

Council of Scientific and 

Industrial Research 

Continuous Stirred Tank 

Reactor 

Diacetyl pholroglucinol 

database of "Expressed 

Sequence Tags" 

Differential Display Reserve 

Transcriptase 

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 

Double Haploid Lines 

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid 

Directorate of Rice Research 

Department of Science and 

Technology 

Escherichia coli 

Equine Breeding Stud 

Enhanced Green Fluorescent 

Protein 

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent 

Assay 

Environment Protection Act 

Entomopathogenic Nematode 

Effective Rate Rearing or 

Effective Rate of Servival 

Expressed Sequence Tags 

Effluent Treatment Plant 

Fluorescence Activated Cell 

Sorters 

Fluorescent antibody test 

Ferric cloride 

Fluorescence in situ hybridization 

Functional Magnetic Resonance 

Imaging 

Forest Research Institute 

Follicle Stimulating Hormone 

Govind Ballubh Pant University 

of Agricultural and Technology 

Gas Chromatography 

Green Fluorescent Protein 

Growth hormone receptor 

Gujarat Industrial Development 

Corporation 

Good Laboratory Practice 

Granulocyte-Macrophage 

Colony-Stimulating Factor 

Guru Nanak Dev University 

Grade

GST 

H2O2 

HAU 

HCH 

hck 

HCMI 

HDAC1 

HIC 

HIF-1 

HMG 

HOC 

HPKV 

HPLC 

HSADL 

HSRBC 

IACS 

IARI 

IAUG 

IBRC 

ICAR 

IC-ELISA 

ICGEB 

ICMR 

ICRI 

ICRISAT 

IDA 

IFN 

IgE 

IGFBP 

IgG 

IGIB 

IICB 

Glutathione-S-Transferase 

Hydrogen Peroxide 

Haryana Agricultural University 

Hexachlorocyclohexane 

Haemopoetic Cell kinase 

High Cell Mediated Immunity 

line 

Histone deacetylase 1 

High immunocompetence index 

Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 

Human menopausal 

Gonadotrophin 

Hindustan Organic Chemicals 

Himachal Pradesh Krishi 

Vishwa Vidhalaya 

High Performance Liquid 

Chromatography 

High Security Animal Disease 

Laboratory 

High sheep RBC response line 

Indian Association for the 

Cultivation of Science 

Indian Agricultural Research 

Institute 

initiator AUG 

Insect Biopesticide Research 

Centre 

Indian Council for Agricultural 

Research 

Immunocapture Enzyme Linked 

Immunosorbent Assay 

International Centre for Genetic 

Engineering and Biotechnology 

Indian Council of Medical 

Research 

Indian Cardamom Research 

Institute 

International Crops Research 

Institute for the Semi Arid 

Tropics 

International Depository 

Authority 

Interferron 

Immunoglobulin-E 

Insulin-like growth factor binding 

protein 

Immunoglobulin G 

Institute of Genomics and 

Integrative Biology 

Indian Institute of Chemical 

265 

IICT 

IIHR 

IIPR 

IISc 

IISR 

IIT 

IL 

IMTECH 

iNOS 

IPFT 

IPM 

IPTG 

IR 

IRES 

IRMS 

ITGB 

ITRC 

IVRI 

JNCASR 

JNU 

Kb 

kDa 

KFRI 

KFRI 

KSSRDI 

LCMI 

LH 

LIC 

LSRBC 

MALDI-TOF 

Biology 

Indian Institute of Chemical 

Technology 

Indian Institute of Horticulture 

Research 

Indian Institute of Pulse 

Research 


Indian Institute of Spice 

Research 


Interleukin 

Institute of Microbial Technology 

inducble Nitric Oxide Synthase 

gene 

Institute of Pesticide 

Formulation Technology 

Integrated Pest Management 

Isopropyle-B-D- 

Thiogalactopyranoside 

insulin receptor, Infra-red 

Radiation 

Internal Ribosome Entry Site 

Isotope Radio Mass 

Spectrometer 

integrin, beta 

Industrial Toxicology Research 

Centre 

Indian Veterinary Research 

Institute 

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for 

Advanced Scientific Research 


kilobase 

kilo Dalton 

Kerala Forest Research Institute 

Kerala Forest Research Institute 

Karnataka State Sericulture 


Institute 

Low Cell Mediated Immunity 

line 

Leutinising Hormone 

Low immunocompetence index 

line 

Low sheep RBC response line 

mAB Monoclonal Antibodies 

The Matrix Assisted Laser 

Desorptionionization Time-of- 

Flight 

Abbreviations

MDCK 

MGIMS 

MHC 

MIP 

MKU 

MM 

MOEF 

MPKV 

MRI 

mRNA 

MS 

MSSRF 

MTCC 

MVC 

NBAGR 

NBAIM 

NBPGR 

NBRC 

NBRI 

NCL 

NCLAS 

NCPGR 

NDDB 

NDRI 

NEERI 

NEHU 

NGOs 

NII 

NIN 

Ni-NTA 

NLAC 

NML 

NMR 

Madin-Darby canine kidney 

Mahatma Gandhi Institute of 

Medical Sciences 

Major Histocompatibility 

Complex 

Macrophage inflammatory 

protein-1 beta 

Madurai Kamaraj University 

Milimole 

Ministry of Environment & 

Forests 

Mahatma Phule Krishi 

Vidyapeeth 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 

Mitochondrial Ribonucleic Acid 

Mass Spectrophotometry 

MS Swaminathan Research 

Foundation 

Microbial Type Culture 

Collection 

Madras Veterinary College 

National Bureau of Animal 

Genetic Resources 

National Bureau of Agriculturally 

Important Microorganism 

National Bureau of Plant 

Genetic Resources 

National Brain Research Centre 

National Botanical Research 

Institute 

National Chemical laboratory 

National Centre for Laboratory 

Animal Sciences 

National Centre for Plant 

Genome Research 

National Dairy Development 

Board 

National Dairy Research Institute 

National Environmental 

Engineering Research Institute 

North Eastern Hill University 

Non Government Organisation 


National Institute of Nutrition 

Nickel Nitrilotriacetate 

National Laboratory of Animal 

Centre 

National Metallurgical 

Laboratory 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 


266 

Nox 

NP 

NRCWS 

OIE 

OMP 

OPD 

PAGE 

PAU 

PCP 

PCR 

PCR-RFLP 

PDBC 

PGIVAS 

PGPR 

PHA 

PHA 

PNP 

QTL 

R&D 

RAPD 

RAU 

RCGM 

rDNA 

RDU 

RFLP 

RGCB 

RGCOVAS 

RIA 

RML 

RNA 

RNAi 

ROS 

RRL 

RSM 

RT 

SAR 

Nitrogen Oxides 

Nucleo Protein 

National Research Centre for 

Weed Sciences 

Office International Des 

Epizooties 

Outer Membrane Protein 

Out Patient Department 

Polyacrylamide Gel 

Electrophoresis 

Punjab Agricultural University 

Poly chloro phenol 

Polymerase chain reaction 

Polymerase Chain Reaction- 

Restriction Fragment Length 

Polymorphise 

Project Directorate of Biological 

Control 

Post-Graduate Institute of 

Veterinary and Animal Science 

Plant Growth Promoting 

Rhizobacteria 

Phytohemagglutinin 

Poly hydroxyl alkanoate 

P-nitrophenol 

Quantitative trait loci 


Random amplified polymorphic 

DNA 

Rajasthan Agricultural University 

Review Committee on Genetic 

Manipulation 

ribosomal Deoxyribo Nucleic 

Acid 

Rani Durgawati University 

Random Fragment Length 

Polymorphism 

Rajiv Gandhi Center for 


Rajiv Gandhi College of 

Veterinary and Animal sciences 

Radio immunoassay 

Ram Manohar Lohia 

Ribonucleic Acid 

Interfering RNA 

Reactive Oxygen Species 

Regional Research Laboratory 

Red Spider Mite 

Reverse Transcriptase 

Systemic acquired resistance

SATB1 

SDL 

SFC 

SGOT 

SGPGI 

SGPT 

SH 

SiRNA 

SNT 

SO2 

SPU 

SRBC 

SSCP 

TANUVAS 

Tat 

TC 

TCID 

TDS 

TERI 

TGFB 

TIFR 

TLC 

TMB 

TMV 

TNAU 

UASD 

UDSC 

UK 

UP 

USA 

UV 

UVA 

WIPO 

WUE 

Special AT-rich 

sequencebinding protein 1 

Synthetic Dam line 

Standing Finance Committee 

Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate 

Transaminase 

Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate 

Insitute 

Serum Glutamate Pyruvate 

Transaminase 

Src Homology 

Small interfering Ribonucleic 

Acid 

Serum Neutralization Test 

Sulphur Dioxide 

Sardar Patel University 

Sheep Red Blood Cell 

Single-Stranded Conformation 

Polymorphism 

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and 

Animal Sciences University 

Transactivator 

Tissue Culture 

Tissue Culture-Infective Doses 

Total Dissolved solids 

The Energy and Resources 

Institute 

Transforming Growth Factor- 

Beta 

Tata Institute of Fundamental 

Research 

Thin Layer Chromatography 

Tea Mosquito Bug 

Tobacco mosaic virus 

Tamil Nadu Agriculture 

Unversity 

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge 

Blanket Reactor 

University of Delhi, South 

Campus 

United kingdom 

Uttar Pradesh 

United States of America 

Ultra violet 

Ultraviolet radition 

World Intellectual Property 

Organisation 

Water Utilization Efficiency 

267 

Abbreviations

Department Department of of Biotechnology 


Block-2, 6-8 Floors, C.G.O. Complex Complex 

Lodhi Lodhi Road, New New Delhi-110003 

Delhi-110003 

Website : www.dbtindia.nic.in

ANNUAL REPORT - Department of Biotechnology

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