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The Red List of<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
revised and extended<br />
Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield
BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)<br />
is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100<br />
countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,<br />
sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize<br />
botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the<br />
well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for<br />
the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.<br />
Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation<br />
International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road,<br />
Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK.<br />
© 2016 Botanic Gardens Conservation International<br />
ISBN-10: 1-905164-64-5<br />
ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-64-6<br />
FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and the<br />
world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve<br />
threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that<br />
are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of<br />
human needs.<br />
Reproduction of any part of the publication for<br />
educational, conservation and other non-profit<br />
purposes is authorized without prior permission from<br />
the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully<br />
acknowledged.<br />
Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes<br />
is prohibited without prior written permission from the<br />
copyright holder. Recommended citation: Rivers, M.,<br />
Beech, E., Murphy, L. and Oldfield, S. (2016). The Red<br />
List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> - revised and extended. BGCI.<br />
Richmond, UK.<br />
AUTHORS<br />
Malin Rivers is the Red List Manager at BGCI.<br />
THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through a<br />
partnership between BGCI and FFI. GTC’s mission is to prevent all tree<br />
species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife<br />
and the wider environment. GTC does this through provision of<br />
information, delivery of conservation action and support of sustainable<br />
use, working with partner organisations around the world.<br />
THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG)<br />
forms part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000<br />
volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats.<br />
SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International<br />
Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of advice<br />
to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species<br />
conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group<br />
are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and to act in<br />
an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign.<br />
Emily Beech is a Conservation Assistant at BGCI.<br />
Lydia Murphy is the Global Trees Campaign Intern<br />
at BGCI.<br />
Sara Oldfield is the co-chair of the Global Tree<br />
Specialist Group.<br />
The opinion of the individual authors does not<br />
necessarily reflect the opinion of either the authors or<br />
Botanic Gardens Conservation International.<br />
The authors and Botanic Gardens Conservation<br />
International take no responsibility for any<br />
misrepresentation of material from translation of this<br />
document into any other language.<br />
COVER PHOTOS<br />
Front cover: Magnolia ventii in South China Botanical<br />
Garden by Yang Keming<br />
Back cover: Magnolia coriacea by Weibang Sun<br />
DESIGN<br />
Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk<br />
Printed on 75% recycled, 25% Mixed Credit FSC<br />
certified paper.
The Red List of<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
revised and extended<br />
March 2016<br />
Malin Rivers, Emily Beech,<br />
Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
cOnTEnTS<br />
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />
PART 2<br />
Globally threatened <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species evaluated as near Threatened . . 42<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species evaluated as Data Deficient . . . . 43<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species evaluated as Least concern. . . . 46<br />
PART 1<br />
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
Taxonomic scope and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
conservation assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />
Review and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />
Red List report format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />
case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />
Red List results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
Threat status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
criteria used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
Geographical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />
Major threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
Population trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />
comparisons with the 2007 Red List<br />
of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />
APPEnDIX 1<br />
Full list of evaluated <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species and<br />
their number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
APPEnDIX 2<br />
number of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species in each country . . . 53<br />
APPEnDIX 3<br />
Additional <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> taxa (not included<br />
in analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />
APPEnDIX 4<br />
Participating institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />
APPEnDIX 5<br />
IUcn Red List categories and criteria<br />
(version 3.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />
Ex situ survey of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />
Species in ex situ collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />
number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />
comparison with 2008 ex situ survey . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />
conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
Policy relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20<br />
Monitoring of Magnolia in the wild<br />
2
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
AcknOWLEDGEMEnTS<br />
To achieve a complete evaluation of<br />
conservation assessments for<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>, a wide range of<br />
people have shared their knowledge and<br />
expertise about this fascinating group of<br />
species and the habitats in which they<br />
grow. Without their generous assistance,<br />
this global Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
would not have been possible, and<br />
everyone’s contributions are gratefully<br />
acknowledged.<br />
Members of the IUcn/SSc Global<br />
Tree Specialist Group and the BGcI<br />
network were especially helpful in<br />
providing information and facilitating the<br />
involvement of additional experts.<br />
Particular thanks go to: Marie-Stéphanie<br />
Samain and Esteban Martínez Salas for<br />
their contributions towards the Mexican<br />
assessments; Eduardo calderón, Alvarez<br />
cogollo and Marcela Serna-González for<br />
the colombian assessments, cnc Flora<br />
Brazil for the Brazilian assessments,<br />
Álvaro Pérez castañeda for his<br />
contributions on the Ecuadorian<br />
assessments, Frank Arroyo for<br />
contributions towards the Peruvian<br />
assessments, and the cuban Plant<br />
Specialist Group for the cuban<br />
assessments. In addition, highly valuable<br />
information was sourced at the<br />
International Symposium on neotropical<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> in Puyo, Ecuador in July<br />
2015.<br />
At BGcI, in addition to the authors, Lisa<br />
Wheeler, Sonia khela and Fran<br />
culverhouse provided valuable help in<br />
sourcing reference material, collating<br />
information and producing conservation<br />
assessments and maps. Initial work and<br />
original maps produced by Daniele<br />
cicuzza are also acknowledged.<br />
The authors are extremely grateful to<br />
Fondation Franklinia for supporting BGcI’s<br />
red listing work. IUcn kindly provided<br />
financial assistant for this publication,<br />
support that was made possible by the<br />
Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi.<br />
Special thanks also go to all the botanic<br />
gardens that shared their <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
collection information and published their<br />
data on BGcI’s PlantSearch database.<br />
Pam Hayward (of the RHS Rhododendron,<br />
camellia and Magnolia Group) provided<br />
invaluable assistance in securing ex situ<br />
collection information and photographs.<br />
The Magnolia Society has also provided<br />
valuable contacts.<br />
The provision of beautiful photographs by<br />
a wide range of talented photographers is<br />
gratefully acknowledged with credits<br />
given alongside each image.<br />
LIST OF AcROnyMS<br />
IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES<br />
BGCI<br />
CBD<br />
FFI<br />
GSPC<br />
GTA<br />
GTC<br />
GTSG<br />
IUCN<br />
SSC<br />
Botanic Gardens conservation International<br />
convention on Biological Diversity<br />
Fauna & Flora International<br />
Global Strategy for Plant conservation<br />
Global Tree Assessment<br />
Global Trees campaign<br />
Global Tree Specialist Group<br />
International Union for conservation of nature<br />
Species Survival commission<br />
EX<br />
EW<br />
CR<br />
EN<br />
VU<br />
NT<br />
DD<br />
LC<br />
NE<br />
Extinct<br />
Extinct in the Wild<br />
critically Endangered<br />
Endangered<br />
Vulnerable<br />
near Threatened<br />
Data Deficient<br />
Least concern<br />
not Evaluated<br />
3
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
FOREWORD<br />
Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolias indeed are a plant<br />
‘passion’ of mine and I have<br />
been extoling their virtues ever<br />
since seeing the magnificent Asiatic tree<br />
magnolias in the Valley Gardens at<br />
Windsor in the late 1960’s. Being asked<br />
to write this Foreword for the Red List is<br />
both an honour and a pleasure as this will<br />
highlight how much is known about the<br />
family, its taxonomy, distribution and<br />
threats thus building on the information<br />
found in the first Red List printed in 2007.<br />
But it also highlights the world-wide<br />
wealth of knowledge and expertise there<br />
is out there in organisations, societies<br />
and private collectors who are passionate<br />
about this plant family.<br />
This updated Red List highlights a number<br />
of important facts. 48% of all Magnolia<br />
species are threatened in the wild, with<br />
habitat loss due to logging and agriculture<br />
being identified as the main threats. china<br />
and Latin America (neotropics) are the<br />
two botanical ‘hotspots’ with many<br />
organisations involved with specific<br />
conservation projects.<br />
This was demonstrated when the ‘World<br />
Magnolia center’ was established in the<br />
South china Botanical Garden (ScBG)<br />
in partnership with Botanic Gardens<br />
conservation International (BGcI) and the<br />
Magnolia Society International (MSI) in<br />
2009. Such partnerships are key given the<br />
importance of both in and ex situ<br />
conservation work that is currently being<br />
undertaken around the world. The<br />
Magnolia Society International also plays a<br />
key role with conservation initiatives<br />
involving threatened species primarily<br />
from the neotropics. This is important<br />
particularly as c.100 species have been<br />
discovered over the past 15 years.<br />
An example of this is funding of<br />
the conservation, Propagation and<br />
Restoration of costa Rican species.<br />
In addition, the First International<br />
Symposium on neotropical <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
held in Ecuador (2015) and co-running the<br />
Third International Symposium in cuba in<br />
2016 are key features of the MSI’s work.<br />
Ex situ conservation too is of significant<br />
importance: 50% of species are found in<br />
ex situ collections, while 22 species not<br />
included in 2007 are now safeguarded.<br />
As well as ScBG, there are many<br />
collections of note in china including the<br />
kunming Institute of Botany and<br />
kunming Botanical Garden. Professor<br />
Sun Wei-Bang has been successfully<br />
propagating several species that are<br />
critically Endangered or Endangered<br />
enabling the reintroduction of Magnolia<br />
decidua and Magnolia sinica in particular<br />
back into their native habitats.<br />
In the Uk, organisations including the<br />
Royal Horticultural Society, Plant<br />
Heritage, RBG kew, The Rhododendron,<br />
camellia and Magnolia Group and the<br />
International Dendrology Society all have<br />
substantial collections in their own or their<br />
members’ gardens that are open to the<br />
public. In mainland Europe, both the<br />
Arboretum Wespelaar in Belgium and<br />
Parco Botanico del Gambarogno<br />
(ParcoEisenhut) in Switzerland hold<br />
significant collections, while the latter is<br />
one of the world’s major suppliers of<br />
cultivated magnolias. Substantial ex situ<br />
collections are also found in new Zealand<br />
and north America while the MSI holds<br />
the registration page for the International<br />
cultivar Registration Authority.<br />
This Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> ably<br />
brought together by BGcI highlights the<br />
huge amount of work that is being carried<br />
out around the world. At the same time, it<br />
provides a focus on how many habitats<br />
are ‘vulnerable’ as magnolias are key<br />
constituents of forest habitats. By<br />
publishing this, it will publicise the<br />
significant amount of work that is being<br />
undertaken around the world by<br />
passionate people yet at the same time<br />
stimulate a wider audience to support this.<br />
Jim Gardiner<br />
Executive Vice President-<br />
Royal Horticultural Society<br />
President Emeritus-<br />
Magnolia Society International<br />
4
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
EXEcUTIVE SUMMARy<br />
The evaluation of the conservation<br />
status of all species in the<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> has long been a<br />
global conservation priority recognised<br />
by Botanic Gardens conservation<br />
International (BGcI). Since the publication<br />
of The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> in 2007,<br />
93 new Magnolia species have been<br />
described, additional information on<br />
existing species has been published in<br />
botanical literature, and new threats to<br />
species have emerged. In light of this new<br />
information, and with 93 new species<br />
requiring conservation assessments, we<br />
have compiled an updated and extended<br />
version of The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>.<br />
The new Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
contains conservation assessments for<br />
304 <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species. All<br />
assessments are also submitted for<br />
publication on the IUcn Red List of<br />
Threatened Species. These assessments<br />
show that a large proportion of<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species are threatened<br />
with extinction in the wild (at least 48%).<br />
nearly one third of all species are still too<br />
poorly known to make a conservation<br />
assessment. Overall, only one in five<br />
species of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> is considered<br />
not threatened.<br />
The main centre of species diversity for<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> is in china, however there<br />
is a second centre of diversity in the<br />
neotropics where a large number of new<br />
species have been recently described and<br />
published. The neotropics has the highest<br />
proportion of threatened Magnolia<br />
species; 75% of the neotropical Magnolia<br />
are under threat.<br />
The main threats to Magnolia are<br />
extensive logging, both selective and<br />
more general, together with habitat loss<br />
Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
due to agriculture and livestock farming.<br />
Sustainable forestry practices and more<br />
protected areas are urgently needed to<br />
conserve Magnolia in the wild.<br />
A survey of ex situ <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
collections was also carried out as part<br />
of this conservation assessment. At<br />
present, only 43% of threatened<br />
Magnolia species are represented in ex<br />
situ collections, falling significantly short<br />
of requirements under Target 8 of the<br />
Global Strategy for Plant conservation.<br />
The majority of threatened Magnolia<br />
species are only found in a very small<br />
number of collections (fewer than five).<br />
However, considerable progress has<br />
been made since the last ex situ survey of<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> in 2008, with 22 species<br />
that were then absent from ex situ<br />
collections now safeguarded in botanic<br />
gardens and arboreta worldwide.<br />
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> aims to<br />
stimulate conservation action for<br />
Magnolia species under threat. BGcI and<br />
the Global Trees campaign work with<br />
botanic gardens and other conservation<br />
partners to enhance ex situ conservation<br />
for globally threatened Magnolia taxa<br />
where appropriate and to promote in situ<br />
conservation planning, ecological<br />
restoration and sustainable use.<br />
Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
5
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
PART 1<br />
BAckGROUnD<br />
Red List<br />
Year published<br />
The magnolia family, <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>, is<br />
found in temperate and tropical regions of<br />
Eastern and Southeast Asia, and the<br />
Americas. The <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> consists of<br />
over 300 species in two genera –<br />
Magnolia L. and Liriodendron L. They are<br />
evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs.<br />
Many species are widely appreciated<br />
around the world as ornamental trees due<br />
to their attractive flowers and foliage. In the<br />
wild, these plants are also widely<br />
appreciated, and used for timber and<br />
medicines by local communities as well as<br />
in international trade. There are<br />
conservation concerns for many of the<br />
species in the wild due to threats such as<br />
habitat destruction, overharvesting for<br />
timber and medicinal uses, and low<br />
natural regeneration. In order to assess<br />
the impact of these threats on the world’s<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species, there is a need for<br />
a global assessment of their conservation<br />
status to guide conservation action.<br />
The evaluation of the conservation<br />
status of trees has long been a<br />
global conservation priority recognised<br />
by Botanic Gardens conservation<br />
International (BGcI). BGcI, in partnership<br />
with Fauna & Flora International,<br />
coordinates the Global Trees campaign<br />
(GTc). GTc is a joint initiative to safeguard<br />
the world’s threatened tree species from<br />
extinction. Part of the task of GTc is to<br />
assess the conservation status of trees in<br />
the wild and in ex situ collections – and in<br />
such a way prioritise species in need of<br />
conservation action. BGcI, working with<br />
the IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group<br />
(GTSG), has for the last eight years been<br />
working towards this goal, producing global<br />
conservation assessments of trees both<br />
with taxonomic and regional foci (Table 1).<br />
These tree conservation assessments<br />
contribute directly to the Global Tree<br />
Assessment (GTA), which aims to have<br />
conservation assessments for all trees by<br />
2020 (Box 1, newton et al. 2015).<br />
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> 2007*<br />
The Red List of Oaks 2007*<br />
The Red List of Maples 2009<br />
The Red List of Trees of central Asia 2009<br />
The Red List of Mexican cloud Forest Trees 2011<br />
The Red List of Rhododendrons 2011<br />
A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species<br />
of the Tropical Andes 2014<br />
The Red List of Betulaceae 2014<br />
*Published by Fauna & Flora International<br />
Table 1. Summary of Red Lists produced by Botanic Gardens Conservation<br />
International in partnership with Fauna & Flora International and the Global Tree<br />
Specialist Group.<br />
Global Tree Assessment (GTA)<br />
Despite the importance of trees, many are<br />
threatened by over-exploitation and habitat<br />
destruction, as well as by pests, diseases,<br />
drought and their interaction with global climate change. In order to estimate the<br />
impact of such threats to trees there is an urgent need to conduct a complete<br />
assessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species – the Global<br />
Tree Assessment.<br />
The Global Tree Assessment aims to provide conservation assessments of all<br />
the world’s tree species by 2020. The assessment will identify those tree species<br />
that are at greatest risk of extinction. The goal of the Global Tree Assessment<br />
is to provide prioritization information to ensure that conservation efforts are<br />
directed at the right species so that no tree species becomes extinct.<br />
The Global Tree Assessment is an initiative led by BGcI and the IUcn/SSc<br />
Global Tree Specialist Group. Work is ongoing to develop an even more<br />
extensive global collaborative partnership, involving the coordinated effort of<br />
many institutions and individuals. These steps will enable the Global Tree<br />
Assessment to achieve its 2020 target.<br />
The first of such Red Lists was The Red<br />
List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> produced in 2007<br />
(cicuzza et al. 2007). Since this<br />
publication, new information on existing<br />
taxa has been published and new threats<br />
have emerged. In addition, since 2007,<br />
93 new Magnolia species have been<br />
described and published (IPnI 2015).<br />
The majority of these are from the<br />
neotropical region. In the light of this new<br />
information and new taxa, it is now time<br />
to produce an updated and extended<br />
version of The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>.<br />
6
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
METHODOLOGy<br />
TAXoNomIC SCoPE AND<br />
CoNCEPTS<br />
All species in the family <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
that were published prior to December<br />
2015 were included in this assessment.<br />
We focused on species-level<br />
assessments, as the IUcn Red List of<br />
Threatened Species only accepts<br />
infraspecific conservation assessments<br />
once a species-level assessment has<br />
been carried out. Infraspecific taxa were<br />
not included, unless the taxonomic<br />
concept was unresolved and there were<br />
data indicating that the taxon might be<br />
considered an accepted species. Hybrids<br />
within <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> were not assessed.<br />
The taxonomic concepts followed are<br />
those reflected in The Plant List version<br />
1.1 (The Plant List 2013); new species<br />
described since then as well as taxonomic<br />
updates since 2013 were included<br />
following the World checklist of Selected<br />
Plant Families (WcSP 2016) and after<br />
consultation with taxonomic experts.<br />
Plant authority names followed those<br />
from The International Plant names Index<br />
(IPnI 2015).<br />
CoNSERVATIoN ASSESSmENT<br />
mEThoDoLoGY<br />
conservation assessments were<br />
conducted following the IUcn Red List of<br />
Threatened Species categories and<br />
criteria version 3.1 (IUcn 2001, Appendix<br />
5). Assessments were compiled using the<br />
IUcn’s Species Information Service (SIS),<br />
which is a web-based database for<br />
storing and managing IUcn conservation<br />
assessments. Information for each<br />
species was assembled for a range of<br />
areas including:<br />
• Distribution<br />
• Population<br />
• Habitat and ecology<br />
• Threats<br />
• Uses<br />
• conservation<br />
• References<br />
Figure 1. Structure of the IUCN Red List Categories (version 3.1) (Credit: IUCN)<br />
Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna)<br />
A wide range of resources were consulted<br />
to gather all the required information.<br />
Sources include: national and regional<br />
floras, taxonomic databases, scientific<br />
papers, published and unpublished<br />
reports, expert knowledge, herbarium<br />
records and national red lists. In addition,<br />
expert opinions were consulted at the 1st<br />
International Symposium on Neotropical<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> held in Puyo, Ecuador in<br />
July 2015.<br />
Using all the available information, a<br />
conservation category was assigned.<br />
Species were assigned one of nine<br />
categories: Extinct (EX), Extinct in the<br />
Wild (EW), critically Endangered (cR),<br />
Endangered (En), Vulnerable (VU), near<br />
Threatened (nT), Least concern (Lc),<br />
Data Deficient (DD) and not Evaluated<br />
(nE) (Figure 1). cR, En and VU are the<br />
three threatened categories. Taxa that did<br />
not qualify for a threatened category, but<br />
were close to qualifying for, or are likely<br />
to qualify for, a threatened category in the<br />
near future, were assigned to the<br />
category nT. Lc was used for species<br />
that are assessed but are not considered<br />
threatened including widespread species<br />
and rare but stable species. The use of<br />
the category DD is discouraged, but may<br />
be assigned to poorly known taxa.<br />
Species not yet evaluated were classified<br />
as nE. In this report nT and Lc taxa were<br />
considered “not threatened”.<br />
7
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
In order to assess whether a species<br />
belongs to a threatened category (cR, En,<br />
VU), the species were evaluated in relation<br />
to five criteria: A) Population reduction; B)<br />
Geographic range; c) Small population<br />
size and decline; D) Very small or restricted<br />
population; and E) Quantitative analysis.<br />
The criteria are based on a set of<br />
thresholds and subcriteria. Extensive<br />
guidelines available to facilitate the<br />
process for the conservation assessors<br />
were consulted (IUcn Standards and<br />
Petitions Subcommittee 2014). In<br />
practice, most assessments were based<br />
on population size and/or range size,<br />
either observed, estimated, projected,<br />
inferred or suspected. Assessors are<br />
encouraged to evaluate taxa using all five<br />
criteria, but a taxon only needs to fulfil one<br />
of the five criteria to qualify for a<br />
threatened category. When several criteria<br />
were met resulting in different status<br />
assessments, the precautionary principle<br />
was applied and the most threatened<br />
category was assigned (IUcn 2001).<br />
Once completed and reviewed, the<br />
assessments were sent for publication to<br />
the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species<br />
(IUcn 2015).<br />
Magnolia dawsoniana (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
All assessments in this report were<br />
assessed on a global scale. Assessments<br />
carried out by national red list efforts,<br />
were only included if species were<br />
country endemics (i.e. the national<br />
assessment covered the full geographical<br />
distribution).<br />
REVIEW AND EVALUATIoN<br />
Wherever possible, expert opinions were<br />
sought for all species assessed.<br />
Sometimes experts carried out the<br />
conservation assessment for their own<br />
species (assessors), and sometimes they<br />
contributed data for the conservation<br />
assessment to be carried out<br />
(contributors). In accordance with IUcn<br />
Red List regulations, all assessments<br />
were also reviewed by a member of the<br />
GTSG (reviewer).<br />
RED LIST REPoRT FoRmAT<br />
This report lists all species with their<br />
authors, country distribution and<br />
conservation assessment ratings. The<br />
threatened species are also listed with the<br />
rationale for the conservation assessment.<br />
All other information (including synonyms,<br />
full distribution information, habitat,<br />
ecology, conservation measures, threats<br />
and uses) can be found on the website for<br />
the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species<br />
(IUcn 2015, www.iucnredlist.org).<br />
Distribution maps have also been<br />
submitted to IUcn.<br />
The threatened (cR, En, VU) species are<br />
listed in alphabetical order in Part 2,<br />
followed by the near Threatened species,<br />
the Data Deficient species and the Least<br />
concern species.<br />
In this report assessors are only listed for<br />
the threatened species, and when the<br />
assessors were not the authors of<br />
this report, BGcI staff or interns. For<br />
full details of the assessors, contributors<br />
and reviewers, see the IUcn Red<br />
List of Threatened Species website<br />
(www.iucnredlist.org).<br />
A full list of species with their ex situ<br />
collections is found in Appendix 1.<br />
8
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
cASE STUDIES<br />
CASE STUDY 1: INTEGRATED<br />
CoNSERVATIoN ACTIoN FoR<br />
Magnolia wolfii IN CoLomBIA<br />
nearly all of colombia’s 33 Magnolia<br />
species, many of which are endemic, are<br />
threatened with extinction, as a result of<br />
habitat loss and extraction for their highquality<br />
timber. BGcI has been working<br />
with in-country partners Jardín Botánico<br />
de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe<br />
(JAUM) and Jardín Botánico Universidad<br />
Tecnológica de Pereira (JBUTP) to<br />
counteract the impact of these threats<br />
through a series of integrated in situ and<br />
ex situ conservation measures.<br />
Since 2013, work has focused on<br />
Magnolia hernandezii, Magnolia gilbertoi,<br />
Magnolia jardinensis, Magnolia silvioi and<br />
Magnolia wolfii. All these species have<br />
restricted distributions and extremely<br />
small populations, but none more so than<br />
M. wolfii. This species is only known from<br />
a single location, in the Risaralda<br />
department in west colombia, where the<br />
population is down to fewer than ten<br />
mature trees.<br />
Despite its critically Endangered<br />
conservation status, however, work<br />
carried out by BGcI and its in-country<br />
partners is ensuring that M. wolfii will have<br />
a more secure future. Propagation<br />
material collected from the wild population<br />
has been used to establish ex situ seed<br />
and living plant collections of M. wolfii at<br />
five botanic gardens in colombia. During<br />
these surveys, project staff discovered<br />
another three mature M. wolfii trees – a<br />
vital boost to the species’ tiny population.<br />
In addition to building up ex situ<br />
collections, work has been underway to<br />
reinforce existing wild populations of M.<br />
wolfii. In 2013, 400 nursery-grown<br />
seedlings were transferred to Marcella<br />
Botanical Garden which is close to the<br />
location of the only known wild<br />
population. Botanists have carried out<br />
repopulation trials to evaluate the species'<br />
growth responses under different habitat<br />
and light conditions. This work has<br />
involved the cooperation of local farmers,<br />
with 5,000 saplings of M. wolfii and other<br />
Magnolia species planted on their land.<br />
During the trial plantings, farmers and<br />
protected area staff participated in<br />
workshops providing vital training in<br />
collection, propagation and recovery<br />
techniques for Magnolia species. A<br />
broader education campaign at JBUTP<br />
communicated colombia’s unique<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> diversity and the need for<br />
its conservation to the 10,000 visitors it<br />
receives at its botanic garden each year.<br />
At the same time, JAUM succeeded in<br />
securing the inclusion of a 140ha area of<br />
tropical forest, located on the eastern<br />
slopes of colombia’s Western cordillera,<br />
within the colombian Association of civil<br />
Society natural Reserves. This area was<br />
identified during field surveys as a<br />
hotspot for Magnolia species, and it is<br />
hoped that its designation will continue<br />
to encourage local participation in<br />
developing and implementing<br />
conservation measures for M. wolfii and<br />
colombia’s other threatened Magnolia.<br />
Fruit of Magnolia wolfii<br />
9
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
CASE STUDY 2: CONSERVATION<br />
OF THREATENED Magnolia<br />
sinostellata IN ZHEJIANG<br />
PROVINCE, CHINA<br />
Since Magnolia sinostellata was first<br />
described in 1989, this highly attractive<br />
species has become a popular<br />
horticultural plant. Its popularity has<br />
proved to be its undoing, however, as<br />
widespread harvesting of specimens<br />
from wild populations for use in<br />
commercial nurseries has seen the<br />
species rapidly decline. Today only three<br />
small populations of M. sinostellata<br />
remain in the wild, in the mountains of<br />
Zhejiang province, south-east china.<br />
These populations are all showing signs<br />
of poor reproductive performance, which<br />
is further accelerating the species’<br />
decline and limiting the genetic diversity<br />
of each population.<br />
In 2015, BGcI and staff from Fairy Lake<br />
Botanical Garden, Shenzen, initiated a<br />
project to bring M. sinostellata back from<br />
the brink. The project is taking an<br />
integrated approach, with plans to<br />
establish ex situ living collections and to<br />
reinforce wild populations of the species.<br />
By the end of 2015, project staff had<br />
already successfully propagated 2,800<br />
M. sinostellata individuals, bolstering the<br />
species’ limited seed output with grafting<br />
and cutting techniques.<br />
specifically for cultivation purposes.<br />
Building local capacity in horticultural<br />
techniques will reduce their dependence<br />
on wild populations of M. sinostellata,<br />
and allow the species to recover.<br />
As well as reducing human pressure on M.<br />
sinostellata, plans are also in place to<br />
reinforce wild populations with individuals<br />
grown in ex situ collections. Efforts will<br />
focus on a population located on Mount<br />
yandang in the south-east of Zheijang<br />
province. This population has been singled<br />
out as requiring the most urgent<br />
conservation action as it currently<br />
comprises just 3-5 individuals, and is the<br />
most genetically distinct population of the<br />
three. Mount yandang is also a popular<br />
tourist destination, and provides an ideal<br />
opportunity to publicise the project and<br />
raise awareness of M. sinostellata<br />
conservation. Meanwhile, monitoring of the<br />
health and status of all three wild<br />
populations will continue, along with<br />
surveys to identify any new, as yet<br />
undocumented populations of this species.<br />
A key part of the project is to continue<br />
enabling local people to harness the<br />
horticultural and economic value of M.<br />
sinostellata without further endangering<br />
wild populations. To this end, 2015 saw<br />
the launch of a series of workshops and<br />
training courses designed to train local<br />
people and forest agency staff in<br />
propagation and cultivation techniques<br />
for M. sinostellata, with more workshops<br />
planned for 2016. Work is also underway<br />
to develop two cultivars of M. sinostellata<br />
Magnolia sinostellata sapling in a nursery (Shouzhou Zhang)<br />
10
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
CASE STUDY 3: MAGNOLIA<br />
CUBENSIS SSP. ACUNAE:<br />
A FLAGShIP SPECIES FoR ThE<br />
RESToRATIoN oF CUBAN CLoUD<br />
FoRESTS<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae is<br />
endemic to the montane rainforests of<br />
cuba’s Guamuhaya mountains. Forest<br />
clearance has destroyed much of its<br />
habitat, with most of its former range now<br />
occupied by coffee plantations, shaded<br />
by non-native invasive tree species. All<br />
remaining populations of M. cubensis<br />
ssp. acunae are located in highly<br />
fragmented or degraded habitat. The<br />
largest population lies outside any<br />
protected area boundaries, which puts it<br />
at permanent risk of clearing for further<br />
coffee plantations.<br />
The rapid decline of M. cubensis ssp.<br />
acunae and other local trees also has wider<br />
repercussions for local ecosystems and the<br />
communities living within them. The<br />
Guamuhaya cloud forests, of which M.<br />
cubensis ssp. acunae was once a major<br />
component, play an important regulating<br />
role, capturing rainwater and humid air and<br />
thus controlling soil erosion, run-off and<br />
flooding further down the watershed. This<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae<br />
ecosystem service is vital to the<br />
sustainability of the local coffee industry,<br />
but with the disappearance of much of the<br />
native cloud forest, such systems are at<br />
risk of breaking down altogether.<br />
Since 2009, BGcI has been working with<br />
in-country partners the national Botanic<br />
Gardens Havana and the cuban<br />
Botanical Society to address the decline<br />
in coverage and quality of the cloud<br />
forests in Guamuhaya. As a previously<br />
dominant structural cloud forest species<br />
which is classified as critically<br />
Endangered, and a highly attractive tree<br />
valued locally for its timber, M. cubensis<br />
ssp. acunae acts as a strong flagship<br />
species for this project.<br />
Extensive field surveys have been carried<br />
out to map the full distribution of M.<br />
cubensis ssp. acunae and to collect<br />
propagation material for establishing the<br />
first ex situ collections for the species. A<br />
major challenge in establishing ex situ<br />
collections of cloud forest species such<br />
as M. cubensis ssp. acunae is that they<br />
require very different conditions to those<br />
found in established botanic gardens in<br />
cuba. However, the project partners<br />
came up with a way of establishing ex<br />
situ collections of M. cubensis ssp.<br />
acunae that also facilitated the species’<br />
conservation in the wild.<br />
With the cooperation of local farmers,<br />
native plant nurseries have been<br />
established on coffee farms, with training<br />
given to coffee farmers and farm workers<br />
to enable them to propagate and grow<br />
M. cubensis ssp. acunae and other<br />
threatened native trees. The programme<br />
has expanded rapidly, and by 2013,<br />
propagation efforts of 12 local nurseries<br />
had raised over 1,500 individuals of M.<br />
cubensis ssp. acunae. Having started the<br />
process of controlling and eradicating<br />
non-native invasive trees from coffee<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae<br />
plantations, project staff and local farmers<br />
have been able to reinforce wild<br />
populations of M. cubensis ssp. acunae<br />
through planting out nursery-grown trees<br />
on the coffee plantations, in place of the<br />
non-native tree species.<br />
In addition to practical interventions to<br />
restore M. cubensis ssp. acunae, project<br />
partners have worked hard to raise<br />
awareness among local communities of<br />
the benefits of conserving native tree<br />
species and cloud forest habitats. In<br />
August 2013, an environmental festival<br />
“Del Monte Soy” was held in Topes de<br />
collantes to celebrate the relationship<br />
between humans and plants, highlight the<br />
value of the local flora, and to<br />
communicate the threatened conservation<br />
status of many native plants in the region,<br />
including M. cubensis ssp. acunae. One<br />
of the key focuses of the training<br />
workshops held with coffee farmers was<br />
also the importance of native tree species<br />
and habitats for local communities.<br />
Work to conserve M. cubensis ssp.<br />
acunae and its native habitat is set to<br />
continue into the future. One of the latest<br />
developments has been the provision of<br />
toolkits to coffee farmers to help them to<br />
manage their native tree nurseries<br />
independently. Two project workers<br />
continue to be available to provide advice,<br />
but it is the farmers and their communities<br />
who will lead the work to conserve M.<br />
cubensis ssp. acunae into the future.<br />
11
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
RED LIST RESULTS<br />
ThREAT STATUS<br />
All species in the family <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
published prior to December 2015 are<br />
included in this Red List assessment,<br />
totalling 304 species, which makes<br />
this Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> the most<br />
comprehensive analysis of the family.<br />
Globally, 147 species were considered<br />
threatened. Sixty species were<br />
considered not threatened (Least<br />
concern and near Threatened). The<br />
remaining species, (97) were Data<br />
Deficient (Figure 2). Data Deficient<br />
species may be either threatened or not<br />
threatened when a full assessment<br />
is possible. The recommendation for<br />
reporting this uncertainty is to give a range,<br />
which means that the proportion of<br />
threatened species is between 48-80%.<br />
More detailed summary results are found<br />
in Table 2. none of the species were<br />
considered Extinct, although two species<br />
were considered possibly extinct (Magnolia<br />
dixonii and Magnolia emarginata). Among<br />
the 60 not threatened species, there were<br />
32%<br />
48%<br />
20%<br />
Threatened<br />
Data Deficient<br />
not Threatened<br />
Figure 2. Summary of the threatened,<br />
Data Deficient and not threatened<br />
species of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>.<br />
Liriodendron chinense (Philippe de Spoelberch)<br />
IUCN Red<br />
List category<br />
Number<br />
of species<br />
Extinct 0<br />
critically Endangered 37<br />
Endangered 84<br />
Vulnerable 26<br />
Data Deficient 97<br />
near Threatened 13<br />
Least concern 47<br />
not Evaluated 10<br />
Total 314<br />
Table 2. Summary of conservation<br />
assessments for species of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>.<br />
13 species assessed as near Threatened<br />
(nT), these were species that nearly fall into<br />
a threatened category. One example is<br />
Liriodendron chinense this species is under<br />
pressure across its range from a<br />
combination of factors including habitat<br />
decline, degradation and fragmentation, as<br />
well as issues resulting from hybridisation<br />
and poor regeneration, with subsequent<br />
population reduction.<br />
Eleven infraspecific taxa were also<br />
assessed, but not included in the<br />
species-level analysis (Appendix 3a).<br />
More information on these can be found<br />
on the IUcn Red List of Threatened<br />
Species website (www.iucnredlist.org).<br />
Ten species, published recently were not<br />
evaluated (nE), as no information on<br />
these species (including the papers<br />
where the species were described) could<br />
be accessed (Appendix 3b).<br />
CRITERIA USED<br />
In order to list a species as threatened all<br />
five criteria should be used, although only<br />
a single criterion needs to be met for a<br />
species to be considered threatened.<br />
However, for many plant species there<br />
are not sufficient data available to allow<br />
all the criteria to be used. Most (77%)<br />
threatened species were assessed using<br />
criterion B, i.e. listed as threatened due<br />
to their restricted geographic range (Table<br />
3). A quarter (26%) of threatened species<br />
used criteria c and D, which are based<br />
on small or restricted population size.<br />
Only 9% of threatened species were<br />
listed using criterion A, which shows that<br />
population reductions (and generation<br />
length) are difficult to calculate for these<br />
long-lived taxa. no species were<br />
evaluated using criterion E (quantitative<br />
analysis of extinction risk).<br />
Most species were listed using a single<br />
criterion, but 16 (11%) threatened<br />
species had multiple criteria applied.<br />
criterion A 13 (9%)<br />
criterion B 113 (77%)<br />
criterion c 14 (10%)<br />
criterion D 24 (16%)<br />
criterion E 0<br />
Total<br />
164 (147 species)<br />
Table 3. The number of threatened<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> conservation assessments<br />
using the five different Red List criteria,<br />
and the percentage of threatened species<br />
assessed under each criterion.<br />
12
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
GEoGRAPhICAL ANALYSIS<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species were found in 47<br />
countries (Figure 3, Appendix 2). The<br />
country with the most species was china<br />
with 108 species (33 threatened),<br />
followed by Vietnam with 45 species<br />
(14 threatened). Seven of the ten most<br />
species-rich countries were located<br />
in East and Southeast Asia. Another<br />
centre of diversity was in the neotropics,<br />
with colombia, Mexico and Ecuador<br />
having a very high number of Magnolia<br />
species. nearly two thirds (198) of<br />
species were single country endemics.<br />
When comparing the proportion of<br />
threatened species, the neotropics<br />
(Mexico, colombia and many of the<br />
caribbean islands) showed a very high<br />
proportion of threatened species (Figure<br />
4). For most countries in the neotropics,<br />
with only a few exceptions (Brazil,<br />
Panama, El Salvador and nicaragua),<br />
more than 50% of their Magnolia species<br />
were considered threatened.<br />
As a whole, 75% of the neotropical<br />
Magnolia were considered under threat;<br />
and the neotropics have more than two<br />
thirds of the world’s most threatened<br />
Magnolia species – those found in<br />
categories critically Endangered and<br />
Endangered.<br />
Figure 3. <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species richness per country.<br />
Figure 4. The percentage of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species for each country that are threatened (excluding Data Deficient species)<br />
13
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
mAjoR ThREATS<br />
The majority of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species<br />
were found in subtropical or tropical<br />
forests, with a few species found in<br />
temperate climates. A range of threats<br />
have been recorded, associated both<br />
with the species as well as the habitat in<br />
which they grow. The threats were<br />
recorded using the IUcn threat<br />
classification scheme (IUcn 2012).<br />
The most common threats to<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> are shown in Figure 5.<br />
Logging/wood harvesting was the most<br />
significant threat to all <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
species, both threatened and not<br />
threatened. It impacted nearly half (44%)<br />
of all species. Impacts from agriculture<br />
(annual and perennial non-timber crops)<br />
accounted for the second biggest threat<br />
and was identified as a significant factor<br />
in over one third of all species (36%).<br />
Habitat loss due to livestock farming and<br />
human development were also significant<br />
factors. Other threats included collections<br />
of wild plant material and climate change.<br />
Magnolia grandiflora (Peter Timmermans)<br />
Logging & wood harvesting<br />
Annual & perennial non-timber crops<br />
Livestock farming & ranching<br />
Housing & urban areas<br />
Wild plant collection<br />
climate change & severe weather<br />
Roads & railroads<br />
Mining & quarrying<br />
Fire & fire suppression<br />
Wood & pulp plantations<br />
commercial & industrial areas<br />
Problematic species/disease of unknown origin<br />
Tourism & recreation areas<br />
Ecosystem modification<br />
Dams & water management/use<br />
number of threatened species<br />
number of non-threatened species<br />
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140<br />
Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Figure 5. Major threats to threatened and non-threatened <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species, using<br />
the IUCN threat classification system.<br />
14
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
PoPULATIoN TRENDS<br />
The population trend for each assessed<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species was also recorded<br />
as part of the conservation assessment<br />
process. These data showed that less than<br />
5% of species have a stable or increasing<br />
population; 42% of species have a<br />
documented decreasing population (Figure<br />
6). For more than half of the species<br />
assessed, the population trend was not<br />
known. This lack of information on<br />
population trends can lead to species<br />
being assessed as Data Deficient.<br />
ComPARISoNS WITh ThE 2007<br />
RED LIST oF mAGNoLIACEAE<br />
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> (cicuzza et<br />
al. 2007) included 151 <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
taxa, of which 120 were species-level<br />
assessments (Table 4). This new Red List<br />
update contains 304 species. 107<br />
species from the original publication were<br />
assessed again. The 13 species which<br />
were not evaluated again are now<br />
considered synonyms, and the accepted<br />
name has been listed instead.<br />
Decreasing<br />
Stable/Increasing<br />
Unknown<br />
13<br />
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180<br />
Figure 6. Population trends of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species.<br />
Table 4. Comparison of conservation assessments in The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> in<br />
2016 and 2007. Numbers in brackets include infraspecific taxa.<br />
128<br />
163<br />
2016 2007<br />
Threatened 147 species (152) 95 species (112)<br />
Data Deficient 97 species (92) 9 species (10)<br />
not threatened 60 species (62) 16 species (29)<br />
Total species evaluated 304 species (315) 120 species (151)<br />
Of the 107 reassessed species, most (78<br />
species) had the same conservation<br />
assessment category. However, 29 had<br />
a different rating: 12 species were given a<br />
higher category of threat, while ten<br />
species were moved from Data Deficient<br />
to another conservation rating. Seven<br />
species were categorised as less<br />
threatened (i.e. a lower category of<br />
threat), but none of these species fell out<br />
of a threatened category.<br />
compared to the 2007 publication, the<br />
2016 Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> lists 52<br />
additional species that have been<br />
identified as at risk of extinction. There<br />
are also 44 additional species that have<br />
been identified as not at risk of extinction,<br />
and, worryingly, 88 species that have<br />
insufficient information to assess their<br />
conservation status.<br />
Magnolia laevifolia<br />
15
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Ex situ SURVEy OF MAGnOLIAcEAE<br />
In addition to the conservation<br />
assessments, we also carried out an ex<br />
situ survey to assess the representation<br />
of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species in ex situ<br />
collections of botanic gardens, arboreta<br />
and seed banks around the world.<br />
All <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> records were<br />
downloaded from BGcI’s global<br />
database of plants in cultivation -<br />
PlantSearch (Box 2) (as of 26 January<br />
2016). In addition, lists of ex situ Magnolia<br />
collections sent to us from specialist<br />
collections not on PlantSearch and the<br />
chinese checklist of ex situ cultivated<br />
flora (Huang 2014) were consulted.<br />
The ex situ survey identified 9,918 records<br />
of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> from 490 institutions<br />
(Table 5). This number represents the<br />
presence of a single taxon in a collection<br />
within an institution and does not take into<br />
account the number of accessions or<br />
individuals. Only species records were<br />
included in the analysis; records of<br />
cultivars or infraspecific taxa were<br />
excluded. In total 4,476 records matched<br />
with <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species included in<br />
this Red List or with synonyms.<br />
SPECIES IN EX SITU CoLLECTIoNS<br />
Exactly half of all <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species<br />
(152 of 304 species) are found in ex situ<br />
collections. However, species in ex situ<br />
collections are often (82 of 152) those<br />
listed as Least concern or Data Deficient<br />
(Figure 8). Only 43% (63 of 147) of<br />
threatened Magnolia species (critically<br />
Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable)<br />
are found in ex situ collections (Figure 7),<br />
well below Target 8 of the Global Strategy<br />
for Plant conservation which calls for 75%<br />
of threatened plants to be held in ex situ<br />
collections (cBD 2012).<br />
Fifty-nine percent of the critically<br />
Endangered and Endangered Magnolia<br />
species (71 out of 121 species) are not<br />
number of species<br />
PlantSearch<br />
BGcI’s PlantSearch database is the only global database of plants in cultivation.<br />
It is available online, and it is free to contribute to and access. PlantSearch<br />
connects around 2,000 researchers and horticulturists to collections every year.<br />
Locations and gardens are not publicly revealed and requests can be made via<br />
blind email messages. PlantSearch is an easy way for ex situ collection holders<br />
to contribute to broader ex situ assessments, such as this survey. By uploading<br />
a taxa list to PlantSearch, collection holders can connect their collections to the<br />
global botanical community and find out the conservation value of their taxa,<br />
including the number of locations each taxon is known from globally and its<br />
current global conservation status. It is important for institutions with ex situ<br />
collections to share accurate data and keep it updated, and PlantSearch relies<br />
on collection holders to upload up-to-date taxa lists on an annual basis to<br />
ensure accuracy and enhance usability of the data.<br />
www.bgci.org/plant_search.php<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Species reported in ex situ collections<br />
14<br />
cR<br />
23<br />
36<br />
En<br />
48<br />
13 13<br />
VU<br />
Species not reported in ex situ collections<br />
Figure 7. Presence and absence of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species in ex situ collections per<br />
IUCN Red List Category.<br />
2016<br />
ex situ survey<br />
number of records 9918<br />
number of institutions 490<br />
number of countries 61<br />
7<br />
nT<br />
6<br />
40<br />
Lc<br />
7<br />
42<br />
DD<br />
55<br />
Table 5. Summary statistics for the<br />
ex situ survey of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>.<br />
16
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
reported in ex situ collections and these<br />
should be prioritised to be brought into<br />
collections. Species that are not in an<br />
ex situ collection have no safeguard in<br />
the event their wild populations are<br />
lost. Twenty-three critically Endangered<br />
species not found in collections are listed<br />
in Table 6 together with their country of<br />
occurrence; of these, 20 are endemic to<br />
the neotropics. Successful efforts have<br />
been made by BGcI to target threatened<br />
Magnolia species in these regions<br />
previously (See case Studies 1 and 3).<br />
Further efforts should be made to bring the<br />
remaining critically Endangered species<br />
into collections as soon as possible.<br />
NUmBER oF ex situ<br />
CoLLECTIoNS<br />
Sixty-two percent (39 of 63 species) of<br />
threatened Magnolia species are found in<br />
a very small number of collections (fewer<br />
than five collections), with the majority<br />
only found in a single collection (Figure 8).<br />
Species found in only a few collections<br />
do not have sufficient protection against<br />
stochastic events or loss from natural<br />
causes. Furthermore, small collection<br />
numbers are unlikely to capture sufficient<br />
genetic diversity to enable the collections<br />
to be used in restoration or reintroduction<br />
programmes.<br />
Species<br />
Magnolia calimaensis<br />
Magnolia canandeana<br />
Magnolia cararensis<br />
Magnolia cespedesii<br />
Magnolia chimantensis<br />
Magnolia coronata<br />
Magnolia dixonii<br />
Magnolia domingensis<br />
Magnolia ekmanii<br />
Magnolia emarginata<br />
Magnolia faustinomirandae<br />
Magnolia gustavii<br />
Magnolia lacandonica<br />
Magnolia manguillo<br />
Magnolia mayae<br />
Magnolia narinensis<br />
Magnolia ofeliae<br />
Magnolia pleiocarpa<br />
Magnolia sanchez-vegae<br />
Magnolia tiepii<br />
Magnolia vallartensis<br />
Magnolia virolinensis<br />
Magnolia wendtii<br />
35<br />
30<br />
Country<br />
colombia<br />
Ecuador<br />
colombia<br />
colombia<br />
colombia<br />
colombia<br />
Ecuador<br />
Haiti, Dominican Republic<br />
Haiti<br />
Haiti<br />
Mexico<br />
India, Myanmar, Thailand<br />
Mexico<br />
Peru<br />
Mexico<br />
colombia<br />
Mexico<br />
India<br />
Peru<br />
Vietnam<br />
Mexico<br />
colombia<br />
Mexico<br />
Table 6. Critically Endangered Magnolia species not in ex situ collections.<br />
non threatened<br />
Threatened<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100+ 200+<br />
Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Figure 8. Number of collections of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species.<br />
17
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
In contrast, some species are<br />
widespread among botanic gardens and<br />
arboreta around the world (Table 7).<br />
These species are generally considered<br />
not threatened, one exception being<br />
Magnolia stellata, which is listed as<br />
Endangered in the wild and is present in<br />
over 200 ex situ collections and is also<br />
widespread in general horticulture. The<br />
quality of ex situ Magnolia collections, in<br />
terms of size of collections and genetic<br />
diversity, is not included in the remit of<br />
this survey. It will be important to consider<br />
these two factors when bringing new<br />
species into collections, to maximise the<br />
conservation value of the ex situ<br />
collection. Further work on the genetic<br />
components and relevance of ex situ<br />
collections have been carried out for<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> (cires et al. 2013), and in<br />
more detail for other groups (i.e. Griffith<br />
et al. 2015).<br />
ComPARISoN WITh 2008 ex situ<br />
SURVEY oF mAGNoLIACEAE<br />
A comparison of the results from this<br />
survey with those of an ex situ survey of<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> carried out in 2008 (BGcI<br />
2008) show an increase in the number of<br />
records of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> in ex situ<br />
collections of 7,644. This is due in part to<br />
data being provided from a further 252<br />
institutions from 14 additional countries.<br />
But importantly <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species<br />
are now better conserved in ex situ<br />
collections. In addition, there are 22<br />
species that were not present in<br />
cultivation in 2008 that are now available<br />
in ex situ collections (Table 8). This shows<br />
the impact and importance of the Red<br />
List assessments and the subsequent ex<br />
situ survey highlighting and prioritising<br />
conservation action.<br />
Species<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera<br />
Magnolia grandiflora<br />
Magnolia kobus<br />
Magnolia stellata<br />
Magnolia tripetala<br />
Magnolia acuminata<br />
Magnolia virginiana<br />
Magnolia sieboldii<br />
Magnolia denudata<br />
Magnolia obovata<br />
Liriodendron chinense<br />
Magnolia macrophylla<br />
Magnolia wilsonii<br />
Magnolia figo<br />
Magnolia campbellii<br />
Table 7. Species in over 100 ex situ collections.<br />
Taxon Names<br />
Magnolia colombiana<br />
Magnolia dandyi<br />
Magnolia duperreana<br />
Magnolia espinalii<br />
Magnolia henaoi<br />
Magnolia katiorum<br />
Magnolia lanuginosa<br />
Magnolia lenticellata<br />
Magnolia longipedunculata<br />
Magnolia macclurei<br />
Magnolia mahechae<br />
Magnolia nilagirica<br />
Magnolia pallescens<br />
Magnolia platyphylla<br />
Magnolia pugana<br />
Magnolia rajaniana<br />
Magnolia sabahensis<br />
Magnolia sambuensis<br />
Magnolia striatifolia<br />
Magnolia urraoensis<br />
Magnolia utilis<br />
Magnolia vrieseana<br />
ex situ collections<br />
255<br />
225<br />
211<br />
206<br />
159<br />
157<br />
152<br />
148<br />
145<br />
136<br />
134<br />
121<br />
111<br />
103<br />
103<br />
ex situ collections<br />
1<br />
15<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
13<br />
1<br />
1<br />
20<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
9<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Red List Category<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
DD<br />
En<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
nT<br />
Lc<br />
nT<br />
Lc<br />
Lc<br />
Red List Category<br />
cR<br />
Lc<br />
DD<br />
cR<br />
En<br />
cR<br />
DD<br />
En<br />
cR<br />
Lc<br />
En<br />
VU<br />
En<br />
DD<br />
En<br />
VU<br />
Lc<br />
nT<br />
En<br />
En<br />
DD<br />
DD<br />
Table 8. Species unreported from ex situ collections in 2008 now present in ex situ<br />
collections.<br />
18
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
cOncLUSIOnS AnD REcOMMEnDATIOnS<br />
PoLICY RELEVANCE<br />
This new Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
contributes directly to Target 2 of the<br />
Global Strategy for Plant conservation of<br />
the convention on Biological Diversity,<br />
which calls for “an assessment of the<br />
conservation status of all known plant<br />
species, as far as possible, to guide<br />
conservation action” by 2020 (cBD 2012).<br />
In addition, an assessment of threatened<br />
species is also needed to ensure that<br />
Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant<br />
conservation is met. This target calls for<br />
“at least 75 per cent of threatened plant<br />
species in ex situ collections, preferably in<br />
the country of origin, and at least 20 per<br />
cent available for recovery and restoration<br />
programmes” (cBD 2012).<br />
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> aims to<br />
stimulate conservation action for<br />
Magnolia species under threat. The aim<br />
is for these conservation assessments for<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> to guide conservation<br />
action and policy decisions for the very<br />
rare and threatened species. The priority<br />
is to protect Magnolia in their natural<br />
habitats. Many of the most threatened<br />
species are still absent from ex situ<br />
collections, and should also be prioritised<br />
for targeted collection efforts.<br />
BGcI and the Global Trees campaign<br />
work with botanic gardens to enhance ex<br />
situ conservation for globally threatened<br />
Magnolia taxa where appropriate and to<br />
promote in situ conservation planning,<br />
ecological restoration and sustainable<br />
use. More information about these<br />
projects are available online<br />
(www.globaltrees.org/projects).<br />
RECommENDATIoNS<br />
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> is a step<br />
towards the Global Tree Assessment (GTA)<br />
which will provide information on the threat<br />
status of all the world’s trees. In order to<br />
achieve the GTA and, more specifically,<br />
Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
improve the conservation status for<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>, a number of conservation<br />
measures are recommended:<br />
Collect more information on Data<br />
Deficient species:<br />
• More information is needed on the<br />
large proportion of species for which<br />
there was not enough data to assess<br />
their conservation status (listed as<br />
Data Deficient).<br />
• Report any known information on<br />
these species to redlist@bgci.org to<br />
allow a full assessment to take place.<br />
• Target fieldwork and data collection<br />
for priority regions where these<br />
species occur.<br />
Ensure threatened species of<br />
magnoliaceae are conserved in situ<br />
and ex situ:<br />
• Develop ex situ conservation<br />
collections for the threatened<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species not yet<br />
represented in any ex situ collections.<br />
• Wherever possible, house ex situ<br />
collections in more than one<br />
institution and location.<br />
• Ensure genetic diversity is taken into<br />
account when building ex situ<br />
collections.<br />
• Assess the extent to which species<br />
are included in protected areas.<br />
• Develop integrated conservation<br />
action plans for the most threatened<br />
species.<br />
Raise awareness and build capacity<br />
locally and internationally:<br />
• Empower and inform communities<br />
about the uniqueness and<br />
importance of the <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
species found in their local<br />
environment.<br />
• Use local plant nurseries and planting<br />
schemes to enhance the status of<br />
the most threatened Magnolia<br />
species in the wild.<br />
• Build horticultural capacity of<br />
in-country partners and local<br />
communities, including protocols for<br />
collection, propagation and cultivation.<br />
There has been significant progress since<br />
the last Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> was<br />
produced in 2007: more Magnolia<br />
species have been discovered and<br />
described, more Magnolia species have a<br />
conservation assessment, and more<br />
Magnolia species are now conserved in<br />
ex situ collections. nevertheless, much<br />
more needs to be done in order to save<br />
many Magnolia species from extinction.<br />
Future work should focus on the<br />
recommendations above, and use the<br />
information gathered in this publication to<br />
effectively prioritise conservation action.<br />
Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez)<br />
19
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
REFEREncES<br />
Magnolia wilsonii (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
BGCI (2008) Global Survey of Ex situ<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> Collections. Botanic<br />
Gardens conservation International.<br />
Richmond, Uk. Available from:<br />
http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/glo<br />
bal_survey_of_ex_situ_magnoliaceae_c<br />
ollections.pdf (accessed: 18 September<br />
2015).<br />
Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & oldfield, S.<br />
(2007) The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong>.<br />
Fauna & Flora International. cambridge,<br />
Uk.<br />
Cires, E., De Smet, Y., Cuesta, C.<br />
Goetghebeur, P. Sharrock, S., Gibbs,<br />
D., oldfield, S., Kramer, A. & Samain,<br />
m-S. (2013) Gap analyses to support ex<br />
situ conservation of genetic diversity in<br />
Magnolia, a flagship group. Biodiversity<br />
and Conservation 22(3): 567-590.<br />
CBD (2012) Global Strategy for Plant<br />
conservation: 2011-2020. Botanic<br />
Gardens conservation International.<br />
Richmond, Uk.<br />
Griffith, m.P., Calonje, m., meerow,<br />
A.W., Tut, F., Kramer, A.T., hird, A.,<br />
magellan, T.m. & husby, C.E. (2015)<br />
can a Botanic Garden cycad collection<br />
capture the Genetic Diversity in a Wild<br />
Population?. International Journal of<br />
Plant Sciences, 176(1): 1–10.<br />
huang, hongwen (2014) A checklist of<br />
ex situ cultivated flora of China. Science<br />
Press, Beijing.<br />
IPNI (2015) The International Plant<br />
Names Index. Royal Botanic Gardens,<br />
kew, Uk. Available from:<br />
http://www.ipni.org/ (accessed: 20<br />
August 2015).<br />
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories<br />
and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUcn Species<br />
Survival commission. IUcn. Gland,<br />
Switzerland and cambridge, Uk.<br />
IUCN (2012) IUCN –CMP Unified<br />
Classification of Direct Threats.<br />
International Union for conservation of<br />
nature and natural Resources. Available<br />
from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/<br />
documents/Dec_2012_Guidance_Threa<br />
ts_classification_Scheme.pdf<br />
(accessed: 3 February 2016).<br />
Trunk of Magnolia (Lou Jost)<br />
IUCN (2013) Rules of Procedures IUCN<br />
Red List Assessment Process 2013-<br />
2016. International Union for<br />
conservation of nature and natural<br />
Resources. Available from:<br />
http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/key<br />
documents/Rules%20of%20Procedure<br />
%20for%20Red%20List_2013-2016.pdf<br />
(accessed: 18 September 2015).<br />
IUCN Standards and Petitions<br />
Subcommittee (2014) Guidelines for<br />
Using the IUCN Red List Categories<br />
and Criteria. Version 11. Prepared by<br />
the Standards and Petitions<br />
Subcommittee. Available from:<br />
http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/R<br />
edListGuidelines.pdf (accessed: 20<br />
August 2015).<br />
IUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List of<br />
Threatened Species, version 2015.4.<br />
International Union for conservation of<br />
nature and natural Resource. Available<br />
from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/<br />
(accessed: December 2015).<br />
Newton, A., oldfield, S., Rivers, m.,<br />
mark, j., Schatz, G., Tejedor<br />
Garavito, N., Cantarello, E., Golicher,<br />
D., Cayuela, L. & miles, L. (2015)<br />
Towards a Global Tree Assessment.<br />
Oryx, 49: 410-415.<br />
doi:10.1017/S0030605315000137.<br />
The Plant List (2013) The Plant List<br />
version 1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens,<br />
kew, Uk. Available from:<br />
http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed:<br />
20 August 2015).<br />
WCSP (2016) World Checklist of<br />
Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by<br />
the Royal Botanic Gardens, kew.<br />
Available from:<br />
http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed:<br />
28 January 2016).<br />
20
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
PART 2<br />
GLOBALLy THREATEnED MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES<br />
Magnolia albosericea chun &<br />
c.H.Tsoong<br />
VU D1+2<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Although little is known about Magnolia<br />
albosericea there are thought to be very<br />
few mature individuals (fewer than 1,000),<br />
across its range of evergreen<br />
broadleaved forests of southern china<br />
and northern Vietnam. It is only known to<br />
occur in three to five locations, where<br />
land use change is a plausible threat.<br />
Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable.<br />
Magnolia allenii Standl.<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Panama<br />
Locally frequent in dense forests, this<br />
species is restricted to one area of<br />
western Panama at about 1,000 m asl.<br />
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
estimated to 1,142 km 2 and the habitat<br />
is inferred to be declining in extent and<br />
quality. The primary threat is<br />
deforestation, which has caused<br />
significant declines in the past. This<br />
species is Endangered.<br />
Magnolia amoena W.c.cheng<br />
VU B1ab(iii,iv)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia amoena is found only in china<br />
but is scattered across many provinces.<br />
The population is highly fragmented and<br />
collection of flower buds for medicinal<br />
purposes is believed to be reducing its<br />
ability to regenerate. It occurs in small<br />
scattered stands in hilly lowland mixed<br />
forest so the extent of occurrence is likely<br />
to be much less than the forest extent of<br />
24,769 km 2 and is estimated at less than<br />
20,000 km 2 . It is listed as Vulnerable.<br />
Magnolia amoena (Don Mahoney)<br />
Magnolia angustioblonga (y.W.Law &<br />
y.F.Wu) Figlar<br />
En D<br />
China<br />
This species has a very limited<br />
distribution within the Maolan natural<br />
Reserve, Guizhou. It has an area of<br />
suitable forest habitat (extent of<br />
occurrence), based on remote sensing<br />
imagery and distribution data, of 4,713<br />
km 2 and an estimated 100-200 mature<br />
individuals remaining. The Endangered<br />
category is based on the small population<br />
size. The threats and cause of decline are<br />
not fully understood.<br />
Magnolia annamensis Dandy<br />
VU B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Vietnam<br />
This species is classified as Vulnerable as<br />
the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 13,949<br />
km 2 , it occurs at four locations and,<br />
although it remains common in protected<br />
areas, its range is relatively restricted and<br />
subpopulations are declining outside<br />
protected areas as a result of<br />
deforestation. The species may be<br />
reassessed as more threatened with<br />
further research.<br />
Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(ii,iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
This species is considered to be<br />
Endangered due to its restricted range. It<br />
is only known from three locations in the<br />
eastern mountain range between<br />
Santander and Boyaca and the east of<br />
cundinamarca, colombia with an extent<br />
of occurrence (EOO) of 2,385 km 2 .<br />
Further surveying is needed to determine<br />
whether the species occurs in less<br />
accessible areas. The remaining<br />
populations are under pressure from<br />
habitat conversion and logging.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia argyrothricha is considered to<br />
be Endangered as it has a restricted<br />
distribution in colombia. It is known from<br />
just four locations in the Eastern<br />
mountain range between southern<br />
Santander (Virolin and El Taladro) and<br />
central-north Boyaca (Togui and<br />
Arcabuco), with an extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) of 357 km 2 and an area of<br />
occupancy (AOO) of 135 km 2 . The<br />
forests in the region are highly disturbed<br />
and fragmented.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
21
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia aromatica (Dandy)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
En c2a(i)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia aromatica is classified as<br />
Endangered as only a few scattered<br />
stands of this important timber tree<br />
remain. Several subpopulations are<br />
reported to have become extinct in<br />
chinese provinces, largely as a result<br />
of over-exploitation of the timber.<br />
Similar pressure affects the potential<br />
subpopulations in Vietnam. The species<br />
is also threatened by habitat loss due to<br />
agricultural expansion. There are fewer<br />
than 2,500 mature individuals remaining<br />
with each subpopulation consisting of<br />
fewer than 250 mature individuals. Ex situ<br />
conservation collections have been made<br />
and reintroduction trials are taking place.<br />
Magnolia aromatica (Ouyang Zhiqin)<br />
Magnolia bankardiorum M.O.Dillon &<br />
Sánchez Vega<br />
VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador, Peru<br />
Magnolia bankardiorum is thought to be<br />
rare but more research is needed to<br />
determine the population size and trend<br />
of this species. This species’ estimated<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,250 km 2<br />
and it is present in three to four locations.<br />
The forests near Aguas Verdes where the<br />
type specimen of this species was found<br />
have been felled for coffee plantations. It<br />
is likely that this species has been<br />
extirpated in this area, but is thought to<br />
still be present further south in the Rio<br />
Alto Mayo watershed. The rest of the<br />
habitat of this species is severely<br />
deforested which is causing a continuing<br />
decline in both area and quality of habitat.<br />
Therefore, Magnolia bankardiorum has<br />
been assessed as Vulnerable.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. &<br />
Pérez castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia bankardiorum (Alvaro Perez)<br />
Magnolia bidoupensis Q.n.Vu<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia bidoupensis is endemic to the<br />
Bidoup-nuiba national Park in south<br />
Vietnam. This species has an estimated<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) of 700 km 2<br />
and occurs in fewer than five locations.<br />
continuing decline in the area and quality<br />
of habitat has been reported due to<br />
encroachment, fire and illegal logging.<br />
Therefore, this species is listed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy<br />
VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Vietnam<br />
This species is classified as Vulnerable as<br />
the potential forest distribution is 12,537<br />
km 2 , its range is severely fragmented,<br />
and its habitat is continuing to decline in<br />
area and quality.<br />
Magnolia boliviana (M.nee) Govaerts<br />
En B2ab(iii)<br />
Bolivia<br />
Magnolia boliviana occurs in very few<br />
localities in Bolivia and is predominantly<br />
found in the Amboro and Madidi national<br />
Parks. The forest habitat is threatened by<br />
ongoing deforestation, and the<br />
population is likely to be fragmented but<br />
population data are not available. The<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) is around<br />
48,709 km 2 . However, given that it has<br />
been recorded in low densities the area<br />
of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be<br />
much less than 100 km 2 . There are fewer<br />
than five locations. Therefore, this species<br />
is Endangered. The population is under<br />
pressure outside of protected areas by<br />
deforestation and needs to be monitored.<br />
Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia calimaensis is only known from<br />
a single location, where its extent of<br />
occurrence is less than 100 km 2 , in the<br />
Bajo calima in the western part of the<br />
Valle del cauca in the choco region. Its<br />
habitat is declining in extent and quality<br />
due to logging and the number of mature<br />
individuals is also declining as it is a<br />
targeted timber species.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
22
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia calophylla has a very restricted<br />
distribution and is only known from three<br />
locations at low altitude in the choco<br />
region, with an extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) of less than 5,000 km 2 . Logging<br />
and clearance for cultivation take place in<br />
the lowland forests where this species<br />
occurs causing a continuing decline in<br />
the area and quality of habitat and<br />
reducing the number of mature<br />
individuals of this species. Therefore, this<br />
species is assessed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,<br />
Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia canandeana F.Arroyo<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia canandeana is a tree endemic<br />
to Ecuador. The type collection of this<br />
species comes from a private protected<br />
area (Reserva Río canandé) with an<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) of 18 km 2 .<br />
Outside this area, the forest is being<br />
completely cleared by a logging company,<br />
through a Government concession.<br />
cleared areas are later used for<br />
agricultural and pasture land. More<br />
research is needed on the conservation<br />
status of the species inside and outside<br />
the protected area as it is unlikely that the<br />
reserve can provide for a secure and<br />
viable reproductive population. This<br />
species has been assessed as critically<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia cararensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia cararensis is only known from<br />
a single population in a strip of mature<br />
forest no more than 20 km long and 600<br />
metres wide. In addition to being<br />
exploited for its timber for roundwood<br />
and sawlogs in the Tama region, the<br />
forests in the region have been subject to<br />
land clearance for livestock and<br />
agriculture. The extent of occurrence is<br />
less than 100 km 2 , the area of occupancy<br />
is less than 10 km 2 and it is known from<br />
a single location.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En A2acd+4acd<br />
Colombia<br />
This is an endemic species found in just<br />
a few sites in colombia. The population is<br />
fragmented with few individuals at each<br />
locality, and it is estimated that the overall<br />
population has decreased by over 50%<br />
in the last 50 years and the decline is<br />
continuing. Logging is a major ongoing<br />
threat for this species and this decline is<br />
expected to carry on into the future.<br />
Therefore, this species is assessed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,<br />
Garcia, n., Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia cattienensis Q.n.Vu<br />
En B1ab(iii); D<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia cattienensis is only found in the<br />
cat Tien national Park in Vietnam. The<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than<br />
750 km 2 . It is known from a single<br />
location with fewer than 250 mature<br />
individuals. The habitat is declining in<br />
quality and extent due to illegal logging<br />
and agriculture encroachment, a trend<br />
that is likely to continue with a growing<br />
human population. Due to a very small<br />
and restricted population, Magnolia<br />
cattienensis is listed as Endangered.<br />
Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch.)<br />
Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
This is a restricted-range species, known<br />
from a single location on the western side<br />
of the eastern mountain range of<br />
the Magdalena valley, cundinamarca<br />
department, thought to have an extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km 2 .<br />
The forest areas of the region have been<br />
fragmented due to land clearance for<br />
agriculture and logging. Magnolia<br />
cespedesii has been specifically targeted<br />
for its timber. This species is critically<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia chimantensis Steyerm. &<br />
Maguire<br />
cR c2a(i); D<br />
Colombia, Venezuela<br />
Magnolia chimantensis is reported from<br />
only two localities, one in colombia and<br />
one in Venezuela. In colombia this<br />
species is located in one strip of mature<br />
forest. It is considered to be critically<br />
Endangered as the total number of<br />
mature individuals, as well as the number<br />
in the largest subpopulation, is fewer than<br />
50 and there is a continuing decline. It is<br />
also range-restricted with an area of<br />
occupancy (AOO) less than 500 km 2 and<br />
the habitat is declining due to expansion<br />
of agriculture. This species has also been<br />
exploited for charcoal extraction and<br />
timber. The natural regeneration of this<br />
species is limited and it does not exist in<br />
any ex situ collection.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Serna-<br />
Gonzalez, M.<br />
23
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
This species is only known from three<br />
locations in the western mountain range<br />
between the choco and Risaralda<br />
departments, has a restricted extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km 2 ,<br />
and occurs in an area where the forest<br />
habitats are declining due to pressure<br />
from logging activities.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia cochranei A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Honduras<br />
This is a tree endemic to Honduras where<br />
it is only known from a few localities in the<br />
departments of comayagua, cortés and<br />
yoro. Deforestation rates are high in the<br />
region which is estimated to be causing a<br />
decline in area and quality of habitat of<br />
this species. The estimated extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km 2<br />
and it is found in three to five locations.<br />
Therefore, this species is assessed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia colombiana is listed as critically<br />
Endangered as a result of its severely<br />
fragmented and restricted distribution<br />
(EOO estimated to be 77 km 2 ), as it is<br />
known only from three locations, and as<br />
there is a continuing decline in the quality<br />
of the habitat and number of mature<br />
individuals. The population is also under<br />
direct pressure from logging.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia coriacea (Hung T.chang &<br />
B.L.chen) Figlar<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia coriacea is restricted to<br />
southeast yunnan and north Vietnam<br />
with a remaining forest area of 4,190 km 2<br />
in fewer than five locations. Within this<br />
area there were 300-500 scattered<br />
individuals recorded in 2005, which is<br />
likely to have reduced recently as they are<br />
mainly outside reserves; this needs to be<br />
confirmed by another field survey. Given<br />
the small area it is likely that there are one<br />
or two subpopulations, with the majority<br />
of the recorded individuals being in one<br />
subpopulation surveyed in china.<br />
Magnolia coriacea (Weibang Sun)<br />
Magnolia coronata M.Serna,<br />
c.Velásquez & cogollo<br />
cR A2acd<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia coronata is a canopy tree<br />
endemic to colombia. It occurs in small<br />
isolated fragments of secondary forests<br />
generally located on mountain peaks. Its<br />
population has declined by over 80% (over<br />
three generations) due to the<br />
fragmentation of habitat resulting from land<br />
clearance for agriculture and livestock<br />
farming in addition to direct pressure on<br />
the species from charcoal production and<br />
roundwood. It has a restricted distribution<br />
and has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of<br />
less than 1,345 km 2 which continues to<br />
decline in area and quality.<br />
Assessors: Serna-Gonzalez, M. & Rivers,<br />
M.c.<br />
Magnolia costaricensis A.Vázquez<br />
VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Costa Rica<br />
This scarce species with a scattered<br />
distribution is endemic to costa Rica<br />
where it occurs in lowland tropical wet<br />
forest of Heredia and Limón provinces<br />
and on the border of Alajuela and<br />
Guanacaste provinces. It may also occur<br />
in cartago province. clearance for<br />
agriculture is a threat causing a<br />
continuing decline in area and quality of<br />
habitat. Its extent of occurrence is less<br />
than 15,000 km 2 and it occurs in fewer<br />
than ten locations. Therefore, this species<br />
is assessed as Vulnerable.<br />
Magnolia crassifolia F.Arroyo &<br />
Á.J.Pérez<br />
cR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia crassifolia is a large tree only<br />
known from the type locality in Ecuador.<br />
A total of six individuals (including the<br />
type specimen and two resprouting<br />
stumps) were seen in a forested hilly area<br />
of less than 10 km 2 subjected to clearing<br />
for agricultural land and included in plans<br />
for mining exploitation (Arroyo and Pérez<br />
pers. obs.). Efforts of conservation in this<br />
area, as well as exploration of nearby<br />
areas to find more individuals, are<br />
urgently needed. Increased ex situ<br />
conservation with research into<br />
propagation techniques is also an urgent<br />
priority. This species is assessed as<br />
critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Wheeler, L. &<br />
Pérez castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia crassipes (y.W.Law)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
En B2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia crassipes is classified as<br />
Endangered as it is known from one<br />
location in Guangxi, china. It has an area<br />
of occupancy less than 100 km 2 . The<br />
population is thought to be fewer than<br />
1,000 individuals in a single<br />
subpopulation. The causes of its decline<br />
need to be fully determined, but forest<br />
fires and general deforestation are<br />
impacting the species’ habitat.<br />
24
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia cristalensis Bisse<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Cuba<br />
Magnolia cristalensis is endemic to cuba.<br />
It is considered Endangered as its<br />
population is very small and severely<br />
fragmented, it is known from five<br />
locations and it has declined due to<br />
exploitation for its timber and habitat loss<br />
and degradation. The extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is 4,700 km 2 and the<br />
area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated<br />
between 350 and 500 km 2 .<br />
Magnolia cubensis Urb.<br />
VU B2ab(iii,v)<br />
Cuba<br />
Magnolia cubensis is an endemic tree to<br />
cuba. It is considered to be Vulnerable as<br />
it is found in fewer than ten locations and<br />
has an area of occupancy (AOO) below<br />
2,000 km 2 . It is threatened by<br />
deforestation, land conversion and<br />
habitat degradation. Further research is<br />
required on how best to ensure the<br />
survival of this species.<br />
Magnolia cylindrica E.H.Wilson<br />
VU B2ab(iii)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia cylindrica is classified as<br />
Vulnerable as it has an area of occupancy<br />
estimated to be between 500 km 2 and<br />
2,000 km 2 , its range is severely fragmented,<br />
it is known from only ten locations, and<br />
there is a decline in the area, extent and<br />
quality of its habitat.<br />
Magnolia cylindrica (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder &<br />
E.H.Wilson<br />
En B2ab(iii)<br />
China<br />
The subpopulations of this species are<br />
scattered and severely fragmented over two<br />
(or possibly three) provinces in china within a<br />
forest area of c. 200 km 2 . The area of<br />
occupancy is thought to be above 10 km 2<br />
(but less than 200 km 2 ) and there is a<br />
continuing decline in the extent of forest cover<br />
and the habitat quality. Magnolia dawsoniana<br />
is therefore classified as Endangered.<br />
Magnolia decastroi A.Vázquez &<br />
Muñiz-castro<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia decastroi is only known from<br />
the type locality in the lowlands of<br />
chinantla Baja, Oaxaca. This area is<br />
threatened by deforestation and habitat<br />
alterations due to plantation and<br />
pastures. climate change is also<br />
projected to alter the forest habitat<br />
here. Although there is little information<br />
on the distribution and population size,<br />
the extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
restricted and estimated to be less<br />
than 5,000 km 2 . The number of<br />
locations is five or fewer. This species is<br />
therefore listed as Endangered<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S.<br />
& Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia decidua (Q.y.Zheng)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia decidua is classified as<br />
Endangered because it is known only<br />
from one subpopulation (representing<br />
one location) which is thought to have<br />
fewer than 500 individuals, with an<br />
extent of occurrence of less than 4,000<br />
km 2 and area of occupancy less than<br />
500 km 2 . Its habitat is also declining in<br />
extent and quality due to exploitation<br />
of timber.<br />
Magnolia cubensis (Luis Roberto Gonzalez Torres)<br />
Magnolia decidua (Daniel Mosquin)<br />
25
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts<br />
cR (Possibly Extinct) B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Ecuador?<br />
Magnolia dixonii is a large tree endemic<br />
to Ecuador and restricted to low<br />
elevations. It has a highly restricted extent<br />
of occurrence (EOO), which is less than<br />
100 km 2 , and is known from a single<br />
location. This species is also under<br />
pressure from a continuing decline in area<br />
and quality of habitat due to agricultural<br />
expansion and the opening of roads. In<br />
addition, this species was recorded as<br />
used for its timber. It is only known from<br />
the type collection and has not been<br />
rediscovered for 50 years. It is therefore<br />
listed here as critically Endangered<br />
(Possibly Extinct).<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.)<br />
Govaerts<br />
VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint<br />
Vincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad and<br />
Tobago?<br />
Although there are limited data available<br />
on this species, it is suspected to be in<br />
rapid decline due to deforestation and<br />
habitat conversion. The total area of<br />
suitable forest type on all five islands is<br />
estimated to be around 6,975 km 2 but<br />
the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown.<br />
In addition to loss of habitat, Magnolia<br />
dodecapetala is also at risk from<br />
hurricanes and tropical cyclones,<br />
especially if these increase in severity<br />
and/or frequency as a result of climate<br />
change. It is classified as Vulnerable due<br />
to its restricted distribution, small extent<br />
of occurrence and the threats this<br />
species is likely to face in the future as<br />
well as existing pressures from<br />
deforestation on subpopulations which<br />
are inferred to be declining.<br />
Magnolia domingensis Urb.<br />
cR A2ac<br />
Dominican Republic, Haiti?<br />
Magnolia domingensis may possibly be<br />
extinct in Haiti where forest cover has<br />
declined by 98% over the last 300 years<br />
and only 2% of forests still remain. It<br />
occurs in a national park in the Dominican<br />
Republic but it is suspected to be<br />
undergoing a rapid and ongoing decline,<br />
owing to habitat loss and degradation. It<br />
has been assessed as critically<br />
Endangered as the population has<br />
declined by at least 80% over the last<br />
three generations due to deforestation and<br />
it is likely that the area of occupancy (AOO)<br />
of 30-35 km 2 has also been reduced.<br />
Magnolia domingensis (Emily Veltjen)<br />
Magnolia ekmanii Urb.<br />
cR A2ac<br />
Haiti<br />
Magnolia ekmanii is endemic to Haiti. In<br />
the past 100 years there has been a<br />
reduction in forest area cover in Haiti of<br />
97% causing a decline in quality and<br />
extent of habitat. The total area of<br />
remaining forest in Haiti was reduced to<br />
3-4% total land area by 2010. Magnolia<br />
ekmanii does occur in a key Biodiversity<br />
Area of Massif de la Hotte. This species is<br />
also not known in any ex situ collections.<br />
This species has been assessed as<br />
critically Endangered due to the decline<br />
in forest cover in Haiti. It is inferred that<br />
this species population has gone through<br />
a similar decline in the last three<br />
generations.<br />
Magnolia ekmanii (Emily Veltjen)<br />
Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman<br />
cR (Possibly Extinct) A2ac<br />
Haiti?<br />
Magnolia emarginata is endemic to<br />
northern Haiti. Given the extremely high<br />
deforestation rates in Haiti, combined<br />
with no recent confirmed records of<br />
individuals, the continued survival of this<br />
species has to be questioned. A major<br />
storm destroyed forest in one area from<br />
which the species was collected and it is<br />
not certain whether this species survived.<br />
It is not known to in any ex situ collections<br />
or to have been cultivated in the past.<br />
Further surveys are urgently required to<br />
determine if this species still exists in the<br />
wild. This species has been assessed as<br />
critically Endangered due to a decline in<br />
forest cover in Haiti of 97% over three<br />
generations. It is inferred that this species<br />
population has gone through a similar<br />
decline of 80-100% in the last three<br />
generations. There is a continued decline<br />
in the population and degradation of the<br />
habitat due to continued deforestation<br />
and storm damage. Any significant future<br />
event of this kind could reduce any<br />
regeneration of this species if it still exists<br />
in the wild.<br />
26
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
cR c2a(i); D<br />
Colombia<br />
The distribution of Magnolia espinalii is<br />
severely fragmented. This species is<br />
restricted to approximately ten localities<br />
with only a few mature individuals<br />
remaining in each locality. There are an<br />
estimated 50 known mature individuals<br />
remaining and there has been an overall<br />
population reduction of over 50% over<br />
three generations, due to habitat<br />
conversion and loss, which is continuing.<br />
Therefore, this species is assessed as<br />
critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,<br />
Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia fansipanensis c.B.callaghan<br />
& Png<br />
cR D<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia fansipanensis is a tree found<br />
only at a single locality in the Hoang Lien<br />
national Park, Vietnam. The population<br />
size is very small, with fewer than 50<br />
mature individuals. It is assessed here as<br />
critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Q.n.Vu & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia faustinomirandae<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia faustinomirandae is a tree<br />
endemic to chiapas, where it is only<br />
known from the municipality of Jitotol. For<br />
the last three decades no other localities<br />
have been identified. The known extent<br />
of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100<br />
km 2 . Deforestation rates are very high,<br />
with the habitat declining continuously.<br />
The habitat is also threatened by climate<br />
change in the future. This species is<br />
considered critically Endangered.<br />
Research into the distribution and legal<br />
protection for this species is urgently<br />
needed.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia gentryi A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii); D<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia gentryi is a small tree, only<br />
known from a restricted range near<br />
Pasco, Peru. It is known from fewer than<br />
200 mature individuals with the largest<br />
subpopulation having 15 individuals. The<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,703 km 2<br />
and the number of locations is two to<br />
four. The species’ habitat is threatened by<br />
cattle ranching and slash and burn<br />
agriculture. This species is assessed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F.<br />
Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia georgii is a range-restricted<br />
species, with extent of occurrence (EOO)<br />
of less than 5,000 km 2 . It is known from<br />
two locations in forests that are<br />
fragmented due to pressure from habitat<br />
conversion for agriculture and roads. It has<br />
a very restricted altitudinal distribution. This<br />
species has experienced a continuing<br />
decline in area and quality of habitat due to<br />
deforestation for agriculture and<br />
infrastructure. The number of mature<br />
individuals is also likely to be declining as<br />
this species is used for timber. Therefore,<br />
this species is assessed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia gilbertoi is Endangered based<br />
on its extent of occurrence (EOO) of a<br />
maximum of 1,752 km 2 and its existence<br />
at a limited number of locations (five). The<br />
forest habitat is fragmented and<br />
declining. The number of individuals<br />
continues to decline with deforestation<br />
and use for timber.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.c.cheng)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
cR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia grandis was previously<br />
assessed as Vulnerable in 1998, but a<br />
survey in 2005 revealed this species is<br />
highly threatened and has suffered<br />
substantial population declines due to<br />
habitat loss, primarily for agricultural<br />
expansion and logging. Although<br />
previously recorded from two provinces,<br />
the few remaining known individuals exist<br />
in one location and are threatened by a<br />
continuing decline in the area, extent and<br />
quality of habitat. The area of occupancy<br />
is less than 10 km 2 and the population is<br />
fewer than 50 individuals.<br />
Magnolia grandis (Weibang Sun)<br />
Magnolia guanacastensis A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Magnolia guanacastensis is a rare<br />
species distributed in the northwestern<br />
part of costa Rica. The total extent of<br />
occurrence is less than 1,500 km 2 and it<br />
occurs in fewer than five locations. There<br />
are high rates of deforestation threatening<br />
the habitat quality and extent of the<br />
species. Therefore, this species has been<br />
assessed as Endangered.<br />
27
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia guatapensis is endemic to<br />
colombia. The species is listed as<br />
Endangered based on its extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) measuring 2,800 km 2 .<br />
There is evidence that a large abundant<br />
subpopulation once existed but it is now<br />
limited to just two or three locations in<br />
Antioquia. It is found in relict forest<br />
patches which have survived general<br />
habitat conversion, logging and flooding<br />
following hydrological projects.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,<br />
Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jiménez<br />
Ram., k.Vega & cruz Durán<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
This species is classified as Endangered<br />
as it is only known from cloud forest in<br />
Guerrero. The extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) is estimated to be less than 4,000<br />
km 2 and it occurs in four locations. This<br />
species is threatened by current<br />
deforestation and future climate change,<br />
which is expected to cause a decline in<br />
the area and quality of habitat. Therefore,<br />
this species is assessed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S.,<br />
Martínez Salas, E. & Wheeler, L.<br />
Magnolia gustavii king<br />
cR c2a(i)<br />
India, Thailand<br />
Magnolia gustavii was classified as<br />
Vulnerable in 1998 when the population<br />
was believed to be fewer than 1,000<br />
individuals. Since then the area of forest<br />
cover has decreased and the number of<br />
individuals has declined substantially, and<br />
there are believed to be fewer than 50<br />
individuals in India. Subpopulations in<br />
Thailand are small and scattered. There<br />
is no population information for Myanmar<br />
and only a single tree has been recorded<br />
from across the border of Thailand. It is<br />
thought that there are fewer than 250<br />
mature individuals of this species and<br />
recruitment rates are very low with an<br />
estimated germination failure of 40-55%.<br />
no seedlings have been recorded from<br />
Thailand since its discovery there. It is<br />
likely that there are fewer than 50 mature<br />
individuals in each subpopulation.<br />
Therefore, this species has been<br />
assessed as critically Endangered.<br />
Magnolia hamorii Howard<br />
En B1ab(i,iii)<br />
Dominican Republic<br />
The extent of occurrence of this species<br />
is estimated to be less than 2,857 km 2<br />
and it is known from at most five<br />
locations. It is likely that the population is<br />
fewer than 2,500 individuals as it is found<br />
in small stands but there is no survey<br />
data to support this. Deforestation has<br />
caused a significant decline in the extent<br />
of occurrence and quality of habitat.<br />
concessions for bauxite and limestone<br />
mining have been granted in the area.<br />
Magnolia henaoi (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia henaoi is endemic to Huila<br />
department, colombia, and restricted to<br />
just two locations within the national Park<br />
cueva de Los Guacharos, with an extent<br />
of occurrence of c. 3,056 km 2 and an<br />
area of occupancy of less than 100 km 2 .<br />
Both populations are very small and<br />
exhibit little natural regeneration; in a<br />
recent expedition only a single adult was<br />
seen but no saplings were found. The<br />
major threat is logging of this species.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En A2cd<br />
Colombia<br />
The forest fragments where Magnolia<br />
hernandezii, an endemic to Antioquia<br />
department, is found contain small<br />
isolated subpopulations. The species is<br />
considered Endangered, based on<br />
estimates that the population has been<br />
reduced by over 50% in the last three<br />
generations due to overharvesting and<br />
declines in the extent and quality of its<br />
habitat. This species is known from more<br />
than 20 localities, some of which can be<br />
found in protected areas.<br />
Magnolia hongheensis (y.M.Shui &<br />
W.H.chen) V.S.kumar<br />
VU B1ab(iii)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia hongheensis is classified as<br />
Vulnerable as it is known from fewer than<br />
ten locations and is restricted to<br />
southeast yunnan where the extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is estimated as 8,392<br />
km 2 . There is widespread deforestation<br />
throughout yunnan and so it is estimated<br />
that there is a continuing decline in the<br />
area and quality of the habitat.<br />
Magnolia gustavii (Piya Chalermglin)<br />
Magnolia hamorii (Emily Veltjen)<br />
28
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia iltisiana A.Vázquez<br />
VU B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Mexico<br />
This large tree from Jalisco and<br />
Michoacán in Mexico is a range-restricted<br />
species, known from fewer than ten<br />
locations. The extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) is 15,900 km 2 and deforestation<br />
poses a threat to the quality and extent<br />
of the habitat of the species. In addition,<br />
the species is selectively logged for its<br />
valued timber. These threats are likely to<br />
continue, and this species is listed as<br />
Vulnerable.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,<br />
E. & Samain, M.S.<br />
Magnolia inbioana A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Magnolia inbioana is endemic to costa<br />
Rica where it grows in primary forest and<br />
land transformed for pasture. The<br />
estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
2,798 km 2 and it is thought to occur in<br />
fewer than five locations. There is a<br />
general threat of land conversion to<br />
pasture in the area. Therefore, this<br />
species is assessed as Endangered.<br />
Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Brazil<br />
Magnolia irwiniana is considered to be<br />
Endangered as it has an extent of<br />
occurrence of c. 5,000 km 2 , is known<br />
from fewer than five locations and is<br />
undergoing a continuing decline in its<br />
extent and quality of habitat.<br />
Magnolia jaenensis Marcelo-Peña<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Ecuador, Peru<br />
Magnolia jaenesis is a medium-sized tree only<br />
known from the Jaen province, Peru and<br />
Zamora chinchipe, Ecuador. Its forest habitat<br />
is severely threatened as a result of logging<br />
and expansion of pasture lands and<br />
agriculture causing a continuing decline in the<br />
area and quality of habitat. Its wood has high<br />
local demand causing a continuing decline in<br />
the number of mature individuals. The<br />
estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is less<br />
than 1,000 km 2 and it is thought to occur in<br />
two locations. Therefore, this species is<br />
assessed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia jaliscana A.Vázquez &<br />
R.Guzmán<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia jaliscana has a restricted<br />
distribution in Jalisco, Mexico, occurring<br />
along riverines of the southern slopes of the<br />
Sierra de Manantlán, between 700 and<br />
1,000m asl. It also occurs in colima. Its<br />
habitat is threatened by high rates of<br />
deforestation for conversion to pasturelands.<br />
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than<br />
3,000 km 2 , and there is a continuing decline<br />
in mature individuals and habitat quality and<br />
extent. This species is therefore listed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia jardinensis M.Serna,<br />
c.Velásquez & cogollo<br />
cR c2a(i); D<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia jardinensis, endemic to Jardin<br />
Municipality, Antioquia Department (colombia)<br />
has fewer than 50 mature individuals<br />
remaining following habitat conversion and<br />
fragmentation. In addition, the species is<br />
targeted by selective logging. This species is<br />
suffering from continuing decline, and as the<br />
population is small, no subpopulation is bigger<br />
than 50 mature individuals. The species is<br />
listed as critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A, Rivers,<br />
M.c. & Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna)<br />
Magnolia juninensis F.Arroyo<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia juninensis is a tall tree from<br />
Peru. The estimated extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) for this species is<br />
987 km 2 and it occurs in three<br />
locations. This species is threatened<br />
by selective logging for its wood and<br />
expanding coffee cultivation, which<br />
are causing continuing decline in its<br />
habitat and the number of mature<br />
individuals. It is listed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F.<br />
Magnolia kachirachirai (kaneh. &<br />
yamam.) Dandy<br />
En B1ab(i,iii)<br />
Taiwan<br />
Magnolia kachirachirai is classified as<br />
Endangered based on its extent of<br />
occurrence of 2,158 km 2 , its severely<br />
fragmented population and<br />
occurrence at fewer than five<br />
locations. Further research is required<br />
on the population declines and<br />
conservation efforts should focus on<br />
protecting the remnant individuals.<br />
The area of its habitat has significantly<br />
declined and deteriorated due to<br />
increased human settlement and<br />
urbanisation in Taiwan.<br />
29
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia katiorum is currently only known<br />
from a single locality which has been<br />
highly degraded and fragmented due to<br />
habitat conversion for livestock, banana<br />
plantations and the construction of<br />
access roads for logging. It was previously<br />
assessed as Endangered in 1998 but the<br />
extent of occurrence has decreased from<br />
842 km 2 to less than 100 km 2 .<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia katiorum (Marcela Serna)<br />
Magnolia kichuana A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia kichuana is a rare tree present<br />
in forests along the central and southern<br />
part of the eastern Andean piedmont<br />
in Ecuador growing between 800-<br />
1,800m asl. This area is heavily disturbed,<br />
presenting a high rate of deforestation<br />
and forest fragmentation, due to<br />
agricultural activities and urban<br />
expansion. Within its range this species<br />
has been reported in two protected<br />
areas. However, its scarce presence and<br />
the threats outside these areas may<br />
negatively affect the viability of the<br />
population. The estimated extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) of this species is 4,580<br />
km 2 and it occurs in three to five<br />
locations. Therefore, this species is<br />
assessed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia krusei J.Jiménez Ram. &<br />
cruz Durán<br />
En B2ab(i,ii,iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia krusei is considered to be<br />
Endangered as it has an area of<br />
occupancy less than 500 km 2 , and is<br />
known from only two locations with a<br />
continuing decline in its extent of<br />
occurrence, area of occupancy and<br />
quality of habitat. It only remains in one<br />
locality in central Guerrero and has also<br />
been recorded in Oaxaca, which have<br />
could been part of its native range before<br />
all the trees were logged.<br />
Assessor: Luna-Vega, I.<br />
Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & noot.<br />
VU B2ab(v)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia kwangsiensis is classified as<br />
Vulnerable as the area of occupancy is<br />
estimated to be less than 2,000 km 2 , it is<br />
known from only three locations and the<br />
number of individuals continues to<br />
decrease as it is exploited for its timber. It<br />
occurs in a small area in three<br />
subpopulations where the population is<br />
fragmented. A survey is required to<br />
determine the number of individuals<br />
remaining.<br />
Magnolia lacandonica A.Vázquez,<br />
Pérez-Farr. & Mart.-camilo<br />
cR c2a(i)<br />
Mexico, Guatemala?<br />
Magnolia lacandonica is a large tree<br />
known only from Lacandonian tropical<br />
rainforests in chiapas. Its extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is up to 13,000 km 2 .<br />
The population is thought to consist of<br />
fewer than 250 mature individuals and<br />
the largest subpopulation consists of 13<br />
mature trees. It occurs in rainforest<br />
habitats that are severely fragmented and<br />
declining outside protected areas due to<br />
logging and the rapid expansion of<br />
agriculture, pasture and human<br />
settlement. The number of mature<br />
individuals are declining. These threats<br />
are likely to continue. This species is<br />
listed as critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia lacandonica (Marie-Stephanie Samain)<br />
Magnolia lacei (W.W.Sm.) Figlar<br />
En D<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia lacei is known from fewer than five<br />
localities with an estimated 50-60 mature<br />
individuals in china, and fewer than 200<br />
individuals in Vietnam. It is therefore<br />
classified as Endangered based on the<br />
number of mature individuals being fewer<br />
than 250. It requires further study,<br />
particularly on the subpopulations in<br />
Vietnam. The threats to the species are also<br />
not known, and further efforts to secure in<br />
situ and ex situ collections are desired.<br />
Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia lenticellata is known from three<br />
locations in colombia in the Antioquia<br />
department, the choco region and the Murri<br />
and Penderisco river basins. One<br />
subpopulation is located within a protected<br />
area, but the other two subpopulations are<br />
exposed to both timber exploitation and<br />
habitat degradation. This species has an<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) of 537 km 2 and<br />
is found in three locations. There is<br />
continuing decline in area and quality of<br />
habitat due to deforestation and decline in<br />
number of mature individuals due to<br />
selective logging for wood. Therefore, this<br />
species is assessed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M. &<br />
Garcia, n.<br />
30
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia lenticellata (Abel Alan Marcarini)<br />
Magnolia longipedunculata<br />
(Q.W.Zeng & y.W.Law) V.S.kumar<br />
cR D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia longipedunculata is considered<br />
to be critically Endangered due to its very<br />
small population (only 11 individuals<br />
found in last survey) known from only one<br />
locality in Guangdong. conservation<br />
efforts are addressing this through<br />
reinforcement planting, the establishment<br />
of a new population and ex situ<br />
conservation research.<br />
Magnolia longipedunculata (Yang Keming)<br />
Magnolia lotungensis chun &<br />
c.H.Tsoong<br />
En A2a; c1<br />
China<br />
Magnolia lotungensis is classified as<br />
Endangered as the total population size is<br />
now thought to be fewer than 2,500<br />
mature individuals. This species has<br />
suffered a population decline of over 50%<br />
in china; although the timescale is<br />
uncertain, it is estimated that the decline<br />
occurred over the last two generations. It<br />
was previously thought to be near<br />
Threatened but logging and deforestation<br />
have caused further declines and<br />
fragmentation of the population.<br />
Magnolia lucida (B.L.chen & S.c.yang)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia lucida is known only from yunnan<br />
in china and is considered to be<br />
Endangered due to its restricted<br />
distribution (extent of occurrence is<br />
estimated as under 5,000 km 2 ), single<br />
location and continuing decline in habitat<br />
quality. There are no published data or<br />
information available on population trends<br />
or threats and further research is required.<br />
Magnolia lucida (Zhangzhugang)<br />
Magnolia madidiensis A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Bolivia<br />
Magnolia madidiensis is endemic to the<br />
Madidi national Park. Surrounding forests<br />
are declining due to logging and<br />
conversion for agriculture and pasture<br />
which is likely to be causing a decline in<br />
area and quality of the habitat for this<br />
species. The estimated extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is less than 4,000 km 2<br />
and it is found in three or fewer locations.<br />
Therefore, this species is assessed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Magnolia neomagnifolia (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
This species has a restricted distribution,<br />
an EOO between 1,000-5,000 km 2 and is<br />
known from only four localities. The<br />
remaining unprotected trees of Magnolia<br />
neomagnifolia are under pressure from<br />
habitat degradation and direct exploitation<br />
for its timber, which is resulting in a<br />
continuing decline in habitat quality and<br />
the number of mature individuals.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia mahechae (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
This species is listed as Endangered as it<br />
has a very limited distribution (EOO is less<br />
than 1,000 km 2 ) and is known from just<br />
two locations, with one subpopulation<br />
partly protected within difficult-to-access<br />
areas of Farallones de cali national Park.<br />
Magnolia mahechae is being selectively<br />
logged and is under pressure from<br />
habitat degradation and fragmentation. It<br />
was previously thought to be critically<br />
Endangered but recent work by<br />
colombian botanists has resulted in this<br />
revised category.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
31
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia manguillo Marcelo-Peña &<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
cR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia manguillo is a tree only known<br />
from one locality at the Bosques de<br />
Huamantanga protected area, in Jaen<br />
province, Peru. Its forest habitat is<br />
severely threatened because of logging,<br />
expansion of pasturelands and<br />
subsistence agriculture. It has a very<br />
restricted distribution with an extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) and an area of<br />
occupancy (AOO) of both 1-4 km 2 and<br />
only one location. This species is<br />
assessed as critically Endangered.<br />
Magnolia mannii (king) Figlar<br />
VU B1ab(i,iii)<br />
India<br />
This species is classified as Vulnerable<br />
based on the potential forest distribution<br />
of 19,491 km 2 . It is known from fewer<br />
than ten locations and the forest area is<br />
continuing to decline in area and quality<br />
due to deforestation.<br />
Magnolia mayae A.Vázquez & Pérez-<br />
Farr.<br />
cR c2a(i); D<br />
Guatemala, Mexico<br />
Magnolia mayae is currently only known<br />
from six localities in chiapas, Mexico and<br />
Guatemala. It has a restricted range, with<br />
an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,000<br />
km 2 . The lower montane rainforest where<br />
this rare species occurs is threatened by<br />
conversion for agriculture, pasture and<br />
coffee plantations. Recent studies show<br />
that fewer than 25 individuals are known,<br />
with 12 or fewer adult individuals. Due to<br />
this very small population size, this<br />
species is listed as critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,<br />
E. & Samain, M.S.<br />
Magnolia mayae (Marie-Stéphanie Samain)<br />
Magnolia mexicana Dc.<br />
VU B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia mexicana is a large tree<br />
confined to central Mexico. It consists of<br />
relict subpopulations. The extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is 15,000 km 2 and the<br />
number of locations is around ten. The<br />
number of mature trees continues to<br />
decline as it used for its timber and its<br />
habitat is also threatened by<br />
deforestation and land use change. It is<br />
likely to occur in the Biosphere Reserve<br />
of Los Tuxtlas. It is listed as Vulnerable<br />
due to its restricted range.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,<br />
E. & Samain, M.S.<br />
Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts<br />
VU B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Cuba<br />
Magnolia minor is a tree endemic to<br />
cuba. It is at risk of extinction due to its<br />
restricted range. The extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000<br />
km 2 and it is known from eight locations.<br />
It is a scarce species found in the Sierra<br />
Maestra where the habitat has been<br />
significantly disturbed. Logging is also a<br />
significant threat. It is necessary to<br />
determine how many individuals occur in<br />
national parks and what proportion of the<br />
population is not protected from logging.<br />
Without conservation actions this species<br />
is at risk of further decline. It is assessed<br />
as Vulnerable.<br />
Assessors: cuban Plant Specialist<br />
Group, Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Panama<br />
This species is relatively unstudied and<br />
very little is known about it except that<br />
the potential forest distribution (extent of<br />
occurrence) is 890 km 2 and the forest<br />
area is continuing to decline in area and<br />
quality, which classifies the species as<br />
Endangered. It is only known from a small<br />
area in Panama, at fewer than five<br />
locations, and based on satellite imagery<br />
there is not much forest remaining within<br />
its area of distribution.<br />
Magnolia multinervia A.Vázquez<br />
VU D2<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Magnolia multinervia has a very restricted<br />
range, known from one locality at Limón<br />
province in costa Rica. It grows at an<br />
altitude of 600m asl. in the La Amistad<br />
International Park. This species is<br />
relatively well protected but if<br />
encroachment into the park occurs this<br />
species could become threatened by<br />
agriculture and expansion of human<br />
settlements. This would mean that this<br />
species could be driven to critically<br />
Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in a very<br />
short time frame. Therefore, Magnolia<br />
multinervia is assessed as Vulnerable.<br />
Magnolia nana Dandy<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Vietnam<br />
This species is classified as Endangered<br />
as it is endemic to a small area of<br />
Vietnam with a potential forest distribution<br />
and extent of occurrence of 2,984 km 2 ,<br />
in which it occurs at fewer than five<br />
locations. The forest is continuing to<br />
decline in area and quality of habitat. A<br />
survey of the habitat of this species would<br />
be valuable to assess conservation<br />
measures that can be implemented.<br />
32
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(i,iii)<br />
Colombia<br />
This species is only known from a single<br />
location with a restricted distribution<br />
(extent of occurrence (EOO) under 100<br />
km 2 ), and is considered at high risk of<br />
extinction. Research into its current<br />
population status is urgently required<br />
since it has not been collected since<br />
1973. The remaining habitat is under<br />
pressure from degradation and<br />
fragmentation due to timber extraction<br />
and conversion to agriculture. It has been<br />
impossible to revisit the type locality in<br />
recent years due to illegal plantations. This<br />
species is listed as critically Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,<br />
Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B2ab(iii)<br />
Columbia, Ecuador<br />
Magnolia neillii is considered to be<br />
Endangered as it occurs in few localities<br />
with an area of occupancy between 44<br />
and 500 km 2 based on collection<br />
records. It is threatened by habitat loss<br />
and fragmentation in Ecuador and<br />
colombia.<br />
Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar<br />
VU A2cd<br />
India, Sri Lanka<br />
This species is under severe threat due<br />
to logging for good quality timber. Rapid<br />
deforestation in its range of natural<br />
habitat has resulted in population decline.<br />
In the cAMP workshop organised at<br />
Bangalore in 1997 it was collectively<br />
agreed by experts that 40% of the wild<br />
population in its natural habitat had<br />
declined in the past three generations<br />
(180 years). As the situation has not<br />
improved it is inferred that this status is<br />
still valid. The species is therefore<br />
assessed as Vulnerable.<br />
Assessors: Haridasan, k., Ved, D., Saha,<br />
D. & Ravikumar, k.<br />
Magnolia nilagirica (Sureshmagnolia)<br />
Magnolia nitida W.W.Sm.<br />
VU A2cd<br />
China, Myanmar<br />
Magnolia nitida was thought to be<br />
restricted to china but it has also been<br />
described from north Myanmar. There is<br />
no information about the population size<br />
in Tibet and Myanmar but the population<br />
overall has declined significantly as a<br />
result of logging. Population decline is<br />
estimated to have been at least 30% in<br />
the past three generations, due to poor<br />
regeneration and exploitation.<br />
Magnolia nitida (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia nuevoleonensis A.Vázquez<br />
& Domínguez-yescas<br />
En B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia nuevoleonensis is a large tree<br />
endemic to nuevo Leon in Mexico. It is<br />
very restricted in range, and only occurs<br />
at two locations with an area of<br />
occupancy (AOO) of 4 km 2 and an extent<br />
of occurrence (EOO) of less than 280<br />
km 2 . It is also affected by a decline in<br />
AOO and in habitat quality and extent<br />
due to deforestation and land use<br />
change. This species is listed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Magnolia oaxacensis A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(v)<br />
Mexico<br />
This species is only known from the<br />
Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca, Mexico. It has<br />
an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less<br />
than 1,000 km 2 and is found in fewer than<br />
five locations. The main threat to this<br />
species is its restricted range and there<br />
is a projected decline in mature<br />
individuals due to poor recruitment. Only<br />
scattered trees have been observed, with<br />
no seedlings or saplings nearby. This<br />
species is listed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,<br />
E. & Samain, M.S.<br />
Magnolia odora (chun) Figlar & noot.<br />
VU c1<br />
China, Laos, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia odora is classified as<br />
Vulnerable, although it is widespread in<br />
china, Vietnam and Laos. Mature trees<br />
are reportedly rare. Experts believe fewer<br />
than 10,000 individuals remain.<br />
Population declines have occurred<br />
because of extensive logging, habitat<br />
clearance and urbanisation over<br />
decades, a trend that is not likely to be<br />
reversed. Although the exact decline is<br />
not known, it is thought to be more than<br />
10% over the last 30-45 years (three<br />
generations).<br />
33
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia odoratissima y.W.Law &<br />
R.Z.Zhou<br />
En D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia odoratissima is considered to<br />
be Endangered due to its restricted<br />
population size. It is also under threat<br />
from timber extraction and a decline in<br />
habitat, which are continuing to occur in<br />
yunnan. It is estimated to have only 200<br />
mature individuals surviving. It has been<br />
successfully propagated in ex situ<br />
collections and has been reintroduced so<br />
the population may be increasing but the<br />
number of individuals is still very low and<br />
regeneration is slow. The survival of this<br />
species will depend on these<br />
conservation efforts to save it.<br />
Magnolia officinalis Rehder &<br />
E.H.Wilson<br />
En A2bd<br />
China<br />
Magnolia officinalis is a large tree found in<br />
broad-leaved forests in central china. It is a<br />
very important medicinal species. Although<br />
it has an overall wide distribution in china,<br />
the wild population is thought to mainly<br />
exist in protected areas. The decline in<br />
native forest habitat and the impacts of<br />
bark stripping of wild trees has caused a<br />
severe decline in the number of individuals<br />
of Magnolia officinalis of at least 50% in the<br />
last three generations. It is therefore<br />
assessed as Endangered. Today the<br />
species is widely cultivated in order to<br />
supply bark to the commercial market.<br />
Magnolia ovoidea (Hung T.chang &<br />
B.L.chen) V.S.kumar<br />
cR D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia ovoidea is classified as critically<br />
Endangered as there are fewer than 50<br />
individuals in four subpopulations, with<br />
fewer than 30 individuals in each<br />
subpopulation, remaining in yunnan.<br />
Magnolia pacifica A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia pacifica is considered to be<br />
Endangered as its extent of occurrence<br />
is 4,732 km 2 , it is known from fewer than<br />
five locations and is facing continuing<br />
declines in the area and quality of its<br />
habitat as a result of deforestation.<br />
Magnolia odoratissma (Yang Keming)<br />
Magnolia ofeliae A.Vázquez & cuevas<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia ofeliae is only known from the<br />
type locality. It is extremely rare, despite<br />
intensive explorations in the Talpa de<br />
Allende region and elsewhere in Jalisco.<br />
The area is currently undergoing<br />
deforestation for conversion to pasture<br />
lands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
less than 100 km 2 and it is known from a<br />
single location. It is considered critically<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia officinalis (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia omeiensis (W.c.cheng)<br />
Dandy<br />
cR c2a(i)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia omeiensis is classified as<br />
critically Endangered as there are only<br />
100 individuals recorded to be remaining<br />
in the wild, with a maximum of 50 mature<br />
individuals in the largest subpopulation.<br />
All are male. Logging appears to be<br />
continuing in the area and no special<br />
protection is yet in place to ensure that<br />
the population remains intact. The<br />
potential forest distribution for the species<br />
is 1,910 km 2 .<br />
Magnolia pacifica (Yyoorrkk)<br />
Magnolia palandana F.Arroyo<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia palandana is a large tree only<br />
known from the province of Zamora<br />
chinchipe, Ecuador. The extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is 484 km 2 and there<br />
are three locations. The habitat is<br />
declining due to expansion of agriculture<br />
and livestock farming. This species is<br />
assessed as Endangered. More research<br />
is needed into the population size and<br />
trend, and on the threats to this species.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
34
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia palandana (Alvaro Perez)<br />
Magnolia pallescens Urb. & Ekman<br />
En B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)<br />
Dominican Republic<br />
This species is considered to be<br />
Endangered because its extent of<br />
occurrence is c. 2,703 km 2 , its area of<br />
occupancy is c. 447 km 2 , and it is known<br />
from fewer than five locations. The extent<br />
of the decline of Magnolia pallescens is<br />
unknown and there has been no<br />
evidence of recovery or regeneration.<br />
Deforestation has caused a significant<br />
decline in the extent of occurrence and<br />
quality of habitat. It remains unclear if this<br />
species is recovering or if subpopulations<br />
are stable in the protected reserves<br />
depending on management. This species<br />
has a high risk of becoming further<br />
threatened without monitoring and<br />
management of the reserves.<br />
Magnolia pallescens (Scott Zona)<br />
Magnolia pastazaensis (Alvaro Pérez)<br />
Magnolia pastazaensis F.Arroyo &<br />
Á.J.Pérez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia pastazaensis is a large tree<br />
endemic to Ecuador. Its extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is less than 2,500 km 2 ,<br />
it is known from five locations, and there<br />
are continuing declines in the quality and<br />
area of habitat due to agriculture and<br />
cattle ranching. This species is found in<br />
three protected areas although all of<br />
these are small. This species is assessed<br />
as Endangered. More research is needed<br />
on the distribution, population size and<br />
threats to this species.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia patungensis (Hu) noot.<br />
En c2a(i)<br />
China<br />
This species is listed as Endangered<br />
due to a population size of fewer than<br />
2,500 mature individuals, subpopulations<br />
consisting of ten or fewer individuals and<br />
ongoing declines in habitat.<br />
Magnolia pealiana king<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
India<br />
This species is classified as Endangered<br />
as it is restricted to Assam with a<br />
potential forest distribution of 1,765 km 2 ,<br />
and is found in fewer than five locations.<br />
Habitat loss is continuing throughout the<br />
species’ range.<br />
Magnolia pedrazae A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia pedrazae is endemic to Landa de<br />
Matamoros and Jalpan, Querétaro, where<br />
it is known from the type locality and<br />
surroundings. The known extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) is 180 km 2 in up to three<br />
locations. There is a continuing decline in<br />
the extent and quality of its habitat due to<br />
wood extraction and pastureland<br />
expansion. It occurs in a protected natural<br />
area (Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve). no<br />
ex situ collections are known. This species<br />
is listed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Wheeler, L., culverhouse, F.,<br />
Samain, M.S., Martínez Salas, E. &<br />
Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia perezfarrerae A.Vázquez &<br />
Gómez-Domínguez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia perezfarrerae is known from three<br />
locations in an extent of occurrence (EOO)<br />
of approximately 600 km 2 . Although<br />
population numbers are not known from<br />
the entire range, the population is thought<br />
to be small with only ten mature trees<br />
present at the type locality. no regeneration<br />
has been observed in the natural<br />
population but there is some local<br />
cultivation. Threats to the habitat quality<br />
and extent are from forest conversion for<br />
agriculture and pasture. Magnolia<br />
perezfarrerae is listed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
35
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
cR B1ab(i,iii)<br />
India<br />
This species is classified as critically<br />
Endangered as it is known from only one<br />
location and its overall potential forest<br />
distribution is only 123 km 2 . Occurrence<br />
within that range is considered to be a<br />
significantly smaller area with an extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) less than 100 km 2 . The<br />
Assam region has high rates of<br />
deforestation which is continuing to<br />
cause a decline in the area and quality of<br />
suitable habitat. Once an area has been<br />
disturbed this species is unable to<br />
recover. It is considered extremely rare<br />
and any remaining individuals will be<br />
unable to sustain any future populations.<br />
Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii,v); c2a(i,ii); D<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia polyhysophylla is only known<br />
from a single locality with an extent of<br />
occurrence less than 100 km 2 , and has a<br />
known population of only 12 mature<br />
individuals. Regeneration is unlikely in the<br />
degraded habitats and this previously<br />
widely exploited species faces extinction<br />
in the wild.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia portoricensis Bello<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Puerto Rico<br />
This species is classified as Endangered<br />
as it is endemic to Puerto Rican montane<br />
forests with a potential remaining forest<br />
distribution of 3,054 km 2 . The species<br />
has declined as a result of selective<br />
logging of large adult trees for its valuable<br />
timber. There is a continuing decline in<br />
habitat and the number of mature<br />
individuals and the species is currently<br />
only known from four locations.<br />
Magnolia portoricensis (Emily Veltjen)<br />
Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A.Vázquez)<br />
A.Vázquez & carvajal<br />
En B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia pugana has a very small<br />
population size. However, as the number<br />
of mature individuals is not known, it is<br />
classified as Endangered based on the<br />
extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,460 km 2 ,<br />
the area of occupancy (AOO) of 114 km 2<br />
and occurrence at two locations in<br />
Jalisco and Zacatecas. There is ongoing<br />
degradation of the species’ habitat.<br />
Magnolia quetzal A.Vázquez, Véliz &<br />
Tribouill.<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Guatemala<br />
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of<br />
Magnolia quetzal is likely less than 4,000<br />
km 2 and it occurs in fewer than five<br />
locations. Its forest habitat is fragmented<br />
and declining due to logging and the<br />
rapid expansion of pasture, agriculture<br />
and human settlements in the area.<br />
Furthermore, this species is used for<br />
firewood. These threats are likely to<br />
continue. Therefore, this species is<br />
assessed as Endangered.<br />
Magnolia rajaniana (craib) Figlar<br />
VU B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Thailand<br />
Magnolia rajaniana is classified as<br />
Vulnerable as it has a restricted extent of<br />
occurrence (11,550 km 2 ) which is<br />
continuing to decline in area and quality,<br />
and is known from no more than ten<br />
locations. The species has been<br />
exploited extensively for its timber in the<br />
past so the number of mature trees is<br />
said to have declined significantly. It may<br />
be more threatened than evaluated here,<br />
further research is needed.<br />
Magnolia rostrata W.W.Sm.<br />
En B2ab(v)<br />
China, Myanmar<br />
Magnolia rostrata is classified as<br />
Endangered as the area of occupancy<br />
(AOO) is estimated to be less than 500<br />
km 2 , the population occurs over four<br />
locations and it is heavily exploited for its<br />
bark. The population has significantly<br />
declined and if exploitation continues it has<br />
a high chance of becoming extinct. There<br />
are no current data on population size.<br />
Magnolia rostrata (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
En B2ab(iii)<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
This species is known from three<br />
populations in Vietnam and china with<br />
large distances between them. The<br />
known area of occupancy is around 500<br />
km 2 and the habitat is inferred to be in<br />
decline as a result of deforestation. It is<br />
unlikely that there is any conservation<br />
action for this species as little is known<br />
about it. Further research is required on<br />
the threats and number of individuals.<br />
36
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia rzedowskiana A. Vázquez,<br />
Domínguez-yescas & R. Pedraza<br />
En B1ab(v)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia rzedowskiana is a tree found in<br />
the cloud forest of three Mexican states:<br />
Querétaro, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo.<br />
It has a restricted range, with three<br />
locations and an extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) of 145 km 2 . This species is<br />
threatened by the use of the flowers,<br />
which often involves the cutting down of<br />
the entire mature tree. This species is<br />
listed as Endangered.<br />
Magnolia sanchez-vegae Marcelo-<br />
Peña<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia sanchez-vegae is a tree known<br />
from only one location in Amazonas,<br />
Peru. It has a narrow range and its<br />
estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
less than 100 km 2 . The habitat of this<br />
species is seriously threatened by<br />
deforestation for agriculture and pasture.<br />
Magnolia sanchez-vegae is assessed as<br />
critically Endangered.<br />
Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia santanderiana is only known<br />
from two locations in the Santander<br />
department of colombia. Within its<br />
restricted distribution, habitats are highly<br />
degraded principally due to land<br />
clearance for livestock, agriculture and<br />
construction of access roads. This is<br />
causing a continuing decline in area and<br />
quality of habitat. Its extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) is 1,090 km 2 . Therefore, this<br />
species is considered to be Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia sapaensis (n.H.Xia &<br />
Q.n.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer<br />
VU D2<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia sapaensis is a small tree found<br />
in northern Vietnam. It is known from<br />
fewer than five locations, and at the type<br />
locality only six mature individuals, have<br />
been recorded. The species is found in<br />
secondary forest and nearby areas have<br />
been cleared by fire. There are real<br />
threats from fire and clearance even<br />
within protected areas. There is clearly a<br />
risk of this species going extinct in the<br />
very near future if no further protection is<br />
given. It is listed as Vulnerable.<br />
Magnolia sargentiana Rehder &<br />
E.H.Wilson<br />
VU B2ab(iii,v)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia sargentiana was previously<br />
classified as Endangered. However, further<br />
survey work has revealed extensive and<br />
protected populations in southern Sichuan<br />
of at least 20,000 individuals. It is exploited<br />
for medicinal use and threatened by<br />
habitat clearance, although the areas<br />
where the extensive populations occur are<br />
protected within reserves. Its area of<br />
occupancy is 860 km 2 .<br />
Magnolia schiedeana Schltl.<br />
VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia schiedeana is an endemic<br />
Mexican cloud forest species. It is<br />
considered to be Vulnerable based on its<br />
extent of occurrence of 17,411 km 2 , its<br />
occurrence at five locations and a<br />
continuing decline in habitat.<br />
Assessors: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-<br />
Espinosa, M.<br />
Magnolia sharpii V.V.Miranda<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia sharpii is considered to be<br />
Endangered as its extent of occurrence<br />
(EOO) is 2,228 km 2 , its cloud forest<br />
habitats are severely fragmented and<br />
degraded and it is known from only five<br />
locations. The forests have been<br />
impacted mainly by wood extraction,<br />
clearance for agriculture, cattle grazing<br />
and fire.<br />
Assessors: Luna-Vega, I., Gonzalez-<br />
Espinosa, M. & Ramirez-Marcial, n.<br />
Magnolia sharpii (James Gaither)<br />
Magnolia sargentiana (Daniel Mosquin)<br />
37
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia shiluensis (chun & y.F.Wu)<br />
Figlar<br />
En A2ac; B1ab(iii,v)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia shiluensis is classified as<br />
Endangered as its population is thought<br />
to have declined by more than 50%<br />
during the last ten years. The extent of<br />
occurrence is less than 5,000 km 2 and it<br />
is only known from five locations in<br />
Hainan. Further research is required to<br />
determine the threats to this species and<br />
implement adequate conservation<br />
actions.<br />
Magnolia shuarorum F.Arroyo &<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador<br />
This tree species is known from three<br />
localities within Shuar native reserves in<br />
Ecuador. Despite a certain degree of<br />
protection in these areas, Magnolia<br />
shuarorum has a restricted area of<br />
occupancy (AOO; less than 500 km 2 ) and<br />
there is a lack of knowledge of this<br />
species outside these reserves. The<br />
estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
less than 1,955 km 2 . It is threatened by<br />
climate change and mining, leading to<br />
continuing declines in habitat. This<br />
species is listed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia silvioi is known from five<br />
locations in small fragments of remnant<br />
primary forests and has a restricted<br />
extent of occurrence less than 5,000<br />
km 2 . It occurs in the central mountain<br />
range in two regions in the northeast and<br />
east of the Antioquia, some areas of<br />
which have been seriously disrupted by<br />
mining activities, livestock farming and<br />
sugar cane cultivation.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia silvioi (Marcela Serna)<br />
Magnolia sinica (Jackson Xu FFI)<br />
Magnolia sinostellata (Shouzhou Zhang)<br />
Magnolia sirindhorniae (Yang Keming)<br />
Magnolia sinica (y.W.Law) noot.<br />
cR D<br />
China<br />
With only c. 50 mature individuals in the<br />
wild and 5,000-6,000 saplings in<br />
nurseries, Magnolia sinica is classified as<br />
critically Endangered on the basis of its<br />
very small population size.<br />
Magnolia sinostellata P.L.chiu &<br />
Z.H.chen<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia sinostellata is endemic to<br />
southern Zhejiang Province, china. It has<br />
an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO)<br />
of 3,100 km 2 and is found in three<br />
locations. The wild population of this<br />
species is declining in the number of<br />
individuals and the genetic diversity is<br />
decreasing. Since it was first described<br />
individuals have been taken from the wild<br />
and transferred to commercial nurseries<br />
due to its value as a garden plant.<br />
Deforestation in the area is also causing a<br />
continuing decline in area and quality of<br />
habitat. It is assessed as Endangered.<br />
Magnolia sirindhorniae noot. &<br />
chalermglin<br />
En B2ab(iii)<br />
Thailand<br />
This species is classified as Endangered<br />
on the basis of its area of occupancy of c.<br />
35 km 2 , the continuing decline in its<br />
habitat and its occurrence at fewer than<br />
three locations.<br />
Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach,<br />
noot. & culmsee<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Indonesia<br />
Magnolia sulawesiana is a large tree<br />
endemic to Sulawesi. It can be locally<br />
abundant, but is found only in three sites<br />
in the centre of Sulawesi. The extent of<br />
occurrence is 160 km 2 for the known<br />
locations of this species. The quality and<br />
extent of the habitat of this species is<br />
decreasing due to deforestation. Further<br />
botanical exploration would be beneficial<br />
to firmly establish population trends and<br />
distributions.<br />
38
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia splendens Urb.<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Puerto Rico<br />
This species is classified as Endangered<br />
as it has a potential forest distribution,<br />
based on remote sensing imagery and<br />
species distribution data, of 206 km 2 , an<br />
area of occupancy (AOO) of 20-40 km 2<br />
and is known from fewer than five<br />
locations. Further information on the<br />
status of its habitat and levels of<br />
exploitation is desirable.<br />
Magnolia splendens (Emily Veltjen)<br />
Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.)<br />
Maxim.<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Japan<br />
Magnolia stellata is considered to be<br />
Endangered based on its restricted extent<br />
of occurrence and continuing decline in<br />
the number of mature individuals and<br />
quality of habitat. It has an estimated<br />
extent of occurrence of 3,000 km 2 and is<br />
known from fewer than five locations. This<br />
species is highly threatened because of<br />
urban development and local populations<br />
are small and fragmented. It is widespread<br />
in cultivation.<br />
Magnolia stellata<br />
Magnolia striatifolia Little<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia, Ecuador<br />
Magnolia striatifolia occurs in four<br />
locations in the border region between<br />
colombia and Ecuador at very low<br />
altitudes. This places it at risk from habitat<br />
conversion for agriculture and illicit crop<br />
production. The species is being targeted<br />
for its wood, causing the number of<br />
mature individuals to continue to decline.<br />
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,907<br />
km 2 . Therefore, it is assessed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia talamancana A.Vázquez<br />
VU D2<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Magnolia talamancana is only known<br />
from the type locality on the margins of<br />
Río Urén, cantón Talamanca, costa Rica<br />
at 450m asl. It occurs in the La Amistad<br />
International Park, where the tropical<br />
forest has some protection. However, if<br />
encroachment into the park continues<br />
this species could become threatened by<br />
agriculture and expansion of human<br />
settlements; the threat of a newly planned<br />
dam also projects a decline in habitat<br />
quality and extent. If this occurs this<br />
species would be driven to critically<br />
Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in a very<br />
short time frame. Therefore, Magnolia<br />
talamancana is assessed as Vulnerable.<br />
Magnolia tamaulipana A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia tamaulipana is considered to be<br />
Endangered as the potential forest<br />
distribution for this species, based on<br />
remote sensing imagery and species<br />
distribution records, is 2,458 km 2 . There<br />
is a continuing decline in habitat and it is<br />
known from fewer than five locations. The<br />
exact causes of decline are unknown but<br />
inferred to be by past hurricane activity,<br />
poor regeneration and habitat loss.<br />
Assessors: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-<br />
Espinosa, M.<br />
Magnolia tamaulipana (James Gaither)<br />
Magnolia thailandica noot. &<br />
chalermglin<br />
VU B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Thailand<br />
Magnolia thailandica is classified as<br />
Vulnerable based on a limited extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) of 8,000-12,200 km 2 .<br />
In addition, the species is only known to<br />
occur at four locations and there is<br />
continuing decline in its habitat quality<br />
and extent, as well as a reduction in the<br />
number of mature individuals.<br />
Magnolia tiepii V.T.Tran & Duy<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia tiepii is a large tree endemic to<br />
the khanh Vinh Mountain in Vietnam. It is<br />
a range-restricted species with an extent<br />
of occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km 2<br />
and is only known from a single location.<br />
The area, extent and quality of the habitat<br />
is declining due to forest conversion to<br />
coffee plantations and agricultural land.<br />
There are no known conservation actions<br />
for this species. It is listed as critically<br />
Endangered.<br />
39
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia urraoensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia urraoensis is found in forest<br />
fragments created by land conversion for<br />
livestock and agriculture, and is subjected<br />
to overexploitation for its timber. With a<br />
restricted distribution and occurring at low<br />
densities with little or very poor natural<br />
regeneration, the species is at risk. It has<br />
an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 4,389<br />
km 2 , an area of occupancy (AOO) of 32<br />
km 2 and is known from five locations. It is<br />
assessed as Endangered on the basis of<br />
its geographic range and declining habitat.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia vallartensis A.Vázquez &<br />
Muñiz-castro<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
This species is endemic to the regions of<br />
Puerto Vallarta and cabo corrientes in<br />
Jalisco, Mexico. It is found in one location<br />
and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
estimated to be less than 100 km 2 . The<br />
forest habitat of Magnolia vallartensis is<br />
declining due to forest fires, logging and<br />
rapid conversion for pasture. There are<br />
no known ex situ collections of this<br />
species. This species is listed as critically<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia vazquezii cruz Durán &<br />
k.Vega<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia vazquezii is a cloud forest<br />
species with a very restricted distribution,<br />
found in only one location and with an<br />
extent of occurrence of less than 500<br />
km 2 . It is likely that the AOO is c. 10 km 2 .<br />
There is no regeneration and therefore,<br />
the population consisting of only 300<br />
mature individuals will continue to<br />
decrease. However, they appear to be<br />
well conserved by local people.<br />
Magnolia ventii (n.V.Tiep) V.S.kumar<br />
En B1ab(iii); D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia ventii is considered to be<br />
Endangered as it occurs at five locations<br />
in yunnan and has a very small<br />
population, estimated to be c. 100<br />
mature individuals. Its extent of<br />
occurrence is estimated to be less than<br />
5,000 km 2 , and its habitat is continuing<br />
to decline in area and quality.<br />
Magnolia ventii (Zeng Qing-Wen)<br />
Magnolia viridipetala (y.W.Law,<br />
R.Z.Zhou & Q.F.yi) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
En D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia viridipetala is a small tree found<br />
only in yunnan, china. The population is<br />
estimated to be fewer than 100 mature<br />
individuals, and the species is only known<br />
from the type locality. The population<br />
trends and any possible threats are not<br />
known. There are no known in situ<br />
conservation actions for this species, but<br />
there are five specimens growing in the<br />
South china Botanical Garden.<br />
Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
Magnolia virolinensis remains in a single<br />
location in colombia (EOO of less than<br />
100 km 2 ) where it is restricted to forests<br />
on slopes and summits with lower level<br />
forests having already been converted to<br />
agriculture.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia vovidesii A.Vázquez,<br />
Domínguez-yescas & L. carvajal<br />
En B1ab(iii,v)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia vovidesii is a large tree found in<br />
Veracruz, Mexico. It is a very range<br />
restricted species, with an extent of<br />
occurrence (EOO) of 85 km 2 at three<br />
locations. This species is threatened by<br />
severe habitat fragmentation and<br />
continuing decline in extent and quality of<br />
its habitat by an increase of pasture<br />
lands, firewood extraction, coffee<br />
plantations and human settlements. This<br />
species is listed as Endangered.<br />
However, very little is known about this<br />
species and more research is necessary.<br />
Magnolia wendtii A.Vázquez<br />
cR B1ab(iii)<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia wendtii is only known from a<br />
single collection at the type locality in<br />
Veracruz, Mexico. It is extremely rare and<br />
despite intensive explorations in the<br />
Uxpanapa and chimalapa region, no<br />
additional records of this species have<br />
been made since it was first found in<br />
1982. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is<br />
estimated to be less than 100 km 2 and<br />
the area is currently undergoing severe<br />
deforestation for conversion to pasture<br />
lands. This species is listed as critically<br />
Endangered.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia wetteri A.Vázquez<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Magnolia wetteri is a large tree restricted<br />
to the southern part of costa Rica where<br />
it is only known from the Osa peninsula.<br />
Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO)<br />
is between 40 and 1,600 km 2 and it is<br />
thought to occur in fewer than five<br />
locations. Logging has been recorded in<br />
the area where this species is found,<br />
which is thought to be causing a<br />
continuing decline in the area and quality<br />
of habitat for this species. Therefore,<br />
Magnolia wetteri is assessed as<br />
Endangered.<br />
40
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
cR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D<br />
Colombia<br />
With only a single population of three<br />
mature trees and no regeneration<br />
observed in 2006, Magnolia wolfii is<br />
critically Endangered due to habitat loss<br />
for coffee cultivation. The population is<br />
located in an isolated forest fragment<br />
within extensive agriculture plantations.<br />
Its potential area of occupancy (AOO)<br />
and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both<br />
0.2 km 2 , within a single location. A survey<br />
is necessary to see if the three trees still<br />
exist, but it is likely that this species may<br />
now be extinct in the wild. More ex situ<br />
collections are required.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.<br />
& Garcia, n.<br />
Magnolia xanthantha (c.y.Wu ex<br />
y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) Figlar<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
China<br />
Magnolia xanthantha is classified as<br />
Endangered as the extent of occurrence<br />
is less than 5,000 km 2 and it is only<br />
known from a single location in<br />
Xishuangbanna, yunnan where it is<br />
threatened by habitat loss and<br />
urbanisation.<br />
Magnolia yantzazana F.Arroyo<br />
En B1ab(iii)<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia yantzazana is only known from<br />
the province of Zamora chinchipe,<br />
Ecuador. It is a range-restricted species<br />
with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less<br />
than 400 km 2 and fewer than five<br />
locations. There are mining operations<br />
and agricultural activities resulting in a<br />
decline in the quality and extent of habitat.<br />
It is therefore listed as Endangered. More<br />
research is needed into the population<br />
size and declines of this species.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez<br />
castañeda, Á.<br />
Magnolia yantzazana (Alvaro Perez)<br />
Magnolia yarumalensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
En A2acd; B2ab(iii,v)<br />
Colombia<br />
The population of Magnolia yarumalensis<br />
has suffered a drastic reduction of over<br />
50% within the last three generations due<br />
to it being under both direct pressure,<br />
targeted for its timber, and indirect<br />
pressure with its habitat being converted<br />
to meet agricultural demands. The area<br />
of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km 2<br />
and the habitat is degraded and<br />
continues to decline. It is found in more<br />
than ten locations but the population is<br />
severely fragmented. This species is<br />
listed as Endangered.<br />
Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,<br />
Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,<br />
Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.<br />
Magnolia yoroconte Dandy<br />
VU A2c<br />
Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico?<br />
Magnolia yoroconte is found in central<br />
America. It has an area of occupancy<br />
(AOO) of 9,264 km 2 which is decreasing.<br />
It is threatened by deforestation, habitat<br />
loss and exploitation for its wood. It is<br />
particularly threatened in Honduras and<br />
subpopulations here should be<br />
monitored. This species is also of<br />
conservation concern in Guatemala. The<br />
forests where it grows are severely<br />
degraded and this species is known to<br />
be declining. A 30% population decline is<br />
suspected based on a 30% range<br />
decline. It is listed here as Vulnerable.<br />
Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &<br />
Martínez Salas, E.<br />
Magnolia zenii W.c.cheng<br />
cR D<br />
China<br />
Magnolia zenii is classified as critically<br />
Endangered as only a single population<br />
exists containing 18 individuals at the<br />
type locality on the north slopes of Mount<br />
Baohua. This location is a provincial<br />
reserve, but no specific protection is<br />
given to these trees. no natural<br />
regeneration has been observed. It exists<br />
in ex situ collections so has the potential<br />
to be propagated.<br />
Magnolia zenii<br />
Magnolia yarumalensis (Marcela Serna)<br />
41
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS nEAR THREATEnED<br />
liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia borneensis noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines<br />
Magnolia dealbata Zucc.<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia elliptigemmata c.L.Guo &<br />
L.L.Huang<br />
China<br />
Magnolia figlarii V.S.kumar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia flaviflora (y.W.Law & y.F.Wu)<br />
Figlar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia dealbata (James Gaither)<br />
Magnolia sambuensis (Marcela Serna)<br />
Magnolia guangxiensis (y.W.Law &<br />
R.Z.Zhou) Sima<br />
China<br />
Magnolia obovalifolia (c.y.Wu &<br />
y.W.Law) V.S.kumar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy<br />
Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier)<br />
Govaerts<br />
Colombia, Panama<br />
Magnolia sororum Seibert<br />
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama<br />
Magnolia wilsonii (Yang Keming)<br />
Magnolia wilsonii (Finet & Gagnep.)<br />
Rehder<br />
China<br />
42
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS DATA DEFIcIEnT<br />
Magnolia angatensis Blanco<br />
Indonesia, Philippines<br />
Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex noot.<br />
Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia atlantida A.Vázquez<br />
Honduras<br />
Magnolia azulensis F.Arroyo<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia balansae Aug.Dc.<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia banghamii (noot.) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia<br />
Magnolia bawangensis y.W.Law,<br />
R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu<br />
China<br />
Magnolia beccarii (Ridl.) ined.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.kumar<br />
China, Lao People’s Democratic<br />
Republic, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia chiriquiensis A.Vázquez<br />
Panama<br />
Magnolia clemensiorum Dandy<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia coco (Lour.) Dc.<br />
China, Taiwan, Province of China,<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia compressa Maxim.<br />
China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan,<br />
Province of China<br />
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex<br />
Dc.) Figlar<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal<br />
Magnolia duperreana Pierre<br />
Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic<br />
Republic, Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia elegans (Blume) H.keng<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand<br />
Magnolia elegantifolia noot.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia elfina A.Vázquez<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia ernestii Figlar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia bintuluensis (A.Agostini)<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & noot.<br />
Indonesia<br />
Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson) D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayar<br />
China, India, Myanmar<br />
Magnolia championii Benth.<br />
China, Hong Kong, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia changhungtana noot.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia doltsopa (Caerhays Estate)<br />
Magnolia duclouxii (Finet & Gagnep.)<br />
Hu<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia ernestii (John Marston)<br />
Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.)<br />
Dandy<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.)<br />
Figlar<br />
Cambodia, China, Lao People’s<br />
Democratic Republic, Myanmar,<br />
Thailand, Vietnam<br />
43
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia fulva (Zeng Qingwen)<br />
Magnolia fulva (Hung T.chang &<br />
B.L.chen) Figlar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia kaifui (Q.W.Zeng & X.M.Hu)<br />
c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
China<br />
Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar<br />
Bangladesh, India<br />
Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex Dc.)<br />
Figlar<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal<br />
Magnolia kobus Dc.<br />
China, Japan, Republic of Korea<br />
Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & noot.<br />
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s<br />
Democratic Republic, Thailand<br />
Magnolia lasia noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia lawii (n.H.Xia & W.F.Liao)<br />
c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
China<br />
Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia liliiflora Desr.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia garrettii (craib) V.S.kumar<br />
Cambodia, China, Lao People’s<br />
Democratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts<br />
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama<br />
Magnolia griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson<br />
Bangladesh, India, Myanmar<br />
Magnolia guangdongensis (y.H.yan,<br />
Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) noot.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia guangzhouensis (A.Q.Dong,<br />
Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) c.B.callaghan &<br />
Png<br />
China<br />
Magnolia henryi Dunn<br />
china, Lao People’s Democratic<br />
Republic, Myanmar, Thailand<br />
Magnolia hookeri (cubitt & W.W.Sm.)<br />
D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayar<br />
China, India, Myanmar, Thailand<br />
Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia iteophylla (c.y.Wu ex<br />
y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) noot<br />
China<br />
Magnolia kobus<br />
Magnolia koordersiana (noot.) Figlar<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China<br />
Magnolia laevifolia (y.W.Law & y.F.Wu)<br />
noot.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia laevifolia (Jiu Xiang)<br />
Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal<br />
Magnolia liliiflora<br />
(Asta Malakauskiene, VDU Kaunas Botanical Garden)<br />
Magnolia lopezobradorii A.Vázquez<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia lozanoi A.Vázquez & castro-<br />
Arce<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia macklottii (korth.) Dandy<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia macrocarpa (Zucc.)<br />
A.Vázquez & castro-Arce<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia mariusjacobsia noot.<br />
Malaysia<br />
Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia mirifolia (D.L.Fu, T.B.chao &<br />
Zhi X.chen) noot.<br />
China<br />
44
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia opipara (Hung T.chang &<br />
B.L.chen) Sima<br />
China<br />
Magnolia pahangensis noot.<br />
Malaysia<br />
Magnolia paranaensis A.Vázquez<br />
Brazil<br />
Magnolia peruviana A.Vázquez<br />
Peru<br />
Magnolia philippinensis P.Parm.<br />
Philippines, Thailand<br />
Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Philippines<br />
Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao<br />
People’s Democratic Republic,<br />
Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyerm.<br />
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of<br />
Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb.<br />
Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal,<br />
Thailand<br />
Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Philippines<br />
Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson) Figlar<br />
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India<br />
Magnolia rabaniana (Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson) D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayar<br />
India, Myanmar<br />
Magnolia sarawakensis (A.Agostini)<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia savegrensis A.Vázquez<br />
Costa Rica<br />
Magnolia scortechinii (king) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia<br />
Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.)<br />
Govaerts<br />
Brazil<br />
Magnolia sinacacolinii A.Vázquez<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) H.keng<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore<br />
Magnolia sphaerantha (c.y.Wu ex<br />
y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) Sima<br />
China<br />
Magnolia steyermarkii A.Vázquez<br />
Guatemala<br />
Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia<br />
Magnolia tarahumara (A.Vázquez)<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
Mexico<br />
Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea<br />
Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.kumar<br />
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand<br />
Magnolia vargasiana A.Vázquez &<br />
D.A.neill<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia vargasiana (Lou Jost)<br />
Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano)<br />
Govaerts<br />
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of<br />
Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.keng<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore<br />
Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex<br />
Pierre<br />
Indonesia<br />
Magnolia xiana noot.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia xianianhei (Q.n.Vu)<br />
c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia xinganensis noot.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) noot.<br />
China, Myanmar<br />
Magnolia yuyuanensis (y.W.Law)<br />
V.S.kumar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia zamorana F.Arroyo<br />
Ecuador<br />
Magnolia zamorana<br />
Magnolia zamudioi A.Vázquez<br />
Mexico<br />
45
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS LEAST cOncERn<br />
liriodendron tulipifera L.<br />
Canada, United States<br />
Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia citrata noot. & chalermglin<br />
Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera (Kew Gardens)<br />
Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.<br />
Canada, United States<br />
Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal<br />
Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.kumar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia dandyi Gagnep.<br />
China, Lao People’s Democratic<br />
Republic, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts<br />
Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru<br />
Magnolia baillonii Pierre<br />
Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar,<br />
Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia betongensis (craib) H.keng<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia,<br />
Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand<br />
Magnolia biondii Pamp.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia campbellii (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex noot.<br />
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand<br />
Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson) noot.<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar,<br />
Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.)<br />
Figlar<br />
china<br />
Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre<br />
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India,<br />
Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic<br />
Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,<br />
Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia dandyi (Weibang Sun)<br />
Magnolia delavayi Franch.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia delavayi<br />
46
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia denudata Desr.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia denudata (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia equatorialis A.Vázquez<br />
Ecuador, Peru<br />
Magnolia fraseri (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia globosa Hook.f. & Thomson<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal<br />
Magnolia insignis (Philippe de Spoelberch)<br />
Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill.<br />
Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao<br />
People's Democratic Republic,<br />
Malaysia, Papua New Guinea,<br />
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,<br />
Vietnam<br />
Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez)<br />
Magnolia figo (Lour.) Dc.<br />
China, Republic of Korea<br />
Magnolia globosa (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia grandiflora L.<br />
United States<br />
Magnolia macrophylla Michx.<br />
United States<br />
Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia figo (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia foveolata (Merr. ex Dandy)<br />
Figlar<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia fraseri Walter<br />
United States<br />
Magnolia grandiflora (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia guatemalensis Donn.Sm.<br />
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras<br />
Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson) H.keng<br />
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal,<br />
Thailand<br />
Magnolia insignis Wall.<br />
Cambodia, China, India, Lao People’s<br />
Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal,<br />
Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia martinii H.Lév.<br />
China, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar<br />
China<br />
Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar<br />
Cambodia, China, Lao People’s<br />
Democratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam<br />
Magnolia oblonga (Wall. ex Hook.f. &<br />
Thomson) Figlar<br />
Bangladesh, India<br />
47
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Magnolia obovata Thunb.<br />
Japan, Republic of Korea<br />
Magnolia siamensis (Dandy) H.keng<br />
Malaysia, Thailand<br />
Magnolia sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar &<br />
noot.<br />
Indonesia<br />
Magnolia tripetala (L.) L.<br />
United States<br />
Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.<br />
Brazil<br />
Magnolia panamensis H.H.Iltis &<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
Costa Rica, Panama<br />
Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy<br />
Malaysia<br />
Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts<br />
Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru<br />
Magnolia siamensis (Piya Chalermglin)<br />
Magnolia sieboldii k.koch<br />
China, Japan, Democratic People's<br />
Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea<br />
Magnolia tripetala (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia virginiana L.<br />
Cuba, United States<br />
Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex noot.)<br />
Figlar & noot.<br />
Malaysia<br />
Magnolia salicifolia (Siebold & Zucc.)<br />
Maxim.<br />
Japan<br />
Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia sprengeri Pamp.<br />
China<br />
Magnolia virginiana (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia salicifolia (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
48
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
APPEnDIX 1<br />
Full list of evaluated <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species and the number of ex situ collections<br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Liriodendron chinense<br />
(Hemsl.) Sarg.<br />
NT<br />
134<br />
Magnolia championii<br />
Benth.<br />
DD<br />
4<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera<br />
L.<br />
LC<br />
255<br />
Magnolia changhungtana<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
9<br />
Magnolia acuminata<br />
(L.) L.<br />
LC<br />
157<br />
Magnolia chapensis<br />
(Dandy) Sima<br />
LC<br />
26<br />
Magnolia albosericea<br />
Chun & C.H.Tsoong<br />
VU<br />
D1+2<br />
1<br />
Magnolia chevalieri<br />
(Dandy) V.S.Kumar<br />
DD<br />
7<br />
Magnolia allenii<br />
Standl.<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia chimantensis<br />
Steyerm. & Maguire<br />
CR<br />
C2a(i); D<br />
0<br />
Magnolia amazonica<br />
(Ducke) Govaerts<br />
LC<br />
0<br />
Magnolia chiriquiensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia amoena<br />
W.C.Cheng<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,iv)<br />
45<br />
Magnolia chocoensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia angatensis<br />
Blanco<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia citrata<br />
Noot. & Chalermglin<br />
LC<br />
0<br />
Magnolia angustioblonga<br />
(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar<br />
EN<br />
D<br />
2<br />
Magnolia clemensiorum<br />
Dandy<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia annamensis<br />
Dandy<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia cochranei<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia arcabucoana<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(ii,iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia coco<br />
(Lour.) DC.<br />
DD<br />
27<br />
Magnolia argyrothricha<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia colombiana<br />
(Little) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia aromatica<br />
(Dandy) V.S.Kumar<br />
EN<br />
C2a(i)<br />
18<br />
Magnolia compressa<br />
Maxim.<br />
DD<br />
38<br />
Magnolia ashtonii<br />
Dandy ex Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia conifera<br />
(Dandy) V.S.Kumar<br />
LC<br />
17<br />
Magnolia atlantida<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia coriacea<br />
(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
7<br />
Magnolia azulensis<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia coronata<br />
M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo<br />
CR<br />
A2acd<br />
0<br />
Magnolia baillonii<br />
Pierre<br />
LC<br />
10<br />
Magnolia costaricensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia balansae<br />
Aug.DC.<br />
DD<br />
10<br />
Magnolia crassifolia<br />
F.Arroyo & Á.J.Pérez<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D<br />
1<br />
Magnolia banghamii<br />
(Noot.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia crassipes<br />
(Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)<br />
6<br />
Magnolia bankardiorum<br />
M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia cristalensis<br />
Bisse<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia bawangensis<br />
Y.W.Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia cubensis<br />
Urb.<br />
VU<br />
B2ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia beccarii<br />
(Ridl.) ined.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia cylindrica<br />
E.H.Wilson<br />
VU<br />
B2ab(iii)<br />
92<br />
Magnolia betongensis<br />
(Craib) H.Keng<br />
LC<br />
2<br />
Magnolia dandyi<br />
Gagnep.<br />
LC<br />
15<br />
Magnolia bidoupensis<br />
Q.N.Vu<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia dawsoniana<br />
Rehder & E.H.Wilson<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(iii)<br />
37<br />
Magnolia bintuluensis<br />
(A.Agostini) Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia dealbata<br />
Zucc.<br />
NT<br />
25<br />
Magnolia biondii<br />
Pamp.<br />
LC<br />
58<br />
Magnolia decastroi<br />
A.Vázquez & Muñiz-Castro<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia blaoensis<br />
(Gagnep.) Dandy<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia decidua<br />
(Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)<br />
11<br />
Magnolia boliviana<br />
(M.Nee) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia delavayi<br />
Franch.<br />
LC<br />
74<br />
Magnolia borneensis<br />
Noot.<br />
NT<br />
0<br />
Magnolia denudata<br />
Desr.<br />
LC<br />
145<br />
Magnolia braianensis<br />
(Gagnep.) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia dixonii<br />
(Little) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia calimaensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia dodecapetala<br />
(Lam.) Govaerts<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia calophylla<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia doltsopa<br />
(Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
55<br />
Magnolia calophylloides<br />
Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia domingensis<br />
Urb.<br />
CR<br />
A2ac<br />
0<br />
Magnolia campbellii<br />
Hook.f. & Thomson<br />
LC<br />
103<br />
Magnolia duclouxii<br />
(Finet & Gagnep.) Hu<br />
DD<br />
5<br />
Magnolia canandeana<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia duperreana<br />
Pierre<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia cararensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia ekmanii<br />
Urb.<br />
CR<br />
A2ac<br />
0<br />
Magnolia caricifragrans<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
A2acd+4acd<br />
1<br />
Magnolia elegans<br />
(Blume) H.Keng<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia carsonii<br />
Dandy ex Noot.<br />
LC<br />
0<br />
Magnolia elegantifolia<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia cathcartii<br />
(Hook.f. & Thomson) Noot.<br />
LC<br />
9<br />
Magnolia elfina<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia cattienensis<br />
Q.N.Vu<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii); D<br />
0<br />
Magnolia elliptigemmata<br />
C.L.Guo & L.L.Huang<br />
NT<br />
0<br />
Magnolia cavaleriei<br />
(Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar<br />
LC<br />
20<br />
Magnolia emarginata<br />
Urb. & Ekman<br />
CR<br />
A2ac<br />
0<br />
Magnolia caveana<br />
(Hook.f. & Thomson) D.C.S.Raju<br />
Magnolia equatorialis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
LC<br />
0<br />
& M.P.Nayar<br />
DD<br />
2<br />
Magnolia ernestii<br />
Figlar<br />
DD<br />
37<br />
Magnolia cespedesii<br />
(Triana & Planch.) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia espinalii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
C2a(i); D<br />
2<br />
Magnolia champaca<br />
(L.) Baill. ex Pierre<br />
LC<br />
65<br />
Magnolia fansipanensis<br />
C.B.Callaghan & Png<br />
CR<br />
D<br />
1<br />
49
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Magnolia faustinomirandae<br />
Magnolia figlarii<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
V.S.Kumar<br />
CR<br />
NT<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
5<br />
Magnolia kaifui<br />
(Q.W.Zeng & X.M.Hu)<br />
C.B.Callaghan & Png<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia figo<br />
(Lour.) DC.<br />
LC<br />
103<br />
Magnolia katiorum<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia fistulosa<br />
(Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy<br />
DD<br />
2<br />
Magnolia kichuana<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia flaviflora<br />
(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar<br />
NT<br />
0<br />
Magnolia kingii<br />
(Dandy) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia floribunda<br />
(Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
25<br />
Magnolia kisopa<br />
(Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
2<br />
Magnolia fordiana<br />
(Oliv.) Hu<br />
LC<br />
34<br />
Magnolia kobus<br />
DC.<br />
DD<br />
211<br />
Magnolia foveolata<br />
(Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar<br />
LC<br />
38<br />
Magnolia koordersiana<br />
(Noot.) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia fraseri<br />
Walter<br />
LC<br />
53<br />
Magnolia krusei<br />
J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(i,ii,iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia fujianensis<br />
(Q.F.Zheng) Figlar<br />
NT<br />
1<br />
Magnolia kwangsiensis<br />
Figlar & Noot.<br />
VU<br />
B2ab(v)<br />
4<br />
Magnolia fulva<br />
(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
5<br />
Magnolia kwangtungensis<br />
Merr.<br />
DD<br />
14<br />
Magnolia garrettii<br />
Magnolia gentryi<br />
(Craib) V.S.Kumar<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii); D<br />
12<br />
0<br />
Magnolia lacandonica<br />
A.Vázquez, Pérez-Farr.<br />
& Mart.-Camilo<br />
CR<br />
C2a(i)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia georgii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia lacei<br />
(W.W.Sm.) Figlar<br />
EN<br />
D<br />
5<br />
Magnolia gigantifolia<br />
(Miq.) Noot.<br />
DD<br />
2<br />
Magnolia laevifolia<br />
(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.<br />
DD<br />
67<br />
Magnolia gilbertoi<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
2<br />
Magnolia lanuginosa<br />
(Wall.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
13<br />
Magnolia globosa<br />
Hook.f. & Thomson<br />
LC<br />
26<br />
Magnolia lanuginosoides<br />
Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia gloriensis<br />
(Pittier) Govaerts<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia lasia<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia grandiflora<br />
L.<br />
LC<br />
225<br />
Magnolia lawii<br />
(N.H.Xia & W.F.Liao) C.B.Callaghan<br />
Magnolia grandis<br />
(Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar<br />
CR<br />
B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D<br />
16<br />
& Png<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia griffithii<br />
Hook.f. & Thomson<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia lenticellata<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia guanacastensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia leveilleana<br />
(Dandy) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
2<br />
Magnolia guangdongensis<br />
(Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing)<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
3<br />
Magnolia liliifera<br />
Magnolia liliiflora<br />
(L.) Baill.<br />
Desr.<br />
LC<br />
DD<br />
20<br />
76<br />
Magnolia guangxiensis<br />
(Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima<br />
NT<br />
5<br />
Magnolia longipedunculata<br />
(Q.W.Zeng & Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar<br />
CR<br />
D<br />
1<br />
Magnolia guangzhouensis<br />
(A.Q.Dong, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing)<br />
C.B.Callaghan & Png<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia lopezobradorii<br />
Magnolia lotungensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
Chun & C.H.Tsoong<br />
DD<br />
EN<br />
A2a; C1<br />
0<br />
44<br />
Magnolia guatapensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia lozanoi<br />
A.Vázquez & Castro-Arce<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia guatemalensis<br />
Donn.Sm.<br />
LC<br />
8<br />
Magnolia lucida<br />
(B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) V.S.Kumar<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
2<br />
Magnolia guerrerensis<br />
J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega<br />
& Cruz Durán<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia gustavii<br />
King<br />
CR<br />
C2a(i)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia hamorii<br />
Howard<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(i,iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia henaoi<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia henryi<br />
Dunn<br />
DD<br />
7<br />
Magnolia hernandezii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
A2cd<br />
4<br />
Magnolia hodgsonii<br />
(Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Keng<br />
LC<br />
15<br />
Magnolia hongheensis<br />
(Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia hookeri<br />
(Cubitt & W.W.Sm.) D.C.S.Raju &<br />
M.P.Nayar<br />
DD<br />
6<br />
Magnolia hypolampra<br />
(Dandy) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
7<br />
Magnolia iltisiana<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia inbioana<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia insignis<br />
Wall.<br />
LC<br />
78<br />
Magnolia irwiniana<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia iteophylla<br />
(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia jaenensis<br />
Marcelo-Peña<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia jaliscana<br />
A.Vázquez & R.Guzmán<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia jardinensis<br />
M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo<br />
CR<br />
C2a(i); D<br />
1<br />
Magnolia juninensis<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia kachirachirai<br />
(Kaneh. & Yamam.) Dandy<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(i,iii)<br />
4<br />
Magnolia doltsopa (James Gaither)<br />
50
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Magnolia macclurei<br />
(Dandy) Figlar<br />
LC<br />
20<br />
Magnolia oblonga<br />
(Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson)<br />
Magnolia macklottii<br />
(Korth.) Dandy<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Figlar<br />
LC<br />
0<br />
Magnolia macrocarpa<br />
(Zucc.) A.Vázquez & Castro-Arce<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia obovalifolia<br />
(C.Y.Wu & Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar<br />
NT<br />
0<br />
Magnolia macrophylla<br />
Michx.<br />
LC<br />
121<br />
Magnolia obovata<br />
Thunb.<br />
LC<br />
C1<br />
137<br />
Magnolia madidiensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia odora<br />
(Chun) Figlar & Noot.<br />
VU<br />
D<br />
20<br />
Magnolia mahechae<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia odoratissima<br />
Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia manguillo<br />
Marcelo-Peña & F.Arroyo<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia ofeliae<br />
A.Vázquez & Cuevas<br />
CR<br />
A2bd<br />
0<br />
Magnolia mannii<br />
(King) Figlar<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(i,iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia officinalis<br />
Rehder & E.H.Wilson<br />
EN<br />
C2a(i)<br />
78<br />
Magnolia mariusjacobsia<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia omeiensis<br />
(W.C.Cheng) Dandy<br />
CR<br />
5<br />
Magnolia martinii<br />
H.Lév.<br />
LC<br />
21<br />
Magnolia opipara<br />
(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima<br />
DD<br />
7<br />
Magnolia masticata<br />
(Dandy) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia ovata<br />
(A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.<br />
LC<br />
2<br />
Magnolia maudiae<br />
Magnolia mayae<br />
(Dunn) Figlar<br />
A.Vázquez & Pérez-Farr.<br />
LC<br />
CR<br />
C2a(i); D<br />
52<br />
0<br />
Magnolia ovoidea<br />
(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen)<br />
V.S.Kumar<br />
CR<br />
D<br />
7<br />
Magnolia mediocris<br />
(Dandy) Figlar<br />
LC<br />
3<br />
Magnolia pacifica<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia mexicana<br />
DC.<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
3<br />
Magnolia pahangensis<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia minor<br />
(Urb.) Govaerts<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia palandana<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia mirifolia<br />
(D.L.Fu, T.B.Chao & Zhi X.Chen)<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pallescens<br />
Magnolia panamensis<br />
Urb. & Ekman<br />
H.H.Iltis & A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
LC<br />
B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Magnolia montana<br />
(Blume) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia paranaensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia morii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pastazaensis<br />
F.Arroyo & Á.J.Pérez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia multinervia<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
VU<br />
D2<br />
0<br />
Magnolia patungensis<br />
(Hu) Noot.<br />
EN<br />
C2a(i)<br />
9<br />
Magnolia nana<br />
Dandy<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pealiana<br />
King<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia narinensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(i,iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pedrazae<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia neillii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia perezfarrerae<br />
A.Vázquez & Gómez-Domínguez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia neomagnifolia<br />
I.M.Turner<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia persuaveolens<br />
Dandy<br />
LC<br />
1<br />
Magnolia nilagirica<br />
(Zenker) Figlar<br />
VU<br />
A2cd<br />
1<br />
Magnolia peruviana<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia nitida<br />
W.W.Sm.<br />
VU<br />
A2cd<br />
32<br />
Magnolia philippinensis<br />
P.Parm.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia nuevoleonensis<br />
A.Vázquez & Domínguez-Yescas<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia platyphylla<br />
(Merr.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia oaxacensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pleiocarpa<br />
(Dandy) Figlar & Noot.<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(i,iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia poasana<br />
(Pittier) Dandy<br />
NT<br />
0<br />
Magnolia polyhypsophylla<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D<br />
2<br />
Magnolia portoricensis<br />
Bello<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia praecalva<br />
(Dandy) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia ptaritepuiana<br />
Steyerm.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pterocarpa<br />
Roxb.<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia pubescens<br />
(Merr.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia pugana<br />
(Iltis & A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez &<br />
Carvajal<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia punduana<br />
(Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia quetzal<br />
A.Vázquez, Véliz & Tribouill.<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia rabaniana<br />
(Hook.f. & Thomson) D.C.S.Raju<br />
& M.P.Nayar<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia rajaniana<br />
(Craib) Figlar<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia rimachii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
LC<br />
0<br />
Magnolia rostrata<br />
W.W.Sm.<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(v)<br />
25<br />
Magnolia rufibarbata<br />
(Dandy) V.S.Kumar<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(iii)<br />
3<br />
Magnolia rzedowskiana<br />
A. Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas<br />
& R. Pedraza<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sabahensis<br />
(Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
LC<br />
1<br />
Magnolia salicifolia<br />
(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.<br />
LC<br />
94<br />
Magnolia sambuensis<br />
(Pittier) Govaerts<br />
NT<br />
9<br />
Magnolia sargentiana (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
51
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Taxon Names<br />
Authors<br />
Red List<br />
Category<br />
Red List Criteria<br />
Ex situ<br />
Collections<br />
Magnolia sanchez-vegae<br />
Magnolia santanderiana<br />
Marcelo-Peña<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
0<br />
Magnolia vovidesii<br />
A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas<br />
& L. Carvajal<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sapaensis<br />
(N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw<br />
& Macer<br />
VU<br />
D2<br />
12<br />
Magnolia vrieseana<br />
Magnolia wendtii<br />
(Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sarawakensis<br />
(A.Agostini) Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia wetteri<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sargentiana<br />
Rehder & E.H.Wilson<br />
VU<br />
B2ab(iii,v)<br />
66<br />
Magnolia wilsonii<br />
(Finet & Gagnep.) Rehder<br />
NT<br />
111<br />
Magnolia savegrensis<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia wolfii<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D<br />
2<br />
Magnolia schiedeana<br />
Magnolia scortechinii<br />
Schltl.<br />
(King) Figlar & Noot.<br />
VU<br />
DD<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
3<br />
0<br />
Magnolia xanthantha<br />
(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu)<br />
Figlar<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
4<br />
Magnolia sellowiana<br />
(A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia xiana<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sharpii<br />
V.V.Miranda<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
7<br />
Magnolia xianianhei<br />
(Q.N.Vu) C.B.Callaghan & Png<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia shiluensis<br />
(Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar<br />
EN<br />
A2ac; B1ab(iii,v)<br />
7<br />
Magnolia xinganensis<br />
Noot.<br />
DD<br />
2<br />
Magnolia shuarorum<br />
F.Arroyo & A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia yantzazana<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia siamensis<br />
(Dandy) H.Keng<br />
LC<br />
1<br />
Magnolia yarumalensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
A2acd; B2ab(iii,v)<br />
2<br />
Magnolia sieboldii<br />
K.Koch<br />
LC<br />
148<br />
Magnolia yoroconte<br />
Dandy<br />
VU<br />
A2c<br />
0<br />
Magnolia silvioi<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
9<br />
Magnolia yunnanensis<br />
(Hu) Noot.<br />
DD<br />
28<br />
Magnolia sinacacolinii<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia yuyuanensis<br />
(Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar<br />
DD<br />
17<br />
Magnolia singapurensis<br />
(Ridl.) H.Keng<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia zamorana<br />
F.Arroyo<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sinica<br />
(Y.W.Law) Noot.<br />
CR<br />
D<br />
9<br />
Magnolia zamudioi<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sinostellata<br />
P.L.Chiu & Z.H.Chen<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
4<br />
Magnolia zenii<br />
W.C.Cheng<br />
CR<br />
D<br />
61<br />
Magnolia sirindhorniae<br />
Noot. & Chalermglin<br />
EN<br />
B2ab(iii)<br />
3<br />
Magnolia zhengyiana<br />
(N.H. Xia) Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sororum<br />
Seibert<br />
NT<br />
0<br />
Magnolia zoquepopolucae<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sphaerantha<br />
(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu)<br />
Sima<br />
DD<br />
12<br />
Magnolia splendens<br />
Urb.<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sprengeri<br />
Pamp.<br />
LC<br />
75<br />
Magnolia stellata<br />
(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
206<br />
Magnolia steyermarkii<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia striatifolia<br />
Little<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia sulawesiana<br />
Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sumatrae<br />
(Dandy) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia sumatrana<br />
(Miq.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
LC<br />
7<br />
Magnolia talamancana<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
VU<br />
D2<br />
0<br />
Magnolia tamaulipana<br />
A.Vázquez<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
15<br />
Magnolia tarahumara<br />
(A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia thailandica<br />
Noot. & Chalermglin<br />
VU<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia tiepii<br />
V.T.Tran & Duy<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia tripetala<br />
(L.) L.<br />
LC<br />
159<br />
Magnolia tsiampacca<br />
(L.) Figlar & Noot.<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia urraoensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
1<br />
Magnolia utilis<br />
(Dandy) V.S.Kumar<br />
DD<br />
1<br />
Magnolia vallartensis<br />
A.Vázquez & Muñiz-Castro<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia vargasiana<br />
A.Vázquez & D.A.Neill<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia vazquezii<br />
Cruz Durán & K.Vega<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia venezuelensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia ventii<br />
(N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar<br />
EN<br />
B1ab(iii); D<br />
2<br />
Magnolia villosa<br />
(Miq.) H.Keng<br />
DD<br />
0<br />
Magnolia virginiana<br />
L.<br />
LC<br />
152<br />
Magnolia viridipetala<br />
(Y.W.Law, R.Z.Zhou & Q.F.Yi)<br />
C.B.Callaghan & Png<br />
EN<br />
D<br />
0<br />
Magnolia virolinensis<br />
(Lozano) Govaerts<br />
CR<br />
B1ab(iii,v)<br />
0<br />
Magnolia fraseri (Arboretum Wespelaar)<br />
52
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
APPEnDIX 2<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> species richness per country<br />
Country CR EN VU NT DD LC Total<br />
Bangladesh<br />
Belize<br />
Bhutan<br />
Bolivia<br />
Brazil<br />
Brunei Darussalam<br />
cambodia<br />
canada<br />
china<br />
colombia<br />
costa Rica<br />
cuba<br />
Dominica<br />
Dominican Republic<br />
Ecuador<br />
El Salvador<br />
Guadeloupe<br />
Guatemala<br />
Haiti<br />
Honduras<br />
Hong kong<br />
India<br />
Indonesia<br />
Japan<br />
korea, Democratic People’s Republic of<br />
korea, Republic of<br />
Lao People’s Democratic Republic<br />
Malaysia<br />
Martinique<br />
Mexico<br />
Myanmar<br />
nepal<br />
nicaragua<br />
Panama<br />
Papua new Guinea<br />
Peru<br />
Philippines<br />
Puerto Rico<br />
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines<br />
Singapore<br />
Sri Lanka<br />
Taiwan<br />
Thailand<br />
Trinidad and Tobago<br />
United States<br />
Venezuela<br />
Vietnam<br />
6<br />
13<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
2<br />
6<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
19<br />
19<br />
3<br />
1<br />
2<br />
8<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
13<br />
1<br />
2<br />
4<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
7<br />
1<br />
8<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
4<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
5<br />
8<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
5<br />
2<br />
1<br />
5<br />
42<br />
2<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
10<br />
21<br />
2<br />
1<br />
7<br />
17<br />
6<br />
10<br />
4<br />
1<br />
2<br />
1<br />
3<br />
5<br />
2<br />
2<br />
12<br />
2<br />
16<br />
2<br />
5<br />
2<br />
3<br />
5<br />
2<br />
25<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
10<br />
5<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
5<br />
7<br />
7<br />
6<br />
1<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
1<br />
11<br />
7<br />
14<br />
5<br />
1<br />
10<br />
4<br />
6<br />
1<br />
10<br />
2<br />
108<br />
33<br />
11<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
18<br />
1<br />
1<br />
6<br />
3<br />
4<br />
1<br />
25<br />
28<br />
6<br />
1<br />
4<br />
13<br />
25<br />
1<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
2<br />
8<br />
2<br />
13<br />
7<br />
2<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
27<br />
1<br />
7<br />
3<br />
45<br />
Total<br />
42<br />
92<br />
39<br />
20<br />
190<br />
137<br />
520<br />
53
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
APPEnDIX 3<br />
Additional <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong> taxa (not included in analysis)<br />
A) Infraspecific taxa<br />
Magnolia carsonii var. carsonii<br />
Lc<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae cR c2a(i)<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. cacuminicola En B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. cubensis En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); c2a(i); D<br />
Magnolia cubensis ssp. turquinensis En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. guatemalensis VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. hondurensis VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)<br />
Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. rigida<br />
Lc<br />
Magnolia sororum ssp. lutea VU B1ab(iii)<br />
Magnolia sororum ssp. sororum VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
Magnolia virginiana ssp. oviedoae cR B1ab(iii)<br />
B) Not evaluated species<br />
Magnolia carnosa (D.L.Fu & D.L.Zhang) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia dabieshanensis (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia dimorpha (T.B.chao & Z.X.chen) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia fragarigynandria (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia jianfenglingensis (G.A.Fu & kun Pan) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia shirenshanensis (D.L.Fu & T.B.chao) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia shizhenii (D.L.Fu & F.W.Li) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia wuzhishangensis (G.A.Fu & kun Pan) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia xinyangensis (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png<br />
Magnolia lamdongensis V.T.Tran, Duy & n.H.Xia<br />
54
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
APPEnDIX 4<br />
Participating institutions<br />
Adkins Arboretum; Amani Botanical Garden; Annapolis Royal Historic<br />
Gardens; Antony; Antony Woodland Garden; Arboreto di Arco - Parco<br />
Arciducale; Arboretum at kutztown University; Arboretum at Penn State,<br />
The; Arboretum at the University of california, Santa cruz; Arboretum<br />
Freiburg-Günterstal; Arboretum Groenendaal - Flemish Forest Department<br />
- Houtvesterij Groenendaal; Arboretum kirchberg; Arboretum Mustila;<br />
Arboretum of Guizhou Institute of Forestry Science; Arboretum of Jiangxi<br />
Institute of Forestry Science; Arboretum of nanjing Forestry University;<br />
Arboretum of The Barnes Foundation; Arboretum of Wuhan University;<br />
Arboretum Oudenbosch; Arboretum Střední lesnické školy; Arboretum<br />
Waasland; Arboretum Wespelaar; Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University,<br />
The; Asociación Jardin Botanico La Laguna; Atlanta Botanical Garden;<br />
Auckland Botanic Gardens; Aullwood Garden MetroPark; Baker Arboretum;<br />
Bamboo Brook Outdoor Education center; Bangladesh Agricultural<br />
University Botanic Garden; Baoji Botanical Garden (Shaanxi); Barrington<br />
court; Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Arboretum; Batsford Arboretum;<br />
Batumi Botanical Garden; Bayard cutting Arboretum; Bedgebury national<br />
Pinetum & Forest; Beijing Medicinal Garden; Belmonte Arboretum; Belton<br />
House; Bendigo Botanic Gardens, White Hills; Benmore Botanic Garden;<br />
Berkshire Botanical Garden; Berrington Hall; Bibliotheque centrale;<br />
Bickelhaupt Arboretum; Birmingham Botanical Gardens and Glasshouses;<br />
Birr castle Demesne; Bishop Museum - checklist of cultivated Plants of<br />
Hawai'i; Blickling Hall; Blue Mountains Botanic Garden, Mount Tomah; Bok<br />
Tower Gardens; Bokrijk Arboretum; Boone county Arboretum; Botanic<br />
Garden Meise; Botanic Garden of Poltava national Pedagogical University;<br />
Botanic Garden of Rostock University; Botanic Garden of Smith college,<br />
The; Botanic Garden, Delft University of Technology; Botanic Gardens of<br />
Adelaide; Botanical Garden - center of Ecological and Astronomy Education<br />
of SBPEI Vorobievy Gory; Botanical Garden - Institute of the Volga State<br />
Technological University; Botanical Garden of Pyatigorsk State<br />
Pharmaceutical Academy; Botanical Garden of Tartu University; Botanical<br />
Garden of the Anhui Institute of Biology; Botanical Garden of the V.L.<br />
komarov Botanical Institute; Botanical Garden of Vilnius University;<br />
Botanical Garden University of Duesseldorf; Botanical Garden, natural<br />
History Museum of Denmark; Botanical Garden-Institute, Ufa Research<br />
center; Botanical Gardens and Museum of Oulu University; Botanische<br />
Gärten der Universität Bonn; Botanische Tuin Groningen Domies Toen;<br />
Botanischer Garten der carl von Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg;<br />
Botanischer Garten der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet; Botanischer Garten<br />
der J.W. Goethe-Universitat; Botanischer Garten der Justus-Liebig<br />
Universität Giessen; Botanischer Garten der Philipps-Universität Marburg;<br />
Botanischer Garten der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Botanischer Garten der<br />
Technischen Universitaet Darmstadt; Botanischer Garten der Technischen<br />
Universitaet Dresden; Botanischer Garten der Universitaet des Saarlandes;<br />
Botanischer Garten der Universität Freiburg; Botanischer Garten der<br />
Universitat kiel; Botanischer Garten der Universitat Osnabruck; Botanischer<br />
Garten der Universität Ulm; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum<br />
Berlin-Dahlem; Botanischer Versuchs- und Lehrgarten; Bowman’s Hill<br />
Wildflower Preserve; Brenton Arboretum, The; Brisbane Botanic Gardens;<br />
Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Brookside Gardens; Buckland Abbey; Bukavu<br />
Arboretum/Garden; Bundaberg Botanic Gardens; c. M. Goethe Arboretum;<br />
caerhays castle national collection; cambridge University Botanic Garden;<br />
cape Fear Botanical Garden; castle Drogo; catalogue of Medicinal Plants<br />
of Ukrainian Botanic Gardens and Parks; catalogue of Rare Plants of<br />
Ukrainian Botanic Gardens and Parks; center for Plant conservation -<br />
Bogor Botanic Gardens; center for Plant conservation (USA); chanticleer<br />
Foundation; charles R. keith Arboretum, The; chester M. Alter Arboretum;<br />
chicago Botanic Garden; cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens; city of<br />
Leeds Botanic Gardens; city of Liverpool Botanic Gardens; cleveland<br />
Botanical Garden; coastal Maine Botanical Gardens; columbus Botanical<br />
Garden; connecticut college Arboretum; conservatoire Botanique national<br />
du Brest; conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre; conservatoire et Jardin<br />
botaniques de la Ville de Genève; conservatoire et Jardins Botaniques de<br />
nancy; cooktown Botanic Gardens; core Facility Botanical Garden; cornell<br />
Plantations; cotehele; crosby Arboretum, The; cuc Phuong Botanic<br />
Garden; Dartington Hall; Darwin Botanic Gardens; Dashushan Botanical<br />
Garden; Davidson college Arboretum; Dawes Arboretum, The; Dawyck<br />
Botanic Garden; Dendrological garden of the Silva Tarouca Research<br />
Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening; Denver Botanic<br />
Gardens; Dinghushan national nature Reserve; Dixon Gallery and Gardens,<br />
The; Dokmai Botanical Garden; Dominion Arboretum and central<br />
Experimental Farm; Donald E. Davis Arboretum; Dongfeng Forest Farm<br />
(Guizhou); Dow Gardens; Dr. P. Font i Quer Arboretum of Lleida Botanic<br />
Garden; Dr. Sun yat-Sen classical chinese Garden; Duke Farms; Dunedin<br />
Botanic Garden; Dunster castle; DuPage Forest: Forest Preserve District<br />
of DuPage county; Dyffryn Gardens; Dyrham Park; Ecojardin del cIEco;<br />
Eden Project, The; Edison and Ford Winter Estates; EEB Plant Growth<br />
Facilities; Elisabeth c. Miller Botanical Garden; Emeishan Botanical Garden;<br />
Emmetts Garden; Eötvös Loránd University Botanic Garden; Fairchild<br />
Tropical Botanic Garden; Fellows Riverside Gardens; Fernwood Botanical<br />
Garden and nature Preserve; Florida Botanical Gardens; Foellinger-<br />
Freimann Botanical conservatory; Forstbotanischer Garten der Technischen<br />
Universitaet Dresden; Forstbotanischer Garten Eberswalde;<br />
Forstbotanischer Garten und Arboretum; Fort Worth Botanic Garden; Fossil<br />
Plants; FossilPlants; Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park;<br />
Frelinghuysen Arboretum; Fruit Spirit Botanical Garden; Gainesway Farm;<br />
Ganna Walska Lotusland; Gannan Arboretum of Jiangxi; Gardens at SIUE,<br />
The; Gardens of Fanshawe college and A.M. cuddy Gardens; Gardens of<br />
the Big Bend: Magnolia Garden; Garvan Woodland Gardens; Ghent<br />
University Botanic Garden; Giardino Botanico Friuli cormor; Gibraltar<br />
Botanic Gardens; Glasgow Botanic Gardens; Glendurgan Garden; Gore<br />
Public Gardens; Government college (Lahore) University Botanic Garden<br />
(GcBG); Gradina Agrobotanica din cluj-napoca; Grapevine Botanical<br />
Gardens at Heritage Park; Green Bay Botanical Garden; Green Spring<br />
Gardens; Greenway; Greenwood Gardens; Grugapark und Botanischer<br />
Garten der Stadt Essen; Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants;<br />
Guangxi Institute of Botany; Guilin Botanical Garden; Hangzhou Botanical<br />
Garden; Helsinki University Botanic Garden; Henry Foundation for Botanical<br />
Research, The; Henry Schmieder Arboretum; Hershey Gardens; Hidcote<br />
Manor Garden; Hidden Lake Gardens; Hinton Ampner; Historische Tuin<br />
Aalsmeer; Hof ter Saksen Arboretum; Holden Arboretum, The; Honolulu<br />
Botanical Gardens System; Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam; Hortus<br />
Botanicus Reykjavikensis; Hoyt Arboretum; Huay kaew Arboretum; Hunan<br />
Forest Botanical Garden; Hunan nanyue Arboretum; Huntington Botanical<br />
Gardens; Huntington Botanical Gardens - Seed Bank; Huntsville Botanical<br />
Garden; Incheon Arboretum; Institute of Botany, chinese Academy of<br />
Sciences; Istituto e Orto Botanico dell'Universita di Pavia; Jade Garden<br />
natural Arboretum; Jangheung naturalk Arboretum; Jardí Botànic de la<br />
Universitat de València; Jardi Botanic de Soller; Jardim Botanico da Ajuda;<br />
Jardim Botanico da Madeira; Jardim Botânico da Universidade de coimbra;<br />
Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Lisboa; Jardim Botânico da<br />
Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Jardim Botânico da<br />
Universidade do Porto; Jardim Botânico Tropical; Jardín Botánico Atlántico<br />
de Gijón; Jardin Botanico Benjamin F. Johnston; Jardín Botánico carlos<br />
Thays; Jardin Botanico cecon; Jardin Botanico culiacán; Jardín Botánico<br />
de Bahía Blanca; Jardin Botanico de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores;<br />
Jardín Botanico de Medellín; Jardín Botanico de Quindío; Jardin Botanico<br />
del Instituto de Biologia (UnAM); Jardin Botanico Dr. Faustino Miranda;<br />
Jardín Botánico Eloy Valenzuela; Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier clavijero;<br />
Jardín Botanico Guillermo Piñeres; Jardín Botánico Joaquin Antonio Uribe;<br />
55
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
Jardín Botánico José celestino Mutis; Jardín Botánico Juan María<br />
cespedes; Jardín Botánico Lucien Hauman; Jardin Botanico nacional;<br />
Jardín Botanico Universidad de caldas; Jardin Botanico Universidad<br />
Tecnologica de Pereira; Jardin Botanique camifolia; Jardin Botanique Alpin<br />
de la Jaÿsinia; Jardin Botanique de la Ville de caen; Jardin Botanique de la<br />
Ville de Lyon; Jardin Botanique de l’Université de Strasbourg; Jardin<br />
Botanique de Marnay sur Seine; Jardin botanique de Paris; Jardin<br />
Botanique et Arboretum Henri Gaussen; Jardin Botanique Exotique Val<br />
Rahmeh; Jardin Botanique yves Rocher; Jardin des Plantes de Paris et<br />
Arboretum de chevreloup; Jardin Etnobotanico - Francisco Pelaez R.;<br />
Jardín Hidrobotánico Jose Ignacio Hernández camacho; Jardins des<br />
Plantes de l‘Université; Jc Raulston Arboretum; Jeju Botanical Garden,<br />
yeomiji; Jerusalem Botanical Gardens; John c. Gifford Arboretum;<br />
kalmthout Arboretum; keum kang Arboretum; killerton; kings Park and<br />
Botanic Garden; knightshayes; korea Botanic Garden; kunming Botanical<br />
Garden; kurpark Bad Bellingen; Landis Arboretum; Lanhydrock; Lauritzen<br />
Gardens; Les Jardins Suspendus; Leuven Botanic Garden; Lewis Ginter<br />
Botanical Garden; Limbe Botanic Garden; Lincoln Park conservatory; Living<br />
Desert Zoo and Gardens; Ljubljana University Botanic Garden; Logan<br />
Botanic Garden; Longwood Gardens; Los Angeles county Arboretum and<br />
Botanic Garden; Lushan Botanical Garden; M.M. Gryshko national<br />
Botanical Garden; Magnolia Multi-site collection - north American Plant<br />
collections consortium (nAPcc); Magnolian Grove Arboretum; Maijishan<br />
Arboretum (Gansu); Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences;<br />
Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute of Plant Sciences; Maribor University<br />
Botanic Garden; Marie Selby Botanical Gardens; Marjorie Mcneely<br />
conservatory at como Park; Matthaei Botanical Gardens & nichols<br />
Arboretum; Maymont Foundation; Mead Botanical Garden; Meadowlark<br />
Botanical Gardens; Memorial University Botanical Garden; Memphis Botanic<br />
Garden; Mendocino coast Botanical Gardens; Mercer Botanic Gardens;<br />
Millennium Seed Bank; Milner Gardens and Woodland; Minnesota<br />
Landscape Arboretum; Missouri Botanical Garden; Missouri State<br />
Arboretum; Mitchell Park Horticultural conservatory (The Domes); Mly?any<br />
Arboretum SAS; Montreal Botanical Garden / Jardin botanique de Montréal;<br />
Moore Farms Botanical Garden; Morris Arboretum, The; Morton Arboretum,<br />
The; Moscow State University Botanical Garden; Mount Auburn cemetery;<br />
Mount Lofty Botanic Garden; Mount Usher Gardens; Mountain Top<br />
Arboretum; Mt. cuba center; Museo Orto Botanico di Roma; Museum of<br />
Life + Science Magic Wings Butterfly House; nanjing Botanical Garden<br />
Mem. Sun yat-sen; nanjing Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants; naples<br />
Botanical Garden; national Arboretum canberra; national Botanic Garden<br />
of Latvia; national Botanic Garden of Wales; national Botanic Gardens,<br />
Glasnevin; national kandawgyi Botanical Gardens (Maymyo Botanical<br />
Garden); national Plant Germplasm System - USDA-ARS-nGRL; national<br />
Rhododendron Garden; national Tropical Botanical Garden; nebraska<br />
Statewide Arboretum; neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen;<br />
new Brunswick Botanical Garden; new England Wild Flower Society -<br />
Garden in the Woods; new york Botanical Garden, The; niagara Parks<br />
Botanical Gardens and School of Horticulture, The; norfolk Botanical<br />
Garden; north carolina Arboretum, The; north carolina Botanical Garden;<br />
northwestern University Ecotourism Park and Botanic Gardens; novosibirsk<br />
Dendropark; nymans; nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem, Botanikus kert;<br />
Oekologisch-Botanischer Garten Universitaet Bayreuth; Oklahoma city Zoo<br />
and Botanical Gardens; Orto Botanico - Università degli Studi di catania;<br />
Orto Botanico “carmela cortini” - Università di camerino; Orto Botanico<br />
dell`Universita di Ferrara; Orto Botanico di Bergamo Lorenzo Rota; Orto<br />
Botanico di Perugia; Orto Botanico Giardino dei Semplici; Orto Botanico<br />
Università degli Studi di Padova; Oxford University Botanic Garden;<br />
Paignton Zoo Environmental Park; Palacky University Botanic Garden;<br />
Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main; Parco Botanico del cantone<br />
Ticino,; Parque Botânico da Tapada da Ajuda; Patterson Garden Arboretum;<br />
Penrhyn castle; Plas newydd; Polly Hill Arboretum, The; Pukeiti Garden;<br />
Pukekura Park; Purdue Arboretum, The; Pyunggang Botanical Garden;<br />
Quarryhill Botanical Garden; Queens Botanical Garden; Reading Public<br />
Museum and Arboretum, The; Real Jardín Botánico Juan carlos I; Red<br />
Butte Garden and Arboretum; Reiman Gardens; Research Institute of<br />
Subtropical Forestry (Zhejiang); Reserva natural El Refugio; Rimba Ilmu<br />
Botanic Garden; Ringve Botanical Garden; Rio Grande Botanic Garden;<br />
Riverview Horticultural centre Society, The; Rogów Arboretum of Warsaw<br />
University of Life Sciences; Rotterdam Zoological and Botanical Gardens;<br />
Rowallane Garden; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; Royal Botanic<br />
Gardens kew (Wakehurst); Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney; Royal Botanic<br />
Gardens, kew; Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria - Melbourne Gardens; Royal<br />
Botanical Gardens, Ontario; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Harlow<br />
carr; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Hyde Hall; Royal Horticultural<br />
Society's Garden, Rosemoor; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Wisley;<br />
Royal Roads University Botanical Gardens; Royal Tasmanian Botanical<br />
Gardens; Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Arboretum; Sakhalin<br />
Botanical Garden; Saltram; San Diego Botanic Garden; San Diego Zoo<br />
Botanical Gardens; San Francisco Botanical Garden; Sarah P. Duke<br />
Gardens; Sarius Palmetum and Botanical Garden; Scotney castle; Scott<br />
Arboretum of Swarthmore college, The; Seeds of Success (SOS); Sentier<br />
de Decouverte; Shanghai Botanical Garden; Shanghai chenshan Botanical<br />
Garden; Sheffield Botanical Gardens; Shenzen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden;<br />
Sherwood; Sherwood Fox Arboretum; Singapore Botanic Gardens;<br />
Sissinghurst castle Garden; Sister Mary Grace Burns Arboretum; Smith-<br />
Gilbert Gardens; Smithsonian national Zoological Park; South china<br />
Botanical Garden, cAS; Spartanburg community college Arboretum;<br />
Spring Grove cemetery and Arboretum; St. Andrews Botanic Garden; St.<br />
kilda Botanic Garden; State Arboretum of Virginia (Orland E. White<br />
Arboretum); State Botanical Garden of Georgia, The; Stavanger Botanic<br />
Garden; Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden; Stichting Botanische<br />
Tuin kerkrade; Stourhead; Swansea Botanical complex; Taltree Arboretum<br />
& Gardens; Tasmanian Arboretum Inc; Tatton Garden Society/Quinta<br />
Arboretum; Tatton Park; The B.M. kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden of<br />
Voronezh State University; The cairns Botanic Gardens; The Sir Harold<br />
Hillier Gardens; The Tree Register of the British Isles; The University of<br />
Guelph Arboretum; Timaru Botanic Garden; Toledo Botanical Garden;<br />
Toronto Botanical Garden; Toronto Zoo; Townsville Botanic Gardens; Trees<br />
Atlanta; Tregothnan Estate; Trelissick Garden; Trompenburg Gardens &<br />
Arboretum; Trsteno Arboretum; Tyler Arboretum; Tyntesfield; Uc Davis<br />
Arboretum; Ukrainian national Forestry University Botanic Garden; United<br />
States Botanic Garden; United States national Arboretum; University of<br />
British columbia Botanical Garden; University of california Botanical Garden<br />
at Berkeley; University of Delaware Botanic Gardens; University of Dundee<br />
Botanic Garden; University of Idaho Arboretum & Botanical Garden;<br />
University of Oslo Botanical Garden; University of Uppsala Botanic Garden;<br />
University of Washington Botanic Gardens; Utrecht University Botanic<br />
Gardens; Vanderbilt University Arboretum; VanDusen Botanical Garden; W.<br />
J. Beal Botanical Garden; Waimea Valley Arboretum and Botanical Garden;<br />
Wallington; Wellington Botanic Garden; Wentworth castle Gardens;<br />
Westonbirt, The national Arboretum; Willowwood Arboretum; Winkworth<br />
Arboretum; Wuhan Botanical Garden; Xiamen Botanical Garden; Xi'an<br />
Botanical Garden; Xiashi Arboretum; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical<br />
Garden, cAS; yew Dell Botanical Gardens; Zoological and Botanical Garden<br />
of the Plzen Town (Zoologicka a Botanicka zahrada mesta Plzne).<br />
56
The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
AnnEX 5<br />
IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES AnD cRITERIA<br />
EXTINCT (EX)<br />
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last<br />
individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive<br />
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times<br />
(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed<br />
to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frame<br />
appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.<br />
EXTINCT IN ThE WILD (EW)<br />
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in<br />
cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)<br />
well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild<br />
when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at<br />
appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic<br />
range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a<br />
time-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.<br />
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)<br />
A taxon is critically Endangered when the best available evidence<br />
indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for critically<br />
Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be<br />
facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.<br />
ENDANGERED (EN)<br />
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates<br />
that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section<br />
V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of<br />
extinction in the wild.<br />
VULNERABLE (VU)<br />
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that<br />
it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and<br />
it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in<br />
the wild.<br />
NEAR ThREATENED (NT)<br />
A taxon is near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the<br />
criteria but does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered or<br />
Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for<br />
a threatened category in the near future.<br />
LEAST CoNCERN (LC)<br />
A taxon is Least concern when it has been evaluated against the<br />
criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered,<br />
Vulnerable or near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are<br />
included in this category.<br />
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)<br />
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to<br />
make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based<br />
on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category<br />
may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate<br />
data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is<br />
therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category<br />
indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the<br />
possibility that future research will show that threatened classification<br />
is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data<br />
are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in<br />
choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a<br />
taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable<br />
period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,<br />
threatened status may well be justified.<br />
NoT EVALUATED (NE)<br />
A taxon is not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated<br />
against the criteria.<br />
ThE CRITERIA FoR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,<br />
ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE<br />
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)<br />
A taxon is critically Endangered when the best available evidence<br />
indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is<br />
therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction<br />
in the wild:<br />
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:<br />
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size<br />
reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are<br />
clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based on<br />
(and specifying) any of the following:<br />
(a) direct observation<br />
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon<br />
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence<br />
and/or quality of habitat<br />
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation<br />
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,<br />
pollutants, competitors or parasites.<br />
2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size<br />
reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may<br />
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The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be<br />
reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.<br />
3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspected<br />
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years),<br />
based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.<br />
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected<br />
population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or three<br />
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of<br />
100 years in the future), where the time period must include<br />
both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its<br />
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR<br />
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to<br />
(e) under A1.<br />
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)<br />
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:<br />
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km 2 , and<br />
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:<br />
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single<br />
location.<br />
b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in<br />
any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat<br />
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(v) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(iv) number of mature individuals.<br />
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km 2 , and<br />
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:<br />
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single<br />
location.<br />
b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in<br />
any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat<br />
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(v) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(iv) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature<br />
individuals and either:<br />
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three<br />
years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a<br />
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR<br />
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in<br />
numbers of mature individuals AnD at least one of the<br />
following (a-b):<br />
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:<br />
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than<br />
50 mature individuals, OR<br />
(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one<br />
subpopulation.<br />
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.<br />
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature<br />
individuals.<br />
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the<br />
wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).<br />
ENDANGERED (EN)<br />
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates<br />
that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore<br />
considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:<br />
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:<br />
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size<br />
reduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are<br />
clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based on<br />
(and specifying) any of the following:<br />
(a) direct observation<br />
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon<br />
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence<br />
and/or quality of habitat<br />
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation<br />
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,<br />
pollutants, competitors or parasites.<br />
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The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size<br />
reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may<br />
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be<br />
reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.<br />
3. A population size reduction of ≥50%, projected or suspected<br />
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years),<br />
based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.<br />
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected<br />
population size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or three<br />
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of<br />
100 years in the future), where the time period must include<br />
both the past and the future, AnD where the reduction or its<br />
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR<br />
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to<br />
(e) under A1.<br />
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)<br />
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:<br />
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km 2 , and<br />
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:<br />
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than<br />
five locations.<br />
b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in<br />
any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat<br />
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(v) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(iv) number of mature individuals.<br />
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2 , and<br />
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:<br />
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than<br />
five locations.<br />
b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any<br />
of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat<br />
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(v) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(iv) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature<br />
individuals and either:<br />
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five<br />
years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a<br />
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR<br />
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in<br />
numbers of mature individuals AnD at least one of the<br />
following (a-b):<br />
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:<br />
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than<br />
250 mature individuals, OR<br />
(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one<br />
subpopulation.<br />
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.<br />
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature<br />
individuals.<br />
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the<br />
wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever<br />
is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).<br />
VULNERABLE (VU)<br />
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that<br />
it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore<br />
considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:<br />
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:<br />
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size<br />
reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction<br />
are: clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based<br />
on (and specifying) any of the following:<br />
(a) direct observation<br />
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon<br />
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence<br />
and/or quality of habitat<br />
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The Red List of <strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation<br />
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,<br />
pollutants, competitors or parasites.<br />
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size<br />
reduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may<br />
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be<br />
reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.<br />
3. A population size reduction of ≥30%, projected or suspected<br />
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations,<br />
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years),<br />
based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.<br />
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected<br />
population size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or three<br />
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of<br />
100 years in the future), where the time period must include<br />
both the past and the future, AnD where the reduction or its<br />
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR<br />
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to<br />
(e) under A1.<br />
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)<br />
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:<br />
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2 ,<br />
and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:<br />
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10<br />
locations.<br />
b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any<br />
of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat<br />
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(v) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(iv) number of mature individuals.<br />
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km 2 , and<br />
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:<br />
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10<br />
locations.<br />
b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any<br />
of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat<br />
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(v) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:<br />
(i) extent of occurrence<br />
(ii) area of occupancy<br />
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations<br />
(iv) number of mature individuals.<br />
c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature<br />
individuals and either:<br />
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10<br />
years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a<br />
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR<br />
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in<br />
numbers of mature individuals AnD at least one of the<br />
following (a-b):<br />
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:<br />
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than<br />
1000 mature individuals, OR<br />
(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.<br />
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.<br />
D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the<br />
following:<br />
1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature<br />
individuals.<br />
2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically<br />
less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)<br />
such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or<br />
stochastic events within a very short time period in an<br />
uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming critically<br />
Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.<br />
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the<br />
wild is at least 10% within 100 years.<br />
Source: IUcn (2001)<br />
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The Red List of<br />
<strong>Magnoliaceae</strong><br />
revised and extended<br />
For further information please contact:<br />
BGCI<br />
Descanso House<br />
199 Kew Road, Richmond<br />
Surrey, TW9 3BW<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953<br />
Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956<br />
E-mail: info@bgci.org<br />
Web: www.bgci.org<br />
Fauna & Flora International<br />
The David Attenborough Building,<br />
Pembroke Street, Cambridge,<br />
CB2 3QZ United Kingdom<br />
Tel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000<br />
Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 461481<br />
E-mail: info@fauna-flora.org<br />
Web: www.fauna-flora.org<br />
www.globaltrees.org