Part 1 – A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment - IUCN

A Rapid Participatory 

Biodiversity Assessment 

Stora Enso Eucalypt Plantation in 

Southern Lao PDR 

Conducted by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) in Lao PDR 

May 19, 2008

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boundaries. 

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. 

Authored by: IUCN Lao PDR 

Copyright: © 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 

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IUCN International Union for Conservation of 

Nature and Natural Resources 

Lao PDR Country Office: 

082/01 Fa Ngum Road 

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P.O. Box 4340 

Vientiane, Lao PDR 

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Tel: +856 -21 216401 

Fax: +856 -21216127 

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Contents 

Executive Summary................................................................................................... i 

Recommendations................................................................................................... iii 

5.1 Recommendations to strengthen the plantation process .................................................iii 

5.2 Recommendations to minimize harmful impacts of plantations on biodiversity and 

related ecosystem services through implementation of appropriate guidelines and 

monitoring practices........................................................................................................ iv 

5.3 Recommendations for further socio-economic analysis................................................. iv 

5.4 Recommendations for linking Stora Enso biodiversity management response to other 

biodiversity programmes in the area............................................................................... iv 

Part 1 – A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment...................................... 1 

1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 

1.1.1 The Stora Enso Plantation Project ........................................................................... 1 

1.1.2 The Plantation Model............................................................................................... 2 

1.1.3 Status of the project ................................................................................................. 3 

1.1.4 Environmental and social management practices .................................................... 3 

1.1.5 How this biodiversity assessment will inform the overall ESIA ............................. 4 

Source: Terms of reference for biodiversity assessment ....................................................... 4 

1.2 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 

1.3 A Rapid & Participatory Assessment Methodology........................................................ 2 

1.3.1 Scoping and Secondary Data Gathering .................................................................. 2 

1.3.2 Field Assessment and Data Analysis ...................................................................... 4 

1.3.3 Final Stakeholder Consultations .............................................................................. 4 

1.3.4 Methodology Limitations......................................................................................... 4 

Part 2 – Overview of the project area: Location, People and Landscapes .......... 6 

2.1 Location and physical characteristics of the study area................................................... 6 

2.2 People in the study area .................................................................................................. 7 

2.2.1 Basic demographics ................................................................................................. 7 

2.2.2 Ethnic groups and poverty ....................................................................................... 7 

2.3. Representative landscapes .............................................................................................. 9 

2.3.1. Nong District - Representative landscapes ............................................................. 9 

2.3.2 Sepon District - Representative landscapes ........................................................... 12 

2.3.3 Vilabouri District - Representative landscapes...................................................... 14 

2.3.4 Taoy District - Representative landscapes............................................................. 17 

2.3.5 Samoi District - Representative landscapes........................................................... 19 

Part 3 – Status of biodiversity in the project area including ecosystem services 

and conservation issues................................................................................ 22 

3.1 General land use, vegetation and/or habitat types around villages................................ 22 

3.2 Structure and composition of plants in different land-use/vegetation types............. 22 

3.3 Species richness of flora in the survey areas ................................................................. 24 

3.4 Species richness of fauna in the survey areas ................................................................ 25 

3.5 Important localities for conservation of biodiversity in the survey area ....................... 28 

3.6 Utilisation of biological resources ................................................................................. 29 

3.6.1 Ecosystem services related to biodiversity of the survey area............................... 29 

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3.6.2 Biodiversity and food provision in the study area ................................................. 31 

3.6.3 Trade of species: ................................................................................................... 34 

3.7 Conservation issues and threats ..................................................................................... 38 

3.8 Potential impacts on biodiversity related to the plantation project................................ 39 

Part 4 Management of biodiversity resources in the study area ........................ 41 

4.1 The legislative and policy framework governing biodiversity conservation in Lao PDR 

........................................................................................................................................ 41 

4.2 A snap shot of the management of biodiversity in the study area ................................. 43 

4.2.1 Government agencies............................................................................................. 43 

4.2.2 Traditional/local biodiversity management ........................................................... 44 

4.3 Biodiversity Management - Implications for Stora Enso .............................................. 44 

Part 5: Recommendations and tools for the conservation of biological 

resources in the project area......................................................................... 45 

5.1 General Recommendations on strengthening the Stora Enso plantation process .......... 45 

5.2 Recommendations to minimize harmful impacts of plantations on biodiversity and 

related ecosystem services ............................................................................................. 48 

5.4 Recommendations for further socio-economic analysis................................................ 54 

5.5 Recommendations for linking Stora Enso biodiversity management response to other 

biodiversity programmes in the area.............................................................................. 55 

6.0 References ........................................................................................................ 59 

6.1 Secondary Data Sources – biodiversity ......................................................................... 59 

6.2 Secondary Data Sources – social ................................................................................... 62 

Annex 1: Secondary Data Source – Maps ............................................................ 64 

Annex 2: A Rapid & Participatory Assessment Methodology ........................... 65 

1. Scoping and Secondary Data Gathering ..................................................................... 65 

2. Field Assessment ........................................................................................................ 66 

4. Methodology Limitations............................................................................................ 68 

Annex 3: Primary Species Lists ............................................................................ 70 

Annex 3.1 Nong................................................................................................................... 70 

Annex 3.2 Sepon.................................................................................................................. 80 

Annex 3.3 Vilabouri............................................................................................................. 85 

Annex 3.4 Taoy.................................................................................................................... 95 

Annex 3.5 Samoi................................................................................................................ 107 

Annex 4: Consolidated Secondary Species Lists.............................................. 122 

Annex 4.1: Mammals......................................................................................................... 125 

Annex 4.2: Birds................................................................................................................ 145 

Annex 4.3: Amphibians & Reptiles................................................................................... 163 

Annex 4.4: Freshwater Fish ............................................................................................... 167 

Annex 4.1: Plant Species ................................................................................................... 172 

Annex 5: Globally Threatened Species in Lao PDR ......................................................... 195 

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Executive Summary 

The Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment was conducted in five districts in Savanakhet and 

Salavan Provinces, Lao PDR between October and November 2007. The assessment is meant to be 

used to inform the upcoming Environmental and Social Impact Assessment process (to be completed 

by Salwood Asia Pacific Pty Ltd.) and to guide planning, management and monitoring decisions for 

the proposed Stora Enso Eucalypt Plantation. This assessment provides information, analysis and 

recommendations from an independent third party. It provides information about both potential 

environmental and social impacts of the proposed plantation collected using scientific processes. It 

also gives recommendations for avoiding and/or mitigating these impacts. It focuses particularly on 

the proposed plantation’s potential threats to biodiversity, which include increased pressure on forest 

and wildlife resources, degradation of aquatic habitats and establishment and spread of invasive alien 

species. It comes to the conclusion that minimizing adverse impacts on biodiversity requires a 

transparent and inclusive process that recognizes the interdependencies between different 

components of the mosaic landscapes and the diversity of local peoples. It also suggests that the 

project could bring significant benefits to local peoples. These benefits should be planned, 

implemented and monitored within the aforementioned mosaic framework as well. Together, his 

RPBA and the broader Stora Enso ESIA provide a forum for multi-stakeholder engagement to explore 

ways of strengthening governance in the plantation sector and demonstrating how a multi-stakeholder 

approach can lead to equitable and sustainable growth within this rapidly expanding sector in Lao 

PDR. 

Figure ES.1 Mosaic landscape and linkages between natural and human systems in study area 

The key message of the report is summarized by figure ES.1. With particular regard to the linkages 

between natural and human systems, the project should recognize the tradeoffs between utilization of 

lower conservation land, the potential direct impacts on livelihoods and the potential indirect impacts 

i

on other areas of higher biodiversity (see Main findings 4, 5 and 6). The red shaded area represents 

the area that theoretically would be most appropriate for a plantation project; in reality, most of the 

land identified as suitable by Stora Enso and Burapha falls within this area. The red arrows indicate 

the direction of pressure that may result from the large scale conversion of lower conservation value 

land on other components of the landscape mosaic due to the movement of human pressure (ie. 

harvesting, hunting) from degraded landscapes to areas with higher conservation value. 

A transparent and inclusive process that recognizes the interdependencies between different 

components in the mosaic landscapes and the diversity of local peoples is the only way to ensure that 

adverse impacts on biodiversity are minimized. The benefits that the project might bring to the local 

people should be planned, implemented and monitored within this framework as well. 

Main findings 

1. Landscapes in the potential plantation areas are mosaics with interlinked components 

containing diverse types and amounts of biodiversity. 

Different types of land use are linked across landscapes, and exist through different local natural 

resource management strategies. Areas of higher biodiversity and lower biodiversity often exist sideby-side, 

and are managed differently by local communities. The local communities live with different 

landscape components that fall at various points along the continuum of forest-fallow-field. Various 

forms of protection (legal, local) exist alongside various levels of management (extensive, intensive). 

2. Local communities are poor by socio-economic development standards, but dynamic and 

diverse in their livelihood adaptations. 

With high ethnic diversity, there is a rich base of local knowledge about local habitats and species. 

Local livelihoods are based on a history of adaptation and innovation based on local knowledge and 

belief systems. The diversity of livelihood strategies and resource management practices means that 

local communities may be affected by development interventions in different ways. A single plantation 

model may be received in different ways by different communities, causing a range of different 

adaptation mechanisms. 

3. Project success depends upon the communities that will be involved. 

A large-scale development project aiming to bring benefits to a foreign investor, the local government 

and the local people requires a well developed strategy for engaging with local stakeholders. 

Adequate information and sufficient opportunity for real dialogue among stakeholders will have a 

direct impact on the social, ecological and economic outcomes of the project. The details of roles and 

responsibilities of all stakeholders in decision making – including land acquisition, benefit sharing, 

extension and technical support, monitoring and adjustments to implementation – are of central 

concern to local stakeholders. 

4. Many areas of lower biodiversity value are areas of high livelihood value. 

Lower levels of biodiversity may be a reality in landscapes that are intensively managed. But the 

absolute number of species does not reflect the reliance of local communities on the existing 

biological diversity. Communities may depend upon a limited number of animal and plant species, but 

their wellbeing, in terms of health, nutrition and income, may be highly reliant on the accessibility of 

those species. A plantation model that aims to maintain agrobiodiversity in at least part of its planting 

cycle should provide at least the same amount of benefits as the existing land use patterns on a 

similar time-scale. 

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5. Conversion of a low biodiversity area to plantation land may result in intensified use of 

high biodiversity areas by communities. 

Because landscape components are linked through local livelihoods, changes in one land use type 

may have implications for other land use types. When access to local resources (including land and 

products in the fallow cycle) is limited, it is likely that communities will need to rely on resources in 

other areas. Conversion of large areas of fallow land may mean that local people are forced to 

expand or intensify their use of other more biologically rich areas. While absolute loss of diversity in 

areas converted to plantation may be relatively low, there may be a corresponding increase in 

pressure on other areas of higher biodiversity. 

6. Changes in the study site may have larger implications for biodiversity and regional 

ecosystems. 

Large-scale development interventions may have impacts beyond local ecosystems. The plantation 

area being considered is located in an area of critical importance in the ecosystems of mainland 

Southeast Asia. The site is a part of the Central Annamites range and the lower Mekong Basin, and is 

directly adjacent to three Lao National Protected Areas. The areas of intact forest in the study site, 

together with the aquatic ecosystems that run through it, provide valuable nodes in the natural 

network that supports the ecological integrity of the regional environment (see figure ES 1). 

Recommendations 

5.1 Recommendations to strengthen the plantation process 

It is recommended that Burapha/Stora Enso: 

Process R5.1.1: Better engage provincial and district government officials to inform them about the 

details of the project and gain their support in linking the project to local development goals. 

Process R5.1.2: Review its initial village engagement process to ensure that villagers understand 

that land has not been predetermined and that the purpose of the meeting is to see if the villagers are 

interested in the project 

Process R5.1.3: Continue to conduct independent, socio-economic baseline surveying to ensure that 

the variety of issues arising from a potential plantation are presented and options for mitigation and 

management outlined. 

Process R5.1.4: Expand collaborative land use mapping exercises to eventually cover all districts. 

Strengthen these exercises with simultaneous socio-economic and biodiversity studies. 

Process R5.1.5: Strengthen biodiversity considerations in the plantation preparation phase by 

adopting recognised guidelines, such as Forest Stewardship Council guidelines, for the conservation 

of biodiversity in plantation projects 

Process R5.1.6: Review the timing of the plantation preparation phase to ensure that the plantation 

and intercropping schedule provides optimal benefit for the plantation as well as for livelihood crops. 

Process R5.1.7: Initiate biodiversity monitoring programmes to monitor the progress of the 

integration of Stora Enso’s proposed environmental safeguards into the plantation operation and 

evaluate benefits to local communities, and resolve issues/conflicts. Ensure that monitoring results 

feed back into management and other decision-making processes. 

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5.2 Recommendations to minimize harmful impacts of plantations on 

biodiversity and related ecosystem services through implementation of 

appropriate guidelines and monitoring practices 

Guidelines 5.2.1: Integrate environmental safeguards suggested in this report into the proposed 

plantation forestry operation 

• Sensitization of forestry workers to adopt environmental safeguards and best practice 

guidelines in forestry operations provided in this report 

• Guidelines for selection of suitable sites for establishment of plantation forest plots: 

• Guidelines for land clearing phase 

• Guidelines for maintenance of agro-forestry operations 

• Off-site biodiversity conservation activities 

Monitoring 5.2.2: Implement indicators and tools for monitoring of environmental safeguards and 

biodiversity in forestry plots 

• Establishment of baseline indicators for monitoring, during pre-clearance phase 

• Monitoring indicators for land clearing phase 

• Monitoring indicators for plantation maintenance phase 

• Monitoring indicators for off-site biodiversity conservation initiatives 

5.3 Recommendations for further socio-economic analysis 


Social R5.3.1: Commission in-depth anthropological work in a smaller number of villages in order to 

better understand persistence and change in the livelihoods, cultural life and natural resources 

management of these local societies. This information can be used to inform better impact mitigation 

for the plantation project. 

Social R5.3.2: Invest in establishing a baseline and monitoring approach that allows disaggregated 

analysis for different ethnicities and within communities, so that social and economic equity is 

achieved. 

Social R5.3.3: Commission independent studies on food security that go beyond rice availability to 

look at access to foods that provide necessary components of balanced nutrition. 

Social R5.3.4: Commission independent studies on the role of livestock in local livelihoods and how 

livestock can work within the plantation model 

5.4 Recommendations for linking Stora Enso biodiversity management 

response to other biodiversity programmes in the area 


Management R5.4.1: Conduct further preparatory phase studies related to the bio-physical, socioeconomic, 

ethno-cultural situation before the implementation of any further plantations. This should 

include: 

• Collaborative land use mapping at district level 

• Independent land use and land title studies 

• A feasibility study should be undertaken to examine the possibilities of forest restoration 

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Management R5.4.2: Assist in the strengthening of agricultural extension programs for large scale 

plantations at both district and provincial levels with the aim at improving local livelihood systems 

together with the provision of support to local human resource development. Necessary actions 

include: 

• Support research and capacity building of province and district agriculture and forestry 

extension officers to improve local government skills in: 

o promotion of efficient agricultural and livestock management practices, 

o biodiversity assessment, and 

o prediction of ecological impacts of various plantation interventions 

• Explore and nurture a benefit-sharing model for plantation establishment with villagers which 

should be conducted to gain full local participation 

• Work with and support district agricultural extension services to provide villagers with 

required technical assistance 

Management R5.4.3: Work with individual communities to integrate plantations into village traditional 

management practices and support biodiversity conservation interventions at the village level. 

Necessary actions include: 

• Promote community mobilization, empowerment and local governance mechanisms to 

conserve biodiversity for human well-being 

• Maintainin structurally diverse ecosystems around plantations 

• Develop livelihood alternatives such as NTFP domestification and aquiculture 

Management R5.4.4: Support to government-led biodiversity conservation activities that are currently 

being implemented in the 5 districts of 2 provinces by government, research institutions, international 

organizations and international NGOs and local civil society organizations. This should include 

support to: 

• National protected area management in Phou Xang He, Dong Phouvieng and Xe Sap 

• Protection of the natural pine forest found in village landscapes near Xe Sap NPAs 

• Training courses and capacity building activities in cooperation with local environmental 

protection and forestry authorities 

• District biodiversity monitoring 

• Awareness raising and education programmes on ecosystem services and human-wellbeing 

related to biodiversity 

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Part 1 – A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment 

1.1 Background 

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) in Lao PDR has conducted an independent 

Rapid and Participatory Biodiversity Assessment (RPBA) in five districts in Savanakhet and Salavan 

provinces in order to inform a larger environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) that is being 

coordinated by Salwood Asia Pacific for a Stora Enso Eucalyptus plantation project. 

With the plantation sector in Lao PDR rapidly expanding, this RPBA and the broader Stora Enso 

ESIA also provide and important opportunity to use multi-stakeholder engagement in order to 

determine new ways of strengthening governance in the Lao PDR plantation sector and ultimately to 

determine mechanisms for ensuring that the sector’s growth is both equitable and sustainable. 

1.1.1 The Stora Enso Plantation Project 

Stora Enso is a large Finnish and Swedish paper, packaging and forest products company. The 

company is planning to establish 35 000ha of Eucalyptus plantations in Nong, Sepon, Taoy, Vilabouri 

and Samoi districts, Savannakhet and Salavan provinces, Lao PDR (see project area map figure 1.1). 

Key project statistics are outlined in table 1.1. 

Table 1.1: Key Project Statistics 

Total Plantation Area 35,000ha 

Annual Plantation Area 5,000ha 

Total Investment USD 40-50 million 

Labour opportunity 200,000 man days/year 

Labour payments USD 500,000/year 

Employment opportunities 150 - 200 persons 

Wood production 700,000 - 1,000,000 

ton/year 

Rice production (1,000 ha) 1,000 - 1,200 ton/year 

Source: Burapha PowerPoint Presentation 2007 ‘Stora Enso Going Forward in Laos’ 

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Figure 1.1 Biodiversity Study Area 

Source: National Geographic Department 2003 

1.1.2 The Plantation Model 

The plantation project will include an agro-forestry model in some areas. In addition to wood 

production, the agro-forestry model intends to improve the welfare of local communities and increase 

yields of rice and other food crops. According to the company, the agro-forestry model (see figure 

1.2) will allow for up to 70% of the plantation area to be used for community agriculture – agriculture 

crops owned and managed by local villagers. Eucalypts are planted in rows, six metres apart, and 

allow for four metre wide agriculture areas where rice or other crops can be planted. These 

plantations will be spread over approximately 100 sites, with an average of 350ha in size (~150ha 

minimum and 500ha maximum). 

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1.1.3 Status of the project 

The project is currently in a feasibility phase. Stora Enso has contracted Burapha Agro Forestry 

Co. Ltd (Burapha), a Lao-Swedish plantation and consultancy company to carry out this feasibility 

to: 

� Initiate contact with communities, and district/provincial/national governments; 

� Gather information on the project area; and 

� Commence pilot plantations on selected sites (see box 5.1: Plantation process). 

Figure 1.2 Stora Enso Plantation Model 

According to information provided by Burapha, the 

company has permission to plant 100ha of trial 

plantations in both Savannakhet and Salavan 

provinces (200ha total) and to survey another 

2000ha of land. Over the last 18 months the 

company has concentrated its efforts on Nong 

District in Savannakhet and in Taoy District in 

Salavan. 

Key studies conducted by Burapha and Axelsson 

& Svensson Info.Consultants 1 include: 

� Baseline Survey for Private Forestry 

Plantation Investment in Nong district, 

Savannakhet Province (May 2006) 

� A Socio Economic Baseline Survey of Nong 

District, Savannakhet Province (2007) 

� Cash Income – Baseline Survey of Nong and 

Sepon Districts, Savannakhet Province (2007) 

� Socio Economic Baseline Survey, Taoy 

District, Salavan (2007) 

Extensive mapping of potential plantation villages 

Source: Stora Enso Project Documents 

has been completed to date. In addition, mapping 

exercises are also being conducted in cooperation with the National Land Management Authority and 

district and province agricultural and forestry offices. This information has been sourced (see Annex 1 

Secondary Data Sources – Maps). 

The company has provided funds to renovate the nursery at the forestry school located in Sepon and 

has commenced growing seedlings. Plans for a full scale nursery have been developed and a site 

selected near Ban Along in Nong district. Land clearing and clearance of unexploded ordinance 

(UXO) commenced in 2006 and trial plantations have been established over the last 12 months in 

Nong and Taoy districts. 

1.1.4 Environmental and social management practices 

Stora Enso is committed to follow the best environmental and social management practices in 

plantation establishment and management. The company has commissioned an independent 

environmental and social assessment (ESIA) of the area which will be coordinated by Salwood Asia 

Pacific Pty Ltd., an Australian based consulting firm. The purpose of the ESIA is to identify and 

assess the environmental and social impacts associated with this project so that Stora Enso may 

determine and implement the suitable measures for mitigating and monitoring the impacts as early as 

possible and to identify options for social and environmental investments /development strategy in the 

areas of its influence. 

1 This consultancy consists of Helena Axelsson and Petter Svensson (Marketing Manager of Burapha Group) 

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1.1.5 How this biodiversity assessment will inform the overall ESIA 

The key purpose of this assessment is to provide independent, credible and sound biological and 

social information, analyses and recommendations to inform the ESIA and guide subsequent 

planning, impact management and monitoring decisions. Table 1.2 details how this information will 

inform the main ESIA. 

Table 1.3 Biodiversity assessment inputs into the overall ESIA 

Content for the biodiversity 

assessment 

1. Biological and social information 

Background information on location 

and physical characteristics including 

main ecosystems, vegetation/land use 

types and administrative categories of 

land 

Utilisation of biodiversity resources 

including wood and non-wood 

products, agriculture and traditional 

management practices 

Assessment of the state of biodiversity 

in the project area including ecosystem 

diversity and species diversity and 

status 

Trends in biodiversity in the project 

area including major threats, resources 

under sustainable use and 

conservation needs 

Management of biodiversity resources 

including national/sub national policy, 

institutional and legal framework, local 

management and biodiversity 

management programmes 

1. Recommendations and tools 

for: 

Preventing/mitigating negative impacts 

on biological resources in the 

assessment area 

Conservation of biological resources in 

the assessment area 

Biodiversity management and 

monitoring planning for the plantations 

in the assessment area 

Institutional and local capacity building 

on biodiversity assessment, monitoring 

and management and handling of 

biodiversity data 

Linking Stora Enso biodiversity 

management response to other 

biodiversity programmes in the area. 

Source: Terms of reference for biodiversity assessment 

Main input into ESIA (ESIA tasks as defined by the ESIA 

ToR) 

Task 1 – biodiversity conservation & livelihoods 

Task 2 – biodiversity description of the project 

Task 3 – biodiversity information, its use and management 

Task 5 – biodiversity and livelihood linkages 

Task 5 – inform social and environmental impact assessment 

Task 7 – inform development of management plan, mitigation 

and enhancement of positive impacts 

Task 9 – inform development of monitoring plan (biodiversity) 

Task 5 – inform social and environmental impact assessment 




Task 4 – inform legal and regulatory section 

Task 8 – inform institutional needs analysis 

















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1.2 Introduction 

The Rapid and Participatory Biodiversity 

Assessment (RPBA) was carried out in the potential 

Burapha/Stora Enso plantation areas in Salavan 

and Savanakhet Provinces, Lao PDR. This 

assessment and the pilot phase of Burapha and 

Stora Enso’s plantation project come at a time when 

investment in the plantation sector in Lao PDR is 

increasing significantly. While industrial forestry is 

[The RPBA]… is a timely opportunity for 

this type of multi-stakeholder 

engagement to explore ways of 

strengthening governance in the 

plantation sector and ultimately find 

equitable and sustainable solutions to 

the growth of this key sector. 

seen as one of the cornerstones of the country’s economic development and reduction of poverty, the 

mechanisms in place to guide these investments are weak and information available to decision 

makers on land-use options is often poor. The rapid expansion of rubber investments across the 

country has attracted the attention of national and local decision-makers. Examination of investment 

trends in the agriculture and forestry sectors has raised concern that some plantation investment is 

having significant adverse impacts on biodiversity and on ecosystem services. Because ecosystem 

well-being is linked so intricately to human well-being, this adverse effect has resulted in a lack of 

contribution of plantations to the alleviation of poverty in local communities. As a result, the Prime 

Minister has also issued a moratorium on all large land concessions for mining and agriculture until 

policy and governance structures are strengthened. 

In order to understand and address the rapid changes occurring, it is necessary for the government to 

engage with an increasingly broad set of stakeholders that includes the private sector, 

decisionmakers at all levels, local communities, international organizations and NGOs. The private 

sector, particularly foreign investors in natural resource-intensive sectors, drive many of the land use 

change patterns that are being observed. Decision makers at provincial and district levels also have a 

strong hand in directing investment trends. The diverse rural communities that are ultimately affected 

by these decisions are often ill-informed about large-scale commercial operations and in-experienced 

in participating in decision-making at this scale. This lack of information and experience limits their 

ability to engage effectively in the decision-making processes. Although some progress has been 

made in improving the consultation processes for large investments, an operational framework for 

involving local communities in key areas of decision-making remains to be developed and 

implemented effectively. 

The RPBA aims to address these gaps in social and environmental safeguards by using a multstakeholder 

and participatory process to identify potential environmental and social impacts of the 

proposed plantation project and to provide recommendations to Burapha and Stora Enso for suitable 

actions to address these impacts. It is not an ESIA, but will instead act as a stand-alone assessment 

that takes an in-depth and scientific look at the plantation’s potential impacts on biodiversity which 

may be used to inform the ESIA being conducted by Salwood Asia Pacific Pty Ltd. It will not only 

focus on the direct impacts of the plantation itself, but on the indirect impacts the plantation might 

create through altering the way that local people use and interact with their surrounding environment. 

Scope of the report: This report details the findings of the RPBA including biological and social 

information of the study area. The RBTA provides an analysis of the linkages between biodiversity 

and livelihoods and presents a series of recommendations to inform the ESIA process and guide 

subsequent impact assessment, management and monitoring decisions. 

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1.3 A Rapid & Participatory Assessment Methodology 

The Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment methodology included one phase of key information 

gathering for secondary sources on biodiversity and related ecosystem services in the study area. 

During the second phase, researchers ground-truthed these findings through a series of field 

missions in selected landscapes surrounding local community settlements in proposed plantation 

areas. The RPBA methodology’s main advantage lies in its straightforward and participatory 

approach to gathering scientific information on natural resource use by local communities, utilizing the 

active engagement of local people throughout the process. 

The methodology involves a mix of scoping and secondary data gathering and field assessment with 

the aims of generating information to: 

• Understand local habitat/ecosystem classifications and their significance based on local 

ecological knowledge, and to document the species composition of plants and animals that 

inhabit them; 

• Understand the dependence of local communities on their surrounding landscapes, and to 

obtain different ecosystem services; 

• Identify issues/threats that may have negative impacts on relevant ecosystem services; and 

• Conduct a qualitative analysis of ecosystem services related to surrounding landscapes 

The following sections provide a brief overview of the RPBA methodology. A more detailed account is 

outlined in Annex 2. 

1.3.1 Scoping and Secondary Data Gathering 

RPBAs draw substantially on secondary information. Data gathering during the scoping stages 

involved initial scoping interviews and stakeholder consultations. 

Secondary information gathered during these two exercises included published and unpublished 

papers and reports related to the biodiversity and socio-economics of Salavan and Savannakhet 

provinces (see section 6: References). This information was gathered and analysed for key issue 

areas and information gaps. This analysis was then used to direct the focus of the field missions. Box 

1.4 outlines some of the key concerns raised in consultation meetings with provincial and district 

officials held on 16-19 October 2007. 

Box 1.4 Notes from consultation meetings with Provincial and District Officials 

• During the course of the discussions with provincial and district officials, it was clear that 

many representatives were unaware of the proposed project. Their lack of knowledge about 

the project amplified concerns about it; 

• Government representatives were not convinced of the overall benefits of proposed 

development activity. Their concerns revolved around possible impacts on livelihoods, loss of 

access to fallow lands and lack of clarity of actual benefits to the province and its local 

communities; 

• One district representative outlined his concerns that Burapha’s initial activities in Taoy 

included clearing land without surveying what the area was composed of and how local 

people depend on the natural resources in that area. He stressed that before any further 

intervention happens, there should be a proper survey of what exists in the area and how the 

local communities rely on natural resources there; 

• Both meetings consisted of lengthy discussions about the Stora Enso model and the IUCN 

biodiversity assessment. Representatives voiced their satisfaction that the company was 

2

serious enough about addressing social and environmental impacts that they had 

commissioned an independent study on biodiversity and livelihoods in the study area. One 

official commented that this was uncommon in his district. 

• Nong district officials expressed concerns about the implications of forest plantations in 

general on food security. The official noted that this issue is important to ensure sufficient 

food for local people. 

• People are concerned about land management and allocation in mountainous areas, mainly 

the traditional tenure systems which have existed for a long time. These should be 

recognised by the company as a reality on the ground,and should be addressed as such 

when considering official compensation policies 

• Although the project would provide work for villagers as labourers, some people will not be 

able to adjust their livelihoods to work for the company in this capacity. The company should 

work to raise awareness among local communities about this issue so that they understand 

the trade-offs that would result from project implementation. 

• In regard to the impacts of large scale plantation on livelihoods, local authorities requested 

that short-term alternative strategies be identified to help impacted people to cope with longterm 

livelihood issues. This could include improving agriculture skills and knowledge about 

intercropping livelihood crops in tree plantations, or providing access or supporting funds to 

invest in suitable allocated land in upland areas (with Government permission). 

• Provincial and district officials all requested that their offices be kept better informed about 

the developments of the project. They requested that government officials be invited to take 

part in the biodiversity assessment in order to get a more in depth understanding of the 

potential impacts of the project, both positive and negative. 

A thorough analysis of this secondary information indicated that while overall there is an ample 

amount of information available about the two provinces (and the five districts relevant for the 

proposed assessment) there are number of information gaps, including: 

• Information on recently consolidated or relocated villages – Some districts such as Sepon 

have undergone significant village consolidation and relocation and information on this is 

limited. 

• Gaps in flora and NTFP data – while there have been some good studies in the north 

western parts of the study area, very little information on flora species and NTFP use 

could be sourced for Taoy and Samoi districts. 

• Biodiversity assessments in non protected area landscapes – Only limited information on 

biodiversity outside protected areas exists in the study area. The Crome et al (2003) 

study of the Sepon Mine concession area is one exception. It should however be noted 

that assessments carried out in protected areas are still representative of a variety of 

habitats and are inclusive of mosaic village landscapes. 

• Aquatic Biodiversity – while aquatic biodiversity is vital for food security of people there is 

a distinct lack of information on this resource and in-depth studies on the water resources 

in this area. Unfortunately a study 1997 conducted by Maurice Kottelat Fishes of the Nam 

Theun and Xe Bangfai basins could not be sourced. 

• Official Demographic Information - Government data on ethnicity is scarce. Beyond basic 

demographics, indicators of development are infrequently disaggregated to highlight 

3

differences and similarities among groups of varying ethnicity. Agricultural data is thin, 

especially in Salavan. The inability for this review to source earlier agricultural statistics 

has prevented trend analysis. 

• Anthropological studies of ethnic groups - ethnographic research is seriously lacking for 

the Mon-Khmer groups of the south. Increasingly, aspects of social science are being 

used to understand the situation of poverty and environment in some projects. A sociocultural 

survey of Vilabouri district in Savannakhet carried out by LXML has not been 

publicly released. 

• Information on Samoi – in general, information on Samoi District is very limited. 

Information was hard to obtain even when teams went down to perform field components 

of this assessment. 

1.3.2 Field Assessment and Data Analysis 

To ensure a representative and integrated social/biodiversity approach, the field methodology placed 

an emphasis on fewer but more detailed and in-depth engagements with local villages. A four step 

information gathering and analysis process was adopted which included: 

1. Village selection based on representative landscapes, representative ethnicities, Burapha 

plantation areas of interest and accessibility 

2. Assembly of a multi-disciplinary assessment team including representatives from provincial and 

district government 

3. Village consultation including village focal group meetings, representative landscape transect 

walks and a village debrief to gain an insight into villagers perceptions of the positive and 

negative impacts of plantations 

4. Data compilation and analysis was then conducted using a number of tools including village 

information sheets; landscapes and livelihood assessments; species list consolidation; mapping 

and GPS and photos taken of the area. 

1.3.3 Final Stakeholder Consultations 

A final stakeholder consultation meeting will be held in Savannakhet to share the results of this 

biodiversity assessment with government and community representatives. 

1.3.4 Methodology Limitations 

The RPBA methodology allowed assessment teams to cover a large area in a very short time period 

and to make informed judgements about the use, state, trends and threats to biodiversity in the study 

area. The RPBA by its very nature does not allow for a comprehensive scientific study of the 

intricacies of biodiversity and its importance to people in the study area. 

In addition to this overarching limitation, the following constraints and limitations that may have 

impacted data gathering should be noted: 

• Weather and road conditions limited district representation at the Salavan stakeholders 

meeting. 

• The Savannakhet stakeholder meeting was held in Sepon to make it most accessible for 

district officials and local stakeholders. As a result, representation from the provincial level 

was minimal – especially from the civil society working in the area. 

• Information on the assessment area is limited and dispersed across a number of 

organisations. Remoteness, of the area seems be a critical factor in the limited information 

4

available especially in hard to reach places such as Samoi where access by road in Lao is 

limited to the dry season months. 

• There were some problems with official communications within the Savannakhet Agriculture 

and Forestry administrative hierarchy, causing difficulty in making official contact with some 

villages. 

• Recent village consolidations in Sepon district meant that basic demographic and socioeconomic 

data in many villages was incomplete, outdated or completely lacking. 

• Language proved difficult in some villages where locals did not speak Lao well. This impacted 

particularly on the results of species identification – some species were only identified in the 

local language. For scientific quality reasons, this information could not be used in the final 

species analysis. 

• The rapid nature of the survey meant that women’s participation in the focus groups was not 

as high as hoped, although the team found that transect walks are an excellent way of 

providing voice to women. 

• The villagers tended to withhold information on exploitation of animal species, in the 

presence of government officials 

• Some of the information provided by villagers seemed to be contradictory, and time was a 

constraint in verifying such information. 

5

Part 2 – Overview of the project area: Location, People and 

Landscapes 

2.1 Location and physical characteristics of the study area 

Savannakhet and Salavan provinces are located in Southern Lao PDR. Savannakhet has an area of 

21 774km 2 , which is broken into 15 districts and lies between Khammuane and Salavan Provinces. 

Salavan has an area of 10,691km 2 which is broken into 8 districts and lies directly south of 

Savannakhet Province and north of Sekong Province (NSC 2005). The project area’s 5 districts, 

Vilabouri, Sepon, Nong, Taoy and Samoi lie along the eastern boarder of both these provinces and 

share an international border with Viet Nam – see figure 1.1. 

The general terrain of these districts is characterized by undulating agricultural and fallow landscapes 

interspersed with large pockets of re-growth and remnant forest, surrounded by mountains consisting 

largely of secondary, evergreen, semi evergreen and montane rainforest (Baltzer et al 2001c; UNDP 

1998). These landscapes were heavily impacted by use of defoliants and carpet bombing during the 

American-Vietnam war (see box 2.2). 

Box 2.2 - The impacts of war on people and the landscape. 

The study area was a location of strategic interest during the American/Vietnam war. Lying due west 

of the Viet Nam north-south de-militarized zone, this area was the home to an extensive network of 

trails and roads known as the Ho Chi Minh trail used by the North Vietnamese Army as a transport 

route between the north and south of Viet Nam. 

Savannakhet was the site of the second biggest conflict in Laos when the US retook the area around 

Sepon along national route 9 to launch an offensive called Lam Seun 719 which saw over 60 000 

South Vietnamese troops supported by US aerial support and 100 000 North Vietnamese troops. The 

offensive was a failure and following this the US decided to increase aerial offensives and bombing 

campaigns, ‘carpet bombing’ and using an array of defoliants, most heavily on the districts lying along 

the Viet Nam-Lao boarder. Between 1965 and 1973, 1.1 million tonnes of bombs were dropped on 

the trail, 1,600,000 litres of herbicide, 338,237 of Napalm and between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 

tonnes of ammunition were used in this area during the war, of which 40% remain unexploded (nation 

wide) (Daviau 2004). As a result UXOs are a major issue in the study area and casualties are still 

extremely common. 

Savannakhet Province has two main geographical areas: lowlands to the west account for 58% and 

highlands to the east represent the remaining land area. The average height of the province is 100 

metres above sea level. Eastern highlands rise to 1300m. 

Salavan Province can be divided into three geographical areas: 

• The plains region in Salavan, Toumlan Khongxedon, Vapi and Nakhonepheng districts, 

covering 40% of the province and rich fertile land used for agriculture; 

• The plateau region, covering 20% and lying in the district of Laongam bordering Champassak 

province used for agriculture and forestry; and 

• The mountainous region of Taoy and Samoi districts in the east, covering the remaining 40% 

of the province and considered “ideal for short-term and mid-term industrial forestry” (DAF 

2005) 

The study area lies in the Southeast Asia monsoon tropical climate, dominated by the northeast and 

then southwest monsoons that produce three distinct seasons. The cool dry season influenced by the 

6

cold continental high pressure region over China lasts from November through to February when 

winds spiral clockwise down from China into Southeast Asia. This is the northeast monsoon, brining 

with it, cold dry air with infrequent light rainfall. Between March and April the area starts to heat up 

and between April and October the southwest monsoons – consisting of warm winds and humid 

conditions – bring seasonal rain. Annual rainfall in Savannakhet is 1400 to 1700mm and 90% of this 

occurs between May and September. Maximum daily temperatures in the area range between 14°C 

and 35°C. The average temperature of Savannakhet is 26°C (IUCN/DoF 2000; Daviau 2004; Hallam 

et al. 2006). 

The Annamite mountain ridge, a key feature of the study area, holds the north easterly monsoons 

over the mountains (Baltzer et al 2001a). Other mountains in the study area including the protected 

areas of Phou Xang He, Dong Phouvieng and Xe Sap; All attract significant rainfall and act as 

important watersheds for lower lying landscapes. 

According to discussions with some stakeholders, weather conditions in Samoi district can be quite 

different to weather conditions in the rest of the study area. Cool and wet conditions were reported to 

occur at different times of the year and for shorter periods than in other areas. However no published 

information could be sourced to verify these statements. 

2.2 People in the study area 

2.2.1 Basic demographics 

The study area is populated by a number of ethnic groups, from the Lao-Tai and Mon-Khmer 

linguistic groups. At the broadest level, Lao-Tai (Lao and Phou Thay) inhabit the valley areas, while 

the Mon-Khmer (Brou and Taoy) live in the foothills and mountainous areas. This simplistic typology 

is reflected in the outdated and now officially abandoned system of referring to ethnic groups 

according to the Lao Lum, Lao Theung and Lao Sung classification which distinguishes ethnic groups 

by the general elevation at which they live. Two important factors of reality are that 1) within these 

distinctions there is significant linguistic and diversity within these groups and 2) the history of 

upheaval from the war years followed by the subsequent policies of stabilizing shifting cultivation and 

consolidating villages has meant that ethnic groups live in a number of topographic and ecological 

zones. 

In general, statistical data on basic socio-economic development indicators disaggregated by ethnic 

groups is scarce. The following table (2.1) shows literacy rates for the Mon-Khmer groups in 

Salavanh province. 

Table 2.3 Literacy rates of Mon-Khmer ethnic groups 

Mon-Khmer groups Total (%) Women (%) 

Katang 34.7 16.3 

Ta-oy 49.0 19.8 

Yru 37.5 35.7 

Suai 47.9 32.8 

Pacoh 24.4 7.7 

Kriang 44.9 25.9 

2.2.2 Ethnic groups and poverty 

Ethnicity is an essential component in the analysis of poverty in Lao. The latest Participatory Poverty 

Assessment (PPA 2007) states that: 

7

Diversity of languages and cultures is one of the main characteristics of Lao and potentially 

one of its greatest strengths. Unfortunately this diversity is often viewed as a hindrance rather 

than an asset. This is no doubt related to the fact that responses to development and 

modernization vary considerable between ethnic groups and that certain groups are more 

negatively impacted than others in the face of changes that occur (p.10). 

Nationally, there are significant gaps in the poverty rates across ethnic groups. Among the Lao-Tai 

groups the poverty rate is 20%, while 54% of Mon-Khmer groups are classified as poor. Salavanh 

and Savannakhet provinces are populated by a large number of Lao-Tai and Mon-Khmer groups. The 

PPA 2007 found that, although there was significant progress made in terms of some quantitative 

indicators of poverty, the majority of villages studied had approximately the same or worse living 

conditions. 

The two primary causes of poverty identified by villagers across the country are 1) limited access to 

land for cultivation and 2) livestock disease. The PPA 2006 found that poverty in the southern region 

of the country has remained stagnant between the period of 2000-2005. The main causes of poverty 

remain unchanged, and were identified and ranked by villagers according to frequency of occurrence: 

1. Lack of land for cultivation 

2. Natural disasters that affect rice yields 

3. Not enough livestock 

4. Lack of investment money, relocation 

5. Do not know what to do, have no cash crops, lack access to market, lack of water for 

cultivation or for opening new paddies 

6. Do not know techniques of paddy cultivation, lack of education, land taken by Vietnamese 

plantation enterprise with no compensation, no electricity, still poor from the effects of the 

war, village consolidation leading to overpopulation 

Comparing the data presented in the 2000 and 2006 PPAs shows some worrying trends in general 

socio-economic wellbeing in the southern region. For example, consumption of meat and vegetables 

from wild sources decreased 30% and 15% respectively. Similarly, livestock holding in poor villages 

were found to have increased in only 10 percent of villages, while there were decreases in 70%. 

Educational performance shows no significant change. Health and sanitation remains problematic. In 

the south, villagers often prefer to drink unboiled water from streams and wells. Mosquito nets remain 

largely unused, and village medical kits have not been utilized. In general, government services – 

education, health and agricultural extension – were seen to be insufficient, not providing relevant 

support to the issue of poverty reduction. 

In Mon-Khmer communities in the south, decreased access to land has had negative impacts on key 

poverty indicators. Fully 66% of villages experienced a reduction in swidden land per household in the 

period of 2000-2006. Mon-Khmer livelihoods are intimately intertwined with their swidden land 

management systems, and loss of access to swidden land frequently correlates with negative trends 

in food security. For example, according to the PPAs, as swidden land per household was reduced 

between 2000 and 2006, consumption of wild meat declined by 35% and consumption of wild 

vegetables decreased by 8%. 

Livestock are a critical component of rural livelihoods. Nationally, the number of large bovines being 

kept by villagers has decreased markedly. In the south, 70% of households experienced decreases. 

Access to veterinary services is given as a reason for this decline. 

Solutions to poverty identified by villagers reflected direct responses to these issues of access to land 

and livestock. The results suggest that villagers believe the problem to be out of their hands, requiring 

assistance from the government in terms of financial and physical inputs. Interestingly, the study 

suggests that villager solutions to poverty tell us “what people will do, as opposed to what they could 

do to alleviate poverty” (p. 47). In the south, solutions to poverty included: 

8

1. Open more paddy land, or increase land in general; raise or increase large bovines, raise 

livestock in general 

2. Irrigation, weirs, water for cultivation and animals 

3. Don’t have any solutions, whatever the government wants; grow corn and/or cassava; plant 

commercial trees 

4. Borrow money for small scale investments, grow vegetables for market, fruit trees, grow 

coffee to sell by the roadside 

5. Grow rubber, relocate to a new location where land is available 

The PPA 2007’s conclusion that “Mon-Khmer groups are especially vulnerable when swidden 

practices are changed or abandoned”, suggests that any development intervention that has potential 

for significant impact on swidden land use systems should be examined with great detail. 

Despite the relatively thin understanding of the ethnic minorities in the area, there have been some 

initial advances in bringing an anthropological perspective into development. The social and 

anthropological studies included in the literature review conclude that a deeper understanding of local 

practices, knowledge and beliefs, both traditional and evolving, should inform decision making about 

development interventions. 

Chamberlain (pers. comm.) has mentioned that the Phou Thay and Brou of Vilabouli district in 

Savannakhet have not been subjected to the full range of coercion in application of state policies. 

They have been able to be more selective in what aspects of mainstream Lao development they want 

to adopt, based on the utility of development ‘benefits’ to their own lifestyles and livelihoods. 

However, because of their linguistic and cultural affinity to the ethnic Lao, the Phou Thay may receive 

more of the benefits of education, compared to the Brou. 

2.3. Representative landscapes 

Sitting at the centre of the important natural ecosystems of the Central Annamites and the three 

National Protected Areas of Phou Xang He, Dong Phouvieng and Xe Sap is a mosaic of dynamic 

landscapes consisting of settlements, agricultural land, regenerated or fallow forest, and remnant 

forest ranging from high altitude mountainous areas to riverine valleys. To cover this large project 

area, this RPBA adopted a representative landscapes approach, capturing the connectivity between 

the diverse natural and social systems. The sections below give an overview of landscapes visited by 

the assessment teams. A field example has been 

provided for each district. These examples outline 

the main observations made by assessment teams 

across the study area. 

2.3.1. Nong District - Representative landscapes 

Nong district is mainly mountainous in the north and 

east, with flatland and river valleys to the south. To 

the east of Nong lies the Central Annamite Ridge. A 

large section (the 1998 extension) of the National 

Protected Area Dong Phouvieng provides a natural 

boarder with Phin district, running from north to 

south. The major rivers in Nong district are the 

Xelanong and Sepon. Representative landscapes 

visited during the assessment include: 

• Riverine flatland and foothills (Ban Kounsi, 

Loe and Along) – This landscape type consists 

of flat lowland landscape on the banks of the 

9

Xelanong River with undulating hills, rising to mountains with abundant primary and regenerated 

forest. Dong Phouvieng National Protected Area is situated on the west bank of the Xelanong 

River. Village residential areas are surrounded by a mixture of un-stocked and stocked forests 

serving as burial, spirit and village use forests. There are upland grassland areas outside Ban 

Along – these areas supply grass for the construction of house roofs. Rotational swidden 

agriculture is carried out in young fallow areas nearby the village settlement. Stora Enso 

feasibility studies and trial plantations have commenced in the area, focusing on areas classified 

by the National Geographic Department in their 2003 land-use data as un-stocked forest. 

• Riverine flatland and foothills (Ban Phoun Nhang and Phoun Tong) – This area is 

characterized by flat lowland agricultural land and fallow forest on the banks of the Xelou River 

with undulating hills rising to mountains approximately 7-10km away, consisting of primary and 

regenerated forest. There is llimited remnant forest in immediate village proximity, mainly old 

fallow protected as village spirit of burial forest. Swidden agriculture is carried out in areas nearby 

the village settlement. Although this area seems to present a good opportunity for plantations, 

according to the information received from Stora Enso and discussions with the communities, the 

company has not conducted any feasibility studies in the area. 

• Upland with stream (Ban Houb, Tamluang and Sang-Chene) – The area is mainly elevated 

flat village landscape with small streams surrounded by undulating hills and mountainous areas 

consisting of well stocked forests. Dong Phouvieng NPA lies immediately west of Ban Sang 

Chene. Village residential area surrounded by a mixture of un-stocked and stocked forests 

serving as burial, spirit and village use forests. Swidden agriculture is carried out in areas nearby 

the village settlement. There are upland grassland areas outside Ban Sang Chene. Stora Enso 

feasibility studies and trial plantations have commenced in the area. 

Box 2.4 Nong Field Example: Sang-Chean 

Ban Sang-Chean 

Ban Sang-Chean is located in the northern part of Nong district of Savannakhet Province near the 

main road from Ban Dong, Sepon district, to Ban Nong. In 2004 Ban Sang and Ban Chean were 

consolidated into one village called “Sang-Chene village”. The village settlement lies on flat lowland 

and is surrounded by undulating hills. These hilly landscapes consist of abundant primary and 

regenerated forests. To the west lies Phou Nang Mane, a hilly forest and buffer zone of Dong 

Phouvieng National Protected Area (see map – area market in green). The main water resources in 

the village are the Houay Kathi, Houay Chene and Houay Sabo. Houay Kathi flows around the whole 

village settlement but this stream is dry during the dry season. 

The village is the site of a Stora Enso trial plantation (see map - area marked in light blue area) and 

has been surveyed for the potential of a much larger plantation (see map - area marked in red). It 

provides a good example of the potential direct and indirect impacts of plantations in village 

landscapes across the study area. 

10

Limited land availability in village landscapes: The potential of plantations to have indirect 

negative impacts on areas of high conservation and livelihood value 

The map above highlights the importance of understanding how plantations may increase pressures 

on other land areas within the overall landscape. In this case, Ban Sang-Chean’s landscape is 

already experiencing pressure to supply land for: 

1. Swidden agriculture production land, including fruit tree and tree plantation land; 

2. Livestock grazing; 

3. Village protected forest including forest land for village use, forest land protected for spiritual 

purposes (spirit forest) and forest land protected for human burial (burial forest); 

4. National Protected Areas; and 

5. Plantation 

The assessment team observed the following land-use issues which should be better understood and 

considered by Burapha/Stora Enso in the future: 

• This village faces severe rice shortages as a result of low swidden agriculture production. Low 

production is mainly due to poor soil fertility and weeds issues (eg imperata grass) which is due to 

shortening of the fallow period from 7 years into 4 or 5 years and in turn a more degraded 

landscape. As a result villagers had already cleared large areas of forests for upland rice field 

expansion – some potentially encroaching into the buffer zone of the national protected area. This 

means that agricultural land has become scarce in the area, and thus land identification for 

plantation needs to be carefully assessed and prioritized. 

• The current plantation has had an impact on land availability for grazing domestic animals. 

Animals usually graze on degraded grassland/ swidden hilly areas – which are being considered 

11

as potential plantation areas. Villages have reported that the Burapha trial plantation has 

constrained grazing activity and they are trying to find alternative areas for grazing. 

• Sang-Chean’s production/ utilization forest is located at the south of the village consisting of 

relatively good forest. The village relies heavily on the village utilisation forest for NTFP collection 

and domestic wood use from Phou Nang Mane on the south and Phou Sang on the north of the 

village, such as grass for making roof sheets, bamboo shoots for drying, rattan canes and shoots 

and others. There is a fear that this land may be over-utilized if other land use areas are 

converted to plantation and no longer provide for livelihoods in the future. 

If the large potential plantation identified by Burapha for this area does go forward, these competing 

land use and livelihood issues are expected to intensify. 

Building awareness and monitoring the impacts of the plantation model 

In light of the above issues it is vital that the company and villages ensure that any plantations in the 

village landscape aid in food security and do not indirectly impact on other high biodiversity 

landscapes. Recognition of these competing land use issues and awareness of how the plantation 

model can be implemented to address these concerns is vital. During its visit to Ban Sang Chean, the 

assessment team found that villages were unaware of the plantation model and had 

misunderstandings about their right to use the plantation areas for agricultural purposes. It is clear 

that better relationships between the company and villagers need to be established so that the 

plantation model can be implemented effectively. Monitoring of how the model is meeting its goals is 

also important. 

Direct impacts of the plantation on areas of high conservation value. 

This village settlement is located at the edge of the boundary of Dong Phouvieng National Protected 

Area (NPA). Plantations to the west of Ban Sang-Chean may encroach on this important area and 

have a direct impact on the village landscapes. The company must be careful to get clear information 

on the geography of the area – during the site visit staff from the Department of Forestry arrived to 

inform the villages of the true boundaries of the protected area and to warn them about the potential 

for encroachment. Although satellite mapping and ground truthing may reveal heavily degraded areas 

throughout the landscape, any area that is classified as part of the NPA should not be used for 

plantation area. The company has an opportunity to support the regeneration of degrated areas of the 

NPA as part of its commitment to biodiversity conservation. 

2.3.2 Sepon District - Representative landscapes 

Sepon’s landscape is characterised by mountainous 

areas, steep rolling hills and pockets of flat low lying 

land along the main rivers and their tributary 

streams. In the east of the district lies the Central 

Annamite Ridge, in the south and southwest is the 

Dong Phouvieng National Protected Area (NPA), 

which is adjacent to the Phu Nang Maan Provincial 

Protected Area (PPA). Two main rivers cross 

through the district; the Sepon river, coming from the 

south east, forms the boarder between Vietnam and 

Nong districts and the Xe Bang Hiang, flowing down 

through Dong Phouvieng is a direct tributary of the 

Mekong. Other rivers include the Xe Samou and Se 

Namkok. Representative landscapes visited during 

12

the assessment include: 

• Riverine flatland and foothills (Ban Houi Jaeng, Muang Janh, Muang Saen and Sepon Kao) 

– A flat lowland landscape on the banks of the Sepon River is the main topographic feature of this 

area. This landscape is mostly flat, extending to the foothills, with villages located around Road 9. 

Many villages are located between the Sepon River and road. The Phou Naang Maan provincial 

protected area is the only place where large trees and dense forest can be found. All villages 

along the road have similar geography: 1) swidden and fallow forest are located mainly above the 

road, 2) the village settlement and some swidden/fallow mosaics between the road and river, 3) 

paddy and swidden/fallow at foothills, 4) old fallow running into Phou Nang Maan. 

• Riverine upland forested (Ban Hoai Phong and Khae Ving) – This landscape is characterized 

by forested mountains with slope varying from gentle to steep. The banks of the Xe Bang Hiang 

River are rather steep, the riverbed cut deep into the valley. Villages are located along mountain 

streams, and surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land and fallow forest, interspersed with old 

forest tracts of significant size and biodiversity. Mountain forests are larger and denser than in the 

lower areas. 

Box 2.5: Sepon Field Example - Ban Muang Janh 

Ban Muang Janh 

The village consists of five village clusters (koum ban), with 147 households in total. The koum ban 

(Ban Muang Jvanh, Ban Na Lom, Ban Kaeng Jong, Ban Kaluk Nawk, Ban Huai La’a) were 

consolidated administratively to function as five distinct villages in June 2006. The main koum ban of 

Ban Muang Janh is of Phou Thai ethnicity; the newly relocated koum ban are a mix of Phou Thai, Tri 

and Makong ethnicities. The village leadership said they are not sure if koum ban are going to be 

relocated or not, now that they have been administratively consolidated. Village upland fields are 

located in the area north of Rt 9, in the foothills leading up to the higher elevations where denser 

forest is found. 

Biodiversity and livestock in the forest mosaic 

According to local knowledge, the village forest has been degraded significantly. During the war, large 

expanses of forest were destroyed or significantly transformed, and the subsequent removal of 

hardwoods meant that 1) the village forestlands are now predominantly old fallow regrowth and 2) 

there are no valuable trees left. Fallow forest now dominates the landscape, and is an important part 

of the livelihood system as it supplies many products that are consumed locally, or sold in the local 

markets or to middlemen. 

In the transect walk, we passed through dense bamboo forests, open bamboo forests, current upland 

swiddens, 2-3 yr fallow, 3-4 fallow, mid-length fallow. This detail is lost in the maps. The sound of 

livestock bells was present throughout the walk, as the villagers graze their cattle in the fallow fields 

and regrowth forest. We saw several markers in the bamboo forest laying claim to next year’s 

swidden land. 

13

Livestock grazing in fallow field 

Conflict with livestock 

The fallow forest in the general vicinity of the plantation pilot site located at waypoint 12 is currently 

used as grazing land for the villagers’ cattle. After seedlings were planted for the plantation pilot, they 

were trampled by the livestock. According to villagers, this caused some tension between the village 

and the company. Burapha requested that the villagers build a fence, but villagers responded that 

they didn’t have the resources to do that on their own. The village leadership has made an 

announcement urging villagers to watch their cattle. 

Village governance and decision-making 

Data on demographics, land use and household/village economy has yet to be compiled by the 

leadership of the newly consolidated village. Villagers say that the government has done some 

surveying, but the data has not yet been fed back to the village administration. The villagers recount 

that Burapha originally asked for 200 ha of land. Villagers were concerned about availability of land 

for livestock grazing. District officials were alarmed as well, and 14 ha was finally agreed upon. Elders 

Union (Neo Hom) members stated that they were not happy with the 14 ha concession and that they 

did not agree with any further granting of concessions. Villagers are reportedly not very interested in 

the daily wage that has been offered. Elders say that the project has not been introduced well to the 

community, so suspicion is high. 

2.3.3 Vilabouri District - Representative 

landscapes 

Vilibouri’s landscape is characterised by isolated 

mountainous areas in the east the Central Annamite 

ridge and in the west the National Protected Area, 

Phou Xang He. Major rivers in the district include the 

Xe Bangfai, Xe Noy and Xe Pone. The district has 

little cultivated farmland the priority zone lying in the 

north-west of the district near Nanioum where a 

large plain and abundant rice fields exist. 

Representative landscapes visited during the 

assessment include: 

14

• Vilabouri plains (Ban Pha Phak Naou, Sa Loh and Nanamsang)– These flat plains consist 

mostly of paddy fields and secondary re-growth and scattered patches of grazing land. The area 

is situated close to Phou Xang He National Protected Area and the Xe Bai River. Village 

residential areas are surrounded by a mixture of un-stocked and stocked forests serving as burial, 

spirit and village use forests. Paddy fields dominate the landscape. 

• Riverine rolling terrain, forested (Ban Angkham and Vang Mahang) – In this area there is 

undulating hilly and steep terrain of secondary (old fallow) forest (of about 30-50 years). The main 

water resource of the village is the Xe Sa Gni. Village residential area surrounded by a mixture of 

un-stocked and stocked forests serving as burial, spirit and village use forests. 

• Riverine rolling terrain, agricultural (Ban Kok Mak) - Ban Kok Mak is surrounded by young 

fallow on undulating hills, which is the dominant landscape. The Sai Nam Kheang flows through 

the village. There are patches of dry dipterocarp forest, evergreen forest. Overall the ecosystem 

is mostly of human modified and disturbed nature of agricultural based ecosystem. There is very 

little paddy land and swidden cultivation is practiced. 

• Rolling terrain small streams, forested (Ban Sopa) – This area is characterised by lowland flat 

to undulating hilly landscape of secondary forest (of about 30-50 years). With a number of small 

streams including the Xe Kok. Village residential areas surrounded by a mixture of un-stocked 

and stocked forests serving as burial, spirit and village use forests. 

Box 2.6: Vilabouri Field Example – Ban Na Namsang 

Ban Na Namsang 

Ban Na Namsang is located to the west of the Vilabouri district centre in Savannakhet Province. The 

village contains 80 households, all of Phou Thai ethnic group. It is surrounded by paddy fields and old 

fallow (secondary re-growth) and scattered patches of grazing land as the dominant landscapes. At 

the far western boundary lies the Phou Xang He National Protected Area (NPA), a major distinctive 

mountain range landmark contrasting with the Vilabouri lowland plains. Main drainages in the village 

are the Houay Na Namsang, Houay Khe and Houay Xou. 

Land-use competition in the area 

Na Namsang’s patterns of resource utilisation are a microcosm of the many competitive land-uses in 

the area. Existing land-uses could potentially be a constraint to land availability for plantation 

establishment. Currently there are three primary types of land uses which constitute the main study 

findings irrespective of biodiversity value in the area: 

• Paddy and other agriculture production land; 

• Livestock grazing land; and 

• Village utilization forestland 

15

Small road with village use forest on left hand side 

Plantation development is dependent upon the district development program in terms of whether the 

area can be considered priority for plantation as well as whether appropriate land areas can be made 

available. The biodiversity survey team’s initial observation, however, is that the village land 

availability may be a limiting factor as much of the land is already being used for paddy cultivation 

and grazing. Unoccupied area mainly consists of old fallow and good secondary forest and is of high 

biodiversity value in the mosaic agricultural landscape. 

Community concerns about the plantation model 

The village authority reported that a number village households have already undertaken industrial 

plantation, primarily of Mai ketsana wood (Aquilaria crassna), but it is relatively small-scale. Despite 

this experience with plantations, when the Stora Enso plantation model was explained briefly locals 

viewed it sceptically and showed a general lack of enthusiasm for the idea. It was clear that this 

village and others like it will need a proper introduction to the model and that the company will have to 

work hard to show that the potential benefits of this model and its desired net livelihood benefits can 

be realised. 

Village Kapok (Bombax ceiba) plantations 

16

2.3.4 Taoy District - Representative landscapes 

The district is mountainous with an average height of 

500 metres above sea level and peaks rising to 

between 1000 – 2000 metres. A complex network of 

rivers and streams cut through the landscape. Land 

is predominately sloping with only 30% flatland on 

these river banks and on a small amount of 

highland. Over half of the district is covered in forest 

and while it is estimated that up to 100 000 ha of 

mainly flatland in Taoy is suitable for agriculture, 

cultivation is nonetheless still extremely low. Old 

growth forest accounts for 20% of the district, mostly 

found in the national protected area known as Xe 

Sap on the Taoy – Samoi boarder (Anonymous 

2000). Representative landscapes visited during the 

assessment include: 

• Upland with stream (Ban Jorla Vieng and 

Ten) – These areas have valleys surrounded by 

rolling hills and mountains. There are caves in 

the area and mountain tops covered with primary forest. Small streams run through the village 

landscape. Village residential areas are surrounded by un-stocked forests serving as burial, spirit 

and village use forests, and there are large areas of lowland valley rice fields. Swidden agriculture 

is practiced on nearby hills. Burapha feasibility studies and trial plantations have commenced in 

the area 

• Upland with stream close to primary forest (Ban Douk, Kang, Lapeung and 

Xeusunthaamong) – The rolling terrain rises to mountainous areas consisting of primary and 

secondary forests which near Ban Kang, Xeuxunthamong and Lapeung (Talava Production 

forest) are severely degraded due to intense commercial logging activities. To the south of Ban 

Douk lies Xe Sap NPA which has more intact primary forest. Small streams run through the 

village landscapes. Village residential areas are surrounded by un-stocked forests serving as 

burial, spirit and village use forests. Swidden agriculture is carried out in areas nearby the village 

settlement. Paddy fields are also common. Burapha feasibility studies and trial plantations have 

commenced in the area with the exception of areas surrounding Ban Douk. 

• Riverine flatland and foothills - 

Riverine flatland and foothill areas were not visited by the study team. Little information on these 

areas could be sourced from secondary documents. 

• Elevated landscape (high altitude) - 

Due to time and access limitations, areas of high altitude were not visited by the assessment 

team. These areas have been covered by previous biodiversity assessments conducted in Xe 

Xap (see 2.3.5) and to a lesser extent, Talava Production Forest. 

Box 2.7: Taoy Field Example: Ban Lapeung 

Ban Lapeung 

Ban Lapeung is situated on low rising land, amongst a mountainous landscape. To the north are the 

Balai Mountains and to the North West is 83ha of land dedicated to Stora Enso for Eucalyptus 

plantations. To the south are the production forests of the Aleng mountains, and to the south west, 

17

the La Leng mountains. The Lahi River runs along the western, southern and eastern boundaries of 

the village and is intercepted by the Paid River. 

The ‘potential plantation area’ (shown on this map in red) was observed to hold important fallow and 

low land rice cultivation areas utilized by Ban Lapeung. 

Lowland rice cultivation 

Currently the villagers of Ban Lapeung suffer severe rice shortages. Some villagers have only enough 

rice for 3 months of the year. Insufficient yields of low land rice are largely due to pest invasions, 

including ants, wild boar, birds, and a debilitating fungi known as pia. Weather conditions such as 

heavy wind have also contributed to poor yields. 

Waypoint 13: Ban Lapeung, low land paddy field 

18

Further encroachment into village low land rice cultivation areas will reduce the already insufficient 

low land rice in the area and potentially further exacerbate the already dire shortage of rice for the 

villagers. Careful consideration needs to be made in regards to developing any plantation area while 

still ensuring access to sufficient low land rice cultivation areas. The village does acknowledge that 

poor low land rice yields could also be attributed to poor genetic variety and the village would 

welcome assistance in trialing different varieties of low land rice. Assistance to the village in 

improving low land rice yelds is a potential area that Burapha should consider for contributing to the 

village. Any plantation in an area currently used for the growth of low land rice should be developed in 

a way that also provides villagers access to other appropriate low land rice cultivation areas that have 

the potential to provide appropriate yields. 

Fallow landscapes and NTFPs 

The proposed plantation site includes fallow land, mainly young fallow. While some of this land may 

be suitable for the proposed plantation, this area is also utilised both growth of upland rice and 

collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). NTFPs from this area are collected to be sold, 

consumed, used as medicine or used in construction. In times of rice shortages the village relies 

particularly heavily on NTFPs, including raisens, rattan shoots and bamboo shoots, as alternative 

food sources to rice. Houses in the village are still made from plant matter including bamboo and 

grass thatched roofsMany of these plant species used for consumption and in construction are 

collected from fallow land. 

The Lahi river 

The proposed plantation area is situated alongside the Lahi river. This river flows along the western, 

southern and eastern edges of the village and is intercepted by the Paid River. River banks are 

utilised for the growing of village gardens. The Lahi River is used as a source of drinking water and 

for general bathing and washing duties. Fishing taps were observed in the area although villages 

reported catching primarily prawns because there are little fish or crabs left. They suggested that the 

decline may be due to poor water quality. This river also plays an important role in the small scale 

generation of hydro electricity. Any plantation or access routes to the plantation should be developed 

in ways that ensure that the river system is not disrupted so that they do not impact upon these vital 

services that the river provides to the village. 

2.3.5 Samoi District - Representative landscapes 

The district landscape is mainly mountainous and is 

dominated by 44 971ha of forest and 12 029ha of 

productive land (DPIb 2007b). The Sepon River 

flows from the north of the district to the south and is 

fed by a large number of tributaries. There are 3 

distinct landscape classifications: 1) riverside 

landscape consisting on flat banks and rolling hills; 

2) elevated areas with many streams and 3) high 

altitude areas. Representative landscapes visited 

during the assessment include: 

• Upland with stream (Ban Lalai Akong, Tahko 

and Phin B) – This landscape is characterised 

by flat land surrounded by rolling hills and high 

mountain terrain possessing a mixture of 

primary, regenerated fallow and young fallow 

areas of high biodiversity value. Small streams 

run through the village landscape. Village 

19

esidential areas are surrounded by un-stocked forests serving as burial, spirit and village use 

forests. Swidden agriculture is carried out in areas nearby the village settlement. 

• Upland with stream close to primary forest (Ban Atouk and Lahang) – With flat terrain 

surrounded by rolling terrain working up to the forested mountain areas, there is a rich mixture of 

primary, regenerated fallow and use fallow areas of high biodiversity value. Xe Xap NPA and 

Xelamang Production Forest are key primary forested areas. Small streams run through the 

village landscape. Village residential areas are surrounded by un-stocked forests serving as 

burial, spirit and village use forests. Swidden agriculture is carried out in areas nearby the village 

settlement. 

• Riverine flatland and foothills (Ban Achu Leng, Achung Nhai, Lava Thai and Phin A) – Flat 

landscape positioned on gently sloping banks of the Sepon River rising to rolling terrains and 

mountainous areas which posses a mixture of primary, regenerated fallow and use fallow areas 

of high biodiversity value. Seasonal streams flowing through landscape into the Sepon river. 

Village residential areas with the exception of Phin A are surrounded by a mixture of un-stocked 

and stocked forests serving as burial, spirit and village use forests. For Phin A mountainous 

forests 2 and 7km away are important assets. A large wetland called Kapouk Kayyiane lies close 

to Ban Lava Tai. Pine Forest found along Sepon river near Ban Achung Nhai. 

• Elevated landscape (high altitude) – (Not visited) 

These areas have been well documented by previous biodiversity assessments in Xe Xap 

National Protected Area which forms part of the Central-Southern Annimite Mountains. Altitude 

ranges from between 400 metres and 2066 metres above sea level. The landscape consists 

mainly of steep terrain with high plateaus at about 1400 metres above sea level (IUCN/DoF 

2004). The area is an important watershed for the Xe Lanong and Sepon rivers which flow 

northwards into the Xe Banghieng in Savannakhet and the Xe Lon and Xe Sap rivers flowing 

southwards and feeding into the Xe Kong River. Main forest types are Evergreen forest, Semievergreen 

forest and evergreen wood/shrub land (IUCN/DoF 2004). Steingmetz 1999 also 

indicates that pine forests are significant. These habitat and size are listed in the below table. 

Other habitats features include numerous waterfalls, rocky cliff faces and Rhododendron forests 

at high elevations (IUCN/DoF 2004). 

Box 2.8: Samoi Field Example - Ban Achungleng 

Ban Achungleng 

Ban Achungleng is one of 14 villages in the Atouk cluster, with 28 households. The entire village is of 

Kado ethnicity. This village is located near the road 15 A in the south and Sepone river in the north 

and has its boundaries with other villages, such as Ban Meo, Ban Avai, Ban Aho, Ban Adone, Ban 

Achung Nhai, and Ban Pong Nohn. Most of village upland fields found close to the village settlement 

and near the road 15 A. 

Food security (Rice shortages supplemented by cassava) 

Currently, the village faces major rice shortages, with nearly all households experiencing rice 

insufficiency for more than 6 months of the year. Rice production is highly dependent on labour as 

households can only afford to manage one hectare each. Villagers reported that rice production from 

swidden agriculture is very low due to fast recovery of weeds, particularly imperata grass nha kha 

(Imperata cylindrica) which shortens the fallow rotation period from 7 years to 3 or 4 years and 

intensifies labour requirements for weeding. There is however a large cassava output. During the rice 

shortage the most severely effected households supplement their diet with cassava. Villagers also 

buy rice to supplement their diets using income from the sale of poultry and from supplying labour to 

other households. 

20

Experiences in tree growing and Income from Plantations 

Villagers have initiated small-plot bong tree (Persea kurzii) plantations which are used for bark 

collection as well as some coffee and acacia plantations. There are also large areas of acacia 

plantation that belong to the District Agriculture and Forestry Office (DAFO) nearby the village on both 

sides of the road 15 A. Villagers showed interested in further tree plantation projects but said they 

also preferred to have certain areas of natural vegetation in their plantations in order to maintain 

biodiversity of animals and NTFPs as an alternate livelihood strategy, especially during severe rice 

shortages. 

Biodiversity and livelihood in the forest mosaic 

According to Mr. Kohn Vene, village headman, villagers rely mainly on resources of a nearby 

mountain, Phou Krang , and pine forest. In the Phou Krang forest, villagers often cut mai khene hin 

(Hopea odorata) for their house construction and now use mai kheng (Dialium cochinchinensis), mai 

champa pa (Michelia champaca), and mai dou (Pterocarpus macrocarpus.) Villagers have noticed 

that mai khene hine is becoming rare and that some other tree species have disappeared from these 

forests including mai kha nhoung (Dalbergia cochinchinensis) and mai dou (Pterocarpus 

macrocarpus). Villagers reported that in the pine forest, many mai kha nhoung (Dalbergia 

cochinchinensis) are also found. NTFPs, such as rattan, tao shoots, bamboo shoots, bananas 

flowers, are collected for both household consumption and sale. From 2000 to 2004, Mai Po Heuang 

(Aquilaria sp.) was heavily extracted and sold to Vietnam. In addition, villagers collect rattan, bamboo 

shoots, and wild leaves (samek) mostly for their own consumption. 

There are rich forests in the area that Ban Achungleng shares with surrounding villages. However, 

there is a need for agreements to be made between villages to ensure the equitable and sustainable 

use of these resources. The natural pine forests are of high biodiversity value and should be 

protected. 

21

Part 3 – Status of biodiversity in the project area including 

ecosystem services and conservation issues 

The landscape-level analysis presented above provides insights into the human-natural inter-linkages 

as they play out on the ground. A number of issues have arisen concerning how major changes to the 

landscape may affect local ecological and social systems. For a discussion of the status of biodiversity 

in the project area, information gathered in the landscape analysis is combined with secondary data to 

provide a snapshot at the district level. It is important to zoom out from village to district at this point, 

because many of the decisions that affect whether and how a project will move forward are made at the 

district level. Given the central role the district envisions for its staff in monitoring the project, it was 

deemed appropriate that biodiversity data be summarized at this scale. 

3.1 General land use, vegetation and/or habitat types around villages 

The general land-use, vegetation and habitat types in and around the villages of the five districts 

include a mosaic of home gardens, mixed cultivation plots, upland paddy fields, fallow land 

(shrubland/scrubland), degraded forest, grasslands, riverine forests and dense primary forests. A few 

villages harboured plantation forests. The main aquatic habitats include networks of streams and rivers, 

while ponds and marshes were found in some villages visited. 

3.2 Structure and composition of plants in different land-use/vegetation types 

Home gardens - These include managed areas within the village where houses are located, dominated 

by planted trees and shrubs. The quality of home gardens range from poorly managed ones (neglected, 

with a few scattered trees) to fairly well-managed ones (a mixture of several useful trees/shrubs). In 

general, the old villages consist of home gardens with a variety of useful plants. The common plant 

species in home gardens visited are highlighted in Table 3.1 below: 

Table 3.1 Common plants in home gardens 

Family Species 

Palmae Cocos nucifera (Coconut) 

Bombacacea Bombax ceiba (Kapok) 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indicus (Mango) 

Fabaceae Tamarindus indicas (Tamarind) 

Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus (Marmi ) 

Musacecae Musa balbisiana (Banana) 

Caricaceae Carica papaya (Papaw) 

Mixed cultivation plots: Small plots of mixed cultivations include fruits such as banana, papaya, pine 

apple, orange; tubers/yams such as Cassava; and several species of vegetables. 

Fallow land (1-15 years): These are areas abandoned after cultivation of upland rice and/or other 

crops, and include vegetation communities under different stages of succession, depending on the age 

of the fallow lands. The more recent fallow areas (ie. less than 2 years) include shrublands dominated 

by herbaceous weed species (including invasive alien plants) and pioneer plant species. The common 

invasive alien species in recent fallow lands include Lantana camara and Eupatorium odoratum, which 

form dense thickets. The older fallow land includes bamboo scrubland and secondary forests 

dominated by woody vegetation. In general, 4-8 year fallow lands consist of isolated trees and a layer 

of impenetrable scrub. The common plant species in recent fallow areas and old fallow area visited are 

highlighted in Table 3.2 & Table 3.3 below:

Table 3.2 Common plants in recent fallow land 


Verbenaceae Lantana camara 

Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum 

Palmae Rhapis laoensis 

Leguminosae Peltaphorum desyrachis 

Liguminosae Sindora siamensis 

Lythraceae Lagestroemia balansae 

Hypericaceae Cratoxylum formosum 

Irvingiaceae Irvingia malayana 

Gramineae Oxytenenthra parviflora 

Table 3.3 Recorded plants in old fallow land 


Apocynaceae Wrightia arborea 

Flacourtiaceae Casearia floranos 

Myrtaceae Syzygium cinereum 

Graminae Dendrocalamus spp. 

Graminae Bambusa spp. 

Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura 

Meliaceae Xylia xylocarpa 

Leguminosae Dalbergia cochinchinensis 

Pterocarpaceae Pterocarpus macrocarpus 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus 

Degraded forests (secondary/primary forests): These are forests which have been subjected to 

timber extraction, and generally lack large and mature trees. The villagers also use these forests as 

production forests, for their timber and fuel wood needs. 

Relatively undisturbed primary forests: Patches of primary forests occur in hill tops and isolated 

patches among cleared areas. These are generally dominated by evergreen forests, mixed deciduous 

forests and dry Dipterocarp forests. In general, these forests include 4-5 strata of vegetation. Some of 

these forests have been degraded by carpet bombing operations and chemical spray (agent orange) 

during the Vietnam war (about 3-4 decades ago). The recorded tree species in these forests are 

highlighted in Table 3.4 below. 

Table 3.4 Recorded tree species in degraded forests and primary forests 


Evergreen forests 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia balansae 

Pterocarpaceae Pterocarpus macrocapus 

Dipterocarpaceae 

Hopea odorata 

Vatica harmandii 

Dipterocarpus alatus 

Anisoptera costata 

Myrtaceae Syzigium spp. 

Leguminosae Xylia xylocarpa 

Mixed deciduous forests 

Leguminosae Xylia xylocarpa 

23

Leguminosae Dalbergia cochinchinensis 

Pterocarpaceae Pterocarpus macrocarpus 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia balansae 



Tonnidae Dalium cochinchinansis 

Dry Dipterocarp forests 

Diperocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius 

Diperocarpaceae Shorea siamensis 

Leguminosae Sindora siamensis 



Myrtaceae Syzygium cinereum 

Riverine forests: Patches of riverine forests occur along streams and rivers, and include plant 

communities such as gallery forests dominated by tall trees, short scrubland/bushland and bamboo 

thickets. The riverine gallery forests are dominated by tall tree species such as Terminalia spp. The 

riverine scrubland/bushland includes species such as Homonoia riparia, and others such as 

Telectadium, Phyllanthus and Crateva spp. These bushland are inundated by floodwater, during the 

rainy season. 

Forest plantations: The scattered patches of forest plantations in the two provinces include Kapok 

(Bombax ceiba), Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Blackwood (Aquilaria crassna), Rubber (Hevea 

brasiliensis), Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis and A. mangium) and Coffee (Coffea arabica). 

3.3 Species richness of flora in the survey areas 

Plants used by local communities: Based on field observations made during current survey and 

information gathered from local communities, the plant species used by local communities in the five 

districts ranged from 40 species (Nong District) to 90 species (Vilabouri District) (see Table 3.5, and 

Annex 3.1 – 3.5). The plant products and life-forms used by local communities included timber species 

(trees), fuel wood (trees and woody scrub), fruits (in trees and woody scrub), yams and tubers (from 

herbaceous plants), medicinal plants (woody and herbaceous plants), edible shoots (bamboo and 

rattan), animal fodder (grasses and other woody/herbaceous plant leaves) , tannins/resins and plant 

material for household uses, including weaving of mats and baskets (ie., bamboo, rattan, reeds etc.) 

(see Annex 3.1-3.5 for details). 

Table 3.5: Species richness of plants used by local communities in the survey area 

Vilabouri Nong Samoi Taoey Sepon 

90 species 40 species 43 species 76 species 52 species 

Composition of plants in the survey area: Based on current observations and information compiled 

from secondary sources, more than 500 species of plants have been recorded from the Salavan and 

Savannakhet provinces (see Annex 4.5 for consolidated plant list). Among the total plants recorded 

from the survey area, 14 woody plant species are globally threatened (Table 3.6). A majority of the 

globally threatened plants are dipterocarps. 

24

Table 3.6. Globally threatened plant species in the survey area 

Scientific Name Family Habitat Vil Non Sam Tao Xep 

Critically Endangered 

Aquilaria crassna Thymelaeaceae Primary and secondary forest Mixed deciduous, evergreen and 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Dipterocarpus turbinatus Dipterocarpaceae semi-evergreen forest ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Shorea thorelii Dipterocarpaceae Terrestrial ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hopea thorelii Dipterocarpaceae Terrestrial Endangered 

Dense forest, and in transitional 

areas between evergreen and dry 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Afzelia xylocarpa Leguminosae open dipterocarp forest 

Scattered in lowland, hill and upper 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Dipterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpaceae dipterocarp forest 

Dry evergreen or deciduous forest 

and bamboo forest, often on sandy 

┼ ┼ ┼ 

Shorea roxburghii Dipterocarpaceae soils 

Lowland and submontane 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Dalbergia bariensis Leguminosae broadleaved forest ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hopea recopei Dipterocarpaceae Terrestrial Seasonal wet and dry evergreen 

┼ ┼ ┼ 

Shorea henryana 

Vulnerable 

Dipterocarpaceae forest 

Lowland riparian forest, moist 

┼ ┼ 

Hopea odorata Dipterocarpaceae 

evergreen forest at higher altitudes 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Dalbergia cochinchinensis Leguminosae Open semi-deciduous forests 

Low altitudes near streams on 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Platanus kerrii Platanaceae alluvium, gravel soils or mud flats ┼ ┼ 

Cunninghamia konishii Cupressaceae Evergreen submontane forest ┼ ┼ 

3.4 Species richness of fauna in the survey areas 

Based on direct field observations made during current survey and reliable information gathered from 

local communities, the species richness of different groups of vertebrate fauna and butterflies in the 

survey area is highlighted in Table 3.7 below (see Annex 3.1 – 3.5 for species lists of different groups of 

fauna in the five districts). 

Table 3.7: Species richness of fauna recorded from the survey area 

Group Vilabouri Nong Samoi Taoey Sepon 

Freshwater Fish 13 22 13 04 11 

Amphibians 01 04 04 02 02 

Reptiles 03 14 18 07 04 

Birds 47 21 60 73 11 

Mammals 10 28 39 29 21 

Butterflies 34 -- -- 48 -- 

25

Based on current observations and information compiled from secondary sources, the consolidated 

species richness of different groups of vertebrate fauna recorded from the Salavan and Savannakhet 

provinces is highlighted in Table 3.8 below (see Annexes 4.1 – 4.3 for consolidated species lists of 

vertebrate fauna). As evident from the high species richness, birds are the dominant group of 

vertebrates in the area. Among the total vertebrate species recorded from the survey area, 41 species 

are globally threatened (Table 3.9). Among the mammals in these two provinces, one in every four 

species is globally threatened. 

Table 3.8 Species occurance of vertebrate fauna in Salavan and Savannakhet provinces 

Group Total Globally 

species Threatened 

Freshwater Fish 142 03 

Amphibians 34 -- 

Reptiles 58 05 

Birds 384 06 

Mammals 95 27 

Table 3.9: Globally threatened vertebrate fauna in the survey area 

Critically Endangered (CR) 

Scientific Name Family Common English Name Vil Non Sam Tao Xep 

Mammals 

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Bovidae Saola ┼ 

Rhinoceros sondaicus Rhinocerotidae Javan rhinoceros ┼ 

Birds 

Thaumatibis gigantea Threskiornithidae Giant ibis ┼ 

Reptiles 

Crocodylus siamensis Crocodylidae Siamese crocodile ┼ 

Endangered (EN) 

Scientific Name Family Common Name Vil Non Sam Tao Xep 

Mammals 

Bos javanicus Bovidae Banteng ┼ 

Cuon alpinus Canidae Asiatic wild dog ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Elephas maximus Elephantidae Asian elephant ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hylopetes alboniger Sciuridae Particolored flying squirrel ┼ 

Panthera tigris Felidae Tiger ┼ ┼ 

Pygathrix nemaeus Cercopithecidae Douc langur ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Nomascus concolor Hylobatidae Black gibbon ┼ ┼ 

Reptiles 

Indotestudo elongata Testudinidae Elongated tortoise ┼ 

Platysternon 

megacephalum Platysternidae Big-headed turtle ┼ 

Fish 

Probarbus jullieni Cyprinidae Jullien's golden carp ┼ 

Tenualosa thibaudeaui Clupeidae Laotian shad ┼ 

Dasyatis laosensis Dasyatidae Mekong freshwater stingray ┼ 

26

Vulnerable (VU) 

Scientific Name Family Common Name Vil Non Sam Tao Xep 

Mammals 

Bos frontalis Bovidae Gaur ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Capricornis sumatraensis Bovidae Serow ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Catopuma temminckii Felidae Asiatic golden cat ┼ ┼ 

Cervus eldii Cervidae Brow-antlered deer ┼ 

Chrotogale owstoni Viverridae Owston's banded palm civet ┼ 

Hylobates pileatus Hylobatidae Capped gibbon ┼ ┼ 

Hystrix brachyura Hystricidae Malayan porcupine ┼ ┼ 

Lutrogale perspicillata Mustelidae Indian smooth-coated otter ┼ 

Macaca arctoides Cercopithecidae Bear macaque ┼ 

Macaca assamensis Cercopithecidae Assam macaque ┼ 

Naemorhedus caudatus Bovidae Chinese goral ┼ 

Neofelis nebulosa Felidae Clouded leopard ┼ 

Nycticebus pygmaeus Loridae Lesser slow loris ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pardofelis marmorata Felidae Marbled cat ┼ ┼ 

Prionailurus viverrinus Felidae Fishing cat ┼ ┼ 

Trachypithecus francoisi Cercopithecidae François's langur ┼ 

Ursus thibetanus Ursidae Asiatic black bear ┼ ┼ 

Nomascus gabriellae Hylobatidae Buff-cheeked gibbon ┼ 

Birds 

Aceros nipalensis Bucerotidae Rufous-necked hornbill ┼ ┼ 

Heliopais personatus Heliornithidae Masked finfoot ┼ 

Leptoptilos javanicus Ciconiidae Lesser adjutant ┼ 

Pavo muticus Phasianidae Green peafowl ┼ ┼ 

Actinodura sodangorum Timaliidae Black-crowned barwing ┼ 

Reptiles 

Amyda cartilaginea Trionychidae Asiatic softshell turtle ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Manouria impressa Testudinidae Impressed tortoise ┼ 

27

3.5 Important localities for conservation of biodiversity in the survey area 

Three national protected areas (NPA’s) occur within the survey area; Phou Xang He (spanning part of 

Vilabouri District), Dong Phuvieng (Nong and Sepon Districts) and Xe Sap (Samoi and Taoey Districts) 

(see map 3.10). According to published sources, these three protected areas harbour a rich 

biodiversity, including several globally endangered plants and animals. 

Map 3.10: National Protected Areas within the study area 

Birdlife International has identiied three Important Bird Areas (IBA’s) in close proximity to the project 

area, including 1) Xe Sap National Protected Area, 2) the Dachang Plateau and 3) Phou Ahyon. Xe Sap 

is the only IBA site which falls within the assessment area, while the other two are located in the wider 

Xe Sap NPA area. A DoF study reveals that the NPAs evergreen forested mountains and large streams 

are likely habitats for a number of restricted range bird species including the Crested Argus (Rheinardia 

ocellata), Blyth’s Kingfisher (Alcedo hercules), and the Yellow-billed Nuthatch (Sitta solangiae). 2 

Village protected forest areas for spiritual purposes including human burials (spirit forests, burial 

forests) are also important refuges of biodiversity; as such areas are not exploited by local communities 

due to their cultural significance. 

2 HCVF Assessment of Phou Thatlava, 2006. Department of Forestry and Provincial Agriculture & Forestry Division 

Salavan, Unpublished. 

28

3.6 Utilisation of biological resources 

3.6.1 Ecosystem services related to biodiversity of the survey area 

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) provides a useful framework describe the 

interconnectivity between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being — highlighting the 

supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services that natural ecosystems provide, and the 

various constituents of human well-being which ensure security, basic materials for a good life, health, 

good social relations, freedom of choice and action (see Figure 3.11 below). 

Figure 3.11: A schematic diagram on the links between ecosystem services and human wellbeing 

(Adopted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) 

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 

Supporting 

Supporting 

• Nutrient cycling 

• Nutrient cycling 

• 

• 

Soil 

Soil 

formation 

formation 

• Primary production 

• Primary production 

• … 

• … 

Provisioning 

Provisioning 

• 

• 

Food 

Food 

• Fresh water 

• Fresh water 

• 

• 

Wood 

Wood 

and 

and 

fiber 

fiber 

• 

• 

Fuel 

Fuel 

• … 

• … 

Regulating 

Regulating 

• 

• 

Climate 

Climate 

regulation 

regulation 

• Flood regulation 

• Flood regulation 

• Disease prevention 

• Disease prevention 

• 

• 

Water 

Water 

purification 

purification 

• … 

• … 

Cultural 

Cultural 

• 

• 

Aesthetic 

Aesthetic 

• 

• 

Spiritual 

Spiritual 

• Educational 

• Educational 

• 

• 

Recreational 

Recreational 

• 

• 

… 

CONSTITUENTS OF WELL-BEING 

Security 

Security 

• 

• 

Personal 

Personal 

safety 

safety 

• 

• 

Secure 

Secure 

resource 

resource 

access 

access 

• Security from disasters 

• Security from disasters 

Basic 

Basic 

material 

material 

for 

for 

good 

good 

life 

life 

• Adequate livelihoods 

• Adequate livelihoods 

• 

• 

Sufficient 

Sufficient 

nutritious 

nutritious 

food 

food 

• 

• 

Shelter 

Shelter 

• Access to goods 

• Access to goods 

Health 

Health 

• Strength 

• Strength 

• 

• 

Feeling 

Feeling 

well 

well 

• 

• 

Access 

Access 

to 

to 

clean 

clean 

air 

air 

& 

& 

water 

water 

Good social relations 

Good social relations 

• 

• 

Social 

Social 

cohesion 

cohesion 

• Mutual respect 

• Mutual respect 

• 

• 

Ability 

Ability 

to 

to 

help 

help 

others 

others 

Freedom 

Freedom 

of 

of 

choice and 

choice and 

action 

action 

Opportunity to 

Opportunity to 

be able to 

be able to 

achieve 

achieve 

what 

what 

an 

an 

individual 

individual 

values being 

values being 

and 

and 

doing 

doing 

Many rural communities are largely dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods, and therefore 

any changes in the quantity, quality or accessibility of those natural resources or in people’s access to 

the resources will affect people’s livelihoods. Examples of the different types of ecosystem services 

utilized by local communities in the five districts and relevant examples and trends related to each 

service and trends are highlighted in Table 3.12. The specific uses of plants in the five districts are 

further highlighted in Annex 3.1 to 3.5 and 4.5. 

Table 3.12: A summary of the status of ecosystem services in the five districts 

Service 

components 

Provisioning Services 

Examples Trends 

Edible Edible shoots of bamboo (Bambusa spp.) and Rattan Variable 

vegetables, (Dendrocalamus spp.); Edible flowers of Dolichandrone 

Yams and spathacea; Edible leaves of Passiflora foetida; tubers/yams of 

tubers Alocasia spp., Diascorea spp., 

Fruit Syzygium cinereum, Alpinia malacensis, Phyllanthus embilica, 

Stereospermum fimbriatum, Tamarindus indica 

Steady 

29

Timber (for 

housing) 

Almost all village houses are built with timber extracted from 

forests. Species commonly used include Pterocarpus 

macrocarpus, Dalbergia spp., Terminalia spp., Artocarpus 

lakoocha, Casearia floranos, Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea 

odorata, Vatica harmandii, Lagestroemia balansae and 

Shorea siamensis 

Declining due to 

over-exploitation 

for commercial 

purposes 

Fuelwood Alstonia rostrata, Acacia megdalena, Schima wallichii, Steady 

Medicinal Fruits of Phyllanthus embilica, Bark of Alstonia scholaris, Variable 

plants Fruits of Amomum spp., Rhapis laosensis 

Resins Vatica harmandii, Aquilaria crassna Declining due to 

over-exploitation 

Fish Catfish, Snakeheads and several Cyprinids Declining 

Wild meat Wild Boar - Sus scrofa; Red Muntjac - Muntiacus muntjac; Wild boar are 

Many species of forest birds 

increasing 

Sustenance of A network of streams and rivers flowing through forest areas Some annual 

ground and supply water for domestic and agricultural use by villagers streams have 

surface water 

dried out due to 

forest clearance 

Supporting Services 

Biodiversity High species richness of plants and animals in forests; the Declining due to 

primary forests sustain populations of several species of direct and indirect 

globally threatened plants and animals 

drivers of change 

Nutrient cycling The organic matter produced by forests supports fishery Loss of soil 

production in streams and rivers, and also contributes to soil nutrients due to 

fertility in agricultural lands (ie., in shifting cultivations and increased 

irrigated paddy lands) 

clearance forest 

Regulating services 

Carbon 

sequestration 

Water 

purification 

Cultural Services 

Recreational 

and aesthetic 

values 

Sustenance of 

traditional 

knowledge 

Cultural and 

historic values 

The vast areas of primary forest cover in the five districts 

function as valuable carbon sinks 

The fast flowing rocky streams and water fall scattered in the 

five districts contributes to purify freshwater 

The lush forests, streams and water falls, and the old village 

landscapes has a potential for tourism 

Production of traditional handicrafts (ie., baskets and mats) 

using bamboo species (Bambusa spp.), rattan (Calamus and 

Dendrocalamus spp.) reeds and Pandanus spp.; the practice 

of traditional medicine and spiritual healing in some villages 

Every village has a spirit forest (usually a primary forest), 

where their ancestors are buried; The Ho-chi-minh trail is of 

historical importance 

Decreasing due to 

increased forest 

clearance and 

over-harvesting of 

timber during past 

2 decades 

Forest clearance 

has led to erosion 

and siltation 

Needs promotion 

Gradual loss of 

traditional 

knowledge 

Spirit forests are 

not exploited 

30

3.6.2 Biodiversity and food provision in the study area 

Food security and rice production: The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis 

(CFSVA) 3 conducted by the World Food Programme in 2006, presents a bleak picture of food security 

in Lao. The report found that one out of every two children in rural Lao is chronically malnourished, 

affecting both physical development and cognitive capacity. This high level of chronic malnutrition has 

existed for at least ten years, despite the steady rate of national economic growth. While the level of 

poor or borderline food consumption is currently at 13 percent of all households, as many as two thirds 

of the rural population are at risk of becoming food insecure. Livelihood portfolios provide a vital window 

on this vulnerability. The study found that access to wild meat and aquatic resources, especially wild 

fish, is the largest source of animal protein. Communities from the Mon-Khmer linguistic group are at 

particular risk. 

The report concluded that the causes of food insecurity are many. A focus on poverty reduction will not 

be sufficient for overcoming food security issues in currently insecure and vulnerable populations. A 

combination of education, hygiene and nutrition, physical infrastructure and the agriculture and 

environmental approaches is necessary. The report recommends, among other things, sustainable 

management of wildlife and aquatic resources, with particular consideration of competing demands on 

forest resources. Kitchen gardens are identified as priority interventions, as the report found that 

households with kitchen gardens are generally more food secure. The report also stresses the linkages 

between physical infrastructure, production and marketing in contributing to reduction of food 

vulnerability. Provision of basic sanitation and clean water facilities must be accompanied by instruction 

and awareness raising. Finally, the demonstrated positive correlation between food security and 

education suggest that basic literacy, especially among women, should be prioritized. 

In Lao PDR, the term ‘food security’ has typically been considered to mean sufficiency in rice 

production. In recent years, with the rapid expansion of new markets into rural areas, there is more 

concern with local capacity to supplement rice deficits by purchasing rice with cash obtained through 

commercial crop production. The lessons from the nutrition study above clearly demonstrate that a 

more nuanced understanding of food security must be adopted. A full nutritional study and food security 

study of the villages was outside the scope of this study. However, data gathered on basic livelihood 

strategies was analysed to the extent possible through a somewhat broader food security lens. The 

picture presented in Table 3.13 below is indicative. 

Table 3.13 Food security and rice sufficiency (based on data gathered in target villages) 

District 

Year-round 

rice 

sufficient 

households 

(%) 

7-9 months 

per year rice 

sufficient 

households 

(%) 

4-6 months per 

year rice 

sufficient 

households 

(%) 

3 months or 

less per year 

rice 

sufficient 

households 

Vilabouri 56.4 30.9 12.7 0 -- 

Sepon -- -- -- -- 6 

Nong 0 7.3 55.7 37 -- 

Taoy 9.8 9.8 18.4 62 -- 

Samoi 0.8 15.6 22.7 39.6 -- 

Percentage 17.46 16.56 28.54 37.43 -- 

(%) 

Average 

household rice 

sufficiency 

(months/year) 

Aside from Vilabouri district, table 3.13 shows that villagers have serious problems accessing rice 

throughout the year. To deal with rice shortage, some villagers borrow rice from relatives within the 

community (often at high interest rates) or purchase rice on the market. In some villages, particularly in 

3 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis. 2007. World Food Programme. 

31

Samoi district, it is common to grow cassava as a cash crop and purchase rice with the money earned 

from selling the cassava. Even with these response mechanisms, it is not uncommon to find 

households unable to obtain sufficient rice. 

Harvest of edible wild plants: Wild vegetables are an important part of the local diets. Villagers in all 

survey villages collect shoots, leaves, roots and yams from natural forest and managed regenerating 

forest. Areas such as riverine forest habitats in particular harbour many of these edible plants, while 

upland fallow forest is also a source of several important edible plants. The following table (3.13) 

presents some of the key wild plant species that contribute to local diets. It is interesting to note that 

local people perceive many of these plants to be abundant, and some of them in steady supply. 

Table 3.13 Key plant species used for food in village landscapes in the study area 

Common Name 

Edible Shoots 

Scientific Name Lao Name Habitat Status Trend 

Rattan shoots Calamus viminalis Wai toon Open area and 

near stream 

A D 

Bamboo shoots Gigantochloa apus Mai lai Evergreen forest 

and near stream 

A ST 

Bamboo shoots Neohouzeana Mai ka sa Evergreen forest A I 

mekongemsis 


Bamboo shoots Oxytenanthera Mai soth Evergreen forest A I 

parviflora 


Lao lady palm shoots Bambusa tulda Mai Bong Near stream A ST 

Rhapis laoensis Saan Evergreen forest A ST 

Sugar palm shoots 

Edible fruits 

Arenga westerhoutii Tao Evergreen forest 


R D 

Ambra 

Edible leaves 

Spondias pinnata Mak kok Evergreen forest 


N/A N/A 

Wild water lemon Passiflora foetida Phak bouang Fallow land A I 

Eugenia Eugenia zeylanica Phak samek Dipterocarp forest C ST 

Edible roots, tubers and yams 

Galangal Alpinia spp. Kha pa Dipterocarp forest A I 

Status – (A) Abundant, (C) Common, (S) Scarce; (R) Rare - (as perceived by villages) 

Trend – (I) Increasing; (St) Steady; D (Declining) – (as perceived by villages) 

Edible cultivated crop varieties: Apart from the rice varieties grown in upland and irrigated lands, 

several other edible annual crops are grown in the survey villages using permanent home gardens and 

swidden cultivation land, including fruits, vegetables, and yams (see Table 3.14 for common edible 

crops in the survey areas). 

Table 3.14 Edible annual and/or perennial crop species grown in village landscapes 

Common Name Scientific Name Lao Name Cultivation area 

Vegetables (leaves, pods, flowers, shoots etc) 

Wild water lemon Passiflora foetida Pak bouang Garden 

Lime Citrus spp. Mak nao Garden 

Cabbage Brassica oleracea Kalampi Garden 

var. capitata 

Papaya Carica papaya Mak houng Garden 

Banana Musa balbisiana Mak kouay Garden 

Cucumber Cucumis sativus Mak teang Garden 

32

Watermelon Citrullus lanatus Mak mo Garden 

Chili 

Tubers and Yams 

Chilli spp. Mak phet Garden 

Cassava Manioc esculenta Man tonh Swidden areas 

Peanut Arachis hypogea Thoua dind Garden 

Bean Leguminosae Thoua Garden 

family 

Spring onion Allium spp. Pak boua Garden 

Sweet potato Impomoea batatus Man dang Garden 

Fruits (annual and perennials) 

Jack fruit Artocarpus spp. Mak mii Home gardens 

Mango Mangifera indica Mak muang Home gardens 

Guava Psidium spp. Mak siida Home gardens 

Papaya Carica papaya Mak houng Home gardens 

Banana Musa paradisiaca Mak kouay Home gardens 

Pineapple Ananas comosus Mak nat Swidden land, home 

gardens 

Orange Citrus spp. Mak kiang Home gardens 

Fish and wild meat: Several species of wild animals also form important components of the diet of 

local villagers (see Table 3.15). Some of these species have become scarce due to over-exploitation for 

consumption. 

Table 3.15. Key wild animal species used for food in village landscapes in the study area 

Common Name 

Freshwater fish 

Scientific 

Name 

Lao Name Habitat Status Trend 

Ray-finned carp Poropuntius spp. Pa Chat RS, Xe, Houay A I 

Dwarf snakehead Channa gachua Pa Kong RS, Xe, Houay C St 

Spotted barb Puntius 

aurotaeniatus 

Pa Khao RS, Xe, Houay A I 

Snakehead murrel Channa striata Pa kho RS, Xe, Houay C St 

Swamp eel Monopterus Iyan RS, Xe, Houay A I 

albus 

Amphibians 

Frog Rana limnocharis Koo RS, Xe, Houay C St 

Crab Ka Pou RS, Xe, Houay A I 

Common Lowland 

Frog 

Rana spp. Khet RS, Xe, Houay C St 

Toad 

Reptiles 

Kaloula 

mediolineeata 

Aueng RS, Xe, Houay C St 

Gekkos. Kabke DSF C St 

Four-eyed Turtle Indotestudo 

elongata 

Tao Phek DSF C St 

Fresh water Turtle- Amyda spp. Pa Fa RS, Xe, Houay C St 

Green snake Trimeresurus 

gramineus 

Ngu Kiaw RB C St 

Bangal Monitor Varanus Len DSF C St 

bengalensis 

Birds 

Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Kai Pah DPF, DSF,FA, C D 

33

Egret Egretta spp. Nok yang DSF,FA C I 

Large-billed Crow Corvus 

macrohynchos 

Ka DPF, DSF,FA, HG C S 

Parakeets Psittacula spp. Nok Kang DSF,FA C I 

Hill Myna 

Mammals 

Gracula religiosa Nok 

Cheowcha 

DPF, DSF,FA, HG C St 

Red Muntjac Muntiacus 

muntjac 

Fan lau DPF, DSF,FA, A I 

Wild Boar Sus scrofa Mu Pah DPF, DSF,FA, A I 

Roosevelts' Muntiacus Fan Dong DPF, DSF C S 

Muntjac 

rooseveltorum 

Otter Lutra spp. Nak Nam RB C S 

Large Spotted Viverra 

Ngen hang DPF, DSF,FA C S 

Civet 

megaspila kan 

Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus Mii DPF, DSF C St 

Giant Flying 

Squirrel 

Ratufa bicola Bang Lua DSF,FA C St 

Habitat: DPF – Dense primary forest, DSF – Degraded secondary forest, HG – Home gardens, FA – Fallow land, St – streams, P 

– Ponds, PF – paddy fields 

Status – (A) Abundant, (C) Common, (S) Scarce; (R) Rare - (as perceived by villages) 

Trend – (I) Increasing; (St) Steady; D (Declining) – (as perceived by villages) 

Livestock raising: Livestock keeping is a common practice in all villages. Most households would 

usually have poultry (chicken/ducks/turkey) and pigs, while a few households in a village would own 

goats, cattle and/or buffalo (see Table 3.16 for statistics on livestock per household, based on data 

gathered during current survey). 

Table 3.16 Importance of livestock to villagers in the study area by district 

District 

Buffalo 

(Average 

animals per 

household) 

Cows 

(Average 

animals per 

household) 

Pigs 

(Average 

animals per 

household) 

Goats 

(Average 

animals per 

household) 

Poultry 

(Average 

animals per 

household) 

Nong 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 2.8 

Sepon 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.6 - 

Vilabouri 1.4 2.4 0.5 0.2 2.7 

Taoy 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.2 7.4 

Samoi 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.4 3.2 

Vilabouri and Taoy districts have the highest average number of large livestock per household. Nong 

and Samoi have particularly low large livestock. Although the current study could not gather detailed 

data on trends, this snapshot does indicate the low levels of livestock to be one cause of poverty and 

insecurity. Some anecdotal evidence from the fieldwork in Sepon district suggest that livestock are 

declining, mainly because it is necessary to exchange livestock for cash to meet basic needs. The 

prevalence of frequent diseases in some areas of the Taoey District have also resulted in large scale 

mortality of domestic animals. 

3.6.3 Trade of species: 

With rice shortages across the study districts, trade in natural and domesticated products provides the 

bulk of the cash that villagers use to obtain rice (See tables 3.17 and 3.18). Some products are sold 

within the village or at local markets; others are sold primarily to Vietnamese traders at higher prices 

34

and in larger quantities. It is important to note that some of the most valuable species are reported to be 

rare and declining (See ‘Status’ and ‘Trend’ in tables 3.17 and 3.18). 

35

Table 3.17. Key traded species in the Savannaket province 

Common Name Scientific Name Lao Name 

Details of 

trade 

(selling price) 

Wild Timber species 

Rosewood Dalbergia spp. Mai ka cha Timber for 

export; 

Burma Padauk Pterocarpus 

macrocarpus 

Thailand 

Rosewood, 

Tracwood 

Dalbergia 

cochinchinensis 

($1,000m 3 ) 

Mai dou Timber for 

export; 

Mai kha 

nhoung 

( $600m 3 ) 

Timber for 

export; 

( $5,000m 3 ) 

Beng Afzelia xylocarpa Mai tea kha Timber for 

export; 

Burmese 

Rosewood 

Dalbergia bariensis Mai 

kamphee 

($800m 3 ) 

Timber for 

export; 

( $3,000m 3 ) 

Non-timber forest products (edible parts etc.) 

Bamboo shoots Bambusa spp. No mai Local and 

Habitat Status Trend 

Evergreen 

forest 

Evergreen 

forest 

Evergreen 

forest 

Evergreen 

forest 

Evergreen 

forest 

A ST 

A D 

R D 

R D 

R D 

Evergreen A I 

export forest 

Rattan shoots Calamus spp. No wai Local and Evergreen R ST 

export (dry 

shoots) 

forest 

Palm shoots Arenga westerhoutii No tao Local (shoots) Evergreen R ST 

food 

forest 

Galangal Alpinia spp. No kha Local (Shoots, Evergreen A I 

Turber) food forest 

Cardamom Amomum spp. Mak Neng Local (fruit) Evergreen A ST 

Wild Animals 

food and 

medicine 

forest 

Giant Flying Ratufa bicolor Bang Lua Local and DPF, DSF C S 

Squirrel 

export 

Pangolin Manis javanicus Liin Local andexport DPF, DSF S R 

King cobra Ophiophgus hannah Ngou jong Local and DPF, DSF S R 

ang export 

Fresh waterTurtle Amyda spp. Pa Fa Ong Local andexport RB C S 

Reticulated Python reticulatus Ngou Luam Local and DPF, S R 

Python 

export DSF,FA 

Domesticated Animals 

Buffalo Bubalus spp. Khuay Domestication From the R D 

and export villages 

Cow Bos spp. Ngua Domestication From the A ST 

and export villages 

Poultry Gallus spp. Sat Piik Domestication From the 

villages 

C D 

Goat Capra spp. Bae Domestication From the 

villages 

A ST 

Pig Sus spp. Mou Domestication From the 

villages 

C D 

36

Table 3.18. Key traded species in Salavan province 

Common Name Scientific Name Lao Name 

Details of 

trade 

(selling price) 

Wild Timber species 

Rosewood Dalbergia spp. Mai ka cha Timber for 

export; 

Burma Padauk Pterocarpus 

macrocapus 

Thailand 

Rosewood, 

Tracwood 

Dalbergia 


($1,000m 3 ) 

Mai dou Timber for 

export; 

Mai kha 

nhoung 

($ 600m 3 ) 

Timber for 

export; 

($ 5,000m 3 ) 

Beng Afzylia xylocarpa Mai te kha Timber for 

export; 

Burmese 

Rosewood 

Dalbergia bariensis Mai 

khamphee 

Non-timber forest products (edible parts etc.) 

Bamboo shoots Poaceae 

Bambusoideae 

(family/ subfamily) 

($800m 3 ) 

Timber for 

export; 

($3,000m 3 ) 

No mai Local and 

export 

Habitat Status Trend 

Evergreen forest A ST 

Evergreen forest A D 

Evergreen forest R D 

Evergreen forest A D 

Evergreen forest R D 

Evergreen forest A I 

Rattan shoots Palmaceae (family) No wai Local and 

export (dry 

shoots) 

Evergreen forest R ST 

Palm shoots Arenga westerhoutii No tao Local (shoots) Evergreen forest R ST 

Galangal Alpinia malacensis No kha Local (Shoots, Evergreen forest A I 

Tubers) 

Eugenia Eugenia zeylanica Pak samek Local (fruit , 

young leaf) 

food and 

medicine 

Dipterocarpus A ST 

Wild animal species 

Sambar Deer Cervus unicolour Kuang Traded by 

villagers 

DPF, DSF C S 

Wild Boar Sus scrofa Mu Pah Traded by 

villagers 

DPF, DSF,FA A I 

Red Muntjac Muntiacus muntjac Fan lau Traded by 

villagers 

DPF, DSF,FA A I 

Pangolin Manis javanicus Liin Traded by 

villagers 

DPF, DSF S R 

King cobra Ophiophagus Ngou jong Traded by DPF, DSF S R 

hannah 

ang villagers 

Domesticated animal species 

Buffalo Bubalus spp. Khuay Domestication 

and export 

From the villages R D 

Cow Bos spp. Ngua Domestication 

and export 

From the villages A ST 

Poultry Gallus spp. Sat Piik Domestication From the villages C D 

Goat Capra spp. Bae Domestication From the villages A ST 

Pig Sus spp. Mou Domestication From the villages C D 

37

3.7 Conservation issues and threats 

Direct drivers of change affecting biodiversity and related ecosystem services 

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) identified many drivers of biodiversity loss at a global 

scale, among which the primary drivers were: habitat change, overexploitation of species, invasive alien 

species, pollution and climate change. 

The direct drivers of change that influence the biodiversity in the five districts includes land conversion, 

bombing and chemical spraying during the US-Vietnam War (causing degredation of forest 

landscapes), over-exploitation of plant and animal species, and the spread of invasive alien species. 

Haphazard and unregulated clearing of forests for slash-and-burn (swidden) cultivation by local 

communities is prevalent in all five districts. This has led to the reduction of forest cover, and 

fragmentation of forest habitats. The practice of setting fire during the land clearing phase of swidden 

cultivations has also led to the degradation of adjoining forests. The increased incidences of crop 

damage by wild animals (such as elephant, wild boar, deer and birds etc.) reported by some villages 

could be directly related to the loss of their forest habitats. 

Several species of invasive alien plants -- for example Siam Weed (Chromalaena odorata), Lantana 

(Lantana camara), Mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha) – are thriving in fallow lands and degraded 

forests. These exotic species usually out-compete native plant species, including those used by local 

communities. 

Haphazard exploitation of timber from lush primary forests has also led to qualitative degradation of 

such forests. Over-Hunting of wild animals is a common practice among villages, and this has led to the 

decline and local extirpation of many species of medium and large mammals in the survey areas. Overexploitation 

of species seems to have increased over the past decade, with the arrival of timber traders 

from Vietnam. Wildlife (mammals, birds and reptiles) is commonly displayed along roadsides, since the 

Vietnamese timber truck drivers readily buy them. 

Indirect drivers of change affecting biodiversity and related ecosystem services 

The main indirect drivers of change that influence biodiversity in the five districts include economicsrelated 

market forces (such as timber exploitation carried out by Vietnamese traders), weak governance 

mechanisms, inadequate regulation of natural resource exploitation (including demarcation of land use 

around villages), lack of alternative livelihoods opportunities or capacity for alternative livelihoods 

among local communities and increasing population pressure in villages. 

Table 3.18 A summary of drivers of change influencing biodiversity in the five districts, and their 

implications on ecosystem services and human well-being 

Direct drivers of 

change 

Clearance of forest 

cover for haphazard 

expansion of swidden 

cultivations 

Indirect drivers of 

change 

Poor agricultural 

practices adopted in 

agriculture; Inadequate 

knowledge on suitable 

agricultural practices to 

increase productivity in 

existing arable land; 

lack of alternative 

livelihoods; inadequate 

regulation of land-use 

Implications for 

ecosystem services 

Decrease of forest 

biodiversity and related 

provisioning services; 

Decrease of surface 

and ground water 

resources; 

Heavy erosion of soil 

leading to siltation of 

streams and rivers 

Implications for 

human wellbeing 

Increased incidences 

of crop damage by wild 

animals; 


products for 

domestic/commercial 

use; Inadequate crop 

yields for year-round 

consumption; Flash 

floods affecting bank 

cultivations and 

38

Over-exploitation of 

timber species by 

Vietnamese timber 

merchants 

Improper forestry 

practices leading to 

damage of non-target 

plant species; Lack of 

regulation and 

monitoring of timber 

extraction operations; 

Income opportunities 

for selected influential 

villagers and 

administrators; lack of 

village empowerment 

Poaching High demand for wild 

meat by Vietnamese 

timber extraction 

workers (ie., truck 

drivers and labourers); 

scarcity of domestic 

animals due to disease 

Spread of invasive 

alien plants 

Harmful fishing 

practices (is., use of 

small-mesh size nets) 

related mortalities 

Forest clearance for 

swidden cultivation and 

timber extraction 


biodiversity and related 

provisioning services; 

Decrease of surface 

and ground water 

resources; 

Heavy erosion of soil 

leading to siltation of 

streams and rivers 

Decline of reptiles, 

birds and mammals 

Decline of native plant 

biodiversity 

Food scarcities Decline of freshwater 

fish species 

households during 

rainy season; dry 

season water scarcities 

affecting households 

and livestock; 

Decrease of timber 

species and other 

forest products for 

domestic use; Flash 

floods affecting bank 

cultivations and 

households during 

rainy season; dry 

season water scarcities 

affecting households 

and livestock; 

Loss of income 

opportunities related to 

ecotourism; Increase of 

crop damage due to 

proliferation of rodent 

pests; Scarcity of wild 

meat for domestic 

consumption 

Human health 

implications (ie., 

increased respiratory 

diseases due to 

seasonal spread of 

Siam weed pollen); 

Decrease of NTFP’s 

from native plants 

3.8 Potential impacts on biodiversity related to the plantation project 

Potential negative impacts of plantation projects on biodiversity include 

Decline of fish for 

domestic consumption 

o Increased pressure on forest and wildlife resources 

o Over-exploitation of wild animals and plants due to improved access through new road 

networks 

� Illegal poaching, felling of timber species and over-exploitation of NTFP’s 

o Fragmentation of habitats and/or disruption of seasonal migratory routes of wild animals 

o Accidental mortality of wild animals (related to clearing operations and road-kills) 

o Spread of fire into wild habitats during the clearing phase 

o Further conversion of primary forests into swidden cultivation by villagers (to continue the 

shifting cultivation practice in new areas, due to loss of fallow lands for the forest 

plantations) 

o Potential degradation of aquatic habitats (and resultant impacts on aquatic organisms that prefer 

pristine waters) 

39

o Siltation of streams due to soil erosion during the land preparation phase 

o Disruption of stream flow due to roads and tipping soil directly into gullies or water courses 

or over the edge of the road 

o Pollution of aquatic habitats from agro-chemical run-off during maintenance phase 

o Chemical fertiliser run-off and resultant eutrophication of aquatic habitats 

o Biocide residues leading to pollution of aquatic habitats 

o Establishment and spread of invasive alien species 

o Accidental introduction and spread of invasive alien flora through seed material trapped in 

vehicles and other equipment used for the forestry operations 

40

Part 4 Management of biodiversity resources in the study 

area 

4.1 The legislative and policy framework governing biodiversity conservation in 

Lao PDR 

The Government of Lao has formally recognised the importance of the county’s biodiversity in national 

policy and over the last 20 years it has significantly strengthened the framework governing the 

protection of these resources. The legislative framework is reflected in the National Biodiversity 

Strategy to 2020 and Action Plan to 2010 as the guiding platform under the Convention on Biological 

Diversity (CBD). Other documents of relevance include the Environmental Protection Law (1999), 

Decree 164/PM on the Establishment of the Lao PDR National Protected Area System (1993), 

Regulation on the Management of NBCAs, Wildlife and Aquatic Animals No. 0360 (2003), Forestry Law 

(2005 revised 2007), the Wildlife Law (2007), Land Law (2003), Water and Water Resources Law 

(1996), the Forestry Strategy 2020 (2005). Table 4.1 summaries these key documents and how they 

relate to the sustainable use and management of biodiversity. 

Table 4.1: Legislative Framework Pertaining to Biodiversity Conservation in Lao PDR 

Legislative 

document 

National 

Biodiversity 

Strategy to 2020 

and Action Plan to 

2010 

Prime Minister’s 

Decree 164 on the 

Establishment of 

National 

Biodiversity 

Conservation 

Areas (1993) 

Environmental 

Protection Law 

(1999) 

Description 

Lao PDR became a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 

1996. In accordance with CBD guidelines, and with IUCN support, Lao has 

recently completed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan which 

highlights current threats to biodiversity and priority areas for engagement. In 

2004, the Lao government completed the National Biodiversity Strategy to 

2020 and Action Plan to 2010 (NBSAP). It outlines seven areas of work that 

will be implemented in order to reach the overall goals of the strategy. The 

main objectives of the NBSAP include: to improve biodiversity data and fill 

data gaps through basic and applied research, to improve biodiversity 

management and monitoring, to harmonise legislation and regulations related 

to biodiversity to MEAs, and to increase public awareness and participation in 

sustainable management of biodiversity (NBSAP 5). Human Resource 

Development is a key component of this strategy, which emphasizes that 

improved capacity, with respect to both decision-making and research, is 

necessary for sustainable biodiversity conservation. 

Decree 164/PM of October 1993 is among the first legislations enacted by the 

Government of Lao PDR which establishes the National Protected Area 

System, an objective of which is to preserve natural resources including the 

forest, wild animals and water. The establishment of the NPA system lays a 

good foundation towards comprehensive conservation of Lao PDR 

biodiversity. Management of the NPAs has received further development in 

subsequent regulations aiming at protecting biodiversity and sustainable 

natural resource utilization. 

The Environment Protection Law addresses the protection of the environment 

and natural resources as well as biological diversity (Article 15). The law also 

provides the basis for conducting project-related Environmental Impact 

Assessment to reduce and mitigate environmental impact, accordingly a 

Regulation on Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Lao PDR 

was subsequently issued. 

41

Forestry Law (2005, 

amended 2007) 

Law on the 

protection of 

wildlife and aquatic 

animals (2007) 

Regulation on the 

Management of 

National Protected 

Areas, Aquatic and 

Wildlife (2003) 

Water and Water 

Resources Law 

(1996) 

Biodiversity conservation is covered in the first Forestry Law where 

biodiversity is provided under the forest resources which individuals and 

organisations have the obligation to protect. The law was amended in 2007. 

Key amendments include classification of forestland into three categories as 

opposed to five in the previous version. A specific section is devoted to forest 

preservation, which deals with the conservation of plants and animals and 

NTFP species. The law also provides for organisations having the rights to 

make decisions concerning land conversion and approval of concessions. 

The law defines the nature, functions, objectives and legal status of 

conservation forest with the aim to protect and conserve biodiversity and 

requires the government to engage participatory management of protected 

areas with villagers. It also provides for zoning within the national protected 

areas into totally protected zones, controlled use zones and corridor zones. 

A new law on the protection of wildlife and aquatic animals was recently 

enacted and passed by the National Assembly in late 2007. This enactment 

signifies the growing importance of wildlife and aquatic animal conservation 

and protection in Lao PDR. As a signatory to the Convention on International 

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) the 

enactment reinforces Lao PDR’s obligation on the protection and 

management of wild fauna under this Convention. 

The law sets out the principles, regulations and measures to protect, enhance 

and manage fauna biodiversity sustainably. It provides the basis for the 

different level of protection in respect of the three national wildlife and aquatic 

animal category lists: List I (prohibited), II (managed) and III (general 

category), and their management requirements. What is important is that the 

law calls for the formulation of a general wildlife management, development 

and protection strategy that sets out the direction, action plans, projects and 

measures on an immediate and long-term basis. The law also provides the 

framework for the inventory, uses, import and export of wildlife and aquatic 

animals on a managed basis. 

Practical management of National Protected Areas is exercised by applying 

the Regulation on the Management of National Protected Areas, Aquatic 

and Wildlife (No. 0360 of Dec. 2003). This regulation provides for the 

national protected area establishment procedures, the distinction of 

conservation zones, planning and development of a protected area 

management plan, and prohibitive activities that can cause detrimental impact 

on wildlife and aquatic animals, as well as the institutional management 

responsibilities. The regulation also lists the Lao PDR prohibited wildlife and 

aquatic animal species category I and managed species category II. 

This law provides a comprehensive framework for the use, development and 

protection of water and water resources in both quantity and quality, including 

water-related biodiversity. The law sets out the obligations and principles for 

the development and protection of water sources and resources, including 

environmental protection. A specific category of water source pertaining to 

biodiversity conservation is defined in the law to protect biodiversity of plants 

and animals and the natural environment having important and special 

values. For the medium and large-scale use of water and water resources, an 

environmental impact assessment is required, among other requirements. 

Land Law 04/03 The Land Law provides for the allocation of land to individuals, families and 

42

NA, 21 October 

2003 

Forestry Strategy 

2020 (2005) 

organisations for legal use. One of the land user’s obligations is to protect the 

environment, and that land use must not result in land degradation and 

negative impact on the natural and social environment. 

In July 2005 the Government of Lao PDR adopted its Forestry Strategy to the 

Year 2020. This is an official document to guide the sustainable management 

and development of the forestry sector in line with national policies, strategies 

and priority programs for national socio-economic development and 

environmental conservation. It identified 146 actions to be tackled including 

actions for the conservation and protection of biodiversity. As a 

comprehensive package, biodiversity conservation the FS2020 calls for 

improving the legal and regulatory framework, improvement of the 

management and development of the country national protected area system, 

controlling wildlife trade, enhancing conservation awareness and 

strengthening research. 

4.2 A snap shot of the management of biodiversity in the study area 

Despite the legal framework presented in table 4.1, there remain significant constraints with the 

implementation and enforcement of legislation due to the limited institutional capacity and financial 

resources of the responsible government agencies. These constraints are particularly acute at the 

provincial and local government levels. Through engaging with government officials from across the 

study area, the assessment team was able to get a better understanding of these constraints and how 

they are impacting on the roll out of these national biodiversity conservation policies. 

4.2.1 Government agencies 

The management of biodiversity at the central level falls under the mandate of the Department of 

Forestry. At the provincial level, the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office (PAFO) is responsible for 

biodiversity management. Similarly at the district level biodiversity management rests with the District 

Agriculture and Foresty Office (DAFO). Province and district offices under the Water Resources and 

Environment Agency also have biodiversity conservation responsibilities, including biodiversity and 

environment policy dissemination and enforcement. 

Despite the assignment of responsibility to these agencies, active management of biodiversity in the 

study area was observed as being low. Very few active biodiversity related projects/programmes were 

identified during field visits (see table 4.2). 

Table 4.2: Current biodiversity conservation programmes in the Study Area 

Programme Name District Implementer 

Community-based Natural Resource 

Management Project 

Samoi, Taoy Village Focus International 

Sepon Gold and Copper Mine Project – 

impact assessment and management 

programme 

Vilabouri Oxiana-LXML Ltd. 

Phou Xang He NPA Management -- Part of Vilabouri, and Savannakhet Forestry Section 

routine programme with limited scale of Sepon 

in collaboration with offices of 

government support 

districts concerned 

Dong Phouvieng Elephant Conservation 

Project – new initiative to be 

implemented soon 

Nong Savannakhet PAFO 

Biodiversity Management in Production 

Forests 

Taoy SUFORD 

43

During stakeholder consultations which were held in October 2007, Provincial and District authorities 

provided the following comments on biodiversity management: 

• Baseline information on biodiversity in the study is limited (For example, a district 

representative from Taoy commented that very few biodiversity studies had been carried out in 

the district and as a result there was a limited understanding of Taoy’s biodiversity and how it is 

utilised). 

• There have been only limited land-use surveys carried out in the project area. This has resulted 

in illegal occupation of and encroachment on land, affecting the allocation of land for local 

communities and for production purposes due to ambiguities with land ownership issues. 

• Lack of human resources and capacity are still the most formidable barriers to adequately 

managed biodiversity. There is simply not enough staff to effectively implement the 

government’s policy on biodiversity conservation and current staff members are either overstretched 

and/or lack the capacity to carry out their responsibilities. 

• Biodiversity assessment and management is rarely undertaken by private sector development 

projects in the study area (with the exception of Lang Xang Minerals Ltd.) and government 

agencies have not been able to ensure that this is done effectively. 

4.2.2 Traditional/ local biodiversity management 

Traditional systems of land use and management, including slash-and-burn and conservation forest are 

also key forms of biodiversity management in the study area. One key management objective of local 

systems is maintaining the biodiversity that provides food and fuel for livelihoods. The delicate balance 

between natural, social and super-natural systems is maintained through peoples’ daily practices. In 

response to the opportunities and threats from larger market forces, local communities adapt within the 

context of these systems. 

The fieldwork for this RPBA provided an opportunity to gather preliminary information on the traditional 

rotational farming systems of the local communities (see Annex 6). These classifications provide insight 

into how patches in the landscape mosaic function within local livelihoods. Of particular importance is 

the higher level of detail of the status and use of fallow fields within local systems. This is of significance 

because the blanket categories typically seen on land use maps – ie. degraded forest, unstocked forest 

– often hide the dynamic role these areas play in rotational cultivation systems and natural resources 

management practices. 

4.3 Biodiversity Management - Implications for Stora Enso 

One of the challenges for the Stora Enso plantation throughout the project life will be how the company 

engages with the complex and semi-functional legal governance framework. Already, simply through 

the commissioning of this biodiversity assessment, the company has provided the catalyst for 

discussions and field experience on how government should manage the biodiversity and livelihood 

impacts of development projects and how communities should engage with both company and 

government representatives on the management of landscapes and sites of biodiversity significance 

around their villages. There is no doubt that if the plantation project moves forward it will be an 

important driver of better practice in plantation processes and biodiversity management in the study 

area and across the country. 

Recommendations on how the company might engage these existing institutions and mechanisms is 

outlined in section 5.3 of this report. 

44

Part 5: Recommendations and tools for the conservation 

of biological resources in the project area 

5.1 General Recommendations on strengthening the Stora Enso plantation 

process 

Given the scope and nature of this study, the recommendations section will not make any 

statements about whether the proposed project should go ahead or not. Designed as a document 

to inform a more extensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, the recommendations 

focus on what concerns the company should be aware of, with regards to process, biological 

diversity and local socio-economy. The recommendations propose areas and directions for 

further investigation in the ESIA, tools for monitoring biodiversity throughout project life, and 

general mechanisms for how biodiversity can be enhanced in plantation projects. 

Stora Enso has committed to a consultative and informed plantation process. Table 5.1 outlines 

the company’s ‘bottom-up’ approach which seeks to engage villages at the outset and allow them 

to make decisions about how any potential plantation is developed in their village landscapes. 

Ultimately the company aims to improve the welfare of local communities and increase yields of 

rice and other food crops whilst having a financially viable plantation project. 

Table 5.1: Stora Enso Plantation Process 

No. Stage Stage Description 

1 Village Meetings will be held with villages to discuss negative/positive aspects of the 

involvement project, and the impact on existing agricultural activities will be discussed. 

At this stage the villages will decide whether or not they have any interest in the project. 

2 Socio- Data will be collected to obtain a rich description concerning the current socioeconomiceconomic 

situation in the village, before the company and the village goes any 

baseline 

survey 

further in the process. 

3 Land survey All types of land will be surveyed by the company in participation with the 

community in order to identify the land that can NOT be used for plantation 

and land that would be suitable for plantation. Spirit forest, protected forest, 

conservation forest and productive forest will all be surveyed as well as land 

used for agriculture. Borders of the village land will be mapped. Possible 

disputes about the borders should be solved by the involved parties. 

4 Land The data from the land survey will be used in order to produce a village map. 

acquisition The village map will include all types of land that belongs to the village and will 

be used as a tool and as a foundation to identify potential suitable land for 

plantation. An agreement to propose suitable land areas for plantation will be 

signed and sent to the District. 

5 Decision- The agreement will be presented to the district. At this stage, the district will 

making proceed with the coming decision process and will further involve the Province 

process and the Lao Government. 

If permission is given to use the land for plantation the following step will be carried out 

6 Bush clearing Villagers will be involved in bush clearing of land and will be paid for this 

service. During the bush clearing an UXO technician will be present at all 

times for the safety of the workers. 

7 UXO clearing All land area that will be used for plantation will be 100 % cleared from UXO. 

8 Soil 

preparation 

The preparation of soil will be done by the company. 

Tree planting The land that is suitable for plantation will be divided into seven equal parts 

The villagers will have work every year on one of those six parts. The

9 Intercropping 

10 Community 

development 

Source: Burapha Group 2007 

IUCN Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment 

company and the village will make a work plan together so the villagers can 

continue with their normal shifting cultivation, and to be able to work for the 

company. The company will pay the villagers for all types of work in the 

plantation, but NOT for planting rice or other agricultural crops in between the 

planting rows. 

The villagers will be able to use up to 70 % of the cleared land for growing rice 

or other agricultural crops between the planting rows. All rice or crops will 

belong to the villagers, NOT the company. 

The company will give each family 1 ha (of the land that is used for plantation), 

where the family can grow crops or rice between the rows. After the harvest of 

the rice or agricultural crops, area can be used for grazing cows, buffalos and 

goats. 

The company sets itself as a goal to improve the quality of life of the people in 

its project villages. The company will work with the villages to: 

• Establish a village development fund 

• Conduct a village needs assessment 

• Establish a small business development fund 

The Stora Enso Laos Plantation Management Model document outlines some basic principles and 

processes intended to ensure the sustainability of the project. One the social side, the document 

includes sections on ensuring community participation and distribution of benefits from land. The 

targets of this particular agroforestry plantation model are food security for local villagers, additional 

income and minimizing slash and burn impact on the rest of the village land. 

The Land Acquisition section lays out a bottom-up process of steps through which the project will 

interact with local stakeholders in gaining access to land. The Plantation establishment and 

management section defines the technical processes to guide the planning and management of the 

plantation plots. Principles governing the plantation establishment process are elaborated at the 

landscape, block, village cluster and compartment levels. 

If implemented fully, these principles should provide some degree of safeguarding for local 

biodiversity and the people that depend upon it. However, the degree of detail in the Plantation Model 

document is rather low, and more specific guidelines for the implementation and monitoring of each 

step should be elaborated, in conjunction with local stakeholders. The indicators of implementation 

success should be based on a more detailed understanding of the local conditions. 

The IUCN Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment does not make conclusions on the material 

presented in the Plantation model, as a more detailed assessment should be made in the full ESIA. 

However, findings from this biodiversity assessment are certainly relevant to consideration of how 

safeguards might be implemented and monitored, and should inform the ESIAs recommendations. 

During the course of the RPBA the IUCN team has interacted with many of the company’s 

stakeholders and has been able to make some important observations about how the plantation 

process described above is currently being implemented. The following recommendations identify 

areas where this process could be strengthened and set the scene for more specific 

recommendations about how the company can manage and monitor the projects impacts on local 

biodiversity and ensure the enhancement of livelihoods in and around project sites. Specific steps for 

monitoring and adjustment of the process should be added to the above general project blueprint, 

and should be stressed with local officials and people so that they understand that there is room for 

change based on feedback mechanisms. 


Process R5.1.1: Better engage provincial and district government officials to inform them 

about the details of the project and gain their support in linking the project to local 

development goals. 

46


During the RPBA provincial/district stakeholder meetings Government representatives were not 

convinced about the proposed development activity and it was clear that any prior engagement by the 

company about the project and its unique model had not resinated in these agencies. 

Through the IUCN assessment, provincial and district officials from the 2 provinces and 5 districts 

have now actively engaged this project and are more familiar with the potential positive and negative 

impacts on biodiversity and peoples’ livelihoods, It is recommended that this engagement be 

continued. 

See section 5.5 Recommendations for linking the project to local programmes 

Process R5.1.2: Review its initial village engagement process to ensure that villagers 

understand that land has not been predetermined and that the purpose of the meeting is to 

see if the villagers are interested in the project 

During village assessments it became clear that some villages had misinterpreted the purpose of the 

initial company meeting and rather than understanding it to be an engaging and empowering 

opportunity, perceived it very much as a top down order from the government to identify land for the 

company. This misunderstanding may have resulted for a number of reasons such as the significant 

language barriers that exist in some village consultations and perceptions about the plantation 

approval process - before the company can visit the village it must get approval from the government 

in the form of a letter and this may have been understood by villagers as a formal request to allocate 

land to the project. 

This may also be partially due to the top-down nature of large-scale projects in Lao. For this reason, it 

is essential that Stora Enso make dedicated efforts to demonstrate how transparent projects can be 

implemented. Provision of best practices and concrete processes for good project governance can be 

fed into relevant government agencies so that future investors are held to increasingly high standards 

of performance. 

Working across such ethnically diverse districts is a challenge for the company. It is recommended 

that more time be spent on developing an engagement process which clearly communicates the 

intentions of the project, the plantation model and the company’s commitment to livelihood 

improvement. To do so, further studies should be conducted to better understand ethnic complexities 

of the study area. 

See section 5.4 Recommendations for further socio-economic analysis 

Process R5.1.3: Continue to conduct independent, socio-economic baseline surveying to 

ensure that the variety of issues arising from a potential plantation are presented and options 

for mitigation and management outlined. 

During district stakeholder consultations, officials emphasised the need for more studies like the 

IUCN RPBA to better understand the project area and the potential impacts of the plantation on 

people and biodiversity. It is important that further studies continue to be conducted independently 

from the company. 

This assessment has revealed a number of areas in which further study is required: 

• Socio-economic studies: 

o Detailed disaggregated analysis for different ethnicities 

o Studies on food security, going beyond rice availability to look at access to food with 

necessary nutritional value 

o The role of livestock in local livelihoods 

o Valuation of benefits and costs (in 2 different situations – without plantation forest, and 

with plantation forest) 

47

• Village landscape and biodiversity studies 

o In depth Land-use and land rights studies at the village level 

o Forest regeneration studies 


These areas are expanded upon in section 5.4 Recommendation for further socio-economic analysis 

Process R5.1.4: Expand collaborative land use mapping exercises to eventually cover all 

districts. Strengthen these exercises with simultaneous socio-economic and biodiversity 

studies. 

The spatial mapping exercises should be conducted to facilitate proper zoning of areas in each 

district, including areas important for biodiversity conservation, establishment of plantation sites and 

community agricultural land. 

Process R5.1.5: Strengthen biodiversity considerations in the plantation preparation phase by 

adopting recognised guidelines for the conservation of biodiversity in plantation projects 

See section 5.1.1 b) Guidelines for selection of suitable sites for establishment of plantation forest 

plots; and c) Guidelines for land clearing phase 

Process R5.1.6: Review the timing of the plantation preparation phase to ensure that the 

plantation and intercropping schedule provides optimal benefit for the plantation and for 

livelihood crops. 

Due to the request for land by the company and land use competition in the area, it is recommended 

that the company review the implementation of its plantation policy / process to ensure that is being 

followed adequately, including timing for both plantation and the intercropping practices that will 

benefit the company, but also provide adequate grazing ground for cattle. In addition, awareness 

raising and capacity building for local communities for plantation activities are highly recommended 

as to get local people’s participation and sharing the benefit of plantation activities along, including 

nursery establishment or involvement them in seedling preparation and planting. 

Process R5.1.7: Initiate biodiversity monitoring programmes to monitor the integration of 

environmental safeguards into the plantation operation, evaluate benefits to local 

communities, and resolve issues/conflicts 

A district level task force should be established under the chairmanship of the District Administration 

Head, and represented by plantation managers, and village cluster heads, to monitor the progress of 

relevant interventions, discuss specific issues and take decisions to resolve issues that affects the 

natural environment and the well-being of villagers. The village cluster heads could then brief the 

village task forces (see R 5.3.2 for details), and carry out regular monitoring at the ground level. 

5.2 Recommendations to minimize harmful impacts of plantations on 

biodiversity and related ecosystem services 

As outlined in section 3.8 plantation projects can place much pressure on village landscapes and 

important biological resources. The following sections detail specific guidelines that can be adopted 

by Stora Enso to manage potential impacts of its plantations in Savannakhet and Salavan. 

Guidelines 5.2.1: Integrate environmental safeguards as below into the proposed plantation 

forestry operation 

48


(A) Sensitization of forestry workers to adopt environmental safeguards and best practice guidelines 

in forestry operations 

• Promote awareness and education among all workers involved in forestry operations (ie., 

managers, supervisors, labourers including local community workers) on the need to 

integrate environmental safeguards into forestry operations (ie, sustenance of ecosystem 

services of biodiversity and related human well-being) 

• Discourage staff from illegal hunting of wildlife and/or trade of wildlife 

• Do not create haphazard fires that could lead to forest fires 

• Promote safe use of agro-chemicals in forestry operations (including safe disposal of agrochemical 

containers) 

• Promote the preservation of globally threatened species and large wild trees in plantation 

plots 

• Avoid deliberate killing of wild animals (ie., serpents etc.) during plantation operations 

(B) Guidelines for selection of suitable sites for establishment of plantation forest plots: 

• Select only the fallow lands that are less than 10 years old (Justification: fallow areas older 

than 10 years are in the secondary forest successional stage, harbouring a high species 

richness of plants and animals) 

• Avoid areas with slopes greater than 25 degrees, and hill tops (Justification: prevent 

landslides and soil erosion) 

• Avoid areas frequented by wild animals to access water (ie., waterholes) and also their 

seasonal migratory pathways such as elephant corridors (Justification: avoid wildlife conflicts) 

• Avoid areas with a thin soil layer above bedrock (Justification: avoid soil erosion) 

(C) Guidelines for land clearing phase 

• Conduct a rapid botanical inventory of the areas identified for clearing and subsequent 

plantation (using parallel line transect walks), in order to: 

o Document the presence of any of the 21 globally threatened plant species occurring 

in Laos (see annex 5 for list of globally threatened plant species in Laos). 

o Collect seed/propagation material of important plants (ie., globally threatened plants; 

plants utilized by local communities etc.) 

o Mark the tree species above 50cm gbh 4 (girth at breast height), for preservation in 

the plantation plot 

• Promote the rescue and translocation of less-mobile wild animals (ie., fledgling birds, newborn 

mammals, turtles, lizards etc.) inhabiting plots earmarked for clearing, into surrounding 

wild habitats 

• Establish nurseries of globally threatened plant species and other plant species utilized by 

local communities, to be used in the restoration of degraded forests, as well as to introduce 

such species into plantation plots. 

• Establish fire belts (at least 10m wide) between cleared patches and existing forests, prior to 

carrying out burning of fields 

• Avoid clearing of land and soil preparation during rainy seasons 

• Avoid deep ploughing of soil (> 30cm in depth) for agricultural crops 

• Maintain buffer zones in relevant areas (see Table 5.1 below) 

4 Preserving indigenous tree species above 50cm gbh will function as ‘nurse vegetation’ that would 

provide shade for the Eucalyptus to establish well initially. 

49

Table 5.1: Guidelines for buffer zones 


Land-use/Habitat Types Buffer zone (meters) Justification 

National Protected Areas 200-500* Minimize human-wildlife conflicts; 

minimize the spread of potential fires 

into natural forest 

Village Spirit Forests 10 Preserve cultural significance 

Historical sites/monuments 50 Preserve cultural/historical significance; 

Tourism potential 

Perennial rivers and streams 100 Minimize soil erosion, siltation, and 

agricultural run-off, provide microhabitats 

for wildlife 

Annual streams, ponds 10 Minimize soil erosion, siltation, and 

agricultural run-off 

Village (homesteads) >200m Avoid damage to plantation from 

domestic animals; avoid damage to 

houses/homesteads during timber 

extraction 

*Buffer zones of 100-500 meters are recommended, as listed under the legal terminology section, 

Article 3 of the Forestry Law 2007. 

• Preserve natural vegetation in the plantation plot, as habitat mosaics 

o All efforts should be made to maintain indigenous trees (>50cm gbh) within a specific 

plantation plot, as scattered individual trees, as well as small islands of wild tree 

cover (see Figure 5.1.below). This will facilitate the sustenance of biodiversity within 

the plantation plot, and also contribute towards enhancement of soil nutrients. 

Figure 5.1: A schematic diagram of a mosaic plantation plot 

(D) Guidelines for maintenance of agro-forestry operations 

• Promote integrated pest management methods, and regulate the use of chemical pesticides 

50


• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides should only be applied during the dry season, in order to 

minimize run-off 

• Promote the use of organic fertilizers in agricultural crops. The organic fertilizer could be 

produced in the villages, using animal waste, house-hold waste, crop residues and nitrogen 

fixing weeds. 

• Promote the plantation of native plant species used by local communities in selected plots 

(ie., leafy vegetables, medicinal plants, rattans, palms, tubers and yams etc.) 

• Manage the spread of invasive alien species 

o Several species of invasive alien plants (ie., Lantana, Siam weed etc.) could 

establish in the plantation plots, and cause problems to crops. These need to be 

managed on a regular basis. 

• Establishment of electric fences around plantation plots could be considered as an option, in 

areas where frequent damage from wild animals and/or free-roaming domestic animals 

(cattle, goats, buffalo etc.) is envisaged. Such electric fences could be established using solar 

panels and DC batteries, to provide a non-lethal shock to animals that attempt to enter 

plantation plots. However, local communities should be trained to maintain such electric 

fences. 

(E) Off-site biodiversity conservation activities 

• Development of home gardens as pilot initiatives 

o There is tremendous potential to establish rich home gardens in villages, with 

multiple use species, such as timber, fruits, tubers and yams etc. 

• Restoration of degraded primary forests 

o The degraded primary forests adjoining villages (ie., production forests) could be 

restored in a scientific manner, using plant species propagated in nurseries 

managed by the plantation company (ie., threatened woody plants and others used 

by local communities). 

Monitoring 5.2.2: Implement indicators and tools for monitoring of environmental safeguards 

and biodiversity in forestry plots 

The following indicators would enable to evaluate the status of the incorporation of relevant 

environmental safeguards into forestry operations, as well as to monitor the impacts on biodiversity 

related to the plantation operations: 

(A) Establishment of baseline indicators for monitoring, during pre-clearance phase (to be 

documented before clearing a selected area for plantation) 

Indicators Monitoring technique 

Soil erosion Measure sediment levels of streams and rivers 

that adjoin selected areas for establishment of 

plantation (collect random water samples from 5- 

10 localities and measure sediment levels using 

a portable equipment) 

Water quality Measure pH, salinity, conductivity, nitrates, 

phosphates, DO, BOD and COD of water in 

streams/rivers that adjoin selected areas for 

51

Existing land-use around areas selected for 

plantation 


establishment of plantation (collect random water 

samples from 5-10 localities and measure the 

above physico-chemical parameters using a 

portable equipment) 

Prepare GIS maps of existing land-use in areas 

selected for plantation plots and relevant villages 

(covering at least a 5km radius around a selected 

plot/village); calculate the % cover of primary 

forest, homesteads, fallow lands at different time 

intervals, production forest, irrigated paddy fields, 

streams and rivers etc.) 

Status of crop damage by wildlife Annual crop losses due to wildlife damage, 

obtained from villagers (through a socioeconomic 

survey) 

(B) Monitoring indicators for land clearing phase (to be documented within the first 2-3 months 

of forestry operations, preferably prior to establishment of plantation seedlings) 


Number of native tree species (>50cm GBH) 5 

preserved in site cleared for plantationt 

Percentage (%) of natural vegetation patches in a 

single area cleared for plantation 

Species and number of less mobile wild animals 

rescued and translocated into wild habitats for a 

single plantation plot 

Accidental mortality of wild animals (Species and 

numbers of amphibians, reptiles, birds and 

mammals killed due to land clearing related 

accidents) 

Rescue of seed and/or propagation material of 

rare and /or useful plants 

Count the number of trees and their GBH in each 

plot cleared (each preserved tree could be 

plotted in a 10m x 10m grid map of the plantation 

plot); photographs of globally threatened/and or 

useful plant species preserved in each plot 

GIS techniques (obtain GPS points of the entire 

plantation plot; prepare a 10m x 10m grid map; 

and then plot the forest patches preserved within 

the plot; calculate the % of natural vegetation) 

Information maintained by site manager, through 

inputs from plantation workers/labourers (and 

photographs of such animals) 

Direct field observations through line transect 

walks across cleared plot, immediately after 

clearing operations (and photographs of such 

animals) 

Native plant nurseries established (number of 

species and their individual saplings in each 

nursery) 

Fire belts established The details (ie., measurements etc.) of fire belts 

established around plots (supplemented with 

photographs) 

Evidence of illegal tree felling and hunting Reliable information from local communities; 

direct observations in natural forests bordering 

plantation plots 

Buffer zones maintained Distance of buffer zones (m) from specific 

habitat/land-use types 

(C) Monitoring indicators for plantation maintenance phase (initiate after a year of establishing 

the plantation seedlings, and repeat annually) 

5 The different species of native tree (“above 50cm gbh) and their individual numbers preserved 

within a plantation plot is a good indicator of environmental safeguards adopted during the land 

clearing phase (especially to highlight measures to reduce impacts on indigenous biodiversity). 

52



Production of useful native vegetation in Measure the annual yield of useful native plant 


species grown in plantation plots 

Survival of natural vegetation preserved in Monitor the occurrence of native trees preserved 


in each plot, against baseline information 

established during land clearance phase; 

document the % of natural vegetation plots in 

each plantation area, against the baseline 

information established during land clearance 

phase; 

Status of land use around plantation plots (new Observations on primary forests cleared by 

areas of primary forest cleared for shifting villagers after the establishment of plantation 

cultivations etc.) 

forests; document the area of forests cleared 

using the baseline land-use maps prepared 

during pre-clearance phase 

Evidence of tree felling, illegal hunting of wildlife Reliable information from local communities; 

and trade 

direct observations along roadsides (ie., logs 

ready for transport; people displaying wildlife 

along roads) 

Species richness of birds within plantation plot The number of different species of birds and their 

abundance in each plot (recorded through 

transect walks during morning and evening); 

species of birds nesting within plantation plots 

Introduction and spread of invasive alien plant Document the presence of invasive alien plant 

species 

species (ie., Lantana camara, Eupatorium 

odoratum, Mikania micrantha) within and 

adjoining plantation plots, through transect walks 

Soil conservation methods adopted Different soil conservation techniques practiced 

in a single plot (ie., levees, terraces etc.) (obtain 

photographs) 

Status of soil erosion Measure sediment levels of streams and rivers 

that adjoin selected areas for establishment of 

plantation (collect random water samples from 

the same localities where baseline 

measurements were made during pre-clearance 

phase and measure sediment levels using a 

portable equipment; compare values with 

baseline information) 

Water quality of streams and rivers adjoining Measure pH, salinity, conductivity, nitrates, 


phosphates, DO, BOD and COD of water in 

streams/rivers that adjoin selected areas for 

establishment of plantation (collect random water 

samples from the same localities where baseline 

measurements were made during pre-clearance 

phase and measure the above physico-chemical 

parameters using a portable equipment; 

compare values with baseline information) 

Status of integrated pest management and Annual amount of chemical fertilizers and 

organic farming 

biocides used in each plantation plot; amount of 

organic fertilizer used in each plantation plots 

(per ha use) 

Status of crop damage by wildlife Annual crop losses due to wildlife damage, within 

plantation, and also in village farmland 

53


(information obtained from villagers through a 

socio-economic survey) 

(D) Monitoring indicators for off-site biodiversity conservation initiatives 


Status and production of home gardens 

established 

Measure the annual yield of useful plant products 

from home gardens; Document the species 

richness of plants in home garden plots; 

Status of degraded forests restored Survival and growth of introduced seedlings; the 

variety and yield of NTFP’s harvested from 

restored forests; availability of water in annual 

and perennial streams adjoining/below the 

restored forests; occurrence of wildlife in restored 

forests 

5.3 Recommendations for further socio-economic analysis 

Incorporation of in-depth socio-economic research and analysis into planning, implementation and 

monitoring of development interventions is critical. Chamberlain, a local expert in poverty and 

ethnicity, has recommended (pers. comm.) that survey-type work on ethnic minority groups should be 

in-depth, rather than quick surveys. Participatory observation and research should be carried out in a 

smaller number of villages, in order to understand the nuances of persistence and change in these 

societies. Participatory processes associated with project decision-making should be couched in 

recognition of cultural diversity, and should be conducted with high degree of transparency. This 

includes budgeting for the time and resources to ensure that understanding is created, through 

interactions in a number of local languages. 

R5.3.1 - Commission in-depth anthropological work in a smaller number of villages in order to 

better understand persistence and change in the livelihoods, cultural life and natural 

resources management of these local societies. This information can be used to inform better 

impact mitigation for the plantation project. 

Without detailed ethnographic studies documenting the full range of socio-cultural and economic 

systems of local ethnic groups, there is a need to move slowly. Monitoring of impacts on local 

communities is difficult because there is no reliable baseline upon which changes can be understood 

and assessed. Indicators of local development should reflect community well-being, and not just 

income. For Mon-Khmer groups, well-being should include recognition of the natural-human-spiritual 

relationships that define their world. One danger is that in the absence of nuanced information on 

Mon-Khmer livelihoods the assumptions underpinning the Lao-Tai worldview are juxtaposed onto 

other groups. Even within the Lao-Tai group, Phou Thay communities should be understood within 

their own unique socio-cultural context. There is a tendency to lump all “Lao Loum” into the same 

category and assume one set of static practices, knowledge and belief systems. Understanding the 

upland-lowland relationship is another key element of assessing the potential impacts of a large-scale 

project on this area. 

R5.3.2 - The project should invest in establishing a baseline and monitoring approach that 

allows disaggregated analysis for different ethnicities and within communities, so that social 

and economic equity is achieved. 

The baseline should include not only indicators of household-level economic situation but also 

indicators of change in traditional livelihood systems, community cohesion, and cultural change. To 

do this, the project should support in-depth anthropological studies of the communities involved in the 

54


project, consisting of international and Lao social scientists. Adaptation strategies provide vital insight 

into how communities respond to external stimuli and deal with shocks to their systems, but are not 

well understood for the vast majority of the local groups, particularly Mon-Khmer groups. 

R5.3.3 - Commission independent studies on food security that go beyond rice availability to 

look at access to foods that provide necessary components of balanced nutrition. 

The food security situation should be examined in more detail, with a focus on understanding the 

contributions of wild food sources and managed agrobiodiversity. Villagers clearly have coping 

mechanisms during time of food insecurity, including collection and processing of some NTFPs, but a 

more thorough investigation should be made to ensure that any plantation development would not 

upset the very delicate balance of food security, which many communities are already finding difficulty 

in maintaining. An in-depth study of household economics would provide a vital view on the 

composition of livelihoods, including scenarios to see how different types of interventions could 

impact livelihoods, particularly food security. Availability of natural sources and real access (not just 

the assumption that cash income means improved food security) should be conducted. Valuation 

studies, focusing on benefits and costs related to current land use and under the proposed forest 

plantation model should be carried out in a systematic manner. 

R5.3.4 - Commission independent studies on the role of livestock in local livelihoods and how 

livestock can work within the plantation model 

The paradox of declining livestock herds despite the importance of livestock as a safety-net in poor 

households signals problems in the adaptive capacity of local groups in the face of external 

pressures. The potential conflict between land for grazing in the forest fallow mosaic and the 

conversion of fallow land into plantation should be a high priority area of investigation and monitoring. 

It would also be worthwhile to document the frequent livestock diseases in certain areas, and 

prescribe suitable treatment options that could be adopted by villagers, in the event of future disease 

outbreaks among livestock. 

5.4 Recommendations for linking Stora Enso biodiversity management 

response to other biodiversity programmes in the area 

The management of biodiversity in Laos is still seriously weak and under resourced. As already 

mentioned above, the Stora Enso plantation project, with its commitment to environmental and social 

responsibility has the potential to be an example of best practice and a driver of awareness, 

commitment, capacity and resources for biodiversity management. The following section provides 

recommendations on how the company might link its biodiversity management response to other 

biodiversity programmes in the area. These should be seen as initial recommendations as further 

studies to understand the actual delivery of biodiversity interventions by both government and local 

communities are required. 

R5.4.1 - Preparatory phase studies related to bio-physical, socio-economic, ethno-cultural 

situation are conducted before the implementation of any further plantations. 

• Collaborative land use mapping at district level - Land use mapping is a vital tool to inform 

management of the projects impacts on biological resources in and around the village 

settlements. Burapha has already initiated extensive land use mapping in Nong district 

collaborating with the National Land Management Authority, provincial and district agencies 

and the communities in village level satellite mapping. There is an opportunity here for the 

company to further engage these stakeholders in the area of land use mapping and help 

build capacity and the government land extension services across each district. 

55


• Independent land use and land title studies - In addition to expanding government-company 

collaboration, current land use mapping techniques can also be strengthened with the 

commissioning of further land use studies. There is need to conduct more in depth studies of 

land holdings in the area to understand how farmers deal with limited access to land. 

Collaborative research efforts between national and international research institutions is 

recommended 

• A feasibility study should be undertaken to examine the possibilities of forest restoration, 

including fallow regenerating areas, secondary forests and other forest types. This result will 

be a good potential for both plantation investor and government authority to maintain their 

different forest types for their long-term and sustainable use, especially NTFPs, primarily 

bamboo shoots and traditional medicinal herbs. For example, the project could engage with 

the Forest Research Center at the National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute on 

forest restoration activities. 

R5.4.2 - Agricultural extension program at both district and provincial levels should be 

strengthened for large scale plantation with the aim at improving local livelihood systems 

together with the provision of extension service as human resource development including: 

• Support to research and capacity building in local agriculture and forestry extension officers 

to improve local government capacity to promote efficient agricultural and livestock 

management practices, assess biodiversity and to predict ecological impacts of various 

plantation interventions. This could include training of villagers, government staff at different 

levels, and private sector employees concerning knowledge and skills needed to achieve the 

goal of large scale plantation (see section 5.1). There is also the opportunity to establishment 

a plantation network for sharing their concerns experiences, and lessons learnt in the district. 

• Explore and nurture a benefit-sharing model for plantation establishment with villagers should 

to gain full local participation. As mentioned above, villagers and local government officials 

were concerned that local stakeholders would not have a role in establishing the benefit 

sharing agreements. They expressed hope that local stakeholders would be involved in a 

rolling process to monitor and adjust benefit sharing arrangements in response to actual 

implementation experiences and outcomes. In their words, 

• Work with and support district agricultural extension services to provide villagers with 

technical assistance on: 

o rice varieties; proper timing for rice seeding; and improvement of soil fertility in their 

swidden agriculture is essential for increasing their rice production. 

o building livestock numbers and encourage people to keep cattle in the plots. 

Similarly, it is recommended for villagers to learn on keeping cattle rotated in 

specified grazing areas, especially for large scale intercropping tree plantation 

Management R5.4.3: Work with individual communities to integrate plantations into village 

traditional management practices and support biodiversity conservation interventions at the 

village level 

Plantation establishment should be carried out in an integrated landscape fashion considering 

existing local livelihood systems and traditional management practices. The plantation model should 

identify and incorporate knowledge of the provisioning, supporting regulating and cultural services of 

these landscapes. Specific collaborative interventions include: 

o Promoting community mobilization, empowerment and local governance mechanisms to 

conserve biodiversity for human well-being. 

56


� A task force led by the village cluster head could be established to monitor the 

biodiversity in surrounding areas, and liaise with the plantation company and relevant 

district government authorities to address conservation issues that affects the wellbeing 

of villagers. This task force could also manage and regulate sustainable 

extraction and trade of biological resources harvested from forests, in order to ensure 

equitable sharing of profits/benefits by all households. 

� A community biodiversity registry could be maintained by the cluster heads, to record 

relevant information gathered through villagers. 

o Maintaining or creating structurally diverse ecosystems around plantations to contribute to 

landscape and community level biodiversity. 

� Retaining and enhancing sufficient forestlands - Spirit forest and old growth forests 

serve as important ecological anchors in each village. Any development activities 

should ensure that the functions of these forests are strengthened ensure that wild 

foods continue to be available 

� Support local communities in managing the biodiversity in mountain forests and 

rolling terrains around village settlements such as Phou Riroy, Phou Kayiane, Phou 

Tamoung, Phou Kaleui, Phou Amai Phou Asao, Phou Krang, Phou Nang Maan, 

Phou Takroy and other Nohns (Nohn Voek, Nohn Ayouk and Nohn Atreng). 

o Developing livelihood alternatives - Institutional strengthening at both the village and district levels 

for general administration and developing livelihood alternatives. 

� Assisting local communities to maintain natural stocks of key traded NTFPs such as 

bong trees for bark collection, kinat resine extracted from roots of Mai Chouang, and 

bamboo for dry bamboos processing. At the same time, support the domestication of 

these viable species in their young fallows and plantations for income for 

generations. 

� The potential to promote aquaculture in village ponds should be explored, as the 

cultured fish would be a valuable source of protein for villagers. 

Management R5.4.4: Support to government led biodiversity conservation activities in the 5 

districts of 2 provinces that are being implemented by the government, research institutions, 

international organizations and international and local NGOs. 

The assessment team has identified a number of opportunities to build the capacity of local 

institutions and support the conservation of critical habitats and species in the study area. Stora Enso 

could provide support to: 

• National protected area management in Phou Xang He, Dong Phouvieng and Xe Sap 

o Establish a biodiversity management fund to be derived from local or global profits 

and channeled into the governments protected area system. 

o Support the Department of Forestry’s review of the national protected area network 

• Protection of the natural pine forest found in village landscapes near Xe Sap NPAs. These 

forests are a shared resource and therefore require collaborative protection and 

management. Stora Enso has the opportunity to work with villages in the area on the 

protection of this unique and important species. . 

• Training courses and capacity building activities in cooperation with local environmental 

protection and forestry authorities 

57


• Watershed and Wetlands Management - These two provinces are rich in water resources 

and the aquatic resources these waterways provide are an extremely important part of 

peoples daily diet. It is recommended that opportunities for technical assistance in setting up 

fish conservation zones, fish breeding and the establishment of agreements for managing 

their stream with neighboured villages be explored. By restoring streams and rivers through 

regenerating natural forest buffers, this could prove important for drinking water supply as 

well. 

• District biodiversity monitoring - Monitoring is very limited and mainly confined to national 

protected areas and production forests. There is considerable scope for supporting the 

establishment of district biodiversity monitoring programmes, initially through the collaborative 

monitoring of biodiversity in and around plantation sites (see section 5.). District monitoring 

programmes should focus on a few easy to monitor, sensitive indicator species. For example, 

monitoring of change in the high value forests and downstream from plantation sites as the 

impacts of management practices on downstream water quality. . 

• Conduct awareness raising and education programmes on ecosystem services and humanwellbeing 

related to biodiversity and the importance of its conservation - The company could 

prepare relevant communication material ihn local language (ie,m posters, pamphlets etc.), 

and distribute them among local government officials, plantation workers, villagers and school 

students in the district. 

58

6.0 References 

6.1 Secondary Data Sources – biodiversity 

Publication 


Anonymous (1995). Protected Area Fact Sheets. Annex 3 to the mid 1995 status report on PA system planning and 

management in Lao PDR. Lao-Swedish Forestry Cooperation Programme, IUCN Lao. 

Anonymous (1998). Rapid and participatory biodiversity assessment in Dong Phou Vieng protected area, 

Unpublished. 

Armstrong, K., Svengsuksa, B., Hul, S. (2006), A Glossary of French, Lao and English Botanical Terms, Royal 

Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh, Sasavanh Printing, Vientiane. 

Baird, I., (2000), Integrated community-based fisheries co-management and protected areas management in Laos 

PDR, IIED Evaluating Eden Series, Discussion Paper No. 14. 

Baltzer, B., Thi Dao, N., Shore, R., Hardcastle, J., Long, B., Clay, K. & Springer, J. (2001). The Forests of the Lower 

Mekong Ecoregion Complex, World Widlife Fund Indochina, Printing Enterprise No. 1 Cartographic Publishing House, 

Vietnam. 

Baltzer, M., N.T. Dao., & R.G. Shore (Eds.) (2001). Towards a vision for biodiversity conservation in the forests of the 

Lower Mekong ecoregion complex. Technical Annex. WWF Indochina/WWF USA, Hanoi and Washington DC. 

Baltzer, M., N.T. Dao., & R.G. Shore (Eds.) (2001). Towards a vision for biodiversity conservation in the forests of the 

Lower Mekong ecoregion complex. WWF Indochina/WWF USA, Hanoi and Washington DC. 

Bezuijen, M.R., C. Phothithay, M. Hedemark., and S. Chanyra (2005). Preliminary status review of the Siamese 

crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 1801) (Reptilia, Crocodilia) in the Lao PDR. Living Aquatic Resources 

Research Centre (Government of Lao PDR), Wildlife Conservation Society – Lao Programme and Mekong Wetlands 

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BirdLife International (2007), Ecosystem Profile: Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot Indochina Region, Critical 

Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Final Version, May, unpublished 

Boonratana, R. (1998), Protected Areas Field Management in Nam Poui and Pho Xang He NBCAs: A presentation by 

Dr Boonratana, IUCN, Vientiane. 

Boonratana, R. (2000). A rapid participatory assessment of wildlife diversity in the Dong Sithouane production forest, 

Unpublished. 

Burapha Group (2006), Baseline Survey for Private Forestry Plantation Investment in Nong District in Savannakhet 

Province, Unpublished. 

Callander, T. Badenoch, N., Galland, M. and Sylavong, L. (2007), Strategic Framework 2007-2011: Conservation for 

Sustainable Livelihoods in Lao PDR - Refreshed Thinking, IUCN - The World Conservation Union in Lao PDR, 

Vientiane 

Crome, F., Richards, S., Phengsintham, P. & Somvonasa, C. (2001). Biodiversity and conservation assessment of the 

Sepon project area, Report to Lane Xang Minerals, March 15, Francis Crome Pty Ltd. 

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Nongkapat/Na Kathing, Unpublished. 

59


Department of Forestry & Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Division Savannakhet (2006), HCVF Assessment of 

Dong Kapho, Unpublished 

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Thatlava, Unpublished. 

Duckworth, J.W. (1993). A survey of large mammals in the central Annamite mountains of Laos - Saugetierkunde, 

International Journal of Mammalian Biology. 

Duckworth, J.W. (1997). Small carnivores in Lao: a status review with notes on ecology, behaviour and conservation. 

Small Carnivore Conservation, 16: 1-21. 

Duckworth, J.W., R.J. Timmins & Evans, T.D. (1997), The Conservation Status of the River Lapwing Vanellus 

duvaucelii in Southern Laos, WCS, Vientiane. 

Duckworth, J.W., R.J. Timmins & K. Cozza (1993). A Wildlife and Habitat Survey of Phou Xang He Proposed 

Protected Area, Unpublished. 

Duckworth, J.W., Tizard, R.J., Timmins, R.J., Thewlis, R.M., Robichaud, W.G. & Evans, T.D. (1998), Bird records 

from Laos: October 1994-August 1995, Forktail, vol 13, pp. 33-68. 

Evans, T.D., Sengdala, K., Viengkham, O.V. & Thammavong, B. (2001) A Field Guide to the Rattans of Lao PDR, 

The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

Evans, T.F. & Timmins, R.J. (1998). Records of birds from Laos during January to July 1994, Forktail, vol. 13, pp. 60- 

96. 

Falke, M. (1999), The Geological Conditions of Khammouane Limestone, Dong Phou Vieng, Xe Sap, Xe Piane 

National Biodiversity Conservation Areas, Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Unpublished. 

Hallam, C.D., McShea, W.J., Ounmany, S., Johnson, A.J., Nounansyvong, S., & Stenhouse, R.N. (2006) 

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WCS, Vientiane 

Hanson, K.K., Jeppesen, T. (2004), Non Timber Forest Products and Rural Livelihoods: a case study on local 

management and marketing of non timber forest products in two NPAs, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR, 

Unpublished. 

ICEM (2003), Lao PDR National Reporton Protected Areas and Development: Review of Protected Areas and 

Developmentr in the Lower Mekong River Region, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia. 

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to the Mid-1995 Status Report on Protected Area System Planning and Management in Lao PDR, Forest Resources 

Conservation Sub-Programme of the Lao-Swedish Forestry Cooperation Programme (unpublished update by 

Department of Forestry) 

IUCN (The World Conservation Union) & DoF (Department of Forestry), updated 2004, Protected Area Fact-Sheets – 

Not published. 

IUCN (The World Conservation Union) 1995, Protected Area Fact-Sheets: Annex 3 to the Mid-1995 Status Report on 

Protected Area System Planning and Management in Lao PDR, Forest Resources Conservation Sub-Programme of 

the Lao-Swedish Forestry Cooperation Programme 

KPL News, 2007, Agribusiness industry investment poses a new pace in Salavane, cited www.kpl.net.la, accessed 

December 2007 

Lehmann, L., Grejmans. & Shenman, D. (2003) Forests and Trees of the Central Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao 

PDR, DANIDA, Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

60


Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World 

Resources Institute, Washington, DC. 

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Traditional Products, The National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

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Summary, Sepon Project, volume 1, Lane Xang Minerals Limited, Lao PDR. 

Ounekham, K. & Inthapatha, S (2003), Important Bird Areas in Lao PDR, Vientiane: Department of Forestry, BirdLife 

International in Indochina, Wildlife Conservation Society Lao Program, Sisavath Printing Press, Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

Ounekham, K., & S. Inthapatha (2003). Important Bird Areas in Lao PDR. Vientiane: Department of Forestry, Birdlife 

International inIndochina and the WCS Lao programme, Lao PDR. 

Phothitay, C., and Somphanith (2004). Crocodile Survey Report of wetland areas in Savannakhet and Attapeu 

provinces. LARReC and National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Unpublished Report. 

Poulsen, M. (2006), Review of ProForest High Conservation Value Forest Methodology and its Application in Lao 

PDR with the View of Further Simplification, Draft, SDRD project, Government of Lao PDR & Government of Finland 

and the World Bank, Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

Poulsen, M.K., Phanthavong, B., Sisomphane, C. & Phuttaamath, B. (2005). Biodiversity Surveys of Production 

Forest Areas - Sustainable Forestry and Rural Development Project - Lao PDR, Draft Technical Report, Unpublished. 

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December 2007 

Robichaud, W., Marsh, C.W., Southammakoth, S. & Khounthikoummane, S. (2001), Review of the National Protected 

Area System of Lao PDR, Lao-Swedish Forestry Programme, Division of Forest Resources Conservation, 

Department of Forestry, IUCN (World Conservation Union). 

Saviengseuksa, Dr. Bouakaikhone & Vanxay, Vichid (2005), The Wild Orchids of Lao P.D.R - Field guide, National 

University of Lao (NUoL), sponsored by USESCO, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R. 

Showler, D.A. & P. Davidson. (1998). A wildlife and habitat survey of the southern border of Xe Sap NBCA and the 

Dakchung Plateau, Xe Kong Province, Lao PDR. Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR. 

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NBCA, Salavan Province Lao PDR. WWF Thailand Programme Office, Lao PDR. 

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to the South, Salavan Province, Lao PDR. 

Tizard, R., (2000), Report on an evaluation of the rapid biodiversity appraisal methodology, FOMACOP, Vientiane, 

Lao PDR 

Unknown Author (2006), Xe Sap National Protected Area Proposal, December, 2007-2008 

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area, Taoy district, Lao PDR. 

Vidthayanon, C. & Jaruthanin, K. 2002, Schistura kaysonei (Teleostei: Balitoridae) a new cave fish from the 

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61


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Consultation Company, Lao P.D.R. 

6.2 Secondary Data Sources – social 

Publication 

Anonymous (2000). Orientation for economic development of Taoy distict in the period 2000-2010, Unpublished. 

Author Unknown (2005), Sustainable Management of Deciduous Forest and Rural Development - KokBok Village 

Development Plan, 2005-2010. 

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Unpublished. 

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Unpublished. 

Axelsson & Svensson Info. Consultants (2007), Socio Economic Baseline Survey Savannakhet Province - Nong District, 

Unpublished. 

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conservation efforts in the forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion, WWF Indochina Programme and IUCN Laos and 

Vietnam, Publisher Unknown 

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technical report 1, IUCN (The World Conservation Union), Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

Daviau, S. (2004). Anthropological & Sociological Study in Nong and Sepon Districts Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR., 

Belgium Technical Corporation, Publisher Unknown. 

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Department of Lands, Salavan Province & DaNgang Province in Vietnam, Lao PDR. 

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(NUoL), Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

Department of Planning & Cooperation, Rapid Rural Appraisal: Village Report of Ban Feuang Sepon District, 29 

September to 1 October 2003, draft english translation, unpublished, BTC CTB. 

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Province, Unpublished. 

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March, 2007. 

Government of Savannaket (2007), Project Investment of 2007_2008 DAP Savannakhet - Summary 

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District Report for Savannakhet, Unpublished. 

Hansen, K. K., & T. Jeppesen (2004). Non Timber forest products and rural livelihoods. MSc Thesis - The Royal Veterinary 

and Agriculture University, Copehhagen, Denmark. 

Hickey, Gerald Cannon (1993). Shattered World: Adaptation and survival among Vietnam’s Upland Peoples during the 

Vietnam War. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia. 

Jackson, R.T. (2006), Household Survey Report, Lane Xang Minerals (LXML) - Sepon Gold & Copper Mine, Final Report. 

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry & National Agricultural Sciences and Technology Research Institute (2007), Country 

Report on The State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Lao PDR, Vientiane, Lao PDR. 

National Statistics Center (2005). Population and housing census year 2005 - preliminary report, Unpublished. 

National Statistics Centre (2005) 2005 Population and Residence Survey for Salavanh Province. Vientiane: NSC. 

National Statistics Centre and Asian Development Bank (2006), Participatory Poverty Assessment, Vientiane 

Oxiana (2005), Fact-sheet: Sepon Mining Operations Lane Xang Minerals Limited, Vientiane, Lao PDR 

UNDP (1998). Scio-economic profile of Savannakhet Province, UNDP Lao PDR, Vientiane. 

UNDP. 1998. Socio-Economic Profile of Savannakhet Province. UNDP: Vientiane. 

UNWFP 2005, District Vulnerability Analysis - 2005 Update, Final Draft, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Kajam, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Katen, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Pajudone, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Pajujern, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Pajumai, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Pajutai, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Pangansing, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Porbeuy, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Portang, Unpublished. 

Village Focus International Baseline data: Ban Saneng, Unpublished. 

World Food Program (2006), Lao PDR: Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA), Draft, 

Strengthening Emergency Needs Assessment Capacity (SENAC), accessed at 

http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/reports/wfp141589.pdf 

63

Annex 1: Secondary Data Source – Maps 

1. Burapha (Stora Enso) 

Maps provided by the company include: 

� Nong district satellite map 

� Village satellite land-use maps (only 2 villages sources – Ban Tamluang and Ban Sang in Nong 

district) 

� Initial feasibility mapping in areas of interest for Nong and Taoy Districts in GIS shape file format 

including: 

o Housing 

o Nursery sites 

o Potential plantation sites 

o Surveyed plantation sites 

o Land use 

o Permanent agriculture 

o Production forests 

o Spirit Forests 

o Conservation Forests 

o Rivers 

o Village boundaries 

2. National Geographic Department 

GIS shape files sourced for all districts in the study area: 

o Administrative Boundaries 

o Roads 

o Hydrology 

o Topography 

o Elevation 

o Village points (conducted 2003) 

o Land-use (conducted 2003) 

o Protected Areas 

o Production Forests 

o Urban areas


Annex 2: A Rapid & Participatory Assessment 

Methodology 

The Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment methodology used enabled assessment teams 

to gather key information on biodiversity and related ecosystem services in the study area and 

ground truth these findings through a series of field missions in selected landscapes surrounding 

local community settlements. The RPBA methodology’s main advantage lies in its straightforward 

approach to gathering scientific information on natural resource used by local communities, 

through their active engagement in the process. 

1. Scoping and Secondary Data Gathering 

RPBAs draw substantially on secondary information. This information was gathered and analysed 

for key issue areas and information gaps. This analysis then informed the focus of the 

assessment field missions which sought to test and ground truth these initial findings. Data 

gathering during the scoping stages involved: 

Initial scoping interviews 

In preparation for the field reconnaissance mission, IUCN carried out a pre departure consultation 

exercise in Vientiane involving a mixture of email exchanges, phone conversations and face to 

face meetings with the following stakeholders 

1. Mr. Bounkong Souvimonh Coordinator, Agrobiodiversity Project, National Agriculture and 

Forestry Research Institute 

2. Mr. Hongthong Sirivath, Project Coordinator, Village Focus International Laos 

3. Mr. John Dingley, Senior Technical Adviser, UXO Lao 

4. Mr. Patrick Brandelard, Belgian Project Coordinator, Lao-Belgian Village Development 

Programme 

5. Mr. Phillip Miller, Country Director, Concern Worldwide 

6. Mr. Richard Jackson, Manager, Social and Community Relations-Asia, Oxiana/LXML 

(Vientiane HQ) 

7. Mr. Rob Kelly, Manager, Village Focus International Laos 

8. Mr. Rob Solomon, Project Director, World Concern Lao PDR, Salavan 

9. Mr. Roger Mallot, World Wide Fund for Nature. Laos 

10. Mr. Serge Verniau, Representative, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in 

Laos 

11. Mr. Somsanouk Phommakhot, Department of Environment, Water Resources and 

Environment Agency 

12. Mr. Troy Hansel, Wildlife Conservation Society, Laos 

13. Mr. Vongxay, Sustainable Forestry and Rural Development project 

14. Ms. Bernadette Wardle, Environment Manager, Oxiana/LXML (Vientiane HQ) 

15. Ms. Mr. Phetsamay Douangmalalay, Project Officer, Village Focus International Laos 

16. Ms. Tu Anh Vu, Agriculture Biodiversity Officer, United Nations Food and Agriculture 

Organization in Laos 

These discussions provided an opportunity to briefly explain the current IUCN assessment; they 

also yielded important information on the project area including: 

• Information on organisations working in the assessment area 

• Secondary information on the biodiversity and the socio-economic situation in or around 

the assessment area 

• Other important stakeholders to contact 

These exchanges continued on the side of the official stakeholder forums held in Salavan and 

Sepon. 

65


Field Stakeholder Meetings 

Two stakeholder meetings were held, one each in Salavan and Savannakhet provinces. The 

purpose of these meetings was to brief participants on the plantation project, explain IUCN’s role 

in carrying out a rapid and participatory biodiversity assessment in the relevant provincial districts, 

and generate support from government officials for the assessments, especially through provision 

of secondary information to IUCN. The meetings were also intended to understand the views and 

concerns of provincial and district officials regarding the plantation project. 

The reconnaissance mission also enabled to plan out and finalize the survey methodology to 

gather relevant information on biodiversity, within the limited time and financial constraints, and 

also finalize the survey schedule. 

2. Field Assessment 

To ensure a representative and integrated social/biodiversity approach, the field methodology 

placed an emphasis on fewer but more detailed and in-depth engagements with local villages. 

The following process was adopted for the two field missions in Savannakhet and Salavan: 

Village selection 

The overall scale for this assessment is set at the district level and as such the selection of field 

sites/villages was done using a representative landscape and ethnicity approach identifying: 

o Key land-uses and ecosystems in the district 

o Ethnicity of villages in the district 

o Land suitability identified by Burapha (if completed) 

o Feasibility of access to the village at the time of assessment 

A pre-mission team representative was sent to the provincial and district offices 3 days ahead of 

the main assessment teams, to carry out the following preparatory tasks: 

• Ensuring that all the appropriate paper work for the field assessment was completed; 

• Identifying appropriate provincial and district staff to accompany assessment teams 

• Completing initial village selection based on the above criteria. 

Assembly of the assessment team 

The assessment was lead by an experienced multi-disciplinary team consisting of a mix of 

international and local biologists, social specialists, foresters and assessment managers. 

Name Designation & Affiliation Project Role 

Dr Nathan Badenoch Programme Coordinator 

IUCN Lao PDR 

Project Team Leader 

Mme Latsamay Sylavong Country Representative, 


Social and Forestry Specialist 

Dr Channa Bambaradeniya Coordinator - Regional 

Species Conservation 

Programme, IUCN Asia 

Lead Biologist 

Mr Tom Callander 

Programme Officer, IUCN Lao 

PDR 

Project Coordinator 

Mr Xiong Tsechalicha Senior Programme Officer, 


NRM and EIA specialist 

Mr. Chay Noy Sisomphane Department of Forestry - Field specialist: Biodiversity 

Division of Forest Resource 

Conservation(DFRC), MAF 

Assessment 

Mr. Bounhom Thepphavong Land Use Planning and 

Development Department 

Land Conservation 

Field Specialist: Forester 

66

Mr. Daokham 


Management Division, LMNA 

Mr. Bounxoth Vongvilayvone Faculty of Social Sciences, 

NUoL 

Mr. Khamphone Sengdala 

NTFP Research Section, 

Forestry Research Center, 

NAFRI, 

GIS 

Field Specialist: Anthropologist 

Field Specialist: NTFP 

From this mix, field assessment teams were assembled, each with a similar mix of specialists and 

skill sets. Where one team was lacking specific expertise (eg, the absence of a qualified NTFP 

expert), this gap was filled by selecting appropriate local government representatives or by using 

methods to ensure that data is was collected and then assessed by relevant specialist at a later 

date (ie, taking photos or collecting specimens of NTFPS for identification at a later stage). 

Each team was accompanied by: 

• 1 provincial government representative 

• Between 2 and 3 district government representative 

• Community members (or key informants) and an assistant to the key informant group 

who could help with language translation 

Village consultation and transect observations 

In order to test previously gathered information and to source new primary information each team 

carried out the following steps in the selected villages: 

• Village Focal Group Meetings were held with the village headman and selected village 

representatives including village elders, workers, women and youth. Meetings consisted 

of semi structured discussions and a village mapping exercise to gather socio-economic 

data and information about biodiversity and village landscapes. Species lists and 

identification charts were used in some instances although not by all teams. 

• Transect walks based on information gathered through the initial discussion and mapping 

exercise, were organised with men and women with good knowledge of the village 

landscape. Before setting out the team and local representatives chose routes that best 

covered representative village habitats (village, fallow land, sacred forests etc). During 

the walks, discussions with villagers continued. At random points along the transect the 

team stopped at specific points to record: 

o Description of habitat 

o Plant observation and identification 6 

o Stories about the area (previous uses, events, areas of cultural/spiritual significance 

etc) 

• A village debrief was conducted at the completion of the transect walk to discuss and 

clarify any outstanding questions or issues about the village. At this point assessment 

team leaders conducted discussions on the proposed plantation to source villages’ initial 

concerns and expectations of such developments. 

Data compilation and analysis 

Information collected from the initial scoping consultations, secondary review and the main field 

missions was then consolidated and analysed. 

6 In fallow and village use forest some teams conducted 3m x 3m (fallow) and 5m x 5m (village use forest) plot 

assessments counting number of species and recording info on their size etc. General observation of abundance using a 

measuring system from 1 -5 (5 being very abundant) can also be used at other times. 

67


• Village Information Sheets – Each evening during the 2 field missions, assessment teams 

discussed the information they had gathered that day and compiled short summaries of 

each village. This included: basic description of the village; key problems faced by the 

village; basic wealth and income statistics; landscape and land-overview; use of 

biodiversity in the village; status and trends of biodiversity in the village and general 

threats and a discussion about the management of this biodiversity. These sheets 

provided important insights into each village and when combined a strong snapshot of 

the landscapes and people in each district – see Field Examples in section 2 of the main 

report. 

• Landscapes and Livelihood assessments – using the Millennium Assessment’s 

ecosystem services chart as a base, representative landscapes and the provision of 

ecosystem services were then analysed for each district. A summary of the key findings 

of this analysis is presented in section 3.6 

• Species list consolidation – important secondary species data was consolidated with the 

species information gathered on the two field missions. This information can be viewed in 

annexes 3and4. These lists will be an important input into future biodiversity assessment, 

monitoring and management. 

• Mapping and GPS – Mapping information from government agencies (the National 

Geographic Department, Department of Forestry and the National Agriculture and 

Forestry Research Institute), from Burapha and GIS points from the IUCN assessment 

teams were then mapped together. The results provided vital inputs into landscape 

analysis and in the case of Nong and Taoy, analysis of the company’s feasibility mapping 

with the information that the assessment teams had collected at the village level. 

• Photos – A selection of photos from each village was collated to support the overall 

analysis. 

3. Final Stakeholder Consultations 

A final stakeholder consultation meeting will be held in Savannakhet to share the results of this 

biodiversity assessment with government and community representatives. 

4. Methodology Limitations 

The RPBA methodology allowed assessment teams to cover a large area in a very short time 

period and to make informed judgements about the use, state, trends and threats to biodiversity 

in the study area. The RPBA by its very nature does not allow for a comprehensive scientific 

study of the intricacies of biodiversity and its importance to people in the study area. 

In addition to this overarching limitation, the following constraints and limitations that may have 

impacted data gathering should be noted: 

• Weather and road conditions limited district representation at the Salavan stakeholders 

meeting. 

• The Savannakhet stakeholder meeting was held in Sepon to make it most accessible for 

district officials and local stakeholders. As a result, representation from the provincial 

level was minimal – especially from the civil society working in the area. 

• Information on the assessment area is limited and dispersed across a number of 

organisations. Remoteness, of the area seems be a critical factor in the limited 

information available especially in hard to reach places such as Samoi where access by 

road in Lao is limited to the dry season months. 

68


• There were some problems with official communications within the Savannakhet 

Agriculture and Forestry administrative hierarchy, causing difficulty in making official 

contact with some villages. 

• Recent village consolidations in Sepon district meant that basic demographic and socioeconomic 

data in many villages was incomplete, outdated or completely lacking. 

• Language proved difficult in some villages where locals did not speak Lao well. This 

impacted particularly on the results of species identification – some species were only 

identified in the local language. For scientific quality reasons, this information could not 

be used in the final species analysis. 

• The rapid nature of the survey meant that women’s participation in the focus groups was 

not as high as hoped, although the team found that transect walks are an excellent way 

of providing voice to women. 

• The villagers tended to withhold information on exploitation of animal species, in the 

presence of government officials 

• Some of the information provided by villagers seemed to be contradictory, and time was 

a constraint in verifying such information. 

69

Annex 3: Primary Species Lists 

Annex 3.1 Nong 

Mammals recorded in Nong District – 

Savannakhet Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded Secondary Forest; FA 

- FallowScrubland; PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - River Bank) 

Family Common & 

Scientific Name 

Elephantidae Asian Elephant - 

Elephas maximus 

Lao Name Observed/ 

Interview 

Habitat Koun 

Si 


Loe Along Poun 

Nyang 

§É¾¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Bovidae Wild Water Buffalo - 

Bubalus arnee 

£¸¾¨-¯È¾ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Bovidae Gaur - Bos gaurus À´ó¨ Œ- ¡½-êò¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Ursidae Sunbear - Ursus 

malayanus 

Ursidae Asiatic Black Bear - 

Ursus thibetanus 

ÀÏõº¨ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Ïó -£¸¾¨ (Ïó - 

©¿) 

Poun 

Tong 

i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Felidae Tiger - Panthera 

tigris 

À¦õº-Â£È¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cercopithecidae Douc Langur - 

Pygathrix nemaeus 

¢¾-Á©¤ I,o DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hylobatidae Gibbon Species - 

Hylobates , 

leucogenys/gabrielae 

sp. 

ê½−ó i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Cervidae Sambar Deer - 

Cervus unicolor 

¡¸¾¤ i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pteromyidae Giant Flying Squirrel 

- Ratufa bicola 

®È¾¤-ìí¸ i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mustelidae Otter - Lutra sp. −¾¡--−Õ 

i RB,Xelanong,XeLou ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sang- 

Jeng 

Tam 

lung 

70 

Houb


Manidae Pangolin - Manis 

javanicus 

-ì…− i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Loridae Slow Loris Species - 

Nycticebus sp. 

ìó¤ìö´ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Canidae Golden Jackal - 

Canis aureus 

Ï¾-¥º¡ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Viverridae Large Spotted Civet - 

Viverra megaspila 

À¹¤ñ−¹¾¤¡È¾− i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Viverridae - 

Paradoxurus sp. 

À¹¤ñ−ºí´ i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cervidae Red Muntjac - 

Muntiacus muntjac 

³¾−Àì‰¾ i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Tragulidae Lesser Mouse Deer - 

Tragulus javanicus 

Ä¡É i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mustelidae Hog-Nosed Badger - 

Arctonyx collaris 

Ïøì‡¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Hystricidae Brush -tailed 

Porcupine - 

Atherurus macrourus 

¹º− i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hystricidae Porcupine - Hystrix 

brachyura 

ÀÏ˜− i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cercopithecidae Monkeys - Macaca 

sp. 

ìó¤- i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sciuridae Black Giant Squirrel - 

Ratufa bicolor 

¡½»º¡ÏÓ i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Spalacidae Large Bamboo Rat - 

Rhizomys 

sumatrensis 

ºí− Ã¹¨È i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Suidae Wild Pig - Sus scrofa Ïø¯È¾ I,o DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sciuridae Irrawaddy Squirrel - 

Callosciurus 

pygerythrus 

Sciuridae Berdmore's Squirrel - 

Menetes bermorei 

Pteromyidae Black Flying Squirrel 

- Aeromys 

tephromelas 

¡½Àì− i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¡½¥ûº− i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

®È¾¤¹ø©¿ i DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

71

Remarks: 

The mammal species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on 

the villagers perceptions. 

Visual aids were used to facilitate the interviews in order to help identify a species and that to make better in data gathering 

process across all the participating villages 

Observed species included: 

A skin of Douc Langur - Pygathrix nemaeus and a skull of Common wild pig - Sus scrofa were seen the 

head of village’s house in Ban Poun Nyang (photo). 


- 

Birds recorded in Nong District - Savannakhet Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded Secondary Forest; FA - Fallow Scrubland; 

PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - River Bank) 

Family Common & Lao Name Observed/I Habitat Koun Loe Along Poun Poun SangJ Tam- Houb 


nterview 

Si 

Nyang Tong ean lung 

Phasianidae Green Peafowl - 

Pavo muticus 

Nok Yong i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Bucerotidae Great Hornbill - 

Buceros bicornis 

−ö¡- ¡ö¡-£ð£¿ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Phasianidae Silver Pheasant - 

Lophura 

nycthemera 

Ä¡È -¢¸¾¹ù¸¤- (-Ä¡È 

¢¸¾-Íñ¤-¢¾¸) 

i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Phasianidae Siamese Fireback 

- Lophura diardi 

Ä¡È -¢¸¾−ò− i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Phasianidae Grey Peacock- 

Pheasant - 

Polyplectron 

bicalcaratum 

−ö¡- ¡¾¤¡º© i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Anatidae Cotton pygmy- 

Goose - Nettapus 

coromandelianus 

−ö¡ -À¯ñ©-¯Èº¤ i RB ┼ ┼ 

Passeridae Asian Golden 

Weaver - Ploceus 

hypoxanthus 

−ö¡ ¡½¥¾®-£¿ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Psittacidae Red Breasted 

Parakeet - 

Psittacula 

alexandri 

−ö¡-Á¢¡- i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Centropodida Greater Coucal - −ö¡ ¡ö©¯õ© i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ 

72

e Centropus sinensis 

Bucerotidae Oriental Pied 

Hornbill - 

Anthracoceros 

albirostris 

Sturnidae Hill Myna - Gracula 

religiosa 

Picidae Wood-pecker - 

Picus sp. 

Psittacidae Parakeets Species 

- Psittacula sp. 

Columbidae Pale-capped 

Pigeon - Columba 

punicea 

Columbidae Green Pigeons - 

Treron sp. 

Falconidae Changeable hawk 

Eagle - Spizaetus 

cirrhatus 

Ardeidae Egrets - Egretta 

sp. 

Psittacidae Parakeets - 

Psittacula sp. 

Phasianidae Red Junglefowl - 

Gallus gallus 

Corvidae Drongo Species - 

Dicrurus sp. 

Corvidae Large-billed Crow- 

Corvus 

macrohynchos 


−ö¡-Á¡¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¦¾-ìò -¡¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ 

−ö¡--¹ö¸-¢¸¾− 

(- 

−ö¡¦½-Äì) 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-Á¡É¸ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ 

−ö¡ -À¢ö¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ 

−ö¡ À¯í¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ 

-Á¹ì¸-´ø´ i,o DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡¨¾¤ i,o DPF, DSF,FA, 

−ö¡ -¡È¾¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, 

Ä¡È¯È¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡Á§¸ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¡¾ i,o DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ 

Remarks: 

The birds recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers perceptions. 


Egrets - Egretta sp. and 4 Large-billed Crows seen flying over Nong river 

Amphibians & Reptiles recorded in Nong District - Savannakhet 

Province 


73


Family Common & Scientific 

Name 

Emydidae Elongated turtle -Indotestudo 

elongata 

Emydidae - Xenochrophis 

flaviounctata 


Interview 

Habitat Koun Si Loe Along Poun 

Nyang 


Poun 

Tong 

Sang- 

Jeng 

Àª‰¾ À²ñ¡ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Àª‰¾ −¾ i RB ┼ 

Trionychidae Fresh water Turtle- Amyda sp. ¯¾±¾ºº¤ i RB ┼ ┼ 

Elapidae King cobra - Ophiophagus 

hannah 

Boidae Reticulated Python - Python 

reticulates 

Tamlung Houb 

¤Ñ -¥ö¤-º¾¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¤Ñ -À¹ìõº´ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

Elapidae Cobra species - Naja sp. ¤Ñ -À¹‰¾ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Colubridae - Zamenis sp. ¤Ñ¦ò¤©ö¤ i DPF, DSF,FA,RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Colubridae Radiated Ratsnake - Elaphe 

radiata 

Viperidae - Trimeresurus 

gramineus 

Varanidae Bangal Monitor - Varanus 

bengalensis 

Varanidae Water monitor - Varanus 

salvator 

Agamidae Water Dragon - Pysignathus 

cocincinus 

Gekkonidae Gekko Species - Gekkonidae 

sp. 

Agamidae Forest Crested Lizard - Calotes 

emma sp. 

¤Ñ¦¾ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¤ø¢¼¸ o ┼ 

Áì− i DPF, 

DSF,RB 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¹É¨ i RB,DSF ┼ ┼ 

¡½-êÉ¾¤ i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¡ñ®-Á¡É - o,i DSF ┼ 

¡½¯º´ i DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

- Shrimp Species ¡÷ É¤- i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

- Crabs ¡½¯ø - i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

- Snail Species ¹º¨- i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Bufonidae Toad - Kaloula mediolineeata ºõ¤ i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ranidae Frog- Rana limnocharis ¡ö® i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

74

Ranidae Common Lowland Frog- Rana 

sp. 


¢¼© i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Bufonidae True toads - Bufo sp. £ñ−£¾¡ i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Remarks: 

The amphibian and reptile species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers perceptions. 


Trimeresurus gramineus was found eating a frog nearly the Nong river 

bank. 

Freshwater fish recorded in Nong District - Savannakhet Province 



75


Family Common & Scientific Lao Name Observed/ Habitat Koun Si Loe Along Poun Poun 

Name 

Interview 

Nyang Tong 

Bagridae Mystus microphthalmus ¯¾-À£ò¤ I RB, Xelanog ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sangjeng 

Tamlung Houb 

Cyprinidae Cirrhinus molitorella ¯¾-Á¡¤ I Xelanong, Xe 

Lou ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sisoridae Bagarius Yarrelli ¯¾Á¢É I Xelanong, Xe 

Lou ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Poropuntius sp. ¯¾¥¾© I Xelanong, Xe 

Lou ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Notopteridae Chitala sp. ¯¾ªº¤ I Xelanong, Xe 

Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Bagridae Mystus microphthalmus ¯¾- À£ò¤ I Xelanong, Xe 


Synbranchidae Monopterus albus ºÈ¼− I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Clariidae Clarias macrocephalus ¯¾©÷¡ I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Channidae Channa striata ¯¾ £ð I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Barbodes gonionotus ¯¾ ¯¾¡ I Xelanong, Xe 


Cyprinidae Puntioplites sp. ¯¾ ¦½¡¾¤ I Xelanong, Xe 


Cyprinidae Mystacoleucus sp. ¯¾ ¹ìñ¤-À¡¾½(¯¾-¹ìñ¤Î¾´ I Xelanong, Xe 


Labenini Morulius sp. ¯¾ -À²ñ¨ I Xelanong, Xe 


Bagridae Hemibagrus sp. ¯¾¡ö© I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus favus ¯¾¹ì¾© I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Channidae Channa gachua ¯¾ ¡˜¤ I Xelanong, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pangasidae Pangasius sp. ¯¾¹ö¸´È¸´ 

Cyprinidae Systomus aurotaeniatus ¯¾ ¢¾¸ I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Rasbora sp. 

¯¾§ò¸ I Xelanong, Xe Lou, Houay ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Channidae Channa sp. ¯¾¡É¸− I Xelanong, Xe Lou ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Siluridae Kryptoerus sp. ¯¾ÄìÈÄ¡È I Xelanong, Xe Lou ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Anabantidae Anabas testudineus ¯¾À¢ñ¤ I Houay ┼ 

Remarks: 

The fish recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on villagers the perceptions. 

visual aids were used for the interview as to facilate the interviewees to identify a species and to make data gathering process across all the participating 

76

villages. 

Plants recorded in Nong District - 

Savannakhet Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded 

Secondary Forest; FA - Fallow Scrubland; 

PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - 

River Bank) 


Scientific 

Name 

Lao 

Name 

General Use Life Observed/ 

form Interview 

(eg tree, 

shrub, 

herb, 

vine 

etc) 

Habitat Koun 

Si 


Loe Along Poun Poun Sang- Tamlung Houb 

Nyang Tong Jeng 

Anacardaceae Spondias Mai fruit edible tree o, i DPF,DSF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

pinnata kok 

FA 

Apocynaceae Alstonia Mai tin - o, i HG, DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

scholaris pet 

DSF 

Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba Mai fruit edible tree o,i HG,DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

ngieu 

DSF, FA, 

Dipterocapaceae Anisoptera Mai contruction tree o, i DPF,DSF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

costata bak 

FA 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea odorata Mai 

khaan 

contruction o, i DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Flacourtiaceae Casearia Mai - small o,i DSF, FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

floranos pao 

tree 

G 

Graminae Bambusa Mai pai shoots edible shrub o, i HG,RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

blumeana bann 

Graminae Bambusa tulda Mai shoots edible shrub o, i HG, DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

bong 

DSF, FA, 

RB 

Graminae Broom grees Keam broom grass shrub i DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Graminae Dendrocalamus Mai shoots edible, 

o, i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

lonoifimbriatus phang feed for cattle 

77

Graminae Gigantochlo 

apas 

Graminae Indosasa sinica Mai 

khom 

Graminae Schizostaxhyum Mai 

blumei hea 

Gramineae Oxytenenthra 

parviflora 

Hypericaceae Cratoxylum 

formosum 

Irvingiaceae Irvingia 

malayana 

Leguminosae Acacia 

megdalena 

Leguminosae Afzelia 

xylocarpa 

Leguminosae Dalbegia 


Leguminosae Peltaphorum 

desyrachis 

Mai lai shoots for 

eatting and 

leaf for cattle 

Mai 

soth 

shoots for eating and 


shoots for 

eating and 


Mai Tie firewood small 

shrub o, i HG, DPF, 

DSF, FA, 

RB 

o, i HG, DPF, 

DSF, FA, 

RB 


┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

shrub o, i HG, DPF, 

DSF, FA, 

RB 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

tree 

o, i DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

DSF, FA, 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mai 

bok 

firewood tree o,i HG,DPF, 

Namkhi firewood 

heth 

shrub o DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mai hard wood with high o, i DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

teka value, making flooring 

and ceiling of houses 

Mai ka wood with high value o, i HG, DPF,DSF, 

nhoung 

FA 

Mai 

safang 

Leguminosae Senna siamea Mai khi 

leck 

Lythraceae Lagestroemia 

blansae 

Mai 

puay 

contruction tree o, i HG, DPF, 

DSF, FA, 

RB 

firewood and 

edible leef 

hard wood 

with high 

value, making 

flooring and 

ceiling of 

houses 

small 

tree 

small 

tree 

o, i HG, 

DSF, FA, 

RB 

o, i DPF, 

DSF, 

┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

78


Meliaceae Azadirachta Mai - o,i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

indica kadao 

Meliaceae Xylia xylocarpa Mai hard wood with high o,i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

deng value, making flooring 


DSF, 

Myrtaceae Syzygium 

cinereum 

Mai var contruction tree 

Orchidaceae Orchid spp Dok 

phueng 

medicine seedling o DSF,FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Palmae Daemonoros Wai shoot edible seedling o,i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

jenkinsiana boun 

DSF, FA, 

Palmae Rhapis laoensis Sann shoot edible seedling o,i DPF, 

DSF, FA, 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pinaceae Keteleeria Mai contruction tree o,i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

evelyniana hing 

Proteacea Mon sa leaf for insect tree 

(Mone) 

o,i HG, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pterocarpaceae Pterocarpus Mai Hard wood with high o,i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

macrocapus dou value , making flooring 


DSF, 

Sterculiaceae Helicteres Mai khi animal forage herb o,i DSF, FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

viscida blume on 

G 

Zingiberaceae Alinia Ka pa eating o,i HG, DSF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

malaceaesis 

FA, 

Zingiberaceae Spp Mark fruit edible, for herb o, i DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

neang export 

Tonnidae Dalium Mai firewood tree o,i HG,DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

cochinchinansis kheng 

DSF, FA, 

Schima wallichii Mai mi fruit edible, 

sell wood 

o, i HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Munting Mai fruit edible for small o, i HG, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

calabura khom animals tree 

DSF, FA 

Palmae Calamus Wai eating and shrub o,i HG, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

tetradactylus hang 

nou 

using 

DSF, FA 

79

unidentified unidentified Mai - o, i HG, 

gong 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Mai ka - o, i HG, 

leat 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Mai - o, i HG, 

lout lou 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Khoua - o, i HG, 

kang 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Ouay - o, i HG, 

la oung 

DSF, FA 

Smilaceae Smilax glabra Nha medicine vine o, i HG, 

houa 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Kua a - o, i HG, 

cho 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Sa vee - o, i HG, 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Ka la - o, i HG, 

ka 

DSF, FA 

unidentified unidentified Lack - o, i HG, 

ka voi 

DSF, FA 

Anacardaceae Spondias Mai fruit edible tree o, i DPF,DSF, 

pinnata kok 

FA 

Apocynaceae Alstonia Mai - o, i HG, DPF, 

scholaris tinpet 

DSF 

Remarks: - unidentifed species in local 

language (Lao theung) 

Annex 3.2 Sepon 


┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Birds recorded in Sepon District - Savannaket Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded Secondary Forest; FA - Fallow Scrubland; PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - 

River Bank) 

Family Common Scientifc Lao Name Observed/ 

Interview 

Habitat Houi 

Jaeng 

Muang 

Janh 

Muang 

Saen 

Xepon 

kao 

Hoai 

Thone 

80 

Khae 

Ving

Phasianidae Silver 

Pheasant 

Tytonidae Spot-bellied 

Eagle Owl 

Lophura nycthemera Ä¡È -¢¸¾¹ù¸¤- (-Ä¡È - 

¢¸¾-Íñ¤-¢¾¸) 

Bubo nipalensis −ö¡ -À£í¾ (−ö¡ êò©-ê† - 

Ã¹¨È) 


Interview DSF,FA 7 

Interview DSF,FA 8 9 

Tytonidae All Owls Asio, Otus, 

Glaucidium, Athene, 

Ninox, Ketupa, Strix 

sp. 

−ö¡-À£�¾ ê÷¡-§½−ò© Interview DSF,FA 10 7 

Columbidae Pale-capped 

Pigeon 

Columba punicea −ö¡ -À¢ö¾ Interview DSF,FA 10 8 7 

Rallidae Watercock Gallicrex cinerea −ö¡ ªø´ Interview DSF,FA 

Columbidae All Green 

Pigeons 

Treron sp. −ö¡ À¯í¾ ê÷¡-§½−ò© Interview DSF,FA 9 8 

Pittidae Pittas Pitta sp. −ö¡ -Áª¸-Áì¸ Interview DSF,FA 7 

Phasianidae Red 

Junglefowl 

Corvidae Drongo 

Species 

Phasianidae Siamese 

Fireback 

Psittacidae Parakeets 

Species 

Gallus gallus Ä¡È¯È¾ Interview DSF,FA 9 4 8 

Dicrurus sp. −ö¡Á§¸ Interview DSF,FA 

Lophura diardi Ä¡È -¢¸¾−ò− Interview DSF,FA 7 7 

Psittacula sp. −ö¡-Á¡É¸ Interview DSF,FA 9 4 

Remarks: 

The bird species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed from the transect walk but based on the villagers perceptions. 

Where number 1-10 signifies village ranking of importance of species. 1 lowest, 10 highest 

Plants recorded in Sepon District - Savannaket Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded 

Secondary Forest; FA - Fallow Scrubland; 

PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - River 

Bank) 

81


Name 

Lao Name General Use Life form 

(eg tree, 

shrub, 

herb, vine 

etc) 

Observed/ 

Interview 


Habitat Houi 

Jaeng 

Anacar Spondias pinnata 

diacea 

e 

Mai kok Fruit edible Tree Observed DSF, FA 8 8 8 8 8 8 

Apocy 

naceae 

Wrightia arborea Mai mouk fire wood tree Observed DSF, FA x x x x x x 

Bomba Bombax ceiba 

caceae 

Mai hia fruit edible tree Observed HG 8 7 8 7 7 10 

Diosco 

reacea 

e 

Dioscorea hispida Koi hurb edible vine Observed DSF, FA x x x 7 

Dioscr 

eaceae 

Casava Man toon food crop Observed DSF, FA x x x x 3 

Diptero Anisoptera costata 

capace 

ae 

Mai bark constuction rree Observed DSF, FA 6 8 7 7 7 6 

Diptero Dipterocarpus alatus 

capace 

ae 

Mai nhang resin resin Observed - x x 1 x 6 

Diptero Vatica harmandii 

capace 

ae 

Mai si resin resin Observed - x x 3 x 3 

Euphor Phyllanthus embrica Mai kham pom firewood and fruit small tree Observed DSF, FA 8 7 7 8 8 10 

biacea 

e 

edible 

Flacou 

rtiacea 

e 

Casearia floranos Mai pao fire wood small tree Observed FA 6 7 7 5 6 6 

Gramin Bambosa arounidinasia 

ae 

Mai Phai man mou shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x 6 4 

Gramin Bambusa blumeana 

ae 

Mai Phai bann shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x x x 4 

Gramin Bambusa tulda 

ae 

Mai bong shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA 7 7 10 10 10 10 

Muang 

Janh 

Muang 

Saen 

Xepon 

kao 

Hoai 

thone 

82 

Khae 

Ving


Gramin Broom grees Khaem broom grass herb Observed not 7 8 8 10 8 10 

ae 

recorded 

Gramin Dendrocalamus Mai phang shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x x 8 

ae lonoifimbriatus 

Gramin Dendrocalamus Mai sang shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x 8 

ae membranaceaus 

Gramin Gigantochlo apas 

ae 

Mai lai shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA 7 7 10 10 10 10 

Gramin Phyllostochys 

ae 

Mai ka sa shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x 5 10 10 x 7 

Gramin Schizostaxhyum blumei 

ae 

Mai hea shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x x x 7 

Gramin 

ae 

Lao shoot edible seedling Observed DSF, FA x x 6 x 4 

Gramin Oxytenenthra parviflora 

eae 

Mai soot shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x 3 7 

Gramn 

ae 

Dendrocalamus Brendisii Mai sang pai shoot edible shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x x 5 

Hyperi 

caceae 

Cratoxylum formosum Mai tie firewood small tree Observed FA 7 7 7 7 7 6 

Irvingia Irvingia malayana 

ceae 

mai bok firewood tree Observed DSF, FA 8 8 7 5 8 7 

Legumi Acacia megdalena 

nosae 

Namkhi het firewood shrub Observed DSF, FA 6 6 6 5 6 5 

Legumi Peltaphorum desyrachis Mai sa fang 

nosae 

constuction tree Observed DSF, FA 8 7 x 8 8 10 

Legumi Senna siamea Mai khi leck firewood and young small tree Observed DSF, FA x x x x x 4 

nosae 

leaf edible 

Lythrac Lagestroemia blansae Mai pua constuction small tree Observed DSF, FA, 10 8 8 6 8 7 

eae 

PF, G, 

RB 

Myrtac 

eae 

Syzygium cinereum Mai var constuction tree Observed DSF, FA 8 8 8 7 8 7 

Palma 

e 

Arenga westerhoutii Tao shoot edible seedling Observed DSF, FA 4 6 6 7 x 7 

Palma 

e 

Calamus bymaniferus Wai hang nou shoot edible stem Observed DSF, FA x x x x x x 

83


Palma 

e 

Calamus viminalis Wai toon shoot edible seedling Observed DSF, FA 10 10 6 7 5 5 

Palma 

e 

Daemonoros jenkinsiana Wai boun shoot edible seedling Observed DSF, FA 3 3 x 7 x 9 

Palma 

e 

Rhapis laoensis Saan shoot edible seedling Observed DSF, FA 5 5 6 7 6 8 

Panda 

naceae 

Pendanus Tuei handicraft shrub Observed DSF, FA x x x x x 5 

Passifl 

oracea 

e 

Passiflora foetidel Pak bouang food vine Observed DSF, FA 1 x x 8 x 3 

Pteroc Pterocarpus macrocapus Mai dou constuction medium Observed DSF, FA, 8 8 7 7 8 7 

arpace 

tree 

PF, G, 

ae 

RB 

Simaro Eurycoma harmandiana Hark ian dorn 

ubacea 

e 

medicine small tree Observed DSF, FA x x x x x 4 

Stercul Helicteres viscida blume Nha khi on 

iaceae 

animal forage herb Observed FA 5 7 5 6 5 6 

Verben Gmelina arborea 

aceae 

Mai so constuction tree Observed DSF, FA 8 8 7 6 8 8 

Zingibe Alinia malaceaesis 

raceae 

Kha pa root edible herb Observed DSF, FA 8 8 7 6 7 6 

Zingibe Cardamom spp 

raceae 

Mark neang Fruit edible herb Observed DSF, 10 10 10 10 10 8 

Anthocephalus chinensis Mai sa ko constuction tree Observed DSF, FA x x x x x x 

Banana flower Kuay pa flower edble wild flower Observed DSF, FA 8 8 5 x 5 8 

Tonnid 

ae 

Dalium cochinchinansis Mai kheng firewood tree Observed DSF, FA 8 7 8 7 8 8 

Schima wallichii Mai mi constuction Tree Observed DSF, FA 10 8 8 10 8 5 

Passifl 

oracea 

e 

Passiflora foetidel Par bouang eating Vin Observed DSF, FA 6 6 7 x 3 

Broussonetia papyrifera Po sa fiber small tree Observed DSF, FA 2 2 x x x 

Laurac 

eae 

Persea kurzii Puak bong resin bark Observed - 4 x 2 6 3 6 

Gramin Broom grees 

ae 

Kham vine Observed DSF, FA 3 3 4 x 2 

84


Smilac 

eae 

Smilax glabra Nha houa medicine vine Observed DSF, FA x 6 6 

Orchid 

aceae 

Orchid spp Dok pueng medicine seedling Observed DSF, FA x x x 2 x 

Remar 

ks: 

Where no ranking was recorded an 'x' has been used 

Where number 1-10 signifies village ranking of importance of species. 1 

lowest, 10 highest 

Annex 3.3 Vilabouri 

Mammals recorded in Vilabouri District - Savannakhet Province 



Family Common & Scientific Name Lao Name Observe 

d/ 

Interview 

Habitat Angkham Kokmak Na 

Namsan 

g 

Cervidae Red Muntjac - Muntiacus muntjac ³¾−Àì‰¾ Faan I DSF/FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sciuridae Pallars' Squirrel - Callosciurus erythraeus ¡½»º¡êÉº¤Á©¤ 

Ka Hok 

I DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Suidae Common wild pig -Sus scrofa Ïø¯È¾ Moo Pah I DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hystricidae Bush-tailed Porcupine - Atherurus 

macrourus 

¹º− Horn I DPF ┼ ┼ 

Hystricidae Porcupine - Hystrix brachyuran ÀÏ˜− Menh I DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Viverridae Large spotted Civet - Virerra megaspila À¹¤ñ−¹¾¤¡È¾− 

Ngenh 

Hangkaan 

I DPF/DS 

F 

Cercopithecidae Monkeys - Macaca spp. ìó¤ Ling I DPF/DS 

F 

Cercopithecidae Douc Langur - Pygathix nemaeus ¢¾Á©¤ Kha 

Deang 

I DPF/DS 

F 

Sop 

Pa 

Na 

Sa Loh 

85 

Pah 

Phak 

Naou 

Vang 

Mahang 

┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cervidae Lesser Mouse Deer - Tragulus Javanicus Ä¡É Kai I FA/DSF ┼ ┼ 

Murinae Large Bandicoot Rat - Bandicota indica Îø ²÷¡ Noo I FA ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼

Remarks: 

The mammal species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers 

perceptions. 


Birds recorded in Vilabuly District - Savannakhet Province 



Family Name Observed/ Habitat Na Nam Pak Saloh Wang Angkam 

Interview 

Sang Now 

Mahang 

Corvidae Black Drongo – Dicrurus 

macrocercus 

O DPF ┼ 

Muscicapidae Asian Brown Flycatcher – O DSF, 

┼ ┼ ┼ 

Muscicapa dauurica 

HG;DPF 

Red-throated Flycatcher – 

Ficedula parva 

O DSF;DPF ┼ 

Nectariniidae Purple Sunbird – Nectarinia 

asiatica 

O DSF, HG ┼ 

Brown-throated Sunbird - 

Anthreptes malacensis 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Purple - throated Sunbird - 

Nectarinia sperata 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Zosteropidae Oriental White-eye – 

Zosterops palpebrosus 

O DSF, HG, DPF ┼ 

Pycnonotidae Red-whiskered Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus jocosus 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Black-crested Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus melanicterus 

O DSF,HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sooty-headed Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus aurigaster 

O DSF,HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Streak-eared Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus blanfordi 

O DSF ┼ ┼ 

Apodidae House Swift – Apus affinis O FS,G ┼ 

Asian Palm Swift - Cypsiurus 

balasiensis 

O FS,G ┼ 

Accipitridae Shikra – Accipiter badius O DSF ┼ 

Serpent Eagle - Spilornis 

cheela 

O DSF ┼ 

86

Phasianidae Red junglefowl – Gallus gallus O DSF ┼ 


Cisticolidae Grey-breasted prinia – Prinia 

hodgsonii 

O G,DSF, FS, PF ┼ 

Plain prinia – Prinia inornata O G,DSF, FS, 

PF 

┼ ┼ 

Yellow-bellied prinia – Prinia 

flaviventris 

O G,DSF, FS ┼ ┼ 

Rufescent Prinia - Prinia 

rufescens 

O G,DSF, FS ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Brown Prinia - Prinia 

Polychroa 

O G,DSF, FS ┼ 

Sylviidae Lanceolated warbler – 

Locustella lanceolata 

O TGB, S, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Dark-backed Tailorbord - 

Orthotomus atrogularis 

O HG, DSF ┼ 

Common tailorbird – 

O DSF, HG, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Orthotomus sutorius 

DS, PF 

Centropodidae Greater coucal – Centropus 

sinensis 

O DSF, HG ┼ 

Passeridae Forest wagtail – 

Dendronanthus indicus 

O DSF, RB ┼ 

Grey wagtail – Motacilla 

cinerea 

O RB, PF,G ┼ ┼ 

Passeridae White-rumped munia – 

O DSF, 

┼ 

Lonchura striata 

FS,G,PF 

Scaly-breasted munia – 

O DSF, 

┼ 

Lonchura punctulata 

FS,G,PF 

Corvidae Black-naped Oriole – Oriolus 

chinensis 

O DPF ┼ 

Sylviidae Puff-throated Babbler - 

Pellorneum ruficeps 

O DPF, DSF ┼ 

Chestnut-capped Babbler - 

Timalia pileata 

O DPF, DSF, FS 

Columbidae Green Imperial Pigeon – 

Ducula aenea 

O DSF ┼ 

Red Collard Dove – 

Streptopelia tranquebarica 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ 

Spotted Dove – Streptopelia 

chinensis 


Nectariniidae Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker – 

Dicaeum cruentatum 


87


Corvidae Scarlet Minivet - Pericrocotus O DSF, DPF, ┼ ┼ 

flammeus 

HG 

Small Minivet - Pericrcotus O DSF, DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

cinnamomeus 

HG 

Ashy Minivet - Pericrocotus 

divaricatus 

O DSF, DPF, HG ┼ ┼ 

Bar-winged Flycatcher Shrike - 

Hemipus picatus 

O DSF, DPF, HG ┼ 

Megalaimidae Lineated Barbet - Megalaima 

lineata 

O DSF, DPF ┼ ┼ 

Picidae Rufous Woodpecker - Celeus 

brachyurus 


Irenidae Common Iora – Aegithina 

tiphia 


Cuculidae Green-billed Malkoha - 

Phaenicophaeus tristis 


Laniidae Brown Shrike - Lanius cristata O FS, HG ┼ ┼ 

Corvidae 

Black-naped Monarch - 

Hypothymis azurea 

White-browed Fantail - 

Rhipidura aureola 

O DSF ┼ 

O DSF,HG ┼ 

Amphibians & Reptiles recorded in Vilabouri District - Savannakhet 

Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded Secondary Forest; FA - Fallow 

Scrubland; 

PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - River 

Bank) 

Family Common & Scientific Name Lao Name Observed/ 

Interview 

Habitat Angkham Kokmak Na 

Namsan 

g 

Amphibians 

Ranidae 

Reptiles 

Frog - Amolops cremnobatus Kob, Khiad i ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Varanidae Monitor - Varanus bengalensis Lane i DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Agamidae Water Dragon - Pysignathus 

cocincinus 

Ka Thang i RB ┼ 

Sop 

Pa 

Na 

Saloh 

Pah 

Phak 

Naou 

88 

Vang 

Mahang

Trionychidae 


Softshell turtle - Amyda sp Pa fa ong i RB, R ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Remarks: 

The amphibian and reptiles species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers 

perceptions. 

Freshwater fish recorded in Vilabouri District - Savannakhet Province 

(Habitats: PF - Paddy Fields; RB - River Bank; R,S - River,Stream, L - 

Lake) 



Lao Name Observed 

/ 

Interview 

Habitat Angkha 

m 

K 

o 

k 

m 

a 

k 

Na 

Namsan 

g 

Sop Pa Na 

Saloh 

Channidae Channa striata Pa Khoh I RS ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae 

Trichogaster 

Pa Ka Deut 

trichopterus 

I RS ┼ 

Claridae Clarias macrocephalus Pa Douk I RS ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Cirrhinus molitorella Pa Kheng I RS ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Barbodes gonionotus Pa Pak I RS ┼ 

Cyprinidae Poropuntius sp. Pa Chat I RS ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Bagridae Hemibagrus sp. Pa Kot I RS ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Bagridae Mystus microphthalmus Pa Kuan I RS ┼ 

Cyprinidae Systomus 

aurotaeniatus 

Pa Khao I RS ┼ 

Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus favus Pa Lad I RS ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Labiobarbus 

leptocheilus 

Pa Phouk I RS ┼ 

Cyprinidae Coius undecimradiatus Pa Sew I RS ┼ 

Synbranchidae Monopterus albus Ian I RS ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Remarks: 

The fish species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the 

villagers perceptions. 

Pah 

Phak 

Naou 

Vang 

Mahang 

89

Plants recorded in Vilabouri District - Savannakhet Province 




Name 

Lao Name General Use Life 

form 


Observe 

d/ 

Intervie 

w 

Habitat Angk 

ham 

Zinggiberaceae Amomum Mark neng fruits edible shrub 0 Fallow land 4 

Zinggiberaceae Amomum (green) Mark neng khieu fruits edible shrub 0 Fallow land 4 2 

Zinggiberaceae Amomum (red) Mark neang deng fruit for medicine shrub 0 Fallow land 4 

Ancardiaceae Spondias pinrata Mai kok fruits edible and for 

medicine 

tree 0 Gardens 4 

Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Mai tin pet medicine tree 0 Fallow land 2 1 

Apocynaceae Alstonia rostrata Mai tin nok firewood tree 0 Fallow land 3 

Apocynaceae Wrigtia arbarea Mai mouk support for growing pepper tree 0 Fallow land 4 3 

Palmae calamus sp. Wai sa noi shoot for medicine and stem 0 Protected 

3 

cane for furniture 

Forest 

Bombacacae Bombax ceiba Mai ngieu fruit edible and medicine tree 0 Gardens 1 5 

Combretaceae Combretum decandrum Kheua Wai din using vines for construction stem 0 Fallow land 2 

Datiscaceae Tetramelas nudiflora Mai poung cane for house constuction tree 0 Forest 

product 

1 

Dioscoreaceae Casava Mann toon edible roots crop 0 Gardens 1 

Dipterocarpacea Dipterocarpus alatus Mai nhang wood for house constuction tree 0 Protected 

3 

e 

Forest 

Dipterocarpacea 

e 

Hopea odorata Mai khene heua wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 2 


e 

Vatica harmandii Mai see wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 3 

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthues emblica Mai kham pom fruits edible and for small 0 Gardens 3 3 

medicine 

tree 

Moracae Ficus fistulosa Mai deua animals forage small 0 Fallow land 4 

Ko 

km 

ak 

Na 

Na 

ms 

ang 

So 

p 

Pa 

90 

Sa 

Lo 

h 

Pa 

h 

Ph 

ak 

Na 

ou 

Va 

ng 

Ma 

ha 

ng


Moracae Ficus sp. Mai hai animals forage 

tree 

stem 0 Fallow land 1 2 

Flacourtiaceae Casearia floranos mai poa wood for house constuction tree 0 Forest 

product 

3 2 1 

Agiracacae - Lentinus sp 

Heet edible food 0 Forest 

3 

fungi 

(mushroom) 

product 

Graminae Bambusa blumeana Mai phai baan edible shoots and cane for 

construction 

shrub 0 Gardens 1 

Graminae Bambosa arundinacea Mai pai men mou edible shoots and cane for 

construction 

shrub 0 Fallow land 2 

Graminae Bambusa nana Mai sang phay edible shoot shrub 0 3 

Graminae Bambusa nutans Mai bong edible shoot shrub 0 Forest 

product 

4 

Graminae Broom grees Khem edible shoot shrub 0 Forest 

product 

3 

Graminae Dendrocalamus Mai phang edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 

2 2 

lonoifimbriatus 

construction 

product 

Graminae Dendrocalamus Mai sang edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Fallow land 3 

membranaceaus 

construction 

Graminae Gigantochloa apus mai lai edible shoots and cane for 

construction 


Graminae Bambusa flexuosa Mai ka sa edible shoots and cane for 

construction 


Graminae Oxytenanthera Mai soot edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Fallow land 2 2 

parviflora 

construction 

Graminae Phyllostochys Mai warn edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 4 4 

construction 

product 

Graminae Schizostachys grandi Mai poung chin edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 

1 2 

construction 

product 

Graminae Schizostachyum blumei Mai hia 

edible shoots and cane for 

construction 

shrub 0 Fallow land 1 1 

Gramnae Dendrocalamus Mai sang pai edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Gardens 2 3 

Brendisii 

construction 

Hypericaceae Cratoxytum formosum Mai te firewood tree 0 Fallow land 5 5 5 5 

Irvingiaceae Irvingia malayana Mai bok firelwood tree 0 Forest 

product 

3 4 3 3 

91


Lauraceae Persea kurzii Mai nhang bong wood for construction tree 0 Gardens 2 

Lauraceae Schima wallichii Mai mee edible fruits and cane for tree 0 Forest 

4 

constuction 

product 

Leguminosae - Dalbergia 

mai kham phee high value wood for house tree 0 Evegree 

4 

Papilionatae cochinchinensis 

construction 

forest 

Leguminosae - Dalbergia sp Mai ka cha high value wood for house tree 0 Evegree 

2 

Papilionatae 

construction 

forest 

Leguminisae Ormosia semicastrata Mai mark lam wood for house constuction tree 0 Forest 

product 

1 2 

Leguminosae Acacia megdalena Nam khi het firewood small 0 Protected 4 3 

tree 

Forest 

Leguminosae Afzylia xylocarpa Mai te kha wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 2 

Leguminosae Dalbegia bariensis Mai kham phab edible fruits and medicine tree 0 Fallow land 1 

Leguminosae Parkia sumatrana Mai houa lon wood for house constuction tree 0 Protected 

Forest 

3 


Mai sa fang firewood tree 0 Protected 5 5 5 

desyrachis 

Forest 

Lythraceae Lagestroemia balansae mai peuay wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 4 4 

Meliaceae Aphanamyxis 


Mai ta sua firewood tree 0 Fallow land 1 1 

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica mai ka dao edible fruits and medicine tree 0 Gardens 1 

Meliaceae Sandoricum koetsape mai tong edible fruits and medicine tree 0 Protected 

Forest 

2 

Meliaceae Xylia xylocarpa Mai deng wood for house constuction tree 

3m 

0 Fallow land 1-3 2 

Myrtaceae Syzygium cinereum mai var edible fruits and wood for 

constuction 

tree 0 Fallow land 1 

Palmae Arenga pinnata Tao tat edible fruits (sugar palm) tree 0 Forest 

product 

2 

Palmae Calamus bymaniferus Wai hang nou use canes for house shrub 0 Forest 5 5 

equipment 

3-4 m 

product 

Palmae Calamus palustris Wai nam hang edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 1-3 1 3 

construction 

product 

Palmae Calamus tetradactylus Wai hang nou edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 5 

construction 

product 

92


Palmae Calamus viminalis Wai toon edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 5 2 5 5 5 

construction 

product 

Palmae Daemonorops Wai boun edible shoots and cane for shrub 0 Forest 

4 

jenkinsiana 

construction 

product 

Palmae Rhapis laoensis Saan edible shoots herb 0 Forest 

product 

5 3 5 3 

Pandanaceae Pendanus Tueay edible leaves herb 0 Fallow land 2 

Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida Phak bouang edible leaves vine 0 Gardens 1 

Pterocarpaceae Pterocarpus 

macrocapus 

Mai dou wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 3 

Sapindaceae Spindus rarak Mai mark sack edible fruits tree 0 Fallow land 3 

Simaroubeceae Eurycoma harmandiana Hark ian dorn roots for medicine small 0 Forest 4 2 

shrub 

product 

Smilaceae Smilax glabra Nha houa medicine stem 0 Fallow land 3 

Myrtaceae Syzygium cinereum Mark khaan edible fruits tree 0 Forest 

product 

2 

Tiliaceae Pentace buimanica Mai see siat bark for chew tree 0 Gardens 2 

Tonnidae Dalium cochinchinansis Mai kheng edible fruits and wood for tree 0 Forest 

3 

constuction 

product 

Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea Mai so using tree 0 Fallow land 3 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia malacensis Kha khom edible fruits herb 0 Fallow land 3 4 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia sp Kha pa edible roots herb 0 Rever bank 3 

Leguminosae- Acacia concina Som poi kham edible fruits small 0 Gardens 1 

mimosoidae 

tree 

Theaceae Schima wallichii Mai khai so firewood tree 0 Fallow land 1 

Melastomatacea Memecyclon harmandii Mai khao saan medicine tree 0 Fallow land 1 

e 

Guill 

Rosaceae Parinari annamensis 

Hance 

Mai phork wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 2 

Combretaceae Terminalia spp Mai henn wood for house constuction tree 0 Rever bank 1 2 1 

Moraceae Artocarpus lakoocha Mai hat wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 2 1 

Pinaceae Pinus merkusii Mai kie wood for house constuction tree 0 Fallow land 2 

Leguminosae - Ormosia cambodiana Mai khie mou firewood tree 0 Forest 

3 

Papilionatae 

product 

? Microcos paniculata Mai khom fruit edible for animals small 

tree 

0 Fallow land 4 

93


Gramineae Erianthus arundinaceae Mai lao som wood for house constuction tree 0 Forest 

product 

3 

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus spp Mai moun firewood tree 0 Forest 

product 

1 

Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera Po sa using bark for papers small 

tree 


Euphorbiaceae Trewia nudiflora Mai porp wood for construction tree 0 Rever bank 2 

Sonneratiaceae Duabanga grandiflora Mai ten edible fruits tree 0 Gardens 3 

Combretaceae Terminalis bellirica Mai haen wood for constuction tree 0 Fallow land 2 

Compositae Eupatorium odoratum Nha frang grass for medicine -small 

tree 


Araliaceae Heteropanax fragrans Oi sang firewood tree 0 Fallow land 1 

Guttiferae Calophyllum thorelii Mai ka la puak firewood tree 0 Gardens 2 

Bignoniaceae Stereospermum 

fimbriatum 

Mai khaa khom edible fruits tree 0 Fallow land 4 

Remarks: 

Where number 1-10 signifies village ranking of importance of species. 1 lowest, 10 highest 

Where no ranking was recorded an ‘x’ has 

been used 

94

Annex 3.4 Taoy 

Mammals recorded in Ta Oy District – Salavan Province 

(Habitats: HG – Home Gardens; DPF – Dense Primary Forest; DSF – Degraded Secondary Forest; FA – Fallow 

Scrubland; 

PF – Paddy Fields; G – Grasslands; RB – River Bank) 

Family Common & Scientific Name Lao Name Observed/ 

Interview 

Habitat Lapeuan 

g 


Gang Joravien 

g 

Ì 

Bovidae Wild Water Buffalo – Bubalus arnee £¸¾¨-¯È¾ i not 

recorded 

5 

Bovidae Banteng – Bos javanicus ¤ö¸-¯È¾ i not 

recorded 

3 

Ursidae Sunbear – Ursus malayanus ÀÏõº¨ i not 

recorded 

5 

Felidae Leopard – Panthera pardus À¦õº-©¾¸ i not 

recorded 

2 

Felidae Marble cat – Felis marmorat À¦õºÁ´¸-ì¾¨-¹ó−-ºÈº− i not 

recorded 

5 

Bovidae Southern Serow – Naemorhedus sumatrennsis À¨õº¤ i not 

recorded 

5 5 

Cercopithecidae Douc Langur – Pygathrix nemaeus ¢¾-Á©¤ i not 

recorded 

5 5 5 1 5 

Hylobatidae Gibbon Species – Hylobates - 

leucogenys/gabrieilae sp. 

Ê½−ó ê÷¡-§½−ò© i not 

recorded 

2 2 4 5 

Cercopithecidae Silvered Langur – Presbytis cristatus £È¾¤ (ª½¹ì÷¤) i not 

recorded 

1 

Cervidae Roosevelts’ Muntjac – Muntiacus rooseveltorum ³¾−-©ö¤ i not 

recorded 

5 5 5 5 

Pteromyidae Giant Flying Squirrel – Ratufa bicola ®È¾¤-ìí¸ i not 

recorded 

5 2 5 1 5 

Manidae Pangolin – Manis javanicus -ì…− i not 

recorded 

5 4 

Loridae Slow Loris Species – Nycticebus sp. ó¤ìö´ ê÷¡-§½−ò© i not 

recorded 

3 5 5 5 5 

Canidae Dhole – Cuon alpinus Ï¾--Ä− 

i not 5 3 5 

Te 

n 

Seun 

gta 

moo 

ng 

95 

Doub

ecorded 

Ì 

Viverridae Large Spotted Civet – Viverra megaspila À¹¤ñ−¹¾¤¡È¾− i not 

recorded 

Viverridae Binturong – Arctictis binturong À¹¤ñ−Ïó i not 

recorded 

Viverridae Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus 

hermaphroditus 

À¹¤ñ−ºí´ i not 

recorded 

Mustelidae Back-striped Weasel – Mustela strigidorsa ¥º−³º−¹ìñ¤¢¾¸ i not 

recorded 

Cervidae Red Muntjac – Muntiacus muntjac ³¾−Àì‰¾ i not 

recorded 

Tragulidae Lesser Mouse Deer – Tragulus javanicus Ä¡É i not 

recorded 

Mustelidae Hog-Nosed Badger – Arctonyx collaris Ïøì‡¤ i not 

recorded 

Cercopithecidae Monkeys – Macaca sp. ó¤-ê÷¡-§½-−ò© i not 

recorded 

Sciuridae Black Giant Squirrel – Ratufa bicolor ¡½»º¡ÏÓ i not 

recorded 

Leporidae Siamese Hare – Lepus peguensis ¡½ªÈ¾¨¯È¾ i not 

recorded 

Spalacidae Large Bamboo Rat - Rhizomys sumatrensis ºí− Ã¹¨È i not 

recorded 

Suidae Common wild pig– Sus scrofa -ÏøÈ¯È¾ 

i not 

recorded 

Sciuridae Red-cheeked Squirrel - Dremomys rufigenis ¡½»º¡©ò−Á¡É´Á©¤ i not 

recorded 

Sciuridae Pallars’s Squirrel – Callosciurus erythraeus ¡½»º¡êº¤Á©¤ i not 

recorded 

Sciuridae Irrawaddy Squirrel – Callosciurus pygerythrus ¡½Àì− i not 

recorded 

Remarks: 

The mammal species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers 

perceptions. 


5 5 5 4 5 

3 

5 5 5 5 

5 2 5 5 

3 5 3 5 

5 5 

5 2 5 5 

5 5 5 5 5 

5 5 5 

5 5 3 5 5 

5 5 3 5 

5 5 5 5 

5 5 5 

5 5 5 5 

96 

5


Birds recorded in Taoey District - Saravan Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded Secondary Forest; 

FA - Fallow Scrubland; PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; RB - River Bank; S - Stream 

Family Name Observed/I Habitat Lapeung Kang Jolaviang Tan Seungtam Douk 

nterview 

ong 

Corvidae 

Black Drongo – Dicrurus 

macrocercus 

O DPF ┼ ┼ 

Spangled Drongo - Dicrurus 

hottentottus 

O ┼ ┼ 

Muscicapidae Asian Brown Flycatcher – 

Muscicapa dauurica 

O DSF, HG;DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Blue Flycatcher - Cyornis spp. O DPF,DSF ┼ 

Red-throated Flycatcher – 

Ficedula parva 

O DSF;DPF ┼ ┼ 

Nectariniidae Purple Sunbird – Nectarinia 

asiatica 


Brown-throated Sunbird - 

Anthreptes malacensis 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Purple - throated Sunbird - 

Nectarinia sperata 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Zosteropidae Oriental White-eye – Zosterops 

palpebrosus 

O DSF, HG, DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pycnonotidae Red-whiskered Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus jocosus 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Black-headed Bulbul - 

Pycnonotus atriceps 

O DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Black-crested Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus melanicterus 


Sooty-headed Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus aurigaster 


Streak-eared Bulbul – 

Pycnonotus blanfordi 

O DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Apodidae House Swift – Apus affinis O FS,G ┼ 

Asian Palm Swift - Cypsiurus 

balasiensis 

O FS,G ┼ 

Accipitridae Shikra – Accipiter badius O DSF ┼ 

97

Serpent Eagle - Spilornis cheela O DSF ┼ 

Phasianidae Red junglefowl – Gallus gallus O DSF ┼ 


Cisticolidae Grey-breasted prinia – Prinia 

hodgsonii 

O G,DSF, FS, PF ┼ ┼ 

Plain prinia – Prinia inornata O G,DSF, FS, PF ┼ ┼ 

Yellow-bellied prinia – Prinia 

flaviventris 

O G,DSF, FS ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Rufescent Prinia - Prinia 

rufescens 

O G,DSF, FS ┼ ┼ 

Brown Prinia - Prinia Polychroa O G,DSF, FS ┼ ┼ 

Bright-headed Cisticola - 

Cisticola exilis 

O PF ┼ ┼ 

Sylviidae Lanceolated warbler – Locustella 

lanceolata 

O TGB, S, DSF ┼ 

Yellow-browed Warbler - 

Phylloscopus inornatus 

O FS ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Dark-backed Tailorbord - 

Orthotomus atrogularis 

O HG, DSF ┼ ┼ 

Common tailorbird – Orthotomus O DSF, HG, DS, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

sutorius 

PF 

Centropodidae Greater coucal – Centropus 

sinensis 


Passeridae Forest wagtail – Dendronanthus 

indicus 

O DSF, RB ┼ 

Yellow Wagtail - Motacilla flava O RB ┼ 

Paddyfield Pipit - Anthus rufulus O PF ┼ 

Grey wagtail – Motacilla cinerea O RB, PF,G ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Passeridae 

Corvidae 

Sylviidae 

White-rumped munia –Lonchura 

striata 

Scaly-breasted munia – 

Lonchura punctulata 

Black-naped Oriole – Oriolus 

chinensis 

Puff-throated Babbler - 

Pellorneum ruficeps 

Striped Tit Babbler - 

Macronous gularis 

O DSF, FS,G,PF ┼ 

O DSF, FS,G,PF ┼ 

O DPF ┼ 

O DPF, DSF ┼ 

O DSF, ┼ ┼ ┼ 

98


Chestnut-capped Babbler - 

Timalia pileata 

O DPF, DSF, FS ┼ ┼ 

Columbidae Green Imperial Pigeon – Ducula 

aenea 

O DSF ┼ ┼ 

Red Collard Dove – Streptopelia 

tranquebarica 


Spotted Dove – Streptopelia 

chinensis 

O DSF, HG ┼ 

Emerald Dove - Chalcophaps 

indica 

O ┼ ┼ 

Green Pigeon - Treron spp. O ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Nectariniidae Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker – 

Dicaeum cruentatum 

O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Thick-billed Flowerpecker - 

Dicaeum agile 

O ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Corvidae 

Scarlet Minivet - Pericrocotus 

flammeus 

O DSF, DPF, HG ┼ ┼ 

Small Minivet - Pericrcotus 

cinnamomeus 

O DSF, DPF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ashy Minivet - Pericrocotus 

divaricatus 

O DSF, DPF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Large Cuckooshrike - 

Coracina macei 

O DSF, DPF ┼ 

Bar-winged Flycatcher Shrike - 

Hemipus picatus 

O DSF, DPF, HG ┼ 

Megalaimidae Lineated Barbet - Megalaima 

lineata 

O DSF, DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Blue-eared Barbet - 

Megalaima australis 

O DSF, DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Coppersmith Barbet - 

O DSF, DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Megalaima haemacephala 

HG 

Picidae Rufous Woodpecker - Celeus 

brachyurus 


Lesser Yellow-nape - Picus 

cholorolophus 

O DSF ┼ 

Corvidae 

Common Iora – Aegithina tiphia O DSF, HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cuculidae Green-billed Malkoha - 

Phaenicophaeus tristis 


Laniidae Brown Shrike - Lanius cristata O FS, HG ┼ ┼ 

99


Corvidae 

Black-naped Monarch - 

Hypothymis azurea 

O DSF ┼ 

White-browed Fantail - 

Rhipidura aureola 

O DSF,HG ┼ 

Bucerotidae Great Hornbill - Buceros bicornis O DSF, DPF ┼ ┼ 

Ardeidae Intermediate Egret - Egretta 

intermedia 

O PF, S ┼ 

Little Egret - Egretta garzetta O ┼ 

Chinese Pond Heron - Ardeola 

Bacchus 

O ┼ 

Corvidae Large-billed Crow - Corvus 

macrorhynchus 

O DSF,HG ┼ 

Psittacidae Vernal Hanging Parrot - Loriculus 

vernalis 

O DSF, DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sturnidae Common Myna - Acridotheres 

tristis 

O PF, HG, ┼ 

White-vented Myna - 

Acridotheres grandis 

O DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hill Myna - Gracula religiosa O DSF, DPF ┼ ┼ 

Ploceidae Baya Weaver - Ploceus 

philippinus 

O DSF ┼ 

Meropidae Bee-Eater - Merops spp. O DSF ┼ 

Amphibians & Reptiles recorded in Ta Oy District - Salavan 

Province 




Name 


Interview 

Lapeuan 

g 

Gang Joravien 

g 

Ten Seunsta 

moong 

Elapidae - Ophiophagus hannah ¤Ñ -¥ö¤-º¾¤ I 5 5 

Boidae Reticulated Python - 

Python reticulates 

Varanidae Bangal Monitor - Varanus 

bengalensis 

Doub 

¤Ñ -À¹ìõº´ I 3 1 4 5 

Áì− I 5 5 5 5 

100


Agamidae Water Dragon - 

Pysignathus cocincinus 

¡½-êÉ¾¤ I 5 1 5 

Trionychidae 

Softshell Turtle- Amyda sp. ¯¾±¾ºº¤ I 5 

Elepidae Cobra species - Naja sp. ¤Ñ -À¹‰¾ I 3 3 5 

Colubridae Indo-chineses Rat Snake - 

Zamenis sp. 

¤Ñ¦ò¤©ö¤ I 5 5 5 5 5 

Remarks: 

The amphibian and reptile species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers 

perceptions. 

Freshwater fish recorded in Ta Oy District - Salavan Province 



Family Common & Scientific Lao name Observed/ Lapeuang Gang Joravieng Ten Seunstamoon Doub 

Name 

Interview 

g 

Cyprinidae Poropuntius sp. ¯¾¥¾© I 1 1 1 2 2 2 

Cyprinidae Cyclocheilichthys furcatus ¯¾Â¥¡ I 1 1 1 2 2 2 

Claridae Clarias macrocephalus ¯¾©÷¡ I 1 1 1 

Channidae Channa striata ¯¾ £ð I 1 1 1 

Remarks: 

The fish recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers perceptions. 

101

Plants observed in Ta Oy District - 

Salavan Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - 

Degraded Secondary Forest; FA - Fallow Scrubland; 

PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands; 

RB - River Bank) 


Scientific 

Name 

Anaardiaceae Rhus 

succedanea 

Anacardiaceae Spondias 

pinnata 

Apocynaceae Alstonia 

scholaris 

Lao 

Name 

Mai ket 

lin 

Mai kok 

Mai tin 

pet 

Apocynaceae Wrightia 

arborea 

Mai mouk 

Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba Mai 

Dipterocapaceae Anisoptera 

costata 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus 

alatus 

Ngieu 

mai bark 

Mai 

nhang 

khao 

General 

Use 

wood for 

construction 

edible fruits 

and 

medicine 

bark for 

medicine 

Life 

form 

(eg 

tree, 

shrub, 

herb, 

vine 

etc) 

Observed/ 

Interview 


Lapeuang Gang Joravieng Ten Seunstamoong Doub 

tree O FF 3 FF 3 FF 3 FF3 FF 3 FF 3 

tree O RF 3 FF3 FF 3 FF 2 

tree O BF, FF1 BF, FF 

1 

PF, BF, FF 3 FF 3 

wood for 

construction 

tree O FF 5 

edible fruits tree O RF 1 1 

Plantation 

wood for 

construction 

wood for 

construction 

tree O BF,FF 

4 

PF, BF,FF 3 BF, FF 4 

tree O PF 5 BF 3 BF 3 PF, BF, FF 2 FF 3 

102

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea odorata Mai 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica 

harmandii 

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus 

embilica 

Fabaceae Peltophorum 

dasyrhachis 

Fabaceae Sindora 

siamensis 

Flacourtiaceae Casearia 

floranos 

Graminae Bambusa 

tuldoies 

khene 

wood for 

construction 


tree O BF, FF 3 

Mai si resin tree O PF 3 

Mai 

khampom 

Mai sa 

fang 

firewood 

and edible 

fruits 

small 

tree 

O BF,FF 5 FF 4 FF 3 PF, BF, FF 4 BF, FF 4 

firewood tree O FF 4 PF 3 

Mai te ho wood for 

construction 

tree O RF, FF 5 PF 2 FF 2 BF, FF 

4 

BF, FF 4 FF 2 

Mai pao firewood small O FF 3 FF3 FF3 FF 3 FF3 FF3 

Mai phay 

po 

tree 

edible shoot shrub O FF 2 PF, RF, BF, FF 

3 

Graminae Bambusa tulda Mai bong edible shoot shrub O RF,FF 5 PF, FF 4 BF, FF 

4 

Graminae ?? Khem grass for 

making 

brooms 

herb O PF 4 


apas 

Mai lay edible shoot shrub O PF PF 5 FF 4 BF, FF 

3 

Graminae Indosasa sinica Mai khom edible shoot O FF5 

Graminae Phyllostochys Mai phay 

Graminae Schizostaxhyum 

blumei 


parviflora 


formosum 

Irvingiaceae Irvingia 

malayana 

ka sa 

edible shoot shrub O RF 3 PF 3 RF 3 BF, FF 

4 

Mai hia edible shoot shrub O FF 2 BF, FF 

2 

PF, RF, BF, FF 

5 

103 

FF 3 

FF 4 



PF, RF, BF, FF 

3 

Mai soot edible shoot shrub O PF5 PF, BF, FF 5 FF 4 

Mai tie firewood small 

tree 

O BF, FF 5 PF,FF 

5 

PF, BF, 

FF 5 

BF,FF 

5 

FF 2 

PF, BF, FF 5 BF, FF 5 

Mai bok firewood tree O FF 3 PF 2 FF3 PF, BF, FF 4 FF 4

Leguminosae Acacia 

megdalena 



Leguminosae Dalbergia 

culrata 


desyrachis 


balansae 

Meliaceae Azadirachta 

indica 

Nam khi 

het 

mai ka 

young 

Mai kam 

phi 

Mai sa 

fang 

Mai puay 

Mai ka 

dao 


firewood shrub O BF, FF 2 BF 5 PF, BF, FF 5 BF, FF 4 

wood for 

contruction 

wood for 

contruction 

wood for 

contruction 

wood for 

contruction 

wood for 

contruction 

tree O FF 2 FF2 PF, FF 2 FF 2 

tree O FF 2 FF 2 

tree O PF,FF 

3 

small O RF 5 FF 5 PF, BF, BF, FF 

tree 

FF5 4 

tree O BF,FF 

5 

BF 3 FF 4 

PF, BF, FF 5 BF, FF 5 

Meliaceae Sandoricum 

koetjape 

mai tong wood for 

contruction 

tree O PF 2 PF, FF 2 PF, FF 2 

Mimosoideae Albizia lebbeck Mai thoon leaves for 

medicine 

tree O FF 1 PF 4 PF, FF 3 BF, FF 

4 

PF 1 FF 1 


cinereum 

Mai var wood for 

contruction 

tree O RF, FF 3 PF, 

FF 2 

FF 4 PF, BF, FF 4 FF 4 

Palmae Arenga 

westerhoutii 

Tao tat O FF 3 PF, 

FF 3 

FF 3 

Palmae Calamus 

palustris 

Wai Nam 

hang 

edible shoot stem O PF 1 


viminalis 


wailong 

wai ton edible shoot stem O RF, FF 5 RF,FF 

5 

PF, BF, 

FF 4 

BF, FF 

3 


Wai edible shoot stem O PF 3 FF 2 

khaet 

Palmae Daemonoros 

jenkinsiana 

Wai boun edible shoot seedling O PF 4 PF, BF, FF 4 FF 2 

Palmae Rhapis laoensis Saan edible shoot seedling O FF 1 PF 5 PF, FF 4 BF, FF 

5 


104


Palmae Arenga 

westerhoutii 

Tao edible shoot stem O 

Pandanaceae Pandanus Tuay leaves for 

handicraft 

shrub O PF 3 PF, FF 3 FF 3 FF 1 

Phyllanthaceae Bischofia 

javanica 

Mai 

khaom fat 

wood for 

construction, 

roots for 

medicine 

medium 

tree 

O BF 1 

Proteacea ?? Mai mon O PF, BF, FF 4 

Pterocarpaceae Pterocarpus 

macrocapus 

Mai dou 

Rutaceae Citrus reticulate Mai 

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum 

rhetsa 

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus 

triphysa 

Simaroubaceae Eurycoma 

harmandiana 

Sterculiaceae Scaphium 

macropodum 

Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria 

crassna 

Verbenaceae Gmelina 

arborea 

kieang 

Mai 

khean 

Mai nhom 

pha 

Hark ian 

dorn 

Mai 

chong 

Mai 

ketsana 

mai so 

wood for medium O RF, BF, PF2 PF 4 BF, FF 

contruction tree 

FF4 

4 

eating tree O 1 

Plantation 

eating tree O BF 3 BF 3 BF 3 

wood for 

contruction 

roots for 

medicine 

PF, FF 2 FF3 

tree O PF 1 FF 1 

small 

shrub 

O PF 5 PF, BF,FF 

4 

FF 4 FF 4 

edible fruits tree O PF 5 PA, PF, 

FF 5 

black wood 

for resin 

wood for 

contruction 

and 

medicine 

tree O 1 

Plantation 

tree O PF 1 

Verbenaceae Tectona grandis mai sack wood for 

construction, 

furniture 

tree O FF1 FF 1 FF 1 

Zingiberaceae Alinia Kha pa edible roots herb O PF 5 

105

malaceaesis 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia 

bracteata 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia 

malacensis 

Zingiberaceae Amomum 

xanthioides 

Kha 

khom 

edible fruits herb O PF 3 

Kha nhai edible roots herb O PF 3 

Mark 

neang 

Rubiaceae Anthocephalus 

chinensis 

Mai sako 

Leguminisae Dialium 

cochinchinansis Mai 

Meliaceae Melia 

toosendan 

Meliaceae Swietenia 

mahagoni 

kheng 


edible fruit shrub O FF 4 FF 4 PF, RF, BF, FF 

4 

wood for 

construction 

tree O RF 3 PF3 

firewood tree O FF 2 

Mai hien firewood tree O FF 1 FF 1 FF 1 FF 1 

mai ham 

ngoua 

Leguminisae Dalbegia sp mai 

Symplocaceae Symplocos 

racemosa 

Leguminoseae Ormosia 

cambodiana 

kacha 

firewood tree O FF 1 FF 1 

wood for 

construction 

tree O PF, 

FF 5 

Mai muat firewood O FF 5 FF 4 

Mai khi 

mou 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea 

siamensis 

Mai hang wood for 

construction 

Anacardiaceae Anacardium 

occidentale 

Mai 

muouang 

edible fruit 

and 

firewood 

Lauraceae Schima wallichii Mai mee edible 

fruitand 

wood for 

constuction 

Leguminosae Tamarindus 

indica 

Mai kham edible fruit 

and 

firewood tree O FF 2 PF, FF 3 

tree O FF 5 FF3 

tree O 1 Graden 

tree O 1 Garden 

tree O 1 Garden 1 Garden 1 

Garden 

PF, FF 3 FF 4 

106

som 

firewood 

Moraceae Artocarpus 

lakoocha 

Mai hat edible bark O FF 2 

Compositae Pluchea indica Mai naat firewood O FF 4 

Palmae Rhapis spp. Mai saan leaf for 

packing 

Sterculiaceae Pterospernum 

megalocarpum 

mai ham 

oa 

wood for 

construction 

Datiscaceae Tetrameles 

nudiflora 

Mai 

phoung 

Barringtoneacea Careya sphalus Mai ka 

Anacardiaceae Anacardium 

occidentale 

don 

Mark 

Mouang 

he ma 

phan 

wood for 

making a 

boat 

edible 

young 

leaves 

edible fruit 

and young 

leaf 

Gentianacea fagraea fragans Mai man wood for 

construction 

Chrysobalanaceae Parinari 

anamensis 

Mai phork wood for 

construction 

Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone 

spathacea 

Mai khea edible 

flowers 

Remarks: 

Habitat by village has been recorded 

Vatica harmandii is endagered 

(IUCN) 

Annex 3.5 Samoi 


O FF 3 FF 3 BF, FF 

3 

O FF 4 

O BF 1 BF 1 

O PF, FF 2 PF 3 

O 1 

Plantation 

O FF 4 

O FF 2 FF 1 

O FF 3 

107

Mammals recorded in Samoi District - Salavan 

Province 

(Habitats: HG - Home Gardens; DPF - Dense Primary Forest; DSF - Degraded Secondary Forest; FA - 

Fallow Scrubland; 


Family Common & Scientific Name Lao Name Observe 

d/ 

Intervie 

Elephantidea Asian Elephant - Elephas maximus 

Bovidae Wild Water Buffalo - Bubalus arnee 

Bovidae Gaur - Bos gaurus 

Ursidae Asiatic Black Bear - Ursus thibetanus 

Felidae Tiger - Panthera tigris 

Felidae Leopard - Panthera pardus 

Felidae Clouded Leopard - Pardofelis marmorata 

Felidae Marble cat - Felis marmorat 

Felidae Fishing Cat - Prionailurus bengalensis 

Bovidae Saola - Pseudonovibos spiralis 

Bovidae Southern Serow - Naemorhedus sumatrennsis 

Cercopithecidae Douc Langur - Pygathrix nemaeus 

Hylobatidae Gibbon Species - Hylobates 

leucogenys/gabrielae sp. 

Cervidae Sambar Deer - Cervus unicolor 


Habitat Pin Ral Atuk Lalai Ta Achu 

A an 

- ng ngle 

g Akon ko ng 

w 

g 

§û¾¤ i DSF ┼ 

£¸¾¨-¯È¾ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

Lava 

tai 

Achu 

ng 

Yai 

À´ó¨ Œ- ¡½-êò¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ïó -£¸¾¨ (Ïó -©¿) i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¦õº-Â£È¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¦õº-©¾¸ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¦õº-ª½-¡ø© i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¦õºÁ´¸-ì¾¨-¹ó−- 

ºÈº− 

i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

-À¦õº-Á´¸-¡ò−-¯¾ o, i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¦ö¾¹ì¾ i DPF, DSF ┼ 

À¨õº¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¢¾-Á©¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

ê½−ó i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¡¸¾¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cervidae Roosevelts' Muntjac - Muntiacus rooseveltorum ³¾−-©ö¤ I,o DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pteromyidae Giant Flying Squirrel - Ratufa bicola 

®È¾¤-ìí¸ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

108 

Pin B 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼

Mustelidae Otter - Lutra sp. 

Manidae Pangolin - Manis javanicus 

Loridae Slow Loris Species - Nycticebus sp. 

Canidae Golden Jackal - Canis aureus 

Canidae Dhole - Cuon alpinus 

Viverridae Large Spotted Civet - Viverra megaspila 

Viverridae Owston's Palm Civet - Hemigalus owstoni 

Viverridae Spotted Linsang - Prionodon pardicolor 

Viverridae Masked Palm Civet - Paguma larvata 

Viverridae Common Palm Civet - Paradoxurus sp. 

Cervidae Red Muntjac - Muntiacus muntjac 

Tragulidae Lesser Mouse Deer - Tragulus javanicus 

Mustelidae Hog-Nosed Badger - Arctonyx collaris 


−¾¡--−Õ 

i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

-ì…− i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ 

ìó¤ìö´ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ï¾-¥º¡ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ï¾--Ä− 

i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¹¤ñ−¹¾¤¡È¾− i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

À¹¤ñ−ì¾¨²¾©¡ 

º− 

i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¹¤ñ−¹¾¤¯Éº¤ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¹¤ñ−¹¾¤¢ð i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

À¹¤ñ−ºí´ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

³¾−Àì‰¾ o, i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ä¡É i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ïøì‡¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hystricidae Brush -tailed Porcupine - Atherurus macrourus 

¹º− i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Hystricidae Porcupine - Hystrix brachyura 

ÀÏ˜− i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cercopithecidae Monkeys - Macaca sp. 

ìó¤- i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sciuridae Black Giant Squirrel - Ratufa bicolor 

Spalacidae Large Bamboo Rat - Rhizomys sumatrensis 

Suidae Common wild pig - Sus scrofa 

Sciuridae Pallars's Squirrel - Callosciurus erythraeus 

Sciuridae Irrawaddy Squirrel - Callosciurus pygerythrus 

¡½»º¡ÏÓ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

ºí− Ã¹¨È i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

-ÏøÈ¯È¾ 

o, i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

¡½»º¡êº¤Á©¤ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

¡½Àì− i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

109

Sciuridae Berdmore's Squirrel - Menetes bermorei 

Pteromyidae Black Flying Squirrel - Aeromys tephromelas 

¡½¥ûº− i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

®È¾¤¹ø©¿ i DPF, 

DSF,FA 

Remarks: 

The mammal species recorded during the interviews have not been confirmed but on the villagers 

perceptions. 

During the interview visual aids “pictures” of animals were used which helped identify a species and make better in data 

gathering process across all the participating villages. 


Fishing cat, Common wild pig and Red Muntjac were seen their tracks nearly the sacred forest site of Ban Achungleng 

with evidences of used ponds and nest materials found. Also, 

saw horns of Roosevelts' Muntjac at restaurant in Samoi district (photo) 


┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

110

Birds recorded in Samoi District - Salavan Province 





Phasianidae Green Peafowl - Pavo 

muticus 

Bucerotidae Great Hornbill - 

Buceros bicornis 

Bucerotidae Rufous-necked 

Hornbill - Aceros 

nipalensis 

Bucerotidae Wreathed Hornbill - 

Aceros undulates 

Phasianidae Crested Argus - 

Rheinardia ocellata 

Anatidae White-winged Duck - 

Cairina scutulata 

Ciconiidae Painted Stork - 

Mycteria 

leucocephala 

Threskiornithida Giant Ibis - Pseudibis 

e 

gigantean 

Phasianidae Siamese Fireback - 

Lophura diardi 

Phasianidae Grey Peacock- 

Pheasant - 

Polyplectron 

bicalcaratum 

Ciconiidae Woolly-necked Stork - 

Ciconia episcopus 

Ciconiidae Adjutants - Leptoptilos 

sp. 

Threskiornithida Black-headed Ibis - 

e 

Threskiomis 

melanocephalus 

Strigidae Spot-bellied Eagle 

Owl - Bubo nipalensis 


Interview 

Habitat Pin 

A 

Rala 

ng 


Atuk Lalai 

- 

Akon 

g 

Tang 

ko 

Achun 

gleng 

Lava 

tai 

Achun 

g Yai 

Nok Yong i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡- ¡ö¡-£ð£¿ I,o DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡- ¡ö¡-£ð -Á©¤ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡- ¡ö¡£ðÀºó´ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¸ø -¸È¾¸ È (−ö¡- 

¨÷¤-êº¤) 

i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-À¯ñ©-¡È¾ - i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¡¾®-®ö¸ i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-ºøû´-ìö¸ 

i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ä¡È -¢¸¾−ò− i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡- ¡¾¤¡º© i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-£ð-¡È¾− 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¡½-§÷´- i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ ¦Éº−- 

¹º¨¹ö¸-©¿ 

−ö¡ -À£í¾ (−ö¡ 

êò©-ê†-Ã¹¨È) 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

111 

Pin B


Rallidae Purple Swamphen - 

Porphyrio porphyrio 

−ö¡Àê® i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Picidae Red-collared 

Woodpecker - Picus 

rabieri 

−ö¡Ä§È£ðÁ©¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Falconidae Imperial Eagle - 

Aquila heliaca 

Á¹ì¸¯¾-−Éº¨ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Columbidae Green Imperial 

Pigeons - Ducula 

aenea 

−ö¡ ´ø´ê‰¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Tern - Sterna sp. −ö¡ ¦ó©¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ciconiidae Black-necked Stork - 

Ephippiorhychus 

asiaticus 

Anatidae Masked Finfoot - 

Heliopais personata 

−ö¡ ¡½¦¾£ð©¿ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ -À¯ñ©¹−É¾- 

©¿ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Burhinidae Great Thick-knee - 

Esacus recurvirostris −ö¡ ¡½-ÁªÉ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Accipitridae Brahminy Kite - 

Haliastur Indus 

-Á¹ì¸-¹ö¸-¢¾¸ 

-Âª-Á©¤ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Phasianidae Little Commorant - 

Phalacrocorax niger 

Anatidae Cotton pygmy-Goose 

- Nettapus 

coromandelianus 

Charadriidae River Lapwing - 

Vanellus duvaucelii 

Accipitridae Lesser Fish Eagle- 

Ichthyophaga humilis 

Accipitridae Grey-headed Fish 

Eagle - Ichthyophaga 

ichthyaetus 

Passeridae Asian Golden Weaver 

- Ploceus 

hypoxanthus 

Psittacidae Red Breasted 

Parakeet - Psittacula 

alexandri 

Centropodidae Greater Coucal - 

Centropus sinensis 

−ö¡ ¡¾−Õ-−Éº¨ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ -À¯ñ©-¯Èº¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ ¡½-ÁªÉ - 

¹É¸¨ 

-Á¹ì¸-¯¾-¹ö¸- 

Ï‰−-−Éº¨ 

-Á¹ì¸-¯¾-¹ö¸- 

Ïöú−--Ã¹¨È 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ ¡½¥¾®-£¿ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-Á¢¡- i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ ¡ö©¯õ© i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

112

Picidae Hoopoe - Upupa 

epops 

Bucerotidae Oriental Pied Hornbill 

- Anthracoceros 

albirostris 

Bucerotidae Brown Hornbill- 

Anorrhinus tickelli 

Sturnidae Hill Myna - Gracula 

religiosa 

Picidae Wood-pecker - Picus 

sp. 

Psittacidae Parakeets Species - 

Psittacula sp. 

Anatidae Garganey - Anas 

querquedula 

Columbidae Reb Collared Dove - 

Streptopelia 

tranquebarica 

Ardeidae Purple Heron - Ardea 

purpurea 

Strigidae Owls - Asio, Otus, 

Glaucidium, Athene, 

Ninox, Ketupa, Strix 

sp. 

Charadriidae Rea-wattled Lapwing 

- Vanellus indicus 

−ö¡Ä-§È (−ö¡ 

¹º−¢¸¾−) 


i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-Á¡¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡- Ï¾−Éº¨ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¦¾-ìò -¡¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡--¹ö¸-¢¸¾− 

(- 

−ö¡¦½-Äì) 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-Á¡É¸ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-À¯ñ©-ì¾¨ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-À¢ö¾-êº¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¡½-¦¾-Á©¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-À£�¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡-¡½ÁªÉ Á¸É - 

© 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Sturnidae Common Myna - 

Acridotheres tristis 

−ö¡ºÉ¼¤Â´È¤ o, i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cuculidae Asian Koel - 

Eudynamys 

scolopacea 

−ö¡¡½À¹¸úö¾ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Alcedinidae Common King fisher - 

Alcedo atthis 

−ö¡Àªñ−§ò¸ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Megalaimidae Great Berbet - 

Magalaima virens 

−ö¡ ªñ¤ìð i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Columbidae Spotted Dove - 

Streptopelia chinensis −ö¡À¢ö¾¢ñ− i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Columbidae Pale-capped Pigeon - 

Columba punicea 

−ö¡ -À¢ö¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Rallidae Watercock - Gallicrex 

cinerea 

−ö¡ ªø´ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Columbidae Green Pigeons - 

Treron sp. 

−ö¡ À¯í¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

113


Falconidae Changeable hawk 

Eagle - Spizaetus 

cirrhatus 

-Á¹ì¸-´ø´ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Ardeidae Egrets - Egretta sp. −ö¡¨¾¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Psittacidae Parakeets - Psittacula 

sp. 

−ö¡ -¡È¾¤ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pittidae Pittas - Pitta sp. −ö¡ -Áª¸-Áì¸ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Phasianidae Red Junglefowl - 

Gallus gallus 

Corvidae Drongo Species - 

Dicrurus sp. 

Phasianidae Scaly-breasted 

Partridge - 

Arborophila chloropus 

Turnicidae Barred Buttonquail - 

Tumix suscitator 

Rallidae White Breasted 

Waterhen - 

Amauromis 

phoenicurus 

Corvidae Large-billed Crow- 

Corvus 

macrohynchos 

Ä¡È¯È¾ o,i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡Á§¸ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ ¡½ê¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡ ¢øÉ´ 

i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

−ö¡Ä¡È−¾ i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

¡¾ o, i DPF, DSF,FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Remarks: 

The bird species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers perceptions. 


Red Junglefowl and Large-billed Crows which their tracks were observed close to the sacred forest site of Ban Achungleng. 

A head of the Great Hornbill - Buceros bicornis was once observed at a restaurant in Samoi district (photo) 

Amphibians & Reptiles recorded in Samoi District - Salavan Province 





Amphibians 

Lao 

Name 

Observ 

ed/ 

Intervie 

w 

Habit 

at 

Phin 

A 

Ralan 

g 

Atuk Lalai- 

Akon 

g 

Tang 

ko 

Achun 

gleng 

Lava 

tai 

Achu 

ng 

Yai 

Phin 

B 

114

Bufonidae Toad - Kaloula 

mediolineeata 

Ranidae Frog- Rana 

limnocharis 

Ranidae Common Lowland 

Frog- Rana sp. 

Bufonidae True toads - Bufo 

sp. 

Reptiles 

Emydidae Big headed Turtle - 

Platysternon 

megacephalum 

Emydidae Elongated turtle - 

Indotestudo 

elongata 

Emydidae - 

Xenochrophis 

flaviounctata 

Dasyatidae Soft-shell turtle- 

Amyda sp. 

Elapidae King cobra - 

Ophiophagus 

hannah 

Boidae Reticulated Python 

- Python reticulates 

Elapidae Cobra species - 

Naja sp. 

Colubridae Indo-chineses Rat 

Snake - Zamenis 

sp. 

Colubridae Radiated Ratsnake 

- Elaphe radiata 

Colubridae White-bellied Rat 

Snake Rhabdophis 

sp. 

Varanidae Bangal Monitor - 

Varanus 

bengalensis 

Varanidae Water monitor - 

Varanus salvator 

ºõ¤ 

¡ö® 

¢¼© 

£ñ−£¾¡ 

Àª‰¾-¡÷¨ (¯ø - 

ìø) 

Àª‰¾ À²ñ¡ 

Àª‰¾ −¾ 

¯¾±¾ºº¤ 

¤Ñ -¥ö¤-º¾¤ 

¤Ñ -À¹ìõº´ 

¤Ñ -À¹‰¾ 

¤Ñ¦ò¤©ö¤ 

¤Ñ¦¾ 

¤Ñ ©¾¤Á¹ 

Áì− 

À¹É¨ 

i DSF, 

RB 

i DSF, 

RB 

i DSF, 

RB 

i DSF, 

RB 

i DPF, 

DSF 

i DPF, 

DSF 


┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i DPF, 

DSF 

i DPF, 

DSF 

i DPF, 

DSF,F 

A 

i DPF, 

DSF,F 

A 

i DPF, 

DSF,F 

A 

i DPF, 

DSF,F 

A,RB 

i DPF, 

DSF,F 

A 

i DPF, 

RB 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

115

Agamidae Water Dragon - 

Pysignathus 

cocincinus 

Gekkonidae Gekko Species - 

Gekkonidae sp. 

Uromasticidae Common Butterfly 

Lizard - Leiolepis 

sp. 

Agamidae Forest Crested 

Lizard - Calotes 

emma sp. 

Scincidae Many-line Sunskink 

- Mabuya 

multifasciata 

Remarks: 

¡½-êÉ¾¤ 

¡ñ®-Á¡É - 

Á¨É 

¡½¯º´ 

¥†Â¡½ 

i DPF, 

DSF,R 

B 


┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i DPF, 

DSF,F 

A 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i G ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

i DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, G 

i DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, G 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

The amphibian and reptile species recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers perceptions. 

116


Freshwater fish recorded in Samoi District - Salavan Province 



Family Common & Lao Name Observed/ Habitat Pin A Ralan Atuk Lalai- Tang Achun Lava tai Achung Pin B 


Interview 

g 

Akong ko gleng 

Yai 

Akysidae Mystus microphthalmus ¯¾-À£ò¤ i RB, Xepond ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Poropuntius sp. ¯¾¥¾© i,o RB, Xepond ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Synbranchidae Monopterus albus ºÈ¼− i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Claridae Clarias macrocephalus ¯¾©÷¡ i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Channidae Channa striata ¯¾ £ð i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Hampala macroledota ¯¾¦ø© i RB, Xepond, Houay DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Lobocheilus ¯¾£¼¤ i RB, Xepond, Houay DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus favus ¯¾¹ì¾© i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Mastacembelidae Macrognathus sp. ¯¾ ¹ìö© i RB, Xepond, Houay DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Channidae Channa gachua ¯¾ ¡˜¤ i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pangasidae Pangasius sp. ¯¾¹ö¸´È¸´ i RB, Xepond, Houay DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Systomus aurotaeniatus ¯¾ ¢¾¸ i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Cyprinidae Rasbora sp. ¯¾§ò¸ i RB, Xepond, Houay 

DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Remarks: 

The fish recorded during the village interviews have not been confirmed but based on the villagers perceptions. 

Visual aids were used to identify a species and that make better in data gathering process across all the villages 

Observed species include: 

Poropuntius sp. was observed a boy 

selling it at a guesthouse. 

117

Plants observed in Samoi District - Salavan Province 





Lao 

Name 

General Use Life 

form 

Anacardiacea Spondias Mai kok edible fruits and wood 

e 

pinnata 

for house construction 

Apocynacea Wrightia arborea Mai mouk Using this specie for 

growing peper 

(pigtahi) 

Bombacacea Bombusa tulda Mai bong bamboo cane for 

e 

house construction 

Dioscreaceae Cassava Man Tohn supplementary to rice 

during the shortage 

Dipterocarpac Hopea odorata Mai khene using sawn wood for 

eae 

hin floor 

Euphorbiacea Phyllanthus 

e 

embrica 

Fagaceae Lithocarpus 

hemisphacricus 

Flacourtiacea 

e 

Casearia 

floranos 

Mark edible fruits and wood 

khampom for house construction 

Mai hai firewood small 

tree 

Mai poa firewood small 

tree 

Graminae Bambusa tulda Mai Bong edible shoots 

(bamboo) and cane 


Obse 

rved/ 

Inter 

view 

Habitat Pin 

A 


Ral 

ang 

At 

uk 

Lal 

ai- 

Ak 

on 

g 

Tan 

gko 

Ac 

hu 

ngl 

en 

g 

La 

va 

tai 

Ac 

hu 

ng 

Yai 

tree o, i DSF, 

FA, RB 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

tree o, i DPF, DSF, 

FA, 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

tree o, i HG, 

DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, RB 

crop o, i HG, 

FA, 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

tree o, i DPF, 

DSF, 

FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

shrub o, i HG,DSF , FA ┼ ┼ ┼ 

o, i DPF, 

DSF, 

FA 

o, i DPF, 

DSF, 

FA 

shrub o, i HG, 

DPF, 

DSF, 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

118 

Pi 

n 

B

FA, RB 

Graminae Broom grass Keam making brooms herb o, i DPF, 

Graminae Dendrocalamus 

lonoifimbriatus 


apas 


parviflora 

Gramnae Dendrocalamus 

Brendisii 


formosum 



Mai 

Phang 

edible shoots 



Mai Lai edible shoots 



Mai soth edible shoots 



Mai 

Xangpai 

edible shoots 



Mai Tei firewood small 

tree 

Mai Kha 

nhoung 

high value wood for 

house construction 

(endangered species) 

DSF 


DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, RB 


DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, RB 


┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 


DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, RB 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

shrub o, i HG, DPF, DSF, FA, RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

o,i HG, 

DPF, 

DSF, 

FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

tree o,i HG, DPF, DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Leguminosae Senna siamea Khi Lek firewood tree o, i HG, 

DPF, 

DSF, 

FA, RB 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Leguminosae Dalbegia spp Mai Kacha wood high quality for tree o, i DPF ┼ ┼ ┼ 


blansae 

export 

Mai Beuai use sawn wood for 

floor and small 

piecies for roofs 

tree o, i HG, 

DPF, 

DSF, 

FA 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Magnliaceae Paramichelia Champa house construction tree o, i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

baillonii Pa 

Meliaceae Azadirachta Mai house construction tree o, i DPF, DSF, FA ┼ ┼ 

119


indica DoanKado 

an 

Meliaceae Sandoricum Mark edible fruits and wood tree o, i HG, DSF, FA ┼ ┼ 

koetjape Tong for house construction 


cinereum 

Mai Vah house construction tree o, i DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Palmae Arenga Tohn edible shoots seedli o, i FA, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

westerhoutii Tane (bamboo) 

ng 

Palmae Daemonoros Wai Boun edible shoot and cane seedli o, i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

jenkinsiana 

for construction ng 

DSF, 

FA, 

Palmae Rhapis laoensis Sane edible shoot seedli o, i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

ng 

DSF, 

FA, 

Pinaceae Keteleeria 

evelyniana 

Mai Hing house construction tree o, i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Pinaceae Pinus kesiya Mai peak 

sam nhot 

(three 

needle) 

house construction tree i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ 

Pterocarpace Pterocarpus Mai Dou hard wood with high medi o, i HG, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

ae 

macrocapus 

value for house um 

DPF, 

construction 

tree 

DSF, 

FA, RB 

Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea house construction tree o, i FA ┼ ┼ 

Zingiberacea Alpinia 

Kha pa edible roots herb o, i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

e 

malaceaesis 

DSF, 

FA 

Lauraceae Schima wallichii Mai mee edible fruits and wood 


tree o, i HG ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Symplocacea Symplocos Mai meuat firewood o, i HG, DPF, DSF, FA, RB ┼ 

e 

racemosa 

Rutaceae Cinamomum Mai kinut oil using for massage (high o, i DPF, ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

litsefolium (Mai 

Chouang) 

demand for export) 

DSF 

Gramineae Imperata Nha ka grasses for making roof sheets o, i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

cylindrica 

for houses 

Rubiaceae Musa acuminata Kuay pa edible flowers wild o, i DPF, DSF ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

120

Ficus Species 

generally 

Passifloracea Passiflora 

e 

foetidel 

Graminae Erianthus 

arundinacea 

leguminosae- Sesbania 

papilionatae grandiflorta 

Ebenacae Diospyros 

glandulosa 

Pterydophyta- Cyathia (fern 

Cyatheaceae spp) 

Myrtacae Eugenia 

zeylanica 


Mai hay fruits for animal 

feeding 

flowe 

r 

stem o, i DPF, DSF, FA ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Phak 

bouang 

edible leaves vine o, i RB ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Nha Lao flowers for pillows o, i DPF, DSF, FA, R ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

Khea 

khao, 

khae dor 

Remarks: 

Pinus kesiya is listed on IUCN redlist as lower risk 

edible flowers small 

tree 

Kea hom fuits for export to small 

Vietnamese 

tree 

Phak kout edible ferns small 

tree 

Phark sa edible leaves and use small 

mek for medicine 

tree 

o, i DPF, DSF, 

FA, 

┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ 

o, i HG ┼ ┼ ┼ 

o, i HG, DPF, DSF, FA, RB ┼ ┼ ┼ 

o, i HG, DPF, DSF, FA, RB ┼ ┼ ┼ 

121

Annex 4: Consolidated Secondary Species Lists 


No. Reference details Study areas and habitat descriptions Comments 

B14 Crome, F., Richards, S., Phengsintham, P. 

& Somvonasa, C. (2001). Biodiversity and 

conservation assessment of the Sepon 

project area, Report to Lane Xang Minerals, 

March 15, Francis Crome Pty Ltd. 

B10 Boonratana, R. (1998), Protected Areas 

Field Management in Nam Poui and Pho 

Xang He NBCAs: A presentation by Dr 

B20 

Boonratana, IUCN, Vientiane. 

Duckworth, J.W., R.J. Timmins & K. Cozza 

(1993). A Wildlife and Habitat Survey of 

Phou Xang He Proposed Protected Area, 

Unpublished. 

Study conducted in Sepon Mine concession area: 

• Nalou - Agricultural land, Medium 8-15yr Fallow 

• Nam Kok West - Agricultural land, Young 1-7 yr Fallow 

and Medium 8-15 yr Fallow 

• Nam Kok East - Fallow and Medium 8-15 yr Fallow and 

Old Fallow 

• Discovery - Bamboo Forest, Medium 8-15 yr Fallow 

• Discovery West - Bamboo Forest, Medium 8-15 yr 

Fallow 

• Khanong - Fallow Forest, Bamboo Forest, Mixed 

Deciduous 

• Phou Thengkham - Evergreen Forest, Mixed 

Deciduous, Old Fallow 

Field management guide to Phou Xang He. Species lists do 

not include specific habitat types. 

Study conducted in Phou Xang He Protected Area: 

• Phou Xang He – large sandstone plateau dominated by 

mixed deciduous forest and to a lesser extent, dry 

dipterocarp on the steepest/rockiest terrain and semi 

evergreen where soil is better. 

• Phou Hinho – Lower slopes, valleys and ridges are 

dominated by evergreen forest which does not occur on 

Phou Xang He. To the south east the forest I semi 

evergreen and mixed deciduous. 

• Corridor – Lowland corridor of gently rolling landscape 

forming the Xe Thamouak catchment and consisting of 

mosaic landscapes. 

Habitats include: 

• Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forest - Phou Hinho, 

This study is one of the few 

studies conducted outside 

protected areas. 

Plant list is extensive. Have 

scanned this. 

Lists are very limited and 

general. 

Habitat split has been done. 

122

B27 Hanson, K.K., Jeppesen, T. (2004), Non 

Timber Forest Products and Rural 

Livelihoods: a case study on local 

management and marketing of non timber 

forest products in two NPAs, Savannakhet 

Province, Lao PDR, Unpublished. 

B33 Ounekham, K. & Inthapatha, S (2003), 

Important Bird Areas in Lao PDR, Vientiane: 

Department of Forestry, BirdLife 

International in Indochina, Wildlife 

Conservation Society Lao Program, 

Sisavath Printing Press, Vientiane, Lao 

PDR. 

B45 Showler, D.A. & P. Davidson. (1998). A 

wildlife and habitat survey of the southern 

border of Xe Sap NBCA and the Dakchung 

Plateau, Xe Kong Province, Lao PDR. 

Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR. 

Phou Xang He, Corridor. 

• Forest – Mixed deciduous; Dry Dipterocarp 

• Degraded Landscapes – cultivation; scrub 

NTFPs study conducted in Dong Phou Vieng and Phou 

Xang He Protected area. Two forest types surveyed 

including: 

• Open Forest - Dry dipterocarp and Fallow forest with 

fast regeneration. (areas effected by shifting cultivation) 

• Thick Forest - Evergreen forest 

Forest type not detailed in species lists 

Important Bird Areas in the study area including: 

• Dackchung Plateau - is extensively degraded and 

vegetation is dominated by pine wood and grassland 

with patches of degraded semi evergreen forest and dry 

evergreen forest and patches of marshy land. 

• Phou Ahyon – Largest and highest mountain in 

southern Laos dominated by dry evergreen forest with 

Fokiena forest above 1500m and upper montane forest 

above 1800m. Lower elevations have been extensively 

cleared for agriculture. 

• Xe Sap PA – extensively forested and vegetation is 

dominated by dry evergreen forest, with smaller areas of 

pine forest and at lover elevations, semi evergreen 

forest. Elevations above 1800m may support montane 

forest. There are also some areas of grassland. 

Wildlife and habitat survey of Xe Sap Protected Area 

including: 

• Southern boarder of Xe Sap (altitude (180m-1265m) 

o Dense Srub and Bamboo Forest (less than 

20 yrs old) 

o Patches of Evergreen Forest (approx 1km2) 


List does not include family 

names. Only includes lao 

names for many. Forest 

type not detailed in species 

lists 

Uses of NTFPs was not 

recorded by the data entry 

person so I have decided to 

scan. 

123

B46 Steinmetz, R., T. Stones & T. Chan-Ard 

(1999). An ecologocal survey of habitats, 

wildlife, and people in Xe Sap NBCA, 

Salavan Province Lao PDR. WWF Thailand 

Programme Office, Lao PDR. 

B47 Timmins, R.J., & C. Vongkhambeng (1996). 

A preliminary wildlife and habitat survey of 

Xe Sap NBCA and mountains to the South, 

Salavan Province, Lao PDR. 

o Degraded Evergreen Forest on hilltops 

o Pine woodlands 

o Grassland (1km2) 

o Degraded riverine forest along Xekong 

River 

• Dakchung Plateau (altitude 1000m-1200m) 

o Grass land 

o Secondary scrub 

o Pine woodland 

o Degraded semi –evergreen 

o Degraded Evergreen forest 

o Marshland 

Survey areas include the mountainous areas of Phou 

Glem, Phou Abourl, Phou Leng and Phou Ma Nai. Habits 

include; 

• Hill evergreen forest 

• Pine Forest 

• Semi Evergreen Forest 

Study habitats include: 

• Phou Ajol – Mossy Forest, Fokienia Forest and 

Evergreen forest 

• Ban Ayun – Degraded evergreen forest 

• Ban Dakchung – pine forest with grassland 

• Dakchung Plateau – degraded non forest habitats 

• Ban Somoy (headwaters of Sepon river) – secondary 

growth in lower valleys and slopes, evergreen forest in 

higher tributary valleys, slopes and ridges. 

• Ban Samoy (tributary to Xe Sap) – secondary growth in 

lower valleys and slopes, evergreen forest in higher 

tributary valleys, slopes and ridges. 

• East of Ban Dachung – Predominantly secondary 

growth 

• Kaleum (Xe Kong) – predominantly secondary growth 


While lists do sperate 

species recorded in these 

specific areas, this has not 

been recorded in the 

secondary data list. 

Bird species. 

Habitat split has been 

recorded. 

124

B51 World Wildlife Fund (1998), Dong Phu Vieng 

NBCA Rapid & Participatory Biodiversity 

Assessment (BIORAP) Final Report, Forest 

Management & Conservation Program 

National Biodiversity Conservation Areas 

Sub-Program, Burapha Development 

Consultants, Lao PDR. 

Annex 4.1: Mammals 

Habitat classes split 

• Mossy Forest, Fokienia Forest 

• Evergreen forest 

• Secondary vegetation 

• Pine Forest 

Family Name Scientific Name Lao Name Conservation 

Status - IUCN 

Redlist 

Dong Phou Vieng has extensive water resources ranging 

from lowland water bodies including the Xe Bang Hiang 

River and upland bodies such as the Houay Palouang. 

These habitats differ from each other substancially. 


Only fish species listed in 

secondary lists. 

USE Savannakhet Salava 

n 

PXH DPV Non- 

PA 

125 

Source 

XS Non-PA 

Rhamnaceae Diospiros sp. Nam lep meo Edible fruit x B14 

Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus Medicus Ta ven paa Medicinal plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Abrus punchellum Wall, ex Thw Kham kua Medicinal Plant x B14 

Mimosoideae Acacia concinna (Willd.) A.DC Sompoy Medicinal Plant, and the fruit can x B14 

Mimosoideae Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd Kham thed The young leaves can be eaten raw or 

cooked 

x B14 

Mimosoideae Acacia magalagena Desv. Nam han Poisonou plant x B14 

Leguminosae Acacia pennata Phak Nao Food x B27 

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes bedentata BL. Nhakhouyngu Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Acorus tatrinowi Schott. Phak paen nam Medicinal plant x B14 

Pteridoideae Acrostictium aureum L. - Decorative fern x B14 

Papilionoideae Adenanther pavonina L. Sathon stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Papilionoideae Adenanthera parvonina var. microsperma Lurn ta kai stem used for firewood and fence x B14


Adiantaceae Adiantum caudatum L. Phak kud 

making 

Decorative fern x B14 

Amaranthaceae Aevera sanguinolenta (L.) BL. Sanhakhouyngou Medicinal plant x B14 

Leguminosae Afzelia xylocarpa Mai Thae kha Building materials x B27 

Caesalpinioideae Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Mai tae kha En A1cd Good timber x B14 

Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides DC. Nha Kheo Medicinal plant x B14 

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus malabarica DC. Nhom pa stem used for firewood making x B14 

Alangiaceae Alangium chinense Rehd. Khao yen stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Alangiaceae Alangium kurzii Craib Ton sa lik stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Mimosoideae Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr. Mai Kang hung stem used for firewood and fence 

x B14 

Liliceae Allium cepa L. Phak bua Edible leaves. Medicinal plant x B14 

Liliceae Allium sativum L. Phak thiem Edible leaves. Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Alocasia longifolia Miq. Bon dong Decorative plant x B14 

Araceae Alocasia macrorrhiza ( L.) D.Don. Ka bouk - x B14 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia purpulata (Veiell.) K. Schum Kha Edible tube x B14 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia spp. Kha paa Food x B27 

Apocynaccae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br Mai tin ped Timber x B14 

Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Nha khau mai Edible young shoot x B14 

Malvaceae Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. Dok chad Decorative plant x B14 

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Phak home Edible young shoot x B14 

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Linn Phak home nam Edible young shoot x B14 

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. Phak home ban Edible young shoot x B14 

Sapindaceae Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Hu. Ko ka NT Timber x B14 

Commelinaceae Amischolotype hispida (Less.& Rich) Hong Nha kap dong Decorative plant x B14 

Zingiberaceae Amomum ovideum Pierre. Ex Gagn. Mak naeng Medicinal plant x B14 

Zingiberaceae Amomum ovoidum/Amomum spp. Mak Neng Income & exchange x B27 

Zingiberaceae Amomum spp. Nor Phain Din Food x B27 

Vitaceae Ampelocissus martini Mak Lang Duak Food x B27 

Vitaceae Ampelopsis cantoniensis (H.&A.)L. - Medicinal plant x B14 

Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Muang hi ma fan Edible fruit and seed, stem used for 

firedwood making 

x B14 

Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Mak nad Edible ripe fruit x B14 

making 

126


Ancistrocladacea Ancistrocladus tectorius Khu hang kouy Medicinal plant and edible young x x B14; B27 

e 

leaves 

Angiopteridacae Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoff Kud ka dong Decorative fern x B14 


e 

Anisoptera costata Korth Mai bak E Good timber x B14 

Combretaceae Anogeinsus acuminata Wall Ben mon Timber and stem used for firedwood 

making 

x B14 

Annonaceae Anomiamthus dulcis Brian Gra Young Food x B27 

Meliaceae Aphanomixis polystachya J.N. Parker Ta xua Timber and stem used for firedwood 

making 

x B14 

Poaceae Apluda mutica L. Oi nu Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Aporasa ficifolia H. Baillon Muad khon Stem used for firedwood making x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Aporasa macrostachyus (Tul.)Muell-Arg Muad khon Stem used for firedwood making x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Aporasa villosa (Lindl.)H. Baill Mai muad Stem used for firedwood making x B14 

Araliaceae Aralia armata Seem Ton tang Decorative plant, Young shoot can be 

eaten cooked 

x B14 

Araliaceae Aralia foliosa Wall. & Clarke Tang noi Decorative plant, Young shoot can be 

eaten cooked 

x B14 

Mimosoideae Archidendron clyperia (Jack.) Niels Ben bai Medicinal plant x B14 

Mimosoideae Archidendron robinsonii (Gagn.) Niels Mai ba lee Timber, and srem can be used for house biulding 

and firewood making 

x B14 

Myrsinaceae Ardisia crenata Sims Tin cham Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Ardisia mamillata Hance. Tin cham Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Myrsinaceae Ardisia villosa Roxb. Tin cham khon Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Myrsinaceae Ardisia virens Kurz. Tin cham Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Palmae Arenga pinnata ( Wurmb.) Merr. Ton tan Young shoot can be eaten cooked, 

Decorative plant 

x B14 

Convolvulaceae Argyreia capitata Choisy Kheu khaao khon Decorative plant x B14 

Convolvulaceae Argyreia roxburghii Craib Khue chane Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris L Nad Medicinal plant x B14 

Moraceae Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. kha noun, me pa Good timber x B14 

127


Moraceae Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk. Ton mi Good timber, Edible friute x B14 

Moraceae Artocarpus lokocha Roxb Ton had Good timber x B14 

Poaceae Arundinaria ciliata A.cammus. Mai chot Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Aspieniaceae Asplenium nidus L. Phak kud Decorative fern x B14 

Athyriaceae Athyrium esculentum (Retz) Copel Phak kud khao Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked 

x B14 

Fungi Auricularia spp. Het Kadang Food x B27 

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Phak Gadao Food x B27 

Euphorbiaceae Bacaurea ramiflora Lour. Mak fai Edible fruit. Stem can be used for 

firewood and fence making 

x B14 

Poaceae Bambusa arundinacea Willd. Mai phai pa Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used x 

for house building and fence making 

x B14; B27 

Poaceae Bambusa flexuosa Mai Ga Sa Building materials x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spinosa Nor Mai Food x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Mai Go Building materials x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Bai Mai Phai Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Bai Mai Phai Ban Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Mai Phai Building materials x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa tulda Roxb. Mai bong Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 

house building and fence making 

x B14 

Poaceae Bambussa spp. Mai Por Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Poaceae Bambussa vulgaris Mai Saeng Kham Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Acanthaceae Barleria strigosa Willd Khao leep Fodder & Grazing x B14 

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz Nom nhan Stem can be used for firewood and 

fence making 

x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Bauhimia variegata L. Ton sieu Stem can be used for firewood and fence making. 

The flowers can be eaten cooked 

x B14 

Leguminosae Bauhinia saccocalyx Kheua Somphan Building materials x B27 

Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre Po sean phan The bark can be used for string 

making 

x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia sp. Sieu Khua Decorative plant x B14 

Cucurbitaceae Benincasia hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Mak nam the fruit cam be eaten cooked x B14 

128


Asteraceae Bidens bipinnata L. Nha kon cham Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Bischofia javanica BL. Khom fad Goodtimber, young leaves and fruit 

can be eaten raw 

x B14 

Blechnaceae Blenchunum orientale L. Koud kan deng Decorative fern x B14 

Asteraceae Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC Nad Medicinal plant x B14 

Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba. L Ngieu dok deng Timber, and Decorative plant x B14 

Bombacaceae Bombax insigis Wall Ngieu dok deng Timber, and Decorative plant x B14 

Anacardaceae Bouea burmanica Mak Bang Food x B27 

Euphorbiaceae Bouea oppositifolia Mak Phang Food x B27 

Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Ton dok chia x B14 

Brassicaceae Brassica intergrifolia (Weat.) O.B.Schultz Phak kad Edible leaves x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook.f kok kang pa Medicine Plant x B14 

Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her.ex Vent Po sa Fiber bark. The stem used for firewood 

making 

x B14 

Anacardaceae Buchanania obtusifolia Mak Laboota Food x B27 

Buddlejaceae Buddleja asiatica Lour Ngua sang Medicine Plant x B14 

Sterculiaceae Byttneria aspera Colebr Kheua sam hang Medicine Plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinia digyna Rottl. & Willd Nam ka chai Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk Nam pu ya Medicinal plant and eatable young 

shoot 

x B14 

Palmae Calamus gracilis Vai Khome Tools & Handicrafts x B27 

Palmae Calamus javensis Ridly. Wai hang nu - x B14 

Palmae Calamus rudentum Vai yoon Food x B27 

Palmae Calamus sp. Wai ta bong Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked. Stem used for furniture 

making 

x x B14; B27 

Palmae Calamus viminalis Willd. Wai khom Young shoot can be eaten raw or cooked. Stem 

used for furniture making 

x B14 

Verbenaceae Callicarpa arborea Roxb Mai ko faa Timber x B14 

Verbenaceae Callicarpa longifolia Lam Sa ko faa Decorative plant x B14 

Guttiferae Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. Ex Choisy Mai song Timber x B14 

Combretaceae Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb) Lamk Khua ka daeng Medicinal plant x B14 

Burseraceae Canarium kerrii Craib Mak kok luam Stem can be use for firewood making x B14 

Papilionoideae Canavalia rosea Khua fak faa Decorative plant x B14 

129


Rubiaceae Canthium dicoceum Gaerth var, rostratum Kheung paa stem use for firewood, and the fruit can 

be eaten cooked 

x B14 

Rubiaceae Canthium horridum BL Mak kheung paa stem use for firewood, and the fruit can 

be eaten cooked 

x B14 

Capparaceae Capparis acutifolia subsp, sabiaefolia 

(Hook.f. & TH/) Jac 

Sa ton sa sou Decorative plant x B14 

Capparaceae Capparis micrantha DC Ton sa sou Decorative plant x B14 

Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Mak phet Edible fruit and young leaves x B14 

Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sai num Decorative plant x B14 

Lecythidaceae Careya shpaerica Phak Gadone Food x B27 

Lecythidaceae Careya sphaerica Roxb. Ka don Timber, and young leaves can be 

eaten raw 

x B14 

Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Mak hung Young fruit and flower can be eaten cooked, and the x 

ripe fruit can be eaten raw 

B14 

Palmae Caryota mitis Lour. Tau hang noi Decorative plant x B14 

Palmae Caryota monostachya Becc. Tau hang noi Decorative plant x B14 

Flacourtiaceae Casearia grewiaefolia Vent var 

Mai ka douk Stem used for firewood and fence 

x B14 

grewiaefolia 

making 

Caesalpinioideae Cassia acidenialis L Nha lup meun Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Cassia alata L. Khee lek ban Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Cassia fistula L Ton dok khoun Stem used for firewood, decorative 

plant 

x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Cassia timoriensis A. DC Ton ka la pheuk Stem used for firewood, decorative 

plant 

x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Cassia tora L Nha lup meun Medicinal plant x B14 

Zingiberaceae Catimbium bracteatum Roxb. Man kha Edible young shoot x B14 

Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L Dok hon kai Decorative plant x B14 

Ulmeceae Celtis tetrandra Roxb Mai Kieu Stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Apiaceae = 

Umbelliferae 

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Phak nok Medicinal plant and edible leaves x B14 

Poaceae Cephalostachyum pergracile Murro. Mai phang Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 


x B14 

130


Asteraceae Chromatolaena odorata (Linn) King et 

Robins 

Nha pheun Medicinal plant x B14 

Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito L Ton nam nom Edible fruit x B14 

Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus ( Retz.) Trin. Nha khuak Medicinal plant x B14 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum cambodiamum H. Lee Sa chuang Medicinal plant and stem used for firewood 

and fence making 

x B14 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Reinw Sa chuang Medicinal plant and stem used for firewood 


x B14 

Vitaceae Cissus evrardil Gagn. Khua som koi Edible young shoot x B14 

Vitaceae Cissus hastata PL Khua houn Medicinal plant x B14 

Vitaceae Cissus javana DC. Khua poun Medicinal plant x B14 

Rutaceae Citrus grandis (L.) Osb Mak phouk Edible ripe fruit x B14 

Rutaceae Citrus limon (L) Burm. F Mak nao Edible ripe fruit x B14 

Rutaceae Clausena excavata Burm. F Song faa Medicinal plant x B14 

Capparaceae Cleome gynandra L Sa phak sien Medicinal plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum celebrookianum Walp. Phoung phing 

khao 

Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum schmidtii C.B.CL Phoung phing Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum serratum (L) Moon Phoung phing Decorative plant x B14 

Verbeneceae Clerodendrum spp. Kham Pi Dong Medicine x B27 

Palmae Cocos nucifera L. Mak phao Edible fruit x B14 

Araceae Colocasia esculenia (L.) Schott. Bon Young can be eaten cooked x B14 

Araceae Colocasia flavescents Born Food x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Colotropis gigantea (L) Dryand Ton dok hak Decorative plant x B14 

Combretaceae Combretum pilosum Roxb Khua kae Decorative plant x B14 

Connaraceae Connarus cochinchinensis Pierre Houn hai Medicinal plant x B14 

Asteraceae Conyza sumatrensis (Retz) Walker Nha fa lung Medicinal plant x B14 

Boraginaceae Cordia obliqua Manh Kho Food x B27 

Zingiberaceae Costus speclosus (Koening.) Smith Kok uang Medicinal plant x B14 

Asteraceae Crassocephallum crepidioides (Benth) 

Moore 

Nha la mung Edible young leaves x B14 

Capparaceae Crateva nurvala Buch Ham Ton kum Young can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 

firewood, soil erosion resistance 

x B14 

Hypericaceae Cratoxylon formosum (Jack) Dyer Tieu som Edible leaves and stem used for house 

building 

x B14 

131


Hypericaceae Cratoxylon formosum subsp. Pruniflorum Tieu deng Timber, and stem used for housing 

building 

x B14 

Papilionoideae Crotalaria assamica Benth Mak hing man Decorative plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Crotalaria incana L. Mak hing Decorative plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Crotalaria verrucosa L. Mak hing man Decorative plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Croton abiongifoluis Roxb Pao nhai Stem used for firewood x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Croton konggensis Gagn Pao thong Medicinal plant x B14 

Crypteroniaceae Crypteronia paniculata BL Mai sa am Timber x B14 

Araceae Cryptocoryne crispatula Engler Hang Khao nam Decorative plant x B14 

Cryptophrangmium signatum Dong Hong Income & exchange x B27 

Zingiberaceae Cucuma domestica Waan Medicinal plant x B14 

Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Duch ex. Dam Mak euk Edible fruit x B14 

Moraceae Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr. Bur. Ex 

Lavell) 

Nam thaeng Fruit eaten by animal x B14 

Amaryllidaceae Curculigo latifolia Dryand. Ex Ait. Thien phi Decorative plant x B14 

Zingiberaceae Curcuma alisamatifolia or Curcuma Thoreli Phak Warn Food x B27 

Cuscutaceae Cuscuta chinensis Lam Khua kham Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Cyatheaceae Cyathea gigantea (Hook.) Holtt. Kud ton Decorative fern x B14 

Amarabthaceae Cyathula prostrata (L.) BL Sa khouay ngu Medicinal plant x B14 

Cycadaceae Cycas revoluta Thunb Pong. Hua nom 

knaa 


Menispernaceae Cyclea barbata Miers Khua mo noi Medicinal plant x B14 

Menispernaceae Cyclea hypoglauca (Schauer) Diels Khua mo noi Medicinal plant x B14 

Orchidaceae cymbidium dayanum Reichh.F Ka darm phee Decorative plant x B14 

Poaceae Cynodon dactylon ( L.) Pers Nha faed Medicinal plant x B14 

Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L Nha heo mu Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Cyrtosperma merkusil ( Hassk) Schott. Phak nam Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Palmae Dalbergia schmidtiana Palmae Boun x x B27 

Leguminosae Dalbergia spp./Dialium spp. Mai Yoon Building materials x B27 

Solanaceae Datula metal L Khua ba Decorative plant x B14 

Poaceae Dcephalostachyum virgatum Kurz. Mai hia Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 


x B14 

Podocarpaceae Decusocarpus wallichianus (Presi) de 

Laubenf. 

Ter choi Timber, firewood making x B14 

132


Caesalpinioideae Delomix regia (Hook) Raf Ton fang daeng Decorative plant x B14 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium sp Kouay mai Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Poaceae Dendrocalamus longifimbritus Gamble Mai phoung Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 


x B14 

Papilionoideae Derris sp. Khua khau pok x B14 

Papilionoideae Desmodium triquetrum (L) DC Pheng kham hoy Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre Mak kham faed Edible ripe fruit and stem used for 


x B14 

Gleichenuaceae Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Undrew. Kud khua Decorative fern x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia baillonia San faeng Timber and stem used for firewood 

making 

x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia Indica L. San kin Edible fruit x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia kerii Craib San kheng Edible fruit x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia obobata (BL) Hoogland San nhai Timber x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia parviflora Mak San Food x B27 

Poaceae Dinochloa masclellandii Kurz. Mai hae Young shoot can be eaten cooked.Stem used for 

house 

building and fence making. 

x B14 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera L, Man pau Decorative x B14 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea clrrhosa Priain & Burk. Khua man Decorative x B14 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea glabra Roxb Khua man Medicinal plant x B14 

Discoriaceae Dioscorea spp. Manh Paa Food x B27 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea triphylla L. Koi #N/A x B14 

Ebunaceae Diospiros filipendula Kok Kanthong Food x B27 

Ebenaceae Diospiros spp. Gam Lang Moo 

Kaoh 

Medicine x B27 

Ebenaceae Diospyros chretioides Wall. Ex G. Don Huang kouang Stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki L.F Mak ko Edible ripe fruit,and stem used for firewood 

and 

fence making 

x B14 

Ebenaceae Diospyros phillippensis (Desr) Gurke Mon khai Edible ripe fruit,and stem used for firewood 

and 

fence making 

x B14 

133


Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. Mai nang dam Edible ripe fruit,and stem used for firewood 

and 

fence making 

x B14 

Melastomatacea Diplectria barabata (C.B.CL.) Frank & En a Decorative plant x B14 

e 

Roos 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus Nam Mun yang Income & exchange x B27 


e 

Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn Mai nhang dong Good timber x x B14; B27 


e 

Dipterocarpus grandifolrus BLCO Nhang dong kiang Good timber x B14 

Dipterocarpacea Dipterocarpus obtusifolius teysm Mai sad Good timber x B14 

e 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Mai Goung Building materials x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Dischidia balansae Sarra Ring (k) Medicine x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Dischidia nummularia R.Br. Ka doum noi Decorative plant x B14 

Asclepiadaceae Dischidia umbricata (BL) Done Khua ka doum Decorative plant x B14 

Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone spilata Khae puk na Stem used for firewood x B14 

Agavaceae Dracaena angustifolla Khon kaen Young shoot can be eaten cooked, 

Medicinal plant 

x x B14; B27 

Polypodiaccae Drynaria quereifolia (L.) J. Smith Kud hua ka hok Decorative fern x B14 

Sonneratiaceae Duabanga grandiflora (DC) Walp Lin ngo Tinber x B14 

Papilionoideae Dunbaria longeracemosa Craib Kheu thoa he Medicinal plant x B14 

Meliaceae Dysaxylum binectariferium Hook.f Ta suu Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus conferta Mak Lord Food x B27 

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus floribundus BL Khai noun Can be planted along the river bank for 

soil protection 

x B14 

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus siamensis Som moun Stem used for firewood making and 

fence making 

x B14 

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sp. Moun Timber x B14 

Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber L Fai nok khum Medicinal plant x B14 

Poaceae Eleusine indica ( L,) Gaertn Nha fak khouay Edible young shoot x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Endospermum chinense Benth Mai mak ouk Timber x B14 

Juglandaceae Engelhardia spicata Lesch. & BL. Mai phao Stem used for house building x B14 

Mimosoideae Entada glandulosa Pierre.ex Gagn Mak lae noi The seed can be eaten cooked x B14 

Mimosoideae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Mak lae The seed can be eaten cooked x B14 

134


Araceae Epipremnum giganteum Schott, Khua mum Decorative plant x B14 

Equisetaceae Equisetum diffusum D.Don Gna thod pong Decorative fern x B14 

Eriocauraceae Eriocaulon hayatanum Koyama. Nha hua ngok Decorative plant x B14 

Apiceae Eryngium foetidum L. Home pe Edible leaves x B14 

Caesalpinioiseae Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. Mai ka cha E Good timber, and stem can be use for house 

building, charcol 

x B14 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp. Ton vik medicinal plant, and stem used for firewood 


x B14 

Rutaceae Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr. Dee khon Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia antiquorum L. Chan dai Decorative x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Nhang uang Medicinal plant x B14 

Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Nhik bo tong Medicinal plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Eythrina stricta Roxb. Ton thong Decorative plant, and ediblr young 

x B14 

Loganiaceae Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Ton man pa Good timber x B14 

Bignoniaceae Fernandoa adenophyllum (D.Don.) steen Khae khon Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Moraceae Ficus altissima BL. Hai deng Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus benjamina var. nada (Miq.) Barret Hai bai noi Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus callophylla BL. Var. callophylla Hai yon Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus fulva Reinw. & BL. Ton ham hok Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus heterophylla L.F var. heterophylla Nod nam Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus hirta var. roburghii (Miq.) King Hai khon Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus hispida L.f. var. hispida Mak dua pong Edible fruit x B14 

Moraceae Ficus ichnopoda Miq. Ton nom ma Edible fruit x B14 

Moraceae Ficus Pandurata Hance Dua paa Edible eaten by birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus semicordata Buch. - Ham.ex 

J.E.Sm. 

Mak nod ton Ripe fruit can be eaten raw x B14 

Moraceae Ficus septica Burn.f.var.septica Mak dua pong Fruit eaten by birds, fish x B14 

Moraceae Ficus variegata BL. Var.varlegata Mak dua nam Fruit eaten by birds, fish x B14 

Leguminosae Flamingia chappa A yerng Rarm / A Young Rean (k) Medicine x B27 

Guttiferae Garcinia gracilis Pierre. Mak pern Edible fruit x B14 

Guttiferae Garcinia oliveri Pierre. Som mong Edible fruit x B14 

Guttiferae Garcinia sp. Mai nga loi Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Guttiferae Garcinia tinctoria (DC) Wight. Som pong Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

leaves 

135


Gardenia obtusifolia Mak Sida Paa Stem used for firewood, fence making x B27 

Rubiaceae Gardenia Ph Khai nau Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Rubiaceae Gardenia sootepensis Hutch. Sida khok Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Rubiaceae Gardenia spp. Dok Koi Dan Income & exchange x B27 

Poaceae Gigantochloa albocillata Bai Mai Lai Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Zingiberaceae Globba sp, Waan fai Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. Ton khee mod Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Glochidion lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt. Sa khee mod Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Anacardiaceae Gluta megalocarpa (Evt.) Tard Mai nam kieng Stem for firewood and good timber x B14 

Rutaceae Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.) Lindl. Som sun Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea Roxb. Mai so Good timber x B14 

Gnetaceae Gnetum montanum Margf Khua mua The fruit can be eaten cooked x B14 

Icacinaceae Gonocaryum lobbianum (Mierr.)Kurz. Sieng muang Stem used for firewood x B14 

Malvaceae Gossypium herbaceum L. Fai Fiber x B14 

Tiliaceae Grewia paniculata Roxb.ex DC Khom som Stem used for firewood, Ripe fruit can 

be eaten 

x B14 

Simarubaceae Harrisonia perfolata (BL.) Merr. Kon tha Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis auricilaria L. Nha chi lo Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis capitellata Wall ex D.Don. Bia noy Medicinal plant x B14 

Hedyotis corymbosa Phak Khome x B27 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis fusticiformis (Pit.) Phamhang - Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis hispida Retz. - Medicinal plant x B14 

Sterculiaceae Helictere isora L. Po vit Medicinal plant x B14 

Sterculiaceae Helicteres angustifolia L. Po khee kai Medicinal plant x B14 

Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa - sinensis L. Ton soi deng Decorative plant x B14 

Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens (Buch-Ham.) Wall 

ex D.Don. 

Mouk nhai Stem used for firewood x B14 

Maranthaceae Holopergia blumei ( Koern,) K. Schutt. Tong ching Decorative x B14 

Araceae Homalonema tonkinensis Engles, Bon pa kang Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Homonoia riparia Lour. Ton kai The tree can be planted along the river bank for soil x 

erosion protection 

B14 

Dipterocarpacea Hopea ferrea Pierre in Lane. Mai khaen hin E Good timber x B14 

e 


e 

Hopea odorata Roxb. Mai khaen hua V Good timber x B14 

136


Dipterocarpaceae Hopea pierrei Mai La Aen Building materials x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Hoya macrophylla BL. Dok tang Decorative plant x B14 

Asclepiadaceae Hoya obovanta Done in DC. Dok tang Decorative plant x B14 

Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Beauv. Nha kha Medicinal plant. Leaves can be used 

for house rooffing 

x x B14; B27 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk. Mun dang Edible tube and young leaves x B14 

Irvingiaceae Irvingia malayana Oliv. Ex A. Benn Mai bok Timber, charcol and firewood making x x B14; B27 

Runiaceae Ixora stricta Roxb. Ton khem deng Decorative plant x B14 

Oleaceae Jasminum nervosum Lour. Khua sai kai Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcus L. To mak gnau Can be planted for fence making x B14 

Myristicaceae Knema furfulacea Aust. Mai luad nhai Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Myristicaceae Knema pierrei Wab. Sa luad Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Palmae Korthaisia taciniosa Mart. Wai ta leuk Young shoot can be eaten raw or cooked. Stem 


x B14 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz Mai peuy Timber x B14 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack. Mai peuy Timber x B14 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia macrocoxarpa Wall. Ka ka lau Stem used for firewood and fence 

making. Decoration 

x B14 

Araceae Lasia spinosa Mak Tapiak Food x B27 

Araceae Lasia spinosa ( L.) thw, Phak nam Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Fagaceae Lasianthus hispidulus Drake. Khan heo nok kho 

khon 

Decorative x B14 

Leeaceae Lasianthus kerri Craib Kankeo nok kho Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Lasianthus poilanei Pit Kankeo nok kho Medicinal plant x B14 

Leeaceae Leea aequata L. Tang kai khon Medicinal plant x B14 

Acanthaceae Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Tang kai Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Lepisanthes rubiginosa Mak Luat / Mak 

Houat 

Food x B27 

Rubiaceae Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl.) Mak huad Decorative plant x B14 

Fagaceae Lithocarpus bacgiangensis (Hick.&Cam) 

A. Cam. 

Ko ta mu Timber x B14 

Fagaceae Lithocarpus lindieyanus (A.D C) A. Cam Ko ta mu Timber x B14 

Lauraceae Lithocarpus megastachya Hick.&Cam Ko ta mu Timber x B14 

Onagraceae Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Si khai ton Medicinal plant x B14 

137


Palmae Livistona saribus ( Lour.) Merr. & Chev. Ton kho Edible young shoot and fruit. 


x B14 

Cucurbitaceae Ludwidgia ocotovalvis (Jack.) Raven Nha luk na Decorative x B14 

Solanaceae Luffa cylindraica (L.) M.A. Roem. Mak bop Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. Mak den Edible fruit x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Lycopersicon esculentum var cerariforme 

Alef 

Mak den noi Edible fruit x B14 

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium cernua (L.) Flanco. & vasc. Kud kheekhep Decorative fern x B14 

Schizacaceae Lygodium flexuoxum (L.) SW. Phak kud khua Decorative fern x B14 

Schizacaceae Lygodium polystachyum Wall. & Moore Kud ngong Decorative fern x B14 

Schizacaceae Lygodium salie ifoilium Presi. Phak kud khua Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked 

x B14 

Lygodium spp. Phak Good Ngong x B27 

Myrsinaceae Macaranga denticulata (BL.) Muell-Arg. Tong khop Stem used for firewood x B14 

Myrsinaceae Maesa indica Wall.in Roxb. Ton ton Khup Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Maesa membranacea A.DC Ton khup Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus barbatus Muell - Arg. Tong ta ven Stem used for firewood x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) Muell-Arg. Tong tau Stem used for firewood x B14 

Anacardiaceae Mallotus thorellii Gagn. Mai sae Stem used for firewood x B14 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Linn Mak muang Timber, Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mangifera silvatica Lec. Mak muang paa D Timber, Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera spp. Mak Muang Paa Food x B27 

Bignoniaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz. Man ton Edible tube, Young shoot and flower 

can be eaten cooked 

x B14 

Melastomatacea 

e 

Markhamla stipulata Ton khae Edible flower x B14 

Marsileacceae Marsilea crenata Presi Phak vaen Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked 

x B14 

Meliaceae Melastoma normale D. Don. En a Fruit used for dye making x B14 


e 

Melastoma sp. Peuada (k) Medicine x B27 


e 

Melia azedarach L. Ka dau sang Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Melastomatacea Memecylon edule Roxb. Muad ae Stem used for firewood making, 

x B14 

e 


138



e 

Memecylon fructicosum King. Sa muad ae Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Lamiaceae Mentha aquatica L. Phak kan kam Edible leaves, medicinal plant x B14 

Convolvulaceae Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f) Hall.f Khua khee 

kaduan 


Rutaceae Micromelum integerrimum (Buch Ham) 

Roem 

Ka be khon Medicinal plant x B14 

Poaceae Microstegium ciliatum ( Trin) A.Camus Nha sai - x B14 

Papilionoideae Milletia sp. Mai hae Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Mimosoideae Mimosa diploricha C. Wright ex Sauvalli Nam keo - x B14 

Mimosoideae Mimosa pigra L Ka thin nam Medicinal plant x B14 

Mimosoideae Mimosa pudica L Nha gnup Edible fruit after cooking x B14 

Rubiaceae Mitragyana diversifolia (G.Don) Havil Mai luang Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Mitragyana rotundifolia (Roxb) O.Ktze Mai thom Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Morinda tomentosa Heyn Nho khok Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Papilionoideae Mucuna prupriens (L) DC Khua tum nhae Poisonous plant x B14 

Musaceae Musa acuminata Colla. Kouay pa Edible young shoot x B14 

Musaceae Musa nana Lour. Kouay suk kheo Edible fruit x B14 

Musaceae Musa rosacea Jacq. Kouay nam Edible fruit x B14 

Rubiaceae Mussaenda cambodiana Pierre Dok mieng ka bua Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum L. Lum nhai pa Timber, ripe fruit can be eaten x B14 

Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum L Nha doud Poisonous plant x B14 

Lauraceae Nothaphopebe umbellifera Yang Bong Income & exchange x B27 

Ochnaceae Ochna intergerrima Mai sang nao - x x B14; B27 

Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L Phak I tou Medicinal plant x B14 

Olacaceae Olax scandens Roxb Khouay siek Medicinal plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Ormosia pinnata (Lour) Merr Mai khee mu Stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Bignoniceae Oroxylon indicum (L) Vent Mai Lin Mai Young fruit can be eaten cooked x x B14; B27 

Poaceae Oryza sativa L, Khau Edible seed x B14 


e 

Osbeckia chinensis L.M Khang hee hak - x B14 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L Som seng ka Edible leaves x B14 


e 

Oxyspora paniculata (D.Don) DC En a dong Decorative plant x B14 

139


Poaceae Oxyternanthera albociliata Munro Mai lai Young shoot can be eaten cooked.Stem used for 

house 


x B14 

Poaceae Oxyternanthera parvifolia Br. Mai sod Young shoot can be eaten cooked.Stem used for 

house 


x B14 

Papilionoideae Pachyrrhizus erosus (L) Urban Man phau Edible tube x B14 

Rubiaceae Paederia consimilis pierre ex. Pit Khua tod ma noi Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Paederia scadens (Lour) Merr Khua tod ma nhai Medicinal plant x B14 

Sapotaceae Palaquium sp. Yang bong deng The bark for glue making x B14 

Pandanaceae Pandanus furcatus Roxb, Chieng na Decorative plant x B14 

Pandanaceae Pandanus spp. Daij/Taij Tools & Handicrafts x B27 

Pandanaceae Pandanus spp. Toei / Teuay Tools & Handicrafts x B27 

Poaceae Panicum sp. Nha nhoung - x B14 

Magnoliaceae Paramichelia bailonia (Pierre) Hu Cham pa pa Good timber x B14 

Dipterocarpacea Parashorea stellata Kurz Mai hau Good timber x B14 

e 

Mimosoideae Parkia sumatrana Miq khon kong Timber x B14 

Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L Nod sa Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Pavetta indica L Tom khem kao Decorative plant x B14 

Tiliaceae Peltace burmanica Kurz Si siet Medicinal plant x x B14; B27 

Caesalpnioideae Peltophorum dasyrrachis (Miq) Kurz Mai sa phang Timber, stem used for firewood making x B14 

Poaceae Pennisetum setaceum Forssk. Nha hang ma Decorative plant x B14 

Menispermaceae Pericampilus glaucus (Lamk) Merr Khua tup tua Medicinal plant x B14 

Lauraceae Phoebe lanceolata Nees Phai ven Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Lauraceae Phoebe tavoyana Hook f. Sa phai ven Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Maranthaceae Phrynium plancetarum ( Lour) Merr. - Decorative plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus emblica L Ton kham pom Medicinal plant, edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Papilionoideae Phyllodium punchellum (L) Benth Ked lin Decorative plant x B14 

Solanaceae Physalis angulata L Mak tum tup Decorative plant x B14 

Piperaceae Piper betle L Phou Medicinal plant x B14 

Piperaceae Piper lolot C. DC I leud Edible leaves x B14 

Piperaceae Piper mutabile C. DC Sa phou Decorative plant x B14 

Polypodiaccae Platycerium grande A. Cunn. Ex J.Sm Nhee va Decorative fern x B14 

Plumbaginaceae Plumbago indica Pid pi deng Good medicinal plant x B14 

140


Commelinaceae Pollia thyrsiflora (BL) End & Hassk Nha kap Decorative plant x B14 

Annonaceae Polyalthia sp. Mak kouay hen Stem used for firewood x B14 

Polygonaceae Polygonum chinensis L Som phian Edible young stem x B14 

Polygonaceae Polygonum tomentosum Wild Pak phai khon Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Pomatia pinnata J.R & G.Forst Ko ka Timber x B14 

Araceae Pothos scadens L, Wai sa noi Decorative plant x B14 

Acanthaceae Pseuderanthemum palatiferum Radlk Sa hom Decorative plant x B14 

Mayrtaceae Psidium guajava Linn Mak si da Edible fruit, Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpnioideae Ptelobiem intergrum Craib Sa nam ka chai Decorative plant x B14 

Dennstaedtiacea Pteridium aquilium (CL.) Kuhn Phak kud Decorative fern x B14 

e 

Papilionoideae Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Mai dou Good timber x x B14; B27 

Sterculiaceae Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance Mai ham ao Timber x B14 

Fagaceae Quercus kerrii Craib Ko kaek Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Rubiaceae Randia spinosa BL. Ngieng douk Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Rubiaceae Randia tomentosa BL.in DC Nam theng Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Rubiaceae Randia uligiosa (Retz) DC Loum phouk Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Apocynaceae Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex Pit. Kh yom phou Decorative plant x B14 

Araceae Rhaphidophora decursiva ( Roxb) Schott Khua mum soi Decorative plant x B14 

Palmae Rhapis laosensis Sarn Food x B27 

Palmae Rhapis Macrantha Gagn. San Edible young shoot. Decorative plant x B14 

Anacadiaceae Rhus chinensis Muell. Mak phod Edible fruit x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. Hung sa Poisonous plant x B14 

Phytolacaceae Rivina humilis L. Toum tuak Edible young shoot x B14 

Boraginaceae Rotula aquatica Lour. Khai hang nak Decorative plant x B14 

Rosaceae Rubus multibracteus Levl. & Van. Mak thum Edible fruit x B14 

Poaceae Saccharum officnarum Linn. Oi Sugar x B14 

Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Lau Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Salaca declinata (Jack.) Miquel. Kham pha am Stem used for firewood. Decorative 

x B14 

Mimosoideae Samanea saman (Jack.) Merr. Mai sam sa Timber. Decorative plant x B14 

Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Ton tong Timber. Edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Euphorbiaceae Sapium discolor Muell-Arg. Mai pang Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq. Kok kan luang Timber. Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Sauropus pierrei (Beille.) Croizat. Phak ban dong Edible leaves x B14 

plant 

141


Sterculiaceae Scaphium macropodium (Miq.) Blum. Ka mak haeng Stem used for firewood x B14 

Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC) Korth. Mai khai so Good timber x B14 

Cyperaceae Scleria purpurascens Steud. Khom pao nhai Decorative plant x B14 

Cyperaceae Scleria terrestris ( L.) Fossett. Nha khom pao Decorative plant x B14 

Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Khon Khee thang Medicinal plant x B14 

Selaginellaceae Selaginella strigosa Bett. Tin kup kae Decorative fern x B14 

Leguminosae Senna (Cassia) siamea Phak Khisome Food x B27 

Leguminosae Senna alata Bai Khilek Yai (Bai 

Khinon) 

Food x B27 

Papilionoideae Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Dok khae khao Flower eaten cooked x B14 

Sapindaceae Shleichera trijunga Mak Kor Som Food x B27 


e 

Shorea obtusa Wall. Mai chik Timber x x B14; B27 

Shorea obtuse and shorea siamensis Khisi x B27 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Mai Si Building materials x B27 

Dipterocarpacea Shorea siamensis Miq. Mai hang Timber x B14 

e 

Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Nha khad Medicinal plant x B14 

Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. Nha khad Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Sindora siamensis Teysm. ex Miq. Mai tae nam Good timber x B14 

Smilacaceae Smilax bracteata Presl. Nha hua Decorative plant x B14 

Smilacaceae Smilax china L. Khua kuang Edible young leaves x B14 

Smilacaceae Smilax glabra Roxb. Nha hua Medicinal plant x B14 

Smilax spp. Kheua Khuang x B27 

Smilacaceae Smilax spp. Hua Ya Luang Medicine x B27 

Solanaceae Solanum capsicoides Allioni Mak khua kun Edible fruit. Medicinal plant x B14 

Solanaceae Solanum ferox L. Mak euk Edible fruit x B14 

Solanaceae Solanum melongena L. Khua ham ma Edible fruit x B14 

Solanaceae Solanum torvum Swartz. Khaeng faa Edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Solanaceae Solanum trilobatum L. Khaeng khom Edible fruit x B14 

Verbenaceae Sphenedesma amethystina P.Dop. Khua ka deng Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Sphenodesma thorelii P.Dop. Khua ka deng Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC Phak kad Young can be eaten cooked.Medicinal 

plant 

x B14 

Anacadiaceae Spondias lakhonensis Pierre. Som ho Timber.Edible young shoot and fruit x B14 

142


Anacadiaceae Spondias oxillaris Roxb. Mak mu Timber.Edible young shoot and fruit x B14 

Anacadiaceae Spondias pinnata (Koenig & L.F.) Kurz. Mak kok Edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Moraceae Streblus asper Lour. Nam khee haed Stem used for firewood making. 


x B14 

Moraceae Streblus ilicifolia (Kurz.) Corn. Nam khee haed Stem used for firewood making. 


x B14 

Moraceae Streblus taxoides (Heyne.) Kurz. Nam khee haed Stem used for firewood making. 


x x B14; B27 

Acanthaceae Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees Hom ban Leaves used for dye making x B14 

Loganiaceae Strychnos nuc-vomica L. Toum ka Medicinal plant. Stem used for 

firewood making 

x B14 

Loganiaceae Strychnos sp. Toum ka khua Medicinal plant. x B14 

Styracaceae Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre.) Craib.ex 

Hardw. 

Sa nhan Medicinal plant. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium chlorantum Duthi. Va daeng Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Druce. Mai va Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium semaragense (BL.) Merr. Mak chiang Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium tinctorium (Gagn.) Merr. ex 

Pierre 

Va dong Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Ton sa mek Edible young leaves x B14 

Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana corumbosa Roxb. ex 

WALL. 

Phout paa Decorative plant x B14 

Taccaceae Tacca chantrieri Andre. Poum mien Decorative plant x B14 

Caesalpinioideae Tamarindus indica L. Mak kham Timber. Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Asteraceae Taraxocum officinalis (L.) Web Sa nad Medicinal plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L.F. Mai sak Good timber x B14 

Combretaceae Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth.) Roxb. Mai hen Timber x B14 

Combretaceae Terminalia spp. Ban Loat Food x B27 

Dilleniaceae Tetracera indica (Chr.& Pans.) Merr. San khua Decorative plant x B14 

Datiscaceae Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Mai phoung Timber x x B14; B27 

Vitaceae Tetrastigma crassipes Plach. Khua houn pae Stem can be used for string making x B14 

Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris nudata (Roxb.) Morton - Decorative fern x B14 

Malvaceae Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & Gibbs. Po lom pom Stem used for firewood x B14 

Apocynaceae Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr. Ka dan nga Decorative plant x B14 

Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora (Rottl.) Roxb. Khua nam nae Decorative plant x B14 

143


Poaceae Thysanolaena maxima Ktze. Khaem Inflorescences can be used for broom 

making 

x x B14; B27 

Menidpermaceae Tiliacora triandra Kheua Ya Nang Building materials x B27 

Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lamk. Khua ngu hua Medicinal plant x B14 

Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) BL. Po hu Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Araliaceae Trevesia sphearocarpa Glushv.& Skvorts Tang nhai Decorative x B14 

Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Mak khee ka Poisonous plant x B14 

Araceae Typhonmium flagelliforme ( Lodd.) BL. Born Decorative plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Uncaria macrophylla Wall.in Roxb. Nam ko bai nhai Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Uncaria scadens (Smith.) Hutch. Khua nam ko Medicinal plant x B14 

Unknown sc.name Mai so ngong Timber x B14 

Papilionoideae Uraria crinata Desv. Hang sua Decorative plant x B14 

Malvaceae Urena lobata L. Khee on Medicinal plant x B14 

Annonaceae Uvaria macrophylla Khua phi phon - x B14 

Rhamnaceae Ventilogo paucifolia pit. Khua ngou hau Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less Nha thon phid Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Vernonia volkameriaefolia Wall ex DC. Nha thod phit Medicinal plant x B14 

Loranthaceae Viscum heyneanum DC. Ka fak tieu Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Vitex peduncularis Wall. Tin nok Timber x B14 

Verbenaceae Vitex pinnata L. Tin nok Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. Mai kao Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Apocynaceae Wrightia pubescens R.Br. Mai mouk Timber x B14 

Sapindaceae Xerospermum moronhianum or Nephelium 

hypoleucum 

Mak Khor Laen / Mark Ngaew Food x B27 

Sapindaceae Xerospermum moronhiartum (BL.) BL. Mak ngeo Timber. Edible fruit x B14 

Mimosoideae Xylia xytocarpa (Roxb.) Taubert. Mai deng Good timber x x B14; B27 

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum rhetsa Mai Khaen Building materials x x B27 

Poaceae Zea mays Linn. Sa li Edible fruit x B14 

Zingiberaceae Zingiber officnallis Roscoe. Khing Medicinal plant. Edible tube x B14 

Zygygium cuminii Mai Va x B27 

Rhamnaceae Zyziphus mauritiana Lamk. Mak ka thun Edible fruit x B14 

144

Annex 4.2: Birds 

Birds recorded during previous studies in the project area 


Common Name Scientific Name IUCN 

Location Savannak Salav Source 

Redlist 

het an 

PX DP N XS Non-PA 

H V on 

- 

P 

A 

Scaly-breasted Aborophilia chloropus/A. Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, X X X B14, B20, B45 

Partridge 

charltonii 

Xe Sap (southern border) 

Rufous-faced Warbler Abroscopus albogularis Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Yellow-bellied Warbler Abroscopus superciliaris Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

X X B20, B46, B47 

Shikra Accipiter badius Nam Kok river, Phou Thenghham; Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern border) ,The 

Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

X X X X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Japanese 

Sparrowhawk 

Accipiter gularis Outside Sepon Project Area - - B14 

Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; The Dakchung X X X B20, B45, B46; 

Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Nam Kok 

West 

B10;B14 

Besra Accipiter virgatus Nalou, The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B14, B45, B46 

Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok West, X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas); Xe Sap 

B45, B46, B47 

White-vented Myna Acridotheres javanicus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Area, The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap 

B45, B47 

Black-crowned Actinodura 

V Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Barwing' 

sodangorum 

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

X X B10, B45 

Steaked Spiderhunter Aeacnothera magna Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Black-throated tit Aegithalos concinnus Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap X X B33, B45, B47 

Green Iora Aegithina lafresnayei Outside Sepon Project Area - - B14 

Common lora Aegithina tiphia Nam Kok East, Khanong, Xe Sap (southern border), 

Phou Xang He 

X X X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Great iora Aegithina viridissma Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; X (B10, B20), 

145


Fork-tailed sunbird Aethopyga christinae Dakchung Plateau X B33, B45 

Gould's Sunbird Aethopyga gouldiae Xe Sap X B47 

Mrs Gould's Sunbird Aethopyga gouldiae Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The 

Dakchung Plateau 

X X B45, B46 

Green -tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis Xe Sap; The Dakchung Plateau X B45; B46;B47 

Black-throated 

Sunbird 

Aethopyga saturata Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B45, B46 

Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon X - X (B10, B20), B14, 

Project Area, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

B46 

Blue-eared Kingfisher Alccedo meninting Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Blyth's kingfisher Alcedo hercules Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B33, B46 

Brown-capped 

Fulvetta 

Alcippe brunnea Xe Sap X B47 

Rufous-winged Alcippe castaneceps Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The X X B45; B46, B47 

Fulvetta 

Dakchung Plateau; Xe Sap 

Black-browed Fulvetta Alcippe grotei Discovery, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas) 

X X B14, B45, B46 

Mountain Fulvetta Alcippe peracensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Dakchung X X X B20, B33, B45, B46, 

Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Xe Sap (southern border), 

Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

B47 

Spectacled Fulvetta Alcippe reficapilla Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap X B33, B47 

Rufous-throated 

fulvetta 

Alcipppe rufogularis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Common Kingfisher Alcido atthis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok river, X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Phou Thenghham, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe 

Sap (mountain areas) 

B45, B46 

Puff-throated Bulbul Alophoixus pallidus Nalou, Nam Kok East, Discovery, Discovery West, Khangong, 

Nam Kok River; Xe Sap (southern border) 

X X B14, B45 

White-Breasted Amauromis phoenicurus Outside Sepon Project Area, Phou Xang He and X - X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Waterhen 

surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

Golden-crested myna Ampeliceps coronatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Rusty-cheeked 

Hornbill 

Anorrhinus tickelli Phou Thengkham X B14 

Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, 

Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau 

X X X X B14, B20, B45 

Brown-throated 

sunbird 

Anthreptes malacensis Khanong X B14 

Ruby-cheeked Anthreptes singalensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X B10, B20, B45, B46 

Sunbird 

border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni Nam Kok West, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X X B14, B46 

Richard's pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Nam Kok West, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B14, B20, 

146


Paddvifield Pipit Anthus rufulus Outside Sepon Project Area, The Dakchung Plateau, 


- - X X B14, B45, B46, B47 

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas 

X X B46; B10 

Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe Sap (southern 


X X B20, B45, B46 

Streaked Spiderhunter Arachnothera magna Khanoung, Phou Thengkham; Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas, Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap 

X X X X B14, B20, B33 

Bar-backed Partridge Arborophila brunneopectus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Dakchung X X X B20, B33, B45, B46, 

Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Xe Sap (southern border), 

Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

B47 

Rufous-throated Arborophila rufogularis Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, X X X B14, B33, B45, B46 

Partridge 

Xe Sap, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap 

(mountain areas) 

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Chinese pond heron Ardeola bacchus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok river, Xe X X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau, Western 

Xe Sap (mountain areas);Xe Sap 

B45, B46, B47 

Ashy Woods swallow Artamus fuscus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap 

(mountain areas); Xe Sap 

X X B20, B33, B46, B47 

Spotted Owlet Athene brama Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 


X X B20, B45, B46 

Hodgson's frogmouth Batrachostomus hodgsoni Dakchung Plateau X B33, B45 

Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok East, X X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Phou Thengkham; Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon; Xe 

Sap 

B33, B45, B47 

Lesser Shortwing Brachyteryx leucophrys Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Spot-bellied Eagle 

Owl 

Bubo nipalensis Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap X X B45, B46 

Great Hornbill Bucerros bicornis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon 

Project Area, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap 


X X X B10, B14, B45, B46 

Grey-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B46 

Rufous-winged 

Buzzard 

Butastur liventer Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Little Green/Striated Butorides striatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X X X B14; B20, B45 

Heron 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; Nam Kok river 

Plaintive cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Western Xe Sap 


X X B20, B46 

Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis soneratii Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap X X B20; B47 

147


Indian nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Outside Sepon Project Area - - B14 

Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Large-tailed nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, 

Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas) 

X X X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Corel-billed goundcuckoo 

Carpococcyx renauldi Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas;The Dakchung 

Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

X X X B20, B45, B46 

Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe Sap X X B20, B47 

Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Nam Kok X X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

West, Xe Sap (southern border), The Dakchung Plateau, 

Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap 

B45, B46, B47 

Bush-Warbler Cettia sp Nalou X B14 

Stub-tailed Bush 

Warbler 

Cettia squameiceps Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Oriental Dwarf 

Kingfisher 

Ceyx erthacus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham; X X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau, 


B45, B46 

Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham; X X X (B10, B20), B14, 


B45 

Orange-bellied 

leafbird 

Chloropsis hardwickii Phou Thengkham X B14 

Violet Cuckoo Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

White-tailed Robin Cinclidium leucurum Nam Kok East, Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap;Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas), Xe Sap 

X X B14, B33, B46, B47 

Common Green Cissa chinensis Nam Kok West, Discovery, Xe Sap (southern 

X X X X B14, B45; B47; B10 

Magpie 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas; 

Bright-headed 

Cisticola 

Cisticola exilis Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Chestnut-winged Clamator coromandus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X B10, B20; B46 

Cuckoo 


Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis Xe Sap; Phou Ahyon X B47; B33 

Swiftlet Collocalia sp Discovery X B14 

White-rumped shama Copsychus malabaricus Nalou, Nam Kok West, Nam Kok East, Discovery West, 

Khangong; Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, 


X X X B14, B20, B46 

148


Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Nalou, Nam Kok River; Phou Xang He and surrounding 

areas; Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau 

X X X X B14, B20, B45 

Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border),The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap 

(mountain areas), Xe Sap 

X X X B20, B45, B46, B47 

Black-winged Coracina melaschista Phou Thengkham; Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; X X X B14, B20 , B45 

Cuckooshrike 


Indian Roller Corcacias benghalensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok West; 

Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; 


X X X X B10, B14, B45, B46 

Large-billed Crow Corvus macrohynchos Outside Sepon Project Area, Xe Sap (southern 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap 


- - X X B14, B45, B46, B47 

Dusky Broadbill Corydon sumatranus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Puff-throated bulbul Criniger pallidus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Racket-tailed treepie Crypsirina temia Outside Sepon Project Area, Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas, Xe Sap (southern border), Western 

Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

X - X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap 


X X B20, B46, B7 

Grey-headed Canary Culicicapa ceylonensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Nam Kok X X X X (B10, B20); B14; 

Flycatcher 

West, Nam Kok East, Discovery, Khangong, Phou 

Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border), The Dakchung 

Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap 

B45; B46; B47 

Curtia Cutia nipalensis Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap X B33, B47 

Blue-and white 

Flycatcher 

Cyanoptila cyanomelana Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Blue-throated Cyomis rubeculoides Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X B10, B20, B46 

Flycatcher 


Pale Blue Flycatcher Cyomis unicolor Nam Kok West, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X X B14, B46 

Hill Blue Flycatcher Cyornis banyumas Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

white-tailed Flycatcher Cyornis concretus Khanong X B14 

Hainan Blue 

Flycatcher 

Cyornis hainana Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Hill\Tickell's Blue 

Flycatcher 

Cyornis tickelliae Khanong, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X X B14, B20 

Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



X X X B10, B45, B46 

Grey treepie Dendrocitta formosae Nam Kok West X B14 

Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

149


Stripe-breasted Dendrocopos atratus Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon; Xe Sap (southern border), Western X X B33, B45, B46, B47 

woodpecker 

Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

Grey-capped 

Woodpecker 

Dendrocopos canicapillus Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau X X B45 

Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Thick-billed 

Flowerpecker 

Dicaeum agile Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Plain Flowerpecker Dicaeum concolor Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

X X B20; B45 

Scarlet backed 

flowerpecker 

Dicaeum cruentatum Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Buff-bellied 

Flowerpecker 

Dicaeum ignipectus Xe Sap X B47 

Fire-breasted Dicaeum ignipectus Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The X X B45, B46 

Flowerpecker 


Bronzed drongo Dicrurus aeneus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus aeneus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Discovery, Xe Sap X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

(southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas);Xe 

Sap 

B45, B46, B47 

Crow-billed Drongo Dicrurus annectans Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Discovery, 

Phou Thengkham 

X X (B10, B20), B14 

Hair-Crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon X - X B10, B20; B14; B45; 

Project Area; Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap 


B46 

Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Xe Sap X X X X B10, B14, B20, B45, 

(southern border); The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe 

Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap 

B46, B47 

Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Greater Racket-tailed Dicrurus paradiseus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok West, X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Drongo 

Nam Kok river, Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

B45 

Lesser Recket-tailed Dicrurus remifer Nalou, Nam Kok West, Khanong; Phou Xang He and X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

Drongo 

surrounding areas; The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe 

Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

B47 

Common Flameback Dinopium javanense Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap 


X X B10, B20, B46 

Green Imperial-Pigeon Ducula aenea Nam Kok West X B14 

Mountain Imperial Ducula badia Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; The Dakchung X X X B10, B20, B45, B46, 

Pigeon 

Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

B47 

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Western Xe Sap X X X (B10, B46), B45, 

(mountain areas); The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap 

B47 

White-crowed Forktail Enicurus leschenaulti Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X B20, B46 

150


Slaty-backed Forktail Enicurus schistaceus 


Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon 

Project Area, Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; 


X X X X B10, B14, B33, B46 

Asian koel Eudanamys scolopacea Nam Kok East, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Phou 

Xang He and surrounding areas 

X X X B14, B46; B10; B20 

Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina Nam Kok West, Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border), 


X B14 

Great Eared Nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 


X X B20, B45, B46 

Great-eared nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Banded Broadbill Euryslaimus javanicus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Dollarbrid Eurystomus orientalis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Snowy-browed 

flycatcher 

Ficedula hyperythra Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap X X B45, B46, B47 

White-gorgeted Ficedula monileger Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Xe Sap (southern X X B33, B46 

flycatcher 

border),The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula Mugimaki Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Red-throated Ficedula parva Nam Kok river, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe X X X X B14, B20, B46 

Flycatcher 

Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; Western 


Rufous-gorgeted 

flycatcher 

Ficedula strophiata Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap X B33, B47 

Little Pied flycatcher Ficedula westermami Outside Sepon Project Area, Xe Sap - - X B14, B47 

Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanus Xe Sap X B47 

Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; X (B10, B20), 

Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Red Jungle fowl Gallus gallus Discovery West, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; 


areas) 

X X X B14, B20, B46 

White-hooded Babbler Gampsohynchus rufulus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Greater necklaced 

laughingthrush 

Garrrulax pectoralis Phou Thengkham X B14 


Laughingthrush 

Garrulax chinensis Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

White-crested Garrulax leucolophus Nalou, Nam Kok East, Discovery, Khangong; Phou Xang X X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

Laughing thrush 

He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



B47 

151


Grey Laughingthrush Garrulax maesi Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Black-hooded 

Laughingthrush 

Garrulax milleti Xe Sap X B47 

Red-tailed 

Garrulax milnei Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Western Xe Sap (mountain X X B33, B46, B47 



Lesser-necklaced Garrulax monilager Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X B10; B20; B45 


border) 

Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X (B10, B20), B46, 


B47 

Pale-headed 

Woodpecker 

Gecinulus grantia Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X (B10, B20), B45, 

border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas);Xe Sap 

B46, B47 

Asian barred owlet Glaucidium cuculoides Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe Sap 


X X X B20; B45, B46 

Golden-fronted 

Leafbird 

Golden-fronted leafbird Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Nam Kok West;Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe 

Sap (southern border); Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas) 

X X X B14, B20, B46 

Stork-billed Kingfisher Halcyon capensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

X X B20, B45 

Ruddy Kingfisher Halcyon coromanda Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Black-capped Halcyon pileata Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok river, Xe X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Kingfisher 

Sap (southern border) 

B45 

White-throated Halcyon smyrnensis Nam Kok East, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe X X X X B14, B20, B45 

Kingfisher 

Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; 

Red-Headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus Nam Kok East, Discovery West, Phou Thengkham; Phou X X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



B47 

Orange-breasted 

Trogon 

Harpactes oreskios Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Grey-and-buff 

Woodpecker 

Hemicircus concretus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Heart-spotted 

Woodpecker 

Hemicurus canente Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne coronata Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border) - X X B14, B45 

Bar-winged Hemipus picatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X X B20; B14, B45, B46, 

Flycatcher-shrike 

(mountain areas); Nalou, Nam Kok East, Phou 

Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung 

B47 

152

Plateau; Xe Sap 


Ashy Bulbul Hemixos flavala Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The 


X X B45, B46 

Rufous-backed sibia Heterophasia annectens Xe Sap X B47 

Black-headed sibia Heterophasia melanoleuca Khanong, Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap, X X B14, B33, B47 

Long-tailed Sibia Heterophasia picaoides Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46, B47 

Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraatus kienerii Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Hodgson's Hawk 

Cuckoo 

Hierococcyx fugax Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Large Hawk-Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B46 

White-throated 

Needletail 

Hirundapus caudacutus Outside Sepon Project Area - - B14 

Brown Backed Hirundopus giganteus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X B10; B45; B46 

Needletail 


Dusky Cray Martin Hirundo concolor Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok West, X X X B10, B14, B46 

(8) 


Bam Swallow Hirundo rustica Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham 

X X X B10, B14, B46 

Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Striated Swallow Hirundo striolata Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

White-vented 

Needletail 

Hirundopus cochinchinensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Purple-naped Sunbird Hypogramma hypogrammicum Outside Sepon Project Area, Phou Xang He and 


X - B14, B20 

Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Western Xe Sap X X X (B10, B20, B46), 

(mountain areas); Nalou, Nam Kok West, Nam Kok East, 

Discovery, Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border) 

B14, B45 

Black bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus Phou Thengkham; Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap, Western Xe Sap X X B14, B33, B45, B46, 

(mountain areas); Xe Sap (southern border) 

B47 

Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis Xe Sap X B47 

Mountain bulbul Hypsipetes mcclellandii Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; The Dakchung Plateau, 


X X B33, B45, B46, B47 

Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Outside Sepon Project Area, Xe Sap (southern border); 

The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas); Xe Sap 

- - X X B14, B45, B46, B47 

Grey-eyed bulbul Iole propinqua Khanong, Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; X X X B14, B33, B45 

Asian Fairy Bluebird Irena puella Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham; 


areas) 

X X X B20; B14; B45, B46 

153


Cinnamon bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Banded kingfisher Lacedo pulchella Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Discovery West, 

Nam Kok River, Phou Thengkham 

X X B20; B14 

Burmese shrike Lanius collurioides Outside Sepon Project Area, Xe Sap - - X B14, B47 

Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Phou Xang He, Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung 

Plateau 

X X X B45 

Grey-backed Shrike Lanius tephronotus Xe Sap, The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B47 

Sicer-eared Mesia Leiothrix argentarius Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Siver-eared Mesia Leiothrix lutea Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau X X B45 

Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

X X B10, B20, B45; B46 

Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata Xe Sap, The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B47 

White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata Nam Kok East, Discovery; Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, 

Xe Sap (southern border), Xe Sap 

X X B14, B20, B46, B47 

Siamese Fireback Lophura diardii Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, 


X X X B14, B20, B33 

Silver pheasant Lophura nycthemera Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon 

Project Area, Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; 


X - X X B10, B14, B33, B46 

Vernal Hanging Parrot Loriculus vernalis Discovery West, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, 


X X X B14, B20 

Siberian Blue Robin Luscinia cyane Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 


X X B20, B45, B46 

Rufous-tailed Robin Luscinia sibilans Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Grey-faced Tit- 

Babbler (12) 

Macronous kelleyi Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Striped Tit Babbler Macronous kelleyi Nalou, Nam Kok West, Nam Kok East, Khangong, Phou 

Thengkham; Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe Sap 

(southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

X X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Barred Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia unchall Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap 


X X B10, B46, B47 

Black-browed Barbet Magalaima oorti Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X X B45; B46 

Scaly-crowned 

Babbler 

Malacopteron magnum Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Yellow-throated 

Marten 

Martes Flavigula Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris Nam Kok river, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap 


X X B14, B45, B46 

Blue-eared Barbet Megalaima australis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon X X X (B10, B20), B14, 



B45, B46 

154


Green-eared Barbet Megalaima faiostricta Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

X X (B10, B20), B45 

Golden-throated Megalaima franklinii Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap, Western Xe Sap (mountain X X B33, B45, B46, B47 

barbet 

areas) 

Coppersimith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok West, X X X (B10, B20), B14, 


B46 

Moustached Barbet Megalaima incognita Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, X X X B14, B20, B33, B45, 

Xe Sap, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap 


B46 

Red-vented barbet Megalaima lagrandieri Outside Sepon Project Area, Phou Xang He and X - X B14, B20, B33, B46, 

surrounding areas, Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap; Western Xe 

Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

B47 

Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata Nalou, Nam Kok East; Phou Xang He and surrounding X X X X B14, B20, B33, B45, 

areas; Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap; Western Xe Sap 


B46 

Great barbet Megalaima virens Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon 

Project Area 

X - B10, B14 

Black-and-buff 

Woodpecker 

Meiglyptes jugularis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham X X (B10, B20), B14 

Sultan tit Melanochlora sultanae Outside Sepon Project Area, Phou Xang He and 


X - B14, B20 

Chestnut-headed bee- Merops leschenaulti Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X B10, B45 

eater 

border) 

Green Bee-eater Merops Orientalis Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau X X B45 

Intermediate Egret Mesophyx intermedia Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Blue-winged Minia Minla cyanouroptera Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap (southern border); The Dakchung Plateau, 

Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap 

X X B33, B45, B46, B47 

Red-tailed Minla Minla ignotincta Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The 


X X B45, B46, B47 

Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius Nam Kok East, Phou Xang He, Xe Sap (southern border) X X B14, B20, B45 

White Wagtail Motacilla alba Nam Kok West, Xe Sap (southern border) X B14, B45 

Yellow \ Citrine 

Wagtail 

Motacilla flava Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



X X X B10, B20; B45; B46 

Asian Brown Muscicapa daurica Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X B20; B46 

Flycatcher 


Ferruginous flycatcher Muscicapa ferruginea Nam Kok West X B14 

Pygmy Blue flycatcher Muscicapella hodgsoni Xe Sap X B47 

Blue Whisting Thrush Myophonus caeruleus Nam Kok river, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; 

Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap (southern 

X X X X B14, B20, B46, B45 

155

order) ,The Dakchung Plateau 


Streaked wren babbler Napothera brevicaudata Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap X B33, B46, B47 

Eye-browed Wren 

Babbler 

Napothera epilepidota Xe Sap, The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B47 

Purple sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Phou Xang He, Xe Sap (southern border) X X B20, B45 

Olive-backed Sunbird Nectarinia jugularis Outside Sepon Project Area, Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern border), Western 


X - X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Small Nihava Niltava macgrigoriae Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap X B33, B47 

Brown Hawk Owl Ninox scutulata Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham; X X X (B10, B20), B14, 


areas) 

B45, B46 

large Niltava Niltava grandis Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap X X B45, B46, B47 

Blue-bearded Bee- Nyctyornis athertoni Phou Thengkham, Xe Sap (southern border); Phou Xang - X X (B14, B45), B20 

eater 

He and surrounding areas 

Black-naped Oriole 

(10) 

Oriolus chinensis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Slender-billed oriole Oriolus tenuirostris Outside Sepon Project Area - - B14 

Maroon Oriole Oriolus trailli Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham; X X X B10, B14; B33, B45, 

Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap; Xe Sap 

(southern border); Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe 

Sap 

B46, B47 

Black-hoolded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Dark-necked Orthotomis atrogularis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok West, X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Tailorbird 

Khanong, Xe Sap (southern border) 

B45 

Mountain Tailorbird Orthotomus cuculatus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B46 

Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Nam Kok X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

West, Xe Sap (southern border) 

B45, B46 

Collared Scops Owl Otus lempiji Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X X (B10, B20), B45, 



B46 

Mountain Scops Owl Otus spilocephalus Xe Sap (southern border) ,The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe Sap 


X X B45, B46 

Oriental scops-owl Otus sunia Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Lesser Yellownape Picus chlorolophus Xe Sap X B47 

Grey-headed parrotbill Paradoxornis gularis Phou Ahyon X B33 


Parrotbill 

Paradoxornis nipalensis Xe Sap X B47 

Creat Tit Parus major Nam Kok river, Xe Sap (southern border) X B14, B45 

Yellow-cheeked Tit Parus spilonotus Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Xe Sap (southern 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

X X B33, B45, B46 

156


Eurasian Tree Passer montanus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; The Dakchung X X X (B10, B20), B45, 

Sparrow 

Plateau, Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap 

B46, B47 

Green peafowl Pavo muticus V Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border) 

X X B10, B45 

Puff-throated Babbler Pellomeum ruficeps Discovery, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap 


X X X B14, B20, B45, B46 

Buff-breasted Babbler Pellomeum tickelli Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Discovery, Xe Sap X X X (B10, B20), B14, 


B45, B46 

Spot-throated babbler Pellorneum albiventre Dakchung Plateau X B33 

Short-billed minivet Pericrocotus brevirostris Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain 


X B33, B45, B46, B47 

Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus Xe Sap X B47 

Small Minivet Pericrocrotus cinnamomeus Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Scarlet Minivet Pericrocrotus flammeus Khanoung, Phou Thengkham; Phou Xang He and X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern border), Western 

Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

B47 

Grey-chinned Minivet Pericrocotus solaris Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap X X B45, B46, B47 

Ashy minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon 

Project Area 

X - B10, B14 

Crested Honey- Pernis ptilorhyncus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon X B10 

buzzard 



Flying squirrel Petaurista spp. Dong Phou Vieng x B27 

Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Nam Kok 

East, Khanong, Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern 

border), The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap 


X X X B10, B14; B45; B46 

Oriental Bay-Owl Phodilus badius Phou Thengkham - X B14 

Two-barred Warbler Phylloscopus (t.)plumbeitarus Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Lemon-rumped 

Warbler 

Phylloscopus chloronotus Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

White-tailed leaf Phylloscopus davisoni Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Western Xe Sap (mountain X X B33, B46, B47 

warbler 


Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X (B10, B20, B46), 

border) 

B45 

Yellow-browed 

Warbler 

Phylloscopus inornatus Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B45 

Ashy-throated Leafwarbler 

Phylloscopus maculipennis Phou Ahyon, Xe Sap X B33, B47 

Blyth's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus reguloides Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Thengkham; X X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

Xe Sap (southern border),The Dakchung Plateau, Xe 

Sap 

B45, B47 

157


Radde's Warbler Phylloscopus schwarzi Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



X X X B10, B45, B46 

Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Pale-legged Leaf- Phyllpscopus tenellipes Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X B10, B20, B45, B46 

Warbler 


Inomate Warbler Phyoscopus inornatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Grey-capped 

Woodpecker 

Picoides canicapillus Xe Sap X B47 

Grey-headed Picu canus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; The Dakchung X X (B10, B20); B45 

Woodpecker 

Plateau 

Speckled piculet Picumnuc innominatus Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46, B47 

Lesser Yellownape Picus brachyurus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, The Dakchung 


X X X B20, B45, B46 

Black-headed Picus erythropygius Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X (B10, B20, B33), 

woodpecker 


Greater Yellownape 

Red-Collared 

Woodpecker 

Picus flavinucha Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



B45 

X X X (B10, B20), B45, 

B46, B47 

Picus rabieri Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Laced Woodpecker Picus vittatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Bar-bellied Pitta Pitta ellioti Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Pygmy wren Babbler Pnoepyga pusilla Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The 


X X B45, B46 

Grey Peacock- Polypectron bicalcaratum Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Phou Ahyon; Xe X X (B10, B20); B33; 

Pheasant 

Sap 

B47 

Coral-billed Scimitar 

Babbler 

Pomatorhinus ferruginosus Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46, B47 

Large Scimitar- Pomatorhinus hypoleucos Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Western Xe Sap X X B20, B45 

Babbler 


Red-billed scimitar 

babbler 

Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon; Xe Sap X X B33, B47 

White-browed Scimitar Pomatorhinus schisticeps Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, Xe Sap (southern X X X B20, B45 

Babbler 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau 

Hill Prinia Prinia atrogularis Outside Sepon Project Area, Xe Sap (southern border), 

The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain 


- - X X B14, B45, B46, B47 

Yellow-billed prina Prinia flaviventris Nam Kok East, Discovery West, Khanong X B14 

Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Discovery West X B14 

Rufescent Prinia Prinia rufescens Nam Kok West, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; 


X X X B14, B20, B45, B46 

158

areas) 


Long-tailed Broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap 


X X B10, B20, B46 

Red-breasted 

Parakeet 

Psittacula alexandri Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Outside Sepon Project Area - B14 

Grey-headed Psittacula finschii Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Xe Sap X X X (B10, B20); B14, 

Parakeet 

(southern border); Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) 

B45, B46 

Chestnut-fronted Pteruthius aenobarbus Khanong, Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain X X B14, B45, B46, B47 

Shrike Babbler 

areas);Xe Sap 

White-browed Shrike Pteruthius flaviscapis Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The X X B45, B46, B47 

Babbler 


Black-eared Shrike 

Babbler 

Pteruthius melanotes The Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap X X B45 

Brown hornbill Ptilolaemus tickelli Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Black-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus atriceps Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nam Kok East X X (B10, B20, B46), 

B14 

Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Grey-bellied Bulbul Pycnonotus cyaniventris Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap 


X X B10, B20, B46 

Stripe-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus finlaysoni Nam Kok West, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X X B14, B20, B46 

Falvescent bulbul Pycnonotus flavescens Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Dakchung Plateau X X B10; B33; B45 

Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Nalou, Nam Kok West, Khanong; Phou Xang He and X X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

surrounding areas, Xe Sap (southern border) ,The 

Dakchung Plateau, Xe Sap 

B47 

Black-crested Bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou, Nam Kok X X X (B10, B20), B14, 

East, Discovery, Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern 



B45, B46 

Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus balanfordi Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Red-Legged Crake Rallina fasciata Phou Thengkham X B14 

Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap X B45, B46, B47 

White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



X X X B10, B45, B46, B47 

Plumbeous Water 

Redstart 

Rhyacomis fuliginsus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

White-browed Piculet Sasia ochracea Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 


X X B20, B46 

Pied bushchat Saxicola caprata Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

159


Grey Bushchat Saxicola ferrea Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Common Stonechat Saxicola torquata Nalou, Nam Kok West, Xe Sap (southern border) ,The 

Dakchung Plateau; Phou Xang He and surrounding areas 

X X X B14, B20; B45 

Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10 

Golden-spectacled Seicercus burkii Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X X (B10, B20), B45, 

Warbler 



B46, B47 

Chestnut-crowned Seicercus castaniceps Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); X X B45; B46, B47 

Warbler 


Grey-cheeked Warbler Seienrcus poliogenys Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Xe Sap (southern 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), 

Xe Sap 

X X B33; B45; B46, B47 

Sliver-breasted Serilophus Iunatus Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Phou Xang He and X X B20,B46 

Broadbill 


Chestnut-bellied 

Nuthatch 

Sitta castanea Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Velvet-fronted Sitta frontalis V Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

Nuthatch 



B47 

Crested serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



X X X B20, B45, B46, B47 

Changeable Hawk 

Eagle 

Spizaetus cirrhatus Outside Sepon Project Area, Xe Sap (southern border) - - X B14, B45 

Mountain Hawk Eagle Spizaetus nipalensis Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Golden Babbler Stachyris Chrysaea Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The 


X X B45, B46, B47 

Grey-throated Babbler Stachyris nigriceps Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern X X X (B10, B20); B45; 

border), The Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap 


B46, B47 

Rufous-capped 

babbler 

Stachyris ruficeps Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon;Xe Sap X X B33, B47 

Rufous-fronted 

Babbler 

Stachyris rufifrons Nalou, Khanong; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X X B14, B46 

Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Nam Kok West, Nam Kok East, Discovery; Phou Xang X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 



B47 

Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis Nam Kok West, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 



B47 

Red turtle-dove Streptopelia tranquebarica Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Nalou X X B10; B14 

160


Yellow-billed Nuthatch Sitta solangiae Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau; Xe Sap X X B45, B46, B47 

Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Dakchung X X X (B10, B20, B46), 

Plateau, Xe Sap (southern border) 

B33, B45 

Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas); Xe Sap 

X X B10, B45, B46, B47 

Yellow-browed Tit Sylviparus modestus Xe Sap; Phou Ahyon X B33; B47 

Orange-flanked Bush 

Robin 

Tarsiger cyanurs Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), The Dakchung Plateau X X B45, B46 

Ratchet-tailed Temnurus temnurus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Western Xe Sap X X B20, B46 

Treepie (11) 


Large Woodshrike Tephrodomis gularis Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Dakchung 


X X X B20, B45, B46 

Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Asian paradise Terpsiphone paradisi Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Outside Sepon X - B20; B14 

flycatcher 

Project Area 

Grey-bellied tesia Tesia cyaniventer Dakchung Plateau, Phou Ahyon, Xe Xap; Western Xe Sap (mountain 

areas); 

X X B33, B46 

Chestnut-capped 

babbler 

Timalia pileata Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Pin-tailed Green Treron apicauda Nalou, Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border) ,The X X X B14, B45 

Pigeon 

Dakchung Plateau; 

Thick-billed Pigeon Treron curvirostra Phou Thengkham, Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; 

Dong Phou Vieng 

X x X B14, B20, B27 

Wedge-tailed Green- 

Pigeon 

Treron sphenura Nalou, Nam kok East X B14 

Green Pigeon sp Treron spp. Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border) X X B14, B46 

Pin-tailed\Yellowvented 

Green Pigeon 

Treron spp. Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Abbott's Babbler Trichastoma abbotti Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border) ,The Dakchung Plateau 

X X X (B10, B20), B45 

Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Red-billed Bule Urocissa erythrohyncha Phou Thengkham; Xe Sap (southern border) ,The - X X X B14, B45 

Magpie 


White-winged magpie Urocissa whiteheadi Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B33, B46 

Blue Magpie Urocissa erythhrrorhyncha Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B10, B20 

Asian Stubtail Urosphena squameiceps Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B46 

Asian Stubtail Urosphena subulata Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelli Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Red-wattled Lapwing Venellus indicus Phou Xang He and surrounding areas; Xe Sap (southern 

border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

X X B20, B45, B46, B47 

161


Striated Yuhina Yuhina castaniceps Xe Sap (southern border), Western Xe Sap (mountain areas) X B45, B46 

White-bellied Yuhina Yuhina zantholeuca Discovery, Khanong, Phou Thengkham; Phou Xang He and 

surrounding areas, Phou Xang He, Xe Sap (southern border), The 

Dakchung Plateau; Western Xe Sap (mountain areas), Xe Sap 

X X X B14, B20, B45, B46, 

B47 

Orange-headed Thrsh Zoothera citrina Xe Sap (southern border) X B45 

Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma Phou Xang He and surrounding areas, The Dakchung 

Plateau 

X X B20, B45 

Dark-sided Thrush Zoothera marginata Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Siberian Thrush Zoothera sibrica Phou Xang He and surrounding areas X B20 

Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus Dakchung Plateau X B45 

Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus Nam Kok West, Xe Sap (southern border), Xe Sap X B14, B45, B47 

162

Annex 4.3: Amphibians & Reptiles 

Amphibians & Reptiles recorded during previous studies in the project area 


Scientific Name Common Name Status Location Savannakhet Salavan Source 

IUCN Redlist PXH DPV Non- 

PA 

XS Non-PA 

Amphibians 

Bufo galeatus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Bufo melanostictus Asian toad Nalou, Nam Kok East, Discovery, Nam kok river X B14 

Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Chinese Bull Frog Western Xe Xap X B46 

Kalophrynus pleurostigma Spotted-groin frog Discovery West X B14 

Kaloula mediolineata - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Kaloula pulchra - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Leptobrachium spp. - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Leptolalax pelodytoides - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Limnonectes kuhlii Marbled frog Khanong, Phou Thengkham, Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Limnonectes limnocharis - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Microhyla annamensis - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Microhyla berdmorei Narrow mouthed frog The Dakchung Plateau, Western Xe Xap X X B45, B46 

Microhyla butleri - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Microhyla heymosi Heymon's Frog Nalou, Nam Kok West, Discovery, Discovery West, Khanong, Phou 

TheNalougkham, Western Xe Xap 

X X B14, B46 

Microhyla inornata Brown Pigmy Frog Nalou, Nam Kok West, Discovery, Discovery West, Khanong, Phou 

TheNalougkham Western Xe Xap 

X X B14, B46 

Occidozyga martensi Kuhl's stream frog Discovery X B14 

Occidozyza lima - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Ophiophagus hannah King cobra Western Xe Xap, Phou Xang He X X B10, B46 

Ovophis monicola - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Paa microlineata - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Philautus sp - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Phrynoglossus martensii - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Polypedates leucomystax Common tree Frog Nam Kok river, Phou Thengkham X B14 

Rana attigua - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Rana johnsi - Western Xe Xap X B46 

163


Rana lateralis Yellow frog Discovery West X B14 

Rana livida - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Rana macrodactyla - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Rana nigrovittata Dark-sided frog Nam Kok West, Discovery West, Khanong, Western Xe Xap X X B10, B46 

Rana sp (cf.adenoleura) - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Rhacophorus baliogaster - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Rhacophorus bisaculus Phu kadong tree frog Phou Thengkham, Western Xe Xap X X B10, B46 

Rhacophorus 

- Western Xe Xap X B46 

exechopygus 

Ichthyophis sp Ichthyophis Western Xe Xap X B46 

Reptiles 

Acanthosaura capra - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Ahaetulla prasina Oriental Whip Snake Western Xe Xap, Discovery X X B14, B46, B45 

Amolops cremnobatus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Amyda cartilagina Asiatic Softshell Turtle V Nam Kok river, Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Boiga multomaculata - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Bungarus fasciatus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Calluella guttulata Nalou X B14 

Calotes emma Forest Crested Lizard Discovery, Discovery West, Khanong, Phou Thengkham X B14 

Calotes versicolor Common Grarden 

Nam Kok West, Western Xe Xap, Pho Xang He X X X B14, B46, B45 

Lizard 

Cosymbotus Platyurus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile Western Xe Xap, The Dakchung Plateau X B46, B45 

Cyclemys dentata Asian Leaf Tortoises Nam Kok river X B14 

Cyclemys tcheponesis - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Dendrelaphis sp - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Draco maculatus Spotted Flying Dragon Nam kok East, Discovery, Khanong X B14 

Dryocalamus davisanii Common Bridle Snake Discovery X B14 

Elaphe prasina - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Elaphe radiata - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Gehyra mutilata - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko Nam Kok East, Discovery, Khanong, Phou Thengkham, Western Xe Xap, Pho 

Xang He NBCA 

X X B14, B46, B45 

Glyphoglossus molossus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Gonyosoma oxycephalum - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Hemidactylus frenatus Common House Gecko Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

164


Hemidactylus garnotii - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Homalopsis buccata - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Indotestudo elongata - E Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Lipinia sp - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Lygosoma cf. quadrupes - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Mabuya macularia Bronze Grass Skink Nalou, Nam Kok West, Nam Kok East, Discovery, Discovery West, Khanong, 

Nam Kok river, Phou TheNalougkham, Western Xe Xap 

X X B14, B46 

Mabuya multifasciata Common Sun Skink Nalou, Nam Kok West, Discovery, Khanong, Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Manouria impressa Impressed Tortoises V Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Naja atra - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Naja kaouthia Monocellate Cobra Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Naja siamensis - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Phyllodactylus siamensis Siamese Leaf-toed 

Gecko 

Nam Kok West, Discovery, Discovery West, Khanong X B14 

Physignathus cocincinus Indo-Chinese Water 

Dragon 

Khanong, Nam Kok river, Western Xe Xap X X B14, B46 

Platysternon 

megacephalum 

Big-headed Turtle E Western Xe Xap X B46 

Pseudeocaloter 

microlepis 


Pseudoxenodon macrops - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Ptyas korros Indo-Chinese Rat 

Snake 

Nam Kok river X B14 

Pytas korros Indo-Chinese Rat 

Western Xe Xap, Phou Xang He X X B10, B46 

Snake 

Python molurus Burmese Python Western Xe Xap X X B10, B46 

Python reticulatus Reticulated python Western Xe Xap; Phou Xang He, The Dakchung Plateau X X X B10, B45; B46 

Rhabdophis crysargus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Rhabdophis subminiatus Red-necked keelback Nalou, Discovery, Khanong, Western Xe Xap X X B10, B46 

Scincella reevesi Reeves' Smooth Skink Nalou, Nam Kok West, Nam Kok East, Discovery, Discovery West, Khanong, 

Nam Kok river, Phou TheNalougkham 

X B14 

Sibynophis collaris - Western Xe Xap X B46 

Sphenomorphus indicus Indian Forest Skink Khanong, Phou Thengkham, Western Xe Xap X X B10, B46 

Sphenomorphus 

maculatus 


Streblus asper - Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Takydromus sexlineatus - Western Xe Xap X B46 

165


Thysanolaena maxima - Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Trimeresurus albalabris White-lipped Viper Western Xe Xap X X B14; B46 

Tropidophorus 

cochinchinencis 

Water Skink Discovery X B14 

Varanus bengalensis Bengal Monitor Dong Phu Vieng, Phu Xang He, The Dakchung Plateau X X X X B10, B45, 

B27;B14 

Varanus salvator Water monitor Phu Xang He NBCA, The Dakchung Plateau X X X B10, B14, B45 

Xenochrophis piscator Water Snake Western Xe Xap X B46 

Xenopeltis unicolor Khanong X B14 

166

Annex 4.4: Freshwater Fish 



Redlist 


Location Savannakhet Salavan Source 

PXH DPV Non- 

PA 

XS Non-PA 

Cyprinidae Aaptosyax grypus Pa sanak Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Amblycipitldae Amblyceps mangois Pa khe hin Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus Pa ta lo Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Dasyatida Amphostistius spp. Pa fa lai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Anabantidae Anabus testudineus Pa khen Houay Samphan X B51 

Anguillidae Anguilla marmorata Pa lot Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Soleidae Archiroides or Euryglossa sp or spp Pa lin ma Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Sisordae Bagarius yarrelli Pa khe Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Bagridae Bagrichtys macracamthus or spp Pa yang bone Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Balitoridae Balitora or Homoloptera sp. Or spp Pa tit hin Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Cyprinidae Bangana behri Pa va houa no Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Cyprinidae Barbichthys nitidus - Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Barbodes altus or spp Pa vian fai Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Siluridae Belodontictys cf. dianema Pa khop Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Sciaenidae Boesemania microlepis Pa kvang Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae cf. Chela sp Pa sieu dang gnen Houay Samphan X B51 

Balitoridae cf. Nemachellus sp - Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae cf. Oxgaster sp - Houay Samphan X B51 

Channidae Channa marullus Pa kouan Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Channidae Channa micropeltes Pa do Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Channidae Channa orientalls Pa kang Phou xang; Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chaloi, Hou Palouang 

Channidae Channa striata Pa kho Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi, Hou 

Palouang 

X X B 10; 

B51 

X B51 

167


Notopteridae Chitala blanci Pa memo Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Notopteridae Chitala ornata Pa memo Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Tetraodontidae Chonerhinus nefastus Pa pao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cirrhinus jullieni - Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cirrhinus moliterella Pa keng Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Calridae Clarias batrachus Pa douk sam kang Xe Bang Hiang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaoi, Hou 

Palouang 

X B51 

Claridae Clarias macrocephalus Pa douk Phou xang X B 10 

Calridae Clarias sp Pa douk he Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Calridae Clarias sp Pa douk phan Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Coiidae Coius sp or spp Pa seua Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cosmocheilus harmandi Pa mak ban Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cyclocheilichthys cf. apogon Pa ta sai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cyclocheilichthys cf. armatus Pa ta sai Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Cyclocheilichthys cf. repasson Pa ta sai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cyclocheilichthys enoplos Pa chok Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Pa nai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Danio cf. acquipinnatus Houay Palouang X B51 

Cyprinidae Discerodontus ashmcadi - Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Epalzeorhynchos munenese - Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi, Hou 

Palouang 

X B51 

Cyprinidae Esomus metallics Pa sieu nong Xe Bang hiang, Houay Samphan, Houay Kloung X B51 

Cyprinidae Garra cf. cambodgiensis Pa kom keng Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Garra sp.or spp Pa hang khiko Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Sisordae Glyptothorax sp X B51 

Gyrinocheiliedae Gyrinocheilus pennocki Pa ko Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Hampala dispar Pa sout Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Pangasildae Hellcophagus waandersi Pa hoi Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Bagridae Hemibagrus sp. Pa kot Phou xang X B 10 

Siluridae Hemisilurus mekongensis Pa nang deng Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Henicorhynchus lobatus Pa ka bo Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Henicorhynchus siamensis Pa ka bo hua kheng Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Dasyatida Himantura chaophraya Pa fa lai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

168


Cyprinidae Hypsibarbus cf.malcolml Pa Pak nouat Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Cyprinidae Hypsibarbus lagleri Pa pak home Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Hypsibarbus sp Pa va khai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. bicirrhis Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. cheveyi Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. cryptopterus Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. hexapterus Pa Gi (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. limpok Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. moorei Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptoerus cf. schibeides Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Kryptopterus spp Pa pik kai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Labeo erythropterus Pa va khai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Labiobarbus leptocheilus Pa khoui lam Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Labocheilus melanotaenla Pa Khang lai Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Schilbeidae Laides hexaneme Pa kampheum Phou xang X B 10 

Bagridae Leiocassis siamensis Pa khi hia Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Leuciscinae Luciocyprinus striolatus Pa Cher (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Cyprinidae Luciosoma sp .or spp Pa sieu houa gnen Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Macrochirichtys macrochirus Pa phak pha Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Mastacembelldae Macrognathus siamensis or.spp Pa lat Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Mastacembelldae Mastacembelus cf. armatus Pa lat dam Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

Cyprinidae Mekongna erythrospila Pa sa i Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Siluridae Micronema apogon Pa Saguan (k) Dong Phou Vieng; Xe Bang Hiang X B27; B51 

Siluridae Micronema bleekeri Pa Khet (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Micronema micronema Pa Nang (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Micronema sp.or spp Pa nang Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Synbranchidae Monopterus alvus Lan Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi, Hou 

Palouang 

X B51 

Tetraodontidae Monotreta bayley Pa pao thong Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Tetraodontidae Monotreta leiurus Pa pao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Tetraodontidae Monotreta sp or spp Pa pao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Morulius chyrsophekadion Pa phia Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Mystacoleus marginatus Pa lang ko Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

169


Bagridae Mystus bocourti Pa kha gneng ngao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Bagridae Mystus microphthalmus Pa kheung Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Bagridae Mystus nemurus Pa kot leuang Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Bagridae Mystus sp. Or spp Pa khagneng Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Pa tong Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Siluridae Ompok blmaculatus Pa seuam Phou xang; Xe Bang Hiang X X B 10; 

B51 

Siluridae Ompok hypophthalmus Pa Pikai (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Cyprinidae Opsarius pulchllus Pa Ka tep Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Channidae Osphronemus exodon Pa men Xe Bang Hiang, Hou Palouang X B51 

Cyprinidae Osteochilus hasselti Pa lai Kai/khu ka peu Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Cyprinidae Osteochilus melanopleurus Pa nok khao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Osteochilus microceohalus Pa hang deng Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Osteochilus sp Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Eleotridae Oxyeleotris marmorata Pa bou Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangalus larnaudiei Pa peuk Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangasiandon hypophthalmus Pa souay kheo Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangasius bocourti Pa yang Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangasius conchophilus Pa hoi houa lem Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangasius krempfi Pa souay hanc leuang Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangasius macronema or. Spp Pa gnone Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangasius pleurotacnia Pa gnone thong khom Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Pangasildae Pangaslus sanitwongsel Pa leum Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Parachela sp. Or spp Pa tep ta leuang Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Paralaubuca typus or spp Pa tep Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Ambassidae Parambassis sp.or spp Pa khap khong Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Semiploti Poropuntius sp. Pa chaat Phou xang X B 10 

Cyprinidae Poroputius deayratus or spp Pa chat Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Nandldae Pristolepis fasciata Pa ka Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Probarbus jullieni Pa eun deng E Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Probarbus labeamajor Pa eun khao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Puntiopltes falcifer Pa sakang Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

170


Cyprinidae Puntius brevis Pa sieu khao Phou xang he; Xe Bang Hiang X X B 10; 

B51 

Cyprinidae Raiamas guttatus Pa Sanak Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Cyprinidae Rasbora aurotaenia Pa sieu ao Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Rasbora borapetensis Pa sieu Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Rasbora paviei Pa sieu ao Xe Bang hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong X B51 

Cyprinidae Rasbora trilineata Pa sieu ao Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Gobildae Rhinogobius sp or spp Pa bou Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Scaphognathops bandanensis Pa pian Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Cyprinidae Scaphognathops stejnegeri Pa pian Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan, Xe Lanong, 

Houay Chailoi 

X B51 

Balitoridae Schistura sp.Nemachellus sp. Or spp Pa hak kouay Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Sikukia gudgeri Pa mang Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Systomi Systomus aurotaeniatus Pa khaw Phou xang; Xe Bang Hiang X B 10 

Cyprinidae Systomus binotatus Pa pok hang tem Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Systomus orphoides Pa pok Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Cyprinidae Systomus partupentazona Pa seua noi Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Clupeidae Tenualosa thibaudeaui Pakatep E Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Cyprinidae Thynnichtys thynnoides Pa ket lep Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Tores Tor sp. Pa Goo Wark (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Tores Tor tambroides Pa Gro (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Toxitidae Toxotes sp or spp Pa seua Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Osphrneamidae Trichiopsis Sp.ot spp Pa mat Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Belontiidae Triechogaster trichopterus Pa kadeut Xe Bang Hiang X B51 

Siluridae Wallago attu Pa khao Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Siluridae Wallago leeri Pa Koun (k) Dong Phou Vieng X B27 

Siluridae Wallago leeri Pa Khoun Xe Bang Hiang, Houay Samphan X B51 

Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Pa kathong Xe Bang Hieang, Xe Lanong, Houay Chaloi X B51 

171

Annex 4.1: Plant Species 



Redlist 


USE Savanna 

khet 

PX 

H 

DP 

V 

No 

n- 

PA 

Salavan Source 

Rhamnaceae - Nam lep meo Edible fruit x B14 

Malvaceae Abelmoschus moschatus 

Medicus 

Ta ven paa Medicinal plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Abrus punchellum Wall, ex Thw Kham kua Medicinal Plant x B14 

Mimosoideae Acacia concinna (Willd.) A.DC Sompoy Medicinal Plant, and the fruit can x B14 

Mimosoideae Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd Kham thed The young leaves can be eaten raw 

or cooked 

x B14 

Mimosoideae Acacia magalagena Desv. Nam han Poisonou plant x B14 

Leguminosae Acacia pennata Phak Nao Food x B27 

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes bedentata BL. Nhakhouyngu Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Acorus tatrinowi Schott. Phak paen nam Medicinal plant x B14 

Pteridoideae Acrostictium aureum L. - Decorative fern x B14 

Papilionoideae Adenanther pavonina L. Sathon stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Papilionoideae Adenanthera parvonina var. Lurn ta kai stem used for firewood and fence 

x B14 

microsperma 

making 

Adiantaceae Adiantum caudatum L. Phak kud Decorative fern x B14 

Amaranthaceae Aevera sanguinolenta (L.) BL. Sanhakhouyng 

ou 

Medicinal plant x B14 

Leguminosae Afzelia xylocarpa Mai Thae kha Building materials x B27 

Caesalpinioidea 

e 

Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Mai tae kha En A1cd Good timber x B14 

Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides DC. Nha Kheo Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Aglonema costatum N.E..Brown. - Medicinal plant x B14 

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus malabarica DC. Nhom pa stem used for firewood making x B14 

Alangiaceae Alangium chinense Rehd. Khao yen stem used for firewood and fence x B14 

X 

S 

Non-PA 

172

Alangiaceae Alangium kurzii Craib Ton sa lik 

making 

stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

Mimosoideae Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr. Mai Kang hung stem used for firewood and fence 

making 


x B14 

x B14 

Liliceae Allium cepa L. Phak bua Edible leaves. Medicinal plant x B14 

Liliceae Allium sativum L. Phak thiem Edible leaves. Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Alocasia longifolia Miq. Bon dong Decorative plant x B14 

Araceae Alocasia macrorrhiza ( L.) D.Don. Ka bouk - x B14 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia purpulata (Veiell.) K. Kha Edible tube x B14 

Schum 

Zingiberaceae Alpinia spp. Kha paa Food x B27 

Apocynaccae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br Mai tin ped Timber x B14 

Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Nha khau mai Edible young shoot x B14 

Malvaceae Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. Dok chad Decorative plant x B14 

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Phak home Edible young shoot x B14 

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Linn Phak home 

nam 

Edible young shoot x B14 

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. Phak home ban Edible young shoot x B14 

Sapindaceae Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) 

Hu. 

Ko ka NT Timber x B14 

Commelinacea Amischolotype hispida (Less.& Nha kap dong Decorative plant x B14 

e 

Rich) Hong 

Zingiberaceae Amomum ovideum Pierre. Ex Mak naeng Medicinal plant x B14 

Gagn. 

Zingiberaceae Amomum ovoidum/Amomum spp. Mak Neng Income & exchange x B27 

Zingiberaceae Amomum spp. Nor Phain Din Food x B27 

Vitaceae Ampelocissus martinii Mak Lang Duak Food x B27 

Vitaceae Ampelopsis cantoniensis 

(H.&A.)L. 

- Medicinal plant x B14 

Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Muang hi ma 

Edible fruit and seed, stem used for 

x B14 

fan 

firedwood making 

Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Mak nad Edible ripe fruit x B14 

Ancistrocladace Ancistrocladus tectorius Khu hang kouy Medicinal plant and edible young x x B14; B27 

ae 

leaves 

Angiopteridaca Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoff Kud ka dong Decorative fern x B14 

173


e 

Dipterocarpace 

ae 

Anisoptera costata Korth Mai bak E Good timber x B14 

Combretaceae Anogeinsus acuminata Wall Ben mon Timber and stem used for firedwood 

making 

x B14 

Annonaceae Anomiamthus dulcis Brian Gra Young Food x B27 

Meliaceae Aphanomixis polystachya J.N. Ta xua Timber and stem used for firedwood 

x B14 

Parker 

making 

Poaceae Apluda mutica L. Oi nu Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Aporasa ficifolia H. Baillon Muad khon Stem used for firedwood making x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Aporasa macrostachyus 

(Tul.)Muell-Arg 

Muad khon Stem used for firedwood making x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Aporasa villosa (Lindl.)H. Baill Mai muad Stem used for firedwood making x B14 

Araliaceae Aralia armata Seem Ton tang Decorative plant, Young shoot can be 

eaten cooked 

x B14 

Araliaceae Aralia foliosa Wall. & Clarke Tang noi Decorative plant, Young shoot can be 

eaten cooked 

x B14 

Mimosoideae Archidendron clyperia (Jack.) 

Niels 

Ben bai Medicinal plant x B14 

Mimosoideae Archidendron robinsonii (Gagn.) Mai ba lee Timber, and srem can be used for house biulding x B14 

Niels 

and firewood making 

Myrsinaceae Ardisia crenata Sims Tin cham Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Ardisia mamillata Hance. Tin cham Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Myrsinaceae Ardisia villosa Roxb. Tin cham khon Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Myrsinaceae Ardisia virens Kurz. Tin cham Decorative plant, and ripe fruit can be 

eaten 

x B14 

Palmae Arenga pinnata ( Wurmb.) Merr. Ton tan Young shoot can be eaten cooked, 


x B14 

Convolvulaceae Argyreia capitata Choisy - Decorative plant x B14 

Convolvulaceae Argyreia roxburghii Craib - Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris L Nad Medicinal plant x B14 

Moraceae Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. kha noun, me Good timber x B14 

174


Moraceae Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk. 

pa 

Ton mi Good timber, Edible friute x B14 

Moraceae Artocarpus lokocha Roxb Ton had Good timber x B14 

Poaceae Arundinaria ciliata A.cammus. Mai chot Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Aspieniaceae Asplenium nidus L. Phak kud Decorative fern x B14 

Athyriaceae Athyrium esculentum (Retz) Phak kud khao Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

x B14 

Copel 

cooked 

Fungi Auricularia spp. Het Kadang Food x B27 

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Phak Gadao Food x B27 

Euphorbiaceae Bacaurea ramiflora Lour. Mak fai Edible fruit. Stem can be used for 


x B14 

Poaceae Bambusa arundinacea Willd. Mai phai pa Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem 

used for house building and fence making 

x x B14; B27 

Poaceae Bambusa flexuosa Mai Ga Sa Building materials x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spinosa Nor Mai Food x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Mai Go Building materials x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Bai Mai Phai Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Bai Mai Phai Ban Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa spp. Mai Phai Building materials x B27 

Poaceae Bambusa tulda Roxb. Mai bong Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 


x B14 

Poaceae Bambussa spp. Mai Por Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Poaceae Bambussa vulgaris Mai Saeng Kham Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Acanthaceae Barleria strigosa Willd - x B14 

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Nom nhan Stem can be used for firewood and 

x B14 

Kurz 

fence making 


e 

Bauhimia variegata L. Ton sieu Stem can be used for firewood and fence 

making. The flowers can be eaten cooked 

x B14 

Leguminosae Bauhinia saccocalyx Kheua Somphan Building materials x B27 

Caesalpinioidea Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre Po sean phan The bark can be used for string 

x B14 

e 

making 


e 

Bauhinia sp. Sieu Khua Decorative plant x B14 

175


Cucurbitaceae Benincasia hispida 

(Thunb.)Cogn. 

Mak nam the fruit cam be eaten cooked x B14 

Asteraceae Bidens bipinnata L. Nha kon cham Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Bischofia javanica BL. Khom fad Goodtimber, young leaves and fruit 

can be eaten raw 

x B14 

Blechnaceae Blenchunum orientale L. Koud kan deng Decorative fern x B14 

Asteraceae Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC Nad Medicinal plant x B14 

Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba. L Ngieu dok deng Timber, and Decorative plant x B14 

Bombacaceae Bombax insigis Wall Ngieu dok deng Timber, and Decorative plant x B14 

Anacardaceae Bouea burmanica Mak Bang Food x B27 

Euphorbiaceae Bouea oppositifolia Mak Phang Food x B27 

Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Ton dok chia x B14 

Brassicaceae Brassica intergrifolia (Weat.) 

O.B.Schultz 

Phak kad Edible leaves x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook.f kok kang pa Medicine Plant x B14 

Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Po sa Fiber bark. The stem used for 

x B14 

L'Her.ex Vent 


Anacardaceae Buchanania obtusifolia Mak Laboota Food x B27 

Buddlejaceae Buddleja asiatica Lour Ngua sang Medicine Plant x B14 

Sterculiaceae Byttneria aspera Colebr - Medicine Plant x B14 


e 

Caesalpinia digyna Rottl. & Willd Nam ka chai Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioidea Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk Nam pu ya Medicinal plant and eatable young 

x B14 

e 

shoot 

Palmae Calamus gracilis Vai Khome Tools & Handicrafts x B27 

Palmae Calamus javensis Ridly. Wai hang nu - x B14 

Palmae Calamus rudentum Vai yoon Food x B27 

Palmae Calamus sp. Wai ta bong Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked. Stem used for furniture 

making 

x x B14; B27 

Palmae Calamus viminalis Willd. Wai khom Young shoot can be eaten raw or cooked. Stem 


x B14 

Verbenaceae Callicarpa arborea Roxb Mai ko faa Timber x B14 

Verbenaceae Callicarpa longifolia Lam Sa ko faa Decorative plant x B14 

Guttiferae Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. Ex 

Choisy 

Mai song Timber x B14 

176


Combretaceae Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb) 

Lamk 

Khua ka daeng Medicinal plant x B14 

Burseraceae Canarium kerrii Craib Mak kok luam Stem can be use for firewood making x B14 

Papilionoideae Canavalia rosea Khua fak faa Decorative plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Canthium dicoceum Gaerth var, Kheung paa stem use for firewood, and the fruit 

x B14 

rostratum 


Rubiaceae Canthium horridum BL Mak kheung 

stem use for firewood, and the fruit 

x B14 

paa 


Capparaceae Capparis acutifolia subsp, 

sabiaefolia (Hook.f. & TH/) Jac 

Sa ton sa sou Decorative plant x B14 

Capparaceae Capparis micrantha DC Ton sa sou Decorative plant x B14 

Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens L. Mak phet Edible fruit and young leaves x B14 

Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sai num Decorative plant x B14 

Lecythidaceae Careya shpaerica Phak Gadone Food x B27 

Lecythidaceae Careya sphaerica Roxb. Ka don Timber, and young leaves can be 

eaten raw 

x B14 

Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Mak hung Young fruit and flower can be eaten cooked, and 

the ripe fruit can be eaten raw 

x B14 

Palmae Caryota mitis Lour. Tau hang noi Decorative plant x B14 

Palmae Caryota monostachya Becc. Tau hang noi Decorative plant x B14 

Flacourtiaceae Casearia grewiaefolia Vent var Mai ka douk Stem used for firewood and fence 

x B14 

grewiaefolia 

making 


e 

Cassia acidenialis L Nha lup meun Medicinal plant x B14 


e 

Cassia alata L. Khee lek ban Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioidea Cassia fistula L Ton dok khoun Stem used for firewood, decorative 

x B14 

e 

plant 

Caesalpinioidea Cassia timoriensis A. DC Ton ka la 

Stem used for firewood, decorative 

x B14 

e 

pheuk 

plant 


e 

Cassia tora L Nha lup meun Medicinal plant x B14 

Zingiberaceae Catimbium bracteatum Roxb. Man kha Edible young shoot x B14 

Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L Dok hon kai Decorative plant x B14 

177


Ulmeceae Celtis tetrandra Roxb Mai Kieu Stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Apiaceae = 

Umbelliferae 

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Phak nok Medicinal plant and edible leaves x B14 

Poaceae Cephalostachyum pergracile Mai phang Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for x B14 

Murro. 


Asteraceae Chromatolaena odorata (Linn) 

King et Robins 

Nha pheun Medicinal plant x B14 

Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito L Ton nam nom Edible fruit x B14 

Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus ( Retz.) 

Trin. 

Nha khuak Medicinal plant x B14 

Lauraceae Cinnamomum cambodiamum H. Sa chuang Medicinal plant and stem used for firewood x B14 

Lee 


Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Reinw Sa chuang Medicinal plant and stem used for firewood 


x B14 

Vitaceae Cissus evrardil Gagn. Khua som koi Edible young shoot x B14 

Vitaceae Cissus hastata PL Khua houn Medicinal plant x B14 

Vitaceae Cissus javana DC. Khua poun Medicinal plant x B14 

Rutaceae Citrus grandis (L.) Osb Mak phouk Edible ripe fruit x B14 

Rutaceae Citrus limon (L) Burm. F Mak nao Edible ripe fruit x B14 

Rutaceae Clausena excavata Burm. F Song faa Medicinal plant x B14 

Capparaceae Cleome gynandra L Sa phak sien Medicinal plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum celebrookianum Phoung phing 


Walp. 

khao 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum schmidtii C.B.CL Phoung phing Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum serratum (L) Moon Phoung phing Decorative plant x B14 

Verbeneceae Clerodendrum spp. Kham Pi Dong Medicine x B27 

Palmae Cocos nucifera L. Mak phao Edible fruit x B14 

Araceae Colocasia esculenia (L.) Schott. Bon Young can be eaten cooked x B14 

Araceae Colocasia flavescents Born Food x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Colotropis gigantea (L) Dryand Ton dok hak Decorative plant x B14 

Combretaceae Combretum pilosum Roxb Khua kae Decorative plant x B14 

Connaraceae Connarus cochinchinensis Pierre Houn hai Medicinal plant x B14 

Asteraceae Conyza sumatrensis (Retz) Nha fa lung Medicinal plant x B14 

178


Boraginaceae 

Walker 

Cordia obliqua Manh Kho Food x B27 

Zingiberaceae Costus speclosus (Koening.) 

Smith 

Kok uang Medicinal plant x B14 

Asteraceae Crassocephallum crepidioides 

(Benth) Moore 

Nha la mung Edible young leaves x B14 

Capparaceae Crateva nurvala Buch Ham Ton kum Young can be eaten cooked. Stem used for 

firewood, soil erosion resistance 

x B14 

Hypericaceae Cratoxylon formosum (Jack) Dyer Tieu som Edible leaves and stem used for 

house building 

x B14 

Hypericaceae Cratoxylon formosum subsp. Tieu deng Timber, and stem used for housing 

x B14 

Pruniflorum 

building 

Papilionoideae Crotalaria assamica Benth Mak hing man Decorative plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Crotalaria incana L. Mak hing Decorative plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Crotalaria verrucosa L. Mak hing man Decorative plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Croton abiongifoluis Roxb Pao nhai Stem used for firewood x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Croton konggensis Gagn Pao thong Medicinal plant x B14 

Crypteroniacea Crypteronia paniculata BL Mai sa am Timber x B14 

e 

Araceae Cryptocoryne crispatula Engler - Decorative plant x B14 

Cryptophrangmium signatum Dong Hong Income & exchange x B27 

Zingiberaceae Cucuma domestica Waan Medicinal plant x B14 

Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Duch ex. Dam Mak euk Edible fruit x B14 

Moraceae Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr. Bur. 

Ex Lavell) 

Nam thaeng Fruit eaten by animal x B14 

Amaryllidaceae Curculigo latifolia Dryand. Ex Ait. Thien phi Decorative plant x B14 

Zingiberaceae Curcuma alisamatifolia or Curcuma Phak Warn Food x B27 

Thoreli 

Cuscutaceae Cuscuta chinensis Lam Khua kham Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

commelinaceae Cyanotis arachnoidea C.B.CL - Decorative plant x B14 

Cyatheaceae Cyathea gigantea (Hook.) Holtt. Kud ton Decorative fern x B14 

Amarabthaceae Cyathula prostrata (L.) BL Sa khouay ngu Medicinal plant x B14 

Cycadaceae Cycas revoluta Thunb Pong. Hua nom 


Menispernacea 

e 

Cyclea barbata Miers 

knaa 

Khua mo noi Medicinal plant x B14 

179


Menispernacea Cyclea hypoglauca (Schauer) 


e 

Diels 

Orchidaceae cymbidium dayanum Reichh.F - Decorative plant x B14 

Poaceae Cynodon doctylon ( L.) Pers Nha faed Medicinal plant x B14 

Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L Nha heo mu Medicinal plant x B14 

Araceae Cyrtosperma merkusil ( Hassk) 

Schott. 

Phak nam Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Palmae Dalbergia schmidtiana Palmae Boun x x B27 

Leguminosae Dalbergia spp./Dialium spp. Mai Yoon Building materials x B27 

Solanaceae Datula metal L Khua ba Decorative plant x B14 

Poaceae Dcephalostachyum virgatum Mai hia Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for x B14 

Kurz. 


Podocarpaceae Decusocarpus wallichianus 

(Presi) de Laubenf. 

Ter choi Timber, firewood making x B14 


e 

Delomix regia (Hook) Raf Ton fang daeng Decorative plant x B14 

Orchidaceae Dendrobium sp Kouay mai Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Poaceae Dendrocalamus longifimbritus Mai phoung Young shoot can be eaten cooked. Stem used for x B14 

Gamble 


Papilionoideae Derris sp. Khua khau pok x B14 

Papilionoideae Desmodium triquetrum (L) DC - Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpinioidea Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre Mak kham faed Edible ripe fruit and stem used for 

x B14 

e 


Gleichenuacea Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Kud khua Decorative fern x B14 

e 

Undrew. 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia baillonia San faeng Timber and stem used for firewood 

making 

x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia Indica L. San kin Edible fruit x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia kerii Craib San kheng Edible fruit x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia obobata (BL) Hoogland San nhai Timber x B14 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia parviflora Mak San Food x B27 

180


Poaceae Dinochloa masclellandii Kurz. Mai hae Young shoot can be eaten cooked.Stem used for 

house 


x B14 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera L, Man pau Decorative x B14 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea clrrhosa Priain & Burk. Khua man Decorative x B14 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea glabra Roxb Khua man Medicinal plant x B14 

Discoriaceae Dioscorea spp. Manh Paa Food x B27 

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea triphylla L. Koi #N/A x B14 

Ebunaceae Diospiros filipendula Kok Kanthong Food x B27 

Ebenaceae Diospiros spp. Gam Lang Moo 

Kaoh 

Medicine x B27 

Ebenaceae Diospyros chretioides Wall. Ex G. Huang kouang Stem used for firewood and fence 

x B14 

Don 

making 

Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki L.F Mak ko Edible ripe fruit,and stem used for firewood 

and 

fence making 

x B14 

Ebenaceae Diospyros phillippensis (Desr) 

Gurke 

Mon khai Edible ripe fruit,and stem used for firewood 

and 

fence making 

x B14 

Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. Mai nang dam Edible ripe fruit,and stem used for firewood 

and 

fence making 

x B14 

Melastomatace Diplectria barabata (C.B.CL.) En a Decorative plant x B14 

ae 

Frank & Roos 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus Nam Mun yang Income & exchange x B27 

Dipterocarpace Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn Mai nhang 

Good timber x x B14; B27 

ae 

dong 

Dipterocarpace Dipterocarpus grandifolrus BLCO Nhang dong 

Good timber x B14 

ae 

kiang 

Dipterocarpace Dipterocarpus obtusifolius teysm Mai sad Good timber x B14 

ae 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Mai Goung Building materials x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Dischidia balansae Sarra Ring (k) Medicine x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Dischidia nummularia R.Br. Ka doum noi Decorative plant x B14 

Asclepiadaceae Dischidia umbricata (BL) Done Khua ka doum Decorative plant x B14 

Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone spilata Khae puk na Stem used for firewood x B14 

181


Agavaceae Dracaena angustifolla Khon kaen Young shoot can be eaten cooked, 


x x B14; B27 

Polypodiaccae Drynaria quereifolia (L.) J. Smith Kud hua ka hok Decorative fern x B14 

Sonneratiaceae Duabanga grandiflora (DC) Walp Lin ngo Tinber x B14 

Papilionoideae Dunbaria longeracemosa Craib - Medicinal plant x B14 

Meliaceae Dysaxylum binectariferium Hook.f Ta suu Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus conferta Mak Lord Food x B27 

Elaeocarpacea Elaeocarpus floribundus BL Khai noun Can be planted along the river bank 

x B14 

e 

for soil protection 

Elaeocarpacea Elaeocarpus siamensis Som moun Stem used for firewood making and 

x B14 

e 

fence making 

Elaeocarpacea 

e 

Elaeocarpus sp. - Timber x B14 

Urticaceae Elatostema acuminata (Poir) 

Brongn 

- - x B14 

Urticaceae Elatostema cuneatum Wight - Medicinal plant x B14 

Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber L Fai nok khum Medicinal plant x B14 

Poaceae Eleusine indica ( L,) Gaertn Nha fak khouay Edible young shoot x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Endospermum chinense Benth Mai mak ouk Timber x B14 

Juglandaceae Engelhardia spicata Lesch. & BL. Mai phao Stem used for house building x B14 

Mimosoideae Entada glandulosa Pierre.ex 

Gagn 

Mak lae noi The seed can be eaten cooked x B14 

Mimosoideae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Mak lae The seed can be eaten cooked x B14 

Araceae Epipremnum giganteum Schott, Khua mum Decorative plant x B14 

Equisetaceae Equisetum diffusum D.Don Gna thod pong Decorative fern x B14 

Eriocauraceae Eriocaulon hayatanum Koyama. Nha hua ngok Decorative plant x B14 

Apiceae Eryngium foetidum L. Home pe Edible leaves x B14 

Caesalpinioisea Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. Mai ka cha E Good timber, and stem can be use for 

x B14 

e 

house building, charcol 

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp. Ton vik medicinal plant, and stem used for firewood 


x B14 

Rutaceae Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr. Dee khon Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia antiquorum L. Chan dai Decorative x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyanthophora Murr - Decorative plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Nhang uang Medicinal plant x B14 

182


Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Nhik bo tong Medicinal plant x B14 

Papilionoideae Eythrina stricta Roxb. Ton thong Decorative plant, and ediblr young 

leaves 

x B14 

Loganiaceae Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Ton man pa Good timber x B14 

Bignoniaceae Fernandoa adenophyllum 

(D.Don.) steen 

Khae khon Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Moraceae Ficus altissima BL. Hai deng Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus benjamina var. nada (Miq.) 

Barret 

Hai bai noi Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus callophylla BL. Var. 

callophylla 

Hai yon Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus fulva Reinw. & BL. Ton ham hok Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus heterophylla L.F var. 

heterophylla 

Nod nam Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus hirta var. roburghii (Miq.) 

King 

Hai khon Fruit eaten by animals, birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus hispida L.f. var. hispida Mak dua pong Edible fruit x B14 

Moraceae Ficus ichnopoda Miq. Ton nom ma Edible fruit x B14 

Moraceae Ficus Pandurata Hance Dua paa Edible eaten by birds x B14 

Moraceae Ficus semicordata Buch. - 

Ham.ex J.E.Sm. 

Mak nod ton Ripe fruit can be eaten raw x B14 

Moraceae Ficus septica Burn.f.var.septica Mak dua pong Fruit eaten by birds, fish x B14 

Moraceae Ficus variegata BL. Var.varlegata Mak dua nam Fruit eaten by birds, fish x B14 

Leguminosae Flamingia chappa A yerng Rarm / A Young Rean (k) Medicine x B27 

Guttiferae Garcinia gracilis Pierre. Mak pern Edible fruit x B14 

Guttiferae Garcinia oliveri Pierre. Som mong Edible fruit x B14 

Guttiferae Garcinia sp. Mai nga loi Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Guttiferae Garcinia tinctoria (DC) Wight. Som pong Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Gardenia obtusifolia Mak Sida Paa x B27 

Rubiaceae Gardenia Ph Khai nau Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Rubiaceae Gardenia sootepensis Hutch. Sida khok Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Rubiaceae Gardenia spp. Dok Koi Dan Income & exchange x B27 

Poaceae Gigantochloa albocillata Bai Mai Lai Fodder & Grazing x B27 

Zingiberaceae Globba sp, Waan fai Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. Ton khee mod Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

183


Euphorbiaceae Glochidion lanceolarium (Roxb.) 

Voigt. 

Sa khee mod Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Anacardiaceae Gluta megalocarpa (Evt.) Tard Mai nam kieng - x B14 

Rutaceae Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.) Lindl. Som sun Stem used for firewood, fence making x B14 

Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea Roxb. Mai so Good timber x B14 

Gnetaceae Gnetum montanum Margf Khua mua The fruit can be eaten cooked x B14 

Icacinaceae Gonocaryum lobbianum 

(Mierr.)Kurz. 

Sieng muang - x B14 

Malvaceae Gossypium herbaceum L. Fai Fiber x B14 

Tiliaceae Grewia paniculata Roxb.ex DC Khom som Stem used for firewood, Ripe fruit can 

be eaten 

x B14 

Simarubaceae Harrisonia perfolata (BL.) Merr. Kon tha Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis auricilaria L. Nha chi lo Medicinal plant x B14 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis capitellata Wall ex 

D.Don. 


Hedyotis corymbosa Phak Khome x B27 

Rubiaceae Hedyotis fusticiformis (Pit.) 

Phamhang 


Rubiaceae Hedyotis hispida Retz. - Medicinal plant x B14 

Sterculiaceae Helictere isora L. Po vit Medicinal plant x B14 

Sterculiaceae Helicteres angustifolia L. Po khee kai Medicinal plant x B14 

Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa - sinensis L. Ton soi deng Decorative plant x B14 

Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens (Buch- 

Ham.) Wall ex D.Don. 

Mouk nhai Stem used for firewood x B14 

Maranthaceae Holopergia blumei ( Koern,) K. 

Schutt. 

Tong ching Decorative x B14 

Araceae Homalonema tonkinensis Engles, Bon pa kang Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Homonoia riparia Lour. Ton kai The tree can be planted along the river bank for 

soil erosion protection 

x B14 


ae 

Hopea ferrea Pierre in Lane. Mai khaen hin E Good timber x B14 


ae 

Hopea odorata Roxb. Mai khaen hua V Good timber x B14 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea pierrei Mai La Aen Building materials x B27 

Asclepiadaceae Hoya macrophylla BL. Dok tang Decorative plant x B14 

Asclepiadaceae Hoya obovanta Done in DC. Dok tang Decorative plant x B14 

184


Dennstaedtiace Hypolepis punelata (Thunb.) 

- Decorative fern x B14 

ae 

Mett. Ex Kuhn 

Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Beauv. Nha kha Medicinal plant. Leaves can be used 

for house rooffing 

x x B14; B27 

Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk. Mun dang Edible tube and young leaves x B14 

Irvingiaceae Irvingia malayana Oliv. Ex A. 

Benn 

Mai bok Timber, charcol and firewood making x x B14; B27 

Runiaceae Ixora stricta Roxb. Ton khem deng Decorative plant x B14 

Oleaceae Jasminum nervosum Lour. Khua sai kai Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcus L. To mak gnau Can be planted for fence making x B14 

Myristicaceae Knema furfulacea Aust. Mai luad nhai Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Myristicaceae Knema pierrei Wab. Sa luad Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Palmae Korthaisia taciniosa Mart. Wai ta leuk Young shoot can be eaten raw or cooked. Stem 


x B14 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz Mai peuy Timber x B14 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack. Mai peuy Timber x B14 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia macrocoxarpa Ka ka lau Stem used for firewood and fence 

x B14 

Wall. 

making. Decoration 

Araceae Lasia spinosa Mak Tapiak Food x B27 

Araceae Lasia spinosa ( L.) thw, Phak nam Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Fagaceae Lasianthus hispidulus Drake. Khan heo nok 

kho khon 

Decorative x B14 

Leeaceae Lasianthus kerri Craib Kankeo nok 

kho 


Rubiaceae Lasianthus poilanei Pit Kankeo nok 

kho 


Leeaceae Leea aequata L. Tang kai khon Medicinal plant x B14 

Acanthaceae Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Tang kai Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Lepidagathis hyalina Nees. - Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Lepisanthes rubiginosa Mak Luat / Mak 

Houat 

Food x B27 

Rubiaceae Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl.) Mak huad Decorative plant x B14 

Fagaceae Lithocarpus bacgiangensis 

(Hick.&Cam) A. Cam. 


Fagaceae Lithocarpus lindieyanus (A.D C) 

A. Cam 


185


Lauraceae Lithocarpus megastachya 

Hick.&Cam 


Onagraceae Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Si khai ton Medicinal plant x B14 

Palmae Livistona saribus ( Lour.) Merr. & Ton kho Edible young shoot and fruit. 

x B14 

Chev. 


Cucurbitaceae Ludwidgia ocotovalvis (Jack.) 

Raven 

Nha luk na Decorative x B14 

Solanaceae Luffa cylindraica (L.) M.A. Roem. Mak bop Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) 

Mill. 

Mak den Edible fruit x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Lycopersicon esculentum var 

cerariforme Alef 

Mak den noi Edible fruit x B14 

Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium cernua (L.) Flanco. 

& vasc. 

Kud kheekhep Decorative fern x B14 

Schizacaceae Lygodium flexuoxum (L.) SW. Phak kud khua Decorative fern x B14 

Schizacaceae Lygodium polystachyum Wall. & 

Moore 

Kud ngong Decorative fern x B14 

Schizacaceae Lygodium salie ifoilium Presi. Phak kud khua Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked 

x B14 

Lygodium spp. Phak Good 

Ngong 

x B27 

Myrsinaceae Macaranga denticulata (BL.) 

Muell-Arg. 

Tong khop Stem used for firewood x B14 

Polypodiaccae Macrosorum hancockil (Bak) 

Ching 


Myrsinaceae Maesa indica Wall.in Roxb. Ton ton Khup Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Maesa membranacea A.DC Ton khup Medicinal plant x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus barbatus Muell - Arg. Tong ta ven Stem used for firewood x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) 

Muell-Arg. 

Tong tau Stem used for firewood x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell- 

Arg. 

- Stem used for firewood x B14 

Anacardiaceae Mallotus thorellii Gagn. Mai sae Stem used for firewood x B14 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Linn Mak muang Timber, Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Mangifera silvatica Lec. Mak muang 

paa 

D Timber, Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

186


Anacardiaceae Mangifera spp. Mak Muang Paa Food x B27 

Bignoniaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz. Man ton Edible tube, Young shoot and flower 


x B14 

Melastomatace 

ae 

Markhamla stipulata Ton khae Edible flower x B14 

Marsileacceae Marsilea crenata Presi Phak vaen Young shoot can be eaten raw or 

cooked 

x B14 

Meliaceae Melastoma normale D. Don. En a Fruit used for dye making x B14 

Melastomatace 

ae 

Melastoma sp. Peuada (k) Medicine x B27 

Melastomatace 

ae 

Melia azedarach L. Ka dau sang Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Melastomatace Memecylon edule Roxb. Muad ae Stem used for firewood making, 

x B14 

ae 


Melastomatace 

ae 

Memecylon fructicosum King. Sa muad ae Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Lamiaceae Mentha aquatica L. Phak kan kam Edible leaves, medicinal plant x B14 

Convolvulaceae Merremia pierrei (Gagn) 

Phamhoangho 

- Decorative plant x B14 

Convolvulaceae Merremia subsessilis (Gagn) 

Phamhoangho 


Convolvulaceae Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f) Hall.f Khua khee 

kaduan 


Rutaceae Micromelum integerrimum (Buch 

Ham) Roem 

Ka be khon Medicinal plant x B14 

Poaceae Microstegium ciliatum ( Trin) 

A.Camus 

Nha sai - x B14 

Papilionoideae Milletia sp. Mai hae Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Mimosoideae Mimosa diploricha C. Wright ex 

Sauvalli 

Nam keo - x B14 

Mimosoideae Mimosa pigra L Ka thin nam Medicinal plant x B14 

Mimosoideae Mimosa pudica L Nha gnup Edible fruit after cooking x B14 

Rubiaceae Mitragyana diversifolia (G.Don) 

Havil 

Mai luang Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Mitragyana rotundifolia (Roxb) 

O.Ktze 

Mai thom Timber x B14 

187


Rubiaceae Morinda tomentosa Heyn Nho khok Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Papilionoideae Mucuna prupriens (L) DC Khua tum nhae Poisonous plant x B14 

Tilianceae Murutigia calabura Linn - Decorative, ripe fruit can be eaten x B14 

Musaceae Musa acuminata Colla. Kouay pa Edible young shoot x B14 

Musaceae Musa nana Lour. Kouay suk 

kheo 

Edible fruit x B14 

Musaceae Musa rosacea Jacq. Kouay nam Edible fruit x B14 

Rubiaceae Mussaenda cambodiana Pierre Dok mieng ka 


bua 

Acanthaceae Nelsonia compestris R,Br - Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum L. Lum nhai pa Timber, ripe fruit can be eaten x B14 

Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum L Nha doud Poisonous plant x B14 

Lauraceae Nothaphopebe umbellifera Yang Bong Income & exchange x B27 

Acanthaceae Nueracanthus tetragonostachyus 

Nees in Wall 

- - x B14 

Ochnaceae Ochna intergerrima Mai sang nao - x x B14; B27 

Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L Phak I tou Medicinal plant x B14 

Olacaceae Olax scandens Roxb Khouay siek Medicinal plant x B14 

Hemodoraceae Ophlopogon peliosanthoides W.& 

Arn. 

- - x B14 

Papilionoideae Ormosia pinnata (Lour) Merr Mai khee mu Stem used for firewood and fence 

making 

x B14 

Bignoniceae Oroxylon indicum (L) Vent Mai Lin Mai Young fruit can be eaten cooked x x B14; B27 

Poaceae Oryza sativa L, Khau Edible seed x B14 

Melastomatace 

ae 

Osbeckia chinensis L.M Khang hee hak - x B14 

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L Som seng ka Edible leaves x B14 

Melastomatace Oxyspora paniculata (D.Don) DC En a dong Decorative plant x B14 

ae 

Poaceae Oxyternanthera albociliata Munro Mai lai Young shoot can be eaten cooked.Stem used for 

house 


Poaceae Oxyternanthera parvifolia Br. Mai sod Young shoot can be eaten cooked.Stem used for 

house 


x B14 

x B14 

188


Papilionoideae Pachyrrhizus erosus (L) Urban Man phau Edible tube x B14 

Rubiaceae Paederia consimilis pierre ex. Pit Khua tod ma 

noi 


Rubiaceae Paederia scadens (Lour) Merr Khua tod ma 

nhai 


Sapotaceae Palaquium sp. Yang bong 

deng 

The bark for glue making x B14 

Pandanaceae Pandanus furcatus Roxb, Chieng na Decorative plant x B14 

Pandanaceae Pandanus spp. Daij/Taij Tools & Handicrafts x B27 

Pandanaceae Pandanus spp. Toei / Teuay Tools & Handicrafts x B27 

Poaceae Panicum sp. Nha nhoung - x B14 

Magnoliaceae Paramichelia bailonia (Pierre) Hu Cham pa pa Good timber x B14 


ae 

Parashorea stellata Kurz Mai hau Good timber x B14 

Mimosoideae Parkia sumatrana Miq khon kong Timber x B14 

Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L Nod sa Medicinal plant x B14 

Scrophulariace Paulownia fortunei Hemsl - Stem use for common implements 

x B14 

ae 

and firewoods 

Rubiaceae Pavetta indica L Tom khem kao Decorative plant x B14 

Tiliaceae Peltace burmanica Kurz Si siet Medicinal plant x x B14; B27 

Caesalpnioidea Peltophorum dasyrrachis (Miq) Mai sa phang Timber, stem used for firewood 

x B14 

e 

Kurz 

making 

Poaceae Pennisetum setaceum Forssk. Nha hang ma Decorative plant x B14 

Menispermacea Pericampilus glaucus (Lamk) Khua tup tua Medicinal plant x B14 

e 

Merr 

Lauraceae Phoebe lanceolata Nees Phai ven Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Lauraceae Phoebe tavoyana Hook f. Sa phai ven Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Maranthaceae Phrynium plancetarum ( Lour) 

Merr. 


Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus emblica L Ton kham pom Medicinal plant, edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Papilionoideae Phyllodium punchellum (L) Benth Ked lin Decorative plant x B14 

Solanaceae Physalis angulata L Mak tum tup Decorative plant x B14 

Piperaceae Piper betle L Phou Medicinal plant x B14 

Piperaceae Piper lolot C. DC I leud Edible leaves x B14 

Piperaceae Piper mutabile C. DC Sa phou Decorative plant x B14 

Polypodiaccae Platycerium grande A. Cunn. Ex Nhee va Decorative fern x B14 

189


Plumbaginacea 

e 

J.Sm 

Plumbago indica Pid pi deng Good medicinal plant x B14 

Commelinacea Pollia thyrsiflora (BL) End & Nha kap Decorative plant x B14 

e 

Hassk 

Annonaceae Polyalthia sp. Mak kouay hen Stem used for firewood x B14 

Polygonaceae Polygonum chinensis L Som phian Edible young stem x B14 

Polygonaceae Polygonum tomentosum Wild Pak phai khon Decorative plant x B14 

Sapindaceae Pomatia pinnata J.R & G.Forst Ko ka Timber x B14 

Araceae Pothos scadens L, Wai sa noi Decorative plant x B14 

Acanthaceae Pseuderanthemum palatiferum 

Radlk 

Sa hom Decorative plant x B14 

Mayrtaceae Psidium guajava Linn Mak si da Edible fruit, Medicinal plant x B14 

Caesalpnioidea 

e 

Ptelobiem intergrum Craib Sa nam ka chai Decorative plant x B14 

Dennstaedtiace 

ae 

Pteridium aquilium (CL.) Kuhn Phak kud Decorative fern x B14 

Pteridoideae Pteris insgnis Mett. - Decorative fern x B14 

Papilionoideae Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Mai dou Good timber x x B14; B27 

Sterculiaceae Pterospermum heterophyllum 

Hance 

Mai ham ao Timber x B14 

Fagaceae Quercus kerrii Craib Ko kaek Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Rubiaceae Randia spinosa BL. Ngieng douk Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Rubiaceae Randia tomentosa BL.in DC Nam theng Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Rubiaceae Randia uligiosa (Retz) DC Loum phouk Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Apocynaceae Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex 

Pit. 

Kh yom phou Decorative plant x B14 

Araceae Rhaphidophora decursiva 

( Roxb) Schott 

Khua mum soi Decorative plant x B14 

Palmae Rhapis laosensis Sarn Food x B27 

Palmae Rhapis Macrantha Gagn. San Edible young shoot. Decorative plant x B14 

Anacadiaceae Rhus chinensis Muell. Mak phod Edible fruit x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. Hung sa Poisonous plant x B14 

Phytolacaceae Rivina humilis L. Toum tuak Edible young shoot x B14 

Boraginaceae Rotula aquatica Lour. Khai hang nak Decorative plant x B14 

Rosaceae Rubus multibracteus Levl. & Van. Mak thum Edible fruit x B14 

190


Acanthaceae Rungea pectinata Nees. - Decorative x B14 

Poaceae Saccharum officnarum Linn. Oi Sugar x B14 

Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Lau Young shoot can be eaten cooked x B14 

Poaceae Sacciolepis angusta Stapf. - Decorative plant x B14 

Caesalpinioidea Salaca declinata (Jack.) Miquel. Kham pha am Stem used for firewood. Decorative 

x B14 

e 

plant 

Mimosoideae Samanea saman (Jack.) Merr. Mai sam sa Timber. Decorative plant x B14 

Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Ton tong Timber. Edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Merr. 

Euphorbiaceae Sapium discolor Muell-Arg. Mai pang Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq. Kok kan luang Timber. Medicinal plant x B14 

Actinidiaceae Saurauja nepaulensis DC. - Decorative x B14 

Euphorbiaceae Sauropus pierrei (Beille.) Croizat. Phak ban dong Edible leaves x B14 

Sterculiaceae Scaphium macropodium (Miq.) Ka mak haeng Stem used for firewood x B14 

Blum. 

Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC) Korth. Mai khai so Good timber x B14 

Cyperaceae Scleria purpurascens Steud. Khom pao nhai Decorative plant x B14 

Cyperaceae Scleria terrestris ( L.) Fossett. Nha khom pao Decorative plant x B14 

Scrophulariace Scoparia dulcis L. Khon Khee 


ae 

thang 

Selaginellaceae Selaginella strigosa Bett. Tin kup kae Decorative fern x B14 

Leguminosae Senna (Cassia) siamea Phak Khisome Food x B27 

Leguminosae Senna alata Bai Khilek Yai 

(Bai Khinon) 

Food x B27 

Papilionoideae Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Dok khae khao Flower eaten cooked x B14 

Sapindaceae Shleichera trijunga Mak Kor Som Food x B27 


ae 

Shorea obtusa Wall. Mai chik Timber x x B14; B27 

Shorea obtuse and shorea siamensis Khi Si x B27 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Mai Si Building materials x B27 


ae 

Shorea siamensis Miq. Mai hang Timber x B14 

Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Nha khad Medicinal plant x B14 

Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. Nha khad Medicinal plant x B14 


e 

Sindora siamensis Teysm. ex 

Miq. 

Mai tae nam Good timber x B14 

191


Smilacaceae Smilax bracteata Presl. Nha hua Decorative plant x B14 

Smilacaceae Smilax china L. Khua kuang Edible young leaves x B14 

Smilacaceae Smilax glabra Roxb. Nha hua Medicinal plant x B14 

Smilax spp. Kheua Khuang x B27 

Smilacaceae Smilax spp. Hua Ya Luang Medicine x B27 

Solanaceae Solanum capsicoides Allioni Mak khua kun Edible fruit. Medicinal plant x B14 

Solanaceae Solanum ferox L. Mak euk Edible fruit x B14 

Solanaceae Solanum melongena L. Khua ham ma Edible fruit x B14 

Solanaceae Solanum torvum Swartz. Khaeng faa Edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Solanaceae Solanum trilobatum L. Khaeng khom Edible fruit x B14 

Asteraceae Sphaeranthus indicus L. - Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Sphaeromorpha australis (Less.) 

Kitam. 


Verbenaceae Sphenedesma amethystina 

P.Dop. 

Khua ka deng Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Sphenodesma thorelii P.Dop. Khua ka deng Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex Phak kad Young can be eaten 

x B14 

DC 

cooked.Medicinal plant 

Anacadiaceae Spondias lakhonensis Pierre. Som ho Timber.Edible young shoot and fruit x B14 

Anacadiaceae Spondias oxillaris Roxb. Mak mu Timber.Edible young shoot and fruit x B14 

Anacadiaceae Spondias pinnata (Koenig & L.F.) 

Kurz. 

Mak kok Edible fruit x x B14; B27 

Moraceae Streblus asper Lour. Nam khee 

Stem used for firewood making. 

x B14 

haed 


Moraceae Streblus ilicifolia (Kurz.) Corn. Nam khee 


x B14 

haed 


Moraceae Streblus taxoides (Heyne.) Kurz. Nam khee 


x x B14; B27 

haed 


Acanthaceae Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees Hom ban Leaves used for dye making x B14 

Loganiaceae Strychnos nuc-vomica L. Toum ka Medicinal plant. Stem used for 


x B14 

Loganiaceae Strychnos sp. Toum ka khua Medicinal plant. x B14 

Styracaceae Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre.) 

Craib.ex Hardw. 

Sa nhan Medicinal plant. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium chlorantum Duthi. Va daeng Timber. x B14 

192


Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Druce. Mai va Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium semaragense (BL.) 

Merr. 

Mak chiang Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium tinctorium (Gagn.) 

Merr. ex Pierre 

Va dong Timber. x B14 

Myrtaceae Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Ton sa mek Edible young leaves x B14 

Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana corumbosa 

Roxb. ex WALL. 

Phout paa Decorative plant x B14 

Taccaceae Tacca chantrieri Andre. Poum mien Decorative plant x B14 


e 

Tamarindus indica L. Mak kham Timber. Edible fruit and young shoot x B14 

Asteraceae Taraxocum officinalis (L.) Web Sa nad Medicinal plant x B14 

Dryopteridacea Tectaria stenosemioides C.Chr. 


e 

Tard 

Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L.F. Mai sak Good timber x B14 

Combretaceae Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth.) 

Roxb. 

Mai hen Timber x B14 

Combretaceae Terminalia spp. Ban Loat Food x B27 

Dilleniaceae Tetracera indica (Chr.& Pans.) 

Merr. 

San khua Decorative plant x B14 

Datiscaceae Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Mai phoung Timber x x B14; B27 

Vitaceae Tetrastigma crassipes Plach. Khua houn pae Stem can be used for string making x B14 

Thelypteridacea Thelypteris nudata (Roxb.) 


e 

Morton 

Malvaceae Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & 

Gibbs. 

Po lom pom Stem used for firewood x B14 

Apocynaceae Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr. Ka dan nga Decorative plant x B14 

Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora (Rottl.) 

Roxb. 

Khua nam nae Decorative plant x B14 

Poaceae Thysanolaena maxima Ktze. Khaem Inflorescences can be used for broom 

making 

x x B14; B27 

Menidpermaceae Tiliacora triandra Kheua Ya Nang Building materials x B27 

Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lamk. Khua ngu hua Medicinal plant x B14 

Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) BL. Po hu Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Araliaceae Trevesia sphearocarpa Glushv.& 

Skvorts 

Tang nhai Decorative x B14 

193


Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Mak khee ka Poisonous plant x B14 

Araceae Typhonmium flagelliforme 

( Lodd.) BL. 


Rubiaceae Uncaria macrophylla Wall.in Nam ko bai 


Roxb. 

nhai 

Rubiaceae Uncaria scadens (Smith.) Hutch. Khua nam ko Medicinal plant x B14 

Unknown sc.name Mai so ngong Timber x B14 

Papilionoideae Uraria crinata Desv. Hang sua Decorative plant x B14 

Malvaceae Urena lobata L. Khee on Medicinal plant x B14 

Annonaceae Uvaria macrophylla Khua phi phon - x B14 

Rhamnaceae Ventilogo paucifolia pit. Khua ngou hau Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less Nha thon phid Decorative plant x B14 

Asteraceae Vernonia volkameriaefolia Wall 

ex DC. 

Nha thod phit Medicinal plant x B14 

Loranthaceae Viscum heyneanum DC. Ka fak tieu Decorative plant x B14 

Verbenaceae Vitex peduncularis Wall. Tin nok Timber x B14 

Verbenaceae Vitex pinnata L. Tin nok Timber x B14 

Rubiaceae Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. Mai kao Stem used for firewood making x B14 

Apocynaceae Wrightia pubescens R.Br. Mai mouk Timber x B14 

Sapindaceae Xerospermum moronhianum or 

Nephelium hypoleucum 

Mak Khor Laen / Mark Ngaew Food x B27 

Sapindaceae Xerospermum moronhiartum 

(BL.) BL. 

Mak ngeo Timber. Edible fruit x B14 

Mimosoideae Xylia xytocarpa (Roxb.) Taubert. Mai deng Good timber x x B14; B27 

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum rhetsa Mai Khaen Building materials x x B27 

Poaceae Zea mays Linn. Sa li Edible fruit x B14 

Zingiberaceae Zingiber officnallis Roscoe. Khing Medicinal plant. Edible tube x B14 

Zygygium cuminii Mai Va x B27 

Rhamnaceae Zyziphus mauritiana Lamk. Mak ka thun Edible fruit x B14 

194

Annex 5: Globally Threatened Species in Lao PDR 

Total Number of Species Critically 

Endangered 

Total Number of Species Critically 

Endangered 

Threatened Species Extinct Species 


Endangered Vulnerable Extinct Extinct in the 

Wild 

5 7 5 

3 

1 

1743 5 7 9 0 0 

Threatened Species Extinct Species 

Endangered Vulnerable Extinct Extinct in the 

Wild 

172 4 8 22 

651 5 2 15 

66 2 5 4 

37 4 

244 

2 3 

1 

1170 13 19 45 0 0 

Source: IUCN redlist of endangered species, JICA environmental profile Lao PDR 

195

Part 1 – A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment - IUCN

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