EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MOROCCAN ...

EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MOROCCAN MEDICINAL PLANTS USED 

IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 

1 1 2 2 

Lyoussi B., El Bardai S., Wibo M..and Morel N. 

1 2 

UFR Physiologie-pharmacologie , Faculty of Science Dhar-Elmahraz, Fez, Morocco, Laboratory of 

Pharmacology, University catholic of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium 

Medicinal plants have always been associated with cultural behaviour and traditional knowledge. The 

renaissance of interest in plant products has been stimulated by the use of plant extracts in chronic conditions 

for which conventional drugs is perceived to offer very little specificity in its target. The screening of plants 

used in Moroccan traditional medicine presents a basis of the botanical pharmacopoeia. Important scientific 

investigations for the elucidation of their claimed therapeutic properties are in practice as toxic reactions, 

adverse effects related to the desired pharmacological actions, drug interactions, phytochemical analyses, 

physiological activity. Numerous methods introduced for testing of biological and pharmacological activities 

are done with animal models, like spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), streptozotocine rats, obese rats and 

tumoral cell lines [1,2,3,4,5]. 

Marrubium Vulgare L.(Horehound, Lamiaceae) and Foeniculum Vulgare L.(Fennel, Apiaceae), represents 

some examples of medicinal plants used in folk medicine to cure a variety of diseases. In Morocco, it's used in 

association with Marrubium vulgare for the treatment of hypertension. In order to give pharmacological basis 

for the empirical use of these plants, the hypotensive effects of the crude water extract of Marrubium Vulgare 

L. and Foeniculum Vulgare were investigated in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in 

their normotensive controls Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Oral administration of the Marrubium extract or of the 

Foeniculum extract lowered the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of SHR but did not significantly change SBP in 

WKY. Foeniculum but not Marrubium extract significantly enhanced diuresis, urinary excretion of sodium 

and potassium. Vascular effects of the extracts were investigated on isolated rat aorta contracted by 

-6 

noradrenaline (Nad),CaCl 2 or KCl. The contractile responses to Nad (10M) and to KCl (I00 mM) of aorta 

isolated from Marrubium treated SHR were depressed by 35.4 ± 1.6% and 18.7 ± 3.4% respectively 

-6 

compared to untreated rats; contractile responses to Nad (10 M) of aorta isolated from Foeniculum treated 

SHR were depressed by 14.4± 2.8%. In-vitro, Marrubium depressed the contractile response of SHR 

2+ 

depolarized aorta to Ca by 91.1 0.7%. These results indicate that both extracts exhibit a specific 

hypotensive activity which seems to be mediated through different pathways: Foeniculum mainly diuretic 

and Marrubium displaying vascular relaxant effect. Vasorelaxing constituents are mainly terpenoids and 

essential oils. 

The effects of plant remedies derived from animal studies are, however, not extrapolated to humans. For 

clinical use, rigorous clinical data from diabetic, hypertensive patients and volunteers are essential. 

References: 

1. H. Rhiouani, A. Settaf, B. Lyoussi, Y. Cherrah, M.A.Lacaille-Dubois, M. Hassar. Effects of sap on ins from Hemiaria 

glabra on blood pressure and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Therapie, 1999; 54 : 735-739 

2. Haloui, M., Louedec, L., Michel J-B, B. Lyoussi. Experimental diuretic effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and 

Centaurium erythrea L. J. Ethnopharmacology ( In Press) 

3. H. Jouad, M. Eddouks, M-A. Lacaille-Dubois, B. Lyoussi. Hypoglycaemic effect ofSpergularia purpurea in normal and 

streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacology ( In Press) 

4. F. Lamchouri, A. Settaf, Y. Cherrah, M. Zemzami, B. Lyoussi, A. Zaid, N. Atif, M. Hassar Therapie 1999,54 : 753-758 

5. F. Lamchouri, A. Settaf, Y. Cherrah, M. Hassar, M. Zemzami, N. Atif, EB. Nadori, A. Zaid, B. Lyoussi, Fitoterapia 2000; 

71 (1): 50 -54

THE EFFECTS OF GARLIC ON, CT, PT, APTT IN RATS 

Mahmoodifar .F: Aghamohammad Pour M. 

Urmia Medical Sciences University 

The results of our study showed that garlic can increase the CT, BT, PT, APTT significantly after 7 and 14 

days of ingestion of diluted garlic drops. 

Also it was observed that by increasing the duration of taking garlic drops above mentioned parameters are 

increased significantly. That's means these factors are in direct relationship with the duration of garlic intake. 

It was shown that percent of CT increasement was approximately %57.56 and for BT after 14 days was 

%56.42 and for PTT this factor was %37.13 and finally for PT was %27.73. 

Therefore final result was showed that garlic has maximum effect only on the CT. 

References: 

1- Orekhov -A V, Tertov -VV -Direct Anti -Atherosclerosis Related Effects Of Garlic -Russiarn Academy Of Medical 

Sciences, 1995 Feb, 27(1) 63-5 

2- Petry -JJ, Garlic And Post Operative Bleeding 1995 -Aug 96 (2) 483-4. 

3- Andrianova -IV, Gabbasov -ZA, Effect Of The Garlic Tablets Allicor On Thrombocyte Aggreation In vitro And Exvivo - 

1997 Jul (12417); 97-100. 

4- Ali -M, Thomson -M, Consumption Of A Garlic Elove Aday Could Be Beneficial In Preventing Thrombosis. 1995Sep 

53(3); 211-2. 

5- Morris -J. Burk -V.Mori -T A. Effects Of Garlic Extract On Platelet Aggregation A. Randomized Placebo- Controlled 

Double Blind Study. 1995 Jun 22(6-7); 414-7.

ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE TOTAL EXTRACT FROM THE AERIAL PARTS 

OF GLAUCIUM GRANDIFLORUM 

1 1 2 1 1 

Morteza-Semnani K. , Saeedi M. , Dehpour A.R. , Vafamehr H. , Hamidian M. 

1 

Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 

2 

Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

(l) 

Glaucium spp.(Family: Papaveraceae) are the native of Iran, that are rich of alkaloids. The species of 

Glaucium have been used in Iranian herbal medicine as laxative, hypnotic, anti-diabetic and in the treatment 

(2) 

of dermatitis. In this research, the anti-nociceptive activity of the total extract of Glaucium grandiflorum 

was evaluated for the first time. 

The plant was collected from the suburb of Tehran (Sorkh-e-hesar) and the aerial parts of plant were extracted 

with methanol by percolation. The anti-nociceptive effect of the alcoholic extract was estimated in terms of 

the amount of time (sec.) the animals spent licking the injected paw, induced by formalin in rats, during 60 

minutes. Morphine (5, 10 mg/kg) and the total extract (60,70,80,90 mg/kg) were given I.P. 15 min. prior to 

injection of formalin (2.5%, 50ì1). The pain response curve induced by formalin was biphasic. The first 

period (early phase) was recorded 0-5 min. after the injection of formalin and the second period (late phase) 

(3-5) 

was recorded 15-60 min. after the injection. 

Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by student's t-test (P < 0.05). The 

extract at doses of 70,80,90 mg/kg had significant difference on the early phase pain response in comparison 

with control group. Anti-nociceptive activity of the extract (80,90 mg/kg) in early phase was more than 

morphine at a dose of 5 mg/kg and less than morphine at a dose of 10 mg /kg .The extract at doses of 70, 80, 90 

mg/kg had significant difference on the late phase pain response in comparison with control group. Antinociceptive 

activity of the extract at doses of 70,80,90 mg/kg in the late phase was more than morphine at a 

dose of 5 mg/kg and less than morphine at a dose of 10 mg/kg. 

The response of the extract at doses of 80,90 mg/kg had not statistically significant difference to each other on 

the early and late phases pain response. The statistical studies showed that the above extract was more 

effective on the late phase pain response rather than the early phase. 

References: 

I. Shafiee A. and Morteza-Sernnani K.;Crabbine and other alkaloids from the aerial parts of Glaucium paucilobum. Planta 

Med.64:680.1998. 

2.Zargari A. ;Medicinal Plants ,Tehran University Publications. I : 154-157.1990. 

3.Shibata M.,Ohkubo T.,Takahashi H. and Inoki R.;Modified formalin test-Characteristic biphasic pain response. Pain.38: 

347-352. 1989. 

4.Hunskaar S. and Hole K.;The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory pain. Pain. 30.103-114.1987. 

5. Hole K. and Tjoleson A.;The tail-flick and formalin tests in rodents .Pain. 53:247- 4.1993.

EFFECT OF RED PEPPER ON ANALGESIA AND NALOXONE INDUCED BEHAVIOUR IN 

MICE 

A. A Moghadamnia , S Majedi, E. Afraz 

Dept of Pharmacology, Babol Univ. Medical Sciences, 47176, Babol, Iran. 

Red pepper is frequently used as an analgesic therapeutic agent in traditional medicine. It has a variety of 

active substances such as capsanthin and capsaicin. We decided to study analgesic effect of capsanthin and its 

role in drug dependence in the mice. 

Our study was performed as a randomized control trial, with case and control group of mice. Tail-flick test 

was used for measuring of the pain. Morphine was used for inducing drug dependency (with Marchal 

method). For measuring of morphine dependency jumping due to naloxone. Jumping behaviour was 

considered as one of the most important drug withdrawal syndrome in mice. 

Different doses of capsanthin had not any significant effect on tail-flick latency in compare with control but 

capsanthin (25-50-75 mg/kg) doses in addition to morphine (10mg/kg) had significant effect in compare with 

morphine by itself (10 mg/kg). In jumping test, we found that morphine dependent mice which receive 

capsanthin (all of three doses) significantly differ in Jumping rate in compare with control group also jumping 

onset (Latency time) was increased significantly in capsanthin injected group in compare with controls ( 

particularly in 50- 75 mg/kg doses). 

Results of tail flick test showed that capsanthin by itself has not significant effect on analgesia, but 

accompanying with morphine has significant effects in compare with morphine by itself. Results of jumping 

test showed that 25 and 75 mg/kg dosed of capsanthin can decrease naloxane effect on jumping, and different 

doses of capsanthin have significantly effects on jumping onset (latency time).

EFFECTS OF AJMALINE ON RATE-DEPENDENT ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL 

PROPERTIES, POTENTIAL ROLE IN EXPERIMENTAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR 

REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA 

1 2 3 

Mohsen Naseri, Mohsen Nayebpour, Vahid Khori 

1 2 

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University.Department of Pharmacology 

3 

and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Department of 

Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 

Ajmaline was derived from Rauwolfia Serpentina by Siddiqui and co-worker. Due to the fact that Ajmal 

Khan, the pioneer of traditional medicine in India was the first one using this plant as a cardic sedative, this 

product was named Ajmaline. Ajmaline, a class I antiarrhythmic is a well-known atrioventricular (A V) node 

depressant agent, but its effects on functional properties of A V node and on experimental atrioventricular 

reentrant tachycardia (A VRT) have not been explored. The aims of the present study were (1) to determine 

whether ajmaline administration modifies the rate-dependent properties of the A V node and (2) to correlate 

these changes with the actions of ajmaline on an in-vitro model of AVRT. 

Selective stimulation protocols and mathematical formulations were used to independently quantify A V 

nodal recovery, facilitation, and fatigue in 10 isolated rabbit A V node. Ajmaline decreased facilitation and 

fatigue and had no significant effect on A V nodal recovery. The most important effect of ajmaline was rateinduced 

prolongation of A V nodal effective refractory period (A VERP), resulting in greater increase in 

tachycardia cycle length (T). A VRT was sustained when A VERP/T was less than 1, ajmaline suppressed A 

VRT by increasing the slope of the A VERP/T versus tachycardia rate relation, causing the critical ratio of 1 to 

be attained at slower rate. A mathematical model incorporating quantitative descriptors of recovery, 

facilitation, and fatigue accounted for changes in nodal conduction time, A VERP , tachycardia cycle length, 

and A VERP/T under all conditions. It can be concluded that (1) Ajmaline increases A V conduction time, 

decreases A V nodal fatigue and facilitation, without altering A V nodal recovery. (2) Ajmaline significantly 

prolongs A VERP in a rate-dependent manner. (3) These changes playa role in ajmaline's actions on 

experimental A VRT. Ajmaline's ability to terminate reentrant supraventricular tachycardia may be due, at 

least in part, to its ability to amplify the rate-induced prolongation of nodal refractory period. 

References: 

1- Siddiqui, S., Siddiqui, R.H., 1932. The alkaloids of Rauwolfia Serpentina benth. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 9, 539-544. 

2- Nayebpour, M., Billette, J., Amellal, F., Nattel, S., 1993. Effects of adenosine on rate-dependent atrioventricular nodal 

function. Circulation 88, 2632-2645. 

3- Enomoto, K., Imoto, M., Nagashima, R., Kancko, T., Maruyama, T., Kaji, Y., Tsuda, Y., Kanaya, S., Fujino, T., Niho, Y., 

1995. Effects of ajmaline on non-sodium ionic current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Jpn. Heart J. 36, 465-476. 

4- Chen, X., Borggrefe, M., Martinez-Rubio, A., Hief, C., Haverkamp, W., Hindricks, G., Breithardt, G., 1994. Efficacy of 

ajmaline and propafenon in patients with accessory pathways: A prospective randomized study. J. Cardovasc. Pharmacol. 24, 

664669.

EFFECTS OF THE METHANOL EXTRACT OF TEA ON THE ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGICAL 

CHARACTERISTICS OF ISOLATED ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE OF MALE RATS 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

Nayebpour M., Khori V., Hajakhoondi A., Ashrafian Y., Rooshanzamir F., Naseri M. 

1,4 

Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health 

2 3 

Services, Department of Pharmacology, school of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 

Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health 

5 

Services, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical 

6 

Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahed University 

The ideal drug for treatment of the wide range of supraventricular tachyarrhthmias is yet to be developed. Due 

to their adverse side effects and the possibility of aggravating existing arrhythmias, pharmacological 

interventions are usually ineffective in treating these conditions. Herbal remedies are suitable alternatives for 

chemical drugs, due to their availability, minimal side effects and lower price. 

Pharmacological studies and traditional medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the tea plant 

(Camellia Sinensis) in many instances. In this study we used the isolated heart of Langendroff rats as an 

-10 -8 -6 

experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations (2. 10 ,2. 10 and 2 .10 W/V) of the 

methanol extract of tea on the electrophysiological characteristics of the isolated atrioventricular node. 

Results of this study show that the methanol extract of the tea plant affects the baseline and functional 

parameters of the node, thereby leading to a relative depression of these parameters in a dose-dependant 

manner. It may therefore be considered for use as a treatment for supraventricular arrhythmias. 

References: 

1- Tamargo J. Valenzuuela C. Delpon E. New insights into the pharmacology of sodium channel blockers. Eur Heart J. 1992 

;13(supplF):2-13. 

2- Murakami S. The action of aromatic constituents of the raw leaves of Sinensis Japonica on the isolated frog heart. 

Pharmacol JPN. .1936; 21: 273-283. 

3- Halan D. David M.Mann Georg v. A factor in food which impairs sodium-potasium ATPase in vitro. Am Clin Nutr. 1982; 

35: 9257. 

4- Baraboi A V. Biological action of plant polyphenols possessing vitamin P activity. Biol Funkts Mater Vses Sinp. 1966 : 1: 

358- 359. 

5- Billette J. Janse MJ. Van Capelle FJ. Cycle length dependent properties of A V node activation in rabbit hearts. Am J 

Physiol.1976;231:1129-1139.

PHARMACOLOGY EFFECTS OF FERULA ASSA-FOETIDA ESSENCE ON RAT UTERUS 

SMOOTH MUSCLE IN-VITRO 

M. Edjtehadi, M. Azadbakht and M. H. Nematollahi 

Department of pharmacology, medical school, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 

The genus of ferula of the family Umbelifera has been mentioned in many medicinal encyclopedias as an 

important plant in human traditional and veterinary medicine used from ancient time. Thereafter, it was 

decided to design to investigate the pharmacology effects of ferula assa-fatida extract on rat uterus smooth 

muscle contraction in vitro system. In the first place, air-dried extract of ferula assa-fatida growing in Fars 

province in south of Iran was obtained. The extract contains essence, resin and gum. The essence was isolated 

from the extract by distillation apparatus. That forms 7% of ferula assa-fatida extract. The essence was 

dissolved in polyethylenglycol 600 and 200 ìl of it was chosen as a final solution for running the experiment 

through, using accumulative dosing method. Experimental animals were treated with estrogen (0.1 mg/Kg of 

estradiol valerate) 24 hours prior to decapitation, and then they were allotted to two groups. Before 

commencement of main experimental procedure, uterus horns in first and second animals groups were kept in 

the bath containing Dejalon's solution at 300 while continuously bubbled with a 95% O2 and 5% CO gas 

mixture. The preparation was left for 1 hour to equilibrate before commencing the experiment. Basal tension 

was set at 1 g and contractions were recorded isometrically. Then uterus horns were exposed to ferula essence 

and oxytocin (as positive control) respectively. The obtained results after statistical analysis indicate that: 1- 

200 ìl of essence appears its effects faster than oxytocin. This could be possibly due to its higher affinity for 

contractile receptors. 2- The potency of essence shows a concentration-dependant manner. 3- The essence 

effects are reversible. 4- The duration effect of essence is shorter than duration effect of oxytocin. 

Nevertheless, If ferula essence lacks pathological side effects in the body, it could be use for shorter duration 

of action in future. At the present time the mechanisms of actions of ferula essence are being investigated in 

our laboratory. 

2

DNA-HARMALOL INTERACTION, THE EFFECTS OF HARMALOL ON THE SOLUTION 

STRUCTURE OF CALF THYMUS DNA STUDIED BY FTIR SPECTROSCOPY 

1 2 1 

Abbass Hadjiakhoondi , Shohreh Nafisi , 

Hava Diari 

1.Tehran University, Dept. of Pharmacy 2.Islamic Azad university. Tehran Branch, Chemistry Dept. 

Harmalol isolated from peganum harmala L.as well as from Banisteria Caapi Spruce [1-2]. Harmalol has 

been shown to play an important role in human cancer. The exact mechanism by which harmalol exerts its 

anticancer activity is not clear.If harmalol exhibits anticancer activity,its interaction with cell particles such as 

nucleic acids, DNA polymerases and proteins is of great biological importance. In view of the biochemical 

activities of the harmalol, we were prompted to investigate the harmalol -DNA interaction and to determine 

drug binding sites in aqueous solution. Vibrational spectroscopy (infrared) is often used to characterize the 

nature of drug/DNA interaction and to monitor the effects of various drugs on DNA structure [3]. Recently, 

vibrational spectroscopy applied to analyze the nature of vitamin C , aspirin, chlorophyll in , 

diethylstillbestrol (DES) complexation with DNA.[4,5]. 

In this communication, we report the interaction of calf- thymus DNA with harmalol in water/ethanol (75/25 

V/V) solution at pH 7-6 with harmalol/DNA molar ratio r=1/40, using FTIR spectroscopic technique that 

have not been previously reported. 

Spectroscopic results indicated that harmalol is a weak intercalator with affinity for guanine-cytosine rich 

regions, but adenine -thymine region is the main target of drug intercalation. 

References: 

[1]. Cordell, G. A. and et al, the Dictionary of Alkaloids, Chapman and Hall ,London, 487 (1989). 

[2]. AI-Alaf ,T. A., Ayoub, M., J.Inorg .Biochem., 38(1),47(1990). 

[3]. Neault ,J. F., Naoui, M., Tajmir-Riahi ,H.A., J. of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 13,2,384(1995). 

[4] Tajmir-Riahi , H. A., Neault J. F., FEBS Lett. ,382,26(1996). 

[5]. Tajmir-Riahi , H. A., Neault J. F. , J. Biol.chem ., 271(14) , 8140 (1996)

ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF CHAMOMIL S.P ON FORMALIN INDUCED PAIN IN RAT 

Vahidi AR.. Dashti MH and, Jamaladini H. 

Physiology Dept., Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. 

Herbal medications areused for traditional treatment of many diseases since the old time. This type of 

medication has been continued and emphasized upto now. One of the herbal medication classes is that which 

is related to pain inhibition. Without any dobt in the Eastern countries, this type of medication has been 

continued and emphasized up to now. One of those, which is called chamomill in Iranian traditional medicine 

has been prescribed as an anti-nociceptive and anti spasmatic drug. In this study we assessed the effect of this 

plant on pain, induced by formalin. 

Chamomill extract in different concentrations 1,2 ml/kg diluted in 1 ml normal saline were injected 

intraperitonially. After fifteen minutes, 50 ml of 2.5% formalin injected subcutaneously into the right limbs. 

Pain score were made for 1 hour. Following the injection of formalin. For assessing the pain, we used the 

classic formalin test in which the pain score is rated from zero to three. The pain was scored every 15 second. 

When no response is observed the score would be zero. Score one is for the time when rat would not person its 

right hind limb. When rat does not put the injected limb on the ground, score 2 is given and finally secore 3 is 

for the time that the animal shakes or licks his injected limb. Then, the average pain score was calculated for 

each five minute block up to one hour after formalin injection. Data obtained from 2 test groups and 1 control 

group (receiving 1 ml normal saline I.P) were tested by ANOVA followed by Newman-keuls. 

Showed that chamomill extract attenuated pain score in a dose dependent manner which was significantly 

different from that of the control. 

Our results indicate that chamomill extraction inhibits tonic pain more potently than phasic pain. 

.;

EFFECTS OF APHTIMON (CUSCUTA EPITHIMUM MURR) ON 

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND LONG TERM MEMORY IN RAT 

A.A. Vafaei, 

H. Alaiy, F. Moattar, A. Mohammadi, F. Niazi 

Dept. of physiol. Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Med. Sci. Isfahan and Semnan 

Aphtimon, scientifically called Cuscuta epithimum murr is a wild plant that grows is desert and hilly areas of 

Iran. Through studying ancient books, we learn its wide range of use for treating a number of diseases. We can 

easily trace its antipsychotic properties. In this study attempt has been made to reveal through behavioral and 

electrophysiological methods two other areas where Aphtimon may be put into practice: The long term 

memory and electroencephalogram. Three groups of 10 rats, two case and one control groups, were tested 

simultaneously. The shuttle box was used for behavior test and physiograph for electrophysiological test. The 

case groups were injected aphtimon for a period of two month. Then, their long term memory and 

electroencephalogram were compared with those of the control group. The result showed that aphtimon had 

reduced the long term memory in the rats (P < 0.02). And remarkably decreased the total brain power, and 

change powers of teta, alpha, beta and delta waves in electroencephalogram of rats. The experiment revealed 

that aphtimon reduced the brain activity, and consequently decreased the long term memory.

NAKED SEED PUMPKIN, CUCRBITA PEPO VAR. STYRIACA), ( 

A NEW PLANT FOR 

IRANIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES 

Aroiee H. , Omidbaigi R. 

Tarbiat Modares University, college of Agriculture, Horticulture Department. 

Pumpkinseeds have been used for a long time in natural medicine because of their positive influence on 

bladder and prostate. Pumpkinseeds tone the bladder -muscles and minimize the enlargement of the prostate 

glands. Common pumpkin (var. styriaca) is an annual plant, has sprawling, prickly stems, tendrils opposite 

large leaves, large, orange -yellow male flowers in leaf axils, female flowers on stalks, and green to orange 

fruit. The hull -less seeds are high in unsaturated fats and protein as well as vitamins E and A. The specific 

components are known to prevent bladder and prostate problems. The inorganic elements specially zinc (zn) 

is high in the seeds that effective in prevention of prostate problem, too. Environmental conditions such as 

water, salt or nutritional stresses influenced the production of its active substances. In this research pumpkin 

-l 

seeds were soaked at four different levels of NaCl, 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 grl. After 36 hr the 

Seeds rinsed in tap water, then the seeds of e ach treatments sowed. The statistical design was RCBD, that each 

groups of treatments has three replicate. In this research, seed yield, oil seed content and B -sitostrol of oil 

-l 

determined. The results showed that the 2.5 and 5 grl NaCl result in oil seed and its B -sitostrol and zinc of 

seeds increased. 

Reference 

1- Bernath, J. (1993): Wild and cultivated of medicinal plants. Mezo. Pub. Budapest, pp.566. 

2- Omidbaigi, R. (2000): Productions and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Vol. 3. Pub. Astane Ghodse Razaviee, pp. 397. 

3- Salisbury, F.B. and C.W.Ross. (1991). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company. Belmont 

California pp.682. 

4- Volkmar, KM.; Y.Hu, and H.steppuhn. (1997). Physiological responses of plants to salinity; a review. Can.J. of plant Sci:. 

78: 19-27.

DESIGN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF INVESTIONAL AND BOTANIC MEDICINAL HERBS 

GARDEN 

M. Azadbakht, H. Sadeghi, F. Shahrokhi, Sh. Chavoshian 

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy 

The project was performed for 100 species in two stages for the first time in Mazandaran University of 

medical sciences. 

The partial stage was consisting of evaluation of ecological conditions and routs of planting. In the total stages 

the garden of medicinal herbs was established. 

In the basis of statistical method the trees and shrubs (mostly evergreen) were planted randomly so that the 

garden has an attractive. It was also established in a way that it can be used for doing scientific projects. The 

ground of was examined in view of physical and chemical properties. 

HYPOTHESIS: 

1. Condition of planting is ready in Mazandaran. 

2. These plants have medicinal active substances. 

3. Some of these plants are planting for the first time. 

Results: 

Linear growth plants was measured twice in month. 

Productive growth was determined in the end of agricultural season. 

Some of these plants are: 

Vitex agnus -castus, Rosmarinus spp. 

Cephalis ipeca choana, Myrthus communis. 

Simondsia chinesis, Agave spp., Aralia ginseng. 

Digitalis sp., Cinchona spp., Taxus bacata. 

Olea europea, Aloe vera. 

References: 

1. Anonymous. 1967. THREE APROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS. 

2. Hackett, B. 1971. LANDSCAPE PLANING: AN INTRODUCTION TO THEORY AND PRACTICE: Oriel Press. 

Newcastel, England. 

3. Hogan, E. (ed.) 1974. IDEAS FOR LANDSCAPING. A Sunset Book. Lane

THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN QAZVIN PROVINCE 

1 2 1 

Akbari Nia A . , Babakhanlou P. Charkhchian M. 

Qazvin Research Center of Natural Resources & Animal Science p.o.box 34185- 618 , Tehran. Research 

Institute of Forest and Rangelands P.O. Box 13185-116 

1 2 

Qazvin province with an area about 1.58 million hectares has a lot of difference vegetations, because of 

climatic and topography variations. It has different elevation ( above sea level) from 300 m in Tarom to 4140 

m in alborz mountains. In general this province has about 61 % mountainous regions. 

Alamut district is famous in respect of medicinal plants because it has been one of the most famous areas in 

growing and harvesting from the natural rangelands of the medicinal plants in the time of hassan sabbah. 

The research project of collection and identification of medicinal plants in Qazvin province was studied for 4 

years. More than 250 species of medicinal plants collected and identified. Some of these species have limited 

growing locations i.e. : Valeriana officinalis , Papaver bractatum , Nepeta pogonosperma , Ziziphus vulgaris 

but Achillea mellifolium and Rheum ribes is distributed in the width areas. Echium amoenum which is 

cultivated in some of Alamuts villages and Heracleum persicum are well-known in Irans traditional bazaar. 

More than 40 species of medicinal plants are collected by villagers and brought to bazaar. 

References: 

1 -scauenberg , paul/paris, ferdinand, heilpflanzen blu verlags gesellschafrt .munchen wien zurich 1981. 

2 -Zargari A ., Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publication.

ABILITY OF IRAN FOR PRODUCING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND HERBAL MEDICINES 

Omidbaigi R 

Ministry of Agriculture, Horticulture Deputy, Medicinal and Ornamental Plants Department 

Situation of geographical and climatical of Iran is exception in the world. Because of growing more than 7500 

plant species ( Two or three time more than Europe plants) in Iran.Among them, there here are some endemic 

plants which grown only in Iranian climatic condition. 

On the basis of investigation, cultivation of various medicinal plants in the suitable parts of Iran producing 

high quantity and quality of active substances. 

On the basis of our investigations, cultivation of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) on the suitable climatic 

condition of Iran (West and center) producing two t/ha dry root with high level of trepens and Iridoids 

compounds. 

Results show that cultivation of chamomile ( Matricaria recutita) in the west of Iran produced one t/ha dry 

flowers with 14% chamazulen in its essential oil. 

Cultivation of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) in the center of Iran produced the highest herb yield and 

thymol content from 3rd vegetative period. 

On the basis of our data fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) cultivated in the west and center of Iran not only 

produced highest seed yield but also accumulated highest amount of essential oil and anethole content. 

Cultivation of purple coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea) in the north of Iran produced the highest herb and 

root yield. 

Therefore according to suitable climatic condition of Iran, we can able to produce different medicinal plants 

with suitable active substances content. By increasing of active substances of medicinal plants in Iran, we can 

able to manufacture herbal drugs to coincide with international standards. 

References: 

1- Amin G. Outlooking on ability of herbal medicine production in Iran. Razi Journal, 10: 38-46. 1993 

2- Omidbaigi R. Study on aspects of thyme production and processing of its active substances. Pajouhesh- Va-Sazandegi, 

Journal. 36: 37-71. 1998. 

3- Omidbaigi R. Effects of sowing method and harvest time on the production of valerian (Valerian officinalis) and its active 

substances. Seed and Plant Journal 14:24-31. 1998. 

4. Omidbaigi R. Silymarin and silybin production from wild and cultivated milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds. Iranian 

Journal of Agricultural Science. 20:413-421. 1998. 

5- Omidbaigi R. The necessity of using improved fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Pajouhesh- Va- Sazandegi Journal. 44: 40-46 

.1999. 

6- Omidbaigi R. Study on chemotypes of Iranian wild grown chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and its comparison with 

ameliorates types. Modarres Agriculture Science Journal. 1 :45-53. 1999. 

7- Omidbaigi Rand Rezaie Nejad A. Effect of N-fertilizer and harvest time on the productivity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). 

International Journal of Horticultural Science, 6(3-4): 110-117.2000. 

8- Omidbaigi R. Factors affecting growth, yield an active substances of milk thistle. I. Effect of sowing date and plant density. 

Scientia Horticulturae ( in press).

APPLICATION OF BIOSYSTEMATIC FOR DETERMINATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN 

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 

Amin Gh. 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of pharmacy Tehran university of Medical sciences 

However There is no statistical references for traditional medicinal plants and we don't know the exact 

number of them, we can find many written about the herbal remedies belonging to folk medicine. 

A great deal of plant specimens are explained in that documents under Persian, Arabian, Unani and Indian 

names, but there is no scientific and botanical characteristic information for them. 

Some of these botanicals are being sale at herbal-stores over the cities, without the scientific characters. 

So there is a big difficulty for who wants to use these samples from traditional documents. 

Some methods are used for these difficulties, but the Biosystematics' study has a especial point of view. 

In this article, using some slides of medicinal plants and their Bazaar's specimens, the application of 

Biosystematics' for determination will be discuss. 

Refernces 

1. Amin Gh., 1991. Popular Medicinal Plants of Iran, 1th ed. Tehran, Research Deputy Minister of Health and Eduction. 

2. Alheravi A, edited by Bahmanyar A, 1992; Alabniyeh an Haqayeq Aladviyeh, 2th ed. Tehran University Press, Tehran. 

3. Stace CA 1989; Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 2th ed., Routledge, chapman and Hall Inc. Newyork.

INTRODUCE OF SOME ESFAHANIAN PLANTS WITH MAKE-UP AND HYGIENIC USES 

Karim Bagherzadeh & Mohammad Asfa & Babak Bahreininejad 

Esfahan research center of animal sciences and natural resources P.O.Box 81785-114 Esfahan -Iran. 

Medicinal plants are the best hygienic materials for the purpose of beauty, health of skin and hair. Before 

beginning of the new civilization medicinal plants were used for treatment of different diseases and were used 

as a main source of mummification. History of perfumery industry also began with burning of aromatic gums 

and resinous woods for perfuming of environment. Many commercial companies extensively have produced 

many kind of make- up products which is based on natural tendency of human being toward beauty and 

hygiene. Among the supplied products, hair colors are the most dangerous for the poisonous characteristics, 

while natural colors are quite agreeable with hair and the skin. They have the required properties of beauty, 

hygiene and protection, as well. It is possible to use the natural products for beauty and hygienic purposes. 

Make-up products should be used according to race characteristics, Feeding habits, climate and culture. 

Therefor, suitable endemic paints in Iran should be used for make-up products. With regard to the importance 

of plants in industry of make -uphygiene and diversity of the plant species in Esfahan province, Iran, this 

group of plants should be introduced to the public. It will help to use the plants in the best way. In this study 

some species of the plants for example Rhubarb, Juglans and Damaskrose are introduced and their 

applications in make-up hygiene industry are discussed.

LNTRODUCION OF IMPORTANT MEDICINAL AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTS OF ESFAHAN 

PROVINCE 

Karim Bagherzadeh & Babak Bahreininejad 

Esfahan research center of animal sciences and natural resources P. O.Box 81785-114 Esfahan -Iran. 

Utilization of medicinal plants in treatment of diseases has a long history. Scientific centers are interested in 

the medicinal plants because of their advantages. Development of new sciences and methods in production 

chemical medicines reduced the usage of the plants for many decades. Side effects of different synthetic 

medicines encouraged the utilization of medicinal plants or to be used as the raw materials for production of 

the medicines. At present, USA, Japan and Germany respectively are the first three countries in production 

and consumption of medicinal plants, while, they are well developed in medical sciences. Therefore, the 

present and various medicinal plant species of Iran, especially in Esfahan should be identified and introduced 

to public, after validation by pharmacopen. The introduction will be effective for treatment of diseases, 

optimum utilization of the plants in industry, and reduction for demand of foreign currency. So far, 400 

species of medicinal plants have been identified in Esfahan which are distributed in seven different climates. 

For example the valuable species is Dracocephalum Kotschyi (Zarrin -Giyah) which is comparable with 

Dexametazon or Ferule gummosa (Barijeh), usable for uncolored stick production for sticking diamond and 

valuable stones. It is also used in industries of aromatization. 

References: 

1 -Eller R. Farr, Jan A Leussink and Frans. A Statleu, 1979. Index Nominum Genericorum. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 

Utrecht dr. W. Junk b.v., publishers, The Hague. Volume I-II-III 

2 -PINNER J.L. M. & BENCE T. A & DAVIES R. A. & LLOYD K M. 1976- 1980 & 1981-1985. INDEX KEWENSIS. 

CLARENDON PRESS. OXFORD. XVII -XVIII 

3 -Rechinger , K H. 1963-1992. Flora Iranica. Printed in Austria. No. 1-171

ENDEMIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN CENTRAL EREAS OF GROWTH REGION, 

IRANO- TURANI, AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL FIGURES PRESENTED 

Hossein Batooli. 

P. O. box 487 Tel (0361) 444498 & 44-1955, fax 444999, kashan, Iran. 

Iran plateau is a confluence place of five growth regions, among them, the growing region, Irano- Turani has 

dominated the great part (about 70%) of the country lands. In this geographical area, remarkable endemic and 

unique plants are spreading and because of their compatibility and extraordinary conformity concerning the 

environmental and climatic unfavorable conditions (for bearing against drought stresses and resistant against 

changeable temperatures and ...) have been taken into account among the valuable herbaceous genetic 

reserves and in order to recognition of their chemical compositions and effective material, during the recent 

decades, extensive researches have been done by different research and university centers. Fortunately, today, 

more than 25 company agro- industry associations in producing the herbaceous drugs have activity on the 

basis of searching, separation and delivering the existing compositions in medicinal plants and the result 

obtained from their continued efforts is the production of more than 69 different kinds of drug whit 

herbaceous source which are possessing the justification from the ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical 

Training. Considering the open spaces of natural sources in the central parts of growth region, Irano- Turani, 

because of the limitation of rainfall and changeability period of drought and also non- economical collection 

of medicinal plants in traditional from demonstrated the necessity of their cultivation in the form of 

mechanized cultivations and agro- industry associations. Therefore, to achieve the purpose, the recognition 

of ecologic, phenologic and physiologic needs of plants is inevitable. In this article, a set of endemic and 

medicinal plants in the central parts of growth region, Irano- Turani (about 22 plant species) which have the 

most compatibility concerning the ecologic- climatic conditions (insignificant of aquatic and alimentary 

needs, insensitivity against drought stresses and temperatures) have been considered. 

Therefore, the plants in this study, have been taken into account among the endemic and medicinal plants 

which have been used about hundred years by the ancients in different forms (in the form of dried parts such as 

root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit or distillates). In this topic, 48 kinds of herbaceous drug (O.T.C) obtained 

from 22 plant species confirmed by the ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training have been 

analyzed. Also, botany characteristics, the methods for increasing, geographical distribution, chemical 

compositions, the way of using, usable parts of the plant and finally their medicinal figures have been 

presented. 

References: 

1-Batooli Hossien (1998) , cumulation , recognition and methods of planting and domesticating- medicine plants and 

Essential oils in kashan. 

2- Orakhsan Roudsary. Massud. (1996). information and clinical appliy the Herbaceous drugs. publiser Tadbir. ISBN: 967 

6504- 03- 5 Tehran. Iran. 

3- Omidbaigi. Reza (1996). approches to production and processing of medicinal plants. vol. 1-3. Tarrahane nasher. ISBN 

954- 1469- 0- 0 Tehran. Iran.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION AND DETERMINATION OF SOME MEDICAL SPEICES OF ALCEA 

Pakravan M. and Ghahraman A. 

Faculty of science, University of Tehran, Iran. 

Hollyhock (genus Alcea L.) from hock herb family (Malvaceae) has about 39 species in Iran. Many species 

have mucilage and some anticepticize effects, and then are used in folk medicine. (Zohary, M. (1972) 

Czerpanov, S. K. (1973). Some species with widespread distribution in Iran and some medical effects are 

studied here. Since each species has specific chemical property, its circumscription and identification are 

important. 

These species are like in morphology and can't be separate by classical methods of botany. The main object of 

the present study is to delaminate and determinate the species, that is done by micromorphological 

investigation of seeds coat. The SEM photographs were taken using a Philips XL 30 Environmental Scanning 

Electron microscope (ESEM). This method is used for the first time in Iran and the seeds without any 

treatment were put on the stage. This study determined that some similar and close species are valid species 

and completely different and some separate species decrease to variety. 

The results are as follow: 

1- A. suiphurea (Boiss.) Boiss and A. angulata Freyn. & Sint. that are close to each other and have similar 

habit, showed different sculpturing in the seeds coat. The pores in the seed coat in A. sulphurea has some 

differences in the shape and density with comparing to the seed coat in theA.angulata. 

2- A. angulata Freyn & Sint. is similar to A. rufescens (Boiss.) Boiss. in morphological characters, has 

different scalpturing in the seed coat. 

3- A.rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Iljin is very similar to A. tiliacea (Bomm.) Zohary in appearance and carpels and is 

separated from that by a few insignificant characters by some botanists (Zohary,M.(1963) & Riedl, 1.(1976) 

but their sculpturing seeds coat showed similar patherns and then A. tiliacea decreased to a variety of A. 

rhyticarpa : A. rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Iljin. var. tiliacea (Bomm.) Zohary ex Pakravan Syn.: A. tiliacea (Bomm.) 

Zohary 

References: 

-Zohary, M. (1972). Flora Palestina 2:325 

-Czerepanov, S. K. (1973). Florum URSS. 3:60 

-Zohary, M. (1963). Israel Journ. Bot.12:7 

-Riedl, 1. (1976). Flora Iranica.120:59

SITUATION OF HERBAL MEDICINES IN IR. IRAN 

Jahanara Fahimeh 

P.O. Box: 13185-719 Tehran 

Recognition of Medicinal Plants' Therapeutic effects and their uses as a part of healthcare system is as old as 

human history. 

In our country since 1981, it has been practically started based on scientific investigations and economic 

proposes. 

Fortunately, the presence of an incomparable flora, acceptance of pharmaceutical industries, researchers and 

young physicians and also governmental supports is a promising for herbal medicines' increment in drug 

marketing. In this article the situation and activities of herbal drugs' office (Ministry of Health and Medical 

Education), list of herbal drugs' manufacturers and their licensed products' and also preface of the medicinal 

herbs which are common in our traditional medicine will be represented.

MEDICINAL PLANTS IN VIEW OF MINISITYOF 

AGRICULTURE 

Abbas Djabal Ameli, Parvin Amir Djurabi, Alikhalil Arjmandi, Taghi Akbari, Ahmad 

Khazaelipour 

OMPA, Deputy of Horticulture, Minisity of Agriculture ( IRAN) 

Increase in use of medicinal plants in medicinal, cosmetic, hygienic and food Industries besides high potential 

for production of medicinal plant in Iran have caused Agricultural Minisity to plan prolonged program to 

produce high quantity of medicinal plants requirement to prepare local requirement and increase non - 

petroleum exports. 

OMPA has planed some programs that is described below: 

A -Preparing of information and statistics 

1. Gathering of books and papers to form information bank and extract the name of medicinal plants are used 

in Iran that is become more than 400 species. 

2. Gathering of researches list about medicinal plants in Iran. 

3. Inspection of natural resources status of medicinal plants. 

4. Gathering of information about medicinal plants industries in Iran and its trade unions. 

5. Inspection of exporting and importing of medicinal plants status 

6. Gathering the statistics of cultivation surface production volume and value, the cost of production. 

7. Assigning of medicinal plants that are first priority for production, cultivation and development. 

S. Assigning of suitable plants for different regions and provinces of IRAN. 

B : Promoting activities: 

1- 1. day symposium for inspection of processing of medicinal plants. 

2- publication of a booklet about medicinal plants status in IRAN. 

3- publishing some guide direction about some important medicinal plant cultivation and production. 

C : performing activities. 

1. Establishment of Mother ( stock) gardens and demonstrating farms in some provinces. 

2. Buying of breeder seed and seedling for propagation and development of medicinal plant cultivation. 

3. Studying the medicinal plant machines ( including cultivation, harvesting post -harvest) import. 

D : Planing the 3rd program for country development on medicinal plants aspects.

INVESTIGATION ON PHENOLOGICAL STAGE AND FACTORS AFFECTING 

REGENERATION AND SURVIVAL OF FOXTAIL LILLY (Eremurus spectabilis) 

Dashti M. , Zarif K.H., Paryab A. , Tavakkoli H. 

Natural Resources and Livestock Research Center of Khorasan.Vakil abad boulevard, Modarres St. 

Mashhad-Iran. P.O.BOX 91735-1148 

Foxtaillilly (Eremurus spectabilis) is a perninal rangeland plants with sticky roots when exposed to water. It's 

usage are carpentry ,binding and sometimes as a mixture with other medicinal plants. Furthermore it's leaves 

used as a vegetable in earlier growth season. Unfortunately missuse of the plant roots gradually caused yield 

loss and rangeland degradation. This research was conducted to study the plant phenology, Ecological 

requirements, factors affecting regeneration and distribution. In each certain provenance, phenological 

stages were recorded in intervals of 10 to 15 days and methods of regeneration (sexual & asexual) were 

comparisoned. Also pests ,disease and viability of seeds were studied. 

Results showed that leaf buds emerged in early April and flowering stage begin later in April. In early June 

seeds are in milky to pasty stage, then ripe and shed in early July .South and north slopes of Binalood , Torbate-jam 

, Torbat-e-heydarieh, Fariman, Chenaran and Ghochan mountains are the main provenance of this plant 

in khorassan. 

This species exists in all slopes and altitudes of 900-2700 meter, mainly in sandstone and eroded lands. 

Regeneration through seed sowing was about 10-15% but no asexual regeneration was observed. The seeds 

were damaged by a kind of wasp larva about 55-65% .Intensity of seed infestation, root exploitation and rain 

deficiency during seed development are limiting factors for regenerating and plant survival.

AROMATIC PLANTS IN KHUZESTAN 

H.Howeizeh , M. Dinarvand 

Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan 

Valuable natural blessings which is used in various life disciplines including pharmaceutics, Foodstuffs, 

cosmetic and hygienic materials as well as new branch of medical profession called Aromatoterapy , lead to a 

wide range of researches are being directed towards theme. 

For centuries Iranians have been using plant extracts for treatment. For instance, mint extract is used for 

curing stomach aches and olive extract for lowering blood pressure and cumin extract for filtering the blood, 

nerve tranquilizing and increasing mothers milk. Most of Iranian kitchens host of medicinal water extracts, 

often piled -up and forgotten. Although we may not be aware of the various virtues of aromatic plant extracts. 

the truth is that, even today people extensively use aromatic plants extracts in their daily lives for foods, 

medicines, perfumes and more recently for cosmetics. The extraction of essential oil is plausibly a very 

lucrative industry which has a considerable potential for development, given the exceptional variety of plants 

in different of Iran. Despite of the rich flora industrial production of essential oils has a large limitation in the 

country except for the extraction of the world famous rose water in kashan ad Meybod. 

There are more than 900 species in Khuzestan, some exclusively endemic, categorized in 90 families. 

Among these 120 species are classified as aromatic and medicinal plants. This outstanding variety of flora is 

due to the provinces diverse climate. Particularly about the dispersion of some species like Myrtus in the north 

of Khuzestan province and they me in the south zagros mountain range. 

In this article during classification of major aromatic plants in Khuzestan based on variety climates 

dispersion, some parts of ecological specifications were explained and finally represents harvesting time 

table of a number of them to develop their cultivation

GAZANGABIN, THE MANNA OF TWO SPECIES OF TAMARISK (TAMARIX SPP.) 

Rahmani G.H, Saberamol SI, Kalirad A 

Natural Resources and Animal science Research Center of Kerman. 

Gazangabin is the sap of two species of Tamarisk named :Tmarix aphylla and.Tleptopetala which is oozed out 

of wounds on their barkthat made by some insects lick Tuponia sabaltera Drop.or Euscelis. Gazangabin is 

sweet and it's use rmote thirsty. Traditional medicine recommended it's use as a good remedy for jaundic. 

Increaseing amount of hydrocarbons in their sap is a way for keeping their waterin bad enviromental 

conditons specially in warm seasons.these plants grow in the areas that altitute is less than 300m,and water 

table is high.The only area in which Gazangabin is cultivated for sale, is Takab region in the east of Shah-dad 

city.In this area mean annual rain fall is less than 30 mm and mean annual temperature is 26. 

Annual yeild of Gazangabin in Takab region is between 10 to 20 tons.

SURVEY OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN SPECIFIC CULTIVATED OF FOENICULUM VULGARE 

MILL. 

Amin Gh., Salehi sourmaghi M. H., Rezvani M. , Sharifi E. 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 

Iran 

Because of the advantages of essential oil in medicine there is a great need for research about specific 

cultivated specimens. 

In this investigation, the quality and quantity of essential oil in specimens of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. has 

been treated in view of density of fertIlizers. The factors inclued four treatments of fertilizers in sequence; 

pure chemical, pure organic, complex chemical -organic and control. The percent of essential oil of fertilizers 

were obtained by clevenger and compared with together and then the constituents of essential oil determined 

by GC- MS method. 

The results would be as follows: The most total essential oil and substances such as Anethole, Fenchone, 

Limonene and Estragole were belonged to, complex chemical-organic fertilizer treated specimens. 

References: 

1 -Marotti M., Dellacecca V., Piccaglia R. et al; Agronomic and chemical evaluation of three varieties of Foeniculum vulgare 

Mill., Acta Horticulture. 1993, 331: 63-69. 

2 -Tyler. V.E., Brady L.R., Robbers J.E.; "Pharmacognosy", 1988, 9th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philladelphia. P: 103-138. 

3 -Wagner H.; Maximizing seed yield and important components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Fett Wissenschaft - 

Technologie. 1995,3: 114-117.

THE STUDY OF EAST AZARBAYJAN'S MEDICINAL PLANTS 

Azar, Rafati ; Hamideh,Javadi 

Research center of Natural Resources East Azarbaijan.lRAN 

The medicinal plants are regarded as one of the large classes of commercial plants. These plants constitute 

various species and varieties. They are used for curing many dieases. Mankind has always been looking for 

plants having medicinal properties. For the time being, the medicinal plants are utilized traditionaly. It is 

believed that uncontrolled exploitation of medicinal, industrial and aromatic plants is a main reason for 

destruction of plants and erosion of many species. Therefore, the study of plants from the stand point of 

scientific considerations and the precise analysis of medicinal species regarding their properties are observed 

in old books and new scientific papers is very important. 

Based on available information, there are about 2000species of plants in east Azarbayjan. Most of them are 

utilized as medicinal plant by people. 

This paper is based on the study of different cultures which use plants as medicine. It was tried also to 

recognize some locally adapted species which have medicinal properties. But were not indicated in the 

literature. This species will be phytochemically investigated. 

Acording to the investigation has been carried out in many locations of the province and interviewing with the 

local adwellers about 200 medicinal species and their characterises were determined. Several species of 

these, have not been reported else where. The method in this investigation was that, we traveled to the 

villages, cities and tribal societies. We collected and identified the plants being traditionaly used as medicine. 

Meanwhile the method of work has been written precisely. 

In addition ,by preliminary phenological study of some medicinal plants in the region the harvesting time will 

be determined.

CHANGES IN TOTAL ALKALOID SUBSTANCES IN PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI IN RESPONSE 

TO NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER. 

Abbass Zarezadeh 

Effects of six levels of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) on yield and total alkaloids content in different organs of 

physalis alkekengi were investigated. All experiments were performed at Medicinal Plants Research Station 

a branch of Yazd Province Research Centre for Natural Resources and AnimalHusbandary. 

Experiments were designed as a completly randomized blocks. Six levels of urea fertilizer namely, 

0,50,100,150,200 and 250 kg/ha with three replicates were applied to the soil. 

Upto a certain level, there was a positive correlation between the amount of N applied and the plants yield 

(leaves, stems and roots). The correlation between urea application and plants canopy and height was also 

positive. 

Whereas the highest plant yield was obtained with 150 kg urea/ha, the maximum plant height was achieved 

with the application of 100 kg urea/ha. Any increase in the amount of N-fertilizer beyond 150 kg/ha had an 

adverse effect on plant yields. 

The total alkaloid content in leaves, fruits and roots was determined by Yanevan method. 

Increasing the amount of urea resulted in an increase in total alkaloid content of leaves, fruits and roots. 

Application of urea at a rate of 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha caused the highest increase in total alkaloids. Since 

there was no significant difference (a= 0/01) among the means of alkaloids produced in these treatments. It 

was concluded that the highest alkaloids will be obtained by application of urea at a rate of 150 kg/ha. 

Increasing the amount of urea did not affect the rate of root expansion significantly. However, root depth 

decreased in response to urea application. The highest root depth was obtained in control (no urea) plants. 

This is in agreement that N-Fertilizers will mostly increase the amount of shoot rather than root system.

SURVEY 

OF COMPATIBILITY OF SEVERAL MEDICINAL SPECIES IN FIELD 

CONDITIONS IN YAZD PROVINCE 

Abbass Zareazadeh, Nasser Baghestani, Mahdi Shamszadeh 

Natural resources and animal affairs research center, Yazd province 

Survey of compatibility of medicinal species was made under field condition at the medicinal plant research 

stations of Yazd research center from 1993-2000. 

In this project, the medicinal plant were planted in two seasons, spring and autumn. In this way, the optimum 

planting time for medicinal plants was determined. In addition the phenolog and propagation method, pests 

and diseases, water requirement and final the compatibility of plant under Yazd arid climate were studied. The 

results shows that 47 species out of 143 species of medicinal plant were compatible with Yazd climate 

conditions along with a optimum result.

A SURVEY ON THE PROPERTIES AND ROLE OF "DATURA STRAMONIUM" AS A 

MEDICINAL PLANT. 

1 2 I 

Sarmad G , Mamaghani M; Noshad-Del M 

1 2 

Department of Biology, Department of chemistry , Faculty of Science, Gilan University, P.O.Box 

1419,Rasht ,.Iran 

The Thornapple is like the Henbane, a member of the family of solanaceae. It belongs to the genus "Datura" 

which consists of fifty species, Almost all of them distributed throughout the warmer area of the whole world. 

when cultivating the plant, It is important to make all condition favorable for plant growth in order to develop 

the highest percentage of phytoconstiuents; condition that need to be considered are: soil type, temperature 

and moisture. In this research, historical usage, botanic features, bioactive chemicals, medicinal usage, 

pharmaceutical usage in the traditional and modern medicine and its various toxically aspect have been 

surveyed. It's positive function as fungicide and herbicide another commercial aspects of this industrial plant 

are. The whole plant is toxic; as a result of this fact, its products should be consumed under the supervision of 

a physician and with grate care. The dried leaves of stramomiom find a ready market and are recognized in all 

pharmacopoeia of the world; However, the dried seeds are recognized only in certain pharmacopoeia; That 

the demand for the seed is very limited, the south of Europe of furnishes a large quantity of dried leaves. The 

stramonium exported from Spain, lacks favorable quality because of being false, from the point of producing 

dried leaves, Germany and Hungary stand at the top. 

The commercial drugs obtained from this plant are produced from the leaves, young stem and seeds. 

After preparation of the extraction with chloroform from dried fresh leaves, the isolation of phytoconstituents 

is performed by chromatographic techniques mainly TLC; GC; HPLC; and radio immunoassay (RIA) are 

also applied. As a result of advances in plant biotechnology and increasing interest in herbal drugs. Using 

modern techniques such as plant tissue, cell culture and hairy root line, stramonium improvement and 

production of Tropan alkaloids is high lighted. Alphonse Decandol, the well-known botanist, claims that 

origin of stramonium is the east and particularly the borders of the Caspian sea and adjacent regions. on the 

basis of modern scientific procedures. It is possible to standardize phytoconstituents of this plant in 

accordance with international criteria for local marketing and export. 

References: 

1-Wilson and Gisvold's, Textbook of organic medicine/and pharmaceutical chemistry. (1991) 

2- Chevalier. A. The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. (1996) 

3- ed. katzung, B.G. Basic and clinical pharmacology (1982) 

4- Lewis, W.H. Medical Botany. (1971) 

5- Frohne. P.Fander. A. colour Atlas of poisonous plants (1984) 

6- Chemial Abstract 1955-1999 

7-Internet.www.Merk.com

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PLANTS OF HORMOZGAN PROVINCE 

Mohammad Amin Soltanipour 

Natural Resources and Animal Researches Center of Hormozgan 

There are 172 traditional medicine species in Hormozgan province. This plants belonged to 135 Genus and 54 

Families that the best of species reposed in Labiatae (19 species), Compositae (16 species) and Papilionaceae 

(9 species). Traditional medicine species of province distributed in wide plains, hills and slops (88 species), 

Mountains regions (64 species), Coastal sandy hills (16 species), Floodways, springs, streams and wetly 

regions (11 species) and salty and comparatively salty regions (9 species). As among of these, 133 species are 

native and 39 species were cultivated. These plants are tree (30 species), Shrub (31 species), Bush (84 

species) and Herb (26 species) forms and parts used of them are leaf (98 species), seed (30 species), flower (16 

species), sap and gum (14 species), underground stem (2 species), aerial organ (10 species), all organ (3 

species). 41 species are useful in among of people and 56 species aren't in sources, Meanwhile 13 species are 

traditionally exported to Persian Gulf and Oman Sea borders countries. This study did for 4 years by regard to 

sources, aware and informed persons and visible observations and collected and determinated 172 traditional 

medicine species with some information as : Persian, Local, Scientific and Family name, Distribution, 

Vegetative form, Part, Method and Reason Used.

PRESENTATION OF SPECIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH INTERESTING PROPERTIES 

FROM PROVINCE KERMAN 

Saber Amoli, 

S., Kalirad, A., Rahmani, Q. 

Natural Resources And Animal Science Research Center Of Jahad-e-Kerman 

. 

Kerman province is placed in south-Eastern part of Iran and has area of 171993(km). In this ariea, there are 

eleven kinds of climate and is many kinds of vegatation, inparticular, medicinal plants. Here, people have 

strong belief about effective treatment for diseases by using medicinal plants. The main aim of this survey 

was collecting medicinal plants and identifying their scientific and native names, and also find out as much as 

possible about knowledge of people about medicinal plants and their medical effects and additional, 

characteristics of specified growing region of each medicinal plants was recorded. Topographic and climatic 

plans were used for surveying vegetation zone, and available botanical resources for example, flora Iranica, 

were used for identifying scientific names of medicinal plants. At least 255 species of medicinal plants from 

62 family were collected and identified. The number of species there aren't generally in references as 

medicinal plant and some of medicinal properties of species differ with it's properties in references. The same 

of species in cases above is for example: 

Glycyrrhiza glabra RhelLmatism Dracocephalum multicaule Rheumatism 

Biebersteinia multifida Rhewnatism Capparis spinosa Rheumatism 

Ferula oopoda Toothache Onosma stenociphon Rheumatism 

Hertia intennedia Toothache Otostegia persica Toothache 

Launea acanthodes Earache Scariola orientali. Earache 

Juniperus excelsa Earache 

A. linifolium , Alyssum szowitsianum Expectorant 

Acinus graveolens , Cotoneaster suavis Expectorant 

Hertia intennedia Insect bite Fortuynia Garcinii Snake bite 

Ephedra distachya Stomach (wound) Salvia Mirzayanii Stomach tonic-Dyspepsia 

Dracocephalum multicaule Stomach tonic-Dyspepsia 

Onosma stenociphon Infection after childbirth 

Dorema ammoniacum Boils and wound healing 

Scorzonera mucida Boils and wound healing 

References: 

1-Rechinger K.H" Flora Iranica. Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt Graz Austria No.1-174. 

2- Zargary A. Medicinal Plants. Tehran U. Press. No. 1-5. 1370.

PRESENTATION OF MEDICINAL AND ESSENTIAL OIL PLANT LEVISTICUM PERSICUM 

AND DISTINCTION OF L.OFFICINALE (LOVAGE). 

l 2 3 

Saber Amoli S. , Mozaffarian V. , Assadipoor A. 

1 2 

Natural Resources and Animal Science Research Center of Kerman .Forests and Ranglands Research 

3 

Institute, Tehran.Faculty of Pharmacy, University of .Medical Sciences of Shahid Bahonar ,Kerman . 

Kerman province has a very variety of climate. Apiaceae at this area is enjoying of high dispersion and there 

are about 60 species of this family. 

L.persicum or "Angedan parsi "is belong to Apiaceae. L.persicum was studied in research work named: "a 

study of Ecological factors of Essential plants ,Kerman".as the result, L .persicum is endemic of Iran and only 

is grown on slops of Hezar mount in Kerman province. L .officinale is dispersed and is cultivated in Europe. 

Morphologic characters and medicinal properties are discripted in references generally are related to L 

.officinale. L .persicum was collected for first time by Bornmuller ,German botanist ,from slops of Hezar 

mount .This plant was called of Levisticum persicum as new species by Bornmuller. Type sample of this plant 

was distroied at herbarium of Berlin during world war. but description of plant local collection was reported in 

the paper by Bornmuller .To this way L.persicum was distincted of L. officinale .L. persicum was collected 

after about 60 years from habitat of plant by author and botanists of Research Institute of Forests and 

Rangelands. Characters of L. persicum and its differences with L .officinale was confirmed by correct 

identification. Local persons uses of medicinal properties of leaves plant for following cases: colic, 

dyspepsia, carminative, stomach tonic. 

L .officinale have medicinal properties as following: dyspepsia, diuretic, edema, carminative, jaundic , gout, 

rheumatism, stomach tonic. 

Refrences: 

1 Bornmuller J. , Fedde Repretorum 36-1943 . 

2 Rechinger K H , Flora Iranica Akademische Druck -u .Verlagsanstalt Graz Austria No 162 1987 

3 Tutin T. G ., Flora Europaea Cambridge. No 2 .1968

THE METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL CULTIVATION DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL 

PLANTS IN TROPICAL REGIONS OF IRAN (STUDY IN KHUZESTAN PROV) 

1 2 

Hossein Salehi , Hamid Howiezeh 

1 2 

P.O.Box 487Tel (0361)444498, fax 444999, Kashan,, P.O.Box 61335 -3341, Ahwaz, Iran 

With due attention to meaning of scientific speech of avicenna (: medicinal and pharmacy professor), that 

said: "remedy of sicks Persons in any region based on medicinal plants of the same region " and whit due 

attention to medicinal plants spreading in warm steppic and semi warm steppic of Iran, the writers studied 

about the methods of industrial cultivation development of medicinal plants in research stations of khuzestan 

research center of natural resources and animal science, based on below aims and necessities. 

At present, main part of medicine raw material aren't made in Iran, therefor one of the methods to prepare this 

materials, using medicinal plant resources. 

In the meantime, at present, one-third of people communities medicines made from plant resources, and 

world medicine industrial effort to made main part of medicines based of plant resources. at present 65 per 

cent of Germany pharmaceutical necessities, and 90 per cent of Indian and China pharmaceutical necessities, 

are from plants resources. 

Materials and methods in this study contain collection, recognition, and writhing the main ecological 

particulars of habitates of 8 tropical medicinal plants, like oliveria decombens and gnomon Matricaria 

chamomilla (: the only chamamilla producer chamazulene and bisabolo materials in special tropical 

condition habitat of khuzestan in Iran), and 3 foreign origin species like, Borago officinalis and so on. 

In the first stage of this study, for increasing seeds success germination three treatments including: scratch, 

soak and reerigeation executed, then cultivated 50 flower-pot each plant in randomized complete, designs 

statistics project with three repetition, then replanted on the main farm in march 15th with 24.9c annually 

temperature average, and 224 mm yearly rainfall on clay loam soil with few salt and 7.9 pH., and semi warm 

desert climate (:embreget method). 

The result showed the significant of scratch on seeds germination of three species, also 100 per cent of the 

o 

native species past all phonological stages and product seed in more than 52c temperature condition. tow of 

foreign species (: Borago & matricaria, Germany seed resource) with 98 per cent success settled and another 

species innihilated. also in this research, phonological stages graphs that conformed on climate parameters 

drawed, because there are different quantity and quality of effective plant materials, in different phonology 

stages. in the meantime, the biomas of plants appointed, and deciphered the essential oils of some of 

medicinal plants that studied in this project. 

In any case, the results of this study can be used as methods for medicinal plants industrial cultivation 

development, in Khuzestan prov., because there is plenty of water and soil in warm steppic and semi warm 

steppic condition, suitable for medicinal plants industrial cultivation development. 

References: 

1- Omidbaigi Resa (1997), approaches to production and processing of medicinal plants, vol., tarrahane nasher,ISBN 954- 

91469-0-0 Tehran,Iran 

2- Saleh,Hossein (1998), Khuzestan Vegetation, research institute of forest and rangeland, Tehran, Iran

INVESIGATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CASUAL INSECT OF PRODUCTIVE 

TARANGEBIN MANNA ON CAMEL'S THORN (ALHAGI SPP) IN KHORASAN PROVINCE. 

Askarzade M.A. , Kashki M.T. & Hajian M. 

Natural Resources and Livestock Research Center of Khorasan , Mashhad, Iran. P. O. Box. 91735-1148 

Manna is extracts of various plants that is resulted by insects action or normally & making a hole. Sugar 

manna that is extracted from camel's thorn plant, is named taranjebin . Production and exploition of taranjebin 

from point of medicinal uses in traditional medicine is included treatment of many diseases. This study was 

carried out in order to recognizing casual of productive tarangebin manna for five years. 

In order to doing this research, it was carried out some tests: such as physical crash treatment on hast plant, 

chemical treatment in order to controlling activation of insects on plants and isolation of treated plants from 

non-treated plants by special cages and assessment production of manna on them survey on anatomical 

situation of plant (stem and leaves) by photo micro graphic method, identification of species and study of 

phenology and environmental- survive conditions of casual insect and determination of mechanism of 

production manna and finally analyzing sugars these are existed in taranjebin manna ill comparable with 

standard sugars by paper tin lyer chromatography method. 

The results indicated that poophillus nebolusus is casual insect of productive taranjebin manna which is 

identified on camel's thorn (Alhagi spp) for first time .taranjebin manna was obtained from feeding function 

of insect on plant and fecal exudation and non of probable factors of production wasn't affirmed .At this study 

alhagi persarum as a casual plant productive manna was identified and introduced. This speices whish is 

existed in central and southern Khorasan province was able to produce manna, because there is best situations 

for living casual insect in north Khorasan possibility of diapose of casual insect isn't exist conseguently 

activation of insect is restricted and production of manna isn't exist because there is long frost in north 

Khorasan. 

Reference 

I) Amin -Gholamreza -1370 traditional medicine plants of Iran .volume I .research department of healhy 

minestry . 

2) Zargar -Ali -1370 medicinal plants volume 1,2-publications of Tehran university. 

3) Mirzayans -High -table of poophilus of Iran organization of pests and diseases research. 

4) Rya bchemk -up. Anti -ulcerat, on activity of extracts from the cerial parts of Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) 

Fisch Rastiteling -Resursy. 1987,23: 1,120 -12;19 ref. 

5) West, Toad. Masso , van brugyen; textbook of Biochimistry. 4 th Edition. The macmillan company (1967), 

P.234.

SURVEY ON METHODS OF CUTTING AND SELECTION SUITABLE METHOD OF 

EXPLOITATION FROM FERULA GUMMOSA IN KHORASAN PROVINCE 

Askarzadeh M.A. , Kashki. M.T., Gazanchian G. 

Natural Resources and Livestock Research Center of Khorasan , Bolvar Vakil Abad, Modarres St., 

Mashhad, Iran .P.O.Box.91735-1148 

Galbanum with scientific mame of Ferula gummosa is one of the most important medicine, industrial and 

exportial plants in rangelands of Iran, specially in khorasan province. And it applicates in medicinal, 

chemical ,hygienic and toilet industries. That correct exploitation of this plant and other medicinal plants in 

view of establishment of business, increasing rural income and obtain a portion of government income and 

finally exportation of products in order to gaining money related on being take care of scientific principal and 

correctly methods of exploitation while life continue and survival species weren't destroyed. 

Investigations includes: Determination of plant, measurements of leaf area cover (L.A.C.), Diameter of basal 

area and count of leaf relationship with mono-bush yield, using different methods of cutting (Longitudinal, 

Altitudinal and basal area), Achievement of different period of exploitation (Whole of year, year one year and 

year two year) at format of nested statistical design with ten replication with two slope (south and north) and 

finally determination of amount of gum production, survey of surviving and trend of mortality of plant in each 

of treatments above. 

In this survey, between north and south slopes existed significant difference, so that south slopes included 

high production between times of cutting during yearly exploiting existed very significant difference and the 

most production were obtained in third cutting. Survey on cutting methods showed that longitudinal cutting 

had the least damage to surviving about yield of gum per unitbush comparative with other methods no 

significant. So this method is suggested, accumulative yield of one bush during exploiting (1994 -1999) in 

treatments for once from two years, one from one year and whole of years, had increasingly trend, 

respectively. Besides, mortality of bushes during exploiting periods showed increasingly trend respectively. 

Increasingly trend of mortality in different methods of cutting were observed in longitudinal, altitudinal and 

baseal area, respectively. 

References: 

1- Ahmad, M; Maqbool, JR; sabir, AW; Bhatty, MK 1987. Studies on the essential oils of the Pakistan species of the family 

umbelliferae. Partliv. Ferula jaeschkeana seed and stalk oil. Pakistan -Journal -of -scientific -and industrial Research. 1987, 

30: 9,667 -668, 15 ref. 

2- Aragno -M, S -Taglia pietra, GM -Nano and G -ugazio. Experimental studies on the toxicity of ferula communis in the rat. 

Research -Communications -in -chemical -pathology and pharmacology. 1988, 59: 3: 399 -409; 10 ref. 

3- Artanovora -At, RA -Nusipbokova, FS -Nigmatullina, GK Nikonov and B-Z-Dzhienbuer. Medications based on 

coumarins. Synthesis of mooesters of raratavrki and galbanic axids with sucrose chemistry of Natural -compounds. (1996 )- 

32: 4-532-534. Translated from khimiya prirodnykh soedineii (1996) No.4, 541 -544; 6 ref.

ROLE OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES IN SYNTHETIC OF MEDICINAL 

METABOLITES IN PLANT 

Gholami B.A. 

Natural Resources & Livestock Research Center of Khorasan Mashhad- Iran P.O.Box:91735-1148 

from the middle of 20th century the side aspect of using chemical medicine was appeared and scientists have 

know deases that can not have natural origin. so that their attention are to injury of chemical medicine. 

different biotic stress make medicine processing in plants. they are for example gum production in Ferula 

gummosa ,F.aseafoetida, Dorema ammoniacum, Astragalus spp and Pistacia sp can be named that make 

caused by mechanical injury (human).thes substance are used in producting of herbal medicines and different 

industries of course abiotic stresses (drought, salinity and high temporary changes) are very important in 

production of essential oil and medicinal metabolites. Diosgenin, the main substance of making steroid 

,obtained from Dioscorea floribunda which has 800 to 1000 tons consumed in the world. essential oil 

composition changed with growth stage for example premature leaves in Mentha arrvensis contain high level 

menthon however in mature leaves menthol is more. likewise essential oil and their composition change by 

season and climate .these composition in Geranium in summer duration is much and in winter is little. as exist 

of riche plant flore in our country we can determine medicinal plant nich and produce expensive medicine 

according to world standard. This ignore needs a single management on whole stages like to search, 

production and processing medicinal plants. 

Reference: 

1-Abstract of the first congress a bout industrial and medicinal plant ,1997,shiraz. 

2-Crowly, m., j,. 1997 , plant ecology. black well science press. 

3-Kumar,n., et all., 1997 , introduction to spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants. new delhi .

ASSAY OF HYPERICIN IN SPECIFIC CULTIVATED SPECIMENS OF HYPERICUM 

PERFORATUM 

1 1 1 2 

Salehi sourmaghi, M. Amin , GH Fereydooni .M . Lebaschi , M . 

2 

Islamic Azad University .Modarres Tarbiat University 

In this his investigation, has been considered the quantity of hypericin in Specimens of hypericum perforatum 

that has been treated in view density of cultivation and fertilizer. Major factor includes 3 treatments of density 

and ancillary factor includes 4 treatments of fertilizer in sequence pure chemical, pure organic, complex 

chemical and organic fertilizers and control. The percent of Hypericin were investigated by spectroscopy 

method in' ë max = 590 nm The results showed the complex of chemical and fertilizer was the excellent ones. 

References: 

Belikov V V. ,etc ,Rastit Resure, 1990; 20 57\ 

Ostrowski E.., I.naugurl- Disscrtation .Universitat .Marhug \91\1\; 161 

Haberllin H., Tschiersch KP ,Stocks., Holzi ,Pz, Wiss., 1992; 134/4 .162.

THE STUDY OF DISPERSION AND ECOLOGY OF AROMATIC PLANTS IN MAZANDARAN 

PROVINCE 

Hassan Ghelichnia 

Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran 

In this consideration 36 aromatic plant species depending to labiate(Labiatae) family studied in Mazandaran 

province. The factors ecological studied in habitats aromatic plants were involved slope 

percentage,aspect,height,soil of texture,climate,yearly precipitation and temperature mean, cover 

percentage, the best habitat with respect to abundance and density, vegetation types,dispersion, companion 

plants and phenology .The results show that some of plants species are indicator plants of environmental 

conditions. Indicator plants of very cold Mediterranean climate and over 3000 meter height are 

betony(Betonica nivea subsp mazandarana ),motherwort(Leonurus cardiaca).Indicator plants of sub-dry 

cold climate (250-300mm precipitation) are hymenocrater(Hymenocrater calycinus ),hedge nettle (Stahys 

turcomanica ),desert rod(Eremostachys macrophylla ),(E.labiosiformis) , field-basil(Ziziphora tenuior ),cat 

thyme(Teucrium chamaedrys ).Indicator plants of humid climate are hedge nettle(Stachys persica), 

calaminth(Calamintha grandiflora).The greatest abundance of plants occurred in cold Mediterranean climate 

.Indicator plant olluvial and slopy foothill is catmint(Nepetasaccharrata).Indicator plants of dislocated and 

bare foothill in forests and woodlands are wildmarjoram(Origanum vulgare),hedge nettle (Stachys 

setifera),horehound(Marrubium vulgare).Indicator plants of edge small rivers are 

calaminth(Calaminthagrandiflora ),catmint(Nepetacataria ).Indicator plants unutilized drylands between 

forest and rangelands are hedge nettle(Stachys byzanthina ).Indicator plants of little saline soils are hedge 

netlle(Stachys inflata) and afghan silver sage(Pervoskia abrotanoides). The plant species such as hedge netlle 

(S.byzanthina ,S.lavandulifolia), Thyme(Thymus spp),cat thyme (Teucrium polium) are 

veryabundantanbetony (B.niveasubspmazandrana), hymenocrater (H. calycinus.H.elegans),desert rod 

(E.macrophylla, E.labiosiformis), calaminth (Calamintha officinalis),hedge nettle(S.setifera ), 

catmint(Nepeta cataria), field-basil (Ziziphoratenuior ),catmint(Nepeta pungens) are rare plants species in 

Mazandaran.

INVESTIGATION ON PRODUCTIVE SOURCES AND PRODUCTION PROCESS TREHALA 

MANNA IN KHORASAN 

Kashki M. T., Abbasi M., Kalantari A. 

Natural Resources & Livestock Research Center of Khorasan , Mashhad-Iran P.O.Box 91735-1148 

Identification of mannifer plants and determination of their provenances are necessary for economic and 

sustainable exploitation of natural resources. In this line, investigation on plants with general name of Globe 

tistyle was carried out in khorassan province. The method of study includes reviewing scientific references, 

field practices including collection of various species of generum Echinops, determination of active 

provenances, collection of biological factor processing manna and finally along with determination of 

biology of producer factor, production mechanisms was studied. 

The results indicate the sources and factors producing Trehala manna are active in 3 regions including 

Nehbandan, Sabzevar and Bardaskan, but there isn't any local or national exploitation from the host plants. 

Also it is found that the host plant is Echinops robustus from family Asteraceae and producer insect is Larinus 

onopordi from family Curculionidae. This insect has only one generation during a year i nitiating from March- 

April to September-October. Furthermore, the manna is produced by both feeding-secretive functions of the 

larva in various ages processing host plant tissues and after using for its metabolic function, the surplus is 

secreted as manna from downer labium of insect glands. These secretions crystallized gradually from a liquid 

form to solid form. Chemical analysis indicates the manna constitutes of trehalose sugar(23 %), starch( 6%), 

mucilage(15.8% ),albaminoids substances(14%) and ash( 4%). Thrapaetic properties of this manna correlate 

to the active substances containing mostly musilage,starch and sugar. The high amounts of these substances 

have a significant effect on diseases of respiratory system. 

References: 

1.Rechinger, K.H., Flora Iranica, No. 139, Page 5-11 

2.Wrobleswka,A & etal., Nectar production dynamics and bee reward: A comparison between chapmn,s honey plant 

(E.sphaerocephalus) and blue globe thistyle (E.ritro).American-bee-journal. 133:17,789-796, 1993 

3.Michalakis, Y & etal., The taxonomic status of larinus cynarae F. and larinus latus Herbst(Coleoptera: curculionidae), and 

its implications for the biological control of onopordun in Australian. Biological-science-technology. Vol. 2, No., PP. 275- 

280. 1992.

Investigation of seed weight and vernalization affect on carawey seed germination 

(Bunum persicum) 

A.kalirad& 

D.Darvishi 

Kerman, Phalstin street, Natural resource research center of Kerman 

In order to investigation of seed weight and vernalization affect on carawey seed germination, Seeds form 

four floral zone collected and studied in laboratory accoplished in complete randomized design at 4 

replication. The results of this experiment showed that 1000 seed weight had positive significant different 

correlation with seed viable percentage(r±0.87). The seeds that collected from the zone of Esfandagheh had 

the most seed viable percentage and therefor exposure to cold in complete randomized design with 4 

treatment (-1,-2,-3,-4oC)and one treatment(21 oC) as control at 4 replications. The results from this 

experiment showed in (-2oC) , seed viable percentage was maximum (21 %) and in lower and higher 

temperature was reduced.

KERMAN'S BLACK ZIRA ASPECT AND IT'S ECONOMIC VALUE 

A.kalirad & S.Saber amoli & Gh. Rahmani & D. Darvishi 

Kerman , Phalstin street, Nautral resource research center of Kerman 

Kerman was known by black zira (caraway) it's perfume was scattered in the world. Kerman's black zira is 

perennial and herbaceous plant it's scientific name is Bunium persicum. It's family is Apiaceae ,it have 

tuberous root, flower is bisexual and it have schizocarpic fruit. Period of annotinal growing is 4-5 months 

(between Mar-Jun) and it's depend on weather. Caraway growing in dry and hot alpine,soil was light and 

areolate.It is growing in 1800-3200 elevation. 

Caraway's chemical combinations are: Tannin 8% ,Wax 17-15%, Nitric material 19-20% and aromatic 

component 3.5-9% and some of medicinal properties are:Carminative, Antiasm, Antibilious, Antispasmodic 

Appetitive, Antiseptic, etc. This plant is application in nutritious, medicinal, fancy and hygienic economic. 

Caraway is exporting plant that exported from Iran in 1371 was 60000 Kg that it's value was 6000000000 

Rials. 

It's price will increase and it's production is 200-700 Kg/hec and in internal market the price of each 

kilogram's is 70000 Rials where as wheat production is 4000-5000 Kg/hec and the price of each kilogram's is 

1000-1200 Rials. Difference price between this productions is 10000000 Rials (production in one hectar) 

This is very important and show us that caraway can be a economical plant and we must research about it. 

To stretch friendly natural's hand and say: 

Human and earth and it's greeny. We flying as friendly greeny. 

flag with natural in earth. 

References: 

1- Grewal-S.1996.Microtubersfrom somatic embryos of Bunium persicum. Regional Research Laboratory, Canal Road, 

Jammu 180001,India. Indian-Journal-of-Experimental-Biology. 34: 8, 813-815. 

2- Grewal-S.1996.Induction of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in Bunium persicum Boiss callus culture. 

Regional Research Laboratory,Jammu Tawi 180 001, India. Indian-Journal-of -Experimental-Biology. 34: 4, 356-358; 6 pl. 

3- Sheidai-M; Ahmadian-P; Poorseyedy-S.1996. Cytological studies in Iran zira from three genus: Bunium, Carum and 

Cuminum. Biology Department,Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Cytologia. 61:1, 19-25.

INTRODUCTION OF LIFE FORM REGIONAL VEGETATION ELEMENTS CHOROLOGY 

AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF 131 MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES OF KYAN REGION 

IN NAHAVAND CITY 

1 2 1 1 

Kalvandi R. , Atri M. ,Safikhani K., Najafi GH. 

1 

Department of medicinal plant of research center of natural resources and animal husbandry.. 

2 

Hamadan,Iran Bu-alisina university.. Hamadan, Iran 

Kyan region with having rangeland and forestial vegetation and diversity of medicinal plant species prospers 

this region from multiply importance. 

The carried out investigation and existent information indicate to manifest floristical , ecological and 

geographical characteristics in vegetation of kyan region and we can count this region one of the genetical 

cache of medicinal plants. 

Investigatin by using of ecophytosociological method for survey on vegetation and collection of locational 

information about method of using native plants, lead to recognization of 131 medicinal plants in kyan region 

of Nahavand city. 

These 131 medicinal plant species belong to 43 families and 108 genera. 

Most important of medicinal plant families are including. 

Compositae , Cruciferae , Labiatae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Umbelliferae , Graminae . 

From the life form aspect these medicinal plant species are including: 

44.27% Hemichryptophyte, 20.62 % Phanerophyte, 19.08% Therophyte, 8.39% Geophyte, 7.64% 

Chamephyte. 

The regional vegetation elements in this region consist of : 

58.78 % Irano Tourani-Khazari element, 31.3% Irano Tourani element, 8.39% Irano TouraniKhazari- 

Khalijeomany element. 1.53% Irano Tourani -Khalijeomany element. 

The preparation of chorological map was possibled by using a list of medicinal plant species on distribution in 

their releves and determination installing locality of these species on distribution map of releves and finally 

chorological maps of some species was presented. The medicinal plants in this region have multiple 

medicinal properties such as: 

Diaphoretic, Antipyretic, Antiheleminthic, Antiseptic, treating of fistula, treating of kidney stone and vesica, 

Antidiabetic, Heart fortifynig, general fortifying, Antispasma, Anticolestrol, Treating of hemorroide, 

Antiblood pressare, Antirheamatism, Antijaundice,Antiepilepsy, Appeasing of asthma, Therapy of hepatic, 

Antihysteria, Diuretic, Antigoul, Useful in syphilis, Treating of eryspelas, Antinasal hemorrhage, 

Antimicrob, Antifungal, Anticough, Raise of blood pressure,

MORPHOLOGY, MICROGRAPHY AND DETERMINATION OF MUCILAGE 

CONSTITUENTS OF OCIMUM BASILICUM L. SEEDS 

Monsef Isfahani H. Amin Gh. and Emami K. 

University of Tehran, Faculty of pharmacy, pharmacognosy department 

In present article, the mucilage extracted from basil grains was studied. The studied plant, basil, is Ocimum 

basilicum L. of the mint family (Labiatae). In micrographic studies, it was observed that there are two classes 

of cells: meatated parenchyma cells in the endocarp of grains, and tissues containing stone cells in the husk. 

Water content of 1 g of basil grains was calculated to be 6.6 ± 0.5 by weight method, and 3%± 0.2 by 

azeotropic method using toluene as solvent. Total ash determined to be 10.5% and insoluble ash in acid to be 

1%. In phytochemistric studies, the result of saponin test was + 1, and alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid and cyanide 

test were negative. 

In swelling test carried out on 5 grain samples, the amounts: 26.5 up to 33.5 ml were calculated. The mucilage 

content of basil grains was extracted using different methods: by method of cold -hot, 11-180/0, by reflux 

method, 4-6%, and by using a homogenizer, 15%. 

The viscosity of mucilage in the species of O. basilica is l.5 poise and in the sp. O. canum, 0.3 poise. 

Identification of saccharides, which constitute the mucilage, was performed by methods of paper 

chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Rhamnose, Xylose, Arabinose, Glucose, Galactose and 

Mannose, all were identified as constituting monosaccharides as judged by standard samples. 

References: 

l-rojanpanthu P.et aI., Ocinmm canum seeds, freeze dried powder. Jornal of pharm Pharmacol. 1985,12:88-94. 

2-Anjaneyalu Y.V., Composition and preliminary fractionation of the seed musilages of Ocinmm canum, Aust. J. chem., 

1971, 24:1501-1507. 

3-Karawya M. S., et aI., Musilagenous content of certain Egyptian plants, Planta Medica, 1980.38:73-78. 

4-Zhang Yongwen., et aI., Fractionation and chemicaI properties of Immunomodulating polysaccharides from Roots of 

Dipsacus asperides, Planta Medica, 1997, 63: 393-399.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF KERMANSHAH PROVINCE 

M. Neamati & N. Jalilian 

Natural Resources and Animal affairs Research Center of Kermanshah 

Regarding the role of medicinal plants in hygiene and health of society, these plants that are spread in many 

natural areas in Iran, are intensively paid attention nowadays. The first step in the way of studding these plants 

is determination. In this research that has been carried out during the performance the plan entitled " 

Collecting and determinating the medicinal plants of Kermanshah province " ,140 species of medicinal plants 

has been collected and determined among many places of the state. The most important species are: Achillea 

milleafolium, Calendula arvensis, Stachys lavandulifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Astragalus hamosus, Plantago 

lanceolata, Physalis alkekengi, Bryonia dioica, and Ziziphora tenuior. According to this study, many species 

among these plants and some foreign species are used in traditional medicine in order to curing patients in 

cities and villages of the province. The data including information about local medicinal property, 

administration, usable parts of each species and the best time for collecting the specimen have been gathered 

for 100 species by referring to the concerning persons. These data include important information which 

maybe hasn't discussed anywhere yet. it is possible to get more scientific findings in the field of medicinal 

property and active constituents via more investigation.

MAINTENANCE AND EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS COLLECTION ( STUDY ON 

ADAPTABILITY AND PHENOLOGY) 

H.Naghdibadi -D.Yazdani -M. Ahvazi -K.Baghalian -S.MohammadAli 

Jahad daneshgahi of shahid beheshti University, P. O. Box 19835/371 

This project has been done since 1996 in order to study on adaptability and phenology of medicinal plants as 

well as induction a seeds source of medicinal plants that were collected from research institutes in allover the 

world. 

Seeds of annual, biennial and prennial of medicinal plants were cultivated in research agricultural center of 

Karadje and suitable species which had adaptation with Karadje climatic conditions were selected and 

studied. Along with this study, Times of cultivation, germination, transplanting, flowering and seeds 

maturation were documented exactly. Furthermore parameters such as weight of 1000 seeds, propogation 

methods, height and diameter of plants were documented. At present more than 300 species which some of 

them have foreign origin and / or are cultivated variety have been selected because of their adaptation to 

Karadje and related conditions. The selected plants include highly valuable medicinal plants such as Ammi 

visnaga, Echinacea purpurea, Achillea millefolium, Valeriana officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Carum carvi, 

Atropa belladonna, Alcea officinalis, Valeriana dioica, Melissa officinalis, Hypericum perforatum etc. Due 

to different ecosystems present in Iran, selection of different plant specimen adapted to these ecosystems can 

support local economics strongly.

STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION AND FACTORS, AFFECTING THE EXTINCT OF SOME 

MEDICINAL PLANTS IN ESFAHAN PROVINCE 

Mostafa Noroozie 

Esfahan research center of animal sciences and natural resources P. O .Box 81785-114 Esfahan -Iran. 

Plant species in Esfahan province were collected , identified and organized in Herbarium of research canter of 

natural resources and animal sciences. In this investigation 13000 plant samples were collected and kept in 

Herbarium. Medicinal plants were also collected and identified. In another study plant species which have 

been extincted in Esfahan province were also collected and identified. These plants based on IUCN 

organization rules were grouped as endemic, rare, endangered and extinct. according to these studies some 

medicinal plants also settled in these groups. Distribution of species and effective factors on extinction of 

medicinal plant were also investigated. The following factors are effective on existence and extinction of 

medicinal plants: Cultural use of medicinal plant , direct collection of these plants from nature, increase of 

population and their use of medicinal plants, high grazing of rangland , ploughing of ranglands and use as 

agricultural land, and ecological modifications. These are the most important factors on medicinal plants 

protection and preservation ways of these species and their germplasm were also studied and recommended. 

In these investigation the following specice were studied. 

Dracosephaloum kotschyi Teucrium polium 

Thymus daenensis 

Ferula assa- foetida 

Ferula galbaniflua 

Valeriana sisymbriifohia 

Hypericum sp. 

Myrtus communis 

Referances 

1-Assadi, M. & Wendelbo, P. (1977). New and interesting plants records from NW Iran. .journ. Bot. 1 : 97-108 

2 -DaviD, R. Given (1994) principles and practice of plant conservation. first edition. 

3 -Davis, D. Sc. (1978). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Volume six university of Edinburgh. 

4 -Demiriz, H. (1989) Endanqered Geophytes of Turkey. Notes, department of Botany university of Istanbul. Suleymaniye- 

Istanbul, Turkey. 

5 -Ferrari, C. Bonafeede, F. & Alessandrini, A. (1993) Rare plants of The Emilia- Romagna Region. (Northern Italia) : A Data 

Bank and Computer mapped Atlas for C.onservation Purpose. Biological Conservation. 6411-18 

6 -Hedge, L. C. & Rechinger, K. H. (1968) .Cruciferae. Flora Iranica, ed. Rechinger, K.H.I. No. 57 372 pp. Graz. 

7 -Hedge, I.C. & Wendelbo P. (1979). patterns of Distribution and Endemism in Iran. Notis From The Royal Botanical 

Garden. 

8 -Hodgson, I.C. (1986). Commonness and Rarity in Plants with Special Reference to The Sheffield Flora. Biological 

Conservation. 36: 199- 252 & I.C. 253-274

GENE RESORVOIRS OF MEDICINAL PLANT IN KHUZESTAN 

1 2 3 

H. Howeizeh , H. Salehi , M. Dinarvand 

Natural resources research center of Khuzestan Natural resources research center of Esfahan 

3 

Research expert of natural resources research center of Khuzestan 

1 2 

Uncontrolled revenue of medicinal plants directly from the nature is one of the basic factors in demolition of 

flora and extinction some of worth medicinal species. In the other hand, indentification, domestication and 

distinct effective material of medicinal plants to production medicine (drug) or replacing medicinal plants is 

best from economic and environment point. 

2 

Khuzestan province is 64664 km extent. Because it have variety climate and topography there fore 

outstanding variety of flora that these belongs to both Sudanese and Irano -torany floristics region. 

Zone of nobo -sandy containing field regions to heights about 900m and Irano -torany zone is the north and 

east that containing dry forest. Different zone of province have diverse medicinal plants gene both in heights 

and far from sea. Consideration of distribution medicinal plants resources it seem that they fine in height and 

far trom sea. For example Teucrium polium and Matricaria ricutita are distribute from 60 m to 1400m height 

from Desful to Deylam in margin of Persian Gulf. A number of plants have a limited habite for example 

Urginea maritima, Zataria multiflora and Fritillaria imperialis are fine specially in dry forest (about 2200m). 

Most of plants have vast distribution in Khuzestan. So altitude and precipitation don't have a limit in 

distribution. 

In this article according to field researches, medicine books and grocerys in Khuzestan, introduction 

medicinal plant. In the meanwhile on based researches and therapeutic plants culture a number of medicinal 

plants that unknown in authorities are introduction with surveys penology represents harvesting thime table 

of a number of medicinal plants in Khuzestan.

SURVEY OF FIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR EXAMINATION OF COMPATIBILITY 

IN THE REGION OF TAFRESH AND COMPARING THEIR ESSENTIAL OIL WITH THEIR 

STANDARDS 

1 2 

Yazdani D., Mojab F. 

I 

Choopan Agro Industrial Co., No. 1004 ,10th Floor, Payetakht Computer Complex, Valiasr St., 

2 

Mirdamad Ave., Tehran ,Iran Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of 

Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran,P.o.Box 14155 -6153, Iran 

The seeds of four plants such as Thymus vulgaris ,Matricaria recutita, Foeniculum vulgare, Melissa 

officinalis and Mentha piperita 's cutting have been imported from Germany in order to increase in warm 

green houses with suitable beds in March .After seed germination and Mentha piperita's cutting is being 

rooted, the seedling will be transplanted to the field in mid of May with cold and dry climate and 1630m 

height above sea level in the region of Tafresh. 

All the seedling cultivated with forow system with suitable spaces in between. The field spacing of Mentha 

piperita's cutting has to be 20 cm x 20 cm with plot system. The mentioned plants has been grown with organic 

method, according to the height of the plant phenology the rate of the growth is suitable. 

After plant specimen is approached it will be dried naturally in shade and its essential oil will be obtained by 

steam distillation method. The obtained essence is being examined with the method of thin layer 

chromatography, which is the same as the thc standards in the mentioned plants. According to the amount of 

essential oil, total ash and acid soluble ash, they stand in a equal position as the standards in pharmacopoeia .

ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF SALVADORA PERSICA 

1 1 1 2 

Sarwat Mansoor, M. Saeed Arayne, 

Rehana Ifzal and Najma Sultana 

Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi- 75270, Pakistan, Department of 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi. 

1 2 

Salvadora Persica L., commonly known as Toothbrush tree or Maswaak in Pakistan and middle east, is used 

as toothbrush and chewing stick [1,2]. It was claimed that tooth pastes containing extracts of the plant, 

preserve the gums and the teeth in perfect health and give the later a dazzling whiteness [2-4]. Various other 

uses of the plant have been reviewed [5]. 

Present paper deals with the antibacterial studies of the methanolic extracts of various parts of this plant, 

collected from district Thatta of Sindh, Pakistan. These studies were carried out against a number of gramnegative 

microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Shigelle dysentary, Proteus vulgaris 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella Pneumoniae and grampositive microorganisms such as Staphylococcus 

aureus, Streptococcus faecalis & Staphylococcus epidermidis by agar dilution method. These studies reveal 

that most of the organisms were susceptible at a concentration of 8 ìg/ml while few of the pyrogenic bacteria 

were inhibited at 0.5 and 64 ìg ml concentrations respectively. 

References: 

1. Greenway P. J., E. Afr. Agric. J., 15, 146, 1950. 

2 . Faroqi M. I. H. and Srivastava J. G., Quart. J. Crude Drug Res., 8, 1297, 1968. 

3. Porters R., J. Agri. Trop. Bot. Appl. 21, 1, 1974. 

4. Evenari M. and Gutterman Y., Flora (Jena), 162, 118, 1973. 

5. Warr J. M. (ed.): Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, P. 926, London 1962, Livingston Ltd.

AN IN VIVO STUDY ON THE ANTI-FUNGAL EFFECTS OF GLYCYRRHZA GLABRA ON 

LABORATORY ANIMAL GINEA PIG 

M.Emami , P.Emami, M.Shidfar ,Gh.Amin, M.Gerami. 

I 2 

School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Islamic Pharmacy 

3 

Faculty. Tehran Pharmacy Faculty. 

During the last two decades a new movement has been Developed in the investigation and indication of 

medicinal plants. Numerous studies have so far been carried out on the antimicrobial and antifungual of these 

herbs. 

The present study describes the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on dermatophytosis agents in guinea pig. 

Tow ointments ( 0.5% and 1 %) were prepared with the rhizome's extract of G.glabra. Ninety-Six guinea pig 

were divided into 4 groups. 

Suspensions of Tricophyton mentagrophytes (var.granular) and.T.Verrucosum,Microsporurn 

canis,Microosporum gypseum were inoculated on the back of all animals previously prepared for such 

inoculation .After the appearance of the fungal leasions, the two ointments(test groups)a placebo ( control 

group) and a 12%clotrimazole ointment (Positive control) were used, Topically. The mean duration time of 

treatment was 17 days for 2 herbal ointments compare with 23 days for coltrimazole.No restoring sign has 

been observed in the control group. Best results was obtained by 1% ointment of G.glabra. 

References: 

1. Hiroshi. Icohioka 1968 Pharmacologyical action of Glycyrrhizin I. Effect on the blood bilirobin level in Rbbits whit 

liyated common bileduct. Daylaaka, Gifu, Kiuo Jgakaubo 15(3) 

2. Muravev , I.A et al 1971 Matsed onikova ya kostota in Komei Glycyrrhiza Palidiflora , Khim prir soedin ( tashk )7. 122 - 

123 

3. Van Hulle et al 1971 Isolation of two flavonoids from the root of Glycyrrhiza Glabra var typica. 14(2) 

4. Yomamoto .Masahiro et al Effects of Glycyrrhizin and cortisone on cholesterol metabolism in the rat Endocorinol. tap 17 

(5) 339 -348

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SUDANESE PLANTS. 

S. M. Hussein Ayoub. 

Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty Of Science and 

Technology, At-Neelain University, P. 0 Box 12702, Khartoum, Sudan. Fax: 942-11-776338. 

The essential oils of some plants are used in Falk medicine of the Sudan against a wide range of diseases 

including headaches, several kinds of fevers and aches as well as antiseptic and antimicrobial remedies. 

Previously the essential oils of some Libyan plants were studied for their antimicrobial activity (1), as well as 

the chemical composition of the Sudanese lemongrass (2). We have now examined the anti-microbial activity 

of the essential oils obtained from 5 Sudanese plants namely: 

Citrus medica Brandlis var. acida, C. sinensis (L) Osbeck, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) stapf, Eucalyptus 

globulus Labill and Ocimum basilicum L. 

The essential oils of the plants were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger -like apparatus and GLC and 

GC/MS analysis revealed their chemical composition. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were 

tested by the agar streak method (3) using 5 strains of bacteria: Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli: 

Micrococcus glutamicus, Pseudomonas oeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus; and 5 pathogenic and non 

pathogenic fungi: Asparagillus fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Microsparum conis and Trychophyton 

rubrum. 

The essential oils were antibacterial to all Gram positive bacteria, while Gram negative bacteria were 

resistant. All the essential oils have demonstrated marked antifungal activities. 

References: 

(1) Hussien Ayoub, S.M. (1990) Bonn-Bacans international joint symposium, July 17-22,159. 

(2) Hussein Ayoub, S.M. and Yankov, L.K. (1984) Fitoterapia 55,368. 

(3) Thompson, D.P.and Cannon. C. (1986) Bull. Environ. Contom. Toxicol 36,527-32.

STUDYING THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CINAMON AQUEOUS EXTRACTS AND 

OPTIMIZATION OF THE EXTRACTION METHOD BY CO-SOLVENTS 

F. Jesmani, H. R. Moghimi, and H. Vahidi 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, 

Iran. 

Dried bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinamon) has been used as flavoring and therapeutic agent for 

centuries. It also has been reported that cinamon extracts show antifungal effects and may be used in the 

treatment of candidiasis (1-3). However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not such a report for the 

aqueous extracts of cinamon (AEC). Therefore, it was decided here to investigate the antifungal activity of 

AECs and the effects of co-solvents on this process. 

To perform this investigation, different clear AECs were prepared at 25 and 40° C employing a combined 

digestion/maceration method and using different proportion of solvent and cinamon powder (SCP). Water 

and water/co-solvent mixtures were used as the menstruums. The antifungal effects of extracts against 

Candida albicans- were then investigated at 25°C using sabouraud dextrose agar and sabouraud dextrose 

broth media. 

Results revealed that extracts prepared with pure water prevent the growth of Candida albicans at the SCPs of 

higher than 250 mg/ml (Minimum Inhibitory Proportion, MIP). The MIP was reduced when co-solvent was 

added to water. Interestingly, a parabolic relationship was observed between co-solvent concentration and 

antifungal activity. Our studies also showed that extracts precipitate during storage, but, this precipitation 

does not affect the antifungal activity of the supernatant clear liquid. 

In conclusion, our investigation show that antifungal substances can be extracted from cinamon by water, a 

process which can be improved by addition of appropriate concentrations of a co-solvent to water. On the 

other hand, replacement of organic solvents by water in extraction of antifungals from cinamon can reduce 

the overall cost of the process and the price of the finished products. 

References: 

I) Bown, D. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses, Dorling Kindersley, London (1995), p. 266 

2) Odey, P. The Herb Society's Complete Medicinal Herbal. Dorling Kindersely, London (1995),p. 48 

3 )Chevalleir, A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersely, London- () 996), p. 80

IMPORTANCE OF ERGOT (CLAVICEPS PURPUREA) PRODUCTION FOR PRODUCING 

SOME SPECIAL TV DRUGS 

Omidbaigi R 

No. 19, PayaBldg. ShariatiAve. Zardband Medicinal Plants Production company 

According to historical witness, ergot was used in obstetrics by the ancient Chinese. Ergot is mentioned as a 

drug in the works ofDioscorides and Galen. As a medicinal plant it was first mentioned by the Lonicer in 1582 

in France. It become an authorized medicinal plant in England in 1836. Ergot was used for abortion in India. 

Ergot is included in many pharmacopoeia of the world, but it is regarded today as a base material for 

medicines. Its active substances (alkaloids) affect the smooth muscles, the digestive and central nervous 

systems and the operation of the circulatory system. Its preparations are indispensable in gynecology, and in 

treating high blood pressure, migraine and nervous system. Many medicines 

are produced from ergot such as Secadol®, Ergam ® , Belloid ® , Ergometrin ® , Kefalgin ® , Redergam ® and 

Bromocryptin ® . Ergot is cultivated in large scale in Switzerland, America, Finland, Austria, German, Japan 

and Hungary. The alkaloids of ergot are classified into two groups according to their ability to dissolve in 

water. 

Water soluble 

Ergometrine group: containing ergometrine, ergobasine and ergine 

Not soluble in water 

Ergotoxine group: containing ergocristine, ergocryptine and ergocornine. 

Ergotamine group: containing ergotamine and ergo sine 

Ergot is a parasite and rye is its host plant. Rye plant have to be cultivated in September as fall cultivation, then 

have to be infected by spore suspension 

The first ripe ergot appear 4-6 weeks after infection. The ripe ergot can be harvested by special harvester. 

After cleaning, transported to pharmaceutical factory to extraction and formulation of its active substances. 

Because of manufacturing of some specialty drugs from ergot fungi is very important, thus, in our country 

large scale production of ergot as raw material of the mentioned drugs is veryimportant. 

In this context, Zardband company is ready to investigate on large scale production and formulation of drugs 

from this fungi. 

References 

1- Bemath J.,Wild growing and cultivated of medicinal plants, Mezo. Publ. Budapest, 1993. 

2- Homok L. Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, Academic publ. Budapest, 1992. 

3- Morton I.F. Atlas of medicinal plants of middle America. Springfield ill,1981. 

4. Omidbaigi R. Approaches to production and processing of medicinal plants Tarrahan Nashr Publ. 424 PP. 1997 

5- Sastry U.S.M; Thakur R.N. and Pandorta V.R. Production of rye ergot in India. In cultivation and utilization of medicinal 

plants, Jammu -Tawi, India, 1982.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, GARLIC AND TEA EXTRACTS 

ON HELICOBACTER PYLORI 

Khaki P. 

,Vand Yosefi J., H. Elyasi 

Institute vaccine and serum Razi -P. O. Box 11365-1558. 

Helicobacter pylori is an important etiological agent of active chronic gastritis , peptic ulcers and gastric 

cancer in humans. The bacterium is a microaerophillic , gram-negative and spiral organism. Helicobacter 

pylori can survive and colonize in the gastric mucous by microaerophillic growth capability, the S-shaped 

,motility and high urease activity. 

Helicobacter pylori is curable with antimicrobial therapy. Bismuth subsalicylate together with antibiotics 

,such as amoxicillin (or tetracycline) and metronidazole is current therapy against H.pylori. Whereas there 

are side -effects such as diarrhea and colitis with use these antibiotics, therefore a study of antibacterial effects 

extracts is important .In the present study, the antibacterial effects of Glycyrrhiza Glabra ,garlic and tea 

extracts against of H.pylori was investigated. 

In this study, we used 4 methods: disk diffusion, well diffusion, cylender diffusion and MIC , the result of tests 

are discussed. 

References: 

1- Tabak ,M.,and et al .1996. Invitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylor by extracts of thyme. 

2- Rauws,E.A.J. and Tytgat , G.N.J. 1990. Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of H.pylori.Lancet 335,1233- 

1235. 

3-Marshal ,B.J.1993 .Treatment strategies for H.pylori infection .Gastroenterology clinics of North America 22,183-198. 

4- Graham,D. Y.,and et al .1992.Factors influencing the eradication of H. plylori with triple therapy. Gastroenterology 

102.493-496.

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF MATRICARIA CAMMOMOLIA FLOWERS EXTRACT ON S. 

MUTANS 

ALl A. Moghadamnia, E. Khodadadi, F. Masdari 

Babol University of Medical Science, 47176, Babol, Iran. 

Medicinal plants have been used in the treatment of infectious diseases in the past. Streptococcus mutans is 

one of the important factor inducing dental caries. In this study antimicrobial effects of petroleum etheral and 

methanolic extracts of matricaria on s. mutans was examined. 

The antimicrobial effect of matricaria flowers was studied by using extracts of matricaria flowers which 

prepared by method of perculation, from dry powder. In this work extracts were used on bacteria medium 

after several passages of lyophilized bacteria sample on the BHI, Sheep Blood Agar and Chocolate Agar 

cultures. 

Results show that etheral and methanolic (10%) extracts have antimicrobial effects on the s. mutans .The use 

of disks prepared from etheral extracts has not been affected bacteria 

medium. 

It is concluded that matricaria which is a famous medicinal plant in Iranian traditional medicine, has a 

significant effect on preventing the s. mutans growth. Perhaps this finding may be support the use of 

matricaria mouth wash preparation in dentistry.

DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHALCONES, ORIGINALLY ISOLATED FROM 

CHINESE LICORICE ROOTS, AS POTENTIAL NOVEL ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS 

1 1 1 2 2 

Kharazmi A., Chen M., Zhai L., Froekaer S and Christensen S.B. 

Center for Medical Parasitology, Dep. of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 

Dep. of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Denmark. 

1 2 

Because of the development of resistance against the most commonly used drugs and other problems 

associated with the available drugs there is a great need for new effective and safe drugs for the prophylaxis 

and treatment of major parasitic diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis. Using a bioassay-guided 

fractionation method our group has identified anoxygenated chalcone, licochalcone A, from the roots of 

Chinese licorice plant and demonstrated that it exhibits a potent antimalarial and antileishmanial activity in 

vitro and in vivo in several animal models. Licochalcone A originally isolated from the licorice roots and 

several synthetic related structures inhibited the in vitro growth of chloroquine sensitive and chloroquineresistant 

strains of Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania major and L. donovani , and protected mice from L. 

major, hamsters from L. donovani, and mice from P. yoelii and P .berghei infection. Oral administration of 

these compounds to mice protected the animals from lethal infection of P. yoelii and P .berghei. Preliminary 

toxicological studies in rats showed that these compounds up to a 20-fold in vivo protective dose did not 

exhibit any toxicity. The absorption studies showed that these compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal 

tract, an important advantage for the development of a new antiprotozoal drug. Studies on the site of 

action of these compounds revealed that the target organelle was the parasite mitochondria. These 

compounds interfere with the energy metabolism in the parasite mitochondria. The target molecule appears to 

be a parasite-specific mitochondrial enzyme fumarate reductase. This enzyme does not exist in mammalian 

cells. Structure activity studies indicated the importance of oxygenation pattern on the selectivity of 

antiprotozoal activity of these compounds. Based on these findings oxygenated chalcones possess a great 

potential for the development of a new class of antiprotozoal drugs. 

References: 

I. Chen M., Christensen S.B., Blom J., Lemmich E., Nadelmann, L., Fich K., Theander T.G. and Kharazmi A.; Licochalcone 

A, a novel antiparasitic agent with potent activity against human pathogenic protozoan Leishmania. Antimicrob. Agents 

Chemother. 37: 2550-2556. 1993. 

2. Chen M., Christensen S.B., Theander T.G. and Kharazmi A.; The antileishmanial activity of Ii cochalcone A in mice 

infected with Leishmania major and in hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 

38:1339-1344.1994. 

3. Chen M., Thunder TG, Christensen, S. B., Hviid L., and Kharazmi A.; Licochalcone A, a new antimalarial agent inhibits 

the in vitro growth of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum and protects mice from P. yoelii infection. Antimicrob. 

Agents Chemother.38: 1470-1475. 1994. 

4. Zhai L., Blom J., Chen M., Christensen S.B. and Kharazmi A.; The antileishmanial agent licochalcone A interferes with 

the function of parasite mitochondria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.39: 2742-2748. 1995. 

5. Chen M., Christensen S.B., Zhai L., Rasmussen M., Thunder T.G.,Fr kJ ,r S., Steffansen B., Davidsen J. and Kharazmi A.; 

The Novel oxygenated chalcone 2,4 dimethyloxy-4'-butoxychalcone, exhibits potent activity against human malaria parasite 

Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and rodent parasites Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii in vivo. J. Infect. Dis. 176: 

1327-1333.1997. 

6. Kharazmi A., Chen M., Thunder T. and Christensen S.B.; Discovery of oxygenated chalcones as novel antimalarial agents. 

Annals Trop. Med. Parasitol. vol. 91, Suppl. I: S91-S95. 1997. 

7. Nielsen S.F., Christensen S.B., Cruciani G., Kharazmi A. and Liljefors T; Antileishmanial chalcones: Statistical design, 

synthesis and three-dimentional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. J. Medicinal. Chem. 41: 4819-4832. 

1998. 

8. Zhai L., Chen M., Blom J., Thunder T.G., Christensen S.B., and Kharazmi A.; The antileishmanial acitivity of novel 

oxygenated chalconesand their mechanism of action. J. Antimicrobial Chemother. 43:793-803.1999.

EVALUATION OF SUN PROTECTING ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANT EXTRACTS: 

INVITRO METHOD 

l l 2 

Fariba Sharififar , Mahdi Ansari Dogahe, A nahita Dehmoobed Sharifabadi 

1 

School of Pharmacy, Tehran University, P. O. Box I4155-6451, 

2 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University, P O. Box 14155-6153 

Harmful effects of UV radiation and production of various cutanous pathologies are one of skin Hygienic 

problems, which needs special cares. Both side effects of synthetic drugs and high potential of sun protecting 

of increased importance of using of herbal antisolar preparations. The aim of this study is evaluation of sun 

protective potency of plant extracts by regarding to their UV specter and their sun-protecting factor (SPF). 

Choosing of plants has been done regarding to being of any UV radiation absorbents in them. 

In the first, Some plants were gathered from native source at the time of flowering and their scientific names 

were determined. Dried plants were pulverized and extracted with ethanol by percolation and repercolation 

methods and concentrated to give 1 g/ml fluid extracts. Their specter was determined in wavelength of 290- 

320 nm and their SPF was measured by spectrophotometry method Invitro. 2% and 4% extracts was 

compared to octylmethoxycynammate and paraaminobenzoic acid as positive controls. Ethanol has been 

used as negative control. 

The results show that some of these plants might increase the safety of sunscreens that have higher SPF with 

or without synthetic Antisolars. 

References: 

1- Ramos; M.F.S, Santos, E.P., Bizarria, C.H.B. and Mattos, H.A. Preliminary studies toward utilization of various plant 

extract as antisolar agents. Int. J. of cosmetic science, 1996,18,87-101. 

2- Tominaga, Naori. Antiageing and UV protecting compositions containing extract of saxifraga or related plants. J. JPN. 

Kokai Tokyo Koho JP. 17ppl. 95/321,127,15 Nov 1995,1997.

DETERMINATION OF ANTIPARASITIC EFFECT OF PEGANUM ALKALOIDS ON THE 

CHICKEN INFECTED WITH EIMERIA TENELLA 

1 2 

l l 

A.Hadjakhoondi, S.Rahbari, D.Rezaee, Y .Ghasemi 

1 

School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 

2 

School of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University 

Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) was used for protection against injuries caused by evil eyes in the past 

and was believed to have hypnotic, antihelmintic and perspirant effects. There are different compounds in the 

grain of peganum including alkaloids, amino acid, carbohydrates, oils and steroids. The most significant of 

them are alkaloids which have pharmacological effects mostly on CNS, cardiovascular and respiratory 

system, smooth muscles and also antihelmintic, antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects. 

In this study after extraction of peganum total alkaloids (yield 2.5 %) and purifying it and then converting the 

obtained extract to a proper salt form the antiparasitic effects of the obtained salt on Eimeria tenella was 

investigated. One of the most important infectious diseases in poultry is the infection caused by Eimeria 

tenella that lead to Coxidiosis and eventually death of the animals. 

The in vivo part of this study was performed on 50 chicken by giving peganum total alkaloids to the case 

group and collecting their excrements in order to identify the oocyst of Eimeria tenella. T. test statistical test 

shows that the average excreted oocysts in the control group is about 10000 which in the group treated with 15 

mg of total alkaloids extract for each Kg live weight taken orally a decrease of about 3000 oocysts is observed. 

Which is quite meaningful and significant in view of statistics.

STUDY OF THE PROBIOTICS EFECT FOR DESTROING OF MICROBIAL RESISTANCE 

Zargarizadeh.A . 

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine University of Medical Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, 

Tehran, Iran 

Today using of antibiotics and frequency of drug resistance bacteria is increasing (2). 

Using of natural antibiotics such as probiotics and traditional medicine with antimicrobial effect (1) instead of 

synthetical antibiotics can be useful for destroying of microbial resistance (2). 

In this Study using of the lactobacilli for prevention and biological treatment of entcrohemorhagic diarrhea 

caused by Ecoli 0157 to be useful (2,3), The inhibitory effect of lactobacilli on colonization of 

Enterohemorahagic E. coli in intestine of mice evaluated (1,4). 

After culturing the E. coil on Muller-Hilton agar, the: inhibitory effect of the: lactobacilli on E.coli 0157 

evaluated for chosen most effective lactobacilli. 

8 

After inoculation 10 cfu/ml pathogen bacteria in mice, the feces examined and cultured on sorbitol 

macconky agar for colony count. 

1) The inhibitory effect of- L.casei is more than L.acidophilus and L.palntarum. 

2) The colony counts of E. coli in one gram of feces of mice group I is less than group II. 

3) In group control we didn't observe inhibitory effect. because we didn't give lactobacilli so in comparison 

group I and control, the number of the pathogen bacteria in group I was very less and is 

significant(p

STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT IN THE PLANTS OF SOUTH-WEST OF IRAN 

(MAMASANI) 

Zargarizadeh.A, Solimani-Rahbar.A,Goudarzi.H, Abtahian.K 

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine University of Medical Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, 

Tehran, Iran 

Iran has plentiful plants, more than six thousand species in different geographical areas (4,5,7). 

Today traditional medicine and the plants with antimicrobial effective is great important (2). 

Antibiotic is one of the drugs with more uses in this country otherwise, the frequency of the drug resistance 

bacteria are going two much (6) So the antimicrobial effect. in the plants instead of the synthetic antibiotics is 

very useful. 

In this study after collecting the sample of 32 plants in Mamasani region, we extract with specified amounts 

(1/2,1/4,1/8,1/16) paper disks (1) for to use against the Escherehia coli and the staphylococcus aureus 

inoculated on the Muller- hinton agar medium, We determined the antimicrobial effect after measuring the 

diameters of the light holos. 

From total of the 32 plants examined, the 27plants with no antimicrobial effect but the 4 plants (polygonum- 

Saliva- Micromeria- Punica granatum) with concentration (1/2,1/4) has antimicrobial effect on the 

Eschorshia coli and only Myrtus communis with concentration 1/8 has antimicrobial effect on both the 

Eschershia coli and the staphylococcus aureus (8). 

References: 

I) Ayenechi Y " The new -materia medicine " U. of Tehran 25-75 (1370). 

2) Tabriaz A.R. Kashanian M., Vahidy B. sh. " Study od antibacterial effect of the plants in Iran." Thesis t 13631364-1365) U. 

of Tehran 

3) Zargari A. "The plants of pharmacy" U. of Tehran fourth Ed. (1370). 

4) Ghahraman A. " The flora of colored of Iran" Institute of research of forestry vol.: 1-5(1371). 

5) Mobayeen S. " The geographica1 of plants and the plan of growth of plants in Iran" -U. of Tehran (1360). 

6) Jalsen Jack V. et al."Microen capsules of sage essential oil content and antimicrobial activity" pharmazin vol.: 42 PP: 419 

Jun (1987). 

7) Parsa A." flora Iran" U. of Tehran, Vol: 1-5 (1986). 

8) Rotstein A. et al." Isolation and antibacterial activity of acyl flora g1uoals from myrtus communis antimicrob agent and 

chemother PP: 605. 539-542(1974).

EVALUATING THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF FUNGI EXTRACTS ON THE 

PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT 

Safavieh, S. , Vandyousefi DJ , Asgari, Gh. 

Razi Vaccine & serum Research Institute 

For thousands of years mankind had used herbal plants for the treatment of disease. Although in ancient times 

due to lack of knowledge and proper facilities man was forced to use traditional herbal plant, but with passing 

days a lot of progress has been made, today man has gained enough knowledge to be able to identify and 

separate the effective curing compound from these Plants having medicinal value. Intense research on these 

herbal plants having medicinal unportance and having lesser side effects is in progress. Among therapeutic 

properties of these Plants, the antimicrobial effect of these extracts on a variety of microorganisms of prime 

importance. More over the synthetic drug related disorders have made the use of herbal antibotics a necessity. 

so for, among the variety of Plants studied having antimicrobial activity the fungi extract of combuja is well 

known around the world. this extract has not only biological importance but also posses various antimicrobial 

activity. In this research, the antibiogram assay of combuja extracts with normal pH values was determined. 

Three different methods such as disc, well and cylinder assay was used to delemie their antimicrobial effect 

on the pathogenic microorganisms. of digestive tract. The results of these Studies would be presented during 

the Conference. 

References: 

1- Hesseltine , C.W. (1965).Amilleniumof fungi, food, and fermentation 57,2,149 -197. 

2- JAMA, January. (1996). Vol. 275, No.2. Unexplained sever illness possibly associated with consumption of Kombucha 

Tea -Iowa (1995). 

3- Kozaki, M., koizumi, A and Kotohara, K (1972). Microorganisms of zoogloeal mats formed in Tea decoction. J, foodhyg. 

Society. Japan 097 -89.1.13. 

4- Stadelman, E. (1961). Der Teepilz und seine antibiotische wirkung zentraibl. Bakt. perasit. Inf. Hyg. 180,5,401-435. 

5- Anonymous (1983). Tea fungus In Hand book of indigenous, fermented food. K.H. steinkraused pp.421. marcel Dekker 

inc., Newyork. 

6- Hauser , S.P. (1990) .Dr sklenar's kombucha mushroom infusion -a biological cancer therapy. schweiz Rundsch. Med. 

Prax.79, 243 -246. 

7- Gies, G. & et.al (1989). Ultra structure and chemical Analysis of C.pylori flagella.j. clin. Microbial. 

8- marshall. Bj. & et.al (1985) pyloric campylobacter pylori Infection and gastro duodenal disease. Med .j. aust .142: 439 

.444.

STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL, EFFECT OF ENOXOLONE ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS 

AUREUS AND ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS 

Salari M.H and Noroozi M. 

School of public Health and institute of public Health research, Tehran University of Medical sciences 

Enoxolone is a major component of herb (Licorice). This substance has several pharmaceutical properties 

Include: anti-inflammatory, viral, fungi, al1ergic , carcinogenic, gastric ulcer and trichomonas. 

In this study antibacterial effect of enoxolone on Staphylococcus aureus and actinobacil1us 

actinomycetemcomitans by minimtlrn inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal 

concentration (MBC) Methods were investigated and the results were obtained as fol1ow: 

MIC of enoxolone on staphylococcus aureus: 64 Mg / ml 

MBC of enoxolone on staphylococcus aureus: 64 Mg / ml 

MIC of enoxolone on actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: R Mg / ml 

MBC of enoxolone on actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: 6 Mg/ ml 

References: 

1- Badam L., Amagaya S, pol1ard B., et al " Invitro antiviral activity of licorice and G.A on Japanese encephalitis virus, J 

comun Dis (India), 1997, 29 (2): 91-99. 

2- Giglio C, Hil1muns J., socransky S, et al. Role of A. a in human infections, Rev. Dentchile, 1990; 29: 81 -87. 

3- Guo N, Takechi M, Uno C, et al Protective effect of G .A in mice with systemic Candida albicans infection and it's 

mechanism. . J pharm pharmacy, 1991; 12:380-383.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS OF EUCALYPTUS, GLYCYRRIZA AND 

QUERCUS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUEREUS AND E.COLI. 

Rahbar .A.S, 

Zargarizadeh, A, Fayaz, Abtahian. K. 

Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Medicine,Shahid Beheshti University 

Human had being used plants for treatment of illnesses from ancient time. Today antibiotics are produced by 

chemical methods and are used against bacterial infections, By daily increasing use of antibiotics, bacterial 

resistance against them also is more significant (1). So we should consider more about endemic plants and 

using them as antibacterial agents. 

In this study after collecting, (Glycyriza , Eucalyptus, Quercus), titres of extracts in 80% methanol for and 

producing paper disks (2). 

After inoculating bacteria on solid media (2) standard method (Macfarline ) we placed various paper disks of 

these media (Agar diffusion). Also we used Gentamycin and vancomycin and simple methanol disks for 

o 

positive and negative controls. After incubating for 24 hours in 37C (3). 

We studied bacterial growth around the disks. In the results for Quercus extract. The maximum effect 

(sensitive=S) was showed by undiluted sample on staph (1/2,1/4,1/8 ) indicated low effects (I=intermiadia). 

The undiluted and diluted extracts (1/2,1/4) of this plant indicated low effects on E. Coli (I) and other 

dilutions (1/8,1/16) had no effect on this organism. 

Eucalyptus extract had high effect (S) on staphylococcus auerous (undiluted) and ½ diluted extract had low 

effect on this organism (I) other dilutions had no effects on it (R). Effects of this plant on E.Coli was high (S) 

by undiluted and 1/2 diluted extracts and low by 1/4 diluted extract. other dilutions had no effect (R) on2E.coli 

the effects of Glycyiza 40n staph auereus was high (S) for undiluted extract and low (I) for1/2 and 1/4 

dilutions. other dilutions had no effects on this organism. 

The effect of Glycyriza on staph auereus was high (S) for undiluted extract and low (I) for 1/2 and 1/4 

dilutions. Other dilutions had no effects on this organism. 

The effect of this plant on E.coli was intermediated (I) by undiluted and 1/2 and1/4 dilutions and other 

dilutions had no effect on this organism (R). 

We suggest the extracts of these plants as antibacterial agents. 

We dehydrating and extracting these plants used various 

References: 

1- Roitt et ai, Antibacterial agents resistance. Medica! microloiology, second edition, PP: 413-14. 

2- Aynechi, y, et al "Screeningg of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity" Acta pharm suec. 19 PP: 303-8 (1988). 

3- Baron, S. Jenning, M.P "Medica! microbiology" 3th ed. Mackie and Maccartney, New York, P: 207 (1992).

STUDY OF ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MYRTLE LEAF 

(MYRTUS COMMUNIS) AND IT'S DIFFERENT FRACTIONS 

Sharififar Fariba, 

Kasemipoor Nadia, Ahrari Serajaldin 

Kerman university of medical science- faculty of pharmacy- department of pharmacognosy 

Investigation of biologic activity of the medicinal plants is very important especially of it's relation to 

personal and social health. On this antifungal effect of the methanolic extract of the Myrtle leaf and it's 

fractions has been studied. 

At the first the leaves of the plant was gathered from Kerman, scientifically named, dried and powdered. 

Methanolic extracts were prepared by 2 known method, suxhelet and percolation. Both extracts concentrated 

to drying and dissolved in 70% ethanol and were added to incubation culture of sabaro dextrose agar before 

sterilizing. Then the test fungi, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trikophiton mentegrophitis 

in incubating contained loops were mixed with plant extract by dilution agar method. By determining 

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in comparing to positive control (griseufulvin), the extract by 

suxhelet method showed more antifungal activity than the other. Due to this fact the volatile oils are one of the 

most important constituents of the Myrtle leaf, at the first process, this fraction was extracted with petroleum 

ether from the suxhelet extract. In dilution agar method, the fraction of volatile oil showed significant 

antifungal effect in compare to negative and positive controls but extract free from volatile oil had any 

activity, so there is no need to separate the other fractions of the extract. Volatile oil of the methanolic extract 

of the Myrtle leaf showed more activity on the Microsporum canis than two other ones. Thin layer and gas 

chromatography of the volatile oil had been done and the results show that the most percent of the volatile oil 

are linalol , terpineol, alpha pinen , cineol, and linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate. 

References: 

1-Nagvi, SAH. Khan, MSY. and Vohora, SB. Antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic investigation on India medicinal 

plants. J. Fitoterapia. 1991, 62(31), 221-8. 

2-Nelson KE, Pell AN, Doane PH, et al. Chemical and Biological Assays to Evaluate Bacterial Inhibition by Tannins. 

Chem. Ecol. 1997; 23(4): 1175-84.

EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF LICORICE ROOT OINTMENT IN THE TREATMENT OF 

HUMAN DERMATOPHYTOSES 

1 2 3 2 

H.Seirafi ., M.Emamiz., M.Sheedfar., And F.Raissipoor. 

1 

Dep. of Dermatology. Razi Hospital, School of Medicine ,Tehran Uni. of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., 

2 

Dep. of pharmacology, School of medicine, Azad Islamic University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran., 

3 

Department of Mycology, School of medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. 

The Dermatophytic fungi are a closely related group of moldes that invade the stratum corneum of the 

Epidermis and its keratinized appendages the hair and nail. Dermatophytes belong to three genera: 

Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. Systemic agents most be used for Dermatophytic 

infections of hair and nail, but topical therapy is generally effective for uncomplicated tinea corporis, tinea 

cruris, and tinea pedis. 

According to clinical efficacy of licorice ointment in animal model, we used this preparation in the treatment 

of human Dermatophytoses. The trial was conducted in Razi skin center in Tehran. 

41 patients (23 male, 18 female), in the range (7--60) years, Presenting clinically with Dermatophytoses of 

glabrous skin, were enrolled in this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the licorice root ointment 1 % . 

The ointment was used twice daily for 2 to 8 weeks. Assessment were made at 2-4-8, weeks. From 41 patients, 

23, showed complete improvement of lesions in 3 weeks, confirmed by mycological culture. In placebo 

group (10 patients) non showed any improvement. Before Its full potential in Dermatophytoses can be 

assessed , more clinical experiences and comparison with placebo and standard treatment methods are 

needed.

ANTIMALARIAL, ANTILEISHMANIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 

TANSHINONES FROM PEROVSKIA ABROTANOIDES 

1 2 3 1 

Majid Sairafianpour ,K. Bagherzadeh, A. Kharazmi and Jerzy W. Jaroszewski 

1 2 

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen,Denmark, Natural 

3 

Resources and Animal sciences research Center of Isfahan, Iran, and Center for Medical Parasitology, 

Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

Malaria constitutes a very serious health and economic problem in some 90 countries or territories. Over 2.4 

billion people, or 40% of the world's population, live in regions with a malaria risk. Leishmaniasis has been 

identified by The World Health Organization as a major and increasing public health problem. More than 350 

million people in the world are at risk of infection with Leishmania parasites. With both diseases, there is an 

increasing problem of development of resistance towards available drugs. Moreover, in many areas herbal 

medicine is the only medicine available to the population. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in 

investigation of natural products as potential antiparasitic remedies. Extract of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. 

(Labiatae), a crude Iranian traditional medicine, is used against parasitic diseases in Esfahan. The bioassayguided 

fractionation of the root extract led to isolation of several tanshinones, a group diterpenoid quinones, 

previously reported only from the wellknown Chinese drug Dan-shen. The compounds isolated include the 

previously known cryptotanshinone, as well as two novel hydroxy- and oxo-derivatives. The structures of the 

compounds were established by use of two-dimensional NMR methods. The compounds exhibited 

significant inhibition of growth of chloroquine sensitive strains of Plasmodiumfalciparum in vitro, and of 

Leishmania major promastigotes (IC 50 

values in lower mM range). These compounds were also toxic against 

two cultured human tumor cell lines, a drug-sensitive KB-3-1 cell line and a multidrug-resistant KB-Vl cell 

line. The effects of the isolated compounds on the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin A-stimulated human 

peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also investigated.

SURVEY ABOUT SOME OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DENDROSTELLERA 

LESSERTII 

1 

2 

Yazdanparast R., Abdolmohammadi M. H 

1 2 

Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Tehran University, Enghelab Sq., Tehran, IRAN. Department of 

Forest & Rangeland, Qom Natural Resources and Animal Affairs Research Center, Jahad Sazandegi, 

P. O. Box 195, IRAN. 

Natural product drags have played a prominent therapeutic role in the treatment of different lesions found in 

the human ailments and are considered to be the excellent source for finding new drugs for treatment of 

various kinds of cancers. 

In that respect, Plants can be used for either cancer prevention or for treatment of this illness and repression of 

tumor growth rates. Unfortunately, at present, the plant natural sources are not used effectively in dealing with 

cancer subject. The only anticancer plant derived-drugs with clinical uses are: taxol , vincrisuine , vinblastin, 

etopside, teniposaid and camptothecin. Therefore, more research and investigation is needed in order to 

expand the range of these drugs and to cover the treatment of all kinds of cancer. 

In this investigation we report the anticancer properties of Dendrostellera lessertii (Thymelaeaceae) in rats 

with tumors in their GI tract and breast. Using shrimp test, it was found that the aqueous and organic extract of 

this plant is very toxic and the daily administration of the extract to rats (treated with DMBA) for about ten 

weeks, is capable of inhibiting the progressive growth of breast tumors and curing the adenocarcinoma 

lesions found in the large intestine of DMH-treated rats. 

References: 

1. Adolf W. and Hecker E.; On the active principle of the Thymelaeaceae, 11. Skin irritant and co carcinogenic diterpenoid 

factors from Daphnopsis racemosa. Planta Medica.45: 177-182. 1982. 

2. Borris R. P. and Cordell G. A; Studies of the Thymelaeaceae II. Antineoplastic principles of Gnidi kraussiana. Journal of 

Natural Products. 47(2):270-278. 1984. 

3. Cassady J. M.; Natural products as a source of potential cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventiv agents. Journal of 

Natural Products.53(1):23-41. 1990. 

4. Cordell G. A. ; Changing strategies in natural products chemistry. Phytochemistry. 40(6):1585-1612. 1995. 

5. Wall M. E., Wain M. C., Hughes T. J. and Taylor H. ; Plant antimutagenic agents. General bioassay and isolation 

procedures. Journal of Natural Products. 51(50):866-873. 1988. 

6. Yoshida M., Feng W., Saijo N. and Ikekawa T. ; Antitumor activity of Daphnane-Type diterpene Gnidimacrin isolated 

from Stellera chamaejasm L. .Int. J. Cancer. 66:268-273. 1996.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACT OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS AND 

MICONAZOL IN EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOPHYTOSIS ON GUINEA PIGS 

Aghili R., Asgari-rad H., Shabankhani B. 

Department of Pathobiology, Health faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 

Tinea corporis is a dennatophyte infection of the glabrous skin most commonly caused by species of the 

genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. One of the most important species that due it, is Trichophyton 

mentagrophytes.Although tinea corporis due to T. mentagrophytes is amenable to treatment by topical 

agents, clinical evidence indicates increasing resistance of chronic infections to treatment with drugs and 

some of Azolles (e.g. Miconazole) which have been associated with skin sensitivity. Today the ointment 1.5% 

and oil extract 1 % of calendula are used as anti-inflammatory and anti-septic in skin lesions. In this study, we 

compared therapeutic efficacy of Calendula extract with Miconazol ointment 2% on Guinea pigs. 

During 10 days, the effect of drugs was studied on 6 groups of guinea pigs( each group contained 3 animals). 

Calendula ointment (1.5%) and oil extract of calendula( 1%) were prepared in the lab. For causing 

experimental dennatophytose, the inoculation of trichophyton mentagrophytes was done on guinea pigs. 

Then the effects of oil extract, pure olive oil, ointment of calendula, base of ointment and ointment of 

Miconazole were studied on the illness. The changes of lesion symptoms during the treatment and the growth 

of fungus in culture of skin blocks were analyzed by X2 test and fisher exact test. The method was blind casecontrol. 

A four score (0-+3) evaluation criterion was used. In order to show the lesions, in the end of the 

treatment the blocks of skins were cultured in SCC media. 

In a comparison to control group in decreasing of lesion symptoms, the group in which calendula ointment 

and oil extract of calendula were used had a significant difference after 10 days (p

ANTIBACTERIAL AFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF SOME MYRTACEAE FAMILY 

AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS , LISTERIA MONO CYTOGENES AND 

BRUCELLA MELITENSIS 

1 2 3 3 

S.M.F.Rezaie, J.Vandyusafi, A.Shimie & M.Arabi. 

1 2 

Dept. herbal medicine Razi Res inst. Karaj -Iran,Dept. of microbiology. Razi Res. inst.Karaj -Iran, 

3 

Veterinary college Islamic Azad Univ. of .Iran. Karaj Uni. 

. 

To investigate the antibacterial effect of essential oils of eucalyptus from western province of Iran, we 

collected the Leaves of 23 species and extracted the essential oils of each species individually, by steam 

distillation method. three different microbial tests were performed as : 

1) essential oils antibiogram. 

2) Determination of MIC of essential oils in tween agar. 

3) comparison with a few antibiotics. 

References: 

1-Atkinson , N and Brice, H.E 1955. Antibacterial substances produced by Flowering plants. Aust J.Exp. Biol and med .sci 

33 547 554. 

2- Dellacassa, E. et al. 1989 Antimicrobial -activity of eucalyptus essential oils. Fitoterapia 60 544 -546.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FERULA GUMMOSA AGAINST PSEUDOMONADS 

AERUGINOSA 

l 2 2 2 

F.Fayaz,H.Vahidi, M.Kamalinejad, M.Sobhanni 

1 2 

School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran, School of 

Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran 

Over the last decades, great advances in treatment and prevention of infectious disease have fostered 

complacency about infections in a society which has access to antibiotics. However, infections and also 

adverse reaction of such drugs remain .Also due to increasing demand for less toxic and more potent 

antibiotics, it is necessary to find new sources of such compounds, especially those with plant sources. 

In this research, antibacterial activity of the extract of Ferula Gummosa was investigated against 

Pseudomonads aeruginosa which is resistance to many antibiotics. 

After extraction of the root, using maceration method, MIC and MBC of the total extract against 3 different 

microbial concentration were determined, using Pseudomonads aeruginosa as test organism. Ampicilin, 

Gentamycin and tetracycline were used, to compare and control activity of the extract. The results obtained 

from the experiments showed the best activity was against, concentration with MIC and MBC of 50 mg/ml. 

As Pseudomonoads shows a great resistance to antibiotics, the results of this research is very hopeful and 

considerable.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PRUNUS CERASUS GUM AGAINST MICROORGANISMS 

CAUSING BACTERIAL DIARRHEA 

Fariba Fayaz , A.ASoleimani Rahbar ,M.Kamalinged 

Microbiology Department School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences- 

Tehran-Iran 

Over the Last Year, great advances have been achieved about bacterial infections and antibiotics treatments 

but adverse reaction of antibiotic is still a great problem. 

Due to increasing demand for less toxic and more potent antibiotics, it is necessary to find new sources of such 

compounds, especially those with plant sources. 

In this research antibacterial activity of the extract of gum of Prunus cerasus was investigated. (1,2) 

Extract of the gum was achieved by using different and at last the best solvent. MIC of this extract has been 

determined against Shigellae dysenteriae and Shigellae flexneri which are the causes of bacterial diarrhea. (3) 

Inhibitory activity of the extract against Shigellae Flexneri was 3.44 mg/ml and against Shigellae dysenteriae 

was 13.75 mg/ml .Ampicilline is the drug of choice of these bacteria . MIC of this antibiotic is also determined 

in this research. In contrast with MIC of ampicilline we can recommend this extract against these bacteria. 

References: 

1-Godzinaka Z.,Kohl W., Bacteriostatic action of cichory. Bull.Acad. polon. sci.Boil, 1962 . 

2- Jawetz, Melnic and adelberg, Medical Microbiology, twenty firsted. 1998. 

3- Baron ,E..J., Finegold, M. Diagnostic Microbiology, 8thed. 1994.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON REPELLENT EFFECTIVENESS OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT 

OF LEMON CITRUS WITH IT'S SKIN ESSENCE AGAINST THE MOSQUITOES OF 

ANOPHELES STEPHENSI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) 

R.Ghalandari, M. Kamalinejad 

School of pharmacy Shahid Beheshti medical Sciences University 

Many plants are known and being used as insect repellents in ancient medicine. There are many records about 

lemon citrus which shows that this plant is widely used as a repellent. The aim of this study is to compare 

repellent effectiveness of the lemon citrus skin essence with its alcoholic extract against the mosquitos of 

Anopheles stephensi , the main malaria vectors in I. R. Lran and middle east countries. 

Lemon citrus skin essence was collected and its alcoholic extract provided using the maceration method. 

Laboratory rared animals, Gine pig were used to test the protection effect of the repellents. Thirty unfed 3-5 

days old mosquitoes were exposed to the animal for 15 minutes and number of mosquito bites were recorded. 

Diethyl Tolamid were used as control in our experiments. 

The results have shown that the lemon citrus skin essence protected better than its alcoholic extracts. It is 

suggested to formulate this essence to a medicine form to be used as a insect repellent. 

References: 

l-Zargari A., Medicinal Plants, Tehran University Publications, Vol. One, 1376, PP 488-492 

2-Rojas Elina and Scoza J. V., The use of lemon essential oil as a sandfly repellent, of Tropical Transaction of Royal Society 

Medicine and Hygiene,1991,85:803 

3- Buescher M.D., Rutledge L.C., Wirtz R.A. and Nelson J.H., Laboratory repellent tests against rhodnius prolixus, J. Med. 

Entomol., January 1985, 22(1) 49-53. 

4- Schreck C.E. and Mcgovern, Repellent tests the field and laboratory against wild populations of mansonia titilans, J. Med. 

Entomol., November 1985, 22(6): 658-662. 

5- Rutledge L.C., Gupta R.K., Wirtz R.A. and Buescher M.D., Evaluation of the laboratory mouse model for screening 

topical mosquito repellents, J. Am. Mos. Cont. Assoc., 1994, 10(4): 565-571. 

6- Robert leon L., Hallam John A., Seeley Doug C., Roberts Lyman W. and Wirtz Robert Entomol., A., Comparative 

sensitivity of four anopheles to five repellents., J. Med. May 1991,28(3): 417-420.

RESEARCH ON THE SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT BACTERIA TO CHEMICAL AGENTS 

WITH THE SOURCE OF INTESTINE IN INDUSTRIAL AND TRADITIONAL ROSE-WATER 

AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN EXPORTS 

Mohammadian z, Mehrabian S. ,Shahrokhi N.,Rahmati S. 

Number 669 Shahid Beheshti Medical science University.Shariati Street. Tehran, Iran 

Rose flower in Qamsar Kashan is outstanding allover the world.Rose-water production is usually of 

destination (Rosa damascena) ,which done in an open place in a traditional way.The result is named high 

essence rose-water is collected in copper jars which is placed under the currency of .consumptive rose-water 

is achieved by dilution of rose-water with distinct water. 

Exporting rose-water contains 15% essence rate of good smelled distinct water in the year of 1377 was 

795403 kg with the value of 824222$. The cost of selling of one litter of rose -water in the world market was 

1.03$. 

The presence of contamination in the rose-water even in very low degrees with consideration of favorable 

predisposition will cause the product become infective. 

-Probable fracture of copper container, quality of water currency , transferring the high essence rose water 

,dilution and packing can play a role in the rose-water contamination. 

With special consideration to the importance of the usages of this product fecal contamination study seemed 

to be important. In this research E.coli was taken as an indicator of intestinal bacteria. Becuase of interference 

of copper ion with detecting of E.coli so CL.perfringence was chosen as a good mark of resistant bacteria to 

chemical agents. Laboratory examination was done on 100 samples from traditional ,industrial rose- water 

that are sold in the market. The media for this examination are :brilliant green in 30-44.5 degree of centigrade, 

EMB, lithmus milk and S PS- in the condition of anaerobic. 

Non-existence of bacteria with the source of intestine is the most important result in this survey. Maximum 

count of environmental coliform in 100 m1 industrial rose -water was 15 and -in traditional one was 40. The 

rate of contamination with this microorganism in industrial rose-water was 36% and the score for traditional 

processed product was about too 78%. 

In the process of industrial production packing can cause contamination after pasteurization. About one third 

of rose-water production is exported to Arabian and European countries and all are industrial. The 

competitors of Iran in this field are Pakistan and Turkey: 

References: 

1-Bryml NH. pre1 ph.D.Robert,F.boyd.:Basic Medical microbiology .4th edition .Little,Brown and company Boston 

Torento.London.1991 

2-W.S.holden:Water treatment and examination .1.& A. Churchill,PP.239,1970 

3-Mahmoodian Mohamrnad Reza principle study on conversion technology ,agricultural and plant product.nomber 1034- 

Institute of research,planning and economy of agriculture in 1375 

4-Iran custume years book. 1373- 74- 75- 76 

5-Namakarai jafar Survey, production , control and standard method on Cattail distillated plants. Tehran medical 

university(pharmacy faculty) 

6-Reazai Mofrad Study on chemical and microbiological quality of Kashan destillatio industries 1372. Tehran medical 

university(hygien faculty)

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANTS OF CLOVE, CINNAMON, 

CORIANDER & ABSINTHIUM 

M.H.Moshafi, 

S.Zarei 

School of pharmacy, Kerman, Iran 

Due to undesirable side effects of antimicrobial compounds which are produced synthetically and since most 

of pathogenic bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it is necessary to investigate on the antimicrobial plants 

agents. 

In this investigation, the antimicrobial effects of "clove", "cinnamon" "coriander" and "absinthium" extracts 

are studied against Staphylococcus aureus , Micrococus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Esherichia coli, Klebsiella 

pneumonia, Sratia marcesens and Bordetella bronchiseptica. 

After preparation of methanolic and aquatic extracts of these plants by maceration method, the solvent of 

extracts was evaporated. Dried extracts were dissolved in distilled water to give 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% 

and 2% extracts(1). Antibiogram test was performed by cylinder plate method. 

The antimicrobial activity of the aquatic and methanolic extracts of these plants on microorganisms were 

almost equal (P

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF 14 SPEICES PLANTS OF DASHTI 

M.Zarrei, A.Shirkani, M.Mozzaffari 

Research Center of Health office of Dashti, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Iran 

In the investigation, the antibacterial effects of herbal methanolic extracts by maceration of lawsonia inermis, 

phoenix doctylifera, morns alba, Tamarix florida, Anvillea garcini, periploca aphylla, helian themum lippi, 

Ziziphus spina-christi, Arundo donax, ficus carica, calotropis procera, Astragalus arbus culinus, oligomeris 

baccatus and Gyrnnocarpos decander was studied on six counterfoil of bacterial staphylococcus aureus, 

micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeroginosa by 

silander plate method separately. 

At first we grinded these dried plants, then methanol 80' was applied and extraction was taken by maceration 

method. After concentration the extracts, they were dried. Then the 4%, 2%,1%,0.5%,0.25% and 0.125% 

DMSO/methanolic solution of the dried extracts were used by silander plate method and results were in this 

manner: 

The least in examined concentrations, was 0.25% and at the most inhibitory zone diameter belonged to 

methanolic extarct of Gymnocarpos decander on klebsiella pneumonia that is equal 18mm. The maximum in 

examined concentrations, was 4% and at the most inhibitory diameter belonged to methanolic extract 

Gymnocarpos decander on klebsiella pneumonia that is equal 25.30mm. 

In examined concentrations of methanolic extracts, lower results get: The maximum effects on escherichia 

coli belonged to Arundo donax and the least effects belonged to Calotropis procera. The maximum effects on 

staphylococcus aureus belonged to Lawsonia inermis and Calotropis procera and the least effects belonged to 

Gymnocarpos decander. The maximum effects on micrococcos luteus belonged to Phoenix doctylifera and 

Astrogolus arbus culinus. The maximum effects on klebsiella pneumonia belonged to Gymnocarpos 

decander and the least effects belonged to oligomeris baccatus. The maximum effects on pseudomonas 

aeroginosa belonged to Arundo donax. The maximum effects on Bacillus subtilis belonged to Tamarix florida 

and Astragalus arbus culinus. 

References: 

1. Waller. A.R, the journal of Ethan Pharmacology, .1991, PP .181-.192.

CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN IRANIAN TRADITIONAL 

MEDICINE ON TWO STRAINS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE 

1 2 3 4 

Moein. M.R., Shahidi, G.H., Rokh Bakhsh, F ., Faoroumadi, A. 

I 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti 

2 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Kerman 

3 4 

University, Kerman, Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Department of 

Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 

Screening of natural products for evaluation of cytotoxic activity is a fruitful way for finding anticancer 

agents. The screening procedure was based on the test sample effects on DNA repair deficient and repair 

proficient yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of the major biochemical DNA repair mechanisms 

has been defined in yeast known as the rad52 pathway. Rad52 is the major recombinational pathway 

associated with repair double strand breaks and meiotic recombination. Screening test has been performed on 

+ 

RS322N (rad52) and RS188N (RAD). Cytotoxic natural products on RS322N will be candidate for further 

studying. Methanolic crude extracts of some medicinal plants, which are used in Iranian traditional medicine, 

were evaluated, using agar diffusion method. The concentration on which caused 12mm zone inhibition (IC 12) 

was determined: the RS322N IC 12 for Dorema ammoniacum, Bunium persicum and Illicium verum were 

3.14, 5.58 and 5.27 mg/ml respectively. RS188N IC for the above-mentioned plants were more than 20 

12 

mg/ml. Based on these finding, Dorema ammoniacum is a potential cytotoxic agent and a good candidate for 

further studies. 

Reference: 

Gunatilaka, A. A. I., Bolzani, V. S., Dange, E. et al. (1998). Limonoids showing selective toxicity to DNA repair-deficient 

yeast and other constituents of Trichiallia emetica. J. Nat. Prod. (61).179-184

STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TARKHINEH 

(A FERMENTED PRODUCT THAT USED IN KURDISH FOLK MEDICINE) 

1 1 2 

Miri. R. , Dabaghii, A. and Kohanteb, J. 

1 

Dept. of Med. Chem., Faculty of Pharmacy of Shiraz, P. O. Box 71345-1583, 

2 

Dept. Of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Shiraz 

Since most of pathogenic bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it is necessary to investigate for new 

antibacterial agent. By this aim, Tarkhineh (mixture of cereal and fermented yogurt) used in kurdish 

traditional medicine was screened for antibacterial effect. The activity was evaluated by measuring the 

diameter of inhibition zone in disc diffusion method and MIC and MBC were determined by serial dilution 

method. In this study the extract were screened against: 

Staphylococus albus , Kelbsiella pneumonia, E., coli ,Psedomonas aerginosa, ?-hemoltic streptococus, 

Staphylococus cetrus, , Salmonell B, Salmonell C, Salmonell D, Citrobacter freundii, ã- 

hemolytic 

streptococcus, Proteus vulgaris .J Serrtia marcescens, Shigella flexeneria. 

MIC values were obtained as: In" E. coli" : 6.8 mg/ml and in "Staphylococus albus" : 6.8 mg/ml and in 

"Shigella flexeneria" : 3.4 mg/ml and in "Proteus vulgaris" : 27 mg/ml . 

References: 

1- Janssen, A.M. Scheffer, J.J.C and Baerbeim Svendsen, A., Antimicrobial activity of Essential Oils: A 1976-1986 

Literature Review. Aspects of Test Methods. Planta Medica. 1987,53: 395-398. 

2- Coper, K. E. 1963 in: Analytic Microbiology, (Kavanagh, F., ed.)Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-86. 

3 -Linton, A, H. 1983 in : Antibiotics: Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance, (Russeii, A. D., Quesnet, L. B., 

eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 19-30.

ANTI-LEISHMANIAL EFFECT OF FERULA ASSA-FEOTIDA GUMRESIN AND 

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE FRACTION IN-VITRO 

1 2 2 3 3 

M.Azadbakht, F.Namjoyan, 

M.E.Azemi, B.Oboudi, M.R.Panjeshahin 

1-School of Pharmacy Mazandaran University of Med .Science. 2- School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshty 

University of Med .Science. 3-Shiraz University of Med. .Science. 

Leishmaniasis is a common disease between human and animal. This disease is caused by a group of protozoa 

named leishmania. The incidence of leishmaniasis is 12-million persons per year and in some area of Iran 

caused serious problems. 

In this study ,the oleogumresin of F.ass-feotida(O.G.R) was experimented for anti-leishmanial effects. The 

O.G.R was divided to three fractions: essential oil ,gum and resin. Their effects were separately studied on 

leishmania major by in-vitro experiments. 

In each step negative & positive cotrols,emted .The effect of adverse agent. Thus it was possible to compare 

the fractions's effect with standard drug. 

Essential oil was entered absolutely and by DMSO into the culture,(in the safe DMSO concentration) and 

killed leishmanias at 1/640 concentration. 

Resin showed anti-Ieishmanial effect less than the essential oil fraction and gum showed no anti-leishmanial 

effect.

THE STUDY OF ANTI FUNGAL AND ANTI BACTERIAL EFFECT OF CHICORIUM 

INTYBUS 

P. Nassiri, A.Dehmoobad Sharifabadi, M. Mossadegh, F. Naghibi 

Faculty of pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti Medical Sciences University, P. O. Box 14155-6153. Tehran, 

Iran. 

Through the centuries medicine & treating diseases has been a major concern for the human kind and one of 

the more complicated problems has been the infectious diseases. Treating various diseases with the help of 

herbal medicine has motivated many pharmacists & physicians. 

In this regard numerous studies have been carried out showing the antibacterial and antifungal effects of 

medicinal plants. The dried material was extracted using ethanol/water (80:20) as solvent. After 5 days 

maceration , the filtrate was dried at 55 DC by a rotary evaporator. 

Different concentration of this extract. 

So the effect of this extract was studied on following bacteria and fungi using disk blank method. 

Esherichia coli, Micrococus luteus , Staphyloccucus aureus , Psudemona aeroginosa , Candida albicans , 

Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus niger, Cryptocococcus neoformans. Working table and details are 

available in the original paper. 

References: 

I) Sprostan Th ; Little j .E ; Foote M. W ; Anti bacterial and anti fungal substances from vormont plants. Vermont Agr.Expt. 

sta., Bull. (1948),543: 3 -7 

2) Grodzinska - zachwieja Z ; Kahi W; pasek W .Bacteriostatic action of chicory. Bull. Acad. .Polon .sci ., ser .sci .BioI. 

(1962) 10,513 -17 

3) Hoffmann J. J. ; Timmer mann B.N; Mclaughlin S.P; punnapayak H. Anti Microbial Activity of plants from the south 

western united states. Int. J. Pharmacognosy .(1993),31(2) : 101 -115

THE STUDY OF ANTI FUNGAL AND ANTI BACTERIAL EFFECT OF TEUCRIUM POLIUM 

A.Dehmoobad Sharifabadi, P. Nassiri, M. Mossadegh, F. Naghibi 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti Medical Sciences University, P. O. Box 14155-6153. Tehran, Iran 

Plants are one of the most important sources for producing and designing new drugs since Iran has a vast 

geographic area and benefits from divers ranges of plants that many of them have medicinal properties we 

need to make use of these resources in order to be beneficial to the humanity. In addition in developing 

countries infectious diseases are very important. 

In this process we used the aerial parts of the Teucrium polium .The dried material was extracted using 

ethanol\water (80:20) as solvent. After 5 days maceration, the filtrate was dried at 55"C by a rotary 

evaporator. Different concentrations of this extract. were used for studying the antifugnal and antibacterial 

effect of the plant. The bacteria & fungi used in this process are as follows: 

Esherichia coli, Micrococus luteus , Staphyloccucus aureus , Psudemona aeroginosa, Candida albicans 

,Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger ,Cryptocococcus neoformans. Working table and details are 

available in the original paper. 

References: 

I) Alkofahi. A ., Masaadeh H ., AI- Khalil S ; Anti microbial evaluation of some plant extracts of traditional medicine of 

Jordan .Alexandria j .phrim. sci .1996,10 (2) : 123 -126 

2) Lester A.M ., Ruey -ping L ., Molindar S.B ; Woman W and Jack L.B ; AntiMicrobial agents from higher plants I. 

Introduction, rationale, and methodology; Liloydia; June 1972,35 (2) : 157 -166

THE EFFECT OF GARLIC JUICE OVER SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND 

SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN VIVO AND INVITRO 

Vandyousefi Dj , Tasaodi S., Safavieh S. 

Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute 

Garlic is one of the plants of which the curing and the medicinal properties has been known since the ancient 

times, one of the properties is its antibacterial effect. In these experiments, the effects of garlic juice over 

Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis (one important causes paratyphoid of poultry) has been 

evaluated in both the invitro and invivo conditions. 

In the invitro case the extraction of garlic juice was carried out by two methods, 

1- Watery method ( in which water was used as the solvent). 

2- Alcoholic method (80% methanol as solvent). After lyophilisating the obtained juices their antibacterial 

Properties was evaluated by determining the M.I.C (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ,M.B.C (Minimum 

Bactericidal Concentration) and Agar diffusion methods (paper disc cylinder plate and cup plate). As a result, 

the M.I.C and M.B.C of Alcoholic juice were respectively 6.25(mg/ml) and 12.5(mg/ml) M.I.C and M.B.C of 

watery juice were respective 23.6(mg/ml) and 46.8 (mg/ml). Also, in other to determine, the stability of garlic 

juice against heat and storing duration, the flacons containing the lyophilisated garlic juice were kept at 4°C- 

20° C and -70° C and their M.I.C's and M.B.C's were checked and measured every week for a duration of two 

months. 

The experiments indicated that the flacons kept at 4°C could only remain Stabilized for a week and then their 

antibacterial Properties were gradually decrease. while these kept at - 20° C and -70 ° 

C could keep their 

properties for a duration of one month. 

In the ensuing experiment the invivo condition was evaluated by adding garlic chip with rations of 4% and 8% 

to the food ration of broiler chickens Suffering from Salmonella typhimurium The results obtained by invivo 

experiments have indicated that 4% and 8% of garlic chip mixed with the above chicken. 

References: 

1- Edward C.Delaha and Vincent F.Garagusi .Inhibition of Mycobacteria by Garlic extract (Allium Sativum). Antimicrobial 

Agents and chemotherapy 1985 Vol:27 No: 4 PP: 485 -486. 

2-G.Prasad and V.D.Sharma. Efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum) treatment, against experimental candidiasis in chicks. 

British Veterinary Journal 1980 Vol:136 pp:448- 451. 

3- Hilda A.perez, Mercedes De la Rosa and Rafael Apitz Antimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy 1997 vol.: 38 No: 2 

pp:337-339 

4- Lars soren and Lennart nilsson.Regrowhth of Aminoglycoside -Resistant Variants and Its possible implocation for 

determination of MICs. Antimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy 1984 pp:501 -506. 

5- Richard K.Gast and C.W.Beard. Isolation of salmonella enteritids from internal organs of experimental infected Hens. 

Avian Disease 1990 VOL: 34 pp:991 -993. 

6- Robert G. Petersdorf, MD and John C.Shrric, MD Methods and singnigicase of in vitro testing of Bacterial Sensitivity to 

drugs American Journal of Medicine 1995 VOL:39 PP: 766-778. 

suffering from paratyphoid to the extent of 70% and 94% respectively. also, observation indicate that addition of 4% and 8% 

of garlic chip to the food ration were considerably cause the increase of chicken's weight as compared to the control chickens.

NOVEL COMPOUND FROM EUPHORBIA MICROCIADA OF IRAN. 

S. M. Ayatollahi; H. Komeilizadeh and M. Kamalinezhad. 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 

Phytochemical investigation of dried aerial parts of Euphorbia microciada collected in the suburbs of Qum, in 

the central region of Iran led to the isolation and identification of the compounds cycloclarkeanol, beta- 

sitosterol and n-nonacosane. Spectroscopic methods demonstrated that cycloclarkeanol is a novel 

compound (1-4) 

References: 

1. E. Hecken pure Appl. Chem. 49,1423 (1977) 

2. A. Majeed Ayatollahi; Z. Ahmed, A. Malik, Y. Badr and N. Afzu, J. Nat. prod., 55, 959 (1992) 

3. A. Ulubelen and B. Halfon, Planta. Med. 29,258 (1976) 

4. J. R. Lenton. L. J. Goad and T. W. Goowin, Phytochemistry 14, 1523 (1975)

COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF THYMUS PUBESCENS BOISS. ET 

KOTSCHY EX CELAK AND THYMUS FEDTSCHENKOI RONNIGER FROM IRAN 

Marryam Abousaber, Abbas Hadjiakhoondi 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical Sciences University of Tehran 

The genus Thymus comprises over 300 species of which, 14 are found in Iran (1). The genus Thymus is 

wellknown as a medicinal plant, because of its antibacterial and carminative effects (2). 

Water distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Thymus fedtschenkoi and Thymus pubesns collected from 

different localities in Iran have been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 

The oil of T .fedtschenkoiwas found to contain thymol/carvacrol (31.8 /24.3 % ), P-cymene (12.3%) and 1,8cineole 

(5.8%). 

The oils of T.pubescences were found to contain thymol (63.4,11,1%), limonene (1.2,8.8 %),P-cymene 

(4.0,5.0%) carvacrol (3.7,0.4%). 

Table I lists the components identified in each oil with their percentage composition and relative relative 

retention indices. As it is shown, 94.1 % (23 components) of the oil of T.fedtschenkoi and 95.6%(27 

components) of the oil of T.pubescens II and 88.3%(25 components) of the oil of T.pubescens III were 

identified. 

The oil of T.fedtschenkoi I was characterized by high amounts of oxygenated monoterpens (80.6%) with 

thymol (31.8%) and carvacrol (24.3%),1,8-cineole (5.8%) being the major constituents found. 

The oil of T.pubescens II was characterized by high amounts of oxygenated monoterpens (64.24%) with aterpinyl 

acetate (23.54%), isomenthol (19.0%), thymol (11.1%) and 1,8cineole (8.8%) being the major ones. 

The oil of T. pubescens III was characterized by high amounts of oxygenated monoterpens (70.6%) with 

thymol (63.4%), carvacrol (3.7%) being the major ones. The most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbon was 

p-cymene (4.0%). 

References: 

I.K.H.Rechinger,Flora Iranica, Vol,50,535-552,( 1982). 

2. Y.Aynechi,Pharmacognosy and Medicinal plants of Iran, p.278, Tehran Univ.Press, Tehran (1982). 

3. R.Ryhage and E. V .Sydow, Mass spectrometry of terpenes.I.Monoterpen hydrocarbons. Acta Chem.Scand., 17, 2025- 

2035, ( 1963). 

4.E. V .Sydow, Mass spectrometry of terpenes.II.Monoterpen alcohols. Acta Chcm.Scand., 17, 2504-2512, (1963). 

5.N. W.Davies,Gas chromatographic retention indices of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and carbowax 

20 M phases. J Chromatogr., 313, 1-24, (1990)

THE MODIFICATION OF TECHNICAL EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF SEEDS BY 

STEAM DISTILLATION 

1 2 

Ahmadi Avval P. ; Mojab F. 

1 

Jihad Daneshgahi,Shahid Beheshty Unite, Eveen, Tehran. 

2 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshty 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,P. O. Box 14155-6153,Iran. 

Technical extraction of seeds essential oils by steam distillation has difficulties, because unpenetration of 

steam from cellolotic and hard layer of the seeds, so that has suggested some methods, such as extraction by 

water ,grinding of seeds,etc. 

In the new method,we have used from inhancement of steam pressure (about 30 psi) for increase of steam 

penetration inside to the seeds and the better extraction of the oil. 

In practical, the seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens) macered and used from above technique.As a result,dill 

oil obtained (2.5% ) and determination of carvone (major component) -in British Pharmacoepia (BP) method 

was acceptable.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF SALVIA MIRZAYANI 

A.Asadinour, Y .Amanzadeh, S.Saber and M.Moghaddasian. 

Faculty of Pharmacy ,Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IRAN. 

Salvia Mirzayanii (S.M) is one of the species oflabiatae(l) , that indicated in Iran and there is a little 

information about it. The Persian name is Maryam goli karvandari and the local name (in Baft of Kerman)is 

Morporzu (2). Different species of salvia have a large variety of uses such as diuretic ,carminative 

,antiseptic,antidiabetic,cardiotonic and so on (3,4). The antimicrobial and antifungal effects of Salvia 

officinalis have been proved in the recent studies(5). S.M in baft of Kerman is used in dispepsia and other 

gastrointestinal disorders(6). 

In this investigation S.M collected from Khabr mountains of Baft and dried in the shade. The essential oil of 

Arial parts of plant was extracted by clevenger apparatus and dehydrated with sodium sulfate. 

the amount of essential oil was 1.28% which was analysed by GC-MS and divided to 54 fractions .we 

calculated the Kovats indexes of each fractions(7) and determined 30 compounds (about 85% of 

components) in the essential oil by comparing the Mass spectrums and calculated Kovats indexes with Mass 

spectrum and Kovats index of standard compounds and using data general soft ware. 

the most important of determined compounds were Linalyl acetate (11.82%),Linalool (11.78%), 

AlphaTerpinenyl acetate(11.02%),Eucalyptol (8.71%),alpha Terpineol(6.33%) ,delta Cadinene(5.7%) 

,alpha-Cadinol(4.91 %),Spathulenol(4.39%) that is approximately similar to components of essential oil of 

Salvia sclarea(8). 

References: 

I-Rechinger KH. Flora Iranica No. I 50 Labiatae .Akademiche Oruck -u. verlagsanstalt. Graz. Austria. 1982; pp:440. 

2-Kedzia B.;Sagiet-Kujawa E.;Holderna E.: Kryzaniak M."Chemical content and anti microorganism activity of sage 

essential oil"Herba-pol.1990;36(4) :155-164. 

3-Robert P, Adams.ldentification of essential oil by GC-MS spectrscopy.Allurd publishing corporation corol stream.Linois 

USA. 1995. 

4-Savin,k.;Ivanic,R.;Mencovic,N."Salvia sclarea L. from Serbia" Arch-Farm. 1981;31:31- 36.

RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PAKISTAN 

1 1 2 

M. Iqbal Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman and Abudl Majeed Ayatollahi 

I 

International Center for Chemical Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of 

2 

Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan,Department of Pharmacognsoy, Shaheed Beheshti University of 

Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

The use of plant-based medicines for healing is as ancient and universal as medicine itself. Until the dawn of 

this century, natural products have served as the mainstay of all medicines worldwide. The systematic drug 

development programs from natural sources are based on the bioassay-guided isolation of natural products, 

taking into consideration the folklore uses (ethanomedicinal applications of local plants. A number of 

bioassays have been developed recently to direct the isolation work. We have adopted the above mentioned 

strategy for identifying new lead compounds from a variety of reputed medicinal plants. The examples given 

below and bioactive compounds reported by other researchers, exemplify the importance and potential of 

bioactivity-directed phytochemical investigations. 

This presentation will describe the bioactivity- guided isolation of a number of interesting bioactive 

compounds from medicinal plants such as acetylcholinesterase inhibiting steroidal alkaloids, 

homomoejodaramine and moenjodaramine from Buxus hyrcana, novel anti-epileptic terpenoids 

delphadienones I and II from Delphinium denudatum, and potent leishmanicidal compounds from Allium 

sativum (Garlic).

USE OF MODERN TOOLS IN STRUCTURAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

M. Iqbal Choudhary and Atta-ur-Rahman 

International Centre for Chemical Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of 

Karachi, Karachi- 75270, Pakistan 

The explosive growth in the area of structural chemistry is based mainly on new and sensitive spectroscopic 

techniques developed in the past few decades, particularly in the field of NMR spectroscopy. The use of 

multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, triggered by Jeener's original experiment, has transformed the field to 

such an extent that 2D experiments such as COSY, NOESY, and hetero COSY can now be routinely 

performed on modem NMR spectrometers. 

Chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists, and physicists now routinely use NMR spectroscopy as a powerful 

research tool. The effective application of 1D and 2D NMR experiments depends largely on the skill and 

innovation of the user. Similarly singlecrystal XX-ray diffraction techniques with faster microprocessor and 

large-memory computers have become routine for the structure determination of complex crystalline 

molecules. This lecture is intended to provide practical knowledge to participants in the use of NMR and other 

spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques to elucidate the structures of diverse class of natural products. 

Attempts will be made to prevent the lecture from becoming too technical, and the underlying principles 

behind many of the experiments will be described nonmathematically with the help of examples. Examples 

from our recent investigation on medicinal plants, marine and microorganisms will be presented and process 

of structure determination will be discussed in greater lengths.

CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF 

HAPLOPRYLLUM ROBUSTUM BGE. 

1 1 l 2 

A.Bamoniri , H.Asadi , M.Beigy , H.Batooli 

1 

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan , 

2 

Isfahan Center 0f Natural Sources, Kashan Station, Kashan. 

Haplophyllurn Robustum Bge. is one of the most important Iranian species of "Rutaceae" family. There was 

reported about 31 species of the plant in different regions of IRAN. The central region (Kerman, Isfahan, 

Tehran), the East region (Neishabour, Shahroud, Sabzevar, Gonbad, Damqan) and the south board (Sistan, 

Zabol, Loot Kavir). In addition the growth sites of this genus are from Spain to Mongolia and Somali. 

Traditional medical application of "Haplophyllum " is very important because of several effective 

ingredients, which are used as digestive, carminative, antiromat, etc. Another application of this plant is in 

perfumes. 

In this paper, essential oils were taken by different methods, including steam distillation, hydrodistillation, 

and super critical fluid extraction in two seasons of growth. The essential oil from different parts of the plant 

such as, flowers, fruits, leaves, were surveyed and were then investigated by means of Gas Chromatography 

(G.C) and G.C-Mass Spectrometry. 

The results in spectra were shown different Retention times (R) t and Percentages of the components. The 

optimum conditions for extraction methods and the compounds most be frequently found in the essential oil 

(quantitatively and qualitatively) will be reported and discussed. 

References: 

I- Zargari, A.medicinal plant. Tehran Univ. Prcss. 1989. 

2- Aynechi. Y . Etal.Int.J.Crude Drug. Res.1989,2, 61. 

3- Rustaiyan, A.Sigari.H.Bamoniri,A.and Weyerstahl, P .Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 1992.7,273.

THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF 1,8-CINEOLE IN THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF EUCALYPTUS 

CAMALDULENSIS DEHN. FROM IRAN 

Rezaei M.B., Barazandeh M.M., Shaker H. and Aqhaei K. 

Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran,P. O. Box: 13185-116 

Volatile oils, which are produced by distillation of plants, are present in leaf, twigs, fruit, bark and wood of 

trees. The genus Eucalyptus has these oils in their different parts too. Although in some species these oils exist 

in fruit and flowers, but leaf is the only part, which is important from the view of commercial oil production. 

Eucalyptus oils have been noticeable since ancient in Australia and they have been one of exported products. 

Some of the oils, which have been produced from the leaves, have shown therapeutic effects and were 

noticeable for pharmacologists and this caused commercial importance of Eucalyptus oils. 

Eucalyptus oils are categorized in three basic groups with respect to their uses: 

I-Therapeutic oils 

2-Commercial oils 

3-Aromatic oils 

Aromatic oils are a small portion of volatile oils production, whereas two other groups have the major portion 

of it. 

Therapeutic effects of Eucalyptus volatile oils is due to Eucalyptol (I,8-cineole) and medicine factories in 

England,United States and other countries need the oils which have more than 70% 1,8-cineole. 

Although many species of Eucalyptus have the oils which are consisted of 1,8-cineole but the most of them 

have the oils with less than 70% of this compound, so today a few of the species with more than 70% of 1,8cineole 

are important in pharmaceutic.1n addition some other species with 65% of 1,8-cineole are important 

because it is possible to elevate their cineole content to more than 70% by differential distillation (1). 

The oils of some species of Eucalyptus such as six subspecies of Eucalyptus camaldulensis which had been 

collected from southern-western and southern of Australia, were analyzed and reported (2). 

In order of studying on Eucalyptus oil from Iran, the specie Eucalyptus camaldulensis was collected from 

three different location (Tehran, Behshahr and Noor Abad of Mamasani) through the four seasons of the year 

and extracted in three different methods (steam distillation, clevenger and Kaiser) and finally analyzed by GC 

and GC/MS.The results show that the most percentage of 1,8-cineole (63.7%) is present in the plant which 

was collected from Noor Abad in February and Extracted by Kaiser method. 

References: 

1.Javanshir K. and M. Mosaddegh. Eucalyptus, Tehran University Publication, pp.134, 135. 

2.A.D. Samate and M. Nacro, Aromatic plants of tropical, J. Essent. Oil Res., l0, 321-324,1998.

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF Origanum vulgare L. FROM IRAN 

M.M. Barazandeh 

Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran, P. O. Box: 13185-116 

Origanum vulgare 

Flowering part of L. was collected from National Botanical Garden of Iran in Aug. 1999 

and steam distilled for 45 min. An essential oil of 0.3% yield (based on dry flower) was obtained. 

In order of quantitative/qualitative analysis, the oil was injected to GC and GC/MS. Thirty-six compounds 

were identified which representing total oil among them beta-Caryophyllene (24.5%), Germacrene-D 

(15.2%), Trans-Sabinene hydrate (9.0%), Sabinene (6.0%), alfa-Humulene (5.l %), Valencene(4.3%) and 

(E)-beta Ocimene (4.2%) were the major constituents.

1 

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF HESPERIDINE IN IRANIAN CITRUS SPECIES 

1 2 

Z. Bashiri Sadr and Maziar Faghih Nassiri 

Iran -Tehran -Enghelab Ave -Shahid Moussavi (Forsat) St. -No71 Chemical Industries Dept. (IROST), 

2 

Iran - Hashtrood- Iranian Citrus Research Institute. 

One of the most important medicinal natural compound present in the vegetal kingdom is hesperidine. This 

secondary metabolite present in some Citrus species peels is pharmacologically active and useful 1 for 

humans. For example the drug DAFLON which contains hesperidine is indicated as edema protective as well 

as in the prevention of vein blood stagnation and the regeneration of the normal wall capillary permeability 

(vitamin-P like activity). In this paper, the results obtained for the preparation of pure hesperidine from local 

Citrus species are reported. 

8 different species of Citrus were studied. Unripe fruits ready for extraction were made free from their 

essential oil and processed to obtain the crude hesperidine precipitate. Melting points of all samples were 

measured before and after recrystallisation. Identity and purity of hesperidine were determined by NMR and 

HPLC. 

8 species have been studied but, only local orange, navel orange and Clementine revealed appreciable 

amounts of hesperidine. Purity of the crude extracts was variable between 80 and 90%, NMR spectra and 

HPLC retention times concorded with hesperidine standard purchased from Aldrich Co. 

Our results concorded Completely with literature. Taking into account the local prices of Citrus species, local 

orange and clementine are suggested as raw material for the preparation of good quality hesperidine for 

pharmaceutical use. 

Among the great number of extraction methods suggested by the literature a simple and economic method 

using local facilities was used. 

The recrystallization method proposed in this study was used only for analytical purpose. The purities 

obtained after extraction and washing show that there is no need for recrystallization methods at larger scale 

production.

COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF STACHYS ACEROSA BOISS. 

1 2 

Mohsen Bigdeli and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan 

1 

Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Punack-Tehran. 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshty University of Medical Sciences. P. O. Box: 14155-6153 Tehran. 

2 

The genus Stachys, which belongs to Labiatae family, Consists of about 250 species widespread throughout 

the world. In Iran, 39 species are present, among which 13 are endemic. 

The chemical composition of the essential oil of St.acerosa has not been described. 

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of St.acerosa Boiss. was 

examined by using GC and GC/MS. Among the 32 Components identified in this oil, Linalool (17.6%), 

Trans-Sabinene hydrat (16.3%) and Beta-Caryophyllene (8.5%) were found to be the major constituents. 

References: 

1. M.Emin Duru, Ahmet Cakir, Mansur Harmandar, S.Izumi and T.Hirata. Ravour Fragr.J., 14.12-]4 (1999) 

2. M.A.EI-Ansari, D.Barron, M.F.Abdalla, N.A.M.Saleh and J.L.Querre, Phytochemistry, 30.1169 (1991) 

3. J.D.Mariotti, J.Costa, ABianchini, A.f.Bernardini and J. Casanova, Flavour Fragr.J., 12,205 (1997) 

4. A Dictionary of Inahian plant Names. V.Mozaffarian.

RESVERATROL, A POLYPHENOL FROM GRAPES IS GLUCURONIDATED IN HUMAN 

LIVER 

2 1 1 2 3 

T. Thalhammer, A Salamon,B Halper,P. Haslmayer, T. Szekeres, 

3 1 

M. Fritzer-Szekeres, and W. Jager 

Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Clinical 

Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Univ. of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 

1 2 3 

Resveratrol (RES) a natural occurring polyphone in grapes, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, and 

anti-carcinogenic activity and acts as a phytoestrogen Although the pharmacological activity of resveratrol 

has been proved in different in vitro and in vivo models, its biotransformation is still unknown. 

Human liver microsomes (1mg protein/ml) were incubated with RES (0-1 mM) in the presence of NADPH (1 

mM) and UDPGA (5mM), respectively To further determine the isoenzymes responsible for RES 

glucuronidation incubations with microsomes expressing individual human recombinant UDPglucuronosyltransferases 

(lJGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A7, 1A9, 1A10, 2B7) were performed. Interaction with 

- 

canalicular transport systems was investigated in the isolated perfused liver of Wistar and in mutant TR-rat 

strain which lack the multispecific organic anion transport system (cMOAT) and is therefore unable to 

excrete various organic anions, e.g. bromosulphophthalein (BSP). 

RES is almost exclusively metabolized to two monoglucuronides, detected by HPLC and identified through 

hydrolysis by -glucuronidase and MS, whereas phase I metabolism plays only a minor role in RES 

biotransformation and RES does not induce cytochrome P450 isoenzymes of family 1. Formation of both 

rnetabolites revealed Michaelis-r-Menten kinetics (M1 Vmax 432,22 1941 pmol/mg protein.min, Km 0,24 

0,08 mM; M2: Vmax 1366,53 684,0 pmol/mg protein. min, Km 0,083 0,034 mM). Incubation in the 

presence of recombinant UGT -isoenzymes exhibited that M1 is almost exclusive!y catalyzed by UGT1A1, 

whereas UGT 1A1 and UGT 1A9 are equally active in the formation of M2. UGT 1A3, UGT 1A4, UGT 

1A6, UGT 1A7, UGT 1A10 and UGT 2B5 failed to form any RES-conjugates In the Isolated perfused rat 

liver, RES and its glucuronides are extensively excreted into bile of Wistar rats and their secretion is inhibited 

- 

by the organic anion BSP RES-glucuronides are nearly absent in bile of TR-rats. 

Our data show that RES is extensiveiy metabolized two monoglucuronides by UGTs of family 1A and RESglucuronides 

are excreted via cMOAT. As several glucuronldes (ie of morphine and retinoic acid) were 

shown to exhibit significant pharmacologica! activities, studies are on the way to evaluate the 

pharmacological effects of these novel RES metabolites. 

Supported by grants of the University of Vienna of (A.S.) und the OENB (7236).

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITIONS OF 

CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS GROWING IN IRAN 

Farsam D, Salehi-Surmaghi M. D., Amanlou M., Amin Gh., Taghi-Chitsaz N. 

Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of 

Medical Sciences, Tehran, P. O. Box: 14155 -6451, Iran. 

Chimonanthus fragrans Lindl. a member of the calycanthaceaefamily, 

genus chimonanthus is growing as a 

perennial shrub or small tree. It is native to China and Japan, cultivated in Iran. Flowers are light yellow, 

fragrant, appear during winter. Our bibliographical data showed that only a report has so far been presented on 

the oil compositions of this species by a Japanese investigator (1). The infusion of the flower is used in China 

for the treatment of the mouth and throat wounds. It's root is used an analgesic agent in the restoring of 

rheumatoid pains (2). The aim of this work was to determine the major constituents of the essential oil of the 

flower. The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation of the flowers. The flower was collected from 

Amirabad, Tehran. A voucher specimen is deposited in the herbarium of the Fac. of Pharmacy, Tehran Univ. 

Med. Sci. The total amount of the oil was 0.16 percent. (V/W) of the fresh flower. The analysis of the oils were 

carried out using GC-MS .The main Constituents of the oil were: Selinene, α -Humulene, β -Humulene, 

Gurjunene, Germacrene, and Fenchene. The exact structures of the major constituents will be presented at the 

congress. 

References: 

1. Kameoka-H ,(1992), "The essential oil constituents of some useful plants from China", Harrmann -& -Reimer [Flavour -& 

-Fragrance -Chemistry -Symposium]. 

2. Zhao -HR ; Ji-QF ; Wang -MS; Zhao -SX, (1993), "Studies on constituents of roots of Chimonanthus praecox", J -China - 

Pharm -Univ -Zhongguo -Yaoke -Daxue -Xuebao; 1993; 24 (Apr); 76-77.

STUDY OF CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF 

NEPETA PERSICA 

Javidnia. K., Miri, R. and Safavi, F. 

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz Medical Sciences University, Shiraz, 

IRAN. 

The feline attractant properties of several Nepeta species have been known for a long time. It was found that 

nepetalactones were responsible for this characteristic. The extract of many Nepeta species are also used in 

domestic medicine because of their diuretic properties and slight bacteriostatic activity and in ointments to 

heal skin disorders of the eczema type. 

1 

In this study, the composition of the essential oil of Nepeta persica was investigated by GC, GC-MS and H- 

NMR spectra of the main compounds. 

Thirthy three compounds were identified by Mass spectra and Retention Indices. 1,4-Hexadiene-2,3,4,5 

tetramethyl, Nepetalactone, β-Borbonene, 

Dihydronepetalactone and Bourbonanone were the main 

constituents of the essential oil. 

Cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Nepeta persica was determined by brine shrimp method. LD 50 was 

determined from the 24h count using the probit analysis by Finney. 

The extract ofNepeta persica shows cytotoxic activity with LD 50100 

+/- 10 ug/ml (n=3). 

References: 

1. Rustaiyan A., Monfared A., Masoudi S.; Composition of the essential oil ofNepeta asterotrichus 

rech. f. et aell. from Iran. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11: 229-230.1999. 

2. Bottini A.T., Dev V., Garfagnoli, D.J., Lohani, H., Mathela, C.S., Pant, A.K.; Trans, transnepetalactone from Nepeta 

elliptica. Phytochemistry. 26: 1200-1202. 1987. 

3. Rustaiyan A., Nadji K. Composition of the essential oil of Nepeta ispahanica boiss and Nepeta 

binaludensis jamzad from Iran. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 14:35-37. 1999. 

4. Ahmad V.U., Bano S., Volter W., Fuchs W.; Chemical examination of Nepeta Hindostana roth. the structure of Nepeticin. 

Tetrahedron Letters, 22: 1715-1718. 1981.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF THREE ACHILLEA SPECIES FROM 

IRAN. 

Jaimand K., 

Rezaee M.B., Mirza M. and Brazandeh M.M. 

Research Institute of Forest & Rangelands, P. O. Box 13185, Tehran, Iran. 

The composition of the oils from flowers of three Iranian achillea species (A. tenuifolia Lam., A. biebersteinii 

Afan. , A. filipendulina Lam. ) were collected during the flowering period.A.biebersteinii Afan. collected 

from Azarbaijan state on July 1998 and two other species A. tenuifolia Lam.and A. filipendulina Lam. are 

collected from Iranian National Botonical Garden on June 1998. The essential oils obtained by steam 

distillation. The percentage of all three oils were calculated 0.20 % v/w on the dry weight, and analyzed by 

GC and GC/MS. All three oils consisted mainly of monoterpenes. The major constituents of A. tenuifolia 

Lam. were γ−Muurolene (13.29 %), α-Pinene 

(9.99 %), Camphor (9.35 %), p-Cymene (8.48 %) and trans- 

Carveol (8.41 %), and for A. biebersteinii Afan. were Piperitone (45.92 %) , 1,8-Cineole (17.64 %) , 

Limonene (5.63 %) and p-Cymene (5.17 %), and for A. filipendulina Lam. Were Limonene (26.70 %), 

Carvacrol (9.26 %), 1,8-Cineole (8.66 %), Borneol (7.82 %) and Germacrene D (5.62 %). 

References: 

1- Ghahreman, A., Flora of Iran, Published and distributed by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Vol. l5,1996, No. 

1753. 

2- Ghahreman, A., Flora of Iran, Published and distributed by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Vol. 8,1988, 

No.885. 

3- Ghahreman, A., Flora of Iran , Published and distributed by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Vol. 15,1996, 

No.1752. 

4- Simon,J.E.; Chadwick,A.F.;Craker,L.E., Herbs: An indexed bibliography .Elsevier Sci. Publ. , Amsterdam. 1971l980,pp.lO 

1-1 02. 

5- Twaii, A.A.;Some pharmacological studies of Achillea santolina L. and Achillea micrantha M.B. .Fitoterapia. 

1983,54,25-32. 

6- Rustaiyan, A. and Komeilizadeh,H., Comparative study of the essential oils of three Achillea species from Iran. J.Essent. 

Oil Res.,1998,10, 207-209. 

7- Kusmenoglu, S.;Baser,K.H.C. and Ozek, T. .Constituents of the essential oil Achillea biebersteinii Afan. , J.Essent. Oil 

Res., 1995,7,527-528.

18 

SYNTHESIS OF A [ F]LABELLED CHELlDONINE DERIVATIVE AS A POSSIBLE 

ANTITUMOR AGENT 

1 2 1 2 

Jalilian A. R., 

Seyfi P., Afarideh H., Shafiee 

1 

Department of Cyclotron, Nuclear Research Center for Agriculture & Medicine, Atomic Energy 

2 

Organization of Iran (AEOI), Karaj, Iran. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran 

University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box:14155-6451, Tehran, Iran. 

Chelidonine, an alkaloid isolated from the roots of Chelidonium Majus, has been shown anti neoplasm 

activities1. Chelidonine acts by anti tubulin-formation mechanism2. In human cancer therapy this derivative 

caused a regression of tumors and metastases in patients with cancer3. On the basis of the chelidoninemicrotubule 

interaction, new carcinogenic agents were prepared by conjugation of chelidonine with an active 

carcinostatic agent like thiophosphoramide. In order to obtain a possible positron emission tomography 

(P.E.T.) radiotracer for the detection of malignancies, a chelidonine 18F-labeled benzoate ester conjugate, 

{(()-[5bRS-(5b(,6(,12b()]-5b,6, 7,12b,13,14-hexahydro-13-methyl[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3dioxolo[4,5--I]phenanthridin-6-yl}4 

[18F]fluorobenzoate 2b, has now been labeled with fluorine-18 using a 

simple, rapid method in no-carrier-added (n.c.a) form from the 4-N,N,N--trimethylanilinium triflate 

derivative 1 in one step. In order to obtain the best labeling reaction conditions, the synthesis was optimized 

for temperature, time, solvent and Kryptofix/base ratio. The best results were obtained using 

Kryptofix2.2.2/[18F]4 and DMSO as the solvent at 90°C. Column chromatography by C18 and silica Sep- 

Paks afforded the desired compound in overall radiochemical yield of 65-70% (EOS) with a specific activity 

of about 3000 Ci/mmole and radiochemical purity grater than 95% in 15 min. Biological tests and in vivo 

tumor imaging experiments are under the way. 

References: 

1. Colombo, M.L., Bosisio, E., 1996. Pharmacological activities ot Chelidonium Majus L. (Papaveraceae), Pharmacol. Res. 

33, 127-134. 

2. Wolff, J., Knipling, L., Sackett, D.L., 1993. Charge-shielding and paradoxical stimulation tubulin polymerization by 

guanidine hydrochloride. Biochemistry, 32, 13334-13339. 

3 Lohninger, A., Hamler, F., 1992. Chelidonium majus L. (Ukrain) in the treatment of cancer patients. Drugs Exp Clin. Res. 

18, 73-77.Bruller, W., 1992. Studies concerning the effect of Ukrain in vivo and vitro. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 18, 13-16. 

4. Haka, M.S., Kilbourne M.R., Leonard, W. and Toorongian, S.A., 1989. Aryltrimethyl ammonium trifluoromethane 

sultonates as precursors to aryl[18F]fluorides. J. Lab. Compd. Radiopharm. 27, 823-832.

THE VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF STACHYS PILIFERA BENTH. AND STACHYS 

ACEROSA BOISS. TWO SPECIES ENDEMIC OF IRAN 

l 2 3 

Mina Jamzad, Lida Attari, Shiva Masoudi and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan 

1 

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch,Tehran, Iran, 

2 

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti Univ. of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 14155-61-53,Tehran, Iran 

3 

The genus Stachys (Lamiaceae) are found in the mild regions of the Mediterranean and in south -west Asia. 

They are known in Anatolia as' AdaCayi',' Dagcayi' and used as sage and in popular medicine(l). The 

constituents of the essential oils of some Stachys species, such as S. obligua , S. recta, S. balalzsae , S. 

aegyptiaca, S. corsica, S. glutinosa have been reported (2-6). 

The genus Stachys has also been studied in biosystematic and chemotaxonomic studies in which flavonoids, 

quinones, iridoids, phenolic acids and diterpenoids were reported (7). The aerial parts of Stachys pilifera 

Benth. and S. acerosa Boiss. were collected during the flowering period respectively from the province of 

Chahar -Mahale -Bakhtiari and Lalezar mountain in province of Kerman, Iran, In June 1999. Water distilled 

essential oils of the plants, using a Clevenger -type apparatus, respectively in 0.3% and 0.2% yield, were 

analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 

Identification of the compounds was carried out by comparison of their mass spectra with those of authentic 

samples together with the relative indices. Thirty compounds representing 88.9% of the oil of S. pilifera were 

identified, among them cis- chrysanthenyl acetate (25.2%) and trans -verbenol (19.7%) being the major ones. 

The oil of S. acerosa was characterized by higher amount of cis- chrysanthenyl acetate (41.0%) and linalool 

(23.0%) among the twenty components comparising 92.4% of the total oil detected. Both oils are rich in 

oxygenated monoterpenes than sesquiterpenes. 

References: 

1) E. Mally, Herba- Hungarica, 27, 107 (1988). 

2) M. Harmandar, M. E. Duru, A Cakir, T. Hiratu and S. lzumi, F1av. Fragr. J., 12,211-213 (1997). 

3) A Cakir, M. E. Duru, M. Harmandar. S. Izumi and T. Hirata, Flav. Fragr. J. 12, 215 -218 (1997). 

4) A F. Halim, M. M. mashaly, A. M. Zaghloul, H. Abd- EI -Fattah and H. L. De pooter. Intern. J. Pharm., 29, 183-187 

(1991) 

5) Y. Pelissier, C. Marion, S. Papior and J. H, Bessiere, J. Essent.. oil Res. 11,63 -64 (1999) 

6) J. P. Mariotti, J. Costa, A Bianchini, A F. Bernardini and J. Casanova, Flav.. Fragr. J. 12, 205-209 (1997). 

7) M.A EI-Ansari, D. Barron, M.F. Abdolla, N.A M. Saleh and J. L Querre, Phytochemistry, 30,1169-73 (1991).

NEW CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF BANGLADESH 

Hasan C. M. and Rashid M. A. 

Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka1000, Bangladesh 

Plants are proved to be the most important and useful source of new and structurally complex organic 

molecules having diversified biological activities. Bangladesh being a subtropical country is a good 

repository of plants. There are about 5000 flowering plants of which nearly 500 are being used in the 

preparation of local herbal medicine. Our chemical studies on the 36 medicinal plants of Bangladesh have 

resulted in the isolation (chromatographic techniques) and characterization (mainly by spectroscopic 

1 l 

methods i.e. H NMR, C-NMR ,2D-NMR and HRMS) of 20 new interesting secondary metabolites. These 

include: dammarane triterpene, capsugenin and its glycosides, capsugenin-30-O-β-glucopyranoside and 

capsugenin-25,30-Oβ-diglucopyranoside from Corchorus capsularis (Fam: Tiliaceae); 6β-hydroxy-4,22 stigmastadien-3-one from Uvaria hamiltonii (Fam:Annonaceae); 24-methylene-lanosta- 7,9(11)-dien-3-one 

from Artabotrys odorotissimus (Fam:Annonaceae); 15a-hydroxy-24methylenelanosta- 7, 9(11 )-dien-3-one 

from Desmos longiflorus (Fam : Annonaceae); a furanoid diterpene, bengalensol from Coffea bengalensis 

(Fam: Rubiaceae); lunamarins A and B , two novel coumarins from Clausena heptaphylla (Fam:Rutaceae); 

four cardenolides, 12-hydroxy-53-carda-8, 14, 16,20(22)-tetraenolide, 3β-O-( β-D-digitalosyl)-21-hydroxy- 

5-carda-8, β 14, 16,20(22)-tetraenolide, 3β-hydroxy-5-carda-8, 14, 16,20(22)-tetraenolide and 3β-hydroxy- 5α-carda-14 (15), 20(22)-dienolide from Nerium oleander (Fam: Apocyanaceae); two novel neo-clerodane 

diterpenes, methyl-15,16-epoxy-12-oxo-3 (4), 13(16), 14 -clerodatrien-18, 19-olide-17-caboxylate 

(nasimalun A) and dimethyl-15,16-epoxy- 3(4), 13(16), 14-clerodatrien-17, 18-dicarboxylate (nasimalun B) 

from Barringtonia recemosa (Fam: Lecythidaceae); an aporphine alkaloid, (+) isocorydine α -N-oxide and an 

acetogenin, isogoniothalamusin from Milusa velutina (Fam: Annonaceae) ; 5-acetoxyisogoniothlamine 

oxide, a new epoxystyryl lactone and acetogenin, giganpentocin from Goniothalamus sesquipedalis (Fam: 

Annonaceae); 16- β 

hydroxy kolava-4, 13Z-dien-15, 16-olide from Polyalthia longifolia var.pendulla (Fam: 

Annonaceae). It is evident from the above findings that Bangladeshi medicinal plants are mainly a good 

source of interesting and new terpene derivatives.

RATIONAL METHODS AND PROGRAMMING IN PHARMACOGNOSY 

Hadjiakhoondi A. 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 

P. O. Box: 14155-6451, Iran. 

Attention to rational methodology and programming of pharmacognosy research enables us the correct utility 

of natural products, In I,R, of Iran more than 10000 species of plants are already been identified, among them 

about 1000 species are considered to be of medicinal use. The common medicinal plants in Iran are 300 

species, Therefore, pharmacognosy studies could be subject to the applied and basic researches, 

In the most laboratories and industrial centers of the world, they use rational methods for their 

pharmacognosy experiments, but the discussion about the guidelines of the methodology is still in challenge. 

Here the proposal is considered in two categories (phytochemistry and phytoteraphy). 

In phytochemistry category the ration fallow that: 

A-1: screening plants for their natural product content, 

A-2: research based on the plant systematic, 

A-3: studies on the plants of specific region, 

A-4: studies on specific plant from different regions, A-5 purification and structural elucidation, 

A-6: research for drug discovery from plants. 

B- In phytotheraphy category: 

B-1: Ethnopharmacology and regional and locally used medicinal plants, 

B-2: systematic search in different species from same botanic family, 

B-3: research based on structure activity relationship, 

B- 4: random screening.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF JOHRENIA RAMOSISSIMA 

MOZAFFARIAN, A NEW SPECIES ENDEMIC TO IRAN 

1 2 3 3 

Z. Habibi, A. Monfared, M. Nikusokhan and A. Rustaiyan 

1 2 

Department. of Chemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University, Department of Marine Chemistry, 1slamic Azad 

3 

University, North Tehran Branch, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 

Water-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Johrenia ramosissima Mozaffarian was analysed by GC, 

1 

GC-MS and H NMR spectrum of the main compounds. Thirty-seven components were characterized 

representing (88.5%) of the total components detected with Bornyl acetate (14.8%), trans-Pinocarveol 

(12.5%), α-Campholenal 

(9.55%) and Mirtenal 8.5%) as the major constituents. 

Acknowledgement: The financial support ot the research council of Shahid Beheshti University is gratefully 

acknowledged.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF SESELI TORTOSUM KIABI 

1 2 3 

Z. Habibi, S. Masoudi and A. Rustaiyan 

1 2 

Department. of Chemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad 

3 

University, Central Tehran Branch, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical 

Sciences. 

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Seseli tortosum Kiabi (Umbelliferae) was obtained by 

hydrodistillation. S. tortosum was collected from Gorgan. The oil composition was analysed by GC and 

GC/MS. 30 compounds were identified, accounting for 93.96% of the oil. The oil was characterized by large 

amount of hydrocarbon monoterpenes (86.65%) and the sesquiterpene fraction of the oil was 8.31 % of the 

total oil. The major components were α -pinene (21.2%), β-pinene (14.2%), β 

-phellandrene (14.9%), and 

sabinene (13.4%).

PHARMACOGNOSICAL STUDIES ON OLIBANUM. 

Salehi Surmaghi M.H., Amin Gh., Hadidi E., Khanavi M. 

Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy 

Olibanum is an oleogumresin from Boswellia species (family Burceraceae), none of which grows in Iran. It 

has been used traditionally from ancient times by Iranian physician such as Avicenna. There are different 

types of Olibanum from different sources in Iran's medicinal herb market, which their origins are not clearly 

known. 

This study intends to present an easy, available and exact method to identify and differentiate among different 

types of Olibanum found in Iran's market and therefore to make it possible to use the method in our own 

country's formulation the same as which is common in consumer countries. 

For this purpose, three of the most important sources of commercial Olibanum in Iranian markets were 

experimented. This pharmacognosical research consists of micrographical study, analysis of essential oil by 

GC-MS method and use of a rapid TLC test of ethanolic resin extract which was first reported in 1984.(1) 

More than 50 compounds were determined in olibanum oil from which the most important constituents are: 

octyl acetate, α -pinene, α -thujene, limonene, octanol. 

The results also indicate that Arabian and Syrian types of Olibanum belong to Boswellia papyrifera and 

Singaporean one belongs to Boswellia serrata. 

Reference: 

1. Hairfield E.M. et al, A rapid test for the identification of incense resins, Perfumer and FIavorist 1984, 9(4): 33-6.

CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF AERIAL PARTS OF DILL 

(ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L.) HERB 

M.K. Hassanzadeh, M.Rahimizadeh, and L. Vahedie 

School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, P. O. Box: 91775-1365, Iran 

Dill, Anethum graveolens. L., is a popular aromatic herb in Iran. The various parts of dill is largely used in 

folk medicine and for the flavoring of various food and pharmaceutical products. The chemical composition 

of the essential oil of dill has been the subject of many investigations. However there is no report on chemical 

composition of the volatile oil of this plant cultivated in Khorasan. Since the chemical composition of the 

volatile oil depends on various environmental conditions, the chemical composition of the oil of Anethum 

graveolens L. aerial parts of dill cultivated in this area was investigated and compared with other reported 

data. Volatile compounds were isolated from fresh plants by steam distillation using clavenger apparatus. The 

volatile oil was analyzed by GC/MS. Identification of components was performed by comparison of their RR 

T and Mass spectra with those of authentic samples, literature data and computerized MS-data bank. The 

essential oil of flowers, seeds, leaves and steam, of Anethum graveolens L. was consisted of 22, 9 and 18 

components respectively. The major components of the oils were α -phellandrene, p-cymene, limonene, 

limionene oxide- cis, dillapiole and carvone. These results were compared with the data in literatures. 

Comparison of these results with those reported previously were in good agreement. It is important to 

mention that the amount of dillapiole in the flowers and limonene oxid-cis in the leaves and steams of this 

plant are quite high. Comparison of the major components was cleared the influence of environmental factors 

on the essential oil compositions. 

References: 

1. AdaIms, R.P; Identification of essential oils by ion trap mass spectroscopy. Academic Press, INC., New York, 1993. 

2. Baslas, R.K., Gupta, R. and Baals, K.K. Chemical examination of essential oils from plants of genus Anethum 

(Umbelliferae )-oils of seeds of Anethum graveolens, Part I. Flavor Ind. 2:241-245, 1971. 

3. Lewis, W.H. and Elvin-Lewis, M.P.F.; Medical Botany, John Wiley & Sons, New York., 1997. 

4. Mahrnl, G.H., Kadry, H.A., Thabet, C.K., EI-Olemy, M.M., Al-Azizi, M.M., Schiff Jr., P.L., Wong, L.K. and Liv, N. 

GC/MS anlalysis of volatile oil of fruits of Anethum graveolens. Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 30(2): 139-144. 1992. 

5. Nitz, S., Spranl, M.H. and Drawert, F ; Gas chromatographic and sensory analysis of dill flowers (Anethum graveolens). 

Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebensm. 13 (5/6): 183-186. 1991. 

6. Satrunz, M., Puschmann, G., Stephani, V. and Fritz, D. Chemical variability of dill; Gartenbarwissenschaft, 57(4). 190- 

192. 1992; from Chem. Abs. I118-123267e

CRYSTALLISED HENNA LEAF EXTRACT 

S.K.Hosseini, 

K. Behshad Far, M. Ferdowsi 

Tolid-daru Research and Development Center, Azari, Saveh Rd. Tehran 5619, Iran 

Henna (Lawsonia inermis) extract is commonly used in aqueous, ethanolic or glycerinic medium for various 

toiletary formulations (e.g. ultraviolet screen, shampoo). However, the same is not applicable to solid 

preparations of pharmaceutical products which require hydrophilic (water -soluble) or lipophilic (oil - 

soluble) characteristics. Therefore, the preparation of the two types of extracts which have the said 

characteristics seems to be necessary. 600 g henna powder (Obtained from henna leaves from the province 

Yazd) was added gradually with stirring slowly (~ 50 rpm) in 12 litres of deionized water at 70°C, then the 

suspension was poured into cylinders having 1/12th diameter of its height. The supernatant light-red solution 

(2/3 of the total volume of the cylinder) was decanted slowly and was dried at room temperature under a 

filtered stream of warm air. The cubic/plate shaped crystalline extracts were collected and weighed. The 

spectrophotometric (UV, NMR) indicated 35% purity in comparison with pure lawsone (2 -hydroxy -1,4 - 

naphthoquinone) provided by Merck Chemicals. For optimum extraction, the optimum proportion of the 

diameter of the cylinder to its height was found to be 1/12th .The best temperature for optimum extraction was 

found to be 10 minutes. Longer periods cause solubilization of the other ingredients of the leaf which cause 

turbidity and difficulties in separation of the solution from the solid mass. Using 1 % alkaline aqueous 

solution for extraction produces a clear light -red colouring supernatant layer. The stirring rate of the 

supernatant should be 50 rpm, using impellers having 4 blades tilted at 45 degrees at right angles to each other 

and having a length of 2/3 of the diameter of the cylinder. The bright red supernatant solution comprises 2/3 of 

the total volume of the cylinder. The produced extracts complied with the tests employed in the article (2). A 

reliable, quantitative and qualitative method for producing crystalline extracts from henna leaves has been 

established. 

References: 

1) Experimental records in TOLID DARU R & D center, 2000. 

2) "Therapeutic effects and in vitro activity of an extract from Lawsonia inermis" by F.Malekzadeh and P.P.Shabestari, J. Sci. 

I. R. IRAN, Vol 1, No 1, fall 1989.

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOID AGLYCONES 

1 2 

IN EXTRACT FROM GINKGO BILOBA LEAVES BY HPLC" G. Haghi, M. Darabi 

1 

Research and Development Department of Barij Essence Co. Km 44 Kashan -Delijan , Iran. 

2 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran. 

Ginkgo is a native Plants from China and Japan which is cultured in Iran. This plant have been recently sown 

in research farm of Barij Essence Company. The leaf of ginkgo have pharmacological properties of blood 

vessels vasodilator and circulatory stimulant. Flavonoids of ginkgo have been shown to have several actions 

which could increase blood flow to the brain and limit the damage associated with ischaemia. They inhibit 

Cyclo-oxygenase and Lipoxygenase enzymes activities (1-4). 

The plant leaves collected in spring and summer 1999 in the country-side of Tehran, were dried and milled. 

Flavonoids were extracted with a suitable solvent. Almost twenty flavonol glycosides exist in the plant leaf 

which it is not possible to identify in crude extract because most reference compounds are not available (5). 

Therefore, for analysis of flavonoid aglycones in the extract, flavonol glycosides were hydrolysed in acid 

1 2 

medium and identified by TLC and HPLC methods. The peaks of standard materials, quercetin, kaempferol, 

3 

Isorhamnetinand extract are shown in the following figure. 

Isorhamnetin and kaempferol had consequently the least and the most quantity in the extract. 

References: 

(I) H.Mirheydar, "plantsciences";4(1993) 195 

(2) A.C. Newall, A.L. Anderson and J.D. Phillipson, "Herbal Medicines", Great Britain, Pharmaceutical press, 1996, 138 

(3) J. Kleijnen, P.Knipschild, The Lancet. 340 (1992) 1136 

(4) P.Houghton, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 253 (1994) 122 

(5) A. Hasler, O.Sticher and B.Meier Journal of Chromatography. 605 (1992) 41-48

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES OF EXTRACT FROM 

URTICA DIOICA ROOT 

G.Haghy 

Research and Development Department of Barij Essence Co. km 44 Kashan- Delijan Road 

Stinging nettle is found as self-grown in gardens, the countries and moist places. Water and hydroalcohol 

Extracts from Urtica root are used in treatment of prostate adenoma(1,2). Researches show that root of this 

plant can inhibit 5-a- Redoctaze enzym activity(3). Although the precise mechanism of these effects and the 

active components are still unclear, its most probable compounds are polysaccharides and steroids (3,4). 

Certain amount this plant were collected in autumn 1998 from various parts of Iran. After plant identification, 

their roots were dried and milled and then their active materials of plant were extracted with hydroalcohol 

solvent by a percolator. The polysaccharides of extract were determined with the anthrone reagent using 

colorimetry method. Anthron is specific reagent for qualitative and quantitative determination of 

carbohydrates(5). Polysaccharid yield monosaccharid in conc. sulfuric acid medium. These compounds with 

anthron reagent give a green color complex which has maximum absorbance in 620 nm. For quantitative 

determination of the polysaccharides, galactose standard solutions were prepared and reacted with anthron 

reagent. Calibration curve was obtained by plotting colour measurement against amount of galactose which 

are shown in following figure. The polysaccharid of extract was finally determined using standard galactose 

curve. 

References: 

(I). H. Wagner, F. Willer and B. Kreher, Planta Medica, 55(1989) 452 

(2). N. Chaurasia and M. Wichtl. Journal of Natural products. 55 (1987) 881 

(3). J.J. Lichius and C.Muth, Planta Medica. 63 (1997)307 

(4). T. Hirano, M. Homma and K.Oka, plant medica. 60 (1994) 30 

(5). A. Pons, P.Roca, C. Aguilo, F.J. Gavica, M. Alemany and A.Paluu. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical 

Methods, 4(1981) 227

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM 

ZISIPHUS SPINA-CHRISTI LEAF BY HPLC 

1 2 

G. Haghi , M. Darabi 

1 

Research and Development Department of Barij Essence Co. Km 44 kashan-Delijan, Iran. 

2 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Med. Sciences, Tehran., Iran. 

Zisiphus is a tree belongs to the Rhamnaceae family, and in traditional medicine is called ceder, konar and 

cedereh. The milled leaves are named ceder which with name of ceder is presented in market. This plant is 

found in Iran south as self- gorwn. The lotus leaf is used in treatment of eczema, dermatitis, wounds and hair 

tonic of head(I,2). Chemical analysis, have shown in the presence of flavonol glycosides in plant(3). In this 

study identification and quantitative determination of the flavonoids zisiphus leaf is carrid out with HPLC 

method. 

The plant leaves collected in march 1998, in Booshehr, in south of Iran, dried and milled. The flavonoids of 

plant leaves extracted with 70% ethanol, methanol solvents. Consequently, hyprerosid of plant was identified 

with TLC and HPLC method. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids were performed base on 

quercetin by HPLC. Efficiency of extraction with 70% ethanol was 1.7 times more than that using methanol. 

The flavonoids chromatogram of Zisiphus extract before and after hydrolysis are shown in the following 

1 2 

figure. Two major peaks are hyperosid and a quercetin glycoside but the second flavonoid was not 

3 

recognised because its standard material was not available. Quercetin is the product of acid hydrolysis of 

these compounds. 

References: 

(I) H.Mirheydar., "Plant Scienses", 3 (1993) 130 

(2O..M.T .Musbah, A.M. Ageel, M.T. Ariq ,A. Mohsin and A.H.Shah Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 26(1988)56-60 

(3)M.A.M.Nawwar, M.S. lshak, H.N. Michael and J. Buddrus phytochemistry. 23 (1984) 2110

CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF TANACETUM PERSICUM (L.) 

MOZAFARIYAN FROM IRAN 

1 1 l 2 

M.Khanavi , A.Hadjakhondi , A. Shafiee and A.Rustaiyan 

1 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Med. Sciences, Tehran ,Iran 

2 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Med. Sciences, Tehran ,Iran 

The genus Tanacetum ( syn. Chrysanthemum) , with about 200 species, is distributed over Europe and west 

Asia. 

1 2 3 

The essensial oils of T. Langijolium , T. PJarthenium (L.) Schultz -Bip. ( fever few) , T. Annuum and T. 

4 

Palycephfalum Schultz -Bip. have been investigated previously. 

As a pali of our continuing studies on Iranian plants, we have examined the oil of T. Persicull1 (L.) 

mozafariyan . 

The aerial parts of the plants were dried at room temperature and hydrodistilled for 3 hours in a Clevenger - 

like apparatus. 

The oil was analysed by capillary GC and GC/MS . 

The oil constituted mainly of monoterpen compounds and was rich in L-Borneol , Bornyl acetate, Thymol, 1 

,8- Cineol and Camphor. 

References: 

1- V. K. Kaul ,P. Singh and R. D. Sood, J. Essent. Oil. Res. 5,597 (1993). 

2- Hendril.s, R. Bos and H. Y. Woerdenbag, Flavour Fragr. J.,11 ,365 (1996). 

3- A. Barrero , Y. F. Saudez, Y.Altarejos and M.Y. Zafra , Phytochemistry, 31 , 1727 ( 1992 ). 

4- A. Rustaiyan, F. Mojab , M. Salsali ,S. Masoudi and M. Yari, J. Essent. Oil. Res, 11 ,497 (1992) 

..'

ISOLATION OF VASODILATOR CONSTITUENTS FROM HIBISCUS SABDARlFFA 

Aziz N. 

1,2 1 1 2 

, Mustafa A.M. , Mustafa M. R., and Gilani A.H. 

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ.. of Malaya, 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 

2 

Deptartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Age Khan University, Karachi-74800, Pakistan. 

1 

Cardiovascular diseases have become the major cause of morbidity and mortality through out the world. High 

cost and life long use of the available synthetic drugs, which provide mainly symptomatic relief, have raised 

the demand of exploration of new drugs from natural sources. Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa, HS) locally 

known as Asam paya has wide spread use in traditional medicine of many countries including, Africa, India 

and Malaysia. Currently, the juice from its flower is commercially sold as a soft drink. Medicinally, it has been 

used to treat certain cardiovascular problems. A recent study has shown its usefulness in the patients with 

1 2 

essential hypertension . Others have also reported vasorelaxant properties of this plant. The aim of our study 

was to isolate and identify the vasodilator compound(s) and to explore possible mode of action. Bioassayguided 

fractionation of the methanolic extract of calyces of HS was performed using various 

chromatographic techniques for separation of constituents and rat aorta as bioassay guide. This resulted in 

isolation of an active fraction-A. Fraction-A inhibited vasoconstriction induced by different agonists 

(phenylephrine, 0.1μM) depolarizing agents (high K+, 72.7 mM) calcium sensitizers (phorbol esters, 1 ì M) at 

a similar dose range of (0.3-3 mg/ml). The result from present study suggests the possible mode of action of 

fraction-A include inhibition of calcium channels and calcium desensitization. Further purification of 

fraction A resulted in an active compound characterized as, 3, 5-dihydroxy-2-methylenylacetate] benzoic 

acid. Further work on its pharmacological properties and structure-activity-relationship may yield interesting 

results. 

References: 

1.Haji Faraji, M., Haji Tarkhani, A. (1999). The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension. J. 

Ethnopharmacol., 65: 231-6. 

2.Onyenekwe, P.C., Ajani, E.O., Ameh, D.A., Gamaniel, K.S. (1999). Antihypertensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus 

sabdariffa) calyx infusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in Wistar rats. Cell 

Biochem. Funct., 17: 199-206.

THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF PEEL OF CITRUS MEDICA 

Mosaddegb M., Kamali neejad M., Kborsand Sabet H. 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti Univ. of Medical Sciences Tehran, P. O. Box :14155-6153, IRAN 

In the present work, fresh fruit of C.medica were collected from authentic ungrafted trees grow in Lahijan , 

Gilan province, region north of Iran. 

Peel of C.medica fruits was removed and ground in a blender in presence of solvent (Petroleum ether). The 

oils were obtained after filtration and stripping of the solvent. 

The essential oils of the fruit of C.medica were examined by GC gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy 

and 17 constituents were identified. 

The quantitative analyses of the oils were performed using a flam ionization detector on a temperature 

programmed (60-275C at 4/min ) 30 m* 0.25 mm Suplcowax column installed in a Hewlett Packard HP 

6890.Mass-spectrometric conditions using HP 6890 (EI 70 eV). 

Limonene (40.91%), Gama-terpinene (12.60%), Nerol (7.37%), Geraniol (10.06%), Geranial (6.13%), 

Geranyl acetate (5.40%), Neryl acetate (4.27%) and Neral (3.97%) were found to be major constituents of 

fruit C.medica.

EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF MUCILAGE OF CORDIA MYXA L. FRUITS 

Anahita Dehmoobed Sharifabadi 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti Medical Sciences University, P. O. Box 14155/6153, Tehran, Iran 

High content of mucilage, has been always a good reason to use plants as herbal remedies. Fruits of Cordia 

myxa L. (Boraginaceae) contain high amounts of mucilage. This fruit is used in traditional medicine of Iran 

together with three other mucilagecontaining seeds as emollient and Antitussive (CHAHRTOKHME) (1). 

This mucilage has also been used to prevent capping in tablet manufacture (2). 

Two known methods, cold extract and hot extract are applied to prepare mucilage from plants(3). In this 

research, hot extracted mucilage of Cordia fruits was percipitated by decreasing solubility. The percentage of 

mucilage in the fruits was determined gravimetric to be 14% (w/w). This method is fast and economic. 

In addition, the fruits contained 3.15% (w/w) or 2.3% (v/w) water, 7.2% ash and 1.5 % acid insoluble ash. 

References: 

1- A. Zargari (1986), Medicinal plants, Tehran, Tehran University publication, Vol. 3, pp. 536-537. 

2- Kassem A.A.; EL-Gendy A.R.; Use of Cordia myxa mucilage to prevent capping in tablet manufacture. (1969) Bull 

Fac- Pharm-Cairo-Univ., 8,233-241. 

3- Karawya M.S.; Wassel G.M.; Baghadi H.H.; Ammari N.M.; Mucilaginous contents of certain Egyptian plants. 

(1980) Planta Medica, 38, 73-78.

DETECTION OF GINKGOLIDES IN GINKGO BILODA LEAVES AND COSMETIC 

PRODUCTS 

E. Farboud, Gb. Amin and M. Rabiee 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran 

Ginkgo biloda L. is the worlds oldest tree species and represents the sole survivor of the family Ginkgoaceae. 

Numerous compounds have been identified from the leaf extracts of G. biloda, of which the ginkgolides 

(diterpenes) appear to possess useful pharmacological properties(1). Standardized extracts of G. biloda 

leaves are marketed under the trade name of Tanakan. 

The leaves were collected in the botanical garden of agricultural college and trees near the mosque of Tehran 

University. The leaves were collected in spring and autumn 1375. They were dried as soon as possible after 

collection for 24hrs at 70° C in an oven with forced ventilation. Phytochemical experiments were done on 

extracts such as identification of alkaloids, tannin, saponin, flavonoids and terpenoids. 

Tanakan extract and standards of ginkgolides A and B were obtained from IPSEN laboratories. 

The thin-layer chromatographs of Tanakan and leaf extracts and NMR method revealed the presence of 

ginkgolides A and B(2). 

Because of regulating action of ginkgoIides on sebum excretion, we used extracts in formulation of shampoo 

and hair tonic. Physicochemical tests such as stability, determination of surfactants, efficacy were done in 

shampoo and tonic. TLC method revealed the presence of ginkgolides in cosmetic products. 

References: 

1. T.A. Van Beek et al (1991), "J.of Chromatography, 543, 375-387". 

2. S.G. Tallevi & W.G.W. Kurz (1991)," J. of natural products, Vol 54, No 2,624-625".

CHEMICAL CONPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF 

Zataria multiflora AND Thymus x-porlock ON E. coli AND S. aureus 

1 2 

I. Rasooli and M. Rezaei 

1 Shahed University, 2 Institute for Research in Forsets and Pastures 

Antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted by steam distillation from Zataria multifolia and Thymus xporlock 

on E.coli and S. aureus were studied. Disc diffusion method was conducted to evaluate the zone of 

microbial growth inhibition at various concentrations of the essential oils. The antimicrobial effect was also 

studied against three different concentrations of microbial suspension to find out MIC (Minimal Inhibitory 

Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration). The essential oils from the above plants 

were strongly bactericidal with that of Zataria mutifolia being highly effective. Chemical composition of the 

essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC and GC/MS). Eleven 

common chemical compounds i.e more than 50% of the total chemical composition, were found at various 

concentrations in both the oils, out of which nine were monoterpenes. Major components of essential oil of 

Zataria multifolia were Carvacrol (37%), Orthocymene(15%) and Dodecane (9%), and those of Thymus x-porlock 

were 1,8-Cineole (54.52%), Sabinene hydrate (5.03%) and thymol (7.89%). With a view to the 

increasing limitations of the use of chemical antimicrobial agents and development of drug resistance, it 

seems necessary to switch onto a new harmless antimicrobial agents from natural sources.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS 

OF ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS AND SALVIA OFFICINALIS 

1 2 

M. Rezaei And I. Rasooli 

1 2 

Institute for Research in Forsets and Pastures, Shahed University 

Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils from Anethum graveolens and Salvia 

officinalis were studied. Disc diffusion method was conducted to evaluate the zone of microbial growth 

inhibition at various concentrations of the essential oils. The antimicrobial effect was also studied against 

three different concentrations of microbial suspension to find out MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) 

and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration). The essential oil of Anethum greveolens was bactericidal 

against E.coli and bacteriostatic against S.aureus. Essential oil of Salvia officinalis was bactericidal against 

both the microbial strains. Chemical composition of the essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography 

and Mass Spectrometry (GC and GC/MS). Four common chemical compounds were found at various 

concentrations in both the oils viz; Limonene , α- 

Thujene ,p-Cymene and Tricyclene .Major components 

of essential oil of Salvia officinalis were β-pinene (16%), Berneol (9.4%), Glubulol (9.3%), α-Humulene 

(8.4%), α-Thujene (6.4%), α-pinene 

(5.5%), Camphene(5%), and those of Anethum greveolens were 

α−Phellandrene 

(23.8%) and Limonene (56.1%). It seems that monoterpenes exert antibacterial property to 

the essential oils. With a view to the increasing limitations of the use of chemical antimicrobial agents and 

development of drug resistance, it seems necessary to switch onto a new harmless antimicrobial agents from 

natural sources.

NEW GUAIANOLIDES FROM T ANACETUM FRUTICULOSUM LEDEB 

1 2 3 3 

A. Rustaiyan , S. Sedaghat, A. Hadjiakhoondi and F. Khalighi Sigaroodi 

1 School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 

2 Department of Chemistry, Science & Research Campus, Islamic Azad University 

3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 

Sesquiterpene lactones have been reported to have multiple biological effects including cytotoxic, 

antibacterial, anti -inflammatory, hypotensive and many others. 

The guaianolides represent one of the largest groups of sesquiterpene lactones covering over 600 known 

naturally occurring compounds. 

Much attention has been paid to the antitumor properties associated with their cytotoxicity. The genus 

Tanacetum, with Ca. 200 species is distributed over Europe and west Asia. 

As a part of our continuing studies on Iranian plants, we have examined T. fruticulosum and isolated two new 

guaianolide (1,2) sesqniterpene lactones. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated by conventional extraction and 

chromatographic procedures from T. fruticulosum collected in the Hamedan aeria, N. West of Iran in 1998. 

The molecular formula of(l) Cl9H24O5 and (2) C2oH24O5 were deduced from high resolution ElMS. 

With 1H-NMR signals (CDCl3, 500 MHz), 13C-NMR (CDCl3) and using 2D-NMR spectroscopy, (1H, 1H- 

Cosy, 1H-13C-Cosy HMQC) we were able to assign all the 1H and 13C chemical shifts. The observed NOEs 

support the proposed stereochemistry.

EXTRACTION PLANT ESSENTIOL OIL WITH USE OF ULTRASOUND 

Javad Safari , Omolbanine Sabzi Fini 

Department of Chemistry, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran 

Essential oils isolated by steam distillation, hydro distillation and use of super critical fluid now we reported 

one fit heat source and one fit method for extraction by ultrasound with steam distillation. [1-4]. 

Pharmaceutical present of nature to man as native figures and geographical seed and fruit, genetic and 

biochemistry models are that are must kept in the nature bank as cover used drugs society and with copy of 

this models are used for numerous generation pharmaceutical in cultivation and industry so we take a decision 

to show one cheaper and faster method for extraction of this plant. ultrasound with hydrodistillation was 

conclusion dialogue and experimental. 

Therefor we choice peppermint and summer savory and this experimental is achieved with method 

ultrasound in clined to hydrodistillation. High speed extraction, well efficiency non decomposition plant and 

fit heat source are benefits this methods. 

References: 

1) Hanlidou, E.et al., Plant Syst. Eco1. 177 (1-2), 17-26 (1991). 

2) Scheffer, J.J.C. et al., Planta Med. 1984 (1),56-60. 

3) V. Mozaffarian, A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names, Farhang Maser Tehran, Iran (1996). 

4) Z.Jamzad, Iran. J. Bot., 6 (1994), 215-217.

VOLETILE CONSTITUENTS OF ACHILLEA NOBILIS L. 

Saeidnia, S. and Yassa, N. 

Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

Achillea species (Asteraceae) are widespread in Iran. The genus of Achillea L. represented by more than of 19 

species in Iran. These plants have been traditionally used in treatment of fever, asthma, bronchitis, cough, 

skin inflammation, jaundice and other liver ailments. We paid attention to one of them: Achillea nobilis from 

the Kordkooy at the Golestan state. 

The aerial part of this plant was collected during the period of full flowering and was dried at room 

temperature and steam distilled to produce an essential oil yields in dried aerial parts from Achillea nobilis 

was 0.4% .The composition of this essential oil was elucidated by combination of GC and GC/MS with two 

columns: DB-1 and DB-5 . We could detect more than 100 constituents. About 80% of the total mixture were 

identified with 48% monoterpenoid and 52% sesquiterpenoid compounds. The main compound of the 

essential oil were 1,8-cineole (6%) ,camphor (5.9%) ,linalool (4.1 %) ,alpha-copaene (11%) ,nerolidol (9.3%) 

,geranyl acetate (2.3%), thymol (2.2%) terpineol (2.6%). Physical properties of this vole tile oil were 

determined. 

References: 

1)Mozaffarian,V., A dictionary of Iranian plant name, Farhang Moaser, Tehran (1996) pp: 11 

2) Rezaeipoor,R., Saeidnia,S., Kamalinejad,M. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65 (1999) 273-276 

3) Evans,W.C. Quality control in Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy, fourteenth edition (1997) pp:l07

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF ECHINOPHORA SIBTHORPIANA GUSS. 

F.Sefidkon* 

Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran. 

The essential oil isolated by steam distillation from the aerial parts of Echinophora sibthorpiana Guss. 

(collected from Velenjak, North of Tehran/Iran) was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Among 17 

compounds identified, the major components were δ-3-carene (31.8%), α 

-phellandrene (31.0%), methyl 

eugenol (16.9%),beta -phellandrene(5.3%) and p-cymene(4.7%).

ANALYSIS OF THE OIL OF HERACLEUMPERSICUM L. (LEAVES AND FLOWERS) 

1 2 2 

F. Sefidkon , M. Dabiri and N. Mohamrnad 

1 

Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185 -116, Tehran, Iran, 

2 

Shaheed Beheshti University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Tehran, Iran. 

"Golpar" is the Persian common name for Heracleum species belonging to the family of Umbelliferae with 

English common name of "Cow-parsnip" or "giant parsnip hogweed". The genus of Heracleum consists of 10 

species which are found wild or cultivated in many mountainous regions of Iran, four of which are endemic 

(1). One of the more important of these species is Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Ficher which is synonym with 

Heracleum glabrescens Boiss & Hohen and also with Heracleum pubescens Rech. f. (1). This aromatic plant 

or its oil is used as a flavoring in many Iranian food products. It is antiswelling, aids digestion and used also as 

tonic and aphrodisiac (2). 

Because of the various uses of H. persicum or its oil in Food and Drug industries, we investigated the oils of all 

parts of it, such as leaves, flowers, stem, unripe and ripe seed (or fruits) individually. In this paper we report 

the results of analysis of the essential oil from leaves and flowers, and as soon as possible other oil analysis 

results will be reported. 

Chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistil1ation of the leaves (before and full 

flowering stage) and flowers of Heracleum persicum L. were investigated by a combination of GC and 

GC/MS. Twenty-one components were characterized for the leaf oil before flowering with (E)-anethole 

(60.2%) and (E)-beta-ocimene (8.4%) as the main constituents. At full flowering stage, nineteen compounds 

were identified in the leaf oil with (E)-anethole (47.5%), 2-propanone,1(4-methoxy phenyl) (18.1 %) and 

anisaldehyde (8.9%) as the major components. Among twenty-one compounds identified in the flower oil of 

H. persicum, the major constituents were (E)-anethole (38.6%), gamma-terpinene (17.8%) and myrcene 

(13.5%). 

References: 

1.V. Mozaffarian, A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Name. Farhang Moaser, Tehran, Iran (1996). 

2. H. Mirheidar, Plant Education. Vol. 2, pp 403, Farhang-e-Slami, Tehran, Iran (1996).

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOME IRANIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS 

Abbas Shafiee 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

The species of Papaver, Glaucium, Heliotropium, Matricaria, Chelidonium, Zataria multiflora, have been 

used in Iranian herbal medicine. The phytochemical studies of these plants and the relationship between the 

constituents and medicinal effect will be discussed. 

References: 

1) "Alkaloids of Boraginaceae II [I], Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids of Heliotropium EUIopaeum L. Population Garmsar" J. .S'ci. 

I.R. Iran, 10, 39-42 (1999). 

2) "Constituents of the essential oil of Ma1ricaria decipiens C.Kock" Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 14, 153-155 (1999) 

3) "Volatile Constituents and Aritimicrobial Activity of Zataria multiflora, Population IRAN" J. C'hem & C'hem. Eng, 18, 1- 

5 (1999) 

4) "Angoline and other Alkaloids from the Roots of Cilaucium oxylobum Boiss and Buhse" Daru, 7, 31-35 (1999) 

5) "(+)-Bulbocapnine--N-oxide trom Cilaucium fimbrilligerum"J. Nat. Prod, 6, 1564-1565 (1998) 

6) "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium discitonne" Pharm Pharmacol Left, 8, 79-80 (1998) 

7) "Corydine and Norcorydine trom the Roots of Chelidonium majus" Planta Med., 64, 489 (1998) 

8) "Composition of Essential oil of Zataria multiflora" Planta Med., 63, 371-372 (1997). 

9) "Alkaloids of Papaveraceae (XVI)[ 1]. Alkaloids of Papaver fugax population Tarom" J. Sci. I.R.Iran. 8, 166-170 (1997) 

10) "Alkaloids of Papaveraceae (XV)[ 1] Alkaloids of Papaver pseudo-orientale Population Tarom . J. Sci. I.R.Iran. 8, 105- 

108(1997) 

11) ., Alkaloisd of Papaveraceae (XIV)[ 1]. Alkaloids of lilaucium fimbrilligerum Boiss., Population Ciaduk" J. Sci. 

I.R.Iran., 8,42-44 (1997)

IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF HYDROXY ANTHRACEN DERIVATIVES IN 

LEAVES ALOE LITfORALIS OF IRAN BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD 

Salehi S.H. , Darabi M. 

Research and Development Unit, Barij Essence Company, Kashan 

Aloe is a native Mediterranean and African plant which mentioned about two type of this plant (Aloe 

barbadensis and Aloe cape) in pharmacopoeia (1,3), but another type of this plant which has named Aloe 

littoral is grows wild Bandar-e-Khamir in southern part of Iran (l). This plant has many properties including 

anti-solar, healing, agent, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects (2). Aloe littoral is used as the 

main material in a variety of foodstuff, pharmaceutical, hygienic and cosmetics products. Therefore, to 

determine the possibility of utilizing this plant in above products, a research has been conducted to find out 

the capability of using this plant as a standard one. 

In this research for determining of hydroxyanthracen derivatives in the Aloe littoralis leaves, at first we 

provided the leaves of this plant from southern part of Iran and then research existence of anthraquinonic 

components in dried latex of leaves (because they are a part of main components of this plant) by T.L.C 

method (3,4). 

In the spectrophotometric method, dried latex methanolic extract of the plant was hydrolyzed under reflux in 

acidic solution for breaking anthraquinon glycosides to their related glycons and aglycons. Finally, the 

quantity of anthraquinons were measured in 512 nm wave length based on aloin (3,5,6). 

Concluded that the amount of hydroxyanthracen derivatives were found to be 32% w/w which is more than 

the amount mentioned in pharmacopoeia (3,6). Therefore this plant can be utilized as a standard plant in 

research and production. 

References: 

1. Rezaee, M.B. & et al.: "Identification of Aloe plant and it's pharmaceutical and chemical compositions", Jahad-e 

Sazandegi Publication, 1st ed., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 1996. 

2. Newal G.A., Anderson L.A., David Philipson J., "Herbal Medicines", 1st Published., Pharmaceutical Press, Street, 

London, 1995, pp 36-7. 

3. "British Pharmacopoeia, Vol. 2, Her Majestys stationary Office at the University Press, 1993, pp 29-30, xxxiv. 

4. Wagner H., Bladt., Zganski E.M: "Plant Drug Analysis", 19th ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin" 1984, pp 95-105 

5. "The Merck Index", 11th ed., Published by Merck & Co. Inc. Rahay, NKJ., U.S.A." 1989, P 51. 

6. "Comparison of various methods for the spectrophotometric determination of Aloin in Aloe" DAB 7-DDR, 

28(5), 1973, pp 331-5.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM CHENOPODIOM BOTRYS L . 

FROM TWO DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN IRAN 

l 1 2 3 

Soheila Sedaghat, Ali Reza Faeizbakhsh, Shiva Massoudi and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan 

1 

Department of Chemistry, Science & Research Campus, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran. 

2 

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. 

3 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 

P. O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran. 

The leaves and flowers of Chenopodium botrys L. (Chenopodiaceae) was collected once from Khalkhal , 

province of Ardebil, a second collection was done around east of Tehran, Khojir Park in July 1999. Plant 

material was hydro distilled in a Clevenger -type apparatus for 3 hours. The essential oils were dried over 

anhydrous NaSo 2 and 4 

stored at 2 C in refrigerator. Oils yield were 0.53 % and 0.7% respectively. 

The essential oils have been analyzed by a combination of GC and GC / MS . 

Identification of compounds was based on a comparison of their MS spectra with standard spectra. 

Confirmation of compound identities was obtained using relative retention indices (1,2). In the oil from 

Khalkhal plants, thirty -one constituents representing 77.8% of the total components were characterized and 

in the oil of Khojir plants thirty -five components comprising 81.4% of the total components detected. 

In both oils Juniper camphor (23.7% and 16.5%) , Elemol (13.4 and 4.3% ) , and -Cadinol (10.6% and 8.2%) 

were the main constituents, respectively. 

As can be seen from the above information the essential oils of Chenopodium botrys from Khalkhal and 

Khojir area contain mainly sesquiterpenes (73.5% and 70.4% respectively). Both samples were poor in 

monoterpenes (4.2 % and 11.0% respectively). 

Chemical investigation of Chenopodium botrys has shown flavonoids , alkaloides and sesquiterpene (3,4). 

Only a few reports on the analysis of essential oils of Chenopodium species have been published (5,6). The 

essential oil of Chenopodium botrys growing in Spania and Kazakhstan has been examined previously (7,8). 

Similarly, we found a few of these compounds in aerial parts of Iranian species.

COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF T ANACETUM POLYCEPHALUM SCHULTZ. 

BIP. 

Mojab F ., Salsali M..Rustaiyan 

A. 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.o. Box 14155-6153, Iran. 

The Genus Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum), with ca.200 species,is distributed in Europe and West Asia. The 

biology and chemistry of the genus Tanacetum have been investigated1.T. polycephalum has been used since 

ancient times for a variety of medicinal purposes,and has gained considerable prominence recently due to its 

ability to alleviate the symptoms of migrain2,arthritis and psoriasis3, and to inhibit blood platelet 

aggregation4. 

Germacranolides have been previously identified in a solvent extract of the aerial 

parts of T. polycephalums5. 

The essential oil of the aerial parts of T. polycephalum was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main 

constituents were camphor (18.2%),1,8-cineole (17.0%) carveol(9.1%), trans-isopulegone (8.0%) and ?thujone(6.1%). 

References: 

1)M. Y.Begly,M.Y.Hewlett and D. W.Knight, Phytochemistry.28, 940(1985). 

2)E.S.Johnson,Feverfew:A Traditional Herbal Remedy for Migrain and Arthritis,Sheldon Press,London(1984). 

3)S.M.Kupchan,D.C.Fesler,M.A.Eakin and T.Q.Giacobbe,sciences,168,376(1970). 

4)G.M.Nano,G.Appendino,C.Bicchi and Frathini, Fitoterapia, 51, 135 (1980); Chem. Abstr.,94,17106Ir. 

5)A.Rustaiyan .K.Zare,Z.Habibi and M.Hashemi; Phytochemistry 29, 3022 (1990).

HEADSPACE ANALYSIS OF Z. MAJDAE RECH. FLOWERS(A SPECIES ENDEMIC TO 

IRAN) 

M.E. Azemi. F. Namjoyan, A. Rustaiyan 

School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshty University Of Med. Sciences 

For the qualitative and quantitative study of essential oils and of the odorous volatile compound, headspace 

techniques are readily applicable because they provide information as to the identity of those compounds in 

the vapour phase.the components of the vapour phase are the most part responsible for the odour of the 

product. Zhumeria majdae, a plant endemic of Iran has a limited geographic range in the southern region of 

Iran(near the Persian gulf) where it grows on rather bare rocky slops.the plant is used for its pleasant scent and 

also as a drug by the natives. 

The headspace of Z.majdae Rech. was analysed by GC & GC/MS technique to determine the volatile 

constituents of this interesting plant. monoterpenes( camphene,sabinene, myrcene, limonene,trans-âocimen, 

á-pinene, terpinene,... ) and sesquiterpens(nerolidol) were found to be the major constituents. 

the extract of the arial parts ,previous works showed the presence of Linalool and camphor ,two flavonoids 

and a triterpen. The analysis of essential oil isolated by hydrodistilation from leaves and flowers wae 

previously studid.pet.ether-Et20-MeOH(l:1:1)extract of the dried powdered roots showed the presence of 

new diterpenes. 

References: 

l-Izaddost,A.Rustaiyan,A.Niknejad&Z.Sharif,Fitotrapia,54,67( 1983).c.a.,99925Y( 1984). 

2-A.Rustaiyan,H.Sigari,A.barnoniri &P. weyerstal,Flavour and Fragrance.J. 7,273(1992) 

3-A.Rustaiyan,M.Sarnadizadeh,Z.Habibi and J. Jakupovic Phytochemistry,39,163(1995).

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF THE 

FRUIT OF PALIURUS SPINA-CHRISTI 

M. Mosaddegh, M. Kamali Nezhad, A. Shafaati, M. Abiri 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

Paliurus spina-christi (Rhamnaceae) is a prennial thorny shrub which is widely spreaded in the 

Mediterranean region and west Asia. The plant has been used medicinally which claims that it has tonic, 

diuretic, antidiarrhea effects. In folk medicine its fruits also has been used to decreasing blood cholesterol. 

Plant material were collected from north of Iran in summer of 1999 and authenticiated with the literature. 

No phytochemical investigation on this plant has been done in Iran yet. 

This paper describe the phytochemical examinations as well as isolation and detection of some flavonoids. 

References: 

1-Brantner A.; Males Z.; Pepeljnjak S.; Antolic A..Antimicrobial activity ofPaliurus spina-christi Mill. J Ethnopharmacol. 

1996,52, 119-122. 

2-Brantner A.; Males Z. .Investigation on the flavonoid glycosides ofPaliurus spina-christi. Planta 

Medica. 1990,56,582-583. 

3-Zargari A.. Medicinal Plant ,1365, University of Tehran publisher Co., Vol. I, pp 587-607. 

4-Kustrak D.; Males Z.. Flavonoids of the leaves ofChrist'sthom (paliurus spina-christi Mill). Acta Pharm. Jugosl. 1990,40, 

551-554.

ESSENTIAL OIL VARIATIONS OF THYMUS PUBESCENS FROM SOME LOCALITY IN LAR 

VALLEY ( IRAN) 

Askari F. 

.Sefidkon F. , Rezaii M.B. 

Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P .o. Box 13185 -116, Tehran, Iran. 

The genus of Thymus have 14 species in Iran. One of the more distributed of these species is Thymus 

pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak. The aim of this project is investigation of quality and quantity of 7: 

pubescens oil in various locality in west Tehran provinces. 

Three samples were Collected from various locality Lar valley in west Tehran province, before flowering 

(BF, in May) and full flowering stage (FF, in July). Essential oils isolated by steam distillation and analyzed 

by GC and GC/MS .The oil yields at BF stage was less than FF stage and various locality of Lar valley 

observed no difference. 

24 compounds (99.25% to 98.00%) At BF stages and 27 compounds (97.70% to 98.51%) At FF stages were 

characterized. 35 components were common at two stages. 

Major constituents at BF stage were; carvacrol (52.55% to 77.89%), thymol (2.66% to 21.84%), γ− terpinene 

(3.33% to 7.38%), ρ-cymene (2.18% to 4.40%), β-caryophyllene 

(1.70% to 2.490/0). and at FF stage were; 

carvacrol (54.66% to 69.20%), ρ-cymene 

(6.68% to 9.72%), I,8cineol+limonene (1.66% to 3.24%), methyl 

thymol (0.55% to 6.63%) and borneol (1.66% to 5.09%). 

References: 

1- JamzaResearch Institute of Forests and Rangelands pub., Tehran, I 994 

2- Mozaffarian, V., A dictionary of Iranian Plant Names, Farhang Moaser pub., Tehran,1996 

3- Davies, N. W., J. Chromatogram., 503, 1-24 (1990). 

4- Shibamoto, T., 03, 1-24- Shibamoto, T., In: ibamoto, T., 03, 1-24 (1990) 

5-.Iranian Plant Names,Edits., P. Sandra and C. Bicchi,Chapter 8, pp 259-274, Dr. Alfred Huethig Verlag, 

New York (1987).

2 

VOLATILE COMPONENTS OF ACINIOS GRAVEOLENS (M.B) LINK. 

1 2 3 

Lida Attar Shiva Masoudi and Abdolhosseein Rustaiyan. 

I 

department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North TehranBranch, Tehran, Iran. 

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. 

3 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 

P. O. Box.14155-6153, Tehran, Iran. 

Acinos Species are found mainly on alkaline soils, in dry and sunny areas through out Europe, the 

(1) 

Mediteranean, central Asia, N. Africa and N. America . 

(2) (3) (4,5) 6 

The oils of A. suaveolens, A. arvensis, A. rotundifolius , A. majoranifolius , A. alpinus and A.troodi 

were previously studied. The aerial parts of the A.cinos graveolens were collected in June 1999 from 

mountains of Solaghan aeria, 

around Tehran, Iran. Volatile components of air- dried Acinos graveolens were extracted with n- hexane in a 

Soxhlet apparatus for 5h. Nineteen volatile components were identified by GC/MS. Germacrene -D (20.6%), 

n- octadecane (11.&%), n- eicosane (8.2%) were the main volatiles. The oil, having a large amount of 

(4,5) (6) (2) 

sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, resembles that of A. alpinus , A.troodi , A. arvensis and A.rotundifolius , 

(7) (3) 

while is different compared to the oils of the following species: A.suaveolens and A.majoranifolius . 

References: 

1. D. Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs and their uses, p. 228, the Herb Society of America, Dorling Kindersley, New York 

(1995) 

2 A kaya, K.H. C. Baser, G. Turnen and F. Koca. F1av. Fragr. J., 14, 60- 64 (1999). 

3. S. Pavlovic, P. Zivanovic, R. Jancic, GA Kuznetsova, S. Vujcic and AL. Shevarda. Arh. farm., 34, 27 -33 (1984). 

4. A Kaya, K. H. C. Baser, B. Demirci and F. koca F1av. Fragr. J., 14,55- 59 (1999). 

5. H.D. Skaltsa, D.M. Lazaris and A E. Laukis. J. Essent. Oil Res., 11, 35-37 (1999). 

6. A Kaya, K. H. C. Baser and F. Koca, Aav. Fragr. J., 14, 50 -54 (1999). 

7. S. Pavlovic, GA Kuznetsova, P. Zivanouic, A L Shevarda, R. Jancic and S. Vujcic. Arh. Farm., 34, 65 -71 (1984).

THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE OIL OF MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA CULTIVATED IN 

URMIA (IRAN) 

1 2 

1 

Mojab F. ;Monsef Esfahani H.R. ;Olyaee M 

1 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty 

2 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6153,Iran. Department of Pharmacognosy, 

3 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Student of Pharmacy, Shahid 

Beheshty University of Medical Sciences. 

Matricaria chamomilla (Compositae) in traditional medicine and phyotherapy for its properties such as antiinflammatory, 

histamine release inhibitory, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitory, antioxidant, ...had been used 

for conditions such as digestive, antispasm, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antifungal ,mild sedative ,carminative 

,etc. In this survey,essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla cultivated in Urmia Area (northwest of Iran)has 

analyzed. The oil extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC/MS techniques. 

About 50 components identified in the oil ,the major components were bisabolol oxide A(45.17%) and B 

(5.23%),cis a.-bisabolene (12.43%),etc.It appears the Urmia Area is appropriate from cultivation and 

preparation of Matricaria chamomilla.

THE COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF NEPETA MENTHOIDES BOISS. & 

BUHSE. 

1 2 3 

Mojab F., Tabatabai S.A. ,Olyaee M 

I 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshty 

2 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P. O.Box 14155-6153, Iran. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 

3 

Faculty of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences. Student of Pharmacy,Shahid 

Beheshty University of Medical Sciences. 

The plant Nepeta menthoides (Labiatae) is native of Iran and growing in North- West of lran.1n the herbal 

shop,it has sold, the name "Stoechas",for stomachic, sedative and febrifuge. Literature survey has shown that 

the plant was not previously investigated for essential oils.Nepeta menthoides was collected from Sabalan 

Mountions, Province Ardabil, North-West of Iran. 

The plant material was hydrodistilled with a clevenger-type apparatus for 1h.The oil constituents were 

identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those of authentic compounds or with data in the 

literature. The major component of the oil was 1,8cineol( 41 %). This component reported from the other 

Nepeta sp. oil , previously.

RESEARCH ON EPHEDRIN AND PSEUDUEPHEDRIN CONTENTS IN EPHEDRA 

MAJOR FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES IN IRAN 

Zahra Faker Baher,Latifeh 

Ahmadi 

Research institute of Forest and Rangeland 15 km in Tehran and Karaj Road pajhohesh Ave. 

Because of the importance of alkaloids in pharmacology and the side effects of synthetic medicines ,the 

Ephedra herba that is a traditional medicine in Iran from the Zoroaster era(4) and its uses in China from 5000 

years ago(2,3) ,was selected for research in quantities and quality of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in major 

genus from different localities in Iran .At first samples were collected from natural habitats in 8 provinces of 

Iran(1) and then the total alkaloieds was extracted by choloroform solute and by titration. Then qualities and 

quantities was determined by GC/MS apparatus(5,6).The result showed that the varieties in locations are very 

effective on the percent of total alkaloids and ephedrin and pseuduephedrin ratio. Tehran sample had the 

highest alkaloid with % 1,8 and kerman sample was the lowest. The content of ephedrin ranges was between 

%72-%24 in Hamedan and Azarbaijan samples and for pseuduephedrin was between %53-%14 in 

Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari and Harnedan. 

References: 

1-Gahreman.A,.1966.Etude morphologyaque et Anatomique ded Ephedras De L ,Iran ,presentce ala faculte des science de 

montpellier. 

2-Kunno,c.. Taguchi. T. Tarnada,M.,Hikino.h. I 979.phylochem. 18.697-698 

3-Kasahara, Y .,Hikino,H..Hine. T. (1 985)J.OF Chromalogr.,324,503-507 

4-Shah7.adJ.M .,Khodabachsh,M.S..Noshadi,G,(1983),Feravahr, Nol,2.Feravahr pub. Inc. 

5-Feng,C.T..Read,B.E.(1927)j.of.Am.Pharm.Assoc. Vol XVI.No.11.1035-1039 

6-Manske.R.H.F..,Holmes,H.L(1969)The alkaloids.chemislry and physiology, Vol 3. 339.362

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PENTACYCLIC NORTRITERPENE 

ALCOHOL FROM ADIANTUM CAPILLUS VENERIS L. AND ITS EFFECT ON LIPID 

METABOLISM 

1 2, 3 3 

Farboodniav Jahromi M.A ,Hosseini Z Ray,A.B. and Chansouria J.P .N 

Dept. of Chemistry & Chemical Eng. IROST P. O. Box 71555-114 Shiraz-Iran. Dept. of Biology ,Shiraz 

3 

University, Shiraz-Iran.Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry. BHU- India 

1 2 

Adiantum is a large genus of ferns belong to pteridiaceae family and are confined to tropical regions of the 

world. Adiantum capillus veneris L. is used as a diuretic, antitussive and antiinflammatory herb in the 

traditional system of medicine in Iran . Phytochemical investigation of the petroleum ether extract of the plant 

and column chromatography of the extract over silica gel (60-120 mesh) and elution of the column with 

petroleum ether-benzene mixture furnished a new compound. The new compound was recognized to be a 

1 

pentacyclic nortriterpene alcohol from lupane/hopane skeleton form its HNMR spectrum and the 

-1 

characteristic mass fragmentation pattern and its IR band at 3360cm . The isolated compound was thus 

formulated as 29- norhopan-22-ol .The compound demonstrated a hypolipidemic activity after 21 days of 

oral administration to male albino rats at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. 

References: 

I.Gupta M.,Bagchi A.,Roy S.K.and Ray A.B.Chemical constituents of a member of Adiantum caudatum complex. J.lndian 

.Chem .Soc .1990,67,86-88 

2.Anjaneyulu A.S.R.,Row L.R.and Sree A.Acacidiol A new Nortriterpene from sopogenins of Acacia concinna. 

Phytochemistry. 1980,19,1163-1166. 

3.Chakrabarti p., Structure and stereochemistry of mollugogenol A, a new sapogenin from Mollugo hirta 

. Tetrahedron. 

1984,25,2082-2085.

IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF 

E.SALMONOPHLOIA AND E.GILLIMAID BY GC/MS 

1 2 

S.M.F.Rezaie , Motadaien and Amoulaie. 

1 

Dept.of herbal medicine Razi Res inst Karaj-Iran. Dept. of chemistry Tarbiatmoallem univ. Tehran Iran. 

2 

Dept. of chemistry .Birjand Uni. Birjand .Iran. 

In order to study the phytochemistry of Eucalyptuses cultivated in Iran and also producing herbal medicine 

from This plant, The Leaves of E.salmonophloia and Egilli Maid was collected and dried in shade. oils were 

obtained using steam distillation method. 

the chemical constituents were identified by GC/MS and also percent composition of active constituents of 

each species were determined and reported. the chemical constituents were: ocimene, carene 1,8 cineol, trans 

-pinocareveol a -Terpineol etc and carene sabinene b -phellanderene etc. 

Reference: 

1- Robert A Franich .Forest research (1985) phytochemistry 25/No.1,245

GINKGO LEAVES EXTRACTS CAN BE USE IN MEDICINE 

R. Farid, 

, S. Hadadi, , A. Bahrami. 

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 

Since the dawn of time people have dreamed of an elixir of immortality. Of course, nothing can make us live 

forever, but nature has given us a remarkable herbal remedy that can slow down the disease. Ginkgo is a 

biological super tree. One of these trees has survived in the Ghoreishi Building courtyard of Mashhad 

University of Medical Sciences for fifty years. The Ginkgo extract also has amazing medical properties. The 

Chinese eat Ginkgo nuts, not only for their good taste, but also for their strengthening and tonic properties. We 

obtained extract from Ginkgo leaves through the perculation method. We found a lot of pharmacological 

activity of which the most important was Flavonoids. It seems that Ginkgo has three main effects on the body: 

It improves microcirculation. It helps to stop organ damage from potentially dangerous chemicals called free 

radicals. And it blocks common allergic substance in our body called P AF. Ginkgo maintains good blood 

circulation in the brain as well.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SOME SPECIES OF PIRANSHAHR AREA 

(KURD1STAN, IRAN) 

Mojab F., Ghaderi N. , Kamali-nejad M. 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshty 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O. Box. 14155-6153, Iran. 

Acknowledge of the chemical constituents of plants is desirable, not only for the discovery of therapeutic 

agents, but because such information may be of value in disclosing new sources of such economic materials 

as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, etc. Plants screened in this investigation (34 species) were 

collected from Piranshahr Area, Province Kurdistan, West of Iran (1994), then dried and powdered. Voucher 

specimens are deposited in the herbarium of Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshty University of Medical Sciences. The more interesting species were: 

Alkaloid 

Tanni Saponin Flavonoid 

Equisetum arvens 1+ 2+ 1+ 4+ 

Melilotus officinalis - 4+ 4+ 3+ 

Polygonum aviculare 1+ 3+ 1+ 4+ 

Polygonum Persicaria 1+ 3+ 1+ 4+ 

Rumex crispus - 2+ 1+ 4+

EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF STIGMASTEROL AND SITOSTEROL FROM 

SEEDS OF GLYCINE MAX 

1 1 1 2 

Ghoddoosi F . ,Hadjiakhoondi A. , Faramarzi M.A and Shamsa F. 

1 2 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6451, Iran. Fax no. 6461178, fghoddoosi@yahoo.com 

Sterols are among the most studied groups of natural products with valuable applications in medical and 

l 

pharmaceutical fields. These compounds are present in all the major types of eukaryotes and can be 

2 

converted to the steroidal drug precursors with chemical or microbial methods . Stigmasterol and sitosterol 

3 

are of the common kinds of plant sterols which both are present as large amount in Glycine max . The Soya 

4 

plant is indigenous to East Asia and its wild form is found in China, Japan, and etc. 

Because of high nutritional value and easy cultivation, it is cultured in different regions of the world. 

0 

In this study soybean powder was extracted using soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether (b.p 40-60 ). After 

removal the solvent the residue was refluxed 12h by ethanol containing sulphuric acid 1% to hydrolyze the 

glycosides, then saponified by potassium hydroxide in ethanol. Unsaponifiable lipids were exhaustively 

extracted with ether. The unsaponifiable material was chromatographed with preparative thin layer 

chromatography on silica gel developed by chloroform followed by rechromatography with n-hexane-ethyl 

acetate (7:3). 4 -Demethylsterols were separated and have been acetylated. These forms of sterols were 

subjected to TLC on 10% w/w AgNO/ 3 silica gel developed with chloroform (ethanol-free). Two fractions 

were, thus, isolated. Each compound have been characterized using spectroscopic methods including 

1 

HNMR, MS, IR and determined its melting point and identified as stigmasterol acetate and sitosterol acetate. 

References: 

1- Goad L.J. and Akihisa T. (1997). Analysis of Sterols. 1st ed., Blackie A& P.,pp.Xiii- Xiv. 

2- Fullerton Ds. (1998). Steroids and therapeutically related compounds. In: Delgado IN, Remers W A. (Eds.), wilsson and 

Gisvold,s Text book of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry. 10th ed., J.B. Lippinc On co., Philadelphia. pp. 727- 

801. 

3- Thornton M.H., and et al (1940) Sterol glucosides from expressed soybean oil. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62, 200-8. 

4 -Fleming T. and et al (1998). PDR for herbal medicines. 1st ed., Medical econom ICS company, New jersey. pp. 874-5.

ISOLATION AND SPECTROSCOPICALLY IDENTIFICATION OF 3-ßSITOSTERON FROM 

PYGEUM AFRICANUM EXTRACT 

Susan Ghassabian, Siamack Afazeli 

The R&D Department of Iran Daru Company 

Pygeum africanum, also known as Prunus africana is native to tropical Africa and Asia, its extract have been 

used for treatment of mild to moderate benign micturitional disorders due to benign prostatic hypertrophy and 

the extract of bark is normally used in therapy under several trade names.Bladder dysfunction secondary to 

benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH) is a major affliction associated with ageing. As the disease slowly 

progresses the bladder changes, in which there are sever, irreversible alterations. 

Preferably, the active ingredient is obtained from the bark of the plant, but also the wood ,the flowers, the 

fruits and other parts of the plant can be used to obtain the desired product. 

Constituents of extract are fatty acids, alcohols, phytosterols, oleanolic acid, nonacosane and bentriacontane. 

The most important of them are ß-sitosterol, 

Campesterol, Stigmasterol and Sitosterone. 

In this study 3ß-sitosterone was isolated by saponification and then extraction with diethyl ether, sterolic 

extract which obtained was analyzed by preparative chromatography method. 

V.V., I.R., and Mass Spectroscopic methods were used for identification of 3ß-sitosterone. References: 

1.Longo.R. and Tira S., Constituents of" Pygeum africanum Bark", Planta-Medica, 1981, 42:pp 195-203. 

2.Debat.J., "Prunus africana Extract", United States Patent 3856946, 1974. 

3. The Merck Index, lih Ed., Merck & Co. INC., USA, 1996,8135.

RESEARCH ON EPHEDRA SPECIES THAT ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE EPHEDRINE AND 

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE IN KHORASAN 

Kashki M.T. 

Natural Resources & Livestock Research Center of khorasan Mashhad -Iran, P.O.Box 91735-1148 

Ephedra genus belongs to ephedraceae family which is located between gemnusperm and angiusperm in 

wiev of evolution. Main botanical characteristics of this plant are: 1. permanent green stems occasionally 

woody 2. skuma and falsy leaves 3. small flowers with succulent and reddish bracteates. Ephedrine and 

pseudoephedrine are the two most important alkaloids in ephedra which have several medicinal properties in 

traditional and modern medicine. This research followed these subjects: 1. Identifying ephedra species and 

their provenances in khorasan province 2. surveying on echological characteristics of its species 3. 

comparing amount of alkaloids. To these purposes, distributing areas of ephedra species were recognized 

initially through searching in references and field operations initially. then, branches of known ephedra 

species were gathered in flowering stage. contemporarily, some ecological conditions of provenances 

including wheater conditions (rainfall, temperature and climate ), soil texture, topography (altitude, slope and 

aspects) and plant cover (dominant and companian species) were measured and registered. Continuously, 

species were identified by means of toxinomical key. finally, air dried branches, were drilled and prepared for 

purifying, extracting and estimating of percentage of alkaloids. Results indicated that some ephedra species, 

e.g. E.major, E.foliata, E.intennedia and E. stobilaceae in wiev of distribution and adaptation to ecological 

conditions of khorasan are important. In addition to varying of provenances, possibility of multiexploetation 

from various species of ephedra such as: medicinal, forage and conservating have provided. Also, chemical 

analysis showed that E.major with 0.9 percent alkaloids is the best species. hence, it is necessary to invest on 

its cropping, mass production and extraction. 

Reference: 

1. Riedl H., Flora Iranica, No.3., 1963

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM- 

GRAECUM 

l 2 1 l 

M. Karimian , A. Ahmadian , M. Kamalinedjad and A. Rustaiyan 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Department of Pharmacology, 

Shaheed Beheshti University of Med. Sciences. 

1 2 

Trigonella foenum -graecum (leguminosae) has been used as an anthelmintic against most common 

nematodes and in Indian folk medicine as an antipyretic, diuretic and suppurative, and for treatment of 

dropsy, heart disease, chronic cough and spleen and liver enlargement. Aqueous extracts of T. foenum - 

graecum seeds, obtained from a commercial source in Pakistan, showed antibacterial activity. It was 

suggested that the antibacterial activity may be due to flavonoids (1). Also from the seeds of the plant a few 

new furostanol saponins have isolated and their structures have been elucidated (2-4). We investigated the 

essential oil of the plant for the first time. The analysis of the oil was carried on by GC and GC/MS. 

Identification of compounds were made by comparison of their mass spectra and relative retention indices 

with those authentic samples (5). 5 -Cadinene was the major component detected in the oil. The other 

components with approciable amounts were α-muurolene, liguloxide, ϒ eudesmol, cubenol,α− cubenol, 

α− 

muurolol, α-bisabolene and epi−α−bisabolene. Most of the identified compounds were sesquiterpenes. 

References: 

I. MA. Bhatti, MTY. Khan, B. Ahmed and M. Jamshid, Fitoterapia, 67(4), 372-374 (1996). 

2. A. Sood, Indian-Journal of Pharmacy, 37, 100-101, (1945). 

3. B. K. Rajesh, J.C. Dharam and T.S. Raghunath, Phytochemistry, 24, 2399 -2401 (1985). 

4. G. K. Rajesh, J.C. Dharam and T.S. Raghunath, Phytochemistry, 25, 2205-2207 (1986). 

5. R. P. Adams, Identification of essential oil components by Gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy. Allured publ. Corp., 

Carol Stream, II USA (1995).

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PLANT BUXUS HYRCANA 

H. Komeilizadeh, S.A. Ayatollahi and S. Saremi 

School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

. 

Dried aerial parts of the plant Buxus hyrcana collected in the vicinity of Nowshahr in the north of Iran were 

subjected to solvent extraction followed by column and thin-layer chromatography. 

The extract contained two steroidal alkaloids. Spectroscopic methods [IR, NMR and MS) showed that the 

two alkaloids were buxtauine and buxpiine. (1-3) 

References: 

1- Rechinger, K. K Buxtaceae. Flora Iranica. Wien. 4(1965- 67) 

2- Voticky, Z. and Tomko, J. Alkaloids from Buxus semper virens. Configuration of Buxtauine and Buxpiine. Tetrahedron 

Letters. 40,3579- 85 (1965) 

3- Nakano, T. and Hasegawa, W. Buxus alkaloids. The Constitutions of Cyclomicrobuxine and Cyclomicrobuxinine J. of 

Chem.Soc. 6686 (1965).

EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF LECITHINE PRESENT IN SOYBEANS 

Fatemeh Larijani 

Toiled Daro R&D Center, Azure, Save rd, Tehran 

Lecithine (Phosphatidyl choline) having the structural formula( I) is being used in food products (eg: 

Margarin, Chocolate), cosmetics (as emulsifier, stabilizer, wetting, softener in skin creams and Lotions, 

Shampoos and hair treatments.) 

Lecithine is also used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical preparations. 

Lecithine is mainly used in phtarmaceutical products as dispersing, emulsifying and stabilizing agents and 

are included in intramuscular and intravenous injections, parenteral nutrition formulations and topical 

products, such as creams and ointments. 

Ethanol 96% Q.S.A was added to a suitable amount of Soybean Oil and was stirred for 1hr with a mechanical 

stirrer. Hence, the present Lecithine along with other phosphatides were extracted. In the second syep the 

Lecithine was separated from other phosphatides by converting them to cadmium salts.To do this, to the 

alcohlic solution of Lecithine, a solution 

of Ethanolic cadmium choloride was added. The deposits were 

filtered,dissolved in enough chloroform and the organic layer was washed with water. To the aqueous extract, 

AgNO 3was 

added to produce a precipitate. Washing of the chloroform layer was repeated until there was no 

precipitate observed due to addition of silver nitrate. The chloroform was evaporated under vacuum and the 

product was estimated by TLC (Mobile phase: CHCL 3 : MeOH : NHOH, 4 Silica-Gel plate, developed by 

HSO 2 4spray. 

References: 

1) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 135, 624-638 

2) Methods in Enzymology Vol. 14, p.179. 

3)Hand book of Pharmaceutical Excipients P-267

COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THYMUS CARMANICUS 

(LABIATAE)ENDEMIC OF IRAN 

Mojab F. , RustaiyanA.,Kamali-nejad M.,Mir-zadeh S.A. 

Department of pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6153,Iran. 

The aerial parts of Thymus carmanicus Jalas(Kermanian Thyme)(endemic of Iran)was collected in June 1997 

from Karkas-Kuh(Natanz City ,Province Isfahan). 

The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a clevenger-type apparatus for 3h (2%).Literature 

survey has shown the plant,was not previously investigated for essential oil. 

This oil have been examined by GC and GC/MS. Monoterpenes predominated over sesquiterpenes. Thymol 

and carvacrol were the major components of the oil,20.8 and 52.8%,respectively.Other components were ãterpinene 

(5.4%),p -cymene (4.0%),borneol (1.5%),etc.Due to this phenol contents,can be considered as 

substitutes for Thymus vulgaris for medicinal purpose, which demands a phenol contents between 30 and 

60%.

SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TAGETES ERECTA L. PIGMENTS 

Yassa, N., Mohammadzadeh. F. 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 

The carotenoids form one of the most important groups of natural pigments and are to be found in all families 

of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Various carotenoid extracts are now being used in the food industry to 

color foods and animal feeds. 

The natural pigments are more acceptable to consumers as they always been present in natural foods and are 

readily metabolized. In addition the metabolites are good for human health. The hydrocarbon carotenoids 

have provitamine A activity [1] and the oxigenated carotenoids or xanthophylls are possibly linked to lower 

risk of cancer [2]. 

The availability of synthetic carotenoids has decreased the use of natural carotenoids as food colorants, 

although they are still being used as specific colorants. 

T .erecta is not a native plant in our country but it is cultured in some gardens and parks as decorative plant [3], 

Mary gold flower are the most common source of xanthophylls and lutein occurs acylated with palmitic, 

stearic and myristic acids. 

This paper describes extraction, isolation and identification of xanthphylls (lutein, zeaxanthin and their 

esters), two derivatives of quercetagetin (4σ-methoxy quercetagetin [4] and 4σ -methoxy 3 σ 

-dehydroxy 

quercetagetin [5] ), stigmasterol and B-sitosterol from different fractions of petal extract. It is the first time 

these two flavonoids are reported from this plant. 

These compounds were isolated by different chromatographic methods (C.C, TLC and PC) and were 

identified by spectroscopic methods such as MS, UV and NMR. 

References: 

I-Fisher,C., Kocics,J.A. (1987) 35: 55-57. 

2-Beecher, G.R., Khachic, F. (1984) JNCI, Natl. Cancer Inst. 73: 1397. 

3- Zargari, A. (1989) Medicinal Plants Vol III, page 69, Tehran University Publication. 

4- Yang,S.,Roberts,M.,O'Neill,M.,Bucar,F .and Philipson,D.,( 1995), Phytochem.,38:255-57. 5-Sarin,J.,Singh, S., Garg, H., 

Phytochem., (1976) 15: 232-34

PHARMACOGENOSTIC STUDY ON " SALIX AEGYPTIACA" 

1 2 

2 

Bahark Mahmoudi -Gholamreza Amin -Mohammad Hossein Salehi Sourmaghi 

Faculty of Pharmacy , Islamic Azad University (P .O. Box 19395-7333, Tehran) Faculty of Pharmacy , 

Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

1 2 

Salix aegyptiaca or sallow (Fam .: Salicaceae) is a plant with numerous uses in traditional medicine. The 

extracted distillate of sallow has several medicinal properties as follows: 

* Appetite stimulant 

* Hypoglycemic 

* Aphrodisiac 

* Menstural bleeding modifier 

* Cardiotonic 

* Headache calmative 

* Digestive tonic and carminative 

* Mild laxative 

Therapeutic effects of this plant is related to its male chatones . 

This study was fulfilled because of widespread growing of sallow in Iran and necessity of the 

accomplishment of a pharmacogenostic study concerning the quantitative / qualitative analysis of its 

essential oil. 

At first the study of microscopic and macroscopic properties of the male chatones and determination of total 

and acid soluble ash was performed. 

Thereafter, thin layer chromatography of the extracted oil by steam distillation method was conducted and 

also the oil was analysed by GC/MS .The oil has been found to contain 13 components including 

Dimethoxybenzene, Eugenol, Fenchone, Lilac alcohol and Linalool .The major component was 

Dimethoxybezene (60%) at first and then Eugenol (20%) . 

References: 

1- Duke A. , The green pharmacy, 1st ed. , Rodale , U.S.A, 1997. 

2- Harborn J.B. , Phytochemical methods, 3rd ed. , Chapman & Hall , U.K. , 1998. 

3- Ikan R. , Natural products, 2nd ed. , Academic press, U.S.A, 1989. 

4- Ikan R. , Natural products, A laboratory guide, 2nd ed. , Academic press, U.S.A, 1991. 

5- Momeni T. & Shahrokhi N. , Essential oils & their therpeutic action, 2nd ed. , Tehran university, Iran, 1998

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF FIVE SALVIA SPECIES GROWN 

WILD IN IRAN 

l 2 

Masoudi S. and Rustaiyan A 

1 2 

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch School of Pharmacy, 

Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and P. O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran. 

The genus Salvia (Labiatae) comprises about 700 herbs and shrubs, growing in the temperate and warmer 

zones of the world. The composition of the oils from leaves and flowers of five Salvia species, S. hydrangea 

DC. ex Benth., S. multicaulis Vahl., S. sahendica Boiss. & Buhse., S. aethiopis L., and S. hypoleuca Benth. of 

Iranian origin has been analysed by means of GC/MS in combination with retention indices. The leaves and 

flowers of the five Salvia species were collected at the following places; S. hydrangea, in North of Ghazvin S. 

multicaulis, Shahmirzad, Province of Semnan, S. sahendica, in South of Tabriz, S. aethiopis, in Lochan, 

Province of Guillan and S. hypoleuca, 40 Km. North of Tehran, Abe-Ali, August 1996. Plant material was 

hydrodistilled in an clevenger -type apparatus for 3h. The essential oils of the plants has been analyzed by a 

combination of GC and GC/MS. 

Eighteen constituents representing 83% of the total components in the oil of S. hydrangea 

were characterized by spathulenol (23.1 %) as the main compound. S. multicaulis oil contained á-pinene 

(26.0%) among the 16 constituents characterized comprising 94.6% of the total components detected. - 

Pinene (34.8%) and - pinene (29.4%) were the main constituents among the 24 Characterized comprising 

95.8% of the total components detected in the oil of S. sahendica. Twenty-two constituents, representing 92% 

of the total components in the oil of S. aethiopis, were characterized by -caryophyllene (24.6%) and -copaene 

(15.5%) as the main compounds. S. hypoleuca oil contained -caryophyllene (22.0%), -elemene (15.1%) and 

bicyclogermacrene (15.0%) among the 29 constituents characterized, comprising 85.5% of the total 

components detected. There are only two reports on the isolation and structure of several rare C -terpenoids, 

(1,2) 

namely sesterterpenes with previously unknown carbon skeletons from the aerial parts of the plant . As can 

be seen the above information, three oils (S. hydrangea, S. aethiopis and S. Hypoleuca) consisted mainly of 

sesquiterpenes, while in S. multicaulis and S. sahendica oils monoterpenes prodominated over 

sesquiterpenes. 

References: 

1- A. Rustaiyan, A. Niknejad, L. Nazarians, J.jakupovic and F. Bohlmann, Phytochemistry, 21,1812 (1982). 

2- A. Rustaiyan and S. Koussari, Phytochemistry, 27,1767(1988). 

25

COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF TANNIN EXTRACTION FROM FRUITS OF VARIOUS 

OAK-TREES SPECIES IN IRAN 

M. R. Masoudi Nejad, K. Imandel, N. Yasa 

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran; Science and Research Unit Islamic Azad 

University, Tehran, P. O. Box 14515-775; School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 

Tehran 

Introducing the most suitable method to obtain useful materials and re-application and multiuse of materials 

and natural resources is one of the most efficient methods of environment preservation. In present days, due to 

various reasons, including population growth, changes in climate, irregular gaze of cattle, using wood trees as 

fuel along with many other factors have led to destruction of oak-tree woods in Iran. According to the 

statistics, around 130,000 acres out of the 12.3 million acres of Iranian woods are destroyed each year. Tannin, 

one of the most important substances in oak tree has various application in pharmaceutical, ink, leather, oil 

well drilling, wood coating, wood glue... ..industries. In order to achieve to most suitable method of tannin 

extraction from fruit of oak- tree, out of 36 species and sub-species- as identified by the late 

Prof.Javanshir, 10 species and sub-species which cover a more 

extended area of Iranian woods in North Alborz, Arsabaran Region and the west region of Zagros Mountains, 

was selected in term of their dispersion and 5 samples of each were taken from different regions of the 

country. The tannin of the samples was extracted and measured through the four methods of maceration, 

deception, percolation and soxhle + extractor. 

The results of the study reveals that Quercus Brantii(Persica) with 8.7 percent figure has the most amount of 

tannin, while Quercus Macrantera, with 1.5 percent has the least amount of tannin. Also, it was shown that the 

form and structure of the sample from oak fruit does not influence the amount of extracted tannin and among 

the four methods of extraction, the maceration is the most efficient method in extracting tannin form oak fruit. 

Key words: Tannin- Oak -tree community- Extraction Procedures.

COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ACHILLEA NOBILIS L. SUBSP. NEILREICHII 

(KERNER) FORMANEK 

1 2 3 4 

J.Mostafoloo, Z.Habibi, S.Masoudi, A.Rustaiyan 

1 2 

Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. Department of Chemistry 

3 

Shahid Beheshti University. Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. 

4 

School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 

The genus Achillea comprises some 200 species of which, 19 are found in Iran. The essential 

oil from the aerial parts of Achillea nobilis was obtained by hydrodistillation. The essential oil of A.nobilis 

has been analysed by GC and GC/MS. 33 compounds were identified, accounting for 92.87% of the oil. The 

major components were 1,8-cineole (10.10%), citronellal (12.11 %) and l-epi cubenol (10.11 %).

COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF MENTHA MOZAFFARINI JAMZAD FROM IRAN 

1 1 2 

Moein M.R, Rustaiyan A., Moein S. 

1 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti 

2 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hormozgan 

University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 

Several medicinal plants, including Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), posses 

1-3 

antispasmodic and/or spasmolytic properties that justify their traditional use for digestive problems . The 

chemical components responsible for this biological activity are the essential oils, some of which have been 

4-5 

used to relieve gastrointestinal spasm . Studies performed in vitro on antispasmodic action of essential oils 

extracts from the above mentioned plants show that they are capable of blocking the contraction induced by 

various spasmogens, acting by means of a pharmacological mechanism, which points to an unspecific 

6 

antagonism . The genus Mentha (Lamiaceae) comprises six species in Iran. M mozaffariani is the only 

7 

Iranian species indigenous of this genus . The aerial parts of the plant were collected before flowering from 

Damtang, Province of Hormozgan and subjected to clevenger-type hydrodistillation apparatus for 4h to give 

an oil in 0.4% yield. The essential oil was analyzed by GC/Mass. The oil was found to contain a large amount 

of piperitone oxide (46.%), with moderate amounts of piperitenone (19.8%), linalool (10%) and thymol (3%). 

References: 

I) Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Planta Med. (1980) 40,309 

2) Taddei I, Giachetti D, Taddei E, Montovani p. Fitoterapia (1980) 59, 463 

3) Izzo A.A. et al. Phytother. Res. (1986) 19, 107 

4) Rees W.D. W. et al. Med. J. (1979) 2, 835 

5) Leicester R.J. et al. Lancet (1982) 2,989 

6) Puerta R.De la. et al. Phytother. Res.(1995) 9,150 

7) Mozaffarian V. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. 151 edn. Farhang MO'aser. Tehran, (1996), 344

EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND 

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TOTAL SAPONIN DERIVED FROM ACANYHOPHYLLUM 

SQUARROSUM 

Sajadi S.A., Ramazani M. and Moghimipour E. 

School of Pharmacy, Medical sciences university, Mashad, Iran 

Saponins are a group of amorphous colloidal glycosides, which have plant origin and are readily soluble in 

water and produce stable foam when the aqueous solution is agitated. They are excellent emulsifying agents 

and their aqueous solutions were used as detergents. Among saponin containing plants, Acanthophyllum 

genus is widely distributed in Iran and A.Squarrosum grows in Khorasan and its native name is choobak. 

The aim of our study was to extract the total saponin of the plant and investigate its physico-chemical and 

biological properties. Roots of Acanthophyllum squarrosum were collected, powdered and defatted in a 

suxhelete apparatus and then extracted in several stages. Finally the total saponin was fractionated in a 

silicagel column using flash chromatography 'method. Among physico-chemical properties, critical micelle 

concentration (cmc) of total saponin was determined by ring detachment method using a Du Nouy 

tensiometer. From biological viewpoint, the effect of derived saponin on the permeability of intestinal brush- 

border membrane vesicles (BBMV) was investigated. 

The results showed that the extracted saponin was able to decrease surface tension of the aqueous solution. 

For example, a 2 mg/mL concentration of the total saponin had a surface tension of 45 mN/cm. The saponin 

was showed to increase the permeability of intestinal brush- border membrane vesicles (BBMV) against a 

water soluble model drug and so it can be considered as a potential absorption enhancer to improve mucosal 

absorption of poorly absorbed drugs. 

References: 

1 .Pillion D.J. et al " Structure -function relationship among Quillaja saponin serving as excipients for nasal and ocular 

delivery of insulin" J.Pharm.Sci., 85(5):518-524 (1996) 

2. lseki K. " Comparison of transport characteristics of amino beta-lactam anttibiotics and dipeptides across rat intestinal 

brush border membrane" J.Pharm.Pharmacol., 41:628-632 (1998) 

3. Lacaille M. "Squarroside A, a biologically active triterpene saponin from Acanthophyllum squarrosum" Phytochemistry, 

34(2):489-495 (1993)

ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND STUDY OF PEROXIDASE ISOENZYME FROM 

BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA L. 

Hamid Reza Monsef -Mojtaba Tabatabaie Yazdi 

Tehran University of Medical science Faculty of pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy Teharan 

University of Medical sciences, Faculty ,of pharmacy, Department of Biotechnology. 

Peroxidase is an economic important enzyme in industry. It is used as an chemical biocatalyst, in the 

biochemical reagents and in the environmental treatment technology. In this investigation, peroxdase 

isoenzyme from a cruciferous plant name Brassica oleracea capitata L. (cabbge) was studied. 

Fresh plant parts freezed and then extracted. 

The extract then was centrifuged and the supernatant fractionated by cold acetone. Precipitation of two 

volume acetone was first dialyzed and then purified on a SPSepharose column. 

The first fraction was not adsorbed to the column under the chromatographic conditions and had the highest 

activity. 

This fraction was performed on DEAE- Sepharose column after dialyzing. after was only one sharp protein 

peak in chromatogram with peroxidase activity but many protein bands in SDS- PAGE analysis. To make it 

more purify, this fraction was loaded on Con A-Sepharose and a single protein band in SDS-P AGE 

electrophoresis with molecular weight about 45000 Dalton, so t his elution fraction was named BOC. 

Physicochemical properties of BOC was studied. 

O 

Optimum temperature of the enzyme was 50 c pH optimum at the study condition was 4. 

o 

Thermal stability of BOC at 40 c; was more then %90 after 30 minutes. 

pH stability of BOC at pH ranging from 4.5 to 6 after 4 hours was more than %90. Km value for Boc according 

to lineweaver -Bark plot was 0.56 mM.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF TWO FERULA SPECIES, F. 

FLABELLILOBA RECH. F. ET AELL. AND F.OVlNA (BOISS.) BOISS. FROM IRAN. 

1, 2 

Monfared A. Rustaiyan A. 

1 2 

Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Eveen, Tehran. Department of 

Pharmacognosy,Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshty of Medical Sciences, Tehran. 

The genus Ferula (Umbelliferae) comprises about 60 species growing mainly in the mountain regions and 

1,2 

sometimes in the desert regions. Some of them are used in the folk medicine. The aerial parts of two Ferula 

species were collected at the following plases: Ferulaflabelliloba Rech. f. et Aell. the native plant of Iran, 

province of Khorassan, Mashad to Neishabour, Shah Taghi, July 1996, and F. ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. North of 

Tehran, Abe-Ali, July 1998. 

Plant materials was hydro distilled in a clevenger -type apparatus for 3h. The essential oils were dried over an 

hydrous sodium sulfate and stored at 2° c in the dark. Oil yields were 0.87% and 0.62%, respectively. The oils 

have been analyzed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Identification of the compounds was carried out by 

comparison of their mass spectra with those of authentic samples together with the relative retention 

3,4 

indices. 

Twenty one constituents, representing 86.4% of the total components in the oil of F. flabelliloba were 

characterized by large amounts of sesquiterpenes (57.5%) with α−cadinene (13.0%) and α−cadinol 

(12.0%) 

as the main compounds and F. ovina contained mainly monoterpenes withα-pinene (50.0%) among the 19 

constituents characterized, comprising 89.0% of the components detected. 

References: 

1- A. A. Ahmed, Phythochemisy, 30(4), 1207 (1991). 

2- M. Miski, Phytochemistry. 24 (8),1735(1985). 

3- R.P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy, Allured, Carol 

Stream, IL (1995). 

4- N, W. Davies, Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices of Monoterpenes And Sesquiterpenes On Methyl Silicone And 

Carbowax 20M Phases. J. Chromatog.503, 1-24(1990).

STUDY ON THE IRANIAN ROSE OIL 

Mirbaha- Firoozeh 

P. O. Box 31585-163-ISIRI-Karaj-Iran 

Altough pharmaceutical plants have specific importance and are considered as a valuable source in the 

historical science, islamis civilization and medicinal science, but unfortunately they are not used in proper 

scientific characteristic. 

Rosa damascena P-mill is cultivated in different regions of Iran and some of producers extract its Essential oil 

which use widely in perfume, cosmetic and food industries. But in our country the same plant is mostly used 

for Rose water. 

In This article the classification of the world essential oils is studied in regard to their application and price in 

the world market. 

Considering Situation of Rose oil in the world trads,its specifications and quality have been determined by 

some the best producer countries and also prepared by international standard. Then rose oil (kashan region) 

that is produced in production units and also rose oil which is prepared in varied proportions (first oil- second 

oil) are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by GC- MS. 

By means of GC -MS all the constituents of the rese oil are defined. This survey shows us the quality of 

Iranian rose oil and it could be design to improve its characteristics. 

References: 

1- Poucher's ,WA In : Perfumes ,cosmetics & soaps. Chapman & hall, vol: 2. 1994. 

2- Guenther, E. In : the essential oils. D .Van Nostrand co, Vol 5. 1989. 

3-Atal. C.K. & Ka[ir , B.M. In : Cultivation and utilization of aromatic plants. India.Riginal research bab .1982. 

4- K. Tuley de Silva. A manoal on the Essential oil Industry united nation .industrial development organization Vienna. 1995. 

5- Rapport Annuel De L' onipam.France. 1994. 

6- ISO. 9842 (1999) Rose oil 

7- NF.T.35. 345 (1986) , Huile essentielle de rose 

8- T.S. 1040 (1971) Rose oil 

9- Bayrak , A & Akguel, A Volatile oil composition of tukish rose (Rosa damascena ). Journal of the Science of food and 

agriculture ,Vol. 64(4), 1994.

COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL FROM SEED OF FERULA GUMOSA BOISS. 

Mirza M; 

Ahmadi L. and Dini M. 

Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands,P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran 

Among 31 Ferula species in Iran, Ferula gumosa is growing in many habits(1-2).Gum of this plant have been 

the subject of several studies(3-10), but there is no previous study on the essential oil of seed. Seed of 

aforementioned plant was gathered from Tehran province(Lar dam) on July 1998. The essential oil was 

isolated from crushed seed by Clevenger apparatus for 4 hours. A colorless essential oil was obtained in 7.5% 

w/w yield and The oil analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty components were identified representing 98% of the oil 

with ß-Pinene( 79%), α 

-Pinene(5.2%)and 3--Carene(4%) δ 

as major components.Sesquiterpene compounds 

in the essential oil include: Germacrene-D(0.5%), Aromadenderene(Allo- )(0.8%), δ-Cadinene 

(0.3%) and 

Guaiol(0.7%). 

References: 

1- Mozaffarian- V. A dictionary of Iranian plant names, Moaser Pub. (1996), 228. 

2- Mozaffarian- V. The family of Umbelliferae in Iran(keys and distribution).RIFR Pub.No. 35-1983. Tehran,Iran.Pp 110- 

117 

3- Barnaulov-OD; Ker-Yalov-NP; bukreeva- TV. Pharmacological properties of certain coumarine from Ferula 

spp.Rastitelnye-Resursy.1976, 12:2,259-262. 

4-Benson-GG; Hemingway-SR; Leach-FN.Composition of the wrapping of an ancient Egyptian mummy.Journal of 

pharmacy and pharmacology. I 978,30:supplement,78;B. 

5- Boelens-MH.Chemical sensory evaluation of trace compounds in naturals.Perfumer and Flavorist.1996,21:1,25-31. 

6- Graf,-E;Alexa,-M. Five new umbelliferone ethers from galbanum resin.Planta medica.1985.No.5,428-431. 

7- Jessenne-M-G; Bezanger-Beauquesne-L;Pinkas-M;Trotin-F. On the gums of two gumresins,bdellium and galbanum. 

Plantes-Medicinales-et -Phytotherapie.1974,8:4,241-249. 

8- Mihara-S; Masuda-H;Nishimura-O;Tateba-H.Setermination of the enantiomeric composition of 2-methoxy-3(1 

sumethylpropyl) pyrazine from Galbanum oil using achiral and chiral lanthanide shift reagents. Journal of Agricultural and 

Food Chemistry;38(2)465-467. 

9- Schutle-elte-KH;Willhalm-B;Gautschi-F.Aroma composition. Swiss patent.Patent No. 603071(603071). 

10- Vaziri,A. Antimicrobial action of Galbanum.Planta medica,1975,V28,(Dec), 370-373.

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE 

ESSENTIAL OIL OF IRANIAN NIGELLA SATIVA L. SEEDS 

K. Nadji, 

M. Salehi Surmaghi, GH. Amin, A. Hadjiakhoondi and A. Sheikhy Karizaki 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a plant of family Ranunculaceae. From encient times the uses of the plant 

was frequence between different nations. People scatter the black seeds on bread to aromatise it (1). The 

essential oil of Nigella sativa seeds decreases the blood sugar (2) and it has bactericidal (3) and antirheumatic 

effects (4). 

The seeds of Nigella sativa prepared from Iranian pharmaceutical market, were extracted by petroleum ether 

40-60, using a suxhlet apparatus. The essential oil was then separated from extract by steam distillation. 

Analysis and identification of the oil was performed by GC-MS. 11 constituents which possess over than 80% 

of the oil were identified. Most of the constituents were monoterapenes. p-Cymene 30.77%, thymoquinone 

29.52% and sabinene 12% were identified as the main components of the oil of Nigella sativa L. 

In the Morphological study of the seeds, Macroscopical characteristics composed of flavour, odor, taste, 

solubility and color of the seeds in water were observed. Also microscopical characteristics of the 

sclerenchyma cells of the skin of the seed and the parenchyma cells were seen. 

References: 

1.A Zargari, Medicinal plants, Vol. 1, Fourth edition, Tehran University Publications, 1986. 

2. A Al-Hader, M. Aqel, and Z Hasan; Int. J. Pharmacogn, 31(2); 96-100 (1993). 

3. P.S. Rathee, S.H. Mishra & R. Kaushal, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical science, 44 (Jan-Feb) 8-10 (1982). 

4. PJ. Houghton, R. Zarka, B. De-Las-Heras, J.R. Hoult, Planta-Medica, 61(1), 33-36 (1995).

VOLATILE METABOLITES FROM THE SOFT CORAL " SINULARIA ERECTA " 

1 2 3 

Tahere Naji , Abdolhossein Rustaiyan & Shahrbanoo Oryan . 

1 2 

Department of Marine Biology, Science & Research Campus, Islamic Azad University , School of 

3 

Pharmacy Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Science, Depratment of Physiology, University of 

Teacher Education 

The Volatile metabolites from ether extract of the soft coral ., Sinularia erecta " were analyzed by capillary GC 

and GC/MS .Thirty compound were observed of which 19r were identified. The main compounds were ä - 

Elemene (37.8 %), á. -copaen -8 -ol- dihydrocis ( 10.7%) , Calarene ( 8.94 % ) . 

The majority of the identified constituents were found to be sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The identification 

of compounds was based on comparison of their retention data and mass spectra with there of authentic 

samples. 

References: 

I -Chemical abstructs ( 1977 -1996) Published by American Society. 

2 -Graham, H ,T: ( 1991 ). Eight Peak Index of mass specrta. Published by the mass spectrometry data center. The Royal 

Society of Chemistry , fourth Edition.

COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF FERULA ASSA-FEOTIDA OLEOGUMRESIN 

1 2 

2 3 

M.AzadBakht , F.Namjovan , M.E Azemi , M.RPangeshahin 

l 2 

School of Pharmacy Mazandaran University of Med. Science.School of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshti 

3 

University of Med. Science Siraz University of Med. Science. 

Ferula assa-feotida (Umbeliferae) that is named "Anghoseh" has been used in Iranian traditional medicine so 

far. 

It has shown anti epileptic,anti helmentic,anti nervous disorder effect. In China it has been used to eradicate 

malaria &dysentery .Ferula assa-feotida oleogumresin is a brownish latex comes from it's root crushings. 

Whereas ,it has obvious in vitro anti leishmanial effect, we studied the composition of its essential oil-the 

main effective fraction. 

It had been scientifically gained by (F.R.C-N.R.A) of Fars province. 

Ferula assa-feotida oleogumresin were subjected to clevenger-type hydrodistilation apparatus for 3h to give 

an oil in 4% yield. The essential oil was analysed by GC&GC/MS.Identifications were made by comparison 

of their mass spectra and relative retention indices with those authentic samples. 

á-pinen,sabinen,cis-ocimen, ä-3-carene, â-gurjunene, 

cis propyl sec butyl disulfide, trance 

propyl sec butyl disulfide, was the major components. 

References: 

I-Namjoyan.F,Anti leishmanial effect of Ferula assa-feotida oleogumresin and determination of effective fraction in vitro 

,Pharm.D, theses Shiraz school of Pharmacy. 

2-Adams,Robert.P:Identification of essential oils by ion trap mass spectroscopy( 1989). 

3-Esam.Abdel Sattar;Mansour.S. AI- Said:new sulfides from Ferula Rutabencis,Int.Jour.of pharmacognosy.34930,189 

193(1996)

COMPOUND RECOGNITION IN ESSENTIAL OIL OF HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS 

Mehrdokht Najafpour Navaei 

Karaj highway(15km) ,next to peykanshahr Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland 

Hyssopus officinalis, a medicinal plant, has been as a healer in ancient times. InWorks of Avicina and 

Hippocrates, this plant has several times been mentioned, According to the recent scientists also it has 

positive affect on treatment of asthma, bronchitis, herpes simplex(1), and HIV virus (4). The main aim of this 

research is to survey chemical compound existing in essence of leaves of this plant. At the time2/3 of the plant 

has sprouted the leaves were picked up, dried up and then distilled(3). The essence extracted from the above 

procedure has been analyzed by GC/MS(5).The GC/MS used in this experiment had a Varian-3400 

chromatograph with calm of DB-5. 

After injection of the essence to GC/MS, Rt and KI were compared to the standard compounds, then the 

obtained compounds were recognized and their quantity were defined per percent(2). From the 27 

compounds recognized in the plant, the following 

four had a larger part :lso pinocamphon 31.5%, Pinocamphon 12.77%, B-pinen 

11.28% and Pinocarvone 7.3%. 

References: 

2_Guenther,1979.The essential oil ,vol. 3 

3-Kaiser, W .Hang,m.1962.plant medica-No 10,p2414-Kaplan,Kreis&freeman,1990.Antiviral research 14:6,p. 323-3375- 

Ryhage,1973.Quart.Rev.Biophy.6(3).p.311

THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE OF CAMEL'S THORN MANNA 

Amin Gh., Nickavar, B. 

Department of Pharmacognosy, college of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 

Camel's Thorn Manna (Taranjebin) is a natural carbohydrate by Product (Manna). Indeed, this manna is 

consequence of activity of an especial insect on leaves and twigs of Alhagi pseudalhagi (Leguminosae). 

The qualitative analysis by Co- TLC method with authentic sugar samples revealed that it contains 

monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), disaccharide (sucrose) and trisaccharide (melezitose). 

That total sugar content determined by colorimetric method, that it is about 85g per l00g of the manna 

(calculated as glucose).

A NEW PIMARANE DITERPENOID FROM NEPETA MAKUENSIS JAMZAD & 

MOZAFFARIAN 

1 1 2 

Z.Habibi , M. Nikusokhan & A. Rustaiyan 

Dept. of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University School of Pharmacy, Shilhid Beheshti University of 

Medical Sciences. 

1 2 

The genus Nepeta (Labiatae), with almost 280 species is widespread in Europe, Asia and in a part of Africa. In 

Iran, 70 species are present among which 40 are endemic. Some species are used in folk medicine, Nepeta 

makuensis Jamzad & Mozaffarian a plant, endemic of Iran, were collected in July 1999, 30 km South of 

Maku, at an altitude of 1800m in the mountains of the Province Azarbayjan. As a part of our continuing 

studies of isolation and structure elucidation of naturally occurring terpenoids from Labiatae family, we have 

examined the aerial parts of N. makuensis Jamzad % Mozaffarian. The MeOH-EtO-Petrol ether (I: I: I) 

extract was submitted to silicagel column chromatography and PTLC yielding a diterpenoid with pimarane 

skeleton (1). The structure of 1 could be deduced from 1H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. 

The molecular formula CHO was deduced from high resolution ElMS. 

20 32 

(1) 

Acknowledgment: The financial support of the Research council of Shahid Beheshti University is gratefully 

acknowledged. 

2

DECONTAMINATION OF WATER POLLUTED WITH PHENOL USING PLANT MATERIAL 

1 2 2 

2 

F. Naghibi, M. Shamsi, S. Honary, F. Pourmorad 

1. P. O. BOX 14155-6153, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshty University of Med. Sciences. 2. School 

of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 

1 

Plant materials were found useful in the decontamination of water polluted with phenolic compounds . The 

2 

detoxification effect is due to peroxidases contained in the plant tissue. The enzymes mediated oxidative 

3 

coupling of the pollutants, followed by precipitation of the formed polymers from the aqueous phase. A 

synthetic wastewater buffered at pH=7 containing ImM phenol was treated in this research using minced 

horseradish and horseradish juice. The cut horseradish or horseradish juice were added to phenol solution in 

buffer as enzyme source. The reaction was initiated with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. After three hours 

stirring the phenol content of the mixture was determined. More than 90% of phenol was removed in this way. 

References: 

1-L. AI. Kassim, K. E. Taylor, N.Biswas. "Aromatic Removal From Water By Arthromyces Ramosus 

Peroxidase". 

Biochemistry And Physiology (1993). 

2-Jerzy Dec And Jean -Marc Bollag. "Use Of Plant Material For Decontamination Of Water Polluted With 

Phenols". Biotechnology And Bioengineering Vol. 44 PP 1132-1139. 

3-V. A. Cooper And J. A. Nicell. "Removal Of Phenols From A Foundry Wastewater Using Horseradish 

Peroxidase". Wat,Res. Vol.30, No.4 PP 954-964, (1996).

THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF HUMULUS LUPULUS POPULATION Touskastan , 

Gorgan 

Vafadar ,R., Farsam, H., Shafiee, A 

Department of Medicinal chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 

Tehran, Iran 

Humulus lupulus, L., is a perennial herb (Cannabinaceae) with male and female flowers on separate plants, 

male flowers are yellowish white, inconspicuous, female flowers are 3 to 5 lobed, serrate and opposite, with 

yellowish-green, ovoid cone-like fruits. The essential oil is obtained from fresWy dried cones. Native to 

Eurasia, indigenous to Europe, cultivated worldwide. The medicinal parts are female strobile with its 

glandular hair used as sedative and sleep inducing agent. Extracts and oil of this plant are used as favor 

components (1,2). The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of the oil composition of this 

species. The plant samples were collected in the fall. The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation. 

The total amount of the oil was 0.8% (v/w) of the fresh flowers. Identification of the oil composition were 

performed using GC-MS. The main constituents of the oil were: ahumulene ( α-cariophyllene), β- 

cariophyllene ,Myrcene, a-furnesene, a-selinene. 

References: 

I. Leung, A Y, (1996), Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients, John Wiley & Sons, 

INC, New York, pp. 300-302. 

2. Parfitt, K., EF., (1999), Martindale, the Extra Phannacopoeia, 31 Ed, The Phannaceutical 

Press, UK., pp. 1722. 

3. Davies, NW., J. Chromgr. 1990,503: 1-24

THE COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF MENTHA AQUATICA L. POPULATION 

GILAN AND ITS COMPARISON TO THE OIL OF OTHER PLACES 

Yassa. N ,.Barazandeh M.,Hassani M. 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 

Mentha genous (Labiatae) have 20 spicies [1] and are well known medicinal plants were used in Iran and 

other countries. M.aquatica is an endemic plant of north of Iran (Gilan and Mazandaran) ,it has pleasing 

flavour and smell. It was used as flavour in food and some traditional sweets and as carminative in Gilan. 

Title plant was collected during September 1998 from Gilan and essential oil of dried arial part of plant was 

hydrodistilated with Clevenger type apparatus for 4 h. The obtained oil (2%v/w) was dried over anhydrous 

sodium sulfate and was stored at 4 degree C. 

Analysis of essential oil was carried out using GC and GC/MS and its components were identified by 

retention indices and mass spectra. More than 25 components were identified representing 98 % of the oil 

(monoterpenes 75 % and sesquiterpenes 23 %) . 

The major constituents of volatile oil collected from Gilan were menthofuran (38.15 %), Limonene (27.55 

%),B-caryophyllene (8.87 %), globulol (6.98 %) and from Mazandaran [2]were menthofuran (52.6 %), Bcaryophyllen 

(11 %), germacran D (7.5%) , 1,8-cineol (4.2 %) and limonen (1.8 %). 

As a result we found there are some variation in oil constituents of M.aquatica was grew in Gilan , 

Mazandaran and Other places (table 1 )[3,4],and the nice flavour of plant were collected from Gilan is may be 

due to higher amount of limonene . 

table I: differences bitween oil contents of plant from some places 

places Gilan Mazan. Italy I Italy II Japan 

component 

menthofuran 38.15 52.60 55.90 38.40 10.70 

limonene 27.55 1.80 5.30 2.60 3.50 

Globulol 6.98 - - - - 

B-caryophyllen 8.87 11.00 2.70 3.70 6.70 

germacraneD 3.37 7.50 4.60 7.10 7.60 

a-hummulene 1.37 - 0.30 0.50 - 

References: 

I-Zargari,A. ,( 1990), Medicinal Plants , Vol. V, page 4, Tehran University Publication. 

2-Barazandeh, M., (1998), J.pazuhesh and Sazandegi, No.38, .35-37. 

3-Spinelli,G.,Bertoli,A.,Flamini,G.,Cioni,P .,( 1997),J.Essent.Oil Res.,9:455-57 

4-Karasaw, D.,(1995), J.Essent. Oil Res.,7:255-60.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF LEMON VERBENA 

1 2 3 4 

Mojab F. ,Javaidnia K . ,Zarghi A . , Yamohammadi M . 

I 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, 

2 

Tehran ,P.O. Box. 14155-6153. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy ,Shiraz 

3 

University of Medical Sciences ,Shiraz. Department of Medicinal Chemistry ,Faculty of 

4 

Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences. Student of Pharmacy,Shahid Beheshty 

University of Medical Sciences. 

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia citriodora H.B.& K. (syn. Verbena triphylla, Aloysia 

triphylla)(Verbenaceae) , a plant non-native of Iran ,but cultivated and used in Iranian herbal medicine, was 

investigated by means of TLC,GC and GC/MS. The Chemical Abstracts search did not reveal any reports on 

the oil composition of L. citriodora. 

The essential oil was obtained from the leaves of plant by hydrodistillation (0.6%). The plant prepared from 

the market. The identity of the volatile components was determined by comparisons with data from the 

literature, and data base of retention indices. 

The major compounds were limonene (9.0%),1-octen-3-o1 (9.7%) , geraniol (22%), neral (9%). etc.

MILK THISTLE (SILYBUM MARIAMUM) AND LIVER DISEASE THERAPY 

Farhad Mostafavi Shahab. Noujan Taiebi Tafreshi 

Faculty of pharmacy,lslamic Azad University, Tehran 

Millk thistle or silybum marianum is member of aster family( Asreraceae or compositae). Silymarin the 

active exctract derived from this plant, has been used for almost 2000 years as a natural remedy for diseases of 

the liver. Silymarin is mixture of the flavonolignans silydianin, silychristine and silybin, with the latter being 

the most biologically active(l ).A standard silymarin extract contains 70% silymarin(2).It is hypothesized that 

silybin functions as an antioxidant, reacting rapidly oxygen free radical(3).Reported activities include 

inhibition of lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte, microsomal (4,5) and erythrocyte(6)membranes in rats. 

Silybin is also thought to increase hepatocyte protein synthesis by stimulating the activity of ribosomal RNA 

polymerase(7).Silymarin has been shown to have clinical application in the treatment of toxic hepatitis, fatty 

liver, cirrhosis, ischemic injury, radiation toxicity, and viral hepatitis(8).Double blind studies on humans with 

acute viral hepatitis generally suggest that therapy with silymarin decrease complication(9), hastens 

recovery, and shortens hospital stays. Administration of silymarin competitively suppresses the action of 

hepatotoxic substances such as carbon tetrachloride,thioacetamide and amanita toxins(IO), phalloidin and 

alpha amanitin, which lead to necrosis and cirrhosis. In this article ,silymarin's history, pharmacology, 

properties and some new clinical application are reviewed. 

References: 

1-Wagner H,Horhammer L,Munster R. The chemistry of silymarin(silybin),the active principle of the fruits from 

theSilybum marianum(L)Gaertn.Arzneim-Forsch Drug Res 1968;18:688-96. 

2-WillardT .Textbook of advanced herbology.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:Wild Rose College of Natural Healing 

Ltd.,1992. 3-Mira L,Silva M,Manso CF.Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by silibinin dihemisucinate.Biochem 

Pharmacol1994;48:753-9. 

4-Bosisio E,Benelli C,Pirola O.Effect of flavanolignans of Silybum marianum I. on lipid peroxidation in rat livermicrosomes 

and freshly isolated hepatocytes.Pharmacol Res 1992;25:147-54. 

5-Carini R,Comoglio A,Albano E,et al.Lipid peroxidation and irreversible damage in rat hepatocyte model:Protection by the 

silybin-phospholipid complex IdB 1016.Biochem PharmacoI1992;43:2111-5. 

6-valenzuela A,Barria T,Guerra R.et al.lnhibitory effect of the flavonoid silymarin on the erythrocyte hemolysisinduced by 

phenylhydrazin.Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985;126:712-8. 

7- Takahara E,Ohta S,Hirobe M.Stimulatory effect of silibinin on the DNA synthesis in partially hepatectomized rat 

livers:Non-response in hepatoma and other malignant celllines.Biochem PharmacoI1986;35:538-41. 

8-Luper S.A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1.Alter-Med-Rev.1998 Dec;3(6):410-21. 

9-Plomteux G,Albert A,Heusghem C.Hepatoprotector action of silymarin in human accute viral hepatitis.lnt Res Commun 

Syst 1997;25:89-96. 

10-Hruby K, Csomos G, Furhnann M,Thaler H. Chemotherapy of amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous 

silibinin.Hum Toxicol.1983;2:183-95.

NUTRITIONAL AND THERAPICAL PROPERTIES OF PURSLANE 

Akhavan Attar Zahra, Sarafrazi Esphehani Neda 

Tehran -Shahid Beheshti medical university. Nutrition &food science school 

For determine Nutritional and thrapical properties of purslane, with review of acceptable articles and books 

was shown that: 

Purslan is a Grassy, fleshy and one year old plant, that is tilled extensively in Iran. It has many Nutrients in 

different its parts, and also significant variation among growth stages purslane contains five short chain fatty 

acids( c4-c6) with antifungal potency against spor germination was greater than, that against the mycelial 

growth purslane. is richer in B complex vitamins and ascorbic acid with cold property. linolenic acid is the 

largest fatty acid in purslane leaves (1 serving) contain alpha-linolenic acid about 300-400 mg. alpha 

tocopherol 12.2 mg, ascorbic acid 26.6 mg, beta -caraten 1.9 mg and glutathion 14.8 mg. It is concluded that 

purslane is a Nutritious food rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. It is lower the cholesterol and 

triglyceride levels, raise the benefial high-density lipoprotein level and decrease platelet aggregation. 

purslane is duretic , febrifuge and thirsty Quieting and is usable in metroragy, obturation of the spleen, global 

and renal stons and inner flammability . we can use of purslane in salad, soup, grean leaves and candies. 

References : 

2 -Plant-Foods -for Human Nutrition, 1994 ,45 (1), 1-9. 

3 -Korean Journal of plant pathology ( Korea R. ). 1986, 2(2) 82-88 . 

5 -Journal of the American college of Nutrition, 1992 , 11 ( 4 ) , 374 -382 . 

6 -Proceedings of the Florida state Horticultural society, 1987, 1988,100,195 -197 .

EVALUATION OF SILYMARlN AS A VALUABLE DRUG IN THE PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF VIRAL 

HEPATITIS, HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS, LIVER INTOX1CATIONS, AND OTHER RECOGNIZED EFFECTS 

Arbabai S. 

Daroupakhsh Pharmaceutical M.F.G. co .KM 18 Karaj freeway. Daroupakhsh street. Tehran I.R. IRAN 

P. O. Box: 11365-4388 

The therapeutic effects of Silimarin have been demonstrated from passed times in herbal medicine but because of its special characters, 

traditional fonns have been converted to various industrial dosage fonns in global markets today. From recent researches and update know 

ledges this plant has three antihepatotoxic flavonoids ,but die most important one is Silybin or Silybinin. These components have qualified 

and surprising effects on various types of hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, liver intoxications with alcohol, carbon- tetrachloride, poisonous 

mushrooms like Amanita phaloids, and cholestasis, from laboratory test and clinical findings. This hepatoprotective effect of Silymarin is 

accompanied by changes in parameters of cellular immunoreactivity of the treated patients. Topical application of Silybinin weakens the 

effect of carcinogens and shows significant protection against tumor inducers in animal models. Some reports suggest that Silybinin may be a 

potent aldosereductase inhibitor and valuable in the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic complications. Silymarin shows a definite 

therapeutic influence on die characteristic increased serum levels of bilirubin,.SGoT and ,SGpT,which are the valuable indicators of viral 

hepatitis. It is also able to increase the activity of both superoxide dismutase and glutathion peroxidase which may explain the protective 

effect of the drug against free radicals. Its antioxidant, antifibrotic,antitumor, anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory and cell restoration 

abilities are approved by different studies. In current study, plant specifications, methods of identification and analysis, pharmacological 

mechanisms, and a complete review of its individual specifications (based on animal models, subclinical and clinical studies) will be 

discussed and its therapeutic place in Herbal medicine will be assessed. 

References:. 

I-Shonfield j.vA plant extract with antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties, protects exocrine pancreas from cyclosporin 

toxicity C.MLS.1997,53;917-920 

2-letterman P, Mechanism for protective effects of Silymarin against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity in 

mice.Bichem pharmacol.39: 1990-2027-34 

3-Altorjay I, The effect of silibinin on the free radical scavenger mechanisms of human erythrocytes in vilro. ACTA physiol Hung 80:375-380:1992 

4-Zhao J. Inhibitory effect of a flavonoid antioxidant Silymarin on benzoylperoxide-induced tumor promotion, oxidative and inflammatory responses 

in SENCAR mous skin.carcinogenesis 2000. Apr.; 21(4)811-6 

.,- Berkson B.MA conservative triple anlioxidant approach to the treatment of hepatitis C. Combination of alpha lipoic acid, Silymarin and selenium; 

three case histories. Med Klin 1999 oct 15;94 suppl 3;84-9. 

6-Clot p, Monitoring oxidative damage in patients with liver cirrhosis and different daily alcohol intake. Gut.1994,35;1637-43 

7-Zhang J.Q, Effects of silybin on red blood cell sorbitol and nerve conduction velocity in diabetic patients.Chung kuo chung Ins 13;725-726 

8-Geller 1.1Treatment of fatty hepatosis in diabetics. J.probal Endokrinol 39:20-22: 1993 

Reyes h. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; an estrogen -related disease. Semin liver Dis 13;289-301: 1993 

9-Halim et al Biochemical effect of anti oxidants on lipids and liver function in experimentally-induced liver damage. Ann Clin Biochem.I997:34;656- 

663 

10-Hurry k. chemotherapy of amanita phalloids poisoning with intravenous silibinin.Hum Toxicol,1983.2;183-9" 

11-Schuppan. Antifibrotic effect of Silymarin in rat secondary biliary fibrosis induced by duct obliteration with ethibloc 2Gastrointestinal.1994:32;45- 

6 

12-Chaired k. Fatal mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita vireos in Thailand.Southeast Asian J Trop Med public Health 1999-;March,30( 1): 157- 

60. 

13-Lang l ,Immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects of in vivo treatment with free radical scavengers.1tal J Gastroenterol 22:283-7;1990 

14-Magliulo F.Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centers. Med 

Klin 73:1060-1065;1998 

15-Feher J. Liver -protective action of Silymarin therapy in chronic alcoholic liver diseases.Orv Heti130:2723-2727;1989 6- 

16Scizlard S.Protective effect of Legalon in workers exposed to organic solvents. 

17-Salmi H.A. Effect of Silymarin on chemical ,functional and morphological alterations of the liver.Adouble blind and morphological alterations of 

the liver.A double blind controlled study.Scand J Gastroenterol 17:517-521:1982

GREEN TEA , IT'S PROPERTIES IN PREVENTION, TREATMENT OF DISEASE AND IT' S 

HEALTH BENEFITS 

Fatemeh Esfariani, 

Maliheh Zahedi rad 

National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute P. O. Box. 19395-47410. 

Green tea is consumed daily between the meals or after meals in Japan and other Asian countries, but it has not 

have it's real comsuption in our country, Iran. In recent years green 

tea and it's major compounds are studied. It is indicated that green tea extracts have shown various 

biochemical activities such as antimicrobial, antiviral and antimutagenic activity. Green 

tea has polyphenols that display activities mentioned above. Pohyphenol are useful in reduction of blood 

pressure, prevention of colon cancer, deudenom cancer, liver cancer, urinary bladder cancer, stomach cancer. 

EGCG that is another compound of green tea, cause prevention of 

unnormal growth of cells and therefore prevention of developement of cancer. Polyphenol compounds 

prevent of LDL oxidation and it is important in people with cardiovascular diseases. 

References: 

I. Tiang-JI- Yuan, et.al. A study of Aluminium sepecies in green tea infusion by ion chromatography. 

.Journal of the Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society .36 (4) 344 -352.1998. 

2. Bushman-JL. Green tea and cancer in humans :a review of the literature.Nutr. Cancer. 31 (3) 151-9. 1998. 

3. Juneja-LR. Green tea polyphenols-preventive effects on colon carcinogenesis, renal failure and other applications.72- 77 

ISBN-90-73220-15-7. 1998. 

4. Han-F, et.al. Effects of some chinese herbal medicine and green tea antagonizing mutagenesis caused by cigarette 

bar.Chung -Hua -Yu -Fang -I -Hsueh -Tsa-Chih. 31 (2) 71-4 1997. 

5. Pietta-PG, et.al. Catechin metabolites after intake of green tea infusions.Biofactors; 8 (1-2) ; 111-8 1998. 6. Fujiki-H, et.al. 

Cancer inhibition by green tea .Mutat -Res; 18; 402 (1-2); 307-101998. 

7. Hibasami-H, et.al. Induction of apoptosis in human stomach cancer cells by green tea catechins. 

.Oncol -Rep; 5(2); 527-9 1998. 

8. Nagata-C, et.al. Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex 

hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women .Nutr. Cancer; 

30 (I); 21-24.1998. 

9. Sugiyama-K, et.al. Green tea suppresses D- galactosamin-induced liver injury in rats .Bioscience, Biotechnology, and 

Biochemistry. 62(3) 609-611, 1998 . 

10. Soon-Jae-Rhee, et.al. Effect of green tea catechin on the microsomal mixed function oxidase system of kidney and brain 

in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and 

Nutrition. 27(2) 319-325, 1998. 

11. Sazuka-M, et.al. Inhibition of collagenases from mouse lung carcinoma cells by green tea catechins and black tea 

theaflavins.Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 61(9) 1504-1506, 1997.

MEDICINAL PLANTS USING IN CURING STOMACH AND DUODENUM ILLNESSES 

Mohammad Asfa , Karim Bagherzadeh ,Massoud Borhany 

Esfahan research center of animal sciences and natural resources P.O.Box 81785-114 Esfahan -Iran. 

Nowadays for preventing of chemical medicines side effects, people have tendency to use medicinal plants. 

Since long time ago people for curing of their illnesses used herbs, and this knowledge (how to use plants for 

remedy of illnesses) has long history. But theyare not classified therefore it is very important for researchers 

to have those information easily to save time and energy. In this case we started to collect list of medicinal 

plants that is good for various illnesses. At first we deal with the stomach and Duodenum illnesses. These 

illnesses that are the most common in the people. These problems are come from stresses as a result of new 

life. By studying of references we want to collect exact and true information about this illnesses and lead to 

providing a list of useful plants. This list is very useful for doctors and researchers to find out their answers.

PHYTOTHERAPY OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA 

1 

Mojab F ., Bazmohammadi N. 

Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti 

University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO. Box 14155-6153, Iran. 

1 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is the most important urologic disorder affecting males. It is generally 

affects men over 40 years of age and is present in more than 90% of men over age 65. Only about 50% of 

patient develop symptoms and complaints, however. The etiology and pathogenesis of BPH are not fully 

understood, so a causal medical treatment is not yet available. 

In traditional medicine of different countries and in phytotherapy is used from different plants for treatment of 

BPH, such as: ripe fruits (berries) of sabal or saw palmetto( Serenoa repens), nettle roots and leaves( Urtica 

dioica), pumpkin seeds(Cucurbita pepo), Grass pollens (a complex extract of rye pollen, thimoty pollen and 

com pollen), phytosterols from south african plant Hypoxis rooperi, powdered bark of pygeum( Pygeum 

africanum) and Tribulus terrestris, etc. 

This plants used individually or mixed, in form of infusion, decoction, and other. Pharmacological studies 

and therapeutic efficacy has been done on the plants. Constituents of the plant has been recognized, too. For 

example, sterols in pumpkin seeds.

ANALYSIS OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF VINEGAR AND POTATO ON STOMACH 

INFLAMMATION 

Samad Banaei Nourmohammadi , Shahrzad Ghiasvandian 

Tehran- P .O . Box # 14185/477 

Regarding to this fact that the agent of the most digestive diseases is recognized Helicobacter pylori in such an 

extent that relation between Helicobacter infection and expansion of peptic ulcer disease in duodenum ulcers 

is reported 92% and in stomach 66%. So, after bacterial contamination of foods also because of missing of 

protection mechanisms of mucous in presence of bacteria or stimulus materials, stomach will suffer from 

inflammation of the acute type. 

Consumption of vinegar, had so far a special use in treatment of various diseases in the ancient Iran and Ebn 

Sina Medicine and with due regard to studies performed in the fields of traditional and modem medicine, it is 

believed that, by increase of Acid Acetic in stomach through consumption of vinegar, it plays a disinfecting 

and tanning role, and also potato( uncooked) may have an effective role in treatment of acute and chronic 

gastritis. For considering this theorem, three patients who were suffering from gastritis underwent on 

treatment with above said methods voluntarily in two phases and did not ever used any other medicine. On 

three cases, the results were completely satisfactory after one to three days, in such a manner that, not any 

clinical symptoms of inflammation were seen ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramp, diarrhea, anorexia, and 

epigastric pain, fever, ...) and also, one year later not any disease recurrence were seen. So, the researcher 

recommends, treatment with this methods, to wit, including potato ( uncooked) and vinegar to food plan of 

such patient can be a favourable and harmless substitute in treatment of this kind of gastritis diseases. 

References: 

1- Entani-E and et al .Antibactrial action of Vinegar against food-borne pathogenic bacteria including escherichiacoli 0 

157:H7. J-Food-Prot. 1998 Aug; 61(8): 953-9. 

2- Karmeli-F and et al. A stable nitroxide radical effectively decreases mucosal damage in experimental colitis Gut. 1995 

Sep; 37(3): 386-93. 

3- Liljeberg-H; Bjorck-i. Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy 

meal with added vinegar.Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1998 May; 52(5): 368-71. 

4- Tsujihata-S and et al. Mathematical modeling to predict the bactericidal effect of processed vinegar on Escherichia coli 01 

57:H7.Int-J-Food-Microbial. 1998 Aug 18; 43(1-2): 135-8.

ALOE VERA: MAGIC PLANT 

1, 2 3 

Reza Bayatmokhtari Ali Soltanpoor and Hamideh Ofoghi 

Biotechnology Dep. (IROST), No. 71, Forsat St., Enghelab Ave.,P. O. Box 158153538, Tehran Dep. Of 

Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University 

1,3 2 

Most botanist agree that the Aloe vera plant originates in the warm, dry climates of Africa. In spite of lack of 

official promotion, it is among the most widely used substances for the treatment of burns and bruises. 

Attempts have been made which aimed at the eventual use of Aloe vera in the treatment of cancer and AIDS. 

The major substance extracted from the plant is Aloe gel which is the latex of Aloe vera(A.barbadensis) 

leaves. Some important activities 

and uses of Aloe vera in modem medicine are following below: 

-Antimicrobial activity especially anthraquinonoe glycosides. 

-Prevention of UV -induced suppression of accessory cell function of lang erhans by Aloe 

vera gel components 

-Alpe vera extract prevents aspirin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. -Antitumor activities 

especially in soft tissue tumors and feline leukemia: Aloe vera at least 

have three antitumor components( emodin, mannose and lectine). 

-A glycoprotein fraction increases proliferation of human skin cells. 

-Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream. 

-Treatment of frostbite lesions with a topical cream. 

-Laxative effect (mainly with barbaloin). 

-Antidiabetic, antichlosterol and triglyceride lowering activities and etc. 

-Winters calls Aloe "a pharmacy in a plant". He reported Aloe contains at least 

140substances. In the presenting article, chemical substances, therapeutic activities and uses, side effects, 

intoxification, Aloe related sites in internet and other related topics will be discussed 

References:. 

1- Evans W. C. (1996). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 14 th edn., pp.245-247, WB Saunders, UK. 2- TylerV. E. (1988). 

Pharmacognosy, 8 thedn., pp. 62-64. 

3- Immunopharmacology, Oct.,1997; 37 (2-3) ,153-162. 

4- Jornal ofEthnopharmacology. Jan., 1998; 59 (3) 195-201. 

5- http:// www golden-Aloe com/vserver/galoe/study/aloe_en2.html 

6- Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Feb. 1990; 28 (2): 215-220. 

7- International Journal of Dermatology. Oct. 1991; 30 (10), 679-683.

KEEPING HEALTH AND BEAUTY OF THE SKIN USING HERBAL COMPOUNDS 

Takzaree N., Takzaree A., Daneshvar N. 

Tehran university of medical sciences & Health services, Faculty of medicine, Department of Anatomy 

Based on history, it's about 6000 years that human has used some material in order to look more beautiful. But 

the methods of adornment had been different in different regions. 

In old times, they used mineral materials such as: Gatch, charcoal and some mineral dyes. Gradually the 

plants and their properties were know to human. Thus new way of adornment began, that considered 

primarily the human health. For this reason nowadays there's much of a market for hygienic compounds than 

cosmetics. Supportive creams.}moisturizing, tonics, Masks and lotions, that are noncosmetic material are on 

more demand because they help and improve the skin health and can be provided easily and cheaper. 

Many herbal compounds have useful effects on skin and are preferred to even expensive famous cosmetics. 

This natural material can clean and moisturize the skin and make it shining. Some herbs are Antiseptic, 

Emollient, Antipruritic and can be used for Dermatologic therapy. Thus herbs and plants are useful and 

valuable creatures of God and we should respect and appreciate them. 

The theories of Avicenna -Iran's traditional herbal practice pioneer -are proved being 

correct, and again used in most the researches of the scientists. 

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and covers it. since the skin is a barrier between the internal 

organs and the external environment, it is subjected to noxious external agents. So we should preserve this 

organ. 

In this book we have first classified the skin into four types: dry skin, oily skin, Mixed skin and normal skin. 

Then preservative and effective factors on skin have been discussed such as : proper nutrition (vitamins and 

...), using preservative compounds like: lotions, creams, masks, inhalants, herbal oils and finally periodic 

Massage and skin exercise have been described in order to learn how to keep the skin looking fresh and 

healthy. 

References: 

1- Basic Histology Luis c. Jungueira, Jose Carnerio & John A. Long. 

2- The Natural way of Health in, Dr J.M. Jussawala 1995. Jangpura; New Dehli. 

3- Natural dietetics "Food Nutrition and Health Dr. J.M. Jussuwalla, Vikas publishing House PVT LTD, 1995. 

4- All a bout Herbal Remedies Dr. J.M. Jussuwalla, Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD, 1995. 5- Healing from within, Dr. 

J.M. Jussuwalla, Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD, 1995. 

6- Medicinal plants Dr. A zargary T.V. Publication. Volum 1-5.

THE IMPORTANCE OF (TERMINALIA CHEBULA) IN TRADITONAL AND MODERN 

MEDICINE 

Hojjat C.S. 

Herbarium University of Mashhad 

Nature is the spring of simple and correct life, very soon human understand that he must use of this nature and 

God's gift and he tries for food and clothes, he must also be careful about his health. this thought oblige him to 

find a plant to destroy some of disorders of his organs by it, and also with preparation of different things, from 

plants, use them for mummy of corpsc, and preventation of corruption of them, and preparation of natural 

oils, perfumes, antidok and something like this to cure his illness with Productions of plants, and also these 

days traditional pharmacy based on miuture of plants. One of the most popular medical Plants in many 

centuries ago that there is tropical areas, especially in India and in traditional medical of Iran use it as a 

medical plant and Imams in Islam also advise. This green plant CHEBULIC with the scientific name 

Terminalia chebula that is from the Combretaceac family that is endemic of India and central Asia, and 

ancient it was used for strengthening of gastric, memory, sense, expulse mucus. There is in compound of 

medicines for controlling of chloesterol, anti-sensitivc, expectorant, srengthuning of body and decreasing of 

weight. 

In this essoy, it consider the botany charactristics of this plant and medical importance and the position of it in 

traditional and modem medicine. 

References: 

1. Aghili khorasani M.;Makhzan al advih.publ Amozesh Enghelab Islamic. 

2. Birony A. ; Cidneh. publ of set. 1561. 

3. Chevallier A.;The Encyclopedia Medicinal Plants,publ Dorling Kindrsley. 

4. Dehsorkhi M.;Mafatih al sehhe fi tebolnabi. 

5. Drur H.;Hard Book of The indian flora,vol1.publ Crabancore Sircarpress,India.1982. 

6. Ebnesina A.;Ghanoon.publ Sorosh. 

7. Jorjani A.;The Zakhireh Kharzmshahi.publ Elmi.1151. 

8. Khalili M.;Teb al sadeghe.publ Ataei.1982. 

9. Mirhidar H.; Moaref giahi. publ Daftar nashre Islamic. 1993. 

10.Moomen M.;Tohhfi hakim.publ Mahmodi. 

11.Nasir E.and S.I ali.;Flora of west pakistan NO.1.53.1973. 12.Razi M.;Alhavi.publ Alhavi. 

13.Zargari A.;Medicinal plants.publ University Of Thran.1991.

MEDICAL HERBS AND ORAL SOLUTIONS MADE OF HERBS HELPFUL IN 

TREATMENT OF THE ORAL & DENTAL DISEASES 

(WITH EMPHASIS ON MESW AK,GREEN TEA ,CLOVE AND SAGE) 

1 2 

Dargahi M., Poursarragian M. 

1 

2 

Dentistry student Medical student Shahid sadoughi's medical university of yazd. 

Regarding the lack of a comprehensive scientific work about the medicinal herbs effective on oral and dental diseases in Iran, the purpose of this paper is to present ,in a consice 

fashion, harbal drugs and oral solutions found efficient in treatment or at least remedy of diseases such as pyorrhea, gingivitis, microbial dental plaques, dental caries, etc... , 

also with a glimpse of their mode of action. 

This article is product of a library research, making use of several books and journals, Persian & English, Medline and Internet. We have tried to introduce some of the 

perviously less-known herbal medicines, accompanied by a review of their history, chemical constituents, usage, and therapeutically active component(s). Emphasis has been 

on 4 of them, namely, salvadora persica, cammelia sinensis, eugenia caryophillata, and salvia officinalis. 

Owing to the presence of constituents such as calciom, fluride, chloride, flavenoids, tannins and others, salvadora persica is one of the best oral solutions for management of 

oral, gingival and dental ailments.cammelia sinensis contain, flavonols also known as catechin(EG,EGCG,EC,..) which makes it as the most effective herbal drug against the 

precancerous lesions of mouth. It also fights disease causing microbs (due to containing fluoride,fluorine,etc), strengthens the tooth and gum(byinhibiting the formation of 

glucan),and prevents bleeding. The lowly eugenia caryophillata is helpful in abtement of dental caries induced pain, because it contains Euginol Salvia officinalis has 

constituents much like the cammelia sinensis, and so is consumed for giving remedy of inflamations,sores,and various other gingival diseases. 

The remaning herbs mantioned in this paper include Eucalyptus globoulus,Melissa officinalis, 

Thymus vulgaris,Baptisia tinctoria,Vinca major,Calendula officinalis,Commiphora mol-mol, 

Echinacea spp, Polygonum bistorta and others. 

References: 

I.Aeinehchi Y,Medicinal plants&Materia media,Tehran university publisher,(1370):279,28 I ,307,322/61, 140,3 15,933. 2.Shahrokhi N,Moemeni T,Essincial Oils&Their 

Therapeutic Effects, Tehran university publisher,(1377):II,34,126,129 3.Behdad B, Yadnameh Bahman_e_Behdad,Bahman publisher,(1370):1/3/4/21/22. 

4.Zargari A,Medicinal Plants, Tehran university publisher ,( 1372),4:77,79/250-52/61-2/30-35. 

5. .3:188-90. 

6.Hawwers G,Naraghi M(translator), Therapist flowers&Plants,Amirkabir publisher,(1 350):49,229,24 I ,244. 

7.Stodola J, Volak J,Zaman S(translator),Medicinal Plants,Ghoghnous publisher,( 1376):339/321. 

8.Mirheidar H,Known of Plants, Islamic Culture publisher,(1377),2:256/301-04. 

9. .3:203,205,206. 

10. .5:174-75. 

11. .6:184-87. 

12. ,7:298-300/364-65. 

13.Shokoiinezhad A,Goolestan_e_Shafa,Ataei publisher,(1367): 132/125/215/192. 

14.Moghaddas H,Mahdavi S.A,Evaluation of the Persica Herbal Mouthrinse Effects on Microbial Dental Plaques &Gingival Bleeding in Gingivitis,Joumal of the Dental 

school,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 16(3):289-95,1999. 15.Kohanteb G,Farnodi M,Evaluation of the Anti Microbial Effects of any Mouthrinse on 

S.mutans,Journal ofResearch Committee,Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,7( 1&2):4-9,2000. 

16.Saito N,Anti-Caries Effect of Polyphenol Compound from Cammelia Sinensis,Nichidai-Koko-Kkagaku, I 6(2): 15463,1990. 

17.00shima T,Minami T,Aono W,lzumitani A,Sobue S,Fujiwara T,Kawabata S,Hamada S,Oolong Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Experimental Dental Caries in SPF rats infected 

with mutans streptococci,Caries-Res,27(2): 124-9, 1993. 

18.Mukhtar H,Katiyar S.K,Agarwal R,Green Tea and Skin-Anticarcinogenic Effects, The Journal Of Investigative Dermatology, 1 02(25):3-7,1994. 

19.Ahmad N,Feves D.K,Nieminen A.L,Agarwal R,Mukhtar H,Green Tea Constituent Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human 

Carcinoma Cells, Journal of the National Cancer 

Institute,89(24): 1881-6, 1997 

20.Galati E.M,German M.P ,Rossitto A,d' Aquino A,Sanogo R,Anti-Ulcerogenic Evaluation of the Persian Tooth Brush Tree(Salvadora Persica),Pharm-Biol,37(5):325- 

8,1999. 

21.lnternet Web SitesYahoo.com,Google.com,Mathernature.com,Allherb.com,Green tea. com, Some References Else...

A REVIEW OF THE HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF MEDICAL PLANTS 

Rahmani KH , Azemati B . 

National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute 

With regard to the role of plants in treatment of some disease , this study was done with aim of a review of the 

hypoglycemic effect of some medical plants in the treatment of diabets (Type land 2 ) .The studies in the world 

show that over 70 plant species have hypoglicemic effect and some of them are endemic in Iran . 

So in this article we studied only the plants that we can find in Iran , such astrigonella seed , zizyphus, olive 

leaf, onion and garlic. 

On the whole we can summerize the result in 2 categories: 

1-The animal experiences I -Masayuki Yoshikawa ,Medicinal Food stuffs. IV. Fen showed, the hypoglicemic 

effect of the mentioned plant seeds in mild types of diabetic rats. 

2 -The most human experiences also show hypoglicemic effect of above plants with different mecanism,but 

the results of the limited studies were different according to the methode, the time of harvest and the organ 

which was studied. 

we concluded that the use of these plants as spices in diabetic diet have beneficial effect in decreasing blood 

glucose and in this article we will discuss about the details and mechanisms of them. 

References: 

1- Masayuki Yoshikawa, Medicinal Foodstuff.IV.Fenugreek seed:Structures ofTrigoneosides,New Furostanol 

Saponins from the seeds of Indian Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Chem.Pharm.Bu1l451(1),81-87(1997) 

2-Sharma,S.K.Use of fenugreek seed powder in the management of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,Nut 

Research Vo116;No 8,1331-1339 (1996) 

3-Rajyalakshmi.P.Hypoglycemic effect of processed fenugreek seeds in human ,J. food Sci Technol,vol 

33,No.5,427-430.1996 

4-Sangita P. Allergy to fenugreek(Trigonella foenum graecum),Annals of allergy, asthma, 

immunology, vol 78 .March 1997 . 

5-Gupta uma. Nutritional quality of lactic fermented bitter gourd and fenugreek leaves, International ,Journal of 

food sciences and Nutrition vol 49 , 101 -108 , 1998 . 

6-Gonzalez M,Zarzuelo;Hypoglycemic activity of olive leaf; Planta Med 58, 1992 

7-Glombitza .K. Mahran,G .Hypoglycemic and antihypoglycemic effects ofzizyphus spina- christi in rats ;Planta 

Med ,60,244-247 1994 

8-Khosla .P. Nagpal K. Effect of trigon ell a foenum greacum (fenugreek) on blood glucose in normal and diabetic 

rats ;Indian J Physiol Pharmacal ,39 (2) ; 173-174, 1995 

9-Sadhukhan B.Sen.S. Clinical evaluation of a herbal antidiabetic product; J Indian Med Assoc, vol 92, No 4 

.ApriI1994.

THE EFFECT OF HERBAL MEDICINES IN HIV INFECTIONS IN SYMPTOMATIC PHASE 

Ranjbari Reyhaneh 

School Of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University 

This study was aimed to evaluate the immune-modulator role of herbal medicines remedies in Human 

Immune deficicency Virus ( HIV ) infections. 

We know that human society during history have involved continously with pain and disease and after 

struggling for his life, he has done the most effort for disease remedies and for seeking this remedy he has 

examined manner of good or bad ways, such as ; amulet, shaman , rediculous stories, useful and useless herbs 

and sometimes he has got help from philosophy and gnosticism and psychotherapy and todays the most 

important for him is synthesis and discovering the new chemical drug compounds, and as we know that HIV 

hasn't got any limitation and everyone in each age can get this disease and despite of straggling of scientist for 

several years, they haven't been successed to produce HIV vaccine and to discover the effective medicine for 

this fetal disease up to now, and according to the reports of WHO which said that," the most infection of HIV 

belongs to the asia especially arounfpersian gulf' , so we need to use and to get help from allternative 

medicine, sepecially herbal medicines to eradicate this dangerous and fetal disease, because one of the most 

important problem in new medicine despite of its external benefits in comparison with folk medicine is using 

chemical drugs too much without limitation which has so many bad results such as : 

1 inducing of tolerance because of using chemical drugs in microorganism and viruses without limitation. 

2 appearing of side effects of chemical drugs because of using them in long periods or even in short periods 

So this study is a review of the researches and reports of herbal medicines remedies in HIV which is worked 

on it universally up to now. 

this review consist of the effect of herbal medicines on an AIDS or each of its infections or 

HIV. 

Sources: the review of texts and researches which are available in internet and mediline .

ANETHUM GRAVEL/ENS IN FOLK MEDICINE AND ITS SITE EFFECTS ON SOME 

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS 

H. Sadeghi , M. Mianabadi, and R. Yazdanparast 

Institue of Biochemistry and Biophysics the University of 

Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 

Furocoumarin containg drugs have long been used in folk medicine for the threatment of depigmented areas 

of skin. Some of these furocoumarins such as 8-methoxypsoralen(8-MOP), 5-methoxypsoralen(5-MOP) and 

4,8,5'- Trimethylpsoralen (TMP) are currently used in modern medicine in PUV A therapy, consisting of 

topical application or oral administration of the drug followed by irradiation of skin lesions by UV -A(320- 

400 nm). A vareity of skin disorders such as psoriasis, vitiligo, mycosis fungoides, cutaneous T -cell 

lymphomas, etc., may be treated in this way. In spite of its very high effectiveness, PUV A therapy has some 

adverse side effects such as skin phototoxicity, genotoxicity and risk of skin cancer. 

A.graveolens(Umbelliferae) has wide medicinal application in Iranian folk medicine and in present day 

medicine of Iran, it is used mainly as an antihyperlipemic and hypercholesterolemic agent. A.graveolens 

belongs to Umbelliferae family. It is believed that this family of plants is the richest with respect to the 

furocoumarin containing species. Based on these reports, the presence of furocoumarins was evaluated in the 

of A.graveolens leaves. 

Following different extraction and chromatographic systems, twelve different UV sensitive components 

were isolated from the crude extracts and their individual structure were elucidated by different spectroscopic 

methods. Based on our results, the majority of these new compounds have large side groups which will 

probably effect their mode of interaction with DNA molecules. 

The interaction between some of these purified furocoumarins with two different plasmid DNAs were 

investigated in the presence and absence of UV light. Our data strongly supports the significant destructive 

effects of these components on DNA molecules using electrophoretic techniques. These observations may 

provide strong molecular evidence supporting the carcinogenicity effects of furocoumarins in biological 

systems. It dose seem apparent that the extent of human dietary or medicinal exposure to these kinds of plants 

should be more carefully evaluated and shows the urgent for refining the crude extract by elimination of these 

photosensitive components. In this report the experimental details will be presented and the results will be 

discussed. 

References: 

I) A. Guidotto. A. Chilin and P. Manzini. J1 Farmaco (1995).50(6).479-488. 

2) J. Kagan, X. Chen and P.Forlot, Photochemistry and Photobiology, (1992), 56(2),185-193. 3) K. R. Kumaresan, M. 

Rarnaswamy and A. T. Yeung, Biochemistry,(1992), 31, 6774-6783.

SOME FINDS ABOUT PHYTOOE STEROGENS 

1 2 

Ramin Ataee . Payman Ziapoor 

1 2 

Pasteur Institute of IRAN; AMOL centre Tel/Fax 012222-23005 

Epidemiologic studies showed some clear differences between the people according to the 

incidences of some diseases as cancers of (prostate, large intestine) and cardiovascular 

disturbances during their diests. 

One of speciallity of west people diets is lack of phytooestrogens. phytooestrogens are precursors which are 

biological active in animals (as lignan or Isoflavon and...) lignan and Isoflavons converted to components 

with little oestreogenic activity and semihormonal and antioxidant spescifity. Now It is found that these 

components not only affect metabolism of sexual hormones but also have some effects on activity of 

extracellular enzymes, protein synthesis and growth hormone action. Also they can prevent increasing of 

malignant cells and can make angiogenesis in tumors. Phytooestrogens can connect to oesterogens receptors 

with less power. Important Isoflavonns are Daidzein, Genistein. Entrolacton form of lignans and Entradiol 

are other phenolic components. These are made from microbial frementation of (Secoisolariciresinol) and 

Materisenol in diets in colon. HPLC and Ge-MS Methods are adequate process for studing of oestrogens. 

References: 

1- Pgarmacognosy, Tylor, 3 thed. 1998. 

2- Big ham SA. Atkinson C. Ligginsj. Phyto- oesterogens: Br Nutri. 1998; 79; 393- 406 

3- Adlercreutz H. Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role 

in cancer protection; Environ Health prespeet. 1995; 103 (suppI7): 108-112 4- Martindale 29 th. Pharmacopeac. 1998 

5- Good man & Gilman Pharmacology 8 thed. 1999.

HERBS ROLE IN CONTROL OF HOSPITAL INFECTIONS 

Shahrzad Ghiasvandian 

Tehran, Nosrat-Sharghi Ave., Department of Medical Surgical Nursing Faculty of Nursing & Obstetrics 

Tehran P. O. Box 6459 

Hospital infections appear following admission of patients to hospitals that lead to significant mortality 

causing medical costs. Infections are often related to organisms which are or will be resistant to antibiotics. 

Approximately, every 5-10% of admitted patients get a type of infection. In Iran, about 300,000 patients get 

hospital infection annually (3-18%) and the resulted death rate is 1% and in 3% of cases, one of the death 

causes of patients was hospital infection. 

In ancient Iran, some methods were used in disinfecting air and land such as sunlight and fire(warmness) and 

coldness as physical factors. The chemical factors used in ancient Iran were: wild rue, myrtle, clove, garden 

thyme, frankincense, camphor, etc. In the contaminant areas, a mixture of garlic, vinegar and wine were 

poured and disinfected. 

Smoking and fumigation, burning of plants and sweet-smelling trees or pouring of other substances for air, 

land and houses with the above said factors have been the best means at that time. A study is made to access 

response to this question that if use of herbs under 3 methods of smoking, fumigation and pouring them to 

disinfect the personnel's hands can decrease the infection rate in hospitals, that its results shall be published in 

a main article to be presented at the relevant congress. 

References: 

I-Garrard,ch. Etal. Principles and practice of critical care. Oxford, 1997. Pp:621 ,627. 

2-Marik, paul E. The ICU therapeutics hand book. Mosby. 8t louis. 1996. Pp: 240-253. 

3-Mayhal, c. Glen. Hospital Epidemiology and infection control. williams and wilkins co., Bltimor. 1996. 4-Russell barbara. 

Nosocomial Infections. American Journal nursing. 1999.99(6). 

5-Worth buher. Intensive care manual T.G.OH. heineman co., Oxford. 1997. Pp:540-549.

COSMETIC USES OF HERBS 

Shirin Kaveh 

Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran. 

With science development, people's affinity increases in returning to Nature so that the tendency for Nature 

has very soon become a universal phenomenone. 

Herbs were used in cosmetic and beauty preprations from ancient times. Their extensive uses over the 

centuries and the least obvious side effects has promoted the worth of such preprations. 

In this article several herbs are mentioned in preprations for hair, face, hands, nails and eyes.It also has a 

glance through Iranian scientists' opinions such as A vicenna in traditional medical books as " THE CANON 

OF MEDICINE "," MAKHZANAL-ADVIEH " or materia medica by Aqili Khorasani," KIT AB AL-SA 

YDANA FI'L- TIBB " by Abul-rayhan Al-biruni and etc. 

Rosemary, sage, chamomile and marigold are some herbs which are mentioned in this essay. 

References: 

I .Gardiner A.; A Garden Herbal.London:PRC Ltd. 174 -8. 1995. 

2. Ody P.; The Herb Society's Complete Medicinal Herbal. London: DK Ltd. 144 -8. 1995. 3. Avicenna. The Canon of 

Medicine. Tehran: 5th edition. 2 & 4: 107 -226. 1997.

THE 

EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTIC HERBS ON TISSIUES AND THE NECESSITY TO 

KNOW THEM 

Ahmad Mahvan 

Sinano Herbal Rescearches office. Saheb Aizaman Sq. Bonbast St. No. 1.29 Tel: 009851- 7275542 

Mashhad -IRAN 

As alot of poisonus herbs and pharmaceutic herbs grow in gardens and farms.Because of their similarity to 

vegetables, they are often picked to gether with the other vegetables and srved. 

Many reports on poisonings and allergies Due to herbs are declared. Thus understanding their effects and 

physiological side effects on body tissues are essential; for example, in the North of khordsdn province the 

herbs such as Hemolock (ConIum maculatum), thornapple (Datura stramonium), Assa foetida plant (Ferula 

assa foetida), whose gum is used as anti worm, and Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and Also sunspurge or 

caper spurge (Euphorbia helioscopa) the dangrous blistering cancerous herb, which causes skin allergy and, 

even if, it touches the eye it causes severe irritation and even blindness. 

These herbs are picked to gether with vegtables by mistake, and also types of herbs.they are prescribed as 

herbal medicine to be used wrongly at home and Unlike the synthetized medicines, determining the dosage of 

the Alcoloid and the offective substances of such herbs are rather difficult and it varies from one geographical 

area to another. Thus the prescribed medicine for some is intolerable and by causing allergy or poison and 

sever symptoms on tissues and body diagnose and for some others is ineffective. 

It is very difficult to distinguish what a mount to be taken as medicine and what amount may become 

poisonous.

THE MECHANISM OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF FLAVONOIDS 

Gh. R. Amin and B. Nickavar 

Department of Pharmacognosy, college of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 

The flavonoids are one of the most important and interesting classes of biologically active compounds. The 

number of these compound amounts to about 4000. In the first half decade of the eighties, flavonoids were 

reviewed for their wide biological activities focusing on the potential therapeutic uses of this class of 

molecules as antiinflammatory, anti allergic, antiviral, anti Cancer and immuno stimulant drugs and was 

found that the flavonoids are able to interact with kinds of cellular key-enzymes. Such a wide spectrum of 

activities gave rise one question, "How do the flavonoids really work?" It seems that the key -steps in 

producing the biogical effects of flavonoids can be the interaction with protein phosphory lation and 

antioxidant activity. This article explain that "How the flavonoids show the antioxidant activities". 

References: 

I) BombardelI, E., Morazzoni, P. chimica oggi. 1993, II, 25-28. 

2) Morazzoni, P.; BombadelIi E. Agro -Food -Industry Hi -Tech. 1995, March! April, 12-16. 

3) Morazzoni, P.; BombardelIi, E. Fitoerapia. 1996, LX VII, 3-29

FOOD FUNCTIONALITY: A PRUDENT APPROACH IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 

Azar Mahin, 

and Ezatzadeh Zahra 

National Nutr. & Food Tech. Research Institute, Tehran- Iran P. O. Box.. 19395-4741 

Practitions of Eastern traditional medicine have long relied on nutritional remedies to alleviate symptom of 

illness, optimize health, or treat disease. The impetus to study this ancient knowledge apply it to today's 

medical betes noires came about largely through the efforts of the institute of Food 

Technologists(IFT) and the International Life Science Institute(ILST), Technology Committee on Food 

Components. The Concept of "functional foods", which are called designer foods, farmafoods, nutraceuticals 

and so on, is now becoming a new scientific discipline. Thus, promoting better health and well-being by 

reducing the risk of diseases such as chronic illnesses through food functionality means is one most prudent 

approach. The aim of this lecture is to review the articles on functional foods in developed countries and 

introduce some of the functional foods in Iran. Some of the functionality discussed in food groups are: cereals 

(preventive potential for cardiovascular disease and disease of digestive system), dairy products(preventative 

against cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and cancer), fruits and vegetables(a wide variety of vitamins and 

minerals for prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer), margarine and vegetable oils (preventative 

potential for cardiovascular disease and other lipid disorders). 

References: 

1- Wardlaw, G.M.Perspectives in nutrition. Pub:Mc Graw Hill. 1999. 

2- Blum, M. Designing foods for better health. International food ingeredients, No.3, 1996. 

3- First international conference on east -west perspectives on functional foods. 1996.

FOLIC ACID AND BLOOD HOMOCYSTEIN IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: 

AKHAVAN ATTAR ZAHRA 

Tehran- Shahid Beheshti medical university -Nutrition & food science school. 

Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is a killer disease in many countries today. 37 percent of mortality is because 

CVD in Iran. Many studies show that homocystein in blood is independent variable from age, smoking, 

hypercolesterolemia and diasolic hypertension and it is a risk factor for CVD. Litrature review show that: 

metylen Tetrahydrofolat redoctas low intake dietary folat and B6 vitamin are important in 

hyperhomesyteinemia incidence on the other hand increase folic acid intake can rise folat and can decrease 

homocystien in plasma. It is important that homosystein decrease has platue figure, however age is important 

in this variation. So as vegetables and fruits have important role in Iranian people dietary , increasing intake of 

folic acid has a important role in decreasing mortality. however food inrichment is best strategy . 

References: 

2 .Boushey C j. et al. : A quantitative assessment of plasma homosysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease/probable 

benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA. 274:1049-1057,1995. 

3. Varhoefp. eta!. : Homocysteine metabolism and risk of myocardial infarction: relation with vitamins B6, B12 and folate. 

Am. J. Epidemial. 143: 845-859,1996. 

4 .Mccul1y k. s. : Homocysteine, Folate, Vitamin B6 , and Cardiovascular disease (editorial; Comment) .JAMA .279 : 392 -3 , 

1998 . 

5 .pancharuniti N. et aI .: Plasma homocysteine, fo1at , and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for easily -onset coronary 

artery disease .AM .J .Clin .Nut .50: 940 -948 , 1994 . 

6 .Tuckce K. L. et aI .: Dietary intake pattern relates to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations in the framingham 

heart study -J. Nut. 126: 3015 -31,1996. 

7 .Schorah C. J. et aI. : The responsiveness of plasma homocysteinc to small increase in dietary folic acid: a primary care 

Study .Eur. J. clin. Nut. 52 : 407-411,1998.

ROLE OF PROBIOTICS MICROORGANISMS IN HEALTH PRESERVATION. EVALUATION 

OF A TRADITIONAL THERAPY METHOD 

1 2 

Ranjbar. R, Karami. A 

1 2 

Baghiyatollah University.National research center for genetic engineering and 

Biotechnology. 

Probiotics as useful microbial agents have prominent role in health preservation. Probiotic agents are live 

microorganisms belonging to the natural flora with low or nopathogenicity, but with function of importance 

to the health and well being of the host. Maintenance of this ecological flora is important in preventing of 

potentially pathogenic microorganisms. 

Probiotic agents mainly include species belonging to the genera lactobacillus, bifidobacterium, lactocococci, 

Enterococcus, clostridium and saccharomyces. 

There are numerous experimental studies that have shown that probiotics can to be useful in treating and 

preventing of various human infections. There are several different mechanisms of probiotic effect that 

including: producing of antimicrobial compounds e.g. bacteriocins, nutritional and receptor competition with 

pathogens, alteration of pathogens ligand on the surface of host cells, pH lowering in involved area, 

stimulation of immunity . 

In other aspects, probiotic microorganisms especially lactobacillus SPP improve the nutritional value of food 

products by increading the quantity, availability, digestibility and as similability of nutrients. Other beneficial 

effects including vitamin synthesis, lactose tolerance, cholesterol lowering and antimutagenesis activity. 

These agents are disexpensive and have not side effects in comparison with other therapeutic agents. 

In this study historical, bacteriological, immunopharmacological and practical aspects of Probiotic 

microorganisms are discussed.

PLANT PHYTOCHEMICAL IN FOOD AND MEDICINE 

Shahidi F. 

Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, AIB 3X9, Canada 

The effect of dietary factors on health promotion and disease prevention has been an issue of interest since 

antiquity. Epidemiological evidences and, more recently, clinical studies have shown that diets rich in plant 

foods are associated with a lower risk of several degenerative diseases. Plants generally contain a variety of 

bioactives, a large number of which belong to the phenolics group of compounds. Plant phenolics occur as 

phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, isoflavones and tannins, both hydrolyzable and condensed. 

These secondary metabolities may exist in the free, esterified, glycosylated or bound form and are responsible 

for protection of plants under the photosynthetic stress caused by free radicals as well as deterants to 

herbivores and as wound healing agents. Certain plants, as such, e.g. Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, etc. or 

their extracts/components, e.g. faxglove, evening primrose oil, etc., have been used as alternative medicine 

while others are consumed as food. Recent developments in the area of functional foods and nutraceuticals 

and the ancient belief that food and medicine are of the same origin, with similar effects, has intensified 

research and development in the area of plant phytochemicals. Although the bioactivity of phenolics is 

diverse, a possible mechanism for their mode of action is related to antioxidant potential and free radical 

scavenging effects. Examples for the antioxidant activity of phenolics, their extraction, isolation and 

structure elucidation will be provided. Potential application of plant components in food and medicine will 

also be described.

EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL VALUES OF BEE POLLEN 

M.Oveisi & M.Mozaffari 

Tehran University of medical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bromatology 

BEE POLLEN, one of the most valuable Beehive products, has been entered in the field of academic attention 

due to its nutritional as well as pharmaceutical values. In most of references, the BEE POLLEN is described 

as SUPER FOOD and WONDER FOOD, notifying the fact that it is not comparable with ordinary human 

foods. Also, some therapeutic effects have been suggested for BEE POLLEN of which treatment of Prostatic 

Hyperplasia, Hepatitis (1&2) and Relief of Fatigue can be mentioned. (2) 

Were categorized in four groups, each including 6 samples. 

Samples of first group has been obtained from Spain; 2nd and 3rd group sampled gathered by Scientific & 

Industrial Research Organization from Karaj suburbs and North areas of Iran; and 4th group samples from 

pollens of inside the beehive. 

Data analysis and statistical studies have been based on ANONA method, followed by Tukey Test. 

The nutrients of BEE POLLEN are measured by following methods: 

1- Oven drying method for determination of Moisture 

2- Dry ashing method for determination of Ash 

3- Soxhlet method for determination of Fat 

4- Kjeldahl method for determination of Protein 

5- Precipitation method for determination of Pectin 

6- Lane -Eynon method for determination of Carbohydrates 

7 -spectrophotometric method for determination of Iron 

8- spectrophotometric method for determination of Vitamin C 

9- Total energy by calculation of nutrients calories 

The results observed from all of above measurements are shown below as Mean 

The result reveals that BEE POLLEN contains valuable food nutrients and can be suggested as a rich 

supplement. This study, also, shows that Iranian BEE POLLEN can easily compete with similar products in 

international pharmaceutical market. This study is the first approaching step to standardize of this compound 

in order to enter in the modern ethical medicine and herbal drug manufacturing. 

References: 

I-Habib F; Ross M; Identification of inhibitory substance in pollen extract: 1995. 26(3) : 133-139 

2-Mizrahi A; Lensky Y; Bee product application and apithrapy : E.D.I.Newyork .1998 : 18 & 93-100 & 221-223

CULTURAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FLAVONOLIGNAN FROMATION IN SILVBUM 

MARIANUM CELL CULTURES 

Gholamreza Asghari. Nasrollah Ghasami, Maryam Shafei 

Dept. of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan, Iran 

Silybum marianum has been recognized as an antihepatotoxic plant (I). Silymarin production by cell culture 

of Silybum marianum has been considered as a high lighted research. It was reported that physical and 

chemical parameters can stimulate secondary metabolites accumulation in plant cell cultures (2). 

Callus cultures of Silybum marianum were established by transferring seedling, grown on solidified MS 

medium supplemented with 1 ppm 2,4-D and 1 ppm Kinetin. Callus cultures were subjected to various 

temperatures, light treatments, and culture medium pHs. Cultures were harvested after 28 days, then dried, 

and extracted with methanol. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonolignan using TLC and 

spectrophotometric methods were carried out on the cells (3). 

Higher levels of flavonolignan accumulation under dark rather than light and light-dark were obtained. The 

same results were observed at 18°c compare to 27°c or 32°c. 

Also, the culture medium pH.7 was superior to pH.5.6 or pH.9 for flavonolignan production. The results 

demonstrate the influence of temperature, medium pH, and light treatment on flavonolignan formation by 

Silybum marianum callus cultures. 

References: 

1. Madaus, E.(1996) Properties and medical use of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum, Phytothrapy Research, 42(6) : 

522-526. 

2. Stafford A., Morris P. and Fowler M. W. (1986) Plant cell biotechnology, A Perspective, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 8, 578- 

587. 

3. Stahl E. and Schild W.(1981) Pharmazentisshe Biologie, U. Prongenanalyse II, Inhallstoffe und Isolierungen Guster, New 

York, Fisher Verlog Stuttgart, 228-312.

MARINE ALGAE AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS 

Aminzadeh Shahram-Mahmoudi 

Baharak 

SOHA R & D Centers; SOHA -HELAL Pharmaceutical, Hygienic and Cosmetic Labs. Km 17 Karaj 

Makhsus Road, Opposite Vardavard, P.O. BOX 11365 -1654, Tehran, IRAN 

In addition to performance of photosynthesis process and completing of food chain in marine environment, 

algae have been used as food supplement for many years and also have several industrial and pharmaceutical 

applications. 

Today, micro algae have been shown to contain a variety of bioactive compounds as follows: 

Bioactive compound Algal source Pharmaceutical category 

Chlorellin Chlorella Antimicrobial 

Saxitoxin Protogonyaulax Neurotoxin (for pharmacological studies) 

The macroalgae or seaweeds (including brown and some members of red and green algae) have been more 

intensely studied and then used for their potential bioactive products then have the micro algae . 

Some of these bioactive products and their pharmaceutical applications are listed below: 

Bioactive compound Algal source Pharmaceutical category 

Agar Gelidium Suspending agent 

Alginates Laminaria - Macrocystis Suspending agent-Tablet ingredient 

Carrageenan Condrus - Gigartina Demulcent - Bulk laxative 

Fucoidan Fucus Anticoagulant 

Iodine Fucus - Laminaria Antigoier 

And at present, many researches are conducted on the marine algae for obtaining new antitumor and anti -HIV 

compounds. 

References: 

1- Culter J.C. , Biologically active natural products: pharmaceuticals, 1st ed. , CRC , U.S.A, 2000. 

2- Fischer AM. et al , Biological activities of polysaccharides from marine algae, Drugs of the future: 20(12), 1995. 

3- Nosratian M.R. et al , Marine products with medical uses, 1st ed. , Persian Gulf Biotechnological Research Centers, Iran, 

2000.

A RESEARCH ON CULTURE OF USEFUL SEAWEEDS IN PERSIAN GULF SEASHORES 

Rabii, Reza and Jelveh Sohrabipour 

Natural Resources and Animal Researches Center of Hormozgan. 

Recognation of new resources for general progress of national aims of our country is a first necessities for 

general pogramming. Study on assessment of abilities of these resources, protection, revival and extension of 

them are essential researches must to be done. Algal vegetation of Persian Gulf seashore in south of Iran as a 

natural resources beside their function in food production in marine ecosystem of the area have many uses in 

pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, food and texture industries. Most importance of these plants is extraction 

of hydrocolloids which use in different industries. Most application of these compounds are for pharmaceutic 

and food industries. Therefore recognatin of these plants and study on their ecological features, their 

protection and extension in natural substratum is very important. During a experimental culture of economic 

seaweeds including Sargassum (alginophyte), Gracilaria (agarophyte) and Hypnea (carageenophyte), were 

found that these species able to stablish on plastic ropes in monoline systems and net systems which planting 

with these species. Establishment of Sargassum spp.. and Hypnea spp.. and their growth on monoline system 

were better than net system. Gracilaria spp. have more establishment and growth on net system and were 

found most of seashores on intertidal zones which have no natural vegetation are benefit for artificial culture 

of these seaweeds.

PHARMACOGNOSY OF PERSIAN GULF AND OMAN SEA SEAWEEDS 

Jelveh Sohrabi pour & Rabii Reza 

Natural Resources and Animal Researches Center of Hormozgan 

Marine pharmacognosy is a modem and rapidly developing branch of pharmacognosy. 

Recognation of extended seashores algal vegetations in south of the Iran and investigation on their uses and 

abilities will manifest the importance of these natural resources. Seaweeds are important marine plants which 

have many uses in different industries such as food, texture, pharmaceutical, paper manufactories, cosmetic 

and medical industries, and many other uses as fertilizer and animal foods. Pharmaceutical uses of these 

plants have long history in treatment of goiter and scurvy. These plants are also very important in modem 

pharmacognosy. Inhibitory effects of the plants on some kinds of cancer such as leukemia, fibrosarcoma and 

Ehrlich carcinoma are very important for pharmacologists. Antiviral effects of the plants on multiplication 

and controlling the different virus specially HIV, HSV and retroviruses are also very impotent Extraction of 

some compounds with antibiotic effects and useful effects of these plants in stomach ulcers treatment, 

vermifug, weight losing, hypocholostrolimic activity and other pharmaceutical effects result in specific 

attention to these plants in modem pharmacognosy. During a research on algal flora of the Persian Gulf and 

Oman sea more than 50 species of 156 determinated species were found to be use for pharmaceuatical 

purpose in different countries and different hydrocolloids are extracted from them. h1 this paper the species, 

their useful compounds and their pharmaceutical uses will be argued.

DETERMINATION OF GROWTH OF TWO MEDICAL AQUATIC PLANTS (NELUMBO 

NUCIFERA AND HYDROCOTYLE VULGARIS) IN THE ANZALI LAGOON 

Yonsef Filizadeh 

Ramsar, University of Shahed P.O. Box: 515 

The vegetative-reproductive means of two aquatic plants such as lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and hydrocotyle 

(Hydrocotyle vulgaris) have some active constituents which categorized them in medicinal plants. 

The growth and density of some species such as Nelumbo nucifera and Hydrocotyle vulgaris due to urban 

sewage, agricultural fertilizers, human disturbance and abundance growth of common reed (Phragmites 

austral is) and water fern (Azolla spp.) had declined In the last 2 decade. The aim of this research was 

determination of the best conditions for the growth of Nelumbo nucifera and Hydrocotyle vulgaris under field 

and greenhouse conditions. Also, this research had wishing to spread these species to other wetlands. 

Experimental results showed that the both species under absence of competitors have a high growth and 

densities. Greenhouse results showed, due to the decrease of biomass allocation to the above-ground organs, 

the production of lotus rhizome had increased. 

Field results showed that the density and growth of both species had declined due to the growth of other plants 

and the human disturbance. Experimental results showed that the growth of both species under absence of 

other competitors had increased. In the other hand, the maximum growth of these plants had observed in some 

parts of lagoon which human activities and the growth of other plants were minimum.

UTILIZATION OF CARTILAGE AND SHARK OIL FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND 

COMPARISON BETWEEN SHARK AND STURGEON 

Abolfazl Mahdavi -Thamores Rangbar 

Fisheries research center of Mazandaran Province Artesh Ave, P .O. Box , Sari, Iran 

Utilization of cartilage and shark oil for cancer treatment carried out by the survey of foreign investigators. 

Therefore, I performed on computer research and I received above paper as indicated the glycoprotien was 

extracted from shark. The relative material utilizes 

for Prostate cancer (Benefit drug) .The following function is inhibiting of angiogensis (Neovascularization of 

cell metastasis) and causes improvement in patients. In addition, the 

shark oil may prevent of mutation, further more, the immuno activity of shark is similar to sturgeon. 

I think that this characteristic exists in sturgeon (immuno Potent) but this experiment should be proved. 

It is essential that this experiment will Perform. The immunology of Shark and Sturgeon are 

Similar as followed: 

1- The MLR of shark and sturgeon are weak (Fish Medicine) . 

2- Sturgeons have a high longevity. 

3- The MHC classes don't occure in shark and sturgeon that the foreign agents are far away by non -specially 

(Fish Medicine) . 

4- The additional Myelo lymphoid exists in pericardium cavity and meaning (Fish Medicine) . 

5- The week allograft exists in Shark and Sturgeon. Finally, It should be mentioned, in 

Contrast, the shark oil is different from corn oil because this experiment carried out about rats. They were 

susceptible to cancer diseases. 

References : 

1- Ipettit -Order, Antineo Plastic agent Li isolation and characterization of Sphyma 1 and 2 from the hammer head Shark 

Lewini , J , pharm Sci 1979 , shark cartilage for cancer treatment. 

2- Michael K , Stoskopf fish medicine, 1993 , P.P 152 . 

3- Computer search.

ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF UIVA LACTUCA ON SOME PLANT PATHOGEN FUNGI 

Sedigeh Mehrabian, 

Zahra Molabashi 

Tarbiat Moallem University, Department of Biology 

Samples of Ulva lactuca were collected from Chah-Bahar. Through microscopic examination their genus and 

species were determined. After washing and cleaning from salt and marine pollutions, algae were dried. 

The powder obtained then was sterilized by Tendalization and Autoclave. We used nine fungi including 

Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Rizoctonia solani, 

Macrofomenia fazeolina, Fusarium solami, Fusarium oxpansum and Penicillium dagerdi as plant pathogen 

fungi. We used water and organic solvents (Ethanol, Methanol and Acetone) at 4 C. 

Inhibitory effects were detected by two methods, zone inhibition measurement and dilution method.The 

results showed that dry material from Ulva powder had no activities. The ethanolic extract had the best effect 

on fungal species than other extracts. The inhibitory effects on growth were those with some organic solvents. 

By performing UV spectroscopy from all extracts ofUlva lactuca, Phenol compounds that are base of Kinolin 

and flovonoid were shown. 

References: 

1- Bandar -BMR et al (1998). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Marine Alga of 

Srilanka. 

2- Ivanova. V. et al (1996). Biological Active Substances from Marine Organisms. 

Herba Hungarica 30:347-59

INVESTIGATION IN TO THE EFFECT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ON LIVESTOK MILK 

PRODUCTION 

Maiid Torabi 

Natural Resource And Animal Research Center Jahad sazandegi of Ghom, Departments of Veterinary 

Medicine Research, P.O.B.J95, Iran. 

Adminstreation of various drugs, hormones, mineral and feed additive to dairy animals eported to increase 

the milk production. Using medicinal plants in human and animal to increase milk production have been a 

subject for very research, so that more than 40 kind of plant have been recognized in this regard. The use of 

herbal galactagogue is know to beneficial effect on milk production. 

Eighteen healthy holeshtain cows calved in past 1-2 month and in thire first lactation included in the treated 

group and control. The animals in treated group were adminestred mixture five medicinal herbs, 50 gr per 

cow daily along with feed concentration for 5 day while the control animals were given feed without the 

medicinal plant. The milk yield recorded daily for 20 days. 

The results indicate that adminstreation medicinal plants increased milk in treated group significant 

compared to control group and each cow in treated group produced 52/57 liter milk (%10.45) more than cow 

in control group in total 20 days. 

References: 

1.Khurana KL, Balvinder Kumar, Sudhir Khanna, Anju Manuja, Kumar B.,Khanna s., Manuja A., Effect of herbal 

galactagogue Payapro on milk yield in lactating buffaloes. mternational Journal of Animal Sciences. 11: 1, 239-240.1996. 

2.Vihan, VS. Panwar,HS., Galactopoietic effect ofNigella sativa (H-Kalonji) in clinical casesof agalactia in goats. mdian 

Veterinary Journal. 64: 4,347-349.1987 

3. Sharma,RK., Reddy AG., Misraulia KS., Shrivastava PN .,Efficacy ofPayapro in treating hypogalactia in cows. mdian 

Veterinary Journal. 75: 6, 554-555.1998. 

4. Galhotra AP., Therapeutic trials to study galactogogue effect on 'Herbosal' confidential Co-Cu-H and Lacto-G a herbal trio 

on milk production in cases of agalactia and hypogalactia. mdian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 12: 2, 109- 

113.1996. 

5. Wheeler GE., Wait C .,Use of herbal medicines in modern dairy farming -a breeding efficiency programme. Acta 

Horticulturae. 333: 299-308.1993

IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN ANIMAL DISEASES TREATMENT 

Maiid Torabi 

Natural Resource And Animal Research Center Jahad sazandegi of Ghom, Departments of Veterinary 

Medicine Research, P. O. Box 195, Iran. 

Exploitation of medicinal plants has been as a usual method in veterinary as in medicine from the past 

centuries. Nowadays different kind of drugs of plant sources is being produced in worldwide manufactures, 

so that over 300 different kinds of these drugs exposed to the veterinary pharmaceutical markets. 

Of the most important reasons for application of herbal drugs must refer to the: absence of harmful residuals 

of drugs in livestock productions, cost beneficial, minimal of side effects, easy access and formulation. 

Late effectness of medicinal plants, incorrect gathering and preservation of plants, lack of relevant 

programming in herbal drug's production, insufficient researches and information about this kind of drugs are 

major reasons for low production and consumption of them in our country . 

According to the studies by author, drugs that can be used in animal disease are classified in 36 

category as bellow: appetizer Drugs, combinative drugs, laxative & purgative drugs, anti diarrhea drugs, liver 

tonic drugs, anti infertility drugs, mastitis drugs, galactagogue drugs, diuretics drugs, respiratory disease 

drugs, weight gain drugs, general tonic drugs, wound 

healing drugs, anti inflammatory drugs, acits therapy drugs, anti stress drugs, increases product drugs, anti 

poisoning drugs, pesticidal and acaricidal drugs, anti trematodal drugs, anti cestodal drugs, anti nematodal 

drugs, anti protozoal drugs, fish disease drugs and bee disease drugs. 

References: 

1. Fazlara,A., 1999, Infonnation, and application of, veterinary phannaceuticals, Daropachsh, 630pp. 

2. Salimi,M.M,1985, Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutic, Tehran university publication, 400pp 3. Vallachira, A., 

1995, veterinarians drug index. Jappeebrothers. 

4. Vallachira,A.,1998, veterinary materia medica. jappeebrothers. 

5. Wheeler GE., Wait C .,Use of herbal medicines in modem dairy fanning -a breeding efficiency progranune. Acta 

Horticulturae. 333: 299-308.1993

AN ASSAY ON ABILITY OF OINTMENT AND EXTRACT OF TRUE MYRTLE 

(MYRTUS COMMUNIS) IN TREATMENT AND HEALING OF FOWL POX, PIGEON POX, 

CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA AND FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 

Chaichi A. 

Veterinary and animal quarantine Centre, Mahshahr port, Khuzestan 

Avian poxis a common viral disease of domestic birds (Chickens, pigeons and etc.) Fowl pox virus and 

pigeon pox virus are member of the family Poxviridae. The Coetaneous from of the disease is characterized 

by the appearance of nodular lesions on various parts of unfeathered skin such as Comb, wattle, corner of the 

mouth, around the eyelids and, angle of the beak. 

Orf (contagious ecthyma) is a viral disease of sheep and goat that occasionally can occur in man orf virus is 

member of the family parapoxviridae. It is characterized by a dermatitis and, in some cases, stomatitis that 

progresses through the typical poxviral lesions of papules, pustules and scab formation. The site of infection 

are usually the lips and mouth but lesions may at times be seen on the nose, and nostrils. 

Aphthous fever (Foot and mouth disease) is a viral disease of live stocks such as cow and even occurs in man 

but man cases are uncommon. F M D Virus is member of the family picornaviridae and genus Aphthoviruses. 

It is Characterized by formation of blisters or vesicles in the mucosa of the mouth, tongue, lips and gums also 

vesicles may be found on the udder and teats especially of nursing cows and in rare instances on the scrotum 

or vulva. True myrtle (Myrtus Communis L.) is member of genus Myrtaceae. Extract of the whole plant 

contains 1,8-Cineol, Myrtinyl acetate, Myrtenol, olein, Linolein, Myristin, Plamitine, a-pinen, (3-pinen, apieol, 

Limonen, Linalool, Terpineol and Lynalyl acetate in different concentrations. It is proved that drugs 

made up myrtle extracts are useful in treating and healing of herpes viral lesions. To assay Myrtoplex 

ointment (Darau pakhsh pharmaceutical Mnfg. Co.) and Myrtle C. W lotion (Barij Essince Herbal 

Pharmaceutical Laboratory) bioavailability in the cases of animal clinical patients this investigation was 

conducted. 

From each animal species 300 cases were noticed as samples except sheeps with 150 Cases (Orf vaccine was 

not available) and cases grouped in three group as A (ointment application), B (Lotion application) and C 

(standard). In each group vaccinated animals and nonvaccinated ones were divided. Treatment was 

conducted alongwith disease appearance to Complete healing of the head lesions of pox and orfand udder 

lesions of F.M.D. 

As a result, drugs showed good advantages concerning their therapeutics effects. Fast healing, less 

complicated lesions and shorter disease duration time significantly confirmed by Chisquare statistical 

computing. There was no significant differences between. Myrtoplex and Myrtle C. W in treatment of 

lesions.Results shows antiviral activity and healing promoting ability of drugs and perhaps it may be a new 

therapeutical program for the disease and can be a good model for the same human disease researches. 

References: 

I) Buxton A., Fraser G., (1977): Animal Microbiology, vol: 2, Bglackwell scientific publicxtions. 

2) Castro.A.E., Heuschele, W.P; (1992); Veterinary Diagnostic Virology, A practitioner's Guide, Mosby Yearbook. 3) Quinn. 

P.I, Carter. M.E, etal; (1994); Clinical Veterinary microbiology. Wolfe. 

4) Encyclopedia of Medical plants, I thed, London. 

5) Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses, Ith ed. London, Dorley Kindersley, 1995.

DETERMINATION OF ANTITILLERIA EFFECT OF PEGANUM ALKALOIDS 

A. Hadjakhoondi. N. Yasa, M. Negahdaripour 

School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 

Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) is a permanent herb that grows in infertile lands of many parts of the 

world including Iran. This plant was known as a disinfectant since long ago. The major compound of 

peganum are indole and isoqinoline alkaloide as: Harmin, harmalin and peganin. Also amino acid 

carbohydrate and steroides have been reported to be present in this plant. In the previous studies, peganum 

alkaloids were assumed to have different effect especially antiprotozoa and antihelmintic effect and effects on 

uterine and smooth muscle. 

Considering the review studies in this work we extracted and purified the peganum alkaloids then the effects 

of each alkaloid on Tilleria which causes disease in cow and sheep were investigated individually. In the 

phytochemical part of this research, the total alkaloids of the peganum plants collected in Garmsar yielded 2.8 

% then each purified alkaloid was confirmed by the classic instrumental methods. 

According to the obtained data about the effect of each alkaloid on the growth of the cells affected by Tilleria 

anullata in the biological part of the study harmalin and peganin with the concentration of 10-5 inhibited the 

growth of the infected cells. These two alkaloids with the concentration of 10-6 partially inhibited the growth 

of the infected cells. Harmin appeared to have weaker inhibitory effects compared to harmalin and peganin.

STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC RELATION BETWEEN ACUPUNCTURE AND CUPPING IN 

HUMAN BEING 

1 2 

Ghahramaninezhad.N., Bakhtiari,J. 

1 

Natural Resource And Animal Research Center Jahad Sazandegi of Ghom, Departments of Veterinary 

2 

Medicine Research, P. O.B.19 5, Iran. Departments of clinical science faculty of veterinary medicine, 

Tehran University, Tehran ,Iran. 

Acupuncture with five thousand and cupping with 4-5 thousand year history of application are known as 

traditional method of curing different disease condition. Some of these condition like congestion, increasing 

blood volume in a particular area and increasing temperature in body and etc are disorders which cupping and 

occupants is recommended for therapy in human and animals especially that of removal of blood leading to 

sedation in patent. 

During a Preliminary evaluation on cupping area, occupants and meridians in body topographically their 

similarity in treatment of disease were found. For example the occupant of baihui (Du-2o) are common point 

for therapy which is located in area of head where is used for cupping in Traditional medicine. Back region of 

every body for curing disease (vertebral column) are known as place for cupping where as the same points 

(shu points) give reliable response to acupuncture also. Though cupping in these area and acupuncture points 

sited for therapy in diseased organ located. With the result in present study close relation within occupants, 

meridians and cupping were found. 

References: 

I. Dung H,C.; Anatomical features contributing to the formation of acupuncture points. Am. J. Acupunct 12:139 

143,1984. 

2. Kheirandish H.; Hejamat in the veiw of islam, Volume I. Islam. Pub.1998. 

3. Ragers Ph.;Information technology in acupuncture and traditional chinese medicine, proceeding of the 24 th animal 

international congress on veterinary acpuncture : 41-66. 1998. 

4. Tsuei Julia J., Introducuion of the electro dermal screenig Test: The measurement of the meridian system,Proceeding of the 

24 th annual international congress on veterinary acupuncture: 151-156. 1998. 

5 .Wang W., Wang Y., Meridian and its relation to acupuncture, ,Proceeding of the 24 th annual international congress on 

veterinary acupuncture: 164-165. 1998

STUDY ON ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY CHANGES OF ELEECTRO ACUPUNCTURE 

ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN SHEEP 

1 2 

Ghahramaninezhad.N., Bakhtiari,J. 

Natural Resource And Animal Research Center Jahad Sazandegi of Ghom, Departments of Veterinary 

2 

Medicine Research, P. O.B.195, Iran. Departments of clinical science faculty of veterinary medicine, 

Tehran University, Tehran ,Iran. 

1 

Twelve sheep experimentally divided into two equal groups of six animal each using electro acupuncture 

analgesic point (group 1) and lidocaine hydrochloride (group II). 

In group I, acupuncture points of SP-6 , ST -36 , OB -39 and GV -20 with frequencies of 130 -140 Hz for 10 

minute and in group II lidocain hydrochloride 2% were used. Analgesic effect could differentiate in three 

categories of excellent, good and fair. The excellent analgesic categories had shown better abdominal surgical 

sign of analgesia as compare to other categories. 

Where as in preliminary tests low frequencies of 3-5 Hz with high electrical stimulation needs 30-40 minute 

time for analgesic effect on abdominal region. Slight analgesic effect could be observed in 9-11 hrs later to 

stimulation with animal showing to be more calm also. 

References: 

I. Bihari,A., Kumar,A.; Clinical studies on acupuncture analgesia in caprine surgery. Indian Vet. J. 69:1026-1028,1992. 

2. Ghahramaninezhad,N.; Inducing analgesia by using electroacupuncture in flank region in sheep, thesis No. 2366, the 

faculty of vet. Medicine of Tehran university. 1998. 

3. Gwan ,K.H., Robertson, N.E.; The mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia. American Journal of acupuncture 25(4).261 

275. 1997. 

4. Kleinhena,J., Acupuncture mechanisms, Indication and effectiveness according to recent Western literature. Am. J. of 

Acupuncture 23(3), 211-216.1995. 

5. Klide,A.M., Kung. S.H., Text book of veterinary acupuncture, University of Pennsylvania press (U.S.A), 1977. 

6. Kumar,A.; Acupuncture analgesia / techniques for abdominal surgery, summer coures on techniques and application of 

vet. Acupuncture, University of Agriculture & Technology-pantanagale aidnl,1993. 

7. Lakshmipathi, G. V., Ramkrishna 0.; Text book of Ruminant Surgery. Acupuncture section E. UBC publisher India PP: 

136-140,1994.

THE INTERNET, AS A TOOL IN PHARMACOGNOSY RESEARCHES 

Zanjanian S.M. and Faramarzi M.A. 

Department of Pharmacognosy, Facu/ty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medica/Sciences, Tehran, 

14155-6451, Iran, Fax no. 6461178, mzanjanian @ yahoo. Com 

At the present century, exchanging inforn1ation has so significant role in man's life that great efforts are 

devoted to establish routes, which increase the quality and rate of this communication. 

World inforn1ation centers are trying to classify the piles of available data property and provide a suitable and 

quick access in order to inforn1 millions of users throughout the world. 

At the communication era, "World Wide Web" can be considered as the most effective device for inforn1ation 

transfer. The outstanding of that is its capability of establishing a bilateral communication. Anyhow, it seems 

a necessity for an industry or society to match up with this phenomenon. Natural product researchers and 

scientists like other users need the benefit of the internet and its wide range capabilities for obtaining their 

own scientific and professional inforn1ation in order to design their present and future research approach. 

Our effort in this article is to express the usage of this new communicating technology, which acts as a bridge 

to reach the new and up-to-date inforn1ation due to " pharmacognosy and related sciences ". 

A brief review of the Internet and its lingo and methods of finding inforn1ation are provided. We focus on " 

what is out there " for a pharmacognosit and how to find it. This review primarily serves as an introductory 

guide. The Internet addresses and capabilities of some key site such as herbalgram, phcog, herbs and also 

important journals, publications, discussion groups, etc in this field will be presented. 

References: 

I. Tenenbaum Andrew (1998) Computer Network. 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall Co., USA. 

2.Dr. Prakash (1997) Internet Resource Kit Ambega on Kar.Osborne MCG raw-Hill, USA. 

3.Sant Angelo Rick (1995) NetWare Profession Reference. SAMS Publishing, USA. 

4.Harley Hahn (1996) The Internet Computer Reference.2nd ed., Osborn McGraw-HilI, USA.

POINT MUTATION C677T IN THE METHYLENTETRAHYDROFOLATE 

REDUCTASE (MTHFR) GENE IS A MILD RISK FACTOR FOR VENOUS 

THROMBOSIS IN AZERBAIJAN 

JAFAROV T. 

Institute of physiology, Baku, Azerbaijan 

Venous thrombosis is very common and serious disease. The last decade has shown that there are number of 

mutations leading to this disorder. The most important is the point mutation l691G-A in the Factor V gene. It 

1 

has been demonstrated that this mutation counts for approximately 20% of this disease all cases . 

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is also connected with high risk of developing this abnormality. Its been estimated 

that hypermocysteinaemia counts for about 20% of all cases of this disease and also being risk factor for 

2 

cardiovascular disease. Recently, Frosst et al reported of a common point mutation C677T in the gene of 

methylentetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) being able to cause a mild hypermocysteinaemia in 

homozygous state and associated with risk for development of cardiovascular disease and venous 

thrombosis. 

We have carried out the study to esteemed the prevalence of these mutations in 60 patients with venous 

thrombosis. DNA was isolated from the whole blood by salting out method. The molecular diagnostic of 

3 

Factor V1691G-A was performed by PCR RFLP method as described by Chamouard et a1 and the molecular 

diagnostic of MTHFR C677T was performed by PCR RFLP method as described Frosst et al. 

In this study, we identified 5 homozygous cases (8%) and 27 heterozygous cases (55% total) for MTHFR 

C677T and 5 homozygous cases and 14 heterozygous cases for Factor V1691G-A (32% total). Among these 

there were two cases of combined MTHFR C677T homozygous and Factor V1691G-A heterozygous cases 

We demonstrated that almost 40% of all patients with venous thrombosis in Azerbaijan have one of these 

mutations and this fact indicates that physicians must realize that almost half of all cases of venous 

thrombosis are hereditary. 

Patients bearing Factor V1691G-A mutation often have to take a prolonged anticoagulant therapy whereas 

patients with hypermocysteinaemia can modulate the situation by supplementing dietary folate and 

4 

pyridoxine or eating food with enriched BI2 vitamin, folate or pyridoxine content. 

References: 

I. Bertina R, Koeleman B, Koster T, Rosendaal F, Dirven R, Ronde H, van der Velden P, Reitsma P. Mutation in 

blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature. 369:64-67.1994 

2. Frost P, Blom H, Goyette P, Sheppard C, Matthews R, Boers G, der Heijer M, Kluijtmans L, van der Huevel 

LP, Rozen R.A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in the 

methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nature Genetics. 10: 111-113.1995 

3. Patric Chamouard, Pencreach E., Maloisel F., Grunebaum L.: Frequent Factor II G20210A Mutation In 

Idiopathic Portal Vein Thrombosis. Gastroenterology .116: 144-148. 1999 

4. Verhoeff B., Trip M., Prins M., Kastelein J, Reitsma P. The effect of a common methylentetrahydroflate 

reductase mutation on levels of homocysteine, folate, vitamin BI2 and the risk of premature atherosclerosis. 

Atherosclerosis. 141:161-166. 1998

BLOOD-LETTING, PHLEBOTOMY AND LUNAR CYCLE 

Seifbehzad,F. 

Pezeshky Emrooz(medicine today journal)P.O.Box 15875-5444 

Blood letting is a tradition of Mohamad The Prophet (peace be upon him)and from 

ages afar along with phlebotomy has been done in order to prevent and cure diseases.Blood letting was done 

in cases where diluted blood had to be let out of the skin.Phlebotomy was done in cases of hyperemias 

through great veins and it is still done. 

At present phlebotomy is used more often than blood letting and is recommended in cases such as Pulmonary 

edema,Polycytemia vera, Threatening uremias of eclampsia,Sudden paralysis 

caused by brain hemorhage. 

What bears the most significance in this respect and unfortunately like so many issues of Traditional 

Medicine has been forgotten due to the advanced of New Sciences;is the effect of the cosmic agents on human 

body.Lunar cycle is the third essential rhythm of life. This cycle appears in patterns of The human birth 

time.Moon affects the body and Mind of human being and this effect has been proved. Surprisingly Avicena 

long before this case was proved had written about it. 

A noteworthy fact about phlebotomy and blood letting which is going unnoticed at the moment is the Timing 

for carrying out these Methods which have to be done considering the lunar cycle. 

Avicena finds The night of the fullmoon the best time for blood letting. The best time for phlebotomy in weak 

people with hot temperement is spring. 

In the following article the effect of moon on the human body and mind is studied.

THE BENEFIT AND CURATIVE EFFECTS OF APPLE IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 

Soheila Khazaie 

Mashhad, Dr. Sheikh Hospital 

Apple is heavenly fruit that is very useful in traditional medicine. shell of apple tree has tonic, styptic and 

febrifuge effects. Leaf of apple tree has diuretic effect and decreases inflamation of kidney and blodder. 

Mature apple is laxative, antidiarrheal, diuretic, anticatarrh and sedative. These effects have relation with 

apple shell. Apple prevents from uric acid formation in body and prescribe for patients with Gout, 

Atherosclerosis, chronic Eczema, obesity and Hemorrhoide, Also Apple has very useful effect on decreasing 

of signs of bronchities and Mellitus Diabetes. 

Apple reduces inflamation of gut and is useful in children and infant's diarrhea, entrocolities, dysentria, 

chronic Gastroentrities and thyphoidal fever. Alpona (apple powder) has pectin and reduces blood 

cholestrole, defecate harmful bacteria from gut (desinfecting effect). Daily using 300-400 gram of apple 

reduces blood cholestrole 10-20 percentile. 

Cooked apple juice gargling cures Angina. 

In England, people have believed: " with using of one apple per day, you will never be sick. In external using, 

cooked apple Juice with olive oil cure choronic ulcers. Face Mask with cooked apple Juice and milk is very 

effective for freshness of skin. Apple has blood conditioning and thus reducing mental and bodily fatigue (in 

athletics and pregnant females). 

References: 

1. The Bircher -Benner Eating Your way to health London 1999. 

2. Hugh. L. MoffetPediatric 

infectious diseases 1999. 

3.Paige DM : clinical Nutrition st. louis, Mosby, 1998. 

4. Shils ME, young VR: Modern Nutrtion in Health and Disease. Philadlphea ,Lea and Febiger 1988 

5.Feldman EB: Essentials of clinical Nutrition. Philadelphia, 1988 

L

NEEDLE MEDICINE 

Soheila Khazaie 

Mashhad,Dr. Sheikh Hospital 

Needle medicine includes purport of preventive and curative methods which are originated from energy 

irrigularity and disequilibration. Exact diagnosis of disease is depend on true diagnosis kind of 

pulses, " In" and "Yang" forces. 

" Yang " disorders Cause hypersympaticotony, hyperactivity and hyperemia of organs, crumps, Spasmodic 

paralyzis and "In" disorders cause vagotony, astenia, disfunction of organs, cold exterimity, Flask paralyzis , 

drowziness , etc. 

There are certain dots on body relevant to Functional disorders. 

Electrophysiology showes special capability of conduction for different spots on body. 

Galvanopunctometria helps for recognize this dots and their healthy and treatment of patients by Needle 

Medicine. Method of needle medicine is very important. Area, depth of thrust and duration of needling are 

important in needle medicine. 

Mechanism of effective needling is stimulating nerves and then secretion Neurotransmitors From 

axons (Histamin , Acetylcolin , Adrenalin,...)and massages transfer to especial organs. Cortex of 

brain has originally role. 

Needling also causes changes in action Potentiels and ional changes inside of neuronal cells, increased 

Leukocytes, Red blood cells and effect on Reticuloendothelial system and endocrine glands. Aim of needle 

medicine and Homeopathy is little stimulating (with needle or drugs) on disequilibration. Skill in this 

medicine and observance of sterilization are very important in treatment and disinteligence causes unpleasant 

events. 

Thermothrapy, Massage, exercises and taking bath in sulfurated hot water, food hygiene and herbaceous 

drugs are other methods in traditional medicine.

THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION JIHAD MINISTRY IN REVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF 

PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS REGARDING STABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPAL AND 

OFFERED THE SOLUTIONS 

M. T. Amanpour 

Department of Research and Education, Tehran Ministry of Jihad-Sazandegi 

Iran has a very honourable past in traditional medicine. Some famous figures such as Ebn-e-Sina, Razi, 

Eboureihan Birouni, ...made this country nurse of science and civilization of that time and also they were 

causes of contemporary countries' regret. Therefore the kind responsible authorities of Islamic Republic and 

the related organizations specially Training and Investigations Department of Construction Jihad Ministry 

continuously think about revival of that forgotten happiness of traditional Medical and Islamic Medicine 

which pharmaceutical plants make its basis. 

The world of increasing population trend and foreseeing the population about 7.6 billion in 2020, the attention 

to world hygiene, machine-made life, poisons effects and environmental pollutions are the causes of 

providing medicine to keep human healthy and to meet world demands. Nowadays medicines with 

consumption about 100 billion dollars in world, pharmaceutics, industries and other activities of this sector 

obtained special place in economic world. Certainly due to double medicine deals in next 20 years, one of the 

most successful and fundamental parts of world market is allocated to medicine. 

Iran with a bright history in using pharmaceutical plants and ecological and environmental potential talent 

and having 6000-11500 kinds of plants and special pharmaceutical plants is one of the most suitable area in 

the world to produce and export them. It is necessary that in construction and stable era to have a permanent 

agriculture, the pharmaceutical plants receive attention and have special place in government's great 

programs. There fore, using rare possibilities we can have economical growth and development for providing 

domestic needs, preventing foreign exchange exit, having vast exports, providing occupation. 

It is clear that with national resolution, we can have 10 billion dollars exports in this field. To execute 

guidance of great leader for performing the slogan of "scientific Jihad, basis of constructional development" 

and in order to promote and to use pharmaceutical plants and to pay attention to all departments such as 

Training, investigation and promotion, and execution, Deputy of construction Jihad Ministry in Training and 

investigation affairs since 1370/1991 have paid special attention to pharmaceutical plants with planning and 

organizing Forests and Pastures Investigation Institute, vaccine and serum making investigation of Razi 

Institute, and establishing 28 centers for investigation on natural resources and domesticate animals affairs in 

provinces and organizing scientific-application institute for high Education, and completing scientific board 

including specialists, young and effective researchers for 9 sectors of training and investigation related to 

construction Jihad's duties. During this limited period Jihad mainly performed different plans in all-over 

country through Forests and pastures Investigation Institute: In this research, plans and programs of Jihad- 

Sazandegi are presented for reviving and improving pharmaceutical plants. 

References: 

1) Ministry of Jahad-e-sazandegi Research Institute of Forests and Range Lands. 

2) Doctor. what sheold Eat Isadore Rosenfeld. M.D. Thelatest world medical information. 

3) M.S. Rojhan. M.D. Selected Professor of Tehran Medical Sciences University.

THE ECONOMICAL PLACE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS IN IRAN AND IN WORLD 

AND THE NECESSITY OF FOLLOWING THE STABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLE 

EbrahimiA. 

Department of Research and Education, Tehran Ministry of Jihad-e-Sazandegi 

Increasing attention to the use of pharmaceutical plants and to the related products intensifies the role of this 

plants in world economic cycle, so that its increasing consumption not only have not been allocated to 

developing countries but also is one of the important hygienic factors in developed countries. 

Fortunately, most of this plants which were consumed over 200 years ago, are used in 2000. On the whole in 

recent decade the world exchange volume of pharmaceutical plants has amounted to 200 billion dollars. 

"According to F AO report, the worth of pharmaceutical plant's exports has been amounted to 880 million 

dollars in 1995." 

In china, which has 1260 million population, more than 50% of consumed medicines (sometimes It is 

reported 90%) have botanic origin. Chinese cultivate 200 kinds of pharmaceutical plants in 350,000 hectares. 

In 1995, with 33 million dollars, china gained first place in exporting pharmaceutical plants. It is about 100 

million people are engaged in this field, in this country. Chinese buy and sell 13 million tones pharmaceutical 

plant annually. There are 800 pharmaceutical factories in china which produce 2000 different kinds of 

pharmaceutical plants. 

Pharmaceutical plants Consumption during past two years have become double in Europe. 

Humburg is main center of pharmaceutical plant's business in Europe. 

European countries imported different kinds of pharmaceutical plants valued 550 million dollars price in 

1989. They gave back 76 billion dollars to pharmaceutical plant's producing countries in form of 

manufactured medicines, essences, colors, other chemical materials. 

Iran allocates about 600 billion Rls. of public budget to pay subsidy for providing requested 

medicines. 

The cost of medicine parchasing in past year was about 400 million dollars. 

Having bright antecedent in medical, Iran not only, is located in world strategic crossroad 

politically, but also has ecologically a rare state in world: 

-Having 11 climates out of 13 climates of world. 

-The average of temperature difference between coldest and warmest places of Iran is 

40-45°c in winter and 35-40°c in summer. 

-About 300 sunny days. 

-8000-11000 plant types is two fold flora of to flora of all over Europe. 

Regarding the ideas about how to access to world market, to non-oil exports and how to achieve stable 

development, and with accepting this reality which pharmaceutical plants are one of the important factors of 

the stable development (producing raw materials, export, occupation, preserving of environment), this aims 

can be obtained through exact programmings. 

References: 

1) 78 February Report of Iran Export Development center. 

2) Dr. Reza amid Beigi, the professor of Teacher training university. 

3) The latest world Medical information, second volume, of Dr. Isadore Rosenfeld M.D. 

4) The author's field studies and Researches and he is the manager of executing Research's plans of Medical plants. The 

abstract of scientific negotiation with researchers and specialists of medical plants. 

5) FAO Reports. 

6) M.S. Dr. Rojhan M.D. Selected professor of Tehran Medical sciences university.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION ON THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE OF HEGU- 

POINT DURING CESAREAN SECTION 

1 1 1 2 

Suyun S., Young C., Wenling C., Ghiamat M., Foroughi F. 2 

1 2 

Department of anesthesia, cangzhou Municipal central Hospital, china 2000 Department of anesthesia, 

Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 

The Purpose of this study was to observe the clinical effects of using Hegu-Li4 assited Regionel Anesthesia to 

suppres visccral traction pain during cesarean section. 

100 ASA I parturients undergoing sedation were randomly divided into wo group: Group I (50 cases) was 

induced only epidural anesthesia. After puncturing Hegu-Li4 during fetus was taken out, the uterus and the 

peritoneum were sewed up, strong manipulation was done on Hegu-Li4 by lifting and thrusting. 

The results showed that the incidence of pain in group II was significantly higher than that in group I. The 

duration of postoperative analgesia in group I (5.23h) was significantly longer than in group II (I. 15h), No 

side effects were observed in two groups. 

In conclusion Hegu-Li4 assisted epidural anesthesia is safe and very effective in reducing viseral traction pain 

during cesarean section. This method can be used more extensively in obstetrical anesthesia.

CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS & TRADITIONAL TREATMENT 

Abdolmajid Fata, Reza Elahi,Hussein Rezai,Hassan Rakhshandah,Abedin 

Tavakkoli,Jalali 

Mashhad-Emam Reza Hospital-Parasitology Lab. 

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic skin disease.Different methods of treatment (standard & 

traditional) are used by the patients. 

Two types of medicinal plants are used by native of Khorasan province. Juice of Euphorbia is used to cure 

oriental sore. In order to evaluate the effect of juice, extract and active ingredient of Euphorbia myrcinites,a 

study was undertaken during a period for nine months in department of parasitology Emam Reza hospital by 

in vivo and invitro methods. The results showed that all forms of the plant(juice,extract and active 

ingredients) are effective on the parasite,but active ingredient has a better effect.The extract and juice of 

another plant as Berberis vulgaris was also examined by invivo and invitro methods. The results showed that 

howerer they had therapeutic effect on cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions of mice but they had a weaker effect in 

relation to Euphorbia myrsinites.It is concluded that cutaneous leishmaniasis can be cured by using of the 

active ingredient and medicinal plants such as Berberis and Euphorbia. 

References: 

1-Saebi Esmail,Parasitic Diseases in Iran,1367 

2-Ainechi Yaghoub,Materia Medica and Medicinal Plant of Iran Tehran University Press-1365 

3-Bastas.R.K. Phytochemical Studies of the Plants of Genera Euphorbia, 1982 

4--Davis.L.Saches , Metacyclogenesis in Leislunania Promastigote 1989

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (SPIRITUAL HEALING) 

Shahriar Vaziri Tabar 

Tehran -Saadat Abad Ave, Farhang Ave, Vala bug. No, 14 

We begin the session with the name of God, the creator of all beings. 

Traditional medicine is not a new phenomena. It has thousand of history behind it and it has been studied and 

surveyed by different nations and civilizations in different areas of the 

world. 

In one of the conflicts between Muslims and non- believers in which "Ali" had been 

nominated as the commander of the Islamic army, some one in formed" Mohammed ", The Prophet, that "Ali" 

has Great pain in hid eyes and he was very ill. "Mohammed" ordered that man to bring "Ali" to him. When he 

did so, Mohammed touched Alis eyes with his blessed hands and Alis eyes were cures in a blink of time and he 

was able to participate in the war 

against the infidels. 

We have also heard so much about the healing power that Jesus Crest has and that he could 

heal any person with a serious illness just with a touch. 

In general every human being receives energy from the universe. But healing or spiritual healing is possible, 

when the person who uses the energy naturally has the power to transfer it to the others, or he studies various 

scientific and spiritual methods for doing this. 

In America, England, Japan, China, France, nether- land, India, and many other countries of the world people 

have proceeded to use this method of healing beside the usual classic medicine. In some instances the result 

cained by using this method has been excellent and very effective. In Iran this method of healing has been 

named :"Energy healing ". 

A short resume about the method of energy healing 

There are different methods used for Energy healing. One of the most famous and common methods is called 

Reiki whose founder was Dr. Makoa usui. 

In this method of healing by palpating the body of the patient, and transferring energy to him, 

healing will occur. 

Every human being collects energy every night and day from the universe via special points in 

the body called: Chakra. 

There are seven main chakras in ones body; 

Crown chakra .Third eye chakra. Throat chakra .Heart chakra .Solar plexus. Sacral chakra.Root chakra. 

Energy in the form and shape of a cone enters the above. Mentioned chakras of the body usually, and lack or 

shortage of receipt of energy by these points will cause illness in the 

body. 

Healing a patient by using this method as Dr. Dipak chupra points out will be done in the 

fowling sequence and method; 

The patients healing depends on the following ingormations received by healer; 

1- What is the illness (disease)? 

2- Whom involved is the patients body with the present illness? 3- How long has he been effected by this 

disease? 

4- How powerful the patient is to receive energy? 

5- Faith of the patient to this method of healing? 

6- Who is the healer? 

Reference: 

Reiki a torch in daylight by karyn mitchell . 

Meta phisice by lial watson.

A RESEARCH PERIPHERAL THE PRAYER IN THE QURAN AND TRADITIONS AND ITS 

EFFECT ON THE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL LIFE 

Saved Hussain Fattahi Masoum -Hussain Rezai 

Masshad -Ghaem Hospital- thorax surgery section 

Taking into consideration of the greatness of the prayer that is the ascending Quran ( in comparsion with the 

Quran that is the descending book from exalted God) slave against the greatness of the creator can exalt his 

comtempt by prayer and bring near himself to God. There fore study the role of prayer in personal and social 

life and its resulting effects is difficult and needs a complete and academic research. The stem of daa(prayer) 

is daava and means invitation or seeking help. Sometimes it means only invitatidn (Nuh surah) verse no. 6 

)and sometimes means seeking help ( Ebrahim surah verse no. 39) . 

Davat also means invitation ( like surah Bagharah verse no. 80 ) or surah Ghapher verse no. 60 ). These two 

verses indicate that every one invites God, God will accept it certainly but the reason which most of prayers 

are not accepted is because for acception is not advisable, God knows but slave does not know, or there is not 

sincerity and the slave leans on other things. It is noticeable that most of people think the effect of prayer 

should be occured without labour, on the contrary he should effort meanwhile or after prayer and search a 

means so that God accomplishes the aim,if it is advisable. Totally 212 verses about daa ( prayer) word and its 

derivatives have been stated in the Quran .In another brief study almost 62 verses only pertinent to daa and its 

nearer stems were determined. In addition, many verses, also about the personal and social and constructive 

effects of prayer have been stated which daa word and its derivatives are not found in them but they result to 

deep psychosomatic effects (like Quran verses that begin with rabbana ) .In this article the following items are 

investigated. 

1- The effect of prayer in personal life ( psychosomatic. ) 

2- The effect of prayer in social life . 

3- The effect of prayer in other human societies. 

4- The effect of prayer in human diseases treatment. 

5- The effect of prayer in human beings intercommunications. 6- Other items. 

References: 

1- Ebrahim Ghaphari, Cutom of praise, Islamic Research Foundation 1994 

2- Morteza Najafi , Rules of prayer 

3-The Holy Qllran , Translated by B.Khorramshahi 

4- Nahjolbalagha and Sahifeh Sajjadieh 

5- Dr. Rouhani, The Quran Statistical Dictionary

1 13 

ASSIGNMENTS OF THE H AND C NMR SPECTRA OF SPIRAMYCIN IN 

AQUEOUS MEDIUM 

l 2 

Houshdar Tehrani M. H. , Barber J 

- School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti Uni. Med. Sci. Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6153, 

IRAN 

2 

- Department of Pharmacy, Manchester Uni., Manchester MI39PL, UK. 

1 

Spiramycin, as isolated from Streptomycin ambofaciens (1,2,3), is a mixture of 16-membered macrolide 

antibiotics containing three major components. Each component consists of four structural fragments; a 16membered 

lactone ring, two amino sugars (mycaminose and forosamine), and one neutral sugar (mycarose), 

but the substitution at C-3 varies. Spiramycins I , II and III bear 3-0H, 3-0COCH3 and 3-0COCH2CH3, 

respectively. Being a mixture of compounds, spiramycin had to be purified for the purpose of the NMR 

assignment. The purification of the antibiotic has been attempted in the laboratory using chloroform 

extraction and flash chromatography. Chloroform extraction allowed the major macrolide component of the 

mixture, spiramycin I, to be isolated from the other spiramycins present. Flash chromatography gave a 

1 13 

reasonable purification of the antibiotic. For the assignments of the H and C NMR spectra of spiramycin, 

1 13 

both one and two dimensional spectra were used. The one dimensional NMR spectrs were H, C and DEPT. 

1 1 1 13 1 

13 

The two dimensional spectra were H-H COSY, TOCSY, H- C COSY and COLOC. The H and c spectra 

were assigned together. In the NMR spectra of spiramycin I some extra peaks were detected which were 

smaller than normal peaks of the spectra. Two reasons may be assumed for the presence of these extra peaks. 

The one is that there are spiramycins I and II still exist in the sample of spiramycin I. The other reason is that 

there is more than one conformation of spiramycin in the NMR sample. 

References: 

1- Cosar et.al. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 234, 1498 (1952). 

2- Omura et al J.Am.Chem. Soc.91, 3401 (1969). 

3- Omura S. (editor), Macrolide Antibiotics, Chemistry, Biology and Practice. Academic press (1984),48-84.

QUALITY ASSURANCE QF HERBAL DRUGS 

EI-Gindy, A. R. 

Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences, Kuwait. 

Herbal drugs are one of the most important parts of Traditional Medicine. To ensure safety, efficacy and 

quality, the raw materials and the finished products should undergo quality assurance. However, both the raw 

materials and finished products need not necessarily follow the same regulations as are adopted for the 

synthetic drugs. In the paper, suggestions are made for essential criteria to be followed for the quality 

assurance of raw materials and finished products. 

This aspect of herbal drugs is exceedingly important to ensure the availability of officially regstered safe and 

effective products according to the accepted criteria of quality assurance. The pharmacognostical, 

phytochemical, microbiological, pharmacological, toxicological (acute and chronic) and clinical parameters 

in addition to pharmaceutical constants will be discussed.

Abbasi M. P159 

Abbaspour M. P90 

Abdolhannan H. O61 

Abdollahi N. P38 

Abdoulmohammadi M. P180 

Abedin P96 

Abiri M. P257 

Aboosaber M. P59, P195 

Aboofazeli R. O136, P56 

Abtahian K. O126, 

P176 

Adib Hashemi S. P46 

Afarideh H. P205 

Afraz E. P106 

Afsharipour S. O28, O53 

Afzali H. O74 

Afzali S. O137 

Agha Rafiee A. O55, P4 

Aghaee K. P200 

Aghamohammadpour M. P104 

Aghel N. P89 

Aghily S. R. P181 

Ahmad F. O113 

Ahmad S.I. O61 

Ahmadi Avval P. P196 

Ahmadi L. P262, P281 

Ahmadiani A. P100, P269 

Ahrari S. P179 

Ahshami M. P49 

Ahvazi M. 

P164 

Ajaji N. P9 

Akbari H. O14 

9 

Akbari H. O27, O73, 

O74, P34 

Akbari M. O28 

Akbari N. P62 

Akbari T. P140 

Akbarinia A. P137 

Akhavan M. P60 

Akhavan Attar Z. P293, 

P313 

Akhavan Farid Gh. P21 

Akhavan Tafti A. P45 

Al-Attas A. O83, O128, 

P82 

Al-Gifri A. O60 

Al Hadrani A. P31 

Alaee H. P110 

Alakabarow F. P2 

Alimohmmad Esfandiari F. O100 

Alizadeh E. P91 

Allami S. P9, P31, 

P32, P33 

Alviri M. O17 

Amanloo M. P203 

Amanpour M. O13 

Amanzadeh Y. P197 

Amin Gh. O38, O118, 

P43, P144, P156, P162, P203, P210, 

P218, P274, P282, P286, P312 

Amini N. P28 

Aminzadeh Sh. P236, P317 

Amiraslani M. P221, 

P222, P224 

Amirebrahimi H. O89 

Amirghofran Z. O78, P63

Amiri M. P89 

Amirjoorabi P. P140 

Amirzadeh J. P27 

Amirzadeh N. P27 

Andalibi Gourtani S. 

O76 

Ansari K. O102 

Ansari Dogaheh M. P173 

Arabi M. P182 

Arab Kashani R. P71 

Arandi H. P65 

Arayne M.S. P168 

Arbabi S. P294 

Arends W. O105 

Arouyee H. P135 

Arzi A. P60 

Asadi H. P198 

Asadipour A. P72, P151, 

P197 

Asadi Pouya A. P118 

Asadi Pouya A. P117, 

P125 

Asfa M. P138, P296 

Asgari F. P258 

Asgari Hezaveh H. O106 

Asghari Gh. O138 

Ashouri A. P1 

Ashraf Nouhegar M. 

P243, P246 

Ashrafian Bonab M. 

O131, O132, P239, P240, 

O15, P22 

Ashrafian Y. O123, P74 

Asilian A. O26 

10 

Askari Rad H. P181 

Askarzadeh M. P153, 

P154 

Ataei R. P307 

Athari A. P220 

Atri M. P161 

Atta-ur-Rahman O71, O125, 

P327 

Attari L. P259, P206 

Attas A. O113 

Avijgan M. O85 

Ayatollahi A. P99 

Ayatollahi S. A. O125, 

P194, P270 

Ayoub Saad M.H. P169 

Azadbakht M. O69, O78, 

P62, P63, P107, P136, P190, P284 

Azamitameh A. P61 

Azar M. O32 

Azemati B. P304 

Azemi M. P190, 

P256, P284 

Aziz N. P94 

Azizi M. F. P33 

Azizi M. P116 

Babakhanloo P. P137 

Baban B. O14 

Baghban R. P3 

Bagherzadeh K. O31 

Bagherzadeh K. P138, 

P139, P296 

Baghestani A. P68 

Baghestani N. P147

Baghghalian K. P164 

Bahaadini A. O69 

Bahmanpour S. P65 

Bahrami A. P265 

Bahramloueian R. P223, 

P224 

Bahreininejad B. P138, P139 

Bakhtiari J. O88, P323 

Balasubramanian O37 

Bamoniri A. P198 

Banaee Nourmohammadi S. P298 

Baradaran M. P232 

Barazandeh M. P199, 

P200, P204, P290 

Barber J. P326 

Bashiri Sadr Z. P201 

Batooli H. O44, P198 

Bayat M. P67, P68, 

P79 

Bayat Mokhtari R. O48, P64 

Bazmohammadi N. P297 

Behnia R. O96, O108 

Behshadfar K. P46 

Beigi M. P198 

Betti G. O117 

Bigdeli M. P202 

Borhani M. P296 

Bourbour F. P66 

Chaichi Nosrati A. O82 

Chan K. O83, O113, 

O128, P82 

Chansoria J.P.N O80 

Chansouria J.B.N P263 

11 

Charkhchian M. P137 

Chavoshian Sh. P136 

Chen M. O24 

Chitsaz A. O36 

Choudary H. M. O70 

Christensen S.B. O24 

Cordell G. A. O2 

Dabagh A. P132 

Dabagh M. P50 

Dabbaghi A. P189 

Dabiri M. P252 

Dadashpour O35 

Dallal K. O68, O72 

Daneshvar N. P299 

Darabi M. P212, P213 

Darabi M. O26, O27, 

O73, O74, P253 

Dargahi M. P303 

Darvishi D. P160 

Darvishi Zeidabadi D. P158 

Dashti M. P141 

Dashti M. P109 

Dayan H. P51 

Dehghan M. P75 

Dehghani F. P30 

Dehmoobed Sharifabadi A. P54, P173, 

P191, P192, P217 

Dehpour A. P105 

Deini M. P281 

DeLorenzo R.J. O71 

Dhobal M. P. P101 

Diari H. P59, P108

Dinarvand M. P142, P20, 

P166 

Ebadiani M. P10, O12 

Ebrahimi A. P6 

Ebrahimi A. O41 

Ebrahimian H. O131, 

O132, P239, P240, P243, P246 

Eemandel K. P276 

Ejtahadi M. P107 

EL-Gendy O115 

El Bardai S. O29 

Elahi R. P96 

Elsheikh M.O. O113 

Elyasi H. P171 

Emami A. O67 

Emami M. O75, O118, O119 

Emami P. O118 

Emami Kebria K. P162 

Enayatifard R. P54 

Ernst E. O7 

Esfarjani F. P295 

Eslamian O35 

Esmaeeli K. O103, 

P219, P221, P222, P223, P224, P229, 

P230 

Eydi A. P93 

Eydi M. P92 

Ezzatzadeh Z. O32 

Fadayee Fathabadi F. O52, P113, 

P122, P128 

Faghih Nasiri M. P201 

Faker Baher Z. P262 

12 

Falamarzian M. O120 

Farahvash M. O73, P34 

Faramarzi M. P267, P324 

Farbood E. P218 

Farboudnia Jahromi M. O80, P263 

Farid Hosseini R. P265 

Farsam H. O95, P203, 

P245, P289 

Farshpour Rezaei S. M. P182, 

P264 

Farzanegan M. O51, P234 

Fata A. P96 

Fatehi M. P78, P90 

Fatehi Hassanabadi Z. P78, P90 

Fattahi Masoum S. H. P127 

Fayyaz F. 

O126, P183, P184 

Fazli A. P13, P14 

Federici E. O30, O77 

Feizbakhsh A. P254 

Ferdowsi M. O5 

Fereidouni M. P156 

Filizadeh Y. O139 

Foroomadi A. P49, P188 

Foroughi F. O91 

Forouhi A. O130 

Fritzer-Szekeres M. 

O21 

Froekaer S. O24 

Galeffi C. O30, O77 

Gazanchian Gh. P153 

Gerami Shoar M. O118 

Geranmaye N. P46

Ghaderi N. P266 

Ghadimi R. P39 

Ghaffari S. R. O106 

Ghafoury A. O14 

Ghaharzadeh A. P86 

Ghahhari L. O92 

Ghahraman A. O39 

Ghahremaninejad N. O88, P323 

Ghalandari R. O127 

Ghanem N. S. P33 

Ghani A. O66 

Ghannadi A. O26 

Ghanouni A. P11 

Gharavi S. M. O121, 

P055 

Gharebaghi R. P97, P98 

Gharooni M. P28, P44 

Ghasemi N. O138 

Ghasemi Y. P174 

Ghasemi Dehkordi N. P55, O121 

Ghasemolaskari B. P177 

Ghassabian S. O137 

Ghayur M.N. P94, P095 

Ghelichnia H. P157 

Ghiamat M. O91 

Ghiasvandian Sh. P298, P308 

Ghoddousi F. P267 

Gholami B. P155 

Gilani A.H. P94, P95, 

P215 

Gilani A. O49 

Gohari A. P102, 

P103 

13 

Goli F. O51, P112, 

P234, P235 

Goodarzi H. P176 

Gunasekhar C. O113 

Habibi Karahroudi Z. P208, 

P209, P277, P287 

Habibullah M. O113 

Haddadi Sh. P265 

Hadian O35 

Hadidi E. P210 

Haerizadeh B. M. P48 

Haghghani M. P114 

Haghi Gh. O22, O26, 

P212, P213 

Hajiakhoundi A. O43, O79, 

O123, P37, P59, P70, P71, P73, P74, 

P102, P103, P108, P174, P195, P207, 

P214, P267, P282 

Haji Alimohammadi H. P24 

Hajian Shahri M. P154 

Halper B. O21 

Hamidian M. P105 

Hami M. P72 

Hamzehpour B. O131, 

O132, P239, P240, P243, P246 

Hanjani F. P30 

Hasani M. P290 

Hashemi S. A. P185 

Hashemi Sahi H. P316 

Haslmayer P. O21 

Hassanzadeh Khayat M. P211 

Hatami H. O19

Hatef Ghouchani M. 

P19 

Heid R. O105 

Heidari A. 

P121 

Heidari F. P126 

Heidari M. P72 

Heidari Z. P123 

Heidarnia M. O86, P130 

Hemmati M. P114, 

P231 

Hojjat S.S. P133, P300 

Honari S. P54, P288 

Hosseini A. P68, P79 

Hosseini S. K. O5 

Hosseini Z. O80, P263 

Hosseini Nasab Z. P242 

Hosseini Tehrani S. A. O102 

Hosseinzadeh H. O124, P80 

Hooshdar Tehrani M. P326 

Hoveizeh H. P20, P142, 

P152, P166 

Ifzal R. P168 

Inanloo H. P64, P85 

Iqbal Choudary M. O71, O125, 

P327 

Iranmanesh M. P129 

Islam M.W. O83, O128, 

P82 

Ismail A. O128 

Jaeger W. O21 

Jafari H. P97, P98 

14 

Jafarian A. P4 

Jafari Azar Z. P38 

Jafari Dehaghi M. O4 

Jafarov T. 

P325 

Jafary M. O106 

Jahanara F. O98, P48 

Jahangir A. O107 

Jahdi F. P225 

Jalali P96 

Jalali F. O35 

Jalali S. H. P47 

Jalilian A. P205 

Jalilian N. P163 

Jam H. O129 

Jam M. O129 

Jamaladdini S. H. P109 

Jamshidi A. P70 

Jamzad M. P206 

Jaroszewski Jerzy W. O31 

Javadi Mamghani H. P145 

Javidnia K. O42, P65, 

P291 

Jayaraj A.F. O113 

Jaymand K. P204 

Jebelameli A. P140 

Jeddi A. P102 

Jesmani F. P170 

Jomezadeh H. O50, P120 

Jorjani S. E. O3 

Joshi B. C. P101 

Joudat A. P071 

Kalantari A. P159

Kalirad A. 

P143, P150, P158, P160 

Kalkhorani F. P123 

Kaltunowa S. O105 

Kalvandi R. P161 

Kamalinejad M. O127, P42, 

P61, P81, P83, P84, P88, P91, P99, P100, 

P183, P184, P194, P257, P266, P269, 

P272 

Kamil M. O113 

Kamp M. O105 

Karami A. 

P314 

Karimi M. P63 

Karimian M. P100, 

P269 

Karimipour M. P67 

Kashanian M. O26, O27, 

O73, O74 

Kashki M. P153, 

P154, P159, P268 

Kaushik C. P101 

Kaveh Sh. P309 

Kazemiforouz F. P99 

Kazemipour N. P179 

Kebriaeezadeh A. P48 

Khaki P. P171 

Khalighi Sigaroodi O79 

Khalighi Sigaroodi F. P73 

Khalil Arjomandi A. P140 

Khalili Azad S. A. O11, P5 

Khanavi M. P210, P214 

Kharazmi A. O31, O24 

15 

Khatari N. 

P215 

Khavarinejad R. P92 

Khazaei S. P131, 

P302 

Khazaelipour A. P140 

Khazaely P. P49 

Kheirabadi M. P70 

Khodabakhshi S. P301 

Khodadadi E. P172 

Khorsand Gh. O104 

Khorsand Sabet H. P216 

Khorshidi N. P29 

Khoshnood M. P91 

Khoshvaghti A. P6 

Khouri H. P70 

Khouri V. O81, O123, 

P74 

Kiefer J. O34 

Kohanteb J. P189 

Kolbadi A. P310 

Komeilizadeh H. P194, P270 

Kooshapour H. P50 

Kordestan S. O65 

Kumar A. O34, O116, 

P101 

Kumar M. O34 

Larijani F. P271 

Lazemi L. O131, 

O132, P239, P240, P243 

Lebaschi M. P156 

Liu X.M. O83 

Lyoussi B. O29

Maafi N. 

P246 

O131, O132, P239, P240, P243, 

Madani A. P44 

Madani H. O114 

Madani S. A. O57 

Mahdavi Amiri A. O134 

Mahdavi Shahri N. P26, P237 

Mahmoodian S. O102 

Mahmoudi B. P236, 

P274, P317 

Mahmoudi S. P56 

Mahmoudifar F. P104 

Mahvan A. O40, P311 

Majedi S. P106 

Majidi Khamaneh F. P245 

Mamghani M. P148 

Mamishi N. P43 

Mani Kashani Kh. P40 

Masdari F. P172 

Masoudi A. P15 

Masoudi Sh. P206, 

P209, P254, P259, P275, P277 

Masoudinejad M. P276 

Mehrabian M. P41 

Mehrabian S. P185, P319 

Mehranian F. P54 

Mehri Ardestani M. O26 

Memar S. P17 

Mianabadi M. P306 

Minaee B. P71 

Mirahmadizadeh A.R P244 

Mirbaha F. O23 

16 

Mirdeilami O. P238 

Miri R. O42, P189 

Mirza M. P204, P281 

Mirzadeh Hosseini S. A. P272 

Moattar F. O16, P7, 

P21, P25, P110 

Mobarak Abu T. P32 

Mofid B. P42 

Moghaddamnia A. P106, P172 

Moghaddasian M. P197 

Moghimi H. O112, P34, 

P52, P170 

Moghimipour E. P279 

Mohaddessi S. Gh. O93, P227 

Mohaghegh M. O59 

Mohammadalizadeh A. P40 

Mohammad N. P252 

Mohammadhasanpour B. P39 

Mohammadi A. P110 

Mohammadian F. P130 

Mohammadian Z P185 

Mohammadzadehparchiklaee P273 

Moharreri M. O3 

Moin M. P188, 

P278 

Moin N. P37 

Moin S. P278 

Mojab F. O64, P3, 

P17, P167, P196, P238, P255, P260, 

P261, P266, P272, P291, P297, P301 

Mojtahedi K. P80 

Molaee A. P264 

Mollabashi Z. P319 

Monfared A. P208, P280

Monsef Esfahani H. O46, P162, 

P260 

Moradi Bidhendi S. P12 

Moradmand S. P41 

Morel N. O29 

Morsali S. M. P13, P14 

Mortazavi S. A. P57 

Morteza Semnani K. P105 

Mosaddegh M. O136, P56, 

P61, P91, P191, P192, P216, P257 

Moshafi M. P49, P186 

Mostafalou J. P277 

Mostafavi Shahab F. P292 

Motedayyen Avval Gh. P264 

Mousavi F. P45 

Movaffagh Sharif M. 

P228 

Mozaffari A. P16 

Mozaffari M. P187 

Mozaffari M. P315 

Mozaffariyan V. P151 

Mustafa A. M. P215 

Mustafa M.R. P215 

Nafisi Sh. P108 

Naghash Z. P122, P128 

Naghdibadi H. P164 

Naghibi F. P191, 

P192, P288 

Naghibiharat J. O12, P10 

Najafi Gh. 

P161 

Najafian M. P40 

Najafpour Navaei M. P285 

17 

Naji K. P282 

Naji T. P283 

Namjouyan F. P190, 

P284, P256 

Naseh Y. P58, P133 

Naser Alavi S. O94 

Naseri M. R. P18 

Naseri M. O81, O12, 

O123, P74 

Naserizadeh A. O69 

Nasiri P. P191, 

P192 

Nayebpour S. M. O81, P70, 

P74, O123 

Nazem E. P124 

Nazemi J. O75 

Nazli N. O136 

Negahdaripour M. O43 

Nemati N. P221, P222, P224, 

P229, P230 

Nemati Peikani M. P163 

Nemmatollahi M. P107 

Niakan Lahiji M. P28, P39, 

P41, P044, P045 

Niazee F. P110 

Nicoletti M. O77 

Nicousokhan M. P208, P287 

Nikavar B. P286, 

P312 

Nikbin F. O109 

Niroomanesh Sh. O25 

Norouzi M. P178 

Norouzian M. O52, P113, 

P122, P128

Nourouzi M. P165 

Nourouzifar N. P134 

Noushaddel M. P148 

Oboudi B. P190 

Ofoghi H. O48 

Okorie D.A. O63 

Oliaei M. P260, 

P261 

Omidbeigi R. O6, O47, 

P115, P116, P135 

Oryan Sh. P92, P93, 

P283 

Ostad S. N. P29, P66 

Oveisi M. P315 

Pakravanfard M. O39 

Palazzino G. O30, O77 

Pangeshahin M.R. P30, P62, 

P117, P118, P190, P244, P284 

Pari L. O37, P69 

Parivar K. 

Paryab A. 

P76, P92, P93 

P141 

Pazooki Sh. P119 

Peerayesh M. O131, 

O132, P239, P240, P243, P246 

Pesyan M. P28, P39, 

P41, P44, P45 

Pourabdollah A. O75 

Pourdanesh F. P129 

Pouresmaeel Z. O110, P35, 

P233 

18 

Pourhosseini M. O10 

Pourmorad F. P288 

Pourmoradi S. P241 

Pournajaf S. P310 

Poursarajian M. P303 

Rabbani Khorasgani M. O56 

Rabiei M. P218 

Rabiei R. P318, 

O140 

Radhakrishnan R. O83, O128, 

P82 

Raeesipour F. O119 

Raeis Dana M. P76 

Rafati A. P145 

Rafee Far J. O133, 

P245 

Rahbar S. P174 

Rahimi P. P113 

Rahimian H. P6 

Rahimizadeh M. P211 

Rahman S. Z. O8 

Rahmani Gh. P143, 

P150, P160 

Rahmani Kh. P304 

Rahmati S. P185 

Rakhshandeh H. P96 

Ramazani M. P80, P265, 

P279 

Ranjbar R. P314 

Ranjbar T. O134 

Ranjbari R. P305 

Rasekh H. P61, P83 

Rashid M.A. O70

Rashidabadi T. P78 

Rashidi F. O90 

Rasoanaivo P. O30 

Rasouli I. P247, P248 

Ravanipour M. P233 

Ray A.B. O80, P263 

Raza M. O71 

Razavi Borghei S. H. O54, P111 

Razavi N. P79 

Razban F. P77 

Rezaee H. P96 

Rezaee D. P174 

Rezaee M. P51, P204, 

P247, P248, P258 

Rezaee M. P200 

Rezaee Mokaram A. O135 

Rezaee Mokaram R. O135 

Rezaeepour R. P81, P99 

Rezaeepour Kardoost R. P84, P88 

Rezakhani A. P322 

Rezvani M. P144 

Riaziat P. P25 

Riaziee H. P8, P127 

Rokhbakhsh F. P188 

Roshanzamir F. O123 

Rustaiyan A. O79, P73, 

P76, P100, P202, P206, P208, P209, 

P214, P254, P255, P259, P269, P272, 

P275, P277, P278, P280, P283, P287, 

P256 

Saadat N. P50 

Saber S. P197 

19 

Saber Amoli S. P143, 

P150, P151, P160 

Sabouri A. O45 

Sabzi Fini O. P249 

Sadati Lamardeh S. N. O124 

Sadat Safavieh S. P177 

Sadeghi H. P136, P306 

Sadray S. 

O101 

Saeed A. O61 

Saeedi M. P105 

Saeednia S. P81, P84, 

P250 

Safari J. P249 

Safari M. O92 

Safavi F. O42 

Safavieh S. P193 

Safi Sh. P134 

Safikhani K. P161 

Safizadeh F. O9 

Sajed M. P164 

Sajjadi S. A. P279 

Sakha M. P322 

Sakhaian N. O87 

Salamon A. O21 

Salari M. P178 

Saleh E. O60 

Saleh H.A. O60 

Salehi H. P20, P152, 

P166 

Salehi S. H. P253 

Salehi Sourmaghi M. P036, 

P043, P53, P144, P156, P203, P210, 

P274, P282

Salsali M. P255 

Samarrai T. P33 

Samuel S. O113 

Sarahroudi Sh. P83 

Saremi S. P100, P270 

Sarmad J. P148 

Sarmadi M. O18, 

Saxena G. N. O34 

Sedaghat S. O79, P254 

Sedighara P. P242 

Sefidkon F. P251, 

P252, P258 

Seifi P. P205 

Seirafi H. O119, P37, 

P38 

Seirafianpour M. O31 

Seyedsajjadi S. M. O15 

Seyf Behzad F. O84 

Seyyedin S. M. P36 

Shababi Tabari H. P241 

Shabankhani B. P181 

Shafaati A. P257 

Shafaghi B. P81, P91, 

P99 

Shafiee A. O20, P205, 

P214, P289 

Shafiee K. O28 

Shafiee M. O138 

Shafiee S. P36 

Shahedarshad M. P9, P31, 

P32, P33 

Shaheen F. O71 

Shahidi F. O33 

Shahidi Gh. P188 

20 

Shahmir B. P52 

Shahnazari J. P43 

Shahraz F. P87 

Shahrdar A. O99 

Shahriyari M. P117, P118 

Shahrokhi F. P136 

Shahrokhi N. P185 

Shahverdi A. P67 

Shaker H. 

P200 

Shamsa F. P267 

Shamsi M. P288 

Shamsian F. O52 

Shamsinia J. P244 

Shams Nosrati V. P226 

Shamszadeh M. P147 

Sharafi N. 

P40 

Sharifi H. P34 

Sharifi Ashoori E. P144 

Sharififar F. P86, P179, 

P173 

Sharififar S. O25 

Sharifzadeh M. P71, P102, 

P103 

Sharma S. P101 

Shazdeh Ahmadi N. O57 

Sheemi A. P182 

Sheikhi Karizi A. P282 

Shenasa A.H P244 

Shidfar M. O119, O75, 

O118 

Shirkani A. P187 

Sho'ury Bidgoli A. P35

Sobhani M. P184 

Sohrabipour J. O140, 

P318 

Soleimani Monazzah P. O75 

Soleimani Rahbar A. O126, 

P176, P183 

Soltani A. O62, O114 

Soltanipour M. P149 

Soltanpour A. P85, O48, 

P64 

Sombati S. O71 

Soodi M. P29 

Sultana N. P168 

Szekeres T. O21 

Taavoni S. O58, P23 

Tabandeh H. P119 

Tabatabaee S. A. P261 

Tabatabaee Yazdi M. O46 

Taghi Chitsaz N. P203 

Taha A. P9 

Takezare A. P299 

Takezare N. P299 

Talaee R. O26, O27 

Taleb A. O97, P48 

Tale’i A. P244 

Tassaodi S. P193 

Tavakkoli P096 

Tavakkoli H. P141 

Tavakkoli N. O26 

Tayebipour M. P30 

Tayebi Tafrashi N. P292 

Thalhammer T. O21 

21 

Torabi Goodarzi M. P320, 

P321 

Tschukurow A. O105 

Tyagi R.S. O68 

Uma Maheswari J. 

P69 

Vaezmahdavi M. P98 

Vafadar R. P289 

Vafaee A. 

P110 

Vafamehr H. P105 

Vahedi L. P211 

Vahidi H. P170, P184 

Vahidi Mehrjerdi A. P109 

Valdes J.R. O76 

Vandeyousefi J. P12, P171, 

P177, P182, P193 

Vatandoost H. P73 

Vaziritabar Sh. O111 

Velayati A. O1 

Venkateswaran S. P69 

Verma S. O34 

Viswanathan P. P69 

Wenling C. O91 

Wibo M. O29 

Yamohammadi M. P291 

Yasa N. O43, O122, 

P250, P273, P276, P290 

Yazdani D. P167, P164 

Yazdanparast R. P180, P306

Young C. O91 

Zahedieasl S. P89 

Zahedirad M. P295 

Zakaria M.Naguib MO083, O128, P082 

Zanjanian S. M. P324 

Zare B. P81 

Zareefketabi H. P141 

Zareei M. P187 

Zareei S. P186 

Zareendast M. P92 

Zarezadeh A. P146, 

P147 

Zargarizadeh A. O126, 

P175, P176 

Zargarzadeh M. O28 

Zarghi A. 

P47, P52, P291 

Zeiaei Sani L. P88 

Zhai L. O24 

Ziapour S. P. P307 

Zojaji M. P44 

Zolfaghari M. O114 

Zoulfaghari B. P7 

Zubair A. P9 

22

EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MOROCCAN ...

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