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The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in thispublication do not necessarily reflect those of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources.This publication has been jointly prepared by The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka and theMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources. The preparation and publication of this document wasundertaken with financial assistance from the Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Projectand the Royal Netherlands Government.Published by:The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources, Colombo, Sri Lanka.Copyright:© 2007, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources andMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. Reproduction of thispublication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised withoutprior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fullyacknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercialpurposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.Citation: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007)The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.xiii+148pp.ISBN: 978 - 955 - 8177 - 63 - 1Cover photograph:Produced by:Printed by:Available from:Poppy’s Shrub Frog (Philautus poppie)Morning side, Sinharaja Forest © Vimukthi WeeratungaThe World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry of Environment and NaturalResourcesKarunaratne & Sons Ltd.67, UDA Industrial EstateKatuwana RoadHomagamaMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources82, Rajamalwatta RoadBattaramulla, Sri LankaThe World Conservation Union (IUCN)Sri Lanka Country Office53, Horton PlaceColombo 7, Sri Lankaii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESList of FiguresFigure 1 - Bioclimatic zones of Sri Lanka 4Figure 2 - 25 km 2 grid map of Sri Lanka, with vegetation cover and district boundaries 13Figure 3 - Distribution of threatened flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka 81Figure 4 - Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in the administrative 82districts of Sri LankaFigure 5 - Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in relation to forest cover 87Figure 6 - Distribution of threatened plant species in relation to forest cover 88Figure 7 - Distribution of threatened freshwater fish species in river basins 90List of tablesTable 1 - Diversity of inland natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka 2Table 2 - Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka 3Table 3 - Species richness of flora in Sri Lanka 3Table 4 - Summary of threatened inland indigenous vertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka 18Table 5 - Summary of threatened inland indigenous invertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka 19Table 6 - List of extinct amphibian fauna in Sri Lanka 23Table 7 - List of threatened vertebrate fauna 24Table 8 - List of threatened invertebrate fauna 40Table 9 - Globally threatened marine vertebrate fauna inhabiting the territorial waters of Sri Lanka 49Table 10 - Globally threatened migratory birds that visit Sri Lanka 51Table 11 - Summary of the status of flora 52Table 12 - List of extinct plant species in Sri Lanka 55Table 13 - List of Threatened plant species in Sri Lanka 58Table 14 - Unaccessed plant species in Sri Lanka listed as globally threatened 77Table 15 - Distribution of threatened fauna and flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka 80Table 16 -Statistics on the human population density, forest cover, threatened vertebrates andthreatened plants in the administrative districts in Sri Lanka 85iv

RED LISTING TEAMTechnical Supervision and GuidanceDr. Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN)Dr. Devaka Weerakoon (University of Colombo)Project ManagersMr. Gamini Gamage (MoENR)Mr. Vimukthi Weeratunga (IUCN)Project CoordinatorsMr. Sarath Ekanayake (IUCN)Mr. Bhathiya Kekulandala (IUCN)Ms. Dakshini Perera (MoENR)Ms. Hasula Wickramasinghe (MoENR)Database Specialist/DesignerMr. Janaka HeenkendaMapping Specialist and GIS AnalystMr. V. A. P. Samarawickrama (IUCN)Data CompilorsMr. Samantha Suranjan Fernando (IUCN)Mr. Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake (IUCN)Mr. W. P. Naalin Perera (IUCN)Mr. Dilup Chandranimal (IUCN)Mr. Sameera Karunarathna (IUCN)Compilation and Editing of PublicationDr. Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN)Dr. Devaka Weerakoon (University of Colombo)vi

EXPERT REVIEWERSFreshwater FishesMr. Jagath GunawardenaMr. Kelum Manamendra-ArachchiMr. Madura Anusha De SilvaMs. Ramani ShiranthaMr. R. H.S. Suranjan FernandoMr. Rohan PethiyagodaProf. Ruchira CumaranatungaMr. Sajeewa ChamikaraMr. Samantha GunasekaraMr. Sampath GoonatilakeMr. W. P. Naalin PereraWildlife Heritage TrustWildlife & Nature Protection Society,Wildlife Conservation Society-GalleUniversity of KelaniyaIUCN & PGIS, PeradeniyaWildlife Heritage TrustUniversity of RuhunaEnvironmental Foundation LimitedDepartment of CustomsIUCNIUCNAmphibiansMr. Kelum Manamendra-AarachchiMr. Madhava MeegaskumburaMr. Rohan PethiyagodaWildlife Heritage TrustWildlife Heritage TrustWildlife Heritage TrustReptilesMr. Anslem De SilvaDr. Channa BambaradeniyaDr. Devaka WeerakoonMr. Kelum Manamendra-ArachchiMr. Mendis WickramasingheMr. R. H. S. Suranjan FernandoMr. Ruchira SomaweeraMr. Sameera KarunarathnaMr. V. A. M. P. K. SamarawickramaAmphibia & Reptile Research OrganizationIUCNUniversity of ColomboWildlife Heritage TrustIUCNIUCN & PGIS, PeradeniyaUniversity of PeradeniyaIUCNIUCNBirdsDr. Channa BambaradeniyaMr. Deepal WarakagodaMr. Gehan De Silva WijeyeratneMr. Lester PereraMr. Nanda SenanayakeMr. Sampath GoonatilakeMr. Udaya SiriwardanaMr. Uditha HettigeMr. Upali EkanayakeMr. V. A. M. P. K. SamarawickramaIUCNCeylon Bird ClubJetwing Eco Holidays (Pvt) Ltd.Ceylon Bird ClubCeylon Bird ClubIUCNCeylon Bird ClubCeylon Bird ClubCeylon Bird ClubIUCNvii

Angiosperm FloraMr. Ajantha PalihawadenaDr. Anoma PereraDr. Deepthi YakandawalaMr. D.H.P. PeramunegamaMr. Dilup ChandranimalDr. Hashendra KathriarachchiDr. Magdon JayasuriyaDr. Malik FernandoProf. Nimal GunatillekeProf. Savitri GunatillekeMr. Samantha Suranjan FernandoMr. Sarath EkanayakeDr. Siril WijesundaraMr. Sisira EdiriweeraProf. Tissa R. HerathRain Forest Rescue InternationalUniversity of PeradeniyaUniversity of PeradeniyaNational Herbarium, PeradeniyaIUCNUniversity of ColomboEnvironmental Management LimitedWildlife & Nature Protection SocietyUniversity of PeradeniyaUniversity of PeradeniyaIUCN & PGIS, PeradeniyaIUCNDepartment of Botanical GardensUniversity of Uva WellassaRajarata University of Sri Lankaix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe 2007 National Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora was produced with the assistance of numerouspersonnel and institutions. We wish to thank Mr. Dayananda Kariyawasam, former Director General ofDepartment of Wildlife Conservation, and Mr. Sarath Fernando, Conservator General of Forest, for grantingpermission for IUCN to carry out field biodiversity assessments during the past decade, which enabled us togather valuable primary information. We also acknowledge the advice provided by Mr. Ananda Wijesooriya,Director General of the Department of Wildlife Conservation.We acknowledge the support provided by Dr. Nanda Wickremasinghe, Director, National Museum, andother staff members for gathering information related to specimens deposited in the National Museum.Mr. D.H.P. Peramunegama, Curator of the National Herbarium and other staff members are gratefullyacknowledged, for assisting with herbarium records. Dr. Siril Wijesundara, Director General of the Departmentof National Botanical Gardens and staff members of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya assisted usto organize expert workshops on flora at the National Herbarium.We sincerely acknowledge the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society, Wildlife Heritage Trust, Ceylon BirdClub, Field Ornithology Group, Young Zoologists’ Association, and the Society for Environmental Education,for providing valuable data to facilitate the compilation and analysis.We wish to thank the librarians attached to the Forest Department, National Aquatic Resources, Researchand Development Agency, Science Faculty of the University of Peradeniya, Royal Asiatic Society, Wildlifeand Nature Protection Society, Central Environmental Authority, Science Faculty of the University ofColombo, and the National Science Foundation, for assisting us to gather references.The expert reviewers did a commendable service in evaluating the draft lists of threatened species. We areextremely grateful to Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya and Dr. Siril Wijesundera for reviewing the draft final list ofthreatened flora. Dr. Sriyanie Miththapala is gratefully acknowledged for reviewing this document.We wish to thank Ms. V. D. N. Ayoni, Ms. Praveeni Algama, Mr. Thasun Amarasinghe, Mr. Gayan Wijethunga,and Ms. Chamali Seneviratne for assisting with data entry.This activity was jointly funded by the ADB through the Protected Area Management & Wildlife ConservationProject and the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Sri Lanka. We greatly appreciate the encouragement andsupport rendered by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, the Director of theBiodiversity Secretariat and the Country Representative of IUCN Sri Lanka.Red Listing TeamOctober 2007x

MESSAGE FROM THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESAs Arahath Mahinda thero said to the King Devanampiyathissa, all life forms including the birds, wild animalsand citizens have rights to live in the earth wherever they want. Although ancient Sri Lankans lived inharmony with their surroundings, this right has been neglected today with the development activitiesdisturbing the environment. With the increasing population and rising demand for resources the species haveto fight against habitat loss, climate change and over exploitation. This has caused many species to facethe threat of extinction. It has been observed by the scientists that globally the rate of extinction hasincreased up to one species per hour.As the mission of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources is to provide leadership to manage theenvironment in order to ensure national commitments for sustainable development for present and futuregenerations, the conservation of plants and animals is of high priority.One of the main objectives of conservation should be to minimize the rate of extinction. In order to achievethis goal, first step is to identify the threatened species and how they are threatened. Using this information,short term and long term plans should be prepared and implemented to recover such species.Together with the IUCN Sri Lanka, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources has taken the leadrole in the preparation of the 2007 Red List and a digital database of threatened plants and animals of thecountry. This process has laid a solid foundation for conservation and sustainable development of plants andanimals.I wish to thank The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka, the Director and the Staff of the BiodiversitySecretariat of my Ministry, Resource Persons and all the scientists who contributed towards the success ofthis activity. My special thanks are due to the Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Projectof the ADB and the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Sri Lanka for their financial contribution to make thisimportant national process a reality.Patali Champika RanawakaMinister of Environment and Natural ResourcesOctober 2007xi

MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESThere has been a growing recognition in recent years, of the importance of periodic analysis andassessment of the country’s conservation status of Flora and Fauna. This has been also emphasized in theConvention on Biological Diversity and other related International Conservation Instruments.Since there was no proper government endorsement and recognition for the country’s species conservationstatus the National Species Conservation Advisory Group (NSCAG) was formulated in 2001 under theMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources to obtain advice on species Conservation issues.With the technical assistance and approval of the National Experts Committee on Biodiversity and NSCAGthe updating of the National Red List and the development of the database on species conservation wasinitiated in 2004 in collaboration with The World Conservation Union (IUCN). To ensure the transparency andaccuracy, eleven expert groups were appointed by the NSCAG to evaluate the threatened species accordingto the global Red List criteria.The significance of this process is the establishment of the Species Conservation Unit in the BiodiversitySecretariat of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources which will house the database and theliterature collection of the Red List. The trained officers of this unit will update the Red List annually with thetechnical support of IUCN and the experts appointed by NSCAG. This Species Conservation Unit will providenecessary inputs to the decision makers and all others seeking information on flora and fauna.I wish to thank all the taxonomists, naturalists, researchers and other resource persons who contributed toevaluate the status of fauna and flora of the country and the Red Listing team for their effort. I also wish tothank the Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project and the Royal NetherlandsEmbassy in Sri Lanka for their financial contribution to make this process a success.I am confident that this publication and the database would contribute towards the sustainable utilization ofBiodiversity.M. A.R.D. JayathilakeSecretaryMinistry of Environment and Natural ResourcesOctober 2007xii

FOREWORDThe World Conservation Union (IUCN) has collaborated with the Ministry of Environment & NaturalResources (MOENR) in promoting species conservation activities in Sri Lanka during the last two decades.In 2001, IUCN facilitated the MOENR to institutionalize species conservation activities, through theestablishment of a National Species Conservation Advisory Group (NSCAG) under the BiodiversitySecretariat. The NSCAG requested the services of IUCN to establish a digital database related to species,and to update the 1999 national list of threatened plants and animals. A team of dedicated technical stafffrom IUCN was involved in implementing this extremely important national task. The work spanned acrossseveral years, and involved a comprehensive literature survey of fauna and flora in Sri Lanka, datacompilation and analysis of the status of species using IUCN global red list criteria and preparation of thedigital database on the species assessed. Although the team faced several constraints in attending to thistask, they were able to address these issues with the active support of the experts who assisted inreviewing the draft lists of threatened fauna and flora.The findings of the assessment are alarming, when considering the fact that 33% (223 species) of inlandvertebrate fauna and 61% (675 species) of the evaluated flora were found to be nationally threatened. Thethreatened fauna and flora include many endemic species. 21 species of endemic amphibians and 72species of plants seem to have disappeared from the island (extinct) during the past century. These findingswould serve as the baseline for the development and implementation of suitable policies and actions toconserve the threatened species for the future. The last section of this publication has provided a frameworkfor action to facilitate the conservation of threatened species in Sri Lanka.Shiranee YasaratneCountry RepresentativeThe World Conservation Union (IUCN)Sri LankaOctober 2007xiii

© Vimukthi WeeratungaLowland tropical rain forests in the wet zone of Sri Lanka are home to 90% of the endemic woody plants and75% of the endemic animals of the island.1

BIODIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA: A BRIEF OVERVIEWSri Lanka is a tropical island located in the Indian Ocean off the southern tip of peninsular India, betweenlatitudes 5 ° 55 ’ - 9 ° 51 ’ North and longitudes 79 ° 41 ’ - 81 ° 54 ’ East. The island is 65,610 km 2 in extent andconsists of three peneplains; lowland (up to 300m above sea level), upland (300-900m above sea level) andhighland (> 900m above sea level). According to distribution of rainfall, three major climatic zones arerecognised; the dry zone (with an annual rainfall < 1900mm), wet zone (annual rainfall > 2500mm), and theintermediate zone (annual rainfall 1900-2500mm). The island also contains three distinct mountain ranges;the Central hill massif, the Rakwana range towards the South-west and the Knuckles range towards theNorth of the Central massif (Figure 1).Based on climate (temperature and rainfall), Mueller-Dombois (1968)described seven vegetation zones in Sri Lanka, while Ashton and Gunatilleke (1987) elaborated further, anddesignated 15 floristic regions in the island, based on the distribution of plant species in the wild.The geo-climatic diversity in the island is reflected clearly in the variety of inland natural ecosystems andhabitats (Table 1). Forest types range from dry monsoon forest in the dry coastal lowlands and closed-canopyrainforest in the South-western aseasonal lowland wet zone quarter to tropical montane cloud forest reachinga maximum altitude of 2,524m in the central highlands. In turn, these ecosystems contain a high degree ofspecies diversity among different groups of fauna (Table 2) and flora (Table 3), including a high proportion ofendemic species. Among the indigenous inland vertebrate fauna and flowering plants documented to date,nearly 40% and 30% respectively are endemic to the island (Bambaradeniya, 2004). Much of this diversityand endemism is found in the South-west wet zone, which occupies one-third of the country.Table 1. Diversity of inland natural ecosystems in Sri LankaMajor typesForestsGrasslandsFreshwater wetlandsBrackish water wetlandsCategoriesTropical lowland rainforestsTropical lower-montane forestsTropical upper-montane forestsLowland dry monsoon forestsLowland semi-evergreen forestsArid Zone scrublandsRiverine forestsWet Patana GrasslandsSavannahsDry Patana GrasslandsRivers and streamsVillusMarshesSwamp forestSalt marshesMangrovesLagoons and estuaries2

Table 2. Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.Invertebrate Fauna (Taxonomic group) Total number of Species Number of endemicsBees 148 21Dragonflies 120 57Aphids 84 2Ants 181Butterflies 243 20Ticks 27Spiders 501Freshwater Crabs 51 51Land Snails 246 204Vertebrate FaunaFreshwater Fish 82 44Amphibians 106+ 90+Reptiles 171 101Birds 482 33Mammals 91 16Marine FaunaEchinoderms 213Marine Molluscs 228Sharks 61Rays 31Marine Reptiles 18Marine Mammals 28(Source: Bambaradeniya, 2006 – supplemented with subsequent species descriptions)Table 3. Species richness of flora in Sri Lanka.Group No. of Species Number of endemics SourceAngiospermae 3771 926 Dassanayake and Fosberg(Flowering plants) (1980–2004)Pterydophyta (Ferns) 348 48 Sledge (1982); Dassanayake (2006)Mosses 566 63 O’Shea (2002,2003); Tan, 2005Liverworts 222 Onraedt (1981); Abeywickrama andJensen (1978)Lichens 661 Brunnbauer (1984-1986); Orang et al.(2001)3

Figure 1: Bioclimatic zones of Sri Lanka (Adapted from Wijesinghe et al., 1993)4

Since the 1990s, there has been a tremendous surge of taxonomic research on the faunal groups of SriLanka. This has lead to the discovery and scientific description of several new species of invertebrate andvertebrate fauna. For example, the number of amphibian species recognised by Kirtisinghe (1957) hasundergone a three-fold increase (from 34 to 106 species at present), as a result of the work carried outduring the past decade by Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi (1996); Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda(1998); Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2005); Meegaskumbura and Manamendra-Arachchi (2005).Several species of reptiles were described during the past decade (Pethiyagoda and Manamendra-Arachchi,1998; Batuwita and Bahir, 2005; Bahir and Silva, 2005; Bahir and Maduwage, 2005; Samarawickrama et al.,2005; Samarawickrama, et al., 2006; Wickramasinghe, 2006; Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa, 2007).Similarly, a swell of research on Sri Lanka’s freshwater crabs has resulted in the discovery of more than 40new species (Ng, 1994, 1995a, b; Bahir, 1998, 1999; Ng and Tay, 2001; Bahir and Ng, 2005; Bahir and Yeo,2005). It is interesting to note the discovery of new species even among popular groups of vertebrates suchas birds (Warakagoda and Rasmussen, 2004) and mammals (Groves and Meijaard, 2005; Nekaris andJayawardena, 2004), after a lapse of more than 100 years. A few researchers have begun to focus on lesserknowninvertebrates such as insects, spiders and land snails in the island, leading to the discovery of newspecies (Karunaratne, 2004; Wijesinghe, 1991a, 1991b; Benjamin, 2000; Benjamin and Jocqué, 2000;Benjamin, 2001; Naggs et al., 2005).© Vimukthi WeeratungaThe survival of a large number of endemic and threatened speciesdepend on the upper montane and lower montane forests, whichoccupies less than 1% of the total land area in Sri Lanka.This recent research (especially molecularinvestigations) also highlights a higherdegree of endemism than hitherto estimatedamong most groups of fauna in the island.Among the inland indigenous vertebratespecies (i.e., excluding marine forms andmigratory birds) described currently, 43%are endemic to Sri Lanka. A higherpercentage of endemism is evident amongthe freshwater crabs (100%), amphibians(85%), and land snails (83%), with many ofthem being point endemics. Most of thisendemic fauna are restricted to the wet zoneof the island. Even though Sri Lanka hasexperienced prolonged and repeated landconnections with India during much of thePleistocene period, recent molecularinvestigations have revealed a unique endemic insular radiation, especially among the less mobile faunalgroups such as tree-frogs (Meegaskumbura et al., 2002), agamid lizards (Macey et al., 2000; Schulte et al.,2002) and skinks (Austin et al., 2004).The angiosperm flora of Sri Lanka has also been revised during the past two and a half decades(Dassanayake and Fosberg, 1980–2004). Knowledge about the island’s non-angiosperm floras iscomparatively poor. Research conducted since the 1980’s shows that both diversity and endemism amongferns, bryophytes and fungi are significantly higher than thought previously (e.g. Hale, 1981; Pegler, 1986;Sledge, 1982; O’Shea, 2002, 2003; Tan, 2005).Recent estimates of closed-canopy forest cover in the island range from 22% (Anonymous, 2004) to 25.7%(Ratnayake et al., 2002) of the total land area. The protected area (PA) network under the jurisdiction of theDepartment of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), extends over approximately 13% of the island’s land area, underseveral management categories, from the strictest level of protection in strict natural reserves to nationalparks where entry is monitored, to sanctuaries which contain both private and state land. The ForestDepartment (FD) manages a total extent of 10,670 km 2 of natural habitats (17% of the island’s land area)(Anonymous, 2004).5

The existing protected areas include three internationally important wetland sites (Bundala National Park,Anawilundawa Sanctuary, and Maduganga Sanctuary) declared under the Ramsar Convention on wetlandsof International Importance, and four International Man and Biosphere reserves (Sinharaja, Hurulu, Kanneliyaand Bundala) declared under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.The region including the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka is considered as one of 34 biodiversity ‘hot spots’identified in the world (Mittermeier et al., 2005). These hotspots are areas that harbour an exceptionally highconcentration of endemic species, but have already lost more than 75% of the primary vegetation. Of all thehotspots, the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka hotspot has the highest human population density (Cincotta etal., 2000). While population density in Sri Lanka’s dry zone is 170 km -2 , density in the biodiversity-rich southwesternwet zone is 650 km -2 . A burgeoning human population in the island has propelled the loss ofbiodiversity, because of anthropogenic factors such as habitat degradation/modification, over-exploitation ofspecies, spread of invasive alien species and pollution. Later in this publication, the implications of thesethreats to Sri Lanka’s fauna and flora are detailed with specific examples.REFERENCESAbeywickrama, B.A. and Jensen, M.A.B. 1978. A checklist of the liverworts of Sri Lanka. National Science council ofSri Lanka, Colombo, pp. 1-10.Anonymous 2004. Sri Lanka ecosystem component of the Western-Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot (CriticalEcosystem Partnership Fund - Ecosystem Profile Data Sheet – Unpublished).Ashton, P.S. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1987. New light on the plant geography of Ceylon, I: Historical plant geography.J. Biogeogr.,14: 249-285.Austin, C.C., Das, I. and De Silva, A. 2004. Higher-level molecular phylogenetic relationships of the endemic genusLankascincus from Sri Lanka based on nuclear DNA sequences. Lyriocephalus 5(1&2): 11-22.Bahir, M. M. 1998. Three new species of montane crabs of the genus Perbrinckia (Crustacea: Parathelphusidae) fromthe central mountains of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3(2): 197–212.Bahir, M. M. 1999. Description of three new species of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae:Ceylonthelphusa) from the south-western rain forests of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History4(2): 117–132.Bahir, M. M. and Ng, P. K. L. 2005. Description of ten new species of freshwater crabs (Parathelphusidae:Ceylonthelphusa, Mahatha, Perbrinckia) from Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds),Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,Supplement No. 12: 47–75.Bahir, M.M. and Silva, A. 2005. Otocryptis nigristigma, a new species of agamid lizard from Sri Lanka.In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Researchin Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No.12:393-406.Bahir, M.M. and Maduwage, K.P. 2005. Calotes desilvai, a new species of agamid lizard from Morningside, Sri Lanka.In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Researchin Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12:381-392.Bahir, M. M. and Yeo, D. C. J. 2005. A revision of the genus Oziotelphusa Müller, 1887 (Crustacea: Decapoda:Parathelphusidae), with descriptions of eight new species. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda,R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,Supplement No. 12: 77–120.Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. 2006. Species Richness of Fauna in Sri Lanka: Current Status and Future Prospects.In: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.). Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation.The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Government of Sri Lanka. 308pp.6

Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. 2004. The Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot: An Overview of its Natural History and Areas forRegional Cooperation Towards Conservation Action. Paper presented at the Combined Workshop onRegional Co-operation on Conservation of Biodiversity Hotspots of the Indian Subcontinent and TaxonomicDatabases for Conservation (August 30 th – September 1 st 2004, Bangalore, India).Batuwita, S. and Bahir, M.M. 2005. Description of five new species of Cyrtodactylus (Reptilia: Geckkonidae) fromSri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration andResearch in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 351-380.Bauer, A.M., de Silva, A., Greenbaum E. and Jackman T. 2007. A new species of Day gecko from high elevation inSri Lanka, with a preliminary phylogeny of Sri Lankan Cnemaspis (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae), Mitt.Mus. Nat.kd., Zool. Reighe, Supplement No. 83: 22-32.Benjamin, S. P. 2000. Epidius parvati sp. n., a new species of the genus Epidius from Sri Lanka(Araneae:Thomisidae). Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc., 11(7): 284-288.Benjamin, S. P. and Jocqué R. 2000. Two new species of the genus Suffasia from Sri Lanka (Araneae: Zodariidae).Revue suisse de Zoologie 107(1): 97-106.Benjamin, S. P. 2001. The genus Oxytate L. Koch 1878 from Sri Lanka, with description of Oxytate taprobane sp. n.(Araneae: Thomsidae). Journal of South Asian Natural History 5(2): 153-158.Brunnbauer, W. 1984-1986. Die Flechten Von Sri Lanka in der Literatur Naturist.Mus Wien.Bot.Abt Cincotta, R.P.,Wisnewski, J and Engelman, R. 2000. Human population in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature. 404: 990 – 992.Dassanayake, M.D. and Fosberg, F.R. 1980–1991. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. (Vols. 1–7) AmerindPublishing Co., New Delhi.Dassanayake, M.D., Fosberg, F.R. and Clayton, W.D., 1994-1995. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.(Vols. 8-9) Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi.Dassanayake, M.D. and Clayton, W.D., 1996-2000. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. (Vols. 10-14)Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta.Dassanayake, M.D. and Shaffer-Fehre, M., 2006. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. (Vols. 15A-B)Science Publishers, Inc.Dutta, S. K. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. 1996. The amphibian fauna of Sri Lanka. Wildlife Heritage Trust ofSri Lanka, Colombo. 232pp.Erdelen, W. 1989. Aspects of the biogeography in Sri Lanka. In: Forschungen Auf Ceylon III. Franz Steiner VerlagStuttgart. pp. 73-100.Groves, C.P. and Meijaard, E. 2005. Interspecific variation in Moschiola, the Indian chevrotain. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng,P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka.Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 413-421.Hale, M. E. 1981. A revision of the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Sri Lanka. Bull. British Mus. Nat. Hist. (Botanyser.), 8 (3): 227–332.Karunaratne, W. A. I. P. 2004. Taxonomy and Ecology of Bees of Sri Lanka. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), Faculty ofScience, University of Peradeniya.Kirtisinghe, P. 1957. The Amphibia of Ceylon. Published by the author, Colombo. 112 pp.Kirtisinghe, P., 1957. The Amphibia of Ceylon. Colombo: i-xiii + 1–112, 1 pl.Macey, J.R., Schulte, J.A., Larson, A., Ananjeva, A.B., Wang, Y., Pethiyagoda, R., Rastegar-Pouyani, N. andPapenfuss, T.J. 2000. Evaluating Trans-Tethys migration: an example using acrodont lizard phylogenetics.Systematic Biology 49: 233-256.7

Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. 1998. A synopsis of the Sri Lankan Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura)with description of new species. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3(2): 213–248.Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. 2005. The Sri Lankan shrub-frogs of the genus Philautus Gistel,1848 (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae), with description of 27 new species. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. andPethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. Raffles Bulletin ofZoology, Supplement No. 12: 163–303.Mittermeier, R.A., P.R. Gil, M. Hoffman, J. Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C.G. Mittermeier, J. Lamoreux, and da Fonseca,G.A.B. 2005. Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest and most threatened terrestrial ecoregions.Conservation International, Washington D.C., USA.Meegaskumbura, M., Bossuyt, F., Pethiyagoda, R., Manamendra-Ararchchi, K., Bahir, M., Milinkovitch, M.C. andSchneider, C.J. 2002. Sri Lanka: an amphibian hotspot. Science 298: 379.Meegaskumbura, M. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. 2005. Descriptions of eight new species of shrub frogs(Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus) from Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds),Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, SupplementNo. 12: 305–338.Mueller-Dombois, D. 1968. Ecogeographic analysis of a climate map of Ceylon with particular reference tovegetation. The Ceylon Forester 8: 39-58.Naggs, F., Raheem, D., Ranawana, K. and Mapatuna, Y. 2005. The Darwin initiative project on Sri Lankan Landsnails: Patterns of diversity in Sri Lankan forests. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds),Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,Supplement No. 12: 23 – 29.Nekaris, K.A.I. and Jayawardena, J. 2004. Survey of the Slender Loris (Primates, Lorisidae Gray, 1821: Loristardigradus Linnaeus, 1758 and Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Zoology,London. 265: 327-338.Ng, P. K. L., 1995a. A revision of the Sri Lankan montane crabs of the genus Perbrinckia Bott, 1969 (Crustacea:Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Journal South Asian Natural History 1(2): 129–174.Ng, P. K. L., 1995b. Ceylonthelphusa scansor, a new species of tree-climbing crab from Sinharaja Forest in Sri Lanka(Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Journal South Asian Natural History 1(2): 175–184.Ng, P. K. L. and Tay, W.M. 2001. The freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka (Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae).Zeylanica 6(1): 113–199.Onraedt, M. 1981. Bryophytes Recoltees a Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Journ. Hattori.Bot.Lab., 50: 191-216.Orang A., Woleseley, P., Karunaratne, V. and Bombuwala, K. 2001. Two Cepraloid Lichens new to Sri Lanka.Bibliotheca Lichenologia 78:327-333.O’Shea, B. 2002. Checklist of the mosses of Sri Lanka. Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory 92: 125-164.O’Shea, B. 2003. Biogeographical relationships of the mosses of Sri Lanka. Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory93: 293-304.Pegler, D. N. 1986. Agaric flora of Sri Lanka. Kew Bull. Addl. Ser., 11: 1–519.Pethiyagoda, R. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. 1998. A Revision of the endemic Sri Lankan agamid Lizard GenusCeratophora Gray,1835, with description of two new species. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3(1):1-50.Ratnayake, J., Abeykoon, M. and Chemin, Y. 2002. District-wise forest area variation in Sri Lanka from 1992 to 2001for supporting the National Physical Planning Policy; Proceedings of the Asian Conference on RemoteSensing, Kathmandu, Nepal.8

Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama,V. A. P., Wijesena, N. M. and Orlov, N.O. 2005. A new species ofgenus Boiga (Serpentes: Colubridae: Colubrinae) from Sri Lanka. Russian Journal of Herpetology 12(3):213–222.Samarawickrama, V.A.M.P.K., Ranawana, K.B., Rajapaksha, D.R.N.S., Ananjeva, N.B., Orlov, N.L., Ranasinghe,J.M.A.S. and Samarawickrama, V.A.P. 2006. A new species of the genus Cophotis (Squamata: Agamidae)from Sri Lanka. Russian Journal of Herpetology 13 (3): 207-214.Schulte, J.A., Macey, J.R., Pethiyagoda, R. and Larson, A. 2002. Rostral horn evolution among agamid lizards of thegenus Ceratophora endemic to Sri Lanka. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 111-117.Sledge, W. A. 1982. An annotated checklist of the Pteridophyta of Ceylon. Bot.J.Linn.Soc. 84: 1-30.Tan, B.C. 2005. New Species Records of Sri Lankan mosses. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds),Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,Supplement No. 12: 5-8.Warakagoda, D.H. and Rasmussen, P.C. 2004. A new species of scops-owl from Sri Lanka. Bull. B.O.C. 124 (2): 85-105.Wickramasinghe, L. J. M. 2006. A new species of Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1369:19–33.Wickramasinghe L.J.M. and Munindradasa, D.A.I. 2007. Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887(Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Sri Lanka with the description of five new species. Zootaxa 1490: 1-63.Wickramasinghe, L.J.M., Rodrigo R., Dayawansa N. and Jayantha U.L.D. 2007 Two new species of Lankascincus(Squamata:Scincidae) from Sripada Sanctuary (Peak Wilderness), in Sri Lanka, Zootaxa 1612: 1-24.Wijesinghe, D. P. 1991a. A new species of Gelotia (Araneae: Salticidae) from Sri Lanka. Journal of the New YorkEntomological Society 99 (2): 274-277.Wijesinghe, D. P. 1991b. New species of Phaeacius from Sri Lanka, Sumatra and the Philippines (Araneae:Salticidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 8 (8): 249-255.Wejesinghe, L.C.A. de S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardena, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1993.Biological Conservation of Sri Lanka: A National Status Report. IUCN, Sri Lanka.9

© Vimukthi WeeratungaThe Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) is critically endangered in Sri Lanka, where less than20 individuals are restricted to the coastal lagoons in the south-eastern dry zone of the island.10

THE PROCESS OF PREPARING THE 2007 NATIONAL RED LISTBACKGROUNDIn the past, there were several attempts to compile lists of Sri Lanka’s threatened species. The first list ofnationally threatened plants was compiled by Abeywickrama in 1987. This list was reproduced in thepublication compiled by Wijesinghe et al (1989), which included a list of nationally threatened fauna. The listsin the latter publication were updated and included in Wijesinghe et al (1993), using data obtained from theNational Conservation Review that assessed the biodiversity of natural forests of Sri Lanka. These initiallists of nationally threatened fauna and flora were used widely and served to focus attention on the seriousnature of threats facing the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. However, a major drawback of these lists was the factthat they were provisional, with an element of subjectivity introduced due to the reliance on personaljudgements to assign a species as threatened, without the use of scientific criteria to assess the risk ofextinction of a particular species.In the latter part of 1990’s, it was strongly felt that a new list of nationally threatened species of Sri Lankashould be formulated by the application of objectively and scientifically defined criteria rather than beingbased on individual perceptions of threat in order that there would be acceptability among all stakeholders,.This resulted in the formulation of a set of national criteria to identify threatened species, which then wereused by IUCN, with the technical inputs of several stakeholders, to prepare the 1999 list of threatened faunaand flora of Sri Lanka (IUCN Sri Lanka, 2000). The information generated from the 1999 list of nationallythreatened species resulted in the promotion of awareness among different stakeholders related to biodiversityconservation, including the general public, researchers, protected area managers and policy makers.In 2001, IUCN supported the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources under its BiodiversitySecretariat, to institutionalise species conservation activities in Sri Lanka, through the establishment of aNational Species Conservation Advisory Group (NSCAG). In 2004, the NSCAG (through the Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources) requested the services of IUCN to establish a digital database relatedto species, and to update the 1999 national list of threatened plants and animals. The proposal submitted byIUCN was approved by the NSCAG as well as the National Experts Committee on Biodiversity (NEC-Biodiversity) and the project was initiated in mid 2004, with funding from the Asian Development Bank, andthe Royal Netherlands Embassy. A team of personnel was appointed by IUCN and the Ministry of Environmentand Natural Resources to implement this project, under the technical supervision and guidance of Dr. ChannaBambaradeniya and Dr. Devaka Weerakoon. The Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment andNatural Resources appointed expert groups under different taxa, to review the draft lists of threatened species.METHODOLOGYThe nationally threatened species were evaluated using the IUCN Global Red List categories and criteria(version 3.1, IUCN 2001; http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RLcats2001booklet.htm), adapted at aregional level (version 3.0, IUCN 2003; http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/regionalguidelines.htm). TheRed List categories and criteria are elaborated in Annex 1 and Annex 2 respectively. A national workshopwas held in mid 2004 for the expert groups, in order to explain the IUCN red list categories and criteria, andthe process of preparing the 2006 national red list. Of the five IUCN Global Red List Criteria, only the firstfour (A - Population reduction; B – Restricted geographic range; C – Small population size and decline; D –Very small or restricted population) were used to evaluate the status of species during the current exercise.Most species were evaluated using criterion B (Geographic range – Extent of Occurrence and Area ofOccupancy). A species was considered as nationally threatened, when it was evaluated to be either CriticallyEndangered (CR), Endangered (EN), or Vulnerable (VU).11

Initially, in 2004, a series of national workshops on fauna and flora were organised by the MOENR and IUCNto upgrade the species lists under different taxonomic groups. Researchers working on different taxonomicgroups were invited to present papers at these national workshops, and the updated faunal lists werepublished (Bambaradeniya, 2006). Only inland indigenous species of fauna and flora in Sri Lanka wereevaluated. The status of all exotic animals and plants, migratory birds and marine fauna were not assessedduring the current exercise. However, names of globally threatened marine vertebrates that inhabit theterritorial waters of Sri Lanka, and globally threatened birds that migrate to Sri Lanka were extracted fromthe 2006 IUCN Global Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2006), and presented separately.Among the fauna, freshwater fish, reptiles, birds and mammals were evaluated. Because a list of threatenedSri Lankan amphibians had already been identified by the Global Amphibian Assessment(www.globalamphibians.org), these lists were supplemented by the work of Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, (2005) and Meegaskumubura et al (2007). The recently described ranid species (Fernando et al,2007) was evaluated during this study. Among invertebrate fauna, butterflies, theraphosid spiders, and landsnails were evaluated. Threatened odonates identified by Bedjanic (2005) and threatened freshwater crabsidentified by Bahir et al (2005) were included in the current list.Among plants, only selected angiosperm taxa were evaluated. The selection of plants for evaluation wasbased on families that had a higher number of species (and endemic species), commercially exploitedspecies, point endemic species and species that have not been recorded for more than 50 years. Apart fromthe species that were evaluated, other unevaluated plant species of Sri Lanka that are considered to beglobally threatened were extracted from the 2006 IUCN Global Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2006),and presented separately.Initially, distribution data on the above taxonomic groups selected for evaluation were compiled, usingpublished papers, articles, unpublished technical reports and checklists, museum records and herbariumrecords (see Annex 3 for list of data sources used for the 2007 red list). The structure of the digital databasewas drafted and finalised, to facilitate the application of red list criteria and also to facilitate the revision, ona regular basis, of the national red list. Species information compiled from secondary sources were fed intothe digital database, and the distribution of each species was plotted in a 5 x 5 km 2 grid map using GIStechnology (see Figure 2 for the grid map). This grid map allowed for the calculation of the Extent ofOccurrence (EOO) and Area of occupancy (AOO) for each species, and for the application of red list criteria.The draft lists of threatened taxa were reviewed and validated by experts during a series of expertworkshops conducted during the latter half of 2006.The nomenclature of fauna in the 2007 list of nationally threatened species follows the checklists inBambaradeniya (2006) and other species described subsequently (Fernando et al, 2007; Meegaskumbura etal., 2007; Samarawickrama et al., 2006; Wickramasinghe, 2006; Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa, 2007;Bauer et al., 2007), while the nomenclature of flora is based on Senaratne (2001), the AngiospermPhylogenetic Group (APG) system of classification (www.mobot.org/mobot/ research/ apweb), and otherspecies described subsequently, using the International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org) and the WorldChecklist of Monocotyledons (www.kew.org/wcsp/monocots).WHAT THE LIST DOES NOT IMPLYNo inference on the risk of extinction of Data Deficient species can be made from the present analysis dueto the paucity of information. It is possible that many of these species are threatened and are in need ofconservation action, especially as the lack of recorded observations could mean that they are rare.Similarly, no assessment of the risk of extinction can be made for indigenous species that have not beenevaluated.12

For species that have been listed as extinct, it is important to note that there is always a possibility torediscover an isolated population from a previously unexplored locality in Sri Lanka.Figure 2: 25km 2 grid map of Sri Lanka, with vegetation cover and district boundaries13

LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTSThe team faced several limitations and constraints during this study. Some of the constraints were related toavailability of data, while others were related to application of the IUCN Global Red List Criteria adapted for aregional scale.These limitations and constraints are detailed below.• Among the total indigenous plant species in Sri Lanka, only about 30% could be evaluated, mainly dueto financial, time and resource constraints. Compared to fauna, the knowledge on the distribution ofplants in Sri Lanka is relatively poor. Even among available information on plants, data are restrictedspecific taxa. Lower plants were not evaluated because there was a dearth of published information onspecies occurrence and distribution. Inadequate herbarium collections of plant species were aconstraint to confirmation of the occurrence of species that were included in several publications.• Lack of access to recent source material for authentication of taxa was also a constraint. This includedinadequate access to recent taxonomic revisions and new distribution records, especially in relation tocertain taxa which were hitherto known to be endemic and /or point endemics. Certain taxa that arebeing subjected currently to taxonomic revisions had to be transferred to the data deficient category.The evaluation of some species that were recently split into two or more species based on taxonomicrevisions was constrained by the inability to assign or confirm previous location data.• Because the digital database on species was a first time initiative in Sri Lanka, time was spent to onrefining its structure, in relation to applying the red-listing criteria. At the initial stages, this involvedtime and effort to convert published information into the required database format in order to facilitateanalysis for identification of threatened species. There is further provision for future adjustments to thedatabase, so that useful outputs may be generated generate to facilitate biodiversity conservation inSri Lanka. Future adjustments will require additional inputs, in terms of financial resources, analysis byexperts, and the development of user guides and manuals.• The majority of the taxa in Sri Lanka lack data on population status nor are there clear statistics relatedto the change of natural habitats. Therefore, more than 95% of the taxa in this study were evaluatedusing criterion B (Restricted geographical range).• Lack of consistency in the availability of published information on species, especially during the firsttwo to three post colonial decades, was a constraint for determining changes in the distribution of taxain relation to land use changes. There is a gap in research from 1950’s until the mid 1980’s for mostfaunal and floral species. Conversely, there is a surge in information during the last two decades.• There were several problems in relation to location of species. Most publications indicated locationsthat referred to a wide area such as provinces, districts, major roads, or particular rivers, withoutspecifying exact localities. Only a few papers (mostly the recent ones) had specific localities (i.e., listedgeo-coordinates). Lack of an updated central gazetteer for place names made clarification of exactlocations difficult. Another layer of difficulty was added by the lack of updated and accurate base mapson Sri Lanka.• Some of the species occurrences and distribution data indicated in published material were doubtful.These doubts were clarified by experts, during review meetings.• The grid size (25 km 2 ) of the map adopted during this study made application of CR criteria (B1) difficult.14

REFERENCESAbeywickrama, B.A. 1987. The Threatened Plants of Sri Lanka. Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority ofSri Lanka, Colombo.Bahir, M.M., Ng, P.K.L., Crandall, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. 2005. A conservation assessment of the freshwater crabs ofSri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration andResearch in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 121-126.Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.). 2006. Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of taxonomy, research and conservation. The WorldConservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. 308pp.Bedjanic, M. 2005. Globally Endangered Dragonflies of Sri Lanka. Datasheets for assessing species for theIUCN Global Red List of Threatened Animals, Prepared for the IUCN SSC Odonata Specialist Group(Unpublished).Bauer A.M., de Silva A., Greenbaum E. and Jackman, T. 2007. A new species of Day gecko from high elevation inSri Lanka, with a preliminary phylogeny of Sri Lankan Cnemaspis (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae),Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd., Zool. Reighe, Supplement No. 83: 22-32.Fernando, S.S., Wickramasinghe, L.J.M. and Rodrigo, R.K. 2007. A new species of endemic frog belonging to genusNannophrys Gunther, 1869 (Anura: Dicroglossinae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1403: 55-68.Govaerts, R., Bogner, J., Boos, J.,Boyce, P.,Cosgriff, B., Croat, T., Goncalves, E., Grayum, M.,Hay, A. ., Hetterscheid,W., Ittenbach, S. , Landolt , E. , Mayo, S., Murata, J., Nguyen, V.D. ,. Sakuragui, C.M, Singh, Y., Thompson, S. &Zhu, G. (2006). World Checklist of Araceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/. [accessed 30 December 2006]Govaerts, R., Campacci, M.A. , Baptista, D.H., Cribb, P., George.A., Kreuz, K.&Wood, J. (2006) World Checklist ofOrchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/.[ accessed 30 December 2006]Govaerts, R., Dransfield, J., Zona, S., Hodel, D.R. & Henderson, A. (2006). World Checklist of Arecaceae. The Boardof Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/. [accessed30 December 2006]Govaerts, R. & Lock, M. (2006). World Checklist of Zingiberaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal BotanicGardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/.[accessed 30 December 2006]Govaerts, R., Maas, H. & Maas, P. (2006) World Checklist of Triuridaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal BotanicGardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/.[ accessed 30 December 2006]Govaerts, R., Saunders, R.M.K. , Maas, H., , Maas, P. & Zhang, D.X. (2006). World Checklist of Burmanniaceae. TheBoard of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/.[accessed 30 December 2006]Govaerts, R., Simpson, D.A. , Goetghebeur, P. , Wilson, K. , Egorova, T. , & Bruhl, J. (2006). World Checklist ofCyperaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/.[ accessed 30 December 2006]Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Eriocaulaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/.[ accessed 30 December 2006]IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Glad,Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii + 30pp. http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001IUCN 2003. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels: Version 3.0. IUCN SpeciesSurvival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ii + 26pp. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/regionalguidelines. htmIUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. .15

IUCN Sri Lanka 2000. The 1999 list of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. Colombo: IUCN Sri Lanka. viii + 114pp.Meegaskumbura, M. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. 2005. Descriptions of eight new species of shrub frogs (Ranidae:Rhacophorinae: Philautus) from Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributionsto Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 305–338.Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Schneider, C.J. and Pethiyagoda, R. 2007. New species amongstSri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus). Zootaxa 1397: 1-15.Samarawickrama, V.A.M.P.K., Ranawana, K.B., Rajapaksha, D.R.N.S., Ananjeva, N.B., Orlov, N.L., Ranasinghe,J.M.A.S. and Samarawickrama, V.A.P. 2006. A new species of the genus Cophotis (Squamata: Agamidae)from Sri Lanka. Russian Journal of Herpetology 13 (3): 207-214.Senaratna, L.K. 2001. A checklist of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 451pp.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 8, June 2007 [and more or less continuouslyupdated since]. , Downloaded on 20 May 2006.The International Plant Names (2004). Plant Name Query Index Downloaded on 20 May 2006The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2002 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-syn.html. [accessed 30 December 2006]Wickramasinghe, L.J.M. 2006. A new species of Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1369: 19-33.Wickramasinghe L.J.M and Munindradasa D.A.I. 2007. Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria:Gekkonidae) in Sri Lanka with the description of five new species, Zootaxa 1490: 1-63.Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1989.Biological Conservation in Sri Lanka: A National Status Report. NARESA, Sri Lanka.Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de SGunatilleke, ., I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1993.Biological Conservation in Sri Lanka: A National Status Report. IUCN, Sri Lanka.16

© Vimukthi WeeratungaThe flagship mammal in Sri Lanka - the Elephant (Elephas maximus) is threatened due to rapid loss ofhabitats for expansion of agriculture and human settlements.17

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUSTHE CONSERVATION STATUS OF FAUNAAmong the total inland indigenous vertebratespecies recorded to date in Sri Lanka, 223(33%) species were evaluated to beNationally Threatened (Table 4). Among thethreatened vertebrate species, 138 (62%)are endemic to Sri Lanka. Twenty onespecies of endemic amphibians have notbeen recorded in Sri Lanka during the past100 years, and these should be considered© Naalin PereraThe Vulnerable Dusky-striped jungle squirrel (Funambulus sublineatus)restricted to montane and lowland rain forests in the wet zone.as Extinct. Of the surviving inland vertebrates, 57 speciesare Critically Endangered: i.e., one in every 12 species ofinland indigenous vertebrates of Sri Lanka is currentlyfacing an immediate and extremely high risk of extinction(CR) in the wild. Among the total endemic vertebratespecies, 34 (12%) are Critically Endangered, 68 (25%) areEndangered and 36 (14%) are Vulnerable.© Vimukthi WeeratungaThe recently discovered Serendib Scops Owl (Otusthilohofmanni) is restricted to a few patches of lowlandrainforests. It is threatened by the fragmentation ofprime forest habitats in the wet zone.Among the vertebrate fauna, the highest number ofthreatened species was recorded among reptiles (56 or25%), followed by amphibians, birds, mammals andfreshwater fish. One in every two species of mammals andamphibians, one in every three species of reptiles andfreshwater fish, and one in every five species of birds inthe island are currently facing the risk of becoming extinct.Table 4: Summary of threatened inland indigenous vertebrate fauna in Sri LankaTaxon Total Species CR EN VU Total ThreatenedMammals 91 (16) 9 (2) 20 (8) 12 (4) 41 (14)Birds 227 (33) 10 15 (6) 21 (10) 46 (16)Reptiles 171 (101) 16 (12) 23 (16) 17 (9) 56 (37)Amphibians 106 (90) 12 (12) 34 (34) 6 (5) 52 (51)Freshwater Fishes 82 (44) 10 (8) 7 (4) 11 (8) 28 (20)Total 677 (284) 57 (34) 99 (68) 67 (36) 223 (138)(Note: The total species number under different taxa excludes marine forms, and migratory species whose breeding populationshave not been recorded in Sri Lanka. The numbers of endemic species is in parenthesis)18

© Mendis WickremasingheThe Endangered Barnes’s cat snake (Boiga barnesi) isdistributed in the forest habitats in wet and intermediate zonesAmong the selected groups of inland invertebratefauna evaluated, the highest number of threatenedspecies was recorded among the butterflies (66),followed by freshwater crabs, land snails,dragonflies and theraphosid spiders (Table 5).However, within a single group of invertebratesevaluated, the highest proportion of threatenedspecies was recorded among the freshwater crabs(72.5% of total crab species recorded to date),where one in every two species in Sri Lanka iscurrently facing an immediate and extremely highrisk of extinction (CR) in the wild.© Mendis WickremasingheThe Endangered Round snout pygmy tree frog (Philautusfemoralis) is restricted to Horton plains – patches of montaneforest surrounded by wet patana grasslands in the centralhighlands© Mendis WickremasingheThe Endangered Rough horn Lizard (Ceratophora aspera) isrestricted to lowland rain forests of the wet zoneTable 5: Summary of threatened inland indigenous invertebrate fauna in Sri LankaTaxon Total Species CR EN VU TotalButterflies 243 (20) 21 (2) 29 (9) 16 (2) 66 (13)Dragonflies 120 (57) 13 (13) 5 (5) 2 (2) 20 (20)Freshwater Crabs 51 (51) 23 (23) 8 (8) 6 (6) 37 (37)Theraphosid spiders 7 (5) 0 0 1 (1) 1 (1)Land Snails 246 (204) 16 (15) 12 (12) 5 (5) 33 (32)(Note: The numbers of endemic species in parenthesis).The list of extinct vertebrate fauna is presented in Table 6, while the lists of nationally threatened vertebratefauna and invertebrate fauna are presented in Table 7 and Table 8, respectively.Among the marine vertebrates that have been recorded from the territorial waters of Sri Lanka, 27 speciesare listed as globally threatened (IUCN, 2006). These include 12 species of cartilaginous fish, four speciesof bony fish, five species of reptiles, one off-shore bird and five marine mammals (see Table 9). Among themigratory birds that visit Sri Lanka, six species are listed as globally threatened, including the CriticallyEndangered Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarious) (see Table 10).19

Although ants were not evaluated during the presentstudy, the endemic and relict Aneuretus simoni islisted as Critically Endangered in the IUCN GlobalRed List.Of the vertebrate species evaluated, sevenfreshwater fish, five amphibians, 25 reptiles, 40birds and seven mammals were assessed as NearThreatened (NT) (See Annex 4). Similarly, amongthe evaluated invertebrate species, two theraphosidspiders, 53 butterflies, eight freshwater crabs and11 land snails were evaluated as Near Threatened(See Annex 5).© Naalin PereraThe endemic and endangered Blotched Filamented Barb(Puntius srilankensis) is restricted to Amban and Kalu riversthat originate from the Knuckles forest. Its habitat isthreatened by irrigation development activities.Among the inland vertebrate species evaluated,seven freshwater fish, three amphibians, 46reptiles, six birds and seven mammals were included in the Data Deficient category (See Annex 6). Amongthe invertebrate species assessed, two theraphosid spiders, 31 butterflies and 184 land snails had to beincluded in the Data Deficient category (See Annex7), because they lacked sufficient distribution datawithin Sri Lanka.© Vimukthi WeeratungaThe Cornelian (Deudorix epijarbas) was known to be acommon butterfly about 5-6 decades ago. It is rare andthreatened at present, due to degradation of habitats.Among the Data Deficient freshwater fish species,the taxonomic status of Mystus keletius, Chelalabuca, Devario aequipinnatus, Garra phillipsi,Oryzias melastigma and Puntius amphibius in SriLanka needs to be verified. Among the other DataDeficient fish, the distribution ofAmblypharyngodon grandisquammis and Mystuscavasius in Sri Lanka needs to be determined. Ofthe three amphibians listed as Data Deficient, theoccurrence of Hoplobatrachus tigerinus in Sri Lankaalso needs to be verified. There is a large numberof reptiles listed as Data Deficient, but speciesunder families Scincidae, Typhlopidae andUropeltidae are currently under taxonomic revision,and their distribution records need verification afterthese revisions are completed. The Data Deficientbirds includes species known to have migratory aswell as breeding populations in the island, butwhere data on the distribution of breedingpopulations are scarce. The distribution data on therecently rediscovered resident bird (Marshall’s Iora– Aegithina nigrolutea) are also inadequate. All theData Deficient mammals are small mammals thatlack sufficient data on their distribution.Naalin Perera © IUCNThe Endangered Spiralothelphusa fernandoi is restricted tofew locations in the North Western dry zone.20

Although the Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) and the Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)are listed as globally threatened, they are not found to be threatened at the national level. AlthoughP. philippensis is distributed widely in Sri Lanka, only a few breeding sites have been recorded thus far.Therefore, the population of this species should be closely monitored, because of its global threat status.The genetic status of wild populations of Bubalus arnee needs assessment, in order to identify hybridisationwith the domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF FLORAThe conservation status of about 35% of the indigenous angiosperm flora, belonging to 68 families wasassessed during the current exercise. Of the total plant species evaluated (1099), 72 species (6.5%) wereassessed as Extinct (EX), while 675 species (61%) were found to be threatened (Table 11). Among the totalthreatened plant species, 412 species (61%) are endemic to Sri Lanka. Among the extinct plant species,nearly 60% are endemic to the island. Of the total extinct species, one species (Alphonsea hortensis H.Huber) was categorised as ‘Extinct in the wild’(EW), because it is found in the National BotanicalGardens at Peradeniya. About 37% of thethreatened plants are Critically Endangered (CR).They are under considerable risk of extinction inthe near future, especially if habitat degradation isnot reversed. The Family Orchidaceae had thehighest number of threatened species (122, 18%),followed by Rubiaceae (99, 14.6%), Acanthaceae(51, 7.5%), Dipterocarpaceae (42, 6.2%) andPhyllanthaceae (31, 4.6%). These five familiesharbour more than 50% of the threatened speciesidentified during this present study.© Samantha GunasekaraThe wild populations of orchids such as Habenaria criniferaare declining rapidly due to over-exploitation and habitatdestruction.69 species (6%) of the total plants evaluated wereNear Threatened (NT) (See Annex 8), and thesecould move into a threatened category in the nearfuture, if threats affecting their populations are notremoved. Nearly 5% of the evaluated plant specieswere listed under the Data Deficient (DD) category(See Annex 9), due to lack of adequate informationon their distribution and population status indifferent localities. It could also mean that some of© Naalin PereraThe Critically Endangered Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea isrestricted to Mangrove forests of North Western Sri Lanka.these species are rare at present, and may well be that, with additional data, they could be assessed, in afuture revision as threatened.21

The total list of extinct plant species is presented in Table 12, while the total list of threatened plant speciesis presented in Table 13. Apart from the plant species that were evaluated and found to be threatened duringthe present exercise, a total of 81 additional species of plants under 30 families have been listed as globallythreatened (source: www.redlist.org). These include 17 Critically Endangered, 14 Endangered and 50Vulnerable species (Table 14).© Dilup ChandranimalThe Critically Endangered Impatiens repens is a runner thatgrows in wet rock surfaces in the wet zone forests.© Suranjan FernandoThe threatened semi-parasitic Taxillus sclerophyllus isrestricted to sub montane forests.22

Table 6 : List of Extinct Amphibian Fauna in Sri Lanka(Source: Global Amphibian Assessment www.globalamphibians.org; Meegaskumbura et al., 2007)(Note: *Endemic Species)CLASS: AMPHIBIA (FROGS, TOADS)EXTINT (EX)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: BufonidaeAdenomus kandianus (Günther, 1872)*E - Kandiyan dwarf toad, S - Mahanuwara kuru gembaFamily: RanidaeNannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882*E - Guenther’s rock frog, S - Guntherge galpara diya madiyaPhilautus adspersus (Günther, 1872)*E - Thwaite’s Shrub Frog, S - Thawaitesge panduru madiyaPhilautus dimbullae (Shreve, 1940)*E - Dimbula Shrub Frog, S - Dimbula panduru madiyaPhilautus eximius (Shreve, 1940)*E - Queenwood Shrub Frog, S - Queenwood panduru madiyaPhilautus extirpo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Blunt snout Shrub Frog, S - Mota hombu panduru madiyaPhilautus halyi (Boulenger, 1904)*E - Pattipola Shrub Frog, S - Pattipola panduru madiyaPhilautus hypomelas (Günther, 1876)*E - Webless pygmy tree frog, S - Patala rahitha panduru madiyaPhilautus leucorhinus (Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856)*E - White nosed tree frog, S - Sudu nasethi panduru madiyaPhilautus maia Meegaskumbura et al., 2007*Philautus malcolmsmithi (Ahl, 1927)*E - Malcomsmith’s Shrub Frog, S - Malcomsmithge panduru madiyaPhilautus nanus (Günther, 1869)*E - Southern Shrub Frog, S - Dakunudiga panduru madiyaPhilautus nasutus (Günther, 1869)*E - Pointed snout Shrub Frog, S - Ul hombu panduru madiyaPhilautus oxyrhynchus (Günther, 1872)*E - Sharp snout Shrub Frog, S - Thiunu hombu panduru madiyaPhilautus pardus Meegaskumbura et al., 2007*E - Leopard Shrub FrogPhilautus rugatus (Ahl, 1927)*E - Farnland Shrub Frog, S - Farnland panduru madiyaPhilautus stellatus (Kelaart, 1853)*E - Spotted Shrub Frog, S - Pulli sahitha panduru madiyaPhilautus temporalis (Günther, 1864)*E - Striped snout Shrub Frog, S - Hombu thirathi panduru madiyaPhilautus variabilis (Günther, 1859)*E - Guenther’s Shrub Frog, S - Guentherge panduru madiyaPhilautus zal Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - White bloched Shrub Frog, S - Sudu pulli athi panduru madiyaPhilautus zimmeri (Ahl, 1927)*E - Rumassala Shrub Frog, S - Rumassala panduru madiya23

Table 7: List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna(Note: * Endemic Species)CLASS: ACTINOPTERIGII (FRESHWATER FISH)CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: CyprinidaeDevario pathirana (Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1990)*E - Barred danio, S - Pathirana salayaLabeo fisheri Jordan & Starks,1917*E - Green Labeo, S - GadeyaLabeo lankae (Heckel, 1838)*E - Orange fin labeo, S - ThambalayaPuntius asoka Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1989*E - Asoka barb, S - Asoka pethiya, RanmanissaPuntius bandula Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1991*E - Bandula barb, S - Bandula pethiya, JayanthiyaPuntius martenstyni Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1991*E - Martenstyn’s barb, S - Dumbara pethiyaCRITERIAB1ab(ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)A2acB1ab(ii,iii)Azb, B1ab(ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)Family: GobiidaeStiphodon martenstyni Watson,1998*E - Martenstyn’s goby, S - Martenstynige weligouwaB1 ab(ii,iii)Family: MastacembelidaeMacrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)E - Lesser spiny eel, S - Bata kola theliyaA2acFamily: SynbranchidaeOphisternon bengalense Mc Clelland, 1844E - Swamp eel, S - Potta aandhaMonopterus desilvai Bailey & Gans, 1998*E - Desilva’s blind eel, S - Desilvage Potta aandhaB1ab(ii,iii)B1ab(ii,iii)ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: CyprinidaeRasboroides vaterifloris (Deraniyagala,1930)*E - Vateria flower rasbora, S - Hal mal dandiyaRasbora wilpita Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1991*E - Wilpita Rasbora, S - Wilpita dandiyaPuntius srilankensis (Senanayake,1985)*E - Blotched filamented barb, S - Dan kudu pethiyaCRITERIAB1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: CobitidaeLepidocephalichthys jonklaasi (Deraniyagala,1956)*E - Jonklaas’s loach, S - Pulli ahirawaB1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)24

Family: GobiidaeSicyopterus griseus Day,1878E - Stone goby, S - Gal weligouwaSicyopterus halei (Day,1888)E - Red-tailed goby, S - Maha gal weligouwaSchismatogobius deraniyagalaiE - Red-neck goby, S - Kate rathu weligouwaB1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESPuntius cumingii (Gunther, 1868)*E - Cuming’s barb, S - DepulliyaPuntius nigrofasciatus (Gunther, 1868)*E - Black ruby barb, S - Bulath hapayaPuntius pleurotaenia (Bleeker,1863)*E - Black lined barb, S - Heeta massaPuntius titteya Deraniyagala, 1929*E - Cherry barb, S - Le titteyaCRITERIAB1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)Family: BalitoridaeAcanthocobitis urophthalmus (Gunther, 1868)*E - Tiger loach, S - Pol ahirawa, Viran ahirawaB1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)Family: SiluridaeWallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)E - Shark catfish, S - WalayaA2acFamily: BelontidaeMalpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala, 1937*E - Ornate paradisefish, S - MalpuluttaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: GobiidaeSicyopus jonklaasi Klausewitz & Henrich,1986E - Lipstick goby, S - Thol rathu weligouwaB1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)Family: AplocheilidaeAplocheilus werneri Meinken, 1966*E - Werner’s killifish, S - Iri handeyaB1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)Family: AnguillidaeAnguilla nebulosa Mc Clelland, 1844E - Long finned eel, S - Pol mal aandhaA2acFamily: ChannidaeChanna ara (Deraniyagala,1945)*E - Giant snakehead, S - Gan araA2ac25

CLASS: AMPHIBIA(Source: Global Amphibian Assessment www.globalamphibians.org; Meegaskumbura et al., 2005)CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESCRITERIAFamiy: BufonidaeAdenomus dasi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Das’s dwarf toad, S - Dasge kuru gembaFamily: MicrohylidaeMicrohyla karunaratnei Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996*E - Karunaratne’s narrowmouth frog, S - Karunarathnage muva patu madiyaB1ab(iii)Familya: RanidaeNannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946*E - Marbled rock frog, S - Dumbara galpara diya madiyaNannophrys naeyakai Fernando et al, 2007*E - Sri Lanka Tribal Rock-frogPhilautus limbus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Haycock shrub frog, S - Haycock panduru madiyaPhilautus lunatus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Handapanella shrub frog, S - Handapanella panduru madiyaPhilautus macropus (Günther, 1869)*E - Bigfoot shrub frog, S - Vishala padethi panduru madiyaPhilautus nemus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Whistling shrub frog, S - Uruhanbana panduru madiyaPhilautus papillosus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Papilated shrub frog, S - Dive gatithathi panduru madiyaPhilautus procax Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Cheeky shrub frog, S - Kammule pallamathi panduru madiyaPhilautus simba Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Sinharaja shrub frog, S - Sinharaja panduru madiyaPolypedates fastigo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001*E - Morningside tree frog, S - Ensalwatta gas madiyaB1ab(iii)B2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESFamiy: BufonidaeBufo kotagamai Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994*E - Kotagama’s dwarf toad, S - Kotagamage kuru gembaBufo noellerti Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998*E - Noellert’s toad, S - Nollertge gembaCRITERIAB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)Family: MicrohylidaeMicrohyla zeylanica Parker & Hill, 1949*E - Sri Lanka narrow mouth frog, S - Lanka Muva patu madiyaRamanella palmata (Parker, 1934)*E - Half- webbed Pug snout frog, S - Parkage mota hombu madiyaB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)26

Fejervarya greenii (Boulenger, 1904)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Sri Lanka Pddy field frog, S - Lanka kandukara madiyaPhilautus alto Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Horton plains shrub frog, S - Mahaeliya panduru madiyaPhilautus asankai Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Asanka’s shrub frog, S - Asankage panduru madiyaPhilautus auratus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Golden shrub frog, S - Ranwan panduru madiyaPhilautus caeruleus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Blue thigh shrub frog, S - Nil kalawathi panduru madiyaPhilautus cavirostris (Günther, 1869)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Hollow snout shrub frog, S - Hirigadu panduru madiyaPhilautus cuspis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Sharp snout shrub frog, S - Thiynu hombu panduru madiyaPhilautus decoris Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 *B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Eligant shrub frog, S - Bushana panduru madiyaPhilautus femoralis (Günther, 1864)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Round snout pygmy shrub frog, S - Pala panduru madiyaPhilautus folicola Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Leaf dwelling shrub frog, S - Wakutu kola panduru madiyaPhilautus frankenbergi Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Frankenberg’s shrub frog, S - Frankenberge panduru madiyaPhilautus fulvus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Knuckles shrub frog, S - Dumbara panduru madiyaPhilautus hoffmanni Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Hoffmann’s shrub frog, S - Hoffmannge panduru madiyaPhilautus microtympanum (Günther, 1859)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Small eared shrub frog, S - Kudakan panduru madiyaPhilautus mittermeieri Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005*B1ab(iii)E - Mittermeieri shrub frog, S - Mittermeierge panduru madiyaPhilautus mooreorum Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Moore’s shrub frog, S - Moorege panduru madiyaPhilautus ocularis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Golden eyed shrub frog, S - Ranwan-as athi panduru madiyaPhilautus pleurotaenia (Boulenger, 1904)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Side striped shrub frog, S - Pathi thirathi panduru madiyaPhilautus poppiae Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Poppy’s shrub frog, S - Poppyge panduru madiyaPhilautus reticulatus (Günther, 1864)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Reticulated thigh shrub frog, S - Jalaba panduru madiyaPhilautus sarasinorum (Müller, 1887)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Muller’s shrub frog, S - Mullerge panduru madiyaPhilautus schmarda (Kelaart, 1854)*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Schmarda’s shrub frog, S - Gorahandi panduru madiyaPhilautus silus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Pugnosed shrub frog, S - Mukkan hombu athi panduru madiyaPhilautus silvaticus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)E - Forest shrub frog, S - Kela panduru madiya27

Philautus steineri Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005*E - Steiner’s shrub frog, S - Steinerge panduru madiyaPhilautus stuarti Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005*E - Stuart’s shrub frog, S - Stuartge panduru madiyaPhilautus viridis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Dull green shrub frog, S - Anduru kola panduru madiyaPhilautus zorro Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Gannoruva shrub frog, S - Gannoruwa panduru madiyaPolypedates eques Günther, 1858*E - Mountain hourglass tree frog, S - Kandukara gas madiyaPolypedates longinasus (Ahl, 1931)*E - Long snout tree frog, S - Dik hombu gas madiyaB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: MicrohylidaeRamanella nagaoi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001*E - Nagao’s ramanella, S - Nagaoge mota hombu madiyaCRITERIAD2Familya: RanidaeNannophrys ceylonensis (Günther, 1868)*E - Sri Lanka rock frog, S - Lanka galpara diya madiyaRana aurantiaca Boulenger, 1904E - Small Wood frog, S - Ranwan diya madiyaPhilautus hallidayi Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005*E - Halliday’s shrub frog, S - Hallidayge panduru madiyaB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)Family: IchthyophiidaeIchthyophis orthoplicatus Taylor, 1965*E - Pattipola cecillian, S - Dumburu hiridandaIchthyophis pseudangularis Taylor, 1965*E - Lesser yellowbanded cecillian, S - Kuda kaha hiridandaB1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)28

CLASS: REPTILIACRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: AgamidaeCalotes desilvai Bahir & Maduwage, 2005*E - Maculate lizard, S - Lapawan katussaCeratophora erdeleni Pethiyagoda & Manamendra-Arachchi, 1998*E - Erdelen’s horn lizard, S - Erdelenige angkatussaCeratophora karu Pethiyagoda & Manamendra-Arachchi, 1998*E - Karunaratne’s horn lizard, S - Karunarathnage angkatussaCophotis dumbara Samarawickrema et al., 2006*E - Dumbara pygmy lizard, S - Dumbara kurukatussaCRITERIAB1ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii.)B2ab(i,ii.)B1ab(i,ii)Family: GekkonidaeCyrtodactylus edwardtaylori Batuwita & Bahir, 2005*E - Taylors forest gecko, S - Namunukula vakaniya hunaCyrtodactylus ramboda Batuwita & Bahir, 2005*E - Ramboda forest gecko, S - Ramboda vakaniya hunaCyrtodactylus subsolanus Batuwita & Bahir, 2005*E - Rakwana forest gecko, S - Dolahera vakaniya hunaCyrtodactylus cracens Batuwita & Bahir, 2005*E - Narrow headed forest gecko, S - Sinharaja vakaniya hunaCyrtodactylus fraenatus (Günther, 1864)*E - Great forest gecko, S - Maha kalae hunaCnemaspis ranwellai Wickramasinghe, 2006*E - Ranwella’s Day Gecko, S - Ranwellage diva hunaB1ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)Family: ScincidaeChalcidoseps thwaitesii (Günther, 1872)*E - Fourtoe snakeskink, S - Caturanguli sarpiyahikanalaNessia hickanala Deraniyagala, 1940*E - Sharkhead snakeskink, S - Morahis sarpahiraluvaB2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)Family: ColubridaeAspidura deraniyagalae Gans & Fetcho, 1982*E - Deraniyagala’s roughside, S - Kandu madillaAspidura drummondhayi Boulenger, 1904*E - Guenther’s Drummond – Hay’s roughside, S - KetiwalmadillaBoiga ranawanei Samarawickrama et al., 2006*E - Ranawanei’s Golden cat snake, S - Ranawanage ran mapilaGerarda prevostianus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837)E - Gerard’s water snake, S - Prevostge diyabariyaB2ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)29

ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: AgamidaeCalotes liocephalus Günther, 1872*E - Crestless lizard, S - Kondu datirahita katussaCeratophora aspera Günther, 1864*E - Rough horn lizard, S - Raluang katussaCeratophora stoddartii Gray, 1835*E - Rhinohorn lizard, S - Kagamuva angkatussaCeratophora tennentii Günther & Gray, 1861*E - Leafnose lizard, S - Pethi angkatussaCophotis ceylanica Peters, 1861*E - Pygmy lizard, S - Kandukara kurukatussaCRITERIAB2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: GekkonidaeCalodactylodes illingworthorum Deraniyagala, 1953*E - Lankan golden gecko, S - Maha galhunaCnemaspis podihuna Deraniyagala, 1944*E - Dwarf day gecko, S - Podi galhunaCnemaspis samanalensis Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007*E - Samanala day gecko, S - Samanala kandu diva hunaCnemaspis tropidogaster (Boulenger, 1885)E - Roughbelly day gecko, S - Ralodara divasarihunaCyrtodactylus soba Batuwita & Bahir, 2005*E - Knuckles forest gecko, S - Dumbara vakniya hunaHemiphyllodactylus typus Bleeker, 1860E - Slender gecko, S - Sihin HunaHemidactylus lugubris (Duméril & Bibron, 1836)E - Scaly-finger gecko, S - Salkapa hunaB2ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: ScincidaeLankascincus deignani (Taylor, 1950)*E - Deignan’s lankaskink, S - Deignange lakhiraluvaLankascincus deraniyagalae Greer, 1991*E - Deraniyagal’s lankaskink, S - Deraniyagalage lakhiraluvaMabuya beddomii (Jerdon, 1870)E - Beddome’s stripe skink, S - Vairan hikanalaMabuya bibronii (Gray, 1838)E - Bibron’s sand skink, S - Vali hikanalaNessia bipes Smith, 1935*E - Smith’s snakeskink, S - Smithge sarpahiraluvaNessia didactylus (Deraniyagala, 1934)*E - Two toe snakeskink, S - Drayanguli sarpahiraluvaNessia layardi (Kelaart, 1854)*E - Layard’s snakeskink, S - Leyardge sarpahiraluvaNessia monodactylus (Gray, 1839)*E - Toeless snakeskink, S - Ananguli sarpahiraluvaB2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)30

Nessia sarasinorum (Müller, 1889)*E - Sarasin’s snakeskink, S - Sarasinge sarpahiraluvaB2ab(i,ii)Family: AcrochordidaeAcrochordus granulatus (Schneider, 1799)E - Wart snake, S - Diya goyaB2ab(i,ii)Family: ViperidaeHypnale walli (Gloyd, 1977)*E - Gloyd’s Hump-nosed viper, S - Kuda mukalan thelissaB1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: TestudinidaeGeochelone elegans (Schoepff, 1795)E - Indian Star Tortoise, S - Taraka IbbaCRITERIAB1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: TrionychidaeLissemys punctata (Bonnaterre, 1789)E - Flapshell Turtle, S - Kiri IbbaB2ab(i,ii)Family: AgamidaeCalotes ceylonensis Müller, 1887*E - Painted lip lizard, S - Thola-visituru katussaCalotes liolepis Boulenger, 1885*E - Whistling lizard, S - Sivuruhandalana katussaCalotes nigrilabris Peters, 1860*E - Black cheek lizard, S - Kalu kopul katussaB2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: LacertidaeOphisops leschenaultii Milne- Edwards, 1829E - Leschenault’s Snake eye Lizard, S - Panduru sarpakshi katussaB1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: ScincidaeLankascincus taylori Greer, 1991*E - Taylor’s lanka skink, S - Taylorge lakhiraluvaMabuya floweri Taylor, 1950*E - Taylor’s skink, S - Taylorge hikanalaB1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: BoidaeGongylophis conica (Schneider, 1796)E - Sand boa, S - Vali pimburaB2ab(i,ii)Family: ColubridaeCerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799)E - Dog-faced water snake, S - Kuna diya kaluwaB1ab(i,ii)31

Balanophis ceylonensis (Günther, 1858)*E - Sri Lanka keelback, S - NihaluwaDendrelaphis caudolineolatus (Günther, 1869)E - Gunther’s bronze back, S - Viri haldandaCercaspis carinata (Kuhl, 1820)E - The Sri Lanka wolf snake, S - Dhara radanakayaLiopeltis calamaria (Günther, 1858)E - Reed snake, S - PunbariyaOligodon calamarius (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Templeton’s kukri snake, S - Kabara dath ketiyaChrysopelea taprobanica Smith, 1943E - Striped flying snake, S - Dangara dandaB1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B2ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)Family: ViperidaeEchis carinatus (Schneider, 1801)E - Saw scale viper, S - Vali polongaB1ab(i,ii)32

CLASS: AVESCRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: PhasianidaeFrancolinus pictus (Jardine & Selby, 1828)E - Painted Francolin, S - Tith watu-kukulaPerdicula asiatica (Latham, 1790)E - Jungle Bush-quail, S - Wana panduru-watuwaCRITERIAB1ab(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii)Family: AnatidaeAnas poecilorhyncha Forster, 1781E - Spot-billed Duck, S - Thith-hota seruwaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: AlcedinidaeAlcedo meninting Horsfield, 1821E - Blue-eared Kingfisher, S - Nilkan pilihuduwaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: ColumbidaeColumba livia Gmelin, 1789E - Rock Pigeon, S - Podu ParaviyaTreron phoenicoptera (Latham, 1790)E - Yellow-footed Green-pigeon, S - Seepadu BatagoyaB1ab(i,ii,iii)B2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: GlareolidaeCursorius coromandelicus (Gmelin, 1789)E - Indian Courser, S - Indu JavalihiniyaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: LaridaeSterna saundersi Hume, 1877E - Saunders’s Tern, S - Saunders MuhudulihiniyaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: AccipitridaeAviceda jerdoni (Blyth, 1842)E - Jerdon’s Baza, S - Jerdon saratakussaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: CiconiidaeEphippiorhynchus asiaticus (Latham, 1790)E - Black-necked Stork, S - Ali-manawaB2ab(i,ii,iii)ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: CoraciidaeEurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766)E - Dollarbird, S - DumkawaCRITERIAB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: ApodidaeHirundapus giganteus (Temminck, 1825)E - Brown Needletail, S - Pitabora kutupenda-thurithayaB2ab(i,ii,iii)33

Tachymarptis melba (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Alpine Swift, S - Alpine - thurithayaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: PhodilinaePhodilus badius (Horsfield, 1821)E - Oriental Bay Owl, S - Peradigu GurubassaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: StrigidaeOtus thilohofmanni Warakagoda & Rassmusan, 2004*E - Serendib Scops Owl, S - Panduwan KanbassaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: RallidaePorzana fusca (Linnaeus, 1766)E - Ruddy-breasted Crake, S - Laya rathu wil-keraliyaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: GlareolidaeGlareola maldivarum Forster, 1795E - Oriental Pratincole, S - Perodigu JavasariyaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: MuscicapidaeMyophonus blighi (Holdsworth, 1872)*E - Sri Lanka Whistling Thrush, S - Sri Lanka Uruwan-thirasikayaZoothera dauma (Latham, 1790)*E - Scaly Thrush, S - Kayuru ThirasikayaTurdus merula Linnaeus 1758E - Eurasian Blackbird, S - Urasia Kalu BimsariyaSaxicola caprata (Linnaeus, 1766)E - Pied Bushchat, S - Gomera sitibichchaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family : SturnidaeSturnus albofrontatus Gray, 1844*E - Sri Lanka White-faced Starling, S - Sri Lanka wathasudu sharikawaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: HirundinidaeHirundo tahitica Gmelin, 1789E - Pacific Swallow, S - Sethkara WahilihiniyaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: SylviidaeBradypterus palliseri (Blyth, 1851)*E - Sri Lanka Bush Warbler, S - Sri Lanka WanaraviyaGarrulax cinereifrons Blyth, 1851*E - Sri Lanka Ashy-headed Laughing–thrush, S - Sri Lanka Alu-demalichchaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)34

VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: PicidaeDendrocopos mahrattensis (Latham, 1802)E - Yellow-crowned Woodpecker, S - Kaha-silu Gomera-karalaPicus xanthopygaeus (Gray & Gray, 1846)E - Streaked-throated Woodpecker, S - Punchi Kawuru karalaChrysocolaptes festivus (Boddaert, 1783)E - White-naped Woodpecker, S - Kahapita Maha-karalaCRITERIAB2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)B2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: CuculidaeSurniculus lugubris (Horsfield, 1821)E - Drongo Cuckoo, S - KawudukohaPhaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus (Pennant, 1769)*E - Sri Lanka Red-faced Malkoha, S - Sri Lanka watha-ratu MalkohaB2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: CentropodidaeCentropus chlororhynchus Blyth, 1849*E - Sri Lanka Green-billed Coucal, S - Sri Lanka Bata Ati-kukulaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: StrigidaeGlaucidium castanonotum (Blyth, 1852)*E - Sri Lanka Chestnut-backed Owlet, S - Sri Lanka Pita-thambala upbassaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: CololumbidaeColumba torringtoni Bonaparte, 1854*E - Sri Lanka Wood Pigeon, S - Sri Lanka Mayila ParaviyaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: GlareolidaeGlareola lactea Temminck, 1820E - Small Pratincole, S - Punchi JavasariyaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: AccipitridaeAccipiter trivirgatus (Temminck, 1824)E - Crested Goshawk, S - Silu UkussaAccipiter virgatus (Temminck, 1822)E - Besra, S - Besra UkussaSpizaetus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836)E - Mountain Hawk Eagle, S - Hela KondakussaB2ab(i,ii,iii)B2ab(i,ii,iii)B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: FalconidaeFalco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771E - Shaheen Falcon, S - Shahin KurulugoyaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: CiconiidaeLeptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821)E - Lesser Adjutant, S - Heen Bahuru-manawaB2ab(i,ii,iii)35

Family: CorvidaeUrocissa ornata (Wagler, 1829)*E - Sri Lanka Blue Magpie, S - Sri Lanka KehibellaB2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: MuscicapidaeEumyias sordida (Walden, 1870)*E - Sri Lanka Dull Blue Flycatcher, S - Sri Lanka Neelan-MasimaraB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: SturnidaeGracula ptilogenysb Blyth, 1846*E - Sri Lanka Myna, S - Sri Lanka SalalihiniyaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: PycnonotidaePycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851*E - Sri Lanka Yellow-eared Bulbul, S - Sri Lanka kahakan kondayaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: SylviidaeTurdoides rufescens (Sclater, 1872)*E - Sri Lanka Orange-billed Babbler, S - Sri Lanka Rathu DemalichchaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: NectariniidaeDicaeum vincens (Tickell, 1833)*E - Sri Lanka Legge’s Flowerpecker, S - Sri Lanka PililichchaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)Family: PasseridaeLonchura kelaarti (Jerdon, 1863)E - Black-throated Munia, S - Gelakalu WeekurullaB1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)36

CLASS: MAMMALIACRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: MolossidaeChaerephon plicatus (Buchanan, 1800)E - Common wrinkled-lip bat, S - Podu Rallithol-vaulaCRITERIAB1ab (iii)Family: VespertillionidaeKerivoula hardwickii (Horsefield, 1824)E - Malpas’s bat, S - Rathbora kehel-vavulaMiniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1819)E - Long-winged bat, S - Dickpiya-vavulaMyotis hasseltii (Temminck, 1840)E - Brown bat, S - Bora-vavulaMurina cyclotis Dobson, 1872E - Tube-nosed bat, S - Nalaneha-vavulaScotophilus heathii (Horsefield, 1831)E - Great yellow bat, S - Maha Kaha-vavulaB1ab (iii)B1ab (iii)B1ab (iii)B1ab (iii)B1ab (iii)Family: MuridaeMus fernandoni (Phillips, 1932)*E - Sri Lanka spiny mouse, S - Sri Lanka Katu Heen-miyaVandeleuria nolthenii Phillips, 1929*E - Sri lanka long-tailed tree mouse, S - Sri Lanka Gas-miyaB1ab (iii)B1ab (iii)Family: PeromyidaePetinomys fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847)E - Small flying squirrel, S - Heen-hambawaB1ab (iii)ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: SoricidaeCrocidura horsfieldi (Tomes, 1856)E - Horsfield’s shrew, S - Kunuhik-miyaCrocidura miya Phillips, 1929*E - Sri Lanka long-tailed shrew, S - Sri Lanka Kunuhik-miyaFeroculus feroculus (Kelaart, 1850)E - Kelaart’s long-clawed shrew, S - Pirihik-miyaSolisorex pearsoni Thomas, 1924*E - Pearson’s long-clawed shrew, S - Sri Lanka Mahik-miyaSuncus fellowes-gordoni Phillips,1932*E - Sri Lanka pigmy shrew, S - Sri Lanka Podihik-miyaSuncus montanus (Kelaart, 1850)E - Highland shrew, S - Kandu Hik-miyaSuncus zeylanicus Phillips, 1928*E - Sri Lanka jungle shrew, S - Sri Lanka Kele Hik-miyaCRITERIAB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)37

Family: HipposideridaeHipposideros fulvus Gray, 1838E - Fulvous-leaf nosed bat, S - Malekaha Pathnehe-vavulaHipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846E - Dekhan leaf-nosed bat, S - Kesdiga Pathnehe-vavulaB2ab(iii)B2ab(iii)Family: PteropodidaeCynopterus brachyotis (Muller, 1838)E - Lesser Short-nosed fruit bat, S - Heen Thala-vavulaB2ab(iii)Family: RhinolophidaeRhinolophus beddomei Anderson, 1905E - Great horse-shoe bat, S - Maha Ashladan-vavulaB2ab(iii)Family: VespertillionidaeKerivoula picta (Pallas, 1767)E - Painted bat, S - Visithuru Kehel-vavulaPipistrellus ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1852)E - Kelaart’s pipistrel, S - Rathbora kosela-vavulaB2ab(iii)B2ab(iii)Family: LorisidaeLoris tardigradus (Linnaeus, 1758)*E - Sri Lanka red slender loris, S - Sri Lanka Rath UnahapuluwaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: FelidaePrionailurus rubiginosus (Geoffroy, 1831)E - Rusty-spotted cat, S - Kola DiviyaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: UrsidaeMelursus ursinus (Show & Nodder, 1791)E - Sloth bear, S - WalahaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: CervidaeAxis porcinus (Zimmermann, 1777)E - Hog deer, S - Gona MuvaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: MuridaeRattus montanus Phillips, 1932*E - Nelu rat, S - Sri Lanka Nelu MiyaSrilankamys ohiensis (Phillips, 1929)*E - Sri Lanka bicolored rat, S - Sri Lanka Depehe-miyaB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Family: PeromyidaePetaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839)E - Giant flying squirrel, S - Ma-hambawaB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)38

VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: CercopithecidaeSemnopithecus vetulus (Erxleben, 1777)*E - Purple-faced leaf monkey, S - Sri Lanka Kalu-wanduraCRITERIAB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: FelidaeFelis chaus Gueldenstaedt, 1776E - Jungle cat, S - Wal BalalaPanthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Leopard, S - KotiyaPrionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833)E - Fishing cat, S - Handun DiviyaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)B2ab(i,ii,iii)B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: MustelidaeLutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Otter, S - Diya-ballaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: ViverridaeParadoxurus zeylonensis (Pallas, 1778)*E - Sri Lanka golden palm cat, S - Sri Lanka Ran KalaweddaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)Family: ElephantidaeElephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758E - Elephant, S - AliyaB2b(i,ii,iii)c(i, iii, iv)Family: BovidaeBubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792)E - Wild buffalo, S - Kulu HarakaB1b(iii)c(iii,iv)+2b(iii)c(iii,iv)Family: MuridaeMus mayori (Thomas, 1915)*E - Sri Lanka spiny rat, S - Sri Lanka Depahe Katu Heen-miyaB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Family: SciuridaeFunambulus layardi (Blyth, 1849)*E - Sri Lanka flame-striped jungle squirrel, S - Sri Lanka Mukalan LeenaFunambulus sublineatus (Waterhouse, 1838)E - Dusky-striped jungle squirrel, S - Punchi LeenaRatufa macroura (Pennant, 1769)E - Giant squirrel, S - Dandu-leenaB1b(iii)c(iii)+2b(iii)c(iii)B1b(iii)c(iii)+2b(iii)c(iii)B1b(iii)c(iii)+2b(iii)c(iii)39

Table 8: List of Threatened Invertebrate FaunaPHYLUM: MOLLUSCA (Land Snails)CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY/SPECIESFamily: CharopidaeThysanota elegans Preston 1909*(Note: * Endemic species; ** Endemic Genus)CRITERIAB1a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: AriophantidaeEuplecta binoyaensis Godwin-Austen 1899*Euplecta colletti Sykes 1897*Euplecta gardeneri (Pfeiffer 1846)*Euplecta isabellina (Pfeiffer 1854)*Euplecta prestoni (Godwin-Austen 1897)*Ratnadvipia karu Naggs and Raheem 2006**Ravana politissima (Pfeiffer 1854)**Macrochlamys nepas (Pfeiffer 1855)*Macrochlamys woodiana (Pfeiffer 1853)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii.iii)B1a,b (i,ii.iii)Family: GlessulidaeGlessula veruina (Benson 1853)*B1a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: Corillidae (=Plectopylidae?)Corilla beddomeae (Hanley 1875)*B1a,b (i,ii.iii)Family: CyclophoridaeJaponia vesca (Sykes 1899)*Leptopomoides poecilus (Pfeiffer 1855)*B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: PupinidaeTortulosa decora (Benson 1853)*Tortulosa marginata (PfeifFer 1854)*B1a,b (i,ii,iii)B1a,b (i,ii,iii)ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: BuliminidaeMirus stalix (Benson 1863)*CRITERIAB2 a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: AriophantidaeEuplecta hyphasma (Pfeiffer 1854)*Euplecta layardi (Pfeiffer 1853)*Euplecta scobinoides Sykes 1897*B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)B2a,b (i,ii,iii)B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: SubulinidaeAllopeas layardi (Benson 1863)*B1,B2a,b (i,ii,iii)40

Family: AcavidaeOligospira waltoni (Reeve 1842)**B2a,b (i,ii.iii)Family: Corillidae (=Plectopylidae?)Corilla carabinata (Ferussac 1821)*B2a,b (i,ii.iii)Family: CyclophoridaeTheobaldius layardi (H. Adams 1868)*B2a,b (i,ii,iii)Theobaldius parma (Benson 1856)* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)Theobaldius subplicatulus (Beddome 1875)* B2a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: PupinidaeTortulosa haemastoma (Pfeiffer 1857)*Tortulosa pyramidata (Pfeiffer 1852)*B2a,b (i,ii,iii)B2a,b (i,ii,iii)VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESCRITERIAFamily: PupillidaePupisoma longstaffae Godwin-Austen 1910* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)Superfamily: Corillidoidea (=Plectopylidoidea?)Corilla adamsi Gude 1914*Corilla colletti Sykes 1897*Corilla erronea (Albers 1853)*B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)Family: PupinidaeTortulosa nevilli (Sykes 1898)*B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)41

CLASS: INSECTAORDER: LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies)CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: PieridaeCepora nadina Lucas, 1852E - Lesser Gull, S - Heen Punduru-SudanaAppias indra Moore, 1857E - Plain Puffin, S - Dumbra SudanaCRITERIAB1bciiiB1bciiiFamily: NymphalidaePhalanta alcippe Cramer, 1780E - Small Leopard, S - Punchi Thith-thambiliyaLibythea celtis Laicharting, 1782E - Beak, S - Dumburu-thuduwaMycalesis visala Moore, 1857E - Tamil Bush Brown, S - Damila Panduru-dumburuwaB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiFamily: LycaenidaeArhopala abseus Hewistson, 1862E - Aberrant Bushblue, S - Kela Gas-NilayaCatapaecilma major Druce, 1895E - Common Tinsel, S - Visithuru Gas-NilayaTajuria arida Riley, 1923E - Ceylon Indigo Royal, S - Lanka Raja-nilayaTajuria jehana Moore,1883E - Plains Blue Royal, S - Podu Raja-nilayaPratapa deva Moore, 1857E - White Royal, S - Sudu Raja-nilayaVirachola perse Hewitson, 1863E - Large Guava Blue, S - Maha Pera-nilayaTarucus nara Kollar, 1848E - Striped Pierrot, S - Thith-iri Mal-nilayaAzanus ubaldus Stoll, 1782E - Bright Babul Blue, S - Punchi neelayaUdara singalensis FelderE - Singalese Hedge Blue, S - Sinha Udara-neelayaB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiFamily: HesperiidaeBibasis oedipodea WatsonE - Branded Orange AwletBibasis sena MooreE - Orange-tail AwlHasora badra EvansE - Ceylon Banded AwlTapena thwaitesi MooreE - Black AngleB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciii42

Caprona alida EvansE - Ceylon Golden AngleGomalia elma MooreE - African Marbled SkipperHalpe decorata Moore*E - Decorated AceBaoris penicillata MooreE - Paintbrush swiftENDANGERED (EN)SPECIESFamily: PapilionidaePachliopta jophon Gray, 1852*E - Ceylon Rose, S - Lanka rosa papillaPathysa antiphates Cramer, 1775E - Five bar Swordtail, F - Pancha Iri kaga-waligayaB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiCRITERIAB1bciiiB1bciiiFamily: PieridaePrioneris sita Felder,1865E - Painted Saw-tooth, S - Vichitra Maha-suddaEurema andersoni Moore, 1886E - One-spot Grass Yellow, S - Kela kahakolayaB1bciiiB2 bc iiiFamily: NymphalidaeJunonia orithya Linnaeus, 1758E - Blue Pansy, S - Nil AlankarikyaDoleschallia bisaltide Cramer, 1777E - Autumn Leaf, S- Yoda Kela-kolayaSymphaedra nais Forster, 1771E - Baronet, S - Punchi AchchilayaEuthalia lubentina Cramer, 1779E - Gaudy Baron, S - Kela AchchilayaDiscophora lepida Moore, 1857E - Southern Duffer, S - Dumburu KewattayaLethe dynaste Hewitson, 1868*E - Ceylon Forester, S - Kela Gas-dumburuwaLethe drypetis Hewitson, 1868E - Tamil Treebrown, S - Maha Gas-DumburuwaLethe daretis Hewitson, 1868*E - Ceylon Treebrown, S - Lanka Gas-dumburuwaMycalesis rama Moore, 1892*E - Cingalese Bushbrown, S - Lanka Panduru-dumburuwaYpthima singala Felder, 1868*E - Jewel Four-ring, S - Ran Heen-dumburuwaElymnias singala Moore,1875*E - Ceylon Palmfly, S - Lanka Thal-dumburuwaB2bciiiB2bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciiiB1bciii43

Family: LycaenidaeIraota timoleon Stoll, 1790E - Silverstreak Blue, S - Redee Gas-NilayaCheritra freja Fabricius, 1793E - Common Imperial, S - Digu-penda Gas-NilayaSpindasis lohita Horsfield,1829E - Long -banded Silverline, S - Digu-iri Ridee-nilayaBindahara phocides Fabricius, 1793E - Plane, S - Visituru Digu-penda NilayaRapala lankana Moore, 1879E - Malabar Flash, S - Kala KiranayaProsotas noreia Felder, 1868*E - White-tipped Lineblue, S - Sudu Nil-iriyaJamides coruscans Moore,1877*E - Ceylon Cerulean, S - Lanka Seru-nilayaUdara lanka Moore*E - Ceylon Hedge Blue, S - Lanka Udara-neelayaB1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B2 bc iiiB2 bc iiiB2 bc iiiB2 bc iiiB1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)Family: HesperiidaeHalpe ceylonica MooreE - Ceylon AceUdaspes folus CramerE - Grass DemonHyaroitis adrastus MooreE - Tree FlitterPelopidas conjuncta FruhstorferE - Conjoined SwiftCattoris kumara EvansE - Blanck SwiftSuastus minuta MooreE - Ceylon Palm BobB2bciiiB1bciiiB2bciiiB2bciiiB2bciiiB2bciiiVULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: PieridaeColotis fausta Olivier, 1807E - Large Salmon Arab, S - Maha Rosa SudanaColotis aurora Cramer, 1780E - Plain Orange Tip, S - Podu Tembiliwan SudanaCRITERIAB1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)Family: NymphalidaeParantica taprobana Felder,1865*E - Ceylon Tiger, S - Lanka Nil-KotithiyaKallima philarchus Westwood, 1848*E - Blue Oakleaf, S - Nil Kela-kolayaB1bciiiB1bc iii44

Family: LycaenidaeHypolycaena nilgirica Moore,1883E - Nilgiri Tit, S - Nilgiri NilayaRapala manea Hewitson, 1863E - Slate Flash, S - Anduru KiranayaDeudorix epijarbas Moore,1857E - Cornelian, S - Podu Kirana-nilayaAnthene lycaenina Felder, 1868E - Pointed Ciliate Blue, S - Ul Kirana-nilayaChilades parrhasius Fabricius, 1798E - Small Cupid, S - Punchi Panu-nilayaB1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1 bc iiiFamily: HesperiidaeTagiades litigiosa EvansE - Water Snaw FlatBadamia exclamationis FabriciusE - Brown AwlHasora chromus CramerE - Common Banded AwlCelaenorrhinus spilothyrusE - Black flatNotocrypta curvifasciaE - Restricted DemonTelicota ancillaE - Dark Palm DartB2 bc iiiB1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)B1bciii45

CLASS: INSECTAORDER: ODONATA (Dragonflies and Damselflies)CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESFamily: LestidaeSinhalestes orientalis (Hagen, 1862)*CRITERIAB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Family: PlatystictidaeDrepanosticta adami (Fraser, 1933)*Drepanosticta austeni Lieftinck, 1940*Drepanosticta hilaris (Hagen 1860)*Drepanosticta montana (Hagen 1860)*Drepanosticta submontana (Fraser, 1933)*B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)Family: ProtoneuridaeDisparoneura ramajana Lieftinck, 1971*Elattoneura leucostigma (Fraser, 1933)*B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)Family: GomphidaeAnisogomphus solitaris Lieftinck, 1971*Heliogomphus ceylonicus (Selys, 1878)*Heliogomphus lyratus Fraser, 1933*Heliogomphus nietneri (Selys, 1878)*B1ab(iii)+2abB1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Family: CorduliidaeMacromia flinti Lieftinck, 1977*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)ENDANGERED (EN)Family: ProtoneuridaeElattoneura caesia (Hagen, 1860)*B2ab(ii,iii)Family: GomphidaeGomphidia pearsoni Fraser, 1933*Microgomphus wijaya Lieftinck, 1940*B2ab(iii)B2ab(iii)Family: LibellulidaeHylaeothemis fruhstorferi (Karsch, 1889)*Tetrathemis yerburii Kirby, 1894*B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)B2ab(iii)VULNERABLE (VU)SPECIESFamily: GomphidaeCyclogomphus gynostylus Fraser, 1926*Macrogomphus lankanensis Fraser, 1933*CRITERIAB1ab(iii)+2abB1ab(iii)+2ab46

CLASS: CRUSTACEAORDER: DECAPODA (Freshwater Crabs)Family: ParathelphusidaeNote: All crab species listed below are endemicCRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY / SPECIESCeylonthelphusa callista (Ng, 1995)Ceylonthelphusa diva Bahir & Ng, 2005Ceylonthelphusa durrelli Bahir & Ng, 2005Ceylonthelphusa kotagama (Bahir, 1998)Ceylonthelphusa nata Ng & Tay, 2001Ceylonthelphusa orthos Ng & Tay, 2001Ceylonthelphusa sanguinea (Ng, 1995)Ceylonthelphusa savitriae Bahir & Ng, 2005Clinothelphusa kakoota Ng & Tay, 2001Mahatha helaya Bahir & Ng, 2005Mahatha iora Ng & Tay, 2001Mahatha lacuna Bahir & Ng, 2005Mahatha regina Bahir & Ng, 2005Oziothelphusa intuta Bahir & Yeo, 2005Oziothelphusa kodagoda Bahir & Yeo, 2005Perbrinckia cracens Ng, 1995Perbrinckia enodis (Kingsley, 1880)Perbrinckia fido Ng & Tay, 2001Perbrinckia morayensis Ng & Tay, 2001Perbrinckia punctata Ng, 1995Perbrinckia quadratus Ng & Tay, 2002Perbrinckia rosae Bahir & Ng, 2005Perbrinckia scitula Ng, 1995CRITERIAB1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii).C(iii)ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY / SPECIESCeylonthelphusa alpina Bahir & Ng, 2005Ceylonthelphusa armata (Ng, 1995)Oziothelphusa dakuna Bahir & Yeo, 2005Oziothelphusa gallicola Bahir & Yeo, 2005Oziothelphusa populosa Bahir & Yeo, 2005Pastilla ruhuna Ng & Tay, 2001Spiralothelphusa fernandoni Ng, 1994Spiralothelphusa parvula (Fernando, 1961)CRITERIAB1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)B1ab(iii)VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESCeylonthelphusa cavatrix (Bahir, 1998)Oziothelphusa ritigala Bahir & Yeo, 2005Perbrinckia fenestra Bahir & Ng, 2005Perbrinckia gabadage Bahir & Ng, 2005Perbrinckia glabra Ng, 1995Perbrinckia uva Bahir, 1998CRITERIAB1ab(iii),D2B1ab(iii),D2B1ab(iii),D2B1ab(iii),D2B1ab(iii),D2B1ab(iii),D247

CLASS: ARACHNIDAORDER: AraneaeGROUP: Mygalomorphs (‘Bird-eating Spiders’)Family: TheraphosidaeVULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY / SPECIESPoecilotheria smithiCRITERIAB1bc(iv)48

Table 9: Globally threatened marine vertebrate fauna inhabiting the territorial waters of Sri Lanka(Source: IUCN, 2006 ).CLASS: CHONDRICHTHYES (Sharks, Skates and Rays)FAMILY / SPECIESCATEGORY AND CRITERIAFamily: PristidaeAnoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794) CR A2bcd+3cd+4bcd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Knifetooth sawfishPristis microdon Latham, 1794 CR A2bcd+3cd+4bcd ver3.1 (2001)E - Largetooth sawfishPristis zijsron Bleeker, 1851 CR A2bCd+3cd+4bcd ver3.1 (2001)E - Narrowsnout sawfishFamily: RhinobatidaeRhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider, 1801 VU A2bd+3bd+4bd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Bowmouth guitarfishRhinobatus granulatus Cuvier, 1829 VU A2bd+3d+4d ver 3.1 (2001)E - Sharpnose guitarfishFamily: MyliobatididaeAetomylaeus maculatus (Grey, 1832) EN A2d+3d+4d ver 3.1 (2001)E - Mottled eagle rayAetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) VU A2d+3d+4d ver 3.1 (2001)E - Banded eagle rayFamily: DasyatididaeTaeniura meyeni Muller & Henle, 1841 VU A2ad+3d+4ad ver 3.1 (2001)E - Black-blotched stingrayFamily: RhinopteridaeRhinoptera javanica Muller & Henle, 1841 VU A2d+3cd+4cd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Flapnose rayFamily: CarcharhinidaeCarcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) VU A2ad+3d+4ad ver 3.1 (2001)E - Oceanic whitetip sharkFamily: RhiniodontidaeRhincodon typus Smith, 1828 VU A1bd+2d ver 2.3 (1994)E - Whale sharkFamily: StegostomatidaeStegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) VU A2abcd+3cd+4abcd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Leopard sharkCLASS: ACTINOPTERYGII (Bony Fishes)FAMILY / SPECIESCATEGORY AND CRITERIAFamily: LabridaeCheilinus undulatus Ruppell, 1835 EN A2bd+3bd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Giant wrasseFamily: ScombridaeThunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) VU A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Bigeye tuna49

Family: SerranidaeEpinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) VU A2d ver 3.1 (2001)E - Brindle bassFamily: SygnathidaeHippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 VU A4cd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Hedgehog seahorseCLASS: REPTILIAFAMILY / SPECIESCATEGORY AND CRITERIAFamily: DermochelidaeDermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) CR A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Leatherback turtleFamily: CheloniidaeEretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) CR A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Hawksbill turtleCaretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Loggerhead turtleChelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A2bd ver 3.1 (2001)E - Green turtleLepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) EN A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Olive ridley turtleCLASS: AVES (Off-shore birds)FAMILY / SPECIESCATEGORY AND CRITERIAFamily: FregatidaeFregata andrewsi Mathews, 1914 CR B2ab(ii,iii,v) ver 3.1 (2001)E - Christmas island frigatebirdCLASS: MAMMALIAFAMILY / SPECIESCATEGORY AND CRITERIAFamily: DugongidaeDugong dugon (Muller, 1776) VU A2bcd ver 3.1 (2001)E - DugongFamily: BalaenopteridaeMegaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) VU A1ad ver 2.3 (1994)E - Hump whaleBalaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Blue whaleBalaenoptera physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Common rorqualFamily: PhyseteridaePhyseter macrocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)E - Sperm whale50

Table 10 : Globally threatened migratory birds that visit Sri Lanka(Source: IUCN, 2006 ).FAMILY / SPECIESCATEGORY AND CRITERIAFamily: ScolopacidaeEurynorhynchus pygmeus EN C1+2a(ii) ver 3.1 (2001)E - Spoon-billed sandpiperTringa guttifer EN C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2001)E - Spotted greenshankGallinago nemoricola VU C1 ver 3.1 (2001)E - Wood snipeFamily: FalconidaeFalco naumanni VU A2bce+3bce ver 3.1 (2001)E - Lesser kestrelFamily: MuscicapidaeFicedula subrubra VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) ver 3.1 (2001)E - Kashmir flycatcherFamily: CharadriidaeVanellus gregarius CR A3bc ver 3.1 (2001)E - Sociable lapwing51

FamilyAcanthaceaeAmaranthaceaeAnacardiaceaeAnnonaceaeApiaceaeApocynaceaeAquifoliaceaeAraceaeArecaceaeAsclepidaceaeAsteraceaeBalanophoraceaeBalsaminaceaeBoraginaceaeBurmanniaceaeCampanulaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCelastraceaeClusiaceaeConvolvulaceaeCornaceaeCryptoreniaceaCucurbitaceaeCyperaceaeDilleniaceaeDipterocarpaceaeEbanaceaeEvaluatedSpecies101 (43)3 (1)19 (15)39 (18)1 (1)2 (2)1 (1)34 (21)15 (10)9 (2)10 (5)123 (16)22 (1)212 (1)1 (1)43 (2)1 (1)110 (2)1 (1)58 (58)32 (19)Table 11: Summary of the Status of Flora(Note: Number of endemic species in parenthesis)Category of Evaluated SpeciesCategory of Endemic SpeciesEX EW CR EN VU NT DD EX EW CR EN VU NT DD41030000013010000101000101000010000000000000000000000020131120122551720201121017118617024001107010201000000000097140612000650008000000011000159400400010000000000000000062910000010310001010010002001400100000020100001000000010000100000000000000000000000151311209223060000010100211858013001650002000000000000958067000430005000000011000155300200010000000000000000060400000010110001000000001001Total ThreatenedSpecies51 (31)1 (1)11 (10)17 (11)1 (1)2 (2)1 (1)28 (19)14 (10)5 (2)6 (3)117 (13)212011 (1)22 (2)1 (1)17 (2)1 (1)42 (42)22 (16)52

FamilyEricaulaceaeEuphorbiaceaeFabaceaeGentianaceaeGesneriaceaeLamiaceaeLauraceaeLemnaceaeLoganiaceaeLoranthaceaeMalvaceaeMelastomataceaeMemycylaceaeMischodendraceaeMonimiaceaeMoraceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrtaceaeOrchidaceaeOrobanchaceaePhylanthaceaePiperaceaePoaceaePodostemaceaePolygalaceaePutranjavaceaeRhamnaceaeRosaceaeRubiacaeRutaceaeEvaluatedSpecies1 (1)69 (16)33 (5)2 (1)1 (1)3 (1)111 (1)21 (12)1 (1)38 (30)32 (27)11 (1)2 (1)1 (1)40 (23)181 (60)10 (3)63 (28)1 (1)9 (7)2 (1)16 (3)1 (1)1168 (96)1 (1)Category of Evaluated SpeciesCategory of Endemic SpeciesEX EW CR EN VU NT DD EX EW CR EN VU NT DD04100000111060000004030011000170000000000000000000000000000000171611310050128001152258170021025005010000010790100247290110100361012000000090790010115311401001003800150000000001300000230800000002006600000001000000072200000016002200000110600000020200000001500000000000000000000000000000001230110005012600014131616001101800301000001048010022506001010024104000000030580010715150100000240040000000001300000705000000000000000000010000000011000000110Total ThreatenedSpecies1 (1)24 (9)16 (3)2 (1)1 (1)3 (1)10016 (9)026 (21)26 (22)01 (1)2 (1)1 (1)18 (13)122 (53)8 (2)31 (17)1 (1)9 (7)1 (1)04 (2)1 (1)099 (66)1 (1)53

FamilySantalaceaeScrophulariaceaeStylidiaceaeSurianaceaeSymphoremaceaeThymelaeaceaeTiliaceaeTriuridaceaeUrticaceaeVerbenaceaeZingiberaceaeTotalEvaluatedSpecies9 (2)3 (1)1111133 (1)16 (5)1099 (553)Category of Evaluated SpeciesCategory of Endemic SpeciesEX EW CR EN VU NT DD EX EW CR EN VU NT DD010000102107100000000000132101102005251100000000001863000000000123800000000000690001000110055000000001004200000000000121000000004163000000000001180000000000113000000000000320000000000015Total ThreatenedSpecies7 (2)2 (1)101102006 (5)675 (412)54

Table 12: List of extinct plant species in Sri Lanka(Note: * Endemic species)Family/SpeciesFamily-AcanthaceaePtyssiglottis sanguinolenta (Vahl) B. Hansen*Strobilanthes caudata T. Anders*Strobilanthes nigrescens T. Anders*Strobilanthes thwaitesii T. Anders*Family-AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes bidentata BlumeFamily – AnnonaceaeAnaxagorea luzonensis A. GrayOrophea zeylanica Hook. f. & ThomsPolyalthia moonii Thw.*Family-AsclepiadaceaeCynanchum alatum Wight & Arn. ex WightFamily-AsteraceaeBlumea angustifolia Thw*Blumea crinita Arn.*Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) AlstonFamily-BalsaminaceaeImpatiens subcordata Arn.*Family-CelastraceaeMaytenus fruticosa (Thw.) Loes.*Family-ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.Family-CyperaceaeRhynchospora gracillima Thw.Family-DipterocarpaceaeDoona ovalifolia Thw.*Family-EuphorbiaceaeAdenochlaena zeylanica (Baill.) Thw.*Croton zeylanicus Muell. Arg.Euphorbia atoto Forst.Trigonostemon diplopetalus Thw.*55

Family-FabaceaeCrotalaria mysorensis RothCrotalaria willdenowiana DC.Crudia zeylanica (Thw.) Benth.*Dioclea javanica Benth.Eleiotis monophyllos (Burm.f.) DC.Indigofera parviflora Heyne ex Wight & Arn.Mucuna monosperma (Roxb.) DC.Rhynchosia densiflora (Roth) DC.Rhynchosia nummularia (L.) DC.Sophora zeylanica Trim.*Family-LemnaceaeLemna gibba L.Family-LoganiaceaeStrychnos coriaceaThw.*Family-LoranthaceaeHelixanthera ensifolia (Thw.) Danser*Family-MelastomataceaeOsbeckia moonii Thw.*Sonerila cordifolia Cogn.*Sonerila firma (Thw. ex Clarke in Hook. f.) Lundin*Sonerila gardneri Thw.*Sonerila harveyi Thw.*Sonerila tomentella Thw.*Family-OrchidaceaeDiplocentrum recurvum LindleyGoodyera stelidifera Ormerod.*Liparis brachyglottis Reichb.f. ex Trimen*Vanda thwaitesii Hook.f.Family-PhyllanthaceaeBridelia stipularis (L.) BlumeGlochidion gardneri Thw.*Phyllanthus hakgalensis Thw. ex Trimen*Family-PodostemaceaeZeylanidium lichenoides (Kurz) EnglerFamily-PolygalaceaePolygala longifolia Poir56

Family-RubiaceaeCanthium macrocarpum Thw.*Gaertnera gardneri Thw.*Hedyotis cinereo-viridis Thw.*Hedyotis cyanescens Thw.*Hedyotis macraei Hook.f.*Hedyotis quinquenervia Thw.*Hedyotis srilankensis Deb & Dutta*Lasianthus protractus (Thw.) Thw.Lasianthus rhizophyllus (Thw.) Thw.*Lasianthus thwaitesii Hook.f.*Neanotis quadrilocularis (Thw.) W.H.LewisOphiorrhiza pallida Thw.*Pavetta gardneri Bremek.*Pavetta glomerata Bremek.*Psychotria moonii (Thw.) Hook.f.*Psydrax grandifolius (Thw.) Ridsd.*Scyphostachys pedunculatus Thw.*Family-ScrophulariaceaeLindernia viscosa (Hornem.) BoldinghFamily-TiliaceaeCorchorus trilocularis L.Family-UrticaceaeElatostema acuminatum (Poir.) Brongn.Elatostema walkerae Hook.f.*Family-VerbenaceaeChascanum hyderobadense (Walp.) MoldenkeEXTINCT IN THE WILD(EW)Family – AnnonaceaeAlphonsea hortensis H. Huber*57

Table 13: List of Threatened Plant Species in Sri Lanka(Note: * Endemic Species)(A) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)FAMILY/SPECIESFamily-AcanthaceaeAndrographis macrobotrys NeesBarleria nitida NeesBarleria strigosa Willd.Brillantaisia thwaitesii (T. Anders.) Cramer*Gymnostachyum ceylanicum Arn. & NeesLepidagathis hyalina Nees*Pseuderanthemum angustifolium RidleyStrobilanthes arnottiana Nees*Strobilanthes deflexa T. Anders.*Strobilanthes exserta C. B. Clarke*Strobilanthes gardneriana (Nees) T. Anders.*Strobilanthes habracanthoides J. R. I. Wood*Strobilanthes hypericoides J. R. I. Wood*Strobilanthes laxa T. Anders.*Strobilanthes pentandra J. R. I. Wood*Strobilanthes rhamnifolia (Nees) T. Anders.*Strobilanthes rhytisperma C. B. Clarke*Strobilanthes stenodon Clarke*Strobilanthes zeylanica T. Anders.*Strobilanthus willisii M. A. Canine*CRITERIAB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AmaranthaceaeCyathula ceylanica Hook. f.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AnacardiaceaeMangifera pseudoindica Kosterm.*Semecarpus obovata Moon*Semecarpus pseudo-emarginata Kosterm.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AnnonaceaePolyalthia persicaefolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ApiaceaePeucedanum ceylanicum Gardner*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ApocynaceaeWrightia flavido-rosea Trim.*Wrightia puberula (Thw.) Ngan*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AraceaeAlocasia fornicata (Roxb.) SchottArisaema constrictum Barnes*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)58

Cryptocoryne alba de Wit*Cryptocoryne bogneri Rataj*Cryptocoryne parva de Wit*Cryptocoryne undulata Wendt*Cryptocoryne walkeri Schott*Cryptocoryne x willisii Reitz*Lagenandra bogneri de Wit*Lagenandra lancifolia (Schott) Thw.*Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) SchottTyphonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) BlumeB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ArecaceaeAreca concinna Thw.*Calamus pachystemonus Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AsclepiadaceaeBrachystelma lankana Dassanayake & Jayasuriya*Ceropegia thwaitesii Hook.Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) WightGymnema rotundatum Thw.*Tylophora zeylanica Decne.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AsteraceaeAnaphalis thwaitesii C.B. Clarke*Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) DruceGynura hispida Thw.*Notonia walkeri (Wight) C.B. ClarkeSenecio gardneri (Thw.) C.B. Clarke*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-BalanophoraceaeBalanophora fungosa J.R. & G. Forst.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-BalsaminaceaeImpatiens grandis Heyne ex Wall.Impatiens janthina Thw.*Impatiens leucantha Thw.*Impatiens repens Moon*Impatiens taprobanica Hiern*Impatiens thwaitesii Hook.f. ex Grey-Wilson*Impatiens walkeri Hook.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-BoraginaceaeCordia subcordata Lam.Heliotropium supinum L.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-CampanulaceaeAsyneuma fulgens (Wall.) Briq.Campanula benthamii Wall.ex Kitam.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)59

Family-CelastraceaeCelastrus paniculatus Willd.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ClusiaceaeMesua stylosa (Rhw.) Kosterm.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ConvolvulaceaeArgyreia splendens (Roxb.) SweetBonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hall.f.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-CornaceaeMastixia congylos Kosterm.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-CucurbitaceaeMukia leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) WightB1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-CyperaceaeEleocharis confervoides (Poir.) T.KoyamaEleocharis lankana T.Koyama*Mapania immersa (Thw.) Benth.ex Ckarke*Pycreus stramineus (Nees) ClarkeScirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.Trichophorum subcapitatum (Thw. & Hook.) D.A.SimpsonTricostularia undulata (Thw.) KernB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-DilleniaceaeAcrotrema thwaitesii Hook.f. & Thoms.ex Hook.f.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-DipterocarpaceaeBalanocarpus kitulgallensis Kosterm.*Stemonoporus affinis Thw.*Stemonoporus bullatus Kosterm.*Stemonoporus gilimalensis Kosterm.*Stemonoporus gracilis Kosterm.*Stemonoporus kanneliyensis Kosterm.*Stemonoporus laevifolius Kosterm.*Stemonoporus latisepalum Kosterm.*Stemonoporus marginalis Kosterm.*Stemonoporus moonii Thw.*Stemonoporus nitidus Thw.*Stemonoporus petiolaris Thw.*Stemonoporus revolutus Trimen ex Hook. f.*Stemonoporus rigidus Thw.*Stemonoporus scalarinervis Kosterm.*Stemonoporus scaphifolius Kosterm.*Vatica lewisiana (Trimen ex Hook. f.) Livera*Vatica paludosa Kosterm.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)60

Family-EbenaceaeDiospyros atrata Alston*Diospyros crumenata Thw.Diospyros koenigii Kosterm.*Diospyros oppositifolia Thw.*Diospyros pemadasai Jayasuriya*Diospyros rheophytica Kosterm.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)+D2B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)+D2B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2Family-EriocaulaceaeEriocaulon subglaucum Ruhland*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-EuphorbiaceaeCleidion nitidum (Muell. Arg.) Thw. ex KurzCroton caudatus GeiselCroton moonii Thw.*Croton nigroviridis Thw.*Dalechampia indica WightEuphorbia granulata Forssk.Tragia muelleriana Pax & Hoffm.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-FabaceaeAlbizia lankaensis Kosterm.*Crotalaria linifolia L.f.Crotalaria triquetra Dalz.Crotalaria wightiana Graham ex Wight & Arn.Cynometra iripa Kostel.Desmodium jucundum Thw.*Desmodium zonatum Miq.Galactia striata (Jacq.) UrbanIndigofera constricta (Thw.) Trim.Indigofera wightii Grah.ex Wight & Arn.Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.Rhynchosia acutissima Thw.Rhynchosia suaveolens (L.f.) DC.Sesbania sericea (Willd.) LinkSophora violacea Thw.*Tephrosia spinosa (L.f.) Pers.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-GentianaceaeExacum sessile L.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-GesneriaceaeDidymocarpus floccosus Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-LamiaceaeIsodon capillipes (Benth.) H.Hara*Leucas longifolia Benth.Plectranthus glabratus (Benth.) AlstonB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)61

Family-LauraceaeCassytha capillaris Meissn.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-LoranthaceaeBarathranthus mabaeoides (Trimen) Danser*Barathranthus nodiflorus (Thw.) Tieghem*Dendrophthoe lonchiphyllus (Thw.) Danser.*Macrosolen albicaulis Wiens*Macrosolen barlowii Wiens*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MelastomataceaeMedinilla maculata Gardner*Osbeckia rheedii Gardner ex Thw.*Sonerila glaberrima Arn.*Sonerila glabricaulis (Thw. ex Clarke in Hook. f.) Lundin*Sonerila guneratnei Trimen*Sonerila hirsutula Arn.*Sonerila hookeriana Arn.*Sonerila lanceolata Thw.*Sonerila pedunculosa Thw.*Sonerila pilosula Thw.*Sonerila robusta Arn.*Sonerila wightiana Arn.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MemecylaceaeMemecylon gracillimum Alston*Memecylon leucanthemum Thw.*Memecylon macrocarpum Thw.*Memecylon macrophyllum Thw.*Memecylon orbiculare Thw.*Memecylon phyllanthifolium Thw. ex Trimen*Memecylon sessile Benth.Memecylon wightii Thw.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)+D1B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MoraceaeMaclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) CornerB1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MyrsinaceaeArdisia wightiana (Wall.ex.A.DC.)Mez*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MyrtaceaeEugenia cotinifolia Jacq.Eugenia glabra Alston*Eugenia sripadaens Kosterm.*Syzygium lewisii Alston*Syzygium sclerophyllum Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)62

Family-OrchidaceaeArundina minor Lindl.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Bulbophyllum tricarinatum Petch*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Coelogyne zeylanica Hook.f.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) BlumeB1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1Didymoplexis seidenfadenii Sathish & Ormerod.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1Dienia ophrydis (J.König) Seidenf.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Eria tricolor Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Gastrodia zeylanica Schlechter*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1Goodyera fumata Thw.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Habenaria dichopetala Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Habenaria dolichostachya Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Habenaria pterocarpa Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Nervilia juliana (Roxb.) SchlechterB1ab(I,ii,iii)Oberonia dolabrata Jayaweera*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Oberonia fornicata Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)Oberonia wallie-silvae Jayaweera*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Oberonia weragamaensis Jayaweera*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Phalaenopsis mysorensis SadanhaB2ab(I,ii,iii)Schoenorchis tortifolia (Jayaweera) Garay*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Sirhookera latifolia (Wight) KuntzeB1ab(I,ii,iii)Tainia bicornis (Lindley) Reichb. f.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) TrimenB1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-OrobanchaceaeAeginetia pedunculata Wall.Campbellia cytinoides (Reuter)WightChristisonia albida Thw. Ex Benth.*Christisonia lawii WightLegocia aurantiaca (Wight) LiveraB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PhyllanthaceaeCleistanthus acuminatus (Thw.) Muell. Arg.*Glochidion acutifolium Alston*Phyllanthus heyneanus Muell. Arg.Phyllanthus oreophilus Muell. Arg. *Phyllanthus zeylanicus Muell. Arg.*Sauropus assimilis Thw.*Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Muell. Arg.Sauropus retroversus Wight*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PiperaceaePeperomia wightiana Miq (P. species 6)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PoaceaeArundinaria scandens Soderstrom & Ellis.*Arundinella thwaitesii Hook.f.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)63

Garnotia fuscata Thw.*Garnotia panicoides Trimen*Ischaemum polystachyum J.& C.Pres.Oplismenus thwaitesii Hook.f.*Zenkeria obtusiflora (Thw.)Benth.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PutranjiavaceaeDrypetes lanceolata (Thw.) Pax & Hoffm.*Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & Hoffm.B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-RhamnaceaeZiziphus lucida Moon ex Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-RubiaceaeHedyotis evenia Thw.*Hedyotis gardneri Thw.*Hedyotis gartmorensis Ridsd.*Hedyotis inamoena Thw.*Hedyotis marginata (Thw.ex Trimen) Alston*Hedyotis membranacea Thw.Hedyotis neolessertiana Ridsd.*Hedyotis obscura Thw.*Hedyotis rhinophylla Thw.ex Trimen*Hedyotis subverticillata Alston*Hedyotis trichoneura Alston*Hedyotis tridentata Ridsd.*Lasianthus varians (Thw.) Thw.*Mitragyna tubulosa (Arn.)Havil.Neanotis richardiana (Arn)W.H.LewisNeurocalyx gardneri Thw.*Ophiorrhiza glechomifolia Thw.*Ophiorrhiza nemorosa Thw.*Oxyceros rugulosus (Thw.) Tirv.Pavetta macraei Bremek.*Psilanthus wightianus (Wight & Arn.) LeroyPsychotria longipetiolata Thw.*Psydrax pergracilis (Bourd.) Ridsd.Saprosma scabridum (Thw.) Beddome*Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-SantalaceaeNotothixos floccosus (Thw.) Oliver*Ginalloa spathulifolia (Thw.) Oliver*Viscum ramosissimum Roxb.B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ScrophulariaceaeAdenosma subrepens (Thw.) Benth.*Verbascum chinense (L.) SantapauB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)64

Family-StylidiaceaeStylidium uliginosum Sw. ex Willd.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-SymphoremaceaeSymphorema involucratum Roxb.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ThymelaeaceaePhaleria capitata JackB1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-TriuridaceaeSciaphila secundiflora Thw.ex Benth.Sciaphila tenella BlumeB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ZingiberaceaeAlpinia rufescens (Thw.) Schum.*Amomum acuminatum Thw.*Amomum benthamianum Trim.*Amomum hypoleucum Thw.Amomum nemorale (Thw.)Trimen*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)(B) ENDANGERED (EN)FAMILY/SPECIESFamily-AcanthaceaeBarleria arnottiana NeesBarleria involucrate NeesBarleria tomentosa RothBarleria vestita T.Anders.Dicliptera zeylanica NeesGymnostachyum hirsutum T. Anders.*Gymnostachyum paniculatum T. Anders.*Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) NeesJusticia prostrata (Clarke) GambleLepidagathis walkeriana Nees*Monothecium aristatum (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders.Rhinacanthus polonnaruwensis Cramer*Strobilanthes nockii Trimen*Strobilanthes punctata Nees*Strobilanthes vestita Nees*Strobilanthes walkeri Arn. ex NeesThunbergia laevis Wall.ex NeesCRITERIAB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AnacardiaceaeBuchanania axillaris (Desr.) RamamoorthySemecarpus moonii Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AnnonaceaeGoniothalamus salicina Hook. f. & Thoms*Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) SinclairB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)65

Miliusa zeylanica Gardner ex Hook. f. & Thoms*Phoenicanthus coriacea (Thw.) H. Huber*B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AquifoliaceaeIlex knucklesensis Philcox*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AraceaeArisaema tortuosum (Wall.) SchottCryptocoryne beckettii Trimen*Cryptocoryne nevillii Trimen ex Hook. f.*Cryptocoryne thwaitesii Schott*Lagenandra koenigii (Schott) Thw.*Lagenandra ovata (L.) Thw.Lagenandra thwaitesii Engl.*Pothos parvispadix Nicolson*Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) SchottRhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) SchottB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ArecaceaeCalamus delicatulus Thw.*Calamus ovoideus Thw. ex Trimen*Calamus radiatus Thw.*Calamus thwaitesii Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.Calamus zeylanicus Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.*Loxococcus rupicola (Thw.) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Hook. f.*Nypa fruticans WurmbB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AsteraceaeBlepharispermum petiolare DC.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-BalsaminaceaeImpatiens arnottii Thw. *Impatiens linearis Arn.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-BurmanniaceaeBurmannia championii Thw.B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-DipterocarpaceaeBalanocarpus brevipetiolaris (Thw.) Alston*Hopea cordifolia (Thw.) Trimen*Stemonoporus acuminatus (Thw.) Beddome*Stemonoporus angustisepalum Kosterm.*Stemonoporus cordifolius (Thw.) Alston*Stemonoporus lanceolatus Thw.*Stemonoporus lancifolius (Thw.) Ashton*Stemonoporus reticulatus Thw.*Stemonoporus wightii Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)66

Family-EbenaceaeDiospyros acuta Thw.*Diospyros attenuata Thw.*Diospyros chaetocarpa Kosterm.*Diospyros ebenum KoenigE - EbonyDiospyros melanoxylon Roxb.Diospyros moonii Thw.*Diospyros quaesita Thw.*E - CalamanderB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)A1bcd+B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)A1bcd+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-EuphorbiaceaeChaetocarpus ferrugineus Philcox*Chaetocarpus pubescens (Thw.) Hook. f.*Croton persimilis Muell. Arg.*Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.Tragia plukenetii Radcliffe-Smith.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-GentianaceaeCrawfurdia championii (Gardn.) Trim.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-LoranthaceaeTolypanthus gardneri (Thw.) Tieghem*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MelastomataceaeKendrickia walkeri (Wight ex Gardner) TrianaMedinilla cuneata (Thw.) Bremer & Lundin*Osbeckia buxifolia Arn.Osbeckia walkeri Arn.*Osbeckia zeylanica L. f.Sonerila crassicaulis Lundin*Sonerila rhombifolia Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MemeycylaceaeMemecylon cuneatum Thw.*Memecylon discolor Cogn.*Memecylon ellipticum Thw.*Memecylon fuscescens Thw.*Memecylon giganteum Alston*Memecylon grande Retz.*Memecylon hookeri Thw.Memecylon procerum Thw.*Memecylon rhinophyllum Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MonimiaceaeHortonia ovalifolia Wight*B1ab(I,ii,iii)67

Family-MyrtaceaeEugenia amoena Thw.*Eugenia rivulorum Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-OrchidaceaeAcanthephippium bicolor LindleyAerangis hologlottis (Schltr.) Schltr.*Apostasia wallichii R. Br.Bromheadia srilankensis Kruizinga & de Vogel.*Bulbophyllum crassifolium Thw. ex Trimen*Bulbophyllum macraei Reichb. f.*Bulbophyllum maskeliyense Livera*Bulbophyllum purpureum Thw.*Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl.Cheirostylis flabellate (A.Rich.) WightChrysoglossum ornatum Blume.Cryptostylis arachnites (Blume) Hassk.Dendrobium haemoglossum Thw.Dendrobium diodon Reichb. f.*Dendrobium maccarthiae Thw.*Didymoplexis pallens GriffEpipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl.Eria articulata Lindl.*Eria thwaitesii Trimen*Habenaria barbata Wight ex Hook.f.Habenaria macrostachya Lindl.Habenaria rhynchocarpa (Thw.) Trimen*Habenaria roxburghii NicolsonHetaeria oblongifolia BlumeIpsea speciosa Lindley*E - Daffodil orchidLiparis atropurpurea Lindl.Liparis barbata Lindl.*Malaxis densiflora (A.Rich.) Kuntze.Oberonia claviloba Jayaweera*Oberonia forcipata Lindl.Oberonia quadrilateral Jayaweera*Oberonia scyllae Lindl.*Oberonia tenuis Lindl.Oberonia truncata Lindl.*Peristylus aristatus Lindl.Peristylus trimenii (Hook.f.) Abeywick.*Phaius luridus Thw.Phreatia elegans Lindl.Phreatia jayaweerae Ormerod.Robiquetia gracilis (Lindley) GarayTaeniophyllum gilimalense Jayaweera*Tropidia bambusifolia (Thw) Trimen*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)A2(a,c,d)+A3(a,c,d)+B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)A2+A3(a,c,d)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D168

Tropidia thwaitesii Hook. f.*Vanilla moonii Thw.*Zeuxine blatteri C.E.C. Fischer.Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.Zeuxine regia (Lindl.) Trimen*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)A3+A4(c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-OrobanchaceaeChristisonia bicolor GardnerChristisonia subacaulis (Benth.) GardnerB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PhyllanthaceaeAntidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.Aporusa fusiformis Thw.Cleistanthus robustus Muell. Arg.*Glochidion montanum Thw.*Glochidion pachycarpum Alston*Phyllanthus baillonianus Muell. Arg.Phyllanthus dealbatus Alston*Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Muell. Arg.*Phyllanthus wheeleri G. L. Webster*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PoaceaeArundinaria densifolia MunroB1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PodostemaceaeFarmeria metzgerioides (Trimen) Willis ex Hook.f.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PutranjiavaceaePutranjiva zeylanica (Thw.) Muell. Arg.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-RubiaceaeCanthium campanulatum Thw.*Canthium puberulum Thw.ex Hook.f.*Canthium rheedii DC.Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirv.Diyaminauclea zeylanica (Hook.f.) Ridsd.*Galium asperifolium Wall.Hedyotis coprosmoides Trimen*Hedyotis neesiana Arn.Hedyotis nodulosa Arn.*Hedyotis thwaitesii Hook.f.*Knoxia spicata (Thw. Ex Trimen) Ridsd.*Lasianthus chrysocaulis Ridsd.*Lasianthus gardneri (Thw.) Hook.f.*Lasianthus neolanceolatus Ridsd.*Lucocodon reticulatum Gardner*Neanotis nummulariformis (Arn.) W.H.Lewis*Neurocalyx calycinus (R.Br.ex Benn.) RobinsonB2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)69

Neurocalyx championii Benth.ex Thw.*Neurocalyx zeylanicus Hook.*Oldenlandia stricta L.Ophiorrhiza radicans Gardner ex Thw.*Pavetta agrostiphylla Bremek*Pavetta badullensis Ridsd.*Pavetta zeylanica (Hook. f.) GamblePleiocraterium plantaginifolium (Arn.) Bremek.*Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw.*Psilanthus tranvancorensis (Wight & Arn.) LeroyPsychotria glandulifera Thw. ex.Hook.f.*Psychotria plurivenia Thw.*Psychotria sohmeri KiehnPsychotria stenophylla (Thw.) Hook.f.*Psydrax montanus (Thw.) Ridsd.*Rubia cordifolia L.Saprosma glomeratum (Gardner) BeddomeScyphostachys coffaeoides Thw.*Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirv. & SastreB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-RutaceaeZanthoxylum caudatum Alston*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-SantalaceaeKorthalsella japonica (Thunb.) EnglerB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)(C) VULNERABLE (VU)FAMILY/SPECIESFamily-AcanthaceaeAndrographis paniculata (Bunn. f.) Wall. ex NeesDyschoriste depressa NeesGymnostachyum sanguinolentum (Vahl) T. Anders.*Justicia ceylanica (Nees) T. Anders.*Justicia glabra Koenig ex Roxb.Justicia royeniana (Nees) Clarke*Rungia longifolia NeesStenosiphonium cordifolium (Vahl) AlstonStrobilanthes adenophora Nees*Strobilanthes calycina Nees*Strobilanthes helicoides (Nees) T. Anders.*Strobilanthes hookeri Nees*Strobilanthes lupulina NeesStrobilanthes pulcherrima T. Anders.*CRITERIAB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AnacardiaceaeSemecarpus acuminata Thw.*Semecarpus coriacea Thw.*Semecarpus marginata Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)70

Semecarpus parvifolia Thw.*Semecarpus pubescens Thw.*Semecarpus subpeltata Thw.*B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AnnonaceaeAlphonsea zeylanica Hook. f. & Thoms.Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) BhandariDesmos zeylanica (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Safford*Enicosanthum acuminata (Thw.) Airy Shaw*Goniothalamus gardneri Hook. f. & Thoms.*Goniothalamus hookeri Thw.*Goniothalamus thomsonii Thw.*Phoenicanthus oblique (Hook.f.Thoms.)Alston*Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thw.Sageraea thwaitesii Hook. f. & Thoms.*Uvaria cordata (Dunal) AlstonUvaria narum (Dunal) Wall.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-AraceaeAmorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) NicolsonArisaema leschenaultii BlumeCryptocoryne wendtii de Wit*Lagenandra jacobsenii de Wit*Lagenandra praetermissa de Wit*Pothos remotiflorus Hook.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ArecaceaeCalamus digitatus Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.*Calamus pseudotenuis Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.Calamus rivalis Thw. Ex Trimen*Calamus rotang L.Oncosperma fasciculatum Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-BalsaminaceaeImpatiens acaulis Arn.Impatiens ciliifolia Grey-Wilson*Impatiens cornigera Arn.*Impatiens elongata Arn.*Impatiens flaccida Arn.Impatiens henslowiana Arn.Impatiens macrophylla Gardner*Impatiens truncata Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-CornaceaeMastixia nimalii Kosterm.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-CrypteroniaceaeAxinandra zeylanica Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)71

Family-DipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpus glandulosus Thw.*Doona gardneri Thw.*E - Red DoonDoona zeylanica Thw.*Shorea dyeri Thw.*Shorea hulanidda Kosterm.*Shorea lissophylla Thw.*Shorea pallescens Ashton*Shorea stipularis Thw.*Stemonoporus canaliculatus Thw.*Stemonoporus elegans (Thw.) Alston*Stemonoporus gardneri Thw.*Stemonoporus oblongifolius Thw.*Sunaptea scabriuscula (Thw.) Trimen*Vatica affinis Thw.*Vatica obscura Trimen*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-EbenaceaeDiospyros acuminata (Thw.) Kosterm.*Diospyros affinis Thw.Diospyros albiflora Alston*Diospyros ebenoides Kosterm.*Diospyros oblongifolia (Thw.) Kosterm.*Diospyros oocarpa Thw.Diospyros racemosa Roxb.Diospyros trichophylla Alston*Diospyros walkeri (Wight) GuerkeE - Bastard EbonyB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-EuphorbiaceaeAgrostistachys hookeri (Thw.) Benth.*Agrostistachys intramarginalis Philcox*Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr.Euphorbia rosea Retz.Excoecaria oppositifolia GriffithHomonoia riparia Lour.Macaranga digyna (Wight) Muell. Arg.*Micrococca oligandra (Muell. Arg.) PrainPtychopyxis thwaitesii (Baill.) Croizat*Sapium indicum Willd.Trewia nudiflora L.E - Fever TreeTrigonostemon nemoralis Thw.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-LoranthaceaeDendrophthoe ligulata (Thw.) Tieghem*Dendrophthoe suborbicularis (Thw.) DanserB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B,ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)72

Macrosolen capitellatus (Wight & Arn.) DanserMacrosolen parasiticus (L.) DanserScurrula cordifolia (Wall.) G. Don.Taxillus cuneatus (Roth) DanserTaxillus incanus (Trimen) Wiens*Taxillus sclerophyllus (Thw.) DanserB2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MelastomataceaeLijndenia gardneri (Thw.) Bremer*Medinilla fuchsioides GardnerOsbeckia lanata Alston*Sonerila affinis Arn.*Sonerila arnottiana Thw.*Sonerila pumila Thw.*Sonerila zeylanica Wight & Arn.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MemecylaceaeMemecylon angustifolium WightE - Blue MistMemecylon clarkeanum Cogn.*Memecylon ovoideum Thw.*Memecylon parvifolium Thw.*Memecylon petiolatum Trimen ex Alston*Memecylon revolutum Thw.*Memecylon rivulare Bremer*Memecylon rotundatum (Thw.) Cogn.*Memecylon urceolatum Cogn.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MoraceaeBroussonetia zeylanica (Thw.) Corner*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-MyrtaceaeEugenia fulva Thw.*Eugenia rotundata Trimen*Eugenia rufo-fulva Thw.*Eugenia terpnophylla Thw.*Syzygium batadamba Kosterm.*Syzygium cylindricum (Wight) Alston*Syzygium fergusoni GambleSyzygium hemisphericum (Walp.) AlstonSyzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn.Syzygium makul Gaertn.Syzygium turbinatum Alston*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-OrchidaceaeAcampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr.Adrorhizon purpurascens (Thw.)Hook.f.*Aerides ringens (Lindley) C.E.C.FischerB2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)73

Agrostophyllum zeylanicum Hook. f. *Anoectochilus regalis Blume*Aphyllorchis montana Reichb. f.Bulbophyllum elegans Gardner ex Thw.Bulbophyllum petiolare Thw.*Bulbophyllum thwaitesii Reichb. f.*Bulbophyllum trimenii (Hook. f.) J. J. Sm.*Bulbophyllum wightii Reichb. F.Chiloschista fasciata (F.v. Mull.) Seidenf. & Ormerod.Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl.Cottonia peduncularis (Lindley) Rchb.f.E - Bee orchidCymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw.Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex LindleyE - Primrose OrchidDisperis neilgherrensis WightStichorkis disticha (Thouars) Pfitzer.Erythrodes latiloba Ormerod.Eulophia graminea Lindl.Eulophia pulchra (Thouars) Lindl.Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) SureshEulophia zollingeri (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm.Flickingeria macraei (Lindley) Seidenf.Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr.Goodyera procera (Ker-Gawl.) Hook.Habenaria crinifera Lindl.Liparis cespitosa (Lam.)Lindl.Liparis elliptica Wight.Liparis walkeriae R. GrahamLiparis wightiana Thw.Luisia birchea Blume Rumphia.Malaxis discolor (Lindl.) Kuntze*Malaxis thwaitesii Bennet.*Oberonia longibracteata Lindl.*Oberonia recurva Lindl.Oberonia thwaitesii Hook. f. *Oberonia zeylanica Hook.f.Papilionanthe cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf.Peristylus gardneri (Hook. f) Kraenzlin*Phaius wallichii Lindl.E - Star OrchidPeristylus spiralis A. Rich.Podochilus falcatum Lindl.Pomatocalpa decipiens (Lindley) J. J. Sm.Rhynchostylis retusa BlumeE - Batticaloa Orchid, Fox-tail OrchidSeidenfadeniella filiformis (Rchb.f.) E.A. Christinson & Ormerod.Taeniophyllum alwisii LindleyB2ab(I,ii,iii)A3+A4(c,d)+B 2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1,a,b(ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)74

Taprobanea spathulata (L.) Christenson.Thrixspermum walkeri Seidenf. & Ormerod.Trichoglottis tenera (Lindley) Reichb. f.Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don.E - Anuradhapura Orchid, Gray OrchidVanilla walkerae WightZeuxine reginaesilvae Ormerod.*A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)A3+A4,(c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-OrobanchaceaeChristisonia tricolor Gardner*B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PhyllanthaceaeActephila excelsa (Dalz.) Muell. Arg.Antidesma alexiteria L.Antidesma walkeri (Tul.) Pax & Hoffm.*Aporusa acuminata Thw.Aporusa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr.Aporusa lindleyana (Wight) Baill.Glochidion moonii Thw.*Glochidion nemorale Thw.*Margaritaria indicus (Dalz.) Airy ShawMeineckia parvifolia (Wight) G. L. WebsterPhyllanthus cinereus Muell. Arg.*Phyllanthus emblica L.Phyllanthus rheedii WightSauropus rigidus Thw.*B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PoaceaeHeteropholis nigrescens (Thw.)C.E.Hubb.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)Family-PutranjiavaceaePutranjiva roxburghii Wall.B2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-RubiaceaeAcranthera ceylanica Arn.ex Meissner*Aidia gardneri (Thw.)Tirv.*Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.)A.Rich.ex Walp.Byrsophyllum ellipticum (Thw.) Hook.f.*Chassalia curviflora (Wall.)Thw.Dichilanthe zeylanica Thw.*Diplospora erythrospora (Thw.)Hook.f.*Exallage auricularia (L.)Bremek.Gaertnera divaricata (Thw.)Thw.*Gaertnera ternifolia Thw.*Gardenia crameri Tirv.*Gardenia fosbergii Tirv.*Geophila repens (L.)JohnstonB1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)75

Guettarda speciosa L.Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.)Ridsd.Hedyotis cyanantha KurzHedyotis fumata Alston*Ixora calycina Thw.Ixora jucunda Thw.*Knoxia hirsuta Arn.*Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.)DC.Knoxia zeylanica L.*Lasianthus foetulentus Ridsd.*Lasianthus moonii Wight*Lasianthus oliganthus (Thw.) Thw.*Lasianthus strigosus Wight*Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)Korth.Nargedia macrocarpa (Thw.) Beddome*Ophiorrhiza pectinata Arn.Pavetta blanda Bremek.Pavetta gleniei Thw. ex Hook. f.*Pavetta involucrata Thw.*Psychotria dubia (Wight) Alston*Psychotria gardneri (Thw.) Hook.f.*Psychotria sordida Thw.*Psychotria waasii Sohmer*Saprosma foetens (Wight) SchumannTarenna flava AlstonB1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-SantalaceaeViscum capitellatum SmithViscum heyneanum DC.Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC.B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)Family-ZingiberaceaeAmomum graminifolium Thw.*B1ab(I,ii,iii)76

Table 14. Unassessed plant species of Sri Lanka listed as globally threatened*(Source: IUCN, 2006 )(A) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)Family Species Name CriteriaApocynaceae Anodendron rhinosporum Thw. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Celastraceae Bhesa nitidissima Kosterm. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Dilleniaceae Dillenia triquetra (Rottb.) Gilg CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Dilleniaceae Schumacheria alnifolia Hook.f. & Thoms CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Icacinaceae Stemonurus apicalis (Thw.) Miers CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Cinnamomum rivulorum Kosterm. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Loganiaceae Strychnos tetragona A. W. Hill CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Meliaceae Dysoxylum peerisi CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Meliaceae Walsura gardneri Thw. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Monimiaceae Hortonia angustifolia (Thw.)Trimen CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Myristicaceae Horsfieldia iryaghedhi (Gaertn.)Warb. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Myrsinaceae Rapanea ceylanica CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Ochnaceae Ochna jabotapita L. CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Oleaceae Chionanthus albidiflora Thw. CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Sapindaceae Allophylus zeylanicus L. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium laevifolium (Thw.) Engl. CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Urticaceae Debregeasia wallichiana (Wedd.)Wedd CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)(B) ENDANGERED (EN)Family Species Name CriteriaCelastraceae Euonymus thwaitesii Lawson EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Clusiaceae Garcinia thwaitesii Pierre EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Clusiaceae Garcinia zeylanica Roxb. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus coriaceus Hook. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus zeylanicus (Arn.)Masters EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Beilschmiedia zeylanica (Thw.)Trimen EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Cinnamomum citriodorum Thw. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Cryptocarya membranacea Thw. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Litsea glaberrima (Thw.)Trimen EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Litsea nemoralis (Thw.)Trimen EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Rosaceae Prunus ceylanica (Wight)Miq. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Madhuca microphylla (Hook.)Alston EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Madhuca neriifolia (Thw.)H.J.Lam. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium canaliculatum (Thw.)Engl. EN B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)(C ) VULNERABLE (VU)Family Species Name CriteriaApocynaceae Willughbeia cirrhifera Abeywick. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Bombacaceae Cullenia ceylanica (Gardner) K.Schum. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Burseraceae Canarium zeylanicum (Retz.)Blume VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Celastraceae Bhesa ceylanica (Arn.ex Thw.)Ding Hou. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Celastraceae Euonymus walkeri Wight VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Clusiaceae Garcinia quaesita Pierre VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Combretaceae Terminalia zeylanica van Heurck & Muell. Arg. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Cornaceae Mastixia macrophylla (Thw.)Kosterm. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)77

Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook.)Masters VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus subvillosus Arn. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum obtusifolium (Wight.)Hook.f. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Abarema bigemina (L.)Kosterm. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Acacia ferruginea DC. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Adenanthera bicolor Moon VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Humboldtia laurifolia (Vahl)Vahl VU A1c, B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Pericopsis mooniana (Thw.)Thw. VU A1cd ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. VU A1d ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. VU A1cd ver 2.3 (1994)Fabaceae Saraca asoca (Roxb.)de wild. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus octandra Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Flacourtiaceae Trichadenia zeylanica Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Actinodaphne albifrons Kosterm. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Cinnamomum capparu-coronde Blume VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Cinnamomum litseifolium Thw. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Cryptocarya wightiana Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Litsea gardneri (Thw.)Meissner VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Litsea iteodaphne (Nees)Hook.f. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Lauraceae Litsea longifolia (Nees)Trimen VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Loganiaceae Strychnos benthami C.B.Clarke VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Meliaceae Aglaia apiocarpa (Thw.)Hiern VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Meliaceae Dysoxylum championii Hook.f. & Thoms. ex Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Moraceae Artocarpus nobilis Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Myristicaceae Myristica ceylanica A. DC. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Nepanthaceae Nepenthes distillatoria L. VU B1+2d ver 2.3 (1994)E - Pitcher PlantRhizophoracraceae Anisophyllea cinnamomoides VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)(Gardner & Champion) AlstonRhizophoracraceae Carallia calycina Benth. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Rosaceae Prunus walkeri (Wight)Kalkman VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Rutaceae Chloroxylon swietenia DC. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)E - SatinwoodSapindaceae Allophylus zeylanicus L. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapindaceae Glenniea unijuga (Thw.) Radlk. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Madhuca fulva (Thw.)Macbride VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Madhuca moonii (Thw.)H.J. Lam. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium grande (Thw.)Engl. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium pauciflorum (Thw.)Engl. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium rubiginosum (Thw.)Engl. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium thwaitesii Trimen VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)Sapotaceae Palaquium zeylanicum Verdc. VU D2 ver 2.3 (1994)Symplocaceae Symplocos bractealis Thw. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Symplocaceae Symplocos cordifolia Thw. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)Symplocaceae Symplocos pulchra Wight VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)* Note: The status of these plant species could not be evaluated for the 2007 National Redlist78

© Vimukthi WeeratungaLeopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) - the largest terrestrial carnivore in Sri Lanka is threatened bypoaching and habitat loss79

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THREATENED SPECIES IN SRI LANKAAn analysis on the geographical distribution of threatened butterflies, vertebrate fauna and flora in thedifferent administrative districts in the island (Table 15) revealed that districts in the lowland wet zone (ie.,Galle, Matara, Ratnapura, Kalutara, Kegalle) and the central highlands (Kandy, Matale, Nuwara-Eliya,Badulla) harbour a higher number of threatened taxa. According to information compiled during this study,the highest number of threatened butterflies and vertebrate fauna occur in the Ratnapura District, and thehighest number of threatened plants occurs in the Kandy District. The analyses also show clearly thatdistricts in the Northern Province (Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, Vavuniya) and the Eastern Province(Ampara, Batticaloa and Trincomalee) lack sufficient distribution data, compared to other areas of the island(see Figure 3 and 4 for details).Table 15: Distribution of threatened fauna and flora in the administrative districts of Sri LankaDistrictNumber of Threatened SpeciesButterflies FW Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals FloraAmpara 0 3 1 8 5 1 15Anuradhapura 1 2 0 8 3 12 68Badulla 7 5 9 9 20 24 90Batticaloa 0 0 0 1 0 1 9Colombo 3 10 2 3 5 8 22Galle 6 16 14 14 18 14 187Gampaha 1 9 2 4 3 8 10Hambantota 5 2 0 10 14 12 32Jaffna 1 0 1 0 3 2 2 7Kalutara 14 16 2 10 16 15 126Kandy 10 5 7 21 27 30 310Kegalle 3 12 5 5 20 9 98Kurunegala 3 4 2 3 3 9 44Mannar 4 3 0 1 1 1 5Matale 3 3 9 11 11 23 71Matara 3 8 4 7 11 7 101Monaragala 5 3 2 9 11 10 56Mullaitivu 0 3 0 2 0 3 0Nuwara Eliya 5 0 16 11 22 30 150Polonnaruwa 0 5 0 4 4 2 26Puttalam 8 4 0 4 1 6 21Ratnapura 38 14 23 22 30 17 264Trincomalee 1 3 0 0 2 6 10Vavuniya 0 5 0 0 1 3 11Includes Kilinochchi80

Figure 3: Distribution of threatened flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka81

Figure 4: Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka82

© Vimukthi WeeratungaShifting cultivations (chenaland) has resulted in the degradation of forests mainly inthe dry and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka83

AN OVERVIEW OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITYAN OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR THREATSA combination of adverse human actions poses a major threat to the future survival of threatened species inSri Lanka. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) identified many drivers of biodiversity loss at aglobal scale, among which the primary drivers were: habitat change, overexploitation of species, invasivealien species, pollution and climate change. The following section of this publication summarises the statusof the relevant primary drivers of biodiversity change in Sri Lanka, and their implications on species. Specificexamples of species, whose populations are threatened as a result, will be highlighted.Habitat loss, modification and fragmentationAccording to information compiled under the present study, the loss of natural habitats, including theiralteration and fragmentation is, by far, the most serious threat to a majority of the threatened species in theisland. A growing human population in Sri Lanka - currently nearly 20 million - , has caused the clearance ofnatural habitats for human settlements, agricultural land, industrial areas and related infrastructure such asroad networks. The island has lost approximately half the area of forests it had just over half a century ago,in the 1950s (Wijesinghe, 2000), and currently retains only about 23.5% of forest cover. The loss of forestcover over the past five decades has averaged over 30,000 ha per year (MOENR, 2003). Most of theremaining forests are fragmented and small with contiguous large tracts remaining only in the dry zone. Theper capita land resource allocation in Sri Lanka (0.35 ha) is among the lowest in Asia, and the situation iseven worse in the wet zone watershed areas, where the population density far exceeds the national average(MOENR, 2003). The wet zone districts that harbour more than 50 species of threatened vertebrates andplants, respectively, have a relatively low forest cover (see Table 16, and Figures 5 and 6). Near-primaryforest cover in the wet zone accounts a little less than 5% of the total land area, what remains are small(less than a km 2 ), isolated patches in a sea of human development. Even the existing protected forests inthe wet zone, which harbour a high biodiversity, continue to be degraded due to illegal encroachment, andsuffer further fragmentation. Typical examples of such forests include the Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve,Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya Forest Reserves, Gilimale-Eratne ForestReserve and the Sinharaja World Heritage Site. The implication of habitat loss, especially in the wet zone ofthe island, is clearly evident by the fact that 21 species of amphibians and 72 species of plants havebecome extinct during the past two centuries.© Naalin Perera © Sarath EkanayakeIllegal expansion of tea cultivations in the forest fringes is a major threat to tropical rainforests in the wet zone, which harbour avast number of endemic and threatened species84

Recent studies on the plant biogeography in south-western hill forests by Gunatilleke et al. (2005) clearlyhighlights the conservation significance of these remaining forest patches in the island, where it wasrevealed that each of them are distinct floristic/bioclimatological forest communities, with ecologicallydistinct plant species assemblages occurring in the ridges, slopes and valleys within each forest. The currentassessment revealed that a higher number of endemic trees belonging to the Family Dipterocarpaceae arethreatened, and these species occupy the canopy and sub-canopy of the above forests. The future survivalof the large number of threatened endemic epiphytic orchids also depends on these forest patches in thewet zone.Table 16: Statistics on the human population density, forest cover, threatened vertebrates andthreatened plants in the administrative districts in Sri LankaDistrict Area Human Population % Forest Threatened Threatened(Km 2 ) Density (per Km 2 ) 1 Cover 2 Vertebrates PlantsAmpara 4318 143 37.50% 18 15Anuradhapura 7034 111 35% 25 68Badulla 2803 294 19% 67 90Batticaloa 2686 204 21% 2 9Colombo 656 3631 2.80% 28 22Galle 1635 629 13% 76 187Gampaha 1386 1523 0.30% 26 10Hambantota 2579 210 20.50% 38 32Jaffna 3 2218 337 1.10% 8 7Kalutara 1588 688 13% 59 126Kandy 1906 704 17% 90 310Kegalle 1693 468 9.50% 51 98Kurunegala 4813 311 5% 21 44Mannar 1985 50 60% 6 5Matale 1993 233 40.50% 57 71Matara 1282 620 16% 37 101Monaragala 5545 75 40.50% 35 56Mullaitivu 2517 56 60% 8 0Nuwara Eliya 1720 423 24.50% 79 150Polonnaruwa 3224 117 38% 15 26Puttalam 3013 245 25% 15 21Ratnapura 3255 325 20% 116 264Trincomalee 2631 147 48% 11 10Vavuniya 1967 74 51% 9 1Sri Lanka 65,610 314 23.50% 223 6751Estimated mid year population density in year 2004: Source: Department of Census and Statistics2Estimated from year 1998 RS images (Includes secondary vegetation, but excludes plantation forests)3Includes Kilinochchi85

According to experts who provided information for the present assessment, several species of endemicfauna and flora in the wet zone have already undergone local extinctions during the last three decades, dueto loss of natural habitats. For instance, among the threatened mammals, isolated populations of threearboreal endemic mammals - the Purple-faced Leaf Monkey (Semnopithecus vetulus), the Golden Palm Civet(Paradoxurus zeylonensis) and the Red Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus), have disappeared from severallocalities in the Western Province, due to loss of tree cover. Among the threatened endemic birds, theOrange-billed Babbler (Turdoides rufescens) has apparently undergone local extinction from some degradedand fragmented forest patches (ie., Nambapana) in the south-western region. Similarly, the endemic WhistlingThrush (Myophonus blighi) is threatened due to extensive clearance and degradation of montane foreststhrough conversion to timber plantations and agriculture.The current threatened list of mammals includes 10 species of endemic small mammals (6 rodents and 4shrews). Wijesinghe (2006) has stated that several ecological traits of endemic small mammals render themmore susceptible to anthropogenic habitat destruction than the widespread species. A study carried out inSinharaja rainforest across habitats representing varying levels of disturbance has clearly demonstrated thatendemic rodents and shrews are incapable of utilizing disturbed areas surrounding the natural forest(Wijesinghe, 2001). The latter survey clearly highlights the importance of undisturbed natural forests in thewet zone of Sri Lanka, to sustain the populations of threatened endemic small mammals.Several studies have highlighted the pressures of deforestation and forest fragmentation, on the unique andthreatened shrub frogs (Philautus spp.) restricted to the wet zone of Sri Lanka (Bahir et al., 2005;Meegaskumbura et al., 2007; Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda, 2005).Illegal encroachment in montane forests© Channa Bambaradeniya86

Figure 5: Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in relation to forest cover87

Figure 6: Distribution of threatened plant species in relation to forest cover88

The status of most aquatic ecosystems in Sri Lanka has deteriorated over the last three decades, as aresult of reclamation, deforestation, hydrological alterations, over extraction of fresh water, improper landuse practices, mining of mineral resources, agro-chemical run-off and industrial effluents (Kotagama andBambaradeniya, 2006).Threatened endemic freshwater fish such as Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi, Acanthocobitis urophthalmus,Rasbora wilpita, Puntius pleurotaenia, and P. nigrofasciatus prefer shaded streams with riparian forest cover(Pethiyagoda 1991; Senanayake and Moyle, 1982), and these species could be adversely affected bydeforestation (Amarasinghe et al., 2006). Deforestation, improper cultivation practices in upper catchmentareas of drainage basins of rivers and gem mining leads to heavy siltation in streams and rivers. Accordingto a study by Hewawasam et al. (2003) in the upper Mahaweli catchment, the local rates of soil loss fromagricultural plots on hill slopes in Sri Lanka are as high as 7000 t·km –2·yr –1 , suggesting extremely high levelof erosion from these lands, degrading habitats and increasing silt loads in streams and rivers. Researchershave predicted that siltation of rivers and streams could lead to population declines of threatened endemicfish such Puntius nigrofasciatus, Sicyopterus halei, Devario pathirana, Malpulutta kretseri and Rasboroidesvaterifloris which prefer habitats with unsilted clear water (Pethiyagoda 1991; Pethiyagoda, 1994; Senanayakeand Moyle, 1982). Given that a majority half of the threatened endemic freshwater crab species are restrictedto the montane and sub-montane habitats, poor sloping-land management and unwise land-use change inthe highlands continues to be a serious problem for their future survival (Hewawasam et al., 2003). Manyparathelphusids are extremely sensitive to polluted or silted waters, and will not survive when exposed tothese factors (Bahir et al, 2005).A majority of the threatened freshwater fish species are concentrated in the major river basins of the wetzone (ie., Kelani, Kalu, Nilwala and Gin) (see Figure 7) and the water quality of these rivers and theirtributaries are adversely affected by gem mining, sand mining, and agro-chemical residues. The lowerreaches of the Kelani river basin in particular is also affected by harmful industrial effluents, and salinityintrusion, as a result of over-extraction of water for human use, and sand mining.Naalin Perera © IUCN© Channa BambaradeniyaExcessive use of agrochemicals leads to accumulation of chemical residues in aquatic habitats which is a serious threat toaquatic organisms89

Figure 7: Distribution of threatened freshwater fish species in river basins90

Uncontrolled and excessive use of agro-chemicals (pesticides, chemical fertilizers) is a serious concerngiven that these substances are freely and widely used in Sri Lanka. Regulation presently addresses onlyhuman safety issues, and no pesticides have been tested in Sri Lanka for toxicity to non-target organisms.Sri Lanka has the highest fertilizer consumption (101.5 kg/ha) in the South Asia region. About 100 activeingredients of pesticides have been registered in the country. The most commonly used herbicides includePropanil and MCPA, while the popular fungicides include Sulphur and Copper salts and Dithiocarbamate.Carbamates are the most widely used insecticide (Mubarak, 2000). According to Pethiyagoda (2000), morethan 1.5 million kg of insecticides, 2 million kg of herbicides and 800,000 kg of fungicides are used annuallyin Sri Lanka. Harmful residues of agrichemicals could lead to further population declines among threatenedaquatic taxa (ie., fish, ranid amphibians, crabs and dragonflies), particularly among the endemic forms whichare sensitive to pollution.Hydrological alterations (dams, diversions etc.) have also resulted in the loss and/or displacement of severalendemic and threatened freshwater fish species. For instance, the breeding habitat of P. asoka affected bymini-hydro development (Perera, 2005), while the habitat of the Green Labeo (Labeo fisheri) has beendisplaced due to the construction of large dams across river Mahaweli (Senanayake and Moyle, 1982;Pethiyagoda, 1994). The distribution of the Blotched filamented barb (Puntius srilankensis), and Martenstyn’sBarb (P. martenstyni) have been reduced by the Elahera anicut, and the ongoing major irrigationdevelopment in this region will result in further loss of habitats of these two species. The populations of theLesser Spiny Eel (Macrognathus aral) and the Orange Fin Labeo (Labeo lankae), which were onceconsidered as common and widely distributed (Senanayake, 1980), had declined drastically within a decade,and virtually disappeared from many of their original localities in a mysterious manner (Pethiyagoda, 1994).At present, the habitats of most threatened endemic freshwater fish are located outside protected areas. Forinstance, the critically endangered Bandula Barb (Puntius bandula) is restricted to a single locality in astream in Galapitamada, which is surrounded by agricultural land (Gunawardena, 1998).Reclamation of lowland marshes and swamps especially in the Western Province has led to local extinctionand drastic reduction of the populations of two species of blind eels (Monopterus desilvai and Ophisternonbengalense). These species were once known to be common and widely distributed in lowland marshes inthe western part of Sri Lanka (Deraniyagala, 1952). Among the threatened mammals, the Fishing Cat(Prionailurus viverrinus) and the Otter (Lutra lutra) have also been subjected to local extinctions, due to lossof lowland marshes. The latter two species of threatened mammals are also subjected to frequent roadaccidents, due to access roads built across marshes and paddy fields.Poaching and over-exploitation of speciesSeveral species of threatened animals in Sri Lanka are subjected to poaching. A two year field researchconducted by Kittle and Watson (2002) has enabled to document 26 skins of the threatened Leopard(Panthera pardus kotiya) near National Parks. This top carnivore in Sri Lanka is also affected by wire snarespurportedly set for wild boar and deer; poisoning of cattle carcasses on which they feed; shooting andspearing (Jayewardene, 2002; Kittle & Watson, 2002).The threatened wild Elephant (Elephas maximus) in Sri Lanka is on the verge of becoming locally extinctfrom the wet zone of the island. According to recent records of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, adeath of a wild elephant is reported every two days, mostly as a result of gunshot injuries.The threatened endemic fish species such as Rasboroides vaterifloris, Puntius titteya, Puntiusnigrofasciatus, P. cumingii, Acanthocobitis uropthalmus, Aplocheilus werneri and Schismatogobiusderaniyagali and are over-exploited from wild habitats for the export ornamental fish trade. The collectorsmainly target the most colourful varieties of the above species, resulting in local extinction of theirpopulations from several habitats (Gunasekara, 1996).91

All species of threatened endemic aquatic plants (ie., Cryptocoryne spp., Lagenandra spp.) have beenadversely affected as a result of over-exploitation from wild habitats for export ornamental trade, and mostof these species have disappeared from several localities where they used to be common earlier.Threatened edible and/or medicinal plants such as Brachistelma lankana (“Pathan ala”) have declined inabundance due to over-exploitation (Ekanayake, 1994). The populations of several other threatened plantspecies are adversely affected by over-exploitation. For instance, a study by Ekanayake et al. (2005) inKanneliya forest revealed that frequency of occurrence of plants under exploitation pressure, such asCoscinium fenestratum (“Weniwelgeta”), Dipterocarpus glandulosus (“Dorana”) and Enicosanthumaccuminata (“Wal waraka”), was low in sites located in the buffer zone of the forest which is frequentlyexploited by local communities, in comparison to interior undisturbed areas. The sustainability of thepopulations of these species was also affected by detrimental methods of exploitation.Spread of invasive alien speciesThe introduction and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is a growing concern in Sri Lanka, with severalspecies of exotic fauna and flora having established well in wild habitats, and threatening native biodiversity(Bambaradeniya, 2002).The alien invasive Clown Knife Fish (Chitala ornata) was introduced to Sri Lanka as an ornamental aquariumfish, and soon escaped into wild habitats. Today, this voraceous carnivore has established breedingpopulations in streams and reservoirs in the wet zone, which harbour several species of threatened endemicfreshwater fish. It has been reported that the populations of many species of endemic fish have beenreduced subsequent to the introduction and spread of C. ornata (Gunawardane, 2002).The spread of invasive alien plants such asAnnona glabra, Dillenia suffruticosa andEichhornia crassipes has resulted in furtherdegradation of the remaining marshyhabitats of the threatened blind eels(Monopterus desilvai and Ophisternonbengalense) in the western part of Sri Lanka.In most instances, invasive alien function assuperior competitors for resources. Forinstance, Wijesinghe (2001) had recordednegative abundance relationships betweenendemic (ie., Srilankamys ohiensis) andnon-endemic (ie., Rattus rattus) rat speciesin study sites within Sinharaja rainforestsuggesting that these species arecompeting.© Channa BambaradeniyaDillenia suffruticosa - an invasive alien plant spreading in thelowland wetzoneLarge herds of feral domestic buffalo(Bubalus bubalis) are widespread in many protected areas in Sri Lanka (Bambaradeniya, 2002), where it hashybridized with the threatened wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), resulting in the local extinction ofgenetically pure populations of the latter species in locations such as the Wilpattu National Park(Deraniyagala, 1964).92

Other imminent threatsAlthough a few researches have been conducted on potential impacts of global climate change on forestdistribution in Sri Lanka (Somaratne and Dhanapala, 1996), there is no knowledge on the effect of climatechange on inland species. However, as experienced in other parts of the world, local climate change andacidification of rainwater could pose a major threat to the survival of threatened endemic herpetofauna andland snails, which have a restricted distribution. Meegaskumbura et al. (2007) suspect that recent climaticchanges may have stressed the endemic shrub-frog populations in the island, leading to the extinction ofsome species. A pioneering study on reproduction and development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Bahir et al.,2005) clearly highlights the critical humidity dependence of Philautus eggs, making them extremelyvulnerable to global warming. Forest die-back in the montane region, perhaps a result of air pollution andacid rain, is a potential threat to many species of threatened endemic shrub frogs, reptiles and land snailswhich are restricted to this region.REFERENCESAmarasinghe,U.S., Shirantha, R.R. and Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. 2006. Some aspects of ecology of endemic freshwaterfishes of Sri Lanka. In: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.), Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research andConservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Government of Sri Lanka. 113-124.Bahir, M.M., Ng, P.K.L., Crandall, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. 2005. A conservation assessment of the freshwater crabs ofSri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration andResearch in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 121–126.Bahir, M.M., Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Aarachchi, K., Schneider, C.J., and Pethiyagoda, R. 2005.Reproduction and terrestrial direct development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae:Philautus). In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration andResearch in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12:339-350.Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. 2002. The status and implications of invasive alien species in Sri Lanka. Zoos’ Print Journal17 (11): 930-935.Department of Census and Statistics www.statistics.gov.lk/population/indexDeraniyagala, P.E.P. 1952. A coloured Atlas of Some Vertebrates of Ceylon. Vol. 1, Ceylon Government Press,Colombo, 149pp.Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1964. Some aspects of the fauna of Ceylon. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 9(2): 164-219.Ekanayake, S.P. 1994. A phytosociological study of semi-evergreen forests of Knuckles and Udawalawe, Sri Lanka.M.Phil thesis, University of Peradeniya.Ekanayake, S. P., Angammana, D., Fernando, S., Samarawickrama, P., Perera, N. and Perera, S. 2005. Sustainable ofExtraction of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in Diptorocarp Dominant Lowland Rain Forests – A CaseStudy in South Western Lowland Rain Forest in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the APAFRI - 8th Round-TableConference on Dipterocarps, 15–17 November 2005, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Gunasekara, S. 1996. A cross section of the exports of endemic freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Loris, Journal of theWildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 21(2), 64-69.Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., and Dilhaan, M.A.A.B. 2005. Plant biogeography and conservation of thesouth-western hill forests of Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions toBiodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 9-22.Gunawardena, J. 1998. Puntius bandula. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka.21(5): 191-194.93

Gunawardane, J. 2002 Occurrence of Chitala chitala (Syn. Notopterus chitala) in native freshwater habitats.Sri Lanka Naturalist 5(1): 6-7.Hewawasam, T., von Blanckenburg, F., Schaller, M. and Kubik, P. 2003. Increase of human over natural erosionrates in tropical highlands constrained by cosmogenic nuclides. Geology 31: 597–600.Kittle, A. M. and Watson A. 2002. Leopard poaching in Sri Lanka. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature ProtectionSociety of Sri Lanka. 23(1&2): 42-49.Kotagama, S.W. and Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. 2006. An overview of the wetlands of Sri Lanka and their conservationsignificance. In: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Central Environmental Authority (2006) National Wetland Directoryof Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.Manamendra-Arachchi, K. And Pethiyagoda, R. 2005. The Sri Lankan shrub-frogs of the genus Philautus Gistel,1848 (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae), with description of 27 new species. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. andPethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The RafflesBulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 163–303.Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Schneider, C.J and Pethiyagoda, R. 2007. New species amongstSri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus). Zootaxa 1397: 1-15.Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis.World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources – MOENR 2003. Caring for the Environment 2003-2007 – Path toSustainable Development. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Colombo. 152pp.Mubarak, A, 2000. Water pollution. In: Arulpragasam, K.D. (ed.) Natural resources of Sri Lanka, National ScienceFoundation, pp 213-248.Perera R.N. 2005 Estimate of the present population and ecological parameters of Puntius asoka in Sitawake river.B. Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Open University of Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. 39pp.Pethiyagoda, R. 1991. Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Wildlife Heritage Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 362pp.Pethiyagoda, R. 1994. Threats to the indigenous freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka and remarks on theirconservation. Hydrobiologia 285: 189–201.Pethiyagoda, R. 2000. Fishes in trouble - the decline and fall of Sri Lanka’s freshwater fish fauna. Loris, Journal ofthe Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 22 (2), 56-64.Senanayake, F.R. 1980. The biogeography and ecology of the inland fishes of Sri Lanka. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology, University of California, Davis.Senanayake, F.R. and Moyle, P.B. 1982. Conservation of freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Biological Conservation 22:181-195.Somaratne, S. and Dhanapala, A.H. 1996. Potential impacts of global climate change on forest distribution in SriLanka. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 92: 129–135.Wijesinghe, M. R. 2001. Habitat selection of endemic and non-endemic vertebrates in Sinharaja, a rainforest inSri Lanka. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Cambridge University, U.K.Wijesinghe, M. R. 2006. Ecological Traits of Endemic Small Mammals in Rainforests of Sri Lanka, and TheirImplications for Conservation. In: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.), Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy,Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Government of SriLanka. 232-234.Wijesinghe, L. 2000. Forest resources. In: K. D. Arudpragasam (ed.) in Natural Resources of Sri Lanka 2000, NationalScience Foundation, Colombo. pp 153-165.94

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL RED LIST AND THE WAY FORWARDA national red list provides the conservation status of the assessed species in a given country at thatparticular time. Identifying species at risk is only the first step in species conservation.A red list• Provides baseline information necessary for the preparation of species profiles of threatened species,a basis for prioritising conservation efforts and information necessary for the preparation andimplementation of recovery plans;• Indicates information gaps regarding specific taxa and geographic areas;• Provides a scientific base for the development of a country’s research agenda on biodiversity;• Allows for objective prioritisation of funding for conservation-oriented research;• Indicates priority areas for the conservation of species;• Provides a scientific basis for the formulation and revision of legislation related to biodiversityconservation;• Provides a scientific framework for new policies and regulations related to biodiversity conservation;• Provides information for the creation of awareness and conservation education among differentstakeholders;• Provides a sound decision-making platform for regional and local administration bodies (i.e., atprovincial and town level planning ) for formulation of local development plans; and• Provides a framework from which monitor the spatial and temporal changes in biodiversity can bemonitored and trends objectively assessed.The aim of this chapter is to propose a set of actions that are needed along with detailed action plans inorder to achieve effective biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka. The following actions are proposed toensure the future sustenance of the redlisting process, and facilitate its use towards the conservation ofthreatened species in Sri Lanka. Some of the proposed activities would also facilitate the conservation ofthreatened species in Sri Lanka.1. Establishing a sustainable mechanism for future redlisting:All species are subjected to dynamic changes driven by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Therefore theconservation status of a species changes with time. Therefore it is essential that the assessment of theconservation status of species is a continuing process. Even though redlisting of Sri Lankan biodiversityhas been carried out at least four times over the past two decades, there has been a lack of continuitybetween each of these events. Thus, a sustainable mechanism that allows for constant monitoring andregular updating of the conservation status of species is urgently needed to ensure continuity andconsistency of the redlisting process. Further, it must be ensured that redlisting process is based onobjective and careful scientific evaluation of all available data on species. Finally, the responsibility of theredlisting process should lie with a government institute to ensure transparency and reliability of the finaloutcome. Therefore, the following set of actions is proposed to ensure that all these concerns areaddressed adequately.95

A. Establishment of a Species Conservation Unit (SCU)The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources is (MOE) should be the focal point for the redlistingprocess in Sri Lanka. Within the MOENR, the responsibility of dealing with issues related to threatenedspecies should be vested upon the Biodiversity Secretariat (BDS) which is the most suitable agency tohandle such matters. As this would entail a great deal of work, it is essential that a dedicated SpeciesConservation Unit (SCU) be established within the BDS to coordinate all activities related toconservation of threatened species. The responsibilities of this unit should include constant monitoringand collection of all research publications related to fauna and flora of Sri Lanka, expanding, constantupdating, management and administration of the species database, coordinating species recoveryactions and periodic updating of the national and global lists of threatened species in collaboration withNational Expert groups on different taxonomic groups appointed by the Biodiversity Secretariat. Thepersonnel to be hired for this unit should include a database administrator, a GIS expert, technicalsupport staff and an overall coordinator. These staff should be given a comprehensive training in orderto develop their capacity to perform efficiently the duties listed above.Area of focus Responsible Technical support Time FrameInstitution/sPrepare TOR of SCU MOENR - BDS NASCAG, NEC-BD June 2007Establish infra-structure MOENR - BDS December 2008Hire personnel MOENR - BDS December 2008Source funding to sustain the SCU MOENR - BDS December 2008Develop capacity of staff MOENR - BDS December 2011NASCAG: National Species Conservation Advisory Group, NEC-BD: National Experts Committee on BiodiversityB. Maintenance of the species database and regular updating of national red listsEvaluation of the conservation status of species is based on an objective process that requires greatdeal of information on species. In order to facilitate collection and analysis of such data, a NationalSpecies Database (NSD) has been established in the BDS. However, this database at present containsinformation on only a select group of taxa. Therefore, the database has to be expanded in order toaccommodate as many species as possible. Further, the information on available species has to beupdated as new information becomes. Thus, the NSD should be maintained and updated on a regularbasis, by the SCU, with inputs from individual researchers and other institutions. In order to ensurewider use of NSD, it should be made available to researchers and students through the Internet.However, this should be made possible only after ensuring data safety and integrity as well as adetailed set of guidelines for users. Researchers should be encouraged to use the database for noncommercialpurposes, analyse it to identify trends and also contribute to update it with their researchfindings. Such a process could be facilitated through a formal agreement between the Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources and the individual researcher and/or research institute. A MOUshould be developed to facilitate such information exchange. Further an incentive/ a rewardingmechanism should be established to encourage individual researchers to deposit publications (researchpapers, articles, books, monographs, thesis etc.) in the SCU library. As a part of this exercise, a virtuallibrary containing all published information on Sri Lankan biodiversity should be established in the BDS.As a part of their terms of reference, the SCU should prepare quarterly catalogues on new researchoutputs related to biodiversity, and forward it to researchers. Further, the national red list should beupdated annually based on new data that becomes available on species. The NSD should be integratedwith other relevant databases (ie., the national wetland database) after formulation of necessaryguidelines for data sharing.96

Area of focus Responsible Technical support Time FrameInstitution/sExpansion of the database to BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG, Individual Ongoing processinclude taxa that are not currentlyresearchersavailableCollection of new information on BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG, Individual Ongoing processtaxa that are already listed in theresearchersdatabaseEvaluation or reevaluation of species BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG, Individual Ongoing processbased on new informationresearchersUpdating and publication of the BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG January 2008 andNational redlistannually thereafterPropose revisions to the IUCN SCU IUCN, researchers January 2008 andglobal redlistannually thereafterEnsure data safety and integrity BDS (SCU) NEC-BDPrepare guidelines to use the database BDS (SCU) NASCAG, NEC-BD June 2007Host the database in the Worldwide Web BDS (SCU) IUCN December 2007Establish a network of researchers BDS (SCU) NASCAG December 2007that can contribute to the redlistPublish a quarterly catalogue on SCU, NSF NASCAG December 2007research outputs related toand annuallyBiodiversity of Sri LankathereafterEstablish a virtual library on Sri Lankan BDS (SCU) NASCAG, IUCN Ongoing processBiodiversity at the BiodiversitySecretariatFormulate guidelines for sharing and BDS (SCU) NASCAG June 2007integrating the NSD with other relevantdatabasesIntegrate NSD with other relevant BDS (SCU) NASCAG December 2007databases2. Linking the red list with ongoing cross-sectoral initiativesAlthough three National red lists were published during the last two decades, these lists have not beenadequately integrated to National Policy nor have they been included into other ongoing nationalconservation actions. Because of this, previous red lists have failed to make a significant impact onoverall conservation of species in Sri Lanka. This may be because there was a lack of awareness amongrelevant line agencies about the different purposes, significance and relevance of the National Red listand the need to integrate it into their planning processes. It could also be a result of lack of ownership ofthe red list as being a truly national tool for conservation. Therefore, as a follow on action it is essentialthat awareness is created among relevant line agencies in order to develop a framework in each of theline agencies so that they integrate the results of the red list into their ongoing activities. Some of the keyconservation-related activities that should be considered and the corresponding line agencies are listedbelow. It is proposed that a two day residential workshop be held with the participation of at least onehigh-ranking representative from each of these line agencies with the specific aim of drafting a documentincluding the activities to be undertaken by each of the line agencies to implement various facets of thered list and to develop mechanisms through which these outcomes are achieved. This activity should tobe completed by July 2007.97

Area of focusProtected area gap analysisHabitat mapping and biodiversity baseline surveys inselected protected areas of DWCNational Species Conservation StrategyProtected area management plan preparationRevision of fauna and flora protection ordinanceRevision of other conservation-related legislationRegulation of species subjected to export tradeConservation of crop wild relativesFunding and conducting biodiversity related researchConservation of medicinal speciesEx situ conservation of speciesNational policy and planningMOENR, DWC, and FDDWCResponsible Institution/sMOENR, IUCNDWC, FD, CEADWCDWC, FD, CCD, DF., DC, CEA, ID etc.DWC, FD, DC, DFDANSF, Universities, Research Institutes NonGovernmental OrganizationsMinistry of indigenous medicineDBG, DZG, etc.,Department of physical planningMOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC: Department of Wildlife Conservation, FD: Forest Department, CEA:Central Environmental Authority, CCD: Coast Conservation Department, DC: Department of Customs, DF:Department of Fisheries, ID: Irrigation Department, DA: Department of Agriculture, NSF: National ScienceFoundation, DBG: Department of National Botanical Gardens, DZG: Department of Zoological Gardens3. Prepare local level biodiversity profilesThe NSD contains a wealth of information that can be used to prepare regional biodiversity profiles toassist decision-making at a regional level. However, awareness about the red list and its implications tolocal developmental planning should also be created among local government bodies. A series of districtlevel workshops should be held with the participation of representatives from local government bodieswith the aim of formulating a set of local level actions to implement various facets of the red list results.The Biodiversity Secretariat (BDS) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MOENR)should organise these workshops, between the period of June to December 2007.4. Implement programmes to recover populations of threatened speciesThe primary aim of assessing the conservation status of species to identify conservation actions neededto protect these species so that natural populations can recover to a point where they can be down-listedor de-listed after a period of time. However, a simple comparison of the red lists published to dateindicates that the status of most threatened species has remained unchanged or has worsened with timeand this is therefore a very serious issue. This may be because necessary conservation measures havenot been taken despite red list data. Therefore, it is proposed that the proposed species conservationstrategy be completed as an essential and immediate follow-up action of the red list. As a part of thespecies conservation strategy, a set of single or multi species recovery plans should be identified anddeveloped, and a mechanism should be devised to implement these plans, in order that as many of thespecies that are listed are recovered.98

Area of focus (links) Responsible Technical support Time FrameInstitution/sComplete the species conservation BDS (NSCAG) IUCN BDS, selected stakeholders June 2007strategyIdentify a set of single and multi BDS (NASCAG) Selected stakeholders June 2007species recovery plansPrepare recovery plans Teams identified by BDS (NASCAG) December 2007the BDSSeek funds for the implementation MOENR-BDS, NSF, BDS (NASCAG) June 2008of recovery plansOther sources offundingImplement recovery plans Relevant line Teams involved in June 2008agenciespreparation of recoveryplans5. Initiatives to conserve point endemics occurring outside PA’sAccording to the NSD, a number of endemic species in Sri Lanka have highly restricted distributionpatterns, where they are known to exist only in one or a few locations. The NSD also reveals that manysuch point endemics exist outside the protected area network. Therefore, these species are at a high riskof extinction if appropriate conservation measures are not taken. In many of these cases simplyintegrating these locations into the existing protected area network may not be possible. Therefore, it willbe desirable to develop other conservation models - such as community-based conservation actionswhere local communities and civil society can play an major role in conserving these species. The NSDprovides a platform to identify such point endemics. Therefore, it is proposed that such point endemicswho need immediate conservation action should be identified and management plans prepared for theirconservation.Area of focus (links) Responsible Technical support Time FrameInstitution/sIdentify point endemics that occur MOENR-BDS NASCAG, IUCN June 2007outside the PA networkPrepare management plans to DWC, FD NASCAG, IUCN December 2007conserve these point endemicsImplementation of these DWC, FD, NGO’s NASCAG, IUCN January 2008management plans6. Develop a research agenda for threatened species and initiate island-wide surveys on biodiversityOne of the major constraints during the redlisting process was lack of data - except for their distribution -on most of the evaluated taxa. Basic biological and ecological data are not available from most species.Even baseline data – particularly for invertebrates – is not available for several key ecosystems in SriLanka. National expertise for many invertebrate and lower plant groups may be scarce. Therefore, it isessential that a research agenda is developed to fill these gaps, including capacity building in areas whereexpertise is lacking or weak.Another constraint was that temporal changes could not be assessed for most species as data had notbeen gathered using standard procedures. The following set of activities is proposed to overcome theselimitations.99

Area of focus Responsible Technical support Time FrameInstitution/sDevelop a research agenda for National Science NASCAG June 2007biodiversity -related workFoundationAward research contracts to NSF, DW, FD NASCAG June 2007implement the research agendaDevelop guidelines for a standard, NSF, MOENR-BDS NASCAG June 2007methodological approach forconducting biodiversity-relatedresearchConduct a series of workshops to NSF, MOENR-BDS NASCAG June 2007create awareness about researchgaps as well as use of standardmethods for data collectionConduct a series of workshops to MOENR-BDS and NASCAG December 2007develop capacity for research on National Sciencelower taxaFoundationInitiate baseline biodiversity surveys NSF, DW, FD NASCAG January 2008in selected sites7. Assess status of infra-species variations for useful speciesEven though the species is considered as the unit of conservation, there are number of taxa that show muchinfra species variation. In such cases, it may be prudent to plan conservation action at an infra species levelin order to ensure conservation of genetic diversity. Therefore, an attempt should be made to documentthe diversity below the species level, especially for agro-biodiversity, given that that several indigenouscrops and livestock varieties and their wild relatives have lost their genetic variability in the recent past.Area of focus Responsible Technical support Time FrameInstitution/sPrepare checklists of crop varieties Department of Crop Wild Relatives Project June 2007and their wild relativesAgriculturePrepare checklists of livestock Department of Indigenous Livestock Project June 2007varieties and their wild relatives LivestockIdentify indigenous species that show MOENR-BDS Individual experts on December 2007appreciable infra species variability such taxaIdentify a set of actions needed to MOENR-BDS Individual experts on December 2007conserve such infra species variationsuch taxaThese actions are necessary to ensure long term conservation of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity. The SCU based atthe biodiversity secretariat will act as the coordinating body to initiate these actions. However, as can beseen, successful completion of these tasks will require great deal of inter-agency cooperation without whichconservation of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka will indubitably fail.The future of the species diversity of Sri Lanka lies in gathering solid scientific baseline data, analysingthese data using the best possible methods, identifying gaps and priorities based on these scientificfoundations and developing conservation action plans from the information gathered. It is essential thatthese efforts are buttressed by conservation education that creates awareness not only about the threatsfacing species and their current status, but also about the role each stakeholder can play in the conservationof Sri Lanka’s flora and fauna. It is only when such a holistic and scientifically-based effort is made thatengages and involves all stakeholders that conservation will move from being rhetoric to effective action. Insuch an effort, redlisting is pivotal as a scientific tool that facilitates conservation.100

ANNEX 1UNDERSTANDING THE IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS(source: www.redlist.org)Taxa are listed in the IUCN Red List under categories that indicate the varying degrees of their probability ofextinction. There are nine clearly-defined IUCN categories under which every species (or lower taxonomicunit) in the world can be classified (figure 1.1).Figure 1.1. The IUCN Red List CategoriesNOTE: Technical definitions of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are given in the IUCN RedList Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 booklet and the Guidelines for using the IUCN Red ListCategories and Criteria.Extinct (EX)A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumedExtinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal,annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.Extinct in the Wild (EW)A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalizedpopulation (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild whenexhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual),101101

throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.Critically Endangered (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteriaA to E for Critically Endangered, and is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild.Endangered (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E forEndangered, and is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.Vulnerable (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E forVulnerable, and is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.Near Threatened (NT)A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for CriticallyEndangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is very close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for athreatened category in the near future.Least Concern (LC)A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CriticallyEndangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in thiscategory.Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment ofits risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status. A taxon in this category may be wellstudied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. DD istherefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category is only justified after ensuring thatmaximum use has been made of the available data.Not Evaluated (NE)A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.102

ANNEX 2SUMMARY OF THE FIVE CRITERIA (A-E) USED TO EVALUATE IF A SPECIES BELONGS IN ACATEGORY OF THREAT(CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED OR VULNERABLE)(source: www.redlist.org)Use any of the criteria A-B Critically Endangered Endangered VulnerableA. Population reduction Declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generationsA1 ≥ 90% ≥ 70% ≥ 50%A2, A3 & A4 ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30%Al. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of thereduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of thefollowing:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in AOO, EOO and/or habitat quality(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors orparasites.A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes ofreduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to(e) under AlA3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years)based on (b) to (e) under Al.A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes ofreduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to(e) under Al.B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent or occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area or occupancy)B1. Extent of occurrence < 100 km² < 5,000 km² < 20,000 km²B2. Area of occupancy < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km²AND at least 2 of the following:(a) Severely fragmented = 1 ≤ 5 ≤ 10or # locations(b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/orquality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number oflocations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals103

C. Small population size and declineNumber of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000AND either C1 or C2:C1. An estimated 25% in 3 years or 20% in 5 years or 10% in 10 years orcontinuing decline 1 generation 2 generations 3 generationsof at least:(up to a maximum of 100 years)C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b):a (i) # mature individuals in < 50 < 250 < 1,000each subpopulation:a (ii) or % individuals in one 90% 95% 100%sub-population at least(b) extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individualsD. Very small or restricted populationEither:(1) number of mature ≤ 50 ≤250 ≤1,000individualsAND/OR(2) restricted area Na na AOO < 20 km² orof occupancy# locations ≤5E. Quantitative AnalysisIndicating the probability ≥ 50% in 10 years or ≥ 20% in 20 years or ≥ 10% in 100 yearsof extinction in the 3 generations 5 generationswild to be: (100 years max) (100 years max)104

ANNEX 3DATA SOURCES(A) Published papers and articlesAbeyaratne, B.L. 1993. The Large Ceylon Grey Flying squirrel Petaurista phillippensis lanka. Loris, Journal ofthe Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 20(1): 23-24.Abeyratne, B.L. 1990. Letter to the editor. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of SriLanka. 19(2):80.Adamicka, P. 1983. Contributions to the functional anatomy of the feeding apparatus of five Cyprinids ofParakrama samudra (Sri Lanka). Development in Hydrobiology, Limnology of Parakrama Samudra, SriLanka. W. Junk Publishers, the Hague, 12: 171-175.Ahamad, R., Dharmaretnam, M. and de Silva, A. 2004. Snakes from Batticalao District: deposited in theZoology Museum, Eastern University, Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus Special Issue 5(1&2): 130-134.Amarasinghe, U.S. 1985. Studies on the exploitation of minor cyprinids in Parakrama Samudra, a man-madelake in Sri Lanka, using gillnets. Journal of National Aquatic Research Agency of Sri Lanka 32: 11-23.Amarasinghe, U.S. and Pushpalatha, K.B.C. 1997. Gillnet selectivity of Ompok bimaculatus (Siluridae) andPuntius dorsalis (Cyprinidae) in a small-scale Riverine fishery. Journal of National Science Council ofSri Lanka 25(3): 169-184.Amaratunga, K.L.D. 1973. Spermacoce latifolia Alblen, a new record for Sri Lanka. The Ceylon Journal ofScience 10(2): 155-157.Amudesh, P. (ed.). 2002. Sinharaja. Malkoha, Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka. 24(2): 5.Anon 1999. The pygmy shrew. Sri Lanka Nature 2(2): 5.Anon (2002) Birdwatching in Maduruoya National Park. Malkoha, Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka.24(3):5-9.Athnatake, R.M.W.R. and Jayasuriya, L.R. 1998. Threatened endemic vegetation in the upper montane rainforest in Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve. Sri Lanka Forester 23(1&2): 18-22.Atputhanathan, M. and Chitravadivelu, K. 1969. Fish population of the Thondaimannar Lagoon, its distributionand economic potential. Hydrobiological survey, Research Council and Northern Province ScienceTeacher’s Association of Sri Lanka. 9: 1-81.Bahir, M. 1999. Scaring the enemy-The slender coral snake. Sri Lanka Nature 2(2): 22-24.Bahir, M. 1998. The Painted Bat. Sri Lanka Nature 2(1): 30-31.Bahir, M. and Nanayakkara, S. 2000. Captive life history and siblicide in the Field Mouse Mus booduga. Loris,Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 22(3): 63-64.Bahir, M.M. and Silva, A. 2005. Otocryptis nigristigma, a new species of agamid lizard from Sri Lanka. In:Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration andResearch in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12:393-406.Bahir, M.M. and Maduwage, K.P. 2005. Calotes desilvai, a new species of agamid lizard from Morningside,Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to BiodiversityExploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12:381-392.105

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(C ) Fauna and flora repositoriesNational Museum (Natural History Section)National HerbariumWildlife Heritage Trust (Agra arboretum)(D) Researchers who provided unpublished distribution dataBirds: Mr. Deepal Warakagoda, Mr. Upali Ekanayake, Mr. Lester Perera, Mr.Udaya Siriwardana, Mr. UdithaHettige, Mr.Gehan de Silva WijeyeratneButterflies: Dr. Michael van der Poorten, Mr. W.P. Naalin Perera, Mr. Dhammithra Samarasinghe, Mr. PrasannaSamarawickramaFlora: Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya, Dr. Siril Wijesundera, Prof. Nimal Gunatilleke, Prof. Savithri Gunatilleke, Mr.Suranjan Fernando, Mr. Sisira Ediriweera, Mr. Sarath Ekanayake, Mr. Ajantha Palihawadane, Dr. AnomaPerera, Dr. Deepthi Yakandawala, Dr. H. Kathriarachchi, Dr. Malik Fernando, Mr. Dilup ChandranimalFreshwater fish: Prof. P.R.T.,Cumaranatunga, Mr. Rohan Pethiyagoda, Mr, Samantha Gunasekera, Mr. AnushaM. De Silva, Mr. Jagath Gunawardena, Ms. Ramani Shirantha, Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Mr. W.P.Naalin Perera, Mr. Pradeep SamarawickramaLand Snails: Mr. Kithsiri Ranawana, Mr. Pradeep Samarawickrama, Mr. Lalith KariyawasamMammals: Dr. W.B. Yapa, Dr. P.M.C.B. Digana, Mr. Sampath Goonetilake, Dr. Mayuri WijesingheReptiles: Mr. Anslem De Silva, Mr. Ruchira Somaweera, Mr. Mendis Wickramasinghe, Mr. D.M.S.S.Karunarathna, Mr. W.P. Naalin Perera, Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi125

ANNEX 4:VERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE NEAR THREATENED (NT) CATEGORY(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)CLASS:ACTINOPTERIGII (Freshwater Fish)Family- CyprinidaeRasboroides atukorali (Deraniyagala, 1943)E - Horadandia, S - HoradandiaFamily – BalitoridaeSchistura notostigma (Bleeker,1863)*E - Banded mountain loach, S - Puwak badillaFamily – AplocheilidaeAplocheilus dayi (Steindachner, 1892)*E - Day’s killifish, S - Uda handeyaFamily – BelonnidaeXenentodon cancila Hamilton, 1822E - Freshwater garfish, S - YonnaFamily –BelontidaeBelontia signata (Gunther 1861)*E - Combtail, S - ThalkossaFamily ChannidaeChanna orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)*E - Smooth-breasted snakehead, S - Kola kanayaFamily – AnguillidaeAnguilla bicolor Mc Clelland, 1844E - Level finned eel , S - Kalu aandaCLASS: AMPHIBIAFamily: MicrohylidaeRamanella obscura (Günther, 1864)*E - Obscure ramanella, S - Dumburu mota hombu madiyaFamily: RanidaeRana temporalis (Günther, 1864)*E - Bronzed frog, S - Thambawan diya madiyaPhilautus rus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Kandian shrub frog, S - Nuwara panduru madiyaPhilautus sordidus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Grubby shrub frog, S - Anduru lapawan panduru madiyaPhilautus stictomerus (Günther, 1876)*E - Orange canthal shrub frog, S - Thambili-hombu thirathi panduru madiyaCLASS: REPTILIAFamily: CrocodylidaeCrocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801E - Estuarine crocodile, S - Gata Kimbula126

Family: BataguridaeMelanochelys trijuga (Schweigger, 1814)E - Parker’s Black Turtle, S - Gal IbbaFamily: AgamidaeLyriocephalus scutatus (Linnaeus, 1758)*E - Lyre head lizard/ Hump snout Lizard, S - Karamal bodiliyaOtocryptis wiegmanni Wagler, 1830*E - Sri Lankan kangaroo lizard, S - Pinum katussaFamily: ChameleonidaeChamaeleo zeylanicus Laurenti, 1768E - Sri Lankan Chameleon, S - BodilimaFamily: GekkonidaeGeckoella triedrus (Günther, 1864)*E - Spotted bowfinger gecko, S - Pulli vakaniyahunaHemidactylus maculatus Duméril & Bibron 1836E - Spotted giantgecko / Rock gecko, S - Davanta tit hunaCnemaspis molligodai Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa 2007E - Molligoda’s day gecko, S - Molligodage diva hunaFamily: ScincidaeDasia halianus (Haly & Nevill et Nevill, 1887).E - Haly’s treeskink, S - Halige rukhiraluwaLankascincus gansi Greer, 1991*E - Gans’s lankaskink, S - Gansge lakhiraluwaLankascincus taprobanensis (Kelaart, 1854) *E - Smoth Lanka skink, S - Sumudu lakhiraluwaMabuya madaraszi Méhely, 1897*E - Spotted skink, S - Pulli hikanalaNessia burtonii Gray, 1839*E - Threetoe Snakeskink, S - Triyanguli sarpahiraluwaFamily - CylindrophidaeCylindrophis maculata (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Pipe snake, S - Depath nayaFamily – ColubridaeAhaetulla pulverulenta (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)E - Brown vine snake, S - HenakandayaAspidura brachyorrhos (Boie, 1827)E - Boie’s roughside, S - Le madillaAspidura guentheri Ferguson, 1876E - Ferguson’s roughside, S - KudamadillaAspidura trachyprocta Cope, 1860E - Common roughside, S - Dalawa madillaBoiga barnesii (Günther, 1869)E - Barnes’s cat snake, S - Panduru mapilaChrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802)E - Ornate flying snake, S - MalsaraDryocalamus nympha (Daudin, 1803)E - Bridal snakeGeta, S - Radanakaya/ Geta karawalaMacropisthodon plumbicolor (Cantor, 1839)127

E - The green keelback, S - PalabariyaFamily – ElapidaeBungarus ceylonicus Günther, 1864E - Sri Lanka krait, S - Mudu karawala/ Hath karawalaCalliophis melanurus (Shaw, 1802)E - Sri Lanka coral snake, S - Depath kaluwaFamily – ViperidaeHypnale nepa (Laurenti, 1768).E - Merrem’s hump-nosed viper, S - Mukalan thelissaCLASS: AVESFamily: PhasianidaeGalloperdix bicalcarata (Forster, 1781)*E - Sri Lanka Spurfowl, S - Sri Lanka Haban-kukulaFrancolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789)E - Grey Francolin, S - Alu Watu-kukulaFamily: PicidaeDendrocopus nanus (Gmelin, 1788)E - Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker, S - Bora Esasi Gomera-KarelaCeleus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818)E - Rufous Woodpecker, S - Borath koda karelaPicus chlorolophus (Vieillot, 1818)E - Lesser Yellow-naped Woodpecker, S - Heen kaha-gelasi karelaChrysocolaptes lucidus (Scopoli, 1786)**E - Greater Flameback, S - Lepita Maha-karelaFamily: BucerotidaeAnthracoceros coronatus (Boddaert, 1783)E - Malabar Pied Hornbill, S - Poru-kandaththaFamily: UpupidaeUpupa epops Linnaeus, 1758E - Common Hoopoe, S - Podu PoroluwaFamily: TrogonidaeHarpactes fasciatus (Pennant, 1769)E - Malabar Trogon, S - LohawannichchiyaFamily: AlcedinidaeCeyx erithacus (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher, S - Peradiga Ran-pilihuduwaFamily: CuculidaeHierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797)E - Common Hawk Cuckoo, S - UkusukohaPhaenicophaeus leschenaultii (Lesson, 1830)E - Southern Sirkeer, S - Patan MalkohaFamily: PsittacidaePsittacula calthropae(Blyth, 1849)*E - Sri Lanka Layard’s Parakeet, S - Sri Lanka Alu girawaFamily: ApodidaeCollocalia unicolor (Jerdon, 1840)E - Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet, S - Indu Upa-thurithaya128

Family: TytonidaeTyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)E - Barn Owl, S - Atu WesbassaFamily: StrigidaeBubo nipalensis Hodgson, 1836E - Spot-bellied Eagle Owl, S - UlamaStrix leptogrammica Temminck, 1832E - Brown Wood Owl, S - Bora Wana-bakamoonaGlaucidium radiatum (Tickell, 1833)E - Jungle Owlet, S - Wana upabassaFamily: BatrachostomidaeBatrachostomus moniliger Blyth, 1849E - Frogmouth, S - Madi-muhunaFamily: CaprimulgidaeCaprimulgus indicus Latham, 1790E - Highland Nightjar, S - Alu BimbassaFamily: RallidaeGallicrex cinerea (Gmelin, 1789)E - Watercock, S - KoraFamily: BurhinidaeBurhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Eurasian Thick-knee, S - Eurasia GolukiraluwaEsacus recurvirostris (Cuvier, 1829)E - Great Thick-knee, S - Maha GolukiraluwaFamily: AccipitridaeElanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789)E - Black-shouldered Kite, S - Uris-kalu PathannkussaHieraaetus kienerii (Geoffroy, 1835)E - Rufous-bellied Eagle, S - Kusarath RajaliyaFamily: PhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Great Cormorant, S - Maha DiyakawaFamily: CiconiidaeCiconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783)E - Woolly-necked Stork, S - Padili ManawaFamily: CorvidaeDicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766)E - Great Racket-tailed Drongo, S - Maha KawudaFamily: MuscicapidaeCulicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820)E - Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher, S - Aluhis Kaha-masimaraZoothera spiloptera (Blyth, 1847)*E - Sri Lanka Spot-winged Thrush, S - Sri Lanka Thithpiya ThirasikayaFamily: SittidaeSitta frontalis Swainson, 1820E - Velvet-fronted Nuthatch, S - Villuda Nalal YatikuriththaFamily: HirundinidaeHirundo daurica Linnaeus, 1771129

E - Red-rumped Swallow, S - Nithamba rathu WahilihiniyaFamily: PycnonotidaePycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789)E - Black-crested Bulbul, S - Kalu Hisasi KondayaIole indica (Jerdon, 1839)E - Yellow-browed Bulbul, S - Bamakaha GuluguduwaFamily: ZosteropidaeZosterops ceylonensis Holdsworth, 1872*E - Sri Lanka White-eye, S - Sri Lanka SithasiyaFamily: SylviidaeAcrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)E - Great Reed Warbler, S - Gosa panraviyaPellorneum fuscocapillum (Blyth, 1849)*E - Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler, S - Sri Lanka Boraga-demalichchaPomatorhinus horsfieldii Sykes 1832*E - Scimitar Babbler, S - Da-demalichchaDumetia hyperythra (Franklin, 1831)E - Tawny-bellied Babbler, S - Kusakaha Landu-demalichchaFamily: PasseridaePloceus manyar (Horsfield, 1821)E - Streaked Weaver, S - Pan WadukurullaPloceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766)E - Baya Weaver, S - Ruk WadukurullaCLASS: MAMMALIAFamily: ManidaeManis crassicaudata Gray, 1827E - Pangolin, S - KaballewaFamily: HipposideridaeHipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, 1850E - Great leaf-nosed bat, S - Maha Pathnehe-vavulaFamily: MegadermatidaeMegaderma lyra Geoffroy, 1810E - False vampire bat, S - Boru Ley-vavulaMegaderma spasma (Linnaeus, 1758)E - Long-eared vampire bat, S - Kandiga Boru Ley-vavulaFamily: CercopithecidaeSemnopithecus priam Blyth, 1844E - Grey langur, S - Eli-wanduraMacaca sinica (Linnaeus, 1771)*E - Sri Lanka toque monkey, S - RilavaFamily: LorisidaeLoris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908E - Sri Lanka grey slender loris, S - Alu UnahapuluwaFamily: TragulidaeMoschiola kathygre Groves & Meijaard, 2005*E - Sri Lanka pigmy mouse-deer, S - Sri Lanka Kuru Meminna130

ANNEX 5:INVERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE NEAR THREATENED (NT) CATEGORY(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)CLASS/FAMILY/SPECIESCLASS: ARACHNIDAFamily: TheraphosidaePoecilotheria ornataPoecilotheria subfuscaCLASS: INSECTA (Order Lepidoptera)Family - PapilionidaeTroides darsius Gray, 1852*E - Ceylon Birdwing, S - Maha Kurulu Piya PapiliyaChilasa clytia Linnaeus, 1758E - Mime, S - Rawana PapiliaPapilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758E - Red Helen, S - Maha Kela PapiliaPathysa nomius Esper, 1784E - Spot Swordtail, S - Thith kaga-waligayaFamily - PieridaeAppias libythea Fabricius, 1798E - Striped Albatross, S - Iri SudanaAppias lyncida Cramer, 1779E - Chocolate Albatross, S - Dumburuwan SudanaColotis amata Fabricius, 1775E - Small Salmon Arab, S - Punchi Rosa SudanaColotis danae Fabricius, 1775E - Crimson Tip, S - Rathu-thudu SuddaColotis etrida Boisduval, 1836E - Little Orange Tip, S - Heen SudanaFamily - NymphalidaeIdea iasonia Westwood, 1848E - Tree Nymph, S - PawennaIdeopsis similis Linnaeus, 1764E - Blue Glassy Tiger, S - Maha Nil-KotithiyaTirumala septentrionis Butler, 1865E - Dark Blue Tiger, S - Anduruwan Nil-KotithiyaEuploea sylvester Fabricius, 1793E - Double- banded Crow, S - De-iri Kaka-KotithiyaEuploea phaenareta Schaller, 1758E - King Crow, S - Yoda Kaka-KotithiyaEuploea klugii Moore,1888131

E - Brown King Crow, S - Raja Kaka-KotithiyaAriadne merione Cramer, 1777E - Common Castor, S - Podu Pathan-SariyaByblia ilithyia Drury, 1773E - Joker, S - KawatayaCupha erymanthis Drury, 1773E - Rustic, S - RaththiyaVindula erota Fabricius, 1793E - Cruiser Yoda, S - ThambiliyaCirrochroa thais, Fabricius, 1787E - Tamil Yeoman, S - Kela RaththiyaCethosia nietneri Felder, 1867E - Ceylon Lace Wing, S - Lanka Seda-PiyapathaArgynnis hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763E - Indian Fritillary, S - Indiyanu AlankarikyaVanessa indica Herbst, 1794E - Indian Red Admiral, S - Rathu seneviyaVanessa cardui Linnaeus,1761E - Painted Lady, S - Vichitra AlankarikyaKaniska canace Linnaeus, 1763E - Blue Admiral, S - Nil SeneviyaPantoporia hordonia Stoll, 1790E - Common Lasker, S - Kaha SelaruwaModuza procris Cramer, 1777E - Commander, S - Maha SelaruwaParthenos sylvia Cramer, 1775E - Clipper, S - Yoda Kela SelaruwaRohana parisatis Westwood,1850E - Black Prince, S - Kalu KumarayaPolyura athamas Drury, 1770E - Nawab, S - Kaha KumarayaCharaxes psaphon, Westwood,1848E - Tawny Rajah, S - Maha kumarayaCharaxes solon Fabricius, 1793E - Black Rajah, S - Kalu Raja-KumarayaLibythea myrrha Godart, 1819E - Club Beak, S - Dandu Dumburu-thuduwaLethe rohria Fabricius, 1787E - Common Tree Brown, S - Podu Gas-dumburuwaFamily - LycaenidaeArhopala pseudocentaurus Doubleday, 1847E - Centaur Oakblue, S - Surya Gas-NilayaSurendra vivarna Horsfield, 1829E - Common Acacia, S - Blue Podu Gas-NilayaAmblypodia anita Hewitson, 1862E - Purple Leafblue, S - Dam Gas-NilayaSpindasis ictis Hewitson, 1862132

E - Ceylon Silverline, S - Lanka Ridee-nilayaJamides lacteata de Niceville, 1895E - Milky Cerulean, S - Sudu Seru-nilayaJamides alecto Felder,1860E - Metallic Cerulean, S - Dilisena Seru-nilayaTarucus callinara Butler,1886E - Butler’s Spotted Pierrot, S - Thith Mal-nilayaActyolepis puspa ToxopeusE - Common Hedge Blue, S - Mal Panduru-nilayaNeopithicops zalmora ButlerE - Quaker, S - Maha thith Dumburu-nilayaHasora taminatus Hub.E - White banded AwlSarangesa dasahara MooreE - Common Small FlatBaracus vittatus FelderE - Hedge HopperBorbo cinnara WallaceE - Wallace’s SwiftChoaspes benjaminii Guerin-MenevilleE - Indian Awl kingGangara thyrsis Herrich-SchaefferE - Giant Red eyeColadenia indranii MooreE - Tricolour Pied FlatHyaroitis adrastus MooreE - Tree FlitterNotocrypta paralysos EvansE - Common Banded DemonPotanthus pallida EvansE - Indian Dart133

CLASS: CRUSTACEA (Order Decapoda)Family: ParathelphusidaeCeylonthelphusa kandambyi Bahir, 1999Ceylonthelphusa venusta (Ng, 1995)Mahatha adonis Ng & Tay, 2001Oziothelphusa ceylonensis (Fernando, 1960)Oziothelphusa hippocastanum (Muller, 1887)Oziothelphusa stricta Ng & Tay, 2001Perbrinckia integra Ng, 1995Perbrinckia nana (Bahir, 1999)PHYLUM: MOLLUSCAFamily: EuconulidaeEurychlamys regulata* (Benson 1860)Family: AriophantidaeCryptozona ceraria* (Benson 1853)Cryptozona chenui* (Pfeiffer 1847)Euplecta partita* (Pfeiffer 1854)Euplecta semidecussata (Pfeiffer 1853)Family: StreptaxidaeIndoartemon layardianus* (Benson 1853)Family: AcavidaeAcavus haemastoma** (Linnaeus 1758)Family: CyclophoridaeCyclophorus ceylanicus* (Pfeiffer 1849)Cyc!ophorus menkeanus* (Philippi 1848)Theobaldius bairdi* (Pfeiffer 1854)Pterocyclus cumingi (Pfeiffer 1851)134

ANNEX 6:VERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE DATA DEFICIENT (DD) CATEGORY(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)CLASS/FAMILY/SPECIESClass: Actinopterigii (Freshwater Fish)Family: CyprinidaeAmblypharyngodon grandisquammis Jordan & Starks, 1917*Chela laubuca (Hamilton, 1822)E - Blue laubuca, S - Kara edayaDanio aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839)Garra phillipsi (Deraniyagala, 1933)E - Phillip’s garra, S - Dumbara gal pandiyaPuntius amphibius (Valenciennes, 1842)E - Scarlet banded barb, S - Mada ipillaFamily- BagridaeMystus cavasius (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)E - Gangetic mystusMystus keletius (Valenciennes, 1839)E - Yellow catfish, S - Path ankuttaFamily – GobiidaeOligolepis acutipennis (Valenciennes, 1837)E - Sharptail gobyStenogobius malabaricus (Day, 1865)Family- OryziidaeOryzias melastigma (McClelland, 1839)E - Blue eye, S - Hande titteyaCLASS: AMPHIBIAFamily: RanidaeHoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802)E - Indian bull frog, S - Indiya diya madiyaPhilautus regius Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*E - Polonnaruwa shrub frog, S - Rajarata panduru madiyaPhilautus semiruber (Annandale, 1913)*E - Annandale’s shrub frog, S - Annadelge panduru madiyaCLASS: REPTILIAFamily: GekkonidaeCosymbotus platyurus (Schneider, 1792).E - Frilltail Gecko, S - Nagutavakrali hunaCyrtodactylus collegalensis (Beddome, 1870).E - Collegal rockgecko, S - Collegalge vakaniya hunaHemidactylus scabriceps (Annandale, 1906)E - Scaly gecko, S - Korapotu huna135

Cnemaspis alwisi Wickramasinhe and Munindradasa 2007*E - Alwis’s day gecko, S - Alwisge diva hunaCnemaspis scalpensis (Ferguson, 1877)*E - Ferguson’s day gecko, S - Fergusonge divasari hunaCnemaspis kandiana (Kelaart, 1853 “1852”)*E - Kandyan day gecko, S - Kandukara divasari hunaCnemaspis gemunu Bauer, de Silva, Greenbaum and Jackman 2007*E - Gemunu’s day geckoCnemaspis kumarasinghei Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa 2007*E - Kumarasinghe’s day gecko, S - Kumarasinhage diva hunaCnemaspis retigalensis Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa 2007*E - Ritigala day gecko, S - Retigala diva hunaFamily: ScincidaeLankasincus munindradasai Wickramasinghe et.al*E - Munindradasa’s Lanka skink, S - Munindradasage lakhekanalaLankasincus sripadensis Wickramasinghe et.al*E - Sripada forest skink, S - Sripakandu duburu hekanalaLygosoma singha (Taylor, 1950)*E - Taylor’s skink, S - Taylorge hiraluhikanalaNessia deraniyagalai Taylor, 1950*E - Deraniyagala’s snakeskink, S - Deraniyagalage sarpahiraluwaSphenomorphus dorsicatenatus Deraniyagala, 1953*E - Catenated litter skink, S - Damval singitihikanalaSphenomorphus dussumieri (Duméril & Bibron, 1839)*E - Dussumier’s litter skink, S - Salkabahita singitihikanalaSphenomorphus megalops (Annandale, 1906)*E - Annandale’s litter skink, S - Annandalege singitihikanalaFamily: LacertidaeOphisops minor (Deraniyagala, 1971)E - Lesser snake eye lizard, S - Kuda sarpakshi katussaFamily - ColubridaeArgyrogena fasciolata (Shaw, 1802)E - Banded racer, S - Wal gerandiyaAspidura copei Günther, 1864E - Cope’s roughside, S - KalumedillaBoiga beddomei (Wall, 1909).E - Beddoms cat snake, S - Kaha mapilaDendrelaphis oliveri (Taylor, 1950).E - Oliver’s bronze back, S - Oliverge haldandaDryocalamus gracilis ( Günther, 1864).E - The scarce bridal, S - Megata radanakayaHaplocercus ceylonensis Günther, 1858E - The black spine snake/ Mould snake, S - KurunkarawalaFamily - TyphlopidaeRamphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)E - Common blind snake, S - Dumutu kanaullaTyphlops ceylonicus Smith, 1943E - Smith’s blind snake, S - Smithge kanaulla136

Typhlops lankaensis Taylor, 1947.E - Lanka blind snake, S - Lak kanaullaTyphlops leucomelas Boulenger, 1890E - Pied typhlops, S - Dewarna kanaullaTyphlops malcolmi Taylor, 1947.E - Malcolm’s blind snake, S - Malcomge kanaullaTyphlops mirus Jan in: Jan and Sordelli, 1860E - Jan’s blind snake, S - Heen kanaullaTyphlops porrectus Stoliczka, 1871E - Stoliczka’s blind snake, S - Stoliczkge kanaullaTyphlops tenebrarum Taylor, 1947E - Taylor’s blind snake, S - Taylorge KanaullaTyphlops veddae Taylor, 1947E - Veddha’s blind snake, S - Veddhage KanaullaTyphlops violaceus Taylor, 1947E - Violet blind snake, S - Dan kanaullaFamily - UropeltidaePlatyplectrurus madurensis Beddome 1877Pseudotyphlops philippinus Schlegel, 1839E - Large shield tail, S - Maha bimullaRhinophis blythii Kelaart, 1853E - Blyth’s earth snake, S - Gomara thudullaRhinophis dorsimaculatus Deraniyagala, 1941E - Orange shield tail, S - Thambapani walga ebayaRhinophis drummondhayi Wall, 1921E - Drummond-Hay’s earth snake, S - ThapothudullaRhinophis homolepis Hemprich, 1820E - Kelaarts earth snake, S - DepaththudullaRhinophis oxyrynchus (Schneider, 1801)E - Schneider’s earth snake, S - UlthudullaRhinophis philippinus (Cuvier, 1829).E - Cuvier’s earth snake, S - Cuvierge walga ebayaRhinophis porrectus Wall, 1921E - Willey’s earth snake, S - DigthudullaRhinophis punctatus Müller, 1832E - Muller’s earth snake, S - TicthudullaRhinophis tricoloratus Deraniyagala, 1975.E - Deraniyagala’s shield tail, S - Deraniyagalage walga ebayaUropeltis melanogaster (Gray, 1858).E - Black shield tail, S - KaluwakatullaUropeltis phillipsi (Nicholls, 1929).E - Phillips’s shield tail, S - IriwakatullaUropeltis ruhunae Deraniyagala, 1954137

CLASS: AVESFamily: AnatidaeSarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant, 1769)E - Comb duck, S - KabaliththiyaFamily: MeropidaeMerops philippinus Linnaeus, 1766E - Blue-tailed Bee-eater, S - Nilpenda BinguharayaFamily: LaridaeSterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758E - Common Tern, S - Podu MuhudulihiniyaSterna anaethetus Scopoli, 1786E - Bridled Tern, S - Kadiyalam MuhudulihiniyaFamily: AccipitridaeMilvus migrans (Bonddaert, 1783)E - Black Kite, S - Bora ParakussaFamily: FalconidaeFalco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758E - Common Kestrel, S - Podu KurulugoyaFamily: CorvidaeAegithina nigrolutea (Marshall, 1876)E - Marshall’s Iora, S - Marchallge IorawaCLASS: MAMMALIAFamily: SoricidaeSuncus etruscus (Savi, 1822)E - Pigmy shrew, S - Podi Hik-miyaFamily: EmballonuridaeTaphozous longimanus Hardwicke, 1825E - Long-armed sheath-tailed bat, S - Dikba Kepulum-vavulaSaccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck, 1838)E - Pouch-bearing sheath-tailed bat, S - Maha Kepulum-vavulaFamily: MolossidaeTadarida aegyptiaca (Geoffroy, 1818)E - Continental wrinkled-lip bat, S - Mahadive Rallithol-vavulaFamily: VespertillionidaeHesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth, 1851)E - Tickle’s bat, S - Awara-vavulaFalsistrellus affinis (Dobson, 1871)E - Chocolate bat, S - Bora Koseta-vavulaScotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821E - Lesser yellow bat, S - Heen Kaha-vavula138

ANNEX 7:INVERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE DATA DEFICIENT (DD) CATEGORY(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)CLASS/FAMILY/SPECIESCLASS: ARACHNIDAFamily: TheraphosidaeChilobrachys nitelinus* Karsch, 1891Plesiophrictus tenuipes* Pocock, 1899CLASS: INSECTA (Order Lepidoptera)Family: PieridaeEurema laeta Boisduval,1836E - Spotless Grass Yellow, S - Thithnathi KahakolayaJunonia hierta Fabricius, 1793E - Yellow Pansy, S - Kaha AlankarikyaFamily: LycaenidaeArhopala ormistoni* Riley, 1920E - Ormiston’s Oakblue, S - Lanka Gas-NilayaArhopala bazaloides Hewitson, 1878E - Tamil Oakblue, S - Anduru Gas-NilayaHoraga onyx Moore,1857E - Blue Onyx Podu, S - Visithuru-NeelayaHoraga albimaculata Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1881E - Brown Onyx, S - Dumburu Visithuru-NeelayaSpindasis schistacea Moore,1881E - Plumbeous Silverline, S - Kela Ridee-nilayaSpindasis lunulifera Moore, 1979E - Scarce Shot Silverline, S - Punchi Ridee-nilayaSpindasis nubilus Moore, 1883*E - Clouded Silverline, S - Anduruwan Ridee-nilayaRapala iarbus Fabricius, 1787E - Indian Red Flash, S - Rathu KiranayaRapala varuna Horsfield, 1829E - Indigo Flash, S - Dam KiranayaNacaduba sinhala Ormiston, 1924*E - Pale Ceylon 6-Lineblue, S - Lanka Haya-iriyaNacaduba ollyetti Corbet, 1947*E - Woodhouse’s 4-Lineblue, S - Kala Hathara-iriyaNacaduba berenice Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869E - Rounded 6-Lineblue, S - Raum Haya-iriyaNacaduba calauria Felder, 1860E - Dark Ceylon 6-Lineblue, S - Anduruwan Haya-iriyaNacaduba pactolus Felder,1860E - Large 4-Lineblue, S - Maha hathara-iriya139

Nacaduba hermus Felder,1860E - Pale 4-lineblue, S - Anduru hathara-iriyaNacaduba kurava Moore, 1857E - Transparent 6-Lineblue, S - Sudu Haya-iriyaNacaduba beroe Felder, 1865E - Opaque 6-Lineblue, S - Kela Haya-iriyaPetrelaea dana de Niceville, 1883E - Dingy Lineblue, S - Punchi Nil-iriyaProsotas dubiosa Semper, 1879E - Tailless Lineblue, S - Pendanathi Nil-iriyaIonolyce helicon Felder, 1860E - Pointed Lineblue, S - Ul Nil-iriyaCatochrysops panormus Felder, 1860E - Silver Forget-me-not, S - Redee Mal-nilayaActyolepis lilacea ToxopeusE - Hampson’s Hedge Blue, S - Sudu Panduru-nilayaCelastrina lavendularis MooreE - Plain Hedge Blue, S - Maha Panduru-nilayaUdara akasa FruhstorferE - White Hedge Blue, S - Ahas Udara-neelayaFamily - HesperiidaeGangara lebadea MooreE - Banded RedeyeHalpe egena* FelderE - Rare AceCattoris philippina MooreE - Philippine SwiftPHYLUM: MOLLUSCAFamily - PupilloideaMicrostele muscerda (Benson 1853)Pupoides coenopictus Hutton 1834Family - VertiginiclaeGastrocopta (Gastrocopta) mimula (Benson 1853)*Nesopupa (Indopupa) cinghalensis (Gude 1914)*Pupisoma miccyla (Benson 1860)*Family - PyramidulidaePyramidula halyi (Jousseaume 1894)*Family - BulimininaeMirus panos (Benson 1853)*Mirus proletaria (Pfeiffer 1855)*Family - CerastuidaeRachis punctatus (Anton 1839)Rhachistia adumhratus (Pfeiffer 1855)*Rhachistia pulcher (Gray 1825)Family - EndodontidaePhilalanka circumsculpta Sykes 1897*Philalanka depressa (Preston 1909)*140

Philalanka edithae (Preston 1909)*Philalanka lamcabensis Jousseaume 1894*Philalanka liratula (Pfeiffer 1860)*Philalanka mononema (Benson 1853)*Philalanka secessa Godwin-Austen 1898*Philalanka sinhila (Godwin-Austen 1897)*Philalanka thwaitesi (Pfeiffer 1854)*Philalanka trifilosa (Pfeiffer 1854)*Family - CharopidaeRuthvenia biciliata (Pfeiffer 1855)*Ruthvenia caliginosa (Sykes 1898)*Ruthvenia clathratula (Pfeiffer 1850)*Thysanota eumita Sykes 1898*Thysanota hispida Sykes1898*Family - ClausilidaePhaedusa ceylanica (Benson 1863)*Family - GastrodontidaeZonitoides arboreus (Say 1816)Family - EuconulidaeEurychlamys layardi (Benson manuscript name)*Eurychltiniys winifredae (Preston 1909)Family - HelicarionidaeKaliella barrakporensis (Pfeiffer 1853)Kaliella colletti Sykes 1899*Kaliella delectabilis Sykes 1898*Kaliella leithiana Godwin-Austen 1883*Kaliella salicensis Godwin-Austen 1897*Sivella galerus (Benson 1856)*Sivella hyptiucyclos (Benson 1863)*Family - AriophantidaeCryptozona juliana (Gray 1834)*Cryptozona novella (Pfeiffer 1855)*Cryptozona semirugata (Beck 1837)Euplecta acuducta (Benson 1850)Euplecta albnonata (Dohm 1858)Euplecta concavospir (Pfeiffer 1854)*Euplectu emiliana (Pfeiffer 1853)*Euplecta laevis Blanford 1901*Euplecta lankaensis Preston 1909*Euplecta neglecta (Pfeiffer 1854)*Euplecta phidias (Hanley & Theobald 1876)*Euplecta rosamonda (Benson 1860)Euplecta subopaca (Pfeiffer 1854)*Euplecta trimeni (Jousseaume 1894)*Euplecta turritella (Adams 1869)Euplecta verrucula (Pfeiffer 1855)*Ratnadvipia edgariana (Benson 1853)*Mariaella dussumieri Gray 1855141

Macrochlamys mdica Godwin-Austen 1883Macrochlamys kandiensis Godwin-Austen 1883*Macrochlamys perfucata (Benson 1853)*Macrochlamys tratanensis (Jousseaume 1894)*Macrachlamys umbrina (Pfeiffer 1859)*Macrachlamy vilipensa (Benson 1853)Microcystina bintennensis Godwin-Auten 1899*Microcystina lita Sykes 1898*Family - GlessulidaeGlessula capillacea (Pfeiffer 1855)Glessula ceylanica (Pfeiffer 1845)*Glessula collettae Sykes 1898*Glessula deshayesi (Pfeiffer 1853)Glessula fulgens (Pfeiffer 1858)*Glessula inornata (Pfeiffer 1853)*Glessula lankana Pilsbry 1908*Glessula layardi Pilsbry 1908*Glessula nitens (Gray 1825)*Glessula pachycheila (Benson 1853)*Glessula pullens Beddome 1906*Glessula panaethu (Benson 1860)*Glessula pwahilis (Benson 1856)*Glessula prestoni Ciude 1914*Glessula punctogallana (Pfeiffer 1852)*Glessula pusilla Beddome 1906Glessula reynelli Gude 1914*Glessula sattaraensis (Hanley & Theobald 1874)Glessula serena (Benson 1860)*Glessula simony (Jousseaume 1894)*Glessula sinhila Preston 1909*Family - SubulinidaeSubulina octona (Bruguiere 1789)Allopeas layardi (Benson 1863)*Allopeas marine (Jousseaume 1894)*Allopeas prestoni (Sykes 1898)*Allopeas pussilus (Adams 1867)*Allopeas sykesi (Pilsbry 1906)*Paropeas achatinaceum (Pfeiffer 1846)Zootecus insularis (Ehrenberg 1831)Family - StreptaxidaeIndoartemon cingalensis (Benson 1853)*Indoartemon gracilis (Collet 1898)*Perrottetia peroteti (Petit de la Saussaye 1841)Perrottetia ravanae Blanford 1899*Gulella bicolor (Hutton 1834)Sinoennea planguncula (Benson 1863)142

Family - AcavidaeAcavus superbus (Pfeiffer 1850)*Oligospira skinneri (Reeve 1854)*Family - CorillidaeCorilla fryae Gude 1896*Corilla giidei Gude 1896*Corilla humberti Sykes 1897*Corilla lesleyae (Brot 1864)*Corilla odontophora Barnacle 1959*Family - CamaenidaeBeddomea ceylanicus (Pfeiffer 1846)*Beddomea intermedius (Pfeiffer 1855)*Trachia fallaciosa (Ferussac 1821)Trachia vittata (Muller 1774)Landouria radleyi (Jousseaume 1894)*Family - BradybaenidaeBradybaena similaris (Femssac 1822)Succinea ceylanica Pfeiffer 1855Family - CyclophoridaeCyclophorus alabastrimis (Pfeiffer 1855)*Cyclophorus involvulus (Muller 1774)Aulopoma grande (Pfeiffer 1855)*Aulopoma helicinum (Chemnitz 1786)*Aulopoma itieri (Guerin 1847)*Aulopoma sphaeroideum Dohrn 1857*Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) album Beddome 1875Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) artatum Sykes 1897*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) ceylanicum Beddome 1875*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) colletti Sykes 1898*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) conoideum Sykes 1898*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) innocens Sykes 1899*Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) leptomita Sykes 1898*Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) mariae Jousseaume 1894*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) ogdenianum Preston 1909*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) perconoideum Preston 1909*Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) prestoni Sykes 1897*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) serendibense Preston 1903*Cyathopoma {Jerdonia) turbinatum Sykes 1897*Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) uvaense Preston 1909*Japonia binoyae (Sykes 1899)*Japonia occulta Sykes 1899*Leptopoma apicatum Benson 1856*Leptopoma elatum Pfeiffer 1852*Leptopoma semiclausum (Pfeiffer 1855)*Leptopomoides conulus (Pfeiffer 1855)*Leptopomoides flammeus (Pfeiffer 1855)*Leptopomoides halophilus (Benson 1851)*Leptopomoides orophilus (Benson 1853)*143

Leptopomoides taprobanensis (Preston 1909)*Micraulax coeloconus (Benson 1851)Scabrina brounae (Sykes 1898)*Scabrina liratula (Preston 1909)*Theobaldius cadiscus (Benson 1860)*Theobaldius cratera (Benson 1856)*Theobaldius cytopoma (Benson 1860)*Theobaldius liliputianus (Preston 1909)*Theobaldius loxostoma (Pfeiffer 1854)*Theobaldius parapsis (Benson 1853)*Theobaldius thwaitesi (PfeifFer 1855)*Pterocyclus bifrons PfeifFer 1855*Pterocyclus bilabialus Sowerby 1835Pterocyclus cingalensis Benson 1853*Pterocyclus troscheli Benson 1851*Family - DiplomatinidaeNicida catathymia (Sykes 1898)*Nicida ceylamca (Beddome 1875)*Nicida delectabilis (Preston 1905)*Nicida lankaensis (Preston 1905)*Nicida pedronis (Beddome 1875)*Nicida prestomi (Sykes 1897)*Family - PupinidaeTortulosa aurea (PfeifFer 1855)*Tortulosa austeniana (Benson 1853)*Tortulosa barnaclei Tomlin 1928*Tortulosa blanfordi (Dohrn 1862)*Tortulosa colletti (Sykes 1898)*Tortulosa congener (Fulton 1903)*Tortulosa connectens (Fulton 1903)*Tortulosa cumingi (PfeifFer 1857)*Tortulosa duplicate (PfeifFer 1855)*Tortulosa eurytrema (PfeifFer 1852)*Tortulosa greeni (Sykes 1899)*Tortulosa hartleyi Tomlin 1928*Tortulosa layardi (PfeifFer 1851)*Tortulosa leucocheilus (Adams & Sowerby 1866)*Tortulosa metneri (Nevill 1871)*Tortulosa prestoni (Sykes 1905)*Tortulosa rugosa (Fulton 1904)*Tortulosa smithi (Sykes 1905)*Tortulosa sykesi (Fulton 1904)*Tortulosa templemani (Pfeiffer 1852)*Tortulosa thwaitesi (Pfeiffer 1852)*Family - TruncatellidaeTruncatella ceylanica Pfeiffsr 1856*144

ANNEX 8:SPECIES OF FLORA LISTED UNDER THE ‘NEAR THREATENED’ (NT) CATEGORY(*ENDEMIC SPECIES)Family-AcanthaceaeDicliptera neesii (Trimen) Cramer*Justicia hookeriana (Nees) T. Anders.*Pseuderanthemum latifolium (Vahl) HansenStrobilanthes diandra (Nees) Alston*Family-AnnonaceaeAlphonsea sclerocarpa Thw.Desmos elegans (Thw.) Safford*Mitrephora heyneana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Thw.Xylopia nigricans Hook. f. & Thoms.*Family-AraceaePothos hookeri Schott*Family-DipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpus hispidus Thw.*Dipterocarpus insignis Thw.*Doona macrophylla Thw.*Doona venulosa Thw.*Hopea discolor Thw.*Shorea oblongifolia Thw.*Family-EbenaceaeDiospyros montana Roxb.Diospyros sylvatica Roxb.Family-EuphorbiaceaeAgrostistachys coriacea Alston*Blachia umbellata (Willd.) Baill.Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thw.Chaetocarpus coriaceus Thw.*Euphorbia rothiana Spreng.Euphorbia trigona Haw.Fahrenheitia minor (Thw.) Airy Shaw*Fahrenheitia zeylanica (Thw.) Airy ShawGivotia moluccana (L.) Sreem.Homalanthus populifolius GrahamMallotus fuscescens (Thw.) Muell. Arg.*Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell. Arg.Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr.145

Suregada angustifolia (Muell. Arg.) Airy ShawTragia hispida Willd.Family-MelastomataceaeSonerila silvatica Lundin*Family-MemeycylaceaeMemecylon royenii Blume*Memecylon sylvaticum Thw.*Memecylon varians Thw.*Family-OrchidaceaeAcampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex J.E.Smith) P.F. HuntAngraecum zeylanicum Lindley*Calanthe triplicatis (Willemet) Ames.Cheirostylis parvifolia Lindl.Crepidium purpureum (Lindl.) Szlach.Dendrobium panduratum Lindl.Diploprora championi Hook. f.Eulophia epidendraea (Koenig ex Retz.) Fisch.Gastrochilus acaulis (Lindley) KuntzeHabenaria acuminata (Thw.) TrimenHabenaria plantaginea Lindl.Habenaria viridiflora Spreng.Liparis viridiflora Lindl.Octarrhena parvula Thw.Peristylus brevilobus Thw.*Peristylus cubitalis (L.) KraenzlinPhalaenopsis deliciosa Rchb.f.Podochilus malabaricum WightPodochilus saxatile Lindl.*Pomatocalpa maculosum (Lindley) J. J. Sm.*Robiquetia rosea (Lindl.) Garay*Robiquetia virescens (Gard. ex Lindl.) Jayaweera*Thrixspermum pugionifolium (Hook.f.) Schlechter*Family-PhyllanthaceaeAntidesma bunius (L.)Spreng.Antidesma pyrifolium Muell. Arg.*Bridelia moonii Thw.*Cleistanthus ferrugineus (Thw.) Muell. Arg.*Glochidion coriaceum Thw.*Glochidion pycnocarpum (Muell. Arg.) Beddome*Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) BaillonFamily-RubiaceaeOphiorrhiza rugosa Wall.Schizostigma hirsutum Arn.146

ANNEX 9:SPECIES OF FLORA LISTED UNDER THE ‘DATA DEFICIENT’ (DD) CATEGORY(*ENDEMIC SPECIES)Family-AcanthaceaeBarleria nutans Nees*Barleria lanceata(Forssk.) C. Chr.Gymnostachyum thwaitesii T. Anders.*Hygrophila helodes HeineJusticia capitata (T. Anders. ex Hook. f.) Cramer*Lepidagathis ceylanica Nees*Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) SweetRungia apiculata BeddomeStaurogyne zeylanica (Nees) KuntzeFamily-AmaranthaceaeCentrostachys aquatica (R. Br.) Wall. ex Moq.Family-AraceaeLagenandra erosa de Wit*Family-AsclepiadaceaeCeropegia parviflora Trim.*Dischidia nummularia R. Br.Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) MoonFamily-AsteraceaeAnaphalis fruticosa Hook.f.*Family-BurmanniaceaeThismia gardneriana Hook.f. ex Thw.*Family-CaryophyllaceaeStellaria pauciflora Zoll. & Mor.Family-ConvolvulaceaeArgyreia choisyana Wight ex ClarkeFamily-CyperaceaeCyperus articulatus L.Scleria pilosa Boeckeler*Family-EbenaceaeDiospyros opaca Clarke*Family-EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha ciliata Forssk.Acalypha supera Forssk.Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss ex Spreng.Euphorbia cristata Heyne ex Roth147

Mallotus distans Muell. Arg.Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth.Family-FabaceaeCaesalpinia digyna Rottl.E - Tari podsCassia italica (Mill.) Spreng.E - Italian SennaCrotalaria berteroana DC.Crotalaria montana RothIndigofera trifoliata L.Strongylodon siderospermus CordemoyFamily-MalvaceaeDicellostyles axillaris (Thw.) Benth.*Family-OrchidaceaeAnoectochilus elatus Lindl.Cyclopogon obliqua (J.J.Sm.) Szlach.Cyrtosia javanica BlumeGeodorum recurvum (Roxb.) Alston.Peristylus densus (Lindl.) Santapau & Kapadia.Peristylus plantagineus (Lindl.) Lindl.Pteroceras viridiflorum (Thw.) HolttumFamily-OrobanchaceaeAeginetia indica L.Christisonia thwaitesii Trimen*Family-PhyllanthaceaeFlueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) VoigtMargaritaria cyanospermus (Gaertn.) Airy Shaw*Family-RosaceaeSanguisorba indicum (Gardn.) Tirv.*Family-RubiaceaeFergusonia tetracocca (Thw.) Baill.Ixora thwaitesii Hook.f.Neanotis tubulosa(G.Don)Mabb.Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) SchumannPseudaidia speciosa (Beddome) Tirv.Psychotria meeboldii Deb & M. G. Gangop.*Family-SurianaceaeSuriana maritima L.Family-TriuridaceaeHyalisma janthina Champ.Family-UrticaceaeLecanthus peduncularis (Wall. ex Royle) Wedd.148

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