FAA 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Assessment ... - usaid

FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIAAND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES(2008)2008This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development.It was prepared by Thera Edwards.

Acknowledgements:The author would like to express her gratitude to the following persons who assisted the completion of thisassignment:• Mr. Mansfield Blackwood• Mr. Lloyd Gardener• Ms. Varsha Persaud• Mr. Leslie Walling• Ms Una May Gordon and the Staff of the Inter American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture officesin the countries assessed for assistance provided with travel, accommodation and meeting arrangements.

FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUICAAND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES2008DISCLAIMERThe author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency forInternational Development or the United States Government.

CONTENTS Contents............................................................................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Boxes...................................................................................................................................................................... xi List of Acronyms.............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Method ............................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Antigua & Barbuda ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 Status of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Ecosystem Diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Species Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Genetic Diversity ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Ecosystem Services...................................................................................................................................................... 21 Values and Economics of Biodiversity and Forests .................................................................................................... 21 Status of Tropical Forests................................................................................................................................................ 22 Social, Economic and Political Context........................................................................................................................... 23 Institutions, Policies, Laws affecting Conservation ......................................................................................................... 24 Institutions.................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Legislation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Government, NGO and Donor Programs and Activities.............................................................................................. 26 Government................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Environmental Division ........................................................................................................................................... 26 The National Parks Authority ................................................................................................................................. 26 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).ii

Fisheries Division ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Forestry Department .............................................................................................................................................. 26 Non-Government Organisations ................................................................................................................................ 26 Environmental Advisory Group .............................................................................................................................. 26 Threats to Biodiversity and Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 26 Direct ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Indirect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 29 USAID Proposed Strategy & Programme ...................................................................................................................... 31 Extent to which proposed activities meet needs ........................................................................................................... 32 Threats from Proposed Activities ................................................................................................................................... 32 Dominica .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Status of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 Ecosystem Diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Species Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................... 33 Genetic Diversity ......................................................................................................................................................... 33 Ecosystem Services...................................................................................................................................................... 33 Values and Economics of biodiversity and Forests .................................................................................................... 34 Status of Tropical Forests................................................................................................................................................ 34 Social, Economic and Political Context........................................................................................................................... 34 Institutions, Policies, Laws affecting Conservation ......................................................................................................... 37 Government, NGO and Donor Programs and Activities.............................................................................................. 37 Threats to Biodiversity and Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 38 Direct ........................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Indirect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 39 USAID Proposed Strategy & Program............................................................................................................................ 40 Extent to Which Proposed Actions Meet Needs .......................................................................................................... 41 Threats from Proposed Activities ................................................................................................................................... 41 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).iii

Grenada ............................................................................................................................................................................ 41 Status of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 41 Ecosystem Diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 42 Species Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Ecosystem Services...................................................................................................................................................... 43 Values and Economics of biodiversity and Forests .................................................................................................... 44 Status of Tropical Forests................................................................................................................................................ 45 Social, Economic and Political Context........................................................................................................................... 47 Institutions, Policies, Laws affecting Conservation ......................................................................................................... 48 Government, NGO and Donor Programs and Activities.............................................................................................. 49 Forestry Department .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Fisheries Division ......................................................................................................................................................... 51 NGOs........................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Threats to Biodiversity and Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 51 Direct ........................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Indirect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 52 USAID Proposed Strategy & Program............................................................................................................................ 53 Extent to Which Proposed Actions Meet Needs .......................................................................................................... 54 Threats from Proposed Activities ................................................................................................................................... 54 St Kitts and Nevis............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Status of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 Ecosystem Diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 55 Species Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................... 56 Ecosystem Services...................................................................................................................................................... 59 Values and Economics of biodiversity and Forests......................................................................................................... 60 Status of Tropical Forests................................................................................................................................................ 61 Social, Economic and Political Context........................................................................................................................... 62 Institutions, Policies, Laws affecting Conservation ......................................................................................................... 63 Institutions.................................................................................................................................................................... 63 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).iv

Laws.............................................................................................................................................................................. 64 Multilateral Environmental Agreements ..................................................................................................................... 65 Government, NGO and Donor Programs and Activities.............................................................................................. 65 Fisheries ........................................................................................................................................................................ 65 St Kitts...................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Nevis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 66 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................................................... 66 St Kitts...................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Nevis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 66 Water........................................................................................................................................................................... 66 Legal Department........................................................................................................................................................ 66 NGOs........................................................................................................................................................................... 67 St Kitts...................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Nevis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 67 Threats to Biodiversity and Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 67 Direct ........................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Indirect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 69 USAID Proposed Strategy & Program............................................................................................................................ 70 Extent to Which Proposed Actions Meet Needs .......................................................................................................... 71 Threats from Proposed Activities ................................................................................................................................... 71 St. Lucia ............................................................................................................................................................................ 71 Status of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 Ecosystem Diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 71 Species Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................... 71 Ecosystem Services...................................................................................................................................................... 72 Values and Economics of biodiversity and Forests......................................................................................................... 72 Status of Tropical Forests................................................................................................................................................ 73 Social, Economic and Political Context........................................................................................................................... 73 Institutions, Policies, Laws affecting Conservation ......................................................................................................... 74 Government, NGO and Donor Programs and Activities.............................................................................................. 74 Government................................................................................................................................................................. 74 Forestry Department .............................................................................................................................................. 75 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).v

Fisheries Division ..................................................................................................................................................... 75 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................................... 75 NGOs........................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Debarras Turtle Group........................................................................................................................................... 75 Soufirere Marine Management Association ........................................................................................................... 75 Threats to Biodiversity and Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 76 Direct ........................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Indirect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 78 USAID Proposed Strategy & Program............................................................................................................................ 78 Extent to Which Proposed Actions Meet Needs .......................................................................................................... 80 Threats from Proposed Activities ................................................................................................................................... 80 St Vincent ......................................................................................................................................................................... 80 Status of Biodiversity ....................................................................................................................................................... 81 Ecosystem Diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 81 Species Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................... 82 Ecosystem Services...................................................................................................................................................... 82 Values and Economics of Biodiversity and Forests ........................................................................................................ 82 Status of Tropical Forests................................................................................................................................................ 83 Social, Economic and Political Context........................................................................................................................... 84 Institutions, Policies, Laws affecting Conservation ......................................................................................................... 84 Government, NGO and Donor Programs and Activities.............................................................................................. 85 Government................................................................................................................................................................. 85 NGOs........................................................................................................................................................................... 85 North Leeward Tourism Association..................................................................................................................... 85 Donors ......................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Threats to Biodiversity and Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 85 Direct ........................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Indirect ......................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 86 USAID Proposed Strategy & Programme ...................................................................................................................... 88 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).vi

Extent to Which Proposed Actions Meet Needs .......................................................................................................... 88 Threats from Proposed Activities ................................................................................................................................... 88 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 89 General............................................................................................................................................................................. 89 Fisheries ............................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Economics of Natural Resources .................................................................................................................................... 89 Tourism ............................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Climate Change................................................................................................................................................................ 89 References Cited & Consulted........................................................................................................................................ 93 Appendices ....................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Appendix 1. SOW for the Analysis................................................................................................................................. 98 Appendix 2. Biography of Team .................................................................................................................................. 101 Thera Edwards .......................................................................................................................................................... 101 Arun Madisetti .......................................................................................................................................................... 101 Appendix 3.Persons Contacted and/or Interviewed ................................................................................................. 102 Appendix 4. Sites Visited .............................................................................................................................................. 105 Appendix 5. Country IUCN Red Lists......................................................................................................................... 108 Key to Status Categories .......................................................................................................................................... 108 Antigua & Barbuda .................................................................................................................................................... 109 Dominica................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Grenada..................................................................................................................................................................... 134 St Kitts and Nevis...................................................................................................................................................... 141 St Lucia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 153 St Vincent .................................................................................................................................................................. 165 Appendix 6. Freshwater Species Lists.......................................................................................................................... 179 Antigua and Barbuda ................................................................................................................................................ 179 Dominica................................................................................................................................................................... 179 Grenada..................................................................................................................................................................... 180 St Kitts and Nevis...................................................................................................................................................... 180 St Lucia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 181 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).vii

St Vincent .................................................................................................................................................................. 181 Appendix 7. Country Fish Catch and Real 2000 Value (Sea Around US Project 2008) ........................................... 183Antigua and Barbuda ................................................................................................................................................ 183 Dominica................................................................................................................................................................... 184 Grenada..................................................................................................................................................................... 185 St Kitts and Nevis...................................................................................................................................................... 186 St Lucia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 187 St Vincent .................................................................................................................................................................. 188 Appendix 8. Lists of Environmental Legislation ........................................................................................................... 189 Antigua and Barbuda – Revised 1992 ...................................................................................................................... 189 Dominica 1st January 2001....................................................................................................................................... 190 Grenada 1st January 2007 ........................................................................................................................................ 194 St Kitts and Nevis 1st January 2005 ......................................................................................................................... 200 St Lucia 1st January 2006.......................................................................................................................................... 205 St Vincent (1st January 2007) ................................................................................................................................... 207 Appendix 9. Saint Kitts and Nevis Vegetation Classification Systems Comparison .................................................. 212 Appendix 9. Ramsar Sites............................................................................................................................................. 215 Appendix 10. Marine Protected Areas ........................................................................................................................ 216 LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Map showing the distribution of Forests in Antigua........................................................................................ 23 Figure 2. Clearing of land used as a nesting site by birds for development, Antigua (March 2008) ............................27 Figure 3. Emerald Cove Development, Antigua showing mangrove clearing (November, 2007) ..............................28 Figure 4. APUA Oil spill, Barbuda (May, 2008).............................................................................................................. 28 Figure 5. Water table exposed during sand mining, Barbuda. (May, 2008).................................................................. 29 Figure 6. Street stall with Sea Moss, Mauby Bark and other non-timber forest products. Grenville, Grenada (May,2008) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Figure 7. Grand Etang, Grenada. (May, 2008)................................................................................................................ 47 Figure 8. Sign from Grenada Dove - Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation Campaign, Grenada (May, 2008) .........50 Figure 9. Levera Lake and Billboard advertising an Eco-Resort development at the lake, Grenada. (May, 2008) .....51 Figure 10. Solid Waste Dump, Grenada (May, 2008) .................................................................................................... 52 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).viii

Figure 11. Green Vervet Monkey in Mango Tree at Bird Rock Beach Hotel, St. Kitts (May, 2008) ...........................58 Figure 12. SCUBA tanks at fishing beach, Nevis (May, 2008) ....................................................................................... 60 Figure 13.Vegetation Map of St Kitts .............................................................................................................................. 61 Figure 14. Vegetation Map of Nevis................................................................................................................................ 62 Figure 15. Coastal development, St. Kitts (May, 2008) ................................................................................................. 68 Figure 16. Several coastal development projects, SE Peninsula St. Kitts (May, 2008) .................................................. 69 Figure 17. Resort development on hill above Soufriere Marine Management Area (SMMA), St. Lucia (May, 2008) 76Figure 18. Buildings constructed of foreshore of beach in SMMA, St. Lucia (May, 2008)............................................ 77 Figure 19. Dense settlement along coastline of SMMA, St. Lucia (May, 2008) ............................................................ 77 Figure 20. Reef check transect, St. Lucia (September, 2007)........................................................................................ 80 Figure 21. Soil exposed from vegetation clearing for cultivation, St. Vincent ............................................................... 87 Figure 22. Hillside agriculture, St. Vincent (May, 2008) ................................................................................................. 87 Figure 23. IUCN Red List Structure of Categories ..................................................................................................... 108 Figure 24. Graphic of 2001 IUCN Red List Categories .............................................................................................. 109 Figure 25. Comparison of Lower Risk Category and Sub-Categories and in the IUCN 1994 System and the current 2001 System.................................................................................................................................................................. 109 LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Antigua & Barbuda Fisheries Production as landings (metric ton) .................................................................. 21 Table 2. Anyigua & Barbuda Fisheries Production Value (EC$).................................................................................... 21 Table 3. Antigua and Barbuda – National Forest Class Definitions .............................................................................. 22 Table 4. GDP of Antigua and Barbuda at constant factor price (Million $EC)............................................................. 24 Table 5. Antigua & Barbuda Tourism arrival figures 2003-2007.................................................................................... 24 Table 6. Summary of threats to biodiversity and Forests in Antigua & Barbuda with proposed actions to addressthese threats..................................................................................................................................................................... 29 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).ix

Table 7. Fisheries Production as landings for Dominica (lbs) ........................................................................................ 34 Table 8. National Forest Classes and coverage ............................................................................................................. 34 Table 9. GDP of Dominica at constant factor price (Million $EC)................................................................................ 35 Table 10. Dominica Tourism arrival figures 2003-2007 ................................................................................................. 35 Table 11. Number of visitors to eco-tourism sites in Dominica (2003)....................................................................... 35 Table 12. Visitor figures for eco-tourism sites (2004) ................................................................................................... 36 Table 13. Visitor figures for eco-tourism sites (2005) ................................................................................................... 36 Table 14. Summary of threats to biodiversity and Forests in Dominica with proposed actions to address thesethreats .............................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Table 15. Fisheries Production as landings for Grenada (lbs)........................................................................................ 43 Table 16. Fisheries Production Value for Grenada (EC$) ............................................................................................. 44 Table 17. Forest Types and Coverage (from Eschweiler) ............................................................................................. 45 Table 18. Coverage in Area of principal forest areas .................................................................................................... 46 Table 19. GDP of Grenada at constant factor price (Million $EC) ............................................................................... 48 Table 20. Grenada Tourism arrival figures 2003-2007 .................................................................................................. 48 Table 21. Summary of threats to biodiversity and Forests in Grenada with proposed actions to address thesethreats .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52 Table 22. Fisheries Production as landings for St Kitts (kgs) and Nevis(Lbs) ............................................................... 59 Table 23. Ex Vessel Value (EC$) of fisheries landings for St Kitts for a three month period (year not given)............60 Table 24. Value of landings for Nevis for 2004 -2007 (EC$)........................................................................................ 61 Table 25 GDP of St. Kitts and Nevis at constant factor price (Million $EC) ................................................................ 62 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).x

Table 26. St. Kitts & Nevis Tourism arrival figures 2003-2007 ...................................................................................... 63 Table 27. Summary of threats to biodiversity and Forests in St Litts & Nevis with proposed actions to addressthese threats..................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Table 28. Fisheries Production as landings for St Lucia (TONS)................................................................................... 72 Table 29. Value of fisheries landings for St Lucia (Ex Vessel prices in EC$) ................................................................. 73 Table 30. Land use in St Lucia (Acres)............................................................................................................................ 73 Table 31. GDP of St Lucia at constant factor price (Million $EC)................................................................................. 73 Table 32. St. Lucia Tourism arrival figures 2003-2007 ................................................................................................... 74 Table 33. Summary of threats to biodiversity and Forests in St Lucia with proposed actions to address these threats .............................................................................................................................................................................. 78 Table 34. Fisheries Production as landings for St Vincent (lbs) ..................................................................................... 82 Table 35. Value of Fisheries Production (Landed & Marketed) for St Vincent (EC$) .................................................. 83 Table 36 . Forest types and coverage in St Vincent 1949-1993 ................................................................................... 83 Table 37. GDP of St Vincent at constant factor price (Million $EC)............................................................................. 84 Table 38. St. Vincent Tourism arrival figures 2003-2007 ............................................................................................... 84 Table 39. Summary of threats to biodiversity and Forests in St Vincent with proposed actions to address these threats .............................................................................................................................................................................. 86 LIST OF BOXESProposed Activities for Antigua & Barbuda .................................................................................................................... 31 Proposed Activities for Dominica ................................................................................................................................... 40 FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).xi

Proposed Activities for Grenada ..................................................................................................................................... 53 Proposed Activities for St Kitts and Nevis...................................................................................................................... 70 Proposed Activities for St Lucia ...................................................................................................................................... 78 Proposed Activities for St Vincent .................................................................................................................................. 88FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).xii

LIST OF ACRONYMS ADP Agricultural Diversification ProgrammeAGRRABODCARICOMCARICOMPCARSEACBDCBOCCCCCCCDCCIDACITESCLMECMACNWHCoMLCPACCCREPCRFMCRPDCADHTAAtlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef AssessmentBiological Oxygen DemandCaribbean CommunityCaribbean Marine Productivity ProgramCaribbean Sea Ecosystem AssessmentConvention on Biological DiversityCommunity Based OrganizationCaribbean Community Climate Change CentreCaribbean Coastal Data CentreCanadian International Development AgencyConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and FaunaCaribbean Large Marine EcosystemCaribbean Marine AtlasConvention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western HemisphereCensus of Marine LifeCaribbean Programme for Adaptation to Climate ChangeCaribbean Region Environment ProgrammeCaribbean Regional Fisheries MechanismCaribbean Regional ProgrammeDevelopment Control AuthorityDominica Hotel and Tourism AssociationDNA Deoxyribonucleic AcidEAG Environmental Advisory GroupEC Eastern Caribbean CurrencyEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FOR JAMAICA, 2008 13

ENGOEUEUREPGAPFAAFAOFEEGDPEnvironmental Non Government OrganizationEuropean UnionEuro-Retailer Produce Working Group Good Agricultural PracticesForeign Assistance ActFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFoundation for Environmental EducationGross Domestic ProductGEF Global Environment FacilityIDBIOCIODEIPCCIRIUCNLACLBSMACCMARPOLInter-American Development BankIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionInternational Oceanographic Data and Information ExchangeInter Governmental Panel on Climate ChangeIntermediate ResultThe International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (since1999 World Conservation Union)Latin America and the CaribbeanLand Based Source of PollutionMainstreaming Adaptation to Climate ChangeInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ShipsMEA Multilateral Environmental AgreementsMMA Marine Management AreaMOUNBSAPMemorandum of UnderstandingNational Biodiversity Strategy and Action PlanNCM National Coordinating MechanismNCSANational Capacity Self AssessmentNGO Non Government OrganizationNPAOECSOPAALNational Programme of ActionOrganization of Eastern Caribbean StatesOECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods ProjectFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 14

PA Protected AreaPEASIRMMPERBPreliminary Environmental Assessment for Sustainable Island Resource Management MechanismProjectProtecting the Eastern Caribbean Region’s Biodiversity ProjectPOPs Persistent Organic PollutantsSGP Small Grants ProgrammeSOSOWSPAWUNUNCCDUNCLOSStrategic ObjectiveScope/Statement of WorkProtocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the Convention for theProtection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean RegionUnited NationsUnited Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCOUNFCCUSAIDUWIUnited Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural OrganizationUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentUniversity of the West IndiesFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 15

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report fulfils FAA Section 118/119 reporting requirements for the use biodiversity earmark funds in Antigua &Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Christopher (St. Kitts) & Nevis and St. Vincent & the Grenadinesthrough the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The report using best available information,key informant interviews and site visits documents the status tropical forests and biodiversity in their broadestdefinitions. The current social, economic and political context is described to assist the reader in framing the biodiversityand tropical forestry threats and opportunities. To this end Gross Domestic Product at Constant FactorPrices is given for as many years of the period 2003- 2007 (the intervening period between the last formal FAA118/119 report for the Caribbean and the current report) as available. The most recent International MonetaryFunds (IMF) country reports were used as the method was consistent affording comparison between the countriesassessed. For all countries data supplied by respective Fisheries Divisions for fisheries production is used as ameasure of ecosystem services and the ex-vessel or landed market value of production is used as a measure of thevalue of biodiversity. Ongoing initiatives of donors, non-government organisations and governments are outlined toshow actions currently being undertaken and to show linkages for partnership in needed actions. Indirect and directthreats are listed and where possible analytical frameworks or cause and effect sequences are set out. Finallyactions to address the threats identified are recommended with particular attention to points of interface withUSAID’s broad objectives.The Eastern Caribbean region is endowed with a rich biodiversity, which, partly due to its isolation within the CaribbeanSea, has resulted in relatively high rates of national and regional endemism. A survey of the world’s biodiversityhotspots identified the Caribbean as the fifth ranking “hotspot” and one of the highest priorities in any globalstrategy for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management (Source: Conservation International)Much of the terrestrial landscape in the Lesser Antilles has been heavily modified particularly in the “low” islands(e.g. Antigua and Barbuda). Antigua and Barbuda are notable for their relatively few protected areas and absenceof ecosystem diversity in existing protected areas. In contrast Grenada, Dominica and St Lucia have much of theirwet forest protected but minimal or no protection for dry forests. The lack of congruence between nation buildingand the sustainable use of natural resources remains the biggest hurdle to attaining the goals of sustainable developmentin these countries.Common to all countries assessed is the need for comprehensive ecosystem assessment and species inventory.However, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Protecting the Eastern Caribbean Region’s Biodiversityproject in a number of country project requests for proposals ) has included biodiversity inventory components.Persons interviewed pointed out the lack of information to inform decision making. All countries have identifiedkeystone faunal species for conservation: Antigua and Barbuda, the Racer Snake and Barbuda Warbler, Dominicathe Crapaud or Mountain Chicken (a frog), Grenada, the Grenada Dove, St. Lucia, the St Lucia Wren andSt Lucia Nightjar, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sea Turtles and in St. Vincent, the Iguana and the St. Vincent Parrot.With respect to international conventions all countries had prepared National Biodiversity Strategies and ActionPlans (NBSAP) in fulfilment of their obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) however in St.Kitts and Nevis the NBSAP had not been finalised and sent for approval by Cabinet as of May 2008. In the islandswhere the NBSAPs had been finalises the governments were seeking to implement the identified actions. For theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) all islands kept recordsFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 16

of required species but were behind in reporting obligations. It seemed that collection of data for reporting and/orcollation of results should be addressed.Each country had legislation relevant to biodiversity and the environment however there were updates and or newlegislation that were pending (proposed, in draft, or awaiting cabinet approval). With the exception of Antigua andBarbuda, legislation was chiefly compiled through consulting the relevant volumes of Consolidated Index of Statutesand Subsidiary Legislation in the UWI Cave Hill Law Library.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 17

INTRODUCTIONPURPOSEThe purpose of this assessment was to 1) help USAID Barbados comply with country analysis requirements set outunder the Foreign Assistance Act, Sections 118(e) 1 and 119(d) 2 for tropical forest and biodiversity, and 2) makerecommendations to USAID/Barbados on program opportunities that address conservation in a cross-sectoralcontext in its new 5-year Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) as well as ongoing program decisions.For clarification the key elements of the biodiversity code, the FAA sections, components of the analysis as well asdefinitions of forestry and biodiversity are set out below.There are four key criteria in the biodiversity code:1. The program must have an explicit biodiversity objective2. Activities must be identified based on an analysis of threats to biodiversity3. The program must monitor associated indicators for biodiversity conservation4. Site-based programs must impact biologically significant areasFAA Sections 118 and 119 Requirements• Country Analysis Requirements.–Each country development strategy statement or other country planprepared by the Agency for International Development shall include an analysis of–• The actions necessary in that country to achieve conservation and sustainable management of tropical forestsand/or biodiversity, and• The extent to which the actions proposed for support by the Agency meet the needs thus identified.The analysis should:• Employ a watershed, landscape, integrated or ecosystem approach to areas (can be urban or peri-urban)within a sphere of influence from a nucleus of some natural and/or protected area• Establish links between activity and conservation outcome supported by data and documentation1For tropical forests, Section 118(e) of the FAA requires that “Each country development strategy statement or other country plan preparedby the US Agency for International Development shall include an analysis of (1) The actions necessary in that country to achieve conservationand sustainable management of tropical forests, and (2) The extent to which the actions proposed for support by the Agency meetthe needs thus identified."2Similar language exists for biodiversity conservation in FAA Section 119(d): "Country Analysis Requirements. -- Each country developmentstrategy statement or other country plan prepared by the US Agency for International Development shall include an analysis of (1) the actionsnecessary in that country to conserve biological diversity, and (2) the extent to which the actions proposed for support by the Agencymeet the needs thus identified."FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 18

• Fill gaps in data where possible• Allocate resources if possible• Identify ways to monitor links and resultsFor the purposes of this analysis the following definitions will be used:Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the variety and variability of living organisms broadly including a wide diversityof plant and animal species, communities, and ecosystems. The Earth’s biodiversity consists of genes, species, andecological processes making up terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems that both support and result fromthis diversity.A forest is best defined as an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation.Forests (according to the U.S. National Vegetation Classification system) consist of trees with overlappingcrowns forming 60% to 100% cover. Woodlands are more open, with 25% to 60% cover.METHODMs. Thera Edwards was hired as a Biodiversity Consultant to conduct the assessment. She was assisted by Mr ArunMadisetti. (See Scope of Work in Appendix 1 and professional background descriptions in Appendix 2). The assessmentbuilds on a previous analysis of threats to biodiversity and program options for USAID/Jamaica (Edwards,2006) The last formal 118-119 analysis for the Caribbean was carried out in 2005 by Chemonics (Catterson,Gardner and Huth, May 2005).A number of key documents, legislation and policies were reviewed. The information from these documents wassupplemented by key informant interviews (See List of Person Consulted in Appendix 3) and site visits to forestsand other areas of biological significance (See Site Visit List in Appendix 4). In addition to presenting the currentstatus of the selected sectors, actions to address identified issues are set out. The recommended actions seek tominimize conflicts between different uses of the land; to ensure the protection of coastal and wetland areas; toconserve and protect water resources and catchments; to protect coastal, marine and terrestrial ecosystems; tomaintain ecological balances; to ensure the participation of local populations; to allow natural resources to be usedwisely and sustainably; and to ensure integrated and inter-sectoral linkages. The economic, social and environmentalimportance of forests and land resources should as far as possible be reflected in and factored into all activitiesand initiatives.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 19

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA Antigua’s climate can be described as Tropical maritime climate with average monthly maximum temperaturesranging from 27.9°C to 30.5°C. Drought is a customary feature of Antigua and Barbuda’s climatic composition.The country has three geological regions namely: The Volcanic Region, The Central Plain and The LimestoneRegion. The population is estimated at 83,005 for Antigua and 1,325 for BarbudaSTATUS OF BIODIVERSITYECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYThe islands of the Eastern Caribbean, including Antigua and Barbuda, serve as an important link in the seasonal migrationof numerous birds. Several species of thrushes, vireos, cuckoos and warblers migrate through the areaduring the late summer-autumn season, and migrants are completely dependent on habitat provided by the islands.Antigua and Barbuda also serve as a critical stopover site for numerous shore birds that migrate along the Trans-Atlantic route between North and South AmericaMangroves and related wetlands, and seabird nesting sites on offshore islands are considered critical habitats forbird conservation. Other critical areas include marine wetlands, coral reefs and sea grass beds.In the 1980’s it was estimated that wetland systems constituted approximately 11% of Antigua and Barbuda’s totalland area, amounting to almost 5000 hectares of wetland (de Albequerque and McElroy 1995). Thirty six mangrovesites exist around the islands ranging from small single species stands to larger complex systems.These systems consisted largely of salt ponds with adjacent mangrove forests typically populated by four species ofmangroves – Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa and Conocarpus erectus (Red, Black,White and Button Mangrove respectively). Barbuda’s Codrington Lagoon makes up a significant portion of this.This system covers almost the entire West and Northern sections of the island and is approximately 7.5 miles longby 2.5 miles wide. It is actually comprised of two lagoon systems – the larger Codrington Lagoon and Goat IslandFlashes which is smaller and shallower than CodringtonSPECIES DIVERSITYAntigua and Barbuda is home to numerous endemic and globally threatened species, including the critically endangeredAntiguan racer snake (Alsophis antiguae), the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), and the vulnerableWest Indian whistling duck (Dendrocygna arborea). In addition, 22 plant species are listed as being endemic to theLesser Antilles (one of which, Pectis ericifolia, may be endemic to Barbuda). An additional 73 species are classifiedas rare in the country.Approximately 182 species of birds have been recorded for Antigua and Barbuda. About two-thirds are migratory;one-third are year-round residents. Twenty of the approximately 60 residents are considered endemic to theWest Indies sub-region, and in some cases, are restricted to the Lesser Antilles. There are possibly 2 single-islandendemic sub-species: the Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus insulicola) and a Barbuda endemic sub-species orrace of the Adelaide’s Warbler (Dendroica ruficauda. The breeding populations of the Roseate Tern and the Magni-FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 20

ficent Frigatebird represent a substantial percentage of the global populations. The IUCN Red List for the countryis contained in Appendix 5. The freshwater fish of Antigua and Barbuda are listed in Appendix 6.GENETIC DIVERSITYAgriculture benefits greatly from the characteristics of The Antiguan Honey Bees and crops such as Hot Peppers,and Antigua Black Pineapple.ECOSYSTEM SERVICESThe Antiguan Honey Bees produce very pure honey that requires no pasteurization. In addition to the honey theyproduce the bees pollinate plants and trees. Fisheries are a major part of ecosystem services and the catch productionis used as an indicator. Results are set out in Table 1below. Graphs of production and associated value for Antiguaand Barbuda and the other islands assessed are shown in Appendix 7.TABLE 1. ANTIGUA & BARBUDA FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS (METRIC TON)Type 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish (All types) 1875 1728 2162 2280 2257Lobster 243 245 309 318 318Conch 469 554 528 494 517Total 2587 2527 2999 3092 3092Source: Antigua & Barbuda Fisheries Division VALUES AND ECONOMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTSCrops such as Hot Pepper, Black Pineapple and Sea Island Cotton have the potential to generate good revenue.Sea grass beds are common in shallow coastal areas around both islands and are an important nursery area for juvenilefish and invertebrate species. There are 25 fisheries landing sites in Antigua and 4 in Barbuda. CodringtonLagoon is particularly important to Barbuda’s economy as it is provides an ideal environment for juvenile species ofimportant commercial species of fish and lobster. Barbuda’s economy is largely based on the lobster fishery.TABLE 2. ANYIGUA & BARBUDA FISHERIES PRODUCTION VALUE (EC$)Type 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish (All Types) 25,131,800 23,247,500 33,599,000 35,263,800 40,669,000Lobster 5,346,000 5,390,000 8,157,600 8,395,200 9,444,600Conch 1,110,587 1,300,053 1,239,040 1,159,253 1,289,053TOTAL $31,588,387 $29,937,553 42,995,640 44,818,253 51,402,653Source : Antigua & Barbuda Fisheries DivisionFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 21

STATUS OF TROPICAL FORESTSCater (1944), on the basis of the rainfall distribution on Antigua, summarized the original forest to have consistedof seven major types:1. Mangrove woodland2. Littoral woodland3. Cactus scrub4. Thorn woodland5. Deciduous seasonal forest6. Semi-evergreen seasonal forest7. Evergreen seasonal forest Atkins in 1980 defined forest classes as set out in Table 3 below: TABLE 3. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA – NATIONAL FOREST CLASS DEFINITIONSNational classDefinitionMoist forest Closed forest (>40% canopy cover, with trees > 5m tall) 1Dry woodland Closed forest (>40% canopy cover, with trees > 5m tall) 1Cactus scrub Open forest (10-40% canopy cover, with trees > 5m tall) 1Mangroves Closed forest (>40% canopy cover, with trees > 5m tall) 1ShrubsOther wooded land (5-10% canopy cover, with trees and/or shrubs > 5m tall, or >10% canopycover with trees and/or shrubs < 5m tall) 1The most recent mapping of forests is shown in Figure 1below. FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 22

Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of Forests in AntiguaSOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTAntigua and Barbuda’s service-based economy grew by 3.8% in 2007, experiencing its third consecutive year ofstrong growth. Construction, banking and insurance, communications, and wholesale and retail trade sectors werethe main contributors to economic growth, which was driven by a construction boom in hotels and housing, aswell as projects related to the 2007 Cricket World Cup. The tourism and hospitality sector has largely recoveredafter the decrease in tourism following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It posted a strong performance in2004, and in 2005 the sector was estimated at 50% of GDP. To lessen its vulnerability to natural disasters and economicshocks, Antigua has sought to diversify its economy by encouraging growth in transportation, communications,Internet gambling, and financial services.Total GDP and contribution to GDP of selected sectors for the country at Constant Factor (1990) Cost sourcedfrom the latest IMF country report is as set out in Table 4.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 23

TABLE 4. GDP OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)Sector 2003 2004 2005 (estimate) 2006 (preliminary)Total 1,728.4 1,840.4 1,978.7 2,274.2Forestry 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9Fishing 32.6 34.1 36.0 38.5Hotels & Restaurants 173.4 185.2 194.1 204.8The number of tourist arrivals to both islands for the period 2003 -2007 is presented in Table 5 below. Cruise shiparrivals increased by 42.6 % between 2006 and 2007.TABLE 5. ANTIGUA & BARBUDA TOURISM ARRIVAL FIGURES 2003-2007Visitor 2003 2004 20052006 2007Stay Over 182,423 245,797 245,384 253,669 261,786Cruise 385,686 522,753 466,851 471,623 672,788Total 568,109 768,550 712,235 725,292 934,574Source: Caribbean Tourism OrganizationINSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, LAWS AFFECTING CONSERVATIONINSTITUTIONSThe Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Marine Resources and Agro-Industry has the broadest and longest standing involvementin natural resource management issues. The Fisheries and Forestry Division within that ministry are thetwo principal government agencies charged with gathering most of the primary data on the biological resources ofAntigua and Barbuda.The Fisheries Division has responsibility for development of the fisheries sub-sector, monitoring fish-stocks andmarine resources, as well as a regulatory role in policing fishing practices. The Division has been given powers underthe Marine Areas Act (1972) to restrict fishing in certain areas and to preserve habitats, flora and fauna, naturalbeauty or shipwrecks in marine areas.The Forestry Division has responsibility for managing the country’s forest and woodland areas and for reforestation.The primary instrument for management of the upper watersheds is the Forestry Ordinance (cap 99 1941),which provides for the establishment of forest reserves, the granting of permits for harvesting forest resources andfor clearing, etc.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 24

The Environment Division initially set up within the Ministry of Tourism and Environment in 1996 was mandated bythe Cabinet to inter alia, identify and coordinate the implementation of national commitments to International EnvironmentalAgreements, including the coordination of implementation of recommendations of the National CoordinatingMechanism; develop and implement a national environmental awareness program; develop and implementprojects related to the rehabilitation and protection of the environment; coordinate the development of environmentallegislation; and to coordinate the process of conducting EIAs.The National Parks Authority (NPA) is a financially self-sufficient statutory body with a Board of Directors. It wasestablished through the National Parks Act. This act provides procedures for the designation of any area of land orwater as a national park. The NPA is mandated to ‘preserve, protect, manage and develop the natural physical andecological resources and the historical and cultural heritage of Antigua and Barbuda’.The Development Control Authority, administered under the Ministry of Works Environment and Communications,has responsibility for regulating the use and development of land for urban, economic and infrastructure development.The National Physical Development Plan lays out clear policy for land resource development in Antiguaand Barbuda. This plan proposes to retain much of the upper watersheds (and their forest cover) as conservationareas and recognizes the importance of the remaining wetlands, proposing to conserve these areas as much aspossible.The National Solid Waste Management Authority handles the disposal of solid waste for the island.The National Coordinating Mechanism (NCM) was developed as a forum for the co-coordinated follow-up, at thenational level, to all Environmental Conventions ratified by the Government of Antigua and Barbuda.LEGISLATIONThe islands have a number of legislative acts governing environment which are listed in Appendix 8. The principalacts are:The Land Acquisition Act, Cap 333 passed in1958The Beach Control Act, cap 45. 1958, amended in 1989. The powers under this act have been subsumed underthe new Physical Planning Act 2003, but there is no evidence of it as being repealedThe Beach Protection Act cap 46. 1957The Bush Fire Act, Cap 62. 1901, last amended in 1989The Marine Areas (preservation/enhancement) Act, cap 259.1972, last amended in 1989, much of its provisionsare adequately covered now under the Fisheries Act and the Marine Areas (Act 1972). Two Marine Reserves havebeen designated under this Act (Diamond Reef –off the North-West coast of Antigua and Palaster Reef –off theSouth coast of Barbuda.The Public Utilities Act, cap 359.1973 gives the Antigua Public Utilities Authority the exclusive right to supply, anddistribute water in Antigua/Barbuda. It establishes general control over watercourses, but does not address watershedsor their management in any way or form.The National Parks Act, Cap 290. 1984 and makes provision for the preservation, protection, management anddevelopment of the natural, physical, ecological, historical and cultural heritage of Antigua & Barbuda.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 25

The Forestry Act, cap 178. 1941. This present Act is very out dated and there is certainly a need to enact the DraftForestry and Wildlife Act which has been on the table for the last ten years.Fisheries Act, cap 173 1983. The act had regulations passed in 1990. There is a Draft Fisheries Act, Draft Fisheriesregulations, Draft High Seas Fishing Act and Regulations, Draft Lobster Standards and Draft Seafood RegulationsThe Physical Planning Act, 2003.The Environmental Protection and Management Bill 2005GOVERNMENT, NGO AND DONOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESGOVERNMENTENVIRONMENTAL DIVISIONEnvironmental Division is currently implementing a project aimed at controlling the invasive Citronella Grass.Project funds were limited hence it was not possible to attempt a large area so a small demonstration site was selected.Strategic Sustainable Island Resource Management Plan is still pending.THE NATIONAL PARKS AUTHORITYThe National Parks Authority is still without natural resource management staff hence their activities are confinedto the heritage aspect of their mandate.FISHERIES DIVISIONManagement plan for the proposed MPA at Willoughby Bay is still pending. Monitoring of coral reefs needs to becompleted to give an updated status report.FORESTRY DEPARTMENTThe department has recognized the threat and adverse effect on native species of the invasive Fire Ants and CubanTree Frog however the impact of these species cannot be determined quantitatively as no baseline studies weredone. The department notes that GIS capacity and vehicles are a constraint to their operation.NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONSENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORY GROUPThe main operational Environmental NGO in Antigua and Barbuda is the Environmental Advisory Group (EAG).The EAG started as a Friendly Society but is currently registered as a Not-For-Profit company. Its main areas ofactivity are; Conservation of the Antiguan Racer, Species Population censuses, Jumby Bay Hawksbill Project, advocacy& lobbying and public education and awareness through such initiatives as the “Floating Classroom”.THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTRYThe FAA 118/119 conducted in 2006 identified a number of threats. New threats are set out below:FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 26

DIRECT• Emerging invasive species. (Fire Ants and Cuban Tree Frogs)• Sand mining in Barbuda. Mining has been so intensive that in one area the water table has been exposedand in another the dunes protecting the land from the sea were removed causing flooding in 2007. The inundationwith sea water also caused salt intolerant plants inland to die.• Coastal Development. Planning permission given for a new hotel built on Barbuda against the recommendationof the EIA and the decision of the Barbuda Council.• Oil Spills. Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA) facility in Barbuda has no infrastructure in place to containoil seepage and spills from generators. The result is anoxic mud and dead scrub vegetation in the landbetween the facility and Codrington Lagoon.• Sewage. In Barbuda latrines are the main system for sewage disposal. A plant was to be built but the proposedsite was found to be unsuitable by the Barbuda Council and to date there have been no alternateproposals.FRANCES FULLERFigure 2. Clearing of land used as a nesting site by birds for development, Antigua (March 2008)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 27

IMAGES DOMINICAFigure 5. Water table exposed during sand mining, Barbuda.(May, 2008)INDIRECT• Development of Management Plans for mangrove areas that serve as marine nursery areas and/or keyconservation areas for birdlife (Hanson Bay, Pinchin Bay, York’s Salt Pond, Valley Church)• Inadequate protection of ecologically significant areas. Codrington Lagoon since being designates a Ramsarsite in 2006 has had no further protective action. The Lagoon supports commercial and sport fishing aswell as a Lobster hatchery and fishery with some 300-1000 Lbs of Lobster being exported weekly to Guadeloupe.ACTIONS NEEDED TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYThe threats identified above are presented in a modified Threat Reduction Assessment Table. The suggested actionspoint towards directions rather than presenting 100% reduction statements. The actions to lead to 100%reduction can be developed by country experts with more specialized knowledge.TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTS IN ANTIGUA & BARBUDA WITHPROPOSED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSThreats Criteria Ranking TotalRankingArea Intensity UrgencySuggested ActionsInvasive Species 3 5 6 14 Structured eradicationand control programmesWeak Enforcement 6 4 3 13 Dedicated unit withinrelevant ministry todle environmental of-FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 29

USAID PROPOSED STRATEGY & PROGRAMMEThe table below lists thematic areas for USAID activity in keeping with the Agency’s four approaches to conservationviz Community based natural resources management (NRM), protected areas, enterprise development andpolicy development. These approaches coupled with the Agency’s commitment to habitat conservation will formthe foundation for proposed strategies.. It should be noted that some of the actions are carried over from the2006 FAA 118/119 assessment as the need still exists.The strategy to be employed in Antigua and Barbuda should focus on the areas of policy and habitat conservationas the islands do not have a lot of scope for community based enterprises. Fishing is the closest livelihood activityto the biodiversity base and can be used as a launch for coastal and wetland conservation. The islands have a heavyreliance in tourism through beaches and boating. Thus the connection between land-based activities, coastal andmarine health and tourist satisfaction should be used.PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR ANTIGUA & BARBUDAMapping of marine and coastal habitats and resource assessment• Map and construct database of all marine and coastal resources including reefs, mangroves, decapods,sea grass beds, beaches and fishing areas• Forest reserve survey, mapping and legal establishment should be completed as a priorityTourism Analysis• Visitor survey to elicit information on perceptions of natural resources and environmental issues• Capacity analysis at the national and site level to determine threshold for Antigua and Barbuda’s tourismproduct with respect to size of country and natural resource baseInstitutional Strengthening• Support for enactment of enabling legislation• Technical staff hired• Training (short courses, professional exchange programmes within Caribbean)Protected Areas / National Parks System Review• National parks needs to move from a heritage/archaeology emphasis to a more integrated approachthat makes provisions for environmental and conservation objectivesInternational Certification• FEE – Green KeyThe GreenKey® is a diploma awarded companies within tourism: hotels, youth hostels, conference- andholiday centers, campsites, holiday houses, leisure facilities and restaurants. To obtain the GreenKey thecompany has to fulfill a long list of environmental requirements. These requirements are contained in anumber of criteria. Besides pure environmental demands, the criteria include demands on policy and actionplans.• FEE – Blue FlagThe Blue Flag is a voluntary and exclusive eco-label awarded to beaches and marinas. The Blue Flagworks towards sustainable development at beaches and marinas through publicly awarding sites thatmeet strict criteria dealing with water quality, environmental education and information, environmentalmanagement, and safety and other services. A few of the issues covered in the criteria include:sions for waste and recycling, zoning of activities, and environmental education activities for a variety ofFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 31

PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR ANTIGUA & BARBUDApeople. The Programme has also recently started a voluntary scheme for private boat owners called theIndividual Blue Flag, which boaters can fly if they have signed and agreed to follow an environmental codeof conduct.• Green GlobeGreen Globe is the global Benchmarking, Certification and improvement system for sustainable travel &tourismSustainable Resource Use• Map and construct database of all marine and coastal resources (ecosystems and species) including reefs,mangroves, Sea Grass beds, beaches and fishing areas• Identification of suitable areas for sand mining and establishment of sustainable extraction limits (withparticular reference to Barbuda)• Biological inventory of understudied taxaNatural Defence Mechanisms Protected• Preservation of sand dunes around fringe of Barbuda• Maintenance of mangrove and coastal community integrity to support fisheries and promote good coastal water qualityEXTENT TO WHICH PROPOSED ACTIVITIES MEET NEEDSThe proposed activities are recommended based on site visits, interviews and an assessment of actions taken sincethe last assessment. Some threats such as sand mining and solid waste disposal remain issues in Barbuda with evenmore dramatic effects than before. Policies and legislation remain stalled and environmental problems to be addressby them continue. While the Barbuda Land Act has been passed, it has not come into full operation. As aresult the activities set out above will go a far way in addressing localized issues as well as wider systemic issues.THREATS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIESThe activities proposed if implemented with the full stakeholder support at all levels should pose no threats to biodiversity,forests or the goodwill enjoyed by USAID.DOMINICADominica’s climate is classified as humid tropical marine, with average temperatures of 27ºC (80ºF). Because of theisland’s rugged topography micro-climatic variability exist within very short distances. Seven volcanic centres formthe interior of the island. The island has a series of complex mountain ranges characterized by very rugged andsteep terrain. Current population is estimated at 71,242. The rugged inland terrain coupled with the establishmentof national parks and forest reserves has lead to settlement being concentrated in coastal areas with Roseau and itsenvirons having the highest density.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 32

STATUS OF BIODIVERSITYECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYIn the NBSAP the natural vegetation is delineated into 7 communities, namely: Coastal Swamp, Littoral Woodland,Dry Scrub Woodland, Deciduous/Semi-evergreen Forest (including Grassland and savannah sub-types), Rain Forest,Montane Rain Forest, and Elfin Woodland. Fumarole vegetation associated with geothermal areas is alsopresent. However Evans and James (1997) describe the following communities; Elfin Woodland, Montane thicket,Rain Forest, Coastal Woodland, Swampland, Lakes, Rivers, Coastal Beach, Cliffs and modified communities namely,Plantations, Grasslands and Gardens. There are points of intersection between the two systems.SPECIES DIVERSITYDominica boasts a phenomenal plant diversity of approximately 155 families, 672 genera and 1226 species of vascularplants. The number of indigenous species includes Pteridophytes (194), Gymnosperms (1), Monocotyledons(518) and Dicotyledons (1,445). Dominica has several plant species which are recorded as endemic to the island,e.g. Sabinea carinalis (Bwa Kwaib) the National Flower of Dominica. Eighteen species of wild terrestrial mammalshave been recorded for Dominica. These include twelve native species of bats, one species of opossum, one speciesof feral pig, and four species of rodents including the agouti. Nineteen species of reptiles have been recordedfor Dominica consisting of fifteen terrestrial species and four marine species. The fifteen terrestrial reptiles includeten lizard species, four sub-species of snake and one tortoise species. Of the ten species of lizards, the Ground Lizard(Ameiva fuscata) and the Tree Lizard (Anolis oculatus) are endemic. The amphibian fauna in Dominica consistsof four species of frogs, one of which is endemic to the island. The most prominent is Leptodactyllus fallax, a largefrog commonly referred to as the Crapaud or Mountain Chicken, which is endemic to Dominica and Montserrat.The other amphibian species are three species of small (tree) frogs consisting of one single-island endemic speciesEleutherodactylus amplinympha – that is restricted to higher elevations on Dominica, and two regionally endemicspecies , viz. the Tink Frog (Eleutherodactylus martinicensis) and Johnstone’s Whistling Frog (E. johnstonei). Thefreshwater fish of Dominica are listed in Appendix 6. The terrestrial and freshwater decapod crustaceans in Dominicainclude eleven species of freshwater shrimps and twenty species of freshwater/terrestrial/ semi-terrestrialcrabs. None of the crustaceans are endemic to the island and most are widely distributed in the Caribbean.The IUCN Red List for Dominica can be found in Appendix 5.GENETIC DIVERSITYThere are a number of plants, bats, and birds on Dominica that are currently considered as different “sub-species”or “races” (in the case of animals) and “varieties”, “morphs, “forms”, or “groups” (in the case of plants). All ornone of these may be split into endemic species as real, taxonomic work is done on each on a case-by-case basis.For the animals, the divide at the sub-species level is often between Dominica and the other Lesser Antillean islands,and a number of cases can be found among the resident birds. Plants also show the same type of inter-islandvariation, but they also show variation within Dominica across habitats along an elevational and rain fall gradientECOSYSTEM SERVICESDue to its rugged terrain the islands foremost ecosystem services are tied to the numerous rivers which proliferateall over. This results in a number of spectacular waterfalls which are sites for tourist to visit as well as locals to en-FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 33

joy. These rushing rivers also are harnessed for Hydro-electric power (estimated at 40% of electricity production).Fisheries data for Dominica are set out in Table 7 below.TABLE 7. FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS FOR DOMINICA (LBS)2003 2004 2005 2006 20071,462,213 1,278,042 1,153,372 1,725,469 1,695,195Source: Fisheries Division, DominicaVALUES AND ECONOMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTSThe production and value of landings over time can be found in graphs presented in Appendix 7STATUS OF TROPICAL FORESTSDominica has done an exceptional job of protecting the rain forest, montane thicket, and elfin forests that are locatedfrom 1,800 feet above sea level to the summits of the mountains. However, there is virtually no protecteddry forest anywhere on the island. The only exception is Cabrits National Park, but 100% of the forest in this smallnational park is secondary forest, and all of this is dominated by non-native, planted timber species. The 2000 nationalforest classes and coverage are shown in Table 8.TABLE 8. NATIONAL FOREST CLASSES AND COVERAGENational Classes 20002000(1000 ha)Montane Cloud Forest 0.25Evergreen Montane Shrubland 1.07Montane Rain Forest 3.04Submontane Rain Forest 23.63Disturbed Submontane Rain Forest 8.40Lowland/Submontane Seasonal Evergreen Forest 5.68Lowland Drought Deciduous Shrub/Semi- Deciduous 5.55Seasonally Flooded R.F./W.L./G.L 0.25Total forest 47.88SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTDominica's economy has always been based on the utilization of its land resources and on the productive initiativesof the labor force. The GDP for the country sourced from the latest IMF country report is as set out in Table 9FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 34

TABLE 9. GDP OF DOMINICA AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)Sector 2003 2004 2005 (estimate) 2006 (preliminary)Total 1,728. 1,840.4 1,978.7 2,274.2Forestry 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5Fishing 8.8 8.9 9.3 10.4Hotels & Restaurants 10.2 11.3 12.1 13.9The figures for tourist arrivals 2003-2007(Table 10) and visits to eco-tourism sites 2003-2005 (Tables 11 -13) suggestthat most tourists that go to Dominica visit at least one of the eco-tourism sites. The Emerald Pool and TrafalgarFalls are the most popular, Cabrits and Indian River are distant second and the other locations share the rest ofvisitors.TABLE 10. DOMINICA TOURISM ARRIVAL FIGURES 2003-2007Visitor 2003 20042005 2006 2007Stay Over 72,948 80,081 79,257 83,916 54,606Cruise 177,044 383,614 301,294 379,503 349,388Total 249,992 463,695 380,551 463,419 403,004Source: Caribbean Tourism OrganizationTABLE 11. NUMBER OF VISITORS TO ECO-TOURISM SITES IN DOMINICA (2003)Sites Site Pass Day Pass Weekly Pass Resident Children Exemption TotalFreshwater & Boeri Lake 1,810 191 524 2,110 47 30 4,712Soufriere Sulphur Springs 2,637 60 328 4,048 62 48 7,183Emerald Pool 53,821 233 739 5,988 214 311 61,306Trafalgar Falls 61,744 429 783 3,539 313 185 66,993Middleham Falls 3,552 126 343 716 25 21 4,783Cabrits 4,951 206 505 7,866 41 400 13,969Indian River 14,249 181 531 1,029 63 75 16,128Syndicate 233 13 13 55 0 0 314FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 35

Boiling Lake 2,133 37 408 872 1 0 3,451TOTALS 145,130 1,476 4,174 26,223 766 1,070 17,8839TABLE 12. VISITOR FIGURES FOR ECO-TOURISM SITES (2004)Sites Site Pass Day Pass Weekly Pass Resident Children Exemption TotalFreshwater & Boeri Lake 2,422 265 524 2,758 35 14 6,018Soufriere Sulphur Springs 7,296 136 275 8,861 49 57 16,674Emerald Pool 109,560 466 666 5,595 235 210 116,732Trafalgar Falls 122,058 463 700 6,888 455 279 130,843Middleham Falls 6,060 160 465 1,167 16 5 7,873Cabrits 5,674 239 454 7,444 52 103 13,966Indian River 16,344 180 348 2,156 10 132 19,170Syndicate 387 5 18 12 0 0 422Boiling Lake 2783 57 407 1037 1 17 4,302TOTALS 272,584 1,971 3,857 35,918 853 817 316,000TABLE 13. VISITOR FIGURES FOR ECO-TOURISM SITES (2005)Sites Site Pass Day Pass Weekly Pass Resident Children Exemption TotalFreshwater & Boeri Lake 4,121 283 493 4,214 46 11 9,168Soufriere Sulphur Springs 3,954 178 511 9,606 93 50 14,392Emerald Pool 70,633 260 589 5,604 197 216 77,499Trafalgar Falls 88,563 426 750 6,513 290 87 96,629Middleham Falls 4,263 207 478 1,048 33 1 6,030Cabrits 5,111 116 640 7,821 54 276 14,018Indian River 9,559 110 372 2,272 52 139 12,504Syndicate 204 4 8 188 2 0 406Boiling Lake 2,378 93 249 1,221 8 6 3,955TOTALS 188786 1677 4090 38487 775 786 234,601FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 36

INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, LAWS AFFECTING CONSERVATIONEnvironmental management and conservation is promoted through the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry(previously Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment). The ministry has 5 divisions/units and one majorfunded project; the European Union funded Agricultural Diversification Project (EU/ADP). The divisions are:– Policy Formulation and Administration Unit– Agriculture Division– Fisheries Division– Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division– Waitukubuli National Trail ProjectThe Environmental Coordinating Unit (ECU) formerly in linked with the Ministry is now in the Ministry of Healthand Environment.National legislation, impacting on environment, biodiversity and forests are set out in a list found in Appendix 8.The country does not have any formal environmental policy or management plan. The national priorities for environmentalmanagement are seen as; biodiversity – conservation and sustainable use, poverty alleviation and sustainabledevelopment and land use management including zoning (agriculture, settlement), and land use planning.As a signatory to the St. Georges Declaration of Principles for Environmental Sustainability in the OECS (SGD) inApril 2001 Dominica is following through on its commitment to developing a National Environmental ManagementStrategy by initiating the development of the strategy.In keeping with the high priority placed on biodiversity Dominica has prepared a National Biodiversity Strategy andAction Plan.GOVERNMENT, NGO AND DONOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESKalan Ickes and Saara J. DeWalt of Clemson are utilizing Clemson’s research station, the Archbold Tropical Researchand Education Centre (ATREC) for their research programs.Funding was made available through the London Zoological Society and the Darwin Initiative to establish a captivebreeding facility which is near completion in the Roseau Botanical Gardens. A molecular diagnostic lab and stafftrained were provided through an EU Stabex program. The virus affecting the Crapaud was determined in 2006. Inaddition captive breeding is ongoing in the UK. This captive breeding in conjunction with an ongoing field surveyand the facility in Roseau should begin to raise sufficient numbers of frogs for release.Chuck Knapp, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at CRES, is working to establish a comparative ecological study ofLesser Antilles Iguana in disturbed and undisturbed habitats in Dominica, the species stronghold. Lesser Antillesiguanas are native to most islands in the Northern Lesser Antilles and, like other Caribbean Iguanas, are threatenedby humans and their domestic animals. In addition, Lesser Antilles iguanas are threatened by competition and possiblyintrogression with introduced common iguanas, native to the Southern Lesser Antilles and Central and SouthAmerica. Thus, CRES is also studying interactions between Lesser Antilles and other Iguanas in areas where thetwo species are found in close contact.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 37

Current Agricultural Diversification Programme in Dominica supports a major reform of the banana industry inparallel with the efforts to diversify both agriculture and the economy as a wholeWeather resistant agriculture such as Greenhouses has been extensively promoted, however the emphasis hasbeen towards conventional farming practices. This raises cause for concern as to the long term sustainability ofproduction i.e. the ability of the soil to sustain production.There are steps being taken for a total standardization of the herbal products industry through the Bureau of Standards.The development of sustainable extraction and conservation practices to ensure long term commercial productionis supported.16 sites selected for support under the EU Ecotourism Development Program (EDTP), through the Ministry ofTourism, have been completed with trails, facility upgrades and/or creation, local community involvement and signage.Implemented through the Ministry of Tourism, Green Globe benchmark certification has been achieved howeverslow progress and lack of completion of other requirements has meant no full certification.Currently 20% of Dominica's landmass is protected through national parks or forest reserves; there are two MPA'sthe Soufriere Scotts Head Marine Reserve (SSMR) in the south, and the Cabrits National Park Marine Section inthe north. Through the OPAAL project a management plan for the Cabrits is ready and going to Parliament, theplan’s framework pays particular attention to the development of sustainable livelihoods in the area. A managementstructure is already in place for the SSMR however gaps in the framework have meant that the efficient operationand management of the reserve have been hampered.Since 2006 650 farmers have been certified as Tesco Natures Choice compliant, 200 have attained EUREPGAPcertification and numbers are growing. Fair Trade Organization (FTO) supplies the following United Kingdom grocerychains Waitrose, Adsa, and Sainsbury. The FTO has implemented an organic waste composting plan usingorganic agricultural and domestic waste. A processing plant has been constructed and in the past 18 months (toMay 2008) has produced in excess of 30,000lbs of compost.The FTO is trying to implement an agricultural component in primary and secondary schools; however lack offunding has prevented the full potential from being recognized. Three greenhouses have been constructed atschools in outlying communities showing agriculture at work. Annually 3 college students are chosen from the Statecollege agriculture program for placement in the Dominica FTO.THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTRYSince the last report the following threats remain.DIRECT• Hurricanes• Insect pests such as Black Fly and Pink Mealy Bug• Land based sources of pollution affecting marine environmentINDIRECTFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 38

• Legislative reform• Availability of scientific informationACTIONS NEEDED TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYThe threats identified above are presented in a modified Threat Reduction Assessment in Table .14TABLE 14. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTS IN DOMINICA WITHPROPOSED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSThreats Criteria Ranking TotalRankingArea Intensity UrgencySuggested ActionsHurricanes and other natural disasters7 7115Adaptation programmesfor agriculture sector toinclude agricultural systems,soil conservationPlant pest and Diseases 5 5 3 13 Agriculture Programmepromoting reduced useof agro-chemicals andprotecting indigenousplanting materialLand based sources of pollution 6 4 5 15 Project to address multiplesources of pollutionUnresponsive legislation 4 2 4 10 CITES legislation notenacted or existing legislationamended.Issues such as bioprospectingnot addressed.Availability of scientific information.Research conducted but results notcommunicated to local institutions ortechnical skills transferred via training3 1 2 6 Policy developed to guideactivities of overseas researchprogrammes.Parrots killed as agricultural pests 1 3 7 11 Action plan to reduceresource competitionLoss of Iguana habitat 2 6 6 14 Conservation of dry forestsFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 39

USAID PROPOSED STRATEGY & PROGRAMThe table below lists thematic areas for USAID activity in keeping with the Agency’s approaches to conservation.These approaches coupled with the Agency’s commitment to habitat conservation will form the foundation for thestrategy. The strategy to be employed in Dominica should focus on the areas of policy, habitat conservation andlivelihoods. The island has a heavy reliance on eco-tourism/ nature tourism while still maintaining an agriculturalsector. Thus the connection between land-based activities such as farming, coastal and marine health for dive tourismand agricultural production should be optimized.Legislative compliance with MEAs such as CITES remains inadequate as the last annual report files was in 2002. Nobiennial reports have been submitted for 2003-04 and 2005-06.Agriculture Sector SupportPROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR DOMINICA• Use of hydroponics systems• Adoption of mixed systems (fruit trees intercropped with other crops)• Expansion of organic farming• Integrated Pest Management promoted to reduce use of harmful agro-chemicals.• Citrus Blight resistant rootstock developed to preserve crop genetic resources in local CitrusMonitoring of Coastal and Marine Areas• Monitoring and assessment of land based sediments in the marine environment especially from quarries.This is still a major concern.• Monitoring of sea turtles and protection of nesting sitesProtect dry forest habitat of the Iguana• Gap analysis to ensure that all necessary natural communities are included in protected area networkLegislative compliance• CITES legislation and reporting. Finalization of legislation and enactment required urgently as well as systemto ensure timely reporting.• Bioprospecting legislation needed to safeguard genetic resourcesParrot Conservation• Explore options for Citrus to be harvested before ripening (and hence before eaten by Parrots) andprocessed. Mixed peels and other preserves. Thus farmers will have reduced losses and small rural enterprisescan be developed.International Environmental Certification• FEE – Green KeyThe GreenKey® is a diploma awarded companies within tourism: hotels, youth hostels, conference- andholiday centers, campsites, holiday houses, leisure facilities and restaurants. To obtain The GreenKey thecompany has to fulfill a long list of environmental requirements.• FEE – Blue FlagThe Blue Flag is a voluntary and exclusive eco-label awarded to beaches and marinas. The Blue Flag workstowards sustainable development at beaches and marinas through publicly awarding sites that meet strict criteriadealing with water quality, environmental education and information, environmental management, andFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 40

safety and other services. PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR DOMINICA• Green GlobeGreen Globe is the global Benchmarking, Certification and improvement system for sustainable travel &tourismConservation of Turtles, Iguanas and• Training of local persons in government or NGOs in conservation techniques (field assessment, breedingetc)• Dry forest area protected through appropriate legal mechanism to ensure habitat for Iguana conserved• Community conservation efforts for Turtles coordinated to ensure all groups trained and roles and responsibilitiesdefined. La Plaine and Riviere Cyrique are potential pilot communities. La Plaine has hadsome support from the USDAEXTENT TO WHICH PROPOSED ACTIONS MEET NEEDSThe agricultural sector in Dominica continues to require support to redefine itself post Banana and to improve itsresilience to natural disasters and disease. This land based sector also needs to reduce its impact on other ecosystems(freshwater and marine) by reducing sediment load and chemical run-off.THREATS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIESNo threats are envisioned from the activities proposed.GRENADAThe State of Grenada, which includes the islands of Carriacou and Petit Martinique and several small uninhabitedislands, is located in the Caribbean Sea between latitudes 11059’ north and 120 20’ north and longitudes 610 36’north and 610 48’ west. Grenada is the largest island with a total land area of 312 km2 and a coastline of approximately211 km. Carriacou, located 24 km to the northeast of Grenada, has a total land area of just 34 km2, whilePetit Martinique, located just beyond Carriacou, has a total land area of 2.3 km2. Grenada lies in the humid tropicalzone of the northeast trade winds, and the seasonal shift in these winds gives rise to a wet season (June to December)and a dry season (January to May). The frequency, duration and intensity of rainfall vary considerably throughoutthe island, with the least rainfall in the lowlands of the northeast and southwest and the most rainfall in the inlandmountainous areas. The climate is affected mainly by the subtropical cyclone belt and the Inter-Tropical ConvergenceZone. Grenada is predominately of volcanic origin, and the soils of Grenada are dominated by clay loams(84.5%), along with clays (11.6%) and sandy loams (2.9%). Agricultural problems tend to arise from the shallowness,high erodibility, and low moisture retention capacity of the clay loams.STATUS OF BIODIVERSITYFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 41

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYThe following terrestrial vegetation zones have been identified:• Cloud Forest (montane thicket, palm break and elfin woodlands)• Rain Forest and Lower Montane Rain Forest• Evergreen and Semi-evergreen Forests• Deciduous Forest and Cactus Scrub• Littoral Woodlands• MangrovesCloud forests exist on the upper summits of the highest mountains, where precipitation is above 4,000 mm peryear and relative humidity and exposure increases. The formation consists of Elfin Woodlands in association withPalm Break and scattered tree ferns.Rain Forests and Lower Montane Rain Forests occur below the cloud forests where rainfall exceeds 2,500 mm peryear, temperature higher and exposure less than above. The two formations have little differences in floristic composition.The Upper Montane Forest contains smaller trees than the Lower Montane Forests. Dacryodes excelsa isthe dominant species, reaching heights of 30 m - 35 m.Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests are found in areas where rainfall averages 2,000 mm - 2,500 mm per year.Morne Delice Hill, a 20 ha forest block is an intact area of moist forest. It is located in the south of the island in acloud tract and gets more rain than expected. Tabebuia pallida, Manilkaara bidentata, Bursera simaruba and Boisbonde are the principal species.Deciduous forests occupy the lower elevations. Rainfall in these areas ranges from 1000 mm to 2000 mm per yearfor five months. They exist in the north and south in a degraded condition.Littoral Woodlands are found along the coast but most have been wiped out. Conocarpus erectus, Jacquinia barboscaand Tabebuia form the edge of the Levera Woodland. Behind is a mixture of species including Coccolobis uvifera,Pisonis fragrans, Hipponame manchinella and Erithalis fruticosa.In the coastal and marine environments the following ecosystems are present:• Sea Grass Beds: These exist in the Telescope area and within the barrier type reef extending from GrenvilleBay to Prickly Bay in the south; at Carriacou in the L’Esterre Bay and Manchineel Bay and within thereef at North Bay, Isle de Rhonde. The main species are Turtle Grass, Thalassia testudinum and ManateeGrass, Syringodium filiforme. Other marine plants include various species of green, blue green, brown andred algae.• Coral reefs: Most of the reefs around Grenada and the Grenadines, especially along the East and SouthEast Coast are in varying stages of degradation and recuperation. The islands adjacent to Levera Bay havereef systems with Sugar Loaf being in the best state of recovery and dominated by Elkhorn coral (Acroporapalmata). Preliminary Data shows areas of living reef along the East Coast which are basically a combinationof various species of branching and boulder coral in varying stages of degradation and recovery. Thereis one barrier type reef stretching from Telescope Point to Marquis Islands with Elkhorn coral, Finger coralFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 42

(Porites porites) and some boulder coral including Mustard, and Brain Coral. Small fringing reefs mainly ofElkhorn coral exist along the south east and south coast to Point Salines. These reefs show some signs ofrecovery but most of them remain overgrown with algae. On the north West Coast, the reef at Red Rock,originally dominated by Elkhorn coral has suffered much physical damage probably from strong stormswells (Ground Sea) which frequently hit the area. Reefs also exist at Beausejour and Mollinere, but Mollinereis being steadily degraded by overuse mainly by tourists (snorkeling and scuba diving). At Grand Anse,the three fathoms reef is badly degraded; however, the six fathoms reef which consists of a combination ofhard and soft coral is still in good condition. Large barrier reefs occur along the East coasts of Carriacou,Petit Martinique and some of the smaller islets of the Grenadines. These are strongly dominated by Elkhorncorals in the shallow areas and boulder coral in the fore reef. Saline and White Islands have an excellentreef system and presently have the best species combination in the area.SPECIES DIVERSITYThere is no information available on threatened or endangered plant species. However, three endemic species ofplants are known, the Grand Etang Fern (Danaea sp.), the Cabbage Palm (Oxeodoxa oleracea) and one endemictree species (Maythenus grenadensis). Grenada’s terrestrial wildlife is thought to consist of four amphibian species,eight species of lizard and five species of snake, 150 species of birds (Groome, 1970), of which 18 species arethought to be threatened or endangered, four native species of terrestrial mammals and 11 native species of bats(Groome, 1970).The dry forest found in the south and north of the island is considered prime habitat for two endangered and endemicspecies of birds - the Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) and the Grenada Hook-billed Kite (Chondrohierax uncinatusmurus).Grenada is also home to four bird species which are endemic to the Lesser Antilles; the Grenada flycatcher(Myiarchus nugator), the Scaly-breasted Thrasher (Margarops fuscus), the Lesser Antillian Bullfinch (Loxigillanoctis), and the Lesser Antillian Tanager (Tangara cucullata). Several species have become extinct in Grenada sincethe arrival of the Europeans, including the Manatee (Trichecus manatus), the Grenada Parrot (Amazona sp.), theAgouti (Dasyprocta albida), Neuweid’s Moon Snake (Pseudoboa neuweidi) Shaw’s Racer (Liophis melanotus) and theMorocoy Tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria). Fresh water animals ranging from fishes to snails to insects and wormscan be found in Grenada. Not much is known or documented on these animals. A list of freshwater fish can befound in Appendix 6. The IUCN Red List can be found in Appendix 5.ECOSYSTEM SERVICESA variety of sea weeds or sea moss (red marine algae) mainly Gracilaria sp.is harvested at notable sand-mud locationsat Calliste, Conference, Pearls and Telescope as well as locations at Carriacou and Isle de Ronde. The algaeare processed into a milk based beverage primarily for local consumption, though some of the dried plants are exportedon a small scale to other islands. Sustainable harvesting of Gracilaria has been maintained at Calliste, St.George’s. The overall production from fisheries is presented in Table 15.TABLE 15. FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS FOR GRENADA (LBS)TYPE 2003 2004 2005 2006FishConch5461871 4383229 4414176 472951378155 64943 35980 4618FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 43

TABLE 15. FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS FOR GRENADA (LBS)TYPE 2003 2004 2005 2006FishLobsterTurtle5461871 4383229 4414176 472951357199 42985 50390 3253216608 14082 12399 6839240Total5613833 4505478 4512945 4773502Source: Fisheries Division, GrenadaVALUES AND ECONOMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTSThe value of fisheries in Grenada is set out in table 16 below. The value of the production of fishing industry ofGrenada over time can be seen in a graph found in Appendix 7.TABLE 16. FISHERIES PRODUCTION VALUE FOR GRENADA (EC$)TYPE 2003 2004 2005 2006Fish (All types)ConchLobsterTurtleSquidTotal25,163,505.08 20,863,598.35 22,577,106.80 25,888,437.26326,872.00 289,231.25 209,392.75 27,709.50526,504.65 341,839.75 454,923.88 288,498.7282,237.7569,579.13 63,474.25 34,205.001,078.8826,099,119.48 21,565,327.36 23,304,897.68 26,238,850.48Source: Fisheries Division, GrenadaA number of non-timber forest products such as bark and seeds are sold in local markets. See figure below.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 44

THERA EDWARDSFigure 6. Street stall with Sea Moss, Mauby Bark and other non-timber forest products. Grenville,Grenada (May, 2008)STATUS OF TROPICAL FORESTSMiller, et al (1988), stated that about 4,800 ha of nominally forested land belongs to the Government, including theGrand Etang forest Reserve and Crown Lands. Eschweiler (1982), using aerial photographs, estimated the area inGrenada and Carriacou that are covered by forests and woodlands as 9,800 acres (3966 ha) and 7,360 acres (2979ha) respectively (See Table 12). FAO figures indicated a 4.3 % increase in natural forest cover between 1980 and1990 and an annual deforestation percentage of 0.6%. The main forest types based on Beard’s classification arecloud forests, Rain and Lower Montane rain forests, Evergreen and Semi-evergreen forests, Deciduous forests,Littoral woodlands and Cactus Scrub, and Mangroves.TABLE 17. FOREST TYPES AND COVERAGE (FROM ESCHWEILER)Forest TypeMontane Rain Forest (Elfin woodlands/Palm Brake)Closed Evergreen Forests (Secondary rain Forests/ Lower Montane rain forestsMoist Deciduous and Semi-Deciduous ForestsAbandoned crop land and grazing landScrub / Cactus VegetationArea (acres)4,170 (1688 ha)5,630 (2278 ha)4,330 (1752 ha)7,000 (2832 ha)3,030 (1226 ha)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 45

Mangrove SwampsInland Swamps470 (190 ha)70 (28 ha)Total 24730 ……The main forest regions are the Grand Etang forest Reserve (1748 ha), Mt. St. Catherine (573 ha), Levera (220 ha),Annandale watershed (202 ha) and Morne Delice (about 40ha). The coverage of these principal areas is set out inTable 18TABLE 18. COVERAGE IN AREA OF PRINCIPAL FOREST AREASForest Region Location Area Government PrivateGrand Etang Forest Reserve Grenada 1,748 11526 222Annandale Watershed “ 202 202 -Mt.Hope/Claybony water catchment “ 262 262Mt. St. Catherine “ 573Morne Delice “ 40 40Levera “ 220 48 172High North Carriacou 136 136FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 46

Figure 7. Grand Etang, Grenada. (May, 2008)Note boles of trees showing effects of defoliation sustained during Hurricane IvanTHERA EDWARDSGrenada contains 21 pockets (190 ha) of mangroves along the Eastern coastline from Levera to Telescope, andalong the eastern coastline from Requin to True Blue. They form a thin fringe at Mt. Hartman Bay, Worburn Bayand Calivigny. The largest areas are at Levera, Conference, Upper Pearls, Westerhall and Calivigny. Four speciesof mangroves are found - Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Black mangrove (Avicennia racemosa), the Buttonmangrove (Conocarpus erectus) and White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa).SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTThe latest estimate (2001) of Grenada’s population showed 102,560 residents of the country, with an annual rateof population growth for the last ten years of 0.6%. Grenada is relatively mountainous with most of the settlementslocated within 1 km of the coast. There are two urban centers, St. George’s the Capital (in the Parish of St.George) the town in the southwest and Grenville (in the Parish of St. Andrew) in the east. These two parishes accountfor about 59% of the populationThe Country Poverty Assessment Report (PAR) constitutes the single most comprehensive document on the socioeconomic status of the Grenadian economy. The survey revealed that 32 % of the population corresponding to28.8 % of households are classified as poor based on a poverty line of E.C. $3,262 per annum per adult. 13 % ofthe population, corresponding to 10.5 % of households is classified as indigent being unable to meet the costs ofsupplying their minimum requirement for food. The study also revealed that the poor have limited access to healthservices, education, adequate housing and social services and that higher incidences of poverty are among theyouth, aged, women and female households in the rural economy.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 47

The Gross Domestic Product for the period 2003-2006 at constant factor price is presented in Table 19below TABLE 19. GDP OF GRENADA AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)Sector 2003 2004 2005 2006Total 975.1 949.8 1,101.4 1,142.3Forestry 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.5Fishing 27.9 23.4 24.7 25.9Hotels and Restaurants 85.4 76.0 45.5 25.9Tourism arrival figures for the period 2003-2007 can be found in Table 20TABLE 20. GRENADA TOURISM ARRIVAL FIGURES 2003-2007Visitor 2003 2004 20052006 2007Stay Over 142,335 133,865 98,244 118,490 129,118Cruise 146,925 229,800 275,082 218,838 270,932Total 289,260 363,665 373,326 337,328 400,050Source: Caribbean Tourism OrganizationINSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, LAWS AFFECTING CONSERVATIONIn Grenada the management of biological diversity is under the jurisdiction of several governmental and quasigovernmentalagencies each having a legal mandate for its area of responsibility, and guided by policy prescribed bythe government. Environmental management is coordinated by a single individual who is supported by an EnvironmentalCoordinating Committee. It seems that there are some twenty two institutions involved in some way oranother with environmental affairs. The main agencies are the Forestry Department, Fisheries Division and the EnvironmentalAffairs Department. There are over 70 pieces of legislation that protect and manage Grenada’s forests,soil and water conservation and direct planning, development, use of lands; provide for beach protection,management of fisheries, protection of marine reserves; protection of wildlife and habitats; control of pesticides,pollution and waste management. The plethora of institutions and laws leads to duplication of jurisdiction, confusionin roles and responsibilities. None withstanding the numerous laws that exist, enabling legislation for the MEAsthat have been signed and ratified is needed. This is borne out with respect to Conch and Turtle as CITES listedspecies. A list of relevant environmental legislation can be found in Appendix 8. Key legislation include the following:• Beach Protection Act• Birds and Other Wildlife Act;FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 48

• Fisheries Act;• Forest Soil and Water Conservation Act;• Grand Etang Forest Reserve Act;• Land Development Control Authority Act;• National Parks and Protected Areas Act;• Pesticide Control Act;• Public Health Act;• Territorial Waters and Marine Boundaries Act;• Town and Country Planning Act;• Wild Animals and Birds Sanctuary Act.A review of the existing legislation pertaining to forests in 1999 noted that no laws exist with respect to Mangroveprotection.GOVERNMENT, NGO AND DONOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESSince the inception of the Barbados Plan of Action in 1994, the Government of Grenada has instituted the followingmajor initiatives:• National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan;• Forest Policy and Action Plan;• Tourism Master Plan;• First National Communication on Climate Change;• National Physical Development Plan;• National Disaster Plan;• National Hazard Mitigation Policy;• The Physical Planning Development and Control Act;• The National Building Code;• Integrated Watershed and Coastal Zone Management Plan;• The establishment of the Multipartite Consultation Committee;• The establishment of the Sustainable Development Council;• The signing of the St. George’s Declaration;• The elaboration of the Draft Energy Policy;• Solid and Liquid Generated Waste Management Strategy;FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 49

In addition various committees were established along several of the focus areas in the Barbados Plan of Actionnamely:• The National Climate Change Committee;• The Biodiversity Consultation Committee;• The Biosafety Committee;• The National Economic Council;• The National Assessment Team for Poverty Eradication;• The Environmental Management Committee;• The NEMS Steering Committee.FORESTRY DEPARTMENTThe Forest Policy of 2002 based on stakeholder consultation shifted the emphasis from commercial logging to conservationwith emphasis on watershed protection. Thus harvesting of non-timber forest products for craft makingis allowed along with limited selected removal of trees. However there are weak areas in this system as the GovernorGeneral can by means of a proclamation sell any land in a protected area one the National Parks AdvisoryCommittee is in agreement. This was the central issue surrounding the sale of lands in Mt Hartman which includesGrenada Dove habitat. Public outcry and a scientific assessment of the Dove and its habitat lead to the proposedboundaries being shifted and land of similar acreage being given to the developer.THERA EDWARDSFigure 8. Sign from Grenada Dove - Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation Campaign, Grenada (May, 2008)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 50

FISHERIES DIVISIONThe Fisheries Division is trying to get an assessment of Conch stocks. The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanismhas been asked to provide technical assistance. While there is no trade in Turtles there is local consumption. Managementconstitutes a closed season form May 1 to August 31 annually, size limits, a no take on eggs and nests aswell as Leatherbacks. Two marine protected areas (MPAs) have been designated however they are not beingproperly managed.NGOSOcean Spirit is and NGO of volunteers that assist in data collection during Turtle nesting season. Tasks include tagging,counting eggs in clutches, measuring size and determining migration patterns.THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTRYDIRECT• Natural Disasters (Floods, landslides, tsunamis, storm surges, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes and fires)A particular hazard is Kick ‘em Jenny, which is an active submarine volcano located approximately nine (9)kilometers off the north coast of Grenada and between the Islands of Grenada and Carriacou. Kick ‘emJenny is the most active volcano in the Eastern Caribbean having erupted at least twelve times since its discoveryin 1939. Kick ‘em Jenny lies approximately 180 meters below sea level, and the last recorded majoractivity was in 2001. Two major earthquakes were experienced in 1997 recording 5.7 and 5.9 on the Richterscale.• Fires (major fires in 1990 and 2002)• Marina and other coastal construction• Land based sources of pollution (sewage released from St George into coastal waters, domestic and agriculturalwaste)Figure 9. Levera Lake and Billboard advertising an Eco-Resort development at the lake, Grenada. (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 51

INDIRECT• Delimitation of Exclusive Economic Zone. (Negotiations underway with Trinidad and Venezuela)• Lack of a land use policyFigure 10. Solid Waste Dump, Grenada (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSACTIONS NEEDED TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYTable 21 summarizes threats to biodiversity and forests and suggests some actions to address these threats.TABLE 21. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITYPROPOSED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSAND FORESTS IN GRENADA WITHThreats Criteria Ranking TotalRankingArea Intensity UrgencySuggested ActionsNatural disasters 6 6 1 13 Disaster mitigation programmeFires 1 4 2 7 Bush fire education andtrainingCoastal construction 3 5 6 14 Specific policy for coastalzoneLand based sources of pollution 2 3 5 10 Targeted interventions:FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 52

TABLE 21. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITYPROPOSED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSAND FORESTS IN GRENADA WITHThreats Criteria Ranking TotalRankingArea Intensity UrgencySuggested ActionsSewage sourcesAgricultural sourcesDomestic sourcesDelimitation of EEZ 4 1 3 8 Technical assistancecluding legalinNone existent land use policy 5 2 4 11 Short term technical assistanceto develop landuse policyUSAID PROPOSED STRATEGY & PROGRAMThe Box below sets out the activities proposed for Grenada. Activities centre around policy development andcommunity based natural resource management.Disaster Mitigation and Readiness ProgrammePROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR GRENADA• Develop ability of Grenada to withstand shocks from natural disasters• Develop post disaster recovery plan based on priority areas of action. Effects of Hurricane Ivan still veryvisibleBush Fire Project• Public awareness programme for country• Training in fire fighting including community fire responseLand Use Policy• Clearly articulated policy of land use developed (zoning, activities, responsible agency, enforcement).Policy would provide an opportunity to identify conservation areas through resource assessment, criticalhabitat and earmark areas suitable for different classes of development.• Plan could be by parish or theme so that it can have one part setting out objectives and goals and otherstand alone parts which can be written and approved incrementally so that action can start without theentire plan being prepared.Coastal Zone Policy• Coastal zone policy needed separate and apart from land use policy to deal with issues of resourceprotection (loss of habitat, ecosystem preservation etc)• Guidelines for coastal development prepared. Permissible area, classes of construction etc to be definedFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 53

Land -based Sources of Pollution StrategyPROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR GRENADA• Sewage system to be improved to deal with release of untreated sewage into coastal waters especiallyaround St GeorgeInstitutional and legal arrangements for environmental management• Review institutional framework for environmental management to rationalize number of agencies, jurisdiction,legislation etc. This could be a Short Term Technical Assistance activity as man power is verylimited within the government and the activity will require dedicated effort.• Prepare management plans for protected areas.Exclusive Economic Zone• Technical assistance to define boundary. Has implications for fisheries, shipping and other maritime activity• Legal assistance as well as negotiation support to have early resolution with other concerned partiesEXTENT TO WHICH PROPOSED ACTIONS MEET NEEDSGrenada has a number of direct and indirect threats that are tied directly to policy, legislation or operationalisingexisting provisions (e.g. MPAs declared but no t effectively managed)THREATS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIESNo immediate threats are envisaged however if legal and policy initiatives are to be supported Strategic EnvironmentalAssessments should be mandatory to examine their effects.ST KITTS AND NEVISSt. Christopher and Nevis are two islands of an extended archipelagic clustering of oceanic islands in the EasternCaribbean known collectively as the Lesser Antilles. St. Kitts (called this as a shortened version of St. Christophersince the eighteenth century) and Nevis have together an uniqueness derived in part from the country's distinctive,dramatic and spacious landscape profile. Each island, one larger, one smaller, is dominated by a single, fairlyyouthful volcanic cone surrounded by fertile slopes, called glacis, falling away almost uniformly but always gracefullytowards the sea in all directions. There is little of the flatness of a Barbados, only a touch of the dryness of anAntigua, and none of the mountainous irregularity of a Grenada, a St. Vincent, a St. Lucia or a Dominica — withtheir convoluted interior terrain and radiating ridges, spurs and deep, isolated valleys, bound together by a narrowcoastal strip of densely-populated land which guards the few entries to the central areas. The two islands areseparated physically by a ocean channel known as the "Narrows," which is neither wide nor deep but has manyimplications notably, the unique kind of binary "Federation" under which the two officially operate as one.Both islands have a tropical marine climate, heavily influenced by steady northeast trade winds, yielding smallvariations in temperature throughout the year. Rainfall over the main landmass of St. Kitts is relatively plentiful.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 54

With its central mountain range extending from Mt. Liamuiga, at 3,792 feet (1,156 m) elevation to the peak of theSouth East Range at 2,953 feet (901 m), the uplift effect produces an annual average of 64 inches (1,625 mm).Except for the Southeast Peninsula (SEP), rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout the island although there aresome seasonal variations, with a wet period from August to November and dry period from mid-January to aboutApril. On the Southeast Peninsula precipitation varies from 39 inches (1,000 mm) on the peaks to 34 inches (864mm) at Cockleshell. Islands like Nevis with one or more high peaks manufacture their own local weather, creatinga range of micro-climates which vary greatly with height, location and orientation. Nevis has several projectingmasses, with Nevis Peak at 3,232 feet (985 m) the dominant feature, which cause a marked upward deflection ofwesterly moving, moisture-laden air. This rising sea air is cooled by expansion, and the moisture is condensed sothat orogenic cloud formations and often heavy precipitation result. A typical feature of central mountain peaks inthe Eastern Caribbean islands is a cap of "trade wind clouds" which masks their summits day after day and is onlyoccasionally dissipated in very still or very dry weather. More than one-half of Nevis receives less than 50 inches(1,270 mm) of rainfall per year, with the average rainfall being 46 inches (1,170 mm). Mean annual rainfall variesfrom 29.66 inches (753 mm) at New River on the windward side to 51.60 inches (1,310 mm) at Hamilton's Estateon the western slope of Nevis Peak.The 2001 census gives the population of St Kitts as 34,930 and the population f Nevis as 11,181, representing anintercensal growth rate of 13.5% between 1991 and 2001.STATUS OF BIODIVERSITYECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYBeard 1946 described the following vegetation formations on St Kitts.Rain Forest—two relatively small areas of first-class undamaged rain forest were located in St. Kitts, the one lying inthe head-waters of the Wingfields River and the other above Mansion Estate." Where relatively undisturbed,Gommier (Dacryodes excelsa) was the principal species, with an understory of regenerating Gommier, and palms.Beard attributed disturbance to hurricanes. Palms were reported to compose 55 percent of the stems counted inBeard's sample plot, at the disturbed Mansion Estate site.Dry Evergreen Forest—identified as secondary forest occupying lands below the rain forest. Twenty-one specieswere enumerated by Beard and included many intolerant, pioneer species.Palm Brake—was found above elevations ranging from 1,200 to 1,800 feet. Beard reported, "The forest is dominatedby palms (always the Mountain cabbage, Euterpe globosa) which form over 60 percent of the total crop."Tree ferns (15 percent) and small trees (25 percent) made up the balance of the stems in Beard's sample. Approximately10 tree species were shown to grow in association with palms, and Beard reported 800 stems per acre.Elfin Woodland—tropical alpine meadow reported by Cater. Beard indicates this type occurring above 2,000 feetelevation. He describes it as "a low, gnarled tangled growth, usually about 12 feet high, loaded with moss and epiphytesand matted with lianes." Beard identified about 10 woody plants in this type.Dry Scrub Woodland—principally isolated to the Southeast Peninsula and has been heavily impacted by past use.Beard identified 39 species and indicates this to have been originally a deciduous seasonal forest.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 55

Nevis has, according to the Beard system of classification had six vegetation zones. They are: rain forest, dry evergreenforest, montane thicket, palm brake, elfin woodland and dry scrub woodland.Rain Forest and Humid Forest—substantial stand of tall forest is on the northwestern side of the mountain aboveJessops. The dominant species are the Mountain cabbage palm (Euterpe globosa), Gumlin (Dacryodes excelsa), andBurrwood (Sloanea truncata). The humid forest zone surrounds the mountain and resembles the rain forest in speciescontent with smaller trees with a less dense canopy. This allows more luxuriant herbaceous ground vegetationto form. Redwood (Coccoloba diversifolia) is more prominent in this zone. In both zones, the species diversity is low(approximately 25 distinct species).Elfin Woodland—The summit of Nevis Peak is covered with low, gnarled, tangled growth. This forest is usually lessthan three meters high and laden with moss and epiphytes and matted with lianas. Woody plants are very lowgrowing due to very high wind exposure, and herbaceous plants are quite common. The most common plant is abromeliad that appears to be an undescribed species of Guzmania. Orchids, mosses, ferns, aroids and grasses arealso abundantMontane Thicket—Beard discovered only a thin belt of montane thicket on Nevis, located just above the rain foreston the west side of the mountain. This area is dominated by Weedee (Podocarpus coriaceus) and Mountain cabbagepalmPalm Brake—Palm brake is a band of montane forest located on very steep slopes or in areas exposed to highwinds. This zone is dominated by Mountain cabbage palm, and the rest of the forest consists of Tree Ferns (Cyatheaarborea) and small trees. This ecosystem occurs on the mountain slopes above 550 m on the eastern andsouthern slopes and above 700 m on the northern and western slopes; this band extends almost to the summitwhere it is replaced by elfin woodland. Palms and tree ferns are dominant because their trunks are flexible and canbend with heavy winds. Other more rigid trees must remain small or be blown over.Dry Scrub Woodlands—The low hills of Nevis (e.g., Round Hill and Saddle Hill) consist of patchy, scrub woodland.The prominent trees are various species of Acacia and Cassia. Also present are century plant (Agave americana),Prickly Pear cactus (Opuntia rubescens), and Pope's head or Barrel Cactus (Euphorbia pulcherrima) (Merrill, 1958).Most of the southern coast of the island from the Bath Plain to Indian Castle consists of cactus scrub woodland.Dry Evergreen Forest—The lower slopes of Nevis Peak that extend north and east are covered with an evergreenforest of small trees. The most prominent trees are White Cedar (Tabebuia heterophylla), Black Mast (Diospyrosebenaster) and Loblolly (Pisonia fragrans).Bruce Potter in 1999 reclassified the vegetation of St Kitts and Nevis. That system recognized thirty six (36) uniqueforest types, associations and alliances. The comparison of that system of classification, Beards and two other studiesis presented in Appendix 7SPECIES DIVERSITYThere are two species of amphibians known for St. Kitts:(1) a tree frog (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei), a Lesser Antillean endemic (although introduced to Jamaica andparts of South America); and(2) the marine toad (Bufo marinus), widespread in the Caribbean,FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 56

The Crapaud, or mountain chicken, Leptodactylus fallax, is recorded for St. Kitts, but is presumed to have succumbedto the mongoose.Three species of amphibians are known from Nevis:(1) the tree frog, (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei),(2) the recently introduced Cuban Tree Frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis), and(3) the marine toad. Ten, possibly eleven, terrestrial reptile species or sub-species have been recorded, two of which are extinct. The tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria) occurs throughout much of tropical America. Presumed to have been introducedfrom South America by Amerindians, it occurs on both islands, though it is very rare in the wild.Four species of gecko occur on St. Kitts:• the Common Woodslave (Hemidactylus mabouia) and the Giant Woodslave (Thecadactylus rapicauda) occurthroughout the Lesser Antilles;• Sphaerodactylus sabanus and S. sputator are endemic to St. Kitts-Nevis, and St. Eustatius.There are two Anolis lizards:(1) the green lizard (Anolis bimaculatus bimaculatus), a subspecies endemic to St. Kitts, Nevis and St. Eustatius;(2) A. wattsi schwartzi, also endemic to these three islands.A Ground Lizard (Ameiva erythrocephala) is endemic to St. Kitts, Nevis and St. Eustatius). Burdon (1920) reported ashiny, bronze lizard (possibly Mabouia mabouya) that appears to have gone extinct since there have been no recentreports of this or any similar species from St. Kitts.The country has two snakes:(1) a blind snake (Typhlops monastus) is fairly common, even if not commonly seen, in both St. Kitts and Nevis.The species occurs in Montserrat, Barbuda, Antigua, St. Kitts and Nevis—T. monastus geotomus being the subspeciesoccurring in this country, as well as in Antigua and Barbuda. There are local reports of a second species ormorph of blind snake on St. Kitts, though no similar reports are known from Nevis. It is described as silvery-grey incolor, versus the brownish pink coloration of T. monastus. In addition to color differences, T. monastus is found inwetter habitat on the slopes and in the moist forests, while the grey snake occurs in drier habitat, especially in thecoastal areas. Specimens of both taxa should be collected for comparative taxonomic study.(2) A Racer snake, Alsophis rufiventris has been recorded for both islands; however, there have not been anyconfirmed sightings for several years and it may have been extirpated by mongoose. There have been interestingreports within the last four years of the occasional sighting of a small brown snake in the village of Cayon, locatedon the northeast coast of St. Kitts (K. Orchard, pers. Comm. to B Potter). A. rufventris is extant on St. Eustatiusand Saba.Both St Kitts and Nevis have Green Monkeys which are currently reported as being in a 2: 1ratio with humansFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 57

THERA EDWARDSFigure 11. Green Vervet Monkey in Mango Tree at Bird Rock BeachHotel, St. Kitts (May, 2008) In the marine ecosystem survey in 2007 made the following observations.FishIn general, the condition of the near shore marine life is unhealthy and out of balance, evidenced by high macroalgaland low coral cover, abundant small herbivorous fish, and very few large predator fish such as grouper andlarge snappers. The cause is likely a combination of overfishing, sedimentation from overgrazed land, and pollutiontransported through ocean currents.AlgaeWhile there are abundant algae for fish to feed on, it appears there is a pattern of nutrient loading, high algalgrowth, and sedimentation settling which creates a mat of algae that suffocate and kills corals. Herbivorous fish,which usually clean corals of their algae, offer no relief because they do not prefer the matted algae. Some healthyalgae-eating Diadema (sea urchin) populations were observed.CoralSurveyors observed few large, reef-building corals (i.e. Montastrea). There were many dead corals turned over andcoral rubble. Surveyors observed an over-abundance of colorful sponges and soft corals, which seem to take overwhen hard corals die. Small, healthy coral recruits (

growth. Coral recruits such as these provide an opportunity to save and expand coral populations in protectedcoral nurseries if they are professionally transplanted prior to any seabed disturbance.Coral infection / bleachingThere is a great deal of stress, bacterial infections and algal overgrowth on both hard and soft corals and sponges.Conditions observed include mucus; brown spotting, and discoloration of sea fans, coral blushing and bleaching.The IUCN red list for St Kitts and Nevis may be found in appendix 5.ECOSYSTEM SERVICESTable 22 below sets out fisheries production as landings disaggregated for St Kitts and Nevis. Long term trends infisheries production can be seen graphically in Appendix 7.TABLE 22. FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS FOR ST KITTS (KGS) AND NEVIS (LBS)St KittsProduct 2003 2004 2005Fish 197,547 280,268 257,635Conch 43,974 61,213 67,843Lobster 2488 3832 26,314Miscellaneous Species 56,735 69,136 30,776TOTAL 300,564 414,449 382,568NevisProduct 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish 471,995 497,050 466,680 501,750 402,500Conch 94,895 66,225 55,830 109,060 128,800Lobster 81,665 77,095 71,185 52,960 38,675Miscellaneous Species 54,840 24,180 4,630 - -TOTAL 561,920 664,550 598,325 663,770 569,975Squid 610Source: Fisheries Division St Kitts and Fisheries Division, NevisFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 59

VALUES AND ECONOMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTSTables 23 and 24 below set out the value of fisheries landings for St Kitts (only 3 months of data was accessed as anillustration) and Nevis. Lon term trends for value can be found in a graph in Appendix 7.TABLE 23. EX VESSEL VALUE (EC$) OF FISHERIES LANDINGS FOR ST KITTS FOR A THREEMONTH PERIOD (YEAR NOT GIVEN)St KittsProduct Total Weight ValueFish 160,220 1,388,220.00Conch 33,720 236,040.00Lobster 18,340 220,080.00Miscellaneous Species 16,780 134,240.00Source: Fisheries Division, St KittsTOTAL 212,280 1,44,882.00Figure 12. SCUBA tanks at fishing beach, Nevis (May, 2008)SCUBA gear used to extend fishing effort (depth and time underwater) for Conch and LobsterTHERA EDWARDSFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 60

TABLE 24. VALUE OF LANDINGS FOR NEVIS FOR 2004 -2007 (EC$)Product 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish 3,451,890.00 3,909,015.00 3,995,370.00 3,189,805.00Conch 397,350.00 446,640.00 854,280.00 1,012,200.00Lobster 951,475.00 883,820.00 675,005.00 1,380,445.00Miscellaneous Species 157,730.00 - -TOTAL 4,958,445.00 5,239,475.00 5,484,655 5,582,460.00Squid 6,100.00Source: Fisheries Division, St KittsSTATUS OF TROPICAL FORESTSNo figures were obtained but the extent of forests in St Kitts and Nevis can be seen in Figures 2 and 3 respectively.Figure 13.Vegetation Map of St KittsFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 61

Figure 14. Vegetation Map of NevisSOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTUntil recently St Kitts was the only remaining sugar monoculture in the Eastern Caribbean; faced with continuingreductions in sugar market, the Government has embarked on a program to diversify the agriculture sector andstimulate development of other sectors, especially tourism and light manufacturing and crafts. Tourism is graduallyreplacing agriculture as the major economic sector and is an important source of foreign exchange. Prior to developmentof Frigate Bay resort area in 1972, tourism focused on small, locally-owned hotels and guest houses.Agriculture (Vegetable crops, Citrus, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs (many free-grazing)), tourism, fisheries, boat building,commercial trading, construction trades and a very small manufacturing sector form the economic base of Nevis.Tourism is concentrated along the Pinneys Beach area from Charlestown to Newcastle and in the Gingerlandarea between approximately 800 and 1,000 feet. The federation’s GDP figures for 2003-2006 are found in Table25.TABLE 25 GDP OF ST. KITTS AND NEVIS AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)Sector 2003 2004 2005 (estimate) 2006 (preliminary)Total 1,728. 1,840.4 1,978.7 2,274.2FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 62

TABLE 25 GDP OF ST. KITTS AND NEVIS AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)Sector 2003 2004 2005 (estimate) 2006 (preliminary)Forestry 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Fishing 7.8 10.2 11.6 12.0Hotels & Restaurants 31.2 40.6 44.0 45.8Tourist arrivals for stay over, excursion, yacht and cruise arrivals for 2003-2007 are shown in Table 26. TABLE 26. ST. KITTS & NEVIS TOURISM ARRIVAL FIGURES 2003-2007Visitor 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Air (Stay over & Excursion) 94,056 121,277 131,399 136,752 NDYacht & Cruise 150,429 254,535 215,351 203,075 NDTotal 244,485 375,812 346,750 339,827 NDSource: St. Kitts & Nevis Statistics Office INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, LAWS AFFECTING CONSERVATIONINSTITUTIONSThe main institutions that control some aspect of biodiversity, forest or environment are the following:• Development Control and Planning Board• Pesticide Control Board• Solid Waste Management Corporation• Public Health Department• Nevis Island Authority• National Conservation Commission and the Department of the Environment• Fisheries Divisions (St Kitts and Nevis have separate divisions)• Forestry Departments (Forestry is administered through the Department of Agriculture)• Frigate Bay Corporation• Water DepartmentFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 63

LAWSThe following are the core laws that impact biodiversity and forests. There are a number of other laws that pertainto biodiversity and environmental matters. These may be viewed in appendix 8.Forestry Act (Cap. 92)Merchant Shipping Act, No. 24 of 2002Plant Protection (Cap. 97)Public Health (Cap. 226)The Fisheries Act No. 4 of 1981The Maritime Areas Act No. 3 of 1984The National Conservation and Environment Protection Act No. 5 of 1987The Pesticides and Toxic Chemical Control Act No. 18 of 1999The Port Authority Act No. 8 of 1981The most central law to biodiversity and forests is The National Conservation and Environment Protection ActNo. 5 of 1987The matters addressed by The National Conservation and Environment Protection Act are as follows:(a) the better management and development of the natural and historic resources of Saint Christopher andNevis for purposes of conservation;(b) the establishment of national parks, historic and archaeological sites and other protected areas of naturalor cultural importance including the Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park;(c)the establishment of a Conservation Commission.Section 3 of the Act allows the Minister for development, in consultation with the Conservation Commission todesignate any land or marine area to be classified as a national park, nature reserve, botanic garden, marine reserve,historic site, scenic sites or an area of special concern where such area meets one or more of the purposesand objectives provided in section 4 of the Act.The purposes and objectives specified in section 4 of the Act are:(a) to preserve biological diversity of wild flora and fauna species that may be endemic, threatened, or of specialconcern and the land and marine habitats upon which the survival of these species depend;(b) to protect selected examples of representative or unique biological communities, both on land and in marineareas, and their physical environments;(c) to sustain natural areas important for protection and maintenance of life-support systems (air, water) andbasic ecological processes including water recharge and soil re-generation;(d) to protect selected natural sites of scenic beauty or of special scientific, ecological historic or educationalvalue, including sites that are already degraded and need protection for restoration or sites that may become de-FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 64

graded if not protected; or(e) to maintain or restore historic sites of cultural, archaeological, scientific or educational value or interest.The National Conservation Commission appointed under the Act holds protected areas, historic buildings or monumentsin trust for the benefit of the people of Saint Christopher and Nevis according to section 9 of the Act.One of the functions of the Conservation Commission provided for in section 10 of the Act is to advise the Ministeron the conservation of the natural beauty, topographic features, historic buildings, sites and other monumentsof Saint Christopher and Nevis.The National Conservation Commission is also required by section 13 of the Act to prepare a management planwhich, according to section 14 of the Act should include information, to the extent possible, of a description of themanner and time frame within which various management measures will be undertaken.MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTSThe following agreements have been ratified and their date of signing is indicated.• Cartagena Convention on Law of the Sea – June 1999;• International Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL) – 1998;• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification – June 30, 1998;• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) – May 15,1994;• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – March 1994;• Convention on Biodiversity – January 1993;• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer – August 10, 1992.GOVERNMENT, NGO AND DONOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESFISHERIESST KITTSIn St Kitts the Fisheries Division carefully manages the resources due to the proximity other islands especially nonOECS countries such as St Eustacius and Saba. At the Saba Bank a traditional fishing area negotiation of fishingrights is ongoing. There have been proposals for MMAs but these have not got off the ground.The division is still relying on an outdated Conch and Lobster assessment for guidance. In the meantime there isevidence of stocks being under pressure especially in inshore areas. While some may argue that new target speciesonly transfer pressure the division is trying to direct effort towards the Giant Squid as an alternate species.The department would like to develop marine reserves, fishing priority areas, yacht mooring areas and dive sites.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 65

NEVISThe division issues local permits for Lobster and Crab and CITES permits for Conch. Reef fishing remains the maintype of fishing. Seine fishing has to be closely monitored as small diameter meshes are often used. Lobster fisherieshave to be monitored for the taking of undersize individuals as there is no closed season. The guideline for Conchsis that the shell should have a flare. Shells without fares are deems juvenile. There is an open fishery for Turtlesthough a size limit is set.The Division coordinates Sea Turtle monitoring and maintains an index beach.The division would like to see the use of biodegradable traps which can break down when traps become “ghosts”allowing fish to escape.AGRICULTUREST KITTSThe Department of agriculture is concerned with the agrobiodiversity losses of genetic material for such plants asWild Yams, fruit trees such as Fat Pork, Mammee Apple and Cashew. Introduced pests such as the African GiantSnail are of concern. While the Green Monkeys which are in a 2:1 ratio with humans are a serious crop pest. Pollinatorssuch as Bees and Butterflies have become less populous due to the use of agro-chemicals. A number of otherdiseases and pests such as the Hibiscus Mealy Bug, Tropical Box Tick, Bacterial Ring Spot, Bunch Top and FruitFly were cited as threats.NEVISThere has been loss of agricultural lands to housing. Lethal Yellowing has decimated the Coconut trees in Nevis. Anumber of introduced animals pose threats. These include the Giant African Snail, Fire Ants, Cuban Tree Frogs andLeaf Hoppers. Fruits such as the local Mango which is noted among connoisseurs need to be reestablished in orchardsas the trees are dwindling.WATERIn St Kitts there is no water master plan. Most (70%) water is obtained from groundwater sources through some30 wells. The rest (30%) is sourced from springs .Domestic water use accounts for 50% of water produced whilethe other 50% is split between Tourism (15%), agriculture (10%), commercial (10%) and the remaining 15% is unaccountedfor (Halla Sahely, pers comm.). In Nevis there is a water shortage during the dry season (in May 2008during the in country visit Nevis was experiencing water lock-offs.).IWCAM demonstration project slated for Basseterre Valley Aquifer.LEGAL DEPARTMENTSolid Waste Management Bill, CITES Bill, Plant preservation Bill, MARPOL Bill among other environmental legislationin draft form. There is a draft National Biosafety Framework of St Christopher and Nevis.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 66

NGOSST KITTS• Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Dr Kimberly Stewart conducts formal Sea Turtle monitoring.NEVIS• Nevis Turtle Group• Sand Watch Group (Lyn Jeffers School)• Nevis Historical and Conservation SocietyTHREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTRYDIRECTThe Peninsula Marine Ecosystem Week report in 2007 listed the following threats”• Anchor and anchor chain damage in Seagrass beds and on coral reef was observed at most surveyed locations.Only a few abandoned fish traps were observed and most were not endangering the reef at the timeof observation.• Overall there was slightly better visibility and growth of small, healthy corals near shore (

• Bulldozing of mangroves• Loss of agrobiodiversity/genetic resourcesINDIRECT• Non declaration of marine management areas.Figure 15. Coastal development, St. Kitts (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 68

Figure 16. Several coastal development projects, SE Peninsula St. Kitts (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSACTIONS NEEDED TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYThe threats identified in St Kitts and Nevis are listed in Table 27 along with some suggested actions.TABLE 27. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTS IN ST LITTS & NEVIS WITHPROPOSED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSThreats Criteria Ranking Total Ranking Suggested ActionsArea Intensity UrgencySolid Waste 3 2 2 7 Project to address solid wastedisposal. Public educationshould be a strong component.Basseterre should be focal areaSewage 2 3 4 9 Sewage collection andtreatment to be addressed.Coastal waters off Basseterreaffected especially after rainsCoastal development 5 5 5 15 Clear policy on developmentbased on carrying capacity andFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 69

features of target sites.Fishery pressure 6 6 6 18 1. MMAs set up and managementplans produced.2. Review of fishing waters3. Resource assessment for allclasses of fish, lobster andconchHabitat destruction 4 4 3 11 1. Guidelines for developers2. Offsets (Seagrass replanting)Loss of agrobiodiversity 1 1 1 3 1. Collection of material andconservation throughgermplasm collection2. Tissue culture for rapidpropagationUSAID PROPOSED STRATEGY & PROGRAMThe activities proposed for St Kitts center around livelihoods, habitat conservation and policy development. Thefisheries sector with its issues of fishing ground rights, habitat degradation (Seagrass Beds, Mangroves, Reefs), pollution,outdated resource assessments, CITES harvested species (Turtles, Conch) and lack of MMAs provides anarea for consolidated impact through diverse activities.Coastal Water QualityPROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR ST KITTS AND NEVIS• Use model of USAID CWIP project to address different aspects of coastal water quality (Solid Waste,Urban Drains, Sewage collection and treatment)Coastal Development• Development limits to be set and guideline promulgated• Offsets and restoration requirements for developersFisheries• MMA establishment (declaration and development of management plan)• Resource assessments and development of new limits with review of proceduresAgrobiodiversity• Identification of threatened native species• Collection and propagation of materialFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 70

There are twenty-seven (27) plants listed as being endangered, of which Tetrazygia angustifolia and Myrcia leptoceldarequire immediate protection because they face immediate risk of extinction due to their limited habitat, whichis threatened by urban development. Studies conducted to date show that only nine (9) flora endemics are found inSt. Lucia, with Cuphea crudyana now extinct, last seen 200 years ago.The fauna of St. Lucia is very unique, though not plentiful in reptiles and mammals. Over 150 birds are known toreside in St. Lucia whether as resident species, migratory species and occasional visitors. The island is home to five(5) endemic bird species which includes the national bird of St. Lucia, Amazona versicolor and two (2) endemic subspecies,the white-breasted thrasher (Ramphocinclus brachyurus) and St. Lucia nightjar (Caprimulgus rufus) which arealso endangered.There are seventeen (17) reptiles present within the forest and terrestrial ecosystem, of which five (5) are endemicto this country. Two (2) of the well-known endemics are the St. Lucia whiptail (Cnemidophorus vanzoi) and the St.Lucia racer (Liophis ornatus) which are both protected and have a safe habitat on the Maria Island Nature Reserve.Of the seventeen (17) reptiles recorded in St. Lucia, the snake species, ‘Cribo’ (Clelia clelia) is recorded as beingextinct. It has not been seen during this century. A total of nine (9) mammals exist within the forest, one (1) ofwhich, the St. Lucia muskrat (Megalomys luciae) is said to be extinct. Only four (4) amphibians are found in St. Lucia,with one (1), the mountain chicken (Leptodactylus fallax), reported to be extinct.Three (3) species of turtles are known to nest in St. Lucia. These are the hawksbill, leatherback and green turtles.There have been a number of unconfirmed reports of sightings of loggerhead turtles in St. Lucia waters and hatchlingsof this species found on beaches. The leatherback is the least common and the green turtle the most common.ECOSYSTEM SERVICESFisheries production has been used to illustrate ecosystem services in the table below.TABLE 28. FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS FOR ST LUCIA (TONS)Type 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish 1050.66 1102.1 948.95 1051.97 1152.76Conch 47.51 45.6 41.96 34.71 41.01Lobster 23.37 10.6 15.34 9.36 12.66Other 325.46 361.6 379.95 343.98 302.29Total 1446.99 1519.9 1386.20 1440.03 1508.72Source: Fisheries Division, St LuciaVALUES AND ECONOMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTSThe value of the fishing landings is used to illustrate the contribution of biodiversity to the economy.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 72

TABLE 29. VALUE OF FISHERIES LANDINGS FOR ST LUCIA (EX VESSEL PRICES IN EC$)Type 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish 11,165,122.35 12,106,763.66 10,973,358.22 13,922,64.79 14,580,912.95Conch 1,043.389.00 1,087,667.00 1,013,155.00 854,909.00 1,071,677.00Lobster 827,555.71 416,532.71 593,301.28 381,695.90 497,728.27Other 2,731,229.60 2,821,205.96 3,347,301.36 3,102,886.26 3,409,778.61Total 15,767,296.66 16,432,169.32 15,927,116.86 18,261,648.79 19,560,096.83Source: Fisheries Division, St LuciaSTATUS OF TROPICAL FORESTSThere are fourteen (14) units of forest reserves totaling 7,500 hectares: 256 hectares of exotic plantation forests;198 hectares of wetlands ecosystem and twenty-three (23) protected areas. Table 31 below clearly illustrateschanges in land use and the decline in forest woodlands.TABLE 30. LAND USE IN ST LUCIA (ACRES)Classes of Land Use ReclassifiedCensus Year1974 1986 1996 20071. Agricultural land 49,028 48,849 42,880 24,5301.1. Cropland and permanent 20,492 19,002 8,322 6,810meadows and pastures1.2.Permanent/medium term 28,635 39,169 34,433 17,005crops2. Forest and woodland 19,002 8,322 6,810 3,7133. Other land 3,971 1,754 1,638 1,961Total 72,001 58,925 51,328 30,204SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTThe total GDP and GDP of selected sectors is used to bench mark the economic climate. It should be noted thatwhile the direct contribution of fishing to GDP ranges from0.75% to 1.5 % a further 2% is realized through indirectactivities such fuel stations, cooperatives, marketing and service providers (engine servicing, boat repairs).TABLE 31. GDP OF ST LUCIA AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 73

Sector 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007(preliminary)Total 1,230.5 1,277.0 1,333.1 1,398.9 1,422.5Forestry 11.9 9.1 8.5 10.5 10.8Fishing 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0Hotels & Restaurants 161.4 170.9 181.7 176.7 163.6St Lucia showed a 69.7 % increase in cruise arrivals in 2007 over 2006. TABLE 32. ST. LUCIA TOURISM ARRIVAL FIGURES 2003-2007Visitor 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Stay Over) 276,948 298,431 317,939 302,510 287,435Cruise 393,240 481,279 394,364 359,593 610,165Total 670,188 779,710 712,303 662,103 897,600Source: Caribbean Tourism OrganizationINSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, LAWS AFFECTING CONSERVATIONThe Department of Forests and Lands (DOFL) is the main government department responsible for the managementof forests, soil, water and wildlife of St. Lucia. This responsibility is given to the Department of Forests andLands through the existing legislation and regulations: the Forest, Soil and Water Conservation Act (1946) theWildlife Protection Act (1980) and the Timber Industry Development Board Ordinance (1963). However, thereare other governmental departments and non-governmental organizations and community-based organizationsinvolved in natural resource and biodiversity management.The Department of Fisheries (DOF), a sub-section under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and theEnvironment (MAFFE) is the lead agency for development and management of fisheries. However, the Departmentof Fisheries has become involved in a number of coastal zone related issues not specifically fisheries related, sincecurrently, there is no existing establishment designed to specifically function as a coastal zone management department/unit.Mangrove areas are jointly managed by Forestry (vegetation) and Fisheries (water).Currently, there is no formalized mechanism for incorporation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) intothe planning process. A full list of environmental legislation can be found in Appendix 8.GOVERNMENT, NGO AND DONOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESGOVERNMENTFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 74

FORESTRY DEPARTMENTDepartment would like to acquire dry forest lands for protection of White Bearded Thrasher, Whiptail, Nightjarand Iguana. Much of the dry forest is privately owned so most of the dialogue is between private land owners anddevelopers. Promotion of non-timber forest product harvesting especially in buffer zones for livelihoods. A currentproject seeks to determine selective logging/timber production limits. The department would like to set asidesome lands for use by farmers.FISHERIES DIVISIONCITES legislation has been just completed and approved by Cabinet and is to be sent to Parliament. The divisionhas some joint activities with Forestry for wetlands protection. The use of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) is beingemployed.AGRICULTUREThe Propagation Division has been involved in Mushroom production using cultures purchased overseas. The unitwould like to undertake work with Orchids as they are threatened by habitat loss and exploitation. Developmentpressure on the land has resulted in declining numbers of traditional fruit trees. The Division wants to respond activelyto prevent loss of indigenous plant materials (fruits and flowers).NGOSDEBARRAS TURTLE GROUPTurtle watching has been conducted on the Grande Anse beach for more than a decade, every Saturday fromabout March to August, under the direction of the Saint Lucia Naturalists’ Society, a non-governmental organizationand the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. This initiative has nowbeen expanded to several days a week (client -dependent), under the supervision of a group from the adjacentcommunity of Desbarras, in a manner that allows members to earn a living by sharing the turtle nesting experiencewith local and visiting guests, while actively participating in the conservation of sea turtles.The turtle data collection component assists the Department of Fisheries in the monitoring of one of the majornesting beaches on the island, especially in terms of the leatherback turtle. Data collected are submitted to boththe Departments of Forestry and Fisheries for analysis and are also fed into regional databases such as that of theWider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network, being coordinated from Barbados. The Group has expressedinterest in assisting with turtle monitoring work in other parts of the island and members are keen to see theGrande Anse tour expand to include other aspects, such as bird watching.(www.slubiodiv.org/Debarras_Sea_Turtle.pdf)SOUFIRERE MARINE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATIONThe Soufriere Marine Management Area is run by the Soufriere Marine Management Association which has an advisorycommittee that focuses on classes of users (divers, water taxis, fishers). The SMMA has begun to look at inlandcauses of marine problems. Some years the sediment load is so high divers have had to “vacuum” out cloggedsea sponges. Sewage treated to irrigation quality standards at hotels has caused algal blooms. As a result projectsfocus on agricultural activities In addition the SMMA conducts monitoring of temperatures, salinity, turbidity andreefs. The SMMA is a potential partner for a harmonized project linking land and marine environmental initiatives.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 75

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTRYA number of threats have been documented and reported during interviews. They are as follows:DIRECT• Solid Waste• Land based pollution of coastal and marine environments• Recreational carrying capacity of reefs exceeded by divers and snorkelers• Coastal Development• Loss of agrobiodiversityTHERA EDWARDSFigure 17. Resort development on hill above Soufriere Marine Management Area (SMMA), St. Lucia (May, 2008)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 76

Figure 18. Buildings constructed of foreshore of beach in SMMA, St. Lucia (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSFigure 19. Dense settlement along coastline of SMMA, St. Lucia (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSINDIRECT• Inadequate policy and legal framework (e.g. Lack of system for EIA information)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 77

ACTIONS NEEDED TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYThreats to biodiversity and forests are presented in Table 33.TABLE 33. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTS IN ST LUCIA WITH PROPOSEDACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSThreats Criteria Ranking TotalRankingArea Intensity UrgencySuggested ActionsRecreational diving./snorkeling 1 2 1 4 FEE Blue FlagHabitat loss 7 7 6 20 Zoning of land to createspecial use zones andconservation area (distinctfrom Protectedareas)Coastal Development 6 6 7 19 Coastal zone managementneeds to be vestedin an institution and apolicy developedSolid Waste 3 3 3 9 Improved public and privatemanagementLoss of native genetic plant material2 1 2 5 Collectiontionand propagaLand based sources of pollution 5 5 5 15 Identification of sourcesand measures to addresspollutionPolicy and legal framework 4 4 4 12 Development of requiredlaws and policiesUSAID PROPOSED STRATEGY & PROGRAM PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR ST LUCIAPrivate Planters Programme for Forests• Incentives given (tax benefits etc) to private land holders to retain forest lands.• Conservation easementsDevelopment of Forest Management Areas• Designation of forest management and resources use areas• Agroforestry systems using fruit treesFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 78

Pollution Prevention and Control ProgrammesPROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR ST LUCIA• Identification of sources and types (and where relevant discharge)• Development of reduction strategies or elimination of pollutionPolicies and Laws• Build on previous reviews to identify gaps in legal framework• Drafting supportCoastal Development• Coastal policy developedHabitat Conservation• Critical ecosystems and habitats currently not protected/conserved to be identified and appropriatemeasures takenConservation of native genetic plant material• Determine species in need of conservation• Develop propagation protocolsFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 79

Figure 20. Reef check transect, St. Lucia (September, 2007)MARCIA CREARYEXTENT TO WHICH PROPOSED ACTIONS MEET NEEDSThe actions proposed are very responsive to issues and threats identified while remaining general and adaptable intheir scope.THREATS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIESNo threats are envisioned to biodiversity. The development of incentives for the private sector will require someconsultations and dialogue for their development as well as enabling legislation or other legal provision.ST VINCENTSt. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) consists of the main island of St. Vincent (345 km2 ), and the northernGrenadines (44 km2) which includes the islands of Bequia, Mustique, Canouan, Mayreau, Union Island, Palm Island,Petit St. Vincent, and 28 uninhabited islets. The combined population of SVG is approximately 120,519 people(1999 estimate). St. Vincent is mountainous and fertile, and has significant tropical rainforest which provides theFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 80

natural habitat for the St. Vincent parrot and other wildlife. The Grenadines, in contrast, consists of low dry islandssurrounded by extensive coral reefs.STATUS OF BIODIVERSITYECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYThe most widely used vegetation description model was developed by J.S. Beard in 1945 and Howard (1952), andis used to describe the vegetation of the Grenadines.Rainforests which are described as forest occurring in areas of high rainfall, experiencing over 100mm of rainfall permonth with very short dry periods. They occupy small areas between 300 m and 500m in elevation, mainly in themiddle to upper watershed basins of the Colonarie, Cumberland and Buccament valleys. The canopy dominantsinclude Prestoea montana (on the windward side only), Dacryodes excelsa, Lauraceae species, Meliosina herbertii,Micropholis chrysophylloides and Sloanea caribaea;Elfin Woodlands which occupy summits above 500m on both windward and leeward sides on the central mountain.The trees, due to the conditions of wind and moisture are 4m or less in height, gnarled and covered in mossand epiphytes. The main tree species are Charianthus cocconeus, Didymopanax attennatum, Freziera hirsuta, Prestoeamontana, Inga laurina, Weinmannia pinnata, Ficus and Clusia species; Littoral Woodlands which occupy limited areasadjacent to the sea. The trees seldom exceed 8m in height. Common dominants are Coccoloba unifera, Rheediaspecies and Tabebuia pallid.Mangrove Forests which cover approximately 42 Ha in SVG, mainly on Union and Mustique Islands, along with avery small area in the south of St. Vincent. The forests consist of four distinct species of mangroves known looselyas red, black, white and button, (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Conocarpuserectus). Interestingly all four species are found together in an area of less than 6Ha at Richmond Beach on UnionIslandSecondary Communities consist of the following vegetation types:Palm Brakes which occupy the area between rainforest and elfin woodland (sometimes referred to as cloud forest)on both sides of the mountains. The formations consist of mainly palms with 70% reaching a height of 12m;Secondary Rain Forests which are forest lands that have had some major intervention (natural or man-made). Theyoccupy areas between permanent cultivation and rainforest (primary). These forests contain secondary tree speciessuch as Chimarrhis cymossa, Sapium caribeum, Inga ignoides, Cecropia peltata, Freziera hirsuta, Ochroma pyramidale,Cordia sulcata and Lauraceae species. These forests are normally denser than primary forest, with smaller treediameters. However, the more advance succession stage has a higher number of rainforest species;Dry Scrub Woodlands which occur in the drier coastal regions of SVG. They occupy uncultivated lands on steeprocky slopes, where lush forest never existed. The vegetation of this forest is most times felled for timber and fuelwood. Dominant tree species include Bursera simaruba, Pisonia fragrans, Acrocima species. Other tree species foundin these forest types include: Tabebuia pallida, Swietenia mahogani, Hymenaea courbaril, Pouteria multiflora, Inga laurina,Mastichodendron feutidissimum, Brosimum alicastrum and the Lauraceae species. The Kings Hill Forest reservehas this forest type and has remained virtually undisturbed since its creation in 1791, with trees reaching to 20m inFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 81

height; and Disturbed Lands (Regeneration) which include the area of La Soufriere which is disturbed by periodicvolcanic eruptions resulting in states of succession ranging from bare soil to secondary forestSPECIES DIVERSITYMore than 1,150 species of flowering plants, 163 species of ferns, 4 species of amphibians, 16 species of reptiles,111 species of birds, and 15 species of mammals have been identified in St Vincent.Four species of amphibians which include the marine toad (Bufo marinus), two tree frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstoneiand E. urichi shrevei) and the pond frog (In later literature the frog E. urichi shrevei which was thought to be anendemic subspecies was confirmed to be an endemic species Eleutherodactylus shrevei.There are two lizards and a snake which are endemic to St. Vincent, Anolis griseus and A. trinitatus and the snake(Chironius vincenti). A gecko in Bequia Sphaerodactylus kirbyi is also endemic. The CEP lists two other lizards (Gymnophthalmusunderwoodi and Sphaerodactylus vincenti) and the snake (Mastigodryas bruesi) as regional endemics.There are two endemic birds on St. Vincent, the St. Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii) and the Whistling Warbler(Catharopezea bishopi). Two endemic subspecies, the St Vincent (Rufous throated) Solitaire (Myadestes genibaris)and the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) are attributed to the island.ECOSYSTEM SERVICESSt Vincent maintains records for a variety of marine species in its fisheries division database. Of note is the inclusionof Whales, Whelks and Turtles in production figures. Production for 2003 -2007 can be found in Table 34.TABLE 34. FISHERIES PRODUCTION AS LANDINGS FOR ST VINCENT (LBS)Product 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish (all types inc. Sharks) 1,699,715 1,625,167 1,651,590 1,655,349 2,109,302Conch 19,601 37,950 14,221 7,907 23,668Lobster 61,676 84,339 46,193 31,774 19,365Turtles(Green & Hawksbill) 1,478 0 2,224 1,501 2,118Whales (Pilot) 1,090 1,720 1,410 900 9,900Whelks 1,935 0 0 300 0Total 1,784,405 1,749,176 1,715,638 1,697,731 2,164,353Source: Fisheries Division, St. VincentVALUES AND ECONOMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTSThe contribution of the fisheries sector has increased steadily over the reporting period 2003-2007 rising fromEC$6,879,982 to EC$10,165,671.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 82

TABLE 35. VALUE OF FISHERIES PRODUCTION (LANDED & MARKETED) FOR ST VINCENT (EC$)Product 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Fish (all types inc. Sharks) 6,113,356 6,281,162 6,723,821 7,479,903 9,709,Conch 137,207 242,837 68,711 74,978 158,676Lobster 619,666 904,305 547,960 374,507 255,519Turtles(Green & Hawkskbill) 2,713 0 8,566 7,628 11,630Whales (Pilot) 3,780 7,065 5,440 2,000 30,100Whelks 3,260 0 0 1,300 0Total 6,879.982 7,435,369 7,344,498 7,940,316 10,165,671Source: Fisheries Division, St VincentSTATUS OF TROPICAL FORESTSThe government has established three Crown Lands Forest Reserves and 24 wildlife reserves. Also, in recent yearsSVG’s marine biodiversity has received even more attention since the establishment of the Tobago Cays MarineReserve. The coverage of forests in the years 1949, 1984 and 1993 is shown in Table 35. Forest cover has showna 9.6% decline between 1949 and 1993.TABLE 36 . FOREST TYPES AND COVERAGE IN ST VINCENT 1949-1993Type 1949 1984 1993Rainforest 8218 9208 7759Dry Scrub Woodland 1491 1326 2179Elfin Woodland 207 952 457Palm Brake 4122 1734 518Regeneration 1776Total Forest Area 14038 13220 12689Bequia supports a significant forested area. The predominant species is White Cedar (Tabebuia pallida) with NakedIndian (Bursera simaruba) as emergents as well as several species of Acacia and Cactus. There is also a small area ofBlack Mangrove at Spring Beach.Canouan has a small stand of dry woodland on the lee side of Mount Royal which is threatened by a tourist developmentscheme. Union Island supports large areas of dry scrub forest, 4 to 5 meters in height, with emergents ofFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 83

naked Indian, Albizia (Albizia caribeae), Guapira fragrans, Bouvreria succulenta, and Tamarindus species. The groundcover includes Aloe vera, which was probably cultivated at some time. Most of the other islands still support individualtrees and scattered patches of forest.Union island supports the major mangrove areas in the nation, with those of Ashton Harbour and Richmond Beachbeing the most significant.Mustique supports about 10 ha of mainly black mangroves in two areas inland. The Mustique Company is enjoinedto protect and improve the natural environment, including the mangroves in Lagoon Bay, by the Mustique CompanyLimited Act of 1989. The company also works to protect the natural vegetation of the island, which has a relativelygood vegetative cover.SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTThe population is concentrated mostly in towns and villages along the East, West and the South coasts and in thesouthern interior of the mainland.Total GDP and GDP by selected sectors were available for 2003-2005.TABLE 37. GDP OF ST VINCENT AT CONSTANT FACTOR PRICE (MILLION $EC)Sector 2003 2004 2005 (estimate)Total 650 694 709Forestry 4 5 6Fishing 10 10 8Hotels and Restaurants 19 21 23TABLE 38. ST. VINCENT TOURISM ARRIVAL FIGURES 2003-2007Visitor 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Stay Over) 78,535 86,727 95,505 97,432 89,637Cruise 64,965 74,657 69,391 106,474 144,455Total 143,500 161,384 164,896 203,906 234,092Source: Caribbean Tourism OrganizationINSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, LAWS AFFECTING CONSERVATIONThe Forest Resources Conservation Act (1992) created, for the first time, a specialized forest management agencyto manage the nation's forests and watersheds. The Wildlife Protection Act (1987) provides for the protection andmanagement of the nation's wildlife and authorizes the establishment of wildlife reserves for that purpose, and it isunder this Act that Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ 24 wildlife reserves have been established. The Fisheries ActFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 84

(1986) provides for the management and development of fisheries as well as the protection of special areas designatedas marine reserves. A full list of laws is in Appendix 8.GOVERNMENT, NGO AND DONOR PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESGOVERNMENTForestry DepartmentIntegrated Forest Management Programme is its 4 th year of implementation. There is a GIS supported forest mappingand inventory programme currently underway. The department is looking towards preparation of a nationalforest policy. The Department has focused on conservation of the St Vincent Parrot declared in 1979 as the nationalbird.NGOSNORTH LEEWARD TOURISM ASSOCIATIONThe association has cleaned rivers and has plans for mangrove replanting. The association’s main activity is a naturetourism enterprise at Richmond with Cabins, a tent camping site and an interpretative centre. The association ispotential partner to address the issue of sand mining on the beach at Richmond near their project site.DONORSThe EU and FAO have been supporting forest livelihood initiatives.THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTRYDIRECT• Sand Mining at Richmond• Alien species (lizard from Guyana that came across in imported sand)• Coastal Development• Erosion (root crop cultivation leads to deep tilling)• Tran shipment of St Vincent Parrot (birds and eggs)• Cross Island Road• International AirportINDIRECT• Updated forest policy neededFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 85

ACTIONS NEEDED TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITYTABLE 39. SUMMARY OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTS IN ST VINCENT WITHPROPOSED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS THESE THREATSThreats Criteria Ranking TotalRankingArea Intensity UrgencySuggested ActionsSand mining (women do most ofdigging)3 4 7 14 Educational programmeCreation of alternate livelihoodCoastal development 7 7 6 20 Policy and action plan toaddress pressure.Road construction 5 6 5 16 Best constructionpractices to minimizeenvironmental impactsAirport construction 4 5 4 13 Best constructionpractices to minimizeenvironmental impactsErosion 6 3 3 12 Soil conservationmethods transferred tofarmersTheft of St Vincent Parrots 2 2 2 6 Training of port securityPublic awarenessAlien species 1 1 1 3 Assessment to determinespecies and their extentFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 86

Figure 21. Soil exposed from vegetation clearing for cultivation, St. VincentTHERA EDWARDSFigure 22. Hillside agriculture, St. Vincent (May, 2008)THERA EDWARDSFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 87

USAID PROPOSED STRATEGY & PROGRAMMEThe programme proposed centers around enterprise creation, community based NRM and policy development.Sand Mining at RichmondPROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR ST VINCENT• Explore options for creating alternate livelihoods for women involved• Identify other source sitesCoastal Development• Survey of developments• Zoning and development of a development policy/strategy for coastal areasAgricultural best practices• Integrated Pest management• Soil Conservation TechniquesPort Security Biodiversity Training• Training in species identification• Training in detection of smuggled animals and productsEXTENT TO WHICH PROPOSED ACTIONS MEET NEEDSThe activities described above respond to the most widely cited threats. There may be other areas for supportsuch as legislative drafting.THREATS FROM PROPOSED ACTIVITIESNo threats are envisaged.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 88

DISCUSSIONGENERALThe assessment conducted revealed that while each included island had country specific issues/threats there werea number of common concerns and threats. Uncontrolled and accelerated coastal development was cited in everyisland. The need for land planning and or physical development plans was another recurrent observation. It wasperceived that the existence of such plans would be a deterrent to the spate of coastal development. Most countieswere behind in CITES reporting. Annual reports have been filed by all countries, the most recent being St Luciain 2006. Grenada has declared that it does not trade and therefore had no reports filed since signing in 1999. StLucia is the only island with biennial reports giving the status of CITES legislation, regulation and administrative arrangements.The St Vincent report submitted in 2005 was not in the standard format and therefore not placed onrecord. Only two countries (Antigua and Barbuda and St Lucia) had declared Ramsar sites (See Appendix 9). Allcountries had declared and/or proposed marine areas. See Appendix 10.FISHERIESThe fisheries sector in most islands had issues of resource pressure, territorial water rights and out dated assessments.This sector provides the greatest opportunity for USAID interface due to the number of issues involved viz.habitat degradation and loss, land based sources of pollution, livelihoods, legislation, resource assessment and sustainableuse planning, creation of MPAs as well as the fact that the marine environment connects the OECS countries.ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCESIn general countries need to appreciate basic natural resource economic principles of use versus existence value.Examples that come to mind include the catching of whales versus whale watching as a tourist attraction. The preservationof beaches for recreation versus the mining of beach sand in islands such as St. Vincent and Barbuda.TOURISMThe figures for number of tourists show a general trend towards an increase in arrivals especially in cruise passengers.Some countries show a drop in numbers in years succeeding hurricanes as a result of infrastructure damage.The increase in arrivals along with the decline of the region’s agriculture sector has driven a spate of coastal developmentin many islands. The main developments are hotels, resorts and other accommodation. In some islandsroads, airports and piers are being constructed or expanded to provide better support for the sector. These developmentprojects have been the cause of much concern to a wide cross section of persons due to their impacton coastal areas especially Mangroves and Sea Grass beds or forest areas which are habitat for birds, Iguanas andother keystone species. The lack of adequate EIA assessment, enforcement and physical planning further exacerbatesthe effects of these developments.CLIMATE CHANGEFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 89

Whilst climate change is recognized as a present and growing threat which has shown some visible manifestationsmuch of the effects still remain in the realm of predictions or “modeled scenarios”. Models suffer from lack of informationand technical capacity to perform analyses. There have been a number of regional projects such a CaribbeanPlanning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) and Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change(MACC). However the most directly relevant initiative has been The Caribbean Natural Resources Institute(CANARI) project “Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Insular Caribbean (CCBIC)”, supported by the John Dand Catherine T MacArthur Foundation. The overall objective of CCBIC is to develop a research agenda for thenext ten years to inform biodiversity management in the insular Caribbean whether for conservation, sustainablelivelihoods, resilience building or vulnerability reduction in the light of climate change impacts. The project recognizedthat livelihoods of Caribbean people are intimately linked with biodiversity whether through social and culturalconnections, economic exploitation or traditional use. A number of gaps in existing knowledge were identified.In summary the major gaps were:• The large variation in the availability of data relating to the spatial extent of coastal and marine ecosystems,inventories of flora and fauna, and the monitoring of ecosystem changes, makes it difficult to go beyondsite-specific statements.• Information on the rate of sea level rise is only available in four islands; and the impact of increased sea surfacetemperature on biota in seagrass and coral reef areas is little understood.• Information on coral diseases and invasive species in the region and how they are influenced by climaticfactors.• Trends in algal blooms and plankton distribution patterns in the region and their responses to changes intemperature, salinity, pH, and other climatic factors.• Basic biology and assessments of little-studied species, including seabirds, waterfowl, and key cetacean speciesin the Caribbean region, and the influence of climatic factors on them.• There was a frequent confusion between biodiversity and wildlife. Wildlife is included on the CBD´s biodiversityconcept, which includes all living organism, population and managed and non-managed ecosystems.• Information on the expected impacts of climate change on terrestrial biodiversity in the Caribbean islandswas rather scarce and almost absent in the literature found. Not much of the information can be found oncartographic products (i.e., maps).• There is a marked dispersion of the knowledge on the regional biodiversity. The existence and location ofsuch knowledge is commonly unknown, for instance regarding journals; books; reports; bibliographic andbiological databases; maps; genes banks. This situation includes the existing agrobiodiversity, and humanand institutional resources.• There is absence of information on the effectiveness of protected areas under future climate change scenarios.Current management plan of protected areas does not take climate change into account.• The information on the traditional knowledge of the biodiversity of significance to local and indigenouspeoples is limited, dispersed and under risk to be lost.• There is need for a data portal through which data and information on the impact of CC on the regionalbiodiversity can be accessed. That facility shall be at least bilingual.• The regional databases related to the regional biodiversity should be georeferenced, including the altitude.• Regarding invasive species, there is fragmented information and management experience in the region.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 90

• There is capacity for collecting biological data, although not in all the countries and not for all the taxa. Inthe biological inventories, many scientists from outside the region have participated. It is needed to developthe local capacities for collecting biodiversity data. Monitoring is a need, but local capacities should bedeveloped, especially those oriented to monitoring the impact of climate change on biodiversity.• The mining of information has detected databases in just a few countries. More time shall be devoted tofind such databases. The databases to be created shall use a uniform structure for facilitating sharing andusing the data at the regional level.• The local capacity is almost non-existing. It should be develop in order to do the research needed on projectionsof climate change in the region.• There exists the need to develop a Caribbean information network. The network would collect and bringtogether the information or links to the information on Caribbean institutions working on climate changeand biodiversity Databases, maps, models relevant to the impacts of climate change on biodiversity wouldbe included, too.• A directory of Caribbean islands researchers on biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate wouldbe useful, including information on location (country/institution); functional title; qualification; contact information;specialization and areas of research interest/knowledge (e.g., similar towww.whoiswho.sidsnet.org).• A database or directory of institutions of the Caribbean islands with biodiversity related mandates by countryand thematic area (e.g., research; administration/regulation; enforcement; management/ conservationand training/education).• Mechanisms for accessing literature (peer reviewed journals, books, and data) (e.g., through on-line accessto scientific literature for low GDP countries www.oare.oaresciences.org).• All approaches to biodiversity adaptation to climate change should consist of “win-win” measures. Actionsshall be oriented not only to allow biodiversity to adapt to projected climate change. Such actions shall alsosolve current environmental problems. An example of win-win action is the protection or conservation ofa species or ecosystem so that they could adapt to future impacts of projected climate change, while alsopreserving the good and services they currently provide to society.• The impact of GCC on biodiversity will be assessed for natural, agro-and-modified ecosystems. Climatechange will impact all the biodiversity in different ways and different intensities. Impacts will not be limitedto wildlife.• The preservation of biodiversity, so that it can adapt to climate change, should occur not only in protectedareas but also outside them.• The analysis of climate change impacts on terrestrial biodiversity should incorporate socio-economic impactslike population pressure and economic pressures on land use intensity, and incomplete legal frameworkfor biodiversity protection.• Completion of species and vegetation distribution maps at regional and national level.• Habitat fragmentation assessment and modeling of future status including completion of habitat fragmentationmaps for each island.• Vulnerability assessment (landscapes, ecosystems, habitats, species groups, and species).• Assessment at the regional and national levels of the vulnerability of protected areas to CC. The purposewould be identifying impacts and threats, and developing protected areas systems and adaptation plans.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 91

• Completion of the information on traditional knowledge of biodiversity that is significant to local and indigenouspeoples.• Phenological studies of the biodiversity to detect the evidence of climate change impacts on species andbiological relationships.• Impacts on biodiversity using models (e.g., on species, groups, and ecosystems) which shall use as inputsthe changes in meteorological variables projected by GCM models. Another alternative method to be consideredis to accumulate map-based information and to use combinations of overlays as queries for identifyingareas of special interest, and then to downscale to such areas the projection of meteorological variablesprojected by the GCM models outputs. This would allow the specialists to interpret what is plausibleor not for the species, group or ecosystemFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 92

REFERENCES CITED & CONSULTED Associates in Rural Development, 2005. Biodiversity Conservation: A Guide for USAID Staff and Partners Associates in Rural Development, 2005. Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity (FAA 118 and 119) Analyses: Lessons learned and best Practices from recent USAID experience. Beard, J. S. 1949. The natural vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands. Oxford Forestry Memoirs 21. ClarendonPress, London. 192 pp. Caribbean Community Secretariat. Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas. Cater, J. 1944. Forestry in the Leeward Islands. Development and Welfare in the West Indies. Bulletins, no. 7. AdvocateCo., Ltd., Bridgetown, Barbados. Chemonics International Inc, 2005. Best Practices for Biodiversity and Tropical Forest Assessments. Consolidated Index of Statutes and Subsidiary Legislation compiled by the Faculty of Law Library, University of theWest Indies, Barbados. Printed and Published by Faculty of Law Library, University of the West Indies (Dominica, Grenada, St Christopher and Nevis, St Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines) [index dates given at top of lists]de Albuquerque, K. and McElroy, J.L. (1995) “Antigua and Barbuda: A Legacy of Environmental Degradation, Policy Failure and Coastal Decline’, Washington D.C. : Supplementary Paper No. 5, USAID, EPAT/MUCIA.Development Control and Planning Board. 2006. St Christopher National Physical Development Plan Draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St Kitts and Nevis. 2007.Eschweiler, J. 1982 Explanatory note to the land use maps of Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique (1982 Scale 1:25 000). Land Use Division, Ministry of Agriculture, St. Georges, Grenada.Evans, Peter G.H. and James, Arlington, 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 1 - A Guide to Geology,Climate and Habitats. Peter G.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.Evans, Peter G.H. and James, Arlington, 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 2 - Wildlife Checklists.Peter G.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.Evans, Peter G.H. and James, Arlington, 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 3 - A Guide to Birdwatching.Peter G.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.Evans, Peter G.H., 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 4 - A Guide to Dive Sites and Marine Life. PeterG.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.Evans, Peter G.H. and James, Arlington, 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 6 - Agriculture and theEnvironment. Peter G.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.Evans, Peter G.H. and James, Arlington, 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 7 - A Guide to NatureSites. Peter G.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 93

Evans, Peter G.H. and James, Arlington, 1997. Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. 8 – Nature Map. PeterG.H. Evans and Sara Heimlich-Boran Publishers.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment Report 2005, Dominica Country Report. Rome. Gardener, Lloyd. 2007. Review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for protected areas management inAntigua & Barbuda. OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project.Gardener, Lloyd. 2006. Review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for protected areas management inDominica. OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project. Gardener, Lloyd. 2006. Review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for protected areas management inGrenada. OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project. Gardener, Lloyd. 2006. Review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for protected areas management inSt. Kitts and Nevis. OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project.Gardener, Lloyd. 2007. Review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for protected areas management inSt. Lucia. OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project. Gardener, Lloyd. 2006. Review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for protected areas management inSt. Vincent. OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project. Government of St. Kitts and Nevis. 2004. St Kitts and Nevis Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan [DRAFT] Grenada Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2000. Global Environmental Facility (UNEP-GEF) Project on Development of National Biosafety Frameworks Office of the Prime MinisterGovernment of Antigua and Barbuda, 2001. Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Antigua and Barbuda. Government of St Lucia. 1998. Biodiversity Country Study Report of St. Lucia Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique: Third National Report on the Implementation of the United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification.Groome, J. 1970. A natural history of the island of Grenada. Caribbean Printers Ltd, Arima, Trinidad Horwith, Bruce and Lindsay, Kevel.2000.A Biodiversity profile of St. Kitts and Nevis. Prepared for the Nevis Historicaland Conservation Society and The St. Christopher Heritage Society with funding from the UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programmehttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=22162.0 (Country Report No. 08/226)http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=21347.0 (Country Report No. 07/324)http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=22450.0 (Country Report No. 08/352)http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=21873.0 (Country Report No. 08/127)http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=22405.0 (Country Report No. 08/330)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 94

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=21461.0 (Country Report No. 07/368)http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/ http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/SummaryInfo.aspx?EEZ=28 (Antigua & Barbuda)http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/SummaryInfo.aspx?EEZ=212 (Dominica) http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/SummaryInfo.aspx?EEZ=308 (Grenada) http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/SummaryInfo.aspx?EEZ=659 (St Kitts & Nevis) http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/SummaryInfo.aspx?EEZ=662 (St Lucia) http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/SummaryInfo.aspx?EEZ=670 (St. Vincent & The Grenadines) http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/reports.shtmlIUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on May 5, 2008. Ivor Jackson and Associates. 2004. Environmental Investigation and Cataloguing, St. Vincent Cross Country RoadProjectJoseph, Alan et al, 1988. Forest Policy for Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique Lindsay, Kevel and Horwith, Bruce. 2000. A Vegetation Classification of St. Kitts and Nevis: Implications for Conservation.Prepared for the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society and The St. Christopher Heritage Societywith funding from the UNDP/GEF Small Grants ProgrammeMiller, G et al, 1988. An assessment of biodiversity and tropical forestry for the Eastern Caribbean islands, Annexto USAID/RDO/C action plan, FY 1988-89. USAID, Bridgetown, Barbados Ministry of Finance (n.d), Grenada National Report on Sustainable Development Ministry of Finance, Technology and Sustainable Development of Saint Kitts and 2007.Nevis. National Biosafety Framework of St. Christopher (St Kitts) and Nevis. The United Nations Environmental Development Programme - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Government of St Lucia. 2007. 2007 St Lucia Census of Agriculture: Portrait of Main Findings. Summary of censal results and their comparison with previous censuses. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.2000. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of St Lucia. Paterson,G. 2000. Caribbean Workshop on Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forestry Management Country Report (Grenada).In: proceedings of the EC-FAO Workshop on Data Collection and Analysis for SustainableForestry Management 21-25 February, 2000, Port of Spain, Trinidad . Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (2000), St. George’s Declaration of Principles for Environmental Sustainabilityin the OECS.Reef Environmental Education Foundation, 2007. Final Report: Southeast Peninsula Marine Ecosystem Survey Week April 24-29, 2007FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 95

The University of the West Indies, St Augustine; The Institute of Marine Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago; CaribbeanConservation Association; Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute. No date. Caribbean SeaEcosystem Assessment.Working Group Report (2008) Climate Change Impacts on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Caribbean Naturalresources Institute (CANARI)Working Group Report (2008) Climate Change Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity. (CANARI)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 96

APPENDICES FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).97

APPENDIX 1. SOW FOR THE ANALYSISBIODIVERSITY/FORESTRY THREATS ANALYSIS – OECS COUNTRIES(ST. KITTS & NEVIS; ANTIGUA & BARBUDA; DOMINICA; ST. LUCIA; ST. VINCENT AND GRENADA)1. OBJECTIVEThis assignment delivers to USAID/Barbados an assessment of threats and opportunities that will a) inform theUSAID’s program of work in biodiversity conservation; and b) ensure program compliance with sections 118 and119 of the Foreign Assistance Act (FAA) of 1961, as amended and country strategy guidance under ADS201.3.4.11 and ADS 204.5. This threats analysis will serve as a planning tool to assist USAID/Barbados and thecountries of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean states (OECS) to strengthen their conservation programs,while providing an ongoing evaluation framework for balancing biodiversity conservation and other conservationand land use needs.2. BACKGROUNDIn 2003, USAID through its office in Jamaica conducted the mandated Section 118/119 Biodiversity and TropicalForestry (BIOFOR) Assessment for Jamaica and the Caribbean region, in relation to its 2005 – 09 strategic developmentprograms for the Caribbean region. A FAA 118-119 Threats Analysis was carried out for Antigua & Barbudaand Dominica in July 2006 to support bilateral activities related to the two countries. USAID’s structure in theregion has since been modified with USAID/Barbados having sole responsibility to support the countries of theEastern Caribbean. USAID/Barbados must now undertake a Biodiversity Threats Analysis to support the use offunds under the final year of the current strategy as well as is planned 2009 strategy. This analysis ensures thecompliance with the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act (FAA) of 1961 - sections 118 and 119, while providing an analysisof the priority actions needed to conserve biodiversity.The establishment of conservation priorities, utilizing a threats-based approach, is in keeping with the USAID’s biodiversitycoding procedures. Biodiversity coding applies to the USAID/Barbados’ conservation program since asignificant portion of the operating year’s budgets going forward is expected to be biodiversity earmarked funds.USAID/Barbados must therefore ensure that when using funds earmarked for biodiversity the activities meet therequirements of the biodiversity code, which has been negotiated between the US Congress and USAID. The codehas four components:i. The activity must have a biodiversity conservation objective. This can be a primary or secondary objective;ii.iii.iv.The activity must address identified threats to biodiversity;Activities must impact a biologically significant area;The impact on biodiversity must be monitored.3. STATEMENT OF WORKUnder the overall direction of the Senior Technical Specialist Trade/USAID/Barbados, the Consultant shall evaluatebiodiversity concerns in all six independent countries of the OECS including St. Kitts & Nevis; Antigua & Barbuda,Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines; and Grenada. This analysis will build on previous workdone including: (a) the recommendations of the 2003-2005 BIOFOR/Section 118 assessment reports; (b) theFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 98

FAA-118-119 Analysis of Antigua & Barbuda and Dominica carried out in July 2006; (d) Gap Analysis done by TheNature Conservancy in the region; and (d) work done under USAID’s Caribbean Open Trade Support Program(COTS). The analysis shall: review and validate key findings and assumptions regarding actions to conserve biodiversity;document critical threats to the biodiversity of each of the six OECS countries biodiversity; and recommendpriority interventions needed to reduce threats to each country’s biodiversity.Specific activities to be performed by the Consultant include:Pre-travel informational meetings and information gathering - Prior to traveling to the field, the contractor is expectedto a) hold meetings as necessary with the Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO), and technical experts in theLAC Bureau to ensure full understanding of USAID environmental, and biodiversity requirements; b) gather andget acquainted with background information on St. Kitts & Nevis; Antigua & Barbuda; Dominica; St. Lucia; St. Vincent& the Grenadines; and Grenada in areas related to environmental and biodiversity and which are deemedrelevant for the analysis.Consultant to conduct an overview and general analysis - Upon arrival the Consultant will a) meet withUSAID/Barbados’ representatives to establish a solid understanding of its program, goals and objectives; b) holdmeetings with relevant sector partners and stakeholders including the COTS team, donor agencies, the OECS Secretariat,NGOs, and relevant governments agencies of each of the six countries; c) establish and conduct visits topriority biodiversity conservation sites to validate, and supplement understanding of biodiversity issues.Assess and summarize biodiversity needs - Based on the analysis of threats and sector needs, the Consultant willprepare a report outlining specific activities that can be undertaken to counter bio-diversity threats.The report should include:a. An overview of the status of biodiversity in St. Kitts & Nevis; Antigua & Barbuda; Dominica; St. Lucia; St.Vincent & the Grenadines; and Grenada, including i) identification of priority species and ecosystem types, with anemphasis on unique aspects of each country’s biodiversity; this should include a concise inventory ii) the social politicaland economic context for sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity conservation;b. A summary on the current status of biodiversity by conservation biome (e.g. tropical forests, watershedsand aquatic systems) based on available information;c. Updated summary of on-going conservation efforts;d. An analysis of the critical threats (recent, current and potential) to the conservation sites and priority/endemicspecies, including an overview table;e. Potential opportunities for USAID/Barbados to contribute to biodiversity conservation, both in the environmentand wider program activities, identifying opportunities where USAID/Barbados’ comparative advantageare likely to create the greatest impact. USAID/Barbados is currently interested in pursuing opportunities in themarine environment as a priority over terrestrial sites and therefore the recommendations should be prioritizedwith this in mind by identifying those areas requiring the most immediate attention.The report should answer the following questions at a minimum:What are the key biodiversity targets in St. Kitts & Nevis; Antigua & Barbuda; Dominica; St. Lucia; St. Vincent& the Grenadines; and Grenada, in relation to the USAID’s strategic program?FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 99

How are the biodiversity targets (species, habitats, biomes) threatened (directly and indirectly)?How can USAID and each of the governments of the six countries meet their respective obligations regardingbiodiversity through future programs of work?What cost-effective approaches and methods can be used for measuring and evaluating program impactson biodiversity conservation?What are the priority sites for biodiversity conservation in relation to sites where USAID is working orcould work?Who are the key partners involved that USAID should and can be working with including government,NGO and universities?4. ILLUSTRATIVE LEVEL OF EFFORT & PERSONNELUSAID/Barbados anticipates that this analysis be carried out by the Consultant over a 48 person-day period. TheConsultant will be supported by a Bureau Officer who will be available to backstop work being done by the Consultant.The activity is expected to begin April 7 and a draft report submitted on May 23, 2008. Below is an illustrativeschedule for the Consultant for the tasks outlined.TaskDaysBackground Research 8Interview relevant stakeholders 23Biodiversity and Tropical Forestry Report 15Debriefing on assessments to USAID. 2TOTAL 48The final report should be delivered to USAID/Barbados by June 6, 2008.The Consultant providing the required short-term technical assistance, including levels of effort, should have thefollowing minimum qualifications:The qualified candidate will have the following credentials: A minimum of a post graduate degree in Environmentalor Earth Sciences; at least ten years working experience; experience with USAID and the requirementsfor FAA Sections 118 and 119; extensive project management and experience in biodiversity analysis.5. DELIVERABLESThe primary deliverable is an analysis report for USAID/Barbados that examines, and prioritizes threats to St. Kitts& Nevis; Antigua & Barbuda; Dominica; St. Lucia; St. Vincent & the Grenadines; and Grenada’s biodiversity with aview to informing activity development.6. RELATIONSHIP & RESPONSIBILITIESThe Consultant will report directly to the Senior Technical Specialist Trade Team who will provide technical directionon behalf of USAID.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 100

APPENDIX 2. BIOGRAPHY OF TEAMTHERA EDWARDSThera Edwards has worked in the environment and agriculture for the past sixteen years in varying capacities.Through these professional assignments she has gained experience in agriculture, conservation, biodiversity, protectedareas and watershed management. She values the use of public-private partnerships in achieving environmentaltransformation and sustainable development and appreciates the contextual issues surrounding land use andland degradation and recognises that interventions occur at multiple levels starting on the ground in communitiesand extend to institutional arrangements and policies. Her areas of professional specialisation include watershedmanagement, vegetation ecology, biodiversity and teaching.In the past 7 years her work has focused on environmental management and sustainable development with particularemphasis on watershed, protected areas and biodiversity. During this period between July 2001 and August2004 she managed The Sustainable Watersheds Branch of The National Environment and Planning Agency in Jamaica.Thera Edwards has written and co-authored a number of technical papers for presentation at conferences andsymposia. She is a current and founding member of the Jamaica Institute of Environmental Professionals and hasserved on the Institute’s council. In addition, she has chaired a working group of the National Integrated WatershedManagement Council which she is currently a member of. Miss Edwards has served as National Focal Pointfor the Integrating Watersheds and Coastal Areas Management in Small Island Developing States of the CaribbeanProject (IWCAM).She holds a M.Sc. degree in Environmental Management from the University of London and a B.Sc. in EnvironmentalSciences from The University of the West Indies. Currently she is pursuing a Ph.D. in Landscape History at TheUniversity of the West Indies.ARUN MADISETTIArun Madisetti has been actively involved in marine conservation since 1987, working for governmental agencies inthe UK, USA and the Caribbean; he is a scuba instructor and published writer/photographer with a portfolio encompassingimages from above and below the water from 3 continents. His has diverse professional experience inmarine and fisheries resources assessment and management. In the past 5 years his work has included tourism consultantingfor various projects in the private sector as well as the EU. He is actively involved in marine conservationand school marine education in the Commonwealth of Dominica where he lives with his family.He holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Shellfish Biology, Reproduction and Aquaculture and a B.Sc. in Zoology witha major in Marine Zoology. He is a member of the Professional Association of Dive Instructors as an instructor in10 specialist areas as well as The American Academy of Underwater Sciences.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 101

APPENDIX 3.PERSONS CONTACTED AND/OR INTERVIEWED PERSON CONTACTED INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION CONTACT INFORMATIONBarbadosMansfield Blackwood USAID mablackwood@usaid.govMichael Taylor USAID mrtaylor@usaid.govJames Goggin USAID jgoggin@usaid.govAmanda Byer UWI Cave Hill a_byer@hotmail.comSt Lucia Una May Gordon IICA una.may.gordon@iica.intAnita JamesVaughn CharlesRufus GeorgeAlicia GeorgeTerrence GillardMichael BobbMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestryMinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries andForestryanitavja@yahoo.comchieffish@slumaffe.orgaliciageorge@yahoo.comKeith Nichols ESDU, OECS Secretariat kenichols@oecs.orgPeter Murray ESDU, OECS Secretariat pamurray@oecs.orgSarah George ESDU, OECS Secretariat sgeorge@oecs.orgKai WulfOsa SamuelAndrew SimmondsSoufriére Marine Management AssociationSt Vincent Forestry Departmentkai_wulf@mac.comEdmund Jackson Environmental Services Unit (784) 485-6992FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 102

PERSON CONTACTED INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION CONTACT INFORMATIONHoward PrinceNational Emergency ManagementOffice (NEMO)(784) 456-2975Cornelius Richards Forestry Department (784) 457-8594Fitzgerald Providence Forestry Department (784) 453-3340Shandel VictoryVanetta LaBordeNikkie SampsonDoreth AshtonAmos GlasgowClem DerrickAbsolom HooperGiselle CharlesNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism AssociationNorth Leeward Tourism Association(784) 485-7870(784) 458-2051(784) 458-2051(784) 458-2051(784) 458-2051(784) 458-2051(784) 458-2051(784) 458-2051Berisford George Central Planning Division (784) 450 0342Roxanne John Central Planning Division (784) 450-0349Jerrol Thompson (Hon) Ministry of Telecommunications,Science, Technology & IndustryArlene Lewis Ministry of Tourism (784) 457-1502Ezekiel BarrowNational Parks, Rivers & BeachesAuthorityRacquel Hamlett Ministry of Tourism (784) 457-1502David Robin (Cmdr) National Maritime Association (784) 456- 1378Kathy MartinSt Vincent & the Grenadines NationalTrust(784) 451-2921FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 103

PERSON CONTACTED INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION CONTACT INFORMATIONLystra Culzac-Wilson National Biosafety FrameworkProjectGodfrey Pompey Office of the Prime Minister (784) 457-1426Lucine Edwards Fisheries Division (784) 456-1178St Kitts & NevisKate Orchard Brimstone Hill National Park brimstonehill@caribsurf.comKaren Hughes Legal Department, GovernmentHeadquarters, St Kittsblestkay@yahoo.comElton MortonEnvironmental Health Unit, St KittsJoseph Simmonds Fisheries Department, St Kitts fmusk@caribsurf.comLemuel PembertonFisheries Department, NevisAngela Walters Nevis Island Administration nevplan@caribsurf.comKelvin DalyDepartment of Agriculture, St KittsAshton Stanley Department of Agriculture, Nevis doastk@sisterisles.knRandolph EdmeadHalla Sahely Water Services Department halla@sahely.comRene WaltersNevis Island AdministrationJune Hughes Environment Department (869) 467 -1055Grenada Allan JosephHayden ForteauAaron FrancisJustin RennieChristopher JosephMinistry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry& Fisheries (Forestry)Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry& Fisheries (Forestry)Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry& Fisheries (Planning)Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry& Fisheries (Fisheries)Environmental Affairs Departmentjarennie@hotmail.comAndrew JacqueProject of Technical Assistance to ajacque@hotmail.comFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 104

PERSON CONTACTED INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION CONTACT INFORMATIONthe Ministry of AgricultureDunbar Steele T A Marryshow Community College (473) 440-2841Antigua & BarbudaAdriel Thibou Forestry Department athibou@gmail.comFrances Fuller Environment Division (268) 462-4625Godfrey Pointer Planning Division, Barbuda (268)773-0416 / (268) 772-1205Chad Knight – AlexanderBarbudaJohn Mussington Barbuda (268)724-7084Dominicajrmuss@apuainet.agJohn RobinNational Agribusiness AssociationAl Casimir Ministry of Agriculture suburban_da@yahoo.comAmos Wiltshire Fair Trade Organisatio (767)446-0736Andrew Magloire Fisheries Division fisheries @cwdom.dmDavid WilliamsKongit Haile GabrielNational ParksEnvironmental Coordinating UnitMarvlyn Alexander James Discover Dominica Authority malexander@dominica.dmSecretary, Disaster Management Office. (767)266-5211APPENDIX 4. SITES VISITED SITENOTESt LuciaSoufriére Marine Management AreaBoat TourSt. Vincent Camden ParkForest ReserveGovernment House Forest ReserveAiry HillForest ReserveFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 105

SITENOTEKings HillFentonGlen FairhallForest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReservePeter’s HopeRichmondSand mining on beach, North Leeward TourismAssociation Project siteMt St AndrewBotanical GardenCaptive Breeding St Vincent ParrotSt Kitts - Brimstone HillWorld Heritage SiteSouth East PeninsulaNorth Frigate BayTurtle BayResort AreaTurtle NestingHalf Moon BayBlack RockMonkey HillNevis Pinney’s BeachNewcastleBath HotelFort CharlesIndian CastleJessupsNelson’s SringGrenada Grand Anse Prickly BayFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 106

SITENOTELance aux epinesAnnandaleGrand Etang Forest Reserve & LakeGrenvilleSecond largest urban centreMt Carmel WaterfallLa SagesseLake AntoineLevera PondMajor private developmentSauteursBeausejourFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 107

APPENDIX 5. COUNTRY IUCN RED LISTSKEY TO STATUS CATEGORIESFigure 23. IUCN Red List Structure of CategoriesCR= Critically EndangeredDD= Data DeficientEN= EndangeredEW= Extinct in the WildEX= ExtinctLC= Least ConcernNT= Near ThreatenedVU= VulnerableWhen discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered,Endangered, and Vulnerable.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 108

Figure 24. Graphic of 2001 IUCN RedList CategoriesThere are three other Status designations which appear in the lists below that are hold overs from the 1994 system.These designations are sub-categories of the category Lower Risk. In the 2001 system, Near Threatened andLeast Concern have now become their own categories, while Conservation Dependent is no longer used and hasbeen merged into Near Threatened.LR/cd=Lower Risk-conservation dependentLR/nt= Lower Risk – near threatenedLR/lc= Lower Risk – least concernThe category PE = Potentially Extinct is used by Birdlife International, the Red List authority for Birds on the Redc-List.A fuller understanding of the categories and quantitative criteria for used for evaluation of listed species and theprocesses used can be found at http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1.Figure 25. Comparison of Lower Risk Category and Sub-Categories and in the IUCN1994 System and the current 2001 SystemANTIGUA & BARBUDAGENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBalistes vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH VUDermatolepis inermis MARBLED GROUPER VUEpinephelus flavolimbatus GROUPER, POEY'S GROUPER, WHITE GROUPER, VUFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 109

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSYELLOWEDGE GROUPER, YELLOWFINNED GROUPEREpinephelus itajara GOLIATH GROUPER, JEWFISH CREpinephelus morio RED GROUPER NTEpinephelus striatus NASSAU GROUPER ENLachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH VULutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER VULutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER VUMycteroperca interstitialis BLAKE, CROSSBAND ROCKFISH, GREY MANNOCK,HAMLET, HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, PRINCESS ROCKFISH,ROCKFISH, SALMON GROUPER, SALMON ROCK FISH,SCAMP, YELLOWMOUTH GROUPERVUMycteroperca Tigris TIGER GROUPER LCMycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER NTScarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH VUThunnus albacares YELLOWFIN TUNA LR/lcThunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA VUThunnus thynnus NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA DDEleutherodactylus johnstonei LCEleutherodactylus martinicensis NTActitis macularius SPOTTED SANDPIPER LCAix sponsa WOOD DUCK LCAnas acuta NORTHERN PINTAIL LCAnas americana AMERICAN WIGEON LCAnas bahamensis WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL LCAnas clypeata NORTHERN SHOVELER LCAnas crecca COMMON TEAL LCAnas discors BLUE-WINGED TEAL LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 110

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSAnas penelope EURASIAN WIGEON LCAnhinga anhinga ANHINGA LCAnous minutus BLACK NODDY LCAnous stolidus BROWN NODDY LCAnthracothorax viridigula GREEN-THROATED MANGO LCArdea cinerea GREY HERON LCArdea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON LCArenaria interpres RUDDY TURNSTONE LCAsio flammeus SHORT-EARED OWL LCAthene cunicularia BURROWING OWL LCAythya affinis LESSER SCAUP LCAythya collaris RING-NECKED DUCK LCBartramia longicauda UPLAND SANDPIPER LCBombycilla cedrorum CEDAR WAXWING LCBotaurus lentiginosus AMERICAN BITTERN LCBubulcus ibis CATTLE EGRET LCButeo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK LCButeo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK LCButeo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK LCButeogallus anthracinus COMMON BLACK-HAWK LCButorides striata STRIATED HERON LCButorides virescens GREEN HERON LCCalidris alba SANDERLING LCCalidris alpina DUNLIN LCCalidris bairdii BAIRD'S SANDPIPER LCCalidris canutus RED KNOT LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 111

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCalidris ferruginea CURLEW SANDPIPER LCCalidris fuscicollis WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER LCCalidris mauri WESTERN SANDPIPER LCCalidris melanotos PECTORAL SANDPIPER LCCalidris minutilla LEAST SANDPIPER LCCalidris pusilla SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER LCCalonectris diomedea CORY'S SHEARWATER LCCaprimulgus carolinensis CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW LCCaprimulgus cayennensis WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR LCCasmerodius albus GREAT EGRET LCCatharacta maccormicki SOUTH POLAR SKUA LCCatharacta skua GREAT SKUA LCCatharus minimus GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH LCCatoptrophorus semipalmatus WILLET LCCeryle alcyon BELTED KINGFISHER LCCeryle torquatus RINGED KINGFISHER LCChaetura brachyura SHORT-TAILED SWIFT LCChaetura cinereiventris GREY-RUMPED SWIFT LCChaetura martinica LESSER ANTILLEAN SWIFT LCCharadrius alexandrinus KENTISH PLOVER LCCharadrius collaris COLLARED PLOVER LCCharadrius hiaticula COMMON RINGED PLOVER LCCharadrius semipalmatus SEMIPALMATED PLOVER LCCharadrius vociferus KILLDEER LCCharadrius wilsonia WILSON'S PLOVER LCChlidonias leucopterus WHITE-WINGED TERN LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 112

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSChlidonias niger BLACK TERN LCChondrohierax uncinatus HOOK-BILLED KITE LCChordeiles minor COMMON NIGHTHAWK LCChrysolampis mosquitus RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD LCCinclocerthia gutturalis GREY TREMBLER LCCinclocerthia ruficauda BROWN TREMBLER LCCircus cyaneus NORTHERN HARRIER LCCoccyzus americanus YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus erythropthalmus BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus melacoryphus DARK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus minor MANGROVE CUCKOO LCCoereba flaveola BANANAQUIT LCColumba livia ROCK PIGEON LCColumbina passerina COMMON GROUND-DOVE LCContopus latirostris LESSER ANTILLEAN PEWEE LCCoragyps atratus BLACK VULTURE LCCrotophaga ani SMOOTH-BILLED ANI LCCuculus canorus COMMON CUCKOO LCCyanophaia bicolor BLUE-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD LCCypseloides niger BLACK SWIFT LCDendrocygna arborea WEST INDIAN WHISTLING-DUCK VUDendrocygna autumnalis BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna bicolor FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna viduata WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendroica adelaidae ADELAIDE'S WARBLER LCDendroica caerulescens BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 113

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSDendroica castanea BAY-BREASTED WARBLER LCDendroica coronata YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER LCDendroica discolor PRAIRIE WARBLER LCDendroica dominica YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER LCDendroica fusca BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER LCDendroica magnolia MAGNOLIA WARBLER LCDendroica pensylvanica CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER LCDendroica petechia YELLOW WARBLER LCDendroica plumbea PLUMBEOUS WARBLER LCDendroica striata BLACKPOLL WARBLER LCDendroica subita BARBUDA WARBLER NTDendroica tigrina CAPE MAY WARBLER LCDendroica virens BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER LCDolichonyx oryzivorus BOBOLINK LCDumetella carolinensis GREY CATBIRD LCEgretta caerulea LITTLE BLUE HERON LCEgretta garzetta LITTLE EGRET LCEgretta gularis WESTERN REEF-EGRET LCEgretta rufescens REDDISH EGRET LCEgretta thula SNOWY EGRET LCEgretta tricolor TRICOLOURED HERON LCElaenia flavogaster YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA LCElaenia martinica CARIBBEAN ELAENIA LCEulampis holosericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB LCEulampis jugularis PURPLE-THROATED CARIB LCEuphonia musica ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 114

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSFalco columbarius MERLIN LCFalco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON LCFalco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL LCFalco tinnunculus COMMON KESTREL LCFlorisuga mellivora WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN LCFregata magnificens MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD LCFulica americana AMERICAN COOT LCFulica caribaea CARIBBEAN COOT NTGallinago gallinago COMMON SNIPE LCGallinula chloropus COMMON MOORHEN LCGeothlypis trichas COMMON YELLOWTHROAT LCGeotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE LCGeotrygon mystacea BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE LCGlaucis hirsutus RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT LCHaematopus palliatus AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER LCHimantopus mexicanus BLACK-NECKED STILT LCHirundo rustica BARN SWALLOW LCIcteria virens YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT LCIcterus galbula BALTIMORE ORIOLE LCIxobrychus exilis LEAST BITTERN LCLarus argentatus HERRING GULL LCLarus atricilla LAUGHING GULL LCLarus delawarensis RING-BILLED GULL LCLarus fuscus LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus marinus GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus philadelphia BONAPARTE'S GULL LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 115

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSLarus ridibundus COMMON BLACK-HEADED GULL LCLathrotriccus euleri EULER'S FLYCATCHER LCLimnodromus griseus SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LCLimosa fedoa MARBLED GODWIT LCLophodytes cucullatus HOODED MERGANSER LCLoxigilla noctis LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH LCLymnocryptes minimus JACK SNIPE LCMargarops fuscatus PEARLY-EYED THRASHER LCMargarops fuscus SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER LCMicropalama himantopus STILT SANDPIPER LCMimus gilvus TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LCMniotilta varia BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER LCMolothrus bonariensis SHINY COWBIRD LCMotacilla alba WHITE WAGTAIL LCMyadestes genibarbis RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE LCMyiarchus nugator GRENADA FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus oberi LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus tyrannulus BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER LCNomonyx dominicus MASKED DUCK LCNumenius phaeopus WHIMBREL LCNyctanassa violacea YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCNycticorax nycticorax BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCOceanodroma leucorhoa LEACH'S STORM-PETREL LCOenanthe oenanthe NORTHERN WHEATEAR LCOporornis agilis CONNECTICUT WARBLER LCOporornis formosus KENTUCKY WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 116

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSOrthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD LCOxyura jamaicensis RUDDY DUCK LCPandion haliaetus OSPREY LCParula americana NORTHERN PARULA LCPatagioenas leucocephala WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON NTPatagioenas squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON LCPelecanus occidentalis BROWN PELICAN LCPetrochelidon pyrrhonota CLIFF SWALLOW LCPhaethon aethereus RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD LCPhaethon lepturus WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD LCPhalacrocorax auritus DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT LCPhalacrocorax brasilianus NEOTROPIC CORMORANT LCPheucticus ludovicianus ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK LCPhilomachus pugnax RUFF LCPiranga flava HEPATIC TANAGER LCPiranga olivacea SCARLET TANAGER LCPiranga rubra SUMMER TANAGER LCPlatalea ajaja ROSEATE SPOONBILL LCPlegadis falcinellus GLOSSY IBIS LCPluvialis dominica AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER LCPluvialis squatarola GREY PLOVER LCPodilymbus podiceps PIED-BILLED GREBE LCPorphyrio martinica PURPLE GALLINULE LCPorzana carolina SORA LCProgne dominicensis CARIBBEAN MARTIN LCProtonotaria citrea PROTHONOTARY WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 117

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSPuffinus lherminieri AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER LCQuiscalus lugubris CARIB GRACKLE LCRallus longirostris CLAPPER RAIL LCRecurvirostra americana AMERICAN AVOCET LCRiparia riparia SAND MARTIN LCRissa tridactyla BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE LCRynchops niger BLACK SKIMMER LCSeiurus aurocapilla OVENBIRD LCSeiurus motacilla LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH LCSeiurus noveboracensis NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH LCSetophaga ruticilla AMERICAN REDSTART LCSicalis luteola GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH LCSphyrapicus varius YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER LCSporophila nigricollis YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER LCSteganopus tricolor WILSON'S PHALAROPE LCStercorarius longicaudus LONG-TAILED JAEGER LCStercorarius parasiticus PARASITIC JAEGER LCStercorarius pomarinus POMARINE JAEGER LCSterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN LCSterna antillarum LEAST TERN LCSterna fuscata SOOTY TERN LCSterna hirundo COMMON TERN LCSterna maxima ROYAL TERN LCSterna nilotica GULL-BILLED TERN LCSterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN LCStreptoprocne zonaris WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 118

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSSula dactylatra MASKED BOOBY LCSula leucogaster BROWN BOOBY LCSula sula RED-FOOTED BOOBY LCTangara cucullata LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER LCTiaris bicolor BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT LCTringa erythropus SPOTTED REDSHANK LCTringa flavipes LESSER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa glareola WOOD SANDPIPER LCTringa melanoleuca GREATER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa solitaria SOLITARY SANDPIPER LCTroglodytes aedon HOUSE WREN LCTryngites subruficollis BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER NTTurdus fumigatus COCOA THRUSH LCTurdus plumbeus RED-LEGGED THRUSH LCTyrannus dominicensis GREY KINGBIRD LCTyrannus melancholicus TROPICAL KINGBIRD LCTyrannus savana FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER LCTyto alba BARN OWL LCVanellus vanellus NORTHERN LAPWING LCVireo altiloquus BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO LCVireo flavifrons YELLOW-THROATED VIREO LCVireo olivaceus RED-EYED VIREO LCVolatinia jacarina BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT LCWilsonia canadensis CANADA WARBLER LCXanthocephalus xanthocephalus YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD LCZenaida auriculata EARED DOVE LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 119

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSZenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE LCAetobatus narinari BONNETRAY, MAYLAN, SPOTTED EAGLE RAY NTApristurus canutus HOARY CATSHARK DDCarcharhinus falciformis SILKY SHARK LR/lcCarcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK, WHITE-TIPPED SHARK,WHITETIP OCEANIC SHARK, WHITETIP SHARKVUCarcharhinus perezi CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK NTCarcharodon carcharias GREAT WHITE SHARK VUDasyatis americana SOUTHERN STINGRAY DDDasyatis say BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY LCEtmopterus robinsi WEST INDIAN LANTERNSHARK LCGaleocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK LR/ntGinglymostoma cirratum NURSE SHARK DDHimantura schmardae CHUPARE STINGRAY DDIsurus oxyrinchus SHORTFIN MAKO LR/ntNegaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK LR/ntPrionace glauca BLUE SHARK LR/ntRhincodon typus WHALE SHARK VUSphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD LR/ntSphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD, HAMMERHEAD SHARK, SQUATHEADED HAMMERHEAD SHARKENUrobatis jamaicensis YELLOW STINGRAY LCBrachyphylla cavernarum ANTILLEAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcGrampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN, RISSO'S DOLPHIN DDLagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN, SARAWAK DOLPHIN DDMonophyllus plethodon INSULAR SINGLE LEAF BAT LR/ntFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 120

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSNatalus stramineus MEXICAN FUNNEL-EARED BAT LR/lcNoctilio leporinus GREATER BULLDOG BAT LR/lcStenella clymene ATLANTIC SPINNER DOLPHIN, CLYMENE DOLPHIN,HELMET DOLPHINDDTadarida brasiliensis BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT LR/ntTrichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE, WEST INDIAN MANATEE VUAlsophis antiguae ANTIGUAN RACER CRChelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE ENDermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK, LEATHERY TURTLE, LUTH, TRUNKBACKTURTLECREretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE CRIguana delicatissima LESSER ANTILLEAN IGUANA, WEST INDIAN IGUANA VUCedrela odorata CIGAR-BOX WOOD, RED CEDAR, SPANISH CEDAR VUGuaiacum officinale COMMONER LIGNUM VITAE, GUAIAC TREE ENNectandra krugii ENSwietenia mahagoni AMERICAN MAHOGANY, CUBAN MAHOGANY, SMALLLEAVED MAHOGANY, WEST INDIAN MAHOGANYDOMINICAGENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBalistes vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH VUDermatolepis inermis MARBLED GROUPER VUEpinephelus flavolimbatus GROUPER, POEY'S GROUPER, WHITE GROUPER,YELLOWEDGE GROUPER, YELLOWFINNED GROUPERVUEpinephelus itajara GOLIATH GROUPER, JEWFISH CREpinephelus morio RED GROUPER NTEpinephelus striatus NASSAU GROUPER ENFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 121

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSLachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH VULutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER VULutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER VUMycteroperca interstitialis BLAKE, CROSSBAND ROCKFISH, GREY MANNOCK,HAMLET, HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, PRINCESS ROCKFISH,ROCKFISH, SALMON GROUPER, SALMON ROCK FISH,SCAMP, YELLOWMOUTH GROUPERVUMycteroperca tigris TIGER GROUPER LCMycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER NTScarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH VUThunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA VUThunnus thynnus NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA DDEleutherodactylus amplinympha ENEleutherodactylus johnstonei LCEleutherodactylus martinicensis NTLeptodactylus fallax GIANT DITCH FROG, MOUNTAIN CHICKEN CRActitis macularius SPOTTED SANDPIPER LCAix sponsa WOOD DUCK LCAmazona arausiaca RED-NECKED PARROT VUAmazona imperialis IMPERIAL PARROT ENAnas acuta NORTHERN PINTAIL LCAnas americana AMERICAN WIGEON LCAnas bahamensis WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL LCAnas clypeata NORTHERN SHOVELER LCAnas crecca COMMON TEAL LCAnas discors BLUE-WINGED TEAL LCAnas penelope EURASIAN WIGEON LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 122

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSAnhinga anhinga ANHINGA LCAnous minutus BLACK NODDY LCAnous stolidus BROWN NODDY LCAnthracothorax viridigula GREEN-THROATED MANGO LCAra atwoodi DOMINICAN GREEN-AND-YELLOW MACAW EXArdea cinerea GREY HERON LCArdea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON LCArenaria interpres RUDDY TURNSTONE LCAsio flammeus SHORT-EARED OWL LCAthene cunicularia BURROWING OWL LCAythya affinis LESSER SCAUP LCAythya collaris RING-NECKED DUCK LCBartramia longicauda UPLAND SANDPIPER LCBombycilla cedrorum CEDAR WAXWING LCBotaurus lentiginosus AMERICAN BITTERN LCBubulcus ibis CATTLE EGRET LCButeo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK LCButeo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK LCButeo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK LCButeogallus anthracinus COMMON BLACK-HAWK LCButorides striata STRIATED HERON LCButorides virescens GREEN HERON LCCalidris alba SANDERLING LCCalidris alpina DUNLIN LCCalidris bairdii BAIRD'S SANDPIPER LCCalidris canutus RED KNOT LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 123

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCalidris ferruginea CURLEW SANDPIPER LCCalidris fuscicollis WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER LCCalidris mauri WESTERN SANDPIPER LCCalidris melanotos PECTORAL SANDPIPER LCCalidris minutilla LEAST SANDPIPER LCCalidris pusilla SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER LCCalonectris diomedea CORY'S SHEARWATER LCCaprimulgus carolinensis CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW LCCaprimulgus cayennensis WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR LCCasmerodius albus GREAT EGRET LCCatharacta maccormicki SOUTH POLAR SKUA LCCatharacta skua GREAT SKUA LCCatharus minimus GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH LCCatoptrophorus semipalmatus WILLET LCCeryle alcyon BELTED KINGFISHER LCCeryle torquatus RINGED KINGFISHER LCChaetura brachyura SHORT-TAILED SWIFT LCChaetura cinereiventris GREY-RUMPED SWIFT LCChaetura martinica LESSER ANTILLEAN SWIFT LCCharadrius alexandrinus KENTISH PLOVER LCCharadrius collaris COLLARED PLOVER LCCharadrius hiaticula COMMON RINGED PLOVER LCCharadrius semipalmatus SEMIPALMATED PLOVER LCCharadrius vociferus KILLDEER LCCharadrius wilsonia WILSON'S PLOVER LCChlidonias leucopterus WHITE-WINGED TERN LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 124

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSChlidonias niger BLACK TERN LCChondrohierax uncinatus HOOK-BILLED KITE LCChordeiles minor COMMON NIGHTHAWK LCChrysolampis mosquitus RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD LCCichlherminia lherminieri FOREST THRUSH VUCinclocerthia gutturalis GREY TREMBLER LCCinclocerthia ruficauda BROWN TREMBLER LCCircus cyaneus NORTHERN HARRIER LCCoccyzus americanus YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzuserythropthalmusBLACK-BILLED CUCKOOLCCoccyzus melacoryphus DARK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus minor MANGROVE CUCKOO LCCoereba flaveola BANANAQUIT LCColumba livia ROCK PIGEON LCColumbina passerina COMMON GROUND-DOVE LCContopus latirostris LESSER ANTILLEAN PEWEE LCCoragyps atratus BLACK VULTURE LCCrotophaga ani SMOOTH-BILLED ANI LCCuculus canorus COMMON CUCKOO LCCyanophaia bicolor BLUE-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD LCCypseloides niger BLACK SWIFT LCDendrocygna autumnalis BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna bicolor FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna viduata WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendroica adelaidae ADELAIDE'S WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 125

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSDendroica caerulescens BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER LCDendroica castanea BAY-BREASTED WARBLER LCDendroica coronata YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER LCDendroica discolor PRAIRIE WARBLER LCDendroica dominica YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER LCDendroica fusca BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER LCDendroica magnolia MAGNOLIA WARBLER LCDendroica pensylvanica CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER LCDendroica petechia YELLOW WARBLER LCDendroica plumbea PLUMBEOUS WARBLER LCDendroica striata BLACKPOLL WARBLER LCDendroica tigrina CAPE MAY WARBLER LCDendroica virens BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER LCDolichonyx oryzivorus BOBOLINK LCDumetella carolinensis GREY CATBIRD LCEgretta caerulea LITTLE BLUE HERON LCEgretta garzetta LITTLE EGRET LCEgretta gularis WESTERN REEF-EGRET LCEgretta rufescens REDDISH EGRET LCEgretta thula SNOWY EGRET LCEgretta tricolor TRICOLOURED HERON LCElaenia flavogaster YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA LCElaenia martinica CARIBBEAN ELAENIA LCEulampis holosericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB LCEulampis jugularis PURPLE-THROATED CARIB LCEuphonia musica ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 126

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSFalco columbarius MERLIN LCFalco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON LCFalco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL LCFalco tinnunculus COMMON KESTREL LCFlorisuga mellivora WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN LCFregata magnificens MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD LCFulica americana AMERICAN COOT LCGallinago gallinago COMMON SNIPE LCGallinula chloropus COMMON MOORHEN LCGeothlypis trichas COMMON YELLOWTHROAT LCGeotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE LCGeotrygon mystacea BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE LCGlaucis hirsutus RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT LCHaematopus palliatus AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER LCHimantopus mexicanus BLACK-NECKED STILT LCHirundo rustica BARN SWALLOW LCIcteria virens YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT LCIcterus galbula BALTIMORE ORIOLE LCIxobrychus exilis LEAST BITTERN LCLarus argentatus HERRING GULL LCLarus atricilla LAUGHING GULL LCLarus delawarensis RING-BILLED GULL LCLarus fuscus LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus marinus GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus philadelphia BONAPARTE'S GULL LCLarus ridibundus COMMON BLACK-HEADED GULL LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 127

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSLathrotriccus euleri EULER'S FLYCATCHER LCLimnodromus griseus SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LCLimosa fedoa MARBLED GODWIT LCLophodytes cucullatus HOODED MERGANSER LCLoxigilla noctis LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH LCLymnocryptes minimus JACK SNIPE LCMargarops fuscatus PEARLY-EYED THRASHER LCMargarops fuscus SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER LCMicropalama himantopus STILT SANDPIPER LCMimus gilvus TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LCMniotilta varia BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER LCMolothrus bonariensis SHINY COWBIRD LCMotacilla alba WHITE WAGTAIL LCMyadestes genibarbis RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE LCMyiarchus nugator GRENADA FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus oberi LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus tyrannulus BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER LCNomonyx dominicus MASKED DUCK LCNumenius phaeopus WHIMBREL LCNyctanassa violacea YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCNycticorax nycticorax BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCOceanodroma leucorhoa LEACH'S STORM-PETREL LCOenanthe oenanthe NORTHERN WHEATEAR LCOporornis agilis CONNECTICUT WARBLER LCOporornis formosus KENTUCKY WARBLER LCOrthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 128

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSOxyura jamaicensis RUDDY DUCK LCPandion haliaetus OSPREY LCParula americana NORTHERN PARULA LCPatagioenas squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON LCPelecanus occidentalis BROWN PELICAN LCPetrochelidon pyrrhonota CLIFF SWALLOW LCPhaethon aethereus RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD LCPhaethon lepturus WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD LCPhalacrocorax auritus DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT LCPhalacrocorax brasilianus NEOTROPIC CORMORANT LCPheucticus ludovicianus ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK LCPhilomachus pugnax RUFF LCPiranga flava HEPATIC TANAGER LCPiranga olivacea SCARLET TANAGER LCPiranga rubra SUMMER TANAGER LCPlatalea ajaja ROSEATE SPOONBILL LCPlegadis falcinellus GLOSSY IBIS LCPluvialis dominica AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER LCPluvialis squatarola GREY PLOVER LCPodilymbus podiceps PIED-BILLED GREBE LCPorphyrio martinica PURPLE GALLINULE LCPorzana carolina SORA LCProgne dominicensis CARIBBEAN MARTIN LCProtonotaria citrea PROTHONOTARY WARBLER LCPuffinus lherminieri AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER LCQuiscalus lugubris CARIB GRACKLE LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 129

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSRallus longirostris CLAPPER RAIL LCRecurvirostra americana AMERICAN AVOCET LCRiparia riparia SAND MARTIN LCRissa tridactyla BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE LCRynchops niger BLACK SKIMMER LCSaltator albicollis LESSER ANTILLEAN SALTATOR LCSeiurus aurocapilla OVENBIRD LCSeiurus motacilla LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH LCSeiurus noveboracensis NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH LCSetophaga ruticilla AMERICAN REDSTART LCSicalis luteola GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH LCSphyrapicus varius YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER LCSporophila nigricollis YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER LCSteganopus tricolor WILSON'S PHALAROPE LCStercorarius longicaudus LONG-TAILED JAEGER LCStercorarius parasiticus PARASITIC JAEGER LCStercorarius pomarinus POMARINE JAEGER LCSterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN LCSterna antillarum LEAST TERN LCSterna fuscata SOOTY TERN LCSterna hirundo COMMON TERN LCSterna maxima ROYAL TERN LCSterna nilotica GULL-BILLED TERN LCSterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN LCStreptopelia decaocto EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE LCStreptoprocne zonaris WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 130

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSSula dactylatra MASKED BOOBY LCSula leucogaster BROWN BOOBY LCSula sula RED-FOOTED BOOBY LCTangara cucullata LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER LCTiaris bicolor BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT LCTringa erythropus SPOTTED REDSHANK LCTringa flavipes LESSER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa glareola WOOD SANDPIPER LCTringa melanoleuca GREATER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa solitaria SOLITARY SANDPIPER LCTroglodytes aedon HOUSE WREN LCTurdus fumigatus COCOA THRUSH LCTurdus plumbeus RED-LEGGED THRUSH LCTyrannus dominicensis GREY KINGBIRD LCTyrannus melancholicus TROPICAL KINGBIRD LCTyrannus savana FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER LCTyto alba BARN OWL LCVanellus vanellus NORTHERN LAPWING LCVireo altiloquus BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO LCVireo flavifrons YELLOW-THROATED VIREO LCVireo olivaceus RED-EYED VIREO LCVolatinia jacarina BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT LCWilsonia canadensis CANADA WARBLER LCXanthocephalus xanthocephalus YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD LCZenaida auriculata EARED DOVE LCZenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 131

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSAetobatus narinari BONNETRAY, MAYLAN, SPOTTED EAGLE RAY NTCarcharhinus falciformis SILKY SHARK LR/lcCarcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus limbatus BLACKTIP SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK, WHITE-TIPPED SHARK,WHITETIP OCEANIC SHARK, WHITETIP SHARKVUCarcharhinus perezi CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK NTCarcharodon carcharias GREAT WHITE SHARK VUCentrophorus granulosus GULPER SHARK VUDasyatis americana SOUTHERN STINGRAY DDDasyatis say BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY LCEtmopterus bullisi LINED LANTERNSHARK DDGaleocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK LR/ntGinglymostoma cirratum NURSE SHARK DDHimantura schmardae CHUPARE STINGRAY DDNegaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK LR/ntPrionace glauca BLUE SHARK LR/ntRhincodon typus WHALE SHARK VUSphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD LR/ntSphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD, HAMMERHEAD SHARK, SQUATHEADED HAMMERHEAD SHARKENUrobatis jamaicensis YELLOW STINGRAY LCArdops nichollsi TREE BAT LR/ntArtibeus jamaicensis JAMAICAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcBrachyphylla cavernarum ANTILLEAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcEptesicus fuscus BIG BROWN BAT LR/lcGlobicephala macrorhynchus PACIFIC PILOT WHALE, SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE LR/cdFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 132

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSGrampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN, RISSO'S DOLPHIN DDLagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN, SARAWAK DOLPHIN DDMonophyllus plethodon INSULAR SINGLE LEAF BAT LR/ntMyotis dominicensis DOMINICAN MYOTIS VUNatalus stramineus MEXICAN FUNNEL-EARED BAT LR/lcNoctilio leporinus GREATER BULLDOG BAT LR/lcPteronotus davyi DAVY'S NAKED-BACKED BAT LR/lcStenella clymene ATLANTIC SPINNER DOLPHIN, CLYMENE DOLPHIN,HELMET DOLPHINDDSteno bredanensis ROUGH-TOOTHED DOLPHIN DDSturnira lilium LITTLE YELLOW-SHOULDERED BAT LR/lcTadarida brasiliensis BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT LR/ntTrichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE, WEST INDIAN MANATEE VUChelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE ENDermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK, LEATHERY TURTLE, LUTH, TRUNKBACKTURTLECREretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE CRIguana delicatissima LESSER ANTILLEAN IGUANA, WEST INDIAN IGUANA VUCedrela odorata CIGAR-BOX WOOD, RED CEDAR, SPANISH CEDAR VUFreziera cordata VUGuaiacum officinale COMMONER LIGNUM VITAE, GUAIAC TREE ENInga dominicensis VUNectandra krugii ENPouteria pallida ENPouteria semecarpifolia VUProtium attenuatum DDSwietenia macrophylla BIG LEAF MAHOGANY, BIG-LEAF MAHOGANY, BIGLEAF VUFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 133

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSMAHOGANY, BRAZILIAN MAHOGANY, HONDURASMAHOGANY, LARGE-LEAVED MAHOGANYSwietenia mahagoni AMERICAN MAHOGANY, CUBAN MAHOGANY, SMALLLEAVED MAHOGANY, WEST INDIAN MAHOGANYENVitex heptaphylla DDDactylolejeunea acanthifolia VUPhycolepidozia exigua CRGRENADA GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBalistes vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH VUDermatolepis inermis MARBLED GROUPER VUEpinephelus flavolimbatus GROUPER, POEY'S GROUPER, WHITE GROUPER,YELLOWEDGE GROUPER, YELLOWFINNED GROUPERVUEpinephelus itajara GOLIATH GROUPER, JEWFISH CREpinephelus morio RED GROUPER NTEpinephelus niveatus SEABASS, SNOWY GROUPER, SPOTTED GROUPER VUEpinephelus striatus NASSAU GROUPER ENHippocampus reidi LONGSNOUT SEAHORSE, SLENDER SEAHORSE DDLachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH VULutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER VULutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER VUMycteroperca interstitialis BLAKE, CROSSBAND ROCKFISH, GREY MANNOCK,HAMLET, HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, PRINCESS ROCKFISH,ROCKFISH, SALMON GROUPER, SALMON ROCK FISH,SCAMP, YELLOWMOUTH GROUPERVUMycteroperca tigris TIGER GROUPER LCMycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER NTFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 134

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSScarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH VUThunnus albacares YELLOWFIN TUNA LR/lcThunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA VUThunnus thynnus NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA DDXiphias gladius SWORDFISH DDEleutherodactylus euphronides ENEleutherodactylus johnstonei LCLeptodactylus validus WINDWARD DITCH FROG LCActitis macularius SPOTTED SANDPIPER LCAmazilia brevirostris WHITE-CHESTED EMERALD LCAmazilia tobaci COPPER-RUMPED HUMMINGBIRD LCAnas discors BLUE-WINGED TEAL LCAnous stolidus BROWN NODDY LCAnthracothorax viridigula GREEN-THROATED MANGO LCArdea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON LCArenaria interpres RUDDY TURNSTONE LCAythya collaris RING-NECKED DUCK LCBubulcus ibis CATTLE EGRET LCButeo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK LCButorides virescens GREEN HERON LCCalidris alba SANDERLING LCCalidris canutus RED KNOT LCCalidris mauri WESTERN SANDPIPER LCCalidris melanotos PECTORAL SANDPIPER LCCalidris minutilla LEAST SANDPIPER LCCalidris pusilla SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 135

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCasmerodius albus GREAT EGRET LCCatoptrophorus semipalmatus WILLET LCChaetura brachyura SHORT-TAILED SWIFT LCChaetura cinereiventris GREY-RUMPED SWIFT LCCharadrius collaris COLLARED PLOVER LCCharadrius semipalmatus SEMIPALMATED PLOVER LCCharadrius vociferus KILLDEER LCCharadrius wilsonia WILSON'S PLOVER LCChondrohierax uncinatus HOOK-BILLED KITE LCCinclocerthia ruficauda BROWN TREMBLER LCCircus cyaneus NORTHERN HARRIER LCCoccyzus minor MANGROVE CUCKOO LCCoereba flaveola BANANAQUIT LCCrotophaga ani SMOOTH-BILLED ANI LCCypseloides niger BLACK SWIFT LCDendroica petechia YELLOW WARBLER LCDendroica striata BLACKPOLL WARBLER LCEgretta caerulea LITTLE BLUE HERON LCEgretta thula SNOWY EGRET LCElaenia flavogaster YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA LCElaenia martinica CARIBBEAN ELAENIA LCEulampis holosericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB LCEuphonia musica ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA LCFalco columbarius MERLIN LCFalco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON LCFalco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 136

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSFregata magnificens MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD LCGallinago gallinago COMMON SNIPE LCGallinula chloropus COMMON MOORHEN LCGeotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE LCGlaucis hirsutus RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT LCHimantopus mexicanus BLACK-NECKED STILT LCHirundo rustica BARN SWALLOW LCLarus atricilla LAUGHING GULL LCLathrotriccus euleri EULER'S FLYCATCHER LCLeptotila wellsi GRENADA DOVE CRLimnodromus griseus SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LCLoxigilla noctis LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH LCMargarops fuscus SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER LCMicropalama himantopus STILT SANDPIPER LCMimus gilvus TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LCMolothrus bonariensis SHINY COWBIRD LCMyiarchus nugator GRENADA FLYCATCHER LCNyctanassa violacea YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCNycticorax nycticorax BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCOceanites oceanicus WILSON'S STORM-PETREL LCOrtalis ruficauda RUFOUS-VENTED CHACHALACA LCOrthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD LCPandion haliaetus OSPREY LCParula americana NORTHERN PARULA LCPatagioenas squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON LCPelecanus occidentalis BROWN PELICAN LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 137

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSPhaethon aethereus RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD LCPhaethon lepturus WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD LCPheucticus ludovicianus ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK LCPhilomachus pugnax RUFF LCPluvialis dominica AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER LCPluvialis squatarola GREY PLOVER LCPorzana carolina SORA LCProgne dominicensis CARIBBEAN MARTIN LCProtonotaria citrea PROTHONOTARY WARBLER LCPuffinus lherminieri AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER LCQuiscalus lugubris CARIB GRACKLE LCSeiurus noveboracensis NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH LCSetophaga ruticilla AMERICAN REDSTART LCSporophila nigricollis YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER LCSteganopus tricolor WILSON'S PHALAROPE LCSterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN LCSterna fuscata SOOTY TERN LCSterna hirundo COMMON TERN LCSterna maxima ROYAL TERN LCSterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN LCStreptoprocne zonaris WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT LCSula leucogaster BROWN BOOBY LCSula sula RED-FOOTED BOOBY LCTangara cucullata LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER LCTiaris bicolor BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT LCTringa flavipes LESSER YELLOWLEGS LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 138

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSTringa melanoleuca GREATER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa solitaria SOLITARY SANDPIPER LCTroglodytes aedon HOUSE WREN LCTryngites subruficollis BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER NTTurdus fumigatus COCOA THRUSH LCTurdus nudigenis BARE-EYED ROBIN LCTyrannus dominicensis GREY KINGBIRD LCTyrannus melancholicus TROPICAL KINGBIRD LCTyto alba BARN OWL LCVireo altiloquus BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO LCVolatinia jacarina BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT LCZenaida auriculata EARED DOVE LCZenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE LCAetobatus narinari BONNETRAY, MAYLAN, SPOTTED EAGLE RAY NTCarcharhinus falciformis SILKY SHARK LR/lcCarcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus limbatus BLACKTIP SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK, WHITE-TIPPED SHARK,WHITETIP OCEANIC SHARK, WHITETIP SHARKVUCarcharhinus perezi CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK NTCarcharodon carcharias GREAT WHITE SHARK VUDasyatis americana SOUTHERN STINGRAY DDDasyatis say BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY LCEtmopterus bullisi LINED LANTERNSHARK DDEtmopterus perryi DWARF LANTERNSHARK DDGaleocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK LR/ntFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 139

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSGinglymostoma cirratum NURSE SHARK DDHimantura schmardae CHUPARE STINGRAY DDNegaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK LR/ntPrionace glauca BLUE SHARK LR/ntRhincodon typus WHALE SHARK VUSphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD LR/ntSphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD, HAMMERHEAD SHARK, SQUATHEADED HAMMERHEAD SHARKENUrobatis jamaicensis YELLOW STINGRAY LCAnoura geoffroyi GEOFFROY'S TAILLESS BAT LR/lcArtibeus jamaicensis JAMAICAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcBalaenoptera edeni BRYDE'S WHALE, COMMON BRYDE'S WHALE, PYGMYBRYDE'S WHALE, TROPICAL WHALEDDBrachyphylla cavernarum ANTILLEAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcCarollia perspicillata SEBA'S SHORT-TAILED BAT LR/lcDasypus novemcinctus COMMON LONG-NOSED ARMADILLO, NINE-BANDEDARMADILLOLCGlossophaga longirostris MILLER'S LONG-TONGUED BAT LR/lcGrampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN, RISSO'S DOLPHIN DDLagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN, SARAWAK DOLPHIN DDMarmosa robinsoni ROBINSON'S MOUSE OPOSSUM LR/lcMicronycteris megalotis LITTLE BIG-EARED BAT LR/lcMyotis nigricans BLACK MYOTIS LR/lcNoctilio leporinus GREATER BULLDOG BAT LR/lcPeropteryx macrotis LESSER DOG-LIKE BAT LR/lcPteronotus davyi DAVY'S NAKED-BACKED BAT LR/lcStenella clymene ATLANTIC SPINNER DOLPHIN, CLYMENE DOLPHIN, DDFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 140

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSHELMET DOLPHINTrichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE, WEST INDIAN MANATEE VUCaretta caretta LOGGERHEAD ENChelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE ENDermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK, LEATHERY TURTLE, LUTH, TRUNKBACKTURTLECREretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE CRCedrela odorata CIGAR-BOX WOOD, RED CEDAR, SPANISH CEDAR VUGuaiacum officinale COMMONER LIGNUM VITAE, GUAIAC TREE ENSwietenia mahagoni AMERICAN MAHOGANY, CUBAN MAHOGANY, SMALLLEAVED MAHOGANY, WEST INDIAN MAHOGANYENST KITTS AND NEVIS GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBalistes vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH VUDermatolepis inermis MARBLED GROUPER VUEpinephelus flavolimbatus GROUPER, POEY'S GROUPER, WHITE GROUPER,YELLOWEDGE GROUPER, YELLOWFINNED GROUPERVUEpinephelus itajara GOLIATH GROUPER, JEWFISH CREpinephelus morio RED GROUPER NTEpinephelus striatus NASSAU GROUPER ENHippocampus erectus LINED SEAHORSE, NORTHERN SEAHORSE VULachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH VULutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER VULutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER VUMycteroperca interstitialis BLAKE, CROSSBAND ROCKFISH, GREY MANNOCK,HAMLET, HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, PRINCESS ROCKFISH,ROCKFISH, SALMON GROUPER, SALMON ROCK FISH,VUFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 141

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSSCAMP, YELLOWMOUTH GROUPERMycteroperca tigris TIGER GROUPER LCMycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER NTScarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH VUThunnus albacares YELLOWFIN TUNA LR/lcThunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA VUThunnus thynnus NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA DDEleutherodactylus johnstonei LCLeptodactylus fallax GIANT DITCH FROG, MOUNTAIN CHICKEN CRActitis macularius SPOTTED SANDPIPER LCAix sponsa WOOD DUCK LCAnas acuta NORTHERN PINTAIL LCAnas americana AMERICAN WIGEON LCAnas bahamensis WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL LCAnas clypeata NORTHERN SHOVELER LCAnas crecca COMMON TEAL LCAnas discors BLUE-WINGED TEAL LCAnas penelope EURASIAN WIGEON LCAnhinga anhinga ANHINGA LCAnous minutus BLACK NODDY LCAnous stolidus BROWN NODDY LCAnthracothorax viridigula GREEN-THROATED MANGO LCArdea cinerea GREY HERON LCArdea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON LCArenaria interpres RUDDY TURNSTONE LCAsio flammeus SHORT-EARED OWL LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 142

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSAthene cunicularia BURROWING OWL LCAythya affinis LESSER SCAUP LCAythya collaris RING-NECKED DUCK LCBartramia longicauda UPLAND SANDPIPER LCBombycilla cedrorum CEDAR WAXWING LCBotaurus lentiginosus AMERICAN BITTERN LCBubulcus ibis CATTLE EGRET LCButeo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK LCButeo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK LCButeo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK LCButeogallus anthracinus COMMON BLACK-HAWK LCButorides striata STRIATED HERON LCButorides virescens GREEN HERON LCCalidris alba SANDERLING LCCalidris alpina DUNLIN LCCalidris bairdii BAIRD'S SANDPIPER LCCalidris canutus RED KNOT LCCalidris ferruginea CURLEW SANDPIPER LCCalidris fuscicollis WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER LCCalidris mauri WESTERN SANDPIPER LCCalidris melanotos PECTORAL SANDPIPER LCCalidris minutilla LEAST SANDPIPER LCCalidris pusilla SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER LCCalonectris diomedea CORY'S SHEARWATER LCCaprimulgus carolinensis CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW LCCaprimulgus cayennensis WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 143

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCasmerodius albus GREAT EGRET LCCatharacta maccormicki SOUTH POLAR SKUA LCCatharacta skua GREAT SKUA LCCatharus minimus GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH LCCatoptrophorus semipalmatus WILLET LCCeryle alcyon BELTED KINGFISHER LCCeryle torquatus RINGED KINGFISHER LCChaetura brachyura SHORT-TAILED SWIFT LCChaetura cinereiventris GREY-RUMPED SWIFT LCChaetura martinica LESSER ANTILLEAN SWIFT LCCharadrius alexandrinus KENTISH PLOVER LCCharadrius collaris COLLARED PLOVER LCCharadrius hiaticula COMMON RINGED PLOVER LCCharadrius semipalmatus SEMIPALMATED PLOVER LCCharadrius wilsonia WILSON'S PLOVER LCChlidonias leucopterus WHITE-WINGED TERN LCChlidonias niger BLACK TERN LCChondrohierax uncinatus HOOK-BILLED KITE LCChordeiles minor COMMON NIGHTHAWK LCChrysolampis mosquitus RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD LCCinclocerthia gutturalis GREY TREMBLER LCCinclocerthia ruficauda BROWN TREMBLER LCCircus cyaneus NORTHERN HARRIER LCCoccyzus americanus YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzuserythropthalmusBLACK-BILLED CUCKOOLCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 144

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCoccyzus melacoryphus DARK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus minor MANGROVE CUCKOO LCCoereba flaveola BANANAQUIT LCColumba livia ROCK PIGEON LCColumbina passerina COMMON GROUND-DOVE LCContopus latirostris LESSER ANTILLEAN PEWEE LCCoragyps atratus BLACK VULTURE LCCrotophaga ani SMOOTH-BILLED ANI LCCuculus canorus COMMON CUCKOO LCCyanophaia bicolor BLUE-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD LCCypseloides niger BLACK SWIFT LCDendrocygna arborea WEST INDIAN WHISTLING-DUCK VUDendrocygna autumnalis BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna bicolor FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna viduata WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendroica adelaidae ADELAIDE'S WARBLER LCDendroica caerulescens BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER LCDendroica castanea BAY-BREASTED WARBLER LCDendroica coronata YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER LCDendroica discolor PRAIRIE WARBLER LCDendroica dominica YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER LCDendroica fusca BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER LCDendroica magnolia MAGNOLIA WARBLER LCDendroica pensylvanica CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER LCDendroica petechia YELLOW WARBLER LCDendroica plumbea PLUMBEOUS WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 145

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSDendroica striata BLACKPOLL WARBLER LCDendroica tigrina CAPE MAY WARBLER LCDendroica virens BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER LCDolichonyx oryzivorus BOBOLINK LCDumetella carolinensis GREY CATBIRD LCEgretta caerulea LITTLE BLUE HERON LCEgretta garzetta LITTLE EGRET LCEgretta gularis WESTERN REEF-EGRET LCEgretta rufescens REDDISH EGRET LCEgretta thula SNOWY EGRET LCEgretta tricolor TRICOLOURED HERON LCElaenia flavogaster YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA LCElaenia martinica CARIBBEAN ELAENIA LCEulampis holosericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB LCEulampis jugularis PURPLE-THROATED CARIB LCEuphonia musica ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA LCFalco columbarius MERLIN LCFalco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON LCFalco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL LCFalco tinnunculus COMMON KESTREL LCFlorisuga mellivora WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN LCFregata magnificens MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD LCFulica americana AMERICAN COOT LCFulica caribaea CARIBBEAN COOT NTGallinago gallinago COMMON SNIPE LCGallinula chloropus COMMON MOORHEN LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 146

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSGeothlypis trichas COMMON YELLOWTHROAT LCGeotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE LCGlaucis hirsutus RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT LCHaematopus palliatus AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER LCHimantopus mexicanus BLACK-NECKED STILT LCHirundo rustica BARN SWALLOW LCIcteria virens YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT LCIcterus galbula BALTIMORE ORIOLE LCIxobrychus exilis LEAST BITTERN LCLarus argentatus HERRING GULL LCLarus atricilla LAUGHING GULL LCLarus delawarensis RING-BILLED GULL LCLarus fuscus LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus marinus GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus philadelphia BONAPARTE'S GULL LCLarus ridibundus COMMON BLACK-HEADED GULL LCLathrotriccus euleri EULER'S FLYCATCHER LCLimnodromus griseus SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LCLimosa fedoa MARBLED GODWIT LCLophodytes cucullatus HOODED MERGANSER LCLoxigilla noctis LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH LCLoxigilla portoricensis PUERTO RICAN BULLFINCH LCLymnocryptes minimus JACK SNIPE LCMargarops fuscatus PEARLY-EYED THRASHER LCMargarops fuscus SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER LCMicropalama himantopus STILT SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 147

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSMimus gilvus TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LCMniotilta varia BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER LCMolothrus bonariensis SHINY COWBIRD LCMotacilla alba WHITE WAGTAIL LCMyadestes genibarbis RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE LCMyiarchus nugator GRENADA FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus oberi LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus tyrannulus BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER LCNomonyx dominicus MASKED DUCK LCNumenius phaeopus WHIMBREL LCNyctanassa violacea YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCNycticorax nycticorax BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCOceanodroma leucorhoa LEACH'S STORM-PETREL LCOenanthe oenanthe NORTHERN WHEATEAR LCOporornis agilis CONNECTICUT WARBLER LCOporornis formosus KENTUCKY WARBLER LCOrthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD LCOxyura jamaicensis RUDDY DUCK LCPandion haliaetus OSPREY LCParula americana NORTHERN PARULA LCPatagioenas squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON LCPelecanus occidentalis BROWN PELICAN LCPetrochelidon pyrrhonota CLIFF SWALLOW LCPhaethon aethereus RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD LCPhaethon lepturus WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD LCPhalacrocorax auritus DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 148

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSPhalacrocorax brasilianus NEOTROPIC CORMORANT LCPheucticus ludovicianus ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK LCPhilomachus pugnax RUFF LCPiranga flava HEPATIC TANAGER LCPiranga olivacea SCARLET TANAGER LCPiranga rubra SUMMER TANAGER LCPlatalea ajaja ROSEATE SPOONBILL LCPlegadis falcinellus GLOSSY IBIS LCPluvialis squatarola GREY PLOVER LCPodilymbus podiceps PIED-BILLED GREBE LCPorphyrio martinica PURPLE GALLINULE LCPorzana carolina SORA LCProgne dominicensis CARIBBEAN MARTIN LCProtonotaria citrea PROTHONOTARY WARBLER LCPuffinus lherminieri AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER LCQuiscalus lugubris CARIB GRACKLE LCRallus longirostris CLAPPER RAIL LCRecurvirostra americana AMERICAN AVOCET LCRiparia riparia SAND MARTIN LCRissa tridactyla BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE LCRynchops niger BLACK SKIMMER LCSeiurus aurocapilla OVENBIRD LCSeiurus motacilla LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH LCSeiurusnoveboracensisNORTHERN WATERTHRUSHLCSetophaga ruticilla AMERICAN REDSTART LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 149

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSSicalis luteola GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH LCSphyrapicus varius YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER LCSporophila nigricollis YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER LCSteganopus tricolor WILSON'S PHALAROPE LCStercorarius longicaudus LONG-TAILED JAEGER LCStercorarius parasiticus PARASITIC JAEGER LCStercorarius pomarinus POMARINE JAEGER LCSterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN LCSterna antillarum LEAST TERN LCSterna fuscata SOOTY TERN LCSterna hirundo COMMON TERN LCSterna maxima ROYAL TERN LCSterna nilotica GULL-BILLED TERN LCSterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN LCStreptopelia decaocto EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE LCStreptoprocne zonaris WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT LCSula dactylatra MASKED BOOBY LCSula leucogaster BROWN BOOBY LCSula sula RED-FOOTED BOOBY LCTangara cucullata LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER LCTiaris bicolor BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT LCTringa erythropus SPOTTED REDSHANK LCTringa flavipes LESSER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa glareola WOOD SANDPIPER LCTringa melanoleuca GREATER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa solitaria SOLITARY SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 150

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSTroglodytes aedon HOUSE WREN LCTurdus fumigatus COCOA THRUSH LCTurdus plumbeus RED-LEGGED THRUSH LCTyrannus dominicensis GREY KINGBIRD LCTyrannus melancholicus TROPICAL KINGBIRD LCTyrannus savana FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER LCTyto alba BARN OWL LCVanellus vanellus NORTHERN LAPWING LCVireo altiloquus BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO LCVireo flavifrons YELLOW-THROATED VIREO LCVireo olivaceus RED-EYED VIREO LCVolatinia jacarina BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT LCWilsonia canadensis CANADA WARBLER LCXanthocephalusxanthocephalusYELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRDLCZenaida auriculata EARED DOVE LCZenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE LCAetobatus narinari BONNETRAY, MAYLAN, SPOTTED EAGLE RAY NTCarcharhinus falciformis SILKY SHARK LR/lcCarcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus limbatus BLACKTIP SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK, WHITE-TIPPED SHARK,WHITETIP OCEANIC SHARK, WHITETIP SHARKVUCarcharhinus perezi CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK NTCarcharodon carcharias GREAT WHITE SHARK VUDasyatis americana SOUTHERN STINGRAY DDDasyatis say BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 151

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSEtmopterus bullisi LINED LANTERNSHARK DDEtmopterus hillianus CARIBBEAN LANTERNSHARK LCGaleocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK LR/ntGinglymostoma cirratum NURSE SHARK DDHimantura schmardae CHUPARE STINGRAY DDIsurus oxyrinchus SHORTFIN MAKO LR/ntNegaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK LR/ntPrionace glauca BLUE SHARK LR/ntSphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD LR/ntSphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD, HAMMERHEAD SHARK, SQUATHEADED HAMMERHEAD SHARKENSqualus mitsukurii GREEN-EYE SPURDOG, SHORTSPINE SPURDOG DDUrobatis jamaicensis YELLOW STINGRAY LCArtibeus jamaicensis JAMAICAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcBrachyphylla cavernarum ANTILLEAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcCarollia perspicillata SEBA'S SHORT-TAILED BAT LR/lcGrampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN, RISSO'S DOLPHIN DDLagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN, SARAWAK DOLPHIN DDNoctilio leporinus GREATER BULLDOG BAT LR/lcSciurus vulgaris EURASIAN RED SQUIRREL, RED SQUIRREL NTTadarida brasiliensis BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT LR/ntTrichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE, WEST INDIAN MANATEE VUAlsophis rufiventris RED-BELLIED RACER ENChelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE ENDermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK, LEATHERY TURTLE, LUTH, TRUNKBACKTURTLECREretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE CRFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 152

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSIguana delicatissima LESSER ANTILLEAN IGUANA, WEST INDIAN IGUANA VUPodocarpus coriaceus LR/lcCedrela odorata CIGAR-BOX WOOD, RED CEDAR, SPANISH CEDAR VUProtium attenuatum DDSwietenia mahagoni AMERICAN MAHOGANY, CUBAN MAHOGANY, SMALLLEAVED MAHOGANY, WEST INDIAN MAHOGANYENST LUCIA GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBalistes vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH VUDermatolepis inermis MARBLED GROUPER VUEpinephelus flavolimbatus GROUPER, POEY'S GROUPER, WHITE GROUPER,YELLOWEDGE GROUPER, YELLOWFINNED GROUPERVUEpinephelus itajara GOLIATH GROUPER, JEWFISH CREpinephelus morio RED GROUPER NTEpinephelus striatus NASSAU GROUPER ENLachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH VULutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER VULutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER VUMycteroperca interstitialis BLAKE, CROSSBAND ROCKFISH, GREY MANNOCK,HAMLET, HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, PRINCESS ROCKFISH,ROCKFISH, SALMON GROUPER, SALMON ROCK FISH,SCAMP, YELLOWMOUTH GROUPERVUMycteroperca tigris TIGER GROUPER LCMycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER NTScarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH VUThunnus albacares YELLOWFIN TUNA LR/lcFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 153

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSThunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA VUThunnus thynnus NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA DDEleutherodactylus johnstonei LCEleutherodactylus martinicensis NTActitis macularius SPOTTED SANDPIPER LCAix sponsa WOOD DUCK LCAmazona versicolor ST LUCIA PARROT VUAnas acuta NORTHERN PINTAIL LCAnas americana AMERICAN WIGEON LCAnas bahamensis WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL LCAnas clypeata NORTHERN SHOVELER LCAnas crecca COMMON TEAL LCAnas discors BLUE-WINGED TEAL LCAnas penelope EURASIAN WIGEON LCAnhinga anhinga ANHINGA LCAnous minutus BLACK NODDY LCAnous stolidus BROWN NODDY LCAnthracothorax viridigula GREEN-THROATED MANGO LCArdea cinerea GREY HERON LCArdea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON LCArenaria interpres RUDDY TURNSTONE LCAsio flammeus SHORT-EARED OWL LCAthene cunicularia BURROWING OWL LCAythya affinis LESSER SCAUP LCAythya collaris RING-NECKED DUCK LCBartramia longicauda UPLAND SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 154

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBombycilla cedrorum CEDAR WAXWING LCBotaurus lentiginosus AMERICAN BITTERN LCBubulcus ibis CATTLE EGRET LCButeo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK LCButeo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK LCButeo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK LCButeogallus anthracinus COMMON BLACK-HAWK LCButorides striata STRIATED HERON LCButorides virescens GREEN HERON LCCalidris alba SANDERLING LCCalidris alpina DUNLIN LCCalidris bairdii BAIRD'S SANDPIPER LCCalidris canutus RED KNOT LCCalidris ferruginea CURLEW SANDPIPER LCCalidris fuscicollis WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER LCCalidris mauri WESTERN SANDPIPER LCCalidris melanotos PECTORAL SANDPIPER LCCalidris minutilla LEAST SANDPIPER LCCalidris pusilla SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER LCCalonectris diomedea CORY'S SHEARWATER LCCaprimulgus carolinensis CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW LCCaprimulgus cayennensis WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR LCCaprimulgus rufus RUFOUS NIGHTJAR LCCasmerodius albus GREAT EGRET LCCatharacta maccormicki SOUTH POLAR SKUA LCCatharacta skua GREAT SKUA LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 155

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCatharus minimus GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH LCCatoptrophorus semipalmatus WILLET LCCeryle alcyon BELTED KINGFISHER LCCeryle torquatus RINGED KINGFISHER LCChaetura brachyura SHORT-TAILED SWIFT LCChaetura cinereiventris GREY-RUMPED SWIFT LCChaetura martinica LESSER ANTILLEAN SWIFT LCCharadrius alexandrinus KENTISH PLOVER LCCharadrius collaris COLLARED PLOVER LCCharadrius hiaticula COMMON RINGED PLOVER LCCharadrius semipalmatus SEMIPALMATED PLOVER LCCharadrius wilsonia WILSON'S PLOVER LCChlidonias leucopterus WHITE-WINGED TERN LCChlidonias niger BLACK TERN LCChondrohierax uncinatus HOOK-BILLED KITE LCChordeiles minor COMMON NIGHTHAWK LCChrysolampis mosquitus RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD LCCichlherminia lherminieri FOREST THRUSH VUCinclocerthia gutturalis GREY TREMBLER LCCinclocerthia ruficauda BROWN TREMBLER LCCircus cyaneus NORTHERN HARRIER LCCoccyzus americanus YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzuserythropthalmusBLACK-BILLED CUCKOOLCCoccyzus melacoryphus DARK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus minor MANGROVE CUCKOO LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 156

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCoereba flaveola BANANAQUIT LCColumba livia ROCK PIGEON LCColumbina passerina COMMON GROUND-DOVE LCContopus latirostris LESSER ANTILLEAN PEWEE LCCoragyps atratus BLACK VULTURE LCCrotophaga ani SMOOTH-BILLED ANI LCCuculus canorus COMMON CUCKOO LCCyanophaia bicolor BLUE-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD LCCypseloides niger BLACK SWIFT LCDendrocygna autumnalis BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna bicolor FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna viduata WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendroica adelaidae ADELAIDE'S WARBLER LCDendroica caerulescens BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER LCDendroica castanea BAY-BREASTED WARBLER LCDendroica coronata YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER LCDendroica delicata ST LUCIA WARBLER LCDendroica discolor PRAIRIE WARBLER LCDendroica dominica YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER LCDendroica fusca BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER LCDendroica magnolia MAGNOLIA WARBLER LCDendroica pensylvanica CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER LCDendroica petechia YELLOW WARBLER LCDendroica plumbea PLUMBEOUS WARBLER LCDendroica striata BLACKPOLL WARBLER LCDendroica tigrina CAPE MAY WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 157

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSDendroica virens BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER LCDolichonyx oryzivorus BOBOLINK LCDumetella carolinensis GREY CATBIRD LCEgretta caerulea LITTLE BLUE HERON LCEgretta garzetta LITTLE EGRET LCEgretta gularis WESTERN REEF-EGRET LCEgretta rufescens REDDISH EGRET LCEgretta thula SNOWY EGRET LCEgretta tricolor TRICOLOURED HERON LCElaenia flavogaster YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA LCElaenia martinica CARIBBEAN ELAENIA LCEulampis holosericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB LCEulampis jugularis PURPLE-THROATED CARIB LCEuphonia musica ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA LCFalco columbarius MERLIN LCFalco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON LCFalco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL LCFalco tinnunculus COMMON KESTREL LCFlorisuga mellivora WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN LCFregata magnificens MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD LCFulica americana AMERICAN COOT LCGallinago gallinago COMMON SNIPE LCGallinula chloropus COMMON MOORHEN LCGeothlypis trichas COMMON YELLOWTHROAT LCGeotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE LCGeotrygon mystacea BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 158

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSGlaucis hirsutus RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT LCHaematopus palliatus AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER LCHimantopus mexicanus BLACK-NECKED STILT LCHirundo rustica BARN SWALLOW LCIcteria virens YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT LCIcterus galbula BALTIMORE ORIOLE LCIcterus laudabilis ST LUCIA ORIOLE NTIxobrychus exilis LEAST BITTERN LCLarus argentatus HERRING GULL LCLarus atricilla LAUGHING GULL LCLarus delawarensis RING-BILLED GULL LCLarus fuscus LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus marinus GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus philadelphia BONAPARTE'S GULL LCLarus ridibundus COMMON BLACK-HEADED GULL LCLathrotriccus euleri EULER'S FLYCATCHER LCLeucopeza semperi SEMPER'S WARBLER CRLimnodromus griseus SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LCLimosa fedoa MARBLED GODWIT LCLophodytes cucullatus HOODED MERGANSER LCLoxigilla noctis LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH LCLymnocryptes minimus JACK SNIPE LCMargarops fuscatus PEARLY-EYED THRASHER LCMargarops fuscus SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER LCMelanospiza richardsoni ST LUCIA BLACK FINCH ENMicropalama himantopus STILT SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 159

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSMimus gilvus TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LCMniotilta varia BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER LCMolothrus bonariensis SHINY COWBIRD LCMotacilla alba WHITE WAGTAIL LCMyadestes genibarbis RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE LCMyiarchus nugator GRENADA FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus oberi LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus tyrannulus BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER LCNomonyx dominicus MASKED DUCK LCNumenius phaeopus WHIMBREL LCNyctanassa violacea YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCNycticorax nycticorax BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCOceanodroma leucorhoa LEACH'S STORM-PETREL LCOenanthe oenanthe NORTHERN WHEATEAR LCOporornis agilis CONNECTICUT WARBLER LCOporornis formosus KENTUCKY WARBLER LCOrthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD LCOxyura jamaicensis RUDDY DUCK LCPandion haliaetus OSPREY LCParula americana NORTHERN PARULA LCPatagioenas squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON LCPelecanus occidentalis BROWN PELICAN LCPetrochelidon pyrrhonota CLIFF SWALLOW LCPhaethon aethereus RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD LCPhaethon lepturus WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD LCPhalacrocorax auritus DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 160

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSPhalacrocorax brasilianus NEOTROPIC CORMORANT LCPheucticus ludovicianus ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK LCPhilomachus pugnax RUFF LCPiranga flava HEPATIC TANAGER LCPiranga olivacea SCARLET TANAGER LCPiranga rubra SUMMER TANAGER LCPlatalea ajaja ROSEATE SPOONBILL LCPlegadis falcinellus GLOSSY IBIS LCPluvialis dominica AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER LCPluvialis squatarola GREY PLOVER LCPodilymbus podiceps PIED-BILLED GREBE LCPorphyrio martinica PURPLE GALLINULE LCPorzana carolina SORA LCProgne dominicensis CARIBBEAN MARTIN LCProtonotaria citrea PROTHONOTARY WARBLER LCPuffinus lherminieri AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER LCQuiscalus lugubris CARIB GRACKLE LCRallus longirostris CLAPPER RAIL LCRamphocinclus brachyurus WHITE-BREASTED THRASHER ENRecurvirostra americana AMERICAN AVOCET LCRiparia riparia SAND MARTIN LCRissa tridactyla BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE LCRynchops niger BLACK SKIMMER LCSaltator albicollis LESSER ANTILLEAN SALTATOR LCSeiurus aurocapilla OVENBIRD LCSeiurus motacilla LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 161

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSSeiurusnoveboracensisNORTHERN WATERTHRUSHLCSetophaga ruticilla AMERICAN REDSTART LCSicalis luteola GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH LCSphyrapicus varius YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER LCSporophila nigricollis YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER LCSteganopus tricolor WILSON'S PHALAROPE LCStercorarius longicaudus LONG-TAILED JAEGER LCStercorarius parasiticus PARASITIC JAEGER LCStercorarius pomarinus POMARINE JAEGER LCSterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN LCSterna antillarum LEAST TERN LCSterna fuscata SOOTY TERN LCSterna hirundo COMMON TERN LCSterna maxima ROYAL TERN LCSterna nilotica GULL-BILLED TERN LCSterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN LCStreptoprocne zonaris WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT LCSula dactylatra MASKED BOOBY LCSula leucogaster BROWN BOOBY LCSula sula RED-FOOTED BOOBY LCTangara cucullata LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER LCTiaris bicolor BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT LCTringa erythropus SPOTTED REDSHANK LCTringa flavipes LESSER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa glareola WOOD SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 162

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSTringa melanoleuca GREATER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa solitaria SOLITARY SANDPIPER LCTroglodytes aedon HOUSE WREN LCTryngites subruficollis BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER NTTurdus fumigatus COCOA THRUSH LCTurdus nudigenis BARE-EYED ROBIN LCTurdus plumbeus RED-LEGGED THRUSH LCTyrannus dominicensis GREY KINGBIRD LCTyrannus melancholicus TROPICAL KINGBIRD LCTyrannus savana FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER LCTyto alba BARN OWL LCVanellus vanellus NORTHERN LAPWING LCVireo altiloquus BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO LCVireo flavifrons YELLOW-THROATED VIREO LCVireo olivaceus RED-EYED VIREO LCVolatinia jacarina BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT LCWilsonia canadensis CANADA WARBLER LCXanthocephalusxanthocephalusYELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRDLCZenaida auriculata EARED DOVE LCZenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE LCAetobatus narinari BONNETRAY, MAYLAN, SPOTTED EAGLE RAY NTCarcharhinus falciformis SILKY SHARK LR/lcCarcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus limbatus BLACKTIP SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK, WHITE-TIPPED SHARK,WHITETIP OCEANIC SHARK, WHITETIP SHARKVUFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 163

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCarcharhinus perezi CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK NTCarcharodon carcharias GREAT WHITE SHARK VUDasyatis americana SOUTHERN STINGRAY DDDasyatis say BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY LCEtmopterus bullisi LINED LANTERNSHARK DDGaleocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK LR/ntGinglymostoma cirratum NURSE SHARK DDHimantura schmardae CHUPARE STINGRAY DDIsurus oxyrinchus SHORTFIN MAKO LR/ntNegaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK LR/ntPrionace glauca BLUE SHARK LR/ntSphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD LR/ntSphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD, HAMMERHEAD SHARK, SQUATHEADED HAMMERHEAD SHARKENArdops nichollsi TREE BAT LR/ntArtibeus jamaicensis JAMAICAN FRUIT-EATING BAT LR/lcGlobicephalamacrorhynchusPACIFIC PILOT WHALE, SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALELR/cdGrampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN, RISSO'S DOLPHIN DDLagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN, SARAWAK DOLPHIN DDMegalomys luciae SANTA LUCIA GIANT RICE RAT EXMegaptera novaeangliae BUNCH, HUMP WHALE, HUMPBACK WHALE,HUNCHBACKED WHALEVUMonophyllus plethodon INSULAR SINGLE LEAF BAT LR/ntNoctilio leporinus GREATER BULLDOG BAT LR/lcSturnira lilium LITTLE YELLOW-SHOULDERED BAT LR/lcTadarida brasiliensis BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT LR/ntFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 164

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSTrichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE, WEST INDIAN MANATEE VUCaretta caretta LOGGERHEAD ENChelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE ENCnemidophorus vanzoi ST LUCIA WHIPTAIL VUDermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK, LEATHERY TURTLE, LUTH, TRUNKBACKTURTLECREretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE CRLiophis ornatus ST LUCIA RACER ENJuniperus barbadensis VUCedrela odorata CIGAR-BOX WOOD, RED CEDAR, SPANISH CEDAR VUOcotea aciphylla LR/lcPouteria pallida ENPouteria semecarpifolia VUProtium attenuatum DDSwietenia mahagoni AMERICAN MAHOGANY, CUBAN MAHOGANY, SMALLLEAVED MAHOGANY, WEST INDIAN MAHOGANYZanthoxylum flavum WEST INDIAN SATINWOOD, YELLOW SANDERS,YELLOW-HEAD, YELLOWHEARTENVUST VINCENT GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSBalistes Vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH VUDermatolepis Inermis MARBLED GROUPER VUEpinephelus Flavolimbatus GROUPER, POEY'S GROUPER, WHITE GROUPER,YELLOWEDGE GROUPER, YELLOWFINNED GROUPERVUFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 165

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSEpinephelus Itajara GOLIATH GROUPER, JEWFISH CREpinephelus Morio RED GROUPER NTEpinephelus Striatus NASSAU GROUPER ENLachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH VULutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER VULutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER VUMycteroperca interstitialis BLAKE, CROSSBAND ROCKFISH, GREY MANNOCK,HAMLET, HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, PRINCESS ROCKFISH,ROCKFISH, SALMON GROUPER, SALMON ROCK FISH,SCAMP, YELLOWMOUTH GROUPERVUMycteroperca tigris TIGER GROUPER LCMycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER NTScarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH VUThunnus albacares YELLOWFIN TUNA LR/lcThunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA VUThunnus thynnus NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA DDEleutherodactylusEleutherodactylusjohnstoneishreveiLCENLeptodactylus validus WINDWARD DITCH FROG LCActitis macularius SPOTTED SANDPIPER LCAix sponsa WOOD DUCK LCAmazona guildingii ST VINCENT PARROT VUAnas acuta NORTHERN PINTAIL LCAnas americana AMERICAN WIGEON LCAnas bahamensis WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL LCAnas clypeata NORTHERN SHOVELER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 166

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSAnas discors BLUE-WINGED TEAL LCAnas penelope EURASIAN WIGEON LCAnhinga anhinga ANHINGA LCAnous minutus BLACK NODDY LCAnous stolidus BROWN NODDY LCAnthracothorax viridigula GREEN-THROATED MANGO LCArdea cinerea GREY HERON LCArdea herodias GREAT BLUE HERON LCArenaria interpres RUDDY TURNSTONE LCAsio flammeus SHORT-EARED OWL LCAthene cunicularia BURROWING OWL LCAythya affinis LESSER SCAUP LCAythya collaris RING-NECKED DUCK LCBartramia longicauda UPLAND SANDPIPER LCBombycilla cedrorum CEDAR WAXWING LCBotaurus lentiginosus AMERICAN BITTERN LCBubulcus ibis CATTLE EGRET LCButeo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK LCButeo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK LCButeo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK LCButeogallus anthracinus COMMON BLACK-HAWK LCButorides striata STRIATED HERON LCButorides virescens GREEN HERON LCCalidris alba SANDERLING LCCalidris alpina DUNLIN LCCalidris bairdii BAIRD'S SANDPIPER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 167

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSCalidris canutus RED KNOT LCCalidris ferruginea CURLEW SANDPIPER LCCalidris fuscicollis WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER LCCalidris mauri WESTERN SANDPIPER LCCalidris melanotos PECTORAL SANDPIPER LCCalidris minutilla LEAST SANDPIPER LCCalidris pusilla SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER LCCalonectris diomedea CORY'S SHEARWATER LCCaprimulgus carolinensis CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW LCCaprimulgus cayennensis WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR LCCasmerodius albus GREAT EGRET LCCatharacta maccormicki SOUTH POLAR SKUA LCCatharacta skua GREAT SKUA LCCatharopeza bishopi WHISTLING WARBLER ENCatharus minimus GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH LCCatoptrophorus semipalmatus WILLET LCCeryle alcyon BELTED KINGFISHER LCCeryle torquatus RINGED KINGFISHER LCChaetura brachyura SHORT-TAILED SWIFT LCChaetura cinereiventris GREY-RUMPED SWIFT LCChaetura martinica LESSER ANTILLEAN SWIFT LCCharadrius alexandrinus KENTISH PLOVER LCCharadrius collaris COLLARED PLOVER LCCharadrius hiaticula COMMON RINGED PLOVER LCCharadrius semipalmatus SEMIPALMATED PLOVER LCCharadrius wilsonia WILSON'S PLOVER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 168

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSChlidonias leucopterus WHITE-WINGED TERN LCChlidonias niger BLACK TERN LCChondrohierax uncinatus HOOK-BILLED KITE LCChordeiles minor COMMON NIGHTHAWK LCChrysolampis mosquitus RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD LCCinclocerthia gutturalis GREY TREMBLER LCCinclocerthia ruficauda BROWN TREMBLER LCCircus cyaneus NORTHERN HARRIER LCCoccyzus americanus YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus erythropthalmus BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus melacoryphus DARK-BILLED CUCKOO LCCoccyzus minor MANGROVE CUCKOO LCCoereba flaveola BANANAQUIT LCColumba livia ROCK PIGEON LCColumbina passerina COMMON GROUND-DOVE LCContopus latirostris LESSER ANTILLEAN PEWEE LCCoragyps atratus BLACK VULTURE LCCrotophaga ani SMOOTH-BILLED ANI LCCuculus canorus COMMON CUCKOO LCCyanophaia bicolor BLUE-HEADED HUMMINGBIRD LCCypseloides niger BLACK SWIFT LCDendrocygna autumnalis BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna bicolor FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendrocygna viduata WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK LCDendroica adelaidae ADELAIDE'S WARBLER LCDendroica caerulescens BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 169

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSDendroica castanea BAY-BREASTED WARBLER LCDendroica coronata YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER LCDendroica discolor PRAIRIE WARBLER LCDendroica dominica YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER LCDendroica fusca BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER LCDendroica magnolia MAGNOLIA WARBLER LCDendroica pensylvanica CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER LCDendroica petechia YELLOW WARBLER LCDendroica plumbea PLUMBEOUS WARBLER LCDendroica striata BLACKPOLL WARBLER LCDendroica tigrina CAPE MAY WARBLER LCDendroica virens BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER LCDolichonyx oryzivorus BOBOLINK LCDumetella carolinensis GREY CATBIRD LCEgretta caerulea LITTLE BLUE HERON LCEgretta garzetta LITTLE EGRET LCEgretta gularis WESTERN REEF-EGRET LCEgretta rufescens REDDISH EGRET LCEgretta thula SNOWY EGRET LCEgretta tricolor TRICOLOURED HERON LCElaenia flavogaster YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA LCElaenia martinica CARIBBEAN ELAENIA LCEulampis holosericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB LCEulampis jugularis PURPLE-THROATED CARIB LCEuphonia musica ANTILLEAN EUPHONIA LCFalco columbarius MERLIN LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 170

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSFalco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON LCFalco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL LCFalco tinnunculus COMMON KESTREL LCFlorisuga mellivora WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN LCFregata magnificens MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD LCFulica americana AMERICAN COOT LCGallinago gallinago COMMON SNIPE LCGallinula chloropus COMMON MOORHEN LCGeothlypis trichas COMMON YELLOWTHROAT LCGeotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE LCGlaucis hirsutus RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT LCHaematopus palliatus AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER LCHimantopus mexicanus BLACK-NECKED STILT LCHirundo rustica BARN SWALLOW LCIcteria virens YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT LCIcterus galbula BALTIMORE ORIOLE LCIxobrychus exilis LEAST BITTERN LCLarus argentatus HERRING GULL LCLarus atricilla LAUGHING GULL LCLarus delawarensis RING-BILLED GULL LCLarus fuscus LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus marinus GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL LCLarus philadelphia BONAPARTE'S GULL LCLarus ridibundus COMMON BLACK-HEADED GULL LCLathrotriccus euleri EULER'S FLYCATCHER LCLimnodromus griseus SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 171

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSLimosa fedoa MARBLED GODWIT LCLophodytes cucullatus HOODED MERGANSER LCLoxigilla noctis LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH LCLymnocryptes minimus JACK SNIPE LCMargarops fuscatus PEARLY-EYED THRASHER LCMargarops fuscus SCALY-BREASTED THRASHER LCMicropalama himantopus STILT SANDPIPER LCMimus gilvus TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD LCMniotilta varia BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER LCMolothrus bonariensis SHINY COWBIRD LCMotacilla alba WHITE WAGTAIL LCMyadestes genibarbis RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE LCMyiarchus nugator GRENADA FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus oberi LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER LCMyiarchus tyrannulus BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER LCNomonyx dominicus MASKED DUCK LCNumenius phaeopus WHIMBREL LCNyctanassa violacea YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCNycticorax nycticorax BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON LCOceanites oceanicus WILSON'S STORM-PETREL LCOceanodroma leucorhoa LEACH'S STORM-PETREL LCOenanthe oenanthe NORTHERN WHEATEAR LCOporornis agilis CONNECTICUT WARBLER LCOporornis formosus KENTUCKY WARBLER LCOrtalis ruficauda RUFOUS-VENTED CHACHALACA LCOrthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 172

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSOxyura jamaicensis RUDDY DUCK LCPandion haliaetus OSPREY LCParula americana NORTHERN PARULA LCPatagioenas squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON LCPelecanus occidentalis BROWN PELICAN LCPetrochelidon pyrrhonota CLIFF SWALLOW LCPhaethon aethereus RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD LCPhaethon lepturus WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD LCPhalacrocorax auritus DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT LCPhalacrocorax brasilianus NEOTROPIC CORMORANT LCPheucticus ludovicianus ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK LCPhilomachus pugnax RUFF LCPiranga flava HEPATIC TANAGER LCPiranga olivacea SCARLET TANAGER LCPiranga rubra SUMMER TANAGER LCPlatalea ajaja ROSEATE SPOONBILL LCPlegadis falcinellus GLOSSY IBIS LCPluvialis dominica AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER LCPluvialis squatarola GREY PLOVER LCPodilymbus podiceps PIED-BILLED GREBE LCPorphyrio martinica PURPLE GALLINULE LCPorzana carolina SORA LCProgne dominicensis CARIBBEAN MARTIN LCProtonotaria citrea PROTHONOTARY WARBLER LCPuffinus lherminieri AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER LCQuiscalus lugubris CARIB GRACKLE LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 173

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSRallus longirostris CLAPPER RAIL LCRecurvirostra americana AMERICAN AVOCET LCRiparia riparia SAND MARTIN LCRissa tridactyla BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE LCRynchops niger BLACK SKIMMER LCSeiurus aurocapilla OVENBIRD LCSeiurus motacilla LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH LCSeiurus noveboracensis NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH LCSetophaga ruticilla AMERICAN REDSTART LCSicalis luteola GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH LCSphyrapicus varius YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER LCSporophila nigricollis YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER LCSteganopus tricolor WILSON'S PHALAROPE LCStercorarius longicaudus LONG-TAILED JAEGER LCStercorarius parasiticus PARASITIC JAEGER LCStercorarius pomarinus POMARINE JAEGER LCSterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN LCSterna antillarum LEAST TERN LCSterna fuscata SOOTY TERN LCSterna hirundo COMMON TERN LCSterna maxima ROYAL TERN LCSterna nilotica GULL-BILLED TERN LCSterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN LCStreptoprocne zonaris WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT LCSula dactylatra MASKED BOOBY LCSula leucogaster BROWN BOOBY LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 174

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSSula sula RED-FOOTED BOOBY LCTangara cucullata LESSER ANTILLEAN TANAGER LCTiaris bicolor BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT LCTringa erythropus SPOTTED REDSHANK LCTringa flavipes LESSER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa glareola WOOD SANDPIPER LCTringa melanoleuca GREATER YELLOWLEGS LCTringa solitaria SOLITARY SANDPIPER LCTroglodytes aedon HOUSE WREN LCTryngites subruficollis BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER NTTurdus fumigatus COCOA THRUSH LCTurdus nudigenis BARE-EYED ROBIN LCTurdus plumbeus RED-LEGGED THRUSH LCTyrannus dominicensis GREY KINGBIRD LCTyrannus melancholicus TROPICAL KINGBIRD LCTyrannus savana FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER LCTyto alba BARN OWL LCVanellus vanellus NORTHERN LAPWING LCVireo altiloquus BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO LCVireo flavifrons YELLOW-THROATED VIREO LCVireo olivaceus RED-EYED VIREO LCVolatinia jacarina BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT LCWilsonia canadensis CANADA WARBLER LCXanthocephalus xanthocephalus YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD LCZenaida auriculata EARED DOVE LCZenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE LCFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 175

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSAetobatus narinari BONNETRAY, MAYLAN, SPOTTED EAGLE RAY NTCarcharhinus falciformis SILKY SHARK LR/lcCarcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus limbatus BLACKTIP SHARK LR/ntCarcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK, WHITE-TIPPED SHARK,WHITETIP OCEANIC SHARK, WHITETIP SHARKVUCarcharhinus perezi CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK NTCarcharodon carcharias GREAT WHITE SHARK VUDasyatis americana SOUTHERN STINGRAY DDDasyatis say BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY LCEtmopterus bullisi LINED LANTERNSHARK DDGaleocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK LR/ntGinglymostoma cirratum NURSE SHARK DDHimantura schmardae CHUPARE STINGRAY DDIsurus oxyrinchus SHORTFIN MAKO LR/ntNegaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK LR/ntPrionace glauca BLUE SHARK LR/ntRhincodon typus WHALE SHARK VUSphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD LR/ntSphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD, HAMMERHEAD SHARK, SQUATHEADED HAMMERHEAD SHARKENUrobatis jamaicensis YELLOW STINGRAY LCArdops nichollsi TREE BAT LR/ntFeresa attenuata PYGMY KILLER WHALE, SLENDER BLACKFISH DDGlobicephala macrorhynchus PACIFIC PILOT WHALE, SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE LR/cdGrampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN, RISSO'S DOLPHIN DDKogia sima DWARF SPERM WHALE LR/lcFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 176

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSLagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN, SARAWAK DOLPHIN DDMegaptera novaeangliae BUNCH, HUMP WHALE, HUMPBACK WHALE,HUNCHBACKED WHALEVUMonophyllus plethodon INSULAR SINGLE LEAF BAT LR/ntNoctilio leporinus GREATER BULLDOG BAT LR/lcOligoryzomys victus ST. VINCENT PYGMY RICE RAT ENOrcinus orca KILLER WHALE, ORCA LR/cdPeponocephala electra MELON-HEADED WHALE LR/lcPseudorca crassidens FALSE KILLER WHALE LR/lcPteronotus parnellii PARNELL'S MUSTACHED BAT LR/lcStenella attenuata BRIDLED DOLPHIN, NARROW-SNOUTED DOLPHIN,PANTROPICAL SPOTTED DOLPHINStenella clymene ATLANTIC SPINNER DOLPHIN, CLYMENE DOLPHIN,HELMET DOLPHINLR/cdDDStenella coeruleoalba EUPHROSYNE DOLPHIN, STRIPED DOLPHIN LR/cdStenella frontalis ATLANTIC SPOTTED DOLPHIN, BRIDLED DOLPHIN DDStenella longirostris LONG-BEAKED DOLPHIN, LONG-SNOUTED DOLPHIN,SPINNER DOLPHINLR/cdSteno bredanensis ROUGH-TOOTHED DOLPHIN DDTrichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE, WEST INDIAN MANATEE VUTursiops truncatus BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN, BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN,BOTTLENOSED DOLPHINZiphius cavirostris CUVIER'S BEAKED WHALE, GOOSE-BEAKED WHALE,GOOSEBEAK WHALEDDDDChelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE ENChironius vincenti ST VINCENT BLACKSNAKE CRDermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK, LEATHERY TURTLE, LUTH, TRUNKBACKTURTLECREretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE CRFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 177

GENUS SPECIES COMMON NAME STATUSGuaiacum officinale COMMONER LIGNUM VITAE, GUAIAC TREE ENPicrasma excelsa VUPouteria semecarpifolia VUProtium attenuatum DDSwietenia macrophylla BIG LEAF MAHOGANY, BIG-LEAF MAHOGANY, BIGLEAFMAHOGANY, BRAZILIAN MAHOGANY, HONDURASMAHOGANY, LARGE-LEAVED MAHOGANYSwietenia mahagoni AMERICAN MAHOGANY, CUBAN MAHOGANY, SMALLLEAVED MAHOGANY, WEST INDIAN MAHOGANYVUENFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 178

APPENDIX 6. FRESHWATER SPECIES LISTSANTIGUA AND BARBUDAFamily Scientific Name Common Name StatusCarcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark nativeCentropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus parallelus Fat snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook nativeMugilidae Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet nativeMegalopidae Megalops atlanticus Tarpon nativeMugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet questionableMugilidae Mugil liza Liza nativeCichlidae Oreochromis aureus Blue tilapia introducedCichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia introducedPoeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy nativeCichlidae Tilapia rendalli Redbreast tilapia introducedCichlidae Tilapia zillii Redbelly tilapia introducedDOMINICAFamily Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusAnguillidae Anguilla rostrata American eel nativeGobiidae Awaous banana River goby nativeCarcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark nativeCentropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus parallelus Fat snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook nativeGobiesocidae Gobiesox nudus Clingfish nativeMugilidae Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet nativeMegalopidae Megalops atlanticus Tarpon nativeMugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet questionableFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 179

Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusMugilidae Mugil liza Liza nativeCichlidae Oreochromis aureus Blue tilapia introducedCichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia introducedGobiidae Sicydium punctatum Tritri nativeGRENADA Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusCarcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark nativeCentropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus parallelus Fat snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook nativeSciaenidae Cynoscion acoupa Acoupa weakfish nativeGerreidae Eucinostomus argenteus Silver mojarra nativeGerreidae Eugerres plumieri Striped mojarra nativeGerreidae Gerres cinereus Yellow fin mojarra Hedow nativeMugilidae Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet nativeMegalopidae Megalops atlanticus Tarpon nativeMugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet questionableMugilidae Mugil liza Liza nativeCarangidae Oligoplites palometa Maracaibo leatherjacket nativeCichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia introducedCichlidaeOreochromis niloticus niloticusNile tilapiaintroducedHaemulidae Pomadasys crocro Burro grunt nativeST KITTS AND NEVIS Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusCarcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark nativeCentropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus parallelus Fat snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook nativeMugilidae Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet nativeFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 180

Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusMegalopidae Megalops atlanticus Tarpon Bass nativeMugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet questionableMugilidae Mugil liza Liza NativeST LUCIA Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusCarcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark nativeCentropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus parallelus Fat snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook nativeSciaenidae Cynoscion acoupa Acoupa weakfish nativeGerreidae Gerres cinereus Yellow fin mojarra Hedow nativeMugilidae Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet nativeMegalopidae Megalops atlanticus Tarpon nativeMugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet questionableMugilidae Mugil liza Liza nativeSynbranchidae Ophisternon aenigmaticum Obscure swamp eel introducedCichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia introducedCichlidaeOreochromis niloticus niloticusNile tilapiaintroducedRivulidae Rivulus cryptocallus nativeST VINCENT Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusGobiidae Awaous banana River goby nativeCarcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Bull shark nativeCentropomidae Centropomus ensiferus Swordspine snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus parallelus Fat snook nativeCentropomidae Centropomus pectinatus Tarpon snook nativeSciaenidae Cynoscion acoupa Acoupa weakfish nativeGerreidae Gerres cinereus Yellow fin mojarra Hedow nativeMugilidae Joturus pichardi Bobo mullet nativeFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 181

Family Scientific Name Common Name Local Name StatusMegalopidae Megalops atlanticus Tarpon nativeMugilidae Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet questionableMugilidae Mugil liza Liza nativeCichlidae Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Nile tilapia introducedGobiidae Sicydium plumieri Sirajo Tri-tri nativeFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 182

APPENDIX 7. COUNTRY FISH CATCH AND REAL 2000 VALUE (SEA AROUNDUS PROJECT 2008)ANTIGUA AND BARBUDAFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 183

DOMINICAFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).184

GRENADA FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).185

ST KITTS AND NEVIS FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).186

ST LUCIA FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).187

ST VINCENT FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008).188

APPENDIX 8. LISTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA – REVISED 1992Agriculture Small Holdings Act Cap 45 1953Agriculture Small Holdings (Regulations of rentals) Cap 12 1953Animals (Diseases and Importation) Act Cap 18 1953Animals (International Movement and Diseases) Act Cap 19 1987Antigua and Barbuda Merchant Shipping Act Cap 28 1986Barbuda Local Government Act Cap 44 1976Beach Control Act Cap 45 1959Beach Protection Act Cap 46 1957Boats Regulation Act Cap 55 1933Botanical Gardens Act Cap 56 1900Bush Fires Act Cap 62 1901Cattle Tresspass Act Cap 77 1982Cotton Planting (Regulations) Act Cap 110 1931Cotton Seed Control Act Cap 112 1932Cotton Protection Act Cap 111 1922Crown Lands (Regulation) Act Cap 120 1917Disaster Management Act 13 of 2002Dumping at Sea Act Cap 141 1975Environmental Protection Levy 22 of 2002Fisheries Act Cap 173 1984Forestry Act Cap 178 1941Geographical Indications Act 21 of 2003Importation of Live Fish Act Cap 209 1975Importation Prohibition (Epidemic Diseases) Act Cap 210 1888Land Acquisition Act Cap 233 1958Litter Act Cap 250 1983FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 189

Litter (Amendment) Act 8 of 2004Marine Areas (Preservation & Enhancement) Act Cap 259 1972Maritime Areas Act Cap 260 1982Minerals (Vesting) Act Cap 282 1949National Parks Act Cap 290 1984National Parks (Amendment) Act 11 of 2004National Solid Waste Management Authority Act 10 of 1995National Solid Waste Management Authority (Amendment) Act 6 of 2005Oil Pollution of Marine Areas 14 0f 1995Pesticides Control Act Cap 325 1973Physical Planning Act 6 f 2003Plant Protection Act Cap 329 1941Protection of Animals Act Cap 349 1935Public Parks Act Cap 35 1965Quarantine Act Cap 361 1946Town and Country Planning Act Cap 432 1948Turtle Act Cap 449 1927Wild Birds Protection Act Cap 472 1913PENDINGProtection of New Plant Varieties Act 2007The Barbuda Land Act 2007DOMINICA 1ST JANUARY 2001Animals Depasturage Ordinance (Cap 89)Animals Diseases Act (Cap 61:02)1961 rev1990 revAmendment 1995 (By SRO) 1990 revSec 3 Animal Diseases (infected Area) order 1981Sec 10 Animal Disease ordersAntrax (1955)1990 rev1990 rev1990 revFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 190

Epizootic Abortion(1955)1990 revRabies (1955) 1990 revSwine Fever(1955) 1990 revNewcastle Disease (Fowl Pest) (1972) 1990 revAnimal Diseases ActSec 10: Animal Diseases (Quarantine areas) Order1990 rev12: importation of animals (Prohibition) order 1990 rev12: importation of frogs (prohibition)reg (2004 6/200412: Foot and Mouth Disease reg(1954) 1990 revBeach Control Act (Chap0 42:04)1990 revAmendment 1992 18/1992Sec 12: Beach Control (Prohibition) Order (1993) 19/1993Biological Weapons Act (Chap 42:621)Botanical Gardens Ordinance (Cap 166)(o)(o)1990 rev1961 revAmendment 1967(By implication)Sec 3 Botanical Gardens Rules (vol 5/895) 5/1967Amendment 1967 (by order)(by implication)1961 revCricket admission charge rules (vol 5/899) 5/1967Bush Fires Act (Chap 42:61)1990 revCaribbean Community Act 2005 22/2005Crown Lands Ordinance (Cap 169) 1961 REVRenamed 1990 (on reason)State Lands Act (Chap 53:01 1990 revDogs (confinement) act (Chap 61:04)Dogs (rabies control) Ordinance (Cap 93)(o)(o)1990 rev1961 revAmendment 1967 (By implication) 5 /1967Sec 3: unmuzzled Dogs destruction prog. (vol.5/347)1961 revAmendment 1967(By Order) (By Implication) 5/1967Sec 3:Rabies (UK) Proclamation 1970 13/1970FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 191

Emergency Powers (Disaster) Act Chap.15:031990 revEpidemic Diseases(import of foods prohibition) Act Chap 40:03) 1990 rev.Fisheries Act (Chap 61:60) 1990 revFisheries NoticesSec 18 Fisheries Mgmt Authority (Soufriere/ Scott’s head Marine Reserve) Notice 1998 17/199818 Fisheries (Soufriere Scott’s head Fisheries Mgmt Areas) 18/199820 Fisheries (Soufriere/Scott’s head Marine Reserve) Orders 1998 20/199838 Fisheries (Marine Reserve) regulation 2001 7/200138 Fisheries(Berthing) regulations 2001 23/2001Amendment 2005 18/2005Fisheries(authorized Officers) (Souferiere/Scott’s head Marine Reserve) Notice 1998 6/199840 Presentation of ? under Fishing Ordinance(cap79) (1961) revManley Fishers Rules 1939 No 5/239Forest Industries Corp Act (Chap 85:01)Forestry and Wildlife Act (Chap 60:02)1990 rev1990 revAmendment 1988 (not listed but inc 1990 rev) 12/1988Sec 45 Hunting of frogs(Prohibition) Notice 2004 4/2004Sec 45 Hunting and fishing Season Notice 2005 20/2005Forests Act (Chap 60:01) 1990 revSec 3 forest reserve(Nothern Forest) Order 19774 Stewart Hall Catchment Area (Protected Forest Order) (1975)5 Stewart Hall Water Catchment Rules (1975) R11/19955 Water Catchment Rules 1995 11/199513 Forest Rules (1972 1999 rev Fruit Trade Regulation Act (Chap 53:03) 1990 revSec 8 Citrus fruit regs 1951Fruit trade (over time pay) rules 1988Geothermal Energy Act (Chap 85:02 1990 revHousing Dev. Corp (repeal & ? of property) Act Chap 31:61 1990 verFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 192

Land acquisition Act (Chap 53:02)Land Mgmt Authority Act (Chap 58:021990 rev1990 revLand survey Act (Chap 53:04) 1990 revAmendment 2005 12/2005Sec 30 preservation of ex Rights & etc1990 verLitter Act 1990? in 1990 rev as Chap 40:61 1995 by SRO 1/1995Amendment 1991 6/19951997 20/1997Schedule: form of fixed penalty tickets added 1991Merchant Shipping Act 1974 UKSec 10 Oil Pollution (parties to conventions) orders (1975 No 1036)Amendment (1976 No 1039)(1977 Nos 4, 5 & 826)Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act 1971 (UK)Sec 19 parties to conventions order (1975 No 1036)Amendment 1976 No 10391977 Nos. 48 & 826Mines and Minerals Act 1996 5/1996Amendment 2005 17/2005Mining of Pumice Act (Chap 57:02) 1990 revMiscellaneous(Agric enactments)Amendments Act 1973 (o) (o) 35/1973Montreal Protocol ( Substances that deplete the ozone layer) Act 2006 14/2006National Parks & Protected Areas Act (Chap 42:02)Amendment 2001 (ref 4.1.2000) 8/2001Schedule National Parks & Protected AreasSec 4 National Parks Protected Areas1990 rev1990 rev(Morne Diablotin National Park) Order2001 21/2001FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 193

2002 36/2003Sec 16 (Eco tourist site)(User Fee) Regs 1997 27/199716 National Parks Regs 2003 54/200319 National Parks and Protected Areas(Morne Diabolotin National Park) Order 2000 3/2000Pesticides Control Act (Chap40:10) 1990 revSec 7 Pesticides Control (labeling of pesticides) Regs 19877 (registration & Licensing) Regs 1987Approved pesticides Notice 1993 (up to 10.12.1995) by GN G6/1993Plant Protection & Quarantine Act (Chap 58:40)1990 revSch 1990Revoked & Replaced 2003 9/20032003 38/2003Sec 7 Unroasted & Unprocessed Coffee BeansImportation and prohibitation Order 44/1986Pink Mealy Bug/Hibiscus Mealy Bug control order 1996 18/1996Amendment 1996 61/1996Amendment 1997 51/1997Sec 29 Preservation of Precious RegulationsPlant protection(Importation) reg (1942)Amendment 2003 8 & 37/2003Plant Protection (importation prohibitation) reg 1956.GRENADA 1ST JANUARY 2007Abatement of litter –(Cap 1) 2/1990Agricultural Crops (Compensation) Acts (Cap5) 1/1990Repealed and replaced 1995 (By SRO) 32 /1995Agricultural Fires Act (Cap6) 2/1990Airports Authority Act (Cap12) 2/1990FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 194

Airport Authority [Cap 12- (Subsidiary Legislation)]Animal (Diseases and Importation) Act [Cap15] 1/1917amendment 1991 (By Sec 7) (Inc in 1990 rev) 8/1990Animal (Diseases and Importation) (Rabies) Order [Cap 15] – (Subsidiary Legislation)(Poultry) reg. (1953)Importation Control order reg 1/1960)Rabies, Anthrax, Swine Fever, Epizootic Abortions, Diseases of poultry) Reg. 2/1990Bathing Places Act [Cap28] 2/1990Amendment 1990 2/1990Sec 2 Bathing Places rules (1903)8/1990 Bathing Places [Cap 28] – Subsidiary Legislation0Beach Protection Act [CAP 29]Sec 2 General prohibition against removal of sand from any Beach with a permitSec 3 Notice of reason f permits to remove sand from?Notice 1987Notice 1988Botanical Gardens – [CAP 35}- (formerly National Botanical and Zoological Gardens Act 1968 25/1968 2/1990Botanical Gardens – [CAP 35] – Subsidiary Legislation) 8/1990Carriacou Land Settlement and Development –[CAP 42] 1/405Civil Liability of Oil Pollution Damage (International Convention)Act7 7/1998Commencement 20/1999Crown Lands –[CAP 73] 3/1990Crown Lands – [CAP 73] – Subsidiary Legislation) 8/1990Crown Lands Forest Produce Rules [CAP-116} – Subsidiary Legislation)Crown Proceedings – [CAP 74] 3/1990Amendment 1998 (By Implication) 3/1998Environmental Levy Act 29 5/1997Amendment 1998 (12/1998) and 2000 (12/2000) – Grenada Mo’or ? Exemption (57/2001)Sec 4 Environ levy exemption order 2001 (58/2001) and 2002 (20/2002)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 195

Fisheries Act (Cap 108) 3/1990Formerly entitledGrenada Fisheries Act 1986 15/198 6Renamed 1990 on revisionAmendment 1999 1/1999Sec 23: Fisheries(M . Prot Areas) Order 2001 77/200127: Authorised Fisheries Officers(x officio) Res.? G27/40: Fisheries Regs 8/1990Amendment 1996 24/1996Amendment 2001 2/200127: Fisheries RegsReg 16 (Closed season for lobsters, turtles etc. NoticesNotice, 1994 G20/1994Notice 1995 G20/199540: Fisheries(Fishing vessels Safety) Regs 8/1990And see “Regulation of Fish export Notice 1988” E43/198840: Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas)Regulations 2001 78/200142: Fish & fishery Products Regs 1999 17/1999Amendment 2004 8/2004Amendment (No 2) 2004 11/2004Grand Etang Forest Reserve – [CAP 124] 4/1990Grenada Solid Waste Management Authority – [Act 11 of 1995] 11/1995Amendment 1995 30/1995Sec 9. Grenada Solid Waste Mgmt Authority (Vestry ) Order 2001 32/200Grenada Solid Waste Management Authority (Amendment) – [ACT 30 of 1995]Land Acquisition (Part as Abandonment of Land site) Act 1996 25/1996Forest Soil and Water Conservation Act (Exp 116) 4/19901 Sch Table of Forms 4/1990FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 196

2Sch Protected Areas 4/1990Sec 7 Protected Forest Order 8/1990Sec 8 Protected Forest Rules 8/1990Sec 33 Crown Land Forest Produce Rule 8/1990Housing (Hurricane Damage) Loans Act [CAP 142]4/1990 (27) Land 67. Acquisition – [CAP 159] 4/1990Amendment 1991 1998 16/1991Land Development Control Act - [CAP 160] 4/1990Land Development Control Act - [CAP 160] – (Subsidiary Legislation)Land Dev. Control (Fees) Reglations 2002 3/2002Amendment 32/2002Land Settlement – [CAP 161 ] 4/1990Land Settlement (Point Saline) Regulation [CAP 161] (Sec 9 Subsidiary Legislation) 9/1990Sec 9 Land Settlement Regulations , Land Settlement Development Rules.National Disaster (Emergency Powers) Act [CAP 203] 5/19905/1990 (33) National Heritage Protection Act [ CAP 204]5/1990 (34) National Parks and Protected Areas – [CAP 206]Amendment 1991 (12/1991)Amendment 1991 inc in 1990 Revision (52/1991) Sec 13 National Parks etc (Fees) Order 1992(30/1992).National Trust – [CAP 207 ] 5/1990Formerly Grenada Natiional Trust Act 1907 20/1967National Water and Sewerage Authority – [CAP 208]Section National Water and Sewerage Authority Regulations 1993 40/1993National Water and Sewerage Authority (Amendment ) – 41& 52 /1991National Water and Sewerage Authority (Amendment ) – 30 /1991National Water and Sewerage Authority (Amendment ) – 15 / 199]Noxious Weeds – [CAP 213] 5/1990Noxious Weeds (Love Vine) Order [CAP 213] 9/1990Oil Pollution Damage Compensation Fund (International Convention) 6 /1998]FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 197

Sec 15 commencement 21.5.1999 19/1999Oyster Fishery Act [CAP 223] 6/1990Oyster Fishery Rules [CAP 223]- (Subsidiary Legislation) 9/1990Pesticides Control- [CAP 238] 6/1990Pesticides Control (Approval of Pesticides) Regulation [CAP 238] (Subsidiary Legislation)Sec. 3 Pesticides Control (labeling of pesticides) Regs (1979) 9/1990Sec. 3 Pesticides Control (approval of pesticides) Regs (1979) 9/1990Reg 12 CommencementPhysical Planning and Development Control 25/ 2002Physical Planning and Development Control (Amendment) 30 of 200Plant Protection – [CAP 242] 6/1990Sec 3 Plant Protection (modifiable diseases and pest)ordersWitches Broom(disease order) 9/1990Moko (Disease) Order 9/1990Love Vine (Pest) Order 9/1990Mango Seed Weevil 28/200112 Cotton Seed Protection Order 9/199018: Plant Protection (Cotton Seed) Reg 9/199018: Cotton (Presevation of disease) Regs 9/199018: Plant Protection Regulation 9/1990Plant Protection Regulation [CAP 242] – (Subsidiary Legislation)Plant Protection Amendment –[Act 3 of 2002]Ports Authority Act [CAP 247] 6/1990Ports Regulation [CAP 247] (Subsidiary Legislation)Amendments 1991 52/19911992 (11/19921995 14/1995Prohibition of Bird Exportation 9/ 1991Amendment 1995 14/1995FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 198

Protection from Disease (Plants) CAP 25 6/1990Sec 3 Protection from Disease ordersBanana (Eye Spot), Bananas (Panama Disease), Limes (Wither Tip) 9/1990Protected Forest Rules [CAP 116] (Subsidiary Legislation)Public Health – [CAP 263] 6/1990Public Health – [CAP 263] – (Subsidiary Legislation)Amendment 2006 44/2006Regulations 1990 Public health (?) Proclamation 9/1990Quarantine Act [CAP 271] 6/1990Roads Act [CAP 290] 7/1990Roads [290] – (Subsidiary Legislation)Sec 50 Road Regulation 10/1990Sec 51 Road Declarations 2000 4 and 7/2000Slum Clearance and Housing – [CAP 306] 7/1990Sec2 Local Authorities (Establishment) Order (1958) 6/1105Repealed 1992 (By Act) 137/1992Territorial Sea and Maritime Boundaries Act [CAP 318] 25/1989Sec 4 Archeologic baselines) Order 1992Sec 6 Crossing Lines internal waters Order 1992 32/1992.Tourst Board Act [CAP 321] 7/1990Tourist Board (Amendment) Act 12/1992Tourist Board (Amendment Act 20 /1992Tourist Board (Amendment) 39/1993Town and Country Planning Act[CAP 322] 7/1990Repealed 2002 (By 563) 5/2002Sec 2 . St Georges Corporation Local Authority) Order (1963)Sec 4 Town and Country Planning Regulations (1965)Trade(Non-refundable Container) Levy ActWild Animals and Birds Sanctuary Act – [CAP 339] 7/1990FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 199

ST KITTS AND NEVIS 1ST JANUARY 2005Agricultural Development Act 19723 18/1973Sec 1 Commencement ? (24.1.1974) 3/1974Biological Weapons Act 1976 18/1976Biological Weapons Act 1991 3/1991Caribbean Community & Common Market Agreement Act 1982 14/19821st Sch Member Territories of the Caribbean ComminityAmendment 1996 2/1996Cattle Tressparo (Tresspero to small holdings by cattle)Act 1967 29/1967Development of the States tourist potential(Servicing of planned public relations Ltd. ) Loan Act 1971 8/1971Environmental Levy(used moter vehicles) Act 2001 3/2001Fishieries Act 1984 4/1984Amendment 1992 2/1992Amendment 1997 10/1997Sec 1:CommencementFisheries Act (No 4 of 1984) Appointed Day Order 1992 24/199240: Fisheries Regs 1995 11/199542: Preservation of existing subsidery legislationunder 4/1984(1) Fisheries Act (Cap 91) (supra) 2/799(2) Turtle Act (Cap 99) (post) 2/831Forestry Act (Cap 92) 2/803Amendment 1974 4/19741976 7/19761986 8/1986FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 200

Repealed 1987 5/1987Sec 17 Forestry (Fuel supply) (St Christopher) Regs 6/26617 Forestry (Nevis) Regs 6/26717 Forestry (St Christopher) Regs 6/270Fruit Trees(Destruction prohibition) Act (Cap93) 2/811Amendment 1976 (1.6 1977 ) 8/1977 7/19771986 (Ordinance renamed Act) 8/1986Fumigation of Plants Act (Cap 94) 2/813Amendment 1974 By implication 4/19741976 ref 1.61.977) 8/1977 7/19771986 Ordinance renamed Act 8/1986Sec 12 Fumigation of Plants Regs 6/272Government trends Regulation Act (Cap 126) 2/1975Amendment 1974 (By Implication) 4/19741976 (? 1.6.1977) 8/1977 7/19761986 Ordinance renamed Act) 8/1986Sec 3 Government Lands Regulations 6/3763 Brimstone Hill regulations1932 (A 11/1976)(R 52/1978 6/3751978 (R 44/1983) 52/19781983 Gueritelands Regs 6/380 44/1983Simpson Land, Sandy Point (Occupancy) regs 6/381Housing Act 1976 37/1976Island Enhancement Fund Act 2003 3/2003Land Acquisition Act (Cap 273) 4/2429Amendment 1967 No 223) By Implication App /19671969 10/1969FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 201

1974 4/19741975 17/19751976 7/1976Greenhill Est St Peter 1998 47 & 48/1998Limekiln Development Ltd. Lands(1999) 4, 7/1999Fort Thomas Dev to ? Land (1999) 5,6/1999Frigate Bay (2000) 17/2000Frigate Bay (2000) 19/2000Sandy Point, St Anne (1991) 1/1991Land Development Act 1991 1/1991Litter (Abatement) Act 1989 8/1989Amendment 2000 20/20002001 6/20011st Sch Table of Forms 8/1989Amendment 1990 (By SRO) 23/19902nd Sch Table Forms 8/1989Amendment 1990 (By SRO) 23/1990Sec 1 Commencement(a)Maritime Areas Act 1984 3/1984Sec 1Commencement29 Maritime area (establishment of safety zonesAround insallations) Regs 1995 13/1995National Conservation & Environmental. Protection Act 1987 5/1987Amendment 1996 12/19962001 21/2001Sec 1 Commencement (3.7.1989) 14/19891st Sch Constitution of the Conservation Commission amendment 5/19872nd Sch Legal description of Brimstone Hill ?tress National Park 5/19873rd Sch Wild Animals and Wild Birds 5/1987FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 202

4th Sch Desc. Of Bath Hotel 5/1987Sec 1. Commencement (3.7.1989) 14/1989Sec 20: Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park 11/1991Regs 1991 (Wet 15.4.91) 49/1983Brimstone Hill Regs 1983 11/1991Revoked 1991Sec 54 B Substances that deplete the Ozone layer(control) regs 2004 6/2004Nevis Coastal Protection Levy Ordinance 2002 2/2002Nevis Land Development Ordinance 1984(N)1/1987Renamed 1988As “Nevis Housing & Land Dev. Ordinance(N)4/1984(All entries under new title) (supra) (N) 2/1988Nevis Solid Waste Mgmt Authority Ordinance 2002 6/2002Sec 1: Commencement (wef 1.1.2003) 7/2002Pesticides Act 1973 1/555Repealed 1999 (By Sec 5C) 18/1999Sec 11 : Commencement Prog (1.2.1974) 5/19743: Pesticides (labeling etc Container) Regs 1975 1975Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Control Act 1999 18/1999Mosaic Disease Regs. 6/279Plant Protection Act (Cap97) 2/821Amendment 1974 (By implication) 4/19741976 (Wef 1.6.1977) (8/1977 7/19761986 (Ordinance renamed Act) 8/1986Sec 2 Gumming disease proclamation 6/2862 Amendment 1974 (By Act) By implication 4/1974Mosiac disease proclamation 6/2872 Love Vine Pest Proclamation 6/2885 ? od Fruit(USA) Prohibition Proclamation 6/280FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 203

Amendment 1974 (By Act) (By implication) 4/19745 Import of articles(general) prohibition proclamation 6/281Amendment 1962 1/19621974 (By Act) By implication 4/1974Pond Drainage Ordinance (Cap224) 3/1803Repealed 1976(ref 1.6.1977) (8/1977) 7/1976Protection of Animals Act (Cap111) 2/891Amendment 1976 (ref1.6.1977)(8/1977) 7/1976Public Parks Regulation Act (Cap 304) 5/2753Amendment 1976(ref 1.6.1977 8/1977 7/19761986 (Ordinance renamed Act) 8/19861987 3/19871996 8/19961998 12/19982000 6/2000Schedule: List of Public Parks 5/2754St Christopher and Nevis Solid Waste Mamt Corp. Act 1996 17/1997Amendment 1997 8/1997Sec 1 Commencement ss 1-3, 17, 18, 20 & 21 ref 21.7.1997 63/1997St Christopher Nevis AnguillaRestyled 1981(in all existing laws) By Actss 14-16 and 19 ref 1.12 1997 63/1997St Christopher and Nevis ref 19.12 1980 10/1981By Statutes (Adaption) Act 1981(Amendments have not bee noted under relevant statutes 10/1981St Christopher Tourism Authority Act 1999 8/1999Amendment 1999 11/1999Seal Fisheries (North Pacific) 1912 (UK) 8/2122Sec 4-Application to Leeward Is. Order 1913 8/2199FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 204

Sugar Estates Land Acquisition Act 1975 2/1975Amendment 1975 8/19751975 (By SRO) 5/1975Sec 10 Appointed Day Order 1975 (31.1.1975) 4/1975Town and Country Planning Act (Cap 264) 4/2263Amendment 1967 No 223 (By Implication)App/19671974 4/19741975 17/19751976 (ref 1.6.1977) (8?/1977) 7/19761986 (Ordinance renamed Act 8/1986Water Courses and Waterworks Act (Cap 185) 3/1981Amendment 1962 8/19621974 (By implication) 4/19741986 (ordinance renamed act) 8/1986Sec 10: Watercourses and waterworks Regs 3/1481Revoked 1973 33/197310: Watercourses and Waterworks Reg 1973 33/1973Amendment 1975 21/19751976 40/197612 Water Service Rates1958 (R 32/1973) 6/6311973 (R 23/1976 32/19731976 23/1976Whaling Industry (Regulation) Act 1934 (UK)Amendment (1983 No 882)(In respect of St Christopher and Nevis) ST LUCIA 1ST JANUARY 2006Animal (Diseases and Importation Act (Cap 9-17) 2001 Rev.Beach Protection Act Cap.6.06) 2001 Rev.FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 205

Boats (Licence & navigation) Ordinance Cap 81 2/48Botanical Station (transfer) Ordinance Cap.235(0) 4/93Caribbean Community Act 2004 (revised T. of Cap) 12/2004Crown Lands Act (Cap 7.02) 2001 RevEnvironmental Protection 00000 Act (Cap 15.2) 2001Fisheries Act (Cap 7.15) 2001 RevFishing Boat sowns Act Ordinance (Cap 4) 1/403Fishing Industry(Assistance) Act 1972 (0) 35/1972Forest soil and water conservation Ordinance (Cap 7.09) 2001 RevGeographical Indications Act (Cap. 13.14 2001 RevLand adjudication Act (Cap 5.06 2001 revLand Acquisition Act (Cap 5.04 2001 revLand Conservation and Improvement Act (Cap 5.10) 2001 revMaritime Areas Act (Cap 1.16) 2001 revMontreal Protocol (substance that seplete the ozone layer (Cap 6.09)Pesticides & Toxic Chemicals Control Act (Cap 11.15) 2001 revPhysical Planning )))) Act 2001 2a/2001Plant Protection Act (Cap 7.12)Power Craft Act (Cap. 8.06)Public Health (Sewege Drainage) Act (Cap 11.02)St Lucia Solid Waste Management Authority Act (Cap 6.10)Special ))) Acres Act (Cap 15.2a) 118/2000 11/2003Tourism Incentives Act (Cap 15.30)Tourist Industry Der Act (15.32)Turtle Lobster and Fish protection Act 1979 13/1971Repealed 1/1985Section preserved 10/1984Waste Management Act 2004 8/2004FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 206

ST VINCENT (1ST JANUARY 2007)Animals(Diseases and Importation) Control Act Cap 48 1990Animal (National and International Movement and Disease Prevention )Act 1994Beach Protection Act (Cap 331) 1990 revBeekeeping and Bee Products Act (Cap 50) 1990 REVBiological Weapons Act 1992 9/1992Botanical Gardens Act (Cap 56) 1990 revAmendment 1992 29/19922005 24/2005Distribution & OOO of Plants22/2005 Caribbean Food CorpCaribbean Community Act 2005 5/2005Caribbean Community (Movement of Factors) Act 2004 23/200?Central Water and Sewage Authority Act 1991 17/1991Charcoal Act (Cap 57) 1990 revConvention on Oil Pollution Damage Act 2002 6/2006Crown Lands Act (Cap 238) 1990 revAmenment 2001 28/20012003 20/20012003 21/10012003 22/2001Crown Lands Act Sec 5 ref to Forest ActEnvironmental Health Services Act 1991 14/1991Amendment 1996 34/19961997 2/1997Environmental Levy Act 1991 13/1991FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 207

Fisheries Act (Cap 52)1990 revFisheries ? (1987) 1990 revAmendment (2006) 12/2006(Fish & Fisheries Products) Reg 2001 (rev) 2/20012006 12/2006Birds & Fish (Oysters) Closed season (Cap 44)Turtle Closed Season Order 1978 61/1978Lobsters Closed Season Order 1978 65/1978Bird SanctuaryYoung Island (1947) 43/1947Kings Hill (1947) 43/1947Great House Grounds Land & Gardens 43/1947Mulligen Law (1947) 43/1947Pigeon (Ranier) Island (1950) 82/1950Isle de Quatre (1950) 82/1950Under Fishing Nets Act (Cap 171)Sec 4 of Seine Net Mesh Order 1916 2/19161976 SRO at 2Under Fishing Industry Act 1961 (Nil) 19/1962Forest Resources Conservation Act 1992 47/1992Forest Act (Cap 58)Repealed 1992 ref 47/1992Sec 6 Crown Lands Forest Reserves (Provisional)Order (1946-48) 1970Sec 10 Crown Lands (Prohibited Areas)Order(1948) 1990Sec 24 Crown Lands Forest (Forest Produce Rules (1946) 1990.Geographical Indications Act 2004 24/2004Sec 1 Commencement (ref 30.11.2004) 32/2004FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 208

High Seas Fishing Act 2001 26/2001Amendment 2003 25/20031st Sec Application to licence to fish on the high seas ref 2003Sec 23 High Seas Fishing Ref 2003 35/2003Kings Hill Enclosure Act (Cap 239)1990 refLitter Act 1991 15/1991Marine Parks Act 1997 9/1997Marine Parks(Tobago Laws) Dec.Order 1997 40/1997Marine Parks(Tobago Laws) Regulations 1998 26/1998Amendment 2006 23/2006Maritime Areas Act (Cap 333)1990 revAdmendment 1994 5/1994Admendment 206 8/2006Sec 5 Sea (12 miles) 15/1983Sec 7 EE2 (200 miles) 15/1983And see Continental Shelf Act (Cap 332)Minerals (Vesting)Act Cap 243 1990 revMontreal Protocol(Substances that deplete the ozone layer)Act 49/200349/2003Sec 3 Mont. Prot. (Sub that dep. The Ozone layer) Conrol Leg. 200514/2005National Emergency & Dis. Manag. Act 2006 15/2006National oooooo Act 2002 33/2002Natural Disaster (relief) Act Cap 277Oil in Navigable Waters Act (Cap 366)1990 rev1990 revOil Pollution (liability and compensation) Act Cap 367/1990 revFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 209

Pesticides Control Act (Cap 42)1998 revAmendment 1991 (By SRO)By Implication (Inc in 1990) 9/19991Plant Protection Act 2005 16/2005Sec 1 Commencement ?Sec 39 Preservation of previous subsidiaryLegislation Under Plant Protection Act (Cap 48 R16/2005Plant Protection Act Cap 431990 revRepealed 2005with ?Sec 4 Transfer of seed ? restriction15 Plant Protection Reg (1942)17 Plant Protection ((?) ?) OrderProtection of Animals Act (Cap 53)1990 revSec 19 Protection of Animals Reg (1948)Quarries Act (Cap 346) 1990 rev Sec 19 Quarries Reg (1952)1990 rev Quatre Isle Act 2006 38/2006St Vincent & the Grenadines National Trust Act(Cap 329) Sec 5 Frigate Island Conveyance Approval Registration 1993 33St Vincent & the Grenadines Waste Mgmt Act 2000 31/2000Amendment 2005 26/2000Sec 48 Solid Waste Mgmt Regs. 2006 11/2006Seal Fisheries (North Pacific) Act 1912 UKPart stalled to be in force (By local Act) (Cap 8) Sec 5 extended to Overseas Territories (1913 NO 488) (UK)FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 210

Town and Country Planning Act 1992 45/1990Amendment 1993 18/1993Amendment 1993 19/1993Amendment 2005 2/2005Amendment 2006 17/2006Zoned Area dec. (Pt Elizabeth Bequia)1997 15/1997Amendment 14/1997Zoned Area dec. (Beach) Order 1994 16/1994Zoned area dec. (Bery St) 1999 18/1999(Kingstown) Order 2000 14/2000(Beachmont/Murrary Road) Order 2002 25/2002Twon and Country Planning (Fees) Regs 1996 37/19?Whaling Industry (Regulation) Act 1934 (UK)Amendment (1979 No 917) (In respect of St Vincent App/1979Sec 13 Whaling Industry(Regulation) Order 1936 No 716)Amendment 1938 No 1603Amendment 1941 No 790Wildlife Protection Act (Cap 55)1990 revAmendment 1991 (? 1990 rev 16/1991Amendment 1992 67/1992FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 211

APPENDIX 9. SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS VEGETATION CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMS COMPARISONIsland Resources Foundation, 1999 Britton, 1901 (in Burdon, 1920) Beard, 1955 Rodrigues, 1990(Nevis only)I.A.1.N.a. (1.a), I.A.1.N.a. (1.b), I.A.1.N.c. (1),I.A.1.N.c. (2)I.C.1.N.a. (1), II.A.1.N.a. (1)I.A.1.N.c. (3)II.A.1.N.a. (2), II.C.1.N.a. (1), III.A.1.N.a. (1),III.A.4.N.i. (1),III.A.5.N.e. (1)I.A.5.N.b. (1.a), I.A.5.N.b. (1.b)I.A.5.N.d. (1), II.A.1.N.d. (1), III.A.1.N.g. (1),VII.C.4.N.d. (1)II.A.1.C.a. (1)I.A.1.N.d. (1), II.A.1.C.a. (2), II.A.1.N.a. (3),II.C.1.N.a. (2),V.A.1.C.a. (1), V.A.1.N.g. (1), V.A.2.N.c. (1),V.A.2.N.c. (2),V.A.2.N.c. (3), V.B.1.N.b. (1), V.C.1.N.a (1),V.C.1.N.a (2),V.C.1.N.a (3), V.C.1.N.b. (1), VII.A.1.N.a. (1),VII.A.2.N.a. (1),VII.C.2.N.b. (1)Mesophytic FloraMountain Summit VegetationXerophytic Vegetative BeltLittoral Vegetative BeltCultivated BeltRain ForestDry Evergreen ForestMontane Thicket (Nevis)Palm BrakeElfin WoodlandDry Scrub WoodlandsMontane ForestDry Evergreen ForestPalm BrakeElfin woodlandDry Scrub WoodlandLittoral VegetationCactus ScrubMangrove WoodlandRiparian ForestCoconut PlantationUrban, Suburban andAgricultureI.A.1.N.a.(1).Siamea saman-Mangifera indica-Bambusa vulgaris lowland tropical or subtropical broad-leavedevergreen closed tree canopy AllianceI.A.1.N.a.(1.a). Siamea saman-mangifera indica AssociationI.A.1.N.a.(1.b). Bambus vulgaris-Mangifera indica AssociationI.A.1.N.c.(1).I.A.1.N.c.(2).I.A.1.N.c.(3).I.A.1.N.d.(1).I.A.5.N.b.(1).Dacryodes excelsa-Sloanea montane tropical or subtropical rainforestPodocarpus coriaceus-Euterpe globosa montane tropical or sub-tropical rainforestEuterpe globosa montane tropical or subtropical rainforestMiconia spp. montane tropical or subtropical cloud forestCoccoloba uvifera-Hippomane mancinella-Thevetia peruviana-Cordia obliqua lowland tropical orsubtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest AllianceI.A.5.N.b.(1.a). Coccoloba uvifera-Thevetia peruviana AssociationI.A.5.N.b.(1.b). Hippomane mancinella-Cordia obliqua AssociationFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 212

I.A.5.N.d.(1).I.C.1.N.a.(1).II.A.1.C.a.(1).II.A.1.C.a.(2).II.A.1.N.a.(1).II.A.1.N.a.(2).II.A.1.N.a.(3).Rhizophora mangle seasonally flooded/saturated tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreensclerophyllous closed tree canopyCoccoloba pubescens-Guettarda scabra lowland tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forestCocos nucifera GroveOrchards and grovesAcacia sp.-Haematoxylon campechianum tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreenwoodlandCyathea arborea tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodlandPhilodendron gigantheum elephant ear tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodlandII.A.1.N.d.(1). Rhizophora-Avicennia-Laguncularia semi-permanently flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leavedevergreen woodlandII.C.1.N.a.(1). Pisonia subcordata-Bur sera simarouba tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous woodlandII.C.1.N.a.(2). Hippomane mancinella-Cordia obliqua tr opical or subtropical semi-deciduous woodlandIII.A.1.N.a.(1). Erithalis fruticosa-Pilosocereus royen tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrublandIII.A.1.N.g.(1). Rhizophora-Avicennia-Laguncularia semi-permanently flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leavedevergreen shrublandIII.A.4.N.i.(1). Clusia sp.-Philodendron giganteum tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen montaneshrublandIII.A.5.N.e.(1). Pilosocereus royeni-Croton flavens extremely xeromor¬phic evergreen shrubland with a sparsetree layerV.A.1.C.a.(1). Saccharum officinarum tall tropical or subtropical grasslandV.A.1.N.g.(1). Acrostichium aureum seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical grasslandV.A.2.N.c.(1). Panicum maximum medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leavedevergreen tree layerV.A.2.N.c.(2). Bothriochloa pertusa medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leavedevergreen tree layerV.A.2.N.c.(3). Selaginella-Lycopodium medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leavedevergreen tree layerV.B.1.N.b.(1). Cyathea arborea-Selaginella sp. tall tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetationV.C.1.N.a.(1). Ruppia-Najas non-tidal tropical or subtropical hydromorphic rooted vegetationV.C.1.N.a.(2). Laguncularia racemosa-Conocarpus erectus permanently flooded tropical or subtropicalhydromorphic rooted vegetationFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 213

V.C.1.N.a.(3). Lycopodium spp. permanently flooded tropical or subtropical hydromorphic rooted vegetationV.C.1.N.b.(1). Permanently flooded tidal tropical or subtropical hydromorphic rooted vegetationVII.A.1.N.a.(1). Strumphia maritima-Erithalis fruticosa cliffs with sparse vascular vegetationVII.A.2.N.a.(1). Jacquinnia arborea-Strumphia maritima pavement with sparse vascular vegetationVII.C.2.N.b.(1). Sesuvium portulacastrum-Ipomaea pes-caprae beach strand vegetationVII.C.4.N.d.(1). Rhizophora-Avicennia-Laguncularia-Conocarpus tidally flooded mudflatsFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 214

APPENDIX 9. RAMSAR SITES Country Site Size (ha)Antigua and Barbuda Codrington Lagoon 3,600St. LuciaMankoté Mangrove 60Savannes Bay 25Source: Ramsar website. http://www.ramsar.org/index_list.htm. Basic Ramsar List FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 215

APPENDIX 10. MARINE PROTECTEDAREASFR=Forest Reserve NM=Natural MonumentHS= Historic Site NP= National ParkMMA =Marine Management AreaNP= Marine National ParkNR= Nature ReserveOA= Other AreaMR= Marine Reserve PL= Protected LandscapeMS= Marine Sanctuary PR= Park ReserveMUA= Multiple Use AreaNL= Natural LandmarkPS= Protected SiteR=ReserveWR= Wildlife ReserveCountry Site Designation Status Size (km 2 )Cades Bay MR Designated 18.3Codrington Lagoon WR Designated 35.5Crump Island Coral Reef MP ProposedDarkwood PR DesignatedDevils Bay PR DesignatedDiamond Reef MP Designated 20.0Antigua & BarbudaFfryes Bay PR DesignatedFort James PR DesignatedGoat Island and the Flashes WR ProposedGreat Bay and Guiana Bay Islands MS ProposedGreat Bird Island (North Sound) WR ProposedGreen Island (Mill Reef) WR ProposedGreen Island Reefs PR DesignatedGuiana Island (North Sound) WR ProposedFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 216

Country Site Designation Status Size (km 2 )Half Moon Bay NP DesignatedLong Island (North Sound) WR ProposedMamora Reef MS ProposedAntigua & Barbuda Nelson’s Dockyard NP Designated 41.3Northeast Archipelago PR DesignatedPalaster Reef MNP Designated 5.0Spanish Point WR ProposedDominicaCabrit’s NP Designated 5.3Soufriere /Scotts Head MR DesignatedCalivigny Island PS Proposed 0.05Canoe Bay PS ProposedHigh North NP Proposed 2.45Hog Island NL Proposed 0.28La Sagesse PS Proposed 0.05Lake Antoine NL Proposed 0.34Lauriston Point, Sandy Island, Mabouya PS Proposed 2.36Levera NP Proposed 2.22Grenada Limlair-Thiboud PS Proposed 0.06Marquis Island NL Proposed 0.03Molinere Beausejour MPA Designated 1.1Mt Hartman OA Recommended 4.8Mt Hope/Clabony Watershed MUA Proposed 2.65Northern Seascape PS Proposed 1.48Quarantine Point NL Proposed 0.03River Sallee Boiling Springs NL Proposed 0.01Sabazan PS Proposed 0.02FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 217

Country Site Designation Status Size (km 2 )Southern Seascape PS Proposed 0.39Grenada Tyrrel Bay Mangrove PS Proposed 1.13White and Saline Islands Mangroves PS Proposed 3.9St. Kitts & Nevis Black Rocks NM ProposedCades Bay MP ProposedGallows Bay Bog OA ProposedGreatheeds Pond OA Proposed 0.3Guana Island MR ProposedHalf Moon Pond OA Recommended 0.17Hurricane Bay R ProposedMuddy Pond OA Recommended 0.3Nags Head WR ProposedNew Castle MP ProposedRound Hill/Hurricane Hill OA ProposedSandy Point Reef OA ProposedSoutheast Peninsula NP Designated 26.10Anse Ger PL ProposedAnse Point Sable – Man Kote Mangroves MR DesignatedBarrel O Beef Rock MR Proposed 0.01Bigorneau Rocks MR ProposedSt. LuciaBois D’Orange Rocks MR ProposedCaesar Point to Mathurin Point Reefs MR DesignatedCanaries/Anse La Raye MMA MMA DesignatedCas-en-Bas Mangroves MR DesignatedChoc Bay Artificial Reef MR DesignatedChoc Bay Mangroves MR Designated 0.8FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 218

Country Site Designation Status Size (km 2 )Des Bateaux Rocks MR ProposedEsperance Harbour Mangroves MR DesignatedFond D’Or Beach MR DesignatedFour Islands NR ProposedGrand Anse Beach and Mangroves MR DesignatedLa Tourney Wetland FR ProposedL’Islet Island NR ProposedLiverpool Rocks R ProposedLouvet Mangroves MR Designated 0.8Maria Islaet Reef MR DesignatedMarigot Bay Mangroves MR DesignatedMarquis Estate Parcel M-1 FR Designated 1.34St. Lucia Marquis Mangroves MR DesignatedMoule-a-Chique Artificial Reef MR DesignatedPitons Management Area OA Proposed 20.0Point Sable NP ProposedPovert Island NR ProposedPraslin Mangroves MR DesignatedPraslin Protecetd Landscape PL ProposedRoche Island NR Proposed 0.1Rodney Bay Artificial Reefs MR DesignatedSavannes Bay Mangrove Area MR Designated 5.0Soufriere (SMMA) MMA DesignatedTapion HS ProposedVigie Beach Artificial Reef MR DesignatedSt Vincent All Awash Island WR DesignatedFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 219

Country Site Designation Status Size (km 2 )Battowia Island WR DesignatedBig Cay WR DesignatedCatholic Rocks WR DesignatedChateaubelair Islet WR DesignatedFriagte Rock WR DesignatedIsle de Quatre WR DesignatedLa Paz Island WR DesignatedLagoon Bay Salt Pond WR ProposedMiligan Cay WR DesignatedSt. Vincent Northern end of Bequia WR DesignatedPetit Canouan WR DesignatedPetit St Vincent WR DesignatedPigeon (Ramier) Island WR DesignatedPrune (Palm) Island WR DesignatedSail Rock WR DesignatedSavan Islands WR DesignatedTobago Cays MP Designated 38.85West Cay WR DesignatedYoun g Island WR DesignatedSource: Sea Around Us Project WebsiteFAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 220

U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentUS EmbassyWildey, BarbadosTelephone: (246) 227-4118/227-4154Fax: (246) 228-8589FAA 118/119 TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT – ANTIGUA & BARBUDA, DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST. KITTS& NEVIS, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (2008). 221

FAA 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Assessment ... - usaid

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?