BERAU HERBARIUM

European Union 

Ministry of Forestry 

BERAU HERBARIUM

BERAU HERBARIUM 

Dr. Paul J.A. Keβler 

Dr. Gerald Rathert 

Berau Forest Management Project 

PT Inhutani I 

Jakarta 2001

Berau Forest Management Project (BFMP) 

Manggala Wanabakti Building Block IV 7 th Floor, Room 707 – 709 A 

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia 

Telepon : (62) (021) 572 0204, 570 4508, 570 3246/65 Ministry Ext. 5399 

Tel. / Fax : (62) (021) 572 0205 

E-mail : bfmp@cbn.net.id 

Http : //www.bfmp.or.id 

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. 

No part of the text may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, 

or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 

photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the 

copyright holder. 

Copyright: Berau Forest Management Project 

First published 2001 

ISBN number: 

Perpustakaan Nasional: katalog dalam terbitan (KDT) 

(National Library: catalog in publication) 

European Union 

Ministry of Forestry 

PT Inhutani I 

i

PREFACE 

There are probably 10,000 – 20,000 plant species in Kalimantan. The flora is rich in 

diversity and economically essential, yet has not been fully explored. New species are 

continually being found. New initiatives are needed to promote more exploration, and to 

use this information for practical needs like sustainable forest management and protection 

of Indonesia’s rich biodiversity heritage. 

Collecting plant data requires collection and cataloguing of plant specimens in a herbarium 

– a botanical “library”. Indonesia’s national herbarium is in Bogor. East Kalimantan has a 

regional tree herbarium in Wanariset, Samboja. 

The Berau Forest Management Project (BFMP) identified a need to develop herbarium 

facilities for Berau to better understand its working environment, and to enhance available 

resources for research and education. Berau’s forest is assumed to be biologically rich, yet 

because there has been so little botanical collection in this part of East Kalimantan there is a 

lack of information and references about what trees really are present. Direct benefits 

include a better understanding of forest that will foster ever more appropriate sustainable 

forest management techniques. 

The Berau herbarium has now reached an international standard and offers an excellent 

opportunity to national and international scientists, students and laymen to learn more about 

the plant diversity of East Kalimantan. An advantage of the Berau location is that dry 

herbarium material can be studied with full access to the tropical lowland forest within less 

than two hours drive. It is also part of a commercial concession with practical forest 

operators managing the resource. This makes it an ideal base for many activities like tree 

recognition courses to support sustainable forest management, marketing studies, and also 

for ecological and taxonomic studies. 

Jakarta, October 2001 

Graham Tyrie 

Team Leader and 

Co-Director BFMP 

Muhandis Natadiwirya 

Co-Director BFMP and 

President Director PT Inhutani I 

ii

CONTENTS 

PREFACE.........................................................................................................................ii 

CONTENTS...................................................................................................................... 1 

ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................... V 

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 

BACKGROUND............................................................................................................... 1 

PURPOSE .........................................................................................................................2 

BERAU TREE DIVERSITY............................................................................................ 3 

LOCATION AND FACILITIES...................................................................................... 5 

ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 6 

PLANT MATERIAL COLLECTION AND PREPARATION ...................................... 6 

SOME DEFINITIONS........................................................................................................... 6 

PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS.......................................................................................... 9 

FUNCTION AND ORGANIZATION OF A HERBARIUM ........................................ 11 

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A HERBARIUM BUILDING ................................................ 11 

DRYING SPECIMENS ....................................................................................................... 11 

PROCESSING UNMOUNTED SPECIMENS ............................................................................ 12 

MOUNTING SPECIMENS .................................................................................................. 13 

IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS ...................................................................................... 13 

ARRANGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 14 

STRAPPING METHOD ...................................................................................................... 14 

DATA PROCESSING .................................................................................................... 17 

RAPID DATA ENTRY (RDE) ........................................................................................... 17 

DATA EXTRACTION ........................................................................................................ 17 

OUTPUT......................................................................................................................... 17 

EXPORTING DATA TO OTHER FORMATS ........................................................................... 18 

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE BERAU HERBARIUM .................................................. 19 

iii

TRAINING ..................................................................................................................... 19 

FUTURE HERBARIUM USE AND EXPANSION....................................................... 20 

LITERATURE................................................................................................................ 20 

SPECIES IN BERAU HERBARIUM ............................................................................ 23 

iv

ABBREVIATIONS 

A/GH Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, 

Cambridge, MA, USA 

BFMP Berau Forest Management Project 

BERAU Berau Herbarium, branch of WAN 

BLK Institute for Forestry Training / Balai Latihan Kehutanan 

BO Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia 

CIRAD-Forêt Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique 

pour le Developpment 

Dbh diameter at breast height 

E Royal Botanical Gardens Edinburgh/UK 

FORDA Forest Research and Development Agency / Badan Penelitian dan 

Pengembangan Kehutanan 

K Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew/UK 

L National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden branch, Leiden, The 

Netherlands 

PSP Permanent sample plots 

RKL 5 years concession operational plan / Rencana Karya Lima Tahun 

STREK Development of silvicultural techniques for the regeneration of logged 

over rain forest in East Kalimantan 

TPTI Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting System / Tebang Pilih dan 

Tanam Indonesia 

WAN Herbarium Wanariset Samboja/Indonesia 

v

INTRODUCTION 

Borneo covers about 740000 km 2 and is divided between three countries. To the north lie 

Brunei and the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. To the south lies the largest part of 

the island, Kalimantan. 

Borneo is one of the most important centres of plant diversity in the world. There are at 

least 10000 - 12000 species of flowering plants and somewhere between 40 - 50% are 

endemic to the island. Scientific studies of Kalimantan’s flora can be dated back to 1822 in 

West Kalimantan, Kutai and the Mahakam River. However, more intensive botanical 

studies were conducted in the northern parts of Borneo, supported by the British 

administration and private companies. British, Dutch and German scientists dominated the 

early 20th century collectors. After 1914, the Northern Borneo Forestry Department started 

to set standards for forest management that included systematic botanical investigations. 

The fruits of these studies include today’s modern botanical collections in Bogor, 

Singapore, Kuching, Sandakan, and more recently in Wanariset, Samboja in East 

Kalimantan. 

Kalimantan’s flora still needs to be better explored. Of Borneo’s endemic species, about 

80% are known from the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. With more study over on 

the Indonesian side of the border, there is little doubt than many more will be discovered. 

In a long-term collaboration with various research organisations the Forest Research 

Institute Malaysia (FRIM) developed the Tree Flora of Sarawak and Sabah. This is the 

most recent coverage of tree species and their taxonomic status occurring in the Malaysian 

part of Borneo. There is nothing similar for Kalimantan. Yet national and international 

recognition of the economic and conservation value of it forests calls for this gap to be 

filled. There is a need for a concise Identification Flora of Borneo. It would underpin efforts 

to more accurately attempt to conserve and plan sustainable forest management and use of 

this species-rich landscape. This is an immediate and crucial need for more botanical 

exploration and collection in Kalimantan, the institutional, scientific and financial resources 

to support it. 

BACKGROUND 

Botanical surveys in Berau started with the STREK Project at the Labanan concession of PT 

Inhutani 1, in 1989. The overall goal was to develop silvicultural techniques for 

regenerating logged over rain forest as a joint venture between PT Inhutani I, FORDA and 

CIRAD-Forêt. Twelve permanent sample plots (PSP) were established in the richest 

primary, undisturbed forest of the concession. Six more were placed in logged forest. These 

4 ha plots represented the core collection area for tree species collection and study. 

All trees with a dbh >10 cm in each PSP were labelled and identified to species where 

possible. An average of 493 trees ha -1 , representing a range of 370 - 600 was recorded of 

which 65% were identified. Identifications were mainly to species level, using a mixture of 

scientific and vernacular names. During 1992 – 1995, a herbarium collection of mainly 

1

sterile material was set up. Its 3000 samples included 45 families, 129 genera and 579 taxa. 

A database was developed containing the name of each specimen plus some information on 

topics like family, local names, species grouping related to commercial use and volume 

equations. 

In its early phase in 1996 the Berau Forest Management Project (BFMP), within its research 

and development programme, identified a need to improve herbarium facilities. A review of 

the collection showed that collected material did not meet national or international 

herbarium standards in terms of specimen collection, identification, preparation, 

conservation and storage. These needed to improved alongside field data and identification, 

herbarium management and capacity development of field staff. 

Over time and with considerable effort, species identification led to 99% of the tree species 

being accurately identified from the STREK PSP. Training and capacity development was 

an integral part of this process. Herbarium collections were expanded to cover the entire 

Labanan concession, an area of 100000 ha. 

These investments in herbarium facilities and management training consolidated the Berau 

Herbarium as a functioning institution. It provides a sound applied research that meets 

national and international herbarium standards. 

PURPOSE 

There is no reason to suspect that Berau does not truly represent the rich tree diversity 

characteristic of Borneo. Yet because there has been so little botanical collection in this part 

of East Kalimantan – only one scientific collection from the late 1960’s is documented – 

there is a lack of information and references about what trees really are present. This gap in 

knowledge needs to be filled to better understand ecological relationships. In turn, this 

understanding will foster ever more appropriate sustainable forest management techniques. 

This is especially important because the group of species that are harvested commercially is 

going to expand. Forest managers need sound data to ensure that newly harvested forest 

resources are extracted sustainably. Furthermore, like many progressive concessions, 

Labanan is trying to become FSC and LEI certified. The environmental components of both 

systems will require the concession to increase its knowledge of timber species, and use that 

knowledge appropriately. 

In moving forward, BFMP has built upon the STREK accomplishments to further develop 

the herbarium reference collection for Berau, covering the entire Labanan concession. This 

will be met, in large part, by training local staff in species identification, herbarium 

management and use. These are important steps in building up locally available technical 

expertise on tree species, and develop products that meet international botanical standards. 

This report has two purposes. The first is to give an overview of the tree diversity in Berau, 

focusing particularly on the family Dipterocarpaceae, which is of tremendous commercial 

importance as it contains all kapur, keruing and meranti, among others. 

2

The second purpose is to introduce Berau Herbarium. It describes techniques for collection 

and highlights the facilities available to botanists, foresters and others for improving their 

botanical knowledge through self-study and training courses. If the specimens are well 

collected and prepared, with accompanying quality data herbaria, Berau Herbarium can join 

and share its material with the international community. From there specialists can assist 

with difficult identifications and develop longer-term research partnerships. Ultimately, it is 

hoped this will inspire interest in further research in northeastern part of Kalimantan. 

Dipterocarpaceae 

Euphorbiaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Rubiaceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Ebenaceae 

Bombacaceae 

Symplocaceae 

Dilleniaceae 

Lauraceae 

Sapotaceae 

Burseraceae 

Guttiferae 

Annonaceae 

Sapindaceae 

Caesalpiniaceae 

Meliaceae 

Myristicaceae 

Moraceae 

Tiliaceae 

Amonaceae 

Icacinaceae 

Flacourtiaceae 

Myrtaceae 

Loganiaceae 

Magnoliaceae 

Celastraceae 

Lecythidaceae 

Oleaceae 

Polygalaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Mimosaceae 

Proteaceae 

Fagaceae 

Theaceae 

Rhizophoraceae 

Rutaceae 

Hypericaceae 

Oxalidaceae 

Olacaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

Myrsinaceae 

Ochnaceae 

Thymelaeaceae 

Figure 1: Relative importance of tree families per 

area - mean of 48 ha, all trees dbh > 10 cm 

0 5 10 15 20 25 

Importance value index 

A literature reference lists recent 

publications for further study. A 

list of the species in BERAU (B) 

is provided as an annex. 

BERAU TREE DIVERSITY 

The importance of Borneo as a 

world centre of plant diversity is 

reflected in STREK plot results 

from the tropical lowland 

rainforest of Berau. There is an 

average of 531 trees per ha (dbh 

>10 cm) representing 154 species. 

With a tree species identification 

rate of 99%, mostly to the species 

level 55 families have been found 

present in 48 ha, 12 plots of 4 ha 

each. The most important 

commercial family is the 

Dipterocarpaceae. The most 

important non-commercial family 

is the Euphorbiaceae. Their 

Importance Value Index (IVI) 

scores are 23.4 and 19.4, 

respectively. Twenty-five 

families with IVI

Dipterocarp genera 

Shorea sp 

Dipterocarpus sp 

Vatica sp 

Parashorea sp 

Hopea sp 

Dryobalanops sp 

Anisoptera sp 

Cotylelobium sp 

Figure 2: Genera abundance of the Dipterocarpaceae - mean of 48 ha 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Accumulative no. of species 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Importance value index 

Figure 3: Species-area curve 

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 

ha surveyed 

Although the standard deviations are 

rather high, indicating high variability 

within the sampled plots, the low 

standard errors demonstrate they are 

representative of overall findings, due 

to the high number of replications, n 

= 48 (table 1). 

Table 1: Species richness 

Per ha N Min Max Mean Std. 

Error 

Std. 

Deviation 

Total 

48 110 198 

species 

154.65 3.35 23.44 

Total 

trees 

48 417 700 530.75 10.33 71.55 

This is also confirmed by the species-area curve. The asymptote is reached with >20 ha of 

sampling (figure 3): 

4

LOCATION AND FACILITIES 

The Berau herbarium is integrated into the BFMP Training Centre in Tanjung Redeb, East 

Kalimantan (Latitude 2º 08' N, Longitude 117º 29' E), within the PT. Inhutani I, Adm. 

Berau, complex (figure 4). This is less than an hour’s drive from the Labanan concession. 

The northern and eastern boundaries of the Labanan research areas are demarcated by 

rivers, which provide access by boat. Field camps within the concession provide 

accommodation for 

Figure 4: Location of Tanjung Redeb with the concession Labanan, PT. Inhutani 1, Adm. Berau 

research staff. 

The general herbarium 

room, in the training 

centre (figure 5) 

currently contains 168 

boxes of herbarium 

material, a deep 

freezing unit for 

material conservation 

and various working 

and office facilities. 

Attached is an external 

drying room with a 

special electric oven 

for gentle drying of 

fresh plant material. 

Other training centre facilities, such as teaching, presentation and computer capacities, are 

made available for herbarium activities, as are field camps (figure 6). The building is fully 

air-conditioned. 

Figure 5: BFMP Training Centre with integrated Herbarium 

Figure 6: Field camp Labanan km 35 

5

ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT 

The Berau Herbarium is as an extension of Herbarium Wanariset in Samboja (WAN), 

which is registered in the international catalogue of the herbaria of the world, Index 

Herbariorum. For the specimen collection it has its own series code “BERAU”. This 

follows international herbarium standards and the collection is thus linked to the National 

Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden branch (L). The Berau Herbarium therefore connects 

to other herbaria with significant Asian collections, particularly A, BO, E and K via 

Wanariset and Leiden. 

PT. Inhutani I and BPK Samarinda jointly manage the herbarium. Two trained staff 

members from each organisation are permanently involved and responsible for professional 

management activities including material collection, preparation, labelling, storage, file 

update and other general operations. BFMP, Wanariset Samboja and the L presently support 

them. 

Herbarium specimen 

PLANT MATERIAL COLLECTION AND PREPARATION 

SOME DEFINITIONS 

A herbarium specimen is a whole plant or plants, or part of a plant of such a size that when 

pressed flat and dried will fit on a sheet of stiff paper or card. The specimens are pressed 

flat and dried. The Berau herbarium uses 26 x 42 cm sheets, the same size adopted by BO 

and WAN. Specimens are selected to show essential features of branches, leaves, flowers, 

and fruits. A number tag relating to a numbered note in a field notebook accompanies each 

specimen. 

Number tag 

A numbered tag connects the specimen to field notes made when the specimen was 

collected. Each number is unique, and is prefixed with the herbarium code – in this case, 

“B”. Pencil should be used to write on tags, as ink is generally not permanent, washing off 

when coming in contact with water, alcohol or sap. 

Field notebook 

A field notebook records data including: 

� The collector and collection number 

� Place of collection 

� Date of collection 

� Features of the plant that will not be available on specimens 

6

� Family 

� Genus 

� Species 

� Vernacular name with the name of the dialect or language 

� Local uses 

� Collector Prefix 

� Number 

� Location (Country/ Province/ Administrative region/ Town/village 

� Longitude and latitude 

� Altitude 

� Habitat 

� Habit – this includes include notes on overall form of the plants, height, diameter, 

bark, buttresses, wood, colour of flowers and fruits; essentially those characters that 

will be not be available on specimens 

Like number tags, pencil should be used for writing in field books, as it will not wash off. 

Selecting the specimens 

When plants are small and fit to the size of the mounting paper one should dig out the whole 

plant and dry the specimens including a portion of the root system. When plants are woody 

or too large to make an entire specimen, usually only fertile clippings will be taken. Fertile 

clippings are branches with flowers or fruits (preferably both). Generally, at least seven 

duplicates are collected. Number tags are attached and the material stored temporarily in 

large polythene bags to avoid the specimens drying out before they can be properly 

processed. 

Large trees should be climbed to reach the fertile branches (figure 7). Safety regulations 

must be followed. At minimum, two trained climbers should be involved in the collecting 

activities. 

7

Numbering of collections 

To make record keeping easy, each specimen, or group of duplicates of a specimen, are 

given a unique number. The simplest and most recommended method is recording the 

Collector’s surname, followed by one or more digits (prefix) and the consecutive number 

Figure 7: High tree climbing with harness for collection of fertile 

specimens 

starting with 1. An example is “Sidiyasa 

Berau 1”. 

In summary: 

� Each collection receives its own 

unique number 

� Each duplicate of the same 

individual gets the same number 

� Different individuals of the same 

species get a different number 

If a numbered specimen is lost, damaged or destroyed, do not re-use its number. It should 

be shown as cancelled in the field book as well as in the database. If a mistake is made and 

a number duplicated, or two different plants are collected under the same number, separate 

the collections by using letters as suffixes to the original number, such as “Sidiyasa Berau 

1A”. 

Basic equipment 

Recommended, basic, equipment for a 

plant collector includes the following: 

� Rucksack. 

� Secateurs 

� Pocket knife 

� Machete 

� GPS 

� Altimeter 

� Binocular 

� Camera and films 

� Polythene bags of different sizes, rice sacks 

� Jerry can with methylated alcohol (spiritus 80%) 

Figure 8: Tree climbing equipment (harness) 

8

� Field books, pencils, paper, number tags (tie-on watchmakers tags), newspaper, 

plastic string 

� Climbing equipment including harness (figure 8), climbing ropes of different length, 

shoes with spikes, leather gloves 

Figure 9: Preparation of fresh material packing 

PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS 

Damaged material is worthless to a herbarium. 

Fresh plant specimens will quickly rot or be 

damaged by mildew unless preservative treatment is 

given. Preservation techniques include drying and 

chemical treatments. 

Chemical treatment (Wet or Schweinfurth method) 

Drying specimens in the field is time consuming and 

the result often unpredictable. It is better to preserve 

plant specimens in the field using methylated alcohol 

(spiritus) at an 80% concentration. Whereas the 

disadvantage of wet preservation is that the liquids 

are bulky and heavy to carry, the material can be 

kept in sealed plastic bags for as long as nine 

months. To achieve this the spiritus should not drop below a concentration of 70%. 

Each specimen, with its number tag, is 

placed between newspaper sheets (figure 9). 

Any plant parts sticking out from the 

newspaper are clipped to stop them later 

puncturing plastic bags (figure 10). 

When enough sheets have been accumulated 

make a convenient-sized bundle, the bundle 

is compressed and tied (figure 11). 

Bulky and spiny material is best placed in 

the centre of the bundle. 

Figure 10: Trimming of plant samples to newspaper size 

The bundle is then put into a heavy polythene bag. About half a litre of 80% spirituous is 

added per 10 cm of bundle height (figure 12). When full, the open end of the bag is folded 

and sealed. The alcohol fills the bags as vapour, and preserves the contents. These bags 

should be packed into a suitable strong sack for extra protection. Rice sacks are fine for this. 

The final package is very robust and is strong enough to be carried and posted. 

9

Figure 11: Tying a bundle of specimens 

Figure 12: Adding spiritus for preservation 

Back in the herbarium the material will 

be dried when convenient. 

Drying 

Proper drying and chemical treatment 

preserves specimens by preventing 

bacterial and fungal decay. Removal of 

water from the plant tissues still allows 

specimen morphological features to be 

studied. 

Figure 13: Electrical drying stove 

Modern drying methods use an electrical drying stove, available at the Training Centre in 

Berau. Specimens are dried directly with heated air while a weight flattens them (figure 13). 

Depending on the thickness of branches and fruits the process takes about two or three days. 

10

FUNCTION AND ORGANIZATION OF A HERBARIUM 

Collecting plant specimens accumulates dried collection. In due course the specimens are 

identified and arranged so that specimens of the same species are located together, and that 

related species are close to each other. There are various internationally accepted ways to 

arrange specimens, as there are of arranging books in a library. 

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A HERBARIUM BUILDING 

� Location – avoid sites where there is a risk of flooding, spreading fires, or landslides 

� Construction – fireproof, with smoke or heat detection alarm system 

� A cool, dry atmosphere with humidity as low as possible, 24 hours air condition or 

de-humidification 

� Adequate work space on benches and tables 

� Good ventilation – windows should be screened to avoid access by insects 

� Excellent light 

� Separate room for drying purposes 

� Separate room for preparation and mounting activities 

Checklist of materials: 

� Newspaper 

DRYING SPECIMENS 

� Corrugated cardboard, half the size of broadsheet newspapers 

� Secateurs 

� Tags 

� Foam cut into the same size as cardboard 

� Electric drying stove 

Place the fresh or treated, trimmed and tagged specimens between fresh newspaper sheets. 

Make sure that the specimen will show upper and lower surface of leaves when dry. If the 

leaves are too large to fit into the folder, they should be folded. In compound leaves one 

leaflet of a pair can be trimmed in order to reduce its size for the space available. 

11

This newspaper folder is put on corrugated 

cardboard (figure 14). In the case of thick and 

fleshy fruits or flowers, a piece of foam the 

same size as cardboard, with relatively big 

holes, should be put on top of the folder. This 

keeps the leaves flat and the cardboard level. 

The specimen can than be put directly in the 

drying stove. This procedure should be repeated 

until the drying stove is full. A wooden board 

should then be put on top of the pile with a 

heavy weight like a stone on top. This will keep 

the specimens flat during the drying and 

shrinking processes, as the pressure always 

remains the same. Temperature should be kept 

70°C to avoid overheating and burning of the 

paper as well as the material. 

All specimens should be dry within 36 – 48 

hours, however, after 24 hours material should 

be checked for specimens that are already dry 

(figure 15). These should be removed. If the 

drying process takes too long the material can 

become brittle. 

PROCESSING UNMOUNTED SPECIMENS 

As a rule usually 7 – 9 duplicates of each tree 

will be collected. At least one set remains in 

Berau, the other duplicates should be sent to the 

Wanariset herbarium to be distributed later to 

other herbaria (L, BO, BZF, K, A, SAN, etc.). 

When sorting duplicates, the following points 

should always be considered: 

� If the flowers are unisexual, both male 

and female flowers should be 

represented in each duplicate. 

� As far as possible make sure that each 

duplicate has a complete range of stages 

– flower buds, flowers, young fruits, 

mature fruits 

� Each duplicate should have a label 

attached together with an “Ex HERB” 

slip or a cancellation stamp 

Figure 14:Layers of foam and cardboard keep leaves flat 

during drying 

Figure 15: Unpacked, dry fertile specimen with number tag 

12

Each duplicate is placed in a double newspaper; if the material is bulky, place a second 

newspaper the opposite way round. The duplicates can then be distributed to other herbaria. 


� Acid free cartridge paper 

� Paper capsules 

� Scissors 

� Acid free paper straps 

� Cardboard supporters 

� Accession number stamp 

MOUNTING SPECIMENS 

When properly prepared and well cared for, mounted herbarium specimens should last 

indefinitely. It is therefore very important to select mounting paper, adhesives and inks that 

are of archival quality. 

The two main aims of the mounting process are: 

� To display the specimens and data to allow maximum exposure of features 

� To preserve the specimen by securely attaching it to strong mounting paper, but at 

the same time allowing for the removal of small portions for more detailed study 


� Binocular microscope (50x) 

� Lamp 

IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS 

� Needles, forceps, preparation materials 

� Identification materials (Books: Floras, Journals etc; CD) 

Before filing, specimens should be checked and the correct identity should be ascertained, 

using identification keys in books or CD’s. With the help of the current collection one 

should also compare the material with existing material of the same species to further check 

if the correct scientific name has been applied. 

13

ARRANGEMENT 

Choose the best way of presenting the 

specimen in order to display all its characters 

as far as possible. Labels should be on the 

bottom right hand corner, just 0.5 cm from 

the lower margin. The consecutive accession 

number stamp should be in the top right hand 

corner, just 0.5 cm below the upper margin. 

Paper capsules should be on the top left hand 

corner, just 0.5 cm below the upper margin. 

Number tags must be preserved with the 

specimens by gluing them to the sheet still attached to the specimen. 

STRAPPING METHOD 

Small straps of gummed linen (figure 16) or 

paper are placed across the specimen at 

intervals and stuck to the sheet at either end. 

Thin straps should be used on finer portions 

of the specimen and thicker straps where extra 

strength is needed, like over stems or thick 

fruits. Avoid strapping over important details, 

such as flowers or small inflorescences, as 

well as the nodes on a twig. When strapping is 

applied across a leaf-blade, only attach the 

ends of the strap where contact is made with 

the paper. This allows the leaf to move freely 

when the sheet is handled. 

Covers 

A species cover (figure 18) covers every 

sheet. A Genus cover covers groups of 

species covers. Genus covers are normally 

the more robust and are provided with a 

family and genus name in the bottom right 

hand corner. Often different colours are used 

to indicate geographical areas. For example, 

in WAN different colours are used for the 

four provinces of Kalimantan and areas 

outside Kalimantan. Type material is 

protected using red genus covers. 

Figure 16: Cutting mounting straps 

Figure 17: Mounting specimens on acid free paper, using 

straps 

Figure 18: Preparing the specimen covers for storage 

14

Arrangement of Herbarium Collections 

The herbarium is a storehouse of valuable information, like a library. And like a library, it 

must be arranged in such a way that information can easily be retrieved. 

The Berau herbarium uses an alphabetical arrangement for families as well as for genera 

and species. This makes it easy for non-specialists to find specimens, and unskilled 

personnel can add mounted material to the herbarium. 

Wooden boxes in cupboard pigeonholes are used to store specimens. Filing of specimens 

starts at the top left hand corner (A) and moves down that column then moving to the top of 

the second column of pigeonholes. The bottom left hand corner therefore contains 

specimens starting with Z. 

Figure 19: Rack with boxes for permanent storage of herbarium specimens 

Pests and treatments 

Outside, the contents 

are labelled, for 

example: 

-Annonaceae 

-Orophea 

-hexandra 

The species marking 

is the alphabetically 

lowest species in the 

box. 

Long-term preservation of herbarium specimens must involve constant vigilance to protect 

them from damage by pests. Under humid tropical conditions insects and fungi pose two 

serious threats. 

Those insects most commonly found and the most destructive are: 

� Herbarium beetles 

� Cigarette, or tobacco beetles 

� Silverfish, or fish moths 

� Cockroaches 

15

� Termites and ants 

Apart from insects and fungi like moulds and mildew, only mites, mice and rats are of 

significant importance. 

Detection 

Regular visual inspection is needed to detect the evidence of damage. The best place to 

check are families like Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Ericaceae and other plants which 

contain latex, as insect pests are known to be naturally attracted to them. 

Prevention 

Minimise insect access to the building. Fit fine screens on entry points to the building. 

Close doors and windows carefully. Avoid bringing living material and food to the storage 

room. 

Fumigation of herbarium rooms and cabinets and poisoning specimens is believed to be 

valuable in many herbaria in providing relatively long-term protection against insect attack. 

However, the chemicals used are usually very poisonous to people and so are not 

recommended here. 

Figure 20: Deep freezer for 

decontamination of specimens from 

insects 

The Berau herbarium instead decontaminates specimens 

using deep-freezing (figure 20), a safe and reliable 

alternative. This method has been used very successfully in 

the last decade in Wanariset in combination with a fully air 

conditioned room. 

The freezer unit should be a standard, branded name, topopening 

domestic chest freezer. The temperature should go 

below –18 o C. Make sure that at least 6 boxes can be 

packed to give maximum space economy. 

Specimens should be frozen, sealed in the freezer, for a 72hour 

total period. 

The freezer should be maintained. Ice build-up in the 

tropics is usually high, so it is recommended to defrost the 

freezer at relatively short intervals, especially if it is run 

under particularly high moisture conditions. 

Once a month the herbarium storage room should be sprayed with a commercial insecticide 

to repel ants and other insects outside the racks and boxes as these can cause considerable 

damage. 

16

Figure 21: Data processing of specimen information 

DATA PROCESSING 

Data processing is performed with the database “BRAHMS” (Botanical Research and 

Herbarium Management System), which supports three overlapping categories of project: 

� Management and curation of herbarium collections 

� Production of taxonomically oriented outputs 

� Production of geographically oriented outputs 

In the Berau Herbarium the first and the third category will mainly be used for the 

production of labels, determination slips and lists, geographic checklists, and biodiversity 

survey results. 

The key advantage provided by a database such as BRAHMS is improved access to data. 

For example, as well as assembling data by species, they can be assembled and ordered by 

collector name, geographical area, ecological area, altitude range, determination status, 

species group. 

RAPID DATA ENTRY (RDE) 

Field data are first entered into 

spreadsheet like files external to and 

independent from BRAHMS. RDE files 

can be optimised for any particular task 

(figure 21). In Berau we select the 

fields, which are used either in 

Wanariset (WAN) or in Leiden (L) to 

make exchange of data as easy as 

possible. 

Rapid Data Entry is easy to learn, 

flexible and allows data entry to proceed 

on multiple workstations without access to a network. RDE provides an extra layer of 

database security as RDE data files are easily checked and importing can be centrally 

controlled. 

DATA EXTRACTION 

Data queries – leading to the generation of outputs – are initiated by selecting the “Extract” 

data option on the main BRAHMS menu. 

OUTPUT 

Data in extract files can be processed and formatted directly by BRAHMS or passed to 

other spreadsheets or databases such as Excel. 

17

Labels, determination slips and other categories of formatted “collection summaries” can be 

created directly from BRAHMS. 

The BRAHMS Report Generator (BRG) includes default report templates for commonly 

used lists and indexes, sample checklists formats, and more complex monograph formats for 

specific journal and monograph series. 

EXPORTING DATA TO OTHER FORMATS 

Any subset of data from the main database can be exported from BRAHMS. Broadly, data 

may be exported in the following ways: 

� RDE format – data exported into RDE files can be auto-transferred to other 

BRAHMS systems. RDE files (xBase tables) have a highly segregated data structure 

and are easily processed by other packages 

� Spreadsheet/database formats – delimited formats including Access, Excel, Lotus, 

FoxPro, Paradox 

� Text files 

� Specialised packages – data can be exported to range of specialised systems. 

Examples are TREMA, ArcView, MapInfo and ALICE. 

18

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE BERAU HERBARIUM 

Within the framework of the BFMP project more than 1700 specimens have been collected 

during several training courses in the Labanan concession area. About 1200 are available as 

duplicates in the Berau herbarium, of which about 1000 specimens have been mounted and 

covered with specimen, species and/or genus covers. The rest of the specimens, the early 

collections made when it was not certain if Berau would have a Herbarium, are housed at 

the Wanariset herbarium. Other duplicates are available in Bogor, Leiden, Kew, Arnold 

Arboretum, Kuching and Sandakan. All specimens have been filed alphabetically and every 

box has been provided with a label on the outside that indicates its content. 

Almost 100 boxes are now filled. Almost 500 index cards have been typed for a quick 

search on specimens. More than 1500 specimen covers have been cut and glued and about 

750 species/genus covers have been made. Every cover has been marked with the correct 

scientific name. 

TRAINING 

Following TPTI regulations, in the forest inventory the identification of tree species for 

harvesting, protection, replanting and marketing makes use of local names and timber trade 

names given by local staff. This species identification practice is far from being uniform 

and correct; it depends largely on the origin and experience of local people. Translation of 

vernacular names to scientific names is usually impossible. 

Training in species identification of local inventory staff members, using scientific names 

was thus an early task of BFMP. Several training sessions in species identification, material 

collection including tree climbing with climbing equipment, material preparation, 

herbarium management and use were conducted. Trainees were selected from inventory and 

research staff of PT. Inhutani I as well as from BPK Samarinda. 

The following training in tree species identification and herbarium management were 

conducted: 

19

Training Date Location Participants Organisation 

Herbarium 

Management 

Herbarium 

Management 

Tree species 

identification 

Tree species 


Tree species 


Tree species 


1.-30.3.2000 BFMP training 

center Berau 

22.-29.9.1998 

Wanariset 

Samboja 

2 

1 

3 

3 

1 

23.9.-12.10.1997 Labanan, Berau 9 

2 

3 

2.-21.5.1998 Labanan, Berau 5 

6 

9.10.-26.11.1998 Labanan, Berau 6 

3.-22.5.1999 Labanan, Berau 8 

3 

3 

6 

PT. Inhutani I, Adm Berau 

PT. Inhutani I, Balikpapan 

BPK Samarinda 


PT. Inhutani I, Balikpapan 

BPK Samarinda 


PT. Inhutani I, Unit Tarakan 

BPK Samarinda 


BPK Samarinda 


BPK Samarinda 

BPK Samarinda 


Future training activities should concentrate on field collections in the region, such as 

Tanjung Redeb, Tanjung Selor and Tarakan and on material preparation and identification 

in Berau, using the training and herbarium facilities. Trainees should come from PT. 

Inhutani 1 and other concession of the region. BPKS and probably BLK Samarinda could 

provide competent trainers. Also, technical staffs of PT. Inhutani 1 are now capable of 

giving training in botanical fieldwork, herbarium techniques and management. These 

activities will further stimulate growth of the Berau herbarium. 

FUTURE HERBARIUM USE AND EXPANSION 

The Berau herbarium has now reached an international standard and offers an excellent 

opportunity to national and international scientists, students and laymen to learn more about 

the plant diversity of East Kalimantan. An advantage is that dry herbarium material can be 

studied with full access to tropical lowland forest within a few hours drive. This makes it an 

ideal base for many activities like tree recognition courses, ecological and taxonomic 

studies. 

So far the collections are mainly from the Labanan concession within the PT Inhutani I 

Berau concession, yet could be easily expanded to neighbouring areas like Sembarang, 

Malinau, Tarakan, and Bulungan. This will require regular field trips to certain areas, best 

conducted with a training component for local cruisers or tree spotters. This will ensure a 

high level of collections coming into the herbarium and as duplicates going out to 

internationally recognized herbaria, for the benefit of all. 

LITERATURE 

Argent, G., Saridan, A., Campbell, E.J.F., Wilkie, P., Fairweather, G., Hadiah J.T., 

Middleton, D.J., Pendry, C., Pinard, M., Warwick, M., Yulita, K.S. 1998: Manual of 

20

the larger and more important non Dipterocarp trees of Central Kalimantan, 

Indonesia. Vol. 1&2. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 

Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana. Series 1- Spermatophyta, Flowering 

Plants, Vol. 9, part 2. 

Balgooy, M.M.J. van 1997: Malesian Seed Plants. Vol. 1 – Spot-characters. 

Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands. 

Balgooy, M.M.J. van 1997: Malesian Seed Plants. Vol. 2 – Portraits of Tree Families. 

Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands. 

Bodegom, S., Pelser, P.B., Keßler, P.J.A. 1999: Seedlings of Secondary Forest Tree Species 

of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. MOFEC-Tropenbos-Kalimantan Project, Wanariset 

Samboja, Indonesia. 

Filer, D.L. 1989: BRAHMS 4.8. Reference manual. 

Forman, L., Bridson, D. 1989: The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, 

U.K. 

Keßler, P.J.A., Sidiyasa, K., Ambriansyah, Zainal, A. 1992: Checklist for a tree flora of the 

Balikpapan-Samarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Technical Series 

Tropenbos, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 

Keßler, P.J.A., Sidiyasa, K. 1994: Trees of the Balikpapan-Samarinda area, East 

Kalimantan, Indonesia. A manual to 280 selected species. Tropenbos Foundation, 

Wageningen, The Netherlands. 

Keßler, P.J.A., Sidiyasa, K. 1999: Pohon-Pohon Hutan Kalimantan Timur. Tropenbos 

Kalimantan Series 2, MOFEC-Tropenbos-Kalimantan Project, Wanariset Samboja, 

Balikpapan, Indonesia. 

Keßler, P.J.A. 2000: Economically used and protected tree species – Berau. A field guide. 

Berau Forest Management Project, Jakarta, Indonesia. 

Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Prawira, S.A. 1992: Indonesian Wood Atlas. 

Vpl. 1&2. Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development, 

Forest Production Research and Development Centre, Bogor, Indonesia. 

Newman, M.F., Burgess, P.F., Whitmore, T.C. 1995: Manuals of Dipterocarps for Foresters, 

Singapore. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, U.K. 

Newman, M.F., Burgess, P.F., Whitmore, T.C. 1999: Pedoman identificasi pohon-pohon 

Dipterocarpaceae, Pulau Kalimantan. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. 

Sidiyasa, K., Keßler, P.J.A. 1999: List of collections stored at the Wanariset Herbarium East 

Kalimantan. International MOFEC-Tropenbos Kalimantan Project, Samboja, 

Indonesia. 

Sist, P. 1994: STREK Herbarium Organisation. STREK Project Report (AFRD, PT. 

Inhutani 1, CIRAD-Forêt), Jakarta, Indonesia. 

Sist, P., Saridan, A. 1998: Description of the primary lowland forest of Berau. In: 

Silvicultural research in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan. 

CIRAD-forêt, Monpellier, France. 

21

Soepadmo, E., Wong., K.M. 1995: Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 1. Forest Research 

Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

Soerianegara, I., Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors) 1994: Plant Resources of South-East Asia. 

No. 5 (1) Timber trees:Major commercial timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. 

Soerianegara, I., Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors) 1994: Plant Resources of South-East Asia. 

No. 5 (2) Timber trees:Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. 

Steenis, C.G.G.J. van 1987: Checklist of generic names in Malesian botany. Flora 

Malesiana Foundation, Rijksherbarium Leiden, The Netherlands. 

Symington, C.F. 1943/1974: Malayan Forest Records No. 16, Forester’s Manual of 

Dipterocarps. Penerbit Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

Womersley, J.S. 1981: Plant collecting and herbarium development. A manual. FAO Plant 

Production and Protection Paper. FAO of UN, Rome, Italy. 

22

SPECIES IN BERAU HERBARIUM 

Alangiaceae Alangium ridleyi King 

Anacardiaceae Bouea macrophylla 

Anacardiaceae Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meissn. 

Anacardiaceae Buchanania insignis Blume 

Anacardiaceae Buchanania sessifolia Blume 

Anacardiaceae Campnosperma auriculata (Blume) Hook. f. 

Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon costatum Blume 

Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe 

Anacardiaceae Drimycarpus luridu 

Anacardiaceae Drimycarpus luridus (Hook. f.) Ding Hou 

Anacardiaceae Gluta renghas L. 

Anacardiaceae Gluta wallichii (Hook. f.) Ding Hou 

Anacardiaceae Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr. 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Lour. 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera macrocarpa 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera oblongifolia 

Anacardiaceae Mangifera quadrifida 

Anacardiaceae Melanochyla elmeri 

Anacardiaceae Parishia maingayi Hook. f. 

Anacardiaceae Semecarpus heterophyllus Blume 

Annonaceae Cananga odorata Hook.f. 

Annonaceae Cyathocalyx magnificus 

Annonaceae Enicosanthum paradoxum Becc. 

Annonaceae Goniothalamus macrophyllus 

Annonaceae Mezzettia leptopoda 

Annonaceae Mezzettia umbellata 

Annonaceae Monocarpia euneura Miq. 

Annonaceae Polyalthia beccarii 

Annonaceae Polyalthia glauca Boerl 

Annonaceae Polyalthia lateriflora King 

Annonaceae Polyalthia rumphii Merr. 

Annonaceae Polyalthia sumatrana 

Annonaceae Popowia hirta 

Annonaceae Popowia pisocarpa 

Annonaceae Sagereaea lanceolata 

Annonaceae Xylopia fusca 

Annonaceae Xylopia malayana Hook.f. 

Apocynaceae Alstonia angustiloba Miq 

Apocynaceae Alstonia pneumatophora den Berger 

Apocynaceae Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f. 

Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana macrocarpa 

Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa 

Aquifoliaceae Ilex cymosa Blume 

Araucariaceae Agathis borneensis Warb. 

Bombacaceae Coelostegia borneensis Becc. 

Bombacaceae Durio acutifolius (Mast.) Kosterm. 

Bombacaceae Durio graveolens Becc. 

23

Bombacaceae Durio griffithii (Mast.) Bakh. 

Bombacaceae Durio kutejensis (Hassk.) Becc. 

Bombacaceae Durio oxleyanus Griff. 

Bombacaceae Durio testudinarum Becc. 

Bombacaceae Neesia synandra Mast. 

Burseraceae Canarium apertum H.J. Lam 

Burseraceae Canarium caudatum King 

Burseraceae Canarium denticulatum Blume 

Burseraceae Canarium elmeri 

Burseraceae Canarium littorale Blume 

Burseraceae Canarium megalanthum Merr. 

Burseraceae Canarium odontophyllum Miq. 

Burseraceae Dacryodes costata (A.W. Benn.) H.J. Lam 

Burseraceae Dacryodes laxa (A.W. Benn.) H.J. Lam 

Burseraceae Dacryodes pachyphyllus 

Burseraceae Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J. Lam 

Burseraceae Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam 

Burseraceae Santiria griffithii (Hook. f.) Engl. 

Burseraceae Santiria laevigata Blume 

Burseraceae Santiria tomentosa Blume 

Burseraceae Triomma malaccensis Hook. f. 

Caesalpinaceae Dialium procerum 

Celastraceae Bhesa paniculata Arn. 

Celastraceae Kokoona ochracea 

Celastraceae Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou 

Celastraceae Lophopetalum beccarianum Pierre 

Celastraceae Lophopetalum javanicum 

Chrysobalanaceae Atuna asperula 

Chrysobalanaceae Atuna excelsa 

Chrysobalanaceae Atuna racemosa Rafin. 

Chrysobalanaceae Licania splendens (Korth.) Prance 

Chrysobalanaceae Parinari oblongifolia Hook. f. 

Datiscaceae Octomeles sumatrana Miq. 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg 

Dilleniaceae Dillenia sumatrana Miq. 

Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera costata Korth. 

Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera laevis Ridley 

Dipterocarpaceae Cotylelobium melanoxylon (Hook. f.) Pierre 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus acutangulus 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus appendiculatus S 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus caudiferus Merr. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus confertus Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus conformis Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costulatus Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus elongatus 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus fusiformis 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus glabrigemmatus 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume 

24

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus humeratus Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus mundus Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus palemb. ssp borneensis 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus stellatus ssp parvus 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tempehes Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. ex Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer 

Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops lanceolata Burck 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea bracteata Burck 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea cernua Teijsm. & Binn. 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea ferruginea Parijs 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea mengerawan Miq. 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea nervosa King 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea pachycarpa (Heim) Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea resinosa Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea rudiformis Ashton 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea sangal Korth. 

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea semicuneata Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. 

Dipterocarpaceae Parashorea smythiesii 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea agamii ssp agamii 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea almon 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea angustifolia 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea atrinervosa Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea beccariana Burck 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea bentongensis Foxw. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea confusa 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea exelliptica 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea faguetiana Heim 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea falciferoides ssp glaucescens 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea fallax 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea hopeifolia (Heim) Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea inappendiculata Burck 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea johorensis Foxw. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea laevis Ridley 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea lamellata Foxw. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea leprosula Miq. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea leptoderma 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea longisperma 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea macrophylla x pinanga 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea macroptera Dyer 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea maxwelliana King 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea mecistopteryx Ridley 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea multiflora (Burck) Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ochracea Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ochrophloia Strugnell ex Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Blume 

25

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvifolia Dyer 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvistipulata Heim 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea patoiensis 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea pauciflora King 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea pinanga Scheff. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea scrobiculata Burck 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea semicunata 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea seminis (de Vriese) Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea smithiana Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea superba 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea symingtonii 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea virescens Parijs 

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea xanthophylla Sym. 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica albiramis 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica micrantha Sloot. 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica nitens 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica oblongifolia Hook. f. 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica odorata ssp mindanensis 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica rassak (Korth.) Blume 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica sarawakensis Heim 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica umbonata (Hook. f.) Burck 

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica vinosa 

Ebenaceae Diospyros bantamensis Koord. & Val. ex Bakh. 

Ebenaceae Diospyros borneensis Hiern 

Ebenaceae Diospyros curranii Merr. 

Ebenaceae Diospyros densa Bakh. 

Ebenaceae Diospyros endertii 

Ebenaceae Diospyros ferruginea Bakh. 

Ebenaceae Diospyros frutescens 

Euphorbiaceae Antidesma leucopodum 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa dioica 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa grandistipulata 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa lucida 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa lunata (Miq.) Kurz 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa nervosa Hook. f. 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa nitida 

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa subcaudata 

Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea deflexa Roxb. 

Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea macrocarpa 

Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea macrophylla (Muell.Arg.) Muell.Arg. 

Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea minor Hook. f. 

Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Muell.Arg. 

Euphorbiaceae Blumeodendron concolor 

Euphorbiaceae Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz 

Euphorbiaceae Cephalomappa beccariana 

Euphorbiaceae Cephalomappa malloticarpa 

Euphorbiaceae Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thwaites 

Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus laevis Hook.f. 

Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz 

Euphorbiaceae Coccoceras borneense J.J.S. 

26

Euphorbiaceae Croton argyratus Blume 

Euphorbiaceae Croton glabrescens Miq. 

Euphorbiaceae Drypetes kikir Airy Shaw 

Euphorbiaceae Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & Hoffm. 

Euphorbiaceae Drypetes polyneura Airy Shaw 

Euphorbiaceae Drypetes subsymetrica J.J.S. 

Euphorbiaceae Elateriospermum tapos Blume 

Euphorbiaceae Endospermum banghamii Merr. 

Euphorbiaceae Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Ai 

Euphorbiaceae Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy Shaw 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga bancana Muell. Agr. 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga diepenhorstii M.Agr. 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga gigantea (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Muell 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Muel 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga indistincta Whitmore 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga inermis King. 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga lowii King ex Hook. f. 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga pearsonii 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Muell. Arg. 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga semilgobosa J.J.S 

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga triloba (Blume) Muell.Arg. 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus echinatus Elmer 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus moritzianus 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus muticus (Muell.Arg.) Airy Shaw 

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus penangensis Muell.Arg. 

Euphorbiaceae Moultonianthus leembruggianus (Boerl. & Koord 

Euphorbiaceae Neoscortechinia kingii (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffm 

Euphorbiaceae Neoscortechinia sumatrensis 

Euphorbiaceae Paracroton pendula 

Euphorbiaceae Pimelodendron griffithianum (Muell.Arg.) Bent 

Euphorbiaceae Trigonostemon laevigatus Muell.Arg. 

Euphorbiaceae Trigonostemon malaccanus 

Fagaceae Castanopsis fulva 

Fagaceae Castanopsis megacarpa 

Fagaceae Lithocarpus seriobalanus 

Fagaceae Quercus subsericea A. Camus 

Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. 

Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus polypetala 

Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus woodii Merr. 

Guttiferae Calophyllum alboromutum 

Guttiferae Calophyllum austrocoriaceum 

Guttiferae Calophyllum depressinervosum Henderson & Wyat 

Guttiferae Calophyllum echinatum 

Guttiferae Calophyllum inophyllum L. 

Guttiferae Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume 

Guttiferae Garcinia bailloni 

Guttiferae Garcinia bancana 

Guttiferae Garcinia celebica L. 

Guttiferae Garcinia dioica Bl. 

Guttiferae Garcinia motleyana 

27

Guttiferae Garcinia nervosa Miq. 

Guttiferae Garcinia parvifolia 

Guttiferae Garcinia rigida 

Guttiferae Kayea borneensis Stevens 

Guttiferae Mammea malayana 

Guttiferae Mesua borneensis 

Hypericaceae Cratoxylum sumatrana 

Icacinaceae Gonocaryum calleryanum 

Icacinaceae Stemonurus apicalis 

Icacinaceae Stemonurus grandifolius 

Juglandaceae Engelhardia serrata Blume 

Lauraceae Actinodaphne malaccensis 

Lauraceae Alseodaphne dewildei 

Lauraceae Alseodaphne elmeri 

Lauraceae Alseodaphne insignis Gamble 

Lauraceae Alseodaphne oblanceolata 

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia argentea 

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia dictyoneura Kosterm. 

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia gemmiflora Koste 

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia gigantocarpa 

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia wieringae 

Lauraceae Cryptocarya elliptica 

Lauraceae Dehaasia microcephala 

Lauraceae Dehaasia tomentosa 

Lauraceae Endiandra kingiana Gamble 

Lauraceae Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. 

Lauraceae Litsea elliptica 

Lauraceae Litsea erectinervia 

Lauraceae Litsea ferruginea Bl. 

Lauraceae Litsea oppositifolia 

Lauraceae Myristica cinnamonea 

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia excelsa 

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia macrostachya 

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia pendula (Griff.) Kurz 

Lecythidaceae Planchonia valida (Blume) Blume 

Leguminosae Archidendron globosum (Blume) Nielsen 

Leguminosae Cynometra ramiflora L. 

Leguminosae Dialium indum L. 

Leguminosae Dialium maingayi 

Leguminosae Dialium platysepalum Baker 

Leguminosae Dialium wallichii Prain 

Leguminosae Endertia spectabilis Steenis & de Wit 

Leguminosae Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. 

Leguminosae Koompassia malaccensis Maing. ex Benth. 

Leguminosae Saraca declinata 

Leguminosae Saraca minor Miq. 

Leguminosae Sindora coriacea (Baker) Prain 

Leguminosae Sindora galedupa Prain 

Leguminosae Sindora leiocarpa de Wit 

Leguminosae Sindora velutina Baker 

28

Leguminosae Sindora wallichii Graham ex Benth. 

Loganiaceae Fagraea racemosa Jack ex Wall. 

Lythraceae Lagerstroemia pyriformis 

Magnoliaceae Elmerrillia tjamprea 

Magnoliaceae Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng 

Magnoliaceae Magnolia gigantifolia 

Magnoliaceae Magnolia lasia Noot. 

Meliaceae Aglaia eximia Miq. 

Meliaceae Aglaia odoratissima Blume 

Meliaceae Aglaia polyandra 

Meliaceae Aglaia sapindina 

Meliaceae Aglaia shawiana 

Meliaceae Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms 

Meliaceae Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn. 

Meliaceae Aglaia trichostemon 

Meliaceae Aphanamixis sumatrana (Miq.) Ridley 

Meliaceae Chisocheton divergens Bl. 

Meliaceae Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume 

Meliaceae Dysoxylum amooroides Miq. 

Meliaceae Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum 

Meliaceae Dysoxylum pachytracta 

Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Correa 

Meliaceae Sandoricum borneensis 

Meliaceae Xylocarpus granatum Koen. 

Meliaceae Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem. 

Mimosaceae Adenanthera bicolor 

Mimosaceae Albizia splendens Corn. 

Mimosaceae Archidendron bubalinum Benth 

Mimosaceae Parkia singularis Miq. 

Mimosaceae Parkia speciosa Hassk. 

Mimosaceae Pithecellobium globosum 

Moraceae Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. 

Moraceae Artocarpus dadah Miq. 

Moraceae Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. 

Moraceae Artocarpus glaucus Bl. 

Moraceae Artocarpus integer Merr. 

Moraceae Artocarpus kemando Miq. 

Moraceae Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. 

Moraceae Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. griffithii 

Moraceae Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanc 

Moraceae Artocarpus tamaran 

Moraceae Ficus obscura 

Moraceae Parartocarpus brachatus 

Moraceae Parartocarpus venenosus 

Myristicaceae Gymnacranthera forbesii (King) Warb. 

Myristicaceae Horsfieldia brachiata 

Myristicaceae Horsfieldia grandis 

Myristicaceae Horsfieldia macrocoma 

Myristicaceae Knema cineria 

Myristicaceae Knema conferta 

29

Myristicaceae Knema elmeri 

Myristicaceae Knema furfuracea 

Myristicaceae Knema hookeriana 

Myristicaceae Knema latericia Elmer 

Myristicaceae Knema latifolia 

Myristicaceae Knema laurina (Blume) Warb. 

Myristicaceae Knema pallens De Willd. 

Myristicaceae Myristica iners Bl. 

Myristicaceae Myristica villosa Warb. 

Myrtaceae Tristania obovata R.Br. 

Ochnaceae Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis 

Olacaceae Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. 

Olacaceae Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. 

Olacaceae Strombosia ceylanica Gardner 

Oxalidaceae Sarcotheca acuminata Hall. f. 

Oxalidaceae Sarcotheca diversifolia (Miq.) Hallier f. 

Oxalidaceae Sarcotheca subtriplinervis Hal 

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum affine Korth. ex Miq. 

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum obscurum Benn. 

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum rufrum 

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum stipitatum Benn. 

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum vitellinum 

Rosaceae Parinari canariodes 

Rosaceae Prunus javanica (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. 

Rubiaceae Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) Walp. 

Rubiaceae Greenea hypoleuca 

Rubiaceae Ixora blumei Z. 

Rubiaceae Nauclea subdita Merr. 

Rubiaceae Porterandia anisophylla Jack. 

Rubiaceae Tarenna costata 

Sapindaceae Dimocarpus langan 

Sapindaceae Lepisanthes amonea 

Sapindaceae Nephelium cuspidatum 

Sapindaceae Nephelium maingayi 

Sapindaceae Nephelium mutabile Bl. 

Sapindaceae Paranephelium sumatranum 

Sapindaceae Pometia maingayi 

Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata Forst. 

Sapotaceae Madhuca borneensis 

Sapotaceae Madhuca kingiana 

Sapotaceae Madhuca lanateramula 

Sapotaceae Madhuca laurifolia 

Sapotaceae Madhuca magnifacia K. 

Sapotaceae Madhuca malaccensis 

Sapotaceae Madhuca mindanaensis 

Sapotaceae Madhuca pubicalyx 

Sapotaceae Madhuca sericea (Miq.) H.J. Lam 

Sapotaceae Madhuca sessilis 

Sapotaceae Madhuca valida 

Sapotaceae Palaquium beccarianum (Pierre) 

30

Sapotaceae Palaquium calophyllum 

Sapotaceae Palaquium dasyphyllum (de Vriese) Dubard 

Sapotaceae Palaquium dubardii 

Sapotaceae Palaquium eriocalyx H.J. Lam 

Sapotaceae Palaquium ferox H.J.L. 

Sapotaceae Palaquium gutta (Hook. f. ) Baillon 

Sapotaceae Palaquium hexandrum (Griff.) Baill. 

Sapotaceae Palaquium quercifolium (de Vriese) Burck 

Sapotaceae Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck 

Sapotaceae Palaquium sericeum 

Sapotaceae Palaquium stenophyllum H.J. Lam 

Sapotaceae Payena acuminata Pierre 

Sapotaceae Payena lucida (G. Don) DC. 

Simaroubaceae Allantospermum borneense 

Simaroubaceae Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex Bennett 

Sonneratiaceae Duabanga moluccana Blume 

Sterculiaceae Heritiera acuminata 

Sterculiaceae Heritiera elata Ridley 

Sterculiaceae Heritiera javanica 

Sterculiaceae Heritiera simplicifolia (Mast.) Kosterm. 

Sterculiaceae Heritiera sumatrana 

Sterculiaceae Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. 

Sterculiaceae Scaphium borneensis 

Sterculiaceae Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumee ex Heine 

Sterculiaceae Sterculia cordata 

Sterculiaceae Sterculia parviflora 

Sterculiaceae Sterculia rubiginosa 

Symplocaceae Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. 

Theaceae Adinandra borneensis Kobuski 

Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. 

Theaceae Tetramerista glabra Miq. 

Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. 

Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus affinis Airy Shaw 

Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus bancanus Kurz. 

Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus brunnescens Airy Shaw 

Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus macrophyllus A. Sha 

Tiliaceae Elaeocarpus stipularis Bl. 

Tiliaceae Grewia celtidifolia Juss. 

Tiliaceae Grewia crassifolia 

Tiliaceae Grewia fibrocarpa 

Tiliaceae Microcos cinnamomifolia Burr. 

Tiliaceae Microcos crassifolia 

Tiliaceae Microcos florida Burr. 

Tiliaceae Microcos pachylla Merr. 

Tiliaceae Microcos tomentosa Sm. 

Tiliaceae Pentace adenophora 

Tiliaceae Pentace borneensis 

Tiliaceae Pentace discolor 

Tiliaceae Pentace laxiflora Meer. 

Tiliaceae Pentace polyantha Hassk. 

31

Tiliaceae Pentace triptera Mast. 

Ulmaceae Gironniera nervosa Planch. 

Verbenaceae Geunsia pentandra Merr. 

Verbenaceae Teijsmanniodendron glabrum 

Verbenaceae Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum 

Verbenaceae Teijsmanniodendron simplicifol 

Verbenaceae Vitex pubescens Val. 

Verbenaceae Vitex velutina Kds. 

Verbenaceae Vitex vestita Wall. 

32

BERAU HERBARIUM

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