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ISSN 1409-3871<br />
<strong>VOL</strong>. <strong>12</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. 3 December, 20<strong>12</strong><br />
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORCHIDOLOGY
The Vice-Presidency of Research<br />
University of Costa riCa<br />
is sincerely acknowledged for his support<br />
to the printing of this volume
ISSN 1409-3871<br />
<strong>VOL</strong>. <strong>12</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. 3 DECEMBER 20<strong>12</strong><br />
A new and extraordinary Cyrtochilum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)<br />
from Colombia<br />
Giovanny Giraldo and StiG dalStröm<br />
A new Cyrtochilum (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) from Sierra Nevada<br />
de Santa Marta in Colombia<br />
StiG dalStröm<br />
Three new small-flowered Cyrtochilum species (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)<br />
from Colombia and Peru, and one new combination<br />
StiG dalStröm and Saul ruiz Pérez<br />
A well-known but previously misidentified Odontoglossum<br />
(Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) from Ecuador<br />
StiG dalStröm<br />
Ponthieva hermiliae, a new species of Orchidaceae in the Cordillera<br />
Yanachaga (Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru)<br />
luiS valenzuela Gamarra<br />
Species differentiation of slipper orchids using color image analysis<br />
erneSto Sanz, noreen von Cramon-taubadel and david l. robertS<br />
Estudio de la orquideoflora de la reserva privada Chicacnab,<br />
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala<br />
edGar alfredo mó mó y edGar armando ruiz Cruz<br />
Index of nex taxa and combinations published in Lankesteriana,<br />
vol. 10–<strong>12</strong> (2010–20<strong>12</strong>)<br />
Reviewers of the manuscripts submitted to Lankesteriana, vol. 10–<strong>12</strong><br />
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORCHIDOLOGY<br />
137<br />
143<br />
147<br />
155<br />
161<br />
165<br />
175<br />
191<br />
193
InternatIonal Journal on orchIdology<br />
Copyright © 20<strong>12</strong> Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica<br />
Effective publication date: December 28, 20<strong>12</strong><br />
Layout: Jardín Botánico Lankester.<br />
Cover: Odontoglossum furcatum Dalström (Ecuador. A. Hirtz 368). Photograph by S. Dalström.<br />
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R Lankesteriana / International Journal on Orchidology<br />
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ISSN-1409-3871<br />
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LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 137—142. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
A NEW AND EXTRAORDINARY CYRTOCHILUM (ORCHIDACEAE:<br />
ONCIDIINAE) FROM COLOMBIA<br />
Giovanny Giraldo 1 & StiG dalStröm 2,3<br />
1 Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive,<br />
Madison WI 53706-1381, U.S.A.<br />
2 2304 Ringling Boulevard, unit 119, Sarasota FL 34237, U.S.A.<br />
Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica<br />
and National Biodiversity Centre, Serbithang, Bhutan<br />
3 Corresponding author: stigdalstrom@juno.com<br />
abStraCt. A new species of Cyrtochilum from Antioquia, Colombia, is described and illustrated, and compared<br />
with the similar Ecuadorian C. cryptocopis and C. trifurcatum, but differs in having a different ventral structure<br />
and much narrower wings of the column, and also by the much broader frontlobe of the lip.<br />
key wordS: Cyrtochilum, Colombia, Oncidiinae, new species, taxonomy<br />
Despite two centuries of intense hunting for orchids<br />
in the Colombian wilderness, as well as extensive<br />
deforestation and urbanization, new and extraordinary<br />
species are found rather frequently. New and attractive<br />
species of Phragmipedium Rolfe have recently been<br />
described, and large numbers of showy pleurothallids<br />
in genera such as Dracula Luer, and Masdevallia Ruiz<br />
& Pav., as well as a plethora of other types of orchids<br />
never seem to stop appearing in the botanical literature.<br />
This paper describes a new Cyrtochilum Kunth, from<br />
the western cordillera where it was initially discovered<br />
by one of the authors (GG) as his attention was caught<br />
by the dancing brown and yellow flowers on the long<br />
pendant inflorescence while walking through the<br />
national preserve.<br />
Cyrtochilum betancurii G.Giraldo & Dalström sp.<br />
nov.<br />
TYPE: Colombia, Antioquia, Mun. Urrao. Parque<br />
Nacional Natural las Orquídeas, in cloud forest at<br />
1600-1800 m elevation. February 2, 2011. J. Betancur<br />
14882 (holotype, COL). Fig. 1—3.<br />
diaGnoSiS: Cyrtochilum betancurii is most similar to<br />
the Ecuadorian C. cryptocopis (Rchb.f.) Kraenzl. (Fig.<br />
4), and C. trifurcatum (Lindl.) Kraenzl. (Fig. 5), but<br />
has a different ventral structure and much narrower<br />
wings of the column, and also by the much broader<br />
frontlobe of the lip.<br />
Epiphytic herb. Pseudobulbs distant on a<br />
creeping, bracteate rhizome, oblong ovoid and slightly<br />
compressed, ca. 4.3 × 2.1 cm, unifoliate or bifoliate,<br />
surrounded basally by four to six distichous foliaceous<br />
sheaths. Leaves subpetiolate, conduplicate, obovate,<br />
acute, to ca. 40.0–50.0 × 5.0–6.0 cm. Inflorescence<br />
axillary from the uppermost sheath, erect then wiry,<br />
straight to loosely flexuous to ca. 2.80 m long panicle,<br />
with a basal longer branch, and then several widely<br />
spaced, short, few-flowered side-branches, carrying<br />
in total 16 to 18 flowers (although larger specimens<br />
with more flowers are likely to exist). Floral bracts<br />
appressed, scale like, ca. 1.0 × 0.6–0.7 cm. Pedicel<br />
with ovary ca. 4.5 cm long. Flowers stellate and showy;<br />
dorsal sepal dark brown with yellow border, basally<br />
auriculate, spathulate, broadly cordate, distinctly<br />
undulate, obtuse to acute and slightly oblique, 3.6 ×<br />
2.4 cm; lateral sepals dark brown, basally auriculate<br />
and connate for 6.0–8.0 mm, then spreading, elongate<br />
and narrowly spathulate, then cordate, slightly<br />
undulate, obtuse to rounded and slightly oblique, ca.<br />
7.4 × 2.3 cm; petals dark brown with a yellow border,<br />
broadly linear and shortly spathulate, then truncate<br />
to cordate, distinctly undulate, obtuse to acute and<br />
slightly oblique, ca. 2.5 × 1.8 cm; lip dark brown with<br />
yellow border and callus, rigidly attached to the base<br />
of the column through a narrow and terete claw, then<br />
truncate, distinctly pandurate with spreading, slightly<br />
oblique, broadly auriculate, slightly serrate lateral
138 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 1. Cyrtochilum betancurii. A. Plant habit. B. Flower, front view. C. Lip, ventral view. D. Column and lip, lateral<br />
view. E. Flower dissected. Drawn from holotype by Sarah Friedrich.<br />
lobes, and a ca. 4 mm broad isthmus below the widely<br />
spreading and broadly dolabriform, obtuse to acute,<br />
emarginate, revolute frontlobe, 1.8 × 1.8 cm; callus<br />
complex and fleshy, emerging near the base of the<br />
lateral lobes and extending for ca. 5 mm, consisting<br />
of an erect, table-like, tricarinate structure with several<br />
lateral, spreading denticles, with additional series of<br />
spreading tubercles or denticles on each side, and an<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
apical, central, longitudinal and triangular keel, with<br />
spreading, dorsally flattened, fleshy, lateral keels;<br />
column purplish brown, stout, erect in a ca. 90° angle<br />
from the base of the lip then slightly curved towards<br />
the lip near the apex, with a complex, protruding,<br />
terete, trilobate concavity on the ventral side below<br />
the stigma, and with a pair of clavate to obliquely and<br />
narrowly deltoid, or bilobed, spreading blackish purple
Giraldo and dalStröm — A new Cyrtochilum from Colombia 139<br />
A B<br />
fiGure 2. Cyrtochilum betancurii, flower in frontal (A) and lateral (B) views. Photo by G. Giraldo.<br />
fiGure 3. Cyrtochilum betancurii, detail of the column and<br />
lip, lateral view. Photo by G. Giraldo.<br />
wings on each side below the stigma; anthercap yellow<br />
and purplish, campanulate; pollinarium not seen.<br />
diStribution: Colombia, Antioquia, Mun. Urrao.<br />
Parque Nacional Natural las Orquídeas on the western<br />
cordillera.<br />
ePonymy: Named in honor of Julio Betancur, leader<br />
of the expedition to Parque Nacional Las Orquideas,<br />
and a renowned Colombian botanist with great<br />
experience and passion for tropical plants that has<br />
positively influenced a new generation of Colombian<br />
botanists.<br />
Cyrtochilum betancurii is only known from the<br />
type collection in the cloud forests of the western<br />
cordillera in Colombia. Because of its restricted<br />
location the authors recommend its protection until<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
140 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 4. Cyrtochilum cryptocopis. A. Column and lip, lateral view. B. Column, lateral and frontal views. C. Column, ventral<br />
view. D. Anther cap and pollinarium. E. Lip, spread. F. Flower dissected. Drawn from Dalström 2800 (SEL) by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
Giraldo and dalStröm — A new Cyrtochilum from Colombia 141<br />
fiGure 5. Cyrtochilum trifurcatum. A. Column and lip lateral view. B. Column lateral view. C. Column ventral view. D.<br />
Anther cap and pollinarium. E. Lip, spread. F. Flower dissected. Drawn from Dodson 14034 (SEL) by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
142 LANKESTERIANA<br />
more information about the species distribution can be<br />
gathered.<br />
aCknowledGmentS. The authors wish to thank the NSF<br />
funded project; Flora of Las Orquideas National Park (DEB<br />
1020623 to Pedraza), for funding the fieldwork and making<br />
specimens available, and also the New York Botanical<br />
Garden, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Unidad<br />
de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. In addition<br />
we especially thank Hector Velásquez and the park rangers<br />
for assisting in the logistics and successfully executing the<br />
field trip. We are very thankful to Sarah Friedrich, Media<br />
Specialist in the botany department at UW-Madison for<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
the preparation of the type illustration. The first author also<br />
thanks the botanists Julio Betancur, Paola Pedraza, Maríaa<br />
Fernanda González, and the photographer Fredy Gómez<br />
for their company and support, making the field trip an<br />
unf<strong>org</strong>ettable and enriching experience.<br />
literature Cited<br />
Dalström, S. 2010. Cyrtochilum Kunth, in Flora of Ecuador<br />
225(3): Orchidaceae; genera Cyrtochiloides–Epibator,<br />
by Calaway H. Dodson and Carl A. Luer. Department<br />
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of<br />
Gothenburg, Sweden.
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 143—145. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
A NEW CYRTOCHILUM (ORCHIDACEAE: ONCIDIINAE) FROM SIERRA<br />
NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA IN COLOMBIA<br />
StiG dalStröm<br />
2304 Ringling Boulevard, unit 119, Sarasota FL 34237, U.S.A.<br />
Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica<br />
and National Biodiversity Centre, Serbithang, Bhutan<br />
stigdalstrom@juno.com<br />
abStraCt. A new species of Cyrtochilum from the isolated region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia<br />
is described and illustrated, and compared with similar species. It is distinguished from other Cyrtochilum<br />
species by the violet color of the sepals and petals, in combination with the pandurate lip lamina with a large<br />
and protruding nose-like central callus keel.<br />
key wordS: Cyrtochilum, Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae, new species, Colombia, Santa Marta, Sierra Nevada,<br />
taxonomy<br />
During a past visit to the Marie Selby Botanical<br />
Gardens (MSBG) in Sarasota, Florida, Mariano Ospina<br />
brought a large number of dried orchid specimens for<br />
identification purposes, mainly from the National<br />
Herbarium of Colombia (COL) in Bogotá. The<br />
herbarium batch consisted of species that today are<br />
placed in many different genera, including Cyrtochilum<br />
Kunth, Erycina Lindl., Heteranthocidium Szlach.,<br />
Mytnik & Romowicz, Oncidium Sw., Otoglossum<br />
(Schltr.) Garay & Dunst., and Trichocentrum Poepp.<br />
& Endl. (the names of the genera vary depending on<br />
which taxonomist is consulted). During this project,<br />
which was a collaboration between Ospina and<br />
MSBG, I had the opportunity to analyze the material<br />
and encountered a Cyrtochilum species that was<br />
unknown to me. A drawing was made at the time of<br />
this unusual looking and most certainly quite attractive<br />
species. Eventually it became clear that it represented<br />
an undescribed species, which is described herein.<br />
Cyrtochilum violaceum Dalström, sp. nov.<br />
TYPE: Colombia, Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de Sta.<br />
Marta, Transecto del Alto Rio Buritaca, Cuchilla at<br />
2900 m, Lev. 29. Proyecto Desarrollo, 5 August 1977;<br />
R. Jaramillo M. et al. 5366 (holotype, COL). fiG. 1.<br />
diaGnoSiS: Cyrtochilum violaceum is distinguished<br />
from other Cyrtochilum species by the violet color of<br />
the sepals and petals, in combination with a pandurate<br />
lip lamina with a large and protruding nose-like central<br />
callus keel, which is similar to the not closely related<br />
Oncidium mantense Dodson & R.Estrada. Cyrtochilum<br />
violaceum differs from the similarly colored and<br />
closely related Cyrtochilum undulatum Kunth [syn: C.<br />
<strong>org</strong>yale (Rchb.f. & Warsc.) Kraenzl.] by the pandurate<br />
lip lamina, the cleft and distinct frontal angles of the<br />
stout column, and the pair of digitate or narrowly<br />
clavate wings on each side below the stigmatic surface,<br />
versus a triangular lip lamina, and a more slender and<br />
sigmoid column of the latter species with short angular<br />
knobs only, or without wings altogether.<br />
Epiphytic herb. Pseudobulbs caespitose to<br />
creeping on a bracteate rhizome, ovoid, ca. 5 × 2<br />
cm, bifoliate, surrounded basally by 7 to 8 distichous<br />
sheaths, the uppermost foliaceous. Leaves subpetiolate,<br />
conduplicate, elliptic to slightly obovate, narrowly<br />
acute, ca. 16–17 × 2 cm. Inflorescence axillary from<br />
the uppermost sheath, an erect to arching, to ca. 70<br />
cm long loosely flexuous panicle, with widely spaced<br />
3 to 4 flexuous, 2– to 4–flowered side-branches (up<br />
to 6 or more flowers on 7 branches have been noted<br />
on an additional specimen). Floral bracts large and<br />
conspicous, involute and cucullate, ca. 10–15 mm<br />
long. Pedicel with ovary 20–25 mm long. Flowers<br />
apparently open and stellate; dorsal sepal violet,<br />
shortly spathulate, then truncate and broadly ovate<br />
to elliptic laminate, obtuse, slightly undulate, ca.
144 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 1. Cyrtochilum violaceum. A. Plant habit. B. Column and lip lateral view. C. Lip dorsal view. D. Column lateral view.<br />
E. Pollinia and stipe. F. Flower dissected. Drawn from holotype by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
25 × 18 mm; lateral sepals similar in color, slightly<br />
obliquely spathulate, then obliquely cordate, broadly<br />
and weakly pandurate laminate, obtuse, ca. 25 × 15<br />
mm; petals similar in color, almost sessile, truncate to<br />
cordate, then broadly ovate and rounded obtuse with<br />
a canaliculate acute, almost folded apex, ca. 20 × 13<br />
mm; lip rigidly attached to the base of the column<br />
and angled downwards, truncate to cordate, pandurate<br />
with obtuse triangular lateral lobes, and a rounded<br />
and slightly concave, weakly bilobed to minutely<br />
apiculate frontlobe, ca. 10 × 8 mm; callus yellow, of<br />
a fleshy denticulate structure emerging from the base<br />
and extending to almost half the length of the lamina,<br />
with several spreading lower lateral denticles and a<br />
dominating, projecting, laterally compressed, noselike<br />
central keel; anthercap not seen; pollinarium of<br />
two globose cleft pollinia on a ca. 2 mm long and<br />
narrow stipe on a pulvinate viscidium.<br />
ParatyPe: Colombia, Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de<br />
Sta. Marta, Transecto del Alto Rio Buritaca, Cuchilla<br />
dalStröm — A new Cyrtochilum from Santa Marta, Colombia 145<br />
at 2700 m, Lev. 27. Proyecto Desarrollo, 2 August<br />
1977, R. Jaramillo M. et al. 5352 (COL).<br />
diStribution: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.<br />
etymoloGy: Named in reference to the main color of<br />
the flower.<br />
Cyrtochilum violaceum is so far only reported<br />
from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region in<br />
northern Colombia. The poorly explored forests of<br />
this isolated mountain are likely to contain a large<br />
number of endemic species, both in the fauna and<br />
the flora. Several attractive orchid species have been<br />
described from there that are found nowhere else, such<br />
as Odontoglossum naevium Lindl., and O. nevadense.<br />
Rchb.f.<br />
aCknowledGment. I wish to thank Mariano Ospina for<br />
bringing the specimens to the US, and thus making them<br />
available to the author. I also wish to thank Wesley Higgins<br />
for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
LANKESTERIANA
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 147—153. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
THREE NEW SMALL-FLOWERED CYRTOCHILUM SPECIES<br />
(ORCHIDACEAE: ONCIDIINAE) FROM COLOMBIA AND PERU,<br />
AND ONE NEW COMBINATION<br />
StiG dalStröm 1,3 & Saul ruíz Pérez 2<br />
1 2304 Ringling Boulevard, unit 119, Sarasota FL 34237, U.S.A.<br />
Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica<br />
and National Biodiversity Centre, Serbithang, Bhutan<br />
2 Allamanda 142, Surco, Lima 33, Peru<br />
3 Corresponding author: stigdalstrom@juno.com<br />
abStraCt. Three new small-flowered Cyrtochilum species from Colombia and Peru are here described, illustrated<br />
and compared with similar species, and with one new taxonomic combination. The first species differs from all<br />
other Cyrtochilum species by the curved horn-like structures on the lip callus. The second species differs from<br />
its most similar relative by a larger flower with a different column structure. The third species is distinguished<br />
by the three horn-like knobs at the apex of the column.<br />
key wordS: Cyrtochilum, Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae, new combination, new species, Colombia, Peru, taxonomy<br />
The Andean orchid genus Cyrtochilum Kunth, is<br />
rapidly growing in number of species as previously<br />
unexplored areas are targeted for botanical inventories,<br />
sometimes into areas that have been, or still are,<br />
considered “dangerous” by governments for various<br />
reasons. In other cases, new species are found in<br />
herbaria where they have been laying undetermined in<br />
peaceful anonymity for years. This article presents two<br />
new species from the Cusco and Ayacucho regions in<br />
Peru, which has been terrorized by the Maoist guerilla<br />
known as “Sendero Luminoso” (Shining Path) for<br />
many years. Today smaller factions of this violent group<br />
apparently still control remote bases in the mountains<br />
between the city of Ayacucho and the Apurimac river to<br />
the east. What is left of the terrorist-like <strong>org</strong>anization is<br />
suspected to work as mercenaries for the illegal cocaine<br />
drug industry, also established in the region. In other<br />
words, this particular area is best given a wide berth!<br />
The third species described in this article is also from<br />
an area that until very recently was considered very<br />
dangerous to visit due to the activities of the FARC<br />
guerilla in Colombia. Great work has been done by the<br />
Colombian government, however, to clear most of the<br />
country from the dangers caused by this group.<br />
Cyrtochilum corniculatum Dalström, sp. nov.<br />
TYPE: Colombia. Antioquia, Yarumal, Km 87 along<br />
road Medellín-Yarumal, Llanos de Cuiba [Cuiva], 2750<br />
m, <strong>12</strong> Sep. 1984, C. Dodson et al. 15264 (holotype,<br />
RPSC; isotype, MO). fiG. 1.<br />
diaGnoSiS: Cyrtochilum corniculatum differs from<br />
all other small-flowered Cyrtochilum species by<br />
the combination of a column with two large ventral,<br />
lamellate angles, and a cordate, cupulate lip with a<br />
callus of two basal, falcate corniculate denticles.<br />
Epiphytic herb. Pseudobulbs apparently<br />
caespitose, subtended basally by 8 to 10 distichous<br />
sheaths, the uppermost foliaceous, ovoid, unifoliate or<br />
bifoliate, 8.0–9.0 × 2.5–3.0 cm. Leaves subpetiolate,<br />
conduplicate, obovate, acuminate, ca. 36.0–40.0 ×<br />
2.8–3.0 cm. Inflorescences multiple, axillary from<br />
the bases of the uppermost sheaths, wiry to ca. 1.5 m<br />
or longer panicles, with widely spaced, fractiflex or<br />
flexuous, 3 to 8-flowered side-branches. Floral bracts<br />
appressed, scale-like, 5.0–20.0 mm long. Pedicel<br />
with ovary 7.0–15.0 mm long. Flower stellate; dorsal<br />
sepal pinkish brown, shortly unguiculate to cuneate,<br />
elliptic to obovate laminate, obtuse to acute, 10.0–15.0<br />
× 6.0–7.0 mm; lateral sepals similar in color, shortly<br />
unguiculate to narrowly cuneate, obovate laminate,<br />
acute, <strong>12</strong>.0–13.0 × 5.0–6.0 mm; petals similar in color,<br />
unguiculate, slightly obliquely ovate laminate, obtuse<br />
to acute, 10.0–<strong>12</strong>.0 × 5.0 mm; lip similar in color,
148 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 1. Cyrtochilum corniculatum. A. Plant habit. B. Flower lateral view. C. Column, lateral and ventral views, and<br />
pollinarium. D. Flower dissected. Drawn from holotype by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
dalStröm and ruíz Pérez — Three new species of Cyrtochilum from Colombia and Peru 149<br />
rigidly fused to the base of the column and angled<br />
downwards in a ca. 135° angle, cordate to weakly<br />
trilobate, with spreading, rounded side lobes, and a<br />
cupulate involute, emarginate front lobe, ca. 10.0 × 5.0<br />
mm; callus yellow, of a low basal swelling with a pair<br />
of forward projecting, falcate corniculate denticles;<br />
column stout, erect, with a pair of ventral, forward<br />
projecting, laterally flattened and slightly incurved<br />
angles, and a truncate apex, ca. 5.0 mm long; anther<br />
cap not seen; pollinarium of two globose, cleft, or<br />
folded, pollinia on a minute ca. 0.7 mm long stipe, on<br />
a 0.5 mm long, pulvinate viscidium.<br />
ParatyPe: Colombia. Cundinamarca (?), “Bogota”,<br />
“Falkenberg” s.n.; the quoted information is marked<br />
with question marks on the herbarium sheet (W 15932).<br />
diStribution: Recorded from the Llanos de Cuiva area<br />
in the central cordillera of the Colombian Andes, at an<br />
elevation of 2750 m, and once (questionable) from the<br />
eastern cordillera, possibly somewhere near Bogota.<br />
etymoloGy: Named in reference to the falcate, hornlike<br />
denticles of the lip callus.<br />
Cyrtochilum corniculatum is only known from<br />
two collections, which is remarkable since it comes<br />
from rather heavily collected regions. The habitat is<br />
epiphytic in patches of upper elevation cloud forest,<br />
in rather deforested areas. The insignificant pinkish<br />
brown flowers on long and wiry inflorescences may<br />
have contributed to the plant not being observed or<br />
appreciated by previous collectors.<br />
Cyrtochilum russellianum Dalström & Ruíz-Pérez,<br />
sp. nov.<br />
TYPE: Peru. Ayacucho, La Mar, Aina, Calicanto,<br />
humid cloudforest at 2500-2600 m, collected by S.<br />
Ruíz, J. Valer and S. Dalström of Peruflora, 5 Dec.<br />
2010, S. Dalström 3415 (holotype, USM). fiG. 2.<br />
diaGnoSiS: Cyrtochilum russellianum is most similar<br />
to the sympatric Cyrtochilum carinatum (Königer<br />
& Deburghgr.) Dalström, comb. nov. (Basionym:<br />
Trigonochilum carinatum Königer & Deburghgr.,<br />
Arcula 19: 430. 2010), but differs primarily in having a<br />
larger flower without the well-developed dorsal column<br />
ridge, which ends in a distinct apical knob, typical for<br />
C. carinatum. It differs from the also sympatric C.<br />
sharoniae Dalström, by the light rose flowers versus<br />
dark blackish purple flowers of the latter species.<br />
Epiphytic herb. Pseudobulbs caespitose, ovoid,<br />
unifoliate or bifoliate, surrounded basally by<br />
distichous, foliaceous sheaths. Leaves subpetiolate,<br />
conduplicate (no vegetative parts exist in the type<br />
specimen. The relatively large type plant was examined<br />
but unfortunately not measured). Inflorescence axillary<br />
from the uppermost sheaths, erect, then more or less<br />
wiry, to ca. 1.8–2.0 m long panicle with widely spaced<br />
4- to 6-flowered flexuous side-branches. Floral bracts<br />
appressed, scale-like ca. 3.0–5.0 mm long. Pedicel with<br />
ovary triangular in cross-section and slightly winged,<br />
ca. 25 mm long. Flower stellate with more or less<br />
deflexed segments; dorsal sepal white almost covered<br />
by pale rose blotches, spathulate, elliptic laminate,<br />
acute, slightly undulate, <strong>12</strong>.0 × 5.0 mm; lateral sepals<br />
similar in color, spathulate, ovate laminate, obtuse,<br />
slightly oblique ca. <strong>12</strong>.0 × 4.0 mm; petals similar in<br />
color, shortly spathulate, obliquely obovate to rotund<br />
laminate, acuminate, 10.0 × 6.0 mm; lip whitish to<br />
pale yellowish with pale brown to purple spots, rigidly<br />
attached to the base of the column, hastate, triangular<br />
with distinctly angled side lobes and an obtuse slightly<br />
revolute, recurved and apically convolute front lobe,<br />
ca. 10.0 × 7.0 mm; callus pale yellowish with brown<br />
spots, of a fleshy, multidentate structure, extending<br />
from the base to about half the length of the lamina,<br />
with spreading, rounded knobs, and ending in a central,<br />
slightly larger rounded denticle, with two lateral,<br />
spreading, short, knoblike denticles; column lilac,<br />
erect, almost straight to slightly sigmoid, with a basal,<br />
ventral knoblike swelling, and then with two spreading<br />
ventral angles below the stigmatic surface, ca. 4.5–5.0<br />
mm long; anther cap red, globular; pollinarium of two<br />
elongate pyriform, cleft, or folded pollinia on a minute<br />
linear stipe, on a micro-minute pulvinate viscidium.<br />
diStribution: Cyrtochilum russellianum is only known<br />
from a single locality; the upper elevation cloudforests<br />
near the village of Calicanto, east of Ayacucho, Peru,<br />
in the centre of the former terrorist controlled area, at<br />
ca 2500 to 2600 m, where it is protected by some very<br />
suspicious and probably battle hardened villagers.<br />
ePonymy: Named in honor and gratitude of Russell F.<br />
Stephens Jr., of Sarasota, Florida, who has supported<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
150 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 2. Cyrtochilum russellianum. A. Flower lateral and frontal views. B. Column lateral and ventral views. C. Anther cap<br />
and pollinarium. D. Flower dissected. Drawn from holotype by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
dalStröm and ruíz Pérez — Three new species of Cyrtochilum from Colombia and Peru 151<br />
orchid research by establishing the Friends of Orchid<br />
Research Fund (with a particular interest in the orchid<br />
flora of Bhutan and Peru), administrated by the<br />
Community Foundation of Sarasota County.<br />
Cyrtochilum russellianum is similar to and<br />
flowers simultaneously with the sympatric and pale<br />
pink-flowered C. carinatum, but differs in the larger<br />
flower without a distinct dorsal keel and apical knob<br />
on the column. The similarly small flowered C.<br />
sharoniae also grows sympatrically in the same area<br />
and flowers simultaneously with C. carinatum and C.<br />
russellianum, but differs in the dark purple to almost<br />
blackish flowers. All three species have lilac columns,<br />
a very unusual and interesting circumstance. The<br />
vegetative differences, however, are clear between the<br />
three species. The pseudobulbs in C. russellianum are<br />
normally green, while in C. carinatum the base of the<br />
pseudobulbs as well as the base of the new growths<br />
are dark purplish in the wild. The pseudobulbs in C.<br />
sharoniae are typically dark green and the leaves have<br />
a whitish wax-like coating, similar to some unrelated<br />
plants with a pendent habit, such as Euchile citrina<br />
(Lex.) Withner, and Masdevallia caesia Roezl.<br />
Cyrtochilum tricornis Dalström & Ruíz-Pérez, sp.<br />
nov.<br />
TYPE: Peru. Cusco, Quillabamba, Rio Chullapi<br />
Reserva, 2000—2200 m, field collected by Luis<br />
Valenzuela and his team from the Cusco University,<br />
with J. Sönnemark and S. Dalström, 9 Dec. 2002, S.<br />
Dalström et al. 2699 (holotype, CUZ). fiG. 3.<br />
diaGnoSiS: Cyrtochilum tricornis is most similar to<br />
C. cimiciferum (Rchb.f.) Dalström, and Cyrtochilum<br />
macropus (Linden & Rchb.f.) Kraenzl., but differs<br />
from both by the much smaller floral bracts, the<br />
pandurate lip lamina and the three distinct horn-like<br />
structures at the apex of the column.<br />
Epiphytic herb. Pseudobulbs caespitose, ovoid,<br />
bifoliate, 9.0–11.0 × 1.5–2.0 cm, surrounded basally<br />
by 6 to 8 distichous sheaths, the uppermost foliaceous.<br />
Leaves subpetiolate, conduplicate, elliptic to obovate,<br />
narrowly acute to acuminate, 29.0–35.0 × 1.0–2.0<br />
cm. Inflorescence 1 or 2, axillary from the uppermost<br />
sheaths, erect to arching, almost straight to slightly<br />
flexuous apically, to ca. 130 cm long panicle, with many<br />
widely spaced, almost straight to slightly flexuous, 3-<br />
to 6-flowered side-branches. Floral bracts appressed,<br />
scale-like, ventrally pubescent, acute, 5.0–10.0 mm<br />
long. Pedicel with ovary 20.0–25.0 mm long. Flowers<br />
stellate with deflexed segments; dorsal sepal yellow<br />
with brown spots, unguiculate to spathulate, obovate to<br />
elliptic laminate, obtuse, weakly undulate, and slightly<br />
revolute, ca. 10.0 × 4.0–5.0 mm; lateral sepals similar<br />
in color, spathulate, narrowly and obliquely ovate to<br />
elliptic laminate, obtuse, 15.0 × 6.0 mm; petals similar<br />
in color, broadly unguiculate, broadly and slightly<br />
obliquely ovate, almost rotundate laminate, obtuse, ca.<br />
10.0 × 6.0 mm; lip similar in color, rigidly attached to<br />
the base of the column, basally hastate, trilobate and<br />
pandurate with distinct lateral angles, and a rounded,<br />
concave, strongly reflexed front lobe, ca. 10.0 × 6.0–<br />
7.0 mm; callus yellow, of a fleshy, tricarinate structure,<br />
emerging from the base of the lip and longitudinally<br />
extending for about 4.0–5.0 mm, the lateral ridges<br />
being shorter and ending in blunt, slightly spreading<br />
angles, and the central ridge ending in a slightly<br />
swollen, rounded knob; column basally green, then<br />
purplish or brownish, apically yellow, erect in a ca. 90º<br />
angle from the base of the lip, stout, straight, with two<br />
diffuse spreading, lateral angles, and one central fleshy<br />
keel below the stigmatic surface, and three apical<br />
horn-like structures, 4–5 mm long; anther cap dark<br />
orange to red, with a yellow dorsal stripe, campanulate<br />
and minutely papillose; pollinarium of two elongate<br />
pyriform, cleft, or folded, pollinia on a minute, less<br />
than 0.5 mm long broadly linear, or rectangular, stipe<br />
on a minute, almost triangulate, pulvinate viscidium.<br />
ParatyPeS: Peru. Pasco, Paucartambo, Ulcumayo,<br />
Anexo Yaupi, ca. 2000—2200 m, humid forest at ca<br />
1800—2000 m, field collected by S. Ruíz s.n., and<br />
flowered in cultivation at Perúflora, 26 Dec. 2011,<br />
S. Dalström 3493 (USM). Same area, 5 km south<br />
of Oxapampa, ca. 1800 m, 30-31 Jan. 1979, C. &<br />
J. Luer 3817, 3837 (SEL). Same area. Oxapampa,<br />
Chontabamba, <strong>12</strong>00 m, 17 July 1996, J. del Castillo<br />
s.n., ex D. E. Bennett 7672; illustration in Icones<br />
Orchidacearum Peruviarum, pl. 533 (1998), as<br />
“Oncidium saltabundum” (<strong>No</strong> preserved specimen<br />
found).<br />
diStribution: This species is only known from<br />
montane areas in the departments of Pasco and Cusco<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
152 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 3. Cyrtochilum tricornis. A. Plant habit. B. Flower lateral view. C. Column lateral and ventral views, and anther cap.<br />
D. Pollinarium, with front and lateral views of the stipe. E. Flower dissected. Drawn from holotype by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
dalStröm and ruíz Pérez — Three new species of Cyrtochilum from Colombia and Peru 153<br />
in central Peru where it occurs as an epiphyte in open<br />
and humid forests at <strong>12</strong>00-2200 m elevation.<br />
etymoloGy: The name refers to the three horn-like<br />
structures at the apex of the column.<br />
Cyrtochilum macropus has in previous treatments<br />
been considered as a synonym of C. cimiciferum<br />
(Dalström, 2001), but recent examinations of additional<br />
field-collected material and the holotypes show that it<br />
should be treated as a distinct species.<br />
literature Cited<br />
aCknowledGment. The authors wish to thank the staff<br />
at the Instituto Recursos Naturales (INRENA), and<br />
Betty Millán at the Universidad de San Marcos, Museo<br />
de Historia Natural, Lima, for aiding in providing the<br />
necessary collecting permits. We also wish to thank the staff<br />
at the herbaria of CUZ, MO, MOL, SEL and USM, for their<br />
assistance in the examinations of preserved plant specimens.<br />
We also thank Wesley Higgins for viewing and commenting<br />
on the manuscript, Jan Sönnemark of Halmstad, Sweden,<br />
for great field company and support, and the Perúflora staff<br />
together with the Manuel Arias family in Lima for generous<br />
logistic support.<br />
Dalström, S. – 2001. A synopsis of the genus Cyrtochilum (Orchidaceae; Oncidiinae): Taxonomic reevaluation and new<br />
combinations. Lindleyana 16(2): 56-80.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
LANKESTERIANA
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 155—160. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
A WELL-KNOWN BUT PREVIOUSLY MISIDENTIFIED ODONTOGLOSSUM<br />
(ORCHIDACEAE: ONCIDIINAE) FROM ECUADOR<br />
StiG dalStröm<br />
2304 Ringling Boulevard, unit 119, Sarasota FL 34237, U.S.A.<br />
Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica<br />
and National Biodiversity Centre, Serbithang, Bhutan<br />
stigdalstrom@juno.com<br />
abStraCt. A previously misidentified species of Odontoglossum (Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae), from the botanically<br />
well explored western slopes of mount Pichincha in Ecuador is described and illustrated, and compared with<br />
similar species. The new species is most similar to O. cristatum, but differs in a larger plant habit with larger<br />
flowers that present a longer and straighter column with bifurcate wings, versus a more slender and more curved<br />
column with triangular, falcate column wings of O. cristatum.<br />
key wordS: Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae, Odontoglossum, new species, Pichincha, Ecuador, taxonomy<br />
The genus Odontoglossum Kunth, (treated by<br />
some authors as Oncidium) consists of some of the<br />
most stunningly beautiful orchids that exist, and that<br />
have appealed to, and mesmerized not only orchid<br />
people around the world for almost two centuries.<br />
Odontoglossum species are also some of the most<br />
difficult to define taxonomically due to a variety<br />
of reasons. Their’ impressive natural variation and<br />
floral plasticity may be the very reason why they are<br />
so attractive to growers but also turn taxonomy into<br />
a serious befuddlement. The species described here<br />
has been known to orchid collectors and growers<br />
for a long time but hiding under a different name,<br />
“Odontoglossum cristatum” (e.g. Bockemühl 1989:<br />
56–58). Although our new species resembles the true<br />
O. cristatum Lindl., and a couple of other similar<br />
species in several aspects, it can be distinguished by a<br />
unique combination of features. Each feature may be<br />
shared by one or several other species but not in the<br />
same combination.<br />
Odontoglossum furcatum Dalström, sp. nov.<br />
TYPE: Ecuador. Pichincha: Near Tandapi, at 1800 m,<br />
Oct. 1982. A. Hirtz 368 (holotype, SEL). fiG. 1,, 2, 3C,<br />
2C1.<br />
diaGnoSiS: Odontoglossum furcatum is most similar to<br />
O. cristatum Lindl. (Fig. 3A, 3A1, 4), which occurs<br />
further to the south in Ecuador, near the towns of<br />
Zaruma and Paccha at a similarly low elevation (<strong>12</strong>00–<br />
1500 m), but differs in a larger plant habit with larger<br />
flowers that present a longer and straighter column with<br />
the typical bifurcated wings, versus a more slender and<br />
more curved column with triangular, shark-fin shaped,<br />
falcate column wings of O. cristatum. Odontoglossum<br />
hallii Lindl. (Fig 3D, 3D1, 5), has similar bifurcate<br />
column wings but occurs at much higher elevations,<br />
generally around 2800–3200 m, and exhibits larger<br />
flowers with a much broader, often pandurate, deeply<br />
lacerate lip. Odontoglossum cristatellum Rchb.f. (Fig.<br />
3B, 3B1, 6), also exists at a higher elevation, generally<br />
between 2500–3000 m, and has a shorter and stouter<br />
column with broad, usually rectangular wings.<br />
Epiphytic herb. Pseudobulbs caespitose, ancipitous,<br />
slightly compressed, glossy, ovoid, bifoliate, ca. 7.0 ×<br />
2.5–3.0 cm, surrounded basally by 7 to 9 distichous<br />
sheaths, the uppermost foliaceous. Leaves subpetiolate,<br />
conduplicate, narrowly obovate to elliptic, acuminate,<br />
20.0–28.0 × 1.8–2.0 cm. Inflorescences axillary from<br />
the base of the uppermost sheaths, suberect and<br />
arching to subpendent, to ca. 45 cm long, weakly<br />
flexuous to almost straight, to ca. 10 flowered racemes.<br />
Floral bracts appressed and scale-like, 5–15 mm long.<br />
Pedicel and ovary 20–30 mm long. Flowers relatively<br />
large, stellate to slightly campanulate, showy and<br />
scented but not overly pleasantly; dorsal sepal pale<br />
yellow with brown spots and markings, ovate to<br />
elliptic, slightly obliquely acuminate, entire, 40–45 ×<br />
<strong>12</strong>–14 mm; lateral sepals similar in color, unguiculate,
156 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 1. Odontoglossum furcatum. A. Plant habit. B. Column and lip lateral view. C. Lip front view. D. Column lateral<br />
view. E. Column ventral view. F. Anthercap and pollinia dorsal, lateral and back view. G. Flower dissected. Drawn from<br />
holotype by Stig Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
fiGure 2. Odontoglossum furcatum, inflorescence from the<br />
plant that served as the holotype. Photo by S. Dalström.<br />
obliquely ovate, acuminate, entire, ca. 40 × <strong>12</strong> mm;<br />
petals similar in color, unguiculate, obliquely ovate,<br />
acuminate, entire, ca. 40 ×14 mm; lip similar in color,<br />
attached to the basal and lateral flanks of the column for<br />
ca. 4 mm, then free via a flat and narrow strap-like, ca.<br />
2 mm long claw, then widening into short erect lateral<br />
lobes, then distinctly angled downwards into a large,<br />
cordate to broadly ovate, slightly crenulate or serrate,<br />
obtuse, apically convolute and acuminate lip lamina,<br />
ca. 35 × 16–17 mm; callus white to pale yellow with<br />
red-brown longitudinal stripes and spots, consisting<br />
of evenly spreading laterally flattened, fleshy keels,<br />
becoming larger towards the center and with additional<br />
uneven dorsal angles and fleshy tendrils; column white<br />
with some brown markings apically, erect, elongate,<br />
slightly curved downwards towards the apex, with<br />
lateral keels emerging basally and extending to, and<br />
angled just beneath the stigma, and with generally<br />
distinct and slightly variable bifurcate apical wings,<br />
ca. 20 mm long; anthercap campanulate rostrate with a<br />
dalStröm — A new Odontoglossum from Pichincha, Ecuador 157<br />
dorsal lobule; pollinarium of two cleft/folded pyriform<br />
pollinia on an elongate rectangular, apically obtuse ca.<br />
3.5–4.0 mm long stipe, on a conspicuously hooked<br />
pulvinate viscidium.<br />
ParatyPeS: Ecuador. Carchi: Maldonado, 1800 m, without<br />
date, A. Andreetta 0230 (SEL). Pichincha: Andes of Quito,<br />
ca. 2300 m, August without date, W. Jameson 35 (K). Mt.<br />
Pichincha, 4100-4500 m[?; improbable altitude-probably<br />
feet], 17 Aug. 1923, A. S. Hitchkock 21934 (US). Above<br />
Tandapi, 1550 m, 14 Mar. 1982, S. Dalström 161 (SEL).<br />
Km 80 along road Quito–Santo Domingo, 1500 m, 27 Sept.<br />
1980, C. H. Dodson et al. 10557 (MO, RPSC, SEL). Same<br />
area, 1800 m, 20 June 1985, C. H. & T. Dodson 15855<br />
(MO). Tandayapa, road <strong>No</strong>no–Nanegal, 2000 m, collected<br />
and flowered in cultivation by A. Andreetta, 25 Feb. 1982,<br />
C. H. Dodson <strong>12</strong>859 (SEL). Ca 6 km SE of Nanegal, 2000<br />
m, 6 Sept. 1993, G. L. Webster et al. 30382 (UC-Davis).<br />
Mindo, collected Dec. 1992 and flowered in cultivation<br />
by J. Sönnemark in 1993 without date, S. Dalström 2065<br />
(SEL). Imbabura: Above Garcia Moreno, 1800 m, collected<br />
and flowered in cultivation by J. Sönnemark, Dec. 1992,<br />
S. Dalström et al. 2070 (SEL). Cotopaxi: Pujilí, Reserva<br />
Ecológica Los Illinizas, sector 11, sector Chuspitambo,<br />
W of Choasilli, 0°58’42” S, 79°06’22”W, 1760 m, 3 Aug.<br />
2003, P. Silverstone-Sopkin et al. 9736 (CUVC, SEL). La<br />
Maná, Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas, sector El Oriente,<br />
access from Carmela, 0°40’18”S, 78°04’45”W, 1572 m,<br />
14 July 2003, P. Silverstone-Sopkin et al. 9155 (CUVC,<br />
SEL).<br />
diStribution: <strong>No</strong>rthwestern slopes of the Andes in<br />
Ecuador, at 1500–2300 m.<br />
etymoloGy: The name refers to the furcated (forked)<br />
column wings.<br />
The earliest examined documentation of<br />
Odontoglossum furcatum is a nineteenth century<br />
collection by William Jameson from the “Andes of<br />
Quito”, deposited at Kew. It shows a compact plant with<br />
a short inflorescence carrying two flowers and one bud,<br />
mounted between two specimens of O. hallii. This O.<br />
furcatum specimen was determined as “Odontoglossum<br />
cristatum” by Bockemühl in 1985. Indeed, these two<br />
species are closely related and resemble each other in<br />
several ways. The type of O. cristatum was collected by<br />
Theodore Hartweg in southern Ecuador near the town<br />
of Paccha, perhaps contemporary with the Jameson<br />
collection, and it has been observed in recent years by<br />
Dalström, growing at <strong>12</strong>00–1500 m, an uncommonly<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
158 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 3. A. Odontoglossum cristatum (C. Dodson 13168, SEL), flower dissected; A1. Column lateral and ventral views.<br />
B. Odontoglossum cristatellum (S. Dalström 556, SEL) , flower dissected; B1. Column lateral and ventral views. C.<br />
Odontoglossum furcatum (A. Hirtz 368, SEL), flower dissected; C1. Column lateral and ventral views. D. Odontoglossum<br />
hallii (S. Dalström 650, SEL), flower dissected; D1. Column lateral and ventral views. Drawn by Stig Dalström.<br />
low altitude for the genus. The flowers of O. cristatum<br />
are smaller in general and the column more slender<br />
and with differently shaped wings than O. furcatum.<br />
Although some natural variation occur in both species<br />
and occasional plants have been found that resemble<br />
intermediate forms, plants displaying the typical<br />
morphology of O. cristatum are not sympatric with O.<br />
furcatum. The bifurcate column wings of O. furcatum<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
strongly resemble the wings of O. halli, which is a<br />
higher elevation species that displays larger flowers<br />
with a very different looking lip that easily separates<br />
the two taxa. Odontoglossum cristatellum may<br />
superficially resemble O. furcatum but is distinguished<br />
by the stout column with broad, generally rectangle<br />
column wings. Occasionally O. cristatellum can have<br />
more triangular column wings, resembling those of O.
fiGure 4. Odontoglossum cristatum. Ecuador. El Oro, S.<br />
Dalstrúom 962. Photograph by S. Dalström.<br />
dalStröm — A new Odontoglossum from Pichincha, Ecuador 159<br />
fiGure 5. Odontoglossum hallii. Ecuador. Imbabura, S.<br />
Dalstrúom 738. Photograph by S. Dalström.<br />
fiGure 6. Odontoglossum cristatellum. Ecuador. Loja, S. Dalström 2772. Photograph by S. Dalström.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
160 LANKESTERIANA<br />
cristatum and occasionally some intermediate forms<br />
are seen, possibly resulting from natural hybridization<br />
in areas where the two species occur in reasonably<br />
close proximity, a phenomenon often reported in<br />
Odontoglossum.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
aCknowledGment I wish to thank Wesley Higgins for<br />
viewing and commenting on the manuscript.<br />
literature Cited<br />
Bockemühl, L. 1989. Odontoglossum, a monograph<br />
and iconograph. Brücke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow,<br />
Hildesheim, Germany.
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 161—164. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
PONTHIEVA HERMILIAE, A NEW SPECIES OF ORCHIDACEAE IN THE<br />
CORDILLERA YANACHAGA (OXAPAMPA, PASCO, PERU)<br />
luiS valenzuela Gamarra<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden. Prolongación Bolognesi Mz. E Lote 6, Oxapampa-Pasco, Perú<br />
luis_gin@yahoo.es<br />
abStraCt. A new species of Ponthieva was found in the mountains of Yanachaga Chemillén, on a pre-montane<br />
forest at 1400 m in the central jungle of Peru. It is similar to P. pilosissima, but can be distinguished by the<br />
presence of a callus on the lip and by the color of the petals, which are boldly veined in P. pilosissima and<br />
inconspicuously striped in P. hermiliae.<br />
key wordS: Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae, Ponthieva, new species, Peru, Yanachaga<br />
The Orchidaceae family amazes most researchers<br />
because of its great diversity, with more than 28,000<br />
species worldwide (Govaerts et al. 20<strong>12</strong>). Just below<br />
2,900 have been reported to grow in Peru (Zelenko &<br />
Bermudez 2009), however, considering the vastness<br />
of the territory and diversity in complex ecosystems,<br />
those numbers will probably increase. The Cordillera<br />
Yanachaga Chemillén, located in the Oxapampa<br />
province, is a region that has remained unexplored<br />
and is likely to host orchid species not yet known to<br />
science.<br />
Globally there are a little over 3600 species of<br />
Orchidoideae (Bateman et al. 2003), which mainly<br />
share terrestrial habits. Members of the subfamily are<br />
characterized by a single fertile upright anther with<br />
sectile pollinia. The genus Ponthieva was named in<br />
honor of Henri Ponthieu, a French merchant who was<br />
sending plant collections from the West Indies to Mr.<br />
Joseph Banks in 1778. The genus is distributed from<br />
the southern United States, Mexico, Caribbean to<br />
southern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.<br />
They are mainly terrestrial plants but occasionally<br />
grow epiphytically. They have thickened fibrous roots,<br />
covered by long soft hairs and a stem that develops<br />
from the rhizomes. The flowers are arranged on a<br />
cluster inflorescences, with bracteate peduncles. The<br />
dorsal sepal is apically fused to the petals, which may<br />
or may not be fused to the sides of the column (Dodson<br />
& Escobar 2003).<br />
Ponthieva hermiliae L.Valenzuela, sp. nov.<br />
Type: Peru. Pasco, Oxapampa, Yanachaga Chemillén<br />
National Park, 1400 m. 10°24’36”S 075°19’48”W. L.<br />
Valenzuela 20064, M. I. Villalba, J. Mateo & R. Rivera<br />
(holotype, HOXA). Fig. 1, 2a–C.<br />
Species Ponthievae pilossimae (Sengh.) Dodson<br />
similis, petalibus distincte callosis in parte basali<br />
dilute brunneo striato-maculatis, labello basaliter<br />
exauriculato, calli margo proximalis rotundato non<br />
exciso praecipue recedit.<br />
Epiphytic herb, up to 46 cm tall including the<br />
inflorescence. Leaves spathulate-elliptic, flexuous, 24–<br />
26 × 2.0–2.5 cm, covered by clavate, glandular hairs 1<br />
mm long. Inflorescence a successively many-flowered<br />
raceme with 5-7 flowers opened at once. Floral bracts<br />
1.5 cm long, hairy. Pedicellate ovary covered with<br />
trichomes, 3 cm long including the pedicel. Sepals<br />
lanceolate, the lateral falcate-lanceolate, covered<br />
externally with glandular trichomes, yellowish green<br />
marked with brown at the insertion point, 1.0-2.0 × 0.4–<br />
0.5 cm. Petals oblong-lanceolate, 1.9–2.0 × 0.25–0.30<br />
cm, whitish green with a faint, parallel, light brown<br />
venation, provided with an ellipsoid callus located in the<br />
lower quarter. Lip yellowish-green to greenish-white, 6<br />
mm long, lanceolate-triangular, slightly concave in the<br />
proximal half and at the rear, with a 6-toothed callus<br />
arranged horizontally in front of the basal cavity. Anther<br />
cap ovate-triangular, cucullate, verrucose, dark green.<br />
Pollinia 4 in two pairs, clavate, 1 mm long, supported<br />
by a flexible elongate stipe.<br />
diStribution and eColoGy: Epiphyte found on the<br />
eastern flank of the Cordillera Yanachaga Chemillén,<br />
where it is apparently restricted to constantly foggy,
162 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGure 1. Ponthieva hermiliae L.Valenzuela. A. Habit. B.Flower and detail of the inflorescence. C. Sepals. D. Petals. E.<br />
Column and lip, frontal view. F. Column and lip, lateral view. G. Anther cap, ventral view. H. Anther cap, dorsal view. I.<br />
pollinarium. J. Floral bract and pedicel. K. Hair. Drawn by the author from the holotype.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
premontane forest (fig. 2d). The plants are growing<br />
mainly on the root stem of tree ferns (Cyathea spp).<br />
ePonymy: The name honors Gina Hermila Gamarra<br />
Muñiz, the author’s mother.<br />
Ponthieva hermiliae is similar to P. pilosissima<br />
(Senghas) Dodson, but differs in exauriculate base of<br />
the lip (vs. with distinct retrorese lobes), the shape of<br />
the callus on the lip (rounded vs. excise), and the petals<br />
distinctly callose at the base, faintly striped with<br />
light brown (vs. obscurely callose, boldly striped with<br />
redish brown). Furthermore, the sepals of P. hermiliae<br />
are subsimilaar in size, whereas in P. pilosissima the<br />
dorsal sepal is much smaller (Senghas 1989).<br />
aCknowledGementS. The author wishes to thank Missouri<br />
Botanical Garden for the economic contribution and<br />
allowing scientific research in Peru, where many new taxa<br />
valenzuela - Ponthieva hermiliae 163<br />
fiGure 2. Ponthieva hermiliae. A. Flower. B–C. Details of the inflorescence. D. Habitat. Photographs by the author.<br />
are discovered and described to science. To Stig Dalström<br />
for help with the translation; to Rodolfo Vásquez M., Rocío<br />
del Pilar Rojas G. and María Isabel Villalba V. for their<br />
additions to the manuscript.<br />
literature Cited<br />
Bateman, R. M., P. M. Hollingsworth, J. Preston, L. Yi-<br />
Bo, A. M. Pridgeon & M. W. Chase. 2003. Molecular<br />
phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected<br />
Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142:<br />
1–40.<br />
Dodson C. H. 1996. Nuevas Especies y Combinaciones de<br />
orquídeas ecuatorianas – 4 / New orchid species and<br />
Combination from Ecuador – 4. Orquideología 20 (1):<br />
90–111.<br />
Dodson, C. H. & R. Escobar. 2003. Orquídeas Nativas del<br />
Ecuador. Volumen IV. Oncidium-Restrepiopsis. Editorial<br />
Colina, Medellín.<br />
Govaerts, R., J. Pfahl, M.A. Campacci, D. Holland Baptista,<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
164 LANKESTERIANA<br />
H. Tigges, J. Shaw, P. Cribb, A. Ge<strong>org</strong>e, K. Kreuz & J.<br />
Wood. 20<strong>12</strong>. World Checklist of Orchidaceae. The<br />
Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<br />
Senghas, K. 1989. Die Gattung Chranichis, mit einer neuen<br />
Art, Chranichis pilosissima, aus Ekuador. Orchidee<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
(Hamburg) 40 (2): 44-51.<br />
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III). 2009.<br />
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (161): 105-<strong>12</strong>1.<br />
Zelenko H. & P. Bermúdez. 1999). Orchids: species of<br />
Peru. ZAI Publications. Quito, Ecuador.
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 165—173. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OF SLIPPER ORCHIDS<br />
USING COLOR IMAGE ANALYSIS<br />
erneSto Sanz 1 , noreen von Cramon-taubadel 2 & david l. robertS 3,4<br />
1 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 2,<br />
E-28049 Madrid, Spain<br />
2 Department of Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent,<br />
Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, U.K.<br />
3 Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation,<br />
University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, U.K.<br />
4 Corresponding author: d.l.roberts@kent.ac.uk<br />
abStraCt. A number of automated species recognition systems have been developed recently to aid nonprofessionals<br />
in the identification of taxa. These systems have primarily used geometric morphometric based<br />
techniques, however issues surround their wider applicability due to the need for homologous landmarks.<br />
Here we investigate the use of color to discriminate species using the two horticulturally important slipper<br />
orchid genera of Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium as model systems. The ability to differentiate the various<br />
taxonomic groups varied, depending on the size of the group, diversity of colors within the group, and the<br />
background of the image. In this study the image analysis was conducted with images of single flowers of the<br />
species, however since flowers are ephemeral, flowering for a relatively short period of time, such analysis<br />
should be extended to vegetative parts, particularly as this is the form in which they are most often traded<br />
internationally.<br />
reSumen. Una gran cantidad de sistemas de reconocimiento automático de especies se han desarrollado en los<br />
últimos años, como ayuda a aquellas personas que no son especialistas en la identificación de especies. Estos<br />
sistemas han utilizado sistemas de reconocimiento automático basados en geometría morfométrica, sin embargo<br />
existen límites debido a la necesidad de encontrar puntos de georreferenciación en los diferentes <strong>org</strong>anismos.<br />
En este artículo investigamos el uso de los colores para diferenciar especies en los géneros Paphiopedilum y<br />
Phragmipedium, ambos con gran importancia en la horticultura. La capacidad de discriminación varía entre los<br />
grupos taxonómicos, dependiendo del tamaño del taxón, la variedad de colores entre las especies y el fondo de<br />
las imágenes. En este estudio el análisis de imágenes se ha llevado a cabo con fotografías de flores individuales.<br />
<strong>No</strong> obstante dado que las flores son órganos efímeros, en el futuro esta investigación incluirá partes vegetativas,<br />
ya que es en estado vegetativo la forma en la que se suele comerciar internacionalmente más a menudo.<br />
key wordS: digital, discrimination, Orchidaceae, Paphiopedilum, photograph, Phragmipedium<br />
Introduction. The scientific community is facing<br />
a taxonomic crisis. Linnean shortfall, a euphemism<br />
for the hole in our knowledge of biodiversity, cannot<br />
be estimated to within an order of magnitude (May<br />
1988). Faced with the vast number of species yet to<br />
be discovered, coupled with the diminishing training<br />
of new taxonomists (Hopkins & Freckleton 2002) and<br />
accelerating extinction rates (Pimm et al. 2006), the task<br />
of cataloguing Earth’s biodiversity is immense. Accurate<br />
species identification is key to meeting this challenge,<br />
however misidentification is an ever-present problem.<br />
For some species, routine assessments, such as counting<br />
the dorsal spines of stickleback fish (Gasterosteidae),<br />
can result in accuracies as high as 95%. For others more<br />
experience is required, and in some cases inconsistent<br />
identification can be over 40% (MacLeod et al. 2010).<br />
To reduce such errors we rely on expert opinion for<br />
the verification of a taxon’s identity. Border agencies<br />
are interested in identifying species controlled under<br />
CITES, agriculturalists in pest species, building<br />
developers in legally protected species, the horticultural<br />
industry in difference between new hybrids, as well as
166 LANKESTERIANA<br />
the amateur naturalist communities’ general interest.<br />
Rapid and precise identifications are important for<br />
society as a whole. Computer-based automated species<br />
recognition has therefore been suggested as a potential<br />
technology to aid in the rapid identification of species,<br />
particularly taxa that form part of routine investigations<br />
(MacLeod et al. 2010).<br />
Automated species recognition largely focused on<br />
using geometric morphometic-based techniques, such<br />
as the elliptic Fourier description and landmark analysis<br />
(MacLeod et al. 2010). The problem is that, at least for<br />
landmark analysis, they rely on homologous points.<br />
For example in face recognition (Shi et al. 2006), the<br />
tip of a nose may be considered homologous (in the<br />
sense of evolutionary origins, growth and development<br />
etc.) as that of another human, however the further we<br />
move away from the same species or taxon the more<br />
difficult it becomes to place the landmark (e.g. where<br />
would you place the same landmark on an insect or<br />
an orchid?). The issue surrounding homology of<br />
landmarks reduces their applicability, resulting in the<br />
proliferation of individual bespoke systems. Color<br />
has, however, only been used rarely within the field<br />
of species recognition (Das et al. 1999; Nilsback &<br />
Zisserman 2008). Here we investigate whether orchids<br />
can be differentiated based on color. Specifically we<br />
look the slipper orchid genera, Paphiopedilum and<br />
Phragmipedium, due to their importance within the<br />
orchid horticultural industry and the fact that, being on<br />
Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade<br />
in Endangered Species, they are of particular concern<br />
to inspectors at border posts.<br />
Material and methods. A checklist of the two slipper<br />
orchid genera, Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium,<br />
was constructed using the online World Checklist of<br />
Selected Flowering Plant Families (http://apps.kew.<br />
<strong>org</strong>/wcsp), and following the sectional delimitations<br />
of Cribb (1998; pers. comm.) and Pridegon et al.<br />
(1999). Digital images were then identified on the<br />
internet using a search engine (http://www.google.<br />
com/). Specifically we looked for images of species<br />
from the two genera that had approximately a black<br />
background, showed a single flower facing forward<br />
and minimal other parts of the plant. These images<br />
were then downloaded and a database was collated<br />
in Microsoft Excel. The downloaded images were<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
analyzed using the online Image Color Summarizer<br />
v0.5 (http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/color_summarizer/). For<br />
each image, a text file was generated containing the<br />
pixel frequencies for red (R), blue (B), green (G), hue<br />
(H), saturation (S) and value (V). The setting ‘extreme’<br />
precision control was used.<br />
Factor analysis was performed to decompose the<br />
resultant variables obtained from the image analysis<br />
into principal components. Components which<br />
explained at least 1% of the total variance were<br />
extracted and used as input variables for a multivariate<br />
Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). DFA was<br />
used in order to assess the extent to which the pixel<br />
frequency data could be employed to correctly<br />
classify individual specimens back to correct group.<br />
The analysis was conducted for all species, grouping<br />
by subgenus (in the case of Paphiopedilum) and by<br />
taxonomic section (in the case of Phragmipedium and<br />
each subgenus of Paphiopedilum). From these analyses<br />
we focused on the leave-one-out classification, (a) the<br />
percentage original grouped cases correctly classified,<br />
which determines if the images were properly named,<br />
and (b) the percentage cross-validated grouped cases<br />
correctly classified, that determines if it is possible<br />
to recognize the image as it was labeled. Analyses to<br />
determine the potential impact of background color<br />
on discrimination were also conducted by cropping<br />
the image and placing it on a white background. All<br />
statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0.<br />
Results. From a search of the internet, 703 images<br />
representing 84 species of Paphiopedilum and 214<br />
images representing 25 species of Phragmipedium<br />
were acquired (Tables 1 and 2). This represents 96%<br />
coverage of both genera.<br />
Paphiopedilum. – Cross-validation within sections and<br />
subgenera illustrated that some species were easier<br />
to distinguish than others (Table 3). For example,<br />
Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum and P. liemianum<br />
have broadly similar colors and therefore even<br />
within an analysis of species just from the section<br />
Cochlopetalum, only 18.2% of images of P. liemianum<br />
could be assigned to correct species and in the case<br />
of P. glaucophyllum no images could be placed<br />
within the species. As mentioned this could be due to<br />
the similarity in color of the two species and others
Sanz et al. — Species differentiation using image analysis 166<br />
table 1. A list of species a from the genus Paphiopedilum, taxonomy and the number of images used within the study.<br />
Species Subgenus Section <strong>No</strong>. images<br />
P. acmodontum M.W.Wood Paphiopedilum Barbata 3<br />
P. adductum Asher Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 4<br />
P. appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe Paphiopedilum Barbata 8<br />
P. aranianum Petchl. Paphiopedilum Paradalopetalum 0<br />
P. argus (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 11<br />
P. armeniacum S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu Parvisepalum Parvisepalum <strong>12</strong><br />
P. barbatum (Lindl.) Pfitzer Paphiopedilum Barbata 13<br />
P. barbigerum Tang & F.T.Wang Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 5<br />
P. bellatulum (Rchb.f.) Stein Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 6<br />
P. bougainvilleanum Fowlie Paphiopedilum Barbata 7<br />
P. bullenianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer, Paphiopedilum Barbata 5<br />
P. callosum (Rchb.f.) Stein, Paphiopedilum Barbata 10<br />
P. canhii Aver. & O.Gruss Paphiopedilum Barbata 3<br />
P. charlesworthii (Rolfe) Pfitzer Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum <strong>12</strong><br />
P. ciliolare (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 9<br />
P. concolor (Lindl. ex Bateman) Pfitzer Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 3<br />
P. dayanum (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 11<br />
P. delenatii Guillaumin Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 10<br />
P. dianthum Tang & F.T.Wang Paphiopedilum Paradalopetalum 4<br />
P. druryi (Bedd.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum <strong>12</strong><br />
P. emersonii Koop. & P.J.Cribb Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 13<br />
P. exul (Ridl.) Rolfe Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 4<br />
P. fairrieanum (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 16<br />
P. fowliei Birk Paphiopedilum Barbata <strong>12</strong><br />
P. gigantifolium Braem Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 2<br />
P. glanduliferum (Blume) Stein Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 4<br />
P. glaucophyllum J.J.Sm Paphiopedilum Cochlopetalum 7<br />
P. godefroyae (God.-Leb.) Stein Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 11<br />
P. gratrixianum Rolfe Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 10<br />
P. guangdongense Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 0<br />
P. hangianum Perner & O.Gruss Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 8<br />
P. haynaldianum (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paradalopetalum 5<br />
P. helenae Aver Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum <strong>12</strong><br />
P. hennisianum (M.W.Wood) Fowlie Paphiopedilum Barbata 6<br />
P. henryanum Braem Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 9<br />
P. hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 9<br />
P. hookerae (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 16<br />
P. inamorii P.J.Cribb & A.L.Lamb Paphiopedilum Barbata 1<br />
(continues)<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
168 LANKESTERIANA<br />
table 1. Continues.<br />
Species Subgenus Section <strong>No</strong>. images<br />
P. insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 13<br />
P. javanicum (Reinw. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer Paphiopedilum Barbata 8<br />
P. kolopakingii Fowlie Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 1<br />
P. lawrenceanum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer Paphiopedilum Barbata <strong>12</strong><br />
P. liemianum (Fowlie) K.Karas. & K.Saito Paphiopedilum Cochlopetalum 11<br />
P. lowii (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paradalopetalum 6<br />
P. malipoense S.C.Chen & Z.H.Tsi Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 20<br />
P. mastersianum (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 11<br />
P. micranthum Tang & F.T.Wang Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 18<br />
P. niveum (Rchb.f.) Stein Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 17<br />
P. ooii Koop Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 1<br />
P. papuanum (Ridl. ex Rendle) L.O.Williams Paphiopedilum Barbata <strong>12</strong><br />
P. parishii (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paradalopetalum 4<br />
P. parnatanum Cavestro Paphiopedilum Barbata 6<br />
P. philippinense (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 2<br />
P. platyphyllum T.Yukawa Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 1<br />
P. primulinum M.W.Wood & P.Taylor Paphiopedilum Cochlopetalum 9<br />
P. purpuratum (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 7<br />
P. randsii Fowlie Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 4<br />
P. rothschildianum (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 2<br />
P. sanderianum (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 1<br />
P. sangii Braem Paphiopedilum Barbata <strong>12</strong><br />
P. schoseri Braem & H.Mohr Paphiopedilum Barbata 9<br />
P. spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 14<br />
P. stonei (Hook.) Stein Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 4<br />
P. sugiyamanum Cavestro Paphiopedilum Barbata 4<br />
P. sukhakulii Schoser & Senghas Paphiopedilum Barbata 14<br />
P. supardii Braem & Löb Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 2<br />
P. superbiens (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 14<br />
P. thaianum Iamwir Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 16<br />
P. tigrinum Koop. & N.Haseg Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 9<br />
P. tonsum (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum Barbata 19<br />
P. tranlienianum O.Gruss & Perner Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 7<br />
P. urbanianum Fowlie Paphiopedilum Barbata 15<br />
P. venustum (Wall. ex Sims) Pfitzer, Jahrb Paphiopedilum Barbata 16<br />
P. victoria-mariae (Sander ex Mast.) Rolfe Paphiopedilum Cochlopetalum 6<br />
P. victoria-regina (Sander) M.W.Wood Paphiopedilum Cochlopetalum 4<br />
P. vietnamense O.Gruss & Perner Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 18<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
(continues)
table 1. Continues.<br />
within the section, however incorrect identification<br />
of images on the internet in the first place could also<br />
be a confounding factor. Conversely in the subgenus<br />
Parvisepalum, P. armeniacum was correctly assigned<br />
to the species 61.5% of the time, while P. malipoense<br />
was correctly identified 70.0% of the time owing to the<br />
distinctive color of this species, relative to the diversity<br />
of colors within this subgenus. Subgenus Parvisepalum<br />
with seven species was found to have the highest crossvalidation<br />
at 52.0%, while for the section Barbata,<br />
with 31 species, cross-validation was 15.5%; although<br />
this was not the lowest (Table 3). Moving to a higher<br />
taxonomic level, section cross-validation was 39.5%.<br />
When the genus was analyzed as a whole, only two of<br />
the 84 species of Paphiopedilum could be identified<br />
at least two-thirds of the time; P. wentworthianum<br />
(66.7%), and P. dianthum (75.0%).<br />
Phragmipedium. – Similar to the situation seen in<br />
the genus Paphiopedilum, there was considerable<br />
variation in the ability to correctly identify species in<br />
the genus Phragmipedium (Table 4). Species such as<br />
P. caricinum from the section Himantopetalum had<br />
a low percentage of cross-validation (<strong>12</strong>.5%), with<br />
P. longifolium from the section Lorifolia being the<br />
lowest (0%). At the opposite end of the spectrum P.<br />
lindenii from the section Phragmipedium had 100%<br />
cross-validation. The section Platypetalum showed<br />
the highest cross-validation at 53.3% due to the low<br />
number of species in this section (only 2 species),<br />
whereas the section Lorifolia only had 18.9% crossvalidation.<br />
In Phragmipedium when all the species were<br />
analyzed by grouping them by section, section<br />
identification had a high cross-validation (46.6%), only<br />
Sanz et al. — Species differentiation using image analysis 169<br />
Species Subgenus Section <strong>No</strong>. images<br />
P. villosum (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 11<br />
P. violascens Schltr. Paphiopedilum Barbata 17<br />
P. wardii Summerh. Paphiopedilum Barbata 18<br />
P. wenshanense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 4<br />
P. wentworthianum Schoser & Fowlie Paphiopedilum Barbata 6<br />
P. wilhelminae L.O.Williams Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 3<br />
P. cornuatum Z.J.Liu, O. Gruss & L.J. Chen is excluded as it is considered to be a variety of P. villosum (Cribb pers. comm.).<br />
a<br />
P. qingyongii Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen is excluded as it is believed to be a natural hybrid (Averyanov pers. comm.)<br />
slightly below that seen for the section Platypetalum<br />
(53.3%). When looking at the genus as a whole,<br />
three of the 25 species analyzed had cross-validation<br />
percentages above 60%; P. bessae with 61.1%, P.<br />
schlimii with 73.7% and P. tetlzaffianum with 75%;<br />
being mistaken with only one other species in the case<br />
of P. bessae and P. tetlzaffianum, but with five others<br />
in the case of P. schlimii, all of them having an equal<br />
percentage of cross-validation.<br />
Image manipulation. – When images were manipulated<br />
in an attempt to control the background color variation<br />
mixed results were seen (Table 5). For subgenus<br />
Parvisepalum and section Paphiopedilum substantial<br />
increases in the ability to differentiate species was<br />
seen (52.0 to 67.7% and 24.6 to 47.8% respectively),<br />
however for subgenus Brachypetalum and section<br />
Cochlopetalum differentiation of species decreased<br />
(38.6 to 15.5% and 24.3 to 18.9% respectively).<br />
Discussion. Within five years of being first described<br />
to science, Paphiopedilum vietnamense was declared<br />
Extinct in the Wild due to over-collecting for the<br />
horticultural trade (Averyanov et al. 2003). Those<br />
involved in CITES, particularly within the EU and<br />
USA, were quick to identify trade in this species,<br />
however as a result the species started being traded<br />
as the vinicolor form of the more widely and legally<br />
available P. delenatii (anon. pers. comm.). These<br />
species are easy to tell apart, but only with knowledge<br />
and training; key distinguishing characters are in the<br />
staminode and leaves (Averyanov, pers. comm.).<br />
In this study, color image analysis was used<br />
to determine if it is a potentially useful tool for<br />
differentiating species. Based on the analysis of over<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
170 LANKESTERIANA<br />
table 2. A list of species from the genus Phragmipedium, taxonomy and the number of images used within the study.<br />
Species Section <strong>No</strong>. images<br />
P. andreettae P.J.Cribb & Pupulin Micropetalum 8<br />
P. besseae Dodson & J.Kuhn Micropetalum 19<br />
P. boissierianum (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Rolfe Lorifolium 19<br />
P. brasiliense Quené & O.Gruss Lorifolium 5<br />
P. caricinum (Lindl. & Paxton) Rolfe Himantopetalum 7<br />
P. caudatum (Lindl.) Rolfe Phragmipedium 8<br />
P. christiansenianum O.Gruss & Roeth Himantopetalum 5<br />
P. exstaminodium Castaño, Hágsater & E.Aguirre Phragmipedium 5<br />
P. fischeri Braem & H.Mohr Micropetalum 8<br />
P. hartwegii (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer Lorifolium 1<br />
P. hirtzii Dodson Lorifolium 5<br />
P. klotzschianum (Rchb.f.) Rolfe Himantopetalum 4<br />
P. kovachii J.T.Atwood Schluckebieria 9<br />
P. lindenii (Lindl.) Dressler & N.H.Williams Phragmipedium 3<br />
P. lindleyanum (M.R.Schomb. ex Lindl.) Rolfe Platypetalum 7<br />
P. longifolium (Warsz. & Rchb.f.) Rolfe Lorifolium 14<br />
P. manzurii W.E.Higgins & Viveros Micropetalum 1<br />
P. pearcei (Rchb.f.) Rauh & Senghas Himantopetalum 13<br />
P. reticulatum (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Lorifolium 2<br />
P. richteri Roeth & O.Gruss Himantopetalum 15<br />
P. sargentianum (Rolfe) Rolfe Platypetalum 6<br />
P. schlimii (Linden ex Rchb.f.) Rolfe Micropetalum 19<br />
P. tetzlaffianum O.Gruss Himantopetalum 4<br />
P. vittatum (Vell.) Rolfe Lorifolium 4<br />
P. warszewiczianum (Rchb.f.) Schltr. Phragmipedium 7<br />
P. warscewiczii (Rchb.f.) Christenson Phragmipedium 0<br />
900 images from 109 species of slipper orchids, the<br />
results suggest that color image analysis does have the<br />
potential to differentiate certain species, however only<br />
a few can be differentiated with any degree of accuracy<br />
(>66.6%).<br />
As one may expect, as the number of species<br />
decrease the ability to differentiate species increases,<br />
coupled with this is the diversity of major colors<br />
within a taxon; as the color to species ratio increase<br />
so does species differentiation. This therefore begs the<br />
question why would such as system be useful if it can<br />
only differentiate species that are obviously different?<br />
Paphiopedilum armeniacum and P. malipoense are<br />
obviously different from species within the section<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Parvisepalum, certainly to an orchid taxonomist or a<br />
grower with knowledge of orchids. However, correct<br />
identification requires a priori knowledge in the first<br />
instant to differentiate them from other species. Even<br />
with detailed knowledge, the system classification is<br />
not 100% accurate. Our analyses suggest that using<br />
image analyses reduced the likelihood of errors; rather<br />
than looking through all 80+ species of Paphiopedilum<br />
one may only need to have a look at five or ten<br />
species. Sixty-seven percent of species from the genus<br />
Paphiopedilum were confused with only eight or fewer<br />
other species, thereby reducing the options to less than<br />
10% of the original number of species. By doing so<br />
this reduces the time spent by those involved in trying
to identify individuals to the species level who may<br />
not have same in-depth knowledge, such as border<br />
customs officials, and thereby reducing the number<br />
of enquiries that pass through to the small number of<br />
specialist taxonomists.<br />
Several factors are likely to impact on any<br />
system to differentiate species, such as orientation<br />
of the subject, quality and settings of the camera<br />
used to take the image, distance from subject, the<br />
part of the subject photographed (e.g. single flower,<br />
inflorescence or whole plant) and background of<br />
the subject. In this study we tried to control some<br />
of these by using approximately forward facing<br />
images of single flowers on a black background.<br />
Sanz et al. — Species differentiation using image analysis 171<br />
table 3. Percentage of specimens correctly classified into original group and the cross-validated grouping results for<br />
specimens in the genus Paphiopedilum.<br />
Subgenus Section <strong>No</strong>. spp. <strong>No</strong>. images<br />
Original<br />
grouped (%)<br />
Cross-validated<br />
grouped (%)<br />
Parvisepalum Parvisepalum 7 100 98.0 52.0<br />
Brachypetalum Brachypetalum 6 57 100.0 38.6<br />
Paphiopedilum Coryopedilum 13 31 100.0 9.7<br />
Paphiopedilum Paradalopetalum 4 19 100.0 36.8<br />
Paphiopedilum Cochlopetalum 5 37 97.4 24.3<br />
Paphiopedilum Paphiopedilum 14 143 89.4 24.6<br />
Paphiopedilum Barbata 31 316 71.5 15.5<br />
All (sections) a All 7 (sections) 703 66.4 39.5<br />
All (species) b All 84 703 31.9 8.3<br />
Analysis conducted using all species grouped by a sections and bspecies.<br />
Section <strong>No</strong>. spp. <strong>No</strong>. images<br />
Further, we attempted to reduce the impact of the<br />
background with mixed consequences. In some cases<br />
this increased the ability to differentiate species,<br />
while in others it reduced the ability to differentiate.<br />
What was interesting is that it increased accuracy in<br />
those taxonomic groups that were generally singled<br />
flowered on tall inflorescences that held the flower<br />
away from the vegetative parts, while controlling<br />
the background of the flower decreased accuracy in<br />
those species that where multiple flowered and/or<br />
held the flower/s close to the vegetative parts. This<br />
illustrates how the background of the image can<br />
impact positively on species identification, and may<br />
not necessarily be a source that can precipitate error.<br />
table 4. Percentage of specimens correctly classified into original group and the cross-validated grouping results for<br />
specimens in the genus Phargmipedium.<br />
Original<br />
grouped (%)<br />
Cross-validated grouped<br />
(%)<br />
Phragmipedium 4 24 100.0 37.5<br />
Himantopetalum 6 51 100.0 25.5<br />
Platypetalum 2 15 100.0 53.3<br />
Lorifolia 7 53 100.0 18.9<br />
Micropetalum 5 56 100.0 25.5<br />
Schluckebieria 1 10 - -<br />
All (sections) a 6 (sections) 214 84.1 46.6<br />
All (species) b 25 214 83.2 31.7<br />
Analysis conducted using all species grouped by a sections and bspecies.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
172 LANKESTERIANA<br />
table 5. Results of the Discriminant Function Analysis comparing the manipulated images against the unaltered images of<br />
the subgenera Brachypetalum and Parvisepalum and the sections Cochlopetalum and Paphiopedilum of the subgenus<br />
Paphiopedilum.<br />
Taxonomic Groups Discrimination Unaltered Altered<br />
Subgenus Brachypetalum<br />
Subgenus Parvisepalum<br />
Section Cochlopetalum<br />
Section Paphiopedilum<br />
Increased accuracy may be achieved through<br />
the use or addition of shape analysis, and for the<br />
majority of species recognition systems this is what<br />
it is based on (MacLeod et al. 2010). Phragmipedium<br />
exstaminodium and P. warszwewiczianum are difficult<br />
to differentiate based on color but are quite obviously<br />
different when one looks at the shape of the staminode.<br />
Further it is possible to differentiate most species of<br />
Phragmipedium using geometric morphometrics<br />
based only on the shape of the staminode (unpublished<br />
data). However, as mentioned in the introduction, the<br />
problem arises when one tries to expand the system<br />
from a small group of morphologically similar species,<br />
due to homology. In the case of staminode morphology<br />
in Phragmipedium, it is unlikely to have wider<br />
application beyond the Cypripedioideae. Further, such<br />
taxonomically focused tools for automating species<br />
recognition are also only likely to be developed for<br />
those species that are of particular commercial concern,<br />
e.g. timber and ivory. This also includes DNA-based<br />
technologies, where although costs are continuing to<br />
fall, within and between species identification is only<br />
economically practical for commercially important<br />
species and items that have DNA to start with (e.g.<br />
not treated items such as leathers or objects such<br />
as photographs). If automated species recognition<br />
systems are to be developed for taxonomic groups that<br />
are not commercially important, and/or taxonomic<br />
groups that are extremely species rich (as is the case<br />
for orchids), then more generalizable methods such<br />
as color image analyzes are needed. Further work is<br />
required into image analyzes systems to understand<br />
the impact on identification of confounding factors<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Original grouped (%) 100.0 100.0<br />
Cross-validated grouped (%) 38.6 15.5<br />
Original grouped (%) 98.0 100.0<br />
Cross-validated grouped (%) 52.0 67.7<br />
Original grouped (%) 97.4 100.0<br />
Cross-validated grouped (%) 24.3 18.9<br />
Original grouped (%) 89.4 95.6<br />
Cross-validated grouped (%) 24.6 47.8<br />
such as the environment in which they are grown (e.g.<br />
temperature, fertilizer regime), photographic system<br />
(e.g. camera specific optics, image resolution) and<br />
expansion to other taxa including hybrids and color<br />
forms.<br />
Returning to the case of Paphiopedilum<br />
vietnamense, which is similar to P. delenatii, but can,<br />
as mentioned earlier, be easily distinguished on the<br />
basis of their leaves (Averyanov, pers. comm.; Cribb,<br />
pers. comm.). A logical progression to this line of<br />
research would be to investigate species differentiation<br />
using color image analyzes on vegetative parts of the<br />
plant. This is the form in which orchids are more often<br />
traded and therefore customs officials are likely to be<br />
confronted with.<br />
aCknowledGementS. The authors would like to thank Drs.<br />
Averyanov and Cribb for discussions on identification and<br />
classification of slipper orchids. Two anonymous reviewers<br />
provided helpful feedback. ES was funded through an EU<br />
Erasmus placement grant.<br />
literature Cited<br />
Averyanov, L., P. Cribb, P.K. Loc & M.H. Hiep. 2003.<br />
Slipper Orchids of Vietnam. Royal Botanic Gardens,<br />
Kew, UK.<br />
Cribb, P. 1998. The Genus Paphiopedilum, 2 nd Ed. Natural<br />
History Publications (Borneo), Malaysia.<br />
Das, M., R. Manmatha & E.M. Riseman. 1999. Indexing<br />
flower patent images using domain knowledge. IEEE<br />
Intell. Syst. 14: 24-33.<br />
Hopkins, G.W. & R.P. Freckleton. 2002. Declines in the
numbers of amateur and professional taxonomists:<br />
implications for conservation. Anim. Conserv. 5 : 245-249.<br />
MacLeod N., B. Mark & P. Culverhouse. 2010. Time to<br />
automate identification. Nature 467: 154-155.<br />
May, R.M. 1988. How many species are there on Earth?<br />
Science 241: 1441-1449.<br />
McGough, H.N., D. L. Roberts, C. Brodie & J. Kowalczyk.<br />
2006. CITES and Slipper Orchids. An introduction<br />
to slipper orchids covered by the Convention on<br />
International Trade in Endangered Species. The Board<br />
of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.<br />
Nilsback, M.-E. & A. Zisserman. 2008. Automated<br />
flower classification over a large number of classes.<br />
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Proceedings of the Indian Conference on Computer<br />
Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 6: 722-729.<br />
Pimm, S., P. Raven, A. Peterson, C. H. Şekercioğlu & P. R.<br />
Ehrlich. 2006. Human Impacts on the rates of recent,<br />
present, and future bird extinctions. P. Natl. Acad. Sci.<br />
USA 103: 10941-10946.<br />
Pridgeon, A. M., P. J. Cribb, M. W. Chase & F.<br />
Rasmussen (eds.). 1999. Genera Orchidacearum,<br />
Vol 1: Apostasioideae and Cypripedioideae. Oxford<br />
University Press, UK.<br />
Shi, J., A. Samal & D. Marx. 2006. How effective are<br />
landmarks and their geometry for face recognition?<br />
Comput. Vis. Image Und. 102: 117-133.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
LANKESTERIANA
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 175—190. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
ESTUDIO DE LA ORqUIDEOFLORA DE LA RESERVA PRIVADA<br />
CHICACNAB, ALTA VERAPAz, GUATEMALA<br />
edGar alfredo mó mó 1—3 & edGar armando ruiz Cruz 1<br />
1 Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (uSaC), Carrera de Agronomía, Centro Universitario del <strong>No</strong>rte<br />
(Cunor), Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala<br />
2 Orquideario Agronomía-Cunor-uSaC, Carrera Agronomía, Centro Universitario del <strong>No</strong>rte (Cunor),<br />
Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala<br />
3 Autor para la correspondencia: alfredomo2@hotmail.com<br />
reSumen. Se realizó un estudio orquideoflorístico en la reserva privada Chicacnab, que se localiza en San Juan<br />
Chamelco, Alta Verapaz. La metodología de trabajo se basó en un muestreo referencial para elegir las parcelas<br />
y árboles, dependiendo de la densidad del bosque y su elevación. El método que se utilizó para muestrear los<br />
árboles fue el de zonas de estratificación del forófito; más específicamente la división en 5 estratos propuesta<br />
por Johansson. Se muestrearon 421 árboles y 7 aéreas para plantas terrestres y litófitas, con un total de 6 743<br />
especímenes. Se detectaron 46 especies, pertenecientes a 22 géneros de la familia Orchidaceae, entre ellas 4<br />
especies endémicas de Guatemala, 10 registros nuevos para Alta Verapaz y un nuevo registro para Guatemala.<br />
El hábito de crecimiento más frecuente fue el epífito.<br />
abStraCt. This floristic study was carried out at the Chicacnab private preserve, located in San Juan Chamelco,<br />
Alta Verapaz. The methodology was based on referential sampling in order to choose the locations and the trees<br />
according to the density and elevation of the forest. Johansson’s methodology, in which the phorofite is divided<br />
up into 5 strata, was used for sampling. Samples were collected from 421 trees and 7 areas for terrestrial and<br />
lithophytic plants with a total of 6 743 species. We found 46 species and 22 genera of the family Orchidaceae, of<br />
which 4 Guatemalan endemics, 10 new records for Alta Verapaz and one new record for Guatemala. The most<br />
frequent habit was the epiphytic.<br />
key wordS: Orchidaceae, Lepanthes, Epidendrum, Stelis, Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, forófito, floristica<br />
Introducción. Los bosques nubosos se caracterizan<br />
por ser ecosistemas muy húmedos, ubicados en<br />
elevaciones de 1,300 a 3,500 metros sobre el nivel<br />
del mar. Desgraciadamente estos bosques se han ido<br />
perdiendo por el avance de la frontera agrícola y la<br />
tala desmoderada de árboles, y con ello la extinción<br />
de la flora y fauna. Las orquídeas son una de las pocas<br />
familias de plantas que tienen una distribución a nivel<br />
mundial, a excepción de los polos y los desiertos; en<br />
su diversidad pueden ser epífitas, terrestres y litófitas.<br />
Debido a la nubosidad, estos bosques permiten el<br />
crecimiento de muchas plantas, especialmente de la<br />
familia Orchidaceae; la mayor parte de ellas crece en<br />
la copa de los árboles. La reserva privada Chicacnab<br />
(RPC), San Juan Chamelco, Alta Verapaz, cuenta con<br />
un área de bosque de aproximadamente 89.6 hectáreas;<br />
no cuenta con un inventario ni determinación botánica<br />
de la familia Orchidaceae, aunque en esta reserva se<br />
encuentran grandes cantidades de orquídeas, entre<br />
las cuales probablemente se encuentren algunas poco<br />
frecuentes o hasta desconocidas.<br />
Planteamiento y delimitación del problema. La RPC<br />
cuenta con un área de bosque nuboso para proteger<br />
el Quetzal, Pharomachrus mocinno. Sin embargo,<br />
no cuenta con un inventario de la riqueza de la flora,<br />
que sería de gran relevancia considerando que dichos<br />
bosques son el hábitat de una gran diversidad de<br />
plantas, especialmente de la familia de Orchidaceae.<br />
La amenaza de este bosque nuboso es el avance de<br />
la frontera agrícola, y la deforestación de las áreas<br />
que colindan con la reserva por parte de algunos<br />
comunitarios que entran a cortar leña a la propiedad<br />
privada, provocando una alteración en los ecosistemas.<br />
La RPC es un rico banco de germoplasma de la familia<br />
Orchidaceae. Actualmente se desconoce qué especies
176 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGura 1. Composición del bosque de la Reserva Privada Chicacnab. A. Vista de las copas. B. Vista del sotobosque.<br />
Fotografías por E. A. Mó Mó.<br />
se protegen en la reserva, su distribución natural,<br />
cuáles son endémicas así como cuales son los géneros<br />
predominantes.<br />
Justificación. La RPC no cuenta con la determinación<br />
de géneros y especies de la familia Orchidaceae, así<br />
mismo se desconoce la distribución de sus hábitats.<br />
Según lo anterior, se debe realizar un inventario y<br />
una determinación botánica y como resultado, los<br />
comunitarios podrán tener otro motivo para el cual<br />
proteger la reserva. Podrán así no solo conocer todas<br />
las especies de Orchidaceae, sino que conocer sus<br />
nombres y las características que las distinguen.<br />
El inventario es importante para los comunitarios,<br />
ayudándolos a que puedan así proteger y dar a<br />
conocer a los visitantes las riquezas con que cuenta<br />
la reserva. La reserva trabaja en conjunto con dos<br />
comunidades que son colindantes y que se benefician<br />
económicamente del ecoturismo y eso los insta a<br />
valorar sus propios bosques.<br />
Marco referencial<br />
Ubicación geográfica — El municipio de San<br />
Juan Chamelco, pertenece al departamento de Alta<br />
Verapaz ubicado en la región norte de Guatemala.<br />
Posee una extensión superficial de aproximadamente<br />
80 km² su cabecera municipal está localizada en las<br />
coordenadas geográficas 15° 25’ 20” N y 90° 19’ 45”<br />
W (Rodríguez Sandoval 2003). La RPC se localiza<br />
en Caquipec en la comunidad Nuevo Chicacnab<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
posee una extensión superficial de 89.6 hectáreas,<br />
a un intervalo de elevación de 1,250 a 2,460 m. De<br />
acuerdo a la clasificación de Zonas de vida de J. R.<br />
de la Cruz, la mayor parte del municipio corresponde<br />
al Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo Subtropical (bp-<br />
MB) (fig. 1). La temperatura oscila entre los 14.9 y<br />
los 18.7 ºC; caracterizándose por un clima templado.<br />
La humedad relativa promedio anual es de 80%;<br />
distribuyéndose la precipitación entre los 200 a 210<br />
días del año, lo anterior da como resultado que el<br />
volumen de lluvia en promedio oscila entre los 3,000<br />
a 4,000 mm anuales (Rodríguez Sandoval 2003).<br />
Metodología. El reconocimiento del área de estudio<br />
se hizo mediante observación directa del área de<br />
investigación, se realizó una aproximación de las<br />
condiciones actuales del bosque, apoyándose en<br />
el uso de la hoja cartográfica Guatemala 2161 II a<br />
escala 1:50,000 y GPS. Se delimitó el área de estudio<br />
mediante la densidad del bosque y la cantidad<br />
de especímenes que se pudieron observar en los<br />
arboles, se marcaron las áreas de muestra en la parte<br />
norte, sur, este y oeste, y a diferentes elevaciones<br />
de la reserva. El método de muestreo utilizado fue<br />
de manera referencial, se tomaron con respecto a<br />
la orientación de la luz, la densidad población y la<br />
altitud. Los tipos de muestreo fueron: (1) para las<br />
orquídeas terrestres y litófitas fue la medida de una<br />
parcela de 30 × 50 m y (2) para las orquídeas epífitas<br />
el área de muestreo fueron los árboles y arbustos.
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 177<br />
Se utilizó la metodología de Johansson (1974) (fig.<br />
2). Los árboles y las parcelas fueron debidamente<br />
identificados con paletas plásticas con numeración<br />
correlativa. Los especímenes fueron debidamente<br />
observados y contabilizadas en cada estrato de los<br />
árboles.<br />
Intensidad de muestreo — El número de parcelas y<br />
árboles se determinó dependiendo de las elevaciones<br />
y la densidad de orquídeas que se encuentran en la<br />
reserva. Se tomó en cuenta la cantidad de especímenes<br />
sobre los árboles, eso fue un factor para la selección<br />
de las áreas de muestreo. En cada parcela y árbol<br />
se tomaron datos generales; número de parcela o<br />
árbol, elevación sobre el nivel de mar, números<br />
de individuos por especie que se localizan en el<br />
árbol. Para la toma de datos de las plantas epífitas<br />
se utilizó el sistema de estratificación del forófito<br />
en zonas. Los arboles se dividieron en 5 estratos.<br />
El tronco es dividido en dos secciones, la primera<br />
corresponde a una pequeña porción cercana al suelo<br />
(zona A) y la segunda porción más grande, incluye<br />
el resto del tronco hacia la primera ramificación<br />
(zona B); las ramas son divididas en tres estratos:<br />
las primeras y segundas ramificaciones (zona C y<br />
D, respectivamente) y la copa (zona E), siguiendo<br />
la metodología de Johansson (1974). Las litófitas y<br />
las terrestres se hicieron parcelas de 1,500 m 2 . Se<br />
colectaron 2 especímenes vegetales de cada una de<br />
las especies presentes en las parcelas y árboles.<br />
Toma de muestras para herbario — Para facilitar la<br />
determinación de las especies se preservaron en frascos<br />
de vidrio 1–3 flores, hojas, pseudobulbos, pseudotallos o<br />
semillas en solución: glicerina 5%, agua destilada 25%<br />
y alcohol de 70%. Los frascos fueron identificados con<br />
un código personal, para la tabulación de datos e ingreso<br />
a los herbarios.<br />
Toma de muestras para el Orquideario — Si la especie<br />
de orquídea era pequeña o de tamaño mediano, se<br />
recolectó todo el espécimen; si la especie era muy<br />
grande, se tomó solamente una porción de ella. Las<br />
plantas fueron identificadas en el Orquideario de<br />
Agronomía del Centro Universitario del <strong>No</strong>rte. Las<br />
orquídeas fueron identificadas con claves dicotómicas,<br />
con herramientas como lupas, estereoscopios y<br />
microscopio.<br />
fiGura 2. Zonas de estratificación del forófito, según la<br />
metodología de Johansson (1974). Fuente: Mejía<br />
Rosero et al. 2008.<br />
La identificación de las plantas que no poseían flores<br />
se realizó tomando en cuenta hojas, pseudobulbos,<br />
pseudotallos, semillas, tamaño de la planta, para<br />
llegar a una identificación aproximada. Las plantas<br />
identificadas de esta manera llevan las abreviaturas<br />
siguientes: afin a (aff.) y con forma a (cf.). Se<br />
ordenaron las especies alfabéticamente, igualmente<br />
se le asignó un código de colecta y de herbario. Las<br />
plantas colectadas para el Orquideario se etiquetaron<br />
con paletas plásticas de color amarillo y blanco, que<br />
llevan el nombre de la especie y la fecha de colecta.<br />
Las muestras de herbario se etiquetaron con un código<br />
de colecta y a la vez una tarjeta con la identificación de<br />
la muestra con datos como; departamento, municipio,<br />
elevación a la que fue encontrada, familia, género,<br />
identificador, colector y fecha de colecta.<br />
Entrega de material para herbario — El material<br />
para herbario será trasladado para las instalaciones<br />
del Herbario de la Facultad de Biología de Guatemala<br />
(BIGU), la Facultad de Agronomía de Guatemala<br />
(AGUAT) y Centro de Datos para la Conversación<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
178 LANKESTERIANA<br />
tabla 1. Especies determinadas de la reserva privada<br />
Chicacnab.<br />
Taxón Hábito<br />
Anathallis platystylis Epífito<br />
Arpophyllum cf. alpinum Epífito<br />
Arpophyllum giganteum Epífito<br />
Arpophyllum medium Epífito<br />
Bletia purpurea Terrestre<br />
Calanthe calanthoides Terrestre<br />
Camaridium cucullatum Epífito<br />
Camaridium hagsaterianum Epífito<br />
Camaridium meleagris Epífito<br />
Coelia bella Epífito<br />
Dichaea trichocarpa Epífito<br />
Elleanthus cynarocephalus Epífito<br />
Epidendrum aberrans Epífito<br />
Epidendrum badium Epífito<br />
Epidendrum beharorum Epífito<br />
Epidendrum cerinum Epífito<br />
Epidendrum chloe Epífito<br />
Epidendrum laucheanum Epífito<br />
Epidendrum polyanthum Epífito<br />
Epidendrum santaclarense Epífito<br />
Epidendrum trachythece Epífito<br />
Goodyera striata Terrestre/ Epífito<br />
Helleriella nicaraguensis Epifito<br />
Isochilus aurantiacus Epifito<br />
Leochilus johnstonii Epifito<br />
Lepanthes doeringii Epifito<br />
Lepanthes fratercula Epifito<br />
Lepanthes matudana Epifito<br />
Lepanthes mittelstaedtii Epifito<br />
Lepanthes quetzalensis Epifio<br />
Lepanthes tactiquense Epifito<br />
Malaxis maianthemifolia Epifito/Terrestre<br />
Pachyphyllum hispidulum Epifito<br />
Ponera juncifolia Epifito<br />
Ponera pellita Epifito<br />
Prosthechea pseudopygmea Epifito<br />
Prosthechea varicosa Epifito/Terrestre<br />
Rhynchostele cordata Epífito<br />
Rhynchostele stellata Epífito<br />
Stelis aeolica Epífito<br />
Stelis jalapensis Epífito<br />
Stelis megachlamys Epífito<br />
Stelis ornata Epífito<br />
Stenorhynchos speciosum Epífito<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
tabla 2. Modus vivendi de las orquídeas de reserva privada<br />
Chicacnab.<br />
Hábito <strong>No</strong>. de plantas %<br />
Epífito 40 86.96<br />
Terrestre 2 4.35<br />
Epífito/Terrestre 3 6.52<br />
Terrestre/Litófito 1 2.17<br />
(CDC) del Centro de Estudios Conservacionista<br />
(CECON). Las Facultades y el Centro son parte<br />
de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. El<br />
material vivo se entregó con toda la información para<br />
el Orquideario de Agronomía–CUNOR–USAC del<br />
Centro Universitario del <strong>No</strong>rte de la Universidad de<br />
San Carlos de Guatemala.<br />
Resultados. Se determinaron 46 especies, las cuales se<br />
desglosan en los siguientes modus vivendi; 40 especies<br />
epífitas, 2 especies terrestres, 1 especie litófita/terrestre,<br />
3 especies terrestres / epífitas (tabla 1).<br />
Hábito de las orquídeas en la Reserva — Se<br />
determinaron dos tipos de hábito y dos combinaciones;<br />
las combinaciones fueron epífita/terrestre y<br />
terrestre/litófita. La mayoría de las especies que<br />
se determinaron (el 86,96%) son de hábito epífito,<br />
dándonos como el modus vivendi dominante, lo cual<br />
es de esperarse, ya que por la densidad del bosque es<br />
difícil el crecimiento de plantas terrestres y litofitas<br />
(tabla 2). La falta de luz promueve que algunas que<br />
son terrestres hayan cambiado su hábito, volviéndose<br />
epifitas en busca de la luz. Algunas especies como<br />
Camaridium cucullatum, Epidendrum santaclarense<br />
y Stelis aeolica fueron encontradas en el suelo, pero<br />
estas plantas no se tomaron en cuenta como terrestre<br />
ya que se encuentran tiradas por condiciones<br />
climáticas o humanas que pudieron quebrar las<br />
ramas de algunos árboles. Estas plantas tienen una<br />
mínima posibilidad de sobrevivir. Se determinaron<br />
46 especies pertenecientes a 22 géneros; el género<br />
más abundante fue Epidendrum, que con 10 especies<br />
suma el 21,74% del total de especies determinadas<br />
por género.<br />
Datos del muestreo — Plantas epífitas: Los árboles<br />
se escogieron de manera referencial, observando<br />
los que poseían gran cantidad de especímenes,
tabla 3. Datos de nuestras de 421 árboles, divido en 5<br />
estratos.<br />
Taxón A B C D E<br />
Anathallis platystylis 3 7 169 141 48<br />
Arpophyllum cf. alpinum 1 3<br />
Arpophyllum giganteum 23 55 3<br />
Arpophyllum medium 134 45 7<br />
Camaridium cucullatum 5 107 175 29<br />
Camaridium hagsaterianum 9 4<br />
Camaridium meleagris 20 34 2<br />
Coelia bella 17 4<br />
Dichaea trichocarpa 3 1 3 2<br />
Elleanthus cynarocephalus 13 5<br />
Epidendrum aberrans 43 93 23<br />
Epidendrum badium 85 55 23 <strong>12</strong><br />
Epidendrum beharorum 26 19<br />
Epidendrum cerinum 11 3<br />
Epidendrum chloe 167 173 44<br />
Epidendrum laucheanum 2 13<br />
Epidendrum polyanthum 5 9<br />
Epidendrum santaclarense 3 48 35 14<br />
Epidendrum trachythece 5 80 104 31<br />
Goodyera striata 2 9<br />
Helleriella nicaraguense 1 1 1<br />
Isochilus aurantiacus 6 170 63 <strong>12</strong><br />
Leochilus johnstonii 4 1<br />
Lepanthes doeringii 8 <strong>12</strong> 32 43 10<br />
Lepanthes fratercula 332 466 7 13 80<br />
Lepanthes matudana 130 260 8 5<br />
Lepanthes mittelstaedtii 6 4<br />
Lepanthes quetzalensis 142 160 56<br />
Lepanthes tactiquense 61 137 22<br />
Malaxis maianthemifolia 2 9<br />
Pachyphyllum hispidulum 1<br />
Pleurothallis matudana 9 14 10<br />
Ponera juncifolia 1 11 4<br />
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 179<br />
Ponera pellita 49 42 76 21<br />
Prosthechea pseudopygmaea 5 2<br />
Prosthechea varicosa 18 63 108 26<br />
Rhynchostele cordata 6 3 18 <strong>12</strong> 9<br />
Rhynchostele stellata 381 485 167<br />
Stelis aeolica 57 102 23<br />
Stelis jalapensis 10<br />
Stelis megachlamys 20 18 3<br />
Stelis ornata 4 <strong>12</strong> 3<br />
Stenorrhynchos speciosum 36 48 8<br />
tabla 4. Número de especímenes por estratos.<br />
Estrato <strong>No</strong>. de especímenes %<br />
A 485 7.76<br />
B 946 15.14<br />
C 1939 31.03<br />
D 2257 35.54<br />
E 681 10.53<br />
tabla 5. Número de especies por estratos.<br />
Estrato Especies %<br />
A 8 6.20<br />
B 18 13.95<br />
C 35 27.13<br />
D 39 30.23<br />
E 29 22.48<br />
tabla 6. Número de géneros por estrato.<br />
Estrato Género %<br />
A 6 8.96<br />
B 13 19.40<br />
C 14 20.90<br />
D 19 28.36<br />
E 15 22.39<br />
diversidad de especies y altitudes. Los estratos<br />
se dividieron basándose en la metodología de<br />
Johansson (1974) (Fig. 2), distribuidos de la<br />
manera siguiente; el tronco está dividido en dos<br />
secciones, la primera corresponde a una pequeña<br />
porción cercana al suelo de 20 cm (estrato A) y la<br />
segunda porción, incluye el resto del tronco antes<br />
de la primera ramificación (estrato B); las ramas son<br />
divididas en tres estratos: las primeras y segundas<br />
ramificaciones (estratos C y D, respectivamente) y<br />
la copa (zona E) (tabla 3). Según lo observado en<br />
cada estrato, se recolectaron significativamente más<br />
especímenes en los estrato C y D, contribuyendo<br />
juntos a más de 70% de los especímenes (tabla 4).<br />
Por otro lado, fueron los estratos C, D y E los que<br />
contabilizaron mayor cantidad de especies, con más<br />
de 20% en cada uno (tabla 5), un patrón similar se<br />
encontró en el número de géneros encontrados en<br />
cada estrato, que fue alrededor del 20% para los<br />
estratos B, C, D y E (tabla 6). Cabe destacar que<br />
el estrato D fue constantemente donde se encontró<br />
mayor diversidad.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
180 LANKESTERIANA<br />
Comentarios de las especies determinadas<br />
1. Anathallis platystylis (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.<br />
Chase, Lindleyana, 16: 250. 2001. Es una de las<br />
especies más abundantes en la reserva, distribuida<br />
en toda el área. Se localiza en los estratos C, D y E.<br />
2. Arpophyllum cf. alpinum Lindl., Benth. Pl. Hartw.<br />
93. 1842. Las hojas y rizomas coinciden con la<br />
descripción de A. alpinum, pero no hay reportes<br />
existentes de esta especie para Alta Verapaz, los<br />
departamentos donde han sido colectados son<br />
Huehuetenango, Jalapa, Quetzaltenango, San Marcos<br />
y Totonicapán, estos departamentos poseen zona vida<br />
similares a algunas partes de Alta Verapaz, la cual es<br />
Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo Subtropical (bp-MB),<br />
según Las Zonas de vida de De la Cruz. Además de<br />
la coincidencia de las zonas de vida, también se<br />
encuentran entre el rango de las alturas que es de<br />
2,000 a 3,600 m, según Dix y Dix (2000); ya que<br />
ha sido colectada la especie en Miramundo, Jalapa a<br />
una altura de 2,400 m, los encuentros, Totonicapán<br />
a una altura de 2,900 m, la cual coincide con la<br />
altura (2,420 m) que fue localizada la especie en<br />
la Reserva. Ames y Correl (1952-1953) reportan<br />
la colecta 1140; II 1632 de Tuerckheim para Alta<br />
Verapaz en Cobán. En la cual se afirma la existencia<br />
de la especie en la colecta realizada en dicha reserva.<br />
Su abundancia es rara en su distribución localizada.<br />
Se localiza en los estratos B y C.<br />
3. Arpophyllum giganteum Hartw. ex Lindl., Ann.<br />
& Mag. Nat. Hist. 4: 384. 1840. Su abundancia<br />
es común en los estratos localizados y rara dentro<br />
de su distribución en la reserva. Se localiza en los<br />
estratos C, D y E.<br />
4. Arpophyllum medium Rchb.f., Beitr. Orch. Centr.-<br />
Amer. 89. 1866. Una planta con gran población<br />
alrededor de la reserva a una altura de 1 800 a 2<br />
200 m, en las ramas primarias y secundarias de los<br />
árboles grandes. En grandes macollas en las ramas,<br />
abundante dentro de una amplia distribución en<br />
la reserva y común en los estratos localizados. Se<br />
localiza en los estratos C, D y E.<br />
5. Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC., Men. Soc. Phys. Hist.<br />
Nat. Geneve 9:97. 1841. Una planta muy común en<br />
la reserva, se localiza en la parte donde ya no existe<br />
bosque, entre la maleza. Su abundancia es común<br />
dentro su amplia distribución en la reserva.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
6. Calanthe calanthoides (A. Rich. & Galeotti)<br />
Hamer & Garay, Orquíd. El Salvador 1: 90-91.<br />
1974. Especie muy rara en la reserva. Las áreas de<br />
muestreo de 30 × 50 utilizado para las orquídeas<br />
terrestres solo se localizaron 1 o 2 plantas.. Esta<br />
especie puede localizarse no sólo en suelo si no<br />
también en árboles caídos, que se encuentran en<br />
descomposición.<br />
7. Camaridium cucullatum (Lindl.) M. A. Blanco,<br />
Lankesteriana 7: 520. 2007 (Fig. 3b). Especie muy<br />
común en la reserva, con una gran variabilidad<br />
de colores. Abundante dentro de una amplia<br />
distribución y común en los estratos localizados.<br />
Se localiza en los estratos B, C, D y E.<br />
8. Camaridium hagsaterianum (Soto Arenas) M.A.<br />
Blanco, Orquídea (Méx.) <strong>12</strong>(2): 252-253. 1992<br />
(Fig. 3C). Su abundancia es rara dentro de su<br />
distribución localizada en la reserva. Se localiza en<br />
los estratos C y D.<br />
9. Camaridium meleagris (Lindl.) M. A. Blanco,<br />
Lankesteriana 7: 520. 2007 (Fig. 3d). Especie<br />
muy común en la reserva, los colores de las flores<br />
son muy variables, al igual que el tamaño de las<br />
plantas, se localizan en pequeños árboles, en los<br />
estratos C, D y E.<br />
10. Coelia bella (Lem.) Rchb.f., Ann. Bot. Syst. 6:<br />
218. 1861. Su abundancia es rara dentro de su<br />
distribución amplia en la reserva de 1 a 2 plantas<br />
por cada árbol, pero en grandes macollas en las<br />
ramas primarias. Una de las plantas de flores más<br />
bellas en reserva. Se localiza en los estratos C y D.<br />
11. Dichaea trichocarpa (Sw.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid.<br />
Pl. 209. 1833. Coexistente con líquenes, gracias<br />
a esto son muy difíciles de ver en los troncos,<br />
forman grandes alfombras, muy fácil de confundir<br />
con algunas especies de Lycopodium en la reserva.<br />
Común dentro de una distribución localizada en<br />
la reserva y raro en los estratos donde se pudo<br />
observar. Se localiza en los estratos A, B, C y D.<br />
<strong>12</strong>. Elleanthus cynarocephalus (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.,<br />
Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 476. 1862. Su abundancia<br />
es común dentro de una distribución localizada<br />
en la reserva y raro en los estratos donde se pudo<br />
observar. Se localiza en los estratos C y D<br />
13. Epidendrum aberrans Schltr., Repert. Spec.<br />
<strong>No</strong>v. Regni Veg. 15:206. 1918 (Fig. 3e). Especie<br />
bien distribuida en toda el área de la reserva. Su
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 181<br />
abundancia es común dentro de una distribución<br />
localizada en la reserva y rara dentro de su<br />
distribución amplia. Se localiza en los estratos C,<br />
D y E.<br />
14. Epidendrum badium Hágsater, Icon. Orchid. 2: t.<br />
110. 1993 (Fig. 3f, 3G). Se observaron y colectaron<br />
individuos de esta especie con coloraciones<br />
distintas al del tipo, se pudo constatar colores como<br />
rosado y una variación albina. Las poblaciones de<br />
esta especie se encuentran distribuidas en la mayor<br />
parte de la reserva. Su abundancia es rara dentro<br />
de su distribución amplia en la reserva y es una<br />
planta muy escasa en su localidad tipo que es Baja<br />
Verapaz y es un nuevo reporte para Alta Verapaz.<br />
Se localiza en los estratos B, C, D y E.<br />
15. Epidendrum beharorum Hágsater, Icon. Orchid.<br />
2: t. 1<strong>12</strong> .1993 (Fig. 3h). Especie observada en el<br />
estrato C y D de los árboles, su abundancia es rara<br />
dentro de su distribución amplia.<br />
16. Epidendrum cerinum Schltr., Beih. Bot. Centralbl.<br />
36(2): 402. 1918. Su abundancia es escasa en su<br />
distribución en la reserva, se localiza en pequeños<br />
arbustos del sotobosque, puede confundirse<br />
muy fácil con lianas o algunas otras plantas de<br />
crecimiento péndulo. Se localiza en los estratos D<br />
y E.<br />
17. Epidendrum chloe Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover)<br />
4: 327. 1856 (Fig. 3i). Localizadas en los estratos<br />
C, D y E de los árboles, se observo que las plantas<br />
mientras se encontraban a mayor alturas las hojas<br />
eran de color verde y las que se encontraban a menor<br />
altura era de color rojizo. En un rango de mayor<br />
de 2300 m, hojas verdes, menor de 2300 m, hojas<br />
rojizas. Abundancia es común dentro de una amplia<br />
distribución y en los estratos localizados es muy<br />
abundante. Se localizo una forma alba dentro de la<br />
coloración típica de la descripción.<br />
18. Epidendrum laucheanum Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform.<br />
Kew 1893: 63. 1893 (Fig. 4a). Solo se observó 1<br />
individuo en cada árbol en donde se localizó la<br />
especie, se pudieron observar en pequeños arbustos<br />
y en los árboles grandes en las ramas primarias, su<br />
abundancia es rara y muy escasa. Se localiza en los<br />
estratos C y D.<br />
19. Epidendrum polyanthum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid.<br />
Pl. 106. 1831. Los especímenes vistos son muy<br />
variables, tanto en el tamaño de las plantas, como de<br />
las flores, con diferentes tonalidades. Su abundancia<br />
es común dentro de su amplia distribución en la<br />
reserva. Se localiza en los estratos C y D.<br />
20. Epidendrum radicans Pav. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp.<br />
Orchid. Pl.: 104. 1831. Se localizaron individuos<br />
tanto de manera litófita o terrestre, es muy vulnerable<br />
ya que crece a la orilla de los senderos o veredas,<br />
cuando las limpias pasan cortando las plantas.<br />
21. Epidendrum santaclarense Ames, Sched. Orch. 4:<br />
49-50. 1923 (Fig. 4b). Especie muy distribuida en<br />
toda la reserva, los individuos se localizaron en los<br />
estratos B, C, D y E de los árboles, es abundante<br />
dentro de una amplia distribución. <strong>No</strong> se encontraron<br />
reportes preexistentes de esta especie para Alta<br />
Verapaz, los departamentos donde se reportan son<br />
Guatemala, Jalapa y Zacapa, estos departamentos<br />
poseen Zona Vida similares a algunas partes de Alta<br />
Verapaz, la cual es Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo<br />
Subtropical (bp-MB), según las zonas de vida de<br />
De la Cruz. Además de la coincidencia de las zonas<br />
de vida, también se encuentran entre el rango de las<br />
alturas que es de 2,000 a 3,000 m, según Dix & Dix.;<br />
Ya que ha sido colectada la especie en Miramundo;<br />
Jalapa, Guatemala en el Volcán del Pacaya, la<br />
cual coincide con la altura (2,300 a 2,460 m) que<br />
similara al intervalo altitudinal en la que la especie<br />
fue localizada dentro de la reserva. Se localiza en los<br />
estratos B, D y E.<br />
22. Epidendrum trachythece Schltr., Repert. Spec. <strong>No</strong>v.<br />
Regni Veg. 3: 249. 1907. Especie que se localiza<br />
tanto en pequeños arbustos y árboles grandes, es<br />
abundante dentro de una amplia distribución. <strong>No</strong> se<br />
encontraron reportes existentes de esta especie para<br />
Alta Verapaz, los departamentos donde se reportan<br />
son Chiquimula, Guatemala, El Progreso, Jalapa<br />
y Zacapa, estos departamentos poseen zona vida<br />
similar a algunas partes de Alta Verapaz, la cual<br />
es Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo Subtropical (bp-<br />
MB), según las zonas de vida de De la Cruz. Además<br />
de la coincidencia de las zonas de vida, también se<br />
encuentran entre el rango de las alturas que es de<br />
2,100 a 2,400 m, según Dix & Dix.; ya que ha sido<br />
colectada la especie en Sierra de la Minas; Zacapa,<br />
Guatemala en el Volcán de Pacaya, la cual coincide<br />
con la altura (2,340 a 2460 m) que fue el rango en<br />
que se localizó la especie en la reserva. Se localiza<br />
en los estratos B, C, D y E.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
182 LANKESTERIANA<br />
A B C<br />
D E F<br />
G H I<br />
fiGura 3. A. Bletia purpurea. B. Camaridium cucullatum. C. Camaridium hagsaterianum. D. Camaridium meleagris. E.<br />
Epidendrum aberrans. F. Epidendrum badium. G. Epidendrum badium f. alba. H. Epidendrum cerinum. I. Epidendrum<br />
chloe. Fotografías por E. A. Mó Mó.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 183<br />
A B C<br />
D E F<br />
G H I<br />
fiGura 4. A. Epidendrum laucheanum. B. Epidendrum santaclarense. C. Isochilus aurantiacus. D. Lepanthes fratercula.<br />
E–I. Lepanthes matudana. Fotografías por E. A. Mó Mó.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
184 LANKESTERIANA<br />
23. Goodyera striata Rchb.f., Linnaea 18: 409. 1845.<br />
Los libros hacen mención que esta planta es de<br />
hábito terrestre pero se pudieron observar algunas<br />
plantas en estado epífita en poblaciones estables. Es<br />
una especie abundante en los estratos localizados<br />
y rara dentro de su distribución amplia. Por la<br />
densidad del bosque pueda ser que sea el factor<br />
porque la especie se ha convertido en hábito epífita.<br />
Se localiza en los estratos D y E.<br />
24. Helleriella nicaraguensis A. D. Hawkes,<br />
Phytologia 14: 4. 1966. Especie que se localiza en<br />
pequeños arbustos, su distribución es escasa y rara<br />
dentro de la reserva. <strong>No</strong> se encontraron reportes<br />
existentes de esta especie para Alta Verapaz, los<br />
departamentos donde se reportan son Escuintla y<br />
Guatemala, estos departamentos posee zona vida<br />
similar a algunas partes de Alta Verapaz, la cual<br />
es Bosque Pluvial Montano Bajo Subtropical<br />
(bp-MB), según las zonas de vida de De la Cruz.,<br />
muchas personas no conocen a esta especie ya que<br />
la confunden con un Epidendrum. Se localiza en<br />
los estratos B, D y E.<br />
25. Isochilus aurantiacus Hamer & Garay, in Hamer<br />
Orq. El Salvador 3: 118. 1981 (Fig. 4C). Es una<br />
especie común dentro de su amplia distribución en<br />
la reserva. Se localiza en los estratos B, C, D y E.<br />
26. Leochilus johnstonii Ames & Correll, Bot. Mus.<br />
Leafl. 11: 21. 1943. Crece en arbustos, especie<br />
muy rara en la reserva fueron pocos individuos que<br />
se pudieron observar y en una sola población. Se<br />
localiza en los estratos D y E.<br />
27. Lepanthes doeringii Archila, Revista Guatemal.<br />
5(3): 5. 2002. Es una especie muy rara en la<br />
reserva. Las poblaciones se encuentran en las<br />
ramas secundarias. Si la especie se encuentra sin<br />
flor, es confundida con L. tactiquense Archila y<br />
L. verapacensis Archila, cuando posee coloración<br />
naranja es fácil de confundir con L. guatemalensis<br />
Schltr. Se localiza en los estratos A, B, C, D y E.<br />
28. Lepanthes fratercula Luer & Béhar, Lindleyana<br />
5(3): 182-198. 1990 (Fig. 4d). Es una especie<br />
ampliamente distribuida en la reserva, en un mismo<br />
árbol se encuentran cantidades considerables,<br />
pero como todo Lepanthes tipo L. guatemalensis<br />
son susceptibles a los cambios del clima, es muy<br />
vulnerable, en la época de verano, así como se<br />
encontró árboles llenos especímenes vivos y<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
también se encontraron árboles con especímenes<br />
muertos. Las poblaciones se localizaron en los<br />
estratos A, B, C, D y E en alturas de 20 cm del<br />
suelo hasta <strong>12</strong>m. Se observó en las poblaciones<br />
localizadas la convivencia con L. matudana.<br />
29. Lepanthes matudana Salazar & Soto Arenas,<br />
Orquídeas (Mex.) 14: 74-77. 1996 (Fig. 4e–4i). Es<br />
una especie ampliamente distribuida en la reserva,<br />
en un mismo árbol se encuentran cantidades<br />
considerables. Es una especie muy variable en<br />
forma de sus sépalos y pétalos en sus poblaciones.<br />
Se observaron en las poblaciones localizadas la<br />
convivencia con L. fratercula. Se localiza en los<br />
estratos A, B, C y D.<br />
30. Lepanthes mittelstaedtii Luer & Béhar, Lindleyana<br />
5(3): 182-198. 1990 (Fig. 5a). Es una especie<br />
muy rara en la reserva, pero uno de los Lepanthes<br />
determinados con flor más vistosa. Se localiza en<br />
los estratos D y E.<br />
31. Lepanthes quetzalensis Luer & Béhar, Lindleyana<br />
5(3): 182-198. 1990 (Fig. 5b). Es una especie<br />
ampliamente distribuida en la reserva. Las<br />
poblaciones se encuentran en alturas de 5 a 20<br />
m. Es una planta que confunde mucho con L.<br />
scopula pero son dos especies distintas y nunca se<br />
encuentras estas dos especies en el mismo hábitat.<br />
Convive con L. tactiquensis. Se localiza en los<br />
estratos C, D y E.<br />
32. Lepanthes tactiquensis Archila, Revista Guatemal.<br />
1(1): 19–23. 1998. Como explica en sus comentarios<br />
el investigador que describió la especie “L.<br />
tactiquense como una planta endémica y en peligro<br />
de extinción debido a que sus poblaciones son muy<br />
pequeñas y además los bosques donde se localiza<br />
están siendo dañados severamente por el avance de<br />
la frontera agrícola”. Este trabajo da otro reporte<br />
de una nueva localidad para esta especie, donde<br />
las poblaciones son estables en toda la reserva,<br />
comparte su hábitat con L. quetzalensis. Se localiza<br />
en los estratos C, D y B.<br />
33. Malaxis maianthemifolia Schltdl. & Cham.,<br />
Linnaea 6: 59. 1831 (Fig. 5C). Pudimos encontrar a<br />
la especie tanto de manera terrestre como de manera<br />
epífita, 2 a 3 individuos por área de muestreo para<br />
las orquídea terrestre, poblaciones muy distantes<br />
de la una a la otra. Muy variable en el tamaño de la<br />
planta. Se localiza en los estratos A y B.
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 185<br />
A B C<br />
D E F<br />
fiGura 5. A. Lepanthes mittelstaedtii. B. Lepanthes quetzalensis. C. Malaxis maianthemifolia. D. Prosthechea varicosa. E.<br />
Stelis jalapensis. F. Stelis megachlamys f. alba. Fotografías por E. A. Mó Mó y R. Hernández (A).<br />
34. Pachyphyllum hispidulum (Rchb.f.) Garay &<br />
Dunst., Venez. Orchids Ill. 3: 236. 1965. Es<br />
una especie no reportada para Alta Verapaz, fue<br />
colectada en Guatemala en el departamento de<br />
Jalapa, a una altura de 2,600 m, que posee una<br />
similitud de Zona Vida con el lugar de colecta en<br />
donde se encontró, la cual corresponde al Bosque<br />
Pluvial Montano Bajo Subtropical (bp-MB);<br />
podemos además mencionar que se colectó en la<br />
reserva a elevación muy cercana, que es de 2460<br />
m. Es muy difícil de observar, ya que es muy<br />
fácil de confundir con algunos líquenes y puede<br />
confundirse con una planta pequeña de algún otro<br />
género que se afín a la morfología de esta especie.<br />
Planta muy rara y el género poco conocido en<br />
Guatemala. Se localiza en el estrato D.<br />
35. Pleurothallis matudana C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus.<br />
Leafl. 5: 102. 1938. Especie común de la reserva,<br />
se localizó las poblaciones en los estratos C, D<br />
y E de los árboles, bien distribuida en toda la<br />
reserva.<br />
36. Ponera pellita Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s. 14: 8.<br />
1880. Se encuentra distribuida en toda la reserva,<br />
es una especie muy llamativa y grande. <strong>No</strong><br />
reportada para Alta Verapaz, fue registrada para<br />
los departamentos de Chiquimula, Guatemala,<br />
Quetzaltenango, Sacatepéquez. Se localiza en los<br />
estratos B, C, D y E.<br />
37. Ponera juncifolia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 114.<br />
1831. Especie que fácilmente se confunde con las<br />
plantas pequeñas de Isochilus aurantiacus. Especie<br />
poco conocida y muy rara, las poblaciones fueron<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
186 LANKESTERIANA<br />
de 3 a 6 plantas por árbol. Se localiza en los estratos<br />
A, B y C.<br />
38. Prosthechea pseudopygmaea (Finet) W.E. Higgins,<br />
Phytologia 82: 381. 1997 [publ. 1998]. Especie no<br />
muy común en la reserva, se localiza en los estratos<br />
C y D.<br />
39. Prosthechea varicosa (Bateman ex Lindl.)<br />
W.E.Higgins, Phytologia 82: 381. 1997 [publ.<br />
1998] (Fig. 5d). Se pudieron observar plantas<br />
tanto epífitas como terrestres; las de hábito epífito<br />
se pudieron observar en pequeños arbustos, en<br />
los troncos y ramas primarias, mientras que las<br />
terrestres se observaron en lugares ya sin bosque<br />
entre maleza de la familia Poaceae. Se localiza<br />
en los estratos B, C, D y E.<br />
40. Rhynchostele cordata (Lindl.) Soto Arenas &<br />
Salazar, Orquídea (México), n.s., 13: 148. 1993.<br />
Poblaciones localizadas en pequeños arbustos,<br />
en los troncos, especie bien distribuida en toda la<br />
reserva, en pequeñas poblaciones de 2 a 3 plantas<br />
por árbol. Esta especie se encuentra en peligro<br />
de extinción en Alta Verapaz, ya que los bosques<br />
donde habita están siendo talados para áreas de<br />
cultivo. Pudimos observar que sus poblaciones<br />
en la reserva son estables, eso nos indica que la<br />
especie en la reserva no se encuentra en peligro,<br />
por lo que puede considerarse como un santuario<br />
para esta especie. Se localiza en los estratos A, B,<br />
C, D y E.<br />
41. Rhynchostele stellata (Lindl.) Soto Arenas &<br />
Salazar, Orquídea (México) 13(1-2): 151. 1994.<br />
Nuevo reporte para el municipio y departamento,<br />
especie solo localizada en la parte occidente del<br />
país y Jalapa, se pudo observar una gran población<br />
de esta especie en la reserva, la cual se localizaron<br />
en los estratos C, D, y E.<br />
42. Stelis aeolica Solano & Soto Arenas, Orquídea<br />
(Méx.) 13(1- 2): 320. 1993. Nuevo reporte tanto<br />
para el departamento, como para el país, una<br />
especie que se encontraba restringida para México<br />
y El Salvador. En tres de cinco estratos (C, D y E)<br />
estudiados se localizaron los especímenes, el D es<br />
el dominante. En el área de estudio se colectó una<br />
forma viridis de esta especie.<br />
43. Stelis jalapensis (Kraenzl.) Pridgeon & M. W.<br />
Chase, Lindleyana 16(4): 263. 2001 (Fig. 5e).<br />
Nuevo reporte para el departamento, planta<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
restringida para Jalapa y San Marcos. Planta<br />
muy rara en la reserva. Se localizó sólo en<br />
estrato D.<br />
44. Stelis megachlamys (Schltr.) Pupulin, Lankesteriana<br />
4:74. 2002. Especie muy común en la reserva, se<br />
localizó una forma alba dentro de la población (Fig.<br />
5f). Se localiza en los estratos C, D y E.<br />
45. Stelis ornata (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase,<br />
Lindleyana 16(4): 265. 2001. Poco distribuido<br />
en la reserva. Especie poco conocida en la<br />
región de las Verapaces, muy rara y se conocen<br />
pocas localidades. Localizada en los estratos B,<br />
D y E.<br />
46. Stenorrhynchos speciosum (Jacq.) Rich ex Spreng.,<br />
Syst. Veg. 3: 709. 1826. Los especímenes solamente<br />
se localizaron en una sola especie de árbol que es<br />
Erythrina sp., se encontraban distribuidas en los<br />
estrados C, D y E.<br />
Comentario general de la recolección — Se<br />
determinaron 46 especies y 3 formas, en las cuales las<br />
especies que se determinaron forma fueron Epidendrum<br />
badium fo. alba, Stelis aeolica fo. viridis y Stelis<br />
megachlamys fo. alba. Se observó que la mayoría de<br />
las especies que se determinaron en el área de estudio<br />
se encuentran de manera ampliamente distribuida. Se<br />
observó tres especies que son polimórficas las cuales<br />
fueron: Camaridium cucullatum, Lepanthes matudana<br />
y Rhynchostele stellata.<br />
Discusión de resultados. En los 421 árboles estudiados<br />
se encontraron en total 6,743 orquídeas en 421 árboles,<br />
distribuidas en 22 géneros, 46 especies y 3 formas.<br />
El género Lepanthes es el más abundante con 1,994<br />
especímenes y cuya presencia fue dominante en los<br />
estratos A y B de los árboles. Siguiéndoles los géneros<br />
Rhynchostele con 1,081 especímenes y Epidendrum con<br />
1,038, que habitan principalmente en los estratos C, D<br />
y E (tabla 7).<br />
Diez de las 46 especies determinadas pertenecen<br />
al género Epidendrum, reuniendo 21.74%, seguido<br />
por Lepanthes con el 13.04%, Stelis con el 10.87% y<br />
el resto con porcentajes de 1 a 3% (tabla 8). Cuarenta<br />
de las 46 especies son de hábito epífito reuniendo el<br />
86.96% y resto se distribuye entre terrestres, litofitos,<br />
epífita/terrestre y terrestre/litófita.<br />
Los árboles se dividieron en 5 estratos. En el estrato<br />
“D” fue donde se pudo contabilizar más especímenes, y
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 187<br />
tabla 7. Consolidado de especímenes por género de hábito<br />
epifito.<br />
Taxón Especímenes<br />
Lepanthes 1994<br />
Rhynchostele 1081<br />
Epidendrum 1038<br />
Camaridium 385<br />
Anathallis 368<br />
Arpophyllum 271<br />
Stelis 252<br />
Isochilus 251<br />
Prosthechea 222<br />
Ponera 204<br />
Stenorrhynchos 92<br />
Pleurothallis 33<br />
Coelia 21<br />
Elleanthus 18<br />
Goodyera 11<br />
Malaxis 11<br />
Dichaea 9<br />
Leochilus 5<br />
Helleriella 3<br />
Pachyphyllum 1<br />
tabla 8. Números de especies por género.<br />
Género <strong>No</strong>. de especies %<br />
Epidendrum 10 21.74<br />
Lepanthes 6 13.04<br />
Stelis 5 10.87<br />
Arpophyllum 3 6.52<br />
Camaridium 3 6.52<br />
Ponera 2 4.35<br />
Prosthechea 2 4.35<br />
Rhynchostele 2 4.35<br />
Anathallis 1 2.17<br />
Bletia 1 2.17<br />
Calanthe 1 2.17<br />
Coelia 1 2.17<br />
Dichaea 1 2.17<br />
Elleanthus 1 2.17<br />
Goodyera 1 2.17<br />
Helleriella 1 2.17<br />
Isochilus 1 2.17<br />
Leochilus 1 2.17<br />
Malaxis 1 2.17<br />
Pachyphyllum 1 2.17<br />
Pleurothallis 1 2.17<br />
Stenorrhynchos 1 2.17<br />
tabla 9. Consolidado de especímenes por taxón de hábito<br />
epífito.<br />
Taxón Especímenes %<br />
Rhynchostele stellata 1033 16.48<br />
Lepanthes fratercula 898 14.32<br />
Lepanthes matudana 403 6.43<br />
Anathallis platystylis 368 5.87<br />
Lepanthes quetzalensis 358 5.71<br />
Camaridium cucullata 316 5.04<br />
Epidendrum chloe 296 4.72<br />
Isochillus auranthiacus 251 4.00<br />
Epidendrum trachythece 220 3.51<br />
Lepanthes tactiquense 220 3.51<br />
Prosthechea varicosa 215 3.43<br />
Ponera pellita 188 3.00<br />
Arpophyllum medium 186 2.97<br />
Stelis aeolica 182 2.90<br />
Epidendrum badium 175 2.79<br />
Epidendrum aberrans 159 2.54<br />
Lepanthes doeringii 105 1.67<br />
Epidendrum santaclarense 100 1.59<br />
Stenorrhynchum speciosum 92 1.47<br />
Arpophyllum giganteum 81 1.29<br />
Camaridium meleagris 56 0.89<br />
Rhynchostele cordata 48 0.77<br />
Epidendrum beharorum 45 0.72<br />
Stelis megachlamys 41 0.65<br />
Pleurothallis matudiana 33 0.53<br />
Coelia bella 21 0.33<br />
Stelis ornata 19 0.30<br />
Elleanthus cynarocephallus 18 0.29<br />
Ponera juncifolia 16 0.26<br />
Epidendrum laucheanum 15 0.24<br />
Epidendrum cerinium 14 0.22<br />
Epidendrum polyanthum 14 0.22<br />
Camaridium hagsaterianum 13 0.21<br />
Goodyera striata 11 0.18<br />
Malaxis majanthemifolia 11 0.18<br />
Lepanthes mittelstaedtii 10 0.16<br />
Stelis jalapensis 10 0.16<br />
Dichaea trichocarpa 9 0.14<br />
Prosthechea pseudopigmea 7 0.11<br />
Leochilus johnstonii 5 0.08<br />
Arpophyllum cf. alpinum 4 0.06<br />
Helleriella nicaraguense 3 0.05<br />
Pachyphyllum hispidulum 1 0.02<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
188 LANKESTERIANA<br />
fiGura 6. Consolidado de especímenes por taxón de hábito epífito.<br />
el número de éstos que fueron contabilizados es 2,257<br />
(35.54%). El siguiente estrato con mas individuos fue<br />
el “C” con 1,939 (31.03%). El estrato que contenía más<br />
géneros fue “D” la cual contenía 19 géneros (28.36%).<br />
Siguiéndolo E, C, B y A. El estrato que contenía mas<br />
especies fue “D” observándose 39 especies (30.23%).<br />
Siguiéndolo “C” con 35 y “D” con 29 especies.<br />
Rhynchostele stellata fue la especie más abundante<br />
con 1,033 especímenes (16.48%), siguiéndola<br />
Lepanthes fratercula con 898 (14.32%). Pachyphyllum<br />
hispidulum aparentemente es la especie más<br />
vulnerable ya que sólo se pudo encontrar una planta<br />
de esta especie (tabla 9; fig. 6). Epidendrum radicans<br />
es el taxón dominante en el hábito terrestre con <strong>12</strong>3<br />
individuos (36.39%). Siguiéndole Goodyera striata<br />
con 75 (22.19%) (tabla 10). La única especie que se<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
encontró creciendo de forma litófita fue Epidendrum<br />
radicans (tabla 11).<br />
En referencia a la situación de conservación de las<br />
especies, según CONAP (2009) 4 son de categoría 2 y<br />
42 de categoría 3 (tabla <strong>12</strong>).<br />
Se pudo determinar 4 especies endémicas y un<br />
nuevo reporte para Guatemala. Epidendrum badium,<br />
Lepanthes doeringii, Lepanthes mittelstaedtii y<br />
Lepanthes tactiquensis son las especies endémicas de<br />
Guatemala, mientras Stelis aeolica es un nuevo reporte<br />
para la flora del país.<br />
Se registran 10 reportes nuevos para Alta Verapaz.<br />
Siendo Arpophyllum alpinum, Epidendrum badium, E.<br />
santaclarense, E. trachytece, Isochillus auranthiacus,<br />
Pachyphyllum hispidulum, Rhynchostele stellata,<br />
Stelis aeolica, S. jalapensis y S. ornata.
mó mó & ruiz Cruz — Orquideoflora de la reserva Chicacnab, Guatemala 189<br />
tabla 10. Consolidado por taxón de hábito terrestre.<br />
Taxón Especímenes %<br />
Bletia purpurea 45 13.31<br />
Calanthe calanthoides 32 9.47<br />
Epidendrum radicans <strong>12</strong>3 36.39<br />
Goodyera striata 75 22.19<br />
Malaxis majanthemifolia 18 5.33<br />
Prosthechea varicosa 45 13.31<br />
tabla 11. Consolidado por taxón de hábito litófito.<br />
Taxón Especímenes<br />
Epidendrum radicans 97<br />
Conclusiones. En la reserva se estudiaron un total<br />
de 6,743 especímenes de 46 especies y 2 formas<br />
pertenecientes a 22 géneros de Orchidaceae. Los<br />
géneros con mayor número de especies fueron<br />
Epidendrum(10), Lepanthes(6) y Stelis(5). Las especies<br />
con mayor número de especímenes fueron Rhynchostele<br />
stellata(1033) y Lepanthes fratercula(898). De la<br />
especie Pachyphyllum hispidulum tan solo se pudo<br />
encontrar una sola planta la cual podemos decir que<br />
la planta es vulnerable y muy rara en la reserva. De las<br />
46 especies 40 son de hábito epífito y 6 se distribuyen<br />
entren terrestre, litófita, terrestre/epífita y terrestre/<br />
litófita. En los 5 estratos en que se dividió el árbol se<br />
muestrearon 6308 especímenes, donde el estrato D fue<br />
el dominante contabilizándose la mayor parte de los<br />
especímenes. Las especies endémicas de Guatemala<br />
que se encuentran en la reserva son Epidendrum<br />
badium, Lepanthes doeringii, Lepanthes mittelstaedtii<br />
y Lepanthes tactiquensis (Luer 1990; Archila 2001,<br />
2002; Hágsater & Soto 2003), mientras que Stelis<br />
aeolica, anteriormente reportada para México y<br />
El Salvador, se reporta aquí por primera vez para<br />
Guatemala (Solano 1993; Ossenbach et al. 2007).<br />
Se reportan por primera vez para Alta Verapaz,<br />
Arpophyllum alpinum, Epidendrum badium, E.<br />
santaclarense, E. trachytece, Isochillus auranthiacus,<br />
Pachyphyllum hispidulum, Rhynchostele stellata,<br />
Stelis jalapensis y S. ornata (Dix & Dix 2000).<br />
En total se prepararon 55 muestras de herbario de<br />
las que 22 fueron depositadas en BIGU (Herbario de<br />
la Facultad de Biología de Guatemala), 18 en AGUAT<br />
(herbario de la Facultad de Agronomía de Guatemala)<br />
y 15 en el Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas del<br />
tabla <strong>12</strong>. Cuadro de conservación de los taxones, según<br />
criterios de Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas<br />
(ConaP).<br />
Taxón Categoría<br />
Anathallis platystylis 3<br />
Arpophyllum cf. alpinum 3<br />
Arpophyllum giganteum 3<br />
Arpophyllum medium 3<br />
Bletia purpurea 3<br />
Calanthe calanthoides 3<br />
Camaridium cucullata 3<br />
Camaridium hagsaterianum 3<br />
Camaridium meleagris 3<br />
Coelia bella 3<br />
Dichaea trichocarpa 3<br />
Elleanthus cynarocephalus 3<br />
Epidendrum aberrans 3<br />
Epidendrum badium 2<br />
Epidendrum beharorum 3<br />
Epidendrum cerinum 3<br />
Epidendrum chloe 3<br />
Epidendrum laucheanum 3<br />
Epidendrum polyanthum 3<br />
Epidendrum radicans 3<br />
Epidendrum santaclarense 3<br />
Epidendrum trachythece 3<br />
Goodyera striata 3<br />
Helleriella nicaraguense 3<br />
Isochilus aurantiacus 3<br />
Leochilus johnstonii 3<br />
Lepanthes doeringii 2<br />
Lepanthes fratercula 3<br />
Lepanthes matudana 3<br />
Lepanthes mittelstaedtii 3<br />
Lepanthes quetzalensis 3<br />
Lepanthes tactiquense 2<br />
Malaxis maianthemifolia 3<br />
Pachyphyllum hispidulum 3<br />
Pleurothallis matudana 3<br />
Ponera pellita 3<br />
Ponera juncifolia 3<br />
Prosthechea pseudopygmaea 3<br />
Prosthechea varicosa 3<br />
Rhynchostele cordata 3<br />
Rhynchostele stellata 3<br />
Stelis aeolica 3<br />
Stelis jalapensis 3<br />
Stelis megachlamys 3<br />
Stelis ornata 3<br />
Stenorrhynchos speciosum 3<br />
Categoría 1: Especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción.<br />
Categoría 2. Especies de distribución restringida a un solo tipo<br />
de hábitat (endémicas). Categoría 3: Especies que si bien en<br />
la actualidad no se encuentran en peligro de extinción, podrían<br />
llegar a estarlo si no se regula su aprovechamiento.<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.
190 LANKESTERIANA<br />
Jardín Botánico de la Universidad de San Carlos de<br />
Guatemala. Se recolectaron 75 especímenes de 46<br />
especies determinadas según variabilidad de la flor<br />
del espécimen.Se observó la diversidad polimórfica<br />
de especies como Camaridium cucullatum, Lepanthes<br />
matudana y Rhynchostele stellata.<br />
Se encontró convivencia entre las especies de<br />
Lepanthes fratercula con L. matudana y L. quetzalensis<br />
con L. tactiquensis. Los descriptores y fotografías que<br />
literatura Citada<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
se presentan en esta investigación se constituyen en<br />
una base de datos para ayudar a la identificación de las<br />
especies que se determinaron en la reserva.<br />
aGradeCimientoS. Los autores quisieran agradecer a<br />
Sandra Ninet del Cid, Eduardo A. Pérez-García, Daniel<br />
Jiménez, Rolando Paredes Requena, Rodolfo Hernández y<br />
Gabriela Samayoa de Hernández por sus observaciones en<br />
la investigación.<br />
Ames, O. & D. S. Correll. 1952-1953. Orchid of Guatemala and Belize. Fieldiana 26(1, 2): 1–727. Field Museum of Natural<br />
History, Chicago.<br />
Archila, F. 2001. Lepanthes de Guatemala, Monografía del Genero Lepanthes Sw. (Orchidaceae) para Guatemala.<br />
Guatemala. Editorial Kamar, S.A. 281p.<br />
Archila, F. 2002. Nuevas especies para la flora orquideológica Guatemalteca. Revista Guatemalensis 5(3): 1-<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas – CONAP. 2009. Listado de especies amenazadas de Guatemala – LEA - y Listado<br />
de especies de flora y fauna silvestre CITES de Guatemala. Guatemala: Departamento de Vida Silvestre, Documento<br />
técnico 67.15 p.<br />
De La Cruz, J. R. 1982. Clasificación de zonas de vida de Guatemala a nivel de reconocimiento. Guatemala, INAFOR. s.n.<br />
Dix, M. A. & M. W. Dix. 2000. Orchids o Guatemala. A Revised Annotated Checklist. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.<br />
Gard. 79.<br />
Rodríguez Sandoval, E. R. 2003. Estudio florístico de las comunidades vegetales del bosque comunal de la Aldea Campat,<br />
San Juan Chamelco, Alta Verapaz. Tesis Ing. Agr., USAC, Facultad de Agronomía. Guatemala, Guatemala. 22 p.<br />
Hágsater E. & M. A. Soto. 2003. Icones Orchidacearum. Fascicles 5 and 6. Orchids of México. Parts 2 and 3. México D.F.,<br />
México. Instituto Chinoin. 685 p.<br />
Luer, C. 1990. New Species of Lepanthes from Guatemala. Lindlenyana 5(3): 162-198.<br />
Mejía Rosero, H., T. Pino Andrade & N. Pino Benítez. 2008. Biodiversidad y Desarrollo. Distribución vertical de orquídeas<br />
dentro de un bosque húmedo tropical (bh-T). Revista Institucional Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó. 27(2): 175-174.<br />
Ossenbach Sauter, C., F. Pupulin & R. L. Dressler. 2007. Orquídeas del istmo de Centroamérica. Sabanilla, Montes Oca,<br />
Costa Rica: Editorial 25 de Mayo. 242 p.<br />
Solano, R. 1993. El género Stelis Sw. (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) en México. Orquídea (Méx.) 13 (1-2): 1-11.
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 191. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
INDEX OF NEW TAXA AND COMBINATIONS<br />
PUBLISHED IN LANKESTERIANA, <strong>VOL</strong>. 10–<strong>12</strong> (2010–20<strong>12</strong>) 1<br />
Aa aurantiaca D. Trujillo, sp. nov. 11(1): 2–3, 5, fig.<br />
<strong>12</strong>. 2011.<br />
Campylocentrum palominoi M. Kolanowska, O. Pérez<br />
& E. Parra, sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 9–11, fig. 1. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum betancurii G.Giraldo & Dalström, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(3): 137–142, fig. 1–3. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum carinatum (Königer & Deburghgr.)<br />
Dalström, comb. nov. <strong>12</strong>(3): 149. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum corniculatum Dalström, sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(3):<br />
147–149, fig. 1, p. 148. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum deburghgraveanum Dalström & S. Ruíz,<br />
sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 93–95, fig. 1. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum dunstervilleorum G. Morillo & Dalström,<br />
sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 101–103, fig. 1. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum fernandezii G. Morillo & Dalström, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 103–105, fig. 2. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum ruizii Dalström & Deburghgraeve, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 95–96, 98, fig. 2. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum russellianum Dalström & Ruíz-Pérez, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(3): 149–151, fig. 2. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum tricornis Dalström & Ruíz-Pérez, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(3): 151–153, fig. 3. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum violaceum Dalström sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(3): 143–<br />
145, Fig. 1. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Cyrtochilum xanthocinctum Dalström & S. Ruíz, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 97–99, fig. 3. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Encyclia × nizanburyi Pérez–García & Hágsater, hyb.<br />
nat. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 1–7, fig. 2, 3C. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Epidendrum alieniferum Karremans & Bogarín, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 26–27, fig. 14b, p. 45. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Epidendrum × sandiorum Hágsater, Karremans & L.<br />
Sánchez, nothosp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 32–33, fig. 13, p.<br />
44. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Lepanthes erubescens Bogarín, Karremans & Pupulin,<br />
sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 108–109, fig. 1, 4a. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Lepanthes kabebatae Bogarín, Karremans & Mel.<br />
Fernández, sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 35–36, fig. 7, 14f, 14G,<br />
p. 45. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Lepanthes sandiorum Bogarín & Karremans, sp. nov.<br />
<strong>12</strong>(2): 108, 110–111, fig. 2, 4b. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Lepanthes sanjuanensis Bogarín & Karremans, sp.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 1<strong>12</strong>–114, fig. 3, 4c. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Myrosmodes gymnandra (Rchb.f.) C. Vargas, comb.<br />
nov. 11(1): 5–6. 2011.<br />
Myrosmodes inaequalis (Rchb.f.) C. Vargas, comb.<br />
nov. 11(1): 5, 7–8. 2011.<br />
Odontoglossum furcatum Dalström sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(3):<br />
155–159, fig. 1, 2, 3C, 3C1. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Odontoglossum galianoi (Dalström & P. Nuñez)<br />
Dalström, comb. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 57. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Odontoglossum koechlinianum (Collantes & G.<br />
Gerlach) Dalström, comb. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 57. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Odontoglossum mixturum (Dalström & Sönnemark)<br />
Dalström, comb. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 57. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Odontoglossum peruvianum (Schltr.) Dalström, comb.<br />
nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 58–59. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Odontoglossum vulcanicum (Rchb.f.) Dalström,<br />
comb. nov. <strong>12</strong>(1): 59. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Ponthieva hermiliae L.Valenzuela, sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(3):<br />
161–164, fig. 1–2. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Teagueia barbeliana L. Jost & A. Shepard, sp. nov.<br />
11(1): 11–<strong>12</strong>, fig. 1. 2011.<br />
Teagueia puroana L. Jost & A. Shepard, sp. nov. 11(1):<br />
11, 13–14, fig. 2. 2011.<br />
Telipogon amoanus Bogarín, sp. nov. <strong>12</strong>(2): 115–119,<br />
fig. 1. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
1 A cumulative index of new taxa and combinations appeared in Lankesteriana, vol. 1–9, was published in Lankesteriana<br />
10(1): 49-59.
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3): 193–194. 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
REVIEWERS OF THE MANUSCRIPTS<br />
SUBMITTED TO LANKESTERIANA, <strong>VOL</strong>. 10–<strong>12</strong><br />
The Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editor, Editorial Committee, Editorial Board and Editorial staff of<br />
lankeSteriana acknowledge the reviewers listed below for their willing cooperation. It is greatly appreciated<br />
that they have generously invested their time and competence in providing valuable comments and advice, for<br />
the benefits of the authors, the editorial staff, and the readers of lankeSteriana.<br />
James d. aCkerman, Department of Biology and Center<br />
for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation,<br />
University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, U.S.A.<br />
Joseph arditti, Developmental & Cell Biology School<br />
of Biological Sciences, University of California,<br />
Irvine, U.S.A.<br />
Rafael arévalo burbano, University Of Wisconsin,<br />
Madison, U.S.A.<br />
Manfred ayaSSe, Institute of Experimental Ecology,<br />
University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.<br />
Cássio van den berG, Univ. Estadual de Feira de<br />
Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.<br />
Mario a. blanCo, Biology School, University of Costa<br />
Rica.<br />
Diego boGarín, Lankester Botanical Garden,<br />
University of Costa Rica.<br />
Germán Carnevali, Centro de Investigaciones<br />
Científicas de Yucatán, México.<br />
Mark w. ChaSe, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic<br />
Gardens, Kew, U.K.<br />
Benjamin J. Crain, Department of Biology, University<br />
of Puerto Rico–Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico.<br />
Phillp J. Cribb, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.<br />
Stig dalStröm, Lankester Botanical Garden,<br />
University of Costa Rica, and National<br />
Biodiversity Centre, Serbithang, Bhutan.<br />
Robert l. dreSSler, Lankester Botanical Garden,<br />
University of Costa Rica.<br />
Melania fernández, Lankester Botanical Garden,<br />
University of Costa Rica.<br />
Kanchi N. Gandhi, Harvard University Herbaria,<br />
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.<br />
Günter GerlaCh, Botanischer Garten München–<br />
Nymphenburg, Münich, Germany.<br />
Alberto Gómez Gutiérrez, Pontificia Universidad<br />
Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.<br />
Barbara Gravendeel, Naturalis Biodiversity Center –<br />
NHN Leiden University, The Netherlands.<br />
Olaf GruSS, In der Au 48, Grassau, Germany.<br />
Eric háGSater, Herbario AMO, México D.F., México.<br />
Wesley e. hiGGinS, The American Orchid Society,<br />
West Palm Beach, U.S.A.<br />
Rudolf Jenny, Jany Renz Herbarium, University of<br />
Basel, Switzerland.<br />
Víctor Jiménez, Centro de Investigación en Granos y<br />
Semillas, University of Costa Rica.<br />
Ernesto muJiCa, Centro de Investigaciones y Servicios<br />
Ambientales ECovida, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.<br />
Pedro ortiz valdivieSo†, Pontificia Universidad<br />
Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.<br />
Carlos oSSenbaCh, Orquideario 24 de mayo, Sabanillas<br />
de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica.<br />
Joel Tupac otero oSPina, Universidad Nacional de<br />
Colombia.<br />
Alec m. PridGeon, Sainsbury Orchid Fellow, Royal<br />
Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.<br />
David a. robertS, Durrell Institute of Conservation<br />
and Ecology, University of Kent, U.K.<br />
Gustavo A. romero–González, Harvard University<br />
Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge,<br />
Massachusetts, U.S.A.<br />
Gerardo A. Salazar Chávez, Instituto de Biología,<br />
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
194<br />
Luis SánChez Saldaña, Herbario AMO, México D.F.,<br />
México.<br />
Jyotsna Sharma, Department of Plant and Soil Science,<br />
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, U.S.A.<br />
Rodrigo B. SinGer, Depto Botânica–Instituto de<br />
Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande<br />
do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.<br />
Christina M. Smith, Lankester Botanical Garden,<br />
University of Costa Rica.<br />
Raymond tremblay, Department of Biology,<br />
University of Puerto Rico – Río Piedras, PR,<br />
U.S.A.<br />
LANKESTERIANA<br />
LANKESTERIANA <strong>12</strong>(3), December 20<strong>12</strong>. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 20<strong>12</strong>.<br />
Ernst vitek, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien,<br />
Austria.<br />
J<strong>org</strong>e warner, Lankester Botanical Garden, University<br />
of Costa Rica.<br />
W. Mark whitten, Florida Museum of Natural<br />
History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,<br />
U.S.A.<br />
Gerhard zotz, Institute of Biology and Environmental<br />
Sciences, University Oldenburg, Germany, and<br />
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.