Clerodendrum and Heathcare: An Overview - Global Science Books

Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books 

Clerodendrum and Heathcare: An Overview 

Neeta Shrivastava * • Tejas Patel 

B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad - 380054, Gujarat, India 

Corresponding author: * neetashrivastava_perd@yahoo.co.in 

ABSTRACT 

The genus Clerodendrum L. (Family: Lamiaceae) is very widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. More than 

five hundred species of the genus are identified till now, which includes small trees, shrubs and herbs. Ethno-medical importance of 

various species of Clerodendrum genus has been reported in various indigenous systems of medicines and as folk medicines. The genus is 

being used as medicines specifically in Indian, Chinese, Thai, Korean, Japanese systems of medicine for the treatment of various lifethreatening 

diseases such as syphilis, typhoid, cancer, jaundice and hypertension. Few species of the genus like Clerodendrum inerme, C. 

thomosonae, C. indicum, and C. speciosum are ornamental and being cultivated for aesthetic purposes. The powder/paste form and the 

various extracts of root, stem and leaves are reported to be used as medicine for the treatment of asthma, pyreticosis, cataract, malaria, and 

diseases of blood, skin and lung. To prove these ethno-medical claims, some of these species are being extensively studied for their 

biological activities using various animal models. Along with biological studies, isolation and identification studies of chemical constituents 

and its correlation with the biological activities of the genus has also been studied. The major chemical components reported from 

the genus are phenolics, steroids, di- and triterpenes, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. This review mainly covers the extent of work done on 

biological activities of various Clerodendrum species such as C. trichotomum, C. bungei, C. chinense, C. colebrookianum, C. inerme, C. 

phlomidis, C. petasites, C. grayi, C. indicum, C. serratum, C. campbellii, C. calamitosum and C. cyrtophyllum that can be used both in 

conventional therapy or as replacement therapies for the treatment of various diseases. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Keywords: ethnomedical, phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, polyphyletic, paraphyletic 

Abbreviations: AGC, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; XO, xanthine 

oxidase 

CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................... 142 

ETHNOMEDICAL USES.......................................................................................................................................................................... 146 

PHYTOCHEMISTRY................................................................................................................................................................................ 146 

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES..................................................................................................................................................................... 147 

Anti-inflammatory activities.................................................................................................................................................................. 147 

Antimicrobial activites .......................................................................................................................................................................... 147 

Antimalarial activities............................................................................................................................................................................ 148 

Antioxidant activities............................................................................................................................................................................. 148 

Other biological activities of Clerodendrum genus ............................................................................................................................... 148 

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 148 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 149 

REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................................................... 149 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

INTRODUCTION 

The genus Clerodendrum L. [Family Lamiaceae (Verbenaceae)] 

is very widely distributed in tropical and subtropical 

regions of the world and is comprised of small trees, shrubs 

and herbs. The first description of the genus was given by 

Linnaeus in 1753, with identification of C. infortunatum. 

After a decade later in 1763 Adanson changed the Latin 

name "Clerodendrum" to its Greek form "Clerodendron"; 

in Greek Klero means chance and dendron means tree i.e. 

chance tree which means the tree which does not bring 

good luck like Clerodendron infortunatum or the tree which 

brings good luck like C. fortunatum. Later on after a span 

of about two centuries in 1942 Moldenke readopted the 

Latinized name 'Clerodendrum', which is now commonly 

used by taxonomists for the classification and description of 

the genus and species (Moldenke 1985; Rueda 1993; Hsiao 

and Lin 1995; Steane et al. 1999). Clerodendrum is a very 

large and diverse genus and till now five hundred and eighty 

species of the genus have been identified and are widely 

distributed in Asia, Australia, Africa and America (Table 1). 

A high degree of morphological and cytological variation 

(from 2n=24 to 2n=184) amongst the species, suggesting 

the paraphyletic or polyphyletic origin of the genus. Molecular 

systematic studies based on cloroplast and nuclear 

DNA also indicate polyphyletic origin of the genus (Steane 

et al. 1999). Owing to morphological variations like length 

of the corolla tube, size of leaves, and type of inflorescence 

some authors have classified the genus into two major subgenera, 

Clerodendrum and Cyclonema (Steane et al. 1999) 

while others have classified it into five subgenera and each 

subgenus is again subdivided into many sections (Moldenke 

1985). Similarly many species of the genus have been described 

by more than one author and hence are denoted in the 

literature with the name of different authors e.g. C. floribundum 

Hort. and C. floribundum R.Br., C. foetidum Bunge 

Received: 4 January, 2007. Accepted: 22 January, 2007. Invited Review

Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(1), 142-150 ©2007 Global Science Books 

Table 1 List of various species from the genus Clerodendrum. * Species described by more than one author. 

C. acerbiana Benth. & Hook.f. 

C. aculeatum (L.) Schlecht.* 

C. acuminatum Wall. 

C. adenocalyx Dop 

C. adenophysum H.Hallier 

C. affine Griff. 

C. africanum Moldenke 

C. aggregatum Gurke 

C. alatum Gurke 

C. albiflos H.J.Lam 

C. amicorum Seem. 

C. amplifolium S.Moore 

C. amplius Hance 

C. anafense Britton & P.Wils. 

C. angolense Guerke 

C. angustifolium Salisb.* 

C. apayaoense Quisumb. 

C. arenarium Baker 

C. arthur-gordoni Horne ex Baker 

C. assurgens K.Schum. 

C. attenuatum De Wild.* 

C. aucubifolium Hemsl. 

C. aurantiacum Baker 

C. aurantium G.Don 

C. × speciosum Teijsm. & Binn. 

C. bakeri Gurke 

C. balfouri Hort. 

C. barbafelis H.Hallier 

C. baronianum Oliver 

C. barteri Baker 

C. baumii Guerke 

C. bequaerti De Wild 

C. bernieri Briq. 

C. bethuneanum Low 

C. bingaense S.Moore 

C. bipindense Guerke 

C. blancoanum Villar 

C. blancoi Naves ex Villar 

C. blumeanum Schau. 

C. bodinierii Leveille 

C. bolivianum Rusby 

C. botryoides Baker 

C. botryoides K.Schum. 

C. brachyanthum Schau. 

C. brachypus Urb. 

C. lerodendrum bracteatum Wall. 

C. bracteosum Kostel. 

C. brassii Beer & H.J.Lam 

C. brazzavillense A.Cheval. 

C. breviflorum Ridl. 

C. brookeanum W.W.Smith 

C. brunfelsiiflorum H.Hallier 

C. brunsvigioides Baker 

C. buchananii Herb.Roxb.ex Wall. 

C. buchholzii Gurke 

C. buchneri Gurke 

C. buettneri Gurke 

C. bukobense Gurke 

C. bungei Steud. 

C. buruanum Miq. 

C. buxifolium Spreng. 

C. cabrae De Wild. 

C. caeruleum N.E.Br. 

C. caesium Guerke 

C. calamistratum Hort.Belg.ex Lem. 

C. calamitosum Linn. 

C. calcicola Britton 

C. calycinum Turcz. 

C. camagueyense Britton & P.Wils. 

C. canescens Wall. 

C. capense D.Don ex Steud.* 

C. capitatum Hook.* 

C. capsulare Blanco 

C. cardiophyllum F.Muell. 

C. carnosulum Baker 

C. castaneaefolium Klotzsch 

C. castaneifolium Hook. & Arn. 

C. catalpifolium H.Hallier 

C. caulambum Exell 

C. cauliflorum De Wild.* 

C. cavaleriei Leveille 

C. cephalanthum Oliver 

C. cernuum Wall.ex Steud. 

C. chamaeriphes Wernham 

C. citrinum Ridley 

C. coccineum D.Dietr.* 

C. cochinchinense Dop 

C. colebrookianum Walp. 

C. commersonii Spreng. 

C. condensatum Miq. 

C. confusum H.Hallier 

C. congense Baker* 

C. congestum Guerke 

C. conglobatum Baker 

C. consors S.Moore 

C. corbisieri De Wild. 

C. cordatum D.Don 

C. cordifolium A.Rich. 

C. coriaceum Poir.* 

C. coromandelianum Spreng. 

C. costaricense Standley 

C. costatum R.Br. 

C. costulatum K.Schum. 

C. cruentum Lindl. 

C. cubensis Schau. 

C. culinare Sesse & Moc. 

C. cumingianum Schau. 

C. cuneatum Guerke* 

C. cuneifolium Baker 

C. cunninghamii Benth. 

C. curranii Elmer 

C. curtisii N.E.Br. 

C. cuspidatum Turcz. 

C. cyrtophyllum Turcz 

C. darrisii Leveille 

C. deflexum Wall. 

C. dekindtii Guerke 

C. dembianense Chiov. 

C. densiflorum Griff. 

C. dentatum Wall. 

C. depauperatum Wall.ex Steud. 

C. dependens Aug.DC. 

C. dicolor Vatke 

C. diepenhorstii Miq. 

C. dinklagei Gurke 

C. discolor Becc. 

C. disparifolium Blume 

C. divar. catum Jack* 

C. diversifolium Vahl 

C. dubium De Wild. 

C. duckei Moldenke 

C. dumale Baker 

C. dumale K.Schum. 

C. dusenii Guerke 

C. eketense Wernham 

C. ekmani Moldenke 

C. elberti H.Hallier 

C. elegans Manetti ex Lem. 

C. ellipticum Zipp.ex Span. 

C. elliptifolium Merrill 

C. elmeri Merrill 

C. emarginatum Briq. 

C. emirnense Boj.ex Hook. 

C. epiphyticum Standley 

C. erectum De Wild. 

C. eriophyllum Gurke 

C. eriosiphon Schau. 

C. esquirolii Leveille* 

C. eucalycinum Oliver 

C. eupatorioides Baker 

C. euryphyllum Mildbr. 

C. excavatum De Wild. 

C. fallax Lindl. 

C. fargesii Dode 

C. farinosum Wall. 

C. fasciculatum Berthold Thomas 

C. fastigiatum H.J.Lam 

C. ferrugineum Turcz. 

C. finetii Dop 

C. fischeri Gurke ex Engl. 

C. fistulosum Becc.* 

C. flavum Merrill 

C. fleuryi A.Chevalier 

C. floribundum Hort.* 

143 

C. foetidum Bunge* 

C. formicarum Gurke 

C. formosanum Maxim. 

C. fortunatum Buch.-Ham.ex Wall.* 

C. fortunei Hemsl. 

C. fragrans Vent.* 

C. francavilleanum Buchinger ex 

Berthold Thomas 

C. friesii K.Schum. 

C. f.rutectorum S.Moore 

C. fugitans Wernham 

C. fuscum Gurke. 

C. galeatum Balf.f. 

C. garrettianum Craib 

C. gaudichaudii Dop 

C. geoffrayi Dop 

C. giletii Wildem. & Th.Dur. 

C. glaberrimum Hayata 

C. glabratum Guerke 

C. glabrum E.Mey. 

C. glandulosum Colebr.ex Wall. 

C. glandulosum Lindl. 

C. glaucum Wall.ex Steud. 

C. globuliflorum Berthold Thomas 

C. godefroyi Kuntze 

C. goossensi De Wild. 

C. gordoni Baker 

C. gossweileri Exell 

C. grandicalyx E.A.Bruce 

C. grandiflorum Schau. 

C. grandifolium Gurke* 

C. gratum Kurz* 

C. greyi Baker 

C. griffithianum C.B.Clarke 

C. guerkii Baker 

C. haematocalyx Hance 

C. haematolasium H.Hallier 

C. hahnianum Dop 

C. hainanense Hand.-Mazz. 

C. harmandianum Dop 

C. harnierianum Schweinf. 

C. hastato-oblongum C.B.Clarke 

C. hastatum Lindl. 

C. helianthemifolium Wall.ex Steud. 

C. hemiderma F.Muell.ex Benth. 

C. henryi P'ei 

C. herbaceum Wall. 

C. heterophyllum 

C. hettae H.Hallier 

C. hexagonum De Wild 

C. hexangulatum Berthold Thomas 

C. hildebrandtii Vatke 

C. hircinum Schau. 

C. hirsutum G.Don* 

C. hispidum M.R.Henderson 

C. hockii De Wild. 

C. holstii Guerke ex Baker* 

C. holtzei F.Muell. 

C. horsfieldii Miq. 

C. huegelii Hort.ex Regel 

C. humile Chiov. 

C. hysteranthum Baker 

C. illustre N.E.Br. 

C. impensum Berthold Thomas 

C. imperialis Carr. 

C. inaequipetiolatum Good 

C. incisum Klotzsch 

C. indeniense A.Cheval. 

C. indicum Druce* 

C. inerme Gaertn.* 

C. infortunatum Dennst.* 

C. ingratum K.Schum. & Lauterb. 

C. intermedium Berthold Thomas* 

C. involucratum Vatke 

C. ixoraeflorum Hazsk. 

C. jackianum Wall. 

C. japonicum Mak.* 

C. javanicum Spreng.* 

C. johnstoni Oliver 

C. kaempferi Fisch.ex Morr. 

C. kalaotoense H.J.Lam 

C. kalbreyeri Baker 

C. kampotense Dop 

C. kanichi Wildem. 

C. katangensis Wildem. 

C. kentrocaule Baker 

C. kinabaluense Stapf 

C. kirkii Baker 

C. kissakense Guerke 

C. klemmei Elmer 

C. koshunense Hayata 

C. kwangtungense Hand.-Mazz. 

C. laciniatum Balf.f. 

C. laevifolium Blume 

C. lanceolatum F.Muell. 

C. lanceolatum Gurke. 

C. lanceoliferum S.Moore 

C. lanessanii Dop 

C. lankawiense King & Gamble 

C. lanuginosum Blume 

C. lasiocephalum C.B.Clarke 

C. laxicymosum De Wild. 

C. laxiflorum Baker 

C. lecomtei Dop 

C. lehuntei Horne ex Baker 

C. lelyi Hutchinson 

C. leucophloeum Balf.f. 

C. leucosceptrum D.Don 

C. leveillei Fedde ex Leveille 

C. ligustrinum 

C. lindawianum Lauterb. 

C. lindemuthianum Vatke 

C. lindenianum A.Eich. 

C. lindleyi Decne.ex Planch. 

C. linnaei F.Muell.* 

C. lividum Lindl. 

C. lloydianum Craib 

C. lobbii C.B.Clarke 

C. longicolle G.F.W.Mey. 

C. longiflorum Decne. 

C. longilimbum P'ei 

C. longipetiolatum Gurke* 

C. longisepalum Dop 

C. longituba Valeton 

C. longitubum Wildem. & Th.Dur. 

C. luembense De Wild. 

C. lujaei Wildem. & Th.Dur. 

C. lupakense S.Moore 

C. luzoniense Merrill 

C. mabesae Merrill 

C. macradenium Miq. 

C. macrocalycinum Baker 

C. macrocalyx De Wild.* 

C. macrophyllum Blume* 

C. macrosiphon Hook.f.* 

C. macrostachyum Baker* 

C. macrostegium Schau. 

C. madaeera Voigt 

C. magnificum Warb. 

C. magnoliaefolium Baker 

C. makanjanum H.Winkler 

C. mandarinorum Diels 

C. manetti Vis. 

C. mannii Baker 

C. margaritense Moldenke 

C. matudae Standley 

C. medium R.Br. 

C. megasepalum Baker 

C. melanocrater Gurke 

C. membranifolium H.J.Lam 

C. mexicanum T.S.Brandegee 

C. meyeri-johannis Mildbraed 

C. micans Gurke 

C. microcalyx Ridley 

C. microphyllum Berthold Thomas 

C. mildbraedii Berthold Thomas 

C. minahassae Teijsm. & Binn. 

C. mindorense Merrill 

C. minutiflorum Baker 

C. mirabile Baker 

C. mite Vatke 

C. moldenkeanum Standley 

C. molle H.B. & K.* 

C. montanum Berthold Thomas

Table 1 (cont.) * Species described by more than one author. 

C. morigono Chiov. 

C. mossambicense Klotzsch 

C. moupinense Franch. 

C. muenzneri Berthold Thomas 

C. multibracteatum Merrill 

C. multiflorum G.Don 

C. myrianthum Mildbr. 

C. myricoides Gurke* 

C. myrmecophila Ridl. 

C. natalense Gurke 

C. navesianum Vidal 

C. nereifolium Wall. 

C. neumayeri Vatke 

C. nhatrangense Dop 

C. nipense Urb. 

C. noiroti A.Chevalier 

C. nutans Jack* 

C. nyctaginifolium Good 

C. obanense Wernham 

C. obovatum Walp. 

C. obtusidens Miq. 

C. odoratum D.Don 

C. ohwii Kanehira & Hatusima 

C. orbiculare Baker 

C. oreadum S.Moore 

C. ornatum Wall. 

C. ovale Klotzsch 

C. ovalifolium A.Gray* 

C. ovatum Poir.* 

C. oxysepalum Miq. 

C. palmatolobatum Dop 

C. paniculatum Linn. 

C. papuanum Scheff. 

C. parvitubulatum Berthold Thomas 

C. pearsoni Moldenke 

C. peekelii Markgraf 

C. penduliflorum Wall. 

C. pentagonum Hance 

C. petasites S.Moore 

C. petunioides Baker 

C. philippinense Elmer 

C. philippinum Schau. 

C. phlebodes C.H.Wright 

C. phlomoides Hort.Ital.ex DC.* 

C. phyllomega Steud. 

C. picardae Urb. 

C. pierreanum Dop 

C. pilosum H.H.W.Pearson 

C. pithecobium Standley & Steyerm. 

C. pittieri Moldenke ex Standley 

C. pleiosciadium Gurke 

C. poggei Gurke 

C. polyanthum Guerke 

C. polycephalum Baker 

C. populneum Beer & H.J.Lam 

and C. foetidum D. Don, C. lanceolatum F. Muell. and C. 

lanceolatum Gurke, etc.; some more examples are cited in 

Table 2 (Rueda 1993; Hsiao and Lin 1995; Steane et al. 

1999). Conclusive remarks on the origin and classification 

Clerodendron and healthcare. Shrivastava and Patel 

C. porphyrocalyx K.Schum. & Lauterb. 

C. powellii Benth. & Hook.f.ex Drake 

C. preslii Elmer 

C. preussii Gurke. 

C. prittwitzii Berthold Thomas 

C. puberulum Merrill 

C. pubescens Lindl. 

C. pubescens Walp. 

C. pulchrum Fawc. 

C. pulverulentum Engl. 

C. pumilum Ridley 

C. pumilum Spreng. 

C. pusillum Guerke 

C. putre Schau. 

C. pygmaeum Merrill 

C. pynaertii De Wild. 

C. pyramidale Andr. 

C. quadrangulatum Berthold Thomas 

C. quadriloculare Merrill 

C. ramosissimum Baker 

C. reflexum H.H.W.Pearson 

C. rehmannii Guerke 

C. rhytidophyllum K.Schum. 

C. ridleyi King & Gamble 

C. riedelii Oliver 

C. ringoeti De Wild. 

C. robecchii Chiov. 

C. robinsonii Dop 

C. robustum Klotzsch 

C. roseum Poit. 

C. rotundifolium Oliver 

C. rubellum Baker 

C. rumphianum Bull 

C. rumphianum De Vriese 

C. rusbyi Moldenke 

C. sagittatum Wall. 

C. sagraei Schau. 

C. sahelangii Koord.ex Bakh. 

C. sanguineum K.Schum. 

C. sansibarense Gurke 

C. sarawakanum H.J.Lam 

C. savanorum De Wild. 

C. scandens Beauv.* 

C. scheffleri Guerke* 

C. schlechteri Guerke 

C. schliebenii Mildbr. 

C. schmidtii C.B.Clarke 

Table 2 A few species of the Clerodendrum genus described by many authors. 

C. aculeatum (L.) Schlecht. 

C. aculeatum Griseb. 

C. angustifolium Salisb. 

C. angustifolium Spreng. 

C. attenuatum De Wild. 

C. attenuatum R.Br. 

C. capense D.Don ex Steud. 

C. capense Eckl. & Zeyh.ex Schau. 

C. capitatum Hook. 

C. capitatum Schum & Thou. 

C. cauliflorum De Wild. 

C. cauliflorum Vatke 

C. coccineum D.Dietr. 

C. coccineum H.J.Lam 

C. congense Baker 

C. congense Engl. 

C. coriaceum Poir. 

C. coriaceum R.Br. 

C. divar. catum Jack 

C. divar. catum Sieb. & Zucc. 

C. fistulosum Becc. 

C. fistulosum Bower 

C. floribundum Hort. 

C. floribundum R.Br. 

C. foetidum Bunge 

C. foetidum D.Don 

C. foetidum Hort.Par.ex Planch. 

C. fortunatum Buch.-Ham.ex Wall. 

C. fortunatum Linn. 

C. fragrans Vent. 

C. fragrans Willd. 

C. glandulosum Colebr.ex Wall. 

C. glandulosum Lindl. 

C. grandiflorum Schau. 

C. grandifolium Gurke 

C. grandifolium Salisb. 

C. gratum Kurz 

C. gratum Wall. 

C. hirsutum G.Don 

C. hirsutum H.H.W.Pearson 

C. holstii Guerke ex Baker 

C. holstii Gurke. 

C. indicum Druce 

C. indicum Kuntze 

C. schultzei Mildbr. 

C. schweinfurthii Gurke 

C. scopiferum Miq. 

C. semiserratum Wall. 

C. sereti De Wild. 

C. sericeum Wall. 

C. serotinum Carr.* 

C. serratum Moon* 

C. sieboldii Kuntze 

C. silvaeanum Henriques 

C. silvestre Berthold Thomas 

C. silvicola Guerke. 

C. simile H.H.W.Pearson* 

C. simplex G.Don 

C. singalense Miq. 

C. singwanum Berthold Thomas 

C. sinuatum Hook. 

C. siphonanthus 

C. somalense Chiov. 

C. speciosissimum Hort.Angl.ex 

Schau. 

C. speciosum Guerke* 

C. spicatum Thunb. 

C. spinescens Gurke 

C. spinosum Spreng. 

C. splendens A.Cheval.* 

C. splendidum Wall. 

C. squamatum Vahl 

C. squiresii Merrill 

C. stenanthum Klotzsch 

C. streptocaulon Hutchinson & 

Dalziel 

C. strictum Baker 

C. stuhlmanni Gurke 

C. subpandurifolium Kuntze 

C. subpeltatum Wernham 

C. subreniforme Guerke 

C. subscaposum Hemsl. 

C. suffruticosum Guerke 

C. swynnertonii S.Moore 

C. sylvaticum Briq. 

C. syringaefolium Baker 

C. talbotii Wernham 

C. tanganyikense Baker 

C. tatomense Dop 

C. teaguei Hutchinson 

C. ternatum Schinz 

C. ternifolium Baker* 

C. tessmanni Moldenke 

C. thomasii Moldenke 

C. thonneri Guerke 

C. infortunatum Dennst. 

C. infortunatum Gaertn. 

C. infortunatum Linn. 

C. intermedium Berthold Thomas 

C. intermedium Cham. 

C. japonicum Mak. 

C. japonicum Sweet 

C. javanicum Spreng. 

C. javanicum Walp. 

C. linnaei F.Muell. 

C. linnaei Thw. 

C. macrocalyx De Wild. 

C. macrocalyx H.J.Lam 

C. macrophyllum Blume 

C. macrophyllum Sims 

C. molle H.B. & K. 

C. molle Jack 

C. myricoides Gurke 

C. myricoides R.Br. & Vatke 

C. nutans Jack 

C. nutans Wall. 

C. ovalifolium A.Gray 

144 

C. thyrsoideum Baker* 

C. tomentellum Hutchinson & Dalziel 

C. tomentosum R.Br. 

C. tonkinense Dop 

C. toxicarium Baker* 

C. tracyanum F.Muell.ex Benth 

C. transvaalense Berthold Thomas 

C. tricholobum Guerke 

C. trichotomum Thunb.* 

C. triflorum Vis. 

C. trifoliatum Steud. 

C. triphyllum H.H.W.Pearson 

C. triplinerve Rolfe 

C. tuberculatum A.Rich. 

C. ubanghense A.Chevalier 

C. ugandense Prain 

C. ulei Hayek 

C. ulugurense Guerke 

C. umbellatum Poir. 

C. umbratile King & Gamble 

C. uncinatum Schinz 

C. urticifolium Wall. 

C. utakwense Wernham 

C. validipes S.Moore 

C. vanoverberghii Merril 

C. vanprukii Craib 

C. var. ifolium De Wild. 

C. var. um Berthold Thomas 

C. velutinum A.Chevalier 

C. velutinum Berthold Thomas* 

C. venosum Wall. 

C. verrucosum Splitg.ex De Vriese 

C. versteegi Pulle 

C. verticillatum D.Don 

C. vestitum Wall.ex Steud. 

C. villosum Blume 

C. violaceum Guerke* 

C. viscosum Vent. 

C. volubile Beauv. 

C. weinlandii K.Schum.ex H.J.Lam 

C. welwitschii Gurke 

C. wenzelii Merrill 

C. whitfieldii Seem.* 

C. wildemanianum Exell 

C. williamsii Elmer 

C. wilmsii Guerke 

C. yakusimense Nakai 

C. yatschuense H.Winkler 

C. yaundense Guerke 

C. yunnanense Hu 

C. zambesiacum Baker 

C. ovalifolium Bakh. 

C. ovalifolium Engl. 

C. ovatum Poir. 

C. ovatum R.Br 

C. scandens Beauv. 

C. scandens Druce 

C. scandens Linn.ex Jackson 

C. scheffleri Guerke 

C. schifferi A.Cheval. 

C. serratum Moon 

C. serratum Spreng. 

C. simile H.H.W.Pearson 

C. simile Merrill 

C. ternifolium D.Don 

C. ternifolium H.B. & K. 

C. thyrsoideum Baker 

C. thyrsoideum Guerke 

C. toxicarium Baker 

C. toxicarium Baker ex Gurke 

C. velutinum A.Chevalier 

C. velutinum Berthold Thomas 

C. velutinum Wall. 

of the genus are still lacking and a thorough revision of the 

classification of this genus supported by molecular systematics 

has been suggested by some researchers (Steane et al. 

1999, 2004).


HO 

HO 

H 3CO 

RO 

RO 

H 

COOH 

O 

OH O 

Hispudilin 

Clerodermic acid 

O OH 

OH 

Uncinatone 

OH 

O 

O 

H 

COOH 

Colebrin 

O 

O 

O 

HO 

HO 

HO 

OH 

H3C HO 

OH 

OH 

O O 

OCH2CH3 5-O-ethylclerodendricin 

HO 

HO 

HO 

HO 

OH 

O 

OH 

HOH2CH2C O 

CH2CH2OH HO 

OCH 3 

R = Gluc. acid (6-OMe) 

Acacetin-7-O-methylglucuronate 

O 

R'O CH 3O CH 3O OR'' 

Neolignan I 

R R', R" R''' = -CH2- Neolignan II 

R R' = -CH2-, R" R'" = CH3 O 

HO 

HO 

HO 

HOOC 

HO 

H 3C 

HO 

HO OH 

OR''' 

O 

O 

Neolignan III 

R R' = CH 3, R" R'" = -CH 2- 

O 

O 

OH OH 

O 

O O 

HO 

OH O 

O 

OH 

O 

Verbacoside 

Scutellarin 

Fig. 1 Some of the major chemical constituents of Clerodendrum genus. 

145 

O 

O 

O 

OH 

CN 

HO 

O 

Apigenin 

O 

HO 

1(R) Lucumin 

OH 

OH 

O 

OH 

Bungein 

O 

OH 

O 

Jionoside D 

OH 

CN 

HO 

O 

H 

O 

O 

OH 

Iridiod diglucoside 

OH 

HO 

O 

O 

O 

2(R) Prunasin 

Clerosterol 

HOOC 

OH 

OH 

Serratagenic acid 

OH 

OH 

OH 

OH 

OCH 3 

COOH 

OH 

OH

The genus is taxonomically characterized by its entire 

or toothed, oppositely arranged leaves, terete stems, 

terminally or axillary cymose inflorescence, hypogynous 

bisexual flowers, persistent calyx, cylindrical corolla tube 

with spreading 5-lobed at the top, exerted stamens, short bifided 

stigma, imperfectly 4-celled ovary, exalbumenous 

seeds and endocarp separating into 4 stony pyrenes (Kirtikar 

and Basu 1991; Hsiao et al. 1995; Steane et al. 1999). 

Resembling its taxonomic diversity, the genus exhibits a 

wide spectrum of folk and indigenous medicinal uses. Research 

is advancing towards scientific validation of classical 

therapeutic claims of the genus. In the present review 

we have focused on the medicinal and health care aspects 

of the genus. We have also included the work done on the 

phytochemical constituent responsible or believed to be responsible 

for the therapeutic properties of various species 

belong to the genus (Fig. 1). 

ETHNOMEDICAL USES 

A number of species from this genus were documented to 

be used as folk medicine by various tribes in Asian and 

African continents (Table 3). Many species of the genus 

have also been documented in traditional systems of medicine 

practiced in countries like India, China, Korea, Thailand 

and Japan. 

Roots and leaf extracts of C. indicum, C. phlomidis, C. 

serratum, C. trichotomum, C. chinense and C. petasites 

have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, asthma 

and other inflammatory diseases (Anonymous 1992; Hazekamp 

et al. 2001; Kang et al. 2003; Panthong et al. 2003; 

Choi et al. 2004; Sungwook et al. 2004; Kanchanapoom et 

al. 2005). Plant species such as C. indicum and C. inerme 

were used to treat coughs, serofulous infection, buboes 

problem, venereal infections, skin diseases and as a vermifuge, 

febrifuge and also to treat Beriberi disease (Anonymous 

1992; Rehman et al. 1997; Kanchanapoom et al. 

2001). It was also reported that tribals use C. inerme as an 

antidote of poisoning from fish, crabs and toads (Rehman et 

al. 1997; Kanchanapoom et al. 2001; Pandey et al. 2003). C. 

phlomidis, C. colebrookianum, C. calamitosum and C. trichotomum 

have been reported to have antidiabetic, antihypertensive 

and sedative properties (Singh et al. 1980; 

Chaturvedi et al. 1984; Khan et al. 1996; Cheng et al. 2001; 

Kang et al. 2003; Chae et al. 2004; Choi et al. 2004). C. 

cyrtophyllum and C. chinense were used for the treatment 

of fever, jaundice, typhoid and syphilis (Cheng et al. 2001; 

Kanchanapoom et al. 2005). Roots, leaves and fresh juice 

of leaves of C. infortunatum were used in eliminating ascarids 

and tumors, and also as a laxative (Anonymous 1992). 

C. phlomidis has been used as an astringent and also in the 

treatment of gonorrhea (Rani et al. 1999; Murugesan et al. 

2001). The roots of C. serratum have been claimed to be 

used in dyspepsia, seeds in dropsy and leaves as a febrifuge 

and in cephalagia and ophthalmia (Anonymous 1992). C. 


calamitosum was used as a medicine for the treatment of 

kidney, gall and bladder stones. This plant is also reported to 

have diuretic and antibacterial properties (Cheng et al. 

2001). In the Chinese system of medicine C. bungei is used 

for the treatment of headaches, dizziness, furuncles and hysteroptosis 

(Zhou et al. 1982; Yang et al. 2002). In India, 

fruits of C. petasites are used to produce sterility, while in 

China the plant is used as medicine for malaria (Hazekamp 

et al. 2001; Panthong et al. 2003). Leaves of C. buchholzii 

are reported in African pharmacopeia for treatment of furunculosis, 

echymosis and gastritis (Nyegue et al. 2005). Other 

then their therapeutic use, some of the species of the genus 

such as C. inerme, C. thomosonae, C. indicum and C. speciosum 

are also cultivated and used as ornamental plants. 

PHYTOCHEMISTRY 

As mentioned earlier the genus Clerodendrum is reported in 

various indigenous systems of medicine throughout the 

world for the treatment of various diseases. Efforts have 

been made by various researchers to isolate and identify 

biologically active principle and other major chemical 

constituents from various species of the genus. Research 

reports on the genus denote that the major class of chemical 

constituents present in the Clerodendrum genus are steroids 

such as β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol octacosanol, clerosterol, 

bungein A, acteoside, betulinic acid, clerosterol 3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside, 

colebrin A-E, campesterol, 4α-methylsterol, 

cholesta-5-22-25-trien-3-β-ol, 24-β-cholesta-5-22-25trine, 

cholestanol, 24-methyl-22-dihydrocholestanol, 24-β- 

22-25-bis-dehydrocholesterol, 24-α-methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 

24-β-methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl- 

22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, 22-dehydroclerosterol, 

24-methyllathosterol, 24-β-ethyl-25-dehydrolathosterol, 

(24S)-ethylcholesta-5-22-25-triene-3β-ol have 

been isolated from various Clerodendron species such as C. 

inerme, C. phlomidis, C. infortunatum, C. paniculatum, C. 

cyrtophyllum, C. fragrans, C. splendens, C. campbellii and 

C. splendens (Bolger et al. 1970; Abdul-Alim 1971; Joshi et 

al. 1979; Sinha et al. 1980; Singh and Singhi 1981; Sinha et 

al. 1982; Hsu et al. 1983; Singh and Prakash 1983; Singh 

and Singhi 1983; Pinto and Nes 1985; Rempler and Hunkler 

1986; Akihisa et al. 1989; Att-Ur-Rehman et al. 1997; Goswami 

et al. 1996; Yang et al. 2000; Kanchanapoom et al. 

2001; Yang et al. 2002; Gao et al. 2003a, 2003b; Pandey et 

al. 2003; Kanchanapoom et al. 2005; Lee et al. 2006). 

Another class of constituents are terpenes which include: 

monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, iridoids and 

sesquiterpenes. Terpenes such as α-amyrin, β-amyrin, caryoptin, 

3-epicaryoptin, 16-hydroxy epicaryoptin, clerodendrin 

A, B and C, clerodin, clerodermic acid, cleroinermin, 

friedelin, gramisterol, iridoids (inerminoside A, B, C and D, 

melittaside, monomelittoside, sammangaoside, ugandoside, 

8-O-acetylmioporoside), obtusifoliol, oleanolic acid, royleanone, 

dehydroroyleanone, sesquiterpene (sammangaoside A, 

Table 3 A few species of Clerodendrum genus and their distribution in the world. 

Scientific Name Synonym Distribution 

C. inerme Gaertn. 

India, Sri Lanka, South East Asian countries, Australia, Pacific Islands 

C. phlomidis Linn. f. 

C. multiforum Burm. f. India 

C. serratum Spreng. 

India 

C. infortunatum Linn. 

The Philippines 

C. siphonanthus R. Br. 

C. indicum (Linn) Kuntze India 

C. commersonii Spreng. 

China 

C. glabrum E. Mey. 

Southern Africa 

C. triphyllum R. Br. 


C. trichotomum 

China, Korea, Japan 

C. bungei Stued. 

China 

C. calamitosum L. 

Indonesia, Taiwan 

C. cyrtophyllum Turez. 

Taiwan 

C. chinense (Osb.) Mabberley 

C. fragrans (Vent.) Willd. Tropical regions of Asia 

C. colebrookianum 

India, South Asian countries 

C. myricoides 

South Africa 

C. petasites S. Moore 

India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Southern China 

C. philippinum Schauer 

Queensland, Australia 

C. heterophyllum R. Br. & Thb. 


146


B) clerodendrin A, uncinatone, Mi saponins-A, friedelanone, 

lupeol, betulinic acid, royleanone and dehydroroyleanone, 

and betulin have till now been isolated from various 

Clerodendron species such as C. inerme, C. phlomidis, 

C. paniculatum, C. colebrookianum, C. wildii, C. uncinatum, 

C. mandarinorum, C. thomsonae, C. fragrans, C. 

ugandense, C. chinense (Joshi et al. 1979; Sharma and 

Singh 1979; Singh et al. 1981; Sinha et al. 1981; Seth et al. 

1982; Singh and Prakash 1983; Achari et al. 1990; Raha et 

al. 1991; Achari et al. 1992; Rao et al. 1993; Calis et al. 

1994; El-Shamy et al. 1996; Kawai et al. 1998; Hazekamp 

2001; Kanchanapoom et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2002; Kumari 

et al. 2003; Chae et al. 2004; Dorsaz et al. 2004; Nishida et 

al. 2004; Min et al. 2005). 

Flavonoids are another class of compounds which are 

mainly present in Clerodendron speices and they are also 

responsible for few biological activities. The major flavonoids 

present are cynaroside, 5-hydroxy-4’-7-dimethoxy 

methyl flavone, kaempferol, salvigenin, 4-methyl scutellarein, 

5,7,4 O-trihydroxyflavone, apigenin, luteolin, acacetin-7-O-glucuronide, 

hispidulin, 2’-4-4’trihydroxy-6’methyl 

chalcone, 7-hydroxy flavone, luteolin, naringin-4’-O-α-glucopyranoside, 

pectolinarigenin, cirsimaritin, cirsimaritin-4’glucoside, 

quercetin-3-methyl ether which were isolated 

from C. inerme, C. phlomidis, C. petasites, C. trichotomum, 

C. mandarinorum, and C. infortunatum (Vendatham et al. 

1977; Seth et al. 1982; Raha et al. 1989; Achari et al. 1990; 

Raha et al. 1991; Roy and Pandey 1994, 1995; Roy et al. 

1995 ; El-Shamy et al. 1996; Anam 1997, 1999). 

There are also other chemical constituents present 

which include volatile constituents such as 5-O-ethylcleroindicin 

D, linalool, benzyl acetate and benzyl benzoate, 

which have been isolated from C. canescens, C. cyrtophyllum, 

C. inerme and C. philippinum (Yang et al. 2002; Nyegue 

et al. 2004; Wong and Tan 2005). 

Other chemical constituent includes cyanogenic glycosides 

such as lucumin and prunasin which were isolated 

from C. grayi (Miller et al. 2006). Phenolic compounds like 

β-benzyl alcohol, β-benzyl alcohol-D-glucoside, neolignan, 

darendoside-B, phenyl propanoids like (isovarbascoside, 

verbascoside, leucosceptoside), vanillic acid, anisic acid, 

para-hydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid have been reported 

in C. inerme, C. bungei and C. dauricum (Liu and Fu 1980; 

Gabriele and Rimpler 1981; Zhou et al. 1982; Gabriele et al. 

1983; Sakurai and Kato 1983; Calis et al. 1994); D-mannitol 

from C. serratum (Garg and Verma 2006). Carbohydrates 

like glucose, fructose, sucrose are been reported in C. 

mandarinorum and C. inerme. Other constituents such as 

ribosome-inactivating protein, salidroside, jinoside-D, acetoside 

have been isolated from C. inerme (Olivieri et al. 

1996), while trichotomoside, cytotoxic pheophorbides and 

cleromyrin-I have been isolated from C. trichotomum, C. 

calamitosum and C. cyrtophyllum (Bashwira et al. 1989; 

Cheng et al. 2001; Chae et al. 2006). 

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 

The genus Clerodendrum contains many plant species that 

are being used in various health care systems for the treatment 

of various disorders including life-threatening diseases. 

To validate traditional claims associated with the genus 

many studies are being carried out using various animal 

models and in vitro assays. These studies showed that the 

different species of the genus possess potent anti-inflammatory, 

antidiabetic, antimalarial, antiviral, antihypertensive, 

hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities and have potential 

to be developed as potent remedial agents from natural 

resources. Some major activities are described below. 

Anti-inflammatory activities 

Inflammation is a very complex pathophysiological process 

involving a variety of biomoleucles responsible for causing 

it such as leucocytes, macrophages, mast cells, platelets and 

lymphocytes by releasing eicosanoids and nitric oxide. Pro- 

147 

inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β are also 

responsible for various inflammatory conditions. Many species 

of the genus Clerodendrum showed potent anti-inflammatory 

activity. C. phlomidis was reported for significantly 

decreasing paw oedemas induced by carrageenan in rats at a 

dose of 1g/kg (Surendrakumar 1988). Similarly C. petasites 

was reported to show moderate anti-inflammatory activity 

in the acute phase of inflammation in rats. The ED50 values 

of the experiment were reported to be 2.34 mg/ear and 

420.41 mg/kg in rats (Panthong et al. 2003), it has been suggested 

by the authors that the anti-inflammatory activity of 

the plant extract could be due to the inhibition of prostaglandin 

synthesis by the extract. 

The anti-inflammatory activity of C. trichotomum leaves 

were checked in rat, mice and Raw 264.7 macrophage 

cells using experimental models with 1 mg/kg solution of 

30% and 60% methanolic extracts of leaves. Experimental 

results concluded that inhibition by methanolic extract was 

comparable to that of the positive control in an acute inflammation 

model, while in the chronic model the extract 

showed 10% higher activity than the positive control. It also 

suppressed the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 

264.7 macrophage cells (Choi et al. 2004). A phenyl propanoid 

glycoside 'acetoside' isolated from C. trichotomum also 

showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the release 

of histamine, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 in RBL 

2H3 cells. The mechanism identified for the inhibition of 

histamine release was related to calcium concentration (Lee 

et al. 2006). 

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for 

the formation of uric acid from the purines hypoxanthine 

and xanthine, and is responsible for the medical condition, 

gout. Gout is caused by the deposition of uric acid in the 

joints leading to painful inflammation. Purified hydroalcoholic 

extracts of leaves and branches of C. floribundum 

showed 84% inhibition of XO activity (Sweeney et al. 

2001). Results of the experiment indicate the potential of 

the plant species to be developed as a remedy for XO-induced 

diseases. 

Flavonoid glycosides of C. inerme showed modulation 

in calcium transport in isolated inflamed rat liver and thereby 

showed reduction in inflammation. The results obtained 

in the experiment were comparable with indomethacine 

used as a positive control (Somasundram and Sadique 1986). 

The alcoholic extract of roots of C. serratum showed a significant 

anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan and also 

in the cotton pellet model in experimental mice, rats and 

rabbits (Narayanan et al. 1999). 

Antimicrobial activites 

Antiinfective compounds from natural resources are of great 

interest as the existing drugs are getting less effective due to 

increased tolerance of microorganisms. A number of species 

from the genus Clerodendrum were documented in ancient 

texts for their antimicrobial action. To validate these claims, 

research work was carried out with various Gram positive 

and Gram negative bacterial strains and also with fungal and 

viral pathogens. Dried, aerial parts of C. inerme showed potent 

antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus with an ED50 

value of 16 µg/ml (Mehdi et al. 1997). Essential oil obtained 

from leaves of the plant showed antifungal activity against 

variety of fungal species such as Alternaria species, 

Aspergillus species, Cladosporium herbarum, Cunnimghamella 

echinulata, Helminthosporium saccharii, Microsporum 

gypseum, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus 

nigricans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichothecium roseum 

(Sharma and Singh 1979). Alcoholic extracts of leaves 

and flowers of C. inerme also exhibited antibacterial activity 

against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (George 

and Pandalai 1949). Pectolinarigenin and chalcone glucoside 

isolated from leaf of C. phlomidis showed antifungal 

activity (Roy et al. 1995). 

Two phenyl propanoid glycosides (acteoside and acteoside 

isomer) isolated from C. trichotomum showed potent

inhibition of HIV-1 integrase with IC50 values of 7.8 ± 3.6 

and 13.7 ± 6.0 µM (Kim et al. 2001). A new hydroquinone 

diterpenoid was isolated from C. uncinatum and was 

strongly fungi toxic to the spores of Cladosporium cucumerinum 

(Dorsaz et al. 2004). Hexane extracts of C. colebrookianum 

at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 ppm 

showed strong antibacterial activities against various Gram 

positive and Gram negative pathogens such as S. aureus, 

Staphylococcus haemolyticus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

(Misra et al. 1995). 

Two flavonoids from roots of C. infortunatum, cabruvin 

and quercetin, showed strong antifungal activity. The former 

showed activity against Alternaria carthami and Helminthosporin 

oryzae, the latter against Alternaria alternate 

and Fusarium lini at concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 

mg/ml (Roy et al. 1996). Mi-saponin-A, a triterpenoid saponin 

isolated from the roots of C. wildii, showed potent 

antifungal activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum (Toyoto 

et al. 1990). 

Antimalarial activities 

In various ancient literatures related to healthcare Clerodendrum 

have been reported for its antimalarial activities because 

of the presence of a bitter principle. Studies with different 

parasites support these ancient claims. The alcoholic 

extract of C. phlomidis showed antimalarial activity against 

Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 48 µg/ml 

(Simonsen et al. 2001). Another Indian species, C. inerme 

also inhibited the growth of larvae of Ades aegypti, Culex 

quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens at 80 and 100 ppm 

concentration of petroleum ether and ether extracts (Gayar 

and Shazll 1968; Kalyanasundaram and Das 1985). C. myricoides 

a species from Southern Africa was also tested positive 

for its antimalarial activity against both sensitive and 

resistant strains of P. falciparum with IC50< 30 µg/ml (Muregi 

et al. 2004), it also showed 31.7% suppression in parasitaemia 

against cloroquine tolerant strain of Plasmodium 

berghei NK65 (Muregi et al. 2007). These plants may be 

useful as a source for novel anti-plasmodial drugs/compounds 

from natural origin. 

Antioxidant activities 

Antioxidant compounds are responsible for scavenging free 

radicals, which are produced during normal metabolism or 

during adverse conditions that can be harmful to biological 

systems and leading to death of an organism. Species like C. 

inerme have been used as antioxidant drugs in various indigenous 

systems of medicines (Masuda et al. 1999). Organic 

and aqueous extracts of C. colebrookianum showed significant 

inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo 

induced by FeSO4-ascorbate in rats. Aqueous extracts 

showed strongest inhibitory activity over organic extracts. 

This lends scientific support to the therapeutic use of the 

plant leaves claimed in tribal medicine (Rajlakshmi et al. 

2003). Isoacteoside, trichotomoside and jionoside D, three 

compounds isolated from C. trichotomum, when tested 

showed significant scavenging activity of intracellular reactive 

oxygen species produced by hydrogen peroxide suggesting 

their antioxidant properties (Chae et al. 2004, 2005, 

2006). Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (AGC), isolated 

from C. trichotomum leaves decreased the volume 

of gastric juice and increased the gastric pH in a dose-dependent 

manner, decreasing the number of gastric lesions. 

A malondialdehyde (MDA) level, which is the end product 

of lipid peroxidation, was also decreased by AGC (i.d. 3 

mg/kg), which increased significantly after the induction of 

reflux oesophagitis. The MDA levels did not decrease when 

either apigenin or omeprazole were used as a control suggesting 

that AGC has an antioxidative mechanism to reduce 

gastric lesions. Apigenin glucuronopyranoside also decreased 

mucosal glutathione (GSH) levels significantly suggesting 

that AGC possesses free radical scavenging activity. 

So it can be concluded that AGC is more potent in inhibit- 


148 

ing reflux oesophagitis and gastritis and may therefore be a 

promising drug for their treatment (Min et al. 2005). In present 

lifestyles where stress has taken an unwanted important 

position leading to excess production of free radicals these 

natural remedies will prove a support to our biological system 

to balance metabolism. 

Other biological activities of Clerodendrum genus 

Other major biological activites reported for this genus are 

antihypertensive, antitumor, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, 

larvicidal, antidiarrhoel activities. Organic extracts of C. 

inerme showed strong uterine stimulant activity when tested 

in female rats and rabbits (Sharaf et al. 1969), and also 

showed strong antihemolytic activity in human adults at 

0.02-2.0 mg/ml, with inhibition of phospholipase at 0.05-1.5 

mg/ml (Somasundaram and Sidique 1986). The methanolic 

extract of C. multiflorum leaves showed antidiarrhoeal activity 

against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, PGE2-induced 

enteropooling and caused reduction in gastrointestinal 

motility in rats (Rani et al. 1999), while leaf juice at 0.1% 

showed anthelmentic activity against Ascaris lumbricoides, 

Phreitima posthuma and Taenia solium (Garg and Sidique 

1992). Two compounds, isoacteoside and jionoside D isolated 

from C. trichotomum also reduced the levels of apoptotic 

cells induced by the action of hydrogen peroxide (Chae 

et al. 2004, 2005). C. bungei showed antitumor activity in 

hepatic cells of mice at a dose of 100 g/kg (Shi et al. 1993). 

CNS-related activities were also observed in C. phlomidis 

showing tranquillizing, CNS depressant, muscle relaxant 

and psychopharmacological effects in experimental mice 

and rats (Murugesan et al. 2001). C. mandarinorum root extracts 

showed strong binding with opiate, adenosine-1, α-2adrenergic, 

5HT-1, 5HT-2, dopamine-2, histamine-1, GABA 

(A), and GABA (B) receptors. Isolated compounds of these 

plants showed weak binding with these recepters suggesting 

its synergestic effect (Zhu et al. 1996). C. inerme extracts 

showed hypotensive effects in dogs at 50 mg/kg (Bhakuni et 

al. 1969). 

A decoction of the entire C. phlomidis plant has been reported 

to have antidiabetic activity. A dose of 1 g/kg showed 

antidiabetic effects in epinephrine and alloxan induced 

hyperglycemia in rats and it also showed antihyperglycemic 

activity in human adults at a dose of 15-30 g/day (Chaturvedi 

et al. 1984). Organic and crude extracts of C. colebrookianum 

significantly lowered the serum lipid profile in 

rats suggesting that it has cardioprotective potential (Devi 

and Sharma 2004). The methanolic extract of C. phlomidis 

and leaf extracts of C. inerme showed antispasmodic activity 

in mouse (200 mg/kg; Murugesan et al. 2001) and guinea 

pigs (2 mg/ml; Cox et al. 1989). Ethanolic extract (2.25-9.0 

mg/ml) of C. petasites evaluated for spasmolytic activity in 

guinea-pigs showed spasmolysis on tracheal smooth muscles; 

it also relaxed the smooth muscle which was contracted 

by exposure to histamine. The activity of smooth muscle 

relaxation was attributed to hispidulin (flavonoid) with an 

EC50 (3.0 ± 0.8 * 10 -5 M) suggesting hispidulin has anti-inflammatory 

activity (Hazekamp 2001). Dichloromethane 

leaf extracts of C. myricoides indicated antimutagenic properties 

against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 

bacterial strains (Reid et al. 2006). 

No adverse effects of the genus have been reported in 

the literature until now. Various species of the genus like C. 

infortunatum, C. serratum, C. phlomidis have been reported 

to be safe in the prescribed dosage in traditional system of 

medicines (Anynomous 1; Sharma PV 2001). 

SUMMARY 

The genus Clerodendrum has been cited in many indigenous 

systems of health care for the treatment of variety of disorders. 

A few species extensively used as folk medicines for 

years have been investigated for their chemical constituents 

and biological activity to confirm these traditional claims. 

The genus is reported to have activities against a wide spec-


trum of disorders which includes many life-threatening diseases 

like HIV. Still there are many species of the genus 

having a potential towards many disorders in their unexplored 

fold. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The authors wish to thank Mr. H. Srinivasa for his help in preparing 

the manuscript. 

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