Book of Abstracts (PDF) - International Mycological Association
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IMC7<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
The 7th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Mycological</strong> Congress<br />
Oslo 11–17 August 2002
IMC7 Oslo, Norway<br />
Contents<br />
Contacts for Information …………… Page 2<br />
Organizing Committee………………… Page 3<br />
Main Sponsors ……………………………… Page 3<br />
Lectures Monday 12th ………………… Page 4<br />
Lectures Tuesday 13th ………………… Page 33<br />
Lectures Wednesday 14th …………… Page 66<br />
Lectures Thursday 15th ……………… Page 77<br />
Lectures Friday 16th …………………… Page 109<br />
Posters Main Theme 1 ………………… Page 139<br />
Contacts for information<br />
Technical organizer<br />
PLUS Convention Norway AS<br />
P.O.Box 1646 Vika<br />
N-0119 Oslo, Norway<br />
Tel: + 47-22 92 55 40<br />
Fax: + 47-22 92 55 44<br />
E-mail: imc7@plus-convention.no<br />
IMC7 Congress Secretariat<br />
IMC7 Congress Secretariat<br />
P.O. Box 24 Blindern,<br />
N-0314 Oslo, Norway<br />
Tel: + 47-22 85 46 28<br />
Fax: + 47-22 85 46 64<br />
E-mail: imc-7@bio.uio.no<br />
Posters Main Theme 2 ………………… Page 188<br />
Posters Main Theme 3 ………………… Page 241<br />
Posters Main Theme 4 ………………… Page 279<br />
Posters Main Theme 5 ………………… Page 323<br />
Genera Index ………………………………… Page 366<br />
Family Index ………………………………… Page 374<br />
Order Index …………………………………… Page 375<br />
Author Index ………………………………… Page 376<br />
2 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong>
11–17 August 2002 IMC7<br />
The imc7 Organizing Committee:<br />
Organizing Committee<br />
Leif Ryvarden (chair)<br />
Trond Schumacher (vice chair)<br />
Gro Gulden<br />
Geir Hestmark<br />
Arne Holst-Jensen<br />
Klaus Høiland<br />
Einar Timdal<br />
Anna-Elise Torkelsen<br />
Trude Vrålstad<br />
Nils Hallenberg<br />
IMC7 Project Leader and Congress Secretariat<br />
Jonathan E. Colman<br />
Main sponsors<br />
The IMC7 would like to thank:<br />
– The <strong>International</strong> <strong>Mycological</strong> <strong>Association</strong><br />
– The University <strong>of</strong> Oslo<br />
– The Norwegian Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs<br />
– The Norwegian Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
Research and Church Affairs<br />
– Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)<br />
Exciting links to these sponsors’ home pages can be found on the IMC7 website:<br />
www.uio.no/conferences/imc7<br />
www.uio.no/conferences/imc7<br />
Special thank you to committee members:<br />
Jan Stenlid<br />
Søren Rosendal<br />
Øyvind Stensrud<br />
Karin-Brit Schonhowd<br />
Tor Erik Brandrud<br />
Egil Bendiksen<br />
Katriina Bendiksen<br />
Håvard Kauserud<br />
Isabella Børja<br />
– The Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Botany<br />
– TINE<br />
– MYCOTEAM<br />
3
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
1 - Character evolution in the Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu<br />
lato<br />
A.N. Miller 1* & S.M. Huhndorf 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Illinois at Chicago, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Sciences, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, U.S.A. - 2 The Field<br />
Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Chicago, IL<br />
60605-2496, U.S.A. - E-mail: amiller@fmnh.org<br />
There are a limited number <strong>of</strong> phylogenetically informative<br />
morphological characters for delimiting taxa above the<br />
species level in many pyrenomycetes, mostly due to their<br />
small stature and simplistic form. Ascospore morphology<br />
has been used extensively throughout the filamentous<br />
ascomycetes for distinguishing families and genera and<br />
many genera in the Lasiosphaeriaceae have been<br />
segregated using ascospore morphology. However, other<br />
morphological characters, such as ascomatal wall<br />
characters, have been suggested, but not tested, for<br />
delimiting genera in this family. For example, several<br />
genera possess unique bombardioid walls in which the<br />
middle wall layer is gelatinized and several species <strong>of</strong><br />
Lasiosphaeria and Cercophora possess identical threelayered<br />
walls in which the outer layer is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
hyphal strands. To test the utility <strong>of</strong> these morphological<br />
characters for predicting evolutionary relationships,<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong> the 28S nuclear ribosomal large-subunit<br />
(LSU) gene were generated for taxa within the<br />
Lasiosphaeriaceae and selected outgroups. Sequences from<br />
two nuclear protein-coding genes, B-tubulin and RPB2,<br />
were also generated to corroborate the LSU data.<br />
Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses <strong>of</strong> separate<br />
and combined data sets suggest that ascospore characters<br />
are extremely homoplastic and not useful for delimiting<br />
genera in the Lasiosphaeriaceae. Ascomatal wall characters<br />
are, however, sometimes phylogenetically informative and<br />
could be used for segregating taxa.<br />
2 - Developing phylogenies for integrating mitotic fungi<br />
in the Hypocreales and Diaporthales<br />
A.Y. Rossman * , L.A. Castlebury & D.F. Farr<br />
Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS,<br />
Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A. - E-mail: amy@nt.arsgrin.gov<br />
Recent comprehensive studies <strong>of</strong> the Hypocreales and<br />
Diaporthales using both morphological and molecular<br />
characters present the opportunity to integrate the mitotic<br />
fungi and to evaluate character evolution <strong>of</strong> both<br />
teleomorphic and anamorphic states. The majority <strong>of</strong> plantassociated<br />
fungi are mitotic species without any known<br />
sexual state and limited morphology. Using molecular<br />
sequence data it is possible to integrate the mitotic fungi<br />
into the Hypocreales and Diaporthales and to demonstrate<br />
that a vast number <strong>of</strong> mitotic fungi are derived from within<br />
these sexual state lineages. In the Hypocreales, the mitotic<br />
fungi tend to be hyphomycetous with the exception <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Clavicipitaceae while in the Diaporthales they are primarily<br />
coelomycetous. Despite considerable effort, some mitotic<br />
4<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
species cannot be closely linked with sexual states or even<br />
families and thus appear to represent divergent lineages.<br />
The character evolution within the Hypocreales and<br />
Diaporthales appear similar with fruiting bodies ranging<br />
from solitary perithecia to compound stromata, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
characteristic <strong>of</strong> specific families. Ascospore morphology<br />
is also characteristic <strong>of</strong> specific families although<br />
exceptions exist in each family. Biologically the<br />
Diaporthales appear to be confined to plant substrata <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
as virulent plant pathogens in temperate regions while the<br />
Hypocreales fill much broader niches attacking insects and<br />
other fungi as well as plant substrata with their greatest<br />
diversity in tropical regions.<br />
3 - Remembering and dismembering Stilbella: A<br />
classical hyphomycete genus<br />
K.A. Seifert<br />
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
& Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario<br />
K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail: seifertk@em.agr.ca<br />
The 275 described taxa <strong>of</strong> Stilbum and Stilbella were<br />
reduced to 45 species in seven genera in my 1985<br />
monograph. Cladistic analysis <strong>of</strong> LSU rDNA sequences<br />
provides new insight into the phylogeny and taxonomy <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi. Stilbella-like anamorphs occur in four families<br />
<strong>of</strong> Hypocreales (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae,<br />
Nectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae), in the Phyllachorales,<br />
Microascales and Leotiales. The type, S. fimetaria, is<br />
related to the cleistothecial Emericellopsis<br />
(Bionectriaceae). Previous delimitations <strong>of</strong> Tubercularia<br />
(teleomorphs: Nectria ss, Nectriaceae), Gliocladium<br />
(teleomorphs: Sphaerostilbella, Hypocreaceae),<br />
Rhizostilbella (teleomorph: Corallomycetella, Nectriaceae)<br />
and Polycephalomyces (teleomorphs: Byssostilbe,<br />
Clavicipitaceae) are supported by LSU data. The recently<br />
described Gracilistilbella (teleomorphs: Stilbocrea), is a<br />
monophyletic group within the Bionectriaceae. Volutella<br />
(teleomorphs Cosmospora, Nectriaceae), previously<br />
restricted to setose sporodochial species, is emended to<br />
include synnematous species. Stilbella annulata is related<br />
to the Phyllachorales. The phylogenetic distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
these anamorphs suggests that synnemata are either<br />
plesiomorphic in the Hypocreales and sporadically<br />
expressed, or that they have arisen repeatedly. A strictly<br />
redefined Stilbella includes only two species, but implies<br />
recognition <strong>of</strong> many monotypic genera. This once large<br />
form taxon is a useful metaphor for patterns in anamorph<br />
taxonomy revealed by molecular data.<br />
4 - Ecology and evolution in the Onygenales: an<br />
overview based on molecular and morphological<br />
characters<br />
W.A. Untereiner<br />
Brandon University, 270-18th Street, Brandon Manitoba<br />
R7A 6A9, Canada. - E-mail: untereiner@brandonu.ca
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
Among the filamentous ascomycetes, few groups have<br />
received as much attention in molecular phylogenetic<br />
studies as the members <strong>of</strong> the Onygenales, an order that<br />
includes the most important fungal pathogens <strong>of</strong> mammals<br />
and the only fungi capable <strong>of</strong> degrading keratin. Parasitic<br />
Onygenales are thought to be derived from saprobic<br />
ancestors, but the origins <strong>of</strong> parasitism within the<br />
Arthrodermataceae and Onygenaceae, two families <strong>of</strong><br />
keratinolytic Onygenales, remains obscure. Phylogenies<br />
based on analyses <strong>of</strong> conserved gene regions have<br />
demonstrated that parasitic species do not form a separate<br />
lineage within the Onygenales, but these sequences lack<br />
sufficient numbers <strong>of</strong> phylogenetically informative<br />
characters to resolve the branching order among recently<br />
diverged taxa or evaluate the evolution <strong>of</strong> ecological and<br />
morphological characters hypothesized to be correlated<br />
with the origins <strong>of</strong> parasitism. This study, which addresses<br />
the question <strong>of</strong> how the evolution <strong>of</strong> specific characters<br />
may be correlated to the evolution <strong>of</strong> parasitism in the<br />
Onygenales, is based on the analyses <strong>of</strong> molecular<br />
(mitSSU, partial nucLSU gene sequences) and<br />
morphological characters for nearly 50 members <strong>of</strong> this<br />
order. Emphasis has been placed on the inclusion <strong>of</strong><br />
saprobic representatives <strong>of</strong> the Arthrodermataceae and<br />
Onygenaceae, and members <strong>of</strong> the Gymnoascaceae (the<br />
closest non-keratinolytic relatives <strong>of</strong> these families) have<br />
been included to determine the direction <strong>of</strong> the evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
characters <strong>of</strong> interest.<br />
5 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> anamorph form in the Clavicipitaceae<br />
K.T. Hodge<br />
Cornell University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, 334 Plant<br />
Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
kh11@cornell.edu<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Clavicipitaceae exhibit a diverse array <strong>of</strong><br />
life histories, and a diverse array <strong>of</strong> anamorph forms. Most<br />
members are symbiotic with plants, fungi, or arthropods.<br />
Among the arthropod pathogenic members, classification<br />
has so far been based upon the scant characters <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sexual stromata, and the resulting systems developed by<br />
Kobayasi and other authors prove to be difficult to apply.<br />
Increasingly, we know that they do not reflect relationships<br />
as revealed by molecular evidence. Asexual forms have<br />
seldom been considered key characters for classification,<br />
and indeed, anamorph connections are as yet unknown for<br />
about 50% <strong>of</strong> teleomorph species. Yet molecular evidence<br />
suggests that anamorph genera (for example,<br />
Harposporium, Hirsutella, and a subset <strong>of</strong> Paecilomyces<br />
species) may each comprise monophyletic groups<br />
correlated with distinctive teleomorphic characters. The<br />
functional significance <strong>of</strong> differing forms in the life<br />
histories <strong>of</strong> these organisms has barely been studied,<br />
although biocontrol experience suggests that anamorphs<br />
play important roles in pathogenicity. This study addresses<br />
the evolution <strong>of</strong> anamorph form, particularly among the<br />
arthropod pathogenic species <strong>of</strong> the Clavicipitaceae, and<br />
highlights the potential role <strong>of</strong> anamorph morphology and<br />
ecological factors in improving classification systems in<br />
the Clavicipitaceae.<br />
6 - Well supported, major groups among the<br />
Euascomycetes<br />
A. Tehler<br />
Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Sektionen för<br />
kryptogambotanik, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.<br />
- E-mail: anders.tehler@nrm.se<br />
A data set with 1555 sequences <strong>of</strong> SSU rDNA has been<br />
phylogenetically analyzed. Cladistic methods using<br />
parsimony jackknifing for establishing group frequencies<br />
and the parsimony ratchet algorithm for finding most<br />
parsimonious trees was utilised. Until recently attempting<br />
to find all most parsimonious trees in large data sets, has<br />
been impractical, given current computational limitations.<br />
The parsimony ratchet method for rapid parsimony analysis<br />
<strong>of</strong> large data sets was found very efficient in searching and<br />
finding most parsimonious trees in the current large data<br />
set. The results show that the Glomales are sister group to<br />
the Dikaryomycetes. The Ascomycetes include the<br />
Euascomycetes and are both monophyletic. Within the<br />
Euascomycetes the inoperculate Euascomycetes are<br />
monophyletic except for the Orbiliomycetes which are<br />
included in an operculate, pezizalean sister group.<br />
Geoglossum is the sister group to the rest <strong>of</strong> the<br />
inoperculate euascomycetes. The Sordariomycetes,<br />
Dothideomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes and<br />
Eurotiomycetes are each highly supported as monophyletic<br />
whereas the Leotiomycetes and Lecanoromycetes are both<br />
shown to be paraphyletic. In the consensus ratchet tree the<br />
Dothideomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes, Eurotiomycetes<br />
and the paraphyletic assemblage Lecanoromycetes form<br />
the sister group to the Sordariomycetes and the<br />
paraphyletic assemblage Leotiomycetes, but that topology<br />
receives no jackknife support.<br />
7 - Changes in systematics <strong>of</strong> heterobasidiomycetous<br />
fungi during 30 years<br />
F. Oberwinkler<br />
University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076<br />
Tuebingen, Germany. - E-mail: franz.oberwinkler@unituebingen.de<br />
Systematics and hypotheses about their evolution have<br />
been revolutionized within the last few decades. Main<br />
impacts for new views came from (a) the detection <strong>of</strong> new<br />
key species, (b) the application <strong>of</strong> new techniques to study<br />
s<strong>of</strong>ar unknown characters, (c) the reconstruction <strong>of</strong> lifehistories<br />
in nature and/or in culture, (d) the understanding<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungus-host interrelationships, and (e) the combination<br />
<strong>of</strong> old and new datasets for comparative interpretations. (a)<br />
I will present comments on species originally hidden<br />
outside the Basidiomycetes, but now representing key taxa<br />
in the heterobasidiomycetous groups, and new species with<br />
considerable importance for basidiomycetous phylogeny.<br />
(b) Clarification <strong>of</strong> monophyla referred in major parts to<br />
ultrastructural characters. A surprisingly high support for<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 5
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
new systematic arrangements came from molecular studies.<br />
(c) There was a renaissance for ontogenetic studies in<br />
culture. Thus, life-history experiments provided new<br />
insights in most <strong>of</strong> heterobasidiomyxcetous taxa, especially<br />
in smuts, tremelloid fungi and yeasts. (d) Coevolutionary<br />
processes play an important role in diverse<br />
heterobasidiomycetous taxa. Therefore, systematics <strong>of</strong><br />
hosts have to be included in fungal character sets. (e)<br />
Fortunately, most phylogentic interpretations are now<br />
based on several datasets, suggesting possibilities for<br />
improved evolutionary hypotheses.<br />
8 - Ultrastructure <strong>of</strong> heterobasidiomycetous fungi<br />
R. Bauer<br />
Universität Tübingen, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und<br />
Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: robert.bauer@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Significant ultrastructural characteristics <strong>of</strong><br />
heterobasidiomycetes, such as nuclear and spindle pole<br />
body behaviour, septal pore apparatus, colacosomes,<br />
symplechosomes as well as myco- and phytoparasitic<br />
interactions will be discussed with special regard to their<br />
role as phylogenetic markers.<br />
9 - Heterobasidiomycetous yeasts: diversity, phylogeny<br />
and classification<br />
J.P. Sampaio 1* , R. Bauer 2 , M. Weiß 2 & M. Gadanho 1<br />
1 Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Secção Autónoma<br />
de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,<br />
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal. -<br />
2 Universität Tübingen, Institut für Biologie I, Lehrstuhl<br />
Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle, 1,<br />
D-72076, Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
jss@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
Basidiomycetous yeasts form a remarkably diverse group<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi and are distributed throughout the three main<br />
lineages <strong>of</strong> the Basidiomycota: Urediniomycetes,<br />
Ustilaginomycetes and Hymenomycetes. Traditionally, the<br />
yeast stages <strong>of</strong> plant or mycoparasitic basidiomycetes and<br />
the unicellular forms <strong>of</strong> fruitbody-producing taxa have<br />
been excluded from the yeast domain. When these nonconventional<br />
basidiomycetous yeasts are cultivated in<br />
laboratory media, the usual growth form is unicellular and<br />
corresponds to the haploid and/or saprophytic phases. Nonconventional<br />
dimorphic basidiomycetes rarely develop<br />
their complete life cycle in culture, contrary to typical<br />
basidiomycetous yeasts. This artificial separation <strong>of</strong> taxa,<br />
mainly for historical reasons, prevents an integrated<br />
assessment <strong>of</strong> the diversity <strong>of</strong> these groups and the<br />
implementation <strong>of</strong> a natural classification system. The<br />
objectives <strong>of</strong> this presentation are two-fold: (i) to advocate<br />
a new concept <strong>of</strong> 'basidiomycetous yeasts' encompassing<br />
all dimorphic basidiomycetes, regardless <strong>of</strong> their life cycle<br />
6<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
and (ii) to present and discuss new developments<br />
concerning the systematics <strong>of</strong> asexual (Rhodotorula) and<br />
sexual (Leucosporidium, Mastigobasidium,<br />
Rhodosporidium and Sporidiobolus) taxa <strong>of</strong> the sub-class<br />
Microbotryomycetidae. The polyphyletic nature <strong>of</strong><br />
Rhodotorula and the relationship between Leucosporidium<br />
/ Mastigobasidium and the Microbotryales will be<br />
addressed.<br />
10 - Molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> rusts<br />
W. Maier<br />
Universität Tübingen, Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Auf der<br />
Morgenstelle 1; 72076 Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
w.maier@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Sequence data from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA<br />
was used to infer phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> selected<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> the rust fungi and to test the monophyly <strong>of</strong> these<br />
genera. Neighbor joining analysis and a Bayesian method<br />
<strong>of</strong> phylogenetic inference using Monte Carlo Markov<br />
chains confirm that (1) Puccinia, Uromyces, Cumminsiella<br />
and Endophyllum have a common origin. (2) The<br />
autoecious Rosaceae-rusts Phragmidium, Kuehneola,<br />
Triphragmium, and Trachyspora are a monophyletic group,<br />
representing Phragmidiaceae. (3) The gasteroid genus<br />
Ochropsora is closely related to Tranzschelia. The<br />
monophyly <strong>of</strong> the following genera could be confirmed:<br />
Chrysomyxa, Coleosporium, Cronartium,<br />
Gymnosporangium, Melampsora, Phragmidium, and<br />
Tranzschelia, whereas the genera Puccinia, Pucciniastrum,<br />
Thekopsora and Uromyces are polyphyletic. The molecular<br />
phylogenetic hypotheses are compared to morphologybased<br />
systematics with special emphasis on spermogonial<br />
and teliospore morphology, and the usefulness <strong>of</strong> these<br />
characters on different systematic levels is discussed.<br />
11 - Evolution in smuts<br />
D. Begerow * & R. Bauer<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tübingen, Botanisches Institut; Auf der<br />
Morgenstelle 1, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
ustilaginomycetes@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Many changes in the view <strong>of</strong> smut phylogeny have been<br />
discussed within the last decade. An overview <strong>of</strong> the main<br />
lineages <strong>of</strong> that plant parasitic group is presented. Based on<br />
an integrated phylogeny hypotheses <strong>of</strong> the major traits <strong>of</strong><br />
evolutionary mechanisms will be discussed. New<br />
morphological, ecological, and coevolutionary aspects <strong>of</strong><br />
smut evolution are in focus <strong>of</strong> present studies and will be<br />
highlighted.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
12 - An integrating approach to ecology, morphology,<br />
and systematics <strong>of</strong> smut fungi<br />
M. Piepenbring<br />
Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Frankfurt am Main,<br />
Senckenberganlage 31-33, 60054 Frankfurt am Main,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: piepenbring@em.uni-frankfurt.de<br />
Systematic relationships are studied in order to understand<br />
evolution, which is the result <strong>of</strong> the interaction <strong>of</strong> the<br />
organisms with environmental factors. The latter decide<br />
whether a combination <strong>of</strong> morphological characteristics<br />
contributes or not to the fitness and evolutionary success <strong>of</strong><br />
the respective individual. These are aspects which<br />
apparently are important for the survival <strong>of</strong> certain species<br />
<strong>of</strong> plant parasitic smut fungi: Host species with high<br />
frequency <strong>of</strong> individuals growing on sites exposed to wind<br />
or water; Development <strong>of</strong> sori in nutrient rich parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />
host plant; Exposure <strong>of</strong> masses <strong>of</strong> teliospores to the<br />
respective vector <strong>of</strong> dispersal for a long period <strong>of</strong> time;<br />
Protection <strong>of</strong> diaspores against desiccation, intense light,<br />
and feeding when young and during dispersal; Adaptations<br />
to different vectors <strong>of</strong> dispersal. The integration <strong>of</strong><br />
ecological, morphological, and systematic aspects is<br />
illustrated by Cintractia amazonica Syd. & P. Syd. in the<br />
relationship <strong>of</strong> Cintractia s. l. and Tilletia spp. as well as<br />
Erratomyces patelii (Pavgi & Thirum.) M. Piepenbr. & R.<br />
Bauer versus Entyloma spp.<br />
13 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> morphological and molecular studies<br />
in the genera Tremella and Sirobasidium<br />
C.-J. Chen 1* & F. Oberwinkler 2<br />
1<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Technology, 1 NanTai Street, Yung Kang<br />
2<br />
City, Tainan 71043, Taiwan. - Spezielle<br />
Botanik/Mykologie, Universitaet Tuebingen, Auf der<br />
Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
c5200999@mail.stut.edu.tw<br />
Comparison with morphological and molecular<br />
phylogenies, six groups in the genera Tremella and<br />
Sirobasidium are concluded. They are: 1. Aurantia group:<br />
heterogeneously mixed with basidiomycetaceous host<br />
hyphae up to the subhymenium, e.g. T. aurantia, T.<br />
encephala; 2. Foliacea group: basidiocarps foliose and<br />
brown, subhymenium with numerous anastomoses,<br />
haustoria rarely, e.g. T. foliacea sensu lato, T. giraffa; 3.<br />
Fuciformis group: heterogeneously associated with<br />
Hypoxylon basidiocarps, e.g. T. flava, T. fuciformis; 4.<br />
Indecorata group: heterogeneously associated with<br />
pyrenomycetaceous perithecia, e.g. T. indecorata, T.<br />
moriformis, T. nivalis; 5. Mesenterica group: basidiocarps<br />
gyrose to cerebriform, yellowish, basidia oval, hyphidia<br />
existing, subhymenial structure loose, e.g. T. mesenterica,<br />
T. taiwanensis, T. tropica; 6.Sirobasidium group: chained<br />
basidia, basidiomata habitually associated with ascomata or<br />
stromata <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes, e.g. S. magnum, S. intermediae.<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> LSU phylogenies compared with<br />
morphological data for the Tremella grouping strongly<br />
suggest that using large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences<br />
are potentially useful in taxonomic, ecological, and<br />
evolutionary population-level studies. Moreover, molecular<br />
phylogeny implies that the genus Sirobasidium developed<br />
from that <strong>of</strong> Tremella evolutionally.<br />
14 - Auriculariales and related taxa<br />
M. Weiß 1* , M.-A. Selosse 2 , K.-H. Rexer 3 & F.<br />
Oberwinkler 1<br />
1 Universität Tübingen, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl<br />
Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1,<br />
D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. - 2 Institut de Systématique<br />
(IFR CNRS 1541), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,<br />
43 rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France. - 3 Universtität<br />
Marburg, FB Biologie, Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Karlvon-Frisch-Straße<br />
1, D-35032 Marburg Straße 1, D-35032<br />
Marburg. Straße 1, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
michael.weiss@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
We present current hypotheses <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic<br />
relationships within heterobasidiomycetous<br />
Hymenomycetes with particular reference to<br />
Auriculariales. Molecular phylogenetic estimations are<br />
discussed in correlation to morphological and ecological<br />
data.<br />
15 - Tulasnelloid and other rhizoctonia-forming fungi<br />
P.J. Roberts<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K. - Email:<br />
p.roberts@rbgkew.org.uk<br />
Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, Oliveonia, and other genera <strong>of</strong><br />
rhizoctonia-forming fungi are <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic interest since<br />
they lie somewhere on the boundary between the holo- and<br />
heterobasidiomycetes. This pivotal position appears to be<br />
supported by micromorphological research, ultrastructure<br />
research, and molecular research. However, the precise<br />
disposition and relationships <strong>of</strong> these fungi have yet to be<br />
satisfactorily resolved. Morphologically, the Tulasnellales<br />
appear to be a well-defined and coherent group based on<br />
their unique basidia. But there is an unusual plasticity <strong>of</strong><br />
forms (including spores, basidia, and conidial structures)<br />
within the group and sequencing data has proved difficult<br />
to interpret. The Ceratobasidiales present equal but<br />
different problems, particularly in defining genera and<br />
species. These problems are made more critical by the<br />
economic importance <strong>of</strong> plant pathogenic and orchid<br />
endomycorrhizal rhizoctonias. For several species, any<br />
change in nomenclature (such as synonymization) resulting<br />
from systematic research may be rejected, raising<br />
interesting questions about the relationship between<br />
taxonomists and the consumers <strong>of</strong> their output.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 7
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
16 - Systemic phenomena in pine pathosystems<br />
P. Bonello<br />
Ohio State University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, 2021<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
bonello.2@osu.edu<br />
In many herbaceous host-pathogen systems, localized<br />
infections by pathogens or beneficial microorganisms, or<br />
localized treatment with certain chemicals, induce wholeplant<br />
resistance to subsequent pathogenic infections. This<br />
phenomenon is termed Systemic Induced Resistance (SIR).<br />
This presentation will illustrate similar phenotypes and<br />
associated putative defense responses in three conifer<br />
pathosystems: 1) pitch canker <strong>of</strong> Monterey pine, caused by<br />
Fusarium circinatum; 2) Heterobasidion annosum root and<br />
butt rot <strong>of</strong> ponderosa pine; and 3) Sphaeropsis sapinea tip<br />
blight and canker <strong>of</strong> Austrian pine. An SIR phenotype was<br />
recently described in Monterey pine (Bonello et al. 2001.<br />
Systemic induced resistance in Monterey pine. Forest<br />
Pathology 31:99-106), while systemic changes in defensive<br />
secondary metabolism were observed in mature ponderosa<br />
pines (in preparation). Working with potted Austrian pine<br />
we have now observed a unique phenomenon in which<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> SIR, or the opposite phenotype <strong>of</strong> systemic<br />
induced susceptibility (SIS), depend on whether the<br />
challenge infections occur on the stem or on the shoot tips.<br />
We are now attempting to correlate this organ specific<br />
SIR/SIS phenomenon with the expression <strong>of</strong> specific<br />
putative defense responses <strong>of</strong> the host. The significance <strong>of</strong><br />
these results will be discussed along with future lines <strong>of</strong><br />
investigation.<br />
17 - Longevity and plant defence: Host-pathogen<br />
interactions in short- and long-lived tissues <strong>of</strong> trees<br />
S. Woodward<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Aberdeen, Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture &<br />
Forestry, MacRobert Building, 581 King Street, Aberdeen<br />
AB24 5UA, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
s.woodward@abdn.ac.uk<br />
Relative to many herbaceous plants, trees are subject to a<br />
wide range <strong>of</strong> diseases during their long life cycles.<br />
Different diseases may be classed as persistent, once<br />
established present within the host until the tree dies, or<br />
periodic, attacking short-lived tissues when the<br />
environmental conditions favour pathogen development.<br />
This presentation is focused on two broad categories <strong>of</strong><br />
disease which affect overall tree growth and productivity:<br />
(1) fine root diseases and (2) secondary root diseases. The<br />
main host species discussed will be Pinus sylvestris and<br />
Picea sitchensis. In mature trees and under normal forest<br />
conditions, disease <strong>of</strong> fine roots are most likely to be<br />
periodic, killing limited sections <strong>of</strong> the fine root system,<br />
except where prevailing microclimatic conditions favour<br />
disease. Diseases <strong>of</strong> secondary roots, however, are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
persistent, colonising woody tissues, but remaining<br />
8<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
restricted to bark or heartwood tissues unless conditions<br />
favour pathogen development. This presentation considers<br />
the interactions between tree roots and pathogenic fungi in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> host defence and the various external factors<br />
influencing disease development.<br />
18 - Pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> the Heterobasidion annosum<br />
complex<br />
Å. Olson * , M. Karlsson, M. Lind & J. Stenlid<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-750 07<br />
Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail: ake.olson@mykopat.slu.se<br />
The outcome <strong>of</strong> an interaction between a pathogen and its<br />
host is dependent on the genotype <strong>of</strong> the individuals<br />
involved as well as environmental conditions. We have<br />
taking both a genetic and a genomic approach to address<br />
the question <strong>of</strong> what genetic factors are <strong>of</strong> importance for<br />
pathogenicity and host specialisation in the tree pathogen<br />
Heterobasidion annosum. In North America H. annosum is<br />
present as two intersterile groups corresponding to<br />
biological species with different host preferences; the Sgroup<br />
which has spruce, fir and hemlock as its main hosts<br />
and the P-group which has pines as its main hosts. In the<br />
genomic approach we have sequenced 1148 randomly<br />
picked cDNA clones from a library constructed from<br />
mRNA <strong>of</strong> H. annosum challenged with Scots pine roots.<br />
Contig analysis identified 339 unique contig sequences out<br />
<strong>of</strong> which 247 were assigned a putative function deduced<br />
from sequence similarity with proteins in public databases.<br />
In the genetic approach we are currently preparing a<br />
genetic linkage map using AFLP markers using a mapping<br />
population <strong>of</strong> 97 progeny isolates from a cross between a P<br />
and a S homokaryon. Virulence on pine has been analysed<br />
for the 97 progeny isolates. Further studies <strong>of</strong> SP hybrids <strong>of</strong><br />
H. annosum have revealed an importance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mitochondria for virulence in pine.<br />
19 - Phytophthora in forest trees: host-parasite<br />
interactions<br />
E.M. Hansen 1* , G.E.St.J. Hardy 2 & W. Osswald 3<br />
1 Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University,<br />
Corvallis OR 97331, U.S.A. - 2 Murdoch University, Perth,<br />
Western Australia, Australia. - 3 Technical University <strong>of</strong><br />
Munich, Freising, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
hansene@bcc.orst.edu<br />
Phytophthora is well known as a genus <strong>of</strong> agricultural<br />
pathogens, <strong>of</strong>ten destructive when soil conditions favor<br />
zoospore spread. Phytophthora species are also widespread<br />
in many forests, but little is known about their interactions<br />
with potential hosts. We focus this analysis on three host<br />
tree-pathogen systems that illustrate a range <strong>of</strong> pathogenic<br />
behaviors; by reviewing what is known, we hope to focus<br />
attention on critical gaps in our understanding <strong>of</strong> forest
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
Phytophthoras. P. cinnamomi is the most studied <strong>of</strong> the<br />
three, with a broad host range and global distribution. It is<br />
introduced to Australia, where it causes ecological<br />
destruction in some forest communities, but has negligible<br />
impact in others. In some hosts at least, it moves in the<br />
xylem well beyond the margin <strong>of</strong> phloem necrosis. P.<br />
lateralis, by contrast, exhibits essentially host specific<br />
pathogenicity in forests <strong>of</strong> the western United States.<br />
Native Chamaecyparis lawsoniana are aggressively<br />
attacked and killed as the pathogen colonizes the phloem in<br />
a broad advancing front that moves up the roots into the<br />
stem. P. quercina is associated with oak decline in Europe,<br />
but appears to be native, or at least <strong>of</strong> long standing in<br />
these forests. It is confined to the fine roots <strong>of</strong> susceptible<br />
oaks, but induces symptoms far beyond the colonized<br />
tissues. We review what is known and describe ongoing<br />
research into the infection biology and pathogenesis <strong>of</strong><br />
these contrasting species, and host responses to them.<br />
20 - Induction <strong>of</strong> defense structures in conifers: Norway<br />
spruce as a model system and a brief phylogenetic study<br />
V.R. Franceschi<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Washington State<br />
University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
vfrances@mail.wsu.edu<br />
Norway spruce was used as a model system to study<br />
anatomical and chemical defense responses to Ceratocystis<br />
polonica and attack by its bark-beetle vector Ips<br />
typographus. Fungal inoculation into the phloem generated<br />
responses within 3 wk, including increase in polyphenolic<br />
parenchyma cell (PP cell) size and staining, wound<br />
periderm initiation, and traumatic resin duct (TD)<br />
formation. Fungi were not seen in samples 3 wk after<br />
phloem inoculation, but were in some samples 6-9 wk after<br />
inoculation. Inoculations into the cambium resulted in<br />
partial (3 wk) or complete (6, 9 wk) fungal colonization.<br />
This indicates that PP cells have defenses capable <strong>of</strong><br />
inhibiting fungal growth. Samples taken near bark-beetle<br />
galleries had similar anatomical responses, validating the<br />
inoculation approach. In an attempt to determine signals<br />
involved in these reactions, we found methyl jasmonate<br />
(MJ) induced similar anatomical and chemical responses.<br />
A single MJ treatment induced swelling <strong>of</strong> PP cells,<br />
increase in their phenolic contents, and formation <strong>of</strong><br />
additional PP cells and TDs. Treatment enhanced resin<br />
flow and increased resistance to C. polonica. MJ<br />
application to the oldest internode <strong>of</strong> 2-yr-old saplings also<br />
induced TD formation, and, more surprisingly, TDs were<br />
formed in the untreated internode. MJ was found to have<br />
similar effects at upregulating defense responses in other<br />
conifer trees, although surprising differences were found in<br />
some taxa.<br />
21 - An overview <strong>of</strong> wound response and antimicrobial<br />
defence in eucalypts<br />
C. Mohammed 1* , K.M. Barry 2 , A. Eyles 3 , K. Harrison 3 &<br />
M. Hall 1<br />
1<br />
CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO Box 252-12,<br />
2<br />
Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - School <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural Science, University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, GPO Box<br />
252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - 3 CRC for<br />
Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 252-12,<br />
Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
caroline.mohammed@csiro.au<br />
With the expanding use <strong>of</strong> regrowth eucalypt forests and<br />
plantations for wood production, the pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong><br />
processing operations (particularly sawmilling) will<br />
increasingly depend on the maximum recovery <strong>of</strong> high<br />
quality products from relatively small logs. The quality and<br />
value <strong>of</strong> eucalypt logs can be significantly affected by the<br />
incidence, location and extent <strong>of</strong> discoloration and defect<br />
resulting from kino veins, decay fungi and insect attack.<br />
Our group is the first internationally to carry out detailed<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> eucalypt wood defence. We seek to compare two<br />
important Australian plantation species (E. nitens and E.<br />
globulus) with other tree species. Our studies in the area <strong>of</strong><br />
eucalypt defence initially focused on the formation <strong>of</strong> a<br />
reaction zone (antimicrobial defence barrier between<br />
healthy and decayed sapwood). Our most recent studies<br />
have also investigated the new tissue formed immediately<br />
adjacent to the wound site which hitherto has been given<br />
relatively little importance. Both reaction zone and<br />
especially wound tissue have been found to contain a<br />
surprising concoction <strong>of</strong> tannins, flavonoids and terpenes.<br />
The nature and significance <strong>of</strong> these extractives and the<br />
tissue changes observed in response to wounding and<br />
infection in eucalypts will be examined in the broader<br />
context <strong>of</strong> tree defence strategies.<br />
22 - Clonality in wood-inhabiting fungi on different<br />
spatial scales<br />
R. Vasiliauskas * & J. Stenlid<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology & Pathology, Swedish University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE - 750 07 Uppsala,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Rimvydas.Vasiliauskas@mykopat.slu.se<br />
This presentation focuses on clonal spread in woodinhabiting<br />
fungi and its impact on population structures<br />
over local and large geographic areas. The work is based<br />
on genetic and spatial data and reveals strikingly different<br />
modes and consequences <strong>of</strong> asexual propagation in a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species. The following species are discussed: 1)<br />
Heterobasidion annosum, 2) Rhizina undulata, 3) Stereum<br />
sanguinolentum, 4) Amylostereum chailletii, 5) A.<br />
areolatum and 6) Phlebiopsis gigantea. Clonality in those<br />
species arises as a result <strong>of</strong>: a) mycelial growth and<br />
colonisation <strong>of</strong> spatially separated resource units (trees)<br />
over discrete territories (species 1 and 2); b) airborne<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 9
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
spread <strong>of</strong> non-outcrossing spores (species 2 and 3); c)<br />
vectoring <strong>of</strong> vegetative mycelium by woodwasps and wood<br />
material (species 4 and 5); d) use <strong>of</strong> single fungal strain as<br />
a large-scale biocontrol agent (species 6). The results show<br />
that fungal clones at one extreme are small and local; at the<br />
other extreme, clones <strong>of</strong> the wood-inhabiting fungi are<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> moving between widely separated locations and<br />
have a pronounced impact on population structure <strong>of</strong> a<br />
given species on trans- or even inter-continental scales.<br />
Persistence <strong>of</strong> such clones in nature varies from several<br />
years up to several decades. They are mainly characteristic<br />
for forest areas under anthropogenic impact, with the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> stumps, wounds on living trees, burned areas<br />
and exotic species.<br />
23 - Sexuality and genetic variation in three boreal<br />
Polypores possessing divergent niche requirements<br />
H. Kauserud * & T. Schumacher<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, P.O.Box 1045<br />
Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
haavarka@bio.uio.no<br />
The population structure and sexuality <strong>of</strong> Fennoscandian<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> three model species, the vulnerable<br />
Phellinus nigrolimitatus and Fomitopsis rosea and the<br />
common pioneer wood-fungus Trichaptum abietinum, was<br />
investigated. Molecular support for a heterothallic mating<br />
system in P. nigrolimitatus was found. Molecular data and<br />
mating studies demonstrated that T. abietinum and F. rosea<br />
have a heterothallic mating system. The observed genotype<br />
distributions in the geographic populations <strong>of</strong> the model<br />
species were mostly in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg<br />
expectations. Our results suggest that the mating<br />
populations are large and that panmictic conditions exist.<br />
Although P. nigrolimitatus and F. rosea probably have<br />
experienced decline in population sizes as a result <strong>of</strong><br />
negative impacts from forestry, no distinct heterozygote<br />
deficits ascribed to inbreeding could apparently be<br />
detected. The molecular markers revealed little genetic<br />
differentiation among geographic populations <strong>of</strong> the three<br />
model species, indicating high gene flow and good<br />
dispersal ability. The geographic populations may be<br />
regarded as subpopulations sharing the same gene pool. A<br />
high number <strong>of</strong> mating types were present in one T.<br />
abietinum and two F. rosea populations, a feature that may<br />
indicate high genetic diversity. A high number <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
abietinum and F. rosea genets occurred on single logs. In<br />
P. nigrolimitatus fewer but larger genets that <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
produced more than one basidiocarp occurred.<br />
24 - Genetic structure <strong>of</strong> Daldinia loculata populations<br />
H. Johannesson 1* , A. Guidot 2 , A. Dahlberg 1 & J. Stenlid 1<br />
1 SLU, Forest Mycology and Pathology, Box 7026 SE-750<br />
07 Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 SLU, ArtDatabanken, Box 7007<br />
SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
hanna.johannesson@mykopat.slu.se<br />
10<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
The genetic structure <strong>of</strong> the postfire ascomycete Daldinia<br />
loculata was studied on both a local and a continental<br />
scale. We were able to show endophytic establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
D. loculata by isolating mycelia from non-decayed wood<br />
<strong>of</strong> birches. The distribution <strong>of</strong> genets was studied at one<br />
Swedish forest site, and in all trees studied we found only<br />
one, or occassionally two, unique genets per stem. The<br />
relatively large genet in the stem apparently was one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
parents <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>fspring <strong>of</strong> the stromata attached to the tree,<br />
while each stroma had one or several unique second<br />
parents. Low levels <strong>of</strong> genetic differentiation among<br />
Eurasian subpopulations were confirmed by analysing the<br />
allelic distribution nuclear gene loci <strong>of</strong> 1 Russian and 6<br />
Fennoscandian subpopulations. Taken together, these<br />
results suggests that D. loculata consists <strong>of</strong> a long-lived<br />
background Eurasian population <strong>of</strong> latent mycelia in nonburned<br />
forests, established by ascospores dispersed from<br />
scattered burned forest sites. When the trees die from a<br />
forest fire, the latently established genets starts to decay the<br />
wood, and the sexual reproduction is triggered. In order to<br />
investigate the spatial distribution and origin <strong>of</strong> the parents<br />
<strong>of</strong> the stromata, all vegetative genets and <strong>of</strong>fspring <strong>of</strong> the<br />
attached stromata were sampled at one burned forest site.<br />
The sequence <strong>of</strong> highly variable nuclear gene loci were<br />
analysed from each mycelium and the high level <strong>of</strong> unique<br />
genets found indicates ascospore origin <strong>of</strong> all mycelia.<br />
25 - Population genetics and dispersal biology <strong>of</strong><br />
endangered lichen species: some implications for lichen<br />
conservation biology<br />
C. Scheidegger * , J.-C. Walser, D. Yetman, S. Werth & C.<br />
Sperisen<br />
WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH-8903<br />
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - E-mail: scheidegger@wsl.ch<br />
Global populations <strong>of</strong> endangered lichen-forming fungi are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten highly fragmented and local populations are reduced<br />
to critical size, e.g. in Erioderma pedicellatum. Especially<br />
in heterothallic species such as Lobaria pulmonaria this<br />
process is likely to reduce the survival probability <strong>of</strong> local<br />
populations if genetic diversity is reduced. For instance, in<br />
this species genetically depauperate populations seem to be<br />
unable to reproduce sexually and therefore propagation is<br />
limited to vegetative, symbiotic dispersal units. However,<br />
the low range <strong>of</strong> these relatively large dispersal units limits<br />
the local populations to rather low average population<br />
densities. The study <strong>of</strong> the dispersal and post-dispersal<br />
processes is therefore <strong>of</strong> prime importance to identify<br />
critical distances among habitats, especially in managed<br />
forests. PCR-based techniques were recently developed and<br />
allow the detection <strong>of</strong> single symbiotic propagules. Further,<br />
sets <strong>of</strong> markers with high levels <strong>of</strong> genetic variation will<br />
become available and will allow to detect rare genotypes<br />
which depend on conservation measures such as population<br />
augmentation.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
26 - Genetic heterogeneity in Phialocephala fortinii<br />
populations along a latitudinal transect<br />
M.M. Piercey * , M.A. McPherson, S.W. Graham & R.S.<br />
Currah<br />
Dept. Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta,<br />
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
mpiercey@ualberta.ca<br />
Dark septate root endophytes (DSE) commonly inhabit<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> vascular plants in cold-stressed environments. One<br />
species <strong>of</strong> DSE, Phialocephala fortinii, displays very little<br />
host specificity and, when inoculated on some plants, a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> effects can be observed including an increase in<br />
dry weight <strong>of</strong> the host plant, a decrease in dry weight <strong>of</strong> the<br />
host plant, or no observed effect. The apparent strict<br />
asexual mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction would indicate that there<br />
should be minimal variation in this fungus within a<br />
population, with distinct clones occupying distinct habitats.<br />
To assess whether genetic variation within P. fortinii is<br />
correlated to latitude and how this variation is structured<br />
within and among populations, P. fortinii was isolated from<br />
Salix root fragments collected from 40 x 40 m plots along a<br />
latitudinal transect from 49°N to 78°N. Genetic<br />
heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> isolated P. fortinii strains was evaluated<br />
by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)<br />
analysis and comparisons were made within populations<br />
and between populations. Clones were not detected within<br />
any population, and at all latitudes a single, distinct<br />
individual was found inhabiting each collected Salix root<br />
fragment. Genetically distinct populations were detected<br />
only in arctic latitudes.<br />
27 - Mechanisms and factors implicated in genet<br />
distribution and in dynamics <strong>of</strong> populations <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes<br />
H. Gryta<br />
CESAC, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig 31055 TOULOUSE Cedex<br />
4, France. - E-mail: gryta@ecolog.cnrs.fr<br />
Among ectomycorrhizal fungi -root symbionts <strong>of</strong> woody<br />
plants-, Basidiomycetes are the most diversified (with<br />
about 4500 described species) and studied ones. In natural<br />
environments, roots <strong>of</strong> woody plants are potentially<br />
connected to an assemblage <strong>of</strong> several fungal species each<br />
represented by more or less different individuals. To<br />
understand the functioning and ecological roles <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi, a frequent approach is to focus on<br />
local populations <strong>of</strong> these fungi to determine their genetic<br />
diversity and its distribution. This to subsequently infer<br />
how biotic and abiotic processes and determinants lead or<br />
not to establishment <strong>of</strong> fungal individuals, to their<br />
persistence as growing mycelia and, finally, to temporal<br />
changes in fungal populations. Contrasting with the<br />
strongly discussed but more <strong>of</strong>ten conserved sporophores<br />
sampling method, the constant development <strong>of</strong> molecular<br />
markers in the last twelve years has largely contributed to<br />
great advances in this approach. Accurate characterizations<br />
<strong>of</strong> populations have revealed large variations <strong>of</strong><br />
demographic strategies (<strong>of</strong>ten defined as the relative parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> sexual reproduction and <strong>of</strong> vegetative growth in<br />
structuring a population) among species as well as between<br />
populations sampled in different environments <strong>of</strong> a done<br />
species. Advances and comments concerning this approach<br />
are illustrated with examples from works using Tricholoma<br />
populinum, Tricholoma scalpturatum, Hebeloma<br />
cylindrosporum and Suillus variegatus as models.<br />
28 - Global patterns <strong>of</strong> genetic variation in<br />
Schizophyllum commune<br />
T.Y. James * , J.-M. Moncalvo & R. Vilgalys<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC<br />
27708, U.S.A. - E-mail: tyj2@duke.edu<br />
Some mushroom species can be noticeably common and<br />
have wide geographic distributions. One such species is the<br />
wood decaying split-gill mushroom Schizophyllum<br />
commune. Our initial study addressed the global population<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> S. commune and asked whether long distance<br />
spore dispersal could possibly explain the fungus'<br />
distribution and occurrence. Earlier studies by John Raper<br />
demonstrated that the global population is completely<br />
interbreeding, and more surprisingly that the many matingtypes<br />
are randomly distributed with regard to climate and<br />
geography. Using both allozyme and DNA markers, we<br />
demonstrated that S. commune is in fact divisible into three<br />
highly divergent geographic lineages: South America,<br />
North America, and the Eastern Hemisphere. Evidence for<br />
even smaller scale population substructure has been<br />
observed among isolated populations in the Caribbean.<br />
Through a selective spore-trapping method, we found that<br />
spores <strong>of</strong> S. commune are extremely common in the air<br />
flora, yet extant populations are genetically subdivided,<br />
perhaps arguing for a role in natural selection in<br />
maintenance <strong>of</strong> population differentiation. Finally, direct<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> the mating-type genes themselves suggest an<br />
explanation for Raper's observation <strong>of</strong> mating-type<br />
distribution is the prolonged maintenance <strong>of</strong> all possible<br />
mating-types within each geographic lineage through<br />
strong balancing selection.<br />
29 - Chemical organization <strong>of</strong> the Aspergillus fumigatus<br />
cell wall and a revisited role for GPI-anchor proteins in<br />
cell wall organization<br />
I. Mouyna, T. Fontaine, M. Bernard, S. Chabane & J.P.<br />
Latgé *<br />
Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. - Email:<br />
jplatge@pasteur.fr<br />
Recent structural analysis <strong>of</strong> covalent linkages between the<br />
different constitutive polysaccharides <strong>of</strong> the structural<br />
alkali-insoluble skeleton <strong>of</strong> the cell wall <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 11
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
fumigatus have shown that branching <strong>of</strong> the beta, 1-3<br />
glucan through beta, 1-6 linkages is the first event in the<br />
construction <strong>of</strong> the cell wall followed by linkages <strong>of</strong> the<br />
branched glucan with chitin, galactomannan and beta 1-<br />
3,1-4 glucan. In contrast to yeast, no proteins covalently<br />
bound to cell wall polysaccharides that could play a<br />
morphogenetic role in cell wall construction, have been<br />
identified in A. fumigatus. Accordingly, branching enzymes<br />
responsible for the linkages between polysaccharides<br />
represent essential enzymes for the construction <strong>of</strong> the cell<br />
wall. During the search <strong>of</strong> such glycosyltransferases, we<br />
identified a beta 1-3 glucanosyltransferase playing an<br />
important role in cell wall biogenesis. This enzyme that is<br />
responsible for elongation <strong>of</strong> beta1-3 glucans, was<br />
glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored to the plasma<br />
membrane. Comparative proteomic and genomic<br />
approaches have identified 5 GPI-protein families common<br />
to both A. fumigatus and yeast. None <strong>of</strong> the genes encoding<br />
putative polysaccharide-bound proteins in yeast have been<br />
found in A. fumigatus. Disruption <strong>of</strong> all the GPI-genes has<br />
been undertaken in A. fumigatus. Up to now, data suggest<br />
that the A. fumigatus GPI-proteins have enzymatic<br />
functions involved in the biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> fungal cell wall.<br />
30 - The regulation <strong>of</strong> chitin synthesis in yeast and<br />
pathogenic fungi: A common theme?<br />
C. Roncero * , M. Sanz, C. Jimenez, F. Castrejon & A.<br />
Duran<br />
CSIC/UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA, Avda. Campo<br />
Charro s/n. 37007-Salamanca, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
crm@usal.es<br />
Chitin synthesis is a process maintained across the fungal<br />
kingdom that, thanks to the power <strong>of</strong> genetic manipulation<br />
<strong>of</strong> yeast cells, is now beginning to be understood. Chitin<br />
synthesis is based on the regulation <strong>of</strong> distinct Chitin<br />
Synthases (CS) isoenzymes, whose number ranges from 1<br />
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe to 7 in some filamentous<br />
fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus. This high diversity<br />
makes it difficult to find a unique model <strong>of</strong> regulation.<br />
Sequence analysis, together with the functional data<br />
reported, strongly support the notion that all fungi contains<br />
two highly divergent CS families, one <strong>of</strong> each crucial for<br />
cell division and the other involved in bulk chitin synthesis.<br />
The first family is likely to be controlled at cell cycle level,<br />
whereas the second one would depend on the function <strong>of</strong><br />
several genes whose function has been studied in the yeast<br />
Saccharomyces. We review the current knowledge about<br />
the function <strong>of</strong> such genes and whether these genes may be<br />
conserved in other fungi. Finally, we discuss our recent<br />
results in the characterization <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> these genes in A.<br />
fumigatus and C. albicans.<br />
12<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
31 - Alpha and beta (1-3) glucan synthesis in Aspergillus<br />
fumigatus<br />
A. Beauvais * , W. Morelle, M. Diaquin & J.P. Latgé<br />
Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. - Email:<br />
abeauvai@pasteur.fr<br />
Alpha and beta (1-3)glucan are the main components <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cell wall <strong>of</strong> A. fumigatus. Like in other fungi, beta (1-<br />
3)glucan synthesis in A. fumigatus is under the control <strong>of</strong><br />
FKS and RHO1 that are essential genes. Two genes AGS1<br />
and AGS2 encoding two putative alpha (1-3)glucan<br />
synthases have been now characterized in A. fumigatus.<br />
The predicted Ags1 and Ags2 proteins have an estimated<br />
molecular size <strong>of</strong> 273 kDa. Ags1p and Ags2p have three<br />
major hydrophobic regions separating two hydrophilic<br />
domains. The first hydrophilic domain is homologous to<br />
bacterial alpha amylases, and the second to bacterial<br />
glycogen synthases. AGS1 and AGS2 were disrupted in A.<br />
fumigatus. The ags1 and ags2 mutants have similar<br />
phenotype. Growth and conidiation are both reduced.<br />
Morphologically, abnormal sporulating structures were<br />
seen in liquid culture during early growth, whereas the wild<br />
type strain (WT) only produces mycelium. The ags1<br />
mutant is more sensitive to the cell wall inhibitors<br />
Nikkomycin and Congo Red than the WT and ags2 strains.<br />
No difference was seen in the carbohydrate composition <strong>of</strong><br />
the alkali insoluble and soluble fractions <strong>of</strong> the cell wall <strong>of</strong><br />
ags2 and WT strains. In contrast, a reduction in the alpha<br />
(1-3)glucan content <strong>of</strong> the alkali soluble fraction <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ags1 was observed. These results were in agreement with<br />
the immunolocalization <strong>of</strong> Ags1p and Ags2p since Ags1p<br />
was localized at the cell wall whereas Ags2p was found in<br />
the Golgi apparatus.<br />
32 - Beta-Glucan synthesis in S. cerevisiae: a genomewide<br />
synthetic lethal analysis <strong>of</strong> participating gene<br />
families<br />
G. Lesage, H. Li, A.-M. Sdicu, P. Menard & H. Bussey *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue<br />
Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.<br />
We used the yeast deletion set to find synthetic lethal and<br />
sick interactions <strong>of</strong> genes involved in beta-glucan<br />
synthesis, to define networks <strong>of</strong> participating genes. We<br />
used deletion mutant arrays (Tong et al., 2001, Science<br />
294: 2364) to make double mutants in query glucan genes.<br />
We examined two gene families: FKS1, GSC2, FKS3 and<br />
KRE6 and SKN1. For FKS1, encoding a beta-1,3-glucan<br />
synthase, we find synthetic interactions with 82 genes,<br />
principally in areas <strong>of</strong> wall maintenance, cell stress, protein<br />
degradation, lipid and fatty acid metabolism and<br />
transcription. For GSC2 and FKS3, we find 20 and 83<br />
interactions respectively. Surprisingly, there is little<br />
overlap between the sets for the three FKS genes, a total <strong>of</strong><br />
175 interactions involving 165 genes, reflecting the distinct<br />
biological contexts in which these related proteins function.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
KRE6 encodes a glucanase-like protein required for beta-<br />
1,6-glucan synthesis, and is synthetically lethal with the<br />
related SKN1. KRE6 interacts synthetically with 87 genes,<br />
and SKN1 with 39. Again there is little overlap between<br />
the sets, with a total <strong>of</strong> 126 interactions among 121 genes.<br />
These genes are mainly in areas <strong>of</strong> cell wall maintenance,<br />
cell stress, protein degradation, protein modification, lipid<br />
and fatty acid metabolism and vesicle transport. The<br />
KRE6/SKN1 set show limited overlap with the FKS family<br />
set, consistent with their distinct functions, with a total for<br />
both families <strong>of</strong> 301 interactions among 286 different<br />
genes.<br />
33 - The PMTs: an evolutionarily conserved family <strong>of</strong><br />
protein O-mannosyltransferases<br />
V. Girrbach, M. Lommel & S. Strahl *<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Regensburg Department <strong>of</strong> Cell Biology and<br />
Plant Physiology, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053<br />
Regensburg, Germany. - E-mail: sabine.strahlbolsinger@biologie.uni-regensburg.de<br />
Protein O-mannosylation is an essential protein<br />
modification in yeast. Furthermore, it is indispensable for<br />
cell morphology and cell wall integrity [1]. Yet, how Omannosylation<br />
affects cell wall architecture is still obscure.<br />
In yeasts and fungi O-mannosylation is initiated at the<br />
endoplasmic reticulum by an evolutionarily conserved<br />
family <strong>of</strong> protein O-mannosyltransferases, the PMTs.<br />
Phylogenetic analyses revealed, that this family can be<br />
divided into Pmt1p, Pmt2p and Pmt4p like subfamilies,<br />
including transferases closely related to Pmt1p, Pmt2p and<br />
Pmt4p, respectively. Here we present the molecular<br />
characterization <strong>of</strong> the PMT subfamilies <strong>of</strong> S. cerevisiae<br />
showing that Pmts are integral membrane proteins with<br />
seven membrane spanning domains which form specific<br />
high molecular weight complexes in vivo. Further,<br />
characterizing pmt mutants we found that their phenotype<br />
closely resembles mutants <strong>of</strong> the cell wall integrity<br />
signaling (PKC1-) pathway which monitors cell wall<br />
stability [2]. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the PKC1-pathway revealed that<br />
O-mannosylation is essential for induction <strong>of</strong> the this signal<br />
transduction cascade upon external stresses. Biochemical<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the highly O-mannosylated upstream receptors<br />
<strong>of</strong> the cell wall integrity pathway showed that abated Omannosylation<br />
affects their maturation, stability and<br />
function. References [1] Strahl-Bolsinger S et al. (1999)<br />
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1426: 297-307 [2] Heinisch JJ et<br />
al. (1999) Mol Microbiol 32: 671-680.<br />
34 - Regulation <strong>of</strong> glycosylation and pH in the yeast<br />
Golgi<br />
N. Dean * & X.D. Gao<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for<br />
Cell and Developmental Biology, State University <strong>of</strong> New<br />
York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
Neta.Dean@stonybrook.edu<br />
In yeast, glycoproteins are heavily modified by mannose in<br />
the Golgi. The donor for mannosylation is GDP-mannose.<br />
Use by lumenal mannosyltransferase requires that GDPmannose<br />
be transported from the cytosol to the Golgi by a<br />
specific transporter. Once the mannose is donated to<br />
protein, GDP is converted to GMP by nucleoside<br />
diphosphatases. GMP is an antiporter whose export from<br />
the Golgi is coupled to the lumenal import <strong>of</strong> GDPmannose.<br />
Substrate provision thus involves a cycle in<br />
which mannosylation acts as a sink to continuously<br />
generate the antiporter. As a byproduct <strong>of</strong> this cycle,<br />
hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> GDP to GMP generates a huge amount <strong>of</strong><br />
phosphate that must be removed to prevent an overly acidic<br />
lumenal pH. Existence <strong>of</strong> a phosphate transporter is<br />
hypothesized to be critical for pH homeostasis in the Golgi,<br />
as mannosylation in the Golgi accounts for the vast<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> cellular GDP hydrolysis. We present evidence<br />
that ERD1 plays a key role in regulating lumenal Golgi pH.<br />
Erd1p is Golgi localized and is homologous to other<br />
phosphate transporters. erd1 mutants suffer from a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> Golgi defects, including glycosylation and ER protein<br />
retention. erd1 mutants are EGTA sensitive,show pH- and<br />
PO4-dependent growth defects and are suppressed by<br />
ERS1, a gene that functions to regulate vacuolar pH. Taken<br />
together our results support the model that Erd1p regulates<br />
the removal <strong>of</strong> lumenal phosphate that is generated through<br />
the consumption <strong>of</strong> nucleotide sugars during glycosylation<br />
in the Golgi.<br />
35 - Environmental stimuli suppress the Neurospora<br />
crassa cot-1 phenotype<br />
R. Gorovits * & O. Yarden<br />
Hebrew University <strong>of</strong> Jerusalem, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Rehovot 76100, Israel. - E-mail: gorovits@agri3.huji.ac.il<br />
TheNeurospora crassa colonial temperature sensitive-1<br />
(cot-1) gene encodes a Ser/Thr protein kinase required for<br />
proper hyphal elongation. The temperature-sensitive cot-1<br />
strain exhibits normal spreading radial growth at or below<br />
25 °C, but mutant colonies grow slowly with extensively<br />
branched hyphae at or above 32 °C. Antibodies raised<br />
against COT1 detect a 67-kDa polypeptide that is absent in<br />
extracts obtained from cot-1 grown at restrictive<br />
conditions. The cot-1 hyperbranching phenotype is<br />
accompanied by an increase in proton efflux (as<br />
determined by rate <strong>of</strong> medium acidification) and a 50-75%<br />
reduction in relative intracellular sodium content<br />
(determined by X-ray microanalysis). Ammending the<br />
growth medium with ion pump inhibitors (DES, Amiloride<br />
or Ouabain), NaCl (0.5-1.5M) or sorbitol (1-1.5M)<br />
remedies the ionic imbalance and suppresses the cot-1<br />
phenotype to various degrees. The COT1 67kDa<br />
polypeptide was detected in extragenic suppressors <strong>of</strong> cot-1<br />
(exhibiting partial or full suppression), but not in cot-1<br />
cultures suppressed by the tested environmental stimuli.<br />
Based on these results we suggest that impaired COT1<br />
function confers changes in cellular ionic homeostasis and<br />
that suppression <strong>of</strong> the cot-1 phenotype by genetic<br />
alterations versus changes in environmental conditions may<br />
involve different pathways.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 13
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
36 - The status <strong>of</strong> names and records <strong>of</strong> Australian<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
T.W. May<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Private Bag 2000,<br />
South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
tom.may@rbg.vic.gov.au<br />
In the Catalogue and Bibliography <strong>of</strong> Australian Fungi, all<br />
names applied to Australian fungi are arranged under<br />
accepted names, with a comprehensive listing <strong>of</strong> literature<br />
records. Treatments for basidiomycete macr<strong>of</strong>ungi are<br />
complete, and data from the first volume is accessible online.<br />
Some macr<strong>of</strong>ungi are recorded from Australia only as<br />
names on herbarium specimens. Such records will soon be<br />
accessible through the development <strong>of</strong> on-line specimen<br />
databases. Mapping schemes are generating large numbers<br />
<strong>of</strong> unvouchered sight records for selected macr<strong>of</strong>ungi.<br />
Information from different types <strong>of</strong> records (literature,<br />
herbarium and sight) needs to be integrated and assessed. It<br />
is apparent that the take up <strong>of</strong> names and the quality <strong>of</strong><br />
records for Australian macr<strong>of</strong>ungi varies considerably. The<br />
take up <strong>of</strong> names refers to how widely and with what<br />
confidence names are applied. Quality is measured by such<br />
things as the amount <strong>of</strong> descriptive data supporting the<br />
record and whether there are vouchers. Most species based<br />
on Australian types have been disposed among modern<br />
genera, but <strong>of</strong>ten are known only from the type. For species<br />
based on extra-Australian types, numerous Australian<br />
records appear to be misapplied. A scheme will be outlined<br />
for coding the status and reliability <strong>of</strong> names and records.<br />
Filters can be applied according to the various purposes for<br />
which data might be used (such as nomenclature,<br />
conservation status, distribution, quarantine, identification<br />
or regional censuses).<br />
37 - Distribution <strong>of</strong> Southern Hemisphere inoperculate<br />
discomycetes, the influence <strong>of</strong> Gondwanaland<br />
P.R. Johnston 1* & I. Gamundi 2<br />
1 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New<br />
Zealand. - 2 Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Casilla de<br />
Correo 1336, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Prov. de Rio<br />
Negro, Argentina. - E-mail:<br />
johnstonp@LandcareResearch.co.nz<br />
Many authors have attempted to explain present-day<br />
species-level distributions <strong>of</strong> Southern Hemisphere fungi<br />
with reference to ancient continents and geology. We<br />
suggest that present-day species-level distributions are<br />
more likely to reflect the present-day proximity <strong>of</strong><br />
landmasses, or anthropogenic factors, than they are to<br />
reflect the ancient geology <strong>of</strong> Gondwanaland. The question<br />
<strong>of</strong> the influence <strong>of</strong> Gondwanaland on the distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
Southern Hemisphere fungi needs to be addressed by<br />
considering phylogenies at higher taxonomic levels. Some<br />
examples are provided, including Cyttaria and<br />
Torrendiella. The extent to which general fungal<br />
14<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
distribution is still influenced by the events <strong>of</strong> 20-80<br />
million years ago will be known only after many more<br />
robust phylogenies are available for groups <strong>of</strong> Southern<br />
Hemisphere fungi at about the level <strong>of</strong> genus or family.<br />
38 - Coprophilous ascomycetes <strong>of</strong> Australia<br />
A. Bell * & D.P. Mahoney<br />
Independent mycological research, 45, Gurney Road,<br />
Lower Hutt, New Zealand. - E-mail: AskUs@xtra.co.nz<br />
Coprophilous ascomycetes <strong>of</strong> Australia This short narration<br />
is a summary <strong>of</strong> approximately three years research into the<br />
coprophilous ascomycetes <strong>of</strong> Australia. The culmination <strong>of</strong><br />
this project is a recently completed fully illustrated manual<br />
documenting these fungi. The project was funded by the<br />
government financed Australian Biological Resources<br />
Study (ABRS). A total <strong>of</strong> 180 species <strong>of</strong> ascomycete fungi<br />
were identified 20 <strong>of</strong> which (=11%) represent hitherto<br />
undescribed species. The most frequently encountered<br />
genera include: Podospora (31 species), Sporormiella (19<br />
species), Chaetomium (16 species) and Ascobolus (13<br />
species). This presentation will include illustrations and<br />
discussion <strong>of</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> the most noteworthy taxa. The<br />
completed publication will also include the hitherto<br />
unpublished research <strong>of</strong> the late Harry Dade who in his<br />
retirement years also worked on Australian coprophilous<br />
fungi. The performing <strong>of</strong> this research also highlighted the<br />
urgency <strong>of</strong> upgrading <strong>of</strong> keys and the great need for more<br />
direct observations <strong>of</strong> living fungi on their natural<br />
substrates.<br />
39 - Saprobic and mycorrhizal ammonia fungi <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Southern Hemisphere<br />
A. Suzuki 1* , T. Fukiharu 2 & C. Tanaka 3<br />
1 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Education, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522,<br />
Japan. - 2 Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba,<br />
Chiba 260-8682, Japan. - 3 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
asmush@e.chiba-u.ac.jp<br />
Saprobic ammonia fungi, such as Ascobolus denudatus,<br />
Peziza moravecii, Tephrocybe tesquorum and Coprinopsis<br />
phlyctidospora were observed both in New Zealand and<br />
Australia. Morphological characters <strong>of</strong> collections <strong>of</strong> each<br />
fungus from New Zealand and Australia broadly fit within<br />
the species concepts <strong>of</strong> the same ammonia fungi from the<br />
Northern Hemisphere. The genetic variation among the C.<br />
phlyctidospora collections that were obtained from the<br />
Netherlands, Japan, New Zealand and Australia was<br />
examined by analyses based on the ITS rDNA sequences<br />
and by inter- and intracompatibility <strong>of</strong> the isolates from<br />
Japan and those from New Zealand and Australia. C.<br />
phlyctidospora is a species complex and individuals<br />
currently recognized as C. phlyctidospora in the Northern<br />
Hemisphere and those in the Southern Hemisphere are
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
distinct species. Mycorrhizal ammonia fungi obtained in<br />
the Southern Hemisphere were Hebeloma spp. and<br />
Laccaria spp. Many collections <strong>of</strong> the Hebeloma spp.<br />
obtained from New Zealand conformed to the<br />
morphological species concept <strong>of</strong> H. aminophilum in<br />
Australia. Data from their ITS rDNA sequences supported<br />
the above identification. H. vinosophyllum, a species only<br />
recorded from Japan, is a Northern Hemisphere counterpart<br />
species to H. aminophilum. These results suggest that some<br />
ammonia fungi in the Southern Hemisphere have closely<br />
similar counterpart species in the Northern Hemisphere.<br />
40 - Southern Hemisphere truffles - friends or<br />
relatives?<br />
T. Lebel * & F. Udovicic<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue,<br />
South Yarra, 3141 Victoria, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
teresa.lebel@rbg.vic.gov.au<br />
Current research utilising molecular data is focussing<br />
attention on the evolution <strong>of</strong> and relationships between and<br />
within previously stable higher taxonomic groupings.<br />
Preliminary data is causing many researchers to take a<br />
closer look at morphological characters traditionally<br />
thought to delimit genera, families and even orders. The<br />
truffles or sequestrate fungi are a polyphyletic, diverse<br />
group <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi, well represented in Australia and<br />
New Zealand. Where do they fit into the changing world <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal relationships? Three examples will be discussed,<br />
highlighting some <strong>of</strong> the challenges at different taxonomic<br />
levels facing researchers. A new genus <strong>of</strong> truffle based on a<br />
single species is described and its position within the<br />
Agaricales confirmed. The recently described genus<br />
Amarrendia is thought to be the simplified 'end-point' <strong>of</strong> a<br />
morphological continuum including the agaricoid Amanita<br />
and the secotioid Torrendia. Relationships to other<br />
Amanitaceae are examined using molecular and<br />
morphological data. In Australasia the truffle-like<br />
Russulales are more diverse than previously thought, with<br />
some 40 new species recently described. Analyses <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological characters provide some support <strong>of</strong> truffle<br />
generic boundaries, while molecular work suggests<br />
multiple origins <strong>of</strong> truffles within Russula and Lactarius.<br />
However, it is possible that there are both lineages which<br />
contain both agaricoid and truffle species, as well as<br />
lineages with strictly truffle morphology.<br />
41 - Corticiaceae <strong>of</strong> Patagonia: species' richness, rarity<br />
and distributional patterns<br />
A.G. Greslebin * & M. Rajchenberg<br />
Centro Forestal CIEFAP, CC 14, 9200 Esquel, Chubut,<br />
Argentina. - E-mail: alina@ciefap.cyt.edu.ar<br />
The Corticiaceae (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycota) <strong>of</strong><br />
southern Argentina are reviewed, with emphasis on Tierra<br />
del Fuego. A total <strong>of</strong> 156 species were recorded <strong>of</strong> which<br />
20% are endemic, 3% austral and 77% were either<br />
cosmopolitan or with another distributional pattern. Within<br />
the endemic species we found the new genera and species<br />
Nothocorticium patagonicum and Rhizochaete brunnea,<br />
and species in Hyphodontia (8), Dendrothele (5),<br />
Athelopsis (2), Hymenochaete (2), Aleurodiscus (3),<br />
Amyloathelia (1), Ceraceomyces (1), Fibricium (1),<br />
Hypochniciellum (1), Leptosporomyces (1), Sistotrema (2),<br />
Tubulicrinis (2), Tulasnella (1) and Vararia (1). An<br />
assessment <strong>of</strong> rarity <strong>of</strong> these taxa is presented, based on<br />
their abundance, distributional area and niche specificity.<br />
Of the five austral taxa, three are very rare, being recorded<br />
only once (Dendrothele biapiculata, Epithelopsis fulva and<br />
Hypochniciellum oblongisporum). Some endemic taxa<br />
appear to be closely related to Australian/New Zealand<br />
taxa, sharing distinctive characters within their genera. For<br />
example, Aleurodiscus antarcticus, A. triviale (Argentina)<br />
and A. parmuliformis (New Zealand) have smooth<br />
basidiospores and skeletocystidia and, morphologically<br />
seem intermediate between Aleurodiscus and Stereum.<br />
Species in Hyphodontia are also discussed as well as<br />
noteworthy species from other genera. Our knowledge <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi is far from complete since several forest types<br />
with distinctive environments remain unexplored.<br />
42 - Rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi<br />
(Ustilaginales) in New Zealand<br />
E.H.C. McKenzie<br />
Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New<br />
Zealand. - E-mail: mckenziee@landcareresearch.co.nz<br />
This paper examines the relationship between rust fungi<br />
and smut fungi in New Zealand and other parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />
world. New Zealand is a land <strong>of</strong> immigrants, and much <strong>of</strong><br />
the rust and smut mycota is also introduced. Early<br />
Polynesian migrants may have introduced some rust fungi<br />
to the northern, subtropical Kermadec Islands, but<br />
European introductions <strong>of</strong> host plants, together with<br />
contaminating fungal spores, are the principal source <strong>of</strong><br />
introduced rusts and smuts. Despite strict quarantine<br />
enforcement new rusts and smuts are continuing to be<br />
introduced. Recently introduced plant material may have<br />
introduced gladiolus rust and a dock rust from South<br />
Africa. A major source <strong>of</strong> new arrivals is wind-blown rust<br />
spores from Australia. The native rust and smut mycota has<br />
close affinities to the Australian mycota. Of 125 native<br />
rusts, 89 (71%) are considered to be endemic while 33<br />
(26%) also occur in Australia; <strong>of</strong> 30 native smuts, 14 (47%)<br />
are endemic and 12 (40%) are also found in Australia.<br />
Some indigenous rusts and smuts are known only in<br />
outlying islands e.g., Puccinia embergeriae (Chatham Is),<br />
Uredo inflata (Auckland Is), Restiosporium dissimile<br />
(Chatham Is). Puccinia oreoboli is restricted to the New<br />
Zealand subantarctic islands and to the highlands <strong>of</strong> Papua<br />
New Guinea while the smut, Microbotryum nivale, is<br />
known on an isolated mountain in Central Otago, and in<br />
Arctic Europe and Greenland. Only two indigenous rusts<br />
and three smuts are known to have South American<br />
affinities.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 15
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
43 - Witches' broom and frosty pods: The unexpected<br />
relatedness <strong>of</strong> two major cacao pathogens<br />
G.W. Griffith 1* , J.N. Nicholson 1 , A. Nenninger 1 , R.N.<br />
Birch 1 & J.N. Hedger 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23<br />
3DA, Wales, U.K. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1M<br />
8JS, England, U.K. - E-mail: gwg@aber.ac.uk<br />
The agaric Crinipellis perniciosa is a hemibiotrophic<br />
pathogen which causes witches' broom disease <strong>of</strong> cacao<br />
and has recently decimated the Brazilian cacao industry. In<br />
addition to the pathogenic C-biotype, other biotypes are<br />
found associated with unrelated plant taxa, notably lianas<br />
(L-biotype) and solanaceous hosts (S-biotype). The C- and<br />
S- biotypes are non-outcrossing and form broom symptoms<br />
on hosts whereas the L-biotype is outcrossing and<br />
asymptomatic. Genetic relatedness within and between<br />
biotypes can provide information about the past spread <strong>of</strong><br />
the disease and the likely future direction <strong>of</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
the pathogen. Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> several regions <strong>of</strong><br />
the rRNA locus (ITS, partial IGS, partial 28S) revealed<br />
near identity between all C- and S-biotype isolates from<br />
diverse locations. L-biotype isolates formed a discrete but<br />
distinct clade. Surprisingly, analysis <strong>of</strong> sequences from<br />
Moniliophthora roreri, an imperfect basidiomycete<br />
pathogen <strong>of</strong> cacao in the New World revealed a very close<br />
relationship with C. perniciosa (closer than the<br />
morphologically very similar C. eggersii). Similarities in<br />
host infection between C. perniciosa and M. roreri were<br />
noted by Harry Evans but it is difficult to reconcile the<br />
gross morphological differences. Pairings between<br />
monokaryons <strong>of</strong> C. perniciosa and M. roreri (both lacking<br />
clamps) gave rise to a clamped dikaryotic mycelium<br />
suggestive <strong>of</strong> a hybridisation event. The nature and<br />
implications <strong>of</strong> these findings are discussed.<br />
44 - Conservation <strong>of</strong> fungi in the Southern Hemisphere<br />
- Challenges and progress<br />
P.K. Buchanan 1* & T.W. May 2<br />
1 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New<br />
Zealand. - 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood<br />
Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
buchananp@landcareresearch.co.nz<br />
Fungal conservation in all parts <strong>of</strong> the Southern<br />
Hemisphere lags well behind organisms <strong>of</strong> larger size,<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> movement, or coloured green. Other challenges<br />
are the inadequate inventories and knowledge <strong>of</strong><br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> fungi, the few pr<strong>of</strong>essional and amateur<br />
mycologists, and the simplistic world-view confined to<br />
'plants and animals'. The authors are not aware <strong>of</strong> any<br />
Southern Hemisphere government Red Data Lists for Fungi<br />
using IUCN criteria. But in Australasia and other southern<br />
regions, some progress is evident. In New Zealand, the<br />
16<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
conservation status <strong>of</strong> fungi is being considered for the first<br />
time at national level with iconic threatened fungi<br />
including species <strong>of</strong> Claustula, Ganoderma, and Puccinia.<br />
In Australia, distribution <strong>of</strong> selected species <strong>of</strong> fungi is<br />
being mapped in the nationally coordinated programme<br />
'Fungimap', and two reserves have been established based<br />
in part on the presence <strong>of</strong> threatened fungi including<br />
Hypocreopsis and Hygrocybeae. Both countries have<br />
checklists <strong>of</strong> all recorded fungi in preparation. In southern<br />
South America corticioid fungi have been assessed for<br />
rarity. The conservation status <strong>of</strong> many South Australian<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi has also been assessed, although incomplete<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong>ten limits definitive<br />
conclusions. Examples are given <strong>of</strong> threatened fungi in<br />
different regions and a summary presented <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
conservation hemisphere-wide.<br />
45 - How alpine are 'alpine' fungi?<br />
M. Moser<br />
University Innsbruck, Tschnikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck,<br />
Austria. - E-mail: Meinhard.Moser@uibk.ac.at<br />
Several <strong>of</strong> the 'alpine' fungi from alpine tundra have been<br />
observed in lowlands but in association with Salix species;<br />
others can change the host genus in lower elevations. Vice<br />
versa 'lowland' fungi are occasionally observed in alpine<br />
tundra but seemingly without being able to establish<br />
permanent populations. Factors, which enable alpine fungi<br />
to survive the stress conditions <strong>of</strong> the alpine tundra, are<br />
either passive (growth respectively fructification in<br />
especially protected habitats or only during favourable<br />
periods or the ability <strong>of</strong> basidiomata to revive) or active<br />
(reduction <strong>of</strong> water content, increase <strong>of</strong> carbohydrate<br />
storage, special proteins and enzymes, membrane lipids<br />
etc.).<br />
46 - Cortinarius favrei: an example for phylogenetic,<br />
morphological, and ecological species concepts in alpine<br />
fungi<br />
U. Peintner 1* , M. Moser 1 , E. Horak 2 & R. Vilgalys 3<br />
1 University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck,<br />
Austria. - 2 ETH Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich,<br />
Switzerland. - 3 Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, Durham,<br />
NC 27708, U.S.A. - E-mail: Ursula.Peintner@uibk.ac.at<br />
Extensive analysis <strong>of</strong> closely related species from alpine,<br />
subalpine and montane habitats should facilitate the<br />
investigation <strong>of</strong> ecological, morphological and<br />
phylogenetic species concepts in ectomycorrhizal<br />
mushrooms. Cortinarius favrei is one <strong>of</strong> the most frequent<br />
alpine Cortinarius spp. associated with dwarf willow (e.g.<br />
Salix herbacea, S. polaris) and Dryas. The<br />
morphologically very similar C. absarokensis occurs with<br />
shrubby willow in subalpine habitats. In contrast, C.<br />
septentrionalis, C. trivialis and C. vernicosus are closely
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
related species occurring in boreal habitats in association<br />
with mostly deciduous trees. For this study, numerous<br />
collections <strong>of</strong> C. favrei and <strong>of</strong> C. absarokensis from<br />
circumpolar localities between the West-coast <strong>of</strong> the USA<br />
and the Russian Far-East were morphologically compared<br />
to each other and to closely related taxa <strong>of</strong> subgenus<br />
Myxacium section Myxacium. Moreover, nuclear DNA<br />
sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1<br />
and ITS2) were generated and analyzed for the study<br />
group. Based on these extensive molecular and<br />
morphological data, phylogenetic, morphological, and<br />
ecological species concepts in alpine fungi are discussed.<br />
47 - Basidiomycetes <strong>of</strong> Greenland<br />
T. Borgen, S.A. Elborne & H. Knudsen *<br />
Botanical Museum, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen,<br />
Gothersgade 130, DK-1123 Copenhagen K., Denmark.<br />
Based on c. 10.000 collections <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes from the<br />
Greenland Herbarium in Copenhagen (C) a checklist<br />
including 843 species has been established (in press). A<br />
quantitative analysis <strong>of</strong> the composition <strong>of</strong> the list<br />
regarding mode <strong>of</strong> nutrition and taxonomic structure is<br />
presented and compared to that from a temperate, northern<br />
European region. The development <strong>of</strong> special arctic<br />
elements in the funga as well as different ways <strong>of</strong><br />
adaptation to the cold environment is shown and some<br />
fungal taxa acting as pioneers in young landscapes are<br />
pointed out. Examples <strong>of</strong> the major distributional types <strong>of</strong><br />
basidiomycetes in Greenland are presented as well as<br />
typical representatives <strong>of</strong> an arctic(-alpine) and subarctic(subalpine)<br />
circumpolar distribution based on the authors<br />
collections from Alaska, Siberia, Svalbard, Iceland and the<br />
Alps as well as records from the literature. Finally, the<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the Greenland funga is compared to that <strong>of</strong><br />
the well-investigated Greenland flora.<br />
48 - Mycoknowledge related to Svalbard (Spitsbergen)<br />
G. Gulden<br />
Botanical museum, P.O.Box 1172 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo,<br />
Norway. - E-mail: gro.gulden@nhm.uio.no<br />
Svalbard is today an easily accessible arctic region with<br />
well equipped research stations and housing facilities.<br />
Never the less, the mycological exploration has been casual<br />
and our knowledge is fragmentary. Only the lichen flora,<br />
comprising almost 600 recognised species, may be<br />
considered well studied. During the almost 170 years from<br />
S. C. Sommerfelt published the first account on fungi from<br />
Svalbard, up till today, only about 600 non-lichenised fungi<br />
have been recognised. They belong to all four divisions <strong>of</strong><br />
the Mycota, but only a few taxonomic groups have been<br />
systematically sampled and studied, e.g. ascomycetes <strong>of</strong><br />
the genera Lamprospora and Pleospora, gasteromycetes <strong>of</strong><br />
the genera Calvatia and Bovista, agarics <strong>of</strong> the genera,<br />
Arrhenia and Galerina. An account on micromycetes on<br />
vascular plants exists (197 species) and a checklist <strong>of</strong><br />
Svalbard's pyrenomycetes ss. lat. (129 species). Some<br />
ecological groups have been studied in detail, e.g.<br />
lichenicolous fungi (60 species) and dryadicolous fungi (34<br />
species). Furthermore, soil fungi have been isolated from<br />
peat soils and mycorrhiza and root-associated fungi have<br />
been studied in a number <strong>of</strong> vascular plants. A taxonomic<br />
catalogue to Svalbard plants, fungi, algae and<br />
cyanobacteria was published in 1996 with the intention<br />
also <strong>of</strong> giving a broad impression <strong>of</strong> occurrence and<br />
ecology <strong>of</strong> the species. For most <strong>of</strong> the fungi this is very<br />
tentative.<br />
49 - Fungal diversity in arctic Lapland and the<br />
Scandinavian mountains<br />
K. Bendiksen 1* & E. Ohenoja 2<br />
1 Botanical Garden and Museum, Trondheimsveien 23 B, N-<br />
0562 Oslo, Norway. - 2 Botanical Museum, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 University <strong>of</strong> Oulu,<br />
Finland.<br />
In Fennoscandia (North Europe) the climatic timberline is<br />
1200 m asl. in the central mountain massif <strong>of</strong> S. Norway,<br />
and decreases gradually towards the north and coastal<br />
areas. It reaches the sea level on the N. coast <strong>of</strong> Finnmark<br />
(71°N). The area above the timberline covers large parts<br />
(32%) <strong>of</strong> Norway. In Sweden the arctic (oroarctic)<br />
mountain areas are situated near the Norwegian border. In<br />
Finland the arctic vegetation covers only small areas in the<br />
northernmost Lapland. Records concerning Basidiomycetes<br />
from the arctic zone are sporadic. Some areas, particularly<br />
around the research stations, have been objects for more<br />
intensive studies and collecting. The following areas where<br />
relatively plentiful data is available are included in the<br />
presentation: 1) S. Norway, Hardangervidda (Finse),<br />
Jotunheimen, Rondane, Dovrefjell 2) N. Sweden,<br />
Norrbotten (Abisko) 3) NW. Finnish Lapland (Kilpisjärvi),<br />
the adjacent areas in Troms, Norway 4) NE. Finnish<br />
Lapland (Kevo, the fjells <strong>of</strong> Utsjoki and Inari), the adjacent<br />
areas in Finnmark, Norway About 400 identified fungus<br />
taxa (Basidiomycetes except wood-inhabiting<br />
Aphyllophorales) have been dealt with, and ecological<br />
aspects are discussed. There is a considerable reduction<br />
(60-80%) in the number <strong>of</strong> fungus species in the arctic<br />
zone as compared with that in the subarctic birch forests.<br />
The proportion <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal species is highest (ca. 60%)<br />
in low arctic continental areas versus the low - middle<br />
arctic, slightly oceanic areas (45%).<br />
50 - Alpine macr<strong>of</strong>ungi <strong>of</strong> North America (Rocky<br />
Mountains)<br />
C.L. Cripps<br />
Montana State University, Plant Sciences Dept., Bozeman,<br />
MT, U.S.A. - E-mail: CCripps@montana.edu<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 17
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
Remarkably, macr<strong>of</strong>ungi <strong>of</strong> the North American alpine<br />
zone have remained largely unknown until our recent<br />
intensive efforts in the Rocky Mountains revealed a diverse<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora. While Agaricales are well known for many<br />
arctic-alpine regions, only a few were reported above<br />
treeline in NA. To date, we have discovered over 150<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Agaricales from the Canadian border south into<br />
the Rocky Mountains, and above treeline (3300 m at 45°N,<br />
3600 m at 38°N). Most are typical arctic-alpine fungi at<br />
their furthest southern extent in NA. Predominant<br />
ectomycorrhizal plants are Salix reticulata, S. arctica, S.<br />
planifolia, S. glauca, Dryas octopetala, and Betula<br />
glandulosa (rare). Mycorrhizal taxa include Amanita cf<br />
nivalis, A. greenlandica, Russula nana, R. norvegica, R.<br />
delica, Lactarius nanus, L. glyciosmus, L.<br />
repraesentaneous, L. salicis-reticulatae, Leccinum<br />
rotundifolia (rare), Laccaria bicolor, L. pumila, L.<br />
montana, Entoloma alpicola, Cortinarius absarokensis, C.<br />
favrei, C. hinnuleus, Hebeloma spp., and over 28 Inocybe<br />
species. Bryophilous taxa include Omphalina, Rickenella,<br />
Galerina, Marasmius epidryas, Arrhenia auriscalpium, and<br />
A. (Phaeotellus) acerosus. Terrestrial saprophytes include<br />
Cystoderma, Lepiota, Melanoleuca, Calocybe, and<br />
Collybia. Most are known from other arctic-alpine habitats,<br />
some are alpine-subalpine, and a few appear to be new.<br />
Species distributions differ, with some restricted to<br />
northern or southern RM regions.<br />
51 - Basidiomycetes in arctic tundra in North Amercia<br />
O.K. Miller Jr.<br />
Virginia Tech, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology, Blacksburg VA 24061,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: orsonk@cs.com<br />
Approximately 140 species <strong>of</strong> Agaricales and<br />
Aphyllophorales in the Basidiomycetes have been<br />
described and reported from arctic tundra in North<br />
America. Of these about 30% are ectomycorrhizal<br />
associates <strong>of</strong> 14 species and two varieties <strong>of</strong> Salix, in<br />
addition to Dryas integrifolia, Arctostaphylos rubra, and<br />
Cassiope tetragona. Chief among the ectomycorrhizal<br />
associates are Cortinarius, Inocybe, Hebeloma, Laccaria,<br />
Lactarius, and Russula. Three species <strong>of</strong> basidiolichens in<br />
the genus Botrydina (Omphalina) are widely distributed<br />
and common. More than 32 genera <strong>of</strong> decomposers contain<br />
about 100 species. Galerina, Phaeogalera, and<br />
Leptoglossum have 22 species which are decomposers <strong>of</strong><br />
pleurocarpous Bryophytes. Over 60 species <strong>of</strong><br />
decomposers belong to the Coprinaceae, Tricholomataceae,<br />
Strophariaceae, and Hygrophoraceae. Distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
tundra species appears to be circumpolar with restricted<br />
endemism. The myc<strong>of</strong>lora is discussed in relation to the<br />
Alaska North Slope tundra, and the arcto-alpine habitats in<br />
the mountainous regions <strong>of</strong> northern North America.<br />
18<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
52 - Arctic-alpine agarics and boletes (Basidiomycota)<br />
past, present and future<br />
E. Horak 1 , O.K. Miller Jr. 2 & C.L. Cripps 3*<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Geobotany, Herbarium, ETH, Zollikerstrasse<br />
107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland. - 2 Virginia Tech, Dept.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Biology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A. - 3 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Sciences, Montana State University, 215 AgBioscience<br />
Bldg., Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
ccripps@montana.edu<br />
By definition, arctic-alpine agarics and boletes are<br />
ectomycorrhizal, saprobic or parasitic mycota which<br />
closely interact-coexist with autochthonous associations <strong>of</strong><br />
lichens, mosses and angiosperms exposed to the harsh<br />
ecological conditions above the upper timberline in alpine<br />
habitats or in tundra <strong>of</strong> Subarctica and Subantarctica. The<br />
first records on arctic-alpine macromycetes have been<br />
published by Hooker (1811, Iceland), Greville (1822,<br />
Scotland), Sommerfeldt (1833, Svalbard) and Heer (1936,<br />
Switzerland). In general, comprehensive data about<br />
taxonomy, ecology and distribution <strong>of</strong> arctic-alpine<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi are still scarce and limited to few localities <strong>of</strong><br />
small geographic range in the Alps (Austria, Italy, France,<br />
Switzerland), Pyrenees (Spain), Rocky Mts. (Colorado),<br />
and several sites located in high circumpolar latitudes<br />
(Alaska, Fennoscandia, Faerøer, Greenland, Iceland,<br />
Russia, Svalbard). Taxonomically and ecologically the<br />
moss-, lichen- and peat-associated taxa <strong>of</strong> Galerina are<br />
today by far the best known group <strong>of</strong> arctic-alpine agarics.<br />
Due to lack <strong>of</strong> data, the following localities are still white<br />
or grey spots on the arctic-alpine map viz. the Caucasus,<br />
the Himalayas, northern Japan (Hokkaido), and the high<br />
mountain ranges in the equatorial belt <strong>of</strong> South America<br />
(páramos), SE-Asia and Africa. <strong>Mycological</strong> fieldwork in<br />
these regions is urgent.<br />
53 - From microscopes to molecules: a journey through<br />
time<br />
J. Campbell<br />
UIUC, Dept <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, 265 Morrill Hall, 505 S.<br />
Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
jcampbe2@life.uiuc.edu<br />
The earliest references to marine fungi were made in 1846.<br />
In 1907 there were only 16 known species <strong>of</strong> marine fungi.<br />
It was not until the 1940's that any substantial interest in<br />
marine fungi was generated. The Halosphaeriaceae was the<br />
first family <strong>of</strong> pyrenomycetous marine ascomycetes to be<br />
proposed. The importance <strong>of</strong> morphological characters<br />
used to classify the family however were disputed, which<br />
led to inconsistencies in the listing <strong>of</strong> representative genera.<br />
Our understanding <strong>of</strong> the taxonomic importance <strong>of</strong> these<br />
characters has increased with the availability <strong>of</strong> new<br />
techniques. Here we look back on the journey through time<br />
from light microscope to electron microscopes to molecular
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
phylogeny using genera in the Halosphaeriaceae as<br />
examples <strong>of</strong> initial concepts and current perceptions.<br />
54 - Mangrove mycology in South East Asia: Who,<br />
what...and what else ?<br />
T.K. Tan<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, National University <strong>of</strong><br />
Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.<br />
- E-mail: dbstantk@nus.edu.sg<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the earliest records <strong>of</strong> marine fungi in south east<br />
Asia was that <strong>of</strong> Jones (1968), who reported Lulworthia<br />
floridana and Halosphaeria quadric-cornuta on drift wood<br />
collected in Singapore. Interest in marine mycology in the<br />
region was nurtured at IMC3 in Tokyo in 1983. As<br />
mangrove swamps constitute the extensive and<br />
characteristic coastal vegetation in this part <strong>of</strong> the world,<br />
subsequent post-IMC3 works focused primarily on the<br />
marine fungi in mangrove habitats. The first few papers<br />
were that <strong>of</strong> Gacutan and Uyenco (1983; Philippines),<br />
Kohlmeyer (1984, Thailand), Tan (1985, Singapore and<br />
Malaysia), Koch (1986, Thailand), and Jones and Tan<br />
(1987, Malaysia). Since then, intense interest and studies<br />
have yielded a wealth <strong>of</strong> information on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong><br />
mangrove fungi in the region, with more than 100 new<br />
species and genera described. Apart from biodiversity, the<br />
proximity and accessibility <strong>of</strong> mangroves facilitated<br />
ecological studies undertaken to account for the observed<br />
occurrence, abundance and distribution <strong>of</strong> these fungal<br />
species. These included studies on fungal succession,<br />
vertical distribution, substrate specificity, and to a lesser<br />
extent, fungal interactions. Molecular taxonomy has also<br />
been studied in the last few years. Three IMCs later, how<br />
do we take stock <strong>of</strong> the progress in mangrove mycology ?<br />
There is certainly scope for further work on biodiversity<br />
and ecology. The question is: how can studies on mangrove<br />
fungi create a greater impact on life ?.<br />
55 - Diversity and phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Halophytophthora<br />
(Oomycetes)<br />
A. Nakagiri<br />
Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, 17-85, Juso-honmachi<br />
2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
nakagiri-akira@ifo.or.jp<br />
Halophytophthora species are straminopilous oomycetes<br />
inhabiting marine and brackish water environments as a<br />
first colonizer on the submerged fallen leaves. Fourteen<br />
species and two varieties have been described so far mainly<br />
from mangrove environments. They show wide variation in<br />
ecology and characters <strong>of</strong> asexual reproduction. For the<br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> investigating the phylogenetic relationship with<br />
other straminopiles and clarifying the species level<br />
taxonomy <strong>of</strong> this diverse group, 18S rDNA, D1D2 region<br />
<strong>of</strong> 28S rDNA and ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 were sequenced<br />
in 58 strains <strong>of</strong> Halophytophthora species and analyzed<br />
phylogenetically with other related oomycetes. The<br />
analyses revealed 1) the most species <strong>of</strong> Halophytophthora<br />
nested in the Peronosporomycetidae clade, but H. spinosa<br />
positioned apart from the main group but close to<br />
Sapromyces (Rhipidiomycetidae), which suggests at least<br />
removing H. spinosa to other (new) genus, 2) the<br />
Phytophthora-Peronospora clade nested within the main<br />
group <strong>of</strong> Halophytophthora as a sister group <strong>of</strong> H. vesicula<br />
complex, which includes H. vesicula and other<br />
morphologically similar species, 3) the species in the main<br />
group <strong>of</strong> Halophytophthora formed several clades, each <strong>of</strong><br />
which corresponds to its specific character <strong>of</strong> asexual<br />
reproduction, 4) looking at the phylogenetic relationship<br />
between Phytophthora and Halophytophthora, the tree<br />
showed that the terrestrial or freshwater parasites might<br />
have evolved from the marine or brackish water saprobes.<br />
56 - Thai lignicolous aquatic fungi: From river to the<br />
sea<br />
S. Sivichai * , J. Sakayaroj & I. Chatamala<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology Laboratory, National Center for<br />
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science<br />
and Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin<br />
Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.<br />
Over the past 10 years our knowledge <strong>of</strong> Thai aquatic fungi<br />
has increased dramatically and with the description <strong>of</strong><br />
many new taxa. The only previous records were those <strong>of</strong><br />
Tubaki et al. (1983) on Ingoldian fungi. Although the<br />
major focus has been on their ecology, recent studies<br />
examines their molecular phylogeny, especially genera not<br />
assigned to an order or family for example Bathyascus,<br />
Torpedospora (Ascomycetes), Dendryphiella and<br />
Sigmoidea (anamorphic fungi). Currently some 600 higher<br />
aquatic fungi have been recorded for Thailand.<br />
57 - Marine fungi: A time to redefine?<br />
E.B.G. Jones<br />
BIOTEC, 113 Pahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang,<br />
Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
bhgareth@yahoo.com<br />
Many workers have tried to characterize physiologically<br />
and ecologically what is a marine fungi? Over 1,000 fungi<br />
have been recorded from marine habitats and they appear<br />
to be well adapted for life in this environment. However,<br />
some species have also been recovered from freshwater<br />
habitats and this raises the issue <strong>of</strong> how we define this<br />
unique group. Recently, molecular studies have<br />
demonstrated that members <strong>of</strong> the Halosphaeriales<br />
originated from a terrestrial ancestor, rather than evolution<br />
from ancestral marine taxa. Similarly, a number <strong>of</strong> marine<br />
bitunicate ascomycetes have been shown to group with the<br />
terrestrial Pleosporales. It is therefore time to reconsider<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 19
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
our definition <strong>of</strong> what is a marine fungus and to look<br />
forward as to future studies in marine mycology.<br />
58 - A curmudgeon's view <strong>of</strong> priorities and economics<br />
R.P. Korf<br />
Cornell University, Dept. Plant Pathology, Plant Science<br />
Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
RPK1@cornell.edu<br />
The noun curmudgeon is defined and used here in two, not<br />
necessarily exclusive, ways: n. 1. archaic: a crusty, illtempered,<br />
churlish old man. 2. modern: (i) anyone who<br />
hates hypocrisy and pretense and has the temerity to say so;<br />
(ii) anyone with the habit <strong>of</strong> pointing out unpleasant facts<br />
in an engaging and humorous manner. The presenter's<br />
theses are that we have nearly all <strong>of</strong> our priorities<br />
backwards, that monetary and not scientific ends drive<br />
many <strong>of</strong> our research efforts, and that misjudgment<br />
frequently drives the rest. Topics to be addressed are (1)<br />
Where We Stand in Inoperculate Discomycete Systematics;<br />
(2) Asking the Wrong Questions; (3) Money, and the<br />
Failure <strong>of</strong> Universities: Grant Writing; (4) Milking the<br />
Grant Agencies; (5) Alpha Taxonomy Remains our<br />
Primary Necessity; (6) Training Students: How Did We Go<br />
So Wrong? (7) Journals, Proliferation and Blatant Errors in<br />
Judgement: Choosing Between Tree-Destruction and the<br />
www; (8) A View <strong>of</strong> the Future: the Presenter Exposed as a<br />
Crypto-Optimist.<br />
59 - Anamorphs - teleomorphs and the disparity <strong>of</strong><br />
sampling<br />
D.H. Pfister<br />
Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave.,<br />
Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
dpfister@oeb.harvard.edu<br />
Nannfeldt published his magnificent treatment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Leotiales, one <strong>of</strong> the largest orders <strong>of</strong> Ascomycota, 70<br />
years ago and today it still provides the clearest and most<br />
comprehensive view that we have <strong>of</strong> the classification <strong>of</strong><br />
the inopcerculate discomycetes. Prior to his study the<br />
literature on these fungi was scattered and family<br />
delimitations were unclear. Nannfeldt 1932 system has<br />
been nearly universally followed with minor modifications,<br />
most notably the recognition <strong>of</strong> a few, generally, small<br />
segregate families such as the Hemiphacidiaceae,<br />
Vibrisseaceae, Loramycetaceae, Sclerotiniaceae and<br />
Rutstroemiaceae. These families were segregated based on<br />
ascomatal morphology, anamorph differences and, in the<br />
case <strong>of</strong> the Rutstroemiaceae, by a combination <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological features and molecular phylogenetic data.<br />
The intent <strong>of</strong> this paper is to review current knowledge <strong>of</strong><br />
helotialean anamorphs and the life history data. The<br />
notable situation <strong>of</strong> the families Dermateaceae and<br />
Leotiaceae/Helotiaceae, which remain problematic and<br />
20<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
largely unsampled in molecular phylogenetic data sets, will<br />
be discussed. The need for detailed biological studies <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi is <strong>of</strong> paramount importance in developing a<br />
reliable and predictive classification for this large and<br />
important group.<br />
60 - Neotropical discomycetes: Where do we stand and<br />
where do we want to go in systematics and biodiversity<br />
research?<br />
T. Iturriaga<br />
Universidad Simón Bolívar, Dpto. Biología Organismos,<br />
Aptdo. 89000, Sartenejas, Baruta, Edo. Miranda,<br />
Venezuela. - E-mail: titurri@usb.ve<br />
This talk will present an overview regarding the last 70<br />
years <strong>of</strong> knowledge about neotropical Discomycetes. Areas<br />
to be discussed include the principal Discomycete<br />
collectors in the neotropics in this period, as well as<br />
numbers <strong>of</strong> publications dealing with neotropical<br />
Discomycetes in major journals and congress presentations.<br />
Knowledge <strong>of</strong> the total numbers <strong>of</strong> Discomycetes for some<br />
neotropical areas will be compared with other groups <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi from the same geographical regions. A major<br />
contributor towards neotropical Discomycetes knowledge<br />
since 1949, date <strong>of</strong> his first expedition to Venezuela, is R.<br />
W. G. Dennis. In his famous and widely used 'Fungus Flora<br />
<strong>of</strong> Venezuela and Adjacent Countries' (Dennis, 1970), he<br />
treated 161 species <strong>of</strong> Discomycetes. Other mentors <strong>of</strong> this<br />
group <strong>of</strong> fungi, as well as their dedication and relevance to<br />
the area, will be presented. Advantages and disadvantages<br />
<strong>of</strong> conducting research on neotropical Discomycetes will<br />
be discussed in the sense <strong>of</strong> research funding possibilities<br />
and the consequences that these fund restrictions have had<br />
on Discomycetes knowledge. A correlation between the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> Discomycete collections and areas where these<br />
have been made, in comparison with publications resulting<br />
from these studies, will be analyzed. Based on<br />
achievements over the last 70 years, a general overview<br />
and recommendations <strong>of</strong> the paths to be followed in the<br />
future will be discussed.<br />
61 - Molecular diversity and phylogenetic affinities <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi <strong>of</strong> the Helotiales<br />
T. Vrålstad * , E. Myhre & T. Schumacher<br />
Div. <strong>of</strong> Botany and Plant Physiology, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P.O. Box 1045 Blindern, 0316 Oslo,<br />
Norway. - E-mail: trudevr@ulrik.uio.no<br />
Teleomorphic species <strong>of</strong> the ascomycete order Helotiales<br />
are abundant in nature, and range from hardly visible to<br />
some more prominent representatives. However, a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> asexual or sterile root symbiotic (endophyic, ericoid<br />
mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal) fungi have proven to<br />
belong to the Helotiales, yet their taxonomy, phylogeny<br />
and ecological roles are largely unresolved. We have
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
studied the diversity and phylogenetic affinities <strong>of</strong><br />
symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes <strong>of</strong> the Helotiales<br />
based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) nrDNA sequences.<br />
Mycobionts were obtained from roots <strong>of</strong> ericoid plants and<br />
grasses and from Piceirhiza bicolorata ectomycorrhizas<br />
(pbECM) on conifers and hardwoods, predominantly in<br />
burnt and metal-polluted habitats. The mycobionts were<br />
sequenced through the ITS and compared to sequences <strong>of</strong><br />
known helotialean taxa. We recognised 132 fungal ITSsequences<br />
with affinity to the Helotiales, <strong>of</strong> which 75% (54<br />
different ITS-genotypes) grouped within the<br />
Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate including Phialophora<br />
finlandia. This aggregate showed stronger affinity to<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Hyaloscyphaceae and Dermateaceae than<br />
to Hymenoscyphus fructigenus (genus-type species;<br />
Helotiaceae). The H. ericae aggregate may be referable to a<br />
generic unit, and includes a diverse group <strong>of</strong> closely related<br />
± darkly pigmented root-associated ascomycetes where the<br />
borders between intra- and interspecific ITS-sequence<br />
variation as well as different types <strong>of</strong> root-symbioses<br />
remain unclear.<br />
62 - How little we know about the inoperculates in<br />
China<br />
W.-y. Zhuang<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Chinese Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences,<br />
P.O. Box 2714, Beijing 100080, China. - E-mail:<br />
zhuangwy@sun.im.ac.cn<br />
Three stages can be recognized in studies <strong>of</strong> inoperculate<br />
discomycetes in China. Saccardo's taxonomic treatments<br />
were applied by the early mycologists at the very<br />
beginning, the influence <strong>of</strong> Seaver's works constituted the<br />
second stage, and treatments by Nannfeldt and Korf were<br />
much involved after the 1950's. Revisionary work by Korf<br />
plus several other recent workers towards the natural<br />
classification system is accepted currently. Known species<br />
<strong>of</strong> the inoperculates in China increased from 67 in the<br />
1930's and 1940's, 81 in 1963 by Pr<strong>of</strong>. S. C. Teng and 140<br />
in 1979 by Pr<strong>of</strong>. F. L. Tai, and up to 424 in 103 genera at<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> 2001 in the third stage. Significant progress has<br />
been made through the efforts <strong>of</strong> mycologists from<br />
different institutions dealing with species diversity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
group in the past two decades and the known species<br />
increased dramatically. Examples revealing the species<br />
richness <strong>of</strong> the Hyaloscyphaceae and a number <strong>of</strong> genera in<br />
other families were provided. Gross morphology, detailed<br />
anatomic structures, and molecular data should be<br />
combined properly in order to discover the phylogenetic<br />
relationships among genera or families aiming at the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> correct species concepts and a reasonable<br />
taxonomic system for inoperculate discomycetes. We seem<br />
to be far from that goal.<br />
63 - Will ascus characters give meaning to future<br />
reclassifications <strong>of</strong> non-lichenized inoperculate<br />
discomycetes?<br />
G.J.M. Verkley<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O.Box 85167,<br />
NL-3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
verkley@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
Most families <strong>of</strong> the inoperculate discomycetes are still<br />
regarded as heterogeneous. Many genera are also still<br />
poorly delimited, although in recent years progress has<br />
been made by integrating molecular and phenotypic<br />
approaches in some monographic studies. With molecular<br />
tools we can rapidly trace the informative morphological<br />
characters. Although there is still an enormous amount <strong>of</strong><br />
work to be done, we should also take action at suprageneric<br />
level, using a similar approach. It is clear that the<br />
inoperculate discomycetes are not monophyletic, and major<br />
reclassification is imperative, but this calls for robust multigene<br />
datasets, combined with congruent morphological<br />
character complexes that provide enough synapomorphies.<br />
Familiar characters such as excipular anatomy and<br />
gelatinous substances may fail at this point. Ultrastructural<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> selected taxa e.g., in the Helotiaceae and<br />
Hyaloscyphaceae, have shown that the ascus apical<br />
apparatus constitutes a promising set <strong>of</strong> microanatomical<br />
features and should be explored further. Although some<br />
fundamental differences in apical structures are only<br />
resolved by transmission electron microscopy, it is<br />
certainly feasible to screen larger groups <strong>of</strong> taxa using light<br />
microscopy. I will attempt to correlate morphological and<br />
molecular data currently available, however fragmentary<br />
they may be. Obviously, more data should be gathered<br />
before extensive conclusions can be drawn.<br />
64 - Progress and challenge: Helotiales in the new<br />
millenium<br />
B.M. Spooner<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE,<br />
U.K. - E-mail: b.spooner@rbgkew.org.uk<br />
After 70 years <strong>of</strong> progress, radical changes to the<br />
classification <strong>of</strong> inoperculates proposed by Nannfeldt have<br />
been few. Such changes are mainly recent, based on<br />
powerful tools such as DNA and ultrastructural analyses.<br />
They include demolition <strong>of</strong> the traditional Leotiaceae and<br />
Sclerotiniaceae, now regrouped into 5 families and, more<br />
extreme, the ousting <strong>of</strong> Orbilia as representative <strong>of</strong> a whole<br />
new class. In contrast, molecular study <strong>of</strong> Hyaloscyphaceae<br />
indicates surprising coherence <strong>of</strong> seemingly disparate taxa.<br />
But there remain conflicts in results and uncertainty about<br />
the placement <strong>of</strong> many taxa. Problems include an acute<br />
lack <strong>of</strong> data on the species involved. Two-thirds <strong>of</strong> these<br />
may remain undescribed, and only a handful have yet been<br />
sampled for modern analyses. Small subunit RNA<br />
sequences, for example, are known for less than 50 genera,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 21
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
only 7% <strong>of</strong> those described so far. Few species have<br />
received detailed morphological study, and many are<br />
scarcely represented at all in the world's herbaria.<br />
Identification remains fraught with problems and there is<br />
huge disparity in knowledge between different regions.<br />
Less than 200 species have yet been reported from the<br />
tropics, for example, fewer than from some sites in<br />
England. Yet rate <strong>of</strong> description <strong>of</strong> new species continues<br />
to fall. Clearly, there is still a pressing need for description<br />
and morphological study, to provide the basic taxa for<br />
application <strong>of</strong> modern techniques and to approach<br />
eventually a natural system for the Helotiales.<br />
65 - Diversity in the genus Penicillium<br />
J.I. Pitt<br />
Food Science Australia, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW<br />
1670, Australia. - E-mail: John.Pitt@csiro.au<br />
Penicillium is a tightly circumscribed but diverse genus,<br />
characterised by a distinctive asexual fruiting structure, the<br />
penicillus. Separation from other genera is usually<br />
unequivocal. Diversity is reflected in occurrence in a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> habitats. Some species, especially in subgenera<br />
Aspergilloides and Furcatum, are primarily associated with<br />
soil. Some species, especially in subgenus Biverticillium,<br />
are common in biodegradation, i.e. decaying plants and<br />
plant based materials. Others, especially in subgenus<br />
Penicillium, are found in seeds, which includes foods such<br />
as cereals, or dung. Few can be considered pathogens <strong>of</strong><br />
animals or plants. A few are truly ubiquitous. Penicillium<br />
species are most common in cooler temperate climates, a<br />
reflection <strong>of</strong> relatively low temperature pr<strong>of</strong>iles for growth.<br />
Penicillium is associated with two sexual genera,<br />
Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, with mostly soilborne<br />
species. Some taxonomic questions remain. The possibility<br />
exists that Penicillium is not truly monophyletic, and that<br />
the species associated with the two sexual states are distinct<br />
in evolutionary terms, though not obviously so in<br />
ecological or morphological terms. The question <strong>of</strong><br />
delimitation <strong>of</strong> subgenera, based on morphology, arises<br />
because molecular studies suggest that the subgenera<br />
Aspergilloides and Furcatum are not distinct from each<br />
other. And finally, the perennial question <strong>of</strong> what<br />
constitutes a species has been fuelled by molecular studies<br />
in particular.<br />
66 - ISSR variation in Penicillium miczynskii and<br />
Eupenicillium shearii<br />
D.E. Tuthill<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wyoming, PO Box 3165, Laramie, WY 82071,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: dtuthill@uwyo.edu<br />
There is little evidence to indicate whether species <strong>of</strong><br />
Penicillium are or are not genetically cohesive. To address<br />
this issue, I have been performing ISSR analyses on 190<br />
22<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
strains <strong>of</strong> P. miczynskii. These strains were isolated<br />
primarily from four Pinus dominated sites in southeast<br />
Wyoming. Additional strains were isolated from a mixed<br />
hardwood forest in Denmark and a Noth<strong>of</strong>agus dominated<br />
forest in Chile. I also collected 130 strains <strong>of</strong> E. shearii,<br />
primarily from Costa Rica and India. Preliminary results<br />
indicate that P. miczynskii strains from SE Wyoming are<br />
very much alike, though some variation is present. Danish<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> P. miczynskii show ISSR patterns very different<br />
from those <strong>of</strong> the Wyoming strains, and also show<br />
considerable variation amongst themselves. Parsimony<br />
analysis using ITS sequences from several <strong>of</strong> these strains<br />
placed most <strong>of</strong> them in a clade including the type strain <strong>of</strong><br />
P. miczynskii. In contrast, the strains <strong>of</strong> E. shearii clustered<br />
into two groups, irrespective <strong>of</strong> origin. These two groups<br />
may be interpreted as distinct species. This hypothesis is<br />
further supported by ITS sequences, which indicate that at<br />
least one <strong>of</strong> these groups is not closely related to the type<br />
strain <strong>of</strong> E. shearii (no representative <strong>of</strong> the second group<br />
has been sequenced yet). These results suggest that<br />
variation is structured quite differently in mitotic Penicillia<br />
than in meiotic Eupenicillia, and that lack <strong>of</strong> a meiotic<br />
cycle does not impose a constraint on intraspecific<br />
variation.<br />
67 - Phenotypic diversity in Penicillium and its<br />
teleomorphs<br />
J.C. Frisvad 1* & M. Christensen 2<br />
1 Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Buildinng 221,<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Aven Nelson Building,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wyoming, Laramie, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
jcf@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
The genus Penicillium contains species <strong>of</strong> an impressive<br />
diversity and they are consistently found all over the world.<br />
In a detailed analysis <strong>of</strong> species occurrence in 16 soil<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ungal surveys, our data indicate that: 1) Penicillia<br />
are abundant in certain soils, accounting for nearly 50% <strong>of</strong><br />
all species obtained with 10 - 71% recently described or<br />
undescribed; 2) the soils with highest pendiversity appear<br />
to be soils from tropical and temperate rain forests (upper<br />
Amazon, Peru; ancient conifer forest, Oregon, USA) and<br />
coastal annual grasslands (California, USA); and 3) a great<br />
many soil species are reliable indicators <strong>of</strong> habitat type.<br />
Eupenicillium associated Penicillia are usually soil- or<br />
foodborne, while the very different Talaromyces associated<br />
Penicillia <strong>of</strong>ten are with plant polymer associated. Some<br />
species are associated to plants and one <strong>of</strong> them even<br />
produce myconodules in Elder trees. One species can grow<br />
in saturated cupper sulphate solution. Few species are<br />
xerophilic, most <strong>of</strong> them are still to be described. Some<br />
acidophilic species can only grow below pH 3.5 and are<br />
associated to wood, while others are alkalinophilic. Many<br />
species, mostly undescribed, are psychrophilic, while<br />
others are thermophilic. The chemical diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
Penicillium species is equally impressive, isolates in each<br />
species being able to produce a large number <strong>of</strong> secondary<br />
metabolites. Most species produce 5-10 different families<br />
<strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites each with 3 to 20 members.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
68 - Resolving the identification <strong>of</strong> P. glabrum, P.<br />
purpurogenum, P. thomii and Eupenicillium lapidosum<br />
S. Peterson<br />
USDA-ARS-NCAUR, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL<br />
61604, U.S.A. - E-mail: peterssw@mail.ncaur.usda.gov<br />
The identification <strong>of</strong> Penicillium glabrum and other closely<br />
related species presents a challenge to mycologists because<br />
<strong>of</strong> the phenotypic similarity <strong>of</strong> these species. To address<br />
this problem, DNA sequences from ITS, beta-tubulin,<br />
calmodulin and translation elongation factor 1 alpha were<br />
determined from ex type and other isolates belonging to P.<br />
glabrum, P. thomii, P. yezoense, P. grancanaraie, P.<br />
baiiolum, P. palmense, P. trzebinskii, P. terlikowskii, P.<br />
purpurescens, P. viridoalbus, P. oledskii and Eupenicillium<br />
lapidosum. Prior studies showed that in the ITS region,<br />
total variation among these species is two base<br />
substitutions, although some <strong>of</strong> these species may be<br />
synonyms. Ex-type isolates <strong>of</strong> E. lapidosum and P. thomii<br />
had identical sequences in ITS, CF, EF1 and BT; P.<br />
viridoalbus and P. purpurescens were identical at 3 loci<br />
and differed by a single base at the other suggesting<br />
synonymies in each case. Penicillium spinulosum also<br />
resembles P. glabrum and is closely related. However, it is<br />
a genetically and phenotypically distinct species. The<br />
pattern <strong>of</strong> genetic variability at multiple loci suggests a<br />
complex <strong>of</strong> variable and closely related species centered on<br />
P. glabrum.<br />
69 - Species delimitation <strong>of</strong> Penicillia and Aspergilli;<br />
dilemma's between phenotypic and molecular<br />
characterization<br />
R.A. Samson<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, PO Box 85167,<br />
3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
samson@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
The taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Penicillium and Aspergillus and their<br />
teleomorphs has been subject to various methods <strong>of</strong><br />
investigations. With the classical morphological<br />
approaches using characters <strong>of</strong> conidiophores, conidia and<br />
sexual propagules, delimitation <strong>of</strong> many taxa has been<br />
unclear and debatable. Introduction <strong>of</strong> physiological and<br />
culture criteria has only contributed little, particularly<br />
because standardisation <strong>of</strong> media for cultivating<br />
Penicillium and Aspergillus remains problematic. On the<br />
other hand chemotaxonomic pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> secondary<br />
metabolites are promising showing fine distinction <strong>of</strong> taxa.<br />
With the introduction <strong>of</strong> various molecular tools<br />
delimitation <strong>of</strong> taxa have been solved, although one<br />
particular method does not always apply for all taxa <strong>of</strong> both<br />
genera resulting in different taxonomies. In some cases it is<br />
difficult to show similarities between the phenotypic and<br />
molecular characterization. This is particular true for<br />
important groups such as Aspergillus section Nigri and<br />
Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. Species <strong>of</strong> these groups<br />
are economically important and correct identification is<br />
crucial. In this paper examples with taxonomic constraints<br />
are discussed.<br />
70 - A polyphasic taxonomic study <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
avenaceum and F. tricinctum<br />
K.A. Seifert 1* , U. Thrane 2 , J. Bissett 1 , B. Blackwell 1 & J.<br />
McDonald 3<br />
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
& Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, K1A 0C6,<br />
Canada. - 2 Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, Sølt<strong>of</strong>ts Plads, Building 221, DK-<br />
2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. - 3 Centre for Plant<br />
Quarantine Pests, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851<br />
Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 8P9, Canada. -<br />
E-mail: seifertk@em.agr.ca<br />
A common set <strong>of</strong> 50 strains <strong>of</strong> Fusarium avenaceum, F.<br />
tricinctum and F. stilboides were examined by colony<br />
characters, image analysis <strong>of</strong> sporodochial conidia and<br />
conidia from the aerial mycelium, substrate utilization<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iles (BIOLOG), rep-PCR (BOX, ERIC, REP primers),<br />
DNA sequencing (beta-tubulin, elongation factor 1-alpha)<br />
and metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iling (HPLC, NMR). In general, DNA<br />
sequencing and rep-PCR results resulted in identical<br />
branching patterns in dendrograms. BIOLOG and rep-PCR<br />
detected more strain-level variation than DNA sequencing,<br />
but the BIOLOG phenogram differed in several respects<br />
from the molecular phylograms. Most strains identified as<br />
F. avenaceum (or its putative synonym F.<br />
arthrosporioides) clustered together in the molecular<br />
analyses, but two small groups <strong>of</strong> strains, one from<br />
Australia and the other from New Zealand, may represent<br />
distinct phylogenetic species. A population isolated from<br />
Turkish wheat formed a distinct cluster. F. tricinctum and<br />
F. stilboides formed distinct clusters except for a single<br />
identified strain <strong>of</strong> each species that appeared to be more<br />
distantly related. Representative strains <strong>of</strong> two subspecies<br />
<strong>of</strong> F. avenaceum subsp. aywerte and subsp. nurragi, were<br />
distantly related to F. avenaceum subsp. avenaceum and<br />
probably represent distinct species. Analyses <strong>of</strong> combined<br />
data sets and correlations between molecular,<br />
morphological and physiological data sets will be used to<br />
refine species concepts for these taxa.<br />
71 - Towards a polyphasic and predictive taxonomy for<br />
small-spored Alternaria<br />
B. Andersen 1* & R.G. Roberts 2<br />
1 BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University <strong>of</strong><br />
Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. - 2 USDA,<br />
ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. western<br />
Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
ba@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 23
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
Within recent years, several techniques have been used to<br />
study sub-generic classification in small-spored Alternaria.<br />
Examination <strong>of</strong> 3-dimensional sporulation patterns on<br />
standardized media has shown that there are more than<br />
seven stable patterns <strong>of</strong> sporulation. Molecular methods,<br />
such as RAPD-PCR, support this segregation, and<br />
metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iling has shown that sporulation patterns are<br />
predictive <strong>of</strong> certain secondary metabolites. New methods<br />
to utilize phenotypic features unbiased have been<br />
developed and applied to Alternaria. Digital images <strong>of</strong><br />
cultures, grown on standardized media at different<br />
temperatures, are captured and transformed into data<br />
matrices (VideometerLab). Similarly, total HPLC<br />
chromatograms are transformed into matrices (COW Tool).<br />
Each matrix is then subjected to statistical analysis. Adding<br />
other characters, such as pathogenicity or presence <strong>of</strong><br />
specific genes, may strengthen existing species or speciesgroups<br />
based on morphology and reveal additional groups.<br />
By using multivariate statistics, it is also possible to<br />
combine several sets <strong>of</strong> different data derived from both<br />
current and new methods (e.g. RAPD and metabolites) in<br />
one analysis to get segregation <strong>of</strong> isolates into natural<br />
clusters <strong>of</strong> similar taxa. The purpose <strong>of</strong> this presentation is<br />
to introduce image analysis and multivariate statistics to<br />
analyse chemical, physiological and molecular data,<br />
separately and combined, in order to apply a polyphasic<br />
and predictive strategy to Alternaria taxonomy.<br />
72 - An assessment <strong>of</strong> research applications <strong>of</strong> Biolog<br />
MicroPlates TM<br />
J. Bissett * , C.A. Nolan & R. Mukagasana<br />
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and<br />
Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: bissettj@em.agr.ca<br />
Biolog MicroPlates TM are employed to characterize fungal<br />
strains based on differential assimilation <strong>of</strong> test substrates<br />
and redox reactions in a 96-well test plate. The Biolog<br />
method is potentially advantageous in being relatively<br />
simple, fast and economical; and data acquisition and<br />
identifications can be automated using a microplate reader<br />
and applicable s<strong>of</strong>tware. Several research applications <strong>of</strong><br />
the Biolog system are presented: i) the reliability <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Biolog system as a diagnostic tool is determined for<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> the 'green mould' disease <strong>of</strong> the<br />
commercial mushroom caused by Trichoderma<br />
aggressivum, ii) data from Biolog MicroPlates are<br />
compared with ITS sequence data, and their utility assessed<br />
in a survey <strong>of</strong> the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma strains from<br />
Asia, and iii) more than 900 Trichoderma strains are<br />
characterized using Biolog microplates, and the resulting<br />
database used to select strains that might be exploited for<br />
specific bioconversions. Strain level variation is more<br />
evident with Biolog data than with DNA sequencing or<br />
RAPD techniques, and Biolog data do not consistently<br />
reflect phylogenies constructed from molecular data.<br />
However, the Biolog system is an economical alternative<br />
method for surveying biological diversity, and provides<br />
data that complements molecular data in phylogenetic<br />
studies. Biolog data may provide a rational for the selection<br />
<strong>of</strong> strains for industrial applications.<br />
24<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
73 - Penicillium toxins in food and feed<br />
T. Rundberget * , I. Skaar & A. Flaaoyen<br />
National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033<br />
Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: thomas.rundberget@vetinst.no<br />
Penicillium species appear to dominate in storage damaged<br />
food and feed. Microbiological studies carried out at the<br />
National Veterinary Institute have shown that under certain<br />
conditions food may be severely infected by moulds,<br />
especially Penicillium species, and it is important to<br />
establish if mycotoxins are present. The Penicillium<br />
species identified belong to the most pr<strong>of</strong>icient known<br />
mycotoxin producing moulds. There are few analytical<br />
methods available for the analyses <strong>of</strong> Penicillium toxins in<br />
various matrices and therefore a screening method using<br />
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to<br />
quantify the commercially available Penicillium toxins<br />
roquefortine C, grise<strong>of</strong>ulvin, mycophenolic acid,<br />
verruculogen, chaetoglobosin B and penitrem A has been<br />
developed. Penicillium crustosum Thom., is very common<br />
in food spoilage worldwide. Several cases <strong>of</strong> intoxication<br />
caused by toxins produced by P. crustosum have been<br />
reported and the fungus is known to produce roqufortine C<br />
and the penitrems A-F. Investigations <strong>of</strong> isolates <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
crustosum, revealed the presence <strong>of</strong> penitrem A, but only<br />
small amounts <strong>of</strong> other penitrems (B-F) when the isolates<br />
were grown on rice. From the LC-MS traces <strong>of</strong> the rice<br />
extracts, two major components together with penitrem A<br />
could be seen. These two components have been isolated<br />
and identified as two new indole-alkalod isoprenoids,<br />
18,19-dehydrosecopenitrem A and E.<br />
74 - Regulations in the EU for mycotoxins in foods<br />
W.J. de Koe<br />
Food and Public Health Consultant, Hazekamp 2, 6707<br />
HG Wageningen, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
wjdekoe@bird.nl<br />
The quality and safety <strong>of</strong> food may be threatened by a host<br />
<strong>of</strong> factors, including natural toxins. Of the large spectrum<br />
<strong>of</strong> natural toxins, mycotoxins are among the most widely<br />
studied and raise considerable concern, because <strong>of</strong> their<br />
ubiquity and potential deleterious effects on human and<br />
animal health. Mycotoxins are produced by certain fungi,<br />
which, under favorable temperature and humidity<br />
conditions, invade a wide range <strong>of</strong> agricultural crops in the<br />
field, and during post-harvest stages <strong>of</strong> production. In 1994<br />
the EU started the harmonization process on<br />
standardization <strong>of</strong> certain mycotoxins in foods after its<br />
Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) expressed an opinion<br />
on -in their view at that moment-, the most important<br />
mycotoxins: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin.<br />
Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A have been more or less<br />
regulated now and recently certain emerging Fusarium<br />
toxins such as deoxynivalenol have been added to the list<br />
to be regulated soon. Estimation <strong>of</strong> the actual dietary intake
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
<strong>of</strong> mycotoxins is essential for risk assessment and will be<br />
used in determining whether there may be a relationship<br />
between observed adverse effects in humans and exposure<br />
to a particular mycotoxin. In order to apply the control on<br />
mycotoxins and to set standards for trading purposes, it is<br />
necessary to have collaborative tested and validated<br />
methods <strong>of</strong> anaylsis and sampling. The coherent approach<br />
<strong>of</strong> how EU-wide standards will be established will be<br />
addressed.<br />
75 - Ink cap sex and mushroom development<br />
U. Kües 1* , R.C. Bertossa 2 , A.P.F. Bottoli 2 , D. Ciardo 2 , P.-<br />
H. Clergeot 2 , Yi Liu 2 , S. Loos 2 , G. Rupricht-Robert 2 , P.J.<br />
Walser 2 , M. Künzler 2 & M. Aebi 2<br />
1<br />
Molecular Wood Biotechnology, Institute for Forest<br />
Botany, Georg-August University Goettingen, Buesgenweg<br />
2<br />
2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. - Institute for<br />
Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstr. 7, CH-8092,<br />
Switzerland. - E-mail: ukuees@gwdg.de<br />
Sexual development in C. cinereus occurs on the dikaryon<br />
under control <strong>of</strong> the mating type loci. A mating type<br />
proteins, homeodomain transcription factors, induce<br />
fruiting body initiation under appropriate light, temperature<br />
and nutritional conditions. Development starts with intense<br />
localized branching leading to a small loose structure<br />
(primary hyphal knot). Light and A genes are needed to<br />
transform it into a compact round aggregate (secondary<br />
hyphal knot) in which cap and stipe tissues differentiate.<br />
Once a primordium is fully established, light and the B<br />
mating type proteins (pheromone and their receptors)<br />
induce karyogamy and fruiting body maturation. Next to<br />
studying nutritional signalling, we identified some genes<br />
acting at the first steps in fruiting. One uncharacterised<br />
gene acts in primary hyphal knot formation, gene cfs1 for a<br />
potential cyclopropane fatty acid synthase in the transition<br />
to secondary hyphal knots. Work in B. Lu's lab presented<br />
us two galectin genes, whose first expression correlates<br />
with formation <strong>of</strong> primary (cgl2) and secondary hyphal<br />
knots (cgl1). Structural analysis within the fruiting body<br />
suggests these protein to function in hyphal aggregation.<br />
Due to control by A mating type proteins, light, C and N<br />
sources, their promoters provide us with an ideal system to<br />
identify cis- and trans-acting elements in transcriptional<br />
regulation. Supported by the ETH Zurich, the Swiss<br />
National Science Foundation and the Deutsche<br />
Bundesstiftung Umwelt.<br />
76 - How mushrooms work<br />
N.P. Money<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio<br />
45056, U.S.A. - E-mail: moneynp@muohio.edu<br />
With characteristic eccentricity, A. H. R. Buller (1931)<br />
determined the weight-lifting capacity <strong>of</strong> Coprinus fruiting<br />
bodies. From the mass raised by developing basidiocarps,<br />
he estimated that hyphae elongating within the stipe<br />
generated a pressure <strong>of</strong> 0.07 MPa (or two-thirds <strong>of</strong> an<br />
atmosphere). When all <strong>of</strong> the fruiting bodies emerging in a<br />
cluster exert pressure <strong>of</strong> this magnitude, their combined<br />
force is sufficient to crack compacted soil or decaying<br />
wood (and to dislodge paving slabs positioned over their<br />
mycelia in urban areas). For example, a pressure <strong>of</strong> 0.07<br />
MPa applied over an area <strong>of</strong> 0.01 square meters (= 10 × 10<br />
cm), produces a total force <strong>of</strong> 700 N. This is sufficient to<br />
lift the combined mass <strong>of</strong> the author <strong>of</strong> this presentation<br />
plus all seven volumes <strong>of</strong> Buller's Researches on Fungi (=<br />
71 kg). Interest in these classical experiments has been<br />
revived by biomechanical research involving precise<br />
measurement <strong>of</strong> the forces exerted by single hyphae. The<br />
instrumentation used in these investigations is also<br />
effective for studying the mechanical behavior <strong>of</strong><br />
multicellular fungal organs, and valuable information on<br />
the origin and control <strong>of</strong> force during fruiting-body<br />
emergence has been obtained during preliminary<br />
experimentation. Once the mushroom has surfaced, a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> developmental adaptations optimize the<br />
discharge <strong>of</strong> spores from the gills and dispersal in air<br />
currents flowing beneath the cap. Recent work on<br />
basidiocarp form and function is also featured in this<br />
presentation.<br />
77 - Forceful invasion <strong>of</strong> corn leaves<br />
H.B. Deising * , S. Werner, J.A. Sugui & M. Wernitz<br />
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg,<br />
Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät, Phytopathologie und<br />
Pflanzenschutz, Ludwig-Wucherer-Str. 2, D-06099 Halle<br />
(Saale), Germany. - E-mail: deising@landw.uni-halle.de<br />
The corn pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola causes the<br />
anthracnose disease <strong>of</strong> several cereals and grasses. To<br />
infect the leaf, conidia germinate and differentiate a<br />
specialized infection cell called an appressorium (Deising<br />
et al. 2000). When an appressorium matures it accumulates<br />
osmotically active compounds to yield high concentrations.<br />
The resulting turgor pressure <strong>of</strong> more than 5 MPa is<br />
translated into forces <strong>of</strong> up to 17 µN by single appressoria<br />
(Bechinger et al. 1999; Bastmeyer et al. 2002). These<br />
figures indicate the importance <strong>of</strong> the rigidity <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
cell wall. We performed targeted inactivation <strong>of</strong> three<br />
chitin synthase genes <strong>of</strong> the corn anthracnose fungus and<br />
found that only CgCHSC is essential for vegetative growth<br />
and pathogenic development. To analyze the role <strong>of</strong> cell<br />
wall-degrading enzymes in the infection process we<br />
generated mutants defective in CgSNF1, a gene involved in<br />
activation <strong>of</strong> catabolite-repressed genes (Tonukari et al.<br />
2000). Reduced growth rates on complex corn cell walls<br />
and reduced rates <strong>of</strong> infection suggest that cell walldegrading<br />
enzymes assist forceful invasion by C.<br />
graminicola. Bastmeyer, M., Deising, H.B., Bechinger, C.<br />
2002. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struc. 31:167-175<br />
Bechinger, C., Giebel, K.-F., Schnell, M., Leiderer, P.,<br />
Deising, H.B., Bastmeyer, M. 1999. Science 285:1896-<br />
1899 Deising, H.B., Werner, S., Wernitz, M. 2000.<br />
Microbes Infect. 2:1631-1641 Tonukari, N.J., Scott-Craig,<br />
J.S., Walton, J.D. 2000. Plant Cell 12:237-248.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 25
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
78 - Sexless superguns - the enigmatic life history and<br />
infection processes <strong>of</strong> the zoosporic nematode pathogen<br />
Haptoglossa<br />
G.W. Beakes 1* & S.L. Glockling 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne<br />
NE1 7RU, U.K. - 2 Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL<br />
60115, U.S.A. - E-mail: G.W.Beakes@ncl.ac.uk<br />
The biflagellate zoosporic nematode pathogen Haptoglossa<br />
is placed in the Oomycete fungi, although its precise<br />
phylogenetic position has still to be resolved. All<br />
Haptoglossa species are characterized by having sausagelike<br />
thalli, which <strong>of</strong>ten completely fill the body cavity <strong>of</strong><br />
their host. Most species produce discharge tubes which<br />
breech the nematode cuticle and through which the spores<br />
are released at maturity. Haptoglossa species fit into two<br />
major groups: zoosporic and aplanosporic. The latter group<br />
always seem to produce two or more different types <strong>of</strong><br />
infection cell <strong>of</strong> varying karyology. No clear evidence <strong>of</strong> a<br />
sexual stage has been found, although internal nuclei-filled<br />
compartments have been observed within the thallus <strong>of</strong> one<br />
aplanosporic species, which is suggestive <strong>of</strong> a sexual stage.<br />
Synaptonemal complex-like structures have been seen in<br />
the nuclei <strong>of</strong> differentiated cysts <strong>of</strong> a zoosporic species.<br />
Therefore the exact nature <strong>of</strong> the life cycle remains<br />
enigmatic. The other characteristic structural feature <strong>of</strong> this<br />
genus is the production from cysts or aplanospores <strong>of</strong><br />
complex infection gun cells. Barron likened them to<br />
ballistic missiles, although they actually function like<br />
hypodermic syringes with retracted needles. They are some<br />
<strong>of</strong> the most complex structures observed in any zoosporic<br />
fungi. Whilst the fundamental structural components have<br />
been conserved they show enormous phenotypic plasticity<br />
from one species to another.<br />
79 - Bug murder in the rainforest: A fatal attraction <strong>of</strong><br />
sex versus celibacy with a potential for discovering new<br />
biocontrol agents<br />
N.L. Hywel-Jones<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin RD.,<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: nigelhj@biotec.or.th<br />
In nature insect fungi are faithful in respect to those they<br />
kill. In agriculture: anything goes, promiscuity the order. In<br />
nature: promiscuity the exception. Work aimed at<br />
developing biocontrol agents is mostly with isolates from<br />
artificial ecosystems. And much work is with a few species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Beauveria, Metarhizium, Nomuraea and Paecilomyces.<br />
Sex rarely rears its ugly head in agro-ecosystems: I posit<br />
that asexual populations from agro-ecosystems become<br />
clonal and adopt a promiscuous attitude to their hosts<br />
murder using general-purpose pathogenicity genes. In<br />
nature, sexual forms are faithful to those they kill -<br />
26<br />
pathogenicity genes more focused. The ancestral pathogen<br />
that moved from forest to field 15000 yrs ago had to adapt<br />
or die. A cicadellid pathogen from forest may have infected<br />
a leafhopper in a nearby rice field. That hopper may have<br />
died in a field where hoppers were rare but caterpillars<br />
common. Survival <strong>of</strong> the fittest favours a pathogenicity<br />
gene that could infect Homoptera and Lepidoptera. The<br />
cosy world <strong>of</strong> nature favours sex with fidelity where<br />
murder is the order. Agro-ecosystems favour asexual<br />
promiscuity when it comes to bug murder. 15000 years <strong>of</strong><br />
agriculture has given the few biocontrol agents now being<br />
tested: the random consequence <strong>of</strong> sex and murder moving<br />
from forest to field. Isolations from insects in forest or<br />
from characterised soil isolates may provide a more<br />
targeted approach to discovering new biocontrol agents in<br />
the future.<br />
80 - Ectomycorrhizal development in wet alder carr<br />
forests: above- and below-ground diversity<br />
J. Baar<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Applied Plant Research, Wageningen University and<br />
Research Center, P.O. Box 6042, 5960 AA Horst, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: j.baar@ppo.dlo.nl<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> the study was to investigate ectomycorrhizal<br />
development in wet Alder carr forests in The Netherlands.<br />
In North-Western Europe, wet Alder carr forests are mostly<br />
found in peatlands and along streams forming an important<br />
component <strong>of</strong> wetland ecosystems. The soils are<br />
predominantly fed by groundwater and permanently<br />
waterlogged. The dominant tree species in wet Alder carr<br />
forests is Alnus glutinosa (Black alder). The present study<br />
showed that the majority <strong>of</strong> A. glutinosa roots in various<br />
wet Alder carr forests in The Netherlands were associated<br />
with ectomycorrhizal fungi, even in anoxic waterlogged<br />
soils. Ectomycorrhizal root tips and hyphae were observed<br />
up to two meters from the A. glutinosa trees in waterlogged<br />
soil. Ectomycorrhizal development under wet and oxygen<br />
limited conditions was related to radial oxygen loss from A.<br />
glutinosa roots. Field observations showed that the<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal sporocarps was higher in wet<br />
Alder carr forests in a peatland than along a stream.<br />
Moreover, PCR-based techniques showed that the<br />
abundance and diversity <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi below<br />
ground was higher in the peatland than along the stream. In<br />
the wet Alder carr forests in the peatland, a relatively high<br />
redox potential <strong>of</strong> the waterlogged soil was measured<br />
together with radial oxygen loss from roots <strong>of</strong> the dense<br />
understory vegetation indicating that ectomycorrhizal<br />
development in waterlogged soils is stimulated by oxygen<br />
input <strong>of</strong> the surrounding vegetation.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
81 - Mycorrhizal fungi in wetlands: the role <strong>of</strong> the<br />
extramatrical mycelium<br />
A.V. Rice 1* , M.N. Thormann 1 , B.J. Wilson 1 , H.D. Addy 2 &<br />
R.S. Currah 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta,<br />
CW-405, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. - 2 Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Calgary, 2500<br />
University Drive, N. W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. -<br />
E-mail: arice@ualberta.ca<br />
Wetland plants are generally considered non-mycorrhizal<br />
but recent surveys have confirmed that mycorrhizal fungi<br />
are common in wetland plants and that all <strong>of</strong> the usual<br />
types (VAM, orchid, ericoid, and ectomycorrhizas along<br />
with dark septate endophytes) can be found in appropriate<br />
host species. Among these fungi, we are interested<br />
primarily in the ascomycetous associates if peatland plants<br />
that have dematiaceous hyphae, a group that includes<br />
Phialocephala fortinii (DSE) and Oidiodendron maius<br />
(ericoid), among others. Phialocephala fortinii is a<br />
dematiaceous hyphomycete common in the roots <strong>of</strong> a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> wetland plants. The ecological role <strong>of</strong> P. fortinii<br />
is poorly understood but it is an enzymatically diverse<br />
species, capable <strong>of</strong> degrading various organic nitrogen (N)<br />
and carbon (C) sources, including complex phenolic<br />
polymers, such as lignin, that are important constituents <strong>of</strong><br />
peat. In many acidic bogs, P. fortinii is absent from the<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> ericaceous shrubs where Oidiodendron maius is<br />
the most frequent isolate. Our research demonstrates that<br />
O. maius is also an enzymatically diverse species, capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> utilizing organic C and N, and a pr<strong>of</strong>icient decomposer<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sphagnum fuscum, the primary component <strong>of</strong> bog peat.<br />
Our research suggests that the extramatrical mycelium <strong>of</strong><br />
selected mycorrhizal fungi and other root endophytes may<br />
be important in nutrient cycling within wetland habitats.<br />
82 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizas in wet ecosystems, what<br />
we should consider: from a case study on alder EM to a<br />
new approach to screen AM<br />
F. Buscot 1* , C. Renker 1 , K. Pritsch 2 & J.-C. Munch 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Jena, Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology, Dornburger<br />
Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany. - 2 GSF-Research<br />
Center for Environment and Health GmbH, Insitute <strong>of</strong> Soil<br />
Ecology, Neuherberg, D-85758 Oberschleissheim,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: francois.buscot@uni-jena.de<br />
The mycorrhizal status in wet ecosystems is complex,<br />
including non truly mycorrhizal associations with dark<br />
septate fungi to plants like poplars or alders forming both<br />
AM and EM. In the latter case, the scarce available results<br />
indicate that AM presence decreases and EM diversity<br />
increases from wet pioneer to dryer advanced succession<br />
phases. The aim <strong>of</strong> the paper is to present partial results<br />
and new technical developments on the basis <strong>of</strong> which<br />
exhaustive studies <strong>of</strong> the mycorrhizal status in wet<br />
ecosystems could be performed. A first point concerns a<br />
comparison between above and below ground diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
EM at two sites <strong>of</strong> an alder forest near a lake in Northern<br />
Germany. By combining identification <strong>of</strong> fruiting bodies,<br />
morphotyping <strong>of</strong> the EM and analysis <strong>of</strong> the polymorphism<br />
in the ITS region <strong>of</strong> both kinds <strong>of</strong> samples, it was possible<br />
to demonstrate an increase <strong>of</strong> the EM diversity from the<br />
lake to the higher site <strong>of</strong> the stand. Direct investigations <strong>of</strong><br />
AM diversity in the field are difficult for technical reasons.<br />
Identification on the basis <strong>of</strong> the spore morphology is<br />
possible, but spores only partially reflect the diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
the AM themselves. AM anatomy is not convenient to<br />
determine the fungal partners at the 'species' level. Several<br />
methods based on molecular biology have been proposed,<br />
but the analyses are <strong>of</strong>ten hampered by contaminating<br />
fungi. We have developed an approach combining a Nested<br />
PCR with a restriction, which partially resolves the<br />
difficulty.<br />
83 - Contributions <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to<br />
plant performance in wet ecosystems: studies with<br />
Lythrum salicaria<br />
K.J. Stevens * , S.W. Spender, R.L. Peterson & R.J. Reader<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Guelph, Guelph,<br />
Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
kjsteven@uoguelph.ca<br />
The impact <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant<br />
performance in wetland areas was investigated through<br />
studies on Lythrum salicaria (L.). Under field conditions<br />
plant performance and AM colonization levels varied with<br />
water availability and there was a negative correlation<br />
between plant performance and AM colonization levels.<br />
Partially submerged plants produce numerous, free-floating<br />
adventitious roots along submerged stem lengths. The<br />
adventitious roots, the primary root system, and AM fungal<br />
hyphae represent three possible pathways for resource<br />
acquisition. We tested the hypothesis that, to sustain shoot<br />
growth, a reduction in the ability <strong>of</strong> one or more pathways<br />
to acquire resources will require an increase in resource<br />
uptake in the remaining pathway(s). While greenhouse<br />
studies revealed that individually AM fungi did not have a<br />
significant effect on plant performance, the results did<br />
indicate a relationship among the three pathways<br />
supporting our hypothesis. Greenhouse studies were<br />
conducted to determine if, in inundated soils, AM fungi<br />
contribute to plant performance across a range <strong>of</strong><br />
phosphorus availabilities. AM fungi did not enhance<br />
growth in inundated soils; in some cases performance was<br />
limited and it is unlikely that AM fungi enhance<br />
phosphorus nutrition in inundated soils. We suggest that<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the large differences between terrestrial and<br />
aquatic habitats, AM fungi may be performing different<br />
roles in each habitat.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 27
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
84 - Mycorrhization <strong>of</strong> endangered wetland plant<br />
species<br />
B. Fuchs 1 & K. Haselwandter 2*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Salzburg, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. -<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Innsbruck, Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology,<br />
Technikersrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
Kurt.Haselwandter@uibk.ac.at<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity in soil<br />
seems to influence plant biodiversity. As information<br />
concerning the mycorrhization <strong>of</strong> endangered plants is<br />
lacking, we determined the mycorrhizal status <strong>of</strong> Serratula<br />
tinctoria (Asteraceae), Betonica <strong>of</strong>ficinalis (Lamiaceae),<br />
Drosera intermedia (Droseraceae) and Lycopodiella<br />
inundata (Lycopodiaceae), occurring at two different sites<br />
(bog and fen meadow) in the county <strong>of</strong> Salzburg, Austria.<br />
In addition to AM fungi, infection by dark septate<br />
endophytes (DSE) was quantified. The infection intensity<br />
<strong>of</strong> AM fungi and DSE appeared to be higher in the fen<br />
meadow than in the peat bog. The roots <strong>of</strong> S. tinctoria and<br />
B. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis were heavily infected by AM fungi and both,<br />
vesicles as well as arbuscules were observed over the<br />
vegetation period. L. inundata showed AM fungal<br />
infection, too; in spring vesicles were observed frequently,<br />
in autumn they were less numerous. In D. intermedia roots<br />
AM fungal infection intensity was lower than in the species<br />
mentioned before; however, fungal structures typical for<br />
AM fungal infection were observed, especially in spring. S.<br />
tinctoria and B. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis were heavily infected by DSE,<br />
while L. inundata was just slightly infected and D.<br />
intermedia did not seem to be infected by DSE at all.<br />
85 - Molecular genetics <strong>of</strong> gibberellin biosynthesis in<br />
Gibberella fujikuroi<br />
B. Tudzynski * & M. Mihlan<br />
Universität Münster, Institut für Botanik, Schlossgarten 3,<br />
48149 Münster, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
bettina.tudzynski@uni-muenster.de<br />
As well as being phytohormones, gibberellins (GAs) are<br />
present in some fungi and bacteria. GAs were first<br />
discovered in the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, from which<br />
gibberellic acid (GA3) and other GAs are produced<br />
commercially. Although higher plants and the fungus<br />
produce identical GAs, important differences in the<br />
pathways and enzymes used have become apparent with<br />
the identification <strong>of</strong> the genes for GA-biosynthesis in<br />
Arabidopsis thaliana and G. fujikuroi. These pr<strong>of</strong>ound<br />
differences indicate that higher plants and fungi have<br />
evolved the complex biosynthetic pathways to GAs<br />
separately and not by horizontal gene transfer. In G.<br />
fujikuroi, the 7 genes <strong>of</strong> the gibberellin (GA)-biosynthetic<br />
path-way including four cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,<br />
are located in a gene cluster. To study the function<br />
<strong>of</strong> several genes <strong>of</strong> this cluster, we used a gene replacement<br />
28<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
approach followed by GC-MS and HPLC analysis. Most <strong>of</strong><br />
the genes encode multifunctional enzymes. The availability<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genes allows the study <strong>of</strong> molecular mechanisms <strong>of</strong><br />
gene regulation. Because the GA biosynthesis is regulated<br />
by nitrogen metabolite repression, we cloned several genes<br />
which are involved in nitrogen regulation, such as the<br />
general nitrogen regulators, areA and nmr. Gene<br />
replacement <strong>of</strong> areA led to a significant reduction <strong>of</strong><br />
gibberellin formation by repressing the expression <strong>of</strong> the<br />
GA-pathway genes. In contrast, NMR does not play the<br />
role as a general counterpart <strong>of</strong> AREA as expected.<br />
86 - Involvement <strong>of</strong> ethylene in a plant - Botrytis cinerea<br />
interaction<br />
Y. Elad * , Z. Lapsker, I. Kolesnik, N. Korolev & B.<br />
Kirshner<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, The Volcani Center, P. O. B. 6,<br />
Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. - E-mail:<br />
elady@volcani.agri.gov.il<br />
The role <strong>of</strong> ethylene was studied in the interaction <strong>of</strong> B.<br />
cinerea with the host plants tomato, French bean and<br />
Arabidopsis thaliana. Infected resistant Arabidopsis<br />
produce less ethylene as compared with infected sensitive<br />
plants. Ethylene promotes the disease development<br />
whereas inhibition <strong>of</strong> plant ethylene production resulted in<br />
disease suppression. Increased plant tissue reactive oxygen<br />
species (ROS) levels resulted in elevated ethylene and<br />
severe disease. The actual contact with pathogen cells (e.g.<br />
dead conidia) induced ethylene and ROS in plants. This<br />
effect was also obtained by leaf injury, H2O 2, pH reduction,<br />
oxalic acid and botrydial; the compounds and effects are<br />
produced by the pathogen. Antioxidants reduced ethylene<br />
production and disease severity. Interestingly, ethylene<br />
promoted conidia germination and subsequent penetration<br />
to the host. Ethylene signaling mutants <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis<br />
showed extremely high susceptibility to B. cinerea; it is<br />
possible that the pathway that leads to susceptibility is<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> other ethylene signal transduction pathway.<br />
B. cinerea has the potential to produce ethylene, thus it is<br />
possible that the ethylene originates not only from the<br />
plant. In conclusion, in B. cinerea - plants interaction<br />
ethylene induces auto-catalytic production <strong>of</strong> the same<br />
hormone in exposed tissues thus promoting the<br />
deterioration <strong>of</strong> the infected tissue and the ROS<br />
development and vice versa.<br />
87 - Abscisic acid biosynthesis genes in Botrytis cinerea<br />
V. Siewers * & P. Tudzynski<br />
Institut fuer Botanik, Westf.Wilhelms Universitaet, D-<br />
48149 Muenster, Germany.<br />
Botrytis cinerea causes the grey mould disease in more<br />
than 200 plant species. Like several other phytopathogenic<br />
fungi, B. cinerea has been shown to produce different kinds
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
<strong>of</strong> phytohormones in axenic culture. Although the impact<br />
<strong>of</strong> this biosynthetic capacity on host-parasite interaction is<br />
unclear, it has been suggested that production <strong>of</strong> the<br />
phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is supporting the<br />
infection process. A molecular approach has been initiated<br />
to study the role <strong>of</strong> phytohormones in the pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
B. cinerea. Our aim is to clone genes encoding enzymes <strong>of</strong><br />
the biosynthetic pathways, especially the ABA pathway, to<br />
study their expression and to analyse the pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
deletion mutants. Therefore, a cDNA library <strong>of</strong> an ABA<br />
overproducing strain was established and differentially<br />
screened. Several cDNA clones derived from genes<br />
expressed during ABA production were characterised.<br />
88 - Ethylene production and ethylene-induced genes in<br />
Botrytis cinerea<br />
V. Chague & A. Sharon *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv<br />
69978, Israel. - E-mail: amirsh@tauex.tau.ac.il<br />
We defined the biosynthetic pathway <strong>of</strong> ethylene in the<br />
pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, and characterized the<br />
conditions that affect ethylene production in vitro. During<br />
the first 48 h <strong>of</strong> culture the fungus uses methionine to<br />
produce a-keto g-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA). In<br />
darkness, KMBA accumulates in the medium and no or<br />
very low ethylene levels are produced. In light KMBA is<br />
photo-oxidized and ethylene is released. Ethylene<br />
production rates in the light were the highest after 24 h (7<br />
ml/g/h) and declined thereafter, whereas in the dark<br />
ethylene was detected only after 48 to 96 h <strong>of</strong> culture. A<br />
cDNA library was constructed from fungal mycelium that<br />
was grown for 24 h in the light in methionine-enriched<br />
medium. The library was differentially screened with<br />
mRNA probes from light (ethylene +) and dark (ethylene -)<br />
grown cultures. Over 20 differential clones were identified.<br />
These clones represent transcription factors, glycolysis<br />
enzymes, ribosomal proteins and unknown ESTs. Northern<br />
hybridization was conducted to confirm the differential<br />
expression pattern <strong>of</strong> the clones and to further define the<br />
expression pattern <strong>of</strong> clones that were highly induced by<br />
ethylene. This work provides the first molecular evidence<br />
for ethylene response in fungi.<br />
89 - Alteration <strong>of</strong> plant-pathogen interaction by<br />
phytohormones<br />
M. Al-Masri 1 , A. Sharon 2 & R. Barakat 1*<br />
1<br />
Hebron University, College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, PO Box 40,<br />
2<br />
Hebron, Palestinian Authority, Israel. - Tel Aviv<br />
University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.<br />
- E-mail: rbarakat@netvision.net.il<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> plant growth regulators on in vitro growth <strong>of</strong><br />
the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and on<br />
white mold disease that is caused by the pathogen was<br />
investigated. Naphthalene acetic acid at concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
200-400 µg/ml inhibited the fungal growth in culture and<br />
reduced white mold severity on bean and cucumber plants.<br />
Gibberellic acid at concentrations <strong>of</strong> 50-250 µg/ml<br />
promoted both mycelium growth and white mold disease<br />
severity on plants. Methyl jasmonate at concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
75-250 µg/ml inhibited mycelium growth in culture and<br />
suppressed bean and cucumber white mold. Absiscic acid<br />
at concentrations <strong>of</strong> 100-300 µg/ml decreased mycelium<br />
growth but promoted disease development on bean and<br />
cucumber plants. Ethylene released from ethephon (200-<br />
600 µg/ml) increased bean and cucumber white mold<br />
severity. S. sclerotiorum has the capacity to produce<br />
ethylene in culture. Ethylene production by S. sclerotiorum<br />
reached peak (400 µl/g/h) after 6 days <strong>of</strong> incubation<br />
followed by a decline to 155 µl/g/h after 10 days. The<br />
ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxvinyleglycine<br />
(AVG) suppressed white mold severity on bean and<br />
cucumber plants at concentrations up to 300 µg/ml. The<br />
results demonstrate a variable effect <strong>of</strong> plant hormones on<br />
the development <strong>of</strong> white mold. The changes in disease<br />
development may be due to both the effect <strong>of</strong> the plant<br />
hormones on the susceptibility <strong>of</strong> the plant to infection as<br />
well as due to a direct effect on the fungus.<br />
90 - Differential effect <strong>of</strong> auxin-compounds produced by<br />
two Pythium species with different pathogenicity<br />
G. Le Floch 1* , P. Rey 1 , M.I. Salerno 2 , N. Benhamou 3 & Y.<br />
Tirilly 1<br />
1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Sécurité Alimentaire,<br />
ESMISAB technopôle Brest Iroise 29 280 Plouzane,<br />
France. - 2 Laboratorio de Proteccion Forestral, CISAUA-<br />
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales UNLP 60 y<br />
119 CC31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina. - 3 Département<br />
Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Pav. Ch.E.<br />
Marchand, Université Laval Sainte-Foy Québec GIK7P4,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: gaetan.lefloch@univ-brest.fr<br />
Pythium ability to produce phytohormones-like compounds<br />
has been frequently assumed to be involved in plant<br />
Pythium relationship. This study shows that within Pythium<br />
genus, two fungi: P. oligandrum and Pythium group F,<br />
exert different effects on plant growth; both <strong>of</strong> them<br />
produce auxin compounds through the tryptamine pathway<br />
under the same cultural conditions. Indeed, the ability <strong>of</strong><br />
Pythium group F to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in<br />
the immediate vicinity <strong>of</strong> roots had no positive effect on<br />
plant development. On the contrary, P. oligandrum<br />
production <strong>of</strong> tryptamine (TNH 2) was associated with<br />
increased plant growth. Although analysis revealed marked<br />
differences in auxin-compounds produced by both Pythium<br />
in the plant nutrient solution, their differential influence on<br />
tomato growth likely results from different fungal-plant<br />
relationships. Pythium group F is a minor pathogen: it<br />
causes symptomless infections, and then yield losses in<br />
tomato soilless cultures; its hydrolytic enzymes, have a<br />
destructive, though limited, impact on the root cell-walls <strong>of</strong><br />
the outer cortical area. So, one may hypothesise that the<br />
effect <strong>of</strong> auxins on already damaged tissues dramatically<br />
disturbs the host physiology. As a consequence, abnormal<br />
root swellings and irregular plant development was<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 29
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
observed. On the contrary, P. oligandrum, increased root<br />
development by inducing neither damages nor disturbance<br />
<strong>of</strong> TNH 2 absorption by roots, tryptamine has a positive<br />
impact on plant development.<br />
91 - Use <strong>of</strong> molecular biological techniques to directly<br />
monitor fungi with laccase activities in different soil<br />
compartments<br />
P. Luis 1* , F. Martin 2 & F. Buscot 1<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology, Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental<br />
Science, University <strong>of</strong> Jena, Dornburger Str.159 D-07743,<br />
Jena, Germany. - 2 UMR INRA/UHP 1136, Centre INRA de<br />
Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France. - E-mail:<br />
patricia_luis@yahoo.fr<br />
Fungal oxidative exo-enzymes without substrate specificity<br />
play a central role in the cycling <strong>of</strong> organic matter in soils.<br />
Due to their broad ecological impact and their favorable<br />
gene structure, i.e. four highly conserved regions encoding<br />
copper binding sites, laccases appeared to be the best<br />
appropriate enzymes to develop a technique to monitor<br />
fungi with an oxidative potential in soils without taking<br />
them into culture. Several degenerated primers, specific for<br />
basidiomycetes, were designed to perform single and<br />
nested PCR and assessed on DNA extracts from pure<br />
cultures. A single PCR allowing amplification <strong>of</strong> laccase<br />
gene fragments <strong>of</strong> about 200 bp gave highest success rates<br />
and was chosen for an application on two forest and one<br />
agricultural soils. Diverse fragments <strong>of</strong> around 140 and 200<br />
bp were amplified and the polymorphism revealed by<br />
analyzing their sequence indicated that the method allows<br />
to monitor laccase genes from a broad spectrum <strong>of</strong><br />
basidiomycetes. The analyses also showed a certain<br />
specificity <strong>of</strong> the distribution <strong>of</strong> fungal laccase genes in the<br />
soils and within the horizons, which probably reflects a<br />
specific distribution <strong>of</strong> corresponding fungal species. For<br />
the forest soil horizons, the higher diversity <strong>of</strong> laccase<br />
genes appeared in the litter which contained mainly 140 bp<br />
fragments and decreased with the depth. This work<br />
illustrates the potential <strong>of</strong> molecular biological tools to<br />
screen fungal genes with a precise function in complex<br />
environment compartments.<br />
92 - Phosphate uptake by communities <strong>of</strong> arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi<br />
I. Jakobsen<br />
Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: iver.jakobsen@risoe.dk<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) constitute an<br />
important component <strong>of</strong> ecosystems by their ability to<br />
influence nutrient capture and structure <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
communities. The crucial role <strong>of</strong> the root-external<br />
mycelium in the soil-plant P transport by AMF has been<br />
unambiguously demonstrated by means <strong>of</strong> growth systems<br />
30<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
encompassing one or more mesh-enclosed soil<br />
compartments. The mesh excludes root growth, but allows<br />
for in-growth <strong>of</strong> hyphae and thereby for the direct<br />
measurement <strong>of</strong> hyphal uptake <strong>of</strong> P isotopes added to the<br />
root free soil. Examples will be given on the successful use<br />
<strong>of</strong> such experimental system to demonstrate the P uptake<br />
by communities <strong>of</strong> AMF in various field studies. There is<br />
increasing evidence for marked inter- and intraspecific<br />
differences between AMF in their rate and pattern <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelial growth and in their effectiveness <strong>of</strong> P acquisition,<br />
but the relationship between the P uptake and the diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> an AMF community is only poorly understood. Future<br />
research challenges within this area will be discussed,<br />
including the identification <strong>of</strong> the dominating components<br />
<strong>of</strong> AMF communities in roots and the subsequent test <strong>of</strong><br />
the hypothesis that it is these dominating AMF, which are<br />
responsible for the major proportion <strong>of</strong> P uptake by the<br />
communities.<br />
93 - Determining mycorrhizal versus saprotrophic<br />
status <strong>of</strong> fungi by isotopic methods<br />
E.A. Hobbie<br />
University <strong>of</strong> New Hampshire, Morse Hall, Durham NH<br />
03824-3525, U.S.A. - E-mail: erik.hobbie@unh.edu<br />
Mycorrhizal status <strong>of</strong> fungi is <strong>of</strong>ten difficult to determine<br />
because <strong>of</strong> difficulties in culturing functional symbioses. In<br />
addition, the possibility <strong>of</strong> facultative mycotrophy means<br />
that mycorrhizal status may vary in different field<br />
situations. Recent studies indicate that isotopic patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
nitrogen (N-15), carbon (C-13), and C-14 (radiocarbon)<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten distinguish between mycorrhizal and saprotrophic<br />
fungi, and may therefore be a potent new tool to examine<br />
fungal functioning in situ. N-15 patterns in mycorrhizal<br />
fungi are correlated with proteolytic capabilities and N<br />
dynamics between fungi and plant hosts. C-13 patterns in<br />
mycorrhizal fungi appear to indicate source C and have<br />
therefore been used to determine plant hosts in mycorrhizal<br />
fungi <strong>of</strong> broad host specificity. Saprotrophic fungi are<br />
consistently enriched in C-13 relative to source C in litter<br />
and wood, suggesting that saprotrophic fungi primarily<br />
incorporate carbohydrate-derived C (C-13 enriched), with<br />
little incorporation <strong>of</strong> lignin-derived C (C-13 depleted).<br />
Radiocarbon indicates the age <strong>of</strong> fungally-assimilated C<br />
with a precision <strong>of</strong> about 1 year, and can therefore readily<br />
distinguish between mycorrhizal fungi (relying almost<br />
exclusively on current photosynthate) and saprotrophic<br />
fungi (relying on litter and wood <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> ages).<br />
Continued improvement in our ability to interpret isotopic<br />
patterns in fungi will require culture studies to better<br />
understand C and N isotope fractionation during<br />
metabolism.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
94 - Weathering, a new role <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi in<br />
ecosystems<br />
R. Landeweert 1* , E. H<strong>of</strong>fland 1 , M. Smits 2 , L. van Schöll 1 ,<br />
T.W. Kuyper 1 & N. van Breemen 2<br />
1 Wageningen University, Sub-dept. <strong>of</strong> Soil Quality.,<br />
P.O.Box 8005, NL-6700 EC Wageningen., The<br />
Netherlands. - 2 Wageningen University, Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Soil<br />
Science and Geology., P.O.Box 37, NL-6700 AA<br />
Wageningen., The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
renske.landeweert@bb.benp.wag-ur.nl<br />
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play a major role in the nutrient<br />
acquisition <strong>of</strong> trees. Mycelial uptake and transport <strong>of</strong><br />
dissolved nutrients as well as fungal access to organic N<br />
and P sources have received much attention. Recent<br />
research suggests a third role <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi:<br />
mobilisation <strong>of</strong> P and other essential plant nutrients directly<br />
from minerals through excretion <strong>of</strong> organic acids. The<br />
mobilised cations are subsequently translocated to the<br />
ectomycorrhizal trees and thus by-pass the soil exchange<br />
complex. The primary source <strong>of</strong> all essential plant nutrients<br />
except nitrogen is the weathering <strong>of</strong> minerals. Low<br />
molecular weight organic acids excreted by plant roots and<br />
microorganisms are considered to be the most important<br />
biological weathering agents in soils. Commonly released<br />
into their environment by different fungal species are<br />
oxalic and citric acid, both strong chelators <strong>of</strong> trivalent<br />
metals such as Al3+. As the concentration <strong>of</strong> Al3+ in the<br />
soil solution diminishes through chelation, weathering rates<br />
<strong>of</strong> Al silicates such as feldspars increase. The awareness<br />
that ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to this process has<br />
increased since the discovery <strong>of</strong> hypha-shaped tunnels<br />
inside mineral grains. The contribution <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizas<br />
to mineral weathering may change traditional ideas on<br />
nutrient cycling and soil formation in forest systems. Latest<br />
results on measurements <strong>of</strong> fungal weathering activities<br />
will be presented and ecological implications will be<br />
discussed.<br />
95 - Decomposition <strong>of</strong> humic substances, lignin and<br />
organopollutants by soil-litter decomposing<br />
basidiomycetes<br />
M. H<strong>of</strong>richter 1* , K.T. Steffen 2 & A. Hatakka 2<br />
1 <strong>International</strong> Graduate School Zittau, Unit Environmental<br />
Biotechnology, Markt 23, D-02763 Zittau, Germany. -<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Dept. Applied Chemistry &<br />
Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter 1, PO box 56, FIN-00014<br />
Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: Martic@gmx.net<br />
Humic substances (HS) are ubiquitous nonliving organic<br />
materials in all terrestrial and aquatic environments, and<br />
represent the major fraction <strong>of</strong> organic matter in soils and<br />
sediments. Consequently, microbial degradation <strong>of</strong> HS is<br />
essential for maintaining the carbon cycle. Despite this<br />
fact, only less is known about the particular<br />
microorganisms which decompose humic matter. Our main<br />
objective has been to examine the potential <strong>of</strong> litterdecomposing<br />
basidiomycetes colonizing forest soils to<br />
disintegrate HS and other recalcitrant compounds (lignin,<br />
organopollutants). Within the scope <strong>of</strong> several screening<br />
test, we have selected Nematoloma frowardii, Collybia<br />
dryophila, Stropharia coronilla and Agrocybe praecox as<br />
particularly active species degrading different HS, lignin<br />
and/or several organopollutants in liquid as well as in<br />
sterile and nonsterile solid-state cultures. These agaric<br />
fungi produce manganese peroxidase (MnP) as the<br />
predominant oxidative enzyme which is secreted into their<br />
microenvironment in response to high Mn 2+ titers. In<br />
combination with certain low-molecular mass effectors,<br />
isolated MnP was found to attack recalcitrant aromatic<br />
substances unspecifically via one-electron abstractions<br />
giving rise to instable radicals, which tend to disintegrate<br />
spontaneously into polar fragments and CO2.<br />
96 - Arbuscular mycorrhizal communites in rare and<br />
common Pulsatilla spp.: towards restoration <strong>of</strong><br />
endangered plant species<br />
R. Sen 1* , M. Öpik 2 , M. Moora 2 , U. Kõljalg 2 & M. Zobel 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Division <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Finland. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany and Ecology, Tartu<br />
University, 40 Lai Str., Tartu-51005, Estonia. - E-mail:<br />
robin.sen@helsinki.fi<br />
In the context <strong>of</strong> plant conservation it can be hypothesized<br />
that the presence <strong>of</strong> compatible arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi (AMF) directly contribute to the growth and survival<br />
<strong>of</strong> endangered plants. Here, we investigated a congeneric<br />
rare vs. common species pair, Pulsatilla patens and P.<br />
pratensis, in Estonian soils. Seeds were sown in soil<br />
inocula from four localities and germination, seedling<br />
establishment and root colonizing AMF species<br />
communities were assessed. A lack <strong>of</strong> soil treatmentrelated<br />
differences in P. pratensis germination and seedling<br />
establishment rates strongly contrasted with the<br />
significantly higher establishment rates <strong>of</strong> the rare P.<br />
patens in soil inoculum from a Scots pine forest where both<br />
target species co-exist in the understorey. Distinct<br />
communities <strong>of</strong> AMF species, identified following rDNA<br />
(SSU) sequence and phylogenetic analyses, were detected<br />
in roots <strong>of</strong> established plants and test seedlings grown in<br />
soil inocula from an agricultural landscape and a Scots pine<br />
forest. In seedling roots <strong>of</strong> both species exposed to forest<br />
soil inoculum, SSU sequences exhibited high homology to<br />
woodland Glomus sequences, earlier detected on<br />
Hyacinthoides non-scripta in a deciduous UK woodland<br />
site. The data provides support for the involvement <strong>of</strong><br />
specific AMF in early seedling establishment <strong>of</strong> Pulsatilla<br />
species. Greater host species-linked dependency towards<br />
particular AMF may explain the loss <strong>of</strong> the rare P. patens<br />
in mycobiont limited disturbed or managed landscapes.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 31
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures<br />
97 - Net transfer <strong>of</strong> water between plants connected by<br />
common mycorrhizal networks<br />
J.I. Querejeta 1* , L. Egerton-Warburton 2 & M.F. Allen 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> California Riverside, CCB University<br />
Laboratory BLDG RM 203, Riverside CA 92521, U.S.A. -<br />
2 Chicago Botanic Gardens, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe<br />
IL 60022, U.S.A. - E-mail: nachoq@ucrac1.ucr.edu<br />
Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) may play a major<br />
role in mediating water parasitism associated with<br />
hydraulic lift. Neighboring plants that share a CMN with<br />
the lifting individual may be able to derive the greatest<br />
benefit from this process. The ability <strong>of</strong> CMN to directly<br />
transfer significant amounts <strong>of</strong> water between plants was<br />
evaluated in the obligate mycorrhizal species coast live oak<br />
(Quercus agrifolia). Mycorrhizal (ecto- + arbuscular) oak<br />
seedlings were grown in microcosms comprising two<br />
adjacent compartments separated by air gaps and mesh<br />
barriers that could be crossed by hyphae but not by roots.<br />
Oak seedlings in one <strong>of</strong> the compartments had access to a<br />
taproot chamber with unlimited supply <strong>of</strong> water and<br />
conducted hydraulic lift. Following an 11 day drought<br />
period, during which watering was withdrawn from the<br />
upper two compartments, we detected a net transfer <strong>of</strong><br />
water from the lifting oaks to neighboring plants through<br />
CMNs. Quercus, Salvia and Eriogonum seedlings in the<br />
adjacent compartment showed up to 20% higher leaf water<br />
content compared with their experimental counterparts<br />
with severed hyphal connections at the onset <strong>of</strong> the drought<br />
period. Isotopic data obtained after injecting deuteriumdepleted<br />
tracers into the taproot chamber also indicated that<br />
neighboring droughted seedlings received up to 19% <strong>of</strong><br />
their water from the lifter oaks through CMNs.<br />
32<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong>
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
98 - Fungal biodiversity: What do we know? What can<br />
we predict?<br />
G.M. Mueller 1* , J.P. Schmit 2 & R. Courtecuisse 3<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, 1400<br />
S. Lake Shore Dr. Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Plant Biology, U. Illinois, 265 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL<br />
61801, U.S.A. - 3 Dept. de Botanique, Univ. de Lille, B.P.<br />
83, FR-59006 Lille Cedex, France. - E-mail:<br />
gmueller@fmnh.org<br />
This years IMC comes roughly 10 years after published<br />
reassessments that greatly increased the estimated numbers<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal species. We feel it timely to review these<br />
estimates based on a decade <strong>of</strong> data gathering and thinking<br />
on the topic. Each talk in the symposium will present the<br />
current status <strong>of</strong> known diversity for a major group <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
with a geographical focus. Contributions will cover macro-,<br />
micro-, lichenized, aquatic, soil-inhabiting, and arthropodassociated<br />
fungi, plus a summary that integrates each <strong>of</strong><br />
these presentations. Each talk will address the following<br />
questions for its fungal group: How many species are<br />
known worldwide? How accurate is this number? How is<br />
this group geographically distributed? Which geographic<br />
areas are well versus poorly known? What are the species<br />
overlap between different geographic regions? And what<br />
are the estimated centers <strong>of</strong> diversity? Thus, each<br />
presentation will function both as a meta-analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
current data and a gap assessment to indicate where future<br />
research efforts should be concentrated. In addition to<br />
providing a summary <strong>of</strong> the state <strong>of</strong> our knowledge on<br />
fungal diversity, a goal <strong>of</strong> this symposium is to help inspire<br />
future work on fungal diversity and biogeography so that<br />
significant progress toward our understanding <strong>of</strong> these<br />
issues will be made by the next IMC.<br />
99 - Global diversity and distribution <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
G.M. Mueller 1* , J.P. Schmit 2 , R. Courtecuisse 3 , L.<br />
Ryvarden 4 , K.-H. Larsson 5 , J.M. Trappe 6 , R.E. Halling 7 ,<br />
M. Rajchenberg 8 , T.W. May 9 , J. Cifuentes 10 , D.E.<br />
Desjardin 11 , K. Hjortstam 12 , Q.X. Wu 13 , P. Leacock 13 , D.J.<br />
Lodge 14 , T. Iturriaga 15 , R. Watling 16 , S.A. Redhead 17 & B.<br />
Buyck 18<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, 1400<br />
S. Lake Shore Dr. Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Plant Biology, U. Illinois, 265 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL<br />
61801, U.S.A. - 3 Dept. de Botanique, Univ. de Lille, B.P.<br />
83, FR-59006 Lille Cedex, France. - 4 Botany Div., Biology<br />
Inst., Univ. <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P. O. Box 1045, Blindern, NO-0316<br />
Oslo 3, Norway. - 5 University <strong>of</strong> Goteborg, P.O. Box 460<br />
SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden. - 6 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Forest Science,<br />
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A. - 7 Inst. <strong>of</strong><br />
Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Soujtern<br />
Blvd at 200th St Bronx, NY 10458-5126, U.S.A. - 8 Centro<br />
Forestal CIEFAP, C.C. 14, 9200 Esquel, Chubut,<br />
Argentina. - 9 Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Privat<br />
Bag 2000, South Yarra, Victoria, 3141, Australia. -<br />
10 Sección de Micología, Herbario FCME, Facultad de<br />
Ciencias, UNAM, Apto. postal 70-399, C.P. 04510, Ciudad<br />
Universitaria, Mexico. - 11 Dept. Biology, San Fransisco<br />
State Univ., San Fransisco, CA 94132, U.S.A. - 12<br />
Malaregatan 12, SE-441 35 Alingsås, Sweden. - 13 Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, Chicago, IL<br />
60605, U.S.A. - 14 Cent. for Forest Mycology Res. USDA-<br />
Forest Service, FPL, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, PR 00773-<br />
1377, U.S.A. - 15 Depto. de Biologia de Organismos, Univ.<br />
Simon Bolivar, Apartado 89000, Sartenejas, Baruta, Edo.<br />
Miranda, Venezuela. -<br />
16 Caledonian <strong>Mycological</strong><br />
Enterprises, Crelah, 26 Blinkbonny Ave, Edinburgh, EH4<br />
3HU, Scotland, U.K. - 17 Agriculture Canada, Eastern<br />
Cereals & Oilseeds Res. Centre, William Saunders Bldg.,<br />
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. K1A 0C6,<br />
Canada. -<br />
18 Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Museum<br />
National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12, rue Bufon, FR-750005,<br />
France. - E-mail: gmueller@fmnh.org<br />
We have compiled data on macr<strong>of</strong>ungal diversity and<br />
distribution patterns for major geographical regions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
world. For this presentation, we have defined macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
to include ascomycetes and basidiomycetes with large,<br />
easily observed sporocarps that fruit epi- or hypogeously.<br />
Co-authors provided data on a particular taxonomic group<br />
or geographic area. We then employed a meta-data analysis<br />
to investigate species overlaps between areas, levels <strong>of</strong><br />
endemism, centers <strong>of</strong> diversity, and estimated percent <strong>of</strong><br />
species known for each geographic area for each taxonomic<br />
group and for the combined macr<strong>of</strong>ungal data set. Thus, we<br />
provide both a meta-analysis <strong>of</strong> current data and a gap<br />
assessment to help identify research needs.<br />
100 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> saprobic micr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
K.D. Hyde 1* , P.W. Crous 2 , S. Lee 2 , S. Lumyong 3 , E.H.C.<br />
McKenzie 4 & B. Paulus 5<br />
1 Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Ecology & Biodiversity, The University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong,<br />
Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1,<br />
Matie Land 7602, South Africa. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. - 4 Landcare<br />
Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. -<br />
5 James Cooke University, Cairns, North Queensland,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: kdhyde@hkucc.hku.hk<br />
Recent studies in Australasia, Hong Kong, South Africa<br />
and Thailand have provided new data towards quantifying<br />
the magnitude <strong>of</strong> fungal diversity. High global fungal<br />
species numbers rely heavily on there being a relatively<br />
high ratio <strong>of</strong> unique fungi to host plant species. Data on<br />
host specificity for saprobic fungi is sparse, but a study <strong>of</strong><br />
four New Zealand native plant genera; Agathis (1 species),<br />
Metrosideros (x taxa), Noth<strong>of</strong>agus (5 taxa) and<br />
Rhopalostylis (2 species) has found that 7 out <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
saprobic micr<strong>of</strong>ungi described on Agathis are unique to<br />
Agathis in New Zealand, 0 <strong>of</strong> 2 are unique to Metrosideros,<br />
16 <strong>of</strong> 20 are unique to Noth<strong>of</strong>agus, and 6 <strong>of</strong> 9 are unique to<br />
Rhopalostylis. Figures for fungi on Proteaceae and<br />
Restoniaceae in Cape Fynbos, S. Africa are also presented.<br />
Is this enough diversity to account for the estimated<br />
numbers <strong>of</strong> fungal species in the world? This paper will<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 33
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
explore techniques available to assess micr<strong>of</strong>ungal<br />
numbers in a habitat or region and present results from<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the studies. It will concentrate on efforts to access<br />
whether saprobic micr<strong>of</strong>ungi are host or tissue specific and<br />
comment on reasons for these relationships. Databases can<br />
be used to establish the numbers <strong>of</strong> fungi on different plant<br />
hosts. As databases become more comprehensive it will be<br />
possible to examine the true extent <strong>of</strong> specificity amongst<br />
saprobic micr<strong>of</strong>ungi.<br />
101 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> soil-inhabiting fungi<br />
W. Gams<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85163,<br />
3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
Gams@CBS.KNAW.NL<br />
We count filamentous fungi living in soil layers but<br />
exclude those from the <strong>of</strong>ten more diverse litter. The<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) preserves a<br />
great diversity <strong>of</strong> these fungi. The database contains 5768<br />
isolates from soil or roots, distributed over appr. 2430 spp.,<br />
including unpublished names and a few double counts for<br />
anamorph and teleomorph names. 2430 - (131 zoosporic +<br />
89 macromycete basidiomycetes) = 2210 spp. <strong>of</strong> soil fungi<br />
(? 70% <strong>of</strong> those known). Basidiomycetes <strong>of</strong>ten account for<br />
the majority <strong>of</strong> fungal activity in a soil but are better<br />
assessed in mycorrhizal and wood/litter-decomposing<br />
inventories. Recently, the general increment in the numbers<br />
<strong>of</strong> soil fungi is only slightly accelerated, after CBS has<br />
broadened its accession policy and since the advent <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular taxonomic tools. Particularly some poorly<br />
defined genera and species yield new taxa. Among<br />
thousands <strong>of</strong> isolates from any soil novelties will be found.<br />
Soil fungi spread easily and are regarded as cosmopolitans.<br />
Even in tropical forests many taxa are similar to those<br />
found in temperate latitudes. Molecular studies tell us that<br />
continental barriers determine a phylogeographical<br />
differentiation for slimy-spored species <strong>of</strong> Fusarium (now<br />
138 in CBS) and Trichoderma (now 49 in CBS). These are<br />
predicted to increase in number <strong>of</strong> known taxa by not more<br />
than 100%. In the more ubiquitous genera Penicillium and<br />
Aspergillus (now ca. 300 and 200 spp.) an increment <strong>of</strong><br />
about 100% is anticipated.<br />
102 - Global diversity and distribution <strong>of</strong> fungi in<br />
aquatic habitats<br />
C.A. Shearer 1* , E. Descals 2 , J.W. Fell 3 , J. Kohlmeyer 4 , L.<br />
Marvanová 5 , D.E. Padgett 6 , D. Porter 7 , H. Raja 1 , J.P.<br />
Schmit 1 , H. Voglmayr 8 & B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 4<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Illinois, Rm. 265<br />
Morrill Hall, 505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801,<br />
U.S.A. - 2 IMEDEA (CISC-Univ. Illes Velears), calle Mique,<br />
Marques, 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain. - 3 RMAS-<br />
BLR Dept., S209 Grosvenor Bldg. 4600 Rickenbacker<br />
CSWY, Miami, FL 33149, U.S.A. - 4 Institute <strong>of</strong> Marine<br />
Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> North Carolina, Morehead City,<br />
34<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
NC 28557, U.S.A. - 5 Czech Collection <strong>of</strong> Microorgansms,<br />
Masaryk Unive\rsity Brno, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno,<br />
Czech Republic. - 6 Biology Dept., Univ. <strong>of</strong> North Carolina-<br />
Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, U.S.A. - 7 Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Univ. <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A. -<br />
8 University <strong>of</strong> Vienna, Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Rennweg 14, A-<br />
1030 Wien, Austria. - E-mail: carolshe@life.uiuc.edu<br />
We have compiled data on the diversity and distribution<br />
patterns <strong>of</strong> fungi and fungal-like straminipiles that occur in<br />
aquatic habitats ranging from freshwater to marine. Major<br />
groups included in this assessment are: Chytridiomycetes,<br />
Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Hyphochytriomycetes and<br />
Oomycetes. Co-authors provided data on a particular<br />
taxonomic and/or ecological group. We then analyzed data<br />
to determine the total number <strong>of</strong> species, the number <strong>of</strong><br />
species per habitat and/or substrate type, species overlap<br />
among habitats and substrates, and latitudinal and<br />
continental distribution patterns in diversity. We also<br />
estimated levels <strong>of</strong> endemism and centers <strong>of</strong> diversity for<br />
the various taxonomic/ecological groups.<br />
103 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> lichens<br />
T. Feuerer<br />
Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Ohnhorststr. 18 22609<br />
Hamburg, Germany. - E-mail: feuerer@botanik.unihamburg.de<br />
Estimates for lichen diversity on the planet range between<br />
13500 to 19000 species. A more precise estimate is hardly<br />
possible, for several reasons: First, the species concept <strong>of</strong><br />
several lichen groups is still unsettled. Second, there are<br />
numerous unresolved taxonomical problems, especially in<br />
crustose lichens, and third, the lichen flora in several areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> the world - especially in the tropics - is still underexplored.<br />
However, there is already an enormous amount<br />
<strong>of</strong> data from all over the world, which needs to be<br />
compiled and validated to reach a better estimate <strong>of</strong> species<br />
diversity. Lichen information is already accessible on-line<br />
from several, heterogeneous sources (see e.g. e.g. ITALIC,<br />
http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/,<br />
http://biobase.kfunigraz.ac.at/lichen/medlich2.html). To<br />
interconnect the different sources and to provide<br />
corresponding s<strong>of</strong>tware tools is part <strong>of</strong> the ongoing project<br />
'Global biodiversity <strong>of</strong> lichens' by T. Feuerer and G.<br />
Rambold (http://www.checklist.de/). Until the end <strong>of</strong> 2003,<br />
data from all 193 states and 300 adjacent geographical<br />
units will be available (For an experimental version see<br />
http://141.84.65.132/ChecklistsDe/Lichens/index.html). In<br />
support <strong>of</strong> this project, the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Association</strong> for<br />
Lichenology has established a Commitee, which<br />
coordinates and gathers lichen diversity information for the<br />
global checklist project.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
104 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> arthropod-associated fungi: What<br />
do we know? What can we predict?<br />
A. Weir 1* , M. Hughes 1 , M.M. White 2 , M.J. Cafaro 2 , S.-O.<br />
Suh 3 & M. Blackwell 3<br />
1 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Environmental & Forest Biology, SUNY<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Environmental Science & Forestry, 350 Illick<br />
Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse NY 13210, U.S.A. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Kansas, Room 8002 Haworth Hall,<br />
Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA<br />
70803, U.S.A. - E-mail: aweir@syr.edu<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the greatest uncertainties in attempting to estimate<br />
global species richness <strong>of</strong> fungi is being able to draw<br />
inferences from the known number <strong>of</strong> taxa associated with<br />
hyperdiverse groups such as arthropods. Knowledge <strong>of</strong> the<br />
diversity and biogeography <strong>of</strong> these interactions is<br />
improving, but for many groups remains an imprecise<br />
foundation for extrapolation. Arthropods and fungi are<br />
closely associated in nearly all types <strong>of</strong> terrestrial,<br />
freshwater, and marine environments. Here we discuss only<br />
those fungi that use arthropods as a resource. <strong>Association</strong>s<br />
along the mutualist-pathogen continuum vary, and these as<br />
well as life history traits are discussed for each major group<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi in relation to their known and potential diversity.<br />
We review the current state <strong>of</strong> knowledge regarding<br />
diversity, host relations, and biogeography <strong>of</strong><br />
Laboulbeniales, Trichomycetes, Entomophthorales,<br />
Septobasidium, Cordyceps, and endosymbiotic yeasts. For<br />
the most diverse and one <strong>of</strong> the best biogeographicallystudied<br />
groups, Laboulbeniales, patterns <strong>of</strong> diversity and<br />
host utilization at different geographical scales are<br />
analyzed. On the bases <strong>of</strong> these datasets, species discovery<br />
patterns and host associates, and the latest estimates <strong>of</strong><br />
global insect species richness, we extrapolate as to the<br />
potential magnitude <strong>of</strong> the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> insect associated<br />
fungi and discuss ways in which the estimates may be<br />
refined. We also address the major lacunae that require<br />
coordinated effort from systematists.<br />
105 - Fungal diversity: Estimates, predictions and<br />
future challenges<br />
J.P. Schmit 1* , G.M. Mueller 2 & R. Courtecuisse 3<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, Unvirsity <strong>of</strong> Illinois, 265 Morrill<br />
Hall, 605 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, 1400 S<br />
Lakeshore Dr. Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A. - 3 Dept. de<br />
Botanique, Univ. de Lille, B.P. 83, FR-59006, Lille Cedex,<br />
France. - E-mail: jpschmit@life.uiuc.edu<br />
This presentation summarizes the data from the other<br />
presentations in this symposium. Based on that<br />
information, we present an estimate <strong>of</strong> the total number <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal species currently known to science. We also make a<br />
conservative estimate <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> fungi yet to be<br />
discovered. This is done by using data from geographic<br />
regions which are relatively well explored for fungi to<br />
estimate the number <strong>of</strong> new taxa yet to be found in poorly<br />
known areas. We also identify where there are gaps in our<br />
knowledge, both geographically and taxonomically.<br />
106 - Comparative methods for managing phylogenetic<br />
uncertainty<br />
M. Pagel<br />
Reading University, AMS, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ,<br />
England, U.K. - E-mail: m.pagel@rdg.ac.uk<br />
Comparative analyses across species must be based upon<br />
good phylogenetic information to distinguish similarity that<br />
arises from common ancestry from that which arises from<br />
parallel or convergent evolution. This means that<br />
phylogenies are necessary for studying ancestral states, for<br />
calculating rates <strong>of</strong> evolution, and for investigating<br />
correlations among two or more traits. I will briefly<br />
describe these sorts <strong>of</strong> analyses, giving examples, then go<br />
on to describe a difficulty that arises in comparative<br />
studies. The difficulty is that phylogenies are seldom<br />
known with certainty and different phylogenies can give<br />
different answers to the comparative question. A relatively<br />
new technique in comparative studies make it possible to<br />
take phylogenetic uncertainty into account. Bayesian<br />
methods for inferring phylogenies, based upon Markov<br />
Chain Monte Carlo methods, allow the investigator to draw<br />
a random sample <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic trees, from the universe<br />
<strong>of</strong> possible trees. The comparative hypothesis can then be<br />
tested in each tree, in effect, removing phylogenetic<br />
uncertainty from the hypothesis. These methods are<br />
becoming increasingly easy and practical to implement on<br />
desktop computers. I give examples from several areas <strong>of</strong><br />
research.<br />
107 - Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen<br />
symbiotic ancestors<br />
F. Lutzoni 1* , M. Pagel 2 & V. Reeb 1<br />
1 Duke University, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Box 90338,<br />
Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Reading,<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Animal and Microbial Sciences, Whiteknights,<br />
Reading, U.K. - E-mail: flutzoni@duke.edu<br />
About one-fifth <strong>of</strong> all known extant fungal species form<br />
lichen symbioses. Lichens are widely believed to have<br />
arisen independently on multiple occasions, accounting for<br />
the high diversity and mixed occurrence <strong>of</strong> lichenized and<br />
non-lichenized (42% and 58%, respectively) fungal species<br />
within the Ascomycota. Depending on the taxonomic<br />
classification chosen, 15-18 orders <strong>of</strong> the Ascomycota<br />
include lichen-forming taxa, and 8-11 <strong>of</strong> these orders<br />
(representing about 60% <strong>of</strong> the Ascomycota species)<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 35
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
contain both lichenized and non-lichenized species. Here<br />
we report a phylogenetic-comparative analysis <strong>of</strong> RPB2,<br />
and the small and large subunit <strong>of</strong> the nuclear rRNA genes<br />
from about 60 species representing about 75% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species diversity <strong>of</strong> the Ascomycota, a phylum that<br />
includes > 98% <strong>of</strong> known lichenized fungal species. Using<br />
a Bayesian phylogenetic tree sampling methodology,<br />
combined with a statistical model <strong>of</strong> trait evolution, we<br />
take into account uncertainty about the phylogenetic tree<br />
and ancestral state reconstructions. Our results, based upon<br />
a sample <strong>of</strong> 19,900 phylogenetic trees, show that lichens<br />
evolved earlier than believed, and that gains <strong>of</strong><br />
lichenization have been infrequent during Ascomycota<br />
evolution, but have been followed by multiple independent<br />
losses <strong>of</strong> the lichen symbiosis. As a consequence, major<br />
Ascomycota lineages (Ascosphaerales, Eurotiales,<br />
Onygenales and Chaetothyriales) <strong>of</strong> exclusively nonlichen-forming<br />
species are derived from lichen-forming<br />
ancestors.<br />
108 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> interkingdom host-jumping <strong>of</strong><br />
Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae<br />
J.W. Spatafora * & G.-H. Sung<br />
Oregon State University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany and Plant<br />
Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: spatafoj@bcc.orst.edu<br />
The genus Cordyceps includes over 300 described species<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi that are pathogens <strong>of</strong> arthropods and fungi. It is a<br />
member <strong>of</strong> the Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Hypocreales)<br />
which also includes symbionts <strong>of</strong> plants, mainly <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Poaceae. Current subfamilial classification <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Clavicipitaceae comprises the Clavicipitoideae, which<br />
includes all <strong>of</strong> the grass symbionts, and the<br />
Cordycipitoideae, which includes all <strong>of</strong> the pathogens <strong>of</strong><br />
arthropods and fungi. This represents an evolutionary<br />
hypothesis that implicitly assumes inter-Kingdom host<br />
jumps are rare and irreversible. To test this hypothesis we<br />
initiated a molecular phylogenetic study <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Clavicipitaceae with a particular emphasis on Cordyceps.<br />
We have assembled a four-gene region dataset that<br />
includes data from the nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA, betatubulin,<br />
and elongation factor 1-alpha for 75 taxa.<br />
Phylogenetic analyses reject the monophyly <strong>of</strong> Cordyceps<br />
and the Cordycipitoideae and do not support host jumps as<br />
being rare and irreversible. Three clades <strong>of</strong> clavicipitaceous<br />
fungi, which all contained pathogens <strong>of</strong> animals and fungi,<br />
were resolved in these analyses. Pathogen <strong>of</strong> animals is<br />
resolved as the primitive symbiosis for the Clavicipitaceae<br />
with a single jump to the Poaceae that was most likely<br />
followed by a reversal to animals. Multiple jumps have<br />
occurred from animals to fungi with at least one reversal to<br />
animals. Character coding <strong>of</strong> host affiliation and testing<br />
character state reconstructions will be discussed.<br />
36<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
109 - Molecular phylogenetics and breeding systems in<br />
the ascomycete fungi<br />
M.L. Berbee<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> British Columbia,<br />
Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
berbee@interchange.ubc.ca<br />
By a combination <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic approaches, we are<br />
studying the evolution <strong>of</strong> breeding systems among fungi in<br />
the Ascomycota. Within the family Pleosporaceae,<br />
combined data from the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<br />
dehydrogenase gene and ribosomal ITS regions provide<br />
good resolution. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that the<br />
'asexual' species and the selfing species are nested among<br />
outcrossing sexual species, indicating that outcrossing<br />
sexuality was the ancestral condition for the family. In<br />
sexual filamentous ascomycetes, opposite mating type<br />
information at the MAT1 locus regulates mating and the<br />
opposite mating type genes each have a clonal, nonrecombining<br />
phylogenetic history. Many species in the<br />
Pleosporaceae have no known sexual states, but where<br />
tested, these supposedly asexual fungi have intact,<br />
functional mating type genes. We used PCR to amplify and<br />
sequence fragments <strong>of</strong> the opposite mating type genes from<br />
supposedly asexual species in the genus Alternaria, in the<br />
Pleosporaceae. Each haploid fungal isolate had just one<br />
mating type, but both mating types were present in each<br />
species. We sequenced the ribosomal ITS regions for<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> opposite mating types, for three asexual species<br />
and four known related sexual species. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
probability <strong>of</strong> substitution patterns indicated that, if<br />
sexuality had been lost, it was lost after the most recent ITS<br />
substitutions had evolved in each species.<br />
110 - Trends in morphological evolution in<br />
homobasidiomycetes<br />
D.S. Hibbett * & M. Binder<br />
Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester MA<br />
01610, U.S.A. - E-mail: dhibbett@black.clarku.edu<br />
Homobasidiomycetes display an incredible diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
fruiting body forms, ranging from simple corticioid forms,<br />
which lie flat on their substrates, to elaborate,<br />
developmentally integrated forms, such as stinkhorns.<br />
More than half <strong>of</strong> all described homobasidiomycetes have<br />
pileate-stipitate fruiting bodies, with gills or other<br />
configurations <strong>of</strong> the hymenophore. A functional (if not<br />
phylogenetic) distinction can be made between<br />
gasteromycetes, which lack ballistospory and produce<br />
spores internally, and hymenomycetes, which retain<br />
ballistospory and produce spores externally. Much <strong>of</strong> the<br />
research in higher-level homobasidiomycete systematics in<br />
the last century has focused on tracing patterns <strong>of</strong> evolution<br />
in fruiting body forms, and has revealed extensive<br />
convergence. Our recent analyses concern trends in the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> fruiting body morphology. Examples <strong>of</strong> the
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
questions that concern us are: 1) Are simple resupinate<br />
forms evolutionarily more labile than complex forms? 2) Is<br />
there a general trend toward the evolution <strong>of</strong> pileatestipitate<br />
forms? 3) Can we reject the hypothesis that the<br />
loss <strong>of</strong> ballistospory is irreversible? To address these<br />
questions we are employing binary and multistate<br />
maximum likelihood methods to develop and test models<br />
<strong>of</strong> fruiting body evolution, using a large (ca. 500 species)<br />
phylogenetic tree derived from rDNA sequences.<br />
111 - Concepts and approaches during 50 years <strong>of</strong><br />
biological control <strong>of</strong> fungal plant pathogens<br />
J.M. Whipps<br />
Horticulture Research <strong>International</strong>, Wellesbourne,<br />
Warwick, CV35 9EF, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
john.whipps@hri.ac.uk<br />
There are now more than 80 products near to or on the<br />
market that have biological control activity against plant<br />
pathogens in soil, root, aerial and post-harvest<br />
environments. Most <strong>of</strong> these been developed relatively<br />
recently in response to environmental concerns which have<br />
forced reductions <strong>of</strong> fungicide and fumigant use and<br />
availability. Bacterial products are dominated by<br />
Pseudomonas, Burholderia and Bacillus species and fungal<br />
products by Gliocladium and Trichoderma species. With<br />
the exception <strong>of</strong> products based on Agrobacterium<br />
radiobacter for control <strong>of</strong> crown gall, Phlebiopsis gigantea<br />
for control <strong>of</strong> stem and root rot <strong>of</strong> pine and some<br />
Trichoderma-based products, few have been on the market<br />
for 10-20 years or more. Indeed, several have come and<br />
gone. Key features for achieving a successful biocontrol<br />
product must be cost-effective and reproducible disease<br />
control. In the last 15 years, the importance <strong>of</strong><br />
understanding the ecological interactions between a<br />
biocontrol agent, its target pathogen and host plant before<br />
this can be achieved has gradually become appreciated.<br />
Against this background, several successful biocontrol<br />
agents have been selected, screened for activity,<br />
characterised and then undergone registration and<br />
marketing. Reassessment <strong>of</strong> the concepts and processes<br />
involved in natural disease suppression has also provided<br />
novel biological approaches to disease control.<br />
112 - Biological control <strong>of</strong> fungal plant pathogensrecent<br />
advances and future perspectives<br />
C. Alabouvette<br />
INRA-CMSE UMR BBCE-IPM, BP 86510 21065 DIJON<br />
Cedex, France. - E-mail: ala@dijon.inra.fr<br />
Two different approaches have been described to control<br />
plant pathogens: either introduce a selected biological<br />
control agent or enhance naturally occurring biological<br />
control. The first approach has been the most commonly<br />
followed during the 30 last years. Most emphasis was<br />
devoted to the study <strong>of</strong> the modes <strong>of</strong> actions <strong>of</strong> selected<br />
antagonists and less to the study <strong>of</strong> the conditions required<br />
for successful application. More recently, the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> molecular tools led to the creation <strong>of</strong> transformed<br />
biological agents possessing several modes <strong>of</strong> action, or<br />
having other beneficial traits such as a greater ability to<br />
survive or colonize the target. These 'improved strains' are<br />
supposed to possess an enhanced biological control<br />
activity, but demonstrations in nature <strong>of</strong> these advantages<br />
are still missing. Biological control <strong>of</strong> fungal pathogens<br />
remains very limited due to the narrow specificity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
biological control agents and the inconsistency <strong>of</strong> their<br />
efficacy. Today there is a renewed interest for studying the<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> organic matter and compost amendment on the<br />
soil inoculum potential, with the objective <strong>of</strong> enhancing the<br />
natural potential <strong>of</strong> suppressiveness that exist in any soil.<br />
Whatever the method used, biological control should be<br />
part <strong>of</strong> an integrated pest management strategy. Research in<br />
this field requires an holistic approach taking into account<br />
not only the microbial interactions and the plant defense<br />
reactions but also the whole agronomical system.<br />
113 - Premier bacteria and fungal plant disease<br />
suppression<br />
D.M. Weller<br />
USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 367 Johnson<br />
Hall, Pullman, Washington 99164, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
wellerd@mail.wsu.edu<br />
Take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici,<br />
is an important root disease <strong>of</strong> wheat worldwide. Take-all<br />
decline (TAD) is the spontaneous decrease in the incidence<br />
and severity <strong>of</strong> take-all that occurs with monoculture <strong>of</strong><br />
wheat or other susceptible host crops after one or more<br />
severe outbreaks <strong>of</strong> the disease. In Washington State, USA,<br />
TAD develops in wheat fields because <strong>of</strong> the build up <strong>of</strong><br />
strains <strong>of</strong> Pseudomonas fluorescens, which produce the<br />
antifungal metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG).<br />
DAPG producers are abundant in other suppressive soils.<br />
Whole-cell repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR with the<br />
BOXA1R primer distinguished 17 different genotypes (A<br />
through N) within worldwide collections <strong>of</strong> DAPG<br />
producers. Genotype D, which is primarily responsible for<br />
TAD in Washington soils, aggressively colonizes wheat<br />
and barley and suppresses take-all when applied at very<br />
low doses (as few as 10 2 per seed or gram <strong>of</strong> soil). Field<br />
studies have verified that introduced populations <strong>of</strong><br />
genotype D strains are sustained throughout the growing<br />
season, survive between crops, and reestablish on the roots<br />
in successive years above the threshold required for<br />
suppression <strong>of</strong> take-all.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 37
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
114 - Risk assessment <strong>of</strong> fungal biocontrol agents - How<br />
can RAFBCA help?<br />
T.M. Butt 1* , H. Strasser 2 & G. Tomimatsu 3<br />
1 1. School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Swansea, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K. - 2 2. Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck,<br />
Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. - 3 3. U.S.<br />
Environmental Protection Agency, Office <strong>of</strong> Pesticide<br />
Programs/Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention,<br />
Arlington, VA 22202, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
t.butt@swansea.ac.uk<br />
Fungal biocontrol agents (BCAs) secrete a wide range <strong>of</strong><br />
metabolites. Many have been shown to play an important<br />
role in pathogenesis-antagonism and the successful control<br />
<strong>of</strong> the target organism. Current registration procedures for<br />
products that purport biocontrol <strong>of</strong> plant pests and diseases<br />
require risk characterization and evaluation <strong>of</strong> known, and<br />
potential exposures to human health and nontarget<br />
organisms in the environment. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> all the<br />
metabolites produced by BCAs would be expensive and<br />
time-consuming. One <strong>of</strong> the objectives <strong>of</strong> the EU-funded<br />
RAFBCA project is to develop the methods and tools to<br />
assess the risks <strong>of</strong> fungal BCA metabolites. This paper will<br />
describe: (1) some <strong>of</strong> the methods and tools being<br />
developed for high throughput analysis such as biosensors,<br />
and microtitre plate assays and (2) studies that show that<br />
the quantities <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites produced by fungi<br />
in-vivo are usually much less than those secreted in<br />
nutrient rich liquid media. Additionally, information on<br />
intra-species and inter-species variability in the production<br />
<strong>of</strong> selected metabolites will be provided, as well as data on<br />
the spatial-temporal distribution <strong>of</strong> fungal metabolites.<br />
Furthermore, strategies will be presented which could<br />
standardise the risk assessment <strong>of</strong> fungal BCAs.<br />
115 - Molecular approaches to studying fungal<br />
interactions in relation to biocontrol<br />
M. Lorito 1* , M. Ruocco 1 , D. Piacenti 1 , R. Ciliento 1 , Z.X.<br />
Lu 2 , F. Scala 1 , A. Zoina 1 , J.K. Jansson 2 & S. Woo 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Naples, Via<br />
Università, 100, 80050 Portici, Italy. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Plant Pathology, Plant Pathology and Biocontrol Unit,<br />
Swedish University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: lorito@unina.it<br />
Trichoderma-based bi<strong>of</strong>ungicides are a reality in<br />
commercial agriculture, although they represent only a<br />
niche market in comparison to that <strong>of</strong> chemicals. However,<br />
more than a dozen formulations are available today as<br />
registered products in the USA and Europe, and the<br />
application <strong>of</strong> these biocontrol agents, both as biopesticides<br />
or bi<strong>of</strong>ertilizers, is steadily increasing also in organic<br />
farming. The modes <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> these beneficial fungi are<br />
many and very complex. Therefore several research<br />
strategies, also at a molecular and gene level, have been<br />
38<br />
applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved<br />
in this complex, three-way interaction among the<br />
antagonist, plant and pathogen. We have used different<br />
reporter systems and genetic manipulation to identify<br />
molecules that are involved in the cross-talk between<br />
Trichoderma and its host, and have found opportunities for<br />
developing new disease control methods. In addition, we<br />
have been able to monitor the interaction in vivo and in situ<br />
between Trichoderma and its host and correlate the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> mycoparasitism to the biocontrol effect.<br />
116 - Weed biocontrol by fungal plant pathogens -<br />
research approaches and practical application<br />
M. Vurro<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Sciences <strong>of</strong> Food Productions, Viale Einaudi,<br />
51 - 70125, Bari, Italy. - E-mail: ma.vurro@area.ba.cnr.it<br />
Weeds are among the major pest constraints for many<br />
human activities, and their management represents the<br />
major cost <strong>of</strong> agriculture. Pathogens that infect weeds have<br />
been considered to partially replace traditional control<br />
methods, using two main approaches, the classic and the<br />
inundative method, but their success has been quite limited.<br />
The best results are mainly against alien weeds <strong>of</strong> pasture<br />
or forest, but also some mycoherbicides are available as<br />
commercial products. In despite <strong>of</strong> the partial success, in<br />
the last years some argumentations have further risen the<br />
interest in weed biocontrol, e.g.: increased consumption <strong>of</strong><br />
organic products, ban <strong>of</strong> dangerous herbicides, lack <strong>of</strong><br />
registered herbicides for niche crops, forbidden use <strong>of</strong><br />
chemicals in anthropical environments (parks,<br />
archeological sites), resistance. To not disappoint these<br />
expectations, more efficacious agents are needed. Different<br />
strategies could be used to enhance effectiveness <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
pathogens, including formulations, distribution systems<br />
(precision agriculture), selection <strong>of</strong> better characters and<br />
genetic enhancement, or integrated approaches, as mixing<br />
fungal pathogens, combining bacteria or bioactive<br />
metabolites with fungal pathogens, or managing traditional<br />
and biological methods. The presentation will focus mainly<br />
on the different strategies <strong>of</strong> weed biocontrol using fungal<br />
plant pathogens and will discuss the possibilities to<br />
improve the herbicidal properties <strong>of</strong> weed pathogens.<br />
117 - Xerophilic fungi, a physiological wonder<br />
J.I. Pitt<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Food Science Australia, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW<br />
1670, Australia. - E-mail: John.Pitt@csiro.au<br />
Xerophilic fungi are defined as those that can grow below a<br />
water activity <strong>of</strong> 0.85, which means the ability to grow in<br />
60% glucose, 45% glycerol or 20% NaCl - all (w/w). Few<br />
organisms on earth, other than halophilic bacteria, are able<br />
to grow under these conditions. To grow at reduced water<br />
activities, microorganisms must balance the external
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
environment by an equivalent water activity inside, as<br />
growth requires turgor. Bacteria concentrate K+ ions and<br />
certain amino acids to achieve this, while fungi have<br />
evolved the ability to use polyols - glucose, mannitol and in<br />
the limit glycerol - as the internal solute. At its limit,<br />
Xeromyces bisporus, the most xerophilic known organism,<br />
is able to grow at a water activity <strong>of</strong> 0.65, equivalent to a<br />
solution containing 65% (w/w) glycerol. As X. bisporus is<br />
known to accumulate glycerol to balance the outside<br />
environment, that means that life processes, including all<br />
enzyme functions, must be carried out in a thick glycerol<br />
syrup. X. bisporus and the yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii<br />
are capable <strong>of</strong> sexual reproduction at 0.7 water activity, i.e.<br />
in 60% (w/w) glycerol. A few <strong>of</strong> these fungi are able to<br />
grow in very concentrated NaCl solutions, but use the same<br />
internal solute system, so are correctly classified as<br />
halophilic xerophiles. These remarkable fungi, a number <strong>of</strong><br />
genera and species, are all Ascomycetes, and may only<br />
have evolved once. Some further details <strong>of</strong> these<br />
fascinating fungi will be provided in this paper.<br />
118 - Molecular ecology <strong>of</strong> anaerobic fungi (Anaerobic<br />
fungi-do we know them all?)<br />
G.W. Griffith 1* , E. Ozkose 2 , D.R. Davies 3 & M.K.<br />
Theodorou 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23<br />
3DA, Wales, U.K. - 2 KSU, Agriculture Faculty, 46100<br />
Kahramanmaras, Turkey. - 3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Grassland and<br />
Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth,<br />
Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
gwg@aber.ac.uk<br />
Anaerobic fungi are important components <strong>of</strong> the rumen<br />
ecosystem but their physiology and enzymology have<br />
attracted more interest than their ecology. As such,<br />
information relating to the mechanisms and dynamics <strong>of</strong><br />
spread between hosts and niche differentiation between<br />
species remain unanswered. It is not clear how many<br />
species may coexist in a single host animal, nor whether<br />
the various species differ in their patterns <strong>of</strong> substrate<br />
colonisation. We have conducted detailed analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal populations from rumen digesta and faeces <strong>of</strong><br />
silage-fed cows, and have investigated the effect <strong>of</strong><br />
environmental conditions on survival <strong>of</strong> these fungi in<br />
faeces. Using the MPN technique with various substrates as<br />
an enrichment source, quite different fungal taxa were<br />
isolated. For instance, Caecomyces spp. were more<br />
abundant on cellobiose. In the course <strong>of</strong> this work we also<br />
isolated and characterised a new genus <strong>of</strong> anaerobic fungus<br />
Cyllamyces (type species C. aberensis). Difficulties in<br />
reliable morphological identification led us to use PCR-<br />
RFLP <strong>of</strong> the ITS region <strong>of</strong> the rRNA locus as a tool for<br />
identifying fungi isolated from MPN tubes. Sequence<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> these regions was used to validate restriction<br />
enzyme patterns. Ambiguous RFLP patterns were found to<br />
be attributable to between-repeat polymorphisms within the<br />
ITS region <strong>of</strong> single isolates. ITS2 sequences from a single<br />
isolate diverged by 5% or more and there was more<br />
variability between repeats than between quite unrelated<br />
isolates.<br />
119 - Psychrophilic fungi - do they really exist?<br />
J.C. Frisvad<br />
Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221,<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: jcf@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Many food-borne Penicillia and some soil-borne species<br />
grow well at low temperatures (0-5 °C) but most <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species also grow quite well at 30 °C and could thus be<br />
regarded as psychrotrophic. Isolates from Svalbard and<br />
Antarctis have also been known species that were<br />
psychrotrophic and well known. The only new species <strong>of</strong><br />
Penicillium described from Antarctis, P. antarcticum, is<br />
psychrotrophic to mesophilic. Some psychrophilic lichens<br />
and anamorphic ascomycetes like Humicola marvinii with<br />
optimum temperatures at 15 °C have been reported. A<br />
rather large number <strong>of</strong> psychrotrophic Penicillia have been<br />
isolated from Alpine or polar regions and some <strong>of</strong> them can<br />
be regarded as real psychr<strong>of</strong>iles. These fungi hardly grows<br />
(or do not grow at all) at 25 °C, and have an optimum<br />
temperature for growth near 15 °C. In few samples from<br />
Zachenberg in Greenland all Penicillia appeared to be new<br />
species, except one known taxon P. nordicum, known from<br />
refrigerated meat in Europe. Taxonomically the new<br />
species belonged to subgenus Furcatum and have some<br />
resemblance to common soil-borne species in series<br />
Canescentia. All species produced a surprisingly large<br />
number <strong>of</strong> bioactive secondary metabolites, including<br />
different combinations <strong>of</strong> kojic acid, penicillic acid,<br />
grise<strong>of</strong>ulvin, chaetoglobosins and tryptoquivalins. Nearly<br />
all species produced some closely related cyclic peptides,<br />
and we hypothesise that these peptides are involved in<br />
adaptation to cold temperatures.<br />
120 - Halophilic fungi - are they widespread in the<br />
fungal kingdom?<br />
P. Zalar 1 , G.S. de Hoog 2 , A. Plemenitas 3 & N. Gunde-<br />
Cimerman 1*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology<br />
Dept., Veèna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. -<br />
2 Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O.Box 85167,<br />
3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 3 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Institute <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry,<br />
Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. - E-mail:<br />
nina.gunde-cimerman@uni-lj.si<br />
Recently the novel observation was made that fungi,<br />
representing the only kingdom not so far known to sustain<br />
extremely saline natural conditions, populate manmade<br />
eutrophic and oligotrophic salterns, saturated or nearly<br />
saturated with NaCl. The majority <strong>of</strong> isolates from all<br />
sampled eutrophic salterns were black meristematic yeast<br />
like fungi: Hortaea werneckii, Phaeotheca triangularis,<br />
Aureobasidium pullulans and Trimmatostroma salinum.<br />
They were lacking in the oligotrophic ones, where<br />
saprophytic members <strong>of</strong> the genus Cladosporium prevail.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 39
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
These species are all closely related, belonging to the<br />
single order Dothideales. A large number <strong>of</strong> g.<br />
Cladosporium strains, along with reference strains <strong>of</strong><br />
frequently isolated species were sequenced and their<br />
morphology and physiology are currently studied. The<br />
resulting clusters contain ubiquitous isolates originating<br />
from different extreme environments and at considerable<br />
phylogenetic distance away a separate branch, consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
saltern isolates. From both types <strong>of</strong> hypersaline<br />
environments, xerophilic nonmelanized filamentous fungi,<br />
known primarily as food contaminants were also frequently<br />
isolated: Wallemia sebi, Penicillium and Aspergillus with<br />
teleomorphic stage Eurotium. Further analyses <strong>of</strong> these<br />
isolates show in some cases distinct differences in<br />
xerophily, contrary to the general belief, that with fungi it<br />
is determined primarily by the water activities <strong>of</strong> the<br />
culture media and not by the chemical nature <strong>of</strong> the solute.<br />
121 - Resolving differences between thermophilic and<br />
mesophilic Paecilomyces<br />
J.J. Luangsa-ard 1* , L. Manoch 2 , N.L. Hywel-Jones 1 & R.A.<br />
Samson 3<br />
1 BIOTEC, 73/1 Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. -<br />
2 Kasetsart University, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900,<br />
Thailand. - 3 CBS, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: jajen@biotec.or.th<br />
Paecilomyces Bainier was erected for the thermotolerant<br />
Paecilomyces varioti. Brown & Smith (1957) broadened<br />
the concept <strong>of</strong> the genus to include mesophilic species <strong>of</strong>f<br />
insects. Samson (1974) provided a modern morphologybased<br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> the genus. With few, plastic<br />
morphological features available for study confident<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> many Paecilomyces is problematic. The<br />
availability <strong>of</strong> molecular phylogenetics provides the<br />
opportunity to combine morphology and sequences to more<br />
fully resolve differences at the genus/species level. Isolates<br />
from the Samson Monograph were sequenced (18S, ITS<br />
and â-tubulin gene) to compare mesophilic and<br />
thermophilic Paecilomyces. Thermophilic section<br />
Paecilomyces form a separate clade to the mesophilic<br />
section Isarioidea. This work accepts the placement <strong>of</strong><br />
section Paecilomyces in the Eurotiales and the placement<br />
<strong>of</strong> section Isarioidea in the Hypocreales. Paecilomyces<br />
varioti forms four clades and is apparently a cryptic<br />
species. Two <strong>of</strong> these clades have a Byssochlamys<br />
teleomorph. Evidence suggests that the thermophilic<br />
Talaromyces/Penicillium may be derived from a<br />
thermophilic Byssochlamys/Paecilomyces ancestor.<br />
122 - Enzyme discovery from extremophilic fungi<br />
L. Lange<br />
Novozymes, 1AMs.04, Smørmosevej 25, 2880 Bagsværd,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: lla@novozymes.com<br />
40<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Discovery <strong>of</strong> enzymes from fungi living in extreme<br />
environments has primarily focused on thermophiles.<br />
Among the thermophilic fungi very rich enzyme producers<br />
have been found and also industrially exploited, e.g. from<br />
Humicola and Scytalidium. However, recent discovery<br />
efforts in our group have shown that much more is still to<br />
be found! The presentation will include data on new<br />
enzymes found from thermophiles (e.g. from Trichophaea<br />
saccata) but also new data <strong>of</strong> enzyme discoveries from<br />
other extreme environments as the gut flora <strong>of</strong> the termite<br />
larvae and the Iberian snail, from psychrophilic fungi, from<br />
xerophiles (as Talaromyces) and from alakali tolerant<br />
Stilbella. The presentation will further cover suggestions to<br />
new molecular methods <strong>of</strong> discovery from fungi from<br />
extreme environments, building on the rapidly rising<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> fungal sequence information available.<br />
123 - Lichen 'oases' in the Namib Desert<br />
A.F. Hunt 1 , P.D. Crittenden 1* , C.M. Scrimgeour 2 & M.A.<br />
Sutton 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Nottingham, School <strong>of</strong> Life & Environmental<br />
Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD,<br />
U.K. - 2 Scottish Crops Research Institute, Invergowrie,<br />
Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K. - 3 Centre for Ecology and<br />
Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB,<br />
U.K. - E-mail: pdc@nottingham.ac.uk<br />
Lichenized filamentous fungi dominate large areas <strong>of</strong> the<br />
coastal Namib Desert, the most arid region in Southern<br />
Africa. The existence <strong>of</strong> these lichen 'fields' is due to<br />
coastal fog depositing sufficient water for lichen growth.<br />
The most well-developed lichen communities are<br />
dominated by the fruticose lichen Teloschistes capensis<br />
which in this region is at the northernmost part <strong>of</strong> its range.<br />
While fog events occur along much <strong>of</strong> the Namibian coast,<br />
Teloschistes fields are very localized. The most extensive<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> T. capensis is inland from Cape Cross, the<br />
location <strong>of</strong> one the world's largest seal (Cape fur seal)<br />
colonies. We show that NH3 emitted from the seal colony<br />
can be detected over the desert from 32 µg m -3 at 250m<br />
from the colony to 0.2 and 0.02 µg m -3 at 3.6 and 26 km,<br />
respectively. The NH 3 is enriched in 15 N, and δ 15 N in T.<br />
capensis declines from +3.6‰ at 2.1 km from the colony to<br />
-5.5 and -7.2‰ at 11 and 26 km, respectively. Uptake <strong>of</strong><br />
NH4 + from simulated fogwater can be demonstrated under<br />
laboratory conditions and this is greatly enhanced by the<br />
addition <strong>of</strong> PO 4 3- . Chemical analysis <strong>of</strong> fogwater revealed<br />
that the seal colony is also a source <strong>of</strong> PO 4 3- aerosol in<br />
addition to NH3. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Teloschistales have an ecological<br />
preference for eutrophicated habitats and we hypothesise<br />
that NH 3 and/or PO 4 3- output from the seal colony has<br />
promoted the development <strong>of</strong> Teloschistes fields in this<br />
area.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
124 - Fungi and lichen: microbial ecology in Antarctic<br />
rock desert<br />
C. Ascaso 1* , A. de los Rios 1 & J. Wierzchos 2<br />
1 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Madrid,<br />
Spain. - 2 Servei de Microscòpia Electrònica, Universitat de<br />
Lleida, Spain.<br />
Fungi and prolichens account for a substantial proportion<br />
<strong>of</strong> the endolithic biomass <strong>of</strong> rock. To explore the<br />
development and survival <strong>of</strong> epilithic and endolithic fungi,<br />
visualisation technologies have to be stretched to their full<br />
potential. These techniques have enabled the observation <strong>of</strong><br />
biologically transformed minerals in rocks from Antarctica,<br />
including diagenetic iron hydroxide nanocrystals and clays<br />
around chasmoendolithic fungi in sandstone, and calcium<br />
oxalate and silica deposits close to fungal cells in granite.<br />
As for any ecosystem, the study <strong>of</strong> the rock microhabitat,<br />
requires previous knowledge <strong>of</strong> the components and the<br />
processes that take place within it. The structure and<br />
function <strong>of</strong> each component <strong>of</strong> the lithic microecosystem<br />
needs to be established by quantifying and identifying the<br />
fungi present in each lithobiontic niche and defining the<br />
mineralogical features <strong>of</strong> these hidden microhabitats. Once<br />
we have selected the techniques to observe these<br />
components in situ and locate the presence <strong>of</strong> water, the<br />
questions that need to be addressed are: how are the fungi<br />
organised in the fissures and cavities, which fungi are<br />
present and how many are there, what water relationships<br />
are there and what effects do fungi have on the substrate's<br />
minerals? This last question is crucial, since mechanical<br />
and chemical changes in minerals and mineralisation <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal cells can lead to physical and/or chemical traces<br />
(biomarkers), even after the death <strong>of</strong> the microorganism.<br />
125 - Exploring the transcriptome <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal symbiosis<br />
F. Martin * , S. Duplessis, A. Kohler & D. Tagu<br />
UMR IaM, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux,<br />
France. - E-mail: fmartin@nancy.inra.fr<br />
Studies <strong>of</strong> the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis have highlighted<br />
the role <strong>of</strong> transcriptional regulation in controlling the<br />
morphological stages <strong>of</strong> symbiosis differentiation. To<br />
examine gene-activity changes associated with the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, we have<br />
performed expression pr<strong>of</strong>iling using poplar, eucalypt and<br />
Pisolithus cDNA arrays. A marked change in the gene<br />
expression in the mycobiont and the host-plants was<br />
observed at multiple levels: (a) a general activation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
protein synthesis machinery probably supporting an intense<br />
cell division/proliferation, (b) an increased accumulation <strong>of</strong><br />
transcripts coding for cell wall proteins in hyphae and roots<br />
probably involved in the symbiotic interface formation, and<br />
(c) the upregulation <strong>of</strong> energy metabolism in colonised<br />
roots. This data suggests a highly dynamic environment in<br />
which symbionts are sending and receiving signals, are<br />
exposed to high levels <strong>of</strong> stress conditions and are<br />
remodeling their tissues. With multiple EST/cDNA array<br />
programmes dealing with ectomycorrhizal associations, we<br />
will have in a near future an unparalleled opportunity to<br />
ask which genetic features are responsible for<br />
common/divergent traits involved in this symbiosis. A few<br />
<strong>of</strong> the many possible breakthroughts will be in<br />
characterisation <strong>of</strong> common transcriptional and<br />
transduction networks and new insights into unique<br />
metabolic routes critical for mycorrhiza functioning.<br />
126 - Responses <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi to heavy metals: a<br />
cellular and molecular investigation<br />
L. Lanfranco 1* & P. Bonfante 2<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Università di Torino,<br />
Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy. - 2 Istituto per la<br />
Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Torino, CNR, Viale<br />
Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
luisa.lanfranco@unito.it<br />
Within the fungal kingdom mycorrhizal fungi represent<br />
direct links between plants and soil and are <strong>of</strong>ten needed to<br />
ensure plant survival in heavy metals polluted areas. A<br />
sterile mycelium PSIV, an ascomycete establishing ericoid<br />
mycorrhiza, was used to understand how zinc ions affect<br />
the cellular mechanisms <strong>of</strong> fungal growth. Chitin, the most<br />
characteristic shape-determinant <strong>of</strong> fungal wall, was<br />
quantified and located by specific probes. Conspicuous<br />
changes in hyphal morphology were observed in zinctreated<br />
mycelium, where hyphal walls were thicker and<br />
chitin labelling was more intense. Chitin synthase genes<br />
belonging to two classes were differentially expressed.<br />
Morever, molecular mechanisms leading to protection<br />
against heavy metals were investigated in an arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungus (Gigaspora margarita BEG34) and led<br />
to evidence <strong>of</strong> a structurally novel metallothionein. The<br />
gene, designated GmarMT1, encodes a functional<br />
polypeptide capable <strong>of</strong> conferring increased tolerance<br />
against cadmium and copper as revealed by<br />
complementation assays in yeast. The GmarMT1 RNA is<br />
expressed in both presymbiotic spores and symbiotic<br />
mycelia even in the absence <strong>of</strong> metal exposure, but it is<br />
significantly less abundant in the latter stage. An opposite<br />
pattern was observed upon copper exposure, which<br />
upregulated GmarMT1 expression in symbiotic mycelia,<br />
but not in germinated spores. Part <strong>of</strong> this work is supported<br />
by the European Project GENOMYCA (QLK5-CT-2000-<br />
01319).<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 41
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
127 - Dissecting carbon metabolism in AM fungi:<br />
Implications for symbiosis and biotrophy<br />
B. Bago 1* , P.E. Pfeffer 2 , P. Lammers 3 & Y. Shachar-Hill 3<br />
1 CSIC, CIDE, Cami de la Marjal s/n, Albal (Valencia),<br />
Spain. - 2 USDA, ERRC, 600 E. Mermaid Ln. 19038<br />
Wyndmoor, PA, U.S.A. - 3 NMSU, Dept. Chemistry and<br />
Biochemistry, NMSU, 88033 Las Cruces NM, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
berta.bago@uv.es<br />
The obligate biotrophic nature <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi (AMF) has long been known but never overcome,<br />
making all efforts <strong>of</strong> culturing these organisms<br />
continuously under axenic conditions unsuccessful. This<br />
has considerably limited progress in basic research and<br />
biotechnological strategies for the large scale production <strong>of</strong><br />
AM fungal inoculum. All cytochemical, biochemical,<br />
metabolic and genome investigations carried out the last 25<br />
years indicated that AMF resemble saprophytes (e.g.<br />
genome size, metabolic capabilities, capacities for DNA,<br />
RNA and protein synthesis, etc.), however we are still<br />
unable to make these fungi complete their life cycle in the<br />
absence <strong>of</strong> a suitable host plant. One <strong>of</strong> the reasons<br />
proposed for this failure is the existence <strong>of</strong> a metabolic lack<br />
in their C metabolism. However, neither assays <strong>of</strong> involved<br />
enzymatic activities revealed the origin <strong>of</strong> such a metabolic<br />
blockage, nor did any <strong>of</strong> the numerous C sources assayed<br />
in synthetic media induce the fungus to fulfil its life cycle<br />
axenically. In recent years the application <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong><br />
experimental techniques including AM monoxenic<br />
cultures, molecular biological methods, NMR spectroscopy<br />
and in vivo microscopy has greatly contributed to our<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> C metabolism in AMF, both under<br />
asymbiotic and symbiotic conditions. The results have shed<br />
some light in the difficult, but fascinating question <strong>of</strong> the<br />
obligate biotrophic nature <strong>of</strong> AM fungi.<br />
128 - Carbohydrate and nitrogen dependent generegulation<br />
in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita<br />
muscaria<br />
U. Nehls * , A. Bock, R. Kleber & R. Hampp<br />
Universitaet Tuebingen/Physiologische Ökologie der<br />
Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1/72076 Tuebingen,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: uwe.nehls@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Carbohydrate and nitrogen support has a pr<strong>of</strong>ound impact<br />
on gene regulation and fungal physiology in saprophytic<br />
ascomycetes. As saprophytic fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi<br />
live in environments with a different carbohydrate and<br />
nitrogen support (e.g. extramatrical hyphae versus<br />
mycorrhizal hyphae). To understand ectomycorrhizal<br />
fungal physiology in soil and the symbiotic structure, the<br />
effect <strong>of</strong> carbohydrate and nitrogen nutrition on fungal<br />
gene expression is <strong>of</strong> special interrest. Northern blot<br />
analysis was carried out for selected genes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungus A. muscaria. The fungus was<br />
grown in liquid culture at different carbohydrate and<br />
42<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
nitrogen conditions as well as in ectomycorrhizas. Genes<br />
investigated so far encode a monosaccharide transporter, a<br />
phenylalanine ammonium lyase, an excreted protease and<br />
an amino acid transporter. These studies revealed an<br />
interconnection between carbohydrate and nitrogen<br />
dependent regulation <strong>of</strong> gene expression in A. muscaria<br />
sharing homologies but also some differences to<br />
ascomycetes. Ectomycorrhizal hyphae are not uniform but<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> two 'fungal networks', the Hartig net that is<br />
attached to root cortical cells (forming together the<br />
plant/fungus interface), and hyphae that are ensheating the<br />
infected root. Since both structures have different functions<br />
with regard to carbohydrate and nitrogen uptake, storage<br />
and partitioning, we also compared the expression <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal genes in both hyphal networks.<br />
129 - Functional genomics <strong>of</strong> fungal-plant<br />
communication in the arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
symbiosis<br />
V. Gianinazzi-Pearson 1* , L. Brechenmacher 1 , M.<br />
Tamasloukht 2 , D. van Tuinen 1 , G. Bécard 3 , S. LaCamera 1 ,<br />
S. Gianinazzi 1 & P. Franken 2<br />
1 UMR 1088 INRA/Université Bourgogne BBCE-IPM,<br />
INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France. -<br />
2 Max-Planck-Institut for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karlvon-Frisch-Strasse,<br />
35043 Marburg, Germany. - 3 Equipe<br />
de Mycologie Végétale, UMR 5546 CNRS/Université Paul<br />
Sabatier, BP17, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.<br />
Fossil data indicate that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi<br />
already colonized early land plants so that AM formation<br />
probably belongs to one <strong>of</strong> the earliest developmental<br />
programs plants evolved. At the same time, rRNA<br />
sequence analysis has shown that AM fungi form a<br />
monophyletic group (Glomeromycota) <strong>of</strong> which little is<br />
known about the biology <strong>of</strong> the possible progenitor.<br />
Analyses <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic programme in AM interactions<br />
have targeted fungal genes involved in cell wall synthesis,<br />
nutrient metabolism or membrane transport, and plant<br />
genes associated mainly with interactions with pathogenic<br />
organisms or symbiotic rhizobia. Several non-targeted<br />
approaches have also been used to further identify genes<br />
involved in AM formation and/or function but very limited<br />
information has been gained so far about fungal gene<br />
expression. This has prompted us to adopt alternative<br />
strategies <strong>of</strong> transcriptome analysis in a more extensive<br />
search for genes involved in different stages <strong>of</strong> AM<br />
development, based on suppressive subtractive<br />
hybridisation and large scale cDNA sequencing.<br />
Expression pr<strong>of</strong>iling has identified ESTs which correspond<br />
to fungal genes that are induced by host root exudates in<br />
pre-symbiotic phases or in mycelium during symbiotic root<br />
interactions. Such global approaches <strong>of</strong> functional<br />
genomics <strong>of</strong> AM will contribute to a better molecular<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> fungal-plant communication in these<br />
widespread symbiotic associations and <strong>of</strong> how they<br />
promote plant vigour.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
130 - Mycorrhiza-bacteria interactions and functioning<br />
in boreal forest soils<br />
R. Sen<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> General Microbiology, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biosciences, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: robin.sen@helsinki.fi<br />
Boreal forest trees are highly dependent on root symbiotic<br />
ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi for growth in low pH, ligninrich<br />
podzolic soils. In Scots pine seedling microcosm<br />
studies, extensive mycorrhizal fungal colonization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
constituent upper humus (O) and underlying mineral (E<br />
and B) horizons was visualised and horizon-specific ECM<br />
identified following ITS-RFLP/sequence phylogenetics.<br />
Soil N and P mobilisation and uptake was confirmed in<br />
analyses <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizosphere compartment-specific gene<br />
and/or enzyme expression and linked to organic acid<br />
production. Bacterial bi<strong>of</strong>ilms in O horizon<br />
mycorrhizospheres were shown to be mainly comprised <strong>of</strong><br />
forest soil specific gram -ve bacteria, Bacillus spp. and<br />
Crenarchaea based on carbon pr<strong>of</strong>iling and 16S sequence<br />
phylogenetics. Preferential organic acid utilisation by<br />
bacteria in the external mycorrhizosphere highlights<br />
mycorrhizal fungal involvement in weathering <strong>of</strong> E and B<br />
horizon minerals. Mycorrhizospheres developed in the O<br />
horizon did not host Pseudomonas fluorescens which was<br />
further confirmed in the rapid loss <strong>of</strong> marker gene tagged<br />
P. fluorescens introduced into mycorrhizal silver birch root<br />
systems. However, Scots pine mycorrhizospheres<br />
developed on petroleum contaminated soils do support<br />
catabolic plasmid harbouring fluorescent pseudomonads<br />
and increased hydrocarbon oxidation activity. Based on<br />
these data it is hypothesised that, in functional terms, the<br />
mycorrhizosphere behaves as an external rumen/gut <strong>of</strong> the<br />
host tree.<br />
131 - The Paxillus involutus / Betula pendula symbiosis:<br />
Gene expression in ectomycorrhizal root tissue<br />
T. Johansson * , A. Le Quéré, D.G. Ahrén, B. Söderström &<br />
A. Tunlid<br />
Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, S-<br />
223 62 Lund, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
tomas.johansson@mbioekol.lu.se<br />
Ectomycorrhizas (ECM) are symbiotic associations formed<br />
between plants and soil fungi. To identify genes and<br />
metabolic pathways specifically expressed in the<br />
mycorrhizal root tissue, 3,555 Expressed Sequence Tags<br />
(ESTs) were analyzed in a cDNA library constructed from<br />
ECM formed between the basidiomycete Paxillus involutus<br />
and Betula pendula (birch). In parallel, cDNA libraries<br />
from saprophytically growing fungus (3,964 ESTs) and<br />
from axenic plants (2,532 ESTs) were analyzed. By<br />
assembly <strong>of</strong> all ESTs (10,051), 2,284 contigs were<br />
identified, each representing a unique transcripts <strong>of</strong> either<br />
fungal or plant origin. Of those, 650 contigs (28%) were<br />
uniquely expressed in the mycorrhizal tissue. Based on<br />
homology to sequence information in the GenBank (nr)<br />
protein database a majority <strong>of</strong> contigs could be assigned<br />
putative functional and metabolic roles. By comparing<br />
redundancies between libraries, transcripts related to<br />
protein synthesis were found down-regulated, whereas<br />
transcripts related to cell rescue, defense, cell death and<br />
ageing were up-regulated in the mycorrhizal root tissues as<br />
compared to the free-living fungus. Furthermore, the<br />
mycorrhizal root tissue displayed an up-regulation in<br />
transcripts related to nucleotide metabolism and carbon<br />
utilization as compared to the saprophytically growing<br />
fungus, whereas transcripts related to amino-acid<br />
metabolism and lipid, fatty-acid and isoprenoid metabolism<br />
were down-regulated.<br />
132 - Nutrient-regulated expression <strong>of</strong> functionally<br />
diverse surface proteins in truffles<br />
S. Ottonello * , B. Montanini & A. Bolchi<br />
Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare-<br />
Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A-43100<br />
Parma, Italy. - E-mail: s.ottonello@unipr.it<br />
Inorganic nitrogen is <strong>of</strong>ten the most limiting nutrient in the<br />
rhizosphere and N-availability is one <strong>of</strong> the environmental<br />
cues that influence ectomycorrhizae formation. This<br />
presentation will focus on four distinct, N-status-regulated<br />
surface protein genes from Tuber borchii. Two <strong>of</strong> them<br />
code for transmembrane proteins involved in inorganic-N<br />
internalization that resemble related transporters from other<br />
(symbiotic and non-symbiotic) fungi. They specifically<br />
respond to N-shortage, but do so at a surprisingly slow rate.<br />
Much more intense responses (to both N and C starvation)<br />
were measured for the genes encoding two other Surface<br />
Proteins, which harbor secretion signal peptides at their Ntermini,<br />
are both loosely associated to the cell wall, and<br />
bear only a very restricted (TbSP1) or no (TbSP2)<br />
resemblance to polypeptide sequences found in databases.<br />
The TbSP2 gene, which contains starvation stress response<br />
elements in its promoter, codes for a cysteine-rich, 11 kDa<br />
structural protein <strong>of</strong> as yet unknown function. The product<br />
<strong>of</strong> the TbSP1 gene, instead, is a calcium-activated<br />
phospholipase A2 that is both secreted and cell wallassociated<br />
in pre-symbiotic mycelia, but also accumulates<br />
in symbiosis-engaged hyphae as well as in fruibodies.<br />
Generalized surface remodeling and lipid-mediated events<br />
thus appear to predominate in the Tuber response to<br />
nutrient shortage. The results <strong>of</strong> ongoing experiments<br />
aimed to understand the physiological significance <strong>of</strong> such<br />
events will be discussed.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 43
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
133 - Rarity <strong>of</strong> mushroom species, a numerical<br />
approach<br />
G. Straatsma 1* , I. Krisai-Greilhuber 2 & S. Egli 3<br />
1<br />
Applied Plant Research, Mushroom Research Unit, PO<br />
Box 6042, 5960 AA Horst, The Netherlands. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology and Cryptogams, Vienna,<br />
Austria. -<br />
3 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL,<br />
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
g.straatsma@ppo.dlo.nl<br />
Abundances and yearly frequencies <strong>of</strong> mushroom species<br />
are tightly correlated in the data sets on a forest plot in<br />
Switzerland and on several forest and grasland plots in<br />
Austria. The geographic range <strong>of</strong> species seems correlated<br />
with abundance and yearly frequency. Species that score<br />
low on the three parameters can be called rare. None <strong>of</strong> the<br />
plots studied for 21 and 7 years, respectively, seems to<br />
have shown its full species richness. Many (?) rare species<br />
may thus have gone unnoticed. Rare species run the risk <strong>of</strong><br />
extinction. Therefore rare species need to be considered for<br />
a 'red list' (according to IUCN criteria). The red lists <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Netherlands and Germany were evaluated for the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> rare species. The fungal biota <strong>of</strong> both countries are well<br />
studied. The evaluation was done by comparing the red<br />
lists with distribution data. Distribution data <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Netherlands have been published (Arnolds, Dam & Dam-<br />
Elings, 1995). German distribution data were estimated on<br />
a basic estimate that the whole country holds 6000 species<br />
and on the basis <strong>of</strong> distribution data <strong>of</strong> higher plants,<br />
mosses, birds, mammals, beetles and butterflies. The<br />
impression is that very rare mushroom species are<br />
underrepresented on the red lists <strong>of</strong> both countries.<br />
134 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> soil fungi in different Namibian<br />
biomes<br />
C. Görke<br />
Spezielle Botanik & Mykologie, University <strong>of</strong> Tübingen,<br />
Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. - Email:<br />
claudia.goerke@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Within the framework <strong>of</strong> the BIOTA project (Biodiversity<br />
Monitoring Transect Analysis in Africa) the biodiversity <strong>of</strong><br />
soil fungi is the aim <strong>of</strong> this survey. The scientists <strong>of</strong> the<br />
frame project (Southern Africa) study the influence <strong>of</strong><br />
climatic changes and management systems on different<br />
organisms along the rainfall gradient spanning from the<br />
Cape <strong>of</strong> Good Hope to the Angolan border. This<br />
presentation concentrates on results <strong>of</strong> Namibia, where<br />
sampling started in 2001. Soil samples were taken in<br />
different biomes <strong>of</strong> Namibia: dry forest, thorn bush<br />
savannah, Nama Karoo and the Namib. The soil fungi were<br />
isolated by the soil washing method. Most cultures belong<br />
to the Fungi Imperfecti (Hypho- and Coelomycetes), not so<br />
many are Asco- or Zygomycetes. Only a few Oomycetes<br />
and one Basidiomycete have been observed up to now.<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the genus Aspergillus are frequent. In nearly<br />
44<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
half <strong>of</strong> the soil samples <strong>of</strong> the dry forest <strong>of</strong> northern<br />
Namibia a member <strong>of</strong> the A. niger-group (A. niger<br />
respectively A. japonicus) was isolated, but nowhere else.<br />
Fewer cultures were gained from the soil <strong>of</strong> the Nama<br />
Karoo. In the first sampling the dominating isolate was a<br />
Coelomycete, most likely a member <strong>of</strong> the genus Phoma.<br />
However, in this area the samples <strong>of</strong> 2001 were taken<br />
before the onset <strong>of</strong> the raining season, while the raining<br />
season in the other areas was well under way. In 2002 the<br />
sampling was after the annual rain was fallen.<br />
135 - Arbuscular mycorrhizae in Namibian grasses: a<br />
comparison between North and South<br />
E. Uhlmann * , C. Görke & F. Oberwinkler<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tuebingen, Spezielle Botanik & Mykologie,<br />
Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. - Email:<br />
elisabeth.uhlmann@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are studied within the<br />
framework <strong>of</strong> the BIOTA Southern Africa project. One aim<br />
is an inventory <strong>of</strong> species along the rainfall gradient from<br />
the Cape <strong>of</strong> Good Hope to the Angolan border. In addition<br />
to this, different land management systems are studied with<br />
respect to their influence on biodiversity. This survey is<br />
focussed on Namibia, comparing the South (with an annual<br />
rainfall <strong>of</strong> approx. 150 mm) to the North (with 450 mm<br />
rain/year). Grasses were chosen as host plants <strong>of</strong> AM as<br />
they occur along the whole transect and are associated with<br />
AM fungi under normal conditions. Morphological studies<br />
revealed different rates <strong>of</strong> mycorrhization in the North and<br />
South. Molecular studies (sequencing <strong>of</strong> the ITS region <strong>of</strong><br />
nuclear ribosomal genes) <strong>of</strong> grass roots infected with<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed that several AM<br />
species (eg Glomus intraradices) occur along the whole<br />
transect while others occur only in the North or the South.<br />
These results are backed by morphological identification <strong>of</strong><br />
spores isolated from surrounding soils. Comparing<br />
different management systems in the South, differences in<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> mycorrhization can be detected; although no<br />
differences were noted in species composition <strong>of</strong> AM<br />
fungi.<br />
136 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> endophytic fungi from Pinus<br />
tabulaeformis in China<br />
L.-D. Guo<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, CAS, P.O. Box 2714, Beijing,<br />
China. - E-mail: guold@sun.im.ac.cn<br />
In a survey <strong>of</strong> biodiversity <strong>of</strong> endophytic fungi from Pinus<br />
tabulaeformis in China, A total <strong>of</strong> 25 taxa and 6<br />
morphotypes <strong>of</strong> mycelia sterilia were found. In the 6<br />
morphotypes, 18 isolates were arbitrarily selected from<br />
white morphotype and identified into various taxonomic<br />
levels based on rDNA sequence analysis. The 5.8S gene<br />
and ITS regions <strong>of</strong> rDNA from the 18 white morphotypes
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based<br />
on the 5.8S gene sequences showed that these 18 white<br />
morphotypes belonged to the Ascomycota. Further<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> the white morphotypes to lower taxonomic<br />
levels was conducted by means <strong>of</strong> sequence similarity<br />
comparison and phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> both the 5.8S<br />
gene and ITS regions. The origins <strong>of</strong> WMS9 and WMS10<br />
were inferred to be the genus Lophodermium <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Rhytismataceae, and the origins <strong>of</strong> WMS11, WMS13, and<br />
WMS18 were the Rhytismataceae. WMS2, WMS3,<br />
WMS4, WMS5, and WMS6 were identified to the genus<br />
Rosellinia, WMS1 to the genus Entoleuca, and WMS14 to<br />
the genus Nemania <strong>of</strong> the Xylariaceae, and the origins <strong>of</strong><br />
WMS7, WMS8, WMS12, WMS15, WMS16, and WMS17<br />
were the Xylariaceae. The value <strong>of</strong> using DNA sequence<br />
analysis in the identification <strong>of</strong> endophytic fungi is<br />
discussed.<br />
137 - Assessing diversity <strong>of</strong> leaf-inhabiting pathogenic<br />
coelomycetes in south-east Europe<br />
T.V. Andrianova<br />
M.G. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, NAS Ukraine,<br />
Tereshchenkivska, 2, Kiev 01601, Ukraine. - E-mail:<br />
tand@darwin.relc.com<br />
Leaf-inhabiting pathogenic coelomycetes are difficult to<br />
monitor in nature because <strong>of</strong> their microscopic size, large<br />
number <strong>of</strong> inadequately characterized and classified<br />
morphs. About 1100 species <strong>of</strong> these anamorphic fungi<br />
have been recorded from south-east Europe. Fungal<br />
diversity assessment in these temperate and submeridional<br />
regions allow one to predict an eventual total <strong>of</strong> around<br />
15300 micr<strong>of</strong>ungi on the 5100 known vascular plants.<br />
Some names need critical revision at species rank, other<br />
anamorphic names need reassessment in the light <strong>of</strong><br />
teleomorph names and the application <strong>of</strong> one name for the<br />
holomorph. An eventual 1500-2000 leaf-inhabiting<br />
pathogenic coelomycetes can thus be expected for southeast<br />
Europe. Main centres <strong>of</strong> biodiversity are the<br />
Carpathian mountains and Crimean peninsula. About 500<br />
leaf-inhabiting coelomycete pathogens were observed in<br />
mountain forests, subalpine meadows, forest-steppes and<br />
steppes <strong>of</strong> Crimea. The eastern Carpathian virgin broadleaf<br />
and conifer forests, and alpine plant communities are<br />
characterized by over 260 <strong>of</strong> these pathogens, but this<br />
number is not final. The species richness <strong>of</strong> leaf-inhabiting<br />
coelomycetes is based on a combination <strong>of</strong> abiotic factors<br />
and host-plants diversity. Decline <strong>of</strong> the total population <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi, at 43% in the Carpathians, and accumulation <strong>of</strong><br />
species with agressive pathogenic characters has been<br />
observed in unstable ecosystems. Study <strong>of</strong> these fungi can<br />
provide a way to monitor stability <strong>of</strong> natural ecosystems.<br />
138 - Functional biodiversity <strong>of</strong> grassland saprotrophic<br />
fungi<br />
L.J. Deacon 1* , C.H. Robinson 1 , B.W. Bainbridge 1 & J.C.<br />
Frankland 2<br />
1 King's College London, Division <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences,<br />
Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London<br />
SE1 9NN, U.K. - 2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology<br />
Merlewood, Windermere Road, Grange Over Sands,<br />
Cumbria LA11 6JU, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
lewis.deacon@kcl.ac.uk<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> this project is to characterise the functional<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> saprotrophic decomposer fungi in a<br />
grassland community. The presence <strong>of</strong> all saprotrophic<br />
fungal species in a grassland community may not be<br />
necessary to maintain the function <strong>of</strong> the ecosystem, i.e.<br />
some species may be functionally redundant in the process<br />
<strong>of</strong> decomposition because several species may break down<br />
the same carbon and nitrogen substrates. Fungal isolates<br />
obtained from an upland grassland soil in Scotland, were<br />
selected to cover not only the most abundant species<br />
(common isolations), but also a cross section <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
community (occasional isolations) from different treatment<br />
plots (control, lime, nitrogen and nitrogen plus lime) at the<br />
field site. Isolates were tested for their ability to grow on<br />
specific substrates, in defined and semi-defined media.<br />
Primarily the activity <strong>of</strong> cellulolytic enzymes, ligninolytic<br />
enzymes, pectinase, amylase and chitinase were tested on<br />
solid media. Twelve isolates were chosen for further<br />
screening for the utilisation <strong>of</strong> smaller molecular weight<br />
carbon and nitrogen sources using the BIOLOG system.<br />
Further work is in development to test the paired isolates<br />
ability to utilise and compete for natural substrates<br />
available in the grassland.<br />
139 - Guatemalan Macr<strong>of</strong>ungi: diversity and uses<br />
R.E. Flores 1* , M.C. Bran 1 , O. Morales 1 & M. Honrubia 2<br />
1 Universidad de San Carlos, DIGI/Facultad CCQQ y<br />
Farmacia. Edif T-12 Ciudad Universitaria 01012,<br />
Guatemala. - 2 Universidad de Murcia, Depto. Biología<br />
Vegetal (Botánica). Campus de Espinardo 30100, Spain. -<br />
E-mail: rfloresa@yahoo.com<br />
Many fungal species from North to South America and<br />
vice versa found place in Guatemala due to its geographical<br />
position and orographic relief. Many <strong>of</strong> them are<br />
mycorrhizal with pines, oaks, alders and fir. In addition,<br />
there is also a large diversity <strong>of</strong> saprophitic species,<br />
especially in the tropical areas. Mayan people in Guatemala<br />
have used mushrooms as part <strong>of</strong> their rituals and as a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> food since many centuries ago. Currently<br />
mushrooms are used as food and as medicine but<br />
exceptional uses as insecticide or decorative elements are<br />
reported. The main researches on macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in Guatemala<br />
have been directed for 10 years ago by the University <strong>of</strong><br />
San Carlos. Currently its <strong>Mycological</strong> Herbarium contains<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 45
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
a large collection <strong>of</strong> saprophitic and mycorrhizal dried<br />
samples from almost all the regions <strong>of</strong> the country. The<br />
most important collections <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal mushrooms<br />
come from the highlands because <strong>of</strong> their diversity and<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> the Mayan people. Species described only<br />
for North America as Boletus edulis, Catathelasma<br />
ventricosa, Gomphus floccosus, Lactarius salmonicolor,<br />
Rhizopogon evadens and others were found. New and<br />
possible endemic species are present in the genera<br />
Amanita, Boletus, Cortinarius, Lactarius, Russula,<br />
Tylopilus, but more studies are necessary. Interesting<br />
findings on distribution <strong>of</strong> species in the Caribbean area<br />
and south east <strong>of</strong> the country have also been reported.<br />
140 - Effect <strong>of</strong> host tree species on fungal community<br />
composition on a tropical rain forest in Panama<br />
A. Ferrer<br />
State University <strong>of</strong> New York-ESF, 706 W. Michigan Ave<br />
Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
astridferrer@hotmail.com<br />
Wood-inhabiting ascomycetes and basidiomycetes<br />
represent a diverse group <strong>of</strong> taxa which play an important<br />
role in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Little is known<br />
about how communities <strong>of</strong> these organisms are organized<br />
or how tree host influences community structure. To<br />
determine whether host tree species influences the<br />
composition <strong>of</strong> fungal communities, the ascomycetes and<br />
basidiomycetes present on three host species: Prioria<br />
copaifera, Quararibea asterolepis, and Trichilia<br />
tuberculata were sampled on a plot on Barro Colorado<br />
Island, Panama. Fungal diversity was high. Sampling <strong>of</strong><br />
181 trees and branches found dead over three years yielded<br />
75 ascomycetes and 112 basidiomycetes species. The<br />
highest diversity <strong>of</strong> both fungal groups was found on<br />
Prioria, but the asymptote <strong>of</strong> species accumulation curves<br />
was not reached for any host tree. Ordination <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
communities revealed distinct differences between hosts,<br />
but strong similarity within hosts across years. The most<br />
abundant fungal species <strong>of</strong> both ascomycetes and<br />
basidiomycetes were generalists found on all three hosts.<br />
However, Quararibea harbored more species unique on<br />
this host. Randomization tests revealed that there were<br />
significantly fewer host generalist fungi than expected for<br />
ascomycetes but not for basidiomycetes. These results<br />
indicate that host composition plays a role in structuring<br />
both ascomycete and basidiomycete communities, but that<br />
the most successful species are capable <strong>of</strong> colonizing<br />
multiple host species.<br />
141 - Conservation <strong>of</strong> biodiversity: Effects <strong>of</strong> varying<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> green-tree retention on ectomycorrhizal fungus<br />
diversity<br />
D.L. Luoma * & J.L. Eberhart<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Science, Oregon State University,<br />
Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A. - E-mail: luomad@fsl.orst.edu<br />
46<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
The Demonstration <strong>of</strong> Ecosystem Management Options<br />
(DEMO) experiment examines the effects <strong>of</strong> green-tree<br />
retention on mycorrhizal fungi, vegetation, wildlife,<br />
insects, soils, hydrology, and social perceptions <strong>of</strong> forested<br />
landscapes. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi were sampled<br />
from three replicated treatment blocks. Sporocarp<br />
production and ectomycorrhizae were assessed before and<br />
after trees were cut. 197 EM species were identified from<br />
sporocarps (57 hypogeous, 140 epigeous) and 188 EM<br />
morphotypes were described from soil cores. Hypogeous<br />
sporocarp production <strong>of</strong> the genera Gautieria and<br />
Rhizopogon was greatly reduced by heavy thinning as was<br />
mushroom production in the genera Cortinarius, Inocybe,<br />
and Russula. Moderate thinning retained higher levels <strong>of</strong><br />
sporocarp production. The cumulative number <strong>of</strong> EM types<br />
was estimated for each treatment via the Abundance-based<br />
Coverage Estimator (ACE). The ACE attempts to account<br />
for species that are present in a population but not observed<br />
in the sample. Fewer EM types per soil core in the most<br />
heavily cut areas translated into a severe reduction in the<br />
rate at which species accumulated. The rarer species were<br />
disproportionately affected in the heavily cut areas and EM<br />
diversity was greatly lowered, especially as compared to<br />
the moderately thinned areas. Both the sporocarp data and<br />
the EM data suggested that diversity indices responded in a<br />
non-linear manner to varying levels <strong>of</strong> green-tree retention.<br />
142 - Hygrocybe and Cuphophyllus as ecological<br />
indicators<br />
J.B. Jordal<br />
Ressurssenteret i Tingvoll, N-6610 Øksendal, Norway.<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 46 species and 7 varieties <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe sensu<br />
lato are known from Norway. Most species are been found<br />
during investigations <strong>of</strong> seminatural grasslands. Hygrocybe<br />
species are also found in rich forests, fens, and in alpine<br />
areas. Data on Hygrocybe species from 650 grassland<br />
localities have been collected in the years 1992-2001, with<br />
a total <strong>of</strong> 3650 records excl. duplicates. Some species show<br />
a southern distribution pattern, e. g. H. intermedia. Studies<br />
<strong>of</strong> vertical distribution show that there are lowland species,<br />
e. g. H. irrigata, indifferent species, e.g. H. conica, H.<br />
pratensis, and 'summer farm species' with the highest<br />
frequency in north boreal (subalpine) region: e.g. H.<br />
nitrata, H. turunda. There are species occuring mainly in<br />
calcareous areas, e.g. H. colemanniana. H. vitellina seems<br />
to have an oceanic distribution pattern, some other species<br />
may be suboceanic. The frequencies <strong>of</strong> the grassland<br />
species are presented. Most rare grassland species seem to<br />
be good indicators <strong>of</strong> species rich localities with a long<br />
grazing continuity. The fragmentation <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe<br />
localities in the cultural landscape is a continuing process.<br />
The county <strong>of</strong> Møre og Romsdal has a much higher density<br />
<strong>of</strong> species rich localities than Denmark and the<br />
Netherlands. It is a challenge to save the Hygrocybe<br />
localities for future generations.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
143 - Autecology <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe spp. in temperate<br />
grasslands<br />
G.W. Griffith 1* , G.L. Easton 1 , A.W. Jones 1 , A. Stott 2 , N.<br />
Ostle 2 & R. Bol 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23<br />
3DA, Wales, U.K. - 2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,<br />
Merlewood Research Station, Grange-Over-Sands,<br />
Cumbria, LA11 6JU Cumbria, LA11 6JU, England, U.K. -<br />
3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Grassland and Environmental Research, North<br />
Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB,<br />
England, U.K. - E-mail: gwg@aber.ac.uk<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the genus Hygrocybe are ubiquitous and<br />
colourful components <strong>of</strong> many undisturbed and nutrientpoor<br />
grasslands in Northern Europe. Through surveys <strong>of</strong><br />
the distribution <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe spp. and <strong>of</strong> other<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungal genera showing similar patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
occurrence, a picture is gradually emerging <strong>of</strong> the more<br />
important waxcap grassland sites, and <strong>of</strong> those species in<br />
greatest need <strong>of</strong> protection. As part <strong>of</strong> a UK-based Soil<br />
Biodiversity Programme<br />
(http://mwnta.nmw.ac.uk/soilbio/sourhope.htm), we have<br />
monitored the effect <strong>of</strong> various management regimes on<br />
fruiting <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe spp. Fine-scale mapping combined<br />
with genetic analysis (AFLP/ISSR) is being used to<br />
measure the extent <strong>of</strong> individual genets, with speciesspecific<br />
PCR probes being used to establish the vertical<br />
location <strong>of</strong> mycelia. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the natural abundance <strong>of</strong><br />
the stable isotopes in fruitbodies showed that grassland<br />
Hygrocybe spp. show significant depletion for 13 C(-28 to -<br />
30‰) and enrichment for 15 N(+12 to +18‰), a pattern that<br />
sets them apart from most macr<strong>of</strong>ungi previously<br />
examined. Furthermore, the other macr<strong>of</strong>ungi associated<br />
with these undisturbed grasslands (eg Clavariaceae,<br />
Geoglossaceae) have very similar isotope signatures<br />
despite being taxonomically unrelated. Experiments using<br />
plant litter enriched in 15 N are currently underway and will<br />
further clarify our understanding <strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong> these fungi<br />
in nutrient cycling and explain why they are so adversely<br />
affected by many agricultural practices.<br />
144 - What is Agaricus cossus? - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the white<br />
Hygrophorus species in Northern Europe<br />
E. Larsson * & S. Jacobsson<br />
Göteborg University, Dep <strong>of</strong> Biology, Box 461, SE 405 30<br />
Göteborg, Sweden. - E-mail: ellen.larsson@systbot.gu.se<br />
The genus Hygrophorus Fr. comprises about 40 species in<br />
the Scandinavian countries. They are characterized by<br />
medium to large, fleshy basidiomes that are whitish or<br />
colored in gray, brown, yellowish orange to red. All<br />
species grow in woodlands and are obligate mycorrhiza<br />
formers. There are at least ten white to whitish species in<br />
the Nordic countries. In traditional classification color or<br />
color- changes, viscidity, odor etc. <strong>of</strong> the basidiome have<br />
been the most important characters. However, these<br />
characters are <strong>of</strong>ten vague and also dependent on<br />
environmental conditions. For these reasons great<br />
taxonomical and nomenclatural problems among the white<br />
Hygrophorus species exists. The internal transcribed spacer<br />
regions 1 and 2 and the first 900 basepairs <strong>of</strong> the 5' region<br />
<strong>of</strong> the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA was sequenced<br />
for 35 ingroup and outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analysis<br />
shows that Hygrophorus is a well-defined genus but the<br />
white species do not form a monophyletic group. Host<br />
specificity seems to be high among the analyzed taxa.<br />
145 - Tropical Hygrophoraceae: convergent evolution<br />
in Hygrocybe, and support for retention <strong>of</strong> Hygroaster<br />
based on molecular evidence<br />
S.A. Cantrell 1* , D.J. Lodge 2 , J.-M. Moncalvo 3 , R.<br />
Vilgalys 3 , K.K. Nakasone 4 & G.W. Griffith 5<br />
1 Science & Technology, Universidad del Turabo, PO Box<br />
3030, Gurabo, PR 00778, U.S.A. - 2 Center for Forest<br />
Mycology Research, USDA-FS, FPL, PO Box 1377,<br />
Luquillo PR 00773-1377, U.S.A. - 3 Dept. Botany, Duke<br />
Univ., Box 90339, Durham, NC 27708-0339, U.S.A. -<br />
4 Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA-FS, FPL,<br />
One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 53705-2398, U.S.A.<br />
- 5 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Univ. <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth Penglais, Aberystwyth, Deredigion SY23 3DA,<br />
Wales, U.K. - E-mail: sharonac@coqui.net<br />
The family Hygrophoraceae is highly diverse in tropical<br />
regions where all the genera are represented<br />
(Camarophyllopsis, Cuphophyllus, Hygroaster, Hygrocybe,<br />
Hygrophorus and Humiditis). Hygroaster and Hygrocybe<br />
Section Firmae are restricted to the tropics and subtropics.<br />
Using ribosomal DNA sequences, we have obtained a<br />
preliminary phylogeny. Despite having ornamented rather<br />
than smooth spores, the genus Hygroaster, is a good<br />
member <strong>of</strong> the Hygrophoraceae. With the exception <strong>of</strong><br />
Sections Firmae and Glutinosae, the molecular phylogeny<br />
is concordant with the current division <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe into<br />
two subgenera: Hygrocybe and Pseudohygrocybe. Section<br />
Glutinosae forms a separate clade from the other genera,<br />
supporting recognition <strong>of</strong> the genus Gliophorus, but more<br />
taxon sampling is needed. Within Hygrocybe ss., Section<br />
Firmae is included in the subgenus Hygrocybe clade and is<br />
basal to sections Hygrocybe and Chlorophanae. The most<br />
basal members <strong>of</strong> section Firmae (H. hypohaemacta) and<br />
Chlorophanae (H. glutinipes) that we have sampled have<br />
similar macro- and micromorphology, except for the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> dimorphic basidia and spores in Section<br />
Firmae. Section Firmae should be reclassified in subgenus<br />
Hygrocybe. Although section Firmae may be derived from<br />
section Coccineae in subgenus Pseudohygrocybe as<br />
suggested by Heinemann, our results suggest that<br />
convergent evolution is responsible for the similarity <strong>of</strong><br />
micromorphology in terminal species in the Sections<br />
Firmae and Coccineae.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 47
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
146 - Recent advances in molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong><br />
temperate Hygrophoraceae and concordance with<br />
morphology and ecology<br />
A.E. Kovalenko 1* , J.-M. Moncalvo 2 , R. Vilgalys 2 , R.H.<br />
Petersen 3 , K.W. Hughes 3 & D.J. Lodge 4<br />
1 V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, 2 Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Street, 197376, St. Petersburg,<br />
Russia. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Duke University,<br />
Durham, North Carolina, 27708, U.S.A. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee,<br />
37996-1100, U.S.A. - 4 Centr. for Forest Mycology<br />
Research, USDA-FS, FPL PO Box 1377, Luquillo PR<br />
00773-1377, U.S.A. - E-mail: alkov@AK3010.spb.edu<br />
Phylogenetic relationships within Hygrophoraceae<br />
(Basidiomycota) were studied using parsimony analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
nuclear LSU, ITS1-2 and SSU rDNA. The analysis<br />
included 114 sequences (30 LSU; 23 SSU; and 61 ITS <strong>of</strong><br />
41 species) from Russia, the USA and Europe. For<br />
comparisons, a phylogenetic reconstruction was also made<br />
using morphological and ecological data (30 characters in<br />
total). Results from the molecular analyses are largely<br />
concordant with each other as well as with the analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological end ecological data. However, the ITS<br />
sequences varied too much between representatives <strong>of</strong><br />
different genera, so this region is most appropriate for<br />
phylogenetic studies within genera <strong>of</strong> the Hygrophoraceae.<br />
The results suggested that the Hygrophoraceae appears to<br />
be monophyletic group. The family contains 9 separate<br />
clades that support the following genera: Cuphophyllus,<br />
Neohygrocybe, Camarophyllopsis, Humidicutis,<br />
Gliophorus, Pseudohygrocybe, Hygrocybe,<br />
Neohygrophorus and Hygrophorus. The taxonomic<br />
position <strong>of</strong> some species should be reevaluated. Including<br />
several representatives <strong>of</strong> the Tricholomataceae s.l. (i.e.<br />
Omphalina) in the analysis demonstrated that some <strong>of</strong> them<br />
may be related to the Hygrophoraceae and probably should<br />
be transferred to this family. (This study was partly<br />
supported by grants from Hesler Endowment Fund and<br />
Russian Foundation for Basic Research).<br />
147 - Biogeographical implications <strong>of</strong> Trichomycete<br />
distributions<br />
R. Lichtwardt<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Kansas, Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology &<br />
Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. -<br />
E-mail: licht@ku.edu<br />
Known distributions <strong>of</strong> Trichomycetes worldwide fall into<br />
several patterns depending upon their host types, habitats,<br />
and host specificity. It is hypothesized that in all cases<br />
autonomous dissemination <strong>of</strong> the gut fungi does not occur<br />
except within boundaries <strong>of</strong> their immediate host<br />
populations, and that dispersals over greater distances are<br />
the result <strong>of</strong> particular active or passive mechanisms.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> vicariant distributions <strong>of</strong> the symbionts in<br />
48<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are<br />
presented. The hypothesis that this fungus-arthropod<br />
association is very ancient is supported by historical<br />
biogeography.<br />
148 - Progress toward a rDNA based phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Harpellales<br />
M.M. White<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Kansas, Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary<br />
Biology, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
trichos@ku.edu<br />
The Harpellales (Trichomycetes), gut fungi, are unique<br />
endosymbionts associated with larval aquatic insects<br />
worldwide. Their evolutionary relationships have been<br />
difficult to infer because <strong>of</strong> the paucity <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
characters and unculturability <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the 35 known<br />
genera. Previous DNA studies have included at most four<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> culturable Harpellales. This study used thalli<br />
taken from guts (mixed genomic template) to generate 18S<br />
and 28S rDNA sequences to infer the phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Harpellales using cladistic analyses. Sixteen genera <strong>of</strong><br />
Harpellales were included, with 64 <strong>of</strong> 72 sequences from<br />
unculturable samples. The genus Orphella fell outside an<br />
otherwise monophyletic group <strong>of</strong> Harpellales, more closely<br />
allied to the Kickxellales. The two largest genera, Smittium<br />
and Stachylina, are polyphyletic, perhaps masked by<br />
convergent and limited morphological characters. The<br />
cladograms did not reveal any pattern that corresponds<br />
with the two most important morphological criteria,<br />
trichospore shape and zygospore type, as well as<br />
appendage number for both. The current two family system<br />
<strong>of</strong> classification is not supported, suggesting that the<br />
Legeriomycetaceae may need to be dropped as a rank.<br />
However, the need to add more sequence data, pursuit <strong>of</strong> a<br />
protein gene, and continued collections for subsequent<br />
cladistic analyses are discussed.<br />
149 - Systematics <strong>of</strong> non-culturable orders <strong>of</strong><br />
Trichomycetes based on molecular markers<br />
M.J. Cafaro<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Kansas, Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary<br />
Biology, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
matcaf@ku.edu<br />
The Eccrinales and Asellariales are morphologically<br />
diverse orders <strong>of</strong> the class Trichomycetes (Zygomycota).<br />
These gut fungi inhabit a wide range <strong>of</strong> hosts: Crustacea,<br />
Insecta and Diplopoda in varied habitats (marine,<br />
freshwater and terrestrial). The order Eccrinales is<br />
characterized by unbranched, nonseptate, multinucleate<br />
thalli and sporangiospores that are formed basipetally from<br />
the thallus apex; they live attached to the cuticle lining <strong>of</strong><br />
the digestive tract <strong>of</strong> the host by a secreted, basal holdfast.<br />
The order Asellariales, on the contrary, has branched,
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
septate thalli that produce arthrospores in their fertile<br />
branches. They attach through holfast cells that have<br />
unique morphology commonly used for species<br />
identification. Sexual reproduction is not known for either<br />
group. No species <strong>of</strong> either order has been axenically<br />
cultured so far. Most <strong>of</strong> their taxonomy, if not all, is based<br />
on a few micromorphological characters. Molecular<br />
markers have been developed to study the relationship <strong>of</strong><br />
these orders to other groups <strong>of</strong> fungi. Ribosomal gene (18S<br />
and 28S) sequence analyses do not support a close<br />
association <strong>of</strong> these orders to the Harpellales, their putative<br />
sister taxon.<br />
150 - Recent advances in trichomycete ecology and<br />
physiology<br />
C.E. Beard 1* , P.H. Adler 1 & J.W. McCreadie 2<br />
1 Clemson University, Department <strong>of</strong> Entomology, Clemson,<br />
SC, 29634-0365, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> South Alabama,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Mobile, AL, 36688,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: cbrd@clemson.edu<br />
Although the systematics <strong>of</strong> trichomycetes represents a<br />
fairly mature level <strong>of</strong> knowledge, studies <strong>of</strong> trichomycete<br />
ecology and physiology have lagged behind. To address<br />
this imbalance, we have investigated the ecology <strong>of</strong><br />
trichomycetes and aspects <strong>of</strong> their physiology. We asked<br />
whether the distributions <strong>of</strong> trichomycetes in time and<br />
space were predictable. A two-year study revealed that the<br />
prevalence <strong>of</strong> trichomycetes inhabiting black flies is related<br />
to season. In some streams, Harpella melusinae was most<br />
prevalent in spring and fall. Efforts to relate prevalence to<br />
environmental characteristics showed that the prevalence<br />
<strong>of</strong> H. melusinae is greatest in mountain streams. Prevalence<br />
<strong>of</strong> this species in the black fly Simulium tuberosum is<br />
related to stream pH and conductivity. We also investigated<br />
physiological aspects <strong>of</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> trichomycetes in<br />
hosts. Zygospores <strong>of</strong> H. melusinae and Stachylina spp. are<br />
rare, but formation can be stimulated by elevated levels <strong>of</strong><br />
potassium and pH (as KOH). Smittium megazygosporum<br />
has a disjunct distribution and large zygospores (150 µm<br />
long). Large zygospores might enable trichomycetes to<br />
persist in the environment. The role <strong>of</strong> zygospores in the<br />
life history <strong>of</strong> trichomycetes remains unclear. Smittium<br />
culisetae inhabits specific regions <strong>of</strong> the host hindgut,<br />
which might be related to the timing <strong>of</strong> spore germination<br />
as spores transit the gut. Nutritive characters <strong>of</strong> the hindgut<br />
regions might determine which areas are habitable.<br />
151 - Dispersal mechanisms in species <strong>of</strong> Harpellales<br />
A.M. Rizzo * & S.T. Moss<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth school <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
King Henry St. Portsmouth PO5 3EN, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
alan.rizzo@port.ac.uk<br />
Fungi <strong>of</strong> the Harpellales (Trichomycetes) live attached to<br />
the mid-gut (Harpellaceae) and hind-gut<br />
(Legeriomycetaceae) <strong>of</strong> their dipteran hosts. The hosts<br />
include species <strong>of</strong> both simuliid and culiciid vectors for<br />
river blindness and malaria respectively. Transmission <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi within host populations is by means <strong>of</strong><br />
asexually produced sporangia termed trichospores. These<br />
spores are produced by the thallus within the host gut.<br />
Light microscopic images <strong>of</strong> these spores from<br />
representative genera will be shown and an explanation<br />
made <strong>of</strong> the mode <strong>of</strong> transmission and infection. Some<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Harpellales have a chlamydosporic stage<br />
which is associated with the eggs <strong>of</strong> host Diptera. These<br />
spores are thought to provide a means <strong>of</strong> dispersal to new<br />
or ephemeral habitats. Data relating to the occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
these spores at various collection sites will be presented.<br />
Light and scanning electron micrographs showing the<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> this stage will also be provided for three<br />
species <strong>of</strong> the Harpellales: Genistellospora homothallica,<br />
Harpella melusinae, Smittium sp. Results <strong>of</strong> infection trials<br />
in order to establish positively a process for reinfestation<br />
within the host by these spores will be given. The<br />
mechanism(s) by which species <strong>of</strong> the Harpellales invade<br />
the tissue <strong>of</strong> the adult fly is unknown. Transmission<br />
electron micrographs <strong>of</strong> pupae and gravid adults will be<br />
provided to show a possible pathway <strong>of</strong> infection.<br />
152 - Selected habitats <strong>of</strong> Xylaria species <strong>of</strong> Mexico<br />
F. San Martín 1* , J.D. Rogers 2 & P. Lavín 1<br />
1 BIOTA, Sierra Hermosa 617 Fr. Villa Real. Cd. Victoria.<br />
Tam. 87027, Mexico. - 2 Washington State University,<br />
Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A.<br />
Due to its diverse floristic composition, México is, perhaps,<br />
the area <strong>of</strong> the New World with more species <strong>of</strong> Xylaria. In<br />
this contribution, 50 species <strong>of</strong> Xylaria are reported<br />
growing on different habitats, i.e., on wood and fruits <strong>of</strong><br />
Quercus spp., on Guazuma ulmifolia, Liquidambar<br />
styraciflua and Magnolia spp. fruits, on pods and pod-like<br />
structures, on fallen leaves, on wood <strong>of</strong> several dicots and<br />
monocots, on different fruit remains and soil and dung.<br />
Morphologic and host relationships are presented for the<br />
following species <strong>of</strong> Xylaria: X. adscendens, X. alata, X.<br />
albisquamula, X. amphithele, X. apiculata, X. aristata, X.<br />
castilloi, X. coccophora, X. delicatula, X. dichotoma, X.<br />
diminuta, X. duranii, X. enteroleuca, X. equina, X.<br />
eugeniae, X. feejeensis, X. cf. filiformis, X. gracillima, X.<br />
guazumae, X. inaequalis, X. ianthino-velutina, X. ianthinovelutina<br />
large-spored variety, X. jaliscoensis, X. juniperus<br />
var. asperula, X. lancea, X. liquidambar, X. longiana, X.<br />
longipes, X. magniannulata, X. magnoliae, X. cf.<br />
magnoliae, X. mexicana, X. michoacana, X. microceras, X.<br />
multiplex, X. oxyacanthae, X. palmicola small-spored<br />
variety, X. perezsilvae, X. phyllocharis, X. poitei, X.<br />
rhizomorpha, X. quercinophila, X. sp. aff. hypoxylon, X. sp.<br />
aff. longiana, X. sp. cubensis complex, X. scabriclavula, X.<br />
cf. scruposa, X. striata, X. subcoccophora, and X.<br />
tumulosa.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 49
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
153 - The Xylariaceae <strong>of</strong> Ecuador - an update<br />
T. Læssøe<br />
Botanical Institute, Copenhagen University, Denmark. - Email:<br />
thomasl@bot.ku.dk<br />
Besides the early effort by Lagerheim and Patouillard<br />
(1890s) not much was known about Ecuadorean<br />
Xylariaceae until the current effort initiated in 1987. Even<br />
today many areas <strong>of</strong> high potential remain unexplored but<br />
at least a rough picture <strong>of</strong> the xylariaceous biodiversity can<br />
now be presented. Ca. 17 genera have been recorded, and<br />
Xylaria rules with more than 98 species, many <strong>of</strong> which<br />
lack formal names. Camillea has the highest country record<br />
known with 23 spp. Hypoxylon is also represented with ca.<br />
23 spp., but a high proportion are only known from single<br />
records, so this number should increase. The recent survey<br />
has documented the presence <strong>of</strong> Entonaema pallida in the<br />
country. Anthostomella and Rosellinia remain poorly<br />
known, but R. evansii has been found as new to South<br />
America. It is clear that the Amazon basin has the highest<br />
diversity with more than 110 species, but many <strong>of</strong> the<br />
novelties discovered occur at higher altitudes. Also the<br />
Choco region <strong>of</strong> the northwest and the southern provinces<br />
have produced promising results. Alnus acuminata was<br />
investigated in order to establish whether it shares<br />
xylariaceous fungi with its temperate relatives, and both<br />
Hypoxylon multiforme and H. fuscum were recorded<br />
together with the more subtropical/tropical Daldinia<br />
childiae. Mycogeographically it is interesting to note that<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the genera Phylacia, Thamnomyces and<br />
Leprieuria so far only have been recorded within the<br />
Amazon basin.<br />
154 - Where are the Xylariaceae? The Southeast Asia<br />
connection<br />
M.A. Whalley 1* & S. Thienhirun 2<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores<br />
University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. -<br />
2 Forest Products research Division, Forest Research<br />
Office, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok 10900,<br />
Thailand. - E-mail: mawhalley@hotmail.com<br />
The family Xylariaceae is truly cosmopolitan but the<br />
greatest concentration <strong>of</strong> species occurs in the tropics. In<br />
the past it has always been acknowledged that tropical<br />
South and Central America house the greatest diversity.<br />
However, recent surveys in Thailand, Malaysia and Papua<br />
New Guinea suggest that the 'species gap' between the old<br />
and the new tropics is not as exaggerated as previously<br />
suggested. The lack <strong>of</strong> collectors, and indeed specialists in<br />
Southeast Asia, has contributed significantly to underrecording<br />
in the region. For example Camillea has always<br />
been considered to be a South American and Central<br />
American genus but two new species have recently been<br />
described from Malaysia and C. tinctor has been found to<br />
be regularly collected in Malaysia, Thailand and Papua<br />
50<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
New Guinea. A total <strong>of</strong> 12 genera <strong>of</strong> Xylariaceae are<br />
reported from Malaysia and at least 15 taxa are considered<br />
to be previously undescribed. The Xylariaceae is now<br />
known to be well represented in Thailand with 17 genera<br />
recognised. Studies in Papua New Guinea also reveal a<br />
strong presence there. It is <strong>of</strong> some significance that in each<br />
<strong>of</strong> the countries surveyed a considerable number <strong>of</strong> the<br />
collections <strong>of</strong> Hypoxylon and Xylaria are probably<br />
undescribed whilst others are infrequently reported. The<br />
range <strong>of</strong> species reported from the region will be discussed,<br />
together with variation associated with habitat and host,<br />
and the findings compared with currently available records<br />
from Africa and tropical America.<br />
155 - Can lifestyle be used to find the rare or the new<br />
among the Xylariaceae?<br />
A.J.S. Whalley 1* & P. Sihanonth 2<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Bimolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores<br />
Universitys, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University,<br />
Bangkok 10330, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
bmsawhal@livjm.ac.uk<br />
Although the Xylariaceae are seen primarily as wood<br />
inhabitants genera such as Hypocopra, Poronia,<br />
Podosordaria, and Wawelia are specifically dung<br />
inhabitants. Wawelia is also xerophilic. Other members <strong>of</strong><br />
the family are litter, fruit or seed inhabitants and others are<br />
associated with soil or insects. The majority are<br />
saprotrophic but an increasing number <strong>of</strong> taxa are being<br />
recognized as phytopathogens through latent invasion in<br />
stressed hosts. The Xylariaceae also exhibit an outstanding<br />
presence as endophytes, especially in the tropics. Many<br />
taxa also have a strong host preference and some seem to<br />
be host specific. Within the wood inhabiting species not<br />
only is host important but also the nature <strong>of</strong> the host. Some<br />
species grow only on wood which retains its bark others<br />
only on decorticated wood and some only on well-rotted<br />
and water soaked wood. Thus the nature <strong>of</strong> the substratum<br />
and the habitat strongly influence the species which will be<br />
found. Studies on endophytic Xylariaceae show that some<br />
<strong>of</strong> the species isolated appear not to have been recorded<br />
from that vicinity and in some cases they appear to be<br />
previously undescribed. There must be teleomorphs<br />
somewhere? A number <strong>of</strong> xylariaceous taxa have been<br />
found to be associated with mangrove ecosystems and<br />
apparently even marine situations. It is proposed that host,<br />
habitat and climate all interact to dictate which taxa are<br />
present and that a knowledge <strong>of</strong> these conditions should<br />
prove useful in detecting rare and new species.<br />
156 - Rosellinia morphology: the first step towards<br />
molecular studies<br />
L. Petrini<br />
Scientific Advisor, Tèra d'sott 5, CH-6949 Comano,<br />
Switzerland. - E-mail: lpetrini@swissonline.ch
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
The genus Rosellinia is cosmopolitan in its distribution and<br />
is reported from hardwoods, dicotyledonous plants,<br />
coniferous litter and occasionally from monocotyledonous<br />
hosts. The stromata are usually uniperitheciate and<br />
embedded in a persistent or evanescent subiculum. Species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rosellinia can be characterised by ascospore shape,<br />
combined with stromatal, subicular and anamorphic<br />
characters. About 70 taxa are validly described, belonging<br />
roughly to six spore shape groups. (1) R. necatrix-type<br />
spores are 30-120 µm long, slender, with short germ slits<br />
and tapering ends surrounded by a slimy sheath. (2) Five<br />
taxa possess ellipsoidal spores. Taxa belonging to groups<br />
1-2 are associated with a Dematophora anamorph. (3) The<br />
third group is characterized by 60-120 µm long, broadly<br />
rounded ascospores with a long germ slit, slimy sheath or<br />
caps. (4) In the fourth group ascospores range from 25-50<br />
µm, are ellipsoidal, with a long germ slit and one or two<br />
cellular, semiglobose appendages and slimy sheath. (5)<br />
About five taxa possess ascospores with two large, conical,<br />
cellular appendages. (6) The largest and most<br />
heterogeneous group includes approximately 40 taxa and<br />
has 10-60 µm long, ellipsoidal ascospores with long, short<br />
or without germ slit, with slimy caps or sheath,<br />
occasionally with a cellular appendage. The subiculum is<br />
evanescent. Groups 3-6 are characterised by a<br />
Geniculosporium anamorph.<br />
157 - Interesting xylariaceous fungi from Taiwan<br />
Y.-M. Ju 1* , J.D. Rogers 2 & H.-M. Hsieh 1<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei,<br />
Taiwan 115, Taiwan. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: yumingju@gate.sinica.edu.tw<br />
Results from cultural and anamorphic studies on some<br />
recently collected xylariaceous fungi from Taiwan are<br />
highly interesting and are valuable in settling taxonomic<br />
problems related to these particular taxa. Penzigia<br />
cranioides is the type species <strong>of</strong> the genus Penzigia. The<br />
Xylocoremium anamorph produced in culture indicates that<br />
P. cranioides is in fact a Xylaria species and Penzigia is<br />
considered in synonymy with Xylaria. Poronia pileiformis<br />
had been reported to have an anamorph typical <strong>of</strong> Xylaria<br />
and could be accommodated in the genus Podosordaria.<br />
Our Taiwan collection, however, produced a Lindquistia<br />
anamorph; we thus feel justified in accepting the species in<br />
Poronia. A new Theissenia species produced elongated<br />
conidia which were sympodially borne on conidiogenous<br />
cells. This fungus has bipartite stromata and evanescent<br />
asci lacking an apical ring. It may represent an interface<br />
between Xylariaceae and Diatrypaceae. We accept two<br />
sections in the genus Hypoxylon: sections Hypoxylon and<br />
Annulata. Hypoxylon ravidoroseum belongs to section<br />
Hypoxylon <strong>of</strong> the genus Hypoxylon. One collection is<br />
peculiar in having a thickening on the ascospore perispore<br />
and in having both papillate and umbilicate ostiolar<br />
openings. A closer examination revealed that the 'papillae'<br />
<strong>of</strong> the papillate ostiolar openings are indeed homologous to<br />
the overlying stromatal tissue <strong>of</strong> ostiolar discs in<br />
Hypoxylon section Annulata which are pushed away during<br />
perithecial development.<br />
158 - New evidence on the taxonomy and the secondary<br />
metabolism <strong>of</strong> Daldinia and Hypoxylon<br />
M. Stadler<br />
Bayer AG Pharma Research PH-R EU LSC NP, P.O.B.<br />
101709-42096 Wuppertal, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
marc.stadler@t-online.de<br />
During the past years, we evaluated the taxonomy <strong>of</strong><br />
Daldinia Ces & De Not. was by a polyphasic taxonomic<br />
approach, using classical morphological studies <strong>of</strong><br />
teleomorphic and anamorphic characters in combination<br />
with scanning electron microscopy, HPLC-based<br />
secondary metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iling and different methods <strong>of</strong><br />
PCR fingerprinting. Several new species were discovered,<br />
and some new chemotaxonomically relevant secondary<br />
metabolites were identified. Once the evaluation <strong>of</strong> most<br />
European Daldinia species had been accomplished, our<br />
studies were meanwhile extended to tropical Daldinia<br />
species and to those members <strong>of</strong> the allied genus<br />
Hypoxylon Bull. that occur in temperate climates. Besides a<br />
short review <strong>of</strong> previous work, recent results on the<br />
taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Daldinia and novel metabolites from<br />
Hypoxylon will be presented. References: [1] Stadler, M. et<br />
al. 2001. Mycotaxon 77, 379-429. [2] Stadler, M. et al.<br />
2001. Phytochemistry 56, 787-793. [3] Wollweber, H. &<br />
Stadler, M. 2001. Z. Mykol. 67, 3-53. [4] Stadler, M., et al.<br />
2001. Mycotaxon 80, 167-177. [5] Stadler, M.,<br />
Baumgartner, M. & Wollweber, H. 2001. Mycotaxon 80,<br />
179-196. [6] Stadler, M. et al. 2001. <strong>Mycological</strong> Research,<br />
105, 1191-1205. [7] Stadler, M. et al. 2002. <strong>Mycological</strong><br />
Progress 1, 32-41. [8] Mühlbauer, A. et al. 2002. Submitted<br />
to <strong>Mycological</strong> Progress.<br />
159 - Transposable elements in F. oxysporum: impact<br />
on gene expression, genome organization and evolution<br />
M.J. Daboussi<br />
Université Paris-Sud, IGM, Bat400, 91405 Orsay cedex,<br />
France. - E-mail: daboussi@igmors.u-psud.fr<br />
The F. oxysporum genome harbors diverse representatives<br />
<strong>of</strong> most known families <strong>of</strong> transposable elements (TEs).<br />
Different active transposons have been identified<br />
determining a broad spectrum <strong>of</strong> mutations. The TEmediated<br />
changes range from changes in the size and the<br />
arrangement <strong>of</strong> the whole genome to changes in single<br />
nucleotides. In addition, some TE-induced mutations, such<br />
as read-out transcription, or local rearrangements due to<br />
aberrant transposition process may be <strong>of</strong> evolutionary<br />
significance to their host by bringing new regulatory<br />
elements in proximity to exonic sequences. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> some elements in natural populations<br />
revealed that their dynamics within and between species<br />
appeared to be the result <strong>of</strong> different evolutionary<br />
processes: vertical transmission, stochastic loss,<br />
inactivation via a RIP-like mechanism, burst <strong>of</strong><br />
amplification, and horizontal transmission. These<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 51
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
investigations showed the capacity <strong>of</strong> TEs to restructure the<br />
F. oxysporum genome in interesting ways and their<br />
potential as valuable tools for tracing populations.<br />
160 - Fusarium species big and small, and the interface<br />
between systematics and population genetics<br />
D.M. Geiser<br />
Penn State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.<br />
Multilocus phylogenetic approaches have revolutionized<br />
our view <strong>of</strong> species in fungi, particularly in the genus<br />
Fusarium. Using these approaches, phylogenetic units can<br />
be identified that correspond to coherently defined species,<br />
within which varying degrees <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic structure are<br />
observed. Deciding where to draw the line between species<br />
and subspecific lineages requires consideration <strong>of</strong> a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> phenotypic, biogeographic and ecological factors. In this<br />
talk, I will compare and contrast several fusaria that have<br />
been well-characterized phylogenetically, discussing how<br />
species are usefully delimited and what we know about<br />
genetic structure within those species. Case studies will<br />
include Fusarium avenaceum (little phylogenetic<br />
structure), F. hostae (some phylogenetic structure), F.<br />
proliferatum (much phylogenetic structure) and species<br />
lineages <strong>of</strong> the F. solani complex (varying levels <strong>of</strong><br />
phylogenetic structure). As has been demonstrated in other<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> fungi, phylogenetic partitions within species may<br />
be useful as landmarks for defining the boundaries within<br />
which population genetic processes occur in Fusarium. The<br />
DNA sequence databases <strong>of</strong> Fusarium species that have<br />
emerged from these studies are also extremely useful as<br />
tools for identification.<br />
161 - Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> Fusarium based on<br />
partial TEF-1α gene sequences<br />
R. Kristensen * , M. Torp, A.K. Knutsen, B. Kosiak & A.<br />
Holst-Jensen<br />
National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O.Box<br />
8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
ralf.kristensen@vetinst.no<br />
In an attempt to develop rapid molecular detection methods<br />
for economically important mycotoxin producing Fusarium<br />
species, we have sequenced a part <strong>of</strong> the translation<br />
elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) gene <strong>of</strong> more than 13<br />
species <strong>of</strong> the sections Sporotrichiella,<br />
Roseum/Arthrosporiella, Gibbosum and Discolor. This<br />
gene was chosen because it was expected to provide a high<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic signal and because the gene<br />
phylogeny and the taxon phylogeny in related taxa has<br />
been reported to be highly concordant. Our sequence data<br />
were combined with additional data retrieved from<br />
sequence databanks, aligned and subjected to phylogenetic<br />
analyses (PAUP*). The resulting phylogeny largely<br />
52<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
supports the subdivision <strong>of</strong> the taxa into the four sections,<br />
but a few exceptions were observed indicating that the<br />
sections Sporotrichiella and Discolor are polyphyletic. The<br />
taxa representing the section Roseum/Arthrosporiella were<br />
found to form a monophyletic clade, but our results suggest<br />
that it may be more appropriate to include some <strong>of</strong> the taxa<br />
currently classified in the sections Sporotrichiella and<br />
Discolor in section Roseum/Arthrosporiella. We found a<br />
high degree <strong>of</strong> concordance between the clades and taxa<br />
known to produce DON/nivalenol and T-2/HT-2<br />
mycotoxins. The delimitation <strong>of</strong> taxa is discussed in light<br />
<strong>of</strong> the observed phylogeny.<br />
162 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> the Fusarium graminearum species<br />
complex<br />
K. O'Donnell * & T. Ward<br />
USDA-ARS-NCAUR, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: kodonnell@mail.ncaur.usda.gov<br />
Fusarium head blight or scab <strong>of</strong> cereals is one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
devastating plant diseases worldwide. These pathogens<br />
cause significant reduction in seed quality and yields and<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten contaminate seeds with trichothecene and estrogenic<br />
mycotoxins. Genealogical concordance phylogenetic<br />
species recognition was used to investigate species limits<br />
within this complex in order to understand the host range,<br />
geographic distribution and mycotoxin potential <strong>of</strong> these<br />
fusaria. Because trichothecene chemotypes are not well<br />
correlated with the species phylogeny, we investigated the<br />
evolutionary history <strong>of</strong> the trichothecene mycotoxin gene<br />
cluster. Results <strong>of</strong> these phylogenetic analyses<br />
demonstrated that polymorphism within these virulenceassociated<br />
genes is trans-specific and appears to have been<br />
maintained by balancing selection acting on chemotype<br />
differences that originated in the ancestor <strong>of</strong> this important<br />
group <strong>of</strong> plant pathogens.<br />
163 - Medicinal mushrooms: Past, present and future<br />
S.P. Wasser<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Evolution, University <strong>of</strong> Haifa, Mt. Carmel,<br />
Haifa 31905, Israel. - E-mail:<br />
spwasser@research.haifa.ac.il<br />
Medicinal mushrooms have been known in Oriental<br />
medicine for hundreds <strong>of</strong> years as beneficial for health. In<br />
2001, the value <strong>of</strong> world mushroom production and<br />
medicinal mushroom products was estimated to be worth<br />
approximately 18 billion US dollars. Mushrooms make up<br />
a vast and yet largely untapped source <strong>of</strong> powerful new<br />
pharmaceutical products. Many if not all Basidiomycetes<br />
mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides in<br />
fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, and culture broth. The data<br />
about mushroom polysaccharides are summarized for 651.<br />
These polysaccharides are <strong>of</strong> different chemical<br />
composition; the main ones comprise the group <strong>of</strong> β-
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
glucans. β-(1->3) linkages in the main chain <strong>of</strong> the glucan<br />
and further β-(1->6) branch points are needed for their<br />
antitumor action. Most <strong>of</strong> the antitumor clinical evidence is<br />
from commercial polysaccharides lentinan, PSK (krestin),<br />
and schizophyllan. Mushroom polysaccharides prevent<br />
oncogenesis, show direct antitumor activity against various<br />
allogeneic and syngeneic tumors, and prevent tumor<br />
metastasis. Cultivation and development <strong>of</strong> edible and<br />
medicinal mushrooms can positively generate equitable<br />
economic growth that had already an impact at national and<br />
regional levels. This impact is expected to continue<br />
increasing and expanding in the 21st century Therefore,<br />
sustainable research and development <strong>of</strong> mushroom<br />
production and mushroom product can become a "nongreen<br />
revolution" (Chang, 1999).<br />
164 - Beneficial effects <strong>of</strong> edible mushrooms in Japan<br />
T. Ikekawa<br />
Japanese <strong>Association</strong> for Integrative Medicine(JAIM),<br />
Sanshin Bldg 2-15-14, Uchikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-<br />
0047, Japan. - E-mail: info@asahimedical.net<br />
The aqueous extracts <strong>of</strong> edible mushrooms showed so high<br />
growth-inhibitory activity aganist solid sarcoma 180.<br />
Among many antitumor polysaccharides, a glucan from<br />
Lentinus edodes was used clinically as an injection <strong>of</strong> a<br />
narrow adaptation in Japan. However, substances having<br />
the antitumor activity by p.o. were a low molecular weight<br />
protein- bound polysaccharide from one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
popular edible mushrooms, Flammulina velutipes. An<br />
epidemiological study in Nagano Prefecture, Japan<br />
indicated that the cancer death-rate <strong>of</strong> farmers producing F.<br />
velutipes as a main occupation was remarkably lower than<br />
that <strong>of</strong> common people in the Prefecture. Another edible<br />
mushroom, Hypsizygus marmoreus had also high antitumor<br />
activity and preventive effect for tumor metastasis. Cancer<br />
preventive effect <strong>of</strong> the mushroom was proved by<br />
comparison <strong>of</strong> carcinogenesis between mice bred with an<br />
feed containing the dried fruitbodies and mice bred with an<br />
ordinary feed. The mechanism <strong>of</strong> cancer inhibitory and<br />
preventive activities <strong>of</strong> edible mushrooms was due to<br />
immunopotentiation and antioxidant activity. Thus, the<br />
intake <strong>of</strong> mushrooms proved to be effective in cancer<br />
prevention and growth-inhibition. Based on these results,<br />
EEM (Extracts <strong>of</strong> Edible Mushrooms), a suppliment was<br />
proved to have a clinical effectiveness. It has been said in<br />
traditional Oriental medicine from the ancient times that<br />
Medicine and Food have the same origin. This is identical<br />
with our conclusion from mushroom-studies.<br />
165 - Identification <strong>of</strong> species and strains <strong>of</strong> medicinal<br />
mushrooms using repetitive elements<br />
A.S.M. Sonnenberg * , J.J.P. Baars & P.M. Hendrickx<br />
Applied Plant Research, P.O. Box 6042 5960 AA, Horst,<br />
The Netherlands. – E-mail:<br />
A.S.M.Sonnenberg@PPO.DLO.NL<br />
A comparison <strong>of</strong> a previously isolated retrotransposon <strong>of</strong><br />
the gypsy-family from the white button mushroom<br />
Agaricus bisporus with published retrotransposons <strong>of</strong> the<br />
matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma) showed a high<br />
similarity in translated sequence <strong>of</strong> the reverse transcriptase<br />
gene. Based on conserved sequences degenerate primers<br />
were designed and used to amplify similar sequences in a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> gilled mushrooms that are known for their<br />
medicinal potentials. From strains <strong>of</strong> species examined<br />
(Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus subrufescens, A. blazei,<br />
Stropharia rugoso-anulata, Ganoderma lucidum),<br />
fragments were amplified with the expected length.<br />
Sequence analyses showed that all fragments indeed<br />
represented the relevant part <strong>of</strong> the reverse transcriptase<br />
gene <strong>of</strong> retrotransposons. Southern analyses showed that<br />
most clones hybridized only to the DNA <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
from which the clone was isolated, thus provide speciesspecific<br />
probes. Transposons were subsequently used to<br />
study relationships between strains within a species. Using<br />
transposon-tagging to map individual transposon copies,<br />
phenograms were constructed <strong>of</strong> a collection <strong>of</strong> wild strains<br />
<strong>of</strong> A. bisporus. The relationships found within this<br />
collection agree with previously constructed phenograms<br />
using mitochondrial DNA and RFLP markers. This study<br />
shows that retrotransposons are, in principle, useful to<br />
identify mushroom species and individual strains within<br />
species.<br />
166 - Standard methods for the determination <strong>of</strong><br />
immunomodulatory properties <strong>of</strong> medicinal<br />
mushrooms<br />
L.J.L.D. Van Griensven 1* , H.F.J. Savelkoul 2 & D.E.A.<br />
Florack 1<br />
1 Plant Research <strong>International</strong>, POB 16, 6700 AA<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands. - 2 Immunology & Cell<br />
Biology, Dept. Animal Sciences, Wageningen UR, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: l.j.l.d.vangriensven@plant.wagur.nl<br />
A variety <strong>of</strong> edible fungi have been used in the past<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> years to prevent or cure a variety <strong>of</strong> diseases,<br />
e.g. various malignancies, infectious diseases,<br />
cardiovasculair diseases, hypertension and even stomach<br />
ache after serious drinking. Many serious studies were<br />
carried out mostly in China and Japan into the effects <strong>of</strong><br />
mushroom derived polysaccharides, i.e. beta-glucans. on<br />
solid tumor growth. Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes,<br />
Pleurotus spp. and many others have been described as<br />
potentially anti-tumorigenic based on changes <strong>of</strong> in vivo or<br />
in vitro transplantability <strong>of</strong> laboratory tumor cell lines in<br />
mice. In recent years studies have been carried out into<br />
immunomodulation as the basic mechanism behind those<br />
anti-tumor effects. However, comparison <strong>of</strong> the outcome <strong>of</strong><br />
the different experiments is almost impossible 1. due to<br />
inadequate identification procedures <strong>of</strong> the fungal species<br />
and strains used and 2. due to different methods <strong>of</strong><br />
measuring immune activity. The present contribution aims<br />
to internationally standardize methods employed 1. in<br />
isolation and characterization <strong>of</strong> fungal beta-glucans, 2.<br />
measuring modulation <strong>of</strong> both innate and adaptive mouse<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 53
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
resp. human immunity in vitro and ex vivo. Reliable<br />
methods will be proposed.<br />
167 - Genoprotective activities <strong>of</strong> mushrooms<br />
Y.L Shi 1 , I.F.F. Benzie 2 & J.A. Buswell 1*<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, The Chinese University <strong>of</strong> Hong<br />
Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Nursing & Health Sciences, The<br />
Polytechnic University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong<br />
Kong SAR, China. - E-mail: jabuswell@cuhk.edu.hk<br />
Selected mushroom species have been examined as a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> natural antioxidants for <strong>of</strong>fsetting the adverse<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> 'reactive oxygen species' linked to numerous<br />
pathological conditions including coronary heart disease,<br />
various types <strong>of</strong> cancer and neurodegenerative conditions.<br />
Aqueous extracts <strong>of</strong> the sporophores <strong>of</strong> Agaricus bisporus,<br />
Auricularia auricula, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizygus<br />
marmoreus, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes,<br />
Pleurotus sajor-caju and Volvariella volvacea were<br />
assessed for ability to prevent H 2O 2-induced oxidative<br />
damage to cellular DNA using the Comet assay.<br />
Genoprotective effects were observed with cold (20 °C)<br />
and hot (100 °C) water extracts <strong>of</strong> A. bisporus and G.<br />
lucidum fruit bodies but not with the other mushroom<br />
species tested. The genoprotective effect <strong>of</strong> A. bisporus is<br />
associated with a heat-labile protein present in the<br />
mushroom fruit body. This protein has been purified and<br />
identified as tyrosinase on the basis <strong>of</strong> its catalytic and<br />
electrophoretic properties, and inhibition studies.<br />
Genoprotection is dependent upon the enzymic<br />
hydroxylation <strong>of</strong> tyrosine to L-DOPA and subsequent<br />
conversion <strong>of</strong> this metabolite to dopaquinone and other<br />
oxidation products that enhance the oxidation status <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cell. These findings indicate that some edible mushrooms<br />
represent a valuable source <strong>of</strong> biologically active<br />
compounds with potential for protecting cellular DNA<br />
from oxidative damage.<br />
168 - Lentinan as a possible "oral vaccine" against<br />
tumor development<br />
A.-T. Yap & M.-L. Ng *<br />
National University <strong>of</strong> Singapore, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medicine,<br />
Singapore 117597, Singapore. - E-mail:<br />
micngml@nus.edu.sg<br />
Lentinan, a purified b-glucan isolated from Lentinus<br />
edodes has remarkable anti-tumor and anti-viral activities<br />
in animal models when given through intravenous or intraperitoneal<br />
injection. We investigated the efficacy <strong>of</strong> oral<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> lentinan using the AKR mice model.<br />
Results obtained showed that pre-feeding the mice for 7<br />
days at an optimum dose <strong>of</strong> 3mg/mouse was most effective<br />
against tumor induction. A tumor inhibition rate <strong>of</strong> 94.44%<br />
54<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
was observed. The mice remained tumor-free several<br />
months after this treatment. In addition to feeding, passive<br />
transfer <strong>of</strong> lentinan-primed lymphocytes from AKR mice<br />
was able to restrict tumor development in immunodeficient<br />
mice. Lymphocytes removed from the spleens <strong>of</strong><br />
either lentinan-fed or buffer-fed AKR mice were inoculated<br />
simultaneous with human colon carcinoma cells into both<br />
the nude mice (athymic mice) and SCID (severe combined<br />
immuno-deficient) mice. Large tumors developed in mice<br />
that received lymphocytes from the buffer-fed AKR mice<br />
whereas very small or no tumors were found in mice<br />
receiving lymphocytes from the lentinan-fed AKR mice.<br />
Electron microscopy studies and TUNEL assays indicated<br />
that the number <strong>of</strong> tumor cells was reduced by the host<br />
immune system through apoptosis. DNA fragmentation,<br />
increment in proteases' activities and cytokine production<br />
were also observed. Tumor cells isolated from lentinan-fed<br />
mice displayed higher levels <strong>of</strong> caspase 3 and caspase 8 as<br />
compared to that <strong>of</strong> the buffered-fed control mice.<br />
169 - Application <strong>of</strong> inhibition ELISA using antibodies<br />
to antitumor polysaccharides in screening <strong>of</strong> mushroom<br />
possessing immunomodulating activities<br />
K. Minato 1* , S. Kawakami 2 , T. Hashimoto 2 , H. Ashida 2 &<br />
M. Mizuno 2<br />
1 Miyagi Agricultural College, Sendai 982-0215, Japan. -<br />
2 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology, Kobe<br />
University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
minato@miyanou.ac.jp<br />
Mushrooms have recently become attractive as health<br />
beneficent foods, and as a source material for the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> drugs. Many investigators have isolated<br />
and identified antitumor polysaccharides from edible<br />
mushrooms. We have attempted to quantify exactly and<br />
easily the antitumor polysaccharide in mushrooms by<br />
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And, the<br />
inhibition assay <strong>of</strong> ELISA using antibodies to certain<br />
polysaccharides has been established to determine the<br />
contents <strong>of</strong> antitumor polysaccharides. It has been<br />
recognized that lentinan from Lentinula edodes and βglucan<br />
from Grifola frondosa (GGF) were the antitumor<br />
polysaccharides possessing strong immunomodulating<br />
activities. In this study, we applied the inhibition assay <strong>of</strong><br />
ELISA using antibodies against lentinan and GGF in order<br />
to screen the mushrooms containing a high level <strong>of</strong> these<br />
antitumor polysaccharides. And, the relationship between<br />
their contents and immunomodulating effect <strong>of</strong> each<br />
mushroom on cytokine production, such as tumor necrosis<br />
factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO), was investigated.<br />
It was ascertained that Lentinula edodes, Flammulina<br />
velutipes, Grifola frondosa, and Meripilus giganteus<br />
containing the positive polysaccharides to anti-lentinan and<br />
anti-GGF antibodies at high level augmented the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> TNF-α and NO from mouse peritoneal<br />
macrophages. These results showed that an inhibition assay<br />
<strong>of</strong> ELISA was a powerful approach to determine <strong>of</strong><br />
antitumor polysaccharides in mushrooms.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
170 - TNF-α and NO production from macrophages is<br />
enhanced through up-regulation <strong>of</strong> NF-κB by<br />
polysaccharides purified from Agaricus blazei Murrill<br />
S. Kawakami 1* , K. Minato 2 , T. Hashimoto 1 , H. Ashida 3 &<br />
M. Mizuno 1<br />
1<br />
Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology, Kobe<br />
University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. - 2 Miyagi Agricultural<br />
3<br />
College, Sendai, 982-0215, Japan. - Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. - Email:<br />
ksachiko@ans.kobe-u.ac.jp<br />
The Basidiomycete fungus Agaricus blazei Murrill has<br />
medically been used as a health food for the prevention <strong>of</strong><br />
cancer. We chromatographically purified polysaccharide<br />
from alkaline-soluble fraction <strong>of</strong> A. blazei, which showed<br />
the highest activity <strong>of</strong> TNF-α and NO production from<br />
macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. The result <strong>of</strong> time course<br />
experiments on TNF-α and NO production from<br />
RAW264.7 stimulated with the purified polysaccharide<br />
was indicated that TNF-α was produced 5 h earlier than<br />
NO. To investigate the effect <strong>of</strong> the purified polysaccharide<br />
on mRNA expression <strong>of</strong> TNF-α and iNOS, the level <strong>of</strong><br />
mRNA was evaluated by RT-PCR. The levels <strong>of</strong> TNF-α<br />
mRNA was induced at 0.5 h after stimulation, peaked at 3<br />
h. On the other hand, those <strong>of</strong> iNOS mRNA was induced at<br />
3 h and thereafter maintained the same levels. Furthermore,<br />
DNA binding activity <strong>of</strong> NF-κB was rapidly increased even<br />
at 0.5h after treatment, and peaked at 2h. When RAW264.7<br />
was stimulated with the purified polysaccharide<br />
simultaneously in the presence <strong>of</strong> anti-TNF-α antibody,<br />
TNF-α mRNA expression did not affect and that <strong>of</strong> iNOS<br />
was down-regulated. Taking consideration into these<br />
results, it was ascertained that TNF-α production from<br />
RAW264.7 stimulated with the purified polysaccharide<br />
was enhanced through up-regulating NF-κB, and then the<br />
newly produced TNF-α enhanced NO production with<br />
autocrine pathway. Thus, the purified polysaccharide<br />
possessed the immunomodulating activity and might have<br />
anti-tumor activity.<br />
171 - Synergistic molecular interactions in the<br />
Trichoderma biocontrol system<br />
M. Lorito * , M. Ruocco, D. Piacenti, R. Ciliento, S.<br />
Lanzuise, V. Scala, A. Zoina, F. Scala & S. Woo<br />
Dept. ARBOPAVE- Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Naples,<br />
Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy. - E-mail:<br />
lorito@unina.it<br />
Recent studies have shown that the antagonist mechanism<br />
<strong>of</strong> Trichoderma spp. is much more complex than expected<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the numerous factors involved and the variety <strong>of</strong><br />
mechanisms activated during the interaction with the host<br />
and the plant. Most <strong>of</strong> the research at a molecular level has<br />
been focused on the role <strong>of</strong> fungal cell wall degrading<br />
enzymes and antibiotics in the mycoparasitic relationship<br />
with phytopathogenic fungi. Pathogenicity factors have<br />
been identified among chitinases and glucanases, and from<br />
this, several opportunities have arisen for developing new<br />
biotechnologies for disease control. We have investigated<br />
the interaction between enzymes and antibiotics and found<br />
that Trichoderma applies these factors in synergistic<br />
combinations during attack. Synergism has also been found<br />
among different types <strong>of</strong> enzymes, and when the encoding<br />
genes are transgenically expressed in plants or other<br />
biocontrol microbes. Also synergisms appears to be the<br />
mode that some chitinases and glucanases interact in<br />
releasing mycoparasitism inducers from the host cell wall<br />
during the early recognition phase. Finally, a high level <strong>of</strong><br />
synergism has also been found when Trichoderma or its<br />
antifungal compounds (enzymes or antibiotics) are applied<br />
in combination with Pseudomonas spp. and other<br />
biocontrol agents. We show that functional synergism<br />
between differently acting compounds is critical in<br />
biocontrol and is a key to understand mycoparasitic<br />
mechanisms.<br />
172 - Chitinases and plant induced systemic resistance:<br />
new insights in T. asperellum (T. harzianum 203)<br />
A. Viterbo 1* , M. Shoresh 2 , I. Yedidia 2 , O. Ramot 2 & I.<br />
Chet 1<br />
1 Weizmann Institute, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological Chemistry,<br />
Rehovot, 76100, Israel. - 2 Hebrew University, Otto<br />
Warburg Center, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.<br />
Two main modes <strong>of</strong> action can be discerned in the<br />
biocontrol mechanism <strong>of</strong> some Trichoderma species:<br />
mycoparasitism and plant systemic induced resistance. In<br />
order to better understand the role <strong>of</strong> chitinases in<br />
mycoparasitism <strong>of</strong> T. asperellum, we have studied<br />
regulation <strong>of</strong> the expression <strong>of</strong> the endochitinase chit36 and<br />
the N-acetylglucosaminidases coding for Chit73 and<br />
Chit102 using Northern blots and a promoter-GFP reporter<br />
system. Despite their close sequence similarity, chit73 and<br />
chit102 are differentially regulated under stress conditions<br />
and by chitin degradation products. chit36 expression is upregulated<br />
in vivo during pathogen confrontation. Induced<br />
plant resistance by Trichoderma was studied using a<br />
spatially separated challenge system and real-time PCR.<br />
We could show that the ethylene and jasmonic acid<br />
signaling pathway are triggered in cucumber roots<br />
inoculated with T. asperellum. As the result <strong>of</strong> this<br />
different PR proteins and antibacterial phenolic compounds<br />
are systemically induced in the leaves <strong>of</strong> the plant. These<br />
preliminary data provide initial insights at the molecular<br />
level on the Trichoderma-plant interaction.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 55
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
173 - Role <strong>of</strong> β-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma<br />
harzianum cect 2413 in antagonism against<br />
phytopathogenic fungi<br />
A.M. Rincón & T. Benítez *<br />
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología,<br />
Universidad de SevillaUniversidad de Sevilla, Avenida<br />
Reina Mercedes s/n, Spain. - E-mail: tahia@us.es<br />
T. harzianum CECT 2413 grown under conditions <strong>of</strong><br />
simulated mycoparasitism secreted several β-1,3glucanases;<br />
the most abundant, BGN13.1, was purified and<br />
the corresponding gene, bgn13.1 was isolated. bgn13.1 is<br />
strongly induced by chitin, autoclaved mycelia or plant<br />
extracts and is only expressed at very narrow pH ranges<br />
(around 5.5). There is a weak expression <strong>of</strong> the gene under<br />
carbon starvation, and under some stress conditions. The<br />
promoter sequence has putative boxes which respond to<br />
stress, carbon (but not nitrogen) starvation, regulation by<br />
pH and regulation under mycoparasitism (MYC). The<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> MYC boxes in the promoter and the gene<br />
induction by chitin strongly suggests that BGN13.1 is<br />
involved in antagonism. BGN13.1 was overexpressed in T.<br />
harzianum and tobacco plants. T. harzianum transformants<br />
were more aggressive than the wild type in in vitro assays<br />
against Botrytis, Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia but<br />
maximal growth inhibition did not correlate with maximal<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> β-1,3-glucanase activity. Combination <strong>of</strong><br />
BGN13.1 transformants with transformants which<br />
overexpress other enzymes showed synergistic effects<br />
against fungal strains, but the efficiency <strong>of</strong> both single<br />
transformants or their mixture vary according to the<br />
antagonized strain. Plant protection experiments with<br />
different Rhizoctonia strains, T. harzianum and tobacco<br />
plants, both wild types and BGN13.1 transformants are<br />
currently in progress.<br />
174 - Signaling cascades involved in the mycoparasitic<br />
process by Trichoderma<br />
A. Herrera-Estrella 1* , A. Mendoza-Mendoza 1 , V. Olmedo-<br />
Monfil 1 , I. Chet 2 & B. Horwitz 3<br />
1 Cinvestav, Km 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera<br />
Irapuato/León. AP 629. Irapuato, Gto., Mexico. - 2 The<br />
Hebrew University <strong>of</strong> Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot<br />
76100, Israel. - 3 Technion - Israel Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology,<br />
Haifa 32000, Israel. - E-mail: aherrera@ira.cinvestav.mx<br />
In the presence <strong>of</strong> a fungal host T. atroviride produces<br />
hydrolytic enzymes and coils around the host hyphae. In a<br />
biomimetic assay, different lectins induce coiling around<br />
nylon fibers; coiling in the absence <strong>of</strong> lectins can be<br />
induced by applying cAMP or the heterotrimeric G protein<br />
activator mastoparan. We isolated a T. atroviride G alpha<br />
subunit gene (tga1). Transgenic lines generated that<br />
overexpress the Ga protein show very delayed sporulation<br />
and coil at higher frequency. Furthermore, transgenic lines<br />
that express an activated mutant protein with no GTPase<br />
56<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
activity do not sporulate and coil at a higher frequency.<br />
Lines that express an antisense version <strong>of</strong> the gene are<br />
hypersporulating and coil at much lower frequency in the<br />
biomimetic assay. Loss <strong>of</strong> Tga1 in these mutants correlates<br />
with the loss <strong>of</strong> GTPase activity stimulated by the peptide<br />
toxin mas-7. In contrast, cAMP levels and cAMPdependent<br />
protein kinase activity drop when diffusible host<br />
signals are encountered and the mycoparasitism related<br />
genes ech42 and prb1 are highly expressed. Herewith we<br />
show that the prb1 is subjected to Nitrogen Catabolic<br />
Repression. Accordingly, induction <strong>of</strong> prb1 transcription<br />
by Rhizoctonia solani cell walls requires the release from a<br />
repressed condition, which is determined by nitrogen<br />
availability. prb1 transcription in response to nitrogen<br />
limitation, may be mediated by a MAPK signaling cascade.<br />
175 - Components involved in regulation and signaling<br />
<strong>of</strong> the mycoparasitic response <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma atroviride<br />
S. Zeilinger 1 , C.K. Peterbauer 2 , K. Brunner 1 , V. Seidl 1 ,<br />
R.L. Mach 1 & C.P. Kubicek 1*<br />
1 Microbial Biochemistry and gene Technology Group,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Chemical Engineering, TU Wien,<br />
Getreidemarkt 9/166 A-1060 Wien, Austria. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemical Technology and Food Technology, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria. - Email:<br />
ckubicek@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at<br />
T. atroviride (former T. harzianum) strain P1 acts as a<br />
mycoparasite and is applied as biological control agent<br />
against a number <strong>of</strong> plant pathogenic fungi. The<br />
mycoparasitic interaction is host-specific and not merely a<br />
contact response. It is thus likely that signals from the host<br />
are recognised and provoke antifungal activities which are<br />
accompanied by morphological changes and the secretion<br />
<strong>of</strong> hydrolytic enzymes. To understand the signalling<br />
mechanisms involved in this process, we have begun to<br />
investigate the cis- and trans-acting factors controlling<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> the chitinases, using nag1 as a model because<br />
its disruption leads to a complete loss <strong>of</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> all<br />
chitinases. Three motifs were detected and characterized in<br />
vivo and in vitro. A gene (seb1) encoding a protein binding<br />
to one <strong>of</strong> these motifs (a CCCCT-box) was cloned from T.<br />
atroviride and its biochemical and functional<br />
characterization will be reported. Further, towards an<br />
elucidation <strong>of</strong> the link between chitinase gene expression<br />
and the mycoparasitic response, we have cloned key<br />
components <strong>of</strong> the cAMP and MAP kinase signaling<br />
pathways in T. atroviride and started their functional<br />
characterization by gene disruption. First results from this<br />
will be presented.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
176 - Taxonomic perspectives on some ascomycetous<br />
endophytes <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizas<br />
R.S. Currah<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta,<br />
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
r.currah@ualberta.ca<br />
Roots are habitat for a wide variety <strong>of</strong> fungi including a<br />
large number <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes. Several groups <strong>of</strong><br />
ascomycetous anamorphs consistently appear during<br />
isolation protocols using traditional culturing methods or<br />
where diversity estimates are made using DNA analyses.<br />
Among the taxa recovered, Phialocephala fortinii,<br />
Leptodontidium orchidicola, Scytalidium vaccinii and<br />
similar species (teleomorphs apothecial or suspected as<br />
such), Oidiodendron spp., and Geomyces pannorus<br />
(teleomorphs cleistothecial) are frequent Leotiomycetes.<br />
Other taxa include Heteroconium chaetospira and species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Phialophora, Cladosporium, Phoma, and large numbers<br />
<strong>of</strong> unidentified or partially characterized sterile taxa. In<br />
most cases, the nature <strong>of</strong> the association between these<br />
fungi and the host plant roots is unknown but their well<br />
developed saprobic abilities suggest their role as mutualists<br />
with plants is probably not mycorrhizal in the usual sense.<br />
Continuing isolation work along with morphological,<br />
enzymatic and molecular characterization, coupled with<br />
resynthesis studies with host plants, will lead to a clearer<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> the niches occupied by these fungi in<br />
roots and mycorrhizas.<br />
177 - Non-mycorrhizal root endophytes - aspects on<br />
their ecology<br />
A. Jumpponen<br />
Kansas State University, Division <strong>of</strong> Biology, Manhattan,<br />
KS66506, U.S.A. - E-mail: ari@ksu.edu<br />
Non-mycorrhizal root endophytes are a heterogeneous<br />
group <strong>of</strong> fungi with possible beneficial associations with<br />
their host plants. Recent data from a primary successional<br />
sub-alpine ecosystem and a secondary successional<br />
temperate grassland ecosystem suggest greater abundance<br />
<strong>of</strong> non-mycorrhizal endophytes than mycorrhizal fungi.<br />
The abundance <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal, rootinhabiting<br />
fungi may fluctuate according to physiology or<br />
phenology <strong>of</strong> the host. Two competing hypotheses are<br />
presented: 1) these fungi are parasitic and tap into the host<br />
photosynthate translocation during seasonal changes in<br />
host physiological activity, 2) these fungi are actively<br />
involved in controlling host photosynthate reallocation. To<br />
identify the dominant fungi in rhizosphere, a shotgun<br />
cloning experiment was conducted using environmental<br />
DNA from soil and rhizosphere samples. Fungi in the<br />
shotgun cloned rDNA libraries represented ascomycetes,<br />
basidiomycetes, chytridiomycetes and zygomycetes.<br />
Detected fungal communities were concluded to be very<br />
similar in soil and rhizosphere. This is interpreted to<br />
indicate that root-inhabiting fungi frequently possess<br />
extramatrical hyphae extending to the soil. Alternatively,<br />
large proportion <strong>of</strong> the root and rhizosphere inhabiting<br />
fungi are common soil fungi and facultatively colonize host<br />
tissues. The potential <strong>of</strong> soil-inhabiting fungi having<br />
biotrophic and/or endophytic phases will be discussed.<br />
178 - Ectendomycorrhizas - specialized associations<br />
between members <strong>of</strong> the Pinaceae and ascomycete fungi<br />
R.L. Peterson<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Guelph, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Guelph,<br />
Ontario, Canada. - E-mail: lpeterso@uoguelph.ca<br />
Ectendomycorrhizas (ECM) are formed in two genera,<br />
Pinus and Larix, when roots are colonized by a few<br />
ascomycetous fungal species, primarily Wilcoxina mikolae<br />
and Wilcoxina rehmii. Two dematiaceous species and<br />
Sphaerosporella brunnea have also been reported to form<br />
ECM with these genera. Some <strong>of</strong> these fungi are capable <strong>of</strong><br />
forming typical ectomycorrhizas with other conifer genera<br />
and with angiosperm species. Reports <strong>of</strong> other genera <strong>of</strong><br />
conifers and angiosperms possessing ECM are based on<br />
field collections <strong>of</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> unknown age and thus may<br />
represent senescing ectomycorrhizas. ECM are common in<br />
Pinus and Larix seedlings in nurseries, regenerated<br />
seedlings on degraded sites, and in some natural forest<br />
sites. The identifying structural characteristics <strong>of</strong> ECM are<br />
a limited mantle, an Hartig net, and intracellular hyphae<br />
forming hyphal complexes. The latter form soon after<br />
Hartig net development. Intracellular hyphal complexes<br />
occur in epidermal and cortical cells and are surrounded by<br />
host-derived plasma membrane and an interfacial matrix <strong>of</strong><br />
unknown composition. Although ultrastructural features <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungus-root cell interface suggest that these may be<br />
sites <strong>of</strong> nutrient exchange, there is no evidence for this. It is<br />
known that some <strong>of</strong> the fungi involved are able to<br />
breakdown complex carbohydrates but carbon transfer to<br />
young seedlings has not been demonstrated. Suggestions<br />
have been made that ECM may be important in the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> seedlings in harsh environments.<br />
179 - Community structure and phylogeny <strong>of</strong> ericoid<br />
and epacrid mycorrhizal fungi<br />
S.M. Berch 1* , T.R. Allen 2 , M.L. Berbee 2 & C.B. McLean 3<br />
1 Ministry <strong>of</strong> Forests Research Branch Laboratory, PO<br />
9536, Victoria BC V8W 9C4, Canada. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
British Columbia, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Vancouver BC<br />
V6T 1Z4, Canada. - 3 University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, Burnley<br />
College, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: shannon.berch@gems7.gov.bc.ca<br />
To understand the community structure <strong>of</strong> ericoid<br />
mycorrhizal fungi in the roots <strong>of</strong> ericaceous and<br />
epacridaceous plants, researchers have cultured hundreds<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal isolates from thousands <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal root<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 57
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
pieces. Because many isolates do not sporulate and<br />
therefore cannot be identified, researchers have turned to<br />
molecular tools: RFLP and sequence analysis. We have<br />
mapped the fine-scale distribution <strong>of</strong> the fungi cultured<br />
from roots and found that in most cases the same fungus<br />
did not grow out <strong>of</strong> adjacent 2mm root segments. However,<br />
not all ericoid or epacrid root endophytic fungi are<br />
culturable. We have found two different communities <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi when isolating and cultivating versus cloning PCRamplified<br />
DNA from the same roots. We have also<br />
accessed the 200+ sequences in GenBank <strong>of</strong> ericoid and<br />
epacrid mycorrhizal fungi and root endophytes from a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> research groups and carried out phylogenetic<br />
analyses. These analyses indicate there are only 7 ericoid<br />
mycorrhizal fungi or fungal groups in the parts <strong>of</strong> 3<br />
continents that have been studied thus far. These same 7<br />
fungi can also be found in the roots <strong>of</strong> a single plant on a<br />
site on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia.<br />
180 - Ascomycetous mycorrhizae from prescribed burn<br />
in ponderosa pine forest from Northwest, USA<br />
K.E. Fujimura 1* , J.E. Smith 2 , T.R. Horton 3 , N.S. Weber 4 &<br />
J.W. Spatafora 5<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Northern British Columbia, 3333 University<br />
Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. - 2 2USDA<br />
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,<br />
Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way,<br />
Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A. - 3 SUNY, 1 Forestry Dr.,<br />
Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A. - 4 Oregon State University,<br />
Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A. - 5 Oregon<br />
State University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Corvallis, OR 97331,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: fujimurk@unbc.ca<br />
Post-fire Pezizales include members that fruit as early as<br />
two weeks and others as late as two years after a fire.<br />
Despite frequent occurrence, little is known about their<br />
ecological function. Ponderosa pine forests have a natural<br />
fire regime that includes low intensity fires at a 15 to 30<br />
year return interval. Our objective is to determine if<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the post-fire Pezizales associated with<br />
ponderosa pine forests are mycorrhizal, which may aid in<br />
re-generation <strong>of</strong> these forests. Because fungi are patchily<br />
distributed over the landscape, and the location <strong>of</strong><br />
associated mycorrhizal root tips difficult to determine, we<br />
collected soil cores directly beneath Pezizalean sporocarps<br />
from three sites that had been burned to mimic the natural<br />
fire regime. Root tips from the soil cores were sorted into<br />
morphological groups. Restriction fragment length<br />
polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were obtained for each<br />
morphological group to compare to RFLP patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
collected sporocarps. Twenty three patterns were found but<br />
did not match any <strong>of</strong> the five genera and ten species <strong>of</strong><br />
Pezizalean sporocarps collected. Sequence analysis using<br />
the small ITS region <strong>of</strong> the nrDNA was done for<br />
comparison with Ascomycetous sequences, representing<br />
both mycorrhizal and reputed non mycorrhizal species.<br />
Matches were found with Geopora spp. and Wilcoxina spp.<br />
58<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
181 - Mycorrhiza-associated sterile fungi in a<br />
Mediterranean environment: systematic heterogeneity<br />
versus ecological convergence?<br />
M. Girlanda * , S. Ghignone & A.M. Luppi<br />
Dipartimento Biologia Vegetale dell'Università and IPP-<br />
CNR, V.le Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
mariangela.girlanda@unito.it<br />
Mediterranean ecosystems, featuring high plant diversity<br />
and co-dominance, <strong>of</strong>fer an interesting scenario for the<br />
study <strong>of</strong> root-endophytic dark sterile mycelia (DSM) in<br />
different hosts. Investigation <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal Pinus<br />
halepensis and endomycorrhizal Rosmarinus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis<br />
plants in Italy indicated that neighboring healthy<br />
individuals <strong>of</strong> these two hosts harbor several DSM<br />
morphotypes. Sequence analyses <strong>of</strong> nuclear ITS and 18S<br />
rDNA regions <strong>of</strong> the dominant morphotypes allowed their<br />
identification as a unique spectrum <strong>of</strong> DSM, being quite<br />
diverse and distinct from those so far described in other<br />
host plants investigated. Recognition <strong>of</strong> systematic<br />
affinities was possible with varying degrees <strong>of</strong> resolution<br />
for the different morphotypes, ranging from species-level<br />
identification to placement within Ascomycete subclasses.<br />
<strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> these fungi with both hosts spanned at least<br />
eleven years; they thus appear to be true root colonizers<br />
coexisting with the accredited mycorrhizal symbionts. In<br />
spite <strong>of</strong> their taxonomic diversity, such DSM displayed<br />
some morphophysiological convergence justifying their<br />
recognition as an ecological group. One morphotype was<br />
identified as Rhizopycnis vagum D.F. Farr, a recently<br />
described fungus so far known as a root pathogen <strong>of</strong> crop<br />
plants. Studies <strong>of</strong> population genetics <strong>of</strong> this fungus and<br />
pathogenicity assays are unraveling the actual range <strong>of</strong> its<br />
ecological plasticity.<br />
182 - Mutualistic colonization <strong>of</strong> roots by endophytic<br />
fungi<br />
B. Schulz 1* , A.-K. Römmert 1 , U. Dammann-Tugend 1 , M.<br />
Götz 2 , T. Lange 3 , M. Oros-Sichler 2 & C. Boyle 1<br />
1<br />
Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität<br />
Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig,<br />
Germany. - 2 Biologische Bundesanstalt, Messeweg, D-<br />
38104 Braunschweig, Germany. -<br />
3 Institut für<br />
Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig,<br />
Mendolssohnstrasse, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. - Email:<br />
b.schulz@tu-bs.de<br />
Fungal colonization <strong>of</strong> plant roots is <strong>of</strong>ten mutualistic, a<br />
well known example being that <strong>of</strong> mycorrhiza, but also<br />
interactions <strong>of</strong> dark septate endophytes (DSE) and the<br />
mycorrhizal-like basidiomycete Piriformaspora indica<br />
with roots <strong>of</strong> their hosts may counteract the negative effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> stress or improve growth <strong>of</strong> the host. We compared<br />
endophytic colonizations <strong>of</strong> the roots with those <strong>of</strong> aboveground<br />
plant organs. Endophytic infections <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
spp. in the shoots <strong>of</strong> bean and barley were asymptomatic,
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
intercellular, remained localized and had no significant<br />
effects on yield, carbohydrate metabolism, stress tolerance<br />
or induced resistance <strong>of</strong> the host. In contrast, endophytic<br />
colonization <strong>of</strong> the roots <strong>of</strong> bean with Fusarium sp. and<br />
larch with Cryptosporiopsis sp. and Phialophora sp. (a<br />
DSE), was extended and both inter- and intracellular and<br />
improved growth <strong>of</strong> the host. A culture extract <strong>of</strong><br />
Phialophora sp. not only improved growth <strong>of</strong> the host, but<br />
also led to increased branching <strong>of</strong> the roots <strong>of</strong> the treated<br />
seedlings. The mutualistic effects may in part be due to the<br />
capability <strong>of</strong> the endophytes to synthesize IAA. We<br />
hypothesize that fungal colonization <strong>of</strong> the roots is more<br />
likely to be mutualistic than that <strong>of</strong> the above-ground<br />
organs: a) endophytic root colonization in contrast to that<br />
<strong>of</strong> the shoots is frequently systemic, b) the shoot<br />
synthesizes its own metabolites and c) microorganisms in<br />
roots are in close contact with an environment harboring<br />
many degradative products.<br />
183 - Is Asia the centre <strong>of</strong> origin for the megagenus<br />
Cordyceps?<br />
N.L. Hywel-Jones<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin RD.,<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: nigelhj@biotec.or.th<br />
Cordyceps is panglobal with many anamorphs: most poorly<br />
known. Of its anamorphs, Beauveria, Hirsutella,<br />
Metarhizium, Nomuraea, Paecilomyces and Verticillium<br />
have been assessed as potential biocontrol agents.<br />
Beauveria, Metarhizium and Paecilomyces have species<br />
that seem to have lost the Cordyceps form, becoming<br />
panglobal and with wide host ranges. Significantly, all 3<br />
genera are linked to Cordyceps in Asia (China, Hong<br />
Kong, Japan, Korea and Thailand). Cordyceps <strong>of</strong><br />
Beauveria and Metarhizium are from Coleoptera while that<br />
<strong>of</strong> Paecilomyces is from Lepidoptera. These insect orders<br />
have the most Cordyceps: 88 spp. from Thailand with 43<br />
<strong>of</strong>f Coleoptera (15) and Lepidoptera (28). This is ca. 2x the<br />
number for N. America. Although major surveys <strong>of</strong><br />
Cordyceps are known from several countries (Brazil,<br />
Congo, Ecuador, Ghana, Japan, Korea, N. America, Sri<br />
Lanka, Taiwan) only 13 <strong>of</strong> 88 species from Thailand are<br />
reliably named to species. Significantly, comparative<br />
surveys in Thailand and Japan indicate that both countries<br />
have a rich but disparate biodiversity. A survey <strong>of</strong> Thai<br />
Cordyceps has no slowing in discovery <strong>of</strong> new<br />
records/species: few countries enjoy such scrutiny.<br />
However, I posit that significant surveys from other<br />
countries suggest that if Cordyceps producing Beauveria,<br />
Metarhizium or Paecilomyces were present there should,<br />
by now, be records. That there are not implies an important<br />
role for East Asia as a possible Centre <strong>of</strong> Origin for<br />
Cordyceps and its anamorphs.<br />
184 - Changes in nutritional mode within lineages <strong>of</strong><br />
insect-associated fungi<br />
M. Blackwell<br />
Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton<br />
Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A. - E-mail: mblackwell@lsu.edu<br />
Diverse groups <strong>of</strong> insects support the growth <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
parasites. They range from deadly pathogens to obligate<br />
biotrophs that derive nutrition without apparent harm to<br />
their insect hosts. Some <strong>of</strong> the biotrophs have reduced<br />
thallus morphology resulting in a loss <strong>of</strong> characters that<br />
would be useful in phylogenetics. The absence <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological characters puzzled eminent mycologists<br />
such as Roland Thaxter, who studied the fungi. More<br />
recent phylogenetic studies <strong>of</strong> the fungal parasites <strong>of</strong><br />
insects, including termites and beetles, support several<br />
independent origins <strong>of</strong> fungal associates <strong>of</strong> insects.<br />
Furthermore, the studies suggest that one group <strong>of</strong><br />
endosymbionts arose from within a lineage <strong>of</strong> lethal<br />
pathogens. Other examples provide evidence that certain<br />
fungal biotrophs probably arose from within lineages that<br />
included mycoparasites with complex life histories. The<br />
reliance on insects to disperse mycoparasitic fungi to<br />
fungal hosts may have lead to the fungal host being<br />
bypassed with a host shift to the insect as the sole host.<br />
Although some hypotheses (Cope's Law), propose that<br />
obligate parasites are evolutionary dead ends, this may not<br />
always be so.<br />
185 - Field studies employing a recombinant<br />
mycoinsecticide (Metarhizium anisopliae) reveal that it<br />
is rhizosphere competent<br />
R.J. St. Leger * , G. Hu & F.M. Freimoser<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Maryland, Maryland, 20742, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
rl106@umail.umd.edu<br />
In the summer <strong>of</strong> 2000, we released genetically altered<br />
insect pathogenic fungi onto a plot <strong>of</strong> cabbages infested<br />
with Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper caterpillars) at a field<br />
site in Maryland. The transformed derivatives <strong>of</strong><br />
Metarhizium anisopliae ARSEF 1080, designated GPMa<br />
and GMa, carried the Aequorea victoria gfp gene alone<br />
(GMa) or with additional Pr1 protease genes (GPMa). The<br />
study: a) confirmed the utility <strong>of</strong> gfp for monitoring M.<br />
anisopliae in field populations over time; b) demonstrated<br />
little dissemination <strong>of</strong> transgenic strains, and produced no<br />
evidence <strong>of</strong> transmission by non-target insects; c) found<br />
that recombinant fungi were genetically stable over one<br />
year under field conditions, and d) determined that<br />
deployment <strong>of</strong> the transgenic strains did not depress the<br />
culturable indigenous fungi. Monitoring the fate<br />
(survivorship) <strong>of</strong> transformants under field conditions<br />
revealed that they decreased over several months, except in<br />
the inner rhizosphere demonstrating that rhizospheric soils<br />
are a potential reservoir for M. anisopliae. Overall, our<br />
results place a sharp focus on the biology <strong>of</strong> the soil/root<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 59
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
interphase as a site where plants, insects and pathogens will<br />
interact to determine fungal efficacy, cycling and survival.<br />
However, the rhizospheric effect was less marked for<br />
GPMa, and overall it showed reduced persistence in soils<br />
compared to GMa.<br />
186 - Entomophthorales host-pathogen relationships:<br />
ecology, pathobiology and molecular characterization<br />
J. Eilenberg * , A.B. Jensen, C. Nielsen & L. Thomsen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology, The Royal Veterinary and<br />
Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK 1871 Frb.<br />
C., Denmark. - E-mail: Jei@kvl.dk<br />
Fungi from the order Entomophthorales are pathogenic to<br />
arthropods, especially insects. They are highly specialized<br />
and provide us with valuable insight in the development <strong>of</strong><br />
host-pathogen relationships and are also potential<br />
biological control agents. Attention will be given to three<br />
host-pathogen systems, which recently were studied with<br />
respect to ecology, pathobiology and molecular<br />
characterization. 1) Entomophthora muscae complex and<br />
hosts from Diptera. Morphological and pathobiological<br />
characters allow us to discriminate between the limited<br />
number <strong>of</strong> recognized species, but the inclusion <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular data strongly suggest that each host-pathogen<br />
system is independent. Each fly species thus harbors its<br />
own selection <strong>of</strong> genotypes 2) Strongwellsea spp. and hosts<br />
from Diptera. This genus disperses conidia from abdominal<br />
holes in the still living hosts. We have found infections in<br />
many dipteran families, including in the arctic.<br />
Morphological and pathobiological characters indicate a<br />
high diversity and specialization. 3) Pandora neoaphidis,<br />
Neozygites fresenii and Entomophthora planchoniana and<br />
hosts from Aphididae. These fungi are adapted to the<br />
holocyclic life-cycle <strong>of</strong> many host aphids. Further, a recent<br />
study has revealed that two clonal populations <strong>of</strong> an<br />
anholocyclic aphid host each harbored only one <strong>of</strong> these<br />
pathogens.<br />
187 - The occurrence and stability <strong>of</strong> the entomogenous<br />
hyphomycete fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and<br />
Beauveria bassiana<br />
T.M. Butt * , C.S. Wang & N. Patel<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Swansea, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
t.butt@swansea.ac.uk<br />
There is considerable interest in the development <strong>of</strong><br />
entomogenous, hyphomycete fungi, such as Metarhizium<br />
anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, for the control <strong>of</strong><br />
arthropod pests. The successful deployment <strong>of</strong> these<br />
biocontrol agents will depend on a thorough understanding<br />
<strong>of</strong> their ecology and population dynamics. Biochemical and<br />
molecular markers have been developed to study: (1) the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> indigenous strains, (2) the efficacy and fate<br />
60<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> released (exotic) strains, (3) impact <strong>of</strong> fungi on nontarget<br />
organisms, and (4) fungal stability. The latter has<br />
received considerable attention because it influences<br />
sporulation, virulence, host specificity and ecological<br />
fitness which, in turn, influences production costs and<br />
efficacy. In vitro studies show that some strains <strong>of</strong><br />
entomogenous fungi are more stable than others. Some <strong>of</strong><br />
the changes observed may be due to parasexual<br />
recombination, gene silencing or gene deletion.<br />
Recombinants were recovered from insects co-infected<br />
with two strains <strong>of</strong> either M. anisopliae or B. bassiana.<br />
188 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> thermophilic fungi<br />
J. Mouchacca<br />
Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, M.N.H.N., 12, rue Buffon,<br />
75005 PARIS, France. - E-mail: mouch@mnhn.fr<br />
Critical knowledge on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> thermophilic<br />
fungi has been hindered by the proposal <strong>of</strong> several<br />
unwarranted nomenclatural and taxonomic decisions which<br />
have led to a misunderstanding <strong>of</strong> the taxonomic concepts<br />
<strong>of</strong> some thermophiles. The situation has been further<br />
aggravated by the current chaotic state in binomial citations<br />
<strong>of</strong> common members <strong>of</strong> the group. The systematics <strong>of</strong><br />
thermophilic fungi has been recently re-appraised in a<br />
series <strong>of</strong> contributions which have appeared almost 30<br />
years after the last major monograph on their taxonomy,<br />
biology and economic importance (Cooney and Emerson,<br />
1964). To date, about 50 new names have been introduced<br />
at both species and varietal levels; a total almost equal to<br />
earlier names reported for the group. However, some <strong>of</strong><br />
these introductions proved not to be justified. Indeed, some<br />
name changes do not appear to be supported by sound<br />
taxonomic arguments. Thermophilic fungi now acceptable<br />
as valid from a nomenclatural point <strong>of</strong> view comprise about<br />
40 taxa. Thus some Mucorales, several Ascomycetes and<br />
hyphomycetes and a single agonomycete could appear to<br />
be true thermophiles. However, from a taxonomic point <strong>of</strong><br />
view, the status <strong>of</strong> some species still requires further study.<br />
Once these basic studies have been completed, they will<br />
guarantee that a sound database exists for thermophilic<br />
fungi. Such taxonomic stability will also ensure that any<br />
new discoveries <strong>of</strong> interest have the potential for eventual<br />
industrial application.<br />
189 - Heat and the physiology <strong>of</strong> thermophilic fungi<br />
B. Jensen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> General MicrobiologyUniversity <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83H DK-1307 Copenhagen,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: boj@mermaid.molbio.ku.dk<br />
The thermophilic fungi compose a small ecological group<br />
defined solely on temperature requirement for growth,<br />
ranging from 20 °C to at or above 50 °C. There are only<br />
about 40 known species <strong>of</strong> thermophilic fungi and for only
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
a small number <strong>of</strong> these fungi the parameters for growth<br />
have been investigated. Thermophilic fungi are found in<br />
the environment eg compost pilesand bird nests where they<br />
will be exposed to different and shifting stress factors like<br />
high temperatures and nutritional limitations. In higher<br />
organisms, thermal adaption requires a concerted action at<br />
different levels whereas non-motile microorganisms<br />
exclusively have to cope with this type <strong>of</strong> changes by<br />
cellular mechanisms. The permissive temperature for a<br />
thermophilic fungus is above the heat-shock temperature<br />
for mesophilic fungi. This means that even the<br />
housekeeping proteins <strong>of</strong> the thermophiles may need some<br />
kind <strong>of</strong> heat-shock adaption at its optimal growth<br />
termperature. This implies a general heat-adaptive<br />
mechanism already constitutively at work in thermophiles<br />
compared to mesophiles. Different aspects <strong>of</strong> growth at<br />
elevated temperatures will be evaluated and a verification<br />
<strong>of</strong> maximum growth upto 62 °C <strong>of</strong> a thermophilic fungal<br />
strain will be presented. The stress response <strong>of</strong> different<br />
thermophilic fungal species/isolates will be compared in<br />
order to determine, whether the thermophilic fungi can be<br />
characterized by other criteria than the temperature range<br />
for growth.<br />
190 - Functional diversity <strong>of</strong> thermophilic fungi in<br />
mushroom compost<br />
G. Straatsma * & L.J.L.D. Van Griensven<br />
Applied Plant Research, Mushroom Research Unit, PO<br />
Box 6042, 5960 AA Horst, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
g.straatsma@ppo.dlo.nl<br />
The species richness <strong>of</strong> thermophilic fungi in mushroom<br />
compost (and its ingredients) was 22 species. Mixed<br />
ingredients, starting to self heat, were species rich as was<br />
the alternatively surveyed substrate <strong>of</strong> pigpen litter<br />
(sawdust based). We assume that more species were<br />
present and ways <strong>of</strong> finding them will be discussed. The<br />
final product, mushroom compost, is an artificial, strongly<br />
manipulated, ecosystem. Scytalidium thermophilum<br />
dominates and Talaromyces thermophilus and<br />
Thermomyces lanuginosus can only be isolated after the<br />
selective killing <strong>of</strong> Scytalidium. Scytalidium's high growth<br />
rate and its cellulolytic ability are probably important for<br />
its success. Talaromyces and Thermomyces tolerate higher<br />
temperatures but grow relatively slow. Under mesophilic<br />
conditions, after inoculation with mushroom mycelium,<br />
Scytalidium stimulates the extension rate <strong>of</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mushroom mycelium. Also other organisms, some pure<br />
cultured thermophilic fungi, like Myriococcum<br />
thermophilum, and enrichment cultures <strong>of</strong> prokaryotes in<br />
compost, are stimulatory to mushroom mycelium. The<br />
interactions <strong>of</strong> these species with the substrate and with the<br />
other species present will be discussed. We will try to<br />
identify the key characteristics <strong>of</strong> species related to these<br />
interactions. Our research contributes to the general<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> composting (turnover, emissions,<br />
stabilization) and the rational use <strong>of</strong> agricultural wastes for<br />
new products.<br />
191 - An industrialists view on thermophilic fungi as<br />
sources for industrial applications<br />
S. Landvik<br />
Novozymes A/S, Smoermosevej 25, 1B1.01, 2880,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: salk@novozymes.com<br />
Many industries need enzymes that are active at, or can<br />
resist, high temperatures in compliance with the nature <strong>of</strong><br />
the industrial processes and substrates. If the enzyme can<br />
be added in an existing industrial step without justification<br />
<strong>of</strong> temperature or pH, savings <strong>of</strong> costs and efforts can be<br />
done. Many bacteria and Archaea from thermal areas have<br />
been explored for the industry, and have provided it with<br />
enzymes which are thermoactive and stable at above<br />
boiling temperatures. Fungi can not live in as high<br />
temperatures, and generally do not display as thermoactive<br />
enzymes as some prokaryotes do. On the other hand, fungal<br />
enzymes are generally more acid stable than bacterial<br />
enzymes, which is another important factor for many<br />
industries. Also, fungi can produce enzymes with different<br />
functions than some bacterial enzymes, and are, despite<br />
their less thermophilic nature, <strong>of</strong> large interest for the<br />
industry. However, can we expect that thermophilic fungi,<br />
with optimum growth temperatures up to only ca 20-30 °C<br />
above that <strong>of</strong> non-thermophilic fungi, make enzymes that<br />
are more thermostable than the enzymes from these fungi?<br />
The general question 'Do fungal growth pr<strong>of</strong>iles correlate<br />
with enzyme characteristics' is both <strong>of</strong> academic and<br />
industrial interest and can be enlighted with thermorelated<br />
studies, as this physiological niche probably is more<br />
explored than any other physiological growth niche.<br />
192 - Settling differences: Evolution <strong>of</strong> recognition<br />
genes<br />
G. May * , S. Sherrer, A. Munkasci, A. Baumgarten & R.<br />
Spangler<br />
Dept. EEB, U. Minnesota, USA, 1987 Upper Buford Circle,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: gmay@gmay.email.umn.edu<br />
Mating compatibility genes, vegetative incompatibility<br />
genes and in plants, genes conferring resistance to<br />
pathogens have evolved under similar evolutionary<br />
pressures and consequently <strong>of</strong>ten display common<br />
genealogical patterns <strong>of</strong> diversification. Fungi sense their<br />
biotic environment as a series <strong>of</strong> encounters with other<br />
organisms. The recognition genes they carry help to<br />
classify such biotic interactions as same or different - same<br />
or genotype, species, or a compatible mate. Similarly, in<br />
host plant-pathogen interactions, plant fitness can be<br />
dependent upon recognition and response to fungal<br />
invaders. Because the biotic environment directly affects<br />
organismal fitness, genetic systems allowing recognition<br />
and response to other genotypes within a species and to<br />
other species have evolved. We will discuss our research<br />
results in mating genes as well as plant resistance genes in<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 61
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
order to illustrate <strong>of</strong> common and different evolutionary<br />
themes.<br />
193 - Pheromone receptors <strong>of</strong> the basidiomycete<br />
Schizophyllum commune distinguish single amino acid<br />
differences among active mating pheromone ligands<br />
T.J. Fowler * , M.F. Mitton, E.I. Rees & C.A. Raper<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Vermont, Microbiology and Molecular<br />
Genetics Dept., 208 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive,<br />
Burlington, VT 05405, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
tfowler@zoo.uvm.edu<br />
The linked, multigenic loci B-alpha and B-beta <strong>of</strong> the<br />
homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune contribute to<br />
the specification <strong>of</strong> more than 20,000 mating types. Nine<br />
versions each <strong>of</strong> B-alpha and B-beta have been described<br />
by genetic methods; only portions <strong>of</strong> a few <strong>of</strong> these<br />
versions have been described by molecular techniques.<br />
These versions carry different but related sets <strong>of</strong> genes<br />
encoding lipopeptide pheromones and 7-transmembranedomain<br />
receptors. We sequenced the linked pair B-alpha3-<br />
B-beta2 and we can account for all known mating activities<br />
<strong>of</strong> a B-alpha-B-beta complex for the first time. There are<br />
eleven pheromone genes and two receptor genes within the<br />
B-alpha3-B-beta2 complex. The amino acid sequences <strong>of</strong><br />
predicted pheromones and receptors from B-alpha3-Bbeta2<br />
were compared with other S. commune mating<br />
pheromones and receptors to decipher how specificity is<br />
achieved in their interactions. These pheromones and<br />
receptors can be functionally expressed in Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae and show the same specificity as seen in S.<br />
commune. Using a combination <strong>of</strong> heterologous and<br />
homologous expression systems, we can show that single<br />
amino acids in some pheromones control which receptors<br />
(i.e. mates) are activated for pheromone response. The<br />
receptors likewise can be manipulated to have altered<br />
pheromone recognition or to be active in the absence <strong>of</strong><br />
pheromone. Thus, a finely tuned set <strong>of</strong> molecules maintains<br />
outbreeding while prohibiting self-activation <strong>of</strong> the mating<br />
process.<br />
194 - Mating recognition in ascomycetes<br />
R. Debuchy<br />
Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bâtiment 400,<br />
Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France. - E-mail:<br />
debuchy@igmors.u-psud.fr<br />
In heterothallic Euascomycetes, mating is controled by the<br />
mating-type alleles (idiomorphs) which allow compatible<br />
strains to recognize each other and to proceed to<br />
fertilization. Fertilization is not immediately followed by<br />
karyogamy. Instead, the parental nuclei divide mitotically<br />
several times inside the female organ and are intermingled<br />
in plurinucleate cells. Then nuclei from male and female<br />
origin, i. e. nuclei with opposite idiomorphs, recognize<br />
62<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
each other and form dikaryotic hyphae. This step involves<br />
at least two key events: internuclear recognition (IR) and<br />
cellularization. The dikaryotic hyphae divide mitotically,<br />
maintaining a strict ratio <strong>of</strong> 1:1 <strong>of</strong> each parental nucleus.<br />
Eventually pairs <strong>of</strong> nuclei fuse and meiosis and ascospore<br />
formation ensue immediately. A major challenge is to<br />
understand the relations between the idiomorphs and the<br />
developmental events <strong>of</strong> the sexual cycle. Podospora<br />
anserina is used as a model system for investigating the<br />
functions <strong>of</strong> its mat+ and mat- idiomorphs and the<br />
molecular mechanism <strong>of</strong> IR. The mat+ sequence contains<br />
one gene, FPR1 and the mat- sequence contains three<br />
genes: FMR1, SMR1 and SMR2. FPR1, FMR1 and SMR2<br />
encode transcriptional factors which control fertilization<br />
and IR. A model, based on genetics, has been proposed for<br />
the control <strong>of</strong> IR by the mat genes and will be presented. IR<br />
is followed by a developmental arrest which is overcome<br />
by SMR1. The current hypotheses about the molecular<br />
mechanism <strong>of</strong> IR will be discussed.<br />
195 - Gene deletion and unidirectional mating type<br />
switching in Ceratocystis<br />
T.C. Harrington 1* , J. Steimel 1 , D.L. McNew 1 & S.<br />
Kanematsu 2<br />
1 Iowa State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A. - 2 National Institute <strong>of</strong> Fruit<br />
Tree Science, Department <strong>of</strong> Apple Research, Morioka<br />
020-0123, Japan. - E-mail: tcharrin@iastate.edu<br />
Four <strong>of</strong> the five major clades within Ceratocystis have<br />
homothallic species. Within the C. coerulescens clade there<br />
are two closely related species with contrasting mating<br />
systems: C. eucalypti is heterothallic, while MAT-2 strains<br />
<strong>of</strong> C. virescens are self-fertile due to unidirectional mating<br />
type switching. Most strains <strong>of</strong> C. virescens recovered from<br />
nature are self-fertile and behave as MAT-2 in crosses,<br />
progeny from selfings or from crosses segregate in a 1:1<br />
ratio for mating type, and MAT-1 progeny are self-sterile.<br />
Mating type idiomorphs and flanking regions were<br />
sequenced for both mating types <strong>of</strong> these two species. In C.<br />
eucalypti, the idiomorph has either the MAT1-1-2 and the<br />
MAT1-1-1 genes or only the MAT1-2-1 gene, depending on<br />
mating type, typical <strong>of</strong> a heterothallic ascomycete. All<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> C. virescens have the MAT1-1-2 and MAT1-1-1<br />
genes (as in MAT-1 strains <strong>of</strong> C. eucalypti), but self-fertile<br />
strains also have the MAT1-2-1 gene and another copy <strong>of</strong><br />
the MAT1-1-1 gene. Half <strong>of</strong> the progeny recovered from<br />
selfings retain this arrangement <strong>of</strong> four mating type genes<br />
in the idiomorph and are self-fertile, but the other half<br />
(MAT-1, self-sterile) are missing a 4.7 kb fragment that<br />
includes the MAT1-2-1 gene and one copy <strong>of</strong> the MAT1-1-1<br />
gene. The inherited deletion irreversibly changes the<br />
mating type to MAT-1 and apparently allows mating with<br />
MAT-2 nuclei. This is the first sequencing <strong>of</strong> the DNA<br />
fragment deleted in unidirectional mating type switching.
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
196 - Examining the relationship between nonself<br />
recognition, heterokaryon incompatibility and hyphal<br />
fusion in Neurospora crassa<br />
N.L. Glass 1* , Q. Xiang 1 , S. Sarkar 1 , D.J. Jacobson 1 & N.D.<br />
Read 2<br />
1 Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University <strong>of</strong><br />
California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, U.S.A. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Cell and Molecular Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Edinburg,<br />
Edinburgh, EH9 EJH, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
Lglass@uclink.berkeley.edu<br />
Filamentous fungi grow by tip extension, branching and<br />
hyphal fusion to form a hyphal network. Filamentous fungi<br />
can also undergo hyphal fusion between individuals to<br />
make vegetative heterokaryons. Recognition <strong>of</strong> nonself in<br />
such heterokaryons is mediated by genetic differences at<br />
het loci. Heterokaryons or transformants that contain<br />
alternative het alleles show severe growth inhibition,<br />
conidiation suppression and death. We use Neurospora<br />
crassa to study the molecular mechanism <strong>of</strong> hyphal fusion<br />
and the consequences <strong>of</strong> fusion between het incompatible<br />
individuals. Live cell imaging <strong>of</strong> hyphal anastomoses<br />
showed a self-signaling phenomenon which initiates the<br />
multi-stage process <strong>of</strong> fusion. We identified four mutants<br />
that fail to undergo hyphal fusion. Two mutations are in<br />
genes encoding signal transduction components; these<br />
mutants also suppress heterokaryon incompatibility<br />
mediated by the mat locus. Nonself recognition during<br />
heterokaryon incompatibility has been shown to be<br />
mediated by the formation <strong>of</strong> a HET heterocomplex.<br />
Suppressor analyses identified two additional loci that are<br />
required for mediating heterokaryon incompatibility. One<br />
<strong>of</strong> these mutants suppresses heterokaryon incompatibility<br />
at both the mat and het-c locus. By these analyses, we hope<br />
to shed light on nonself recognition mechanisms in<br />
filamentous fungi that underlie heterokaryon<br />
incompatibility and explore its relationship to the hyphal<br />
fusion process.<br />
197 - Somatic incompatibility in basidiomycetes.<br />
Genetic analysis in Heterobasidion<br />
J. Stenlid * , Å. Olson, N. Högberg & M. Lind<br />
Dept Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, S-750 07 Uppsala,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Jan.stenlid@mykopat.slu.se<br />
In basidiomycetes, intraspecific recognition <strong>of</strong> self and<br />
non-self is mediated through the somatic incompatibility<br />
(SI) system (similar to the vegetative compatibility system<br />
in ascomycetes). It is expressed in the vegetative phase <strong>of</strong><br />
growth both in homokaryons and in heterokaryons when<br />
dissimilar genotypes meet. In the homokaryotic stage, the<br />
system can be overridden by mating. SI involves postfusion<br />
cell death, and depending on the species involved,<br />
activation <strong>of</strong> phenol oxidases, melanin production,<br />
formation <strong>of</strong> clear zones <strong>of</strong> collapsed aerial hyphae, hyphal<br />
knot cells or dense so called barrages. The genetic control<br />
<strong>of</strong> SI has been studied in less than ten species. In members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus Phellinus, SI was under control <strong>of</strong> one major<br />
gene, while 3-4 genetic loci have been implied in<br />
Heterobasidion, Collybia and Pleurotus. In this<br />
presentation we describe a QTL approach to characterise<br />
the genetic and molecular background to SI in<br />
Heterobasidion annosum. A genetic map was constructed<br />
using AFLP markers for a cross between a S and a P<br />
homokaryon <strong>of</strong> H. annosum. Siblings were mated with the<br />
parent mycelia and resulting heterokaryons, differing in<br />
one sib-related nucleus, were paired in all combinations.<br />
Putative loci for SI were mapped based on the<br />
incompatibility reactions. Implications for future work will<br />
be discussed.<br />
198 - Overview <strong>of</strong> fungal lignin degradation<br />
C.A. Reddy<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan<br />
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
reddy@msu.edu<br />
Lignocellulose, a major component <strong>of</strong> woody biomass, is<br />
the most abundant renewable organic material in the<br />
biosphere and has important applications as a resource for<br />
producing pulp and paper, animal feeds, and industrial<br />
chemicals. Lignin, which limits access <strong>of</strong> microbial<br />
enzymes to cellulose and hemicellulose in woody<br />
materials, is a key limiting factor not only in the efficient<br />
conversion <strong>of</strong> the latter to useful materials but also in<br />
global carbon cycling. White-rot basidiomycetes are<br />
efficient lignin degraders in natures and produce one or<br />
more <strong>of</strong> three major classes <strong>of</strong> lignin-modifying enzymes<br />
(LMEs) designated: laccases, lignin peroxidases (LiPs),<br />
and manganese peroxidases (MnPs). LMEs are<br />
extracellular, non-specific, metalloenzymes and catalyze<br />
radical-mediated oxidative degradation reactions.<br />
Cumulative evidence indicates that a large number <strong>of</strong><br />
isoenzymes <strong>of</strong> LiPs, MnPs, and laccases are produced by<br />
various ligninolytic fungi and that different isoenzymes<br />
appear to be encoded by individual genes which are<br />
distributed on multiple chromosomes. Regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
production <strong>of</strong> LMEs appears to be subject to complex<br />
interplay <strong>of</strong> nutritional, environmental, temporal, and<br />
genetic factors. An overview <strong>of</strong> the studies on the<br />
physiology and molecular biology <strong>of</strong> LMEs as well as<br />
applications <strong>of</strong> ligninolytic fungi for bioremediation <strong>of</strong><br />
priority environmental pollutants will be presented.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 63
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
199 - Biochemical and molecular aspects <strong>of</strong> lignin<br />
degradation by Pleurotus species<br />
A.T. Martínez 1* , F.J. Ruiz-Dueñas 1 , M. Perez-Boada 1 , P.<br />
Ferreira 1 , S. Camarero 1 , F. Guillen 1 , M.J. Martínez 1 , T.<br />
Choinowski 2 & K. Piontek 2<br />
1 CIB, CSIC, Velazquez 144, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. -<br />
2 ETHZ, Universitätstr. 16, Zurich, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
ATMartinez@cib.csic.es<br />
Pleurotus species are investigated due to their ability to<br />
degrade lignin selectively. Their ligninolytic system is<br />
different from that <strong>of</strong> the model white-rot basidiomycete<br />
Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Extracellular<br />
oxidoreductases have been characterized from Pleurotus<br />
eryngii including versatile peroxidase (VP), aryl-alcohol<br />
oxidase (AAO) and laccases. These enzymes are <strong>of</strong><br />
biotechnical interest for degradation <strong>of</strong> lignin, aromatic<br />
compounds and dyes. P. eryngii laccases oxidize lignin via<br />
natural redox mediators and contribute to oxygen activation<br />
by redox cycling <strong>of</strong> lignin-derived quinones. AAO and VP,<br />
which have been recently cloned, crystallized and<br />
expressed in Escherichia coli and Emericella nidulans, are<br />
characteristic <strong>of</strong> the ligninolytic system <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus (and<br />
Bjerkandera) species. AAO provides hydrogen peroxide<br />
for peroxidase activity and generation <strong>of</strong> active oxygen<br />
species. VP represents a third type <strong>of</strong> ligninolytic<br />
peroxidase combining the catalytic properties <strong>of</strong> lignin<br />
peroxidase and manganese peroxidase (first described in P.<br />
chrysosporium) due to an hybrid molecular architecture<br />
including sites for oxidation <strong>of</strong> both Mn(II) and aromatic<br />
substrates. AAO and VP molecular models were obtained<br />
by homology modeling (using crystal structures as<br />
templates), and the VP crystal structure has been recently<br />
solved. Future studies include confirmation <strong>of</strong> active sites<br />
by site-directed mutagenesis, and modulation <strong>of</strong> catalytic<br />
properties by protein engineering techniques.<br />
200 - Role <strong>of</strong> reactive oxygen species in wood decay by<br />
fungi<br />
K.E. Hammel<br />
USDA Forest Products Lab, One Gifford Pinchot Drive,<br />
Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
kehammel@facstaff.wisc.edu<br />
Extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long<br />
been thought to have a biodegradative function in wood<br />
decay by fungi, but the nature <strong>of</strong> these species and the<br />
mechanisms for their production have not been elucidated.<br />
We monitored the hydroxylation <strong>of</strong> a synthetic aromatic<br />
polymer, phenethyl polyacrylate, to estimate the magnitude<br />
<strong>of</strong> extracellular ROS production by two brown rot<br />
basidiomycetes, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia<br />
placenta, on cellulose. The results showed that ROS<br />
production was sufficient to account for much <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cellulose depolymerization in the cultures. Both fungi<br />
produced extracellular 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone, a<br />
64<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
metabolite that rapidly reduces ferric iron and dioxygen,<br />
thus yielding hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. We<br />
purified and characterized a G. trabeum flavoprotein<br />
NADH:quinone reductase that probably drives this<br />
chemistry by regenerating the hydroquinone. The gene that<br />
encodes the reductase shares substantial similarity with<br />
quinone reductase genes <strong>of</strong> other fungi, including some<br />
nonlignicolous species.<br />
201 - Biotechnological applications <strong>of</strong> wood decay fungi<br />
E. Srebotnik * , M. Weisgram & K. Messner<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, A-<br />
1060 Vienna, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
esrebot@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at<br />
The ligninolytic systems <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi have great<br />
potential for applications in wood-processing such as<br />
pulping, pulp bleaching and wood composite manufacture.<br />
For example, the use <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi to treat wood chips<br />
prior to mechanical pulping (biopulping) is already<br />
approaching industrial scale. Furthermore, the low<br />
specificity <strong>of</strong> these systems allows for the conversion <strong>of</strong><br />
various aromatic pollutants and industrial wastes such as<br />
contaminated soil (bioremediation). These processes<br />
involve the use <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi or their ligninolytic<br />
enzymes to treat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),<br />
polychlorinated biphenyls and other hazardous xenobiotics.<br />
Whether to apply living fungi or isolated enzymes will<br />
depend on the specific properties <strong>of</strong> the material to be<br />
treated. For example, biopulping takes advantage <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fact that white-rot fungi not only produce a complete set <strong>of</strong><br />
enzymes but can also transport these enzymes into wood<br />
chips and create the appropriate physiological conditions<br />
for enzymatic reactions. However, processes involving<br />
living organisms are relatively difficult to control. Thus,<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> isolated enzyme systems would be preferable in<br />
those cases, where the compounds to be treated are freely<br />
accessible such as in soil extracts. This presentation will<br />
give a brief overview <strong>of</strong> biotechnological applications <strong>of</strong><br />
white-rot fungi and their ligninolytic enzymes and discuss<br />
in more detail the use <strong>of</strong> laccase for the bioremediation <strong>of</strong><br />
PAH.<br />
202 - Some approaches to the evaluation <strong>of</strong> the white<br />
rot basidiomycetes ligninolytic activity<br />
V.I. Elisashvili * , E. Kachlishvili, N. Tsiklauri, T.<br />
Khardziani & M. Bakradze<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 10 km<br />
Agmashenebeli kheivani,380059 Tbilisi, Georgia. - E-mail:<br />
velisashvili@hotmail.com<br />
Ligninolytic activity <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes from different<br />
taxonomic groups has been extensively. The production<br />
patterns and levels <strong>of</strong> laccase and Mn-dependent<br />
peroxidase (MnP) differed among species and strains <strong>of</strong> the
IMC7 Tuesday August 13th Lectures<br />
same species studied. Production <strong>of</strong> MnP was generally<br />
optimal in SSF <strong>of</strong> grapevine cuttings sawdust (GCS), but<br />
was repressed by agitation <strong>of</strong> fungi grown in submerged<br />
liquid culture. Conversely, basidiomycetes laccase activity<br />
was generally enhanced by agitation. The highest laccase<br />
activity (up to 400-800 nkat/ml) was revealed in a<br />
submerged fermentation <strong>of</strong> mandarin juice production<br />
wastes by the strains <strong>of</strong> genera Cerrena, whereas extremely<br />
high Mn-dependent peroxidase activity (50-180 nkat/ml)<br />
was found in a SSF <strong>of</strong> the GCS by Pleurotus ostreatus and<br />
Lentinus edodes. Among the factors tested, only carbon<br />
sources and low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds in<br />
the media have been shown to significantly influence<br />
ligninolytic activity <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes. However, the<br />
response <strong>of</strong> different fungi strains is greatly depending on<br />
chemical nature <strong>of</strong> the carbon source. Concerning nitrogen<br />
source only increased basidiomycetes growth at presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> additional nitrogen accounts for the higher levels <strong>of</strong><br />
enzymes activity. This work shows that different<br />
approaches might be used to regulate basidiomycetes<br />
ligninolytic activity in general or activity <strong>of</strong> certain<br />
enzyme, however, caution is necessary when evaluating<br />
ligninolytic capabilities <strong>of</strong> the white rot fungi.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 65
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
203 - Role <strong>of</strong> reticulation events in the co-evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
Epichloë grass endophytes<br />
C.L. Schardl * , C.D. Moon & K.D. Craven<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, S-305 ASCN, Lexington, Kentucky<br />
40546, U.S.A. - E-mail: schardl@uky.edu<br />
The Epichloë (anamorph = Neotyphodium) species are<br />
fungal endophytes <strong>of</strong> grasses spanning an evolutionary<br />
continuum from antagonistic sexual species to mutualistic<br />
asexual species. The asexual endophytes are strictly seedborne<br />
(vertically transmitted), whereas the sexual<br />
endophytes can transmit contagiously (horizontally). Most<br />
<strong>of</strong> the sexual species are highly host specific, but their<br />
occasional jumps between host tribes can generate strictly<br />
seed-borne lineages. The fact that the resulting endophytes<br />
express no male or female reproductive structures, and no<br />
contagious spores on their new hosts probably reflects their<br />
relatively short history <strong>of</strong> coevolution with those grasses.<br />
Although such endophytes are asexual, they remain<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> parasexual interactions with horizontallytransmitted<br />
Epichloë spp., giving rise to aneuploid or<br />
polyploid hybrids. Out <strong>of</strong> 32 phylogenetically<br />
distinguishable asexual lineages, 21 were hybrids <strong>of</strong> two or<br />
three biologically and phylogenetically distinct sexual<br />
species. Among endophytes in certain host genera the<br />
likely host jump and subsequent hybridization events can<br />
be discerned. For example, Epichloë bromicola apparently<br />
jumped from Bromus into Hordeum, then underwent<br />
several hybridizations with Epichloë typhina; both the nonhybrid<br />
and hybrid descendants occur in extant Hordeum<br />
populations. Likewise it appears that an asexual endophyte<br />
in a Lolium ancestor underwent at least five hybridizations<br />
during the emergence <strong>of</strong> three host species.<br />
204 - Fitness costs in hybridization events between<br />
allopatric Tilletia species<br />
L.M. Carris<br />
Washington State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Pathology, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
carris@wsu.edu<br />
A closely related group <strong>of</strong> Tilletia species infects wild and<br />
cultivated hosts in the grass subfamily Pooideae. This<br />
group <strong>of</strong> smut fungi includes the wheat common and dwarf<br />
bunts, T. tritici, T. laevis, and T. controversa. A study <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic relationships among isolates <strong>of</strong> common and dwarf<br />
bunts based on RAPD analysis supported natural<br />
hybridization as an explanation for the existence <strong>of</strong> isolates<br />
with reciprocal characteristics <strong>of</strong> spore morphology and<br />
germination. Nuclear rDNA sequence and RAPD analyses<br />
showed T. bromi, a bunt that infects brome grasses growing<br />
as weeds in wheat fields in the Pacific Northwestern USA,<br />
to be the species most closely related to the wheat bunts.<br />
The ability <strong>of</strong> T. controversa to form interspecific hybrids<br />
with T. bromi was examined. Tilletia controversa was<br />
hybridized with T. bromi and T. laevis in a susceptible<br />
66<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
cultivar <strong>of</strong> wheat under greenhouse conditions. Tilletia<br />
controversa x T. bromi progeny exhibited reduced fitness<br />
relative to T. controversa x T. laevis progeny as measured<br />
by basidiospore mortality, basidiospore fusion, and<br />
pathogenicity in wheat. Additionally, no evidence <strong>of</strong><br />
natural hybridization or introgression based on RAPD<br />
analysis was detected between allopatric populations <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
controversa and T. bromi. Our data suggest reproductive<br />
compatibility is retained among species <strong>of</strong> Tilletia infecting<br />
pooid hosts, but progeny produced between species with<br />
distinct host ranges are unlikely to survive under natural<br />
conditions.<br />
205 - Stumps as a new niche for interspecific<br />
hybridization in the Heterobasidion spp. complex.<br />
Ecological instability vs. the genetic stability <strong>of</strong> hybrids<br />
M.M. Garbelotto 1* , W. Otrosina 2 , J. Stenlid 3 , P. Gonthier 4<br />
& G. Nicolotti 4<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> California, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA<br />
94720, U.S.A. - 2 USDA Forest Service, Forestry Sciences<br />
Laboratory, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A. - 3 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Uppsala, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - 4 University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Turin, via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 TO, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
matteo@nature.berkeley.edu<br />
The five known taxa in the Heterobasidion annosum Coll.<br />
complex display a marked host preference. This niche<br />
partitioning has strengthened the genetic isolation among<br />
these species, in spite <strong>of</strong> their potential interfertility.<br />
Through field and greenhouse experiments, we show that<br />
host preference is lost on tree stumps as well as in pine<br />
trees exposed to high levels <strong>of</strong> inoculum. An analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
Heterobasidion species composition in stumps shows<br />
significant sympatry between species. A comparative<br />
analysis in trees shows no shift in species composition.<br />
Logging has thus greatly enhanced the potential for contact<br />
between species. An analysis <strong>of</strong> Heterobasidion species<br />
composition from the airspora, shows ratios resembling<br />
species composition from stumps rather than from trees.<br />
This finding underlines the impact <strong>of</strong> stumps on<br />
Heterobasidion species composition. Effects <strong>of</strong> stump<br />
creation is variable. Where mating barriers between species<br />
are strong (e.g. the Alps), little evidence <strong>of</strong> hybridization<br />
and gene introgression have been found. Where partial<br />
interfertility is present (e.g. California), hybrids and<br />
evidence <strong>of</strong> past and present gene introgression can be<br />
found. Although hybrids do not appear to have enhanced<br />
pathogenicity we show through inoculation experiments<br />
that they can be as fit as one <strong>of</strong> the parental species,<br />
especially on tree stumps. We finally show that hybrids<br />
form diploid hyphae, thus ensuring long-term genetic<br />
stability.
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
206 - Influence <strong>of</strong> selection pressure on the outcome <strong>of</strong><br />
current interspecific gene flow between Ophiostoma<br />
species<br />
C.M. Brasier 1* , M. Paoletti 2 & K.W. Buck 2<br />
1 Forest Research Agency, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH,<br />
U.K. - 2 Biology Department, Imperial College, London<br />
SW7 2AZ, U.K. - E-mail: clive.brasier@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<br />
The Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi has<br />
recently invaded areas <strong>of</strong> the northern hemisphere<br />
previously occupied by another DED pathogen, O. ulmi.<br />
This has enabled interactions between the two species,<br />
resulting in a series <strong>of</strong> unusual evolutionary events. O.<br />
novo-ulmi has physically replaced O. ulmi, forcing the<br />
latter into extinction. While doing so, O. novo-ulmi has<br />
spread as a series <strong>of</strong> single mating type single vegetative<br />
compatibility type (vic) clones. Locally, these clones have<br />
then become rapidly genetically diverse (c. 5-10 years),<br />
with many new vic and other phenotypes appearing. The<br />
mechanism for this rapid change from clonality to<br />
heterogeneity was unknown. Evidence based on cosegregation<br />
<strong>of</strong> AFLP markers and cloning and sequencing<br />
<strong>of</strong> mating type loci indicates that O. novo-ulmi has<br />
acquired both the new vic genes and the A-mating type<br />
locus from O. ulmi via horizontal gene flow. The O. ulmi<br />
vic and mat A genes appear to have been acquired by O.<br />
novo-ulmi under selection pressure imposed by deleterious<br />
viruses. Other 'less useful' O. ulmi genes acquired by O.<br />
novo-ulmi, such as genes for pathogenicity or for ceratoulmin<br />
(toxin) production, appear not to be selected,<br />
probably because they render O. novo-ulmi less fit.<br />
Furthermore, only c2% <strong>of</strong> 'foreign' DNA appears to be<br />
acceptable if an introgressed O. novo-ulmi genotype is to<br />
survive.<br />
207 - Evolutionary processes and genome organisation<br />
among emerging interspecific hybrids in Phytophthora<br />
species<br />
D.E.L. Cooke 1* , J.M. Duncan 1 , W.A. Man in't Veld 2 &<br />
C.M. Brasier 3<br />
1 Host Parasite Co-evolution, Scottish Crop Research<br />
Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K. - 2 Plant<br />
Protection Service, Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, PO Box<br />
9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands. -<br />
3 Pathology Branch, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge,<br />
Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
dcooke@scri.sari.ac.uk<br />
Whilst common in plants, reports <strong>of</strong> interspecific<br />
hybridisation amongst fungi are scarce. The risks, however,<br />
should not be underestimated. Hybridisation may<br />
accelerate the evolution <strong>of</strong> plant pathogenic fungi resulting<br />
in rapid adaptation to new plant species or environments.<br />
Increasing global trade in plants and, inadvertently, their<br />
pathogens, creates opportunities for such events. The genus<br />
Phytophthora comprises over sixty plant pathogenic<br />
species, many with broad host ranges and some responsible<br />
for severe crop epidemics or for destabilising terrestrial<br />
ecosystems. This, alongside their global distribution,<br />
cryptic nature and flexible diploid genetic system serves to<br />
increase the risks and threats <strong>of</strong> hybridisation within the<br />
genus. Cytological behaviour, additive nucleotide bases in<br />
the ITS region and AFLP and isozyme pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> a new<br />
aggressive Phytophthora pathogen <strong>of</strong> alder trees spreading<br />
in Europe have shown that it comprises a swarm <strong>of</strong><br />
heteroploid interspecific hybrids between a P. cambivoralike<br />
species and an unknown P. fragariae-like taxon.<br />
Developmental and cytological instability and marked<br />
phenotypic and genotypic variation all indicate a recent<br />
hybridisation. Moreover, mtDNA typing suggests that this<br />
occurred more than once. Evidence for the continuing<br />
evolution (or stabilisation) <strong>of</strong> the hybrid genomes will be<br />
presented and the challenge <strong>of</strong> delimiting such hybrid taxa<br />
in a way that is practicable for quarantine legislation and<br />
diagnosis will be considered.<br />
208 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> interspecific Melampsora hybrids<br />
exhibiting new host specificities<br />
G. Newcombe 1* & P. Frey 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Idaho, Dept. Forest Resources, Moscow ID<br />
83844-1133, U.S.A. - 2 INRA, INRA Forest Pathology,<br />
54280 Champenoux, France. - E-mail:<br />
georgen@uidaho.edu<br />
Interspecific hybridization has been an important tool in<br />
plant domestication. Domestication in Populus, and other<br />
forest trees, is just in its infancy, and hybridization has<br />
been the primary means by which poplar breeders have<br />
produced desirable plantation phenotypes. Are the<br />
pathogens <strong>of</strong> Populus undergoing parallel domestication?<br />
The answer appears to be yes for Melampsora, and no for<br />
Venturia. For Melampsora, interspecific hybridization <strong>of</strong><br />
M. medusae and M. occidentalis now matches that <strong>of</strong> the<br />
respective hosts (i.e., Populus deltoides and P.<br />
trichocarpa). Multiple, exapted genes for rust resistance<br />
from both host species have been suddenly overcome in P.<br />
trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids yielding new and<br />
complex pathogenic variation. Venturia, and other<br />
ascomycetous pathogens <strong>of</strong> Populus are similar to a point.<br />
Multiple, exapted genes for resistance to Venturia (and<br />
Taphrina, and Linospora as well) are also known (from a<br />
common-garden study <strong>of</strong> P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides and<br />
P. trichocarpa x P. maximowiczii pedigrees). However,<br />
although European and native species <strong>of</strong> Venturia do cooccur<br />
in the Pacific Northwest <strong>of</strong> the U.S., they have not<br />
hybridized. Instead, they remain confined to their<br />
respective hosts (i.e., the European Populus nigra and the<br />
native P. trichocarpa, respectively).<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 67
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
209 - Phylogenetic relationships in Homobasidiomycetes<br />
R.G. Thorn 1* , M. Binder 2 & D.S. Hibbett 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Western Ontario,<br />
London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester,<br />
Massachusetts 01610-1477, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
rgthorn@uwo.ca<br />
The time since IMC6 has seen a dramatic increase in<br />
molecular phylogenetic studies <strong>of</strong> homobasidiomycetes.<br />
This talk <strong>of</strong>fers the opportunity for a general overview <strong>of</strong><br />
recent results from our labs as well as published and<br />
unpublished results from other research groups. The eight<br />
major clades <strong>of</strong> homobasidiomycetes identified by Hibbett<br />
et al. (1997, PNAS 94:12002) have generally held up to<br />
more recent analyses but, despite the increased<br />
phylogenetic information <strong>of</strong> additional sequence data,<br />
support for basal divisions, particularly the polyporoid<br />
clade, remains weak and placement <strong>of</strong> some terminal taxa<br />
remains equivocal. A picture is emerging <strong>of</strong> rapid<br />
radiations among the basal lineages, echoed by rapid<br />
radiations among more recently evolved groups such as the<br />
secotioid and gasteroid members <strong>of</strong> agaric and bolete<br />
clades. The consequences <strong>of</strong> the former are the difficulty <strong>of</strong><br />
firmly establishing the relationships among major clades<br />
and the evolution <strong>of</strong> fundamental ecological characters<br />
such as ectomycorrhizal habit and rot type. The<br />
consequences <strong>of</strong> the more recent radiations in fruiting body<br />
morphology include the potential for havoc in our<br />
classification system and great fun in the mycology<br />
classroom. In any case, molecular phylogenetic studies <strong>of</strong><br />
homobasidiomycetes are both answering questions <strong>of</strong><br />
systematics and ecology, and raising many new ones.<br />
210 - Phylogenetic relationships in the euagarics<br />
(Agaricales): insights into morphological and ecological<br />
evolution in mushrooms<br />
J.-M. Moncalvo 1* , R. Vilgalys 1 & S.A. Redhead 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC<br />
27708, U.S.A. - 2 Systematic Mycology and Botany Section,<br />
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research, Agriculture and<br />
Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. -<br />
E-mail: jeanmarc@duke.edu<br />
Molecular phylogenetics support the view that gilled<br />
mushrooms have evolved multiple times from<br />
morphologically diverse ancestors, making the Agaricales<br />
polyphyletic. Molecular data also show that poroid,<br />
sequestrate (e.g., puffballs and secotioids) and reduced<br />
(e.g., cyphelloids) forms have evolved several times from<br />
gilled basidiocarps. Here we present results from molecular<br />
phylogenetic analyses that sampled about one tenth <strong>of</strong> the<br />
total number <strong>of</strong> species known in the largest natural group<br />
<strong>of</strong> homobasidiomycetes, the euagarics clade (ca. 8400<br />
known species). In many cases, it was possible to resolve<br />
natural relationships <strong>of</strong> several gilled fungi for which<br />
68<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
taxonomic position has been controversial in the past, and<br />
also to unambiguously resolve among the euagarics the<br />
systematic placement <strong>of</strong> many gasteromycetes and reduced<br />
forms. The mapping <strong>of</strong> characters onto phylogenetic trees<br />
indicates that ecology, biochemistry and/or physiology<br />
rather than morphology <strong>of</strong>ten support natural groups <strong>of</strong><br />
euagarics. Newly discovered phylogenetic affinities<br />
include for instance relationships <strong>of</strong> the true puffballs<br />
(Lycoperdales) with the Agaricaceae, <strong>of</strong> Panellus and the<br />
poroid fungi Dictyopanus and Favolaschia with Mycena,<br />
and <strong>of</strong> the reduced fungus Caripia with Gymnopus.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> newly discovered monophyletic groups <strong>of</strong><br />
euagarics include the clades resupinatus, lentinuloideae,<br />
Tricholomataceae, Mycenaceae, Agaricaceae, psychedelia,<br />
and Pleurotaceae.<br />
211 - Phylogeny and ecology - what can primitive<br />
homobasidioid fungi tell us?<br />
E. Langer<br />
Universitaet Kassel, FB 19, FG Oekologie, Heinrich-Plett-<br />
Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
ewald.langer@uni-kassel.de<br />
With special emphasis on Aphyllophorales, this study was<br />
carried out to verify hitherto published phylogenies <strong>of</strong><br />
Hymenomycetes by nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences<br />
and comparative morphology. Preferably Aphyllophorales<br />
with dolipores having the imperforate parenthesome-type<br />
were used to remedy the imbalance in taxa composition <strong>of</strong><br />
former analyses. The results support the hypothesis <strong>of</strong> a<br />
monophyletic origin <strong>of</strong> homobasidiomycetes having<br />
dolipore parenthesomes perforated by many small holes,<br />
including gilled, non-gilled mushrooms and<br />
gasteromycetes. Only a minor part <strong>of</strong> the formally settled<br />
orders or families could be verified by this analysis in full<br />
respect. Especially the Agaricales ss Singer contain many<br />
different related Aphyllophorales. A monophylum<br />
comprising non-gilled mushrooms from certain<br />
Corticiaceae and Hymenochaetales, having solely dolipores<br />
with imperforate parenthesomes is the sistergroup <strong>of</strong> the<br />
homobasidiomycetes having dolipores with perforated<br />
parenthesomes. The borderline between<br />
heterobasidiomycetes and homobasidiomycetes was<br />
detected to be unsharp, because <strong>of</strong> repeatedly loss <strong>of</strong><br />
secondary ballistospores in a monophylum nesting the<br />
Tulasnellales, Botryobasidiales and cantharelloid taxa.<br />
212 - Phylogenetic relationships among corticioid fungi<br />
K.-H. Larsson 1* , E. Larsson 1 & U. Kõljalg 2<br />
1 Goteborg University, Botanical Institute, P.O. Box 461,<br />
SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Tartu,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany and Ecology, 40 Lai str., 51005 Tartu,<br />
Estonia. - E-mail: karl-henrik.larsson@systbot.gu.se
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
Basidiomycetes with effused, skin-like basidiomata are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten classified together as corticioid fungi. Recent<br />
molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that<br />
homobasidiomycetes have evolved into at least eight<br />
lineages. In these earlier studies only a few corticioid<br />
representatives were included but already from a restricted<br />
sampling it is obvious that corticioid fungi are<br />
phylogenetically highly diverse. We performed a<br />
phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the homobasidiomycetes with a<br />
strong emphasis on corticioid forms. As characters we used<br />
nucleotide sites from 5.8S and 28S in the nuclear ribosomal<br />
DNA repeat. We recovered the eight clades earlier<br />
identified and in addition four new clades composed<br />
primarily <strong>of</strong> corticioid species. We hypothesise that<br />
increased sampling <strong>of</strong> corticioid fungi will reveal still other<br />
unique lineages and potential examples are given. The<br />
implications for the interpretation <strong>of</strong> homobasidiomycete<br />
evolution and for the design <strong>of</strong> future studies are discussed.<br />
213 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> corticioid fungi with russuloid<br />
characteristics (the genus Gloeocystidiellum in a<br />
phylogenetic perspective)<br />
E. Larsson * & K.-H. Larsson<br />
Göteborg University, Dep. <strong>of</strong> biology, Box 461, SE 405 30<br />
Göteborg, Sweden. - E-mail: ellen.larsson@systbot.gu.se<br />
The classification <strong>of</strong> fungi has traditionally relied on<br />
macro- and microanatomical features <strong>of</strong> the basidiome. The<br />
genus Gloeocystidiellum is characterized by the corticioid<br />
basidiomata, the presence <strong>of</strong> SA+ gloeocystidia and<br />
amyloid <strong>of</strong>ten ornamented spores. Phylogenetic analyses,<br />
based on nuclear rDNA, <strong>of</strong> 127 species within the russuloid<br />
lineage recovered 13 supported clades and six single<br />
branches. Species that have been combined to<br />
Gloeocystidiellum occur in 7 <strong>of</strong> the 13 clades. Other results<br />
support monophyly <strong>of</strong> the russuloid clade, and our data<br />
suggest that the presence <strong>of</strong> a gloeoplerous system,<br />
primarily observed as gloeocystidia, is a synapomorphy <strong>of</strong><br />
russuloid taxa. In addition, compatibility studies were<br />
performed to discern biological species within the<br />
Gloeocystidiellum porosum / clavuligerum complex and to<br />
characterize the genus type G. porosum. Four compatibility<br />
groups were detected. Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
complex revealed a great sequence divergence between G.<br />
porosum and G. clavuligerum. Based on morphological<br />
data, mating tests and phylogenetic analyses, three species<br />
in the complex could be characterised; G. kenyense, G.<br />
clavuligerum and G. porosum. Gloeocystidiellum bisporum<br />
was shown to be a parthenogenetic haploid species,<br />
evolved from G. clavuligerum. The results indicate that<br />
Gloeocystidiellum includes only G. porosum and a few<br />
closely related species.<br />
214 - Phylogenetic study <strong>of</strong> Thelephorales - the story <strong>of</strong><br />
explanatory power <strong>of</strong> systematics<br />
U. Kõljalg * & K. Abarenkov<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, 40 Lai Str., 51005 Tartu, Estonia. - Email:<br />
ukoljalg@ut.ee<br />
Molecular phylogenies <strong>of</strong> Thelephorales and its genera will<br />
be presented. Based on these phylogenies the explanatory<br />
power <strong>of</strong> systematics to answer specific questions on<br />
autecology <strong>of</strong> Thelephorales will be demonstrated. In order<br />
to make systematics more powerful and attractive,<br />
database-driven Web sites <strong>of</strong> different taxa should be<br />
compiled which include all types <strong>of</strong> biological information.<br />
Such databases will provide facility to study taxon ecology,<br />
phylogeny, etc. in silico by other fields. The information<br />
facility for thelephoroid fungi is built using the PHP<br />
scripting language and the MySQL relational database.<br />
Access to database and a database administration is done<br />
over the Web. Currently the database-driven Web site<br />
includes molecular identification <strong>of</strong> resupinate thelephoroid<br />
fungi using ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions <strong>of</strong> nuclear rDNA<br />
and BLAST similarity search. An example how it may be<br />
used for the identification <strong>of</strong> root mycobionts will be<br />
shown. In future the database will provide additional<br />
facilities for interactive identification <strong>of</strong> taxa based on<br />
morphology, provide information on nomenclature,<br />
phylogeny, ecology, etc.<br />
215 - Phylogenetic taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaete and<br />
related genera (Hymenomycetes)<br />
E. Parmasto 1* , U. Kõljalg 2 , E. Larsson 3 & S. Rummo 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural<br />
University, 181 Riia St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. - 2 Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Botany and Ecology, Tartu University, 40 Lai St., 51005<br />
Tartu, Estonia. - 3 Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Göteborg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. - Email:<br />
e.parmasto@zbi.ee<br />
Studies by Wagner and Fischer (2001, 2002) have<br />
demonstrated that 19 species <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaete s.l. studied<br />
(except H. tabacina) form, together with 2 Hydnochaete<br />
and 2 Cyclomyces species, a monophyletic genus in the<br />
order Hymenochaetales. We examined the taxonomy <strong>of</strong><br />
this group adding 16 more species <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaete,<br />
Coltriciella tasmanica and Hydnochaete olivacea.<br />
Parsimony analysis <strong>of</strong> molecular (LSU nucrDNA<br />
sequences), morphological and combined datasets was<br />
carried out, including representatives <strong>of</strong> other genera <strong>of</strong><br />
Hymenochaetales s.str. As an outgroup, 6 corticioid and<br />
polyporoid (non-hymenochaetoid) species, characterized<br />
by dolipore septa with continuous parenthesomes, were<br />
used. About 35% <strong>of</strong> the Hymenochaete species have been<br />
included in this study. Most hymenochaetes comprise a<br />
clade <strong>of</strong> closely related species; a separate clade (a new<br />
genus?) is formed <strong>of</strong> 4 species with dendrohyphidia or<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 69
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
denticulate setae. Two species <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaete and<br />
Hydnochaete olivacea can be added to the monotypic<br />
genus Pseudochaete. H. villosa is different from the other<br />
Hymenochaete species and belongs to a clade together with<br />
Coltricia and Coltriciella. As a rule, a clade ought to be<br />
named a genus only when there are morphological<br />
characters making the species group recognizable without<br />
molecular analysis. Within Hymenochaete s.str., such<br />
groups are lacking. Avoidance <strong>of</strong> schizotaxia (splitting) is<br />
advisable irrespective <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> morphological or<br />
mainly molecular characters.<br />
216 - Building ecology: Influence <strong>of</strong> distribution,<br />
detection and control <strong>of</strong> biodeterioration<br />
J. Mattsson<br />
Mycoteam AS, P.O. Box 5 Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway. -<br />
E-mail: johan@mycoteam.no<br />
Under normal circumstances do mould and wood-decaying<br />
fungi not have favourably condition for growth in<br />
buildings, mainly due to restricted access <strong>of</strong> water.<br />
However, it might occur local areas in constructions where<br />
the physical conditions are favourable enough for<br />
microbiological activity. Understanding the building<br />
ecology with respect to influence <strong>of</strong> distribution and<br />
activity <strong>of</strong> different fungi, gives possibilities for a<br />
successful detection, evaluation and control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
damages. By laboratory and field experiments, it has been<br />
proven what physical conditions that are necessary for<br />
fungal activity in buildings. The main factors for growth<br />
are humidity, temperature and the time <strong>of</strong> exposure. Other<br />
aspects might also have impact, but <strong>of</strong>ten to less extent.<br />
Due to the great variations <strong>of</strong> microclimate in a<br />
construction, it can be a significant change <strong>of</strong> the building<br />
ecology in few millimetres. This variation <strong>of</strong>ten leads to<br />
difficulties in the work <strong>of</strong> building survey. Since the<br />
damage development might be caused by small variations<br />
in building ecology, the detection and understanding <strong>of</strong> the<br />
physical conditions are important in order to control if<br />
remediation has desired effect. Subsequently, the risk <strong>of</strong><br />
failure in handling damages caused by mould fungi is high<br />
- <strong>of</strong>ten with a significant impact on the indoor air quality.<br />
Guidelines for accomplishing building survey are needed in<br />
order to give a better understanding <strong>of</strong> the building ecology<br />
and thereby ensure an optimal result.<br />
217 - Studies on the dry rot fungus, Serpula lacrymans<br />
J.W. Palfreyman 1* , J.S. Gartland 1 , N.A. White 1 , J. Bech-<br />
Andersen 2 & D.E.L. Cooke 3<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Contemporary Science, University <strong>of</strong> Abertay<br />
Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee, Scotland, U.K. - 2 Hussvamp<br />
Laboratories AB, Copenhagen, Denmark. - 3 Mycology,<br />
Bacteriology and Nematology Unit, SCRI, Invergowrie,<br />
Dundee, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail: mltjwp@tay.ac.uk<br />
70<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Molecular and morphological parameters <strong>of</strong> Serpula<br />
lacrymans isolates from various sites in the built<br />
environment in Europe and Australia were compared to<br />
similar parameters <strong>of</strong> 'wild' isolates from India, the Sumava<br />
Mountains (Czech Republic) and Mount Shasta (U.S.A.).<br />
The Indian, Czech Republic and all <strong>of</strong> the building isolates<br />
bar one showed identity in both molecular and<br />
morphological features. The Australian and the U.S.<br />
isolates (BF-050 and USA'94 respectively) showed specific<br />
morphological differences and could be separated on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> RAPD-PCR with the U.S. isolate being least<br />
closely related to the S. lacrymans type strain <strong>of</strong> FPRL12C.<br />
ITS sequence data revealed 2 base differences between<br />
FPRL12C and BF-050 in the 673 sequenced, 9 differences<br />
between FPRL12C and USA'94 and 16 differences<br />
between USA'94 and the closely related organism Serpula<br />
himantioides. The possible evolutionary relationships<br />
between the various isolates are discussed along with<br />
suggestions for the origin <strong>of</strong> S. lacrymans as a scourge <strong>of</strong><br />
the built environment in many temperate areas <strong>of</strong> the<br />
world. We will also report on the use <strong>of</strong> Indian, US and<br />
Czech Republic Isolates <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma in the biocontrol<br />
<strong>of</strong> decay by S. lacrymans.<br />
218 - Moulds in Buildings 1998-2002<br />
S. Gravesen<br />
Danish Urban & Research Institute, box119, 2970<br />
Hørsholm, Denmark. - E-mail: sug@sbi.dk<br />
Results <strong>of</strong> a multidisciplinary research programme:<br />
"Moulds in buildings, 1998 - 2002" are presented. The<br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> the programme was to gain more knowledge<br />
concerning conditions for mould growth in buildings and<br />
the ensuing health effects on people. Furthermore the aim<br />
was to create basic knowledge about safe and cost efficient<br />
solutions for solving problems and for preventing mould<br />
growth in buildings during planning, operation,<br />
maintenance and renovation. - A clear correlation was<br />
demonstrated to exist between the level <strong>of</strong> moulds in floor<br />
dust and a number <strong>of</strong> irritative symptoms from eyes and<br />
upper airways including the general symptoms such as<br />
headaches, dizziness and difficulties in concentration. - The<br />
correlation between exposure to moulds from floor dust nd<br />
symptoms was typically stronger among pupils with<br />
asthma and hay fever. This condition was especially<br />
pronounced for irritation <strong>of</strong> the mucous membranes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
eyes. - Experiments have shown that wood and wood-based<br />
materials; wallpaper and materials with glue (starch) have<br />
the lowest resistance to mould infestation. - Plaster and<br />
concrete, which have a very modest content <strong>of</strong> organic<br />
material, can be infested with mould growth, provided that<br />
the materials have a high humidity (water activity)<br />
preferably 95% RH. *Danish Moulds in Buildings-<br />
Consortium.
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
219 - Mycotoxins<br />
K.F. Nielsen<br />
The Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs.<br />
Lyngby, Denmark. - E-mail: kfn@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Mycotoxins produced by the building associated funga<br />
have been proposed as one <strong>of</strong> the agents, which are<br />
responsible for the adverse health effects, observed among<br />
people living or working in damp and water damaged<br />
buildings. The vehicle for exposure to mycotoxins in the<br />
indoor environ-ment is presumable the fungal spores and<br />
fragments <strong>of</strong> these. The quantities <strong>of</strong> thee mycotoxins<br />
present on building materials are quite low (ng-µg/cm 2<br />
range), and air concentrations generally so low that that<br />
they can not be measured. Penicillia do not produce many<br />
metabolites when growing on building materials compared<br />
with agar-media and foods. Aspergillus versicolor is a<br />
complex species, with at least 3 sub-groups and produces<br />
sterigmatocystins up to 30 µg/cm 2 . However generally the<br />
concentrations are in the ng/cm 2 range. Interestingly 4-7<br />
alkaloids previously seen from A. ochraceus are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
produced. For Stachybotrys chartarum some evidence <strong>of</strong><br />
building associated mycotoxicosis exists, as it in buildings<br />
produces high quantities <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> metabolic families.<br />
These includes spiriocyclic drimanes<br />
(spirodihydrobenz<strong>of</strong>uranlactam) which are complement<br />
inhibitors (stachybotrys lactones and lactams) and have,<br />
fibrionolytical activity, neurotoxic effects etc. Additionally<br />
30% <strong>of</strong> the iso-lates produces macrocyclic trichothecenes<br />
which are highly cytotoxic to mammalian cells and are<br />
known to give severe haematoxic effects.<br />
220 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> allergenic indoor fungi colonising<br />
dust particles and surfaces in New Zealand households<br />
N.W. Waipara 1* , M. di Menna 2 , C. Marshall 3 , P. Howden-<br />
Chapman 3 & J. Crane 3<br />
1 HortResearch, Canterbury Research Centre, P.O.Box 51,<br />
Lincoln, New Zealand. - 2 AgResearch, Ruakura Research<br />
Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand. -<br />
3 Wellington School <strong>of</strong> Medicine & Health Sciences,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New<br />
Zealand. - E-mail: nwaipara@hortresearch.co.nz<br />
Fungal species isolated from indoor environments have<br />
been shown to produce toxic volatile organic compounds<br />
(VOC) as well as produce allergenic spores, which can<br />
trigger respiratory and related illnesses. A series <strong>of</strong><br />
mycological surveys <strong>of</strong> households were undertaken in four<br />
climatic regions <strong>of</strong> New Zealand to determine the<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> fungi present in indoor environments, in<br />
particular, the presence <strong>of</strong> mycotoxic and allergenic fungal<br />
species. Fungi were isolated from vacuumed floor dust<br />
samples and from wall surfaces using 3M Petrifilms.<br />
Isolation results showed ubiquitous taxa, such as<br />
Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum nigrum,<br />
Alternaria spp., and Penicillium spp., were frequently<br />
obtained in both dust and surface samples. An overall<br />
higher species diversity was obtained from dust samples<br />
than was observed from wall surfaces, however, the<br />
dominance <strong>of</strong> Cladosporium spp. on surfaces across all<br />
households may have adversely reduced the sensitivity <strong>of</strong><br />
the Petrifilm method to detect many slow growing genera.<br />
Significant biodiversity differences were observed between<br />
the fungal species isolated from dust in different climatic<br />
regions. For example, Aspergillus spp. were only dominant<br />
in houses situated in regions with a dry warm climate.<br />
Many households were found to be contaminated with<br />
mycotoxic and VOC producing fungi such as Aspergillus<br />
fumigatus, A. ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum, and<br />
Stachybotrys chartarum.<br />
221 - Chiral MVOC's - a new tool for studying moulds<br />
in building constructions?<br />
O.-A. Braathen 1* , C. Lunder 1 , N. Schmidbauer 1 , J.<br />
Mattsson 2 & C. Ahlén 3<br />
1 NILU, P.O.Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway. - 2 Mycoteam,<br />
P.O.Box 5 Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway. - 3 SINTEF<br />
Unimed, 7465 Trondheim, Norway. - E-mail: oab@nilu.no<br />
MVOC-measurements can be used as a non-destructive<br />
way to detect moulds in closed spaces in buildings. Most <strong>of</strong><br />
the VOCs produced by moulds can also be found in<br />
emissions from building materials and various household<br />
products. It is therefore hard to find MVOCs that have<br />
microbiological activities as the only emission source. In<br />
order to find a good tracer for moulds in sick buildings,<br />
chiral volatile organic compounds emitted by<br />
microbiological activity (c-MVOC) have been studied in<br />
indoor air. For a chiral VOC-compound, there will be at<br />
last two enantiomers ('mirror images' that have equal<br />
chemical properties, but different physical properties).<br />
Man-made VOCs most <strong>of</strong>ten occur in racemic ratio<br />
(50:50). When there is microbiological activity involving<br />
enzymic reactions, one <strong>of</strong> the enantiomers will dominate,<br />
giving a non-racemic ratio (for instance 80:20 or 100:0).<br />
Air samples were adsorbed on Tenax TA, followed by<br />
thermal desorption and combined gas<br />
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and<br />
separation <strong>of</strong> enantiomers on suitable chromatographic<br />
columns. In this study six <strong>of</strong> the most common moulds in<br />
buildings with water damages were studied both at<br />
controlled conditions in the laboratory (grown on gypsum<br />
board and plywood) and in mould-infected buildings. This<br />
study has shown that some chiral-MVOC can be used as a<br />
tracer for microbiological activity (mould) in buildings.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 71
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
222 - Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in<br />
soil as identified from soil DNA extracts<br />
R. Landeweert 1* , C. Veenman 2 , T.W. Kuyper 1 & E. Smit 2<br />
1<br />
Wageningen University, Sub-dept. <strong>of</strong> Soil Quality.,<br />
P.O.Box 8005, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands.<br />
2<br />
- National Institute for Public Health and the<br />
Environment, P.O.Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: renske.landeweert@bb.benp.wagur.nl<br />
The various functional roles <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi in<br />
ecosystems can only be recognised when the mycelial<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> individual species in soil is revealed.<br />
Collectively, the structure, function and activity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal mycelium determine the nutrient<br />
mobilisation and translocation capacities <strong>of</strong> different fungal<br />
species. Though its ecological significance was recognized<br />
by many mycologists, identification <strong>of</strong> mycelium in soil<br />
remained impossible due to technological limitations. At<br />
present however, molecular identification techniques based<br />
on total DNA extracts can be used to detect and identify<br />
fungal hyphae in various substrates. In order to detect and<br />
identify ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelium in soil,<br />
molecular identification techniques were applied to sieved<br />
soil samples from which all root tips were removed. A<br />
basidiomycete-specific primer pair was used to amplify<br />
fungal ITS sequences from total soil DNA extracts.<br />
Amplified basidiomycete DNA was cloned and sequenced<br />
and a selection <strong>of</strong> the obtained clones was analysed<br />
phylogenetically. Through molecular identification <strong>of</strong> the<br />
soil mycelium, the ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity was<br />
determined in three vertical soil columns taken from a<br />
podzol pr<strong>of</strong>ile. Latest results will be presented on the<br />
application <strong>of</strong> molecular identification as well as<br />
quantification techniques to determine fungal presence in<br />
soils.<br />
223 - Spatial structure in ectomycorrhizal fungal<br />
communities: a look belowground<br />
E.A. Lilleskov 1* , T.R. Horton 2 , D.L. Taylor 3 , P. Grogan 4 &<br />
T.D. Bruns 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall,<br />
Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. - 2 SUNY-ESF, 350 Illick Hall,<br />
1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A. - 3 University<br />
<strong>of</strong> California, Berkeley, Plant Conservation Research<br />
Center, UC Botanical Garden, 200 Centennial Drive<br />
#5045, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. - 4 Cranfield University,<br />
Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
elilleskov@fs.fed.us<br />
Ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities are highly<br />
diverse at the stand level. Although many communities<br />
have been characterized, little work has been done to<br />
examine their spatial structure. Analysis <strong>of</strong> spatial patterns<br />
might point toward processes structuring communities. We<br />
examined EMF community data from studies carried out in<br />
72<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
mature and post-fire conifer forests. To characterize the<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> communities and populations, we used<br />
various measures <strong>of</strong> spatial pattern: indices <strong>of</strong> dispersion,<br />
mantel tests, and standardized variograms. Mantel tests<br />
indicated higher community similarity with decreasing<br />
distance, but this pattern was only evident at small spatial<br />
scales (usually < 2 m). Indices <strong>of</strong> dispersion and<br />
variograms indicated that most species showed significant<br />
clumping, but the degree and scale <strong>of</strong> clumping varied<br />
widely. There was evidence <strong>of</strong> clumping in both mature<br />
and post-fire communities. The former could be the result<br />
<strong>of</strong> genet size, contagious establishment effects that are<br />
either endogenous (e.g., local spore rain) or exogenous<br />
(e.g., patchy resources or disturbance), or patchiness in<br />
initial inoculum. The latter might be the result <strong>of</strong><br />
patchiness in the inoculum source, given the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
resistant propagules in the species exhibiting patchiness.<br />
To distinguish among alternative mechanisms for patch<br />
formation, further investigation is needed <strong>of</strong> genetic<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> EMF populations at the mycelial level.<br />
224 - Community composition <strong>of</strong> arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi in a tropical forest<br />
R. Husband 1* , E.A. Herre 2 & J.P.Y. Young 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> York, PO Box 373,<br />
YO10 5YW, U.K. - 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research<br />
Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama. - E-mail:<br />
rh19@york.ac.uk<br />
It has been proposed that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)<br />
diversity may be linked to, and even influence, plant<br />
community structure. In intact tropical ecosystems little is<br />
known <strong>of</strong> the AM fungal population, so it has not been<br />
possible to assess the role <strong>of</strong> these fungi. Therefore we<br />
have used molecular techniques to investigate the diversity<br />
and distribution <strong>of</strong> the AM fungi colonising tree seedling<br />
roots in the tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI),<br />
Republic <strong>of</strong> Panama. We used differences in small subunit<br />
ribosomal RNA genes to identify groups <strong>of</strong> AM fungi<br />
colonising different host species <strong>of</strong> various ages at different<br />
sites. The overall AM fungal diversity was found to be very<br />
high although the majority <strong>of</strong> types belong to a single<br />
family. The mycorrhizal population showed significantly<br />
high spatial heterogeneity and non-random associations<br />
with the different hosts. Moreover there was a strong shift<br />
in the mycorrhizal communities over time. The high<br />
diversity and huge variation detected across time points,<br />
sites and hosts, implies the AM fungal types are<br />
ecologically distinct and thus may have the potential to<br />
influence recruitment and host composition in tropical<br />
forests.
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
225 - Organization <strong>of</strong> genetic variation within<br />
glomalean individuals<br />
T.E. Pawlowska * & J.W. Taylor<br />
University <strong>of</strong> California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, U.S.A.<br />
- E-mail: tpawlows@nature.berkeley.edu<br />
Understanding the organization <strong>of</strong> genetic variation within<br />
individuals <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) is a<br />
prerequisite for the study <strong>of</strong> population genetics in this<br />
group. Polymorphism <strong>of</strong> rDNA arrays within individual<br />
glomalean spores inspired generally believed yet unproven<br />
speculation that these fungi are largely heterokaryotic. We<br />
tested this hypothesis using monoxenically cultured<br />
Glomus etunicatum representing a natural population from<br />
a maize field in California. In addition to the rDNA ITS1-<br />
5.8S-ITS2 region, a putative gene encoding catalytic<br />
subunit <strong>of</strong> DNA polymerase alpha (POL) was identified as<br />
a variable genetic marker. To test for homo- vs.<br />
heterokaryosis, we examined variant sorting <strong>of</strong> these two<br />
markers in spores formed clonally in cultures initiated from<br />
single spores. The markers were PCR-amplified from<br />
individual spores, cloned and sequenced. In the initial<br />
screen <strong>of</strong> the G. etunicatum experimental population, we<br />
detected four variants <strong>of</strong> the rDNA ITS region and 16 POL<br />
variants. We analyzed 16 to 200 clones per spore in 42<br />
spores representing five single-spore cultures. The patterns<br />
<strong>of</strong> the rDNA ITS and POL variant sorting in these cultures<br />
were consistent with the homokaryotic model <strong>of</strong> nuclear<br />
organization. The presence <strong>of</strong> distinct rDNA variants<br />
within individual nuclei implies that concerted evolution,<br />
which is responsible for homogenization <strong>of</strong> dispersed<br />
rDNA arrays in genomes <strong>of</strong> other organisms, does not<br />
operate efficiently in Glomales.<br />
226 - Diversity and distribution <strong>of</strong> ericoid mycorrhizal<br />
fungi in a Mediterranean forest<br />
S. Perotto * , R. Bergero & M. Girlanda<br />
Dipartimento Biologia vegetale dell'Univesità and IPP-<br />
CNR, V.le Mattioli 25 -10125 Torino, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
silvia.perotto@unito.it<br />
Ericaeous plants are widespread on the globe and colonize<br />
substrates ranging from humid mor-humus substrates to<br />
arid sandy soils. This variety <strong>of</strong> habitats opens intriguing<br />
questions on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> their mycorrhizal<br />
associates. Ericoid mycorrhiza (EM) has been regarded for<br />
long time as a highly specific plant-fungus interaction,<br />
featuring a very restricted number <strong>of</strong> fungal species. More<br />
recent studies by research groups worldwide have<br />
challenged this view as molecular analyses <strong>of</strong> EM fungi<br />
suggest a greater genetic diversity and a larger number <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal species than previously thought. An interesting<br />
feature <strong>of</strong> several EM fungi is the occurrence <strong>of</strong> Group I<br />
introns in the small rDNA subunit, which further increases<br />
their genetic diversity but which may also represent a<br />
potential problem for RFLP analyses. The molecular<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> ericoid fungi has also lead to deeper<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> their ecology and relationships with<br />
plants, and has revealed that ericaceous plants can be very<br />
promiscuous, with multiple occupancy <strong>of</strong> their thin roots.<br />
In addition, some EM fungi seem also able to colonise<br />
plants from very distant taxa. We have studied EM fungusplant<br />
relationships in Mediterranean forests, which are<br />
complex environments where high biodiversity in plant<br />
species and mycorrhizal types (arbuscular, orchid, ericoid,<br />
ecto- and ectendo-mycorrhiza) occur. In these<br />
environments, ectomycorrhizal and EM plants were found<br />
to share similar root endophytes.<br />
227 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolite pathways: nonribosomal<br />
peptide synthetases and polyketide<br />
synthetases<br />
S. Kroken 1* , N.L. Glass 1 , J.W. Taylor 1 , B.G. Turgeon 2 &<br />
O. Yoder 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> California at Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall,<br />
Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, U.S.A. - 2 Torrey Mesa Research<br />
Institute, 3115 Merryfield Row, Suite 100, San Diego CA<br />
92121-1125, U.S.A. - E-mail: kroken@nature.berkeley.edu<br />
Our aim is to identify signaling factors (in pathways<br />
required for hyphal network formation, sporulation,<br />
vegetative growth and environmental sensing) present in<br />
filamentous ascomycetes, and virulence factors necessary<br />
for pathogenicity in plant pathogens. We hypothesize that<br />
independent lineages recruited similar genes from their<br />
non-pathogenic ancestors for novel roles in plant<br />
pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we are performing<br />
comparative genomics <strong>of</strong> saprobes (Neurospora crassa and<br />
Aspergillus fumigatus) and plant pathogens (Cochliobolus<br />
heterostrophus, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium verticillioides<br />
and F. graminearum). The first analyses identified genes<br />
that encode polyketides (PKs) and non-ribosomal peptides<br />
(NRPs). N. crassa has 7 polyketide synthases (PKSs) and 3<br />
non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPSs), whereas the<br />
other filamentous ascomycete genomes have many more <strong>of</strong><br />
these genes. Phylogenies <strong>of</strong> PKSs and NRPSs each feature<br />
a large clade that includes genes previously described as<br />
virulence factors. However, N. crassa has six PKSs and<br />
two NPRSs that group with the virulence clade, indicating<br />
that these genes have other roles. Based on these<br />
comparisons, we will select genes in N. crassa for<br />
mutational analysis. In parallel with these mutational<br />
analyses, metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iling between wild-type N. crassa<br />
and mutants will be performed to match PKS- and NRPSencoding<br />
genes with secreted metabolites, which will be<br />
characterized and tested for biological activities.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 73
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
228 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> mating type genes in filamentous<br />
ascomycetes<br />
S. Poeggeler<br />
Ruhr-Uni-Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
stefanie.poeggeler@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
To gain a deeper insight into the evolution <strong>of</strong> reproductive<br />
life-cycles from filamentous ascomycetes, a comprehensive<br />
sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> PCR-amplified sequences<br />
corresponding to A- and a- specific mating-type sequences<br />
was undertaken. The study included nine homothallic<br />
(compatible) and eight heterothallic (incompatible)<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the genera Neurospora and Sordaria. Distance<br />
and parsimony trees based on gene fragments from the mat<br />
a-1 and mat A-1 genes were compared with trees derived<br />
from partial DNA sequences <strong>of</strong> the gpd glyceraldehyde-3phosphate<br />
dehydrogenase gene. In contrast to the<br />
sequences from the gpd gene, mating-type genes show<br />
striking sequence differences suggesting that these genes<br />
evolve very rapidly. Strong inter-relationships were found<br />
among homothallic, as well as among heterothallic<br />
members <strong>of</strong> both genera, indicating that in each genus, a<br />
change from one reproductive strategy to another might<br />
result from one single event. Pair-wise comparisons<br />
between pheromone genes and pheromone receptor genes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the heterothallic species Neurospora crassa and the<br />
homothallic Sordaria macrospora revealed an extremely<br />
low degree <strong>of</strong> nucleotide conservation in these genes,<br />
indicating that these, like mating-type genes, evolved also<br />
very rapidly.<br />
229 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Zygomycetes: multi-gene<br />
approaches and the putative role <strong>of</strong> horizontal gene<br />
transfer<br />
K. Voigt<br />
Friedrich Schiller Universitaet, Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> General Microbiology and Microbial<br />
Genetics, Fungal Reference Centre, Neugasse 24, D-07743<br />
Jena, Germany. - E-mail: b5kevo@rz.uni-jena.de<br />
The Zygomycetes encompass microscopic fungi which<br />
form zygospores in sexual interactions. The most<br />
prominent and largest order are the Mucorales comprising<br />
saprotrophic and facultatively parasitic species, among<br />
those, the soil fungi Chaetocladium brefeldii and<br />
Parasitella parasitica which parasitize on other<br />
mucoralean fungi during the establishment <strong>of</strong> plasma<br />
bridges and the unidirectional transfer <strong>of</strong> genes to the host.<br />
This parasexual interaction utilizes the pheromone trisporic<br />
acid for the identification <strong>of</strong> compatible hosts, similarily to<br />
sexual interactions. One <strong>of</strong> the last steps <strong>of</strong> trisporic acid<br />
biosynthesis is catalysed by the 4-dihydromethyltrisporate<br />
dehydrogenase. The gene encoding this aldo-keto reductase<br />
were found in all families <strong>of</strong> the Mucorales, Mortierellales,<br />
Entomophthorales and Kickxellales. The sequences were<br />
analysed and used for the reconstruction <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic<br />
74<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
trees. In order to study the evolution <strong>of</strong> Zygomycetes in<br />
multi-gene approaches sequences for the nuclear-encoded<br />
genes actin and beta-tubulin were also determined and<br />
applied in concatenated analyses <strong>of</strong> tree constructions.<br />
Phylogenetic analysis in the context <strong>of</strong> available sequence<br />
data (approx. 6300 nucleotide positions per species)<br />
revealed that current classification schemes for the<br />
mucoralean fungi are highly unnatural at the family and, to<br />
a large extent, at the genus level.<br />
230 - RAPD and microsatellite analysis <strong>of</strong> the local and<br />
global population structure <strong>of</strong> aflatoxigenic Aspergillus<br />
species<br />
N. Tran-Dinh 1 , J.I. Pitt 1 & D.A. Carter 2*<br />
1 Food Science Australia, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde NSW<br />
1670, Australia. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Molecular and Microbial<br />
Biosciences, University <strong>of</strong> Sydney, Maze Crescent,<br />
Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
dee.carter@staff.usyd.edu.au<br />
The mycotoxigenic species Aspergillus flavus and A.<br />
parasiticus have been well characterised with regard<br />
aflatoxin biosynthesis. Comparatively little is known,<br />
however, on their natural population structure in the<br />
environment. We have developed new molecular markers<br />
based on RAPDs and microsatellites to analyse large<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> these fungi on crops and in soils.<br />
Investigation <strong>of</strong> an Australian field population revealed 1)<br />
a new species <strong>of</strong> aflatoxigenic fungus, related but<br />
genetically distinct from A. flavus was common in this<br />
region. This is the same as the "Group 2" A. flavus,<br />
previously reported by Geiser et al. (PNAS 94: 388-<br />
393,1998); 2) recombination has occurred in the A. flavus<br />
population, but the A. parasiticus population and the<br />
population <strong>of</strong> the Group 2 A. flavus species are clonal; 3)<br />
no clear distinction between toxigenic and nontoxigenic<br />
strains in any <strong>of</strong> the species. Seven microsatellite markers<br />
were then used to analyse a large, worldwide collection <strong>of</strong><br />
isolates. Globally, A. flavus was found to be cosmopolitan<br />
and there was no geographic substructuring within this<br />
species. In contrast, A. parasiticus was geographically<br />
restricted, being very rare throughout all <strong>of</strong> Asia. Group 2<br />
A. flavus isolates were likewise restricted, and all but two<br />
came from the southern hemisphere. The microsatellite<br />
data also indicated that genetic diversity was higher in A.<br />
flavus than in either the Group 2 or the A. parasiticus<br />
populations.
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
231 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
(Glomales)<br />
D. Redecker<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Basel, Hebelstr.1, 4056<br />
Basel, Switzerland. - E-mail: dirk.redecker@unibas.ch<br />
Approximately 150 species <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
(AMF) have traditionally been placed in the order<br />
Glomales in the Zygomycota. Recently the phylum<br />
Glomeromycota was established for them. Although this<br />
ubiquitous group <strong>of</strong> symbiotic fungi was shown to be at<br />
least 460 million years old, its diversification apparently is<br />
relatively low. According to rDNA phylogenies, the<br />
Glomeromycota are a sister group to Asco- and<br />
Basidiomycota. Taxonomy and identification <strong>of</strong> AMF has<br />
traditionally relied on spore morphology, but it has become<br />
increasingly clear that spore morphology is a relatively<br />
poor predictor <strong>of</strong> AMF species diversity. DNA sequences<br />
and sequence signatures have become important characters<br />
to define new taxa. Several lineages <strong>of</strong> AMF were shown<br />
to be deeply divergent within the Glomeromycota. Two<br />
new genera Archaeospora and Paraglomus were<br />
established for them, but the polyphyly <strong>of</strong> the remaining<br />
genus Glomus necessitated further taxonomic changes. The<br />
genetics <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is remaining<br />
mysterious, even more after they were shown to be<br />
heterokaryotic and predominantly non-recombining.<br />
Therefore it is problematic to apply evolutionary species<br />
concepts that have been successfully used in other fungi.<br />
232 - Fungi and the Northwest Forest Plan<br />
M.A. Castellano, T.A. Dreisbach * , T. O'Dell & R. Molina<br />
USDA Forest Service, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis,<br />
Oregon 97331, U.S.A. - E-mail: Tdreisbach@fs.fed.us<br />
During the late 1980s and early 1990s a series <strong>of</strong> lawsuits<br />
severely decreased the harvest level <strong>of</strong> old-growth forests<br />
in the Pacific Northwest. At the center <strong>of</strong> the controversy<br />
was the old-growth dependent northern spotted owl (Strix<br />
occidentalis), a rare species protected by the Endangered<br />
Species Act. A regional forest conference to address the<br />
problem led to the development pf the Northwest Forest<br />
Plan. The plans goal was to provide for a sustainable<br />
timber harvest as well as the persistence <strong>of</strong> old-growth<br />
forest dependent species. Many rare species requiring oldgrowth<br />
forest habitat were analyses for protection under the<br />
guidelines and recommendations <strong>of</strong> the plan. Four hundred<br />
presumptive old-growth dependent species, including 234<br />
fungal species, were identified that needed additional<br />
protection under a legally binding document called the<br />
Record <strong>of</strong> Decision that defines how the Northwest Forest<br />
Plan was to be implemented. We will briefly review the<br />
process that led to creation <strong>of</strong> the Northwest Forest Plan,<br />
then explore the challenges <strong>of</strong> implementing it and<br />
examine the early impact it has had on research <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
fungi in the Pacific Northwest United States.<br />
233 - Putting Australian fungi on the map<br />
T.W. May<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Private Bag 2000,<br />
South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
tom.may@rbg.vic.gov.au<br />
Relatively few <strong>of</strong> Australia's numerous fungi have been<br />
thoroughly documented. Many species are yet to be<br />
described, yet there are very few Australian mycologists<br />
and comparatively few specimens <strong>of</strong> fungi in Australian<br />
herbaria. However, three current government initiatives are<br />
stimulating progress in cataloguing and understanding the<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> the Australian mycota. Fungi have been<br />
included in the program <strong>of</strong> the Australian Biological<br />
Resources Study, which publishes the Fungi <strong>of</strong> Australia<br />
series. A second key initiative which embraces fungi is the<br />
current effort to comprehensively database specimens in<br />
state botanical herbaria (the Australian Virtual Herbarium).<br />
Thirdly, Fungimap, a partnership between government and<br />
community groups, is drawing on recorders across<br />
Australia to rapidly advance knowledge <strong>of</strong> the distribution<br />
and conservation status <strong>of</strong> selected macr<strong>of</strong>ungi. Research<br />
on fungi can also result from their myriad interactions with<br />
other biota. A prominent example is the need to effectively<br />
manage endangered mammals that subsist largely on native<br />
truffles. This has stimulated taxonomic and ecological<br />
research on Australian truffles, which have been revealed<br />
as among the most diverse in the world. Continued<br />
progress in documenting Australia's mycota depends on<br />
government support for the maintenance and creation <strong>of</strong><br />
mycological positions within herbaria, and the further<br />
integration <strong>of</strong> fungi into national biodiversity and<br />
conservation programs.<br />
234 - Fungi within the UK Biodiversity Action Plan<br />
J.C. Duckworth 1* , S.E. Evans 2 & L.V. Fleming 3<br />
1 Plantlife, 21 Elizabeth Street, London SW1W 9RP, U.K. -<br />
2 BMS Conservation Officer, Joseph Banks Building, Royal<br />
Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AE, U.K. - 3 Joint<br />
Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, City<br />
Road, Peterborough PE1 1JY, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
jenny.duckworth@plantlife.org.uk<br />
The development and inclusion <strong>of</strong> fungi in the UK<br />
Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) is briefly reviewed. The<br />
extent to which the conservation <strong>of</strong> fungi has been<br />
advanced by this process is considered. The inclusion <strong>of</strong><br />
some fungi (27 taxa) represents a significant achievement<br />
for a taxonomic group which is traditionally underrepresented<br />
in the setting <strong>of</strong> conservation priorities.<br />
Nevertheless, fungi remain the least well represented in<br />
comparison with other taxonomic groups. The action taken<br />
since the publication <strong>of</strong> the plans is summarised.<br />
Implementation <strong>of</strong> the plans includes a review and<br />
expansion <strong>of</strong> survey work on these target species which has<br />
resulted in an increase in our knowledge about their UK<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 75
IMC7 Wednesday August 14th Lectures<br />
distribution. It has also facilitated scientific studies into the<br />
taxonomy and ecology <strong>of</strong> targeted species. The progress to<br />
date enables some reflections to be made on the<br />
appropriateness <strong>of</strong> the taxa chosen for action plans and the<br />
criteria used to select them. Observations are made on how<br />
the priorities and the process might be improved and<br />
adjusted to changing circumstances and continually<br />
improving knowledge. The influence <strong>of</strong> the process on the<br />
support given to the conservation <strong>of</strong> fungi by the<br />
government and non-government sectors is considered.<br />
However, the benefits arising from the inclusion <strong>of</strong> fungi in<br />
the UK BAP have not been confined solely to the target<br />
species. A much higher priority for, and a greater<br />
partnership approach to, the conservation <strong>of</strong> fungi is now<br />
evident.<br />
235 - The importance <strong>of</strong> fungi in IUCN Programmes<br />
R. Courtecuisse 1 & C. Perini 2*<br />
1 Département de Botanique, Faculté de Pharmacie, B.P.<br />
83, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France. - 2 Dipartimento di<br />
Scienze Ambientali, via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena,<br />
Italy. - E-mail: perini@unisi.it<br />
IUCN (World Conservation Union) represents the world's<br />
oldest and largest global conservation body ; it is a<br />
powerful and well-structured organisation, devoted to<br />
nature conservation all over the world, seeking to<br />
influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the<br />
world to conserve the integrity and diversity <strong>of</strong> nature and<br />
to ensure that any use <strong>of</strong> natural resources is equitable and<br />
ecologically sustainable. Activities involve several<br />
thousands <strong>of</strong> people, distributed in about 150 countries.<br />
Fungi have been rather recently considered in IUCN scope,<br />
especially in establishing a Specialist Group for Fungi<br />
(within the Species Survival Commission), which aims to<br />
list the threats to Fungi, to consider the conservation<br />
strategies and to promote actual conservation actions for<br />
threatened Fungi. Testing and improving the red list criteria<br />
and categories have been another recent priority. The<br />
current investigations will be browsed and some example<br />
<strong>of</strong> current actions, some <strong>of</strong> them in collaboration with other<br />
organisms or councils (for example ECCF, European<br />
Council for the Conservation <strong>of</strong> Fungi) will be given. The<br />
Bern Convention case (for Europe), involving relations<br />
between several European states and demonstrating some<br />
difficulties in such international actions will illustrate this<br />
purpose. Finally global perspectives for future conservation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Fungi will be considered.<br />
236 - Conservation based on genetic diversity<br />
J.-M. Moncalvo 1* , J.E. Johnson 2 & R. Vilgalys 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC<br />
27708, U.S.A. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
Cameron University, Lawton, OK 73505, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
jeanmarc@duke.edu<br />
76<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Conservation biology requires knowledge about biological<br />
diversity. Classic estimates <strong>of</strong> biological diversity use<br />
species (or genera) as proxies. The development <strong>of</strong> largescale<br />
molecular phylogenies provides a unique opportunity<br />
to estimate biological diversity at the genetic level by using<br />
the branching order and branch lengths from phylogenetic<br />
trees. Both among-taxa and among-areas phylogenetic<br />
diversity can be estimated and compared with the use <strong>of</strong><br />
the 'phylogenetic index <strong>of</strong> diversity' (PD). We will contrast<br />
PD with classic estimates <strong>of</strong> biological diversity in various<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> mushrooms for which extensive geographic<br />
sampling and molecular phylogenies are available,<br />
including genera Amanita, Pleurotus, Xeromphalina, and<br />
Ganoderma. There are at least two advantages <strong>of</strong> PD over<br />
traditional measures <strong>of</strong> estimating biological diversity: 1)<br />
PD does not require a priori knowledge <strong>of</strong> taxonomic<br />
circumscription (which is generally subjective in fungi),<br />
and 2) PD takes into account genetic distances, therefore<br />
emphasizes genetic breath when estimating diversity.<br />
237 - The Convention on Biodiversity triggers<br />
biodiversity research programs?<br />
S.S. Dhillion * & M.A. Støen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Nature Conservation,<br />
Agricultural University <strong>of</strong> Norway & SUM, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Oslo, IBN, pb5014, NLH, N- 1432 Ås, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
shivcharn.dhillion@ibn.nlh.no<br />
Both member and non-member states have responded in<br />
varied ways to the Convention on Biodiversity. This paper<br />
presents the influence <strong>of</strong> the CBD in triggering biodiversity<br />
programs, and explores if regulatory conditions and<br />
expertise exist for their implementation. To date the Thai<br />
government has been exemplary in setting up biodiversity<br />
research and competence building programs, and drafting<br />
regulations on biodiversity even though it is not a signatory<br />
to the CBD. Now it plans to form a Committee on National<br />
Biological Diversity Conservation and Utilization to<br />
oversee and harmonize all biodiversity activities in the<br />
country. The cross-sectorial and participatory approach<br />
employed by Thailand is exemplary, but not devoid <strong>of</strong><br />
conflicts. Malaysia and the Phillippines, a signatory to the<br />
CBD, have had specific research grant programs for<br />
biodiversity launched after ratifying the CBD. The<br />
Philippines has now enacted one <strong>of</strong> the most stringent<br />
biodiversity laws in the world. The enforcement <strong>of</strong><br />
regulations in all three countries is weak and not all<br />
government, academic, and private institutions are well<br />
informed <strong>of</strong> protocols required for biodiversity studies. To<br />
a large extend both Thailand and the Philippines rely on<br />
foreign collaboration skills to catalog species. Nevertheless<br />
all three countries have adopted distinct modes <strong>of</strong><br />
addressing CBD objectives and are much ahead <strong>of</strong> most<br />
nations in doing so.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
238 - Capturing mycological data, the Caribbean<br />
experience<br />
M. Rodríguez Hernández<br />
Jardín Botánico Nacional, Carretera del Rocio km 3.5,<br />
Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, CP 19230, Cuba. - Email:<br />
hajb@ceniai.inf.cu<br />
Since 1997 a team <strong>of</strong> mycologists, mainly from Cuba and<br />
the UK (but with additional contributors from Belgium,<br />
Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago and Venezuela)<br />
participated in the UK Darwin Initiative project 'Fungi <strong>of</strong><br />
the Caribbean'. This project aimed to: establish<br />
infrastructure necessary for a regional fungal identification<br />
service in the Caribbean; carry out field work in Cuba and<br />
Trinidad & Tobago, augmenting mycological reference<br />
collections in both countries; produce a computarized<br />
checklist <strong>of</strong> Caribbean fungi based on all this information.<br />
To achieve the last <strong>of</strong> these aims, it was necessary to<br />
capture information from living and preserved reference<br />
collections, and from bibliographic sources, and to enter<br />
that information into a suite <strong>of</strong> previously established<br />
relational databases (Biological Records, Nomenclature &<br />
Taxonomy, Bibliographic). The main s<strong>of</strong>tware used for<br />
data entry, data storage and output was the<br />
SMARTWAREII database system. The resulting<br />
publication, Fungi <strong>of</strong> the Caribbean, <strong>of</strong> almost 1000 pages,<br />
was based on almost one hundred and fifty thousand<br />
(150,000) different biological records <strong>of</strong> fungi and<br />
associated organisms. Many practical problems can be<br />
encountered during capture <strong>of</strong> mycological data. To ensure<br />
high quality keyboarding, curation and output, suitable<br />
training is therefore necessary for all the team, and a clear<br />
set <strong>of</strong> data entry protocols must be supplied before work<br />
starts.<br />
239 - PLANTCOD - to the database formation in the<br />
Komarov Botanical Institute on biodiversity <strong>of</strong> plants<br />
and fungi in Russia<br />
A.L. Lobanov 1 , Yu.K. Novozhilov 2 , A.E. Kovalenko 2* &<br />
D.W. Minter 3<br />
1 Zoological Institute <strong>of</strong> the Russian Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences, 3<br />
Universitetskaya embankment, St. Petersburg, Russia. -<br />
2 V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute <strong>of</strong> the Russian Academy<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sciences, 2 Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Street, 197376, St. Petersburg,<br />
Russia. - 3 CABI Bioscience, Egham, Surrey, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
alkov@AK3010.spb.edu<br />
Practically all the databases created in the Komarov<br />
Botanical Institute RAS have the taxonomical blocks. In<br />
the majority <strong>of</strong> these blocks the modification <strong>of</strong><br />
ZOOCOD3 (Lobanov et al., 1999) concept is used to<br />
reflect the hierarchical classifications <strong>of</strong> plants and fungi in<br />
the flat relational tables. The field used for detailed<br />
representation <strong>of</strong> classification are the following:<br />
LATNAM (Latin name <strong>of</strong> a taxon), RANCOD (taxonomic<br />
code <strong>of</strong> a rank), SYSCOD (digital systematic code), SYN<br />
(code <strong>of</strong> synonymy), ABBR (unique mnemonic code <strong>of</strong> a<br />
taxon). The fields KEY (unique digital code <strong>of</strong> a taxon) and<br />
PARENT (value <strong>of</strong> KEY for the nearest parent) work with<br />
the Tree View Windows control to represent a hierarchy <strong>of</strong><br />
taxa in a form <strong>of</strong> tree. Though these two fields adequately<br />
reflect multilevel hierarchy they are inconvenient for fast<br />
search <strong>of</strong> all descendants belonging to the same taxon. To<br />
decide the problem, the filling rules are changed for the<br />
SYSCOD field. The field SYSCOD is filled by the special<br />
utility, but the search <strong>of</strong> descendants <strong>of</strong> the given taxon is<br />
executed (with lightning speed and extremely simple) by<br />
superposition <strong>of</strong> the filter with a completely optimised<br />
condition. (This study was supported by grant 02-07-<br />
90439, Russian Foundation for Basic Research; scientific<br />
program 'Information system on biodiversity'<br />
43.073.1.1.2510, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Industry and Science, Russia;<br />
Darwin Initiative awards, UK Government).<br />
240 - Information systems can improve the efficiency <strong>of</strong><br />
biodiversity research, promoting collaboration and<br />
sharing <strong>of</strong> information<br />
G. Hagedorn<br />
Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and<br />
Forestry, Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and<br />
Biological Safety, Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195<br />
Berlin, Germany. - E-mail: g.hagedorn@bba.de<br />
Given the extent to which basic biodiversity information is<br />
missing - organisms being undescribed or described so<br />
poorly that identification is impractical - we urgently need<br />
to improve the efficiency <strong>of</strong> biodiversity research. To some<br />
degree biodiversity informatics can contribute, providing<br />
more efficient workbench applications and efficient sharing<br />
<strong>of</strong> information through web services and (xml-based-<br />
)interoperability data standards. - Information sharing<br />
covers sharing basic infrastructure resources like<br />
nomenclatural or reference data (which can be combined<br />
with project-oriented work on taxonomic assessment,<br />
descriptions, or reference indexing tasks). Significantly, it<br />
also covers sharing assessment and analysis data between<br />
generations <strong>of</strong> researchers, leading mycology into an age<br />
where updates <strong>of</strong> previous monographic works concentrate<br />
on new results rather than laboriously repeating work<br />
already done. Thought has to be given to intellectual<br />
property rights and copyright issues. The newly introduced<br />
database copyright could endanger such efficiency<br />
improvements and stifle future research. - The<br />
development <strong>of</strong> information systems capable <strong>of</strong> fulfilling<br />
this promise is a huge task itself. Information models need<br />
to be modular to simplify analysis. Applications should be<br />
developed as independent components that cooperate in a<br />
framework. Such a framework, the DiversityWorkbench<br />
suite <strong>of</strong> applications, is currently being conceptualized and<br />
developed (see http://www.diversitycampus.net/).<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 77
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
241 - Use <strong>of</strong> nomenclatural and bibliographic<br />
mycological data<br />
P.M. Kirk<br />
CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20<br />
9TY, U.K. - E-mail: p.kirk@cabi.org<br />
Nomenclatural and bibliographic databases are important<br />
tools in mobilizing mycological information, especially<br />
within the subject area <strong>of</strong> biodiversity information. The<br />
nomenclator is fundamental to biosystematics research,<br />
listing names which have been published in the literature.<br />
The service it provides to biosystematists, as both<br />
producers and users <strong>of</strong> names, is obvious but most users <strong>of</strong><br />
names have a somewhat different requirement. The two<br />
types <strong>of</strong> databases can be conveniently and favourably<br />
linked through the 'potential taxon' model <strong>of</strong> Berendsohn.<br />
This can deliver the service that users <strong>of</strong> names require; not<br />
the association <strong>of</strong> a name with a specimen (the type <strong>of</strong> the<br />
name) but the association <strong>of</strong> a name with an accepted<br />
taxon, usually a species. The global database <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
names (http://www.indexfungorum.org/) originated as a<br />
nomenclator but a partial implementation <strong>of</strong> the potential<br />
taxon model allowed for the inclusion <strong>of</strong> taxonomic<br />
opinion, with heterotypic synonyms retrieved through a<br />
single-cycle recursive join. This simple and pragmatic<br />
approach has been very successful. The services it can and<br />
does provide will be demonstrated and possible<br />
enhancements and linkages will be explored. Any database<br />
today should seamlessly deliver to ink-on-paper and the<br />
Internet; the latter is the future.<br />
242 - Use <strong>of</strong> mycological data for producing a checklist,<br />
US experience<br />
D.F. Farr<br />
USDA, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory,<br />
BARC-West, Rm. 304, Bldg. 011A, Beltsville MD 20705,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: davef@nt.ars-grin.gov<br />
The Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory has been<br />
a pioneer in the use <strong>of</strong> computer databases to manage<br />
mycological information. We found that success depends<br />
on several factors: clear goals, efficient user interfaces for<br />
data entry and continuous management <strong>of</strong> personal<br />
resources. Once the big push to complete a computer<br />
database project is over, the organization is faced with the<br />
need to maintain the database. To be successful over the<br />
long term database projects need to form an important<br />
component <strong>of</strong> the organization's reference materials and<br />
collection's management tools. Now that many mycological<br />
databases are available on the web we need to begin to look<br />
at ways in which a single user interface can be used to<br />
retrieve and integrate information from various Web sites.<br />
One way that this could be done is to extract data from a<br />
remote database on an as needed basis. The term 'Web<br />
Services' is being applied to a standard set <strong>of</strong> procedures<br />
that are being developed to handle this type <strong>of</strong> interaction.<br />
78<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
These procedures can greatly simplify the exchange <strong>of</strong><br />
information between remote databases and it is important<br />
that mycologists make use <strong>of</strong> these procedures to further<br />
enhance the utilization <strong>of</strong> the databases that we have<br />
developed.<br />
243 - NZFUNGI - a biodiversity information system for<br />
fungi in New Zealand<br />
J.A. Cooper<br />
Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 8152, New<br />
Zealand. - E-mail: Cooperj@landcareresearch.co.nz<br />
Landcare Research is New Zealand's foremost institute in<br />
systematics and environmental research in terrestrial<br />
ecosystems, and is the custodian <strong>of</strong> the national collections<br />
and associated databases <strong>of</strong> plants, insects, fungi, bacteria<br />
and nematodes. NZFUNGI is part <strong>of</strong> an ongoing project to<br />
unlock our extensive data on biodiversity. It comprises a<br />
cross-indexed information facility which integrates a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> existing and new resources on taxonomy,<br />
pathology, literature, specimens, cultures, descriptions,<br />
images and keys. Integration <strong>of</strong> these data was facilitated<br />
using a taxonomic framework provided by the extensive<br />
authority files <strong>of</strong> CABI Bioscience, together with a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> standard authority files and database structures (e.g.<br />
TDWG data standards, dictionaries, and the IOPI<br />
taxonomic information model). S<strong>of</strong>tware systems for these<br />
data are being developed to maximize the opportunities<br />
provided by the recent and rapidly development enabling<br />
technologies <strong>of</strong> XML/SOAP and web services. Adoption <strong>of</strong><br />
this technology is allowing us to address some important<br />
issues. For example, it allows us to provide secure and<br />
sophisticated application interfaces that will operate<br />
anywhere on the net, and to consider the virtual integration<br />
<strong>of</strong> distributed data resources and functionality. The<br />
presentation will provide a demonstration and discussion <strong>of</strong><br />
work to-date.<br />
244 - MycoKey - a database and a mycological expert<br />
system<br />
T. Læssøe 1* & J.H. Petersen 2<br />
1 Botanical Institute, Copenhagen University, Oester<br />
Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Systematic Botany, Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Aarhus, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240<br />
Risskov, Denmark. - E-mail: ThomasL@bot.ku.dk<br />
MycoKey is a user friendly genus identification system for<br />
fungal genera. It is based on the relational database<br />
s<strong>of</strong>tware 'Forth Dimension' and will be distributed in both<br />
mac and PC versions. A beta version will be available at<br />
the congress. At present MycoKey includes 530 genera <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycota (excluding rusts and smuts) known from<br />
Northern Europe. MycoKey is based on a character matrix<br />
<strong>of</strong> more than 1.000 characters, 17 interrelated files and
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
thousands <strong>of</strong> lines <strong>of</strong> custom programming. The result is an<br />
application with floating menues and a fully illustrated<br />
interface hiding the underlying complexity for the user. It<br />
contains information on authors, synonyms, type species<br />
and references. It also includes generic descriptions and not<br />
least numerous photographs <strong>of</strong> key taxa. With the '4D<br />
engine' MycoKey is compiled into a multi-platform, stand<br />
alone application for sale. MycoKey is also served by 4D<br />
and Webstar for use on the internet, see<br />
http://www.mycokey.com/.<br />
245 - A phylogenetic overview <strong>of</strong> the groups <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
and fungus-like organisms that attack nematodes<br />
R.G. Thorn<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Western Ontario,<br />
London, N6A 5B7, Canada. - E-mail: rgthorn@uwo.ca<br />
This talk will provide an introduction to the groups <strong>of</strong><br />
nematode-destroying 'fungi', a guild <strong>of</strong> fungi and funguslike<br />
organisms that attack living nematodes and consume<br />
them as food. These organisms may be important in<br />
regulating nematode populations in nature and, in certain<br />
circumstances, may act as biological control agents <strong>of</strong><br />
nematode pathogens and parasites <strong>of</strong> crop plants and<br />
livestock. Over 400 species <strong>of</strong> predatory and parasitoid<br />
nematode-destroying fungi are known, including<br />
approximately 150 species <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycota<br />
(Hyphodermataceae and Pleurotaceae), 130 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Ascomycota (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreaceae and<br />
Orbiliaceae), 100 Zygomycota (Cochlonemataceae,<br />
Helicocephalidaceae, Meristacraceae and Zoopagaceae), 10<br />
Chytridiomycota (Catenariaceae), and 40 Oomycota<br />
(Stramenopila: Myzocytiopsidaceae). In predatory species,<br />
one spore germinates to form a mycelium capable <strong>of</strong><br />
attacking many nematodes; in parasitoids, each propagule<br />
attacks a single nematode. In the nematode-destroying<br />
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, possession <strong>of</strong> a sexual<br />
state is apparently correlated with the predatory habit.<br />
Although the ability to attack and kill nematodes has arisen<br />
multiply (as has a marvellous diversity <strong>of</strong> means to achieve<br />
this end), this has not been a random process. Where well<br />
known, groups <strong>of</strong> nematode-destroying fungi are<br />
apparently monophyletic.<br />
246 - Teleomorph-anamorph connections in Orbiliaceae<br />
D.H. Pfister * & K.F. LoBuglio<br />
Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave.,<br />
Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
dpfister@oeb.harvard.edu<br />
With the establishment <strong>of</strong> the teleomorph anamorph<br />
relation between certain <strong>of</strong> the hyphomycetous nematode<br />
trappers and the Orbiliaceae several phylogenetic and<br />
biological questions have come to light. Using molecular<br />
phylogenetic methods it has been suggested previously that<br />
the Orbiliaceae occupies a phylogenetic postion near the<br />
base <strong>of</strong> the Euascomycota tree along with the Pezizales.<br />
While the nematode trapping life style exists in several<br />
fungal groups there is no evidence <strong>of</strong> nematode trapping in<br />
the groups most closely related to the Orbiliaceae. We will<br />
present further molecular sequence data, particularly from<br />
the LSU rDNA and the RPB2 genes supporting the<br />
placement <strong>of</strong> the Orbiliaceae in this basal position. The<br />
implications <strong>of</strong> this specialized type <strong>of</strong> life strategy as<br />
represented in a basal member <strong>of</strong> the Euascomycota will be<br />
discussed.<br />
247 - Beyond Saccardo: a new generic system for<br />
nematode-trapping orbiliaceous hyphomycetes<br />
M.S. Scholler 1* & G. Hagedorn 2<br />
1 Purdue University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany & Plant<br />
Pathology, U.S.A. - 2 Biologische Bundesanstalt fuer Land-<br />
und Forstwirtschaft, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse. 19, 14195<br />
Berlin, Germany. - E-mail: scholler@purdue.edu<br />
Perfect states are unknown for the majority <strong>of</strong> orbiliaceous<br />
nematode-trapping fungi. Therefore, generic concepts for<br />
anamorphs have been developed in which the morphology<br />
<strong>of</strong> conidia and conidiophores were preferentially used for<br />
generic delimitation. The mode and morphology <strong>of</strong> the<br />
trapping device, however, was only considered for species<br />
delimitation. A new concept is proposed with the mode <strong>of</strong><br />
trapping device as the main morphological feature for<br />
generic delimitation. This new concept includes four<br />
genera, viz. Arthrobotrys Corda em. forming adhesive<br />
networks, Drechslerella Subram. em. forming constricting<br />
rings, Dactylellina M. Morelet em. forming stalked<br />
adhesive knobs, and Gamsylella gen. nov. producing<br />
adhesive columns and unstalked knobs. The concept<br />
corresponds well with molecular (rDNA sequences:18S,<br />
ITS I, II) and some ecological, physiological, and<br />
biological features. Also, chlamydospore formation,<br />
distribution, and host range are, to some degree, genusspecific.<br />
248 - Nematode endoparasites with verticillium-like<br />
anamorphs<br />
W. Gams 1* & R. Zare 2<br />
1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167,<br />
3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 2 Dep. <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
Plant Pests and Diseases Res. Inst., P.O. Box 1454, Tehran<br />
19395, Iran. - E-mail: gams@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
Verticillium comprises many unrelated anamorphs. The<br />
type and the best-known plant-pathogens are<br />
Phyllachorales. Verticillium-like anamorphs <strong>of</strong><br />
Clavicipitaceae, previously in sect. Prostrata, are<br />
distributed over several genera. Many are entomogenous or<br />
fungicolous, some discrete groups are nematode<br />
endoparasites. A phylogeny-based distinction separates<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 79
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
species that attack free-living nematodes with adhesive<br />
conidia and parasites <strong>of</strong> nematode eggs and cysts. The two<br />
most important genera, Lecanicillium and Pochonia (syn.<br />
Diheterospora) differ by formation <strong>of</strong><br />
dictyochlamydospores, stronger cyanophily <strong>of</strong> the mostly<br />
short conidia, and absence <strong>of</strong> crystal formation in the latter.<br />
In Lecanicillium (teleom. Torrubiella, Cordyceps), only<br />
few taxa are mildly nematode-parasitic. P. chlamydosporia<br />
(teleom. Cordyceps) and related species are efficient egg<br />
parasites <strong>of</strong> Heterodera and Meloidogyne species,<br />
promising in biological control. Species <strong>of</strong> Simplicillium<br />
(teleom. Torrubiella), lacking verticillate phialides, fall<br />
phylogenetically outside Lecanicillium; they also parasitize<br />
nematode eggs. Species with adhesive conidia form a<br />
discrete genus, Haptocillium. Its species were so far known<br />
as V. balanoides, but at least 7 species are distinct, the most<br />
frequent being H. sphaerosporum. Contrasting with<br />
Drechmeria coniospora, Haptocillium species attack a<br />
wider array <strong>of</strong> free-living nematodes and are promising<br />
biocontrol candidates.<br />
249 - Novel biologically active metabolites from<br />
Pochonia chlamydosporia and preliminary studies on<br />
their distribution in Verticillium-like anamorphs<br />
M. Stadler 1* , V. Hellwig 1 & H.V. Tichy 2<br />
1 Bayer AG, Pharma Research, P.O.Box 10 17 09, D-42096<br />
Wuppertal, Germany, Germany. - 2 TÜV ISB, Engesserstr.<br />
4b, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
marc.stadler@t-online.de<br />
Extracts from the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var.<br />
catenulata strain P0297 showed interesting antiviral and<br />
antiparasitic activities. As active principles, we identified<br />
the known fungal metabolites, Monorden and Pseurotin A,<br />
besides several novel natural products, for which we<br />
propose the trivial names Pochonins A-E. The isolation and<br />
characterisation <strong>of</strong> these compounds is summarised in a<br />
concurrent poster. The current paper deals with studies on<br />
the distribution <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites in strain P0297<br />
and further Verticillium-like anamorphs from public<br />
collections by HPLC-based secondary metabolite<br />
fingerprinting, aided by morphological comparisons and<br />
Minisatellite PCR, using the methodology recently<br />
developed in our studies <strong>of</strong> Xylariaceae [Stadler et al,<br />
<strong>Mycological</strong> Research 105, 1191-1205, 2001]. According<br />
to preliminary results, the production <strong>of</strong> resorcylic acid<br />
lactones is restricted to particular species <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Pochonia sensu Gams & Zare [Nova Hedwigia 72 (3-4),<br />
329-337, 2001], while these compounds were not detected<br />
in several species now accomodated in Lecanicillium and<br />
Haptocillium. Therefore, the recent segregation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus Pochonia from other Verticillium-like anamorphs<br />
based on morphological and molecular methods by Gams,<br />
Zare and co-workers also appears justified from a<br />
chemotaxonomical point <strong>of</strong> view.<br />
80<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
250 - Rhizosphere biology <strong>of</strong> nematophagous fungi<br />
H.-B. Jansson * , J.J. Bordallo, L.V. Lopez-Llorca & J.<br />
Salinas<br />
Depto. de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales,<br />
Universidad de Alicante, Apdo 99, E-03080 Alicante,<br />
Spain. - E-mail: hb.jansson@ua.es<br />
Nematophagous fungi can infect, kill and digest living<br />
nematodes. Most <strong>of</strong> these fungi can also live<br />
saprophytically and some even have mycoparasitic<br />
abilities. Since most plant-parasitic nematodes attack plant<br />
roots, the rhizosphere biology <strong>of</strong> nematophagous fungi is<br />
important from a biological control point <strong>of</strong> view. We<br />
previously knew that nematophagous fungi were more<br />
abundant in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil. In this study,<br />
barley and tomato axenic plants were inoculated with the<br />
nematode-trapping Arthrobotrys oligospora or the eggparasitic<br />
fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (=Verticillium<br />
chlamydosporium). Roots were sequentially sampled, cryosectioned,<br />
and observed under light- or cryo-scanning<br />
electron microscopes. Both fungi grew inter- and<br />
intracellularly, formed appressoria when penetrating plant<br />
cell walls <strong>of</strong> epidermis and cortex cells, but never entered<br />
vascular tissues. Using histochemical stains we could show<br />
plant defence reactions, e.g. papillae, lignitubers and other<br />
cell wall appositions, but these never prevented root<br />
colonization. Nematophagous fungi grew extensively<br />
especially in monocotyledon plants producing abundant<br />
mycelia, conidia and chlamydospores (P. chlamydosporia).<br />
Whether this endophytic growth induces systemic<br />
resistance in plants is yet unknown, but worth further<br />
investigations. The ability to colonize plant roots may also<br />
be a survival strategy <strong>of</strong> these fungi and could explain soil<br />
suppressiveness to plant-parasitic nematodes in nature.<br />
251 - Holocarpic biflagellate parasites <strong>of</strong> nematodes<br />
including Chlamydomyzium and Myzocytiopsis<br />
S.L. Glockling<br />
Northern Illinois University, NIU, DeKalb, Illinois, IL<br />
60115-2861, U.S.A. - E-mail: sally@glockling.com<br />
In comparison to related straminipilous fungi that are easily<br />
cultured, the obligate nematode parasites are a little known<br />
group that have been considerably understudied. Because<br />
<strong>of</strong> their host-dependent nature and the paucity in<br />
phylogenetically significant data, their position within the<br />
peronosporomycetes, and their relationship to one another,<br />
has yet to be established. The nematode parasites produce a<br />
holocarpic thallus inside the bodies <strong>of</strong> their bactiverous<br />
nematode hosts. The infective agents are either motile<br />
biflagellate zoospores or adhesive aplanospores, which<br />
attach to the nematode cuticle and penetrate with a germ<br />
tube to initiate infection. This presentation looks at the<br />
main diagnostic characteristics <strong>of</strong> Chlamydomyzium and<br />
Myzocytiopsis and at the diversity within the genera.<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> the thallus into sporangia or into resting
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
spores is demonstrated using both light microscopy and<br />
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the process<br />
<strong>of</strong> zoospore release is followed in a video sequence. A<br />
phylogenetic tree (mitochondrial coxII gene) <strong>of</strong><br />
representative peronosporomycetes has been compiled<br />
(Hudspeth & Hudspeth) and includes a few species <strong>of</strong><br />
nematode parasites.<br />
252 - What makes a species? Redundancy,<br />
recombination, and reproductive isolation<br />
S.G. Oliver<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Manchester,<br />
2.205 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13<br />
9PT, U.K. - E-mail: steve.oliver@man.ac.uk<br />
The Saccharomyces "sensu stricto" group <strong>of</strong> yeast mate<br />
with S. cerevisiae, but produce hybrids that yield spores <strong>of</strong><br />
very low viability, such that speciation seems to have<br />
arisen via reproductive isolation. Chromosomal<br />
rearrangements might act as a post-zygotic isolating<br />
mechanism. We studied the distribution <strong>of</strong> chromosomal<br />
translocations in 5 Saccharomyces "sensu stricto" species<br />
(S. paradoxus, S. bayanus, S. cariocanus, S. mikatae and S.<br />
kudriavzevii) by comparing them to the S. cerevisiae<br />
genome. No correlation was found between the sequencedbased<br />
phylogeny <strong>of</strong> these species and the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
translocations. Instead, bursts <strong>of</strong> rearrangements are seen<br />
between closely related species, while more distant ones<br />
have co-linear genomes. Thus, chromosomal<br />
rearrangements are not the primary cause <strong>of</strong> yeast<br />
speciation, but may intensify reproductive isolation once a<br />
species has arisen by another route. We are using a novel<br />
molecular approach to generate yeast strains containing<br />
specific chromosomal translocations. Strains <strong>of</strong> S.<br />
cerevisiae have been constructed that contain the<br />
translocations found in other Saccharomyces "sensu<br />
stricto" species. These are then mated, both to wild-type S.<br />
cerevisiae and to the "sensu stricto" species whose genome<br />
configuration they mimic. The data show that<br />
translocations make a significant contribution to the postzygotic<br />
isolation <strong>of</strong> species and indicate a mechanism for<br />
genome duplication via allopolyploidy.<br />
253 - Genus relationships in the Saccharomycetales<br />
from multigene analyses<br />
C.P. Kurtzman<br />
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research,<br />
1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
kurtzman@ncaur.usda.gov<br />
As with most fungi, circumscription <strong>of</strong> yeast genera is<br />
based primarily on phenotype. Gene sequence<br />
comparisons, such as from 18S or 26S rDNAs, have shown<br />
that many presently defined yeast genera are not<br />
monophyletic, but single gene analyses seldom provide<br />
sufficient resolution to unambiguously circumscribe<br />
genera. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the ca. 80 known species <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Saccharomyces clade from EF-1, RNA polymerase II,<br />
cytochrome oxidase II and actin, as well as from 18S, 26S<br />
and mitochondrial small subunit rDNAs, individually gave<br />
congruent terminal lineages and, when analyzed in<br />
combination, provided strong genus-level support.<br />
Intergeneric relationships are less well resolved making<br />
family assignments uncertain. A comparison <strong>of</strong> species in<br />
the phylogenetically distant Stephanoascus/Blastobotrys<br />
clade gave similar results. Diagnostic phenotypes were<br />
recognized for many <strong>of</strong> the phylogenetically defined<br />
genera, but for some genera, there appeared to be no<br />
unifying morphological or physiological characters.<br />
254 - Molecular approaches to the re-appraisal <strong>of</strong><br />
species diversity within the ascomycete genus Taphrina<br />
A. Fonseca * & M.G. Rodrigues<br />
Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Secção<br />
Autónoma de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e<br />
Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da<br />
Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. - E-mail:<br />
amrf@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
The dimorphic ascomycete genus Taphrina Fries<br />
comprises nearly 100 species recognised by their mycelial<br />
states parasitic on different vascular plants. Whereas the<br />
filamentous state occurs exclusively in plant tissue, the<br />
yeast state is saprobic and can be cultured on artificial<br />
media. Taphrina species are differentiated mainly on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> host range and geographic distribution, type and<br />
site <strong>of</strong> infection, and morphology <strong>of</strong> the sexual stage in the<br />
infected tissue. However, there has been little progress in<br />
the systematics <strong>of</strong> the genus in recent years mainly due to<br />
the scarcity <strong>of</strong> molecular studies and <strong>of</strong> available cultures.<br />
Here we report on the molecular characterisation <strong>of</strong><br />
Taphrina spp. obtained from culture collections (yeast<br />
states) in order to address the following topics: (i) is<br />
Taphrina a well defined genus?; (ii) are species defined on<br />
the basis <strong>of</strong> phenotypic criteria genetically distinct?; (iii)<br />
does host specialisation underlie speciation in Taphrina?;<br />
(iv) do Taphrina spp. occur naturally as saprobic yeast<br />
forms?; (v) can molecular methods help in accurately<br />
diagnosing the different diseases caused by Taphrina<br />
species? The molecular methods used comprised PCRfingerprinting<br />
using single primers for microsatellite<br />
regions (MSP-PCR), and sequencing <strong>of</strong> two ca. 600 bp<br />
long nuclear rDNA regions: the 5' end <strong>of</strong> the 26S rRNA<br />
gene (D1/D2 domains) and the Internal Transcribed Spacer<br />
(ITS) regions (including the 5.8S rRNA gene).<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 81
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
255 - Biogeography <strong>of</strong> floricolous yeasts: is everything<br />
everywhere?<br />
M.A. Lachance<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Western Ontario,<br />
London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
lachance@uwo.ca<br />
The old dogma <strong>of</strong> microbial ecology, 'Everything is<br />
everywhere, the environment selects,' has had a pr<strong>of</strong>ound<br />
influence on the study <strong>of</strong> yeast biodiversity. One outcome<br />
has been a widespread neglect <strong>of</strong> the habitat as a significant<br />
element <strong>of</strong> species descriptions. The traditional paradigm<br />
implies that a global 'yeast seed bank' is available to fill<br />
any niche that is made available. Biogeographic theory, on<br />
the other hand, predicts that species diversity should be<br />
higher in the tropics, lower in isolated localities, and<br />
proportional to the size <strong>of</strong> contiguous landmasses. To test<br />
these opposing models, the yeast communities <strong>of</strong><br />
ephemeral flowers were studied in various Pacific islands<br />
and several sites in Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica, the<br />
southern United States, and the eastern Nearctic region.<br />
These yeasts are vectored and maintained by insects such<br />
as bees and beetles. The yeast species composition is<br />
greatly but not exclusively affected by the nature <strong>of</strong> the<br />
vector insect species, and much less so by the plant species.<br />
Most biogeographic factors have a significant influence<br />
when not confounded by human interference. Different<br />
yeast species have different ranges on the global scale:<br />
some can be viewed as cosmopolitan and others as<br />
endemic. The emerging pattern is that indeed, the<br />
environment selects. However, geography plays a major<br />
role. The notion that 'everything is everywhere,' as least at<br />
it applies to floricolous ascomycetous yeasts, is misleading.<br />
256 - Molecular ecology <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetous yeasts in<br />
tropical marine habitats<br />
J.W. Fell<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Key<br />
Biscayne, Fl, U.S.A. - E-mail: jfell@rsmas.miami.edu<br />
The current model <strong>of</strong> yeast systematics includes ^ 1000<br />
species in >100 genera, numbers that are rapidly increasing<br />
with the discovery <strong>of</strong> new species and the description <strong>of</strong><br />
new genera due to increased knowledge <strong>of</strong> the biology and<br />
phylogenetics <strong>of</strong> these unicellular ascomycetous and<br />
basidiomycetous fungi. Estimates indicate that this number<br />
<strong>of</strong> species may only represent 1% <strong>of</strong> the species in nature.<br />
Yeasts in marine environments are widespread from the<br />
tropics to polar regions and intertidal habitats to the deep<br />
sea floor. The ecological role <strong>of</strong> yeasts ranges from species<br />
that are host specific saprophytes to species with diverse<br />
habitats and appetites. Our specific knowledge <strong>of</strong> these<br />
roles is, however, meager. A major reason has been the<br />
lack <strong>of</strong> ability to specifically identify these organisms to<br />
the species level. The advent <strong>of</strong> molecular techniques has<br />
provided the necessary cure to the systematic problems.<br />
82<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Research in our laboratory with the basidiomycetous yeasts<br />
has centered on the ribosomal DNA, exploring the ITS,<br />
D1D2 portion at the 5' end <strong>of</strong> the large subunit, and the IGS<br />
regions. Based on these data bases, the phylogenetic<br />
position and identity <strong>of</strong> yeasts can be determined. The<br />
sequence differences between strains and species has<br />
spawned methods for the rapid identification <strong>of</strong> culturable<br />
and uncultured species directly from the environment.<br />
These methods will be discussed.<br />
257 - Systematics <strong>of</strong> the human pathogen Cryptococcus<br />
ne<strong>of</strong>ormans in the genomics era<br />
T. Boekhout 1* , B. Theelen 1 , M. Diaz 2 , J.W. Fell 2 , K.J.<br />
Kwon-Chung 3 , M.T. Barreto de Oliveira 4 , L. Trilles 5 , M.<br />
Lazera 5 , R. Falk 6 , I. Polacheck 6 & W. Meyer 7<br />
1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8,<br />
3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 2 Rosenstiel School <strong>of</strong><br />
Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Key Biscayne, Florida,<br />
U.S.A. - 3 Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Clinical Investigation, NIH,<br />
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. - 4 Instituto de Ciências<br />
Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,<br />
Brazil. - 5 Mediacal Mycology Laboratory-HEC-FIOCRUZ,<br />
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - 6 Hadassah Medical Center, Kyriat<br />
Hadasah, Jerusalem, Israel. - 7 Molecular Mycology<br />
Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and<br />
Microbiology, University <strong>of</strong> Sydney, Sydney, Australia. - Email:<br />
boekhout@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
Cryptococcus ne<strong>of</strong>ormans is a basidiomycetous yeast<br />
causing life-threatening infections in immunocompromised<br />
hosts. The species is known in both the asexual and sexual<br />
states. Since long two varieties C. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans var.<br />
ne<strong>of</strong>ormans and var. gattii were known. The observation <strong>of</strong><br />
mating and gene flow resulted in the description <strong>of</strong> a<br />
separate genus Filobasidiella. A third variety C.<br />
ne<strong>of</strong>ormans var. grubii (= serotype A) was described<br />
recently. Molecular studies on the IGS and ITS <strong>of</strong> the<br />
rDNA, the mtLrRNA, URA5, laccase and phospholipase<br />
genes, as well as AFLP and PCR-fingerprinting showed<br />
that the three varieties belong to different phylogenetic<br />
lineages and may represent species. Novel genotypes could<br />
be distinguished, thus further questioning the species<br />
boundaries. The biological species concept was tested in an<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> a mating between variety ne<strong>of</strong>ormans and<br />
variety gattii. Most <strong>of</strong> the descendants possessed the<br />
genotypes <strong>of</strong> either parental isolate. Gene flow could not be<br />
demonstrated under natural circumstances. Therefore, we<br />
proposed that both varieties represent at least two species.<br />
Hybrid serotype AD strains <strong>of</strong> C. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans originated<br />
from different parental strains. The rare serotype A MATa<br />
allele occurs in part <strong>of</strong> these hybrids. An analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
virulence related phenotypic traits and antifungal<br />
susceptibility revealed that virulence and susceptibility<br />
varied widely. Fluconazole resistance was observed in<br />
some environmental isolates, suggesting an innate<br />
resistance.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
258 - Functional genomics in Candida albicans for drug<br />
target discovery<br />
R. Calderone<br />
Georgetown University Medical Center, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology & Immunology, Washington, DC, U.S.A.<br />
Current anti-fungals used to treat human diseases are few<br />
in number or invariably toxic. Most new anti-fungals are<br />
chemically modified versions <strong>of</strong> existing compounds that<br />
act against the same fungal targets [ergosterol synthesis, for<br />
instance]. The complete sequence <strong>of</strong> the Candida albicans<br />
genome has made it possible to utilize new strategies in<br />
order to identify targets that can be exploited in drug<br />
discovery. How does one select those genes [ORFs] that<br />
are the most appropriate for target validation? Most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
important ORFs are decided so by mostly 'common sense'<br />
thinking, including, first, the target should be represented<br />
in a number [if not all] <strong>of</strong> the human fungal pathogens but<br />
not in the human genome, or, if present, there should be<br />
sufficient differences that can be exploited. Secondly, the<br />
target should be vital to the infection process. Third, the<br />
function <strong>of</strong> the gene product should be at least partially<br />
understood so that appropriate assays can be established.<br />
Fourth, the gene product should be essential for growth or<br />
viability <strong>of</strong> the fungus, although virulence factors that are<br />
not essential for growth may be candidates. The spectrum<br />
<strong>of</strong> a candidate target is limited in definition since, except<br />
for the C. albicans genome, sequences for other human<br />
pathogens are non-existent or incomplete. In this<br />
symposium, topics related to the identification <strong>of</strong><br />
functional gene homologues, target identification and<br />
validation will be presented.<br />
259 - Carbon dioxide exchange, diffusion resistances<br />
and water content in lichens: Laboratory and field<br />
T.G.A. Green 1* & O.L. Lange 2<br />
1 Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand. -<br />
2 Universitaet Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
greentga@waikato.ac.nz<br />
Jumelle in 1892, first commented on depressed net<br />
photosynthesis at high thallus water contents and Stocker,<br />
in 1927, the first to infer that it was due to diffusion<br />
limitations. The topic attracted attention after<br />
demonstrations <strong>of</strong> its occurrence by Kershaw in the 1970s.<br />
There followed a period <strong>of</strong> contention as to what actually<br />
caused the depression. Two possibilities were proposed,<br />
depression through increased respiration or through<br />
increased diffusion resistances for carbon dioxide.<br />
Evidence, including chlorophyll fluorescence analysing<br />
activity <strong>of</strong> the photosynthetic apparatus and helox for direct<br />
determination <strong>of</strong> resistances, has consistently supported the<br />
changed diffusion resistances theory. This evidence will be<br />
summarised as well as field results that demonstrate the<br />
ecological importance <strong>of</strong> the depression in carbon gain.<br />
Although first found and described in the laboratory,<br />
suprasaturation depression <strong>of</strong> NP is not an experimental<br />
artefact but an important ecological feature <strong>of</strong> many lichen<br />
species in many habitats. As an example, averaged over a<br />
total year, net photosynthesis <strong>of</strong> Leconora muralis was<br />
heavily reduced through suprasaturation during 38.5% <strong>of</strong><br />
the time when photosynthesis was possible. Despite these<br />
confirmations <strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong> diffusion resistances there is<br />
still little agreement as to where these diffusion pathways<br />
are actually located. An interpretation <strong>of</strong> the thallus will be<br />
presented based on standard water potential water vapour<br />
considerations.<br />
260 - Hydrophobins in lichen-forming asco- and<br />
basidiomycetes<br />
R. Honegger 1* , S. Scherrer 2 & M.L. Trembley 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Zürich, Institute <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology,<br />
Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland. -<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987<br />
Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A. - 3 (no<br />
institution), Gempenstrasse 18, CH-4053 Basel,<br />
Switzerland. - E-mail: rohonegg@botinst.unizh.ch<br />
Main building blocks <strong>of</strong> heteromerous lichen thalli are<br />
hydrophilic, conglutinate pseudoparenchyma (peripheral<br />
cortex) and loosely interwoven plectenchyma built up by<br />
aerial hyphae with hydrophobic wall surfaces (medullary<br />
and photobiont layers). Wall surface hydrophobicity<br />
prevents the thalline interior from getting waterlogged at<br />
high levels <strong>of</strong> hydration and facilitates gas exchange 1 . This<br />
wall surface hydrophobicity was shown to be primarily due<br />
to class 1 hydrophobins. Several hydrophobins were<br />
biochemically and genetically characterised: one from the<br />
haploid vegetative thallus <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> 4 Xanthoria spp.<br />
(XPH1/parietina, XEH1/ectaneoides, XFH1/flammea,<br />
XTH1/turbinata) 2, 4 and three from the dikaryotic,<br />
lichenized basidiocarp <strong>of</strong> Dictyonema glabratum (DGH1,<br />
DGH2, DGH3) 5 . With in situ hybridisation techniques<br />
hydrophobin gene expression was located in medullary<br />
hyphae <strong>of</strong> X. parietina 3 or in the photobiont layer, the<br />
lower stratum and the boundary layer to the hydrophilic<br />
tomentum in D. glabratum, respectively 6 . An antibody<br />
raised against the recombinant DGH1 bound on ultrathin<br />
sections to the electron dense outermost wall layer <strong>of</strong><br />
hyphae in the photobiont layer where rodlets had been<br />
resolved in freeze-etch preparations 6 . 1 Honegger (2001)<br />
THE MYCOTA IX: 165-188; 2 Scherrer et al. (2000)<br />
FGBI 30:81-93; 3 Scherrer et al. (2002) New Phytol.<br />
154:175-184; 4 Scherrer & Honegger, unpubl.; 5 Trembley<br />
et al. (2002a) FGBI 35:247-259; 6 Trembley et al. (2002b)<br />
New Phytol. 154:185-196.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 83
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
261 - Rolling stones in a harsh environment.<br />
Morphology and ecophysiology <strong>of</strong> globular erratic<br />
lichens<br />
L.G. Sancho 1* , B. Schroeter 2 & A. Pintado 1<br />
1 Universidad Complutense, Dpto. Biologia Vegetal II, Fac.<br />
Farmacia, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain. -<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Kiel, Botanisches Institut, Olshausenstr. 40,<br />
24098 Kiel, Germany. - E-mail: sancholg@farm.ucm.es<br />
Erratic lichens, growing free without any attachment to the<br />
substrate, are widely distributed in many biomes all over<br />
the world. Xanthoparmelia and Aspicilia, have the largest<br />
number <strong>of</strong> vagrant taxa world-wide. Habitat supporting<br />
vagrant lichens is typically windswept, semi-arid, cold in<br />
winter and sparsely vegetated. In Eurasia, these habitat<br />
conditions correspond to the steppes and semi-deserts and<br />
account for almost one-fourth <strong>of</strong> the continent. Vagrant<br />
lichens <strong>of</strong> these regions typically show short and compact<br />
lobes or branches, thick scleroplectenchymatous tissues<br />
and low chlorophyll content. Accordingly, the thalli <strong>of</strong> all<br />
the investigated species showed very low water-holding<br />
capacity and low Amax. Studies among and within<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> vagrant Aspicilia species, both from the<br />
Iberian Peninsula and from Kazachstan, allowed us to<br />
consider the significance <strong>of</strong> thallus size for water economy<br />
and CO2 exchange. We found that in these compact<br />
globular lichens size can be a limiting factor for net<br />
photosynthesis, since the mass <strong>of</strong> the fungi increases<br />
volumetrically while the algal layer is more or less<br />
restricted to the surface. However, the highly specialized<br />
thallus structure prevents increased diffusion resistances<br />
for the transport <strong>of</strong> CO2, even at the highest level <strong>of</strong> water<br />
content. Moreover, the capacity for photosynthetic activity<br />
remained the same for the entire surface <strong>of</strong> these globular<br />
thalli, even though they were partially buried in the soil for<br />
several weeks.<br />
262 - Fungal compounds as sun screens for symbiotic<br />
algae in lichens<br />
Y. Gauslaa<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Nature Conservation,<br />
Agricultural University <strong>of</strong> Norway, P.O.Box 5014, 1432<br />
Ås, Norway. - E-mail: yngvar.gauslaa@ibn.nlh.no<br />
Lichens, like leaves <strong>of</strong> plants, have a non-photosynthetic<br />
tissue located as a filter between the incident solar radiation<br />
and the photosynthetically active cells. Unlike the<br />
predominantly green members <strong>of</strong> the plant kingdom, many<br />
lichens are coloured by cortical secondary compounds, e.g.<br />
the orange parietin, the yellow usnic acid and the brownblack<br />
melanins. Since many compounds can be extracted in<br />
a non-destructive way by 100% acetone, their screening<br />
role can be directly assessed. The upper cortex <strong>of</strong> lichens<br />
screens a substantial part <strong>of</strong> the irradiance, particularly<br />
UVB, even in the absence <strong>of</strong> extractable secondary<br />
compounds. However, secondary compounds modify the<br />
84<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
transmittance spectra further by reducing short<br />
wavelengths more than longer wavelengths. For instance,<br />
an acetone-rinsed air-dry Nephroma arcticum cortex with<br />
the usnic acid removed, transmits 1% <strong>of</strong> UVB, which is ten<br />
times the transmittance before usnic acid extraction (0.1%).<br />
Whereas usnic acid only has a potential in screening UV<br />
radiation, parietin and melanin can additionally protect<br />
lichens against excessive violet-blue, and all visible<br />
irradiation, respectively. For some species, the protection is<br />
not always sufficient. The heat- and high-irradiance<br />
susceptible Lobaria pulmonaria is caught between the risk<br />
<strong>of</strong> being damaged by excess irradiances due to a pale,<br />
highly transmitting cortex, or by high temperatures due to a<br />
melanic, highly radiation-absorbing cortex in sun-exposed<br />
habitats.<br />
263 - Structural and functional aspects <strong>of</strong> water uptake<br />
and photosynthesis in lichens at subzero temperatures<br />
B. Schroeter 1* , B. Frey 2 & C. Scheidegger 2<br />
1 Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40,<br />
D-24098 Kiel, Germany. - 2 Swiss Federal Institute for<br />
Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903<br />
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - E-mail: bschroeter@bot.unikiel.de<br />
It is well known that lichens are able to photosynthesize at<br />
subzero temperatures. This ability might be <strong>of</strong> high<br />
ecological significance in cold environments such as<br />
Antarctica where snow is the major source for hydration.<br />
Due to their poikilohydrous nature water relations in the<br />
lichen thallus are strongly correlated with the ambient<br />
water regime. At subzero temperatures the lichen thallus is<br />
partly dehydrated due to the negative ambient water<br />
potential. We present data from a combined structural and<br />
physiological study on water relations and metabolic<br />
activity in green algal and cyanobacterial lichens at subzero<br />
temperatures. Structural investigations were carried out<br />
with LTSEM techniques, CO2 gas exchange and<br />
chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated the status <strong>of</strong> the<br />
photosynthetic apparatus <strong>of</strong> the photobiont <strong>of</strong> the lichens.<br />
At subzero temperatures hydrated thalli were kept in<br />
equilibrium with water saturated air or dry thalli were<br />
allowed to rehydrate from snow. There was no major<br />
difference in water relations and activation at subzero<br />
temperatures in lichens from cold and temperate<br />
environments. However, a major difference was found<br />
between green algal and cyanobacterial lichens: while<br />
green algal lichens were able to reactivate PSII through<br />
water uptake from snow in cyanolichens this did not lead to<br />
measureable reactivation <strong>of</strong> the photosynthesis. This<br />
difference may contribute to the almost complete absence<br />
<strong>of</strong> cyanobacterial lichens in continental Antarctica.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
264 - Live-cell imaging <strong>of</strong> fungal hyphae at high spatial<br />
resolution<br />
N.D. Read * , P.C. Hickey, S.R. Swift & H.A. Atkinson<br />
Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute <strong>of</strong> Cell and Molecular<br />
Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Edinburgh, Rutherford Building,<br />
Edinburgh EH9 3JH, U.K. - E-mail: Nick@fungalcell.org<br />
A revolutionary new perspective <strong>of</strong> the cell biology <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal hyphae is arising as a result <strong>of</strong> using live-cell<br />
imaging techniques to analyse organelle and molecular<br />
dynamics at high spatial resolution. A primary objective <strong>of</strong><br />
the work in our group is to perform live-cell imaging at the<br />
highest possible spatial resolution that can be routinely<br />
obtained. For this purpose we have been primarily using<br />
laser scanning confocal microscopy although more recently<br />
we have also started to evaluate multiphoton microscopy<br />
and spinning disc confocal microscopy for imaging living<br />
fungal hyphae. A major focus <strong>of</strong> our research is in<br />
understanding the mechanisms and regulation underlying<br />
hyphal tip growth. Laser scanning confocal microscopy has<br />
enabled us to image living hyphae without significantly<br />
compromising hyphal growth. Much <strong>of</strong> this work has<br />
concentrated on studying vesicle trafficking and organelle<br />
dynamics in living hyphae using a range <strong>of</strong> vital<br />
fluorescent dyes (e.g. FM4-64, FM1-43, and Rhodamine<br />
123) or recombinant GFP specifically targeted to these<br />
organelles. Organelles that we are routinely imaging in<br />
living hyphae include nuclei, mitochondria, ER and<br />
vacuoles. We are also imaging the dynamic localisation <strong>of</strong><br />
various proteins fused to GFP. Examples <strong>of</strong> movies from<br />
our live-cell imaging studies can be found at the following<br />
website: http://www.fungalcell.org/.<br />
265 - Measurement and interpretation <strong>of</strong> biomechanical<br />
parameters relevant to fungal development<br />
N.P. Money<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio<br />
45056, U.S.A. - E-mail: moneynp@muohio.edu<br />
Without biomechanical experimentation, mycologists have<br />
no hope <strong>of</strong> understanding mechanisms <strong>of</strong> fungal growth,<br />
reproduction, or pathogenesis. Having said this, it must be<br />
tearfully-acknowledged that most biologists view the study<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal mechanics as an eccentric pursuit whose findings<br />
can be ignored without grievous consequences. There are<br />
two major reasons for this impression, and for the<br />
consequent lack <strong>of</strong> biomechanical research on fungi: (i) an<br />
illegitimate conviction that scientific inquiry restricted to<br />
the molecular level can answer all <strong>of</strong> the important<br />
questions, and (ii) a legitimate fear that methods for<br />
measuring minuscule forces from microscopic cells can be<br />
very difficult. If successful, this presentation will alleviate<br />
both problems by <strong>of</strong>fering a balanced appraisal <strong>of</strong> the value<br />
and challenges <strong>of</strong> biomechanical investigation. Methods for<br />
determining cellular turgor pressure and the invasive<br />
pressures exerted by hyphal apices will be discussed, along<br />
with recent efforts to explore the mechanical performance<br />
<strong>of</strong> multicellular fruiting bodies.<br />
266 - Analysis <strong>of</strong> calcium signalling in living hyphae<br />
expressing a codon-optimised aequorin gene<br />
A. Zelter 1* , O. Kozlova-Zwinderman 1 , O. Yarden 2 & N.D.<br />
Read 1<br />
1<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Cell and Molecular Biology, Rutherford<br />
Building, University <strong>of</strong> Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9<br />
2<br />
3JHUK, U.K. - Dept. Of Plant Pathology and<br />
Microbiology, Hebrew University <strong>of</strong> Jerusalem, Rehovot<br />
76100, Israel. - E-mail: azelter@holyrood.ed.ac.uk<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Neurospora genome indicates that that the<br />
calcium signalling machinery is more complex than that<br />
found in budding yeast. However, calcium signalling is<br />
little understood in filamentous fungi largely because easy<br />
and routine methods for calcium measurement in living<br />
hyphae have previously been unavailable. We have<br />
developed the recombinant aequorin method for this<br />
purpose. High levels <strong>of</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> the calcium-sensitive<br />
aequorin photoprotein have been obtained in a range <strong>of</strong><br />
filamentous fungi, including Neurospora crassa,<br />
Aspergillus nidulans, A. niger and A. awamori, by codon<br />
optimisation. Three external stimuli (mechanical<br />
perturbation, hypo-osmotic shock and high external<br />
calcium) transiently increase cytosolic free calcium. The<br />
calcium-signatures associated with each <strong>of</strong> these<br />
physiological treatments have been quantified and are<br />
highly reproducible under any one set <strong>of</strong> conditions. Each<br />
<strong>of</strong> the three stimuli generates a unique calcium-signature<br />
suggesting that the involvement <strong>of</strong> different calciummediated<br />
signal transduction pathways. This is supported<br />
by results using calcium modulators. However, we have<br />
also found that various parameters (e.g. amplitude and full<br />
width half maximum) <strong>of</strong> calcium-signatures are dependent<br />
on temperature and whether the fungus is grown on solid or<br />
in liquid medium. Future directions for research on calcium<br />
signalling using aequorin will be described.<br />
267 - Dynamics <strong>of</strong> organelles and the cytoskeleton in the<br />
plant pathogen Ustilago maydis<br />
G. Steinberg<br />
MPI for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: Gero.Steinberg@mailer.unimarburg.de<br />
In contrast to vertebrates, fungi are surrounded by a rigid<br />
cell wall that limits motility <strong>of</strong> fungal cells. However,<br />
substrate invasion and pathogenic development <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
require migration <strong>of</strong> the cell that is achieved by hyphal tip<br />
growth. This process is based on delivery <strong>of</strong> growth<br />
supplies to the expanding apex <strong>of</strong> the hypha involves the<br />
cytoskeleton and associated motor molecules. Recently, the<br />
use <strong>of</strong> advanced light microscopy methods has enabled us<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 85
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
to monitor dynamics <strong>of</strong> organelles and the cytoskeleton<br />
itself in Neurospora crassa and Ustilago maydis. These<br />
experiments have revealed remarkable levels <strong>of</strong> motility<br />
within the fungal cell and it has become obvious that<br />
intracellular motions are essential for spatial organization,<br />
growth and morphogenesis <strong>of</strong> fungi.<br />
268 - Using light and electron microscopy to explore<br />
hyphal cytoplasmic order, behavior and mutation mode<br />
<strong>of</strong> action<br />
R.W. Roberson 1* & S. Bartnicki-García 2<br />
1<br />
Arizona State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology<br />
2<br />
Tempe, Arizona 85287-1601, U.S.A. - Centro de<br />
Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de<br />
Ensenada, 22830, Baja California, Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
robert.roberson@asu.edu<br />
To assess the impact <strong>of</strong> single mutations on cell<br />
morphogenesis, it is essential to explore the effect <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mutation on cytoplasmic organization and behavior. Video<br />
microscopy provides a real time record <strong>of</strong> organelle<br />
behavior and morphological changes in living cells. Such<br />
images can provide clues about the mode <strong>of</strong> action <strong>of</strong> a<br />
mutation that can be tested by transmission electron<br />
microscopy <strong>of</strong> sectioned specimens. One good example is<br />
in the study <strong>of</strong> the ro-1 and nudA mutations in hyphae <strong>of</strong><br />
Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans, respectively.<br />
These genes encode subunits <strong>of</strong> cytoplasmic dynein. In<br />
wild-type cells a well-defined Spitzenkörper (Spk)<br />
dominated the cytoplasm <strong>of</strong> the hyphal apex. Vesicles<br />
exhibited active motility in subapical regions. Hyphae<br />
contained abundant microtubules (MT) that were mostly<br />
aligned parallel to the growing axis <strong>of</strong> the cell.<br />
Mitochondria and nuclei maintained a near constant<br />
position in the advancing cytoplasm. Dynein deficiency<br />
causes disruption <strong>of</strong> MT organization and function. Beside<br />
the overall perturbation to cytoplasmic organization and<br />
organelle motility, these mutations disrupt the organization<br />
and stability <strong>of</strong> the Spk, which, in turn, leads to severe<br />
reduction in growth rate and altered morphology. The<br />
combined use <strong>of</strong> light and electron microscopy has lead to<br />
a more complete understanding <strong>of</strong> MT disruption and other<br />
cytoplasmic phenotypes that result from dynein deficiency.<br />
269 - Four-dimensional laser scanning microscopy <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal plant pathogens expressing fluorescent proteins<br />
R.J. Howard 1* , T.M. Bourett 1 , J.A. Sweigard 2 , K.J.<br />
Czymmek 3 & K.E. Duncan 1<br />
1<br />
DuPont Crop Genetics, Exp Stn, Wilmington, DE 19880-<br />
2<br />
0402, U.S.A. - DuPont Crop Genetics, Delaware<br />
Technology Pk, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A. - 3 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Delaware, Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sci, Newark, DE<br />
19716, U.S.A. - E-mail: richard.j.howard@usa.dupont.com<br />
86<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
The three-dimensional mapping <strong>of</strong> host-pathogen cell<br />
interfaces over time, or 4D analysis, represents a<br />
challenging but important prerequisite for understanding<br />
pathogenesis. We generated fluorescent transformants <strong>of</strong><br />
two different pathogens, Fusarium verticillioides and<br />
Magnaporthe grisea, and used them for real-time imaging<br />
by confocal and multi-photon microscopy. Driven by<br />
strong constitutive fungal promotors, expression <strong>of</strong> spectral<br />
variants <strong>of</strong> green fluorescent protein, as well as the recently<br />
identified reef coral fluorescent proteins derived from<br />
several Anthozoa species, had no detectable effect on either<br />
growth rates or abilities to cause disease. Cytoplasmtargeting<br />
<strong>of</strong> fluorescent proteins, coupled with fast image<br />
capture rates, allowed discrimination <strong>of</strong> many subcellular<br />
organelles by differential exclusion and facilitated<br />
monitoring <strong>of</strong> rapid changes in permeability <strong>of</strong> the nuclear<br />
envelope. Alternatively, use <strong>of</strong> fluorescent markers as<br />
fusion proteins, for example with tubulin, made it possible<br />
to image specific proteins/structures/organelles during cell<br />
growth, development, and pharmacological treatment. The<br />
intense brightness <strong>of</strong> some strains expressing fluorescent<br />
proteins in the cytoplasm permitted documentation <strong>of</strong><br />
pathogen cells during invasion <strong>of</strong> plant host tissues.<br />
AmCyan and ZsGreen reef coral fluorescent proteins were<br />
sufficiently excited at 855 and 880 nm, respectively, to<br />
facilitate time-resolved in planta imaging by two-photon<br />
microscopy.<br />
270 - Studying cell biology <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi by combined high resolution biochemical,<br />
molecular biology and microscopy techniques<br />
B. Bago 1* , P.E. Pfeffer 2 , W. Zipfel 3 & Y. Shachar-Hill 4<br />
1 CSIC, CIDE, Cami de la Marjal s/n, Albal (Valencia),<br />
Spain. - 2 USDA, ERRC, 600 E. Mermaid Ln. 19038<br />
Wyndmoor, PA, U.S.A. - 3 Cornell University, Clarck Hall,<br />
Cornell University, Ithaca NM, U.S.A. - 4 NMSU, Dept.<br />
Chemistry and Biochemistry, NMSU, 88033 Las Cruces<br />
NM, U.S.A. - E-mail: berta.bago@uv.es<br />
Glomeromycotan or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi<br />
are widespread mutualistic symbionts whose taxonomic<br />
position, ecological distribution, reproductive strategies,<br />
not to mention cell biology is still poorly understood. At<br />
the basis <strong>of</strong> this lack <strong>of</strong> knowledge is probably the fact that<br />
these fungi are obligate biotrophs, i.e. they cannot complete<br />
their life cycle unless they have successfully colonized a<br />
host plant. Unsuccessful attempts <strong>of</strong> culturing AM fungi<br />
axenically have been made in the last forty years, this<br />
greatly hindering progress in our knowledge <strong>of</strong> these<br />
ecologically important fungi. Moreover, the difficulties to<br />
study the intraradical fungal phase withouth disturbing<br />
symbiosis functioning, and the extraradical mycelium<br />
while maintaining intact their soil-growing hyphae requires<br />
<strong>of</strong> non-destructive, in situ techniques. In this presentation<br />
we will briefly review recent advances in our understaning<br />
<strong>of</strong> the cellular biology <strong>of</strong> these symbiotic fungi. This has<br />
been possible by combining techniques such as monoxenic<br />
AM cultures, NMR spectroscopy, image analysis and<br />
multiphoton microscopy.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
271 - Integrating scientific research and information<br />
systems<br />
*<br />
G. Hagedorn , M. Burhenne, M. Gliech, T. Gräfenhan &<br />
M. Weiss<br />
Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and<br />
Forestry, Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and<br />
Biological Safety, Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195<br />
Berlin, Germany. - E-mail: g.hagedorn@bba.de<br />
The GLOPP project (Global Information System for the<br />
Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathogenic Fungi,<br />
http://www.glopp.net/ ) started in the summer <strong>of</strong> 2000 and<br />
will continue until spring 2003. It aims to provide a unified<br />
view <strong>of</strong> data about fungi parasitizing higher plants. The<br />
information system will integrate data on host plant<br />
specificity, geographical distribution, and a core set <strong>of</strong><br />
descriptive characters that allow interactive online<br />
identification. European and especially German pathogens<br />
are treated with priority to guarantee high data quality and<br />
a certain completeness. We plan to continue our work<br />
within the framework <strong>of</strong> international, collaborative<br />
successor projects. - The GLOPP system is presented as a<br />
highly useful exercise combining basic organismic research<br />
with research in biodiversity informatics. The system is<br />
presented from the perspective <strong>of</strong> (a) system development<br />
and information modeling, (b) contributing research<br />
scientists, and (c) users in applied fields like plant<br />
pathology extension services. Ultimately such efforts will<br />
be successfull only if they are as valuable to content<br />
generators as they are to information consumers.<br />
Contributing researchers should be able to work more<br />
efficiently within the information system than otherwise.<br />
This is currently not the case, but the progress made is<br />
substantial (see http://www.diversitycampus.net/ ).<br />
272 - Fundamentals <strong>of</strong> biodiversity research or: What<br />
we still do not know!<br />
M. Piepenbring<br />
Botanical Institute <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Frankfurt,<br />
Senckenberganlage 31-33, 60054 Frankfurt am Main,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: piepenbring@em.uni-frankfurt.de<br />
Our knowledge <strong>of</strong> fungal biodiversity is limited not only<br />
because <strong>of</strong> numerous undiscovered species, but we also<br />
have many unresolved taxonomic and systematic questions<br />
(incomplete descriptions, bad type material, unclear<br />
synonymy), the morphology <strong>of</strong> many species is not well<br />
documented, we ignore host ranges <strong>of</strong> many species, areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> distribution, numerous aspects <strong>of</strong> life cycles, and effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> interactions with other organisms. For the<br />
documentation <strong>of</strong> existing knowledge <strong>of</strong> fungal diversity in<br />
the internet, we include morphological descriptions in a<br />
database. Therefore, we first need a list <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
characters and character states, which requires a reasonable<br />
selection <strong>of</strong> adequate descriptive vocabulary. The<br />
description <strong>of</strong> a species in literature might be satisfying at<br />
first sight, its inclusion into the database, however, in<br />
addition to problems <strong>of</strong> 'translation' due to the use <strong>of</strong><br />
different terminology, usually shows that the description is<br />
far from complete. Often, the germination <strong>of</strong> spores and<br />
other morphological details are not well documented.<br />
During the input <strong>of</strong> data into the database we are forced to<br />
ask numerous questions, <strong>of</strong> which many usually can not be<br />
easily answered. Only by field work we obtain fresh<br />
material which allows us to elaborate complete sets <strong>of</strong><br />
character states for the database, and contribute to our<br />
knowledge on morphology, host range, distribution, and<br />
ecology <strong>of</strong> the fungi.<br />
273 - Connecting traditional and modern data sources:<br />
Towards an integrated view on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong><br />
powdery mildews (Erysiphales)<br />
1* 1 2<br />
C. Kainz , D. Triebel & U. Braun<br />
1 Botanische Staatssammlung München, Mycology Dept.,<br />
Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Muenchen, Germany. -<br />
2 Martin-Luther-Universität Halle, Institut für Geobotanik<br />
und Botanischer Garten, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: kainz@botanik.biologie.unimuenchen.de<br />
The Erysiphales form a well delimited order <strong>of</strong><br />
phytopathogenic ascomycetes with about 650 taxa<br />
occurring worldwide. As they represent a group <strong>of</strong> strongly<br />
related fungi, which is relatively well-investigated, they are<br />
selected to realise an integrated view on biodiversity data<br />
<strong>of</strong> different kinds. Within the project, descriptive,<br />
ecological, distributional and molecular data are collected<br />
and linked with data available from traditional and modern<br />
data sources. Information is gained from the material <strong>of</strong><br />
two major collections <strong>of</strong> Erysiphales in the herbaria <strong>of</strong><br />
Halle and München (label and specimen data including<br />
sequence data) as well as from literature (descriptive data).<br />
For the storage and maintenance <strong>of</strong> collected data the<br />
database modules <strong>of</strong> DiversityWorkbench, the onlineinformation<br />
system LIAS and the sequence data<br />
management system ARB are used. Subsequent analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
data from the various sources is achieved via export to<br />
various applications. The employment <strong>of</strong> new database<br />
systems and informatics tools will simplify scientific<br />
studies on the correlation and evolution <strong>of</strong> characters both<br />
in a distributional and historical context.<br />
274 - Reconsidered species and genus boundaries: How<br />
molecular data influence the content <strong>of</strong> the database<br />
M. Goeker * , A. Riethmueller & F. Oberwinkler<br />
Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Botanisches<br />
Institut, Universitaet Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1,<br />
72076 Tuebingen, Germany.<br />
The GLOPP (Global Information System for the<br />
Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathogenic Fungi,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 87
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
http://www.glopp.net/) project does not aim at a simple<br />
compilation <strong>of</strong> data, so critical appraisal <strong>of</strong> the data found<br />
in taxonomic literature is necessary. As a rule, this entails<br />
experimental re-examination <strong>of</strong> the published data.<br />
Unfortunately, the morphological data so far used for<br />
Oomycete taxonomy are <strong>of</strong>ten ambiguous. This is<br />
especially important where only few morphological<br />
characters are available, as it is the case in taxon<br />
delimitation in most plant parasitic Oomycete groups. Even<br />
the total number <strong>of</strong> species in Peronosporales and<br />
Sclerosporales stated in the literature can vary very much<br />
depending on the underlying species concept used by<br />
different authors. To cope with these uncertainties, the<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> morphological with modern molecular<br />
methods is required. The content <strong>of</strong> the database will<br />
depend to a high degree on the results from this approach.<br />
275 - Discovering the crunches: the use <strong>of</strong> the GLOPP<br />
databases in rust systematics, ecology and biogeography<br />
R. Berndt<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tübingen, Systematic Botany and Mycology,<br />
Botanical Institute, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076<br />
Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail: reinhard.berndt@unituebingen.de<br />
The knowledge about rust fungi (Uredinales) is still patchy:<br />
there are some well-studied pests <strong>of</strong> economically<br />
important plants, and there is the bulk <strong>of</strong> species growing<br />
on hosts with no obvious economic importance. The latter<br />
group <strong>of</strong> rusts has received much less attention<br />
accordingly. Another striking disparity <strong>of</strong> knowledge exists<br />
between tropical and subtropical areas and extratropical<br />
regions. Whereas floras or monographs on rust fungi are<br />
widely available in extratropical regions, the student <strong>of</strong><br />
tropical rusts most <strong>of</strong>ten has to confine to scattered original<br />
work that may not be handy or accessible. In our project<br />
we aim to compile a database on rust fungi with a focus on<br />
tropical and subtropical species. The database is geared to<br />
(1) facilitate the determination <strong>of</strong> rust fungi and to provide<br />
up-to-date taxonomic information (2) to supply data on the<br />
family affiliation <strong>of</strong> the host plants and on the known<br />
geographic range <strong>of</strong> the fungi in question. Additional<br />
information on relevant literature and personal<br />
observations are also included. The present database allows<br />
to retrieve data that are not readily available on the<br />
internet: - host family-rust fungus search - geographical<br />
search - synonymy <strong>of</strong> rust fungi - complex queries with<br />
several parameters Such options enable the user to reduce<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> possible determinations <strong>of</strong> a given rust<br />
fungus and to find hidden coincidences and contradictions<br />
in regard <strong>of</strong> host spectra, systematics, and geographical<br />
distribution.<br />
88<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
276 - Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa<br />
P.W. Crous<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Stellenbosch,<br />
P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. - E-mail:<br />
pwc@sun.ac.za<br />
The appointment <strong>of</strong> I.B. Pole-Evans as mycologist <strong>of</strong> the<br />
former Transvaal Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture in 1905<br />
heralded the beginning <strong>of</strong> phytomycology in South Africa.<br />
As diseases <strong>of</strong> wild and cultivated plants became more<br />
well-known, several lists were published <strong>of</strong> these<br />
pathogens. The early lists were prepared by Doidge (1924)<br />
and Doidge and Bottomley (1931). The most significant<br />
one, however, was published by Doidge et al. (1953),<br />
which was primarily based on information contained in her<br />
voluminous Index <strong>of</strong> South African Fungi and Lichens to<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> 1945 (Doidge, 1950). In later years this list was<br />
updated again, and several new records added in a series <strong>of</strong><br />
three science bulletins published by Gorter (1977, 1981,<br />
1982). These data formed the basis for the book,<br />
Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa, which was later<br />
published by Crous et al. (2000). An abbreviated version <strong>of</strong><br />
these data can be viewed on the USDA web site in<br />
Beltsville. Members <strong>of</strong> the Southern African Society for<br />
Plant Pathology required a more adaptable database,<br />
however, that could easily be updated and changed to<br />
fulfill the needs to the local plant pathological community.<br />
For this reason a new database template was developed that<br />
would support a CD-Rom and web-driven version <strong>of</strong> the<br />
database, incorporating illustrations, notes, all local and<br />
relevant publications, culture collection and DNA sequence<br />
data.<br />
277 - The polypores <strong>of</strong> the world - a useful database or<br />
are we still in the alpha phase?<br />
L. Ryvarden<br />
Botany Department, Biological Institute, P. O. Box 1045,<br />
Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
leif.ryvarden@bio.uio.no<br />
Over a period <strong>of</strong> 30 years mycotas <strong>of</strong> East Africa, North<br />
America, Europe and North East Asia have been published,<br />
while those <strong>of</strong> New Zealand and the neotropics are in<br />
manuscript and will be published shortly. The generic keys<br />
in these books will this autumn be available on the Internet<br />
for free downloading. In 1987 360 poroid species were<br />
registered in Europe, and since then, i.e. over 15 years,<br />
about 5 species have been added, some <strong>of</strong> them probably<br />
tropical imports. 12 species have been described as new,<br />
almost all <strong>of</strong> them based on splitting <strong>of</strong> previously to<br />
widely accepted species, such as Antrodiella semisupina.<br />
This indicates clearly that the alpha phase is finished in<br />
Europe. The situation is similar in North America and<br />
North East Asia. In tropical Africa 320 species are<br />
registered excluding critical genera like Ganoderma and<br />
Phellinus while at least about 20 species are ready to be
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
described based on recent collections. Still the Congo-basin<br />
is strongly under collected and will certainly yield a good<br />
number <strong>of</strong> new species, especially those with resupinate<br />
basidiocarps. Thus, there is still some time before the<br />
alpha-phase can be said to be finished in this continent. In<br />
the neotropics the situation is similar and recent intensive<br />
collecting in the Amazonas basin has revealed a number <strong>of</strong><br />
new species, clearly indicating that we still not have a clear<br />
picture <strong>of</strong> the biodiversity in this group.<br />
278 - Taking your data online: Database experiences at<br />
the USDA Systematic Botany and Mycology<br />
Laboratory<br />
D.F. Farr<br />
USDA, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory,<br />
BARC-West, Rm. 304, Bldg. 011A, Beltsville MD 20705,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: davef@nt.ars-grin.gov<br />
As the Web becomes increasingly pervasive as a primary<br />
source <strong>of</strong> information, one might suggest that if the<br />
information is not on the Web it does not exist. A primary<br />
role <strong>of</strong> systematics is to provide a basic framework that<br />
society can use to communicate about the natural world.<br />
While there are many potential users <strong>of</strong> systematic<br />
information, these data are most readily available to those<br />
with access to the large libraries associated with<br />
universities and research institutions. As systematists, we<br />
need not only to develop and synthesize information, but to<br />
ensure that it is available to those who need it. The web is a<br />
visual and interactive medium, which opens up many<br />
exciting ways for systematists to distribute their<br />
knowledge. Greater thought should be given to providing<br />
information on the Web if we want to remain a viable part<br />
<strong>of</strong> the information age. At the same time it is important to<br />
understand the differences between the Web and print<br />
media and to develop a presentation formats that organize<br />
and deliver content is a usable way. To assist systematists<br />
in facilitating their use <strong>of</strong> the Web, an online tutorial has<br />
been developed. This tutorial explores the techniques for<br />
presenting and relating the descriptive text, images,<br />
specimen data and keys that make up the systematists'<br />
publication. It is hoped that these examples will stimulate<br />
systematists to include Web publication as one <strong>of</strong> their<br />
research products.<br />
279 - Foliicolous diversity: the Caribbean example<br />
M. Rodríguez Hernández<br />
National Botanic Garden, Carretera del Rocío km 3.5,<br />
Calabazar, Boyeros, CP 19230 C.Habana, Cuba, Cuba. -<br />
E-mail: hajb@ceniai.inf.cu<br />
Flora and vegetation in the Caribbean Islands have a great<br />
diversity and richness, therefore, it is a nice place for fungi,<br />
particularly for foliicolous, leaf-surface fungi. As treated<br />
here, they are those which have the mycelium and fruit<br />
bodies on the leaf surface and are in contact with the leaf<br />
and the atmosphere, and subject to the influence <strong>of</strong> both.<br />
The Caribbean is a good region for leaf-surface fungi<br />
because: • There are more than 20 fungal families and<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> species • There are more than 1,000 host plants<br />
belonging to 125 families They might be divided, since an<br />
ecological or practical point <strong>of</strong> view, in 3 main groups:<br />
Saprobic, Parasite and Hyperparasite. Interesting examples<br />
may be shown: • Trichomerium grandisporum: it has a<br />
world-wide distribution and has been found on more than<br />
50 host plants belonging to more than 20 families. It grows<br />
since cultivated areas at sea level to rainforests • Meliola<br />
opuntiae: on Cactaceae in dry places, in Cuba and Jamaica<br />
with only 2 records • Meliola orchidacearum: on<br />
Orchidaceae in humid vegetations, only in Cuba and<br />
Dominican Republic with 3 records Some outstanding<br />
examples among host plants are: Mangifera indica,<br />
Syzygium jambos, Rondeletia canellaefolia, Sideroxylon<br />
jubilla, Acrosynanthus trachyphyllus, associated with many<br />
saprobic species, or Cupania americana and Ocotea<br />
leucoxylon with parasitic ones. The present paper <strong>of</strong>fers a<br />
list <strong>of</strong> leaf-surface fungi in the Caribbean and the related<br />
host plants.<br />
280 - The ecology <strong>of</strong> foliicolous fungi<br />
G.S. Gilbert 1 & D.R. Reynolds 2*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> California, Environmental Studies, 1156<br />
High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, U.S.A. - 2 Natural History<br />
Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California<br />
90007, U.S.A. - E-mail: dreynold@nhm.org<br />
Foliicolous fungi require leaves to make a living in a forest,<br />
yet remarkably little is known <strong>of</strong> such fungi where most<br />
leaves are available - in the forest canopy. The 3dimensional<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> diverse tropical forests creates<br />
strong vertical gradients and horizontal patchiness in<br />
suitable environmental conditions and host availability for<br />
leaf-surface fungi. Using canopy cranes in Australian and<br />
Panamanian moist tropical forests, we have explored the<br />
roles <strong>of</strong> host plant availability, fungal dissemination, and<br />
microclimate in determining the spatial distribution and<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> foliicolous fungi. Fungi were found in all strata<br />
<strong>of</strong> the forest at Cape Tribulation, Australia, but the more<br />
than 30 genera <strong>of</strong> non-lichenized leaf-surface fungi were<br />
much less common on exposed canopy leaves than in the<br />
understory. Understory environmental conditions were<br />
darker, relative humidity greater, and temperature variation<br />
less extreme, all factors that may promote fungal growth.<br />
For three focal plant species, the density <strong>of</strong> hyphal growth<br />
on the leaf surface was greater in the understory than in the<br />
canopy. Nevertheless, within the understory in both<br />
Australia and Panama, the probability <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
colonization increased with increase light availability. The<br />
types <strong>of</strong> fungi found varied greatly among plant hosts. The<br />
spatial pattern <strong>of</strong> fungal colonization in the understory was<br />
not strongly associated with presence <strong>of</strong> fungi in the<br />
canopy.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 89
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
281 - Amber fossils <strong>of</strong> sooty moulds<br />
J. Rikkinen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Biology, P.O. Box 27, FIN-0014,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
jrikkine@mappi.helsinki.fi<br />
Fungi are unlikely candidates for fossilization and thus<br />
relatively few fungal fossils have been described. However,<br />
perfectly preserved amber fossils have shown that many<br />
modern genera <strong>of</strong> fungi, and possibly even species, were<br />
already present in the Tertiary. For example, several well<br />
preserved specimens <strong>of</strong> sooty moulds were recently found<br />
from European amber dating back to 22-54 million years<br />
ago. The fossils represent fragments <strong>of</strong> superficial subicula<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> brown moniliform hyphae with markedly<br />
tapering distal ends. The subglobose cells are quite<br />
identical to those <strong>of</strong> extant Metacapnodium<br />
(Metacapnodiaceae, Dothideales) species. Also the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> two distinctive conidial states supports a<br />
placement in this extant genus. The fossils demonstrate that<br />
the hyphae <strong>of</strong> some sooty moulds have remained<br />
unchanged for tens <strong>of</strong> millions <strong>of</strong> years. As there is little<br />
reason to believe that the fossilizations would have been<br />
immediately preceded by a period <strong>of</strong> more rapid evolution,<br />
the initial divergence <strong>of</strong> the fungi must have happened in<br />
the distant past, probably in the Cretaceous. The fossils<br />
also indicate that hyphal morphology and conidial states<br />
can be given considerable classificatory significance in this<br />
group <strong>of</strong> fungi. Eventually, after more detailed<br />
phylogenetic hypotheses have been generated for different<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> sooty moulds, the available fossils can become<br />
invaluable for timing branching events and calibrating<br />
molecular clocks.<br />
282 - Molecular systematics <strong>of</strong> some sooty molds<br />
J.L. Nicklin<br />
Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University <strong>of</strong> London, Malet<br />
Street, London, WC1E 7HX, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
j.nicklin@bbk.ac.uk<br />
Sooty moulds are a community <strong>of</strong> several hundred darkly<br />
pigmented mitosporic and ascosporic species <strong>of</strong> fungi,<br />
living on tropical plant surfaces in association with<br />
honeydew from insect infestations. All phases <strong>of</strong> the life<br />
cycle <strong>of</strong> these fungi retain a melanised cell wall creating a<br />
sooty layer on leaf surfaces. Mitospores <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species are formed on a variety <strong>of</strong> pycnidial or coremial<br />
structures, all <strong>of</strong> which appear to be adaptations to the leaf<br />
surface environment that maximise spore dispersal after<br />
wetting. This guild <strong>of</strong> fungi was extensively studied on<br />
citrus and other tropical plant species during the late 19th<br />
C, and at that time was given the common epithet<br />
Capnodium citri (Farlow, Underwood). It is now realised<br />
that this an ambiguous name for a polymorphic group. The<br />
systematics <strong>of</strong> these fungi and their interactions with plants<br />
and aphids is <strong>of</strong> interest as the economic effects <strong>of</strong> sooty<br />
90<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
mould colonisation <strong>of</strong> citrus, pecan and other<br />
horticulturally important plants begins to become apparent.<br />
The taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the sooty moulds has<br />
recently received some clarification based on<br />
morphological and physiological characters. However, the<br />
complexity <strong>of</strong> the associations mean that identification<br />
based on morphological and biochemical features is<br />
unsatisfactory and molecular approaches reported in this<br />
work, including RAPD, microsatellite fingerprinting and<br />
ITS sequence analysis, provides better data for taxonomic<br />
and cladistic analysis.<br />
283 - Foliicolous ascomycetes in the canopy <strong>of</strong> a lowland<br />
rainforest in the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela (Surumoni<br />
Crane Project)<br />
P. Otto 1* & D.R. Reynolds 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Leipzig, Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Systematic<br />
Botany, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. -<br />
2 Natural History Museum, Research and Collections, 900<br />
Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: otto@rz.uni-leipzig.de<br />
The fungi were investigated from the forest floor to the<br />
upper canopy (till 35 m height) in an area <strong>of</strong> 1.5 ha <strong>of</strong> an<br />
evergreen forest using a mobile crane system. Data are<br />
available from 1996 to 1998 for rain and dry season and for<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> different ages. The studied fungi, teleomorphs<br />
and selected characteristic anamorphs, belong to saprobic,<br />
plant pathogenic or fungal pathogenic species and were<br />
collected from trees <strong>of</strong> 25 plant families. Fungi <strong>of</strong> 15<br />
genera in 12 families were identified in the canopy. Typical<br />
genera for tree crowns are e.g. Atichia, Brefeldiella,<br />
Brooksia, Microthyrium, and Myriangiella. The most<br />
common genus is Micropeltis, which occur on all tree<br />
species with a sufficiently thick leaf cuticle and produce<br />
first fruitbodies on leaves <strong>of</strong> an age <strong>of</strong> about 2 months. The<br />
fungal diversity (including saprobic fungi) is very different<br />
for individual tree species. Trees particularly in the<br />
Annonaceae and Caesalpiniaceae have a high fungal<br />
species number. Diversity and quantity decrease from the<br />
lower and medium canopy to the top. Probably<br />
unfavourable climatic conditions (till about 35 °C and 40%<br />
rel. humidity) are responsible for it. This assumption is<br />
supported by the fact that in the crane site at the end <strong>of</strong> rain<br />
season foliicolous ascomycetes are best developed. Some<br />
<strong>of</strong> these have a preference for the undersurface <strong>of</strong> leaves,<br />
e.g. Schizothyrium, which is a further indication <strong>of</strong> the<br />
strong influence <strong>of</strong> temperature and humidity on leaf<br />
inhabiting fungi.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
284 - Foliicolous lichens: Evolution and ecology <strong>of</strong> an<br />
unusual growth habit<br />
R. Lücking<br />
Botany Department, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore<br />
Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
rlucking@fieldmuseum.org<br />
Foliicolous lichens inhabit leaves <strong>of</strong> vascular plants in<br />
tropical rainforests. They have to adapt to the short<br />
longevity <strong>of</strong> their substratum, as leaves are mostly shed<br />
after 12 to 36 months. Furthermore, they must not interfere<br />
with leaf functions <strong>of</strong> gas exchange and photosynthesis. In<br />
spite <strong>of</strong> these limitations, foliicolous lichens evolved a<br />
surprising diversity and unique phenotypic features. Fifty<br />
species can be found on a small leaf, and 300 taxa within a<br />
single rainforest spot. Following their needs for rapid<br />
dispersal in a semi-aquatic environment, foliicolous lichens<br />
developed particular, convergent dispersal strategies, such<br />
as disc-shaped isidia (vegetative), derived conidiomata<br />
(asexual), and facultative parasitism on other lichens<br />
(sexual reproduction). Based on different evolutionary<br />
models <strong>of</strong> foliicolous lichen growth, and using phenotypebased<br />
phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> selected groups, we tested<br />
whether individual features fulfill the criteria <strong>of</strong> 'key<br />
innovations' and led to subsequent radiation. It is concluded<br />
that radiation occurred only when sexual and asexual<br />
reproduction were maintained as principal dispersal modes<br />
within a clade, and the nature <strong>of</strong> radiation, whether specific<br />
or generic, depended on the inherent plasticity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
putative 'key innovation'. Thus, clades characterized by<br />
facultative parasitism or derived conidiomata show a high<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> radiation, while speciation is virtually absent in<br />
clades with specialized vegetative dispersal organs.<br />
285 - The phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Roccella (Roccellaceae) with<br />
emphasis on the Macaronesian species<br />
Å. Dahlkild 1* , M. Källersjö 2 & A. Tehler 3<br />
1<br />
Botaniska Institutionen, Stockholms Universitet, 106 91<br />
Stockholm, Sweden. - 2 Molekylärsystematiska laboratoriet,<br />
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm,<br />
Sweden. -<br />
3 Sektionen för kryptogambotanik,<br />
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Asa.Dahlkild@botan.su.se<br />
This paper presents a phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lichenized fungal genus Roccella (Roccellaceae,<br />
Arthoniales), focussing on the Macaronesian species. The<br />
ITS rDNA region, including the 5.8S region, ITS1, and<br />
ITS2, was sequenced for 14 Roccella species, including<br />
two putative species pairs. The sequence information was<br />
analyzed under a range <strong>of</strong> alignment parameters, and with<br />
gaps coded as missing data. The genus Roccella is found<br />
not to be monophyletic, since two species, Roccella<br />
hypomeca and Roccella portentosa, are more closely<br />
related to another genus, Roccellina. Dirina is the sister<br />
group <strong>of</strong> the core Roccella, as found in earlier studies. The<br />
Macaronesian species form a monophyletic group in some,<br />
but not in all analyses. Our study also indicates that the two<br />
putative species pairs Roccella allorgei/Roccella africana<br />
and Roccella tinctoria/Roccella canariensis each should be<br />
treated as conspecific.<br />
286 - The Sphaerophorus globosus species complex -<br />
morphology re-interpreted with molecular phylogeny<br />
M. Wedin 1* & F. Högnabba 2<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Ecology<br />
and Systematics, University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, P.O. Box 47, FIN-<br />
00014 Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: mats.wedin@eg.umu.se<br />
The Sphaerophorus globosus species complex<br />
(Lecanorales, lichenised Ascomycota) shows a surprisingly<br />
large morphological variation, and several relatively<br />
distinct morphotypes can be distinguished over the<br />
distribution area. We have sampled populations from most<br />
areas where the species complex occurs, with a particular<br />
focus on the populations in the North American Pacific<br />
Northwest, where the morphological variation is very large<br />
in the group. In this study, we utilise a multi-gene based<br />
maximum-parsimony approach (nITS+LSU rDNA, mtSSU<br />
rDNA, ß-tubulin, actin) to investigate the phylogeny <strong>of</strong> this<br />
complex. If the different morphotypes constitute distinct<br />
monophyletic groups in the multi-gene phylogenies, this<br />
would support the hypothesis that the morphotypes are<br />
different phylogenetic species. Monophyletic groupings<br />
corresponding to geographical origin would, on the other<br />
hand, support the alternative hypothesis that the different<br />
morphologies are likely to be caused by the<br />
environmentally induced phenotypic variation, rather than<br />
by common descent. The results point at the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
several distinct phylogenetic species in the group.<br />
287 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Ostropales and Gyalectales -<br />
evidence from molecular and ontogenetical data<br />
F. Kauff 1* , F. Lutzoni 2 & B. Büdel 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Kaiserslautern, FB Biologie, Abt. Allg.<br />
Botanik, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany. -<br />
2 Duke University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Box 90338, Durham,<br />
NC 27708, U.S.A. - E-mail: kauff@rhrk.uni-kl.de<br />
Despite various morphological and anatomical similarities,<br />
the two orders Gyalectales (lichenized ascomycetes) and<br />
Ostropales (lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes)<br />
have been considered to be distantly related to each other,<br />
and their position within the Ascomycota was unsettled. To<br />
estimate relationships within these groups and their<br />
respective phylogenenetic placement within the<br />
Ascomycota, we investigated the ascoma ontegeny and<br />
analyzed DNA sequences from the SSU and LSU nrDNA<br />
using Max. Parsimony, Max. Likelihood, and Bayesian<br />
statistics with Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. We<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 91
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
report here that the Ostropales, in their current<br />
circumscription, are paraphyletic, and that the Ostropales<br />
s.l. include the Gyalectales and the Trapeliaceae. Dimerella<br />
and Coenogonium are congeneric, and Petractis<br />
thelotremella and P. hypoleuca are reunited with members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus Gyalecta. The ontogeny <strong>of</strong> the ascomata is<br />
variable within the Ostropales and can be used to further<br />
subdivide different lineages within this large and<br />
challenging order. Ascoma ontogeny, apothecial anatomy<br />
and molecular data support the separation <strong>of</strong> Coenogonium<br />
(incl. Dimerella) as family Coenogoniaceae from the<br />
Gyalectaceae. In addition to requiring less computational<br />
time, Bayesian inference <strong>of</strong> phylogeny recovered the same<br />
topology as a conventional heuristic search using Max.<br />
Likelihood as the optimization criterion, and seems<br />
superior to bootstrapping in estimating support for short<br />
internal branches.<br />
288 - Molecular evaluation <strong>of</strong> the generic concepts in<br />
the Pertusariaceae (lichenized ascomycota)<br />
I. Schmitt * & H.T. Lumbsch<br />
FB9/Botanik, Universität Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45117<br />
Essen, Germany. - E-mail: imke.schmitt@uni-essen.de<br />
The Pertusariaceae is a rather large and diverse family <strong>of</strong><br />
crustose lichens. Its members are characterized by<br />
hemiangiocarpous ascoma development, thick-walled<br />
amyloid asci and relatively large ascospores. The group<br />
boasts a great diversity <strong>of</strong> secondary lichen compounds.<br />
Because several taxa are quite heterogeneous,<br />
morphologically and anatomically variable and <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
sterile, there has been a lot <strong>of</strong> discussion on the taxonomy<br />
<strong>of</strong> the family. In the present study we analysed nuclear<br />
LSU, mitochondrial SSU and LSU sequence data <strong>of</strong> 45<br />
species to re-evaluate the generic concepts in the<br />
Pertusariaceae. We ran maximum parsimony and Bayesian<br />
(MCMC) analyses and tested for monophyly <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Pertusaria. Our results suggest that the genus Pertusaria is<br />
polyphyletic comprising the Pertusaria s.str.-, the<br />
Monomurata- and Varicellaria-groups. The Monomuratagroup<br />
is a sister taxon to Ochrolechia; both are closely<br />
related to the Varicellaria-group. The genera Loxosporopsis<br />
and Melanaria are included in Pertusaria s.str. in the<br />
molecular genealogies. Morphological, anatomical and<br />
chemical characters are re-evaluated in the light <strong>of</strong> the<br />
molecular study.<br />
289 - Character evolution in Phacopsis inferred from<br />
nrDNA sequences<br />
D. Persoh<br />
Lehrstuhl Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth,<br />
Universitätsstraße 30 - NW I, D-95440 Bayreuth,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: derek.persoh@uni-bayreuth.de<br />
92<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> SSU nrDNA sequence data <strong>of</strong><br />
two species <strong>of</strong> the lichenicolous genus Phacopsis (P.<br />
huuskonenii and P. oxyspora) revealed their membership <strong>of</strong><br />
the lichen family Parmeliaceae. Studies <strong>of</strong> the ITS nrDNA<br />
<strong>of</strong> the family additionally included Phacopsis vulpina.<br />
While the monophyletic origin <strong>of</strong> the three lichenicolous<br />
species could not be rejected by the 'approximately<br />
unbiased test', phylogenetic trees calculated with<br />
parsimony and likelihood algorithms indicate no closer<br />
relationship among the investigated species <strong>of</strong> Phacopsis.<br />
Based on these facts, the evolution and adaptive value <strong>of</strong><br />
selected morphological characters within the Parmeliaceae<br />
in the enlarged concept is discussed. Aside from<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> asco- and pycnospores, the 'cupulate'<br />
hypothecial layer is notable because it is present in<br />
Parmeliacean taxa and in P. oxyspora, but not in P. vulpina<br />
and P. huuskonenii. Furthermore, the hypothetical ways <strong>of</strong><br />
thallus reduction and delichenisation are addressed. The<br />
loss <strong>of</strong> lichenisation (in the sense <strong>of</strong> a mutualistic<br />
interaction between a fungal and an algal partner) does<br />
most likely not occur in members <strong>of</strong> the genus Phacopsis.<br />
290 - Evaluation <strong>of</strong> morphological characters in the<br />
genus Usnea with the help <strong>of</strong> molecular data<br />
K. Articus 1* , M. Grube 2 , M. Wedin 3 & L. Tibell 1<br />
1 EBC, Systematic Botany, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236<br />
Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 Institut für Botanik, Karl-Franzens-<br />
Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria. -<br />
3 Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
kristina.articus@ebc.uu.se<br />
A molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> a group <strong>of</strong> Usnea species was<br />
constructed utilising two independent gene loci, nITS-LSU<br />
rDNA and ß-tubulin. This phylogeny was used to 1) test if<br />
the traditionally used morphological species-characters<br />
actually characterize monophyletic groups, and 2) to<br />
analyse the species delimitation <strong>of</strong> the closely related<br />
pendant Usnea barbata, U. chaetophora, U. filipendula and<br />
U. rigida. The morphological characters most commonly<br />
used for species identification were mapped onto the<br />
molecular tree to assess their usefulness for characterizing<br />
monophyletic groups. Other species included were: Usnea<br />
articulata, U. ceratina, U. florida, U. hirta, U. longissima,<br />
U. subfloridana and U. wasmuthii. The species in focus<br />
form three monophyletic groups. Usnea barbata and U.<br />
rigida form one group with intermixed specimens. Most <strong>of</strong><br />
the Usnea chaetophora specimens form a well supported<br />
group. The third group contains all U. filipendula<br />
specimens and several U. barbata and U. chaetophora<br />
specimens. There are some morphological characters that<br />
support these groups (such as branch shape and branching<br />
type in the U. chaetophora-group, and isidiomorph and<br />
isidia occurrence in the U. filipendula-group). Many<br />
character, though, e.g. the shape and number or papillae<br />
and fibrils, are inconsistent with the molecular phylogeny.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
291 - A new look at the Pezizales<br />
D.H. Pfister<br />
Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave.,<br />
Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
dpfister@oeb.harvard.edu<br />
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the<br />
Pezizales are positioned at the base <strong>of</strong> the Euascomycota<br />
tree. These studies have confirmed the phylogenetic<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> characters, such as ascus<br />
construction, ascus cytology and septal pore configuration,<br />
that have been used both at ordinal and family levels.<br />
Within the order molecular phylogenetic studies also have<br />
provided useful information on relationships among taxa.<br />
At least three major lineages have been recognized which<br />
include families and/or groups previously delimited based<br />
on morphological studies. I will review the characters<br />
currently in general use at family and genus level and<br />
suggest areas for further investigation. It is important at<br />
this juncture in the development <strong>of</strong> the classification <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Pezizales to direct attention to studies <strong>of</strong> morphology, life<br />
histories, ecology, population dynamics and biogeography.<br />
This is essential to the development <strong>of</strong> a useful and<br />
biologically informative classification. The idea that the<br />
Pezizales, with more than 1,000 described species, are<br />
relatively well known taxonomically will be discussed in<br />
light <strong>of</strong> recent field studies and those showing genetic<br />
diversity within even morphologically well characterized<br />
taxa.<br />
292 - A closer look at truffle phylogeny<br />
R. Percudani 1* , A. Rubini 2 , F. Paolocci 2 & S. Ottonello 1<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia molecolare, Parco<br />
area delle scienze, 43100 Parma, Italy. - 2 Istituo di<br />
ricerche sul Miglioramento Genetico delle Piante<br />
Foraggere, CNR, via Madonna Alta, 130 06128 Perugia,<br />
Italy. - E-mail: riccardo.percudani@unipr.it<br />
Small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequence<br />
analysis has proven effective in resolving phylogenetic<br />
relationships among pezizalean families. However, due to<br />
the limited number <strong>of</strong> informative sites, a low statistical<br />
support is usually obtained for branch topologies at the<br />
intra-family and intrageneric level. Even though 18S rRNA<br />
topology in Tuberaceae has been corroborated by a parallel<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> rRNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS),<br />
an extended sampling <strong>of</strong> species was required for a robust<br />
assessment <strong>of</strong> some unexpected relationships evidenced<br />
among Tuber and between Tuber and related genera.<br />
Moreover, the lack <strong>of</strong> convenient outgroup sequences<br />
prevented a correct rooting <strong>of</strong> the truffle phylogenetic tree.<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> a study based on a comprehensive set <strong>of</strong><br />
Tuber, Choiromyces and Paradoxa ITS sequences and<br />
suitable outgroups such as Dingleya and Redellomyces will<br />
be presented. Comparisons <strong>of</strong> molecular phylogenies with<br />
morphological character trees and the convenience <strong>of</strong> a<br />
standard encoding system <strong>of</strong> truffle descriptors (TuberKey,<br />
http://www.truffle.org/tuberkey) will also be discussed.<br />
293 - Phylogeny and biogeography <strong>of</strong> Morchella<br />
K. O'Donnell<br />
USDA-ARS-NCAUR, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL<br />
61604, U.S.A. - E-mail: kodonnell@mail.ncaur.usda.gov<br />
True morels classified in the genus Morchella are among<br />
the most highly prized and widely collected macr<strong>of</strong>ungi by<br />
mycophiles. In order to infer their phylogeny,<br />
biogeography and the evolution <strong>of</strong> reproductive mode,<br />
multigene genealogies were constructed to investigate<br />
species limits within this systematically challenging genus.<br />
294 - Progress toward a phylogenetic classification <strong>of</strong><br />
the Pyronemataceae<br />
B. Perry<br />
Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave.,<br />
Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
bperry@oeb.harvard.edu<br />
Of the families <strong>of</strong> the Pezizales the Pyronemataceae<br />
(including Otideaceae) remains the least well studied. The<br />
family has been considered a default family for pezizalean<br />
taxa with uninucleate spores and iodine negative asci,<br />
which lack distinguishing anatomical characters by which<br />
they could be segregated into putative natural families.<br />
Standard treatments <strong>of</strong> the Pyronemataceae include taxa<br />
with a wide diversity <strong>of</strong> both morphological features and<br />
nutritional modes. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies<br />
indicate that the Pyronemataceae is part <strong>of</strong> a lineage<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> Sarcoscyphaceae, Sarcosomataceae,<br />
Ascodesmidaceae, and Glaziellaceae. Within these<br />
analyses however, the Pyronemataceae is only poorly<br />
sampled. The goal <strong>of</strong> this investigation is to generate a<br />
multiple gene phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the Pyronemataceae and<br />
closely related taxa using sequence data from three<br />
unlinked nuclear loci (large subunit ribosomal DNA, ßtubulin<br />
and RNA polymerase II) to infer the evolutionary<br />
relationships <strong>of</strong> the family and the genera it contains. Initial<br />
phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> a large subunit ribosomal data set<br />
will be presented and discussed.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 93
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
295 - Phylogenetics in the Pezizaceae / Ascobolaceae<br />
lineage<br />
K. Hansen * & K.F. LoBuglio<br />
Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave.,<br />
Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
khansen@oeb.harvard.edu<br />
Together Pezizaceae and Ascobolaceae appear to be a wellseparated<br />
lineage within the Pezizales supported by nuclear<br />
rDNA sequence data, iodine positive asci (unique to these<br />
families within the Pezizales), uninucleate spores, presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> an internal, circular indentation <strong>of</strong> the ascus apical<br />
apparatus, and some similarities in the type <strong>of</strong> ascus<br />
septum pore plugging. The family boundaries, however,<br />
remain questionable and will be addressed here,<br />
particularly with regard to the placement <strong>of</strong> Iodophanus<br />
and Thecotheus. Delimitation and relationships among<br />
genera within the Pezizaceae are highly controversial. Our<br />
previous analyses <strong>of</strong> 90 partial nuclear LSU rDNA<br />
sequences suggest that the circumscription <strong>of</strong> the large<br />
genus Peziza and other genera <strong>of</strong> the Pezizaceae, e.g.<br />
Plicaria, Amylascus, Scabropezia, Hydnotryopsis and<br />
Sarcosphaera should be re-evaluated. Peziza is composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> at least 6 major lineages, most <strong>of</strong> which include other<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> the Pezizaceae. In this study we will investigate<br />
the evolutionary relationships within the Pezizaceae using<br />
analyses <strong>of</strong> an expanded LSU rDNA data set, in<br />
combination with analyses <strong>of</strong> sequences from a portion <strong>of</strong><br />
the protein coding nuclear genes β-tubulin and RPB2 for<br />
subsets <strong>of</strong> the taxa. A phylogenetically based classification<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pezizaceae is in progress.<br />
296 - Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the Eastern<br />
Himalayan spruce bark beetle Ips schmutzenh<strong>of</strong>eri and<br />
other bark beetles in Bhutan<br />
T. Kirisits 1* , M.J. Wingfield 2 & D.B. Chhetri 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and<br />
Forest Protection (IFFF), Universität für Bodenkultur<br />
Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. -<br />
2 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. - 3 Renewable<br />
Natural Resources Research Centre (RNR-RC) Yusipang,<br />
P. O. Box 212, Thimphu, Bhutan. - E-mail:<br />
kirisits@edv1.boku.ac.at<br />
The bark beetle Ips schmutzenh<strong>of</strong>eri infests Eastern<br />
Himalayan spruce (Picea spinulosa) and Himalayan blue<br />
pine (Pinus wallichiana) and has been known to cause<br />
destructive outbreaks in conifer forests <strong>of</strong> Bhutan, Eastern<br />
Himalayas. We have recently conducted a preliminary<br />
investigation <strong>of</strong> the assemblage <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi<br />
associated with I. schmutzenh<strong>of</strong>eri. The mycobiota <strong>of</strong> two<br />
other Himalayan bark beetles (Polygraphus sp. and<br />
Dryocoetes sp) was also considered. Nine, two and four<br />
ophiostomatoid fungi were found to be associated with I.<br />
94<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
schmutzenh<strong>of</strong>eri, Polygraphus sp. and Dryocoetes sp.,<br />
respectively. In total, 13 ophiostomatoid fungi, including 1<br />
Ceratocystis sp., 2 Ceratocystiopsis spp., 6 Ophiostoma<br />
spp., 3 Leptographium spp. and 1 Pesotum species were<br />
collected. The spectrum <strong>of</strong> fungi associated with I.<br />
schmutzenh<strong>of</strong>eri included Ceratocystis sp.,<br />
Ceratocystiopsis minuta, 2 Leptographium species (sp. 1<br />
and sp. 2), Pesotum sp., Ophiostoma cf. ainoae, O. cf.<br />
cucullatum, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Ophiostoma piceae.<br />
Polygraphus sp. was associated with Ceratocystiopsis sp.<br />
and Ophiostoma sp. 3, while Leptographium sp. 3,<br />
Ophiostoma sp. 1, Ophiostoma sp. 2 and O. piceae were<br />
associated with the Dryocoetes sp. The majority <strong>of</strong> these<br />
fungi are suspected to belong to hitherto unknown taxa and<br />
investigations on their taxonomic placement are<br />
continuing. This study has improved our knowledge on the<br />
occurrence and taxonomy <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi and<br />
their vectors in the Himalayas.<br />
297 - Taxonomy, host relationships and breeding<br />
systems in Ophiostoma minus and O. pseudotsugae<br />
J.F. Webber 1* & C. Gorton 2<br />
1 Forestry Commission Research Agency, Alice Holt Lodge,<br />
Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, U.K. - 2 RHS, Wisley,<br />
Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
joan.webber@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<br />
Ophiostoma minus is widely recognised both as a bluestain<br />
fungus causing discoloration <strong>of</strong> harvested lumber and as a<br />
pathogen <strong>of</strong> standing pines. On pine, O. minus is usually<br />
associated with bark beetle vectors: with Tomicus<br />
piniperda in Europe and with Dendroctonus frontalis in the<br />
USA. There is another Ophiostoma species, O.<br />
pseudotsugae, that is morphologically very similar to O.<br />
minus and so the two species have been considered to be<br />
synonomous. However, analysis <strong>of</strong> behavioural traits,<br />
molecular markers and breeding systems have<br />
demonstrated that O. minus and O. pseudotsugae are<br />
separate biological species. Moreover, it is also apparent<br />
that isolates currently identified as O. minus, comprise two<br />
distinct taxa that can be distinguished on the basis <strong>of</strong> their<br />
mating behaviour: one is homothallic and the other it is<br />
heterothallic. The extent to which these taxa should be<br />
considered as separate species is considered.<br />
298 - Hitch-hikers with invasive Tetropium fuscum<br />
(Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Atlantic Canada<br />
K. Jacobs 1* , K.A. Seifert 1 , K.J. Harrison 2 , G. Smith 2 & T.<br />
Kirisits 3<br />
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agrifood Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A<br />
0C6, Canada. - 2 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian<br />
Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, E3B<br />
5P7, Canada. - 3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest<br />
Pathology and Forest Protection, Universität für
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
Bodenkultur Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna,<br />
Austria. - E-mail: karin.jacobs@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Ophiostoma are well-known as causal agents <strong>of</strong><br />
blue-stain in living trees and lumber, and as serious<br />
pathogens, and occur in close association with insects,<br />
especially bark beetles, which <strong>of</strong>ten function as vectors <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi. In 1999, dying red spruce (Picea rubens) in a<br />
small area <strong>of</strong> the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova<br />
Scotia, Atlantic Canada were infested by Tetropium<br />
fuscum. In Europe, T. fuscum is usually a secondary pest <strong>of</strong><br />
Norway spruce and rarely attacks healthy trees. In this area<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nova Scotia, T. fuscum is infesting and killing red<br />
spruce, whose native range is restricted to northeastern<br />
North America. Several ophiostomatoid fungi occur with<br />
this beetle. The aims <strong>of</strong> this study were to identify the fungi<br />
associated with T. fuscum in Halifax and compare them<br />
with ophiostomatoid fungi associated with this insect in<br />
Europe. Fungal associates <strong>of</strong> T. cinnamopterum<br />
(indigenous to and transcontinental in Canada) were also<br />
studied and compared to those <strong>of</strong> T. fuscum. Species were<br />
identified based on morphological and molecular<br />
characters. Ophiostoma tetropii is the most common<br />
species associated with T. fuscum in Europe and Canada,<br />
probably introduced into Atlantic Canada by this insect. O.<br />
tetropii was only isolated from trees initially attacked by T.<br />
fuscum. Other species isolated from trees attacked by both<br />
T. fuscum and T. cinnamopterum include O. piceae, a<br />
secondary colonizer <strong>of</strong> conifer sapwood, and the rarely<br />
reported Pesotum fragrans.<br />
299 - Surviving life in the fast lane: sex and clonality in<br />
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi<br />
C.M. Brasier * & J.F. Webber<br />
Forest Research Agency, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH,<br />
U.K. - E-mail: clive.brasier@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<br />
On several continents the Dutch elm disease pathogen<br />
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is the fungal equivalent <strong>of</strong> an<br />
adventurous tramp. Having left its original home or centre<br />
<strong>of</strong> origin and 'jumped aboard a moving express train' (a<br />
spreading series <strong>of</strong> Dutch elm disease epidemics) it has had<br />
to cope with a many new and challenging events, processes<br />
and opportunities. 'Positive' opportunities include less<br />
distraction from competition between genotypes (a<br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> founder effects and selection), escape from<br />
natural enemies, an abundance <strong>of</strong> beetle vectors combined<br />
with a highly susceptible host, easier access to the<br />
saprotrophic phase and easier access to the vectors.<br />
'Negative' changes include increased risks from threats<br />
such as virus infections and sibling species and, potentially,<br />
a reduced opportunity for genetic variation if the<br />
environment changes. The impact these lifestyle changes<br />
appear to have had on the pathogens fitness, behaviour and<br />
population structure will be discussed, with special<br />
reference to sexual and asexual reproduction, clonality, the<br />
influence <strong>of</strong> fungal viruses and the role <strong>of</strong> outcrossing and<br />
horizontal gene transfer.<br />
300 - Hosts, insects, sex, aleurioconidia and the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis<br />
T.C. Harrington * , A.E. Paulin-Mahady & J. Steimel<br />
Iowa State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A. - E-mail: tcharrin@iastate.edu<br />
Phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> rDNA sequences and a portion <strong>of</strong><br />
the MAT-2 gene show Ceratocystis to be monophyletic and<br />
most closely related to Gondwanamyces and more distant<br />
to the Microascales. Five major clades are found within<br />
Ceratocystis. The C. fimbriata complex and C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus<br />
form a basal clade. Species in the C. paradoxa clade are<br />
pathogens on monocots. The Thielaviopsis basicola clade<br />
includes four soilborne, asexual species. The C.<br />
coerulescens clade lacks aleurioconidia and includes a<br />
subclade adapted to the Pinaceae. The remainder <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species group loosely in the C. moniliformis clade, which<br />
includes C. adiposa, C. fagacearum, and three asexual<br />
symbionts <strong>of</strong> ambrosia beetles: Ambrosiella xylebori, A.<br />
hartigii, and A. ferruginea. Characters found in the basal C.<br />
fimbriata clade and in one or more <strong>of</strong> the other clades were<br />
likely present in the most recent ancestor <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis.<br />
The hypothesized ancestor was a wound-colonizer <strong>of</strong><br />
woody dicots, insect-dispersed, and homothallic<br />
(unidirectional mating type switching); had hat-shaped<br />
ascospores accumulating at the tip <strong>of</strong> long-necked<br />
perithecia; and formed both endoconidia (Chalara-like)<br />
and aleurioconidia (pigmented, thick-walled spores that can<br />
survive in insect frass and soil). Shifts to heterothallism,<br />
loss <strong>of</strong> sexual reproduction, loss <strong>of</strong> aleurioconidia,<br />
adaptations to monocots or the Pinaceae, and bark beetle or<br />
ambrosia beetle symbiosis appear to have occurred in one<br />
or more lineages <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis.<br />
301 - Relationships amongst Ceratocystis polonica,<br />
Ceratocystis laricicola and their bark beetle vectors in<br />
Europe and Asia<br />
M.J. Wingfield 1* , M. Marin 1 , T. Kirisits 2 , O. Preisig 1 &<br />
B.D. Wingfield 1<br />
1 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. - 2 Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest<br />
Protection, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien,<br />
Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
mike.wingfield@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
The pathogenic blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica<br />
occurs on various spruce species (Picea spp.) and is<br />
associated with the bark beetles Ips typographus, Ips<br />
amitinus and Ips duplicatus in Europe and Ips typographus<br />
f. japonicus in Japan. Ceratocystis laricicola is the<br />
dominant pathogenic fungus vectored by the bark beetle<br />
Ips cembrae that infests larch (Larix spp.) in Europe and<br />
Japan. These two fungi are morphologically identical.<br />
However, recent studies have shown that they can be<br />
clearly separated using a number <strong>of</strong> molecular characters<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 95
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
including isozymes and sequences <strong>of</strong> the ITS region <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ribosomal DNA operon, the beta-tubulin gene and the<br />
HMG box <strong>of</strong> the MAT-2 gene. Our recent data also show<br />
that the Japanese isolates <strong>of</strong> C. laricicola represent a<br />
distinct taxon. This is consistent with DNA-based<br />
comparisons <strong>of</strong> its vectors, which are presently also viewed<br />
as two separate species occurring in Europe and Asia.<br />
Reciprocal inoculations in a number <strong>of</strong> experiments<br />
including our own in central Europe, have shown that C.<br />
polonica is preferentially pathogenic to spruce. In contrast,<br />
C. laricicola is more pathogenic to larch than to spruce.<br />
These and other studies comparing populations <strong>of</strong> isolates<br />
using microsatellite markers, show that C. polonica and C.<br />
laricicola represent discrete biological entities. They have<br />
evidently evolved closely with their respective insect<br />
vectors, on different host trees.<br />
302 - Pleurotus species as medicinal mushrooms in<br />
health care and nutrition<br />
O.S. Isikhuemhen 1* , G. Goktepe 2 & J.V. Kumar 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources & Environmental<br />
Design, NC A&T State University, 1601 East Market<br />
Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, U.S.A. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Human Environment& Family Science, NC A&T State<br />
University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC<br />
27411, U.S.A. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, NC A&T State<br />
University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC<br />
27411, U.S.A. - E-mail: omon@ncat.edu<br />
Pleurotus mushrooms, popularly called oyster mushrooms<br />
are distributed all over the world. Modern scientific<br />
analysis has shown that Pleurotus mushrooms are rich in<br />
proteins (especially those containing essential amino<br />
acids), vitamins, essential fatty acids and minerals. In past<br />
three decades in the United States <strong>of</strong> America, attention is<br />
increasingly been drawn to the studies <strong>of</strong> oyster<br />
mushrooms for its nutritional values and medicinal<br />
benefits. There are reports on biologically active<br />
compounds, lectin and different polysaccharides isolated<br />
from oyster mushrooms that have been tested for their<br />
medicinal effects. Polysaccharides from different oyster<br />
mushroom have been shown to have 50-95% reduction in<br />
cancel cell growth in vitro and animal models in some<br />
cases. The scientific and clinical studies <strong>of</strong> the medicinal<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> oyster mushrooms are still limited. Generally,<br />
the problem <strong>of</strong> standardization and a uniform approach to<br />
the studies on medicinal benefits <strong>of</strong> mushrooms also apply<br />
to oyster mushrooms. This report is aimed at bringing to<br />
light the traditional uses <strong>of</strong> oyster mushrooms and the<br />
current state <strong>of</strong> knowledge on the scientific studies <strong>of</strong><br />
oyster mushrooms in food and medicine. The limitation in<br />
methodology and approach to scientific studies and<br />
application <strong>of</strong> oyster mushroom in nutrition and health care<br />
delivery, as well as solutions and better approach to this<br />
subject are discussed.<br />
96<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
303 - Pleurotus sporocarps - a hypocholesterolemic<br />
nutraceutical?<br />
N. Gunde-Cimerman 1* & A. Plemenitas 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology<br />
Dept., Veèna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. -<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Ljubljana, MedicalFaculty, Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. -<br />
E-mail: nina.gunde-cimerman@uni-lj.si<br />
Coronary artery diseases and hypercholesterolaemia are the<br />
main cause <strong>of</strong> morbidity in developed countries. The initial<br />
step in their prevention and treatment is the modification <strong>of</strong><br />
the nutritional regime (diet low in fats and saturated fatty<br />
acids; rich in crude fibers). The oyster mushrooms are a<br />
good source <strong>of</strong> nonstarchy carbohydrates, have a very high<br />
dietary fiber content and a low caloric value. Therefore<br />
their hypolipidaemic efficiency was for a long time<br />
attributed only to the interaction <strong>of</strong> crude fibers and<br />
chitosan with bile acids in the small intestine, causing<br />
increased excretion and reduced enterohepatal circulation<br />
<strong>of</strong> bile acids and accelerating cholesterol catabolism by a<br />
feedback mechanism. Later it was discovered that addition<br />
<strong>of</strong> dried oyster mushroom to high cholesterol diet<br />
effectively reduces cholesterol accumulations in the serum<br />
and liver <strong>of</strong> rats, redistributes cholesterol in favour <strong>of</strong> high<br />
density lipoprotein (HLDL) cholesterol, reduces production<br />
<strong>of</strong> very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density<br />
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. It also reduces cholesterol<br />
absorption and the activity in liver <strong>of</strong> the major rate<br />
limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, 3hydroxy-3-methylglutary<br />
CoA (HMG CoA) reductase. By<br />
the combined action <strong>of</strong> crude fibers and specific inhibition<br />
<strong>of</strong> HMG CoA reductase, a considerable reduction in VLDL<br />
and LDL cholesterol levels can be explained.<br />
304 - Antioxidant activity <strong>of</strong> several basidiomycete<br />
mushrooms cultures<br />
S.M. Badalyan 1* & A.V. Gasparyan 2<br />
1 Yerevan State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, 375025,<br />
1 Aleg Manoogian St., Armenia. - 2 State Microbial<br />
Depository Center, National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences Of<br />
Armenia, 378510, Abovian city, Armenia. - E-mail:<br />
badalians@infocom.am<br />
The active metabolites <strong>of</strong> medicinal basidiomycete<br />
mushrooms have different medicinal and preventive<br />
properties. However, the data concerning their antioxidant<br />
activity (AOA) is rare. The ability <strong>of</strong> mushroom-derived<br />
compounds to prevent oxidative damage was observed<br />
within cultures mostly from the genera Agaricus, Coprinus<br />
and Ganoderma. The cultural liquid (CL) was proposed for<br />
preventing cancer, nephritis, hypertension, and for delaying<br />
senility. The higher peroxidase inhibition potential <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal melanin pigments was also reported. Mycelial<br />
melanin is promising for elaboration <strong>of</strong> new biotechcompounds<br />
with AOA. In our experiment 17 mushroom
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
cultures from 13 genera (Coprinus, Coriolus, Flammulina,<br />
Lentinula, Lepista, Marasmius, Hypholoma, Pholiota,<br />
Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Stropharia, Suillus and<br />
Volvariella) were tested on AOA. The CL and mycelium<br />
suspension (MS) obtained on days 7 and 14 haven't<br />
possessed AOA. The all samples showed different degree<br />
<strong>of</strong> activity on 21 day. The CL samples were more active<br />
than MSs. The highest AOA in CL <strong>of</strong> Pholiota alnicola<br />
(44%) and in MS <strong>of</strong> Volvariella bombycina and Lepista<br />
personata (26%) has been revealed. No correlation<br />
between AOA and ecological belonging <strong>of</strong> tested species<br />
has been observed. Further AOA-screening, study <strong>of</strong><br />
mechanism <strong>of</strong> action and dosa-effect correlations <strong>of</strong> active<br />
compounds will assist in obtaining new biopreparations or<br />
mushroom dietary supplements with antioxidant effect.<br />
305 - Mushrooms and weight loss: a randomised,<br />
double blind study<br />
B. Donatini * & I. Le Blaye<br />
Mycoceutics - 40 rue du Dr Roux, 51350 Cormontreuil,<br />
France. - E-mail: donatini@wanadoo.fr<br />
We investigated the impact <strong>of</strong> mycelium shiitake or<br />
Agaricus bisporus, when associated with fibers, on body<br />
weight. Material and methods Biscuits A were prepared<br />
with 6% <strong>of</strong> mushroom powder (70% <strong>of</strong> Shiitake mycelia<br />
grown on wheat and 30% <strong>of</strong> fibers) and Biscuits B 3% only<br />
(70% <strong>of</strong> dried Agaricus bisporus and 30% <strong>of</strong> fibers). The<br />
micture was finalised according to the patent<br />
PCT/FR01/00577. Consumers were randomized. Each had<br />
to eat 5 biscuits (50g) per day for 4 weeks. Body weight,<br />
fat index, food intake, physical activity and global caloric<br />
balance (caloric intake - physical activity) were compared.<br />
Results 38 consumers were included: 19 (18 women) in<br />
group A and 19 (14 women) in group B. 26 consumers<br />
completed the form on food intake and physical activity.<br />
Table 1: Populations A and B were comparable<br />
Group A Group B<br />
Mean age 30 ±10 35 ±10<br />
Body weight (kg) 67 ±10 71 ±11<br />
% <strong>of</strong> fat 30 ±6 32 ±10<br />
For group A, caloric balance - for 4 weeks - was equal to<br />
+998 kcal and +1562 for group B.<br />
Table 2: Difference for body weight and fat weight after 4<br />
weeks.<br />
Group A Group B<br />
Body weight difference -0.2 ±1.1* -1.3 ±1.3*<br />
Fat weight difference +0.3 ±1.0* -1.4 ±2.1*<br />
*p
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
The inhibiting effect <strong>of</strong> mycelial or fruit body extracts or<br />
liquid culture filtrates from Lentinus edodes (Berk) Sing.<br />
and other medicinal mushrooms has been tested on<br />
aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus Speare. The<br />
mushrooms tested were: Lentinus edodes, Trametes<br />
versicolor (L.:Fr) Pil., Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull)<br />
Wettstein and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jocquin ex Fr.)<br />
Kummer. The aflatoxin producer strain was Aspergillus<br />
parasiticus NRRL 2999. The medicinal mushrooms were<br />
inoculated on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB, Difco) and<br />
incubated at 25 °C till they have reached plateau. The<br />
cultures were than filtered, and the culture filtrates were<br />
lyophized and tested at the concentration <strong>of</strong> 2% w/v in the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> A. parasiticus conidia and incubated at 28 °C<br />
up to 6 days. The fruit bodies and spent compost <strong>of</strong> L.<br />
edodes were water extracted and assayed in the same way.<br />
The extracts from mycelia and liquid culture filtrate were<br />
also partially purified and the obtained fractions tested on<br />
the aflatoxin production. The results obtained showed that<br />
not purified lyophilised or liquid filtrates, fruit bodies and<br />
spent compost extracts from L. edodes inhibited aflatoxin<br />
production <strong>of</strong> 85-90% without interfering with A.<br />
parasiticus growth. Among the partially purified extracts<br />
some showed a strong inhibiting effect both on fungal<br />
growth and aflatoxin production (T. versicolor), while<br />
others inhibited only the aflatoxin production (A.<br />
auricularia-judae).<br />
309 - Botanical antifungal drug from lichen metabolites<br />
fight fungal infections<br />
S.K. Shahi 1* , M. Patra 1 , A. Dikshit 1 & D.K. Upreti 2<br />
1 Biological Product Lab, Botany Department, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Allahabad, Post Box. 2026, Kuchery PO- 211002,<br />
Allahabad, India. - 2 Lichen Laboratory, National Botanical<br />
Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, 226 001, Lucknow,<br />
India. - E-mail: shahiindia@rediffmail.com<br />
During antifungal screening <strong>of</strong> some lichen metabolites<br />
(LM), tested at different concentrations against human<br />
pathogenic fungi (dermatophytes) Epidermophyton<br />
floccosum, Microsporum audouinii, M. nanum, M. canis,<br />
M. gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T.<br />
violaceum and T. tonsurance. The lichen metabolites <strong>of</strong><br />
Usnea longissima Ach. was found to be most effective. The<br />
minimum inhibitory concentration <strong>of</strong> the LM was found to<br />
be 30 µl ml -1 at which LM showed fungistatic action. The<br />
minimum fungicidal concentrations (MCCs) <strong>of</strong> the LM<br />
were found to be 50 µl ml -1 against human pathogenic<br />
fungi. The LM at 50 µl ml -1 showed heavy doses <strong>of</strong><br />
inoculum potential. Moreover, LM did not exhibit any<br />
adverse effect on mammalian skin up to 10%<br />
concentration. Further, the LM based ointment <strong>of</strong> Usnea<br />
longissima was trialed clinicaly in MLN Medical college,<br />
Allahabad. 30 patients were selected, showing positive<br />
potassium hydroxide (KOH) results at the start <strong>of</strong> the trial.<br />
At the end <strong>of</strong> medication, 30.0% <strong>of</strong> patients recovered<br />
complete cure, 45.0% showed significant improvement<br />
from the disease. No KOH negative cases <strong>of</strong> relapse were<br />
observed when patients were reexamined after two month<br />
following the end <strong>of</strong> treatment. The ointment was found<br />
cost effective and absence <strong>of</strong> any adverse effects. The<br />
98<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
commercial utilization <strong>of</strong> the ointment could be determined<br />
after undergoing successful multicentre clinical trial.<br />
Which is in progress.<br />
310 - Mycotoxins as ecotypic characters in Fusarium<br />
species<br />
U. Thrane<br />
Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Denmark, Sølt<strong>of</strong>ts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: ut@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Fusarium species can be found in many different<br />
ecological niches all over the world, including natural as<br />
well as man-made niches. Furthermore, it is well-known<br />
that every Fusarium species is able to produce several<br />
biological active metabolites, <strong>of</strong> which some are known as<br />
mycotoxins. However, this does not imply that every<br />
Fusarium mycotoxin can be found everywhere, as not all<br />
Fusarium species occur everywhere. Each ecological niche<br />
has its own associated set <strong>of</strong> Fusarium species, which can<br />
growth on the given substrate under the given conditions.<br />
Taking an ecological approach a link between Fusarium<br />
species, their mycotoxins, and the ecological niche will be<br />
demonstrated, indicating that known mycotoxins may have<br />
more functions than being toxic to humans and livestock.<br />
The presentation will focus on the pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> produced<br />
compounds originating from more metabolite families and<br />
not on individual compounds <strong>of</strong> the trichothecenes,<br />
zearalenones, fumonisins, moniliformin, and other well<br />
known Fusarium metabolites. The holistic interpretation <strong>of</strong><br />
metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iles is launched as a fruitful platform for<br />
future discussions on fungal chemistry and toxicology<br />
towards a better understanding <strong>of</strong> fungal ecology.<br />
311 - Ecology and genetics <strong>of</strong> loline alkaloid expression<br />
in grass endophyte defensive mutualisms<br />
H.H. Wilkinson 1* , B.L. Kutil 1 , M.J. Spiering 2 , C.D. Moon 2<br />
& C.L. Schardl 2<br />
1 Texas A&M University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology<br />
and Microbiology 2132 TAMU College Station, Texas<br />
77845-2132, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology S-305 Agricultural Sciences Bldg.<br />
Lexington, KY 40546-0091, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
heatherw@ppserver.tamu.edu<br />
Loline alkaloids (saturated 1-aminopyrrolizidine alkaloids<br />
with an oxygen bridge) are fungal secondary metabolites<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten present in grasses symbiotic with endophytes in the<br />
genera Epichloë and Neotyphodium. Endophytes producing<br />
loline alkaloids provide grass hosts with enhanced<br />
protection from herbivory, drought and pathogens.<br />
Epichloë festucae has proven to be an excellent genetic<br />
model system for ecological and genetic studies <strong>of</strong> lolines.<br />
In an earlier study, segregation analysis supported a single<br />
locus (LOL) contributing to a naturally occurring lolines
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
expression polymorphism in E. festucae. Responses <strong>of</strong> two<br />
aphid species (Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis<br />
graminum) to meadow fescue symbiota containing E.<br />
festucae progeny segregating for LOL (Lol+ vs Lol-)<br />
clearly implicate lolines as agents <strong>of</strong> protection against<br />
insects. Successful map-based cloning has resulted in<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> a >40kb gene cluster unique to the Lol+<br />
parent. Subsequent sequencing <strong>of</strong> this region in E. festucae<br />
(and related gene clusters in Neotyphodium uncinatum; see<br />
poster by Spiering et al.) reveals relationships <strong>of</strong> the likely<br />
loline alkaloid synthesis genes with fungal genes known<br />
for synthesis <strong>of</strong> amino acids, polyamines and other<br />
secondary metabolites.<br />
312 - Inherent fitness advantage associated with<br />
progression along the AF/ST polyketide biosynthesis<br />
pathway in Aspergillus<br />
H.H. Wilkinson 1* , A. Ramaswamy 1 , S.C. Sim 1 & N.P.<br />
Keller 2<br />
1 Texas A&M University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology<br />
and Microbiology 2132 TAMU College Station, Texas<br />
77845-2132, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
heatherw@ppserver.tamu.edu<br />
Sterigmatocytin (ST) is a polyketide-derived Aspergillus<br />
mycotoxin and penultimate precursor <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin (AF).<br />
Although the specific functions <strong>of</strong> many ST cluster genes<br />
have been elucidated with regard to their role in the ST/AF<br />
biosynthesis, the specific function <strong>of</strong> ST/AF for the fungi<br />
that produce them is not known. We are attempting to<br />
identify the fitness costs and/or benefits <strong>of</strong> ST expression.<br />
Isogenic and prototrophic, A. nidulans mutants interrupted<br />
at different genes in the ST biosynthesis cluster (delta-aflR,<br />
delta-stcJ, delta-stcE, delta-stcU) and the wild type (ST)<br />
were generated. These genotypes were grown on petri<br />
plates containing glucose minimal media or on live.<br />
Relative fitness was determined as a difference in the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> conidia harvested after incubation for seven<br />
days at 37°C.Two light conditions were used in these<br />
fitness tests. In both experiments completing the ST<br />
pathway was beneficial to fungal fitness. Rather than being<br />
attributable to the impact <strong>of</strong> a knockout mutation, the tight<br />
relationship between fitness ranking and position <strong>of</strong> each<br />
gene product in the biochemical pathway support a direct<br />
effect <strong>of</strong> these mutations on conidiation. These data suggest<br />
that ST (and presumably AF) production contributes to the<br />
fitness <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus under the environmental conditions<br />
tested.<br />
313 - Biology <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites<br />
J.D. Miller<br />
Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: david_miller@carleton.ca<br />
There are many perspectives on secondary metabolites <strong>of</strong><br />
the marine fungi, conifer endophytes and agricultural fungi<br />
I have studied. The genes that code for secondary<br />
metabolites seem largely to be clustered together implying<br />
that their acquisition was not incremental but chaotic. Their<br />
role in determining population structure focuses on the<br />
benefit to species. Necrotrophic plant pathogens produce<br />
virulence factors that also discourage the consumption <strong>of</strong><br />
the affected plant tissues by animals. Fungi that produce<br />
toxins that affect animal competitors typically produce<br />
several families <strong>of</strong> toxins. Some toxin families many be<br />
more or less active against different potential herbivores.<br />
Others result in additive toxicity with the important<br />
consequence that acquisition <strong>of</strong> resistance to the toxin is<br />
improbable. Despite this high degree <strong>of</strong> evolution, the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi<br />
must first be thought <strong>of</strong> in terms <strong>of</strong> the biochemistry <strong>of</strong> the<br />
terminal few cells <strong>of</strong> the mycelium. It has been known<br />
since the invention <strong>of</strong> the microscope that it is only these<br />
cells that are active, with <strong>of</strong> course the most active being<br />
the hyphal tip. Control <strong>of</strong> the pathways <strong>of</strong> secondary<br />
metabolism reflects the regulatory processes <strong>of</strong> glycolysis,<br />
the citric acid cycle and electron transport. As nutrients<br />
become unavailable to the active cells, accumulation <strong>of</strong><br />
acetate, citric acid cycle products and some amino acids<br />
become available for the production <strong>of</strong> secondary<br />
metabolites.<br />
314 - Liard Hotsprings hypsothermal relict<br />
commmunity: thermal impacts on fungi and plants in a<br />
boreal forest ecosystem<br />
R.S. Winder 1* , A. Ceska 2 & O. Ceska 2<br />
1 Natural Resources Canada / Canadian Forest Service,<br />
Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 W. Burnside Rd., Victoria,<br />
B.C. V8Z 1M5, Canada. - 2 Botanical consultant, 1809<br />
Penhurst Rd. Victoria, B.C. V8N 2N6, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
rwinder@pfc.forestry.ca<br />
The response <strong>of</strong> plants and fungi to temperature gradients<br />
was studied in Liard Hot Springs Provincial Park in the<br />
boreal forest <strong>of</strong> British Columbia. Within 50 m <strong>of</strong> the hot<br />
springs, the forest was characterized by the proliferation <strong>of</strong><br />
understory shrubs such as bitter cherry (Prunus<br />
emarginata) and bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), and<br />
hardwood tree species such as balsam poplar (Populus<br />
balsamifera) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). By<br />
contrast, the forest 150 m from the springs was occupied<br />
primarily by white spruce (Picea glauca). Basal area <strong>of</strong><br />
tree stems declined with proximity to the springs and<br />
increasing proportion <strong>of</strong> hardwoods; basal area 50 m from<br />
the springs was half <strong>of</strong> the basal area 150 m from the<br />
springs. Diversity <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungal fruiting bodies also<br />
declined from an average <strong>of</strong> 33 species 150 m from the<br />
springs, to an average <strong>of</strong> 13 species 50 m from the springs.<br />
Fungi found in the warmer zones included species such as<br />
Humaria hemispherica and Mycena delicatula.<br />
Hygrophorus spp., Marasmius spp., and others were found<br />
in the colder zones, while Cortinarius spp., Inocybe spp.,<br />
and others were found throughout the gradients. Plant<br />
diversity and the proportion <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal species were<br />
unchanged with respect to distance from the springs. While<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 99
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
further study would be needed to extrapolate this<br />
information into general trends, boreal hot springs appear<br />
to <strong>of</strong>fer unique opportunity to study the potential impacts<br />
<strong>of</strong> climate change on boreal fungi and plants.<br />
315 - Biomass <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal mycelia at different<br />
soil depths and along nutrient gradients in the boreal<br />
forest<br />
H. Wallander * , L.-O. Nilsson, S. Mahmood & S. Erland<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Microbial Ecology, Lund University,<br />
Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
Hakan.Wallander@mbioekol.lu.se<br />
Nutrient uptake by forest trees is greatly dependent on<br />
ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. We quantified the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> EcM mycelia in the field by the use <strong>of</strong> ingrowth<br />
mesh bags. Mesh bags were placed at different soil<br />
depths (5-15-30 cm) in spruce and mixed spruce/deciduous<br />
forests in southern Sweden and in the humus layer along a<br />
natural nutrient gradient in northern Sweden. Spruce stands<br />
produced 590 kg EcM biomass ha -1 while mixed forests<br />
produced 420 kg ha -1 . The delta-13C value <strong>of</strong> mycelia<br />
collected from mesh bags was similar to values <strong>of</strong> EcM<br />
fruitbodies, and it was not influenced by soil depth,<br />
indicating that the mycelia were <strong>of</strong> EcM origin. The delta-<br />
13C value in mycelia from mixed forests suggested that the<br />
mycelia received more carbon from spruce trees than from<br />
oak trees. The production <strong>of</strong> EcM mycelia decreased with<br />
soil depth. The decrease was more accentuated in mixed<br />
stands compared to pure spruce stands. In the natural<br />
nutrient gradient (low N and low pH changed gradually to<br />
high N and high pH) the production <strong>of</strong> EcM biomass<br />
decreased when moving from the nutrient poor to the<br />
nutrient rich end. We identified some <strong>of</strong> the EcM species<br />
that colonized the mesh bags with PCR/RFLP analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
ribosomal DNA. We found a low level <strong>of</strong> similarity<br />
between EcM species found on root tips outside the mesh<br />
bags and EcM species found as mycelia or rhizomorphs<br />
inside the mesh bags. Fast growing species such as Paxillus<br />
involutus were common in mesh bags but rare on root tips.<br />
316 - New perspectives on the ecological distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
epiphytic hair lichens (Bryoria) in northern forests<br />
T. Goward<br />
Enlichened Consulting Ltd., Edgewood Blue, Box 131,<br />
Clearwater, B.C. V0E 1N0, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
tgoward@interchange.ubc.ca<br />
Caribou biologists working in the high-elevation conifer<br />
forests <strong>of</strong> inland British Columbia have long observed that<br />
hair lichens in the genus Bryoria attain much heavier<br />
loadings in oldgrowth stands than in adjacent younger<br />
stands. In an attempt to account for this phenomenon, I<br />
examined Bryoria species composition in regenerating<br />
forests along successional and within-stand vertical<br />
100<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
gradients. Bryoria appears to enter regenerating stands in<br />
two phases. In the first phase, to about 70-100 years, B.<br />
fuscescens and B. glabra dominate throughout the canopy.<br />
These are small, sorediate lichens with a relatively high<br />
tolerance for prolonged wetting. After ca. 100 years, these<br />
species are increasingly replaced, at least in the upper<br />
canopy, by the non-sorediate B. fremontii and B.<br />
pseud<strong>of</strong>uscescens. These are large, relatively xerophytic<br />
hair lichens favoured by open, well-ventilated conditions.<br />
B. fremontii and B. pseud<strong>of</strong>uscescens have indeterminate<br />
growth; once established in the upper canopy, they tend to<br />
fragment, thereby being continuously 'parachuted' into the<br />
lower canopy. It is the gradual accumulation <strong>of</strong> these nonsorediate<br />
species at all levels <strong>of</strong> the canopy that ultimately<br />
leads to an elevated Bryoria biomass in oldgrowth forests.<br />
The ability <strong>of</strong> B. fremontii and B. pseud<strong>of</strong>uscescens to<br />
persist in the lower canopy does vary considerably from<br />
year to year, depending on the occurrence <strong>of</strong> 'die-back'<br />
events associated with prolonged dampness.<br />
317 - Implications <strong>of</strong> fungal translocation for nutrient<br />
cycling in boreal forest ecosystems<br />
B.D. Lindahl<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, SLU, Box 7026,<br />
SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
bjorn.lindahl@mykopat.slu.se<br />
Most current models <strong>of</strong> nutrient cycling have been<br />
developed with a vague concept <strong>of</strong> 'microorganisms' in<br />
mind, generally relating to bacteria. In boreal forest<br />
ecosystems, fungi probably play a more important role than<br />
bacteria in the decomposition <strong>of</strong> organic matter. Most fungi<br />
differ from bacteria in that they are multicellular and able<br />
to translocate resources throughout their mycelia. Current<br />
nitrogen cycling models are centred around mineralisation;<br />
as substrates with a low C/N-ratio are degraded, nitrogencontaining<br />
organic compounds are thought to be used as an<br />
energy source, leaving ammonium as an undesired<br />
biproduct that is released. Fungi may, however, degrade<br />
substrates with a low energy content, using carbohydrates<br />
that are translocated from external sources such as woody<br />
debris, litter or living roots in the case <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal<br />
fungi. Obtained nutrients may be translocated back in the<br />
opposite direction to support colonisation and degradation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the nitrogen-poor wood or litter, or to support a<br />
mycorrhizal host plant. Translocation <strong>of</strong> resources thus<br />
enables fungi to utilise resources <strong>of</strong> various qualities more<br />
efficiently, conserving nutrients within their mycelia<br />
instead <strong>of</strong> exuding them. In light <strong>of</strong> the capacity <strong>of</strong> boreal<br />
forest plants to access organic forms <strong>of</strong> nitrogen via their<br />
mycorrhizal associates, it is likely that a significant fraction<br />
<strong>of</strong> the nitrogen recycling from organic matter back to plants<br />
takes place without the nitrogen ever being mineralised.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
318 - The natural abundance <strong>of</strong> 15 N in mat-forming<br />
lichens<br />
C.J. Ellis 1* , P.D. Crittenden 1 & C.M. Scrimgeour 2<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Life and Environmental Sciences, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K. - 2 Scottish Crop<br />
Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K. -<br />
E-mail: christopher.ellis@nottingham.ac.uk<br />
Natural abundance <strong>of</strong> 15 N and [N] was studied in thalli <strong>of</strong><br />
mat-forming lichens collected from tundra and heathland<br />
sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The study<br />
includes samples <strong>of</strong> British Cladonia portentosa from sites<br />
in regions <strong>of</strong> high and low N-loading and in heathland<br />
growing on peat and independently <strong>of</strong> the soil substratum,<br />
in a canopy <strong>of</strong> prostrate gorse. In the mat-forming lichens<br />
examined, a non-random pattern in [N] and δ 15 N was<br />
characterised by a minimum in δ 15 N, which occurred most<br />
frequently at 40-60 mm below the thallus apex. [N]<br />
increased above this point, towards the apex, though<br />
remained invariably low towards the thallus base. We<br />
discuss the significance <strong>of</strong> the pattern in [N] and δ 15 N for<br />
current theories describing the uptake and recycling <strong>of</strong><br />
nitrogen by mat-forming lichens in oligotrophic habitats.<br />
Our data are incompatible with the suggested uptake <strong>of</strong> soil<br />
organic nitrogen depleted in 15 N, though are consistent with<br />
possible internal recycling and the development <strong>of</strong> a<br />
structural necromass. The study emphasises the internal<br />
fractionation <strong>of</strong> nitrogen isotopes and provides a caveat<br />
against the assumption that values <strong>of</strong> δ 15 N provide an<br />
unequivocal indicator <strong>of</strong> source-sink relationships in<br />
nitrogen cycling.<br />
319 - Role <strong>of</strong> environmental conditions and birch tree<br />
genotype in endophyte-herbivore interactions<br />
K. Saikkonen<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Turku, Section <strong>of</strong> Ecology, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biology, 20014 Turku, Finland. - E-mail: karisaik@utu.fi<br />
We compared phenotypic and genetic frequency<br />
correlations for two endophytic fungal genera (Fusicladium<br />
and Melanconium) and bich rust (Melampsoridium<br />
betulinum) with the performance <strong>of</strong> six invertebrate<br />
herbivores growing on the same half-sib progenies <strong>of</strong><br />
mountain birches (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) in<br />
two environments over a 3-year period. We found little<br />
support for causal association between fungal frequencies<br />
and performance <strong>of</strong> herbivore species. Instead, genetic<br />
correlations, particularly between autumnal moth (Epirrita<br />
autumnata) and birch rust, suggest that herbivore<br />
performance may be affected by (1) genetic differences in<br />
plant quality for fungi and herbivores, or (2) genetic<br />
differences in responses to environmental conditions.<br />
Genetic analysis (RAMS-PCR) <strong>of</strong> Venturia ditricha<br />
(anamorph Fusicladium betulae) revealed that (1) host<br />
genotypes and environment influence the probability <strong>of</strong><br />
infection by particular endophyte genotypes, (2) genetic<br />
variation correlated negatively with infection frequencies<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fungus, and (3) the susceptibility <strong>of</strong> the host to a<br />
particular endophyte genotype may change when<br />
environmental conditions are changed (environment-host<br />
genotype interaction). Our results propose that the<br />
seemingly direct interactions between herbivores and fungi<br />
may actually indicate genetic differences in plant quality<br />
for fungi and herbivores or responses to environmental<br />
conditions.<br />
320 - Specificity <strong>of</strong> fungal-algal interactions on leaves<br />
M. Grube 1* , E. Baloch 1 & R. Luecking 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Holteigase 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria. -<br />
2 The Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, 1400 South Lake<br />
Shore Drive, Illinois 60605-2496, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
martin.grube@uni-graz.at<br />
Several types <strong>of</strong> algae are adapted to the growth on living<br />
leaves, coccoid green algae and members <strong>of</strong><br />
Trentepohliales being most common and also serving as<br />
photobionts <strong>of</strong> lichen-forming fungi. Initials <strong>of</strong> these<br />
lichens need to form composite thalli with appropriate<br />
algae in a relatively short time. Therefore, particular<br />
strategies are pursued to ensure efficient dispersal and<br />
colonialization <strong>of</strong> leaves. Specific growth patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
trentepohlioid algae, found in both lichenized and nonlichenized<br />
forms, suggest that foliicolous mycobionts have<br />
a high specificity for their photobionts. Adjacent freeliving<br />
Phycopeltis colonies belonging to different<br />
morphotypes are not accepted as photobionts by the same<br />
fungus. Different ecological preferences <strong>of</strong> photobionts<br />
apparently shape the diversity <strong>of</strong> foliicolous lichens found<br />
in a given microhabitat. A particular strategy regarding<br />
photobiont selection <strong>of</strong> lichens is found in lichenized,<br />
foliicolous species <strong>of</strong> Chroodiscus, which grow<br />
facultatively parasitic on lichens <strong>of</strong> the genus Porina. C.<br />
australiensis and C. coccineus show a high degree <strong>of</strong> host<br />
specificity: C. australiensis parasitizes Porina mirabilis,<br />
whereas C. coccineus is specifically found on P.<br />
subepiphylla. In genera <strong>of</strong> lichens, which include both<br />
lichenized and non-lichenized, lichenicolous species (e.g.<br />
Arthonia), the latter take advantage <strong>of</strong> the host photobionts.<br />
321 - Fungal endophytes in a neotropical forest:<br />
ecological, systematic, and physiological insights<br />
A.E. Arnold 1* , L.C. Mejía 2 , E. Rojas 2 , D.A. Kyllo 2 & E.A.<br />
Herre 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Arizona, Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and<br />
Evolutionary Biology, 1041 E. Lowell, BSW 310, Tucson,<br />
AZ 85721, U.S.A. - 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research<br />
Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama. - E-mail:<br />
betsya@email.arizona.edu<br />
Fungal endophytes associated with woody angiosperms are<br />
abundant and diverse; yet especially in tropical forests,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 101
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
they are poorly known. In particular, the scale <strong>of</strong> endophyte<br />
diversity, and the nature <strong>of</strong> endophyte-host interactions, are<br />
not well understood. Drawing from extensive field studies<br />
at scales ranging from individual leaves to disparate sites<br />
across lowland Panama, I will discuss evidence for spatial<br />
structure, temporal variability, host affinity, and horizontal<br />
transmission among tropical forest endophytes. Drawing<br />
from experimental results, I will describe a potential<br />
mechanism for host affinity based on defensive chemistry<br />
<strong>of</strong> host leaves. Using molecular sequence data (nrDNA:<br />
ITS1, ITS2, 5.8s), I will show that tropical endophytes are<br />
diverse at both low and high taxonomic levels, and will<br />
discuss phylogenetic patterns <strong>of</strong> diversity. Finally, I will<br />
discuss roles <strong>of</strong> endophytes in mediating host defense<br />
against foliar pathogens, and will assess general costs and<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> endophyte infection in tropical woody<br />
angiosperms.<br />
322 - Effect <strong>of</strong> agricultural management on diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
root endophytes: the role <strong>of</strong> dark septate endophytes<br />
E.M. Wilberforce 1* , G.W. Griffith 1 , L. Boddy 2 & R.<br />
Griffiths 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23<br />
3DA, Wales, U.K. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Cardiff<br />
University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, U.K. -<br />
3 National Botanic Garden <strong>of</strong> Wales, Middleton Hall,<br />
Llanarthne, Carmarthenshire, SA32 8HG, Wales, U.K. - Email:<br />
emw96@aber.ac.uk<br />
Three mesotrophic grassland sites <strong>of</strong> similar physical<br />
characteristics but differing management histories were<br />
chosen to test the hypothesis that agricultural disturbance<br />
has a deleterious effect on the diversity <strong>of</strong> fungi inhabiting<br />
plant roots and the prevalence <strong>of</strong> potentially pathogenic<br />
species (e.g. Fusarium spp.). Species abundance data were<br />
collected for fungi isolated from surface sterilised root<br />
samples (>40 taxa). Shannon and Brillouin indices <strong>of</strong><br />
diversity, TWINSPAN and detrended correspondence<br />
analysis were applied to the community data. Quantitative<br />
ordination separated the samples by site showing that the<br />
communities differed in fields <strong>of</strong> contrasting management.<br />
Species presence and absence appeared to be affected<br />
seasonally; site differences were manifested in relative<br />
abundance. Diversity did not appear to vary by site, but a<br />
methodological explanation for this is proposed. Sterile<br />
dark septate endophytes (DSE) were shown among the<br />
most abundant groups at all sites, and diversity among<br />
these fungi was investigated using a PCR-based approach.<br />
It is suggested that DSE, in addition to the overall diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> root-colonising species, may be implicated in relating<br />
plant root communities and plant health. Microcosm<br />
systems have been used to study the dynamics <strong>of</strong> root<br />
colonization by DSE, as well as Fusarium spp.<br />
102<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
323 - Rock inhabiting fungi and lichen photobionts:<br />
symbiotic or antibiotic interactions?<br />
A. Gorbushina 1* , A. Beck 2 & A. Schulte 1<br />
1 Geomicrobiology, ICBM, Oldenburg University, P.O.Box<br />
2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany. - 2 Lehrstuhl für<br />
Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr.<br />
31, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
anna.gorbushina@uni-oldenburg.de<br />
Phototrophs are considered to be the first land colonisers,<br />
although this ability is <strong>of</strong>ten supported by mutualistic<br />
associations with fungi. Furthermore bare rock surfaces are<br />
frequently dominated not by phototrophs, but by free-living<br />
and symbiotic ascomycetes. On desert rock surfaces<br />
lichens <strong>of</strong>ten yield and in the harshest environments only<br />
microcolonial fungi (MCF) are present. MCF - highly<br />
stress-tolerant free-living organisms - could represent the<br />
remnants <strong>of</strong> symbiotic associations, which implies their<br />
capability to interact with photobionts. Four typical MCF<br />
were cultivated with 4 lichen photobionts isolated from<br />
similar desert locations. The relations between the partners<br />
were investigated by electron microscopy and histological<br />
methods. After several months <strong>of</strong> cultivation a structure<br />
involving both partners has been developed. Photobiont<br />
cells were not changing size, but fungal branching was<br />
more expressed in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> green algal cells.<br />
Histological analysis <strong>of</strong> interwoven colonies exhibits<br />
spatial adjustment <strong>of</strong> the partners. After continued<br />
cultivation algae lost vitality. Only one MCF strain enabled<br />
survival <strong>of</strong> the algae tested. The absence <strong>of</strong> antibiotic<br />
influences in the first stage <strong>of</strong> the experiment hints to an<br />
universal ability <strong>of</strong> MCF to form unstable mutualistic<br />
relations with lichen photobionts. The later loss <strong>of</strong><br />
mutualistic balance may be connected to the diverse<br />
taxonomic position <strong>of</strong> the MCF strains in question.<br />
324 - Cyanobiont diversity in ecological lichen guilds<br />
J. Rikkinen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Biology, PO Box 27, 00014<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
jouko.rikkinen@helsinki.fi<br />
Many cyanolichen species are organized into guilds around<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> phylogenetically related cyanobacteria. In a<br />
study <strong>of</strong> old-growth associated cyanolichens in central<br />
Finland all bipartite epiphytes were found to house closely<br />
related Nostoc strains and most <strong>of</strong> the thalli contained one<br />
specific strain. While the cyanobionts <strong>of</strong> all these lichens<br />
were closely related, the lichen-forming fungi were<br />
necessarily not. Moreover, some related terricolous species<br />
associated with a different group <strong>of</strong> Nostoc symbionts and<br />
thus belonged to a different ecological guild. A comparison<br />
with cyanolichens from North America and East Asia<br />
revealed concurrent patterns. Thus, a similar specificity<br />
was evident on all spatial scales ranging from single tree<br />
trunks to global distributions. All lichen-forming fungi
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
within a specific guild can potentially share cyanobionts<br />
with each other. Further studies <strong>of</strong> guild structure will give<br />
us a better understanding <strong>of</strong> the dispersal ecologies and<br />
conservation requirements <strong>of</strong> old-growth associated<br />
epiphytes and other cyanolichens.<br />
325 - Grass endophyte host specificity and evolutionary<br />
implications<br />
C.L. Schardl * , K.D. Craven & C.D. Moon<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, S-305 ASCN, Lexington, Kentucky<br />
40546, U.S.A. - E-mail: schardl@uky.edu<br />
The Epichloë (anamorph = Neotyphodium) species are<br />
fungal endophytes <strong>of</strong> grasses, and span an evolutionary<br />
continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic symbionts. The<br />
antagonistic endophytes are sexual, horizontally<br />
transmitted (contagious), and suppress host seed<br />
production; the more mutualistic can transmit vertically in<br />
host seeds. Some vertically transmissible species are sexual<br />
and capable <strong>of</strong> occasional contagiously spread; others are<br />
strictly seed-borne and asexual. In general, each Epichloë/<br />
Neotyphodium species occurs in a single host genus or<br />
tribe. However, one <strong>of</strong> the more antagonistic species,<br />
Epichloë typhina, can infect grasses in at least three diverse<br />
tribes. The high genetic diversity in E. typhina compared to<br />
other Epichloë species suggests that speciation has been<br />
relatively slow in E. typhina. This may be due to its<br />
dependence on horizontal transmission, because<br />
diversification by sexual recombination may enhance the<br />
potential <strong>of</strong> E. typhina to adapt to the diversity <strong>of</strong> available<br />
hosts. Among the seed-borne sexual species, host<br />
specialization appears to help drive speciation, such that<br />
there is good correspondence between the phylogenetic<br />
relationships among some Epichloë species and the<br />
phylogeny <strong>of</strong> their respective hosts. Curiously, the strictly<br />
seed-borne endophytes do not exhibit co-phylogeny with<br />
their hosts. Instead, they usually seem to have arisen by<br />
transfers between host tribes, and <strong>of</strong>ten have undergone<br />
interspecific hybridization.<br />
326 - Exceptionally high nucleotide substitution rate<br />
differences between lichenized Omphalina species and<br />
their symbiotic green algae Coccomyxa<br />
S. Zoller * & F. Lutzoni<br />
Duke University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology, Durham, NC 27708,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: szoller@duke.edu<br />
To test the hypothesis <strong>of</strong> a low rate <strong>of</strong> genetic change in the<br />
inhabitant <strong>of</strong> mutualistic symbiotic systems, we<br />
investigated substitution rates in the nuclear ribosomal<br />
spacer region <strong>of</strong> the Omphalina/Coccomyxa lichens.<br />
Thallus fragments <strong>of</strong> six lichenized Omphalina species<br />
were collected in Greenland, Iceland, and in Eastern<br />
Canada. The average number <strong>of</strong> substitutions per 100 sites<br />
in the Omphalina ITS1 portion was 25.7, 2.8 in the 5.8S<br />
portion, and 25.5 in the ITS2 portion. The corresponding<br />
substitution rates for Coccomyxa were 1.6 (ITS1), 0.8<br />
(5.8S) and 1.0 (ITS2). On average, rates in ITS1 were 23.4<br />
times higher in Omphalina compared to Coccomyxa, 3.6<br />
times higher for 5.8S, and 29.9 times higher in ITS2. This<br />
finding is in accordance with the hypothesis that the lichen<br />
inhabitants have lower rates <strong>of</strong> genetic change when<br />
compared to their exhabitants. A comparison <strong>of</strong> rates<br />
between lichenized and free living sister species revealed<br />
that the rate differences observed between the mycobiont<br />
and photobiont is explained in part by an accelerated rate in<br />
the lichenized fungi. No shifts in rates were detected<br />
between free living and lichenized algae. Based on the<br />
extremely low variation among Coccomyxa ITS sequences<br />
and on morphological evidence (Friedl, pers. comm.), we<br />
believe that the Coccomyxa isolates belong to a single<br />
species.<br />
327 - Copper toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae<br />
S.V. Avery<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Nottingham, School <strong>of</strong> Life and<br />
Environmental Sciences, University Park, Nottingham NG7<br />
2RD, U.K. - E-mail: Simon.Avery@nottingham.ac.uk<br />
Copper is an essential metal, but can also exert toxicity.<br />
One proposed mechanism <strong>of</strong> Cu toxicity arises from its<br />
capacity to promote free radical generation. Several Cu<br />
resistance mechanisms have been described in<br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including metallothionein<br />
(Cup1) and Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1). These<br />
products confer resistance by diminishing free Cu in cells,<br />
though they also have antioxidant activity. To examine the<br />
roles <strong>of</strong> such factors in the Cu resistance <strong>of</strong> growing cells,<br />
we asked the question: when only ^50% <strong>of</strong> cells in a<br />
genetically-homogeneous yeast culture are killed by Cu,<br />
what dictates which cells die or survive? Such phenotypic<br />
heterogeneity is well known, but is poorly understood even<br />
though it can be critical for the fitness <strong>of</strong> organisms. Using<br />
flow cytometry to sort Cu-sensitive/-resistant cells within<br />
isogenic cultures, it was shown that heterogeneity was<br />
partly dependent on cell cycle stage. Other potential<br />
contributory factors include cell age, cell size, rhythms and<br />
stochastic variation. The actions <strong>of</strong> various potential Cu<br />
resistance genes in heterogeneous Cu sensitivity were<br />
examined. One antioxidant gene was identified that was<br />
responsible for cell cycle-dependent Cu resistance. The<br />
same gene may also underpin heterogeneity imparted by<br />
cell age, cell size etc. The study highlights the specific<br />
factors that can account for the variable Cu resistances <strong>of</strong><br />
cells in non-manipulated natural yeast populations.<br />
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IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
328 - Fungal influence on metal mobility: mechanisms<br />
and relevance to environment and biotechnology<br />
G.M. Gadd * , E.P. Burford, M. Fomina, F.A. Harper & H.<br />
Jacobs<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Environmental and Applied Biology, Biological<br />
Sciences Institute, School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Dundee, Dundee, DD4 1HN, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
g.m.gadd@dundee.ac.uk<br />
In the terrestrial environment, fungi are <strong>of</strong> importance as<br />
decomposer organisms and plant symbionts (mycorrhizas),<br />
playing important roles in carbon and many other<br />
biogeochemical cycles. For example, the ability <strong>of</strong> fungi to<br />
solubilize insoluble metal phosphates is important for plant<br />
and microbial nutrition. Metals and their derivatives can<br />
interact with fungi in various ways depending on the metal<br />
species, organism and environment, while fungal metabolic<br />
activities can also influence speciation and mobility.<br />
Certain mechanisms may mobilize metals into forms<br />
available for cellular uptake and leaching from the system,<br />
e.g. complexation with organic acids, other metabolites and<br />
siderophores. Metals may also be immobilized by, e.g.<br />
sorption onto cell components, exopolymers, transport and<br />
intra- and extracellular sequestration or precipitation. The<br />
relative importance <strong>of</strong> such apparently opposing<br />
phenomena <strong>of</strong> solubilization and immobilization are key<br />
components <strong>of</strong> biogeochemical cycles for toxic metals,<br />
whether indigenous or introduced into a given location, and<br />
fundamental determinants <strong>of</strong> fungal growth, physiology<br />
and morphogenesis. Furthermore, several processes are <strong>of</strong><br />
relevance to environmental bioremediation. This<br />
contribution seeks to highlight selected physico-chemical<br />
and biochemical mechanisms by which fungi can interact<br />
with and transform toxic metal species between soluble and<br />
insoluble forms, and to draw attention to the environmental<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> these processes.<br />
329 - Molecular mechanisms induced upon cadmium<br />
exposure in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus<br />
involutus<br />
M. Courbot 1* , C. Jacob 1 , P. Leroy 2 , A. Brun 1 & M. Chalot 3<br />
1 Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, Faculté des Sciences<br />
et Techniques, UMR INRA-UHP 1136 'Interactions<br />
Arbres/Micro-organismes', BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-<br />
Nancy Cedex, France. - 2 Laboratoire 'Thiols et fonctions<br />
cellulaires' - Faculté de Pharmacie, BP 403, 54001 Nancy<br />
Cedex, France. - 3 Centre INRA-Nancy, UMR INRA-UHP<br />
1136 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', 54280<br />
Champenoux, France. - E-mail: mikael.courbot@scbioluhp.nancy.fr<br />
The response <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi to toxic metals is <strong>of</strong><br />
importance in view <strong>of</strong> their interest in the reclamation <strong>of</strong><br />
polluted sites and their importance in tree growth.<br />
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their<br />
response towards metals remain poorly understood. We<br />
104<br />
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have used the suppression substractive hybridization (SSH)<br />
procedure combined to cDNA array hybridization, as well<br />
as direct cloning to isolate genes which expression is<br />
modulated by cadmium (Cd) in Paxillus involutus (Pi).<br />
More particularly, we are investigating antioxidant and<br />
detoxification enzymes such as those involved in free<br />
oxygen radical scavenging, in glutathione and chelating<br />
agents biosynthesis. The increasing activity <strong>of</strong> the Pi<br />
superoxide dismutase as well as the fact that it can<br />
functionally substitute for the E. coli SODs under Cd stress<br />
suggests that this enzyme is involved in the cellular<br />
response <strong>of</strong> Pi to Cd. The transcript levels <strong>of</strong> gglutamylcysteine<br />
synthetase, GSH synthetase,<br />
metallothioneins, thioredoxins and tyrosinase were<br />
measured. Of these, metallothioneins and tyrosinase were<br />
shown to be highly regulated by Cd. The intracellular pools<br />
<strong>of</strong> amino acids, glutathione, gamma-glutamate-cysteine and<br />
different phytochelatins in Pi were also subjected to<br />
changes under Cd exposure. The isolation <strong>of</strong> genes and<br />
proteins involved in the response to cadmium-induced<br />
stress open new perspectives in the understanding <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular mechanisms that promote tolerance in<br />
mycorrhizal fungi.<br />
330 - Interactions <strong>of</strong> ericoid mycorrhizal and soil fungi<br />
with heavy metals: implications for tolerance and<br />
bioremediation<br />
E. Martino 1* , S. Cerminara 1 , P. Bonfante 2 & S. Perotto 1<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino,<br />
Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy. - 2 Istituto per la<br />
Protezione delle Piante del CNR, Sezione di Torino, Viale<br />
Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
elena.martino@unito.it<br />
Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi increase the ability <strong>of</strong> their host<br />
plants to colonize soils polluted with toxic metals, although<br />
the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated<br />
the molecular and cellular responses <strong>of</strong> ericoid mycorrhizal<br />
fungi to heavy metals, and found a novel range <strong>of</strong><br />
extracellular proteins being produced in the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
different soluble metal compounds. Some <strong>of</strong> these proteins<br />
were identified by N-terminus sequencing as antioxidant<br />
enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase, SOD). SOD enzymes<br />
play a pivotal role in stress responses and are involved in<br />
metal tolerance. We also found that ericoid mycorrhizal<br />
fungi can solubilize insoluble metal compounds thanks to<br />
the release <strong>of</strong> organic acids. Solubilization activity was not<br />
the same for all the strains tested, with isolates from<br />
unpolluted soils being more efficient in the solubilization<br />
process than those from metal polluted soils. We are also<br />
exploring the potential <strong>of</strong> ericoid mycorrhizal and other<br />
soil fungi to mobilize iron from a very specific insoluble<br />
substrate: asbestos fibers. These fibers contain variable<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> iron, one <strong>of</strong> the most relevant chemical features<br />
in the mechanism <strong>of</strong> asbestos carcinogenicity. Iron<br />
extraction from asbestos may thus decrease their cytotoxic<br />
potential. Our results suggest that some fungal species can<br />
remove significant amounts <strong>of</strong> iron from the fibers, thus<br />
opening new perspectives for the decontamination <strong>of</strong><br />
asbestos-contaminated sites.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
331 - A zinc tolerant ectomycorrhizal fungus protects<br />
zinc-stressed pine seedlings<br />
K. Adriaensen * , J. Vangronsveld & J.V. Colpaert<br />
Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Laboratory <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental Biology, Universitaire campus, 3590<br />
Diepenbeek, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
kristin.adriaensen@luc.ac.be<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> sublethal zinc concentrations on pines<br />
mycorrhizal with either a Zn-adapted or a Zn-sensitive<br />
Suillus bovinus isolate was studied. A dose response<br />
experiment was performed. During the zinc treatments the<br />
nutrient uptake capacity (NH4 + and P i) was measured in a<br />
semi-hydroponic environment. The Zn sensitive plantfungus<br />
combination already failed to sustain nutrient<br />
acquisition <strong>of</strong> the pines at 38 µM Zn. While nutrient uptake<br />
in plants inoculated with the Zn tolerant S. bovinus was not<br />
affected when exposed to the same Zn levels. Subsequently<br />
plants mycorrhizal with the tolerant isolate captured more<br />
Pi and were less iron deficient as plants mycorrhizal with<br />
the sensitive fungus. Plant biomass was not yet affected,<br />
but excess Zn significantly reduced the biomass <strong>of</strong> the Zn<br />
sensitive fungus. These results show that the genetic<br />
adaptation for increased Zn tolerance in Suillus bovinus is<br />
required for its own survival and to maintain nutrient<br />
acquisition in pines exposed to high Zn concentrations.<br />
332 - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and stress by heavy<br />
metals and salts<br />
H. Bothe * , U. Hildebrandt & F. Ouziad<br />
Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Cologne, D-50923 Koeln,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: hermann.bothe@uni-koeln.de<br />
Plants from heavy metal soils can be colonized by<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A Glomus intraradices<br />
isolate has been obtained from the roots <strong>of</strong> the zinc violet,<br />
Viola calaminaria which confers heavy metal tolerances to<br />
diverse plant in diverse heavy metal soils. The genes which<br />
are differentially expressed in AMF colonized tomato roots<br />
are currently studied in our laboratory. The genus Thlaspi<br />
(pennycress) <strong>of</strong> the Brassicaceae contains heavy metal<br />
hyperaccumulating species. Some <strong>of</strong> them have now been<br />
found to be strongly colonized by AMF. The fungi<br />
colonizing Thlaspi in Nature have now been identified.<br />
Many plants <strong>of</strong> salt marshes are also good mycorrhizal<br />
plants. Up to 80% <strong>of</strong> all spores isolated from diverse saline<br />
habitats in Germany and Hungary belong to one single<br />
species, Glomus geosporum, as shown by molecular<br />
characterization. The role <strong>of</strong> this fungus in conferring salt<br />
resistance to plants will be discussed.<br />
333 - Gene order evolution and paleopolyploidy in<br />
hemiascomycete yeasts<br />
S. Wong 1 , G. Butler 2 & K.H. Wolfe 1*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Dublin - Trinity College, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Genetics,<br />
Dublin 2, Ireland. - 2 University College Dublin, Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry, Dublin 4, Ireland. - E-mail: khwolfe@tcd.ie<br />
The wealth <strong>of</strong> comparative genomics data from yeast<br />
species allows the molecular evolution <strong>of</strong> these eukaryotes<br />
to be studied in great detail. We used 'proximity plots' to<br />
visualize gene order information from 14<br />
hemiascomycetes, including the recent Génolevures<br />
survey, to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Contrary to the<br />
original reports we find that the Génolevures data strongly<br />
support the hypothesis that S. cerevisiae is a degenerate<br />
polyploid. Using gene order information alone 70% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
S. cerevisiae genome can be mapped into 'sister' regions<br />
that tile together with almost no overlap. This map<br />
confirms and extends the map <strong>of</strong> sister regions that we<br />
constructed previously using duplicated genes, an<br />
independent source <strong>of</strong> information. Combining gene order<br />
and gene duplication data assigns essentially the whole<br />
genome into sister regions, the largest gap being only 36<br />
genes long. The 16 centromere regions <strong>of</strong> S. cerevisiae<br />
form eight pairs, indicating that an ancestor with eight<br />
chromosomes underwent complete doubling; alternatives<br />
such as segmental duplications can be ruled out. Gene<br />
arrangements in Kluyveromyces lactis and four other<br />
species agree quantitatively with what would be expected if<br />
they diverged from S. cerevisiae before its<br />
polyploidization. In contrast, S. exiguus, S. servazzii and<br />
Candida glabrata show higher levels <strong>of</strong> gene adjacency<br />
conservation, and more cases <strong>of</strong> imperfect conservation,<br />
suggesting that they split from the S. cerevisiae lineage<br />
after polyploidization.<br />
334 - A major role for gene duplication and gene loss in<br />
the evolution <strong>of</strong> synteny and redundancy in yeast<br />
G. Fischer * , I. Lafontaine, E. Talla & B. Dujon<br />
Institut Pasteur, Structure and Dynamics <strong>of</strong> Genomes Dpt,<br />
Génétique Moléculaire des Levures, 25 rue du Dr Roux,<br />
75724 Paris cedex, France.<br />
Based on Génolevures, a recent large-scale sequencing<br />
program <strong>of</strong> 13 yeast species (FEBS Letter, special issue,<br />
487(1), 2000), a comparative sequence study showed that<br />
90% <strong>of</strong> the synteny breakpoints characterized between S.<br />
cerevisiae and S. uvarum corresponded to micro-synteny<br />
rearrangements. So, as little as 10% <strong>of</strong> all the synteny<br />
breakpoints are attributable to gross rearrangements such as<br />
reciprocal translocations. Micro-synteny breakpoints<br />
resulted from ancestral duplications <strong>of</strong> one (or few) gene(s)<br />
onto two different chromosomes followed by the<br />
differential loss <strong>of</strong> the two copies between the two<br />
genomes. In few cases, traces <strong>of</strong> the ancient presence <strong>of</strong><br />
one duplicate in the corresponding S. cerevisiae intergenic<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 105
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
regions were identified (Fischer et al., 2001, Genome Res,<br />
11, 2009-2019). These traces were called relics rather than<br />
pseudogenes because <strong>of</strong> the high number <strong>of</strong> mutations<br />
accumulated in these sequences that erased all<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> an ORF. A genome-wide search for relics<br />
in S. cerevisiae reveals the presence <strong>of</strong> at least 130<br />
intergenic regions showing weak homology to functional<br />
ORFs. The combined chromosomal localization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
relics, the members <strong>of</strong> the multigene families and the transchromosomal<br />
series identified during the Génolevures<br />
program reveal some overlap between the different<br />
duplicated regions showing that at least part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
redundancy in the yeast genome results from a dynamic<br />
equilibrium between gene duplications and gene losses.<br />
335 - Comparison <strong>of</strong> genomic data <strong>of</strong> the cotton<br />
pathogenic fungus Ashbya gossypii with Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae<br />
P. Philippsen 1* , F. Dietrich 1 , S. Brachat 1 , S. Voegeli 1 , A.<br />
Lerch 1 , K. Gates 2 & T. Gaffney 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Applied Microbiology, Biozentrum, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel,<br />
Switzerland. - 2 Syngenta, 3054 Cornwallis Road Reaserch<br />
Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A.<br />
Ashbya gossypii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are very<br />
different ascomycetes with respect to growth form and<br />
habitat but their genomes share remarkable similarities.<br />
The comparison at the nearly complete map <strong>of</strong> the 4800 A.<br />
gossypii ORFs with the map <strong>of</strong> the 6200 S. cerevisiae<br />
ORFs reveals the following results: 1. For 96% <strong>of</strong> the A.<br />
gossypii ORFs homologs are found in S. cerevisiae. 2. The<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> these homologs are present in S. cerevisiae as<br />
duplicated segments with up to 50 genes displaying relaxed<br />
synteny with the A. gossypii gene order. 3. Most duplicated<br />
S. cerevisiae ORFs are present as single copy ORFs in A.<br />
gossypii, e.g. RAS1/RAS2, TOR1/TOR2, MYO2/MYO4,<br />
CLB1/CLB2 and many others. Several <strong>of</strong> these 'ancient<br />
twin ORFs' code for functionally different proteins in S.<br />
cerevisiae and it is an open question which function is<br />
encoded by the single A. gossypii ORF. 4. At least 300<br />
functional S. cerevisiae ORFs are not present, or no longer<br />
present in A. gossypii. 5. Homologs for several <strong>of</strong> the S.<br />
cerevisiae ORFs annotated as questionable were detected at<br />
syntenic positions in A. gossypii. However for most <strong>of</strong><br />
these ORFs no homolog was found in A. gossypii. 6. The A.<br />
gossypii genome contains many gene families, which are<br />
also, present in the S. cerevisiae genome, but <strong>of</strong>ten with<br />
fewer members. Implications <strong>of</strong> these results with respect<br />
to the evolution <strong>of</strong> both genomes will be discussed.<br />
336 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> the yeast genome<br />
J. Piskur<br />
Section for Molecular Biology, BioCentrum-DTU,<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, Building 301, DK-2800<br />
Lyngby, Denmark. - E-mail: imjp@pop.dtu.dk<br />
106<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
The genetic material has <strong>of</strong>ten been rearranged during the<br />
evolutionary history <strong>of</strong> various organisms. For example,<br />
gene duplications and rearrangements <strong>of</strong> the gene order<br />
have been particularly frequent. The most plausible way to<br />
deduce the molecular mechanisms, which are responsible<br />
for these changes, is to compare the genomes <strong>of</strong> closely<br />
related contemporary species. Because yeast species are<br />
easy to manipulate in the laboratory and the yeast genomes<br />
are relatively small, these organisms represent ideal models<br />
to understand the molecular evolution <strong>of</strong> eukaryotic<br />
genomes. In collaboration with laboratories from France<br />
and U.S., several Saccharomyces species were recently<br />
analysed for the structure <strong>of</strong> their mitochondrial and<br />
nuclear genomes. Several mitochondrial DNA molecules<br />
were mapped for their genes and a couple <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mitochondrial genomes was recently totally sequenced to<br />
get an idea about the origin <strong>of</strong> the present mitochondrial<br />
gene order. A number <strong>of</strong> nuclear genes, homologous to the<br />
duplicated S. cerevisiae genes, were analysed for their<br />
phylogenetic relationship to deduce the timing <strong>of</strong> the<br />
duplication, as well as the gene differentiation event(s).<br />
337 - PHOREST: a web based tool for comparative<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> EST data<br />
D.G. Ahrén 1* , C. Troein 2 , T. Johansson 1 & A. Tunlid 1<br />
1 Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building,<br />
223 62 Lund, Sweden. - 2 Theoretical Physics, Complex<br />
systems, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14 A, 223 62 Lund,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: dag.ahren@mbioekol.lu.se<br />
Large-scale sequencing <strong>of</strong> cDNAs prepared from specific<br />
tissue or material prepared under different growth<br />
conditions has proven to be an efficient way for gene<br />
discovery. For such applications, we present PHOREST, a<br />
web-based tool for managing, analyzing and comparing<br />
various collections <strong>of</strong> expressed sequence tags (ESTs).<br />
PHOREST is specifically designed to support EST data<br />
projects and for successively receiving and incorporating<br />
data as project grows. After entry <strong>of</strong> sequence data a search<br />
for homologous sequence information in publicly available<br />
databases is automatically conducted, followed by<br />
assembly <strong>of</strong> ESTs/clones into contigs. After manual<br />
annotation <strong>of</strong> contigs the redundancy and distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
transcripts/contigs into functional categories can be<br />
analyzed. Several projects/databases can be managed in<br />
parallel and overall assembly and normalization <strong>of</strong> data<br />
display transcripts/contigs being differentially regulated in<br />
the different projects can be compared. Access can be set<br />
for multiple users to search and annotate the same dataset<br />
without interference. The tool has been used for two EST<br />
projects comparing three different stages <strong>of</strong> fungal growth<br />
and infection. The projects are comparing stages in a<br />
nematode-trapping fungus, Monacrosporium haptotylum<br />
and a mycorrhizal fungus, Paxillus involutus.
IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
338 - Genetic Mapping <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora cinnamomi with<br />
Microsatellite Fragment Length Polymorphisms<br />
(MFLP)<br />
M.P. Dobrowolski 1* , G.E.St.J. Hardy 1 , I.C. Tommerup 2 ,<br />
B.L. Shearer 3 , I. Colquhoun 4 & P.A. O'Brien 1<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences and Biotechnology,<br />
Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia. -<br />
2 Forestry and Forest Products, CSIRO Perth, PO Box 5,<br />
Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia. - 3 Science and Information<br />
Division, Department <strong>of</strong> Conservation and Land<br />
Management, Como, WA, 6152, Australia. - 4 Alcoa World<br />
Alumina Australia, Environmental Department, PO Box<br />
252, Applecross, WA, 6153, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
dobrowol@murdoch.edu.au<br />
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major oomycete pathogen <strong>of</strong><br />
an extensive range <strong>of</strong> mainly woody plants. We are<br />
conducting genetic mapping <strong>of</strong> P. cinnamomi to localise<br />
genes involved in pathogenicity. Because we are restricted<br />
to analysing mapping populations <strong>of</strong> F1 hybrid progeny in<br />
this diploid species, choosing an informative (i.e. highly<br />
polymorphic) marker system for genetic mapping is<br />
critical. Microsatellite loci are ideal markers for this<br />
purpose. Their high polymorphism can be harnessed<br />
without prior DNA sequence information <strong>of</strong> the subject<br />
organism by a method called microsatellite fragment length<br />
polymorphism (MLFP) (1). MFLP are analysed in a very<br />
similar way to amplified fragment length polymorphisms<br />
(AFLP). In our analyses <strong>of</strong> four F1 mapping populations <strong>of</strong><br />
P. cinnamomi progeny, we have detected between 1 and 4<br />
informative loci per primer combination. We are in the<br />
process <strong>of</strong> constructing a genetic map <strong>of</strong> the P. cinnamomi<br />
genome with this data. 1. Yang, H., Sweetingham, M. W.,<br />
Cowling, W. A., and Smith, P. M. C. (2001) DNA<br />
fingerprinting based on microsatellite-anchored fragment<br />
length polymorphisms, and isolation <strong>of</strong> sequence-specific<br />
PCR markers in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.).<br />
Molecular Breeding 7:203-209.<br />
339 - Introduction to the theory <strong>of</strong> metabolic (modelling<br />
and) control. Application to the citric acid production<br />
by Aspergillus niger<br />
N.V. Torres<br />
Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Bioquímica y B.M. Avda.<br />
Asfco. Fco. Sánchez s/n 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Islas<br />
Canarias, Spain. - E-mail: ntorres@ull.es<br />
Analysis, control (and optimization) <strong>of</strong> biochemical<br />
pathways requires mathematical modelling frameworks<br />
that are able to integrate different types <strong>of</strong> data and to<br />
capture the essence <strong>of</strong> complex systems. In this talk we will<br />
introduce a modelling approach that provides such a<br />
framework. It begins with the derivation <strong>of</strong> models from<br />
basic concepts <strong>of</strong> metabolic modelling; introduces the<br />
different types <strong>of</strong> system analysis, namely the stability,<br />
sensitivity (or control) and dynamics analysis; illustrate the<br />
parameter estimation techniques and finally, apply them to<br />
the citric acid production by A. niger. Once the model has<br />
been successfully tested and fine-tuned, we are provided<br />
with a full, quantitative and unambiguous description <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pathway behaviour, including its steady state control<br />
structure and dynamics. This description can be used for<br />
tasks that are otherwise difficult or impossible to execute.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> such tasks is the optimization <strong>of</strong> the pathway with<br />
respect to criteria that are not given by nature but defined<br />
by human demand. But this is another history.<br />
340 - Carbon metabolism in Aspergillus and Penicillium<br />
J. Nielsen<br />
Center for Process Biotechnology, Technical University <strong>of</strong><br />
Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.<br />
- E-mail: jn@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Filamentous fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and<br />
Penicillium are used extensively in the fermentation<br />
industry for production <strong>of</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> products. These<br />
products fall in many different industrial sectors: 1) food<br />
additives, e.g. citric acid; 2) antibiotics, e.g. penicillin; 3)<br />
high-value pharmaceuticals, e.g. statins; and 4) industrial<br />
enzymes, e.g. amylases and xylanases. In the bioprocess<br />
industry there is a trend towards applying specific<br />
microbial strains for production <strong>of</strong> many different products.<br />
Hereby optimisation <strong>of</strong> the function <strong>of</strong> these specific<br />
strains can be harnessed for the production <strong>of</strong> many<br />
different products. These plug-bugs include A. oryzae and<br />
A. niger, which are both used extensively for production <strong>of</strong><br />
industrial enzymes, where a strong and tailor made<br />
promoter structure is used to drive the production <strong>of</strong> the<br />
enzyme <strong>of</strong> interest. Recently it has also been demonstrated<br />
that P. chrysogenum can be used as plug-bug for<br />
production <strong>of</strong> different b-lactams, e.g. penicillins and<br />
adipoyl-7-ADCA. With the development <strong>of</strong> plug-bugs it is<br />
<strong>of</strong> significant industrial interest to obtain fundamental<br />
insight into the carbon metabolism <strong>of</strong> these organisms, as<br />
well as to engineer the strains in order to redirect the<br />
carbon fluxes towards the product <strong>of</strong> interest. In this<br />
presentation several different techniques for analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
central carbon metabolism in Aspergillus and Penicillium<br />
will be presented.<br />
341 - Regulation <strong>of</strong> catabolic fluxes and the energetics<br />
<strong>of</strong> adaptive responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae<br />
F.I.C. Mensonides 1 , G.P.M.A. Hardy 2 , H.F. Tabak 2 , J.<br />
Blom 3 & M.J. Teixeira de Mattos 1*<br />
1 Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Dept Microbiol.,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018<br />
WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. - 2 Laboratory <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The<br />
Netherlands. - 3 Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences,<br />
Micro-Array Division, University <strong>of</strong> Amsterdam, Kruislaan<br />
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IMC7 Thursday August 15th Lectures<br />
308, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
teixeira@science.uva.nl<br />
The metabolic network <strong>of</strong> the living cell is endowed with<br />
an amazing capacity to cope with different environmental<br />
conditions. This capacity is due to a variety <strong>of</strong> signal<br />
transducing and regulatory systems designed to tune the<br />
cell's metabolic machinery to prevailing physico-chemical<br />
conditions e.g. nutrient availability, temperature,<br />
osmolarity and the nature <strong>of</strong> the energy source. Although<br />
the mechanisms that underly various adaptive responses<br />
may differ in many respects, they seem to have in common<br />
that the energetic and redox state <strong>of</strong> the cell is crucial to<br />
their functioning on the one hand and that they affect<br />
energy and redox catabolism on the other. In this context, it<br />
will be shown that the extent to which exponentially<br />
growing cells can withstand a heat shock is related to the<br />
ATP pools and to their potential to adapt the internal<br />
trehalose and glycogen metabolism. Further, a quantitative<br />
flux analysis <strong>of</strong> strains modified in the levels <strong>of</strong> proteins<br />
(hap4p and hexokinase 2) that take part in general glucose<br />
repression regulatory pathways, will illustrate the role <strong>of</strong><br />
these pathways in the bioenergetics <strong>of</strong> yeast growth and<br />
maintenance. Finally, we will present an example <strong>of</strong> the<br />
transient transcriptional and physiological events which are<br />
invoked when steady state glucose-limited chemostat<br />
cultures are challenged with oleate as energy source. Here<br />
again, the initial adaptive response (prior to peroxisome<br />
biosynthesis) is gouverned by redox and energetic<br />
imbalance.<br />
342 - Uptake and catabolism <strong>of</strong> glucose<br />
M. Mattey<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde, 204, George Street, Glasgow G1<br />
1XW, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail: m.mattey@strath.ac.uk<br />
Fungi are chemoheterotrophs found in a variety <strong>of</strong> habitats<br />
and their life cycles are similarly varied. Strategies adopted<br />
by fungi vary from typical 'r' strategists, with a high<br />
reproductive rate and a short life cycle, to 'K-'strategists<br />
which use resources efficiently and reproduce more slowly.<br />
Whatever their environmental niche most fungi can use<br />
glucose and do so with the same basic biochemistry. The<br />
uptake <strong>of</strong> glucose uses members <strong>of</strong> the major facilitator<br />
superfamily which mediate the thermodynamically<br />
downhill movement <strong>of</strong> glucose across the cell membrane.<br />
Free glucose within the cell is maintained at a low level by<br />
hexokinase, which also confines the subsequent<br />
metabolism to the cell by phosphorylation. Glycolysis is<br />
the most common pathway for the degradation <strong>of</strong> glucose.<br />
Although the basic biochemistry is the same in most cases,<br />
the regulation <strong>of</strong> the enzymes differs for different<br />
strategies. Faced with a surfeit <strong>of</strong> glucose, a situation that<br />
may occur naturally or in industrial processes, fungi grow<br />
rapidly, but this may not be enough to use all the glucose<br />
that enters the cell by simple diffusion. The rate <strong>of</strong><br />
diffusion can exceed the maximum uptake rate <strong>of</strong><br />
facilitated transport. When this happens facilitated<br />
transport appears to shut down by an unknown mechanism,<br />
and free internal glucose levels rise. In the opposite<br />
situation, with oligotrophic media, the problem becomes<br />
108<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
one <strong>of</strong> how to maintain internal metabolite levels when the<br />
entry rate is less than the flux.<br />
343 - Galactose metabolism in Trichoderma and<br />
Aspergillus: properties, regulation and identification <strong>of</strong><br />
a second, reductive pathway<br />
B. Seiboth 1 , L. Karaffa 2 & C.P. Kubicek 1*<br />
1 Section Microbial Biochemistry and Gene Technology,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Chemical Engineering, TU Wien,<br />
Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Wien, Austria. - 2 Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Sciences,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Debrecen, H-4010, P.O.Box 63, Debrecen,<br />
Hungary. - E-mail: ckubicek@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at<br />
D-Galactose metabolism via the Leloir pathway is a<br />
ubiquitous trait in pro- and eukaryotic cells. Its metabolic<br />
regulation has been extensively studied in yeast<br />
(Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces) but not in filamentous<br />
fungi. A more detailed knowledge on the latter would be<br />
worthwhile, as lactose (1,4-0-β-D-galactopyranosyl-Dglucose)<br />
arising from whey - represents a renewable carbon<br />
source for several fungal fermentations, notably cellulase<br />
production by Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma<br />
reesei), but an effective exploitation <strong>of</strong> lactose for the<br />
biotechnical utlization is still hampered by its slow<br />
metabolism and a lack <strong>of</strong> basic knowledge on its utilization<br />
in H. jecorina and filamentous fungi in general. We<br />
therefore have functionally characterized the genes for the<br />
Leloir pathway in H. jecorina. Here we will report that<br />
they differ from the yeast counterparts with respect to<br />
genomic organization, protein structure and genetic<br />
regulation. We will also provide evidence for the<br />
involvement <strong>of</strong> the Leloir pathway in cellulase induction<br />
by lactose. Further, we will provide evidence for the<br />
existence <strong>of</strong> a second, so far unknown pathway <strong>of</strong> Dgalactose<br />
breakdown in H. jecorina and Aspergillus<br />
nidulans which involves a NADPH-aldose reductase<br />
dependent reduction to D-dulcitol, and its subsequent<br />
oxidation by 2-arabinitol dehydrogenase to D-tagatose.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
344 - The practicalities <strong>of</strong> integrating anamorph and<br />
teleomorph taxonomies<br />
G.J. Samuels 1 & M. Reblova 2*<br />
1 U.S. Dept. <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Systematic Botany and<br />
Mycology Lab., 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD<br />
20705-2530, U.S.A. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, CZ - 25243 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
reblova@ibot.cas.cz<br />
Article 59 <strong>of</strong> the <strong>International</strong> Code <strong>of</strong> Botanical<br />
Nomenclature enshrines a system that biases naming <strong>of</strong><br />
pleomorphic fungi in favor <strong>of</strong> the teleomorph. The system<br />
maintains artificial separation <strong>of</strong> teleomorph and anamorph<br />
taxonomy resulting in loss <strong>of</strong> information and confusion in<br />
understanding species. DNA sequencing has eroded the<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> the teleomorph to taxonomy by integrating<br />
species and genera based on anamorph characters into the<br />
'botanical' system. That all fungi may undergo outcrossing<br />
<strong>of</strong> some sort has further eroded the importance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sexual morph in the life-cycle. Three scenarios are<br />
anticipated if Art. 59 is dropped. I. Retain primacy <strong>of</strong> the<br />
teleomorph but permit description <strong>of</strong> species for which no<br />
teleomorph is known as botanical species; permit inclusion<br />
<strong>of</strong> genera for which no teleomorph is known as botanical<br />
genera. In case <strong>of</strong> priority conflict, the oldest type based<br />
upon teleomorph material will determine the correct name.<br />
II. Permit names based on teleomorph material compete<br />
with names based on anamorph material strictly on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> priority. III. Selectively give priority to teleomorph<br />
or anamorph names based on defined criteria (e.g. common<br />
usage). The advantages and disadvantages <strong>of</strong> the scenarios<br />
are discussed. The authors conclude that despite its<br />
shortcomings, the current system is so firmly established<br />
that change based on any <strong>of</strong> the three scenarios presented<br />
would result in an unacceptably high level <strong>of</strong> disruption.<br />
345 - Anamorphs, teleomorphs and users <strong>of</strong> names<br />
M.E. Palm 1* & P.M. Kirk 2<br />
1 USDA/APHIS, Systematic Botany and Mycology<br />
Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A. -<br />
2 CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20<br />
9TY, U.K. - E-mail: mary@nt.ars-grin.gov<br />
The eventual abandonment <strong>of</strong> Article 59 is inevitable. The<br />
separate naming <strong>of</strong> anamorphs has provided a practical<br />
solution in some groups <strong>of</strong> fungi to the challenge <strong>of</strong><br />
pleomorphism. Phylogenetic placement <strong>of</strong> anamorph taxa<br />
increasingly is possible as a result <strong>of</strong> data from molecular<br />
phylogenetic studies combined with morphological<br />
approaches. Systematists can now craft an alternative to the<br />
dual naming system, one which should be the least<br />
disruptive to communication and information retrieval. A<br />
practical strategy would be to consider groups on a case by<br />
case basis as monographic studies using morphological and<br />
molecular approaches are conducted. Harmonization and<br />
revision <strong>of</strong> the Code should be a gradual process in order to<br />
avoid total chaos and in order to learn <strong>of</strong> the pitfalls and<br />
problems that could not be predicted, as they come to light.<br />
Several case studies will be presented along with an<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> nomenclatural options.<br />
346 - Dual nomenclature and classification in higher<br />
fungi: Six procedures to resolve it, with proposals to<br />
emend Art. 59<br />
G.L. Hennebert<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Louvain (pr<strong>of</strong>essor emeritus), 32 Rue de<br />
l'Elevage, 1340 Ottignies-LLN, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
hennebert@mbla.ucl.ac.be<br />
Since the symposium, 'The Fungal Holomorph', the<br />
Deuteromycetes are considered group <strong>of</strong> form-taxa, the<br />
deuteromycetes (decapitalized), rather than a (capitalized)<br />
fungal Class. Integrated classification implies unification <strong>of</strong><br />
the two parallel nomenclatures. The fundamentals <strong>of</strong> dual<br />
nomenclature lie in the distinction <strong>of</strong> Linnean or botanical<br />
nomenclature based on botanical (holomorphic)<br />
typification and anatomical nomenclature based on<br />
anatomical (anamorphic and teleomorphic) typification.<br />
Article 59 assigns holomorphic application to teleomorphic<br />
types, but denies it to anamorphic types, which are<br />
restricted to anamorphic application. The nature <strong>of</strong> the type<br />
<strong>of</strong> a name is thus distinguished from its application. Any<br />
process for nomenclature integration must envisage a<br />
change <strong>of</strong> anamorphic to holomorphic type applications, ie.<br />
the change <strong>of</strong> form-names into botanical names, and the<br />
suppression <strong>of</strong> alternate names. This can be achieved using<br />
six different procedures, from conservative to<br />
revolutionary, depending on the extent <strong>of</strong> the changes in<br />
type application, extent <strong>of</strong> retroactivity, the taxonomic<br />
ranks affected, and the choice <strong>of</strong> preserved name amongst<br />
alternate names <strong>of</strong> pleomorphic and pleoanamorphic fungi.<br />
Preservation and suppression <strong>of</strong> names, already implicit in<br />
Art. 15.2, cannot be processed by conservation and<br />
rejection, because they must be revisable when the organic<br />
connections between correlated names are disproven. See<br />
Hennebert & Gams on http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/ for full<br />
text.<br />
347 - The history <strong>of</strong> Article 59 and anamorph<br />
definitions - and a new twist: synteleomorphic names<br />
S.A. Redhead<br />
ECORC, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Bldg. 49, CEF,<br />
AAFC, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
redheads@em.agr.ca<br />
The Linnean system <strong>of</strong> classification dates back to 1753<br />
(Species plantarum). Less obvious to young scientists is<br />
knowledge that the starting dates for fungal systematics<br />
used to be 1753, 1801 (Persoon's Synopsis), or 1821 (Fries'<br />
Systema) depending upon fungal groups. The latter two<br />
authors' named publications currently serve as Sanctioning<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 109
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
works. Lost in time are when the Codes <strong>of</strong> nomenclature<br />
were written, when pleomorphic fungi were allowed<br />
multiple names (i.e. Art. 49bis in 1910), or why? Murkier<br />
are the dates when it was commonly accepted that fungi<br />
had sexual and asexual morphs, or when teleomorphs <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycota could be distinguished from Ascomycota or<br />
from anamorphs. When were lichens and Zygomycota<br />
added as exceptions to the article on pleomorphic fungi,<br />
and why? While DNA sequence-based technology paves<br />
the way for merging anamorph typified names with<br />
teleomorph typified names, another nomenclatural and<br />
taxonomic issue emerges, that <strong>of</strong> merged taxa typified by<br />
grossly dissimilar teleomorphs (e.g. false truffles within<br />
agaric or bolete genera and visa versa). At the generic<br />
level, the nomenclatural problems presented by anamorph-<br />
versus teleomorph-typified names mirrors the problems <strong>of</strong><br />
teleomorph versus teleomorph name conflicts that now<br />
spawn ideologies leading to creation <strong>of</strong> a PhyloCode.<br />
Future changes to the Botanical Code should consider these<br />
two conflicts jointly and not separately because they are the<br />
results <strong>of</strong> data generated by the same technology.<br />
348 - Consequences <strong>of</strong> deletion <strong>of</strong> Article 59 for<br />
economically important fungi<br />
P.F. Cannon 1* & K.A. Seifert 2<br />
1 CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20<br />
9TY, U.K. - 2 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre,<br />
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue,<br />
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
p.cannon@cabi.org<br />
Modification <strong>of</strong> the wording <strong>of</strong> Art. 59 has been the<br />
preferred avenue <strong>of</strong> change for governing the application <strong>of</strong><br />
anamorph names. We will examine the consequences <strong>of</strong><br />
complete deletion <strong>of</strong> this article from the ICBN, and the<br />
consequent loss <strong>of</strong> sanctioned status for teleomorph-based<br />
holomorph names at all taxonomic ranks. In this scenario,<br />
the oldest name <strong>of</strong> a species would be available for the<br />
actual name in combination with the oldest generic name,<br />
in line with priority, irrespective <strong>of</strong> what morphs were<br />
described in the protologue. We consider this essential for<br />
many groups <strong>of</strong> economically important fungi, where the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> described anamorph taxa <strong>of</strong>ten greatly exceeds<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> teleomorphic-holomorphs. For example, the<br />
ratio <strong>of</strong> anamorph:teleomorph species is about 10:1 in the<br />
Glomerellaceae, 5:1 in the Pleosporaceae, 3:1 in the<br />
Trichocomaceae, 2:1 in the Chaetosphaeriaceae and 1.5:1<br />
in the Hypocreales, Tubeufiaceae, and Microascaceae. This<br />
approach will result in far fewer changes in binomials than<br />
the alternative <strong>of</strong> retaining teleomorph priority. These<br />
changes will have negligable effects on the names <strong>of</strong><br />
families or higher taxa. Since 969 <strong>of</strong> 1361 genera <strong>of</strong><br />
hyphomycetes and 196 <strong>of</strong> 602 genera <strong>of</strong> coelomycetes<br />
currently lack known teleomorph connections, deletion <strong>of</strong><br />
Art. 59 would protect the status <strong>of</strong> these names even if<br />
teleomorphs are eventually discovered.<br />
110<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
349 - Has dual nomenclature for fungi run its course?<br />
The Article 59 debate. Arguments for retaining Article<br />
59<br />
W. Gams<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167<br />
3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
Gams@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
Fungal taxonomy is mainly morphology-based.<br />
Understanding the morphology <strong>of</strong> a fungus is part <strong>of</strong><br />
understanding its function. Many modern studies illustrate<br />
the indispensability <strong>of</strong> morphology. Replacing<br />
identification methods by molecular routines is a form <strong>of</strong><br />
reductionism to be opposed. The users' needs must not be<br />
ignored. Permitting separate names for the morphs <strong>of</strong><br />
pleomorphic higher fungi conflicts with the principle <strong>of</strong><br />
'one species - one name'. No higher-rank classification <strong>of</strong><br />
anamorphic fungi is recognized and integration <strong>of</strong><br />
anamorph taxa in the teleomorph system is essential, but<br />
anamorph morphology is inadequate to do this. Retaining a<br />
separate anamorph nomenclature (particularly at the<br />
generic level) has advantages in morphological<br />
identification. The provisions <strong>of</strong> Art. 59 have grown<br />
through time to satisfy the needs <strong>of</strong> identifying<br />
mycologists. In many cases, the anamorph absolutely<br />
dominates in culture and <strong>of</strong>ten also in nature; it <strong>of</strong>ten is<br />
more differentiated morphologically than the teleomorph.<br />
Complete integration <strong>of</strong> teleomorph and anamorph<br />
nomenclature with all its consequences could work only if<br />
a 1:1 relationship <strong>of</strong> anamorph and teleomorph genera were<br />
possible. If the correlation between anamorph and<br />
teleomorph species is not 1:1, retaining both systems is <strong>of</strong><br />
particular advantage. Abandoning Art. 59 immediately will<br />
cause nomenclatural chaos; any solution will require very<br />
complicated procedures (see detailed texts on CBS<br />
website! ).<br />
350 - Has dual nomenclature for fungi run its course?<br />
The Article 59 debate. Arguments to reject dual<br />
nomenclature<br />
D.L. Hawksworth 1* , P.M. Kirk 2 & M.L. Berbee 3<br />
1 Departmento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de<br />
Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramon y<br />
Cajal, Ciudad Universitaria, E-20840 Madrid, Spain. -<br />
2 CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Ln, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY,<br />
U.K. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> British<br />
Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: davidh@ucmail.ucm.es<br />
Dual nomenclature, the practise <strong>of</strong> giving separate<br />
scientific names to teleomorphs and anamorphs <strong>of</strong><br />
pleomorphic fungi, predates the governance <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
nomenclature by formal Codes. While there may be some<br />
practical benefits <strong>of</strong> having identification systems and<br />
separate names for the anamorphic fungi that are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
collected or cultured independently <strong>of</strong> any teleomorph,
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
having two names confuses non-mycologists and can cause<br />
problems in communication. There has always been<br />
discomfort at the existence <strong>of</strong> an artificial taxonomic<br />
system for anamorphs that imperfectly parallels the<br />
supposedly phylogenetic holomorphic system. Calls for the<br />
abolition <strong>of</strong> dual nomenclature have become more frequent<br />
with the advent <strong>of</strong> molecular systematics, which allows all<br />
fungi to be included in a unified phylogeny irrespective <strong>of</strong><br />
the morphology expressed. Dual nomenclature for some<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> fungi is governed by Article 59 <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Code <strong>of</strong> Botanical Nomenclature, but this<br />
does not apply to all and no such provision exists for any<br />
other kinds <strong>of</strong> organisms. We will argue for the eventual<br />
rejection <strong>of</strong> formalized dual nomenclature and a major<br />
revision <strong>of</strong> Article 59.<br />
351 - Biogeography and species complexes in some<br />
corticioid fungi<br />
N. Hallenberg * & R.H. Nilsson<br />
Botanical Institute, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: nils.hallenberg@systbot.gu.se<br />
Species diversity has by tradition been based on a<br />
morphological species concept. As shown in numerous<br />
studies such morpho-species among corticioid<br />
basidiomycetes are frequently complex, consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
morphologically indistinguishable biological species.<br />
Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences support the<br />
biological species concept. Moreover, from such analyses it<br />
may be possible to estimate genetic divergence within and<br />
between geographical regions as well as evolutionary<br />
relationships between biological species. For a few species<br />
an extensive sampling has been done, originating from<br />
temperate areas around the world. From datasets in<br />
Hyphoderma praetermissum and Hyphoderma setigerum it<br />
is shown that representatives from some <strong>of</strong> the different<br />
biological species have very wide distribution areas at<br />
least. The different groups revealed in a complex are<br />
distinctly separated in their sequence divergence but, on the<br />
other hand, more closely related to each other than to<br />
morphologically distinguished relatives. Homothallic<br />
isolates group together with heterothallic ones, indicating<br />
that homothallism must be looked upon as a life strategy<br />
which repeatedly have come into existence within certain<br />
populations.<br />
352 - Genetic and molecular evidence for vicariance<br />
events in the hymenomycetes<br />
K.W. Hughes 1* , R.H. Petersen 1 & S.A. Redhead 2<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, Knoxville, TN,<br />
USA 37996-1100, U.S.A. - 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food<br />
Canada, Ottawa ON K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
khughes@utk.edu<br />
Many Northern Hemisphere basidiomycete fungi have<br />
intercontinental distributions (North America, Europe and<br />
Asia). For the taxa we have studied, most collections retain<br />
the ability to interbreed in vitro throughout their<br />
geographical range (e.g., Auriscalpium vulgare,<br />
Flammulina velutipes, F. rossica, Panellus stypticus,<br />
Lentinellus castoreus, Clavicorona pyxidata, Collybia<br />
cookei, C. cirrhata and C. tuberosa). We have examined<br />
the genetic relationships among collections <strong>of</strong> selected taxa<br />
from widely separated geographical regions based on<br />
ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. For Panellus stypticus,<br />
Flammulina velutipes and F. rossica, the data suggest that<br />
western NA and Asian populations are most closely<br />
related, perhaps via Beringia. Eastern NA populations <strong>of</strong><br />
these species are clearly distinct but their origins are<br />
obscure, perhaps derived from western NA populations,<br />
perhaps from Europe. For Clavicorona pyxidata, the data<br />
suggest that collections from eastern NA and Europe are<br />
most closely related, possibly through a North Atlantic land<br />
bridge open during the Eocene. For species with both<br />
Northern and Southern Hemisphere distributions, migration<br />
may have occurred via the Malaysian Archipelago<br />
(Panellus stypticus) or via South and Central America<br />
(possibly Lentinellus castoreus). The finding <strong>of</strong> distinct but<br />
contaxic fungal populations across broad geographical<br />
areas suggests that fungal species may be very old.<br />
353 - Natural biogeography and movement by humans<br />
<strong>of</strong> host-specialized forms in the Ceratocystis fimbriata<br />
complex<br />
T.C. Harrington * & C.J. Baker<br />
Iowa State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
Ames, 50011, Iowa, U.S.A. - E-mail: tcharrin@iastate.edu<br />
There is little morphological diversity but a wide range <strong>of</strong><br />
hosts in the wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata.<br />
Sequences <strong>of</strong> rDNA and the MAT-2 gene have shown a<br />
surprising amount <strong>of</strong> variation among more than 200<br />
isolates studied. Phylogenetic analyses group all isolates<br />
into three major geographic clades, each comprised <strong>of</strong> hostspecialized<br />
lineages. The center <strong>of</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> the complex<br />
is found in the USA, and the North American clade (NAC)<br />
includes lineages on Prunus, Quercus, Populus and Carya.<br />
The Asian clade (AC) includes a Ficus lineage and a<br />
Colocasia lineage. The Latin American clade (LAC)<br />
appears indigenous from southeastern USA to South<br />
America. The LAC has a wide range <strong>of</strong> hosts, many <strong>of</strong><br />
which are exotic crop plants, but it is less genetically<br />
diverse and appears younger than either the AC or NAC.<br />
Host specialization was demonstrated in LAC populations<br />
on Ipomoea, Platanus, the family Araceae, C<strong>of</strong>fea,<br />
Theobroma, Gmelina, Eucalyptus, and Mangifera. The<br />
LAC appears to be comprised <strong>of</strong> relatively small and<br />
geographically isolated populations in the process <strong>of</strong> hostspecialization<br />
and speciation. Genetic isolation <strong>of</strong> LAC<br />
populations may be due to limited geographic dispersal by<br />
insects. However, there is genetic and historical evidence<br />
for dissemination by humans <strong>of</strong> C. fimbriata strains on<br />
plant materials: Colocasia (AC) to Hawaii, Populus (NAC)<br />
to Poland, and LAC forms on Ipomoea to Asia, Syngonium<br />
to Hawaii, Platanus to Europe, and Theobroma to Brazil.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 111
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
354 - Disjunct distributions <strong>of</strong> some tropical agarics and<br />
boletes<br />
R.E. Halling<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Systematic Botany, New York Botanical<br />
Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
rhalling@nybg.org<br />
The agarics and boletes in Neotropical forests exhibit<br />
several different patterns <strong>of</strong> origin and distribution. The<br />
patterns and diversity are directly related to the types <strong>of</strong><br />
habitats in which these fungi occur and have been<br />
influenced by geological history, native and introduced<br />
phanerogamic vegetation, climate and, ultimately, human<br />
impact. Specifically, the aforementioned factors affect the<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> those agarics and boletes that occur<br />
naturally in the montane oak forests <strong>of</strong> Latin America.<br />
Documentation and personal observations <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal associations and distributions during the<br />
last two decades have revealed some distinctive patterns:<br />
(1) relictual disjunct distributions; (2) generic and specific<br />
distributions along a cline; (3) local endemism; (4) high<br />
generic similarity; (5) low species similarity; and (6) high<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> macromycete diversity.<br />
355 - Biogeography and possible origin <strong>of</strong> Armillaria<br />
species<br />
M.P.A. Coetzee 1* , B.D. Wingfield 1 , P. Bloomer 2 & M.J.<br />
Wingfield 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics.<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - Email:<br />
martin.coetzee@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Armillaria (Fr:Fr.) Staude is a globally distributed plant<br />
pathogenic basidiomycete that causes root rot on a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> hosts. The phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Armillaria species from the<br />
Northern Hemisphere and Australasia has been relatively<br />
well studied in recent years. However, very little is known<br />
regarding the phylogenetic relationships between species<br />
from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In a series<br />
<strong>of</strong> studies, we have attempted to elucidate these<br />
relationships and to develop a hypothesis regarding the<br />
origin <strong>of</strong> Armillaria species. Isolates that we have studied<br />
included those from Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand,<br />
South America, North America and Europe. Phylogenetic<br />
analyses were based on distance analysis using DNA<br />
sequences from the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA<br />
operon. Resulting phylogenetic trees separate species from<br />
the Southern and the Northern Hemisphere into two<br />
strongly supported monophyletic clades. Armillaria species<br />
that grouped within the Southern Hemisphere clade showed<br />
a higher interspecific diversity than the Northern<br />
Hemisphere species. Results suggest that the Southern<br />
Hemisphere Armillaria group is older than its Northern<br />
112<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
counterpart. Furthermore, our results lead us to believe that<br />
Armillaria probably has a Gondwanean origin.<br />
356 - Phylogeography <strong>of</strong> the widely disjunct lichen<br />
Cavernularia hultenii<br />
C. Printzen 1* , S. Ekman 1 & T. Tønsberg 2<br />
1 Botanisk Institutt, Universitetet i Bergen, Allégaten 41,<br />
5018 Bergen, Norway. - 2 Botanisk Museum, Universitetet i<br />
Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5018 Bergen, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
christian.printzen@bot.uib.no<br />
Up to now, almost nothing is known about the population<br />
structure and history <strong>of</strong> lichenized ascomycetes. The largescale<br />
infraspecific disjunctions displayed by many species<br />
have alternatively been explained by high evolutionary age<br />
or exceptional dispersal abilities <strong>of</strong> the species. In order to<br />
infer pleistocene and holocene population history <strong>of</strong> the<br />
widely disjunct lichen Cavernularia hultenii, we sequenced<br />
the ITS and part <strong>of</strong> the IGS region <strong>of</strong> 300 samples from 62<br />
populations across the species' range. While four ancestral<br />
haplotypes are found in all areas, none <strong>of</strong> the observed<br />
descendant haplotypes is present in more than one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
part ranges. Although this is evidence for a past<br />
fragmentation event, nested clade analysis fails to<br />
unambiguously infer allopatric fragmentation due to the<br />
shallow gene genealogy and widespread ancestral<br />
haplotypes. Long-distance dispersal is not inferred either.<br />
Mismatch distributions yield evidence for exponential<br />
population growth, probably in connection with postglacial<br />
invasion <strong>of</strong> C. hultenii into formerly glaciated areas <strong>of</strong><br />
Western North America. The presence <strong>of</strong> a southern and at<br />
least one northern glacial refugium in south Central Alaska<br />
is inferred from the data. Nested clade analysis does not<br />
infer range expansion from our dataset either. This and the<br />
failure to infer fragmentation is explained by slow action <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic drift, which has not completely removed ancestral<br />
haplotypes from the post-fragmentation and post-expansion<br />
areas.<br />
357 - Biogeography <strong>of</strong> mushrooms: Finding Wallace's<br />
line for the fungi<br />
R. Vilgalys * , J.-M. Moncalvo & T.Y. James<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: fungi@duke.edu<br />
The combined study <strong>of</strong> phylogeny and biogeography<br />
provides a framework for understanding the relationship<br />
among different components <strong>of</strong> speciation, including<br />
population genetic structure, isolation mechanisms,<br />
vicariance, morphological evolution, and ecological<br />
adaption. Examples <strong>of</strong> fungal groups with rich<br />
phylogeographic histories include Pleurotus, Ganoderma,<br />
Schizophyllum, and Xeromphalina. In these groups,<br />
patterns <strong>of</strong> genetic variation among geographically isolated<br />
populations indicate that speciation is primarily allopatric
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
in mode. However, gene flow between widely isolated<br />
locations is also evident, and repeated dispersal to distant<br />
provenances may provide opportunities for<br />
biodiversification through repeated rounds <strong>of</strong> allopatric<br />
speciation. Older lineages may also be more likely to have<br />
broader distributions than recently evolved ones. This<br />
presentation will review recent advances in understanding<br />
diversification in fungi through phylogeographic studies.<br />
358 - In vitro fruiting <strong>of</strong> Cordyceps militaris<br />
J.M. Sung * & B. Shrestha<br />
Kangwon National University, Hyoja 2 Dong, Chuncheon,<br />
200-701, Korea. - E-mail: jmsung@kangwon.ac.kr<br />
Every year, 200-400 specimens <strong>of</strong> C. militaris are collected<br />
mainly from Kangwon Province <strong>of</strong> Korea and their isolates<br />
preserved in EFCC, KNU, Korea. Cordyceps species are<br />
highly regarded as medicinal mushrooms in East Asia,<br />
including Korea. Stromata <strong>of</strong> C. militaris could be<br />
produced in vitro when its liquid suspensions were<br />
inoculated in brown rice medium supplemented with<br />
silkworm pupae and incubated in 20-25 °C under light and<br />
high humidity conditions. But, the isolates showed unstable<br />
variation in fruiting. Most <strong>of</strong> the isolates failed to produce<br />
stromata or produced only few deformed stromata. Other<br />
isolates, which produced good fruiting, could not produce<br />
the same quality <strong>of</strong> fruiting when their subcultures were<br />
used, while other few isolates produced good fruiting when<br />
their subcultures were used. This was the main problem in<br />
commercial cultivation <strong>of</strong> C. militaris. In order to<br />
understand the fruiting character <strong>of</strong> C. militaris, several<br />
single ascospore strains were crossed with each other and<br />
observed for their fruiting. Out <strong>of</strong> eighteen strains, ten<br />
strains produced stromata pr<strong>of</strong>usely with the remaining<br />
eight strains in all the combinations, but not among<br />
themselves and vice versa. When two opposite strains were<br />
repeatedly inoculated together in large scale, they produced<br />
good quality <strong>of</strong> fruiting continuously. This paper intends to<br />
report that C. militaris is a bipolar heterothallic fungus and<br />
crossing between two opposite types is a good method <strong>of</strong><br />
fruit body production.<br />
359 - Breeding <strong>of</strong> mushroom by using cell fusion<br />
techniques<br />
T. Morinaga<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Bioresources, Hiroshima Prefectural University,<br />
Nanatsuka 562, Shobara-city, Hiroshima Prefecture 727-<br />
0023, Japan. - E-mail: tmorina@bio.hiroshima-pu.ac.jp<br />
Twenty-two homokaryons were isolated from one<br />
commercial fruiting body <strong>of</strong> P. ostreatus. Then, all<br />
homokaryons were crossed each other. In crossing tests <strong>of</strong><br />
homokaryotic mycelia, only two sexual phenomena were<br />
observed: clamp formation and "Barrage" reaction, in<br />
contrast with Schizophyllum commune (Raper 1966). We<br />
determined the mating type <strong>of</strong> P. ostreatus by this two<br />
reactions. As a result, P. ostreatus was determined to have<br />
a bifactorial incompatibility; KM 4 (A1B1), KM 7 (A2B2),<br />
KM 18 (A1B2) and KM 22 (A2B1). All compatible<br />
dikaryons formed their fruiting bodies on commercial<br />
sawdust media. By means <strong>of</strong> UV-irradiation to protoplasts<br />
<strong>of</strong> these homokaryons, five strains <strong>of</strong> auxotrophic mutant<br />
were obtained. The ratio <strong>of</strong> regeneration to mycelia from<br />
protoplasts <strong>of</strong> homokaryons was about 0.1%. Reversion<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> each mutant to prototroph was calculated from the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> colonies that appeared on the complete medium<br />
and that on the minimal medium against the number <strong>of</strong><br />
protoplasts or regenerated protoplasts. And then, protoplast<br />
fusion between strain KM 4-1 (wet-) and KM 4-34 (ade-)<br />
was done in the same mating type. Fifteen strains which<br />
could grow on the minimal medium and possessed one<br />
nucleus per each cell obseved by fluorescent microscopy,<br />
were obtained with this fusion treatment. These strains<br />
were inoculated to MYA medium containing methyl - 1 -<br />
(butylcarbamoyl) - 2 - benzimidazole carbomate<br />
(benomyl). Benomyl is known as a regent <strong>of</strong><br />
haploidization. Two strains (KM D-4-1 and KM D-4-2)<br />
occurred sector on this medium. Therefore, these strains<br />
were found to have one diploid nucleus per each cell. On<br />
the other hand, the other diploid strains having the opposite<br />
mating type were made by the same cell fusion technique.<br />
After getting the strains, crossing were done among the<br />
diploid strains. Finally, tetraploid mycelium were gotten.<br />
The growth rate <strong>of</strong> these strains became about two times <strong>of</strong><br />
diloid strains and their fruiting also became faster than<br />
normal commercial strains.<br />
360 - The genus Pleurotus as a bioremediation tool<br />
E. Sanjust<br />
Cattedra di Chimica Biologica, Università di Cagliari,<br />
Complesso Universitario, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy. -<br />
E-mail: sanjust@unica.it<br />
The genus Pleurotus belongs to the white rot fungi, capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> rapid growth on lignocellulosics and with a preference<br />
for lignin. It lacks lignin peroxidase, but actively excretes<br />
other oxidative enzymes upon proper induction. Oxidised<br />
products arising from extracellular enzyme action are<br />
recycled by mycelium-bound reductases; enzymatic and/or<br />
non-enzymatic re-oxidation <strong>of</strong> such reduced molecules<br />
results in hydrogen peroxide production in the growth<br />
media. Some details <strong>of</strong> this particular mechanism have<br />
been recently elucidated whereas others are under study.<br />
Pleurotus acts as a biochemical hydrogen peroxide factory<br />
by means <strong>of</strong> quinone/polyphenol and benzyl<br />
alcohol/benzaldehyde redox cycles. The bleaching power<br />
<strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide as well as its production in<br />
autoxidation reactions could be enhanced by the ability <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungus to raise the pH <strong>of</strong> culture media when stressed<br />
by xenobiotics. Hydrogen peroxide and excreted enzymes<br />
co-operate in the breakdown <strong>of</strong> a wide range <strong>of</strong> different<br />
molecules. Therefore the fungus efficiently grows on a<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> substrates. Chemicals that are toxic for other<br />
fungi are bleached by Pleurotus just out <strong>of</strong> the hyphae and<br />
cannot accumulate within the fungal cells. So safe and<br />
valuable sporocarps could be obtained when starting from<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 113
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
some substrates that are unsuitable for direct use as human<br />
food and/or animal feed, while concomitantly destroying<br />
hazardous substances they eventually contain, and<br />
operating an efficient bioremediation.<br />
361 - Development <strong>of</strong> functional foods by use <strong>of</strong><br />
basidiomycetal strains<br />
J.S. Lee 1* , H.C. Ha 1 , S.Y. Kim 1 , H.J. Kim 1 & K.B. Park 2<br />
1 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Bioindustry,Yeungnam University, 214-1<br />
Daedong,Gyungsan Gyungbuk, Korea. - 2 Haechandle Co.,<br />
284-3 Yongmundong Seogu Daejeon, Korea. - E-mail:<br />
jslee@yumail.ac.kr<br />
In this study, it was attempted to investigate the<br />
hepatoprotective effects <strong>of</strong> two fractions <strong>of</strong> methanol<br />
extracts, larger molecular fraction(above 20,000 MW) and<br />
smaller molecular fraction(under 20,000 MW), obtained<br />
from waxy brown rice cultured with Phellinus igniarius.<br />
After administering these sample fractions to rats orally for<br />
2 consecutive weeks, rats were treated with CCL4. The<br />
determination <strong>of</strong> enzyme activities in sera <strong>of</strong> treated rats as<br />
well as biochemical analysis <strong>of</strong> liver were conducted and<br />
compared with those data from control group. Serum GOT<br />
and GPT <strong>of</strong> rats increased highly in the control group<br />
treated with CCL4 only. The treatment group fed with<br />
larger molecular fraction <strong>of</strong> the methanol extracts obtained<br />
from waxy brown rice cultured with P. igniarius showed a<br />
strong suppression on the GOT and GPT augmentation. In<br />
the group treated with only CCL4, all the activities <strong>of</strong> ALP,<br />
LDH, γ-GTP, SDH increased considerably compared to the<br />
normal rats without CCL4 treatment. However, both the<br />
groups fed with methanol extracts from brown rice cultured<br />
with P. igniarus prevented the increase in activities <strong>of</strong><br />
these enzymes, almost to the level <strong>of</strong> normal rats without<br />
CCL4 treatment in some <strong>of</strong> the data. The larger molecular<br />
fraction demonstrated higher effectiveness in general.<br />
362 - High incidence <strong>of</strong> mycotoxin zearalenone in stored<br />
wheat from Mazandaran Province, north <strong>of</strong> Iran<br />
M.T. Hedayati * & A.R. Dalili<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Health, Amir Mazandarani Boul. Vesal Shirazi<br />
St. Post code 48167, Sari, Iran. - E-mail:<br />
hedayaty2001@yahoo.co.uk<br />
In Iran, wheat is one <strong>of</strong> the main cereals for human<br />
consumption. Wheat grains containing zearalenone can<br />
cause genital problem and reproductive disorders in<br />
domestic animals. In human, episodes <strong>of</strong> breast<br />
enlargement in young boys and sexual precocity have been<br />
reported. This toxin may therefore have a role in hormonal<br />
balance and mammary cancer in regions with high<br />
zearalenone ingestion. In this study the incidence <strong>of</strong><br />
zearalenone in wheat samples from Mazandaran<br />
warehouses were investigated. A total <strong>of</strong> 118 wheat<br />
samples (1 kg) were randomly collected from all 12<br />
114<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
warehouses <strong>of</strong> Mazandaran province. Competitive<br />
microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative<br />
determination <strong>of</strong> zearalenone was used according the<br />
manufacturer instructions (Sigma-Aldrich<br />
Laborchemikalien GmbH). Zearalenone was found in 81%<br />
<strong>of</strong> samples and 64.4% <strong>of</strong> samples contained >200 µg/kg <strong>of</strong><br />
this toxin. The minimum levels <strong>of</strong> zearalenone were 29<br />
µg/kg. All <strong>of</strong> the warehouses were positive for the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> zearalenone. 50-100% <strong>of</strong> samples in each <strong>of</strong> warehouse<br />
had >200 µg/kg contamination <strong>of</strong> zearalenone. Our results<br />
showed the high percentage and levels <strong>of</strong> contamination <strong>of</strong><br />
wheat samples with zearalenone. With regard to proposed<br />
standards given by the Standard Administration <strong>of</strong> Iran,<br />
under which the content <strong>of</strong> zearalenone should not exceed<br />
200 ppb in food products, 64.4% <strong>of</strong> samples meet these<br />
criteria.<br />
363 - Mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> Ganoderma lucidum and<br />
Pleurotus ostreatus on the selenium-enriched media<br />
M. Stajic 1* , I. Brceski 2 , M. Kezman 1 , S. Duletic-Lausevic 1<br />
& J. Vukojevic 1<br />
1 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Biology; University <strong>of</strong> Belgrade, Takovska 43;<br />
11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. - 2 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Chemistry;<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Belgrade, Studentski trg 3; 11000 Belgrade,<br />
Yugoslavia. - E-mail: stajicm@hotmail.com<br />
Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus are<br />
mushrooms <strong>of</strong> high pharmacological value. 119 different<br />
kinds <strong>of</strong> triterpenoids and various polysaccharides from G.<br />
lucidum fruiting bodies have shown antitumor and<br />
immunostimulating effects. Polysaccharides isolated from<br />
P. ostreatus have shown antitumor, immunomodulating,<br />
antiviral, antibacterial activities. Selenium is one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
essential oligoelements, and it is indispensable for cell<br />
functions. Selenium adding in nutrition has been shown to<br />
have anticancer and antimutagenic effects. The aim <strong>of</strong> our<br />
research was to investigate the influence <strong>of</strong> selenium added<br />
in media on the growth rate and biomass changes <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelia and them ability to accumulate this microelement.<br />
The medium used for analyzing the growth rate <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mycelia was Malt agar. The same submerged medium was<br />
used for measuring mycelial biomass and the accumulated<br />
selenium. The concentrations <strong>of</strong> selenium, used in a form<br />
<strong>of</strong> sodium selenite, were the following: 0.3 mg/l, 0.7 mg/l,<br />
1 mg/l and 1.3 mg/l. The accumulation <strong>of</strong> selenium in<br />
mycelia was measured using the Atomic Absorption<br />
Spectrophotometer. The analyzed concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
selenium did not show any influence to the growth rate <strong>of</strong><br />
both species mycelia in comparison to the control.<br />
Different concentrations <strong>of</strong> selenium showed influence on<br />
mycelial biomass in submerged culture. The results <strong>of</strong><br />
selenium accumulation in mycelia have shown higher<br />
concentration in samples grown on selenium containing<br />
media.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
364 - Antiprotozoal activity and mitogen effect <strong>of</strong> edible<br />
medicinal mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.<br />
(Shiitake)<br />
S.M. Badalyan 1* & S.H. Sisakyan 2<br />
1 Yerevan State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, 375025,<br />
1 Aleg Manoogian St., Armenia. - 2 Yerevan State Medical<br />
University, Department <strong>of</strong> Medical Biology and Genetics,<br />
375025, 2 Koryun St., Armenia. - E-mail:<br />
badalians@infocom.am<br />
The Lentinus edodes is a worldwide-cultivated mushroom<br />
<strong>of</strong> high nutritional value and excellent pharmacological<br />
properties. It has been used in traditional medicine <strong>of</strong> Asian<br />
countries as elixirium ad longam vitam. In nowadays,<br />
different forms <strong>of</strong> dietary supplements with curative and<br />
preventive properties are obtained from L. edodes. The<br />
mitogen and antiprotozoal activities <strong>of</strong> L. edodes have not<br />
been investigated sufficiently. As part <strong>of</strong> our Medicinal<br />
Mushrooms Pharmacological Activity screening program,<br />
the presented results concern the study <strong>of</strong> antiprotozoal<br />
activity (APA) and mitogen effect (MGE) <strong>of</strong> L. edodes<br />
against Paramecium caudatum. The 25-day-old mycelium<br />
<strong>of</strong> L. edodes cultured on liquid malt-extract medium was<br />
used. The mycelium extract (ME, 0.03%, 0.03 ml) and<br />
cultural filtrate (CF, 0.03 and 0.06 ml; not diluted and<br />
diluted by Lozinskii solution in ratio 2:1, 1:1, v/v) were<br />
tested. All ME and CF samples during 76 hours showed<br />
100% APA. The fastest effect was observed after 2 hours<br />
under the influence <strong>of</strong> 0.03 ml CF without dilution. The<br />
highest APA with 21% MGE showed 0.06 ml CF (2:1,<br />
v/v). The strongest MGE (221%) possessed ME. The<br />
revealed physiological activities <strong>of</strong> L. edodes allow us to<br />
conclude that its exo- and endo-metabolites can be used for<br />
formulation <strong>of</strong> different bio-preparations, with<br />
antiprotozoal and mitogen (wound-healing) activities.<br />
Experiments including pathogenic test-organisms<br />
Entameoba histolytica and Balantidium coli are in<br />
progress.<br />
365 - Knowledge and utilisation <strong>of</strong> edible mushrooms<br />
by local populations <strong>of</strong> the rain forest <strong>of</strong> south<br />
Cameroon<br />
T.W. Kuyper 1* , J.F.W. Van Dijk 2 & N.A. Onguene 3<br />
1 Wageningen University, Soil Quality, P.O. Box 8005,<br />
6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands. - 2 Wageningen<br />
University,, P.O. BOX 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, The<br />
Netherlands. - 3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Research for<br />
Development (IRAD), P.O. BOX 2123, Nkolbisson<br />
(Yaounde), Cameroon. - E-mail:<br />
THOM.KUYPER@BB.BENP.WAU.NL<br />
Indigenous knowledge on edible fungi and their utilisation<br />
by local populations in the rain forest zone <strong>of</strong> southern<br />
Cameroon were investigated. Members <strong>of</strong> both major<br />
tribes, Bantu and Bagyeli (Pygmy), were interviewed.<br />
Mushroom usage was monitored on a daily basis for more<br />
than a year. Mushroom knowledge among both Bantu and<br />
Bagyeli is very high. More than 50 vernacular names were<br />
retrieved. At present, about 35 species have been identified<br />
to species level. Bantu sample most mushrooms in<br />
secondary forests, and their mushroom diet consists mainly<br />
<strong>of</strong> saprotrophic fungi. Bagyeli collect mushrooms more<br />
frequently in the primary rain forest, and ectomycorrhizal<br />
and termitophilous fungi constitute a larger part <strong>of</strong> their<br />
diet. Some species are also used in traditional medicine.<br />
Toxic mushrooms were not mentioned by local<br />
populations. Some differences in mushroom collection and<br />
consumption do exist between Bantu and Bagyeli, but<br />
actual rates <strong>of</strong> consumption are low for both groups, with<br />
resp. 1.4 and 1.1 kg fresh mushrooms per person per year.<br />
Consumption is much lower than in other parts <strong>of</strong> central<br />
and eastern Africa. Suggestions are given how the apparent<br />
discrepancy between widespread and extensive mushroom<br />
knowledge and rather infrequent mushroom use can be<br />
explained.<br />
366 - Evolutionary and co-evolutionary genomics in<br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae<br />
C. Zeyl<br />
Wake Forest University, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, P.O. Box<br />
7325, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
zeylcw@wfu.edu<br />
I used laboratory populations <strong>of</strong> budding yeast maintained<br />
by daily transfers to compare rates <strong>of</strong> adaptation by haploid<br />
and diploid populations over 2000 generations, and tested<br />
whether adaptation occurred through many mutations or by<br />
a few major mutations. As predicted by recent theoretical<br />
work, haploids adapted more quickly than diploids, but lost<br />
this advantage when the experiment was repeated with<br />
much smaller population sizes. Genetic analysis <strong>of</strong> one<br />
haploid evolved genotype indicates that its 72% fitness<br />
increase is attributable to approximately 4 mutations.<br />
Adaptive changes are being further characterized by<br />
hybridization <strong>of</strong> genomic DNA and cDNA to microarrays.<br />
Despite the artificial simplicity <strong>of</strong> the environment,<br />
ecological diversity evolved from a single ancestral<br />
genotype in at least one population within 1000<br />
generations. Two genotypes with contrasting growth curves<br />
are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection<br />
(competitive advantage when rare). Interesting interactions<br />
also occur between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes<br />
within cells. The population <strong>of</strong> mitochondrial<br />
chromosomes within a cell experiences conflicting<br />
selective pressures at different levels: selection among cells<br />
favors mitochondria that contribute to cellular fitness by<br />
encoding respiratory pr<strong>of</strong>iciency, while selection among<br />
mitochondrial chromosomes within cells favors less<br />
mutualistic mutants that encode no respiratory function but<br />
replicate faster than wild-types.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 115
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
367 - Selfish genes, sex and adaptation in yeast<br />
M.R. Goddard<br />
Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at<br />
Silwood Park, Ascot, U.K. - E-mail: m.goddard@ic.ac.uk<br />
Most biologists agree that evolution occurs because those<br />
members <strong>of</strong> a population best adapted to the current<br />
environment will flourish at the expense <strong>of</strong> those less well<br />
adapted. But what makes certain members <strong>of</strong> a population<br />
better adapted? What is the link between genotype and<br />
phenotype? How does this adaptation arise? The short<br />
answer is by chance, random genetic mutations or novel<br />
gene combinations will confer a greater fitness. But what<br />
sort <strong>of</strong> mutations (e.g. duplications/point mutations), how<br />
many mutations, does one mutation always win out or are<br />
there many equally good solutions to a problem? I will<br />
describe an experiment with asexual yeast which looks at<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the mechanisms <strong>of</strong> adaptation to a saline<br />
environment. The vast majority <strong>of</strong> organisms are sexual to<br />
some degree, so how does sex affect adaptation? I will<br />
describe a second experiment which tests the function <strong>of</strong><br />
sex - does it, as originally suggested, allow adaptation to<br />
occur more rapidly? Lastly, even though sex has presumed<br />
advantages, I will discuss some <strong>of</strong> the more unfortunate<br />
consequences <strong>of</strong> sex - namely how it allows selfish or<br />
parasitic genes to prosper.<br />
368 - Mutation and selection in the yeast Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae<br />
R. Korona<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Environmental Biology, Jagiellonian<br />
University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Krakow, Poland. - Email:<br />
korona@eko.uj.edu.pl<br />
Fitness <strong>of</strong> organisms is to a large extent determined by<br />
quantitative traits, such as growth rate. The study <strong>of</strong><br />
mutation affecting such traits is impeded by the fact that<br />
individual alleles <strong>of</strong>ten cause small and recessive effects.<br />
Fungal experimental systems, such as laboratory<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> baker's yeast, provide unparalleled<br />
opportunities for detection <strong>of</strong> new alleles. One reason is<br />
that mutations can be studied both in haploids and diploids,<br />
the other is the ease <strong>of</strong> propagation and growth rate assays.<br />
We screened for mutations that appeared in diploids and<br />
therefore were initially masked by wild-types but then,<br />
after tetrad dissection analysis, were revealed as growth<br />
defective haploids. We found that a deleterious or lethal<br />
mutation occurs spontaneously at a rate <strong>of</strong> about one per<br />
thousand <strong>of</strong> diploid genome replications. This seemingly<br />
slow pace <strong>of</strong> mutation rate in unicellular organisms with<br />
small genomes becomes substantial when extrapolated for<br />
species that have several times larger genomes and many<br />
cell replications per sexual generation. The collected<br />
mutations were subsequently assayed for their dominance<br />
and epistatic interactions (the latter only for non-lethals).<br />
Heterozygous effects <strong>of</strong> lethals and non-lethals were very<br />
116<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
small and equal on average which means that the former<br />
were much better masked. Non-lethal mutations in<br />
heterozygous loci interacted mostly multiplicatively<br />
suggesting that neither their synergism nor antagonism<br />
were strong.<br />
369 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> azole resistance in yeasts: Genetics<br />
and genomics<br />
L.E. Cowen * , L.M. Kohn & J.B. Anderson<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Toronto, 3359<br />
Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: lcowen@utm.utoronto.ca<br />
We established twelve replicate experimental populations<br />
<strong>of</strong> Candida albicans to study the dynamics and<br />
mechanisms <strong>of</strong> adaptation to the azole antifungal agents.<br />
The experimental populations were founded from a single<br />
drug-sensitive cell; six populations were evolved with<br />
inhibitory concentrations <strong>of</strong> fluconazole and six were<br />
evolved without drug, over 330 generations. While all<br />
populations evolved with fluconazole adapted to the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> drug, they followed strikingly different<br />
trajectories. The experimental populations also diverged in<br />
fitness. We measured changes in genome-wide gene<br />
expression that became entrenched during adaptation and<br />
persisted in the absence <strong>of</strong> drug using DNA microarrays.<br />
Cluster analysis <strong>of</strong> the 301 genes with significantly<br />
modulated expression identified three patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
adaptation to drug. One pattern was unique to one<br />
population and included upregulation <strong>of</strong> the ABC<br />
transporter gene, CDR2. A second pattern occurred at a late<br />
stage <strong>of</strong> adaptation in three populations; for two <strong>of</strong> these<br />
populations pr<strong>of</strong>iled earlier in their evolution, a different<br />
pattern was observed at an early stage <strong>of</strong> adaptation. The<br />
succession <strong>of</strong> early- and late-stage patterns <strong>of</strong> gene<br />
expression, both <strong>of</strong> which include upregulation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
major facilitator gene, MDR1, must represent a common<br />
program <strong>of</strong> adaptation to this antifungal drug. We compare<br />
these results with the dynamics and mechanisms <strong>of</strong> evolved<br />
fluconazole resistance in experimental populations <strong>of</strong><br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.<br />
370 - Predicting the evolutionary potential <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
pathogenic fungi: a model framework<br />
B.A. McDonald * & C.C. Linde<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Plant Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse<br />
2, Zurich CH-8049, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
bruce.mcdonald@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch<br />
Plant pathogenic fungi are notorious for evolving rapidly in<br />
agroecosystems. Hence they <strong>of</strong>fer good models for studies<br />
in experimental population genetics and evolution.<br />
Interactions among five population genetic forces<br />
(mutation, migration, selection, drift, recombination)<br />
ultimately affect the evolutionary potential <strong>of</strong> fungal
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
populations. We propose a model framework for predicting<br />
the evolutionary potential <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> plant pathogenic<br />
fungi based on assessment <strong>of</strong> the life history traits<br />
underlying the individual population genetic forces. The<br />
proposed 'evolutionary risk' model is flexible and provides<br />
a quantitative prediction <strong>of</strong> the expected relative rate <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal evolution in experimental studies. The components<br />
<strong>of</strong> the model can be tested individually and in combination.<br />
We believe this model will be useful for formulating<br />
specific hypotheses and designing experiments regarding<br />
evolution and population genetics for a wide range <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi. A preliminary test <strong>of</strong> the model based on the<br />
observed rate <strong>of</strong> breakdown <strong>of</strong> resistance genes in 35 plant<br />
pathosystems showed a significant correlation with<br />
predicted rates <strong>of</strong> evolution. This suggests that the model<br />
may be useful to predict the relative rates at which<br />
pathogenic fungi will evolve virulence. We hypothesize<br />
that the model will also be useful for predicting the rate at<br />
which fungi develop resistance to fungicides.<br />
371 - Molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution<br />
<strong>of</strong> the modern yeast genomes, proteomes and<br />
metabolomes<br />
J. Piskur * , R.B. Langkjaer, K. Moeller, Z. Gojkovic & W.<br />
Knecht<br />
Section for Molecular Biology, BioCentrum-DTU,<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, Building 301, DK-2800<br />
Lyngby, Denmark. - E-mail: imjp@pop.dtu.dk<br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one <strong>of</strong> the most important<br />
industrial and laboratory model organisms. It can<br />
successfully grow in the almost complete absence <strong>of</strong><br />
oxygen (anaerobic yeast), it utilises sugars via fermentation<br />
even at aerobic conditions (aerobic-fermenting yeast), it<br />
constantly produces respiration-deficient mitochondrial<br />
mutants (petite-positive yeast) and the genome shows large<br />
segmental duplications (post-genome-duplication yeast).<br />
Recently, several related yeasts have been studied to get an<br />
idea about the origin <strong>of</strong> the modern traits found in the<br />
contemporary S. cerevisiae species. It is likely, that the<br />
progenitor <strong>of</strong> the modern Saccharomyces yeasts, as well as<br />
other related genera, was an aerobic and petite-negative<br />
yeast, which was not very prone to aerobic alcoholic<br />
fermentation. In the next step, some <strong>of</strong> the yeast lineages<br />
progressively decreased their dependence on oxygen by<br />
reshaping several <strong>of</strong> their metabolic pathways. For<br />
example, as soon as the fermentation pathway could<br />
provide enough energy for growth, the mitochondrial<br />
genome became dispensable, and several biochemical<br />
pathways, as de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, could<br />
become independent on the integrity <strong>of</strong> the respiratory<br />
chain. A progressive independence <strong>of</strong> these pathways from<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> oxygen has promoted the anaerobic life<br />
style. The origin <strong>of</strong> these gross metabolic changes might<br />
have coincided with extensive chromosome reorganisation<br />
and the origin <strong>of</strong> the large segmental genome duplications.<br />
372 - Pathogenicity factors involved in fungus-fungus<br />
interactions and biotechnological applications for<br />
disease control<br />
M. Lorito * , M. Ruocco, R. Ciliento, D. Piacenti, V. Scala,<br />
S. Lanzuise, A. Zoina, F. Scala & S. Woo<br />
Dept. ARBOPAVE- Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Naples,<br />
Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy. - E-mail:<br />
lorito@unina.it<br />
Fungus-fungus interactions play an important role in<br />
biological processes that affect crop production and food<br />
quality, as well as animal and human health. They may<br />
serve as model systems useful in the understanding <strong>of</strong><br />
various microbe-other organisms interactions. Further, the<br />
mechanisms involved represent sources <strong>of</strong> genes,<br />
promoters and compounds which have interesting<br />
biological properties. However, we are still quite far away<br />
from having a substantial understanding <strong>of</strong> these<br />
interactions. Our group, studies the Trichoderma-host<br />
system, which is based on several and complex<br />
mechanisms able to protect crops from pathogens and<br />
stimulate plant growth. By applying a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
biochemical, genetics and molecular techniques, including<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> targeted gene disruption and transgenic<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma genes, we have identified<br />
pathogenicity factors required by the mycoparasite to<br />
attack the host and behave as a biocontrol agents. A few<br />
chitinases and glucanases, within the extensive and<br />
redundant lytic enzyme system <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma spp., have<br />
been found to contribute substantially to the antagonistic<br />
ability <strong>of</strong> these fungi. In vivo testing <strong>of</strong> knock-out mutants<br />
having one or two different ORFs interrupted, have<br />
indicated that Trichoderma uses different sets <strong>of</strong> genes<br />
depending on the strain and the host fungus. In addition,<br />
gene disruption affected expression <strong>of</strong> other biocontrol<br />
genes, and produced unexpected and potentially useful<br />
effects.<br />
373 - Pathogenicity factors in nematode-trapping fungi<br />
A. Tunlid<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology, Ecology Building, SE 223 62<br />
Lund, Sweden. - E-mail: anders.tunlid@mbioekol.lu.se<br />
The nematode-trapping fungi comprise a rather large group<br />
<strong>of</strong> soil living fungi that can infect nematodes by forming<br />
special morphological structures (traps) like mycelial<br />
networks, adhesive knobs or constricting rings. Following<br />
the development <strong>of</strong> the traps, the fungi infect the<br />
nematodes through a sequence <strong>of</strong> events: attachment to the<br />
host surface, penetration, followed by invasion and<br />
digestion <strong>of</strong> the host tissue. Among the pathogenicity<br />
factors that have been studied in some detail in these fungi<br />
are extracellular serine-proteases and lectins. To identify<br />
additional enzymes, toxins etc. that are involve in the<br />
killing and paralyzing <strong>of</strong> infected nematodes, we have<br />
started an EST sequencing project in the fungus<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 117
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
Monacrosporium haptotylum which captures nematodes<br />
with the aid <strong>of</strong> adhesive knobs. In this fungus, functionally<br />
intact trap cells can be isolated from the mycelium. Three<br />
different cDNA libraries are analyzed representing<br />
transcripts <strong>of</strong> mycelium, knobs and knobs infecting C.<br />
elegans. We have so far sequenced and analyzed ca 5.000<br />
transcripts. Annotation <strong>of</strong> the transcripts displaying high or<br />
moderate similarities to sequences in Genbank indicate<br />
major metabolic differences between the saprophytic<br />
mycelium, the infection structures (knob) and the fungus<br />
when infecting C. elegans.<br />
374 - Gene structure and evolution <strong>of</strong> fungal secondary<br />
metabolites involved in plant disease<br />
J.D. Walton<br />
Michigan State University, DOE-Plant Research Lab, E.<br />
Lansing MI 48824, U.S.A. - E-mail: walton@msu.edu<br />
In filamentous fungi, the genes necessary for the<br />
biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> a particular secondary metabolite are<br />
typically clustered. Examples include penicillin,<br />
trichothecene, gibberellin, aflatoxin, lovastatin, and HCtoxin.<br />
Because known genetic mechanisms would tend to<br />
break up clusters, their prevalence and persistence suggests<br />
that clustering confers selective advantage either to the<br />
organism or to the cluster itself. Since housekeeping<br />
pathways tend not to be clustered in fungi, the selective<br />
advantage is probably related to the unique properties <strong>of</strong><br />
secondary metabolite pathways, for example, their weak<br />
selective advantage. In the plant pathogenic fungus<br />
Cochliobolus carbonum, the genes for biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cyclic peptide HC-toxin are clustered within a 600-kb<br />
region <strong>of</strong> DNA called the 'TOX2' locus. TOX2 comprises<br />
at least seven genes, encoding a non-ribosomal peptide<br />
synthetase, a putative HC-toxin efflux carrier, at least three<br />
other structural biosynthetic genes, and a pathway-specific<br />
transcription factor. In all known HC-toxin producing<br />
isolates, these genes are all in multiple functional copies.<br />
All <strong>of</strong> the genes are completely absent from toxin nonproducing<br />
isolates, suggesting that acquisition <strong>of</strong> the HCtoxin<br />
biosynthetic genes occurred after speciation <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
carbonum, perhaps by horizontal gene transfer. The<br />
organization <strong>of</strong> the TOX2 genes within and between<br />
isolates suggests that duplication and translocation<br />
occurred subsequent to the acquisition <strong>of</strong> the TOX2 genes.<br />
375 - Glycosylation <strong>of</strong> cell wall proteins: importance in<br />
pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> Candida albicans<br />
N.A.R. Gow<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Aberdeen, Institute <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences,<br />
Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K. - E-mail: n.gow@abdn.ac.uk<br />
Candida albicans is the most common agent <strong>of</strong> serious<br />
human infection caused by a fungus. Cell wall<br />
mannoproteins act as the immediate point <strong>of</strong> contact<br />
118<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
between the fungus and host surface epithelia, endothelia<br />
and phagocytic cells. Therefore, glycosylation <strong>of</strong> cell wall<br />
proteins has a direct impact on the outcome <strong>of</strong> host-fungus<br />
interactions. We are exploring the biological roles <strong>of</strong> the O-<br />
and N-linked mannan in via the analysis <strong>of</strong> strains in which<br />
a range <strong>of</strong> genes encoding mannosyl transferases have been<br />
disrupted. Periodate oxidation <strong>of</strong> mannan on the Candida<br />
cell surface or deletion <strong>of</strong> either MNT1 or MNT2, which are<br />
involved in O-glycosylation, results in strains with reduced<br />
adherence and attenuation <strong>of</strong> virulence. Mutations in Nglycosylation<br />
have multiple phenotypes including changes<br />
in drug sensitivity, adhesion and in some cases changes in<br />
morphogenesis. Mutants with deletions in the MNN4 gene<br />
are almost devoid in phosphomannan, which has been<br />
implicated in recognition <strong>of</strong> C. albicans by macrophages.<br />
However, mnn4 mutants were still able to be taken up by<br />
macrophages suggesting that this epitope is not a key<br />
mediator <strong>of</strong> macrophage recognition. Analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
glycosylation mutants to date establishes that the<br />
carbohydrate epitopes <strong>of</strong> mannoproteins play key roles in<br />
aspects <strong>of</strong> C. albicans related to its pathogenesis including<br />
adherence, cell wall permeability, drug sensitivity,<br />
virulence, and yeast-hypha morphogenesis.<br />
376 - Genomic analysis <strong>of</strong> pathogenicity factors <strong>of</strong> the<br />
insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae<br />
F.M. Freimoser 1* , S. Screen 2 , G. Hu 1 & R.J. St. Leger 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Bldg.,<br />
College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A. - 2 Monsanto Company,<br />
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. - E-mail: ff34@umail.umd.edu<br />
The ascomycete Metarhizium anisopliae attacks many pest<br />
insects and is widely used as a mycoinsecticide. It has been<br />
studied extensively at the genetic and biochemical level<br />
and serves as a model insect pathogenic fungus. M.<br />
anisopliae secretes a large number <strong>of</strong> enzymes with<br />
potential targets in the insect host including proteases,<br />
chitinases, lipases, esterases as well as toxic secondary<br />
metabolites. ESTs and microarrays <strong>of</strong>fer unprecedented<br />
opportunities for the identification and characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
these complex fungal responses to host-related signals.<br />
ESTs <strong>of</strong> M. anisopliae were obtained under growth<br />
conditions that optimize production <strong>of</strong> secreted proteins.<br />
The EST sequences revealed many potential virulence<br />
factors and categories <strong>of</strong> biologically active molecules<br />
previously unreported in Metarhizium and sometimes other<br />
fungi. The largest and most diverse category were the<br />
proteases representing more than 30% <strong>of</strong> all transcripts. To<br />
analyze expression <strong>of</strong> all discovered genes and in particular<br />
potential pathogenicity determinants cDNA microarrys<br />
were made. Several clusters <strong>of</strong> genes had distinct<br />
expression patterns and were specifically up- or downregulated<br />
during growth on insect cuticle. For example<br />
many proteases were differentially expressed in different<br />
media and at various time-points. These results<br />
demonstrate the suitability <strong>of</strong> such genomic approaches for<br />
understanding pathogenicity as a whole and identifying and<br />
characterizing pathogenicity factors in M. anisopliae.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
377 - Fungal biodiversity in Colombian Amazon forests:<br />
species composition, ecology and function<br />
A.E. Franco Molano 1* , C.A. Lopez Quintero 1 & T.<br />
Boekhout 2<br />
1<br />
Dept. de Biologia, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado<br />
Aereo 1226, Medellin, Colombia. -<br />
2<br />
TROPENBOS,<br />
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
afranco@catios.udea.edu.co<br />
This work constitutes an effort to establish the role <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
during regeneration processes <strong>of</strong> tropical lowland forests,<br />
and was performed at the plots <strong>of</strong> Tropenbos Colombia in<br />
Araracuara and Peña Roja, in central Caquetá <strong>of</strong><br />
Amazonian Colombia. The plots represent different<br />
regeneration stages and primary forests and have been<br />
investigated for a long time at Tropenbos Colombia. Our<br />
project generated new data on the occurrence <strong>of</strong> macro-<br />
and micr<strong>of</strong>ungi along a regeneration gradient in Colombian<br />
Amazon lowland forests. Functional inferences suggest a<br />
considerable role for the putative ectomycorrhizal fungi<br />
and litter decomposing fungi in the nutrient cycling <strong>of</strong><br />
these forests. Decomposition <strong>of</strong> leaf litter can be relatively<br />
fast, but seems to be influenced by the environmental<br />
conditions. Shortly after trees are cut down, many woodinhabiting<br />
fungi appear, which may occur as endophytes in<br />
healthy trees. The formation <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies may be a result<br />
<strong>of</strong> the stress imposed by the death <strong>of</strong> the hosts. After the<br />
felled trees are burnt, soil borne micr<strong>of</strong>ungal populations<br />
are dominated by heat resistant fungi. Many new taxa <strong>of</strong><br />
macro- and micr<strong>of</strong>ungi have been found, and await formal<br />
description. New ideas about the role <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>ungal<br />
populations in nutrient cycling led to a new research<br />
proposal to study the role <strong>of</strong> the microbial interface<br />
connecting the roots <strong>of</strong> the trees with the environment in<br />
secondary and primary forests.<br />
378 - Diversity and complexity in Ascomycota from<br />
Venezuela<br />
T. Iturriaga 1* & D.W. Minter 2<br />
1<br />
Universidad Simón Bolívar, Dpto. Biología Organismos,<br />
Aptdo. 89000, Sartenejas, Baruta, Edo. Miranda,<br />
Venezuela. -<br />
2<br />
CAB <strong>International</strong> <strong>Mycological</strong> Inst.,<br />
Bakeham Line, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, England, U.K. -<br />
E-mail: titurri@usb.ve<br />
Since the beginning <strong>of</strong> the 20th century and up to 1950,<br />
there was a remarkable interest <strong>of</strong> the US towards Latin<br />
America. The US Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture sent UStrained<br />
mycologists to conduct inventories on the natural<br />
resources <strong>of</strong> several Latin American countries, and as a<br />
result, neotropical mycological knowledge widened. That<br />
was the period when Hans Sydow, and Chardon and Toro<br />
published the results <strong>of</strong> their expeditions to Venezuela.<br />
More recently, there has been an emphasis in fungal<br />
systematics, an interest towards basic research, and more<br />
participation <strong>of</strong> local mycologists, all <strong>of</strong> which have helped<br />
improved knowledge on fungi in general. Programs such as<br />
Flora Neotropica and Flora Amazonica Project, have<br />
contributed toward an increased knowledge <strong>of</strong> fungi <strong>of</strong> the<br />
neotropics. R. W. G. Dennis, has been a major contributor<br />
towards neotropical fungal knowledge, specifically in<br />
regards to ascomycetes. In his 'Fungus Flora <strong>of</strong> Venezuela<br />
and Adjacent Countries', 1970, he treated approximately<br />
1346 species <strong>of</strong> Ascomycetes. This talk will present<br />
ascomycete collectors in Venezuela over the last 50 years,<br />
as well as numbers <strong>of</strong> publications dealing with neotropical<br />
ascomycetes in major mycological journals and congress<br />
presentations. in this same area. Knowledge <strong>of</strong> the total<br />
numbers <strong>of</strong> Ascomycetes for some neotropical areas will<br />
be compared with other groups <strong>of</strong> fungi from the same<br />
geographical regions.<br />
379 - Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Dicymbe<br />
(Caesalpiniaceae) in the Pakaraima Mountains <strong>of</strong><br />
Guyana<br />
T.W. Henkel<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Humboldt State<br />
University, Arcata, California 95521, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
twh5@humboldt.edu<br />
<strong>Mycological</strong> explorations in the Pakaraima Mountains <strong>of</strong><br />
western Guyana have unearthed unique forests dominated<br />
by ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree species <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Dicymbe Spruce ex Benth. (Caesalpiniaceae, tribe<br />
Amherstieae). This remote region <strong>of</strong> tropical South<br />
America is situated on the central Guiana Shield and is<br />
characterized by highly oligotrophic soils. While EM<br />
associations are still poorly known from South American<br />
rain forests, the discovery <strong>of</strong> EM Dicymbe forests extends<br />
the known range <strong>of</strong> EM associations substantially from<br />
previously documented sites in the central Brazilian<br />
Amazon and southern Venezuela. Species <strong>of</strong> Dicymbe<br />
reach extreme levels <strong>of</strong> dominance (> 90% <strong>of</strong> stand basal<br />
area) in a mosaic <strong>of</strong> primary forests in the Pakaraima<br />
Mountains. Dicymbe stands are sharply demarcated from<br />
surrounding mixed rain forests lacking in EM trees, and<br />
harbor a rich EM mycota. Collecting efforts have currently<br />
recorded > 150 species/morphospecies <strong>of</strong> EM fungi<br />
occurring in close association with Dicymbe species. These<br />
fungi are primarily basidiomycetes representing most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
commonly accepted EM families, including Boletaceae,<br />
Russulaceae, Amanitaceae, Cantharellaceae,<br />
Cortinariaceae, and Paxillaceae. Putative EM ascomycetes<br />
include Elaphomyces spp. and Pseudotulostoma volvata<br />
O.K. Mill. & T.W. Henkel, a new taxon in the<br />
Elaphomycetaceae. Ongoing systematic work on these<br />
fungi will be discussed, with a focus on new and unusual<br />
taxa.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 119
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
380 - Polypore diversity in Costa Rica<br />
J. Carranza 1* & A. Ruiz-Boyer 2<br />
1 Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San<br />
Pedro, Costa Rica. - 2 Departamento de Historia Natural,<br />
Museo Nacional, San José, Costa Rica. - E-mail:<br />
julietac@biologia.ucr.ac.cr<br />
The systematic study <strong>of</strong> polypore fungi in Costa Rica<br />
started with the collections by Dr. Josiah L. Lowe in 1963.<br />
Recent studies have contributed to the knowledge <strong>of</strong> this<br />
group in Costa Rica. Currently, 81 genera and 284 species<br />
<strong>of</strong> pore fungi have been reported for Costa Rica. It has<br />
been calculated that the total amount <strong>of</strong> species will be<br />
around 350-400. Most <strong>of</strong> the species reported are<br />
cosmopolitan, and are distributed through out the country.<br />
Nevertheless, the highest diversity is found from sea level<br />
to 900 m with less taxonomic diversity on high elevations<br />
(2000-3000 m).<br />
381 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Russula in Costa Rica: a first<br />
account<br />
B. Buyck<br />
Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, 75005<br />
Paris, France. - E-mail: buyck@mnhn.fr<br />
Information on Russula in Costa Rica is scarce and very<br />
fragmentary notwithstanding the fact that many hundreds<br />
<strong>of</strong> specimens have been collected, especially in the last ten<br />
years. Only very few new Russula's have been described<br />
from Costa Rica so far, but it is clear that the genus is<br />
highly divers and is characterized by an important degree<br />
<strong>of</strong> endemism. As can be expected, the Costa Rican taxa - at<br />
least in the more temperate mountain areas - reveal strong<br />
similarities with the Russula's from eastern North America.<br />
Unfortunately however, even in North America the<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> Russula remains rather superficial. With the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> some subsections, there exists no complete,<br />
modern, taxonomic study <strong>of</strong> American Russula that can<br />
serve as an adequate basis for a revision <strong>of</strong> the genus in<br />
Costa Rica. To illustrate the above, some examples <strong>of</strong><br />
biogeographically or otherwise interesting Russula's will be<br />
presented in more detail. The relation between species<br />
diversity, host distribution and general ecology will be<br />
addressed and compared with observations from other<br />
continents.<br />
120<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
382 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> Costa Rican wood-inhabiting<br />
pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes<br />
S.M. Huhndorf * & F.A. Fernandez<br />
Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr.,<br />
Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A. - E-mail: shuhndorf@fmnh.org<br />
Ascomycetes constitute the largest known group <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
worldwide, occurring in all ecosystems and geographic<br />
areas as saprobes, pathogens and endophytes. Almost all<br />
historical reports <strong>of</strong> pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes<br />
for Costa Rica pertain to leaf-inhabiting fungi. Woodinhabiting<br />
taxa in these groups are virtually unknown - one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the only reports listed seven species in three genera in<br />
one family. A total <strong>of</strong> 531 specimens were collected from<br />
1996 to 2001. The specimens were distributed among 213<br />
species in 45 families. Species in six families were<br />
frequently encountered: 26% <strong>of</strong> the fungi collected were in<br />
the Chaetosphaeriaceae, 20% in the Lasiosphaeriaceae,<br />
12% in the Annulatascaceae s.l., 7% in the Xylariaceae, 7%<br />
in the Melanommataceae, 6% in the Hypocreaceae, 6% in<br />
the Platystomaceae and 6% in the Tubeufiaceae. In<br />
addition to our own collections, specimens have been<br />
examined from parataxonomists collecting in 5<br />
conservation areas in 2001 and 2002. Parataxonomists<br />
collected 1133 specimens <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes on trunks and<br />
455 specimens from plots. Field identifications reported<br />
specimens (% <strong>of</strong> trunk or plot collections) in the following<br />
groups: Xylariales (32% trunk; 35% plot),<br />
Lasiosphaeriaceae (13% trunk; 8% plot), Hypocreales (8%<br />
trunk; 7% plot), Melanommataceae (8% trunk; 4% plot),<br />
Platystomaceae (4% trunk; 2% plot) and others.<br />
Comparative data from collecting trips to lowland French<br />
Guiana and Puerto Rico show proportions <strong>of</strong> taxa similar to<br />
those for Costa Rica.<br />
383 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> neotropical smut fungi<br />
M. Piepenbring<br />
Botanical Institute <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Frankfurt,<br />
Senckenberganlage 31-33, 60054 Frankfurt am Main,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: piepenbring@em.uni-frankfurt.de<br />
After ten years <strong>of</strong> field work in neotropical countries,<br />
morphological investigations, and study <strong>of</strong> the literature, a<br />
monograph on neotropical smut fungi (Ustilaginomycetes,<br />
Basidiomycota) is accepted for publication in Flora<br />
Neotropica. 227 species in 34 genera are described. Among<br />
these 17 species and 5 genera were described as new taxa<br />
and ca. 34 new combinations were necessary. Further<br />
interesting results were obtained concerning the diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> soral morphology, germination <strong>of</strong> teliospores, host<br />
ranges, and geographical distribution <strong>of</strong> the different<br />
species <strong>of</strong> smut fungi. However, much work remains to be<br />
done before we might have a rather complete<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> the existing diversity <strong>of</strong> smut fungi in the<br />
neotropics. An overview <strong>of</strong> the diversity <strong>of</strong> the known<br />
neotropical species <strong>of</strong> smut fungi will be presented.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
384 - The importance <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
A.J.S. Whalley<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores<br />
Univeristy, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. - Email:<br />
bmsawhal@livjm.ac.uk<br />
Why study fungi? Politicians and grant awarding bodies<br />
focus on the applied, the popular or the trendy. Fungi sadly<br />
are rarely seen to fit into these categories. It is however our<br />
duty as mycologists to demonstrate that fungi are one <strong>of</strong><br />
the Worlds greatest living resources and estimates <strong>of</strong> 1.5<br />
million species or more are becoming increasingly likely.<br />
Their track record for the benefit <strong>of</strong> man is without<br />
question. Where would we be without penicillins,<br />
cyclosporins cephalosporins and other important<br />
pharmaceutical products? At least 80 percent <strong>of</strong> the worlds<br />
plants have mycorrhizal associations without which they<br />
would grow poorly or not at all. We could be justified in<br />
saying no fungi no world! These <strong>of</strong> course are beneficial<br />
activities but their global significance as pathogens <strong>of</strong><br />
economic plants and, more recently though HIV, man<br />
should not be underestimated. Imagine the political<br />
reaction if fungi were the perfect bio-weapons! This<br />
symposium follows on from Vancouver where the then<br />
President <strong>of</strong> IMA stated stand up and be proud to be a<br />
mycologist because if you dont there will be few left in ten<br />
years time. Eight years on is a good time to reflect and<br />
prepare for the future. Mycology is in our hands and it is<br />
our responsibility to make the subject exciting, emphasize<br />
its relevance and to woo the appropriate individuals and<br />
organizations.<br />
385 - Awareness to Public<br />
R. Watling<br />
Caledonian <strong>Mycological</strong> Enterprises, Crelah, 26<br />
Blinkbonny Ave, Edinburgh, EH4 3HU, Scotland, U.K. - Email:<br />
caledonianmyc@compyserve.com<br />
Promoting fungi at the grass roots is essential for the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> a healthy appreciation <strong>of</strong> the role fungi<br />
play and as mycologists its our duty to the community to<br />
inform. The paper will present case-studies in which<br />
pubic/mycological interface has been forged. It is<br />
necessary to inject interest in fungi at a range <strong>of</strong> levels<br />
from schools to adult education programmes. There are<br />
more people in Britain than ever before collecting and<br />
eating wild fungi and keen to know about their quarry and<br />
many natural historians who wish to know about their<br />
natural heritage but lack the knowledge and resources or<br />
where to look for such information. These are very<br />
receptive audiences. Children have strong influences on<br />
their adults and they are the adults <strong>of</strong> the future. The<br />
informed public is a useful ally in that it understands wellpresented<br />
media coverage, lobby on behalf <strong>of</strong> mycology<br />
and in addition includes a volunteer army happy to spend<br />
long hours collecting, recording and monitoring. In contrast<br />
many others, including politicians, consider fungi <strong>of</strong><br />
nuisance value or even deadly and rarely think (or know)<br />
<strong>of</strong> the benefits. Celebrities can help to disseminate the<br />
message. If mycology is to be supported by Government<br />
agencies then they and voters require to know how<br />
important fungi are to everyday life and well-being <strong>of</strong> our<br />
planet. Mycologists are the people who know about fungi<br />
so it is up to us; if all fails we cannot blame anyone else!.<br />
386 - Integration <strong>of</strong> mycology with other disciplines<br />
N.A.R. Gow<br />
Univerity <strong>of</strong> Aberdeen, Insitute <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences,<br />
Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, U.K. - E-mail: n.gow@abdn.ac.uk<br />
One vision <strong>of</strong> mycology is that our discipline is<br />
undervalued and underfunded. The accuracy <strong>of</strong> such a view<br />
is open to debate but reiteration <strong>of</strong> this negative view<br />
undermines the value and potential <strong>of</strong> mycology. Other<br />
disciplines also feel disadvantaged and have equal cause<br />
for concern about the future. Therefore, it may seem<br />
perverse or naïve to present on overtly positive vision <strong>of</strong><br />
mycology in the current climate, but there are many<br />
opportunities for the modern era <strong>of</strong> mycology. The<br />
mycological remit is broad with highly studies model<br />
systems taking their place amongst the most important and<br />
fashionable and systems in which to explore basic<br />
biological processes. Genomics and post-genomic data<br />
bases and technologies are being developed by cell and<br />
molecular biologists, bacteriologists, parasitologists and<br />
botanists that will have tremendous utility in the analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi. The fungi are rich in organisms with critical roles to<br />
play in ecology, biotechnology, medicine, agriculture and<br />
other aspects <strong>of</strong> human endeavour, and remain one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
few relatively unexplored corners <strong>of</strong> global biodiversity.<br />
With the right tools, a multidisciplinary approach and an<br />
open mind, mycology can be seen to be at the beginning <strong>of</strong><br />
an exciting and highly competitive era. This talk will<br />
accentuate this naively positive view with selected<br />
examples <strong>of</strong> how mycology is already evolving in this new<br />
era.<br />
387 - Educational aspects <strong>of</strong> promoting mycology<br />
D. Moore<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Manchester, School <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT,<br />
U.K.<br />
From the standpoint <strong>of</strong> recent experiences, I will discuss<br />
the need for active promotion <strong>of</strong> mycology at all<br />
educational levels. However strongly, and however loudly,<br />
the case for the importance <strong>of</strong> fungi is put, we face an<br />
uphill struggle to have mycology included in general<br />
educational courses. Inclusion as a 'specialist study <strong>of</strong> a<br />
taxonomic group' is feasible in college and university<br />
courses, but there is little sympathy for the view that a<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 121
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
course on 'biology' (at any level) should naturally include a<br />
major input dealing with fungi. The traditional division <strong>of</strong><br />
biology into animal biology and plant biology still rules -<br />
from the school curriculum to the university degree<br />
programme. Changing this blinkered (and essentially<br />
ignorant) view <strong>of</strong> the natural world is likely to take a long<br />
time. We have to create an understanding that fungi form<br />
an essential and normal part <strong>of</strong> the biology that surrounds<br />
us, and I believe that we need to start with school, and even<br />
pre-school, children if we are to achieve this change in<br />
attitude.<br />
388 - Mycology in Thailand<br />
P. Sihanonth 1 , L. Manoch 2 , S. Rodtong 3* , E. Sangvichien 4<br />
& N. Jonglaekha 5<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University,<br />
Bangkok 10330, Thailand. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Pathology, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok,<br />
Thailand. - 3 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Suranaree University <strong>of</strong><br />
Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand. -<br />
4 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok,<br />
10240, Thailand. - 5 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang<br />
Mai, 50200, Thailand. - E-mail: sureelak@ccs.sut.ac.th<br />
Thailand traditionally has a strong base in plant pathology<br />
and this is continuing. However in the last ten years<br />
mycology has received increasing attention and support in<br />
both the university and government sectors. Mycology,<br />
however, is not seen by the younger generation as a<br />
commercial subject and considerable effort in the<br />
university sector is required to switch on perspective<br />
students. The British Council has recently approved a<br />
higher education link programme between our universities<br />
and Liverpool John Moores University linking with the<br />
British <strong>Mycological</strong> Society aimed at stimulating the<br />
teaching <strong>of</strong> mycology through workshops and teaching<br />
manuals. BIOTEC as a government funded organization is<br />
running a number <strong>of</strong> research programmes mainly targeted<br />
at applied aspects <strong>of</strong> mycology. This presentation will<br />
review the development <strong>of</strong> mycology in Thailand through<br />
to the present day and evaluate the current situation and<br />
future prospects.<br />
389 - Conservation <strong>of</strong> the fungal diversity in Cuba<br />
J.M. Portales<br />
Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona<br />
Km. 3.5, Capdevila, Boyeros, AP 8029, Ciudad de la<br />
Habana 10800, Cuba. - E-mail: botanica.ies@ama.cu<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the main objectives <strong>of</strong> Darwin Initiative project,<br />
'Fungi <strong>of</strong> the Caribbean' was to produce national<br />
conservation strategies for fungi in Cuba. The strategy is<br />
based on the analysis <strong>of</strong> the available information in the<br />
computerised databases <strong>of</strong> the project and in the Cuban<br />
122<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
mycological literature. This proposal constitutes the first<br />
document that in our country, in the Caribbean region - and<br />
possibly in Latin America - approaches the specific<br />
problem <strong>of</strong> the fungal diversity conservation and one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
few ones that exist in the world. The document is<br />
structured in two fundamental parts: in the first one we<br />
<strong>of</strong>fer the most current state <strong>of</strong> knowledge <strong>of</strong> Cuban<br />
mycobiota; while in the second part we develop the<br />
strategy and action plan in correspondence with the 'holes'<br />
identified in this study. The goals <strong>of</strong> this proposition<br />
belong together with those traced in the Cuban National<br />
Strategy <strong>of</strong> Biodiversity. However, the objectives and<br />
actions answer the particularities that the rational use and<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> this important group <strong>of</strong> organisms has. The<br />
strategy and action plan highlights those areas where basic<br />
information about fungi are lacking, and discusses the best<br />
way to prepare 'red data list' for the fungi. The question <strong>of</strong><br />
what scientific society would be most suitable to represent<br />
mycology in Cuba is also addressed, as well as the<br />
importance that has the habitats preservation for the<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> the fungal diversity.<br />
390 - Conservation <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in the Pacific<br />
Northwest United States<br />
T.A. Dreisbach 1* , M.A. Castellano 1 , T. O'Dell 2 & R.<br />
Molina 1<br />
1 USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research<br />
Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson<br />
Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, U.S.A. - 2 Grand Staircase-<br />
Escalante National Monument, 190 E. Center, Kanab,<br />
Utah 84741, U.S.A. - E-mail: tdreisbach@fs.fed.us<br />
The Northwest Forest Plan was developed in 1994 to<br />
conserve biodiversity and species viability by maintaining<br />
habitat in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Pacific Northwest United<br />
States. More than 400 species <strong>of</strong> concern are listed in the<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial Record <strong>of</strong> Decision, including mammals, birds,<br />
amphibians, mollusks, arthropods, plants, lichens, mosses,<br />
and fungi. Of the 400 species, the largest proportion (more<br />
than 50%) is fungi. The goal <strong>of</strong> the Forest Mycology Team<br />
<strong>of</strong> the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research<br />
Station, Corvallis, Oregon, is to provide scientific<br />
knowledge on the biology and functional diversity <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
fungi and to apply this knowledge to fungal conservation as<br />
well as forest ecosystem health and sustained productivity.<br />
Information regarding taxonomy, species distribution and<br />
occurrences, population dynamics, and environmental<br />
variables are essential to improve strategies for species<br />
conservation. We are developing a number <strong>of</strong> tools to assist<br />
land managers and scientists in this endeavor, including:<br />
survey techniques, population analysis methods, and<br />
habitat-based models for predicting species presence and<br />
potential habitat. Using the 'most noble polypore'<br />
Bridgeoporus nobilissimus as a case study, we illustrate the<br />
concepts, issues, and management approaches relating to<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> rare forest fungi on public lands in the<br />
United States.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
391 - The IUCN threat categories as a challenge for<br />
mapping fungi<br />
B. Senn-Irlet * & S. Egli<br />
WSL, Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH- 8903<br />
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - E-mail: beatrice.senn@wsl.ch<br />
IUCN criteria for Red lists (2000) demand mapping on an<br />
even base and on a fine scale for all taxa studied. To<br />
overcome the weakness <strong>of</strong> classical mapping projects, i.e.<br />
spatial, temporal, and taxonomical inconsistencies three<br />
new approaches were tested. The first approach includes<br />
sampling on transects at stratified randomly chosen forest<br />
plots <strong>of</strong> the Swiss National Forest inventory by trained<br />
mycologists. The second approach is directed towards<br />
volunteers with observations at randomly selected grid<br />
points in all habitat types. Modelling with spatially explicit<br />
models and expert models as the third approach are chosen<br />
to simulate the potential distribution and to define indicator<br />
values for each species. A comparison <strong>of</strong> the different<br />
approaches shows a similar abundance pattern for most<br />
agarics and boletes and contradicts objections towards<br />
classical mapping approaches. Species distribution in all<br />
approaches follow the same pattern, a Weibull distribution<br />
with few abundant and many rare species. To overcome<br />
problems <strong>of</strong> scale for the range estimation the link with<br />
habitat types and their simulation models is essential. Subdatasets<br />
allow to test size-dependant effects on species<br />
richness and conservation value. For some habitat types<br />
such as bog vegetation area alone seems not to be a very<br />
important criterion for fungi.<br />
392 - Fungi as indicator organisms for endangered<br />
forest ecosystems<br />
E. Parmasto<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural<br />
University, 181 Riia St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. - E-mail:<br />
e.parmasto@zbi.ee<br />
Indicator fungi are species, easily identifiable by<br />
paramycologists, which co-exist with rare and Red Data<br />
<strong>Book</strong> organisms. A 'classical' inventory <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Scandinavian forests used only 5 rare species earlier, but<br />
109 species and 16 large species groups <strong>of</strong> 'signal-species'<br />
were added later in Sweden. In the first case, many<br />
valuable habitats may be omitted; in the second case, good<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> fungi is needed by surveyors. In Finland, 33<br />
species are used as indicators, in Estonia, 51 species and 5<br />
species groups (genera). Selection <strong>of</strong> indicators should be<br />
based on a significant statistical correlation between their<br />
presence and general species richness. Such a study would<br />
be extremely time-consuming and has not yet been carried<br />
out anywhere. Lists <strong>of</strong> indicators have been compiled<br />
intuitively on the basis <strong>of</strong> observations by experienced<br />
mycologists. There are many examples <strong>of</strong> the existence <strong>of</strong><br />
such a dependence. In an old forest <strong>of</strong> 19 ha protected since<br />
1924 in Estonia, 23 indicator species but also half (97) <strong>of</strong><br />
the Estonian polypores and 140 other wood-rotting fungi<br />
have been found. Use <strong>of</strong> indicators is an arbitrary tool but<br />
useful in demonstrating the natural value <strong>of</strong> sites to nonspecialists.<br />
In Estonia, mycologists participated in the<br />
project 'Estonian Forest Conservation Area Network'<br />
(1999-2001; 51 new selected conservation areas);<br />
paramycologists have found indicator fungi at 175 sites<br />
studied during the inventory <strong>of</strong> Woodland Key Habitats<br />
(2000-2002).<br />
393 - The impact <strong>of</strong> environmental pollution on<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
A.J. Termorshuizen<br />
Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands. -<br />
E-mail: aad.termorshuizen@biob.dpw.wau.nl<br />
An update <strong>of</strong> the literature on the impact <strong>of</strong> environmental<br />
pollution on the myc<strong>of</strong>lora will be presented. Much<br />
emphasis has been laid on nitrogen immissions, and the<br />
question is raised which other types <strong>of</strong> pollution may<br />
affect, positively or negatively, the quality <strong>of</strong> the<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora. Since the first reports on effects <strong>of</strong> air pollution<br />
on the myc<strong>of</strong>lora appeared, several types <strong>of</strong> air pollution<br />
have drastically been changed. The question will be<br />
addressed whether these changes have affected the<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora. Finally, an update will be presented on the<br />
mechanisms involved in pollution affecting the myc<strong>of</strong>lora.<br />
394 - Effects <strong>of</strong> forest management on wood-inhabiting<br />
fungi in Scandinavian boreal forests<br />
J.N. Stokland 1* , K.-H. Larsson 2 & L. Ryvarden 3<br />
1 Norwegian institute <strong>of</strong> land inventory, P.O.Box 115, 1430<br />
Ås, Norway. - 2 Göteborg University, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, P.O. Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. -<br />
3 University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, Box 1045 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo,<br />
Norway. - E-mail: jns@nijos.no<br />
The species composition <strong>of</strong> wood-inhabiting fungi was<br />
investigated in 90 managed and 34 unmanaged spruce and<br />
pine forests in SE Norway. Altogether, we found 56<br />
Polypore and 234 Corticoid species. Comparisons <strong>of</strong> logs<br />
with similar properties (standardized tree species, decay<br />
class and dimension class) showed a significant reduction<br />
in species number per log in managed spruce forests<br />
compared to unmanaged forests, but there was no such<br />
effect in pine forests. The species number per log in<br />
managed spruce forests was 90-45% <strong>of</strong> that in the<br />
unmanaged forests, and the reduction was highest on logs<br />
<strong>of</strong> large dimensions. A closer inspection revealed that<br />
species preferring medium and very decayed spruce logs<br />
were disfavored in managed stands, whereas species on<br />
early decay classes and decay generalists were unaffected.<br />
Similarly, species preferring large spruce logs were<br />
disfavored in managed forests. Forest management had<br />
strongest impact on low-frequent (rare) species in the<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 123
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
spruce forests (more than 50% reduction), whereas<br />
common species were modestly affected. The Corticoid<br />
species seemed more adversely affected than the<br />
Polypores. These results indicate that many woodinhabiting<br />
species in spruce forests are adversely affected<br />
by temporal (continuity) gaps in the supply <strong>of</strong> dead wood,<br />
whereas the species in pine forests seem more adapted to<br />
forest disturbances. This implies that forest management<br />
practices should secure sites with a continuous supply <strong>of</strong><br />
dead wood in spruce forests.<br />
395 - Conceptual problems <strong>of</strong> Ecological Continuity and<br />
its bioindicators<br />
B. Nordén<br />
Botanical Inst. Göteborg University, Box 461, 405 30<br />
Göteborg, Sweden. - E-mail: bjorn.norden@systbot.gu.se<br />
Old, undisturbed forest stands may be important for<br />
biodiversity through their content <strong>of</strong> microhabitats or for<br />
the long periods available for colonisation. The term<br />
Ecological Continuity (EC) has been used to ascribe value<br />
to old forest stands, but its use may lead to underestimation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the importance <strong>of</strong> forest dynamics and dispersal. If bioindicators<br />
<strong>of</strong> EC are to be used, species with low dispersal<br />
capacity should be chosen. However, many lichens and<br />
other fungi seem to have a patch-tracking lifestyle, and to<br />
merely indicate specific microhabitats. This is exemplified<br />
with data from two papers on wood-inhabiting ascomycetes<br />
and basidiomycetes in temperate deciduous woodland. In<br />
the first paper, a negative correlation between species<br />
richness and stand age in hazel woodland was reported.<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> Red List species was not affected by stand<br />
age. In the second paper, fine woody debris (FWD; diam 1-<br />
10 cm) was found to be very important for species richness<br />
in oak dominated woodland. This finding is discussed in<br />
relation to the required time for microhabitat formation.<br />
75% <strong>of</strong> the ascomycetes were found only on FWD,<br />
compared to 35% for basidiomycetes. The volume <strong>of</strong> CWD<br />
(coarse woody debris; diam > 10 cm) and FWD, and the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> Red List species on CWD and FWD were<br />
similar. Indicators <strong>of</strong> EC should be sought among<br />
microhabitats (logs), terrestrial molluscs, vascular forest<br />
plants, bryophytes and lichenized fungi which are<br />
'perennial stayers', and perhaps ground-floor fungi.<br />
396 - Cortinarius subgenus Myxacium: phylogeny and<br />
distribution in North America<br />
M.T. Seidl<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Washington, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Box 351330,<br />
Seattle, WA, U.S.A. - E-mail: seidl@u.washington.edu<br />
Subgenus Myxacium is a relatively small group within<br />
Cortinarius, the largest genus <strong>of</strong> agarics. The subgenus in<br />
North America presently comprises 3-4 sections with 15-25<br />
species. A review <strong>of</strong> names used for Myxacium taxa will be<br />
124<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
presented. Distribution maps will be shown for selected<br />
taxa within this region. To begin understanding<br />
relationships within Myxacium phylogenetic analyses were<br />
performed using nuclear DNA sequences from the internal<br />
transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA<br />
gene on 23 Cortinarius taxa representing 7 subgenera, and<br />
later on 42 taxa from the Northern Hemisphere. Evidence<br />
from these studies suggests the subgenus Myxacium is<br />
polyphyletic as currently recognized. A summary <strong>of</strong><br />
current knowledge <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic relationships within<br />
Myxacium will be discussed together with individual<br />
species and their probable taxonomic placement.<br />
397 - Multiple-gene phylogenies indicate a recent<br />
radiation <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius<br />
U. Peintner 1* , J.-M. Moncalvo 2 , R. Vilgalys 2 & M. Moser 1<br />
1 University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck,<br />
Austria. - 2 Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
Ursula.Peintner@uibk.ac.at<br />
The main obstacle for a broadly acceptable classification <strong>of</strong><br />
Cortinarius (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) is the huge<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species, and the lack <strong>of</strong> good, non-transitional<br />
characters. In this study, we tested suitability and power <strong>of</strong><br />
three protein coding genes in combination with nuclear<br />
rDNA to resolve deeper relationships within Cortinarius.<br />
We also compare the resolving power <strong>of</strong> increased taxon<br />
sampling versus increased character sampling. To address<br />
these questions, portions <strong>of</strong> ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6),<br />
elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha), NADH-ubiquinone<br />
oxidoreductase chain 5 (NADH5) and nuclear rDNA (ITS<br />
and LSU) were sequenced for 18-132 taxa, respectively.<br />
Sequences <strong>of</strong> 44 species were combined totalling 4955 bp<br />
<strong>of</strong> DNA. Datasets were analyzed separately and combined<br />
with Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony with<br />
different weighting schemes. Ribosomal DNA and proteincoding<br />
genes failed to provide adequate discriminatory<br />
power for deeper relationships. The combined gene<br />
genealogy yielded the best resolution and thus provides the<br />
most robust initial hypothesis <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic relationships<br />
within Cortinarius. We suggest that the difficulties to<br />
resolve the evolutionary relationships <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius are<br />
linked to two sequential rapid radiation events in the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> this ectomycorrhizal mushroom. Thus,<br />
unresolved branching orders during these time periods may<br />
represent an accurate representation <strong>of</strong> the evolutionary<br />
history <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius.<br />
398 - Taxonomy <strong>of</strong> genus Cortinarius based on<br />
phylogeny obtained from nuclear rDNA sequences<br />
K. Høiland 1* , K. Røberg 1 , A. Holst-Jensen 2 & K.T.<br />
Hansen 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P.O. Box<br />
1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. - 2 National Veterinary<br />
Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. -<br />
3 Norwegian Polar Institute, P.O. Box 720, N-9171
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
Longyearbyen, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
klaus.hoiland@bio.uio.no<br />
ITS and LSU rDNA sequences <strong>of</strong> 48 species (ITS) and a<br />
subset <strong>of</strong> 29 species (LSU) <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius from the<br />
Northern Hemisphere were studied. Gymnopilus sapineus<br />
was the outgroup taxon. Phylogeny from the ITS data was<br />
studied by: maximum parsimony followed by successive<br />
weighting (MPsw), maximum likelihood analysis (ML),<br />
and neighbour joining (NJ). In all analyses, the subgenera<br />
Telamonia and Dermocybe were monophyletic. MPsw also<br />
rendered subgenus Phlegmacium as monophyletic if we<br />
accept Rozites caperatus, C. limonius (formerly subgenus<br />
Leprocybe), and subgenus Myxacium section Colliniti<br />
belonging to this subgenus. A tentative taxonomy <strong>of</strong><br />
Cortinarius is: (1) subgenus Dermocybe with its 'classical'<br />
inventory. (2) subgenus Telamonia comprising the 'old'<br />
Telamonia species (minus C. obtusus) together with<br />
species formerly placed in Sericeocybe or Leprocybe. (3)<br />
subgenus Phlegmacium, also comprising some species<br />
from Leprocybe and Myxacium, and the genus Rozites. (4)<br />
subgenus Cortinarius, a paraphyletic group positioned at<br />
the bottom <strong>of</strong> the phylogenetic tree consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
miscellaneous species from the 'old' subgenera. The LSU<br />
sequence data had few variable sites, and the phylogeny<br />
was not so obvious as from ITS. MPsw gave following<br />
indications: Telamonia is monophyletic, Rozites is inside<br />
Cortinarius, C. cinnabarinus belongs to Telamonia, C.<br />
obtusus falls outside Telamonia. The analysis could not<br />
support Phlegmacium as monophyletic. Dermocybe<br />
appeared paraphyletic on the LSU tree.<br />
399 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> subgenus Phlegmacium in light <strong>of</strong> its<br />
pigment chemistry - a case <strong>of</strong> 'trivialization' and loss <strong>of</strong><br />
character diversity?<br />
T.E. Brandrud<br />
Norwegian institute for nature research (NINA), P.O.Box<br />
736 Sentrum, N-0105 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
tor.brandrud@ninaosl.ninaniku.no<br />
Cortinarius subgenus Phlegmacium includes many<br />
spectacular, bright-coloured species, especially in sect.<br />
Fulvi ss. lat. (incl. sect. Scauri ss. Mos. p.p.). Section Fulvi<br />
has more than 60 different anthraquinonic pigments,<br />
mainly <strong>of</strong> the atrovirin, flavomannin and phlegmacin<br />
series. These pigment series are probably developed<br />
independently, from different precursors, and occur in<br />
different species. It is thus likely that sect. Fulvi is a<br />
polyphyletic group, even though it is morphologically<br />
homogeneous based on numerical character analyses.<br />
According to chemical pathways, the atrovirin-containing<br />
species (subsect. Atrovirentes), and the ones with the least<br />
methylated flavomannins and phlegmacins (subsect.<br />
Splendentes and Rufoolivacei) are the most primitive.<br />
These species are characterised by (i) high pigment<br />
concentrations, (ii) high diversity <strong>of</strong> pigments, and (iii)<br />
easy oxidized compounds. The supposed primitive pigment<br />
characters are co-occurring with extreme 'phlegmacioid'<br />
features such as (i) bright colours, (ii) strongly glutinous<br />
surfaces, (iii) marginate bulb, (iv) citriform, coarsely<br />
verrucose spores, and (v) lack <strong>of</strong> brown encrusting-parietal<br />
pigments. The supposed derived species possess more<br />
'trivial', 'telamonioid' characters such as brown colours and<br />
a clavate stem. It seems thus that the ongoing evolutionary<br />
trend in Phlegmacium is a kind depauperation <strong>of</strong> pigment<br />
diversity, going from spectacular to more trivial looking<br />
organisms.<br />
400 - Molecular systematics in the genus Inocybe<br />
(Agaricales)<br />
P. B. Matheny 1* , Y. J. Liu 2 , J. F. Ammirati 1 & B.D. Hall 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Washington, Departments <strong>of</strong> Botany, Box<br />
351330, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Washington, Departments <strong>of</strong> Botany and Genetics, Box<br />
355325, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
matheny@u.washington.edu<br />
Three genes are employed to infer the phylogeny <strong>of</strong><br />
Inocybe, a genus <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal agarics distributed<br />
world-wide but particularly diverse in temperate regions <strong>of</strong><br />
the northern and southern hemispheres. Partial DNA<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong> RPB1, RPB2, and nuclear large subunit<br />
ribosomal RNA (nLSU) all indicate Inocybe is<br />
monophyletic and composed <strong>of</strong> several lineages. Combined<br />
RPB1 and RPB2 DNA sequences and amino acid data<br />
reveal the I. calamistrata group (sect. Cervicolores)<br />
occupies the most basal branch in the clade and that<br />
subgenus Mallocybe, which includes the I. dulcamara<br />
group, is monophyletic. However, these results are not<br />
supported by all data sets. Members <strong>of</strong> the I. rimosa group<br />
(sect. Rimosae) appear polyphyletic based on RPB1 and<br />
nLSU data. Strong support is shown in all instances for the<br />
monophyly and derived status <strong>of</strong> species with metuloid<br />
cystidia, but nodulose-spored taxa are polyphyletic.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> cystidiate clades include the I. lanuginosa<br />
group and I. geophylla group. Several novel relationships<br />
have also been detected: (1) a southern hemisphere<br />
mallocyboid clade including the tropical West African I.<br />
aureoplumosa and undescribed taxa from Australia,<br />
including a secotioid form; and (2) a monophyletic group<br />
<strong>of</strong> several species with nodulose spores from neotropical<br />
Dicymbe-dominated forests in Guyana. RPB1 and nLSU<br />
data suggest the saprophytic genus, Phaeomarasmius, is<br />
indeed sister to Inocybe, although these two data sets are<br />
incongruent for some taxa.<br />
401 - Distribution <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius in the world flora and<br />
their relations to phanerogams. An update<br />
M. Moser<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020<br />
Innsbruck, Austria. - E-mail: Meinhard.Moser@uibk.ac.at<br />
The genus Cortinarius was for a long time regarded as<br />
being restricted to the temperate Northern and Southern<br />
Hemisphere associated with Pinaceae, Fagales, Eucalyptus,<br />
Tilia and Dryas. The work <strong>of</strong> Favre initiated the interest in<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 125
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
alpine and arctic mycology and numerous Cortinarii have<br />
been described from the Northern Hemisphere associated<br />
with Salix and Dryas. The increased exploration <strong>of</strong> tropical<br />
fungi have brought to light quite numerous ectomycorrhizal<br />
taxa but the number <strong>of</strong> Cortinarii remain low. Few species<br />
are known from Congo, the Amazon area and South India<br />
associated with leguminous and sapotaceous genera or<br />
Dipterocarpaceae. The distribution <strong>of</strong> some special groups<br />
like subgenus Cortinarius, subgenus Leprocybe sensu<br />
stricto, the Cortinarius orellanus group, subgenus<br />
Dermocybe, subgenus Phlegmacium subsection<br />
Coleopodes, the Cortinarius salor group and others are<br />
discussed.<br />
402 - Species and speciation in the Hebeloma<br />
crustuliniforme complex<br />
D.K. Aanen 1* & T.W. Kuyper 2<br />
1 Zoological Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen,<br />
universitetsparken 15, dk-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. -<br />
2 Soil Biology and Biological Soil Quality Group,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wageningen, PO Box 8005, 6700 EC<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands. - E-mail: dkaanen@zi.ku.dk<br />
Within the genus Hebeloma species have traditionally been<br />
defined typologically by their morphological differences.<br />
In many cases this has not lead to uncontroversial species<br />
delimitations. An extreme example is the Hebeloma<br />
crustuliniforme complex, where a number <strong>of</strong> species have<br />
been described, but where the borderlines between these<br />
species have been disputed. Here we used sexual<br />
intercompatibility to define species within this species<br />
complex. We found a minimum <strong>of</strong> 20 intercompatibility<br />
groups (biological species). A phylogeny including species<br />
<strong>of</strong> the other main groups <strong>of</strong> the genus Hebeloma shows that<br />
the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex consists <strong>of</strong> two<br />
well-supported clades that together possibly do not form a<br />
monophyletic group. Speciation is the process <strong>of</strong> becoming<br />
a species. Under the biological species concept, speciation<br />
can thus be defined as the origin <strong>of</strong> sexual incompatibility.<br />
Within a monophyletic group consisting <strong>of</strong> nine closely<br />
related ICGs belonging to the Hebeloma crustuliniforme<br />
complex, four ICGs had varying levels <strong>of</strong> partial<br />
incompatibility (within groups 100% compatibility,<br />
between 0.4, 8.3 and 15.0%). We estimated phylogenies <strong>of</strong><br />
different individuals <strong>of</strong> these ICGs to reconstruct the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> intercompatibility. Our results indicate that<br />
generalizations between the level <strong>of</strong> intercompatibility and<br />
genetic divergence within this species complex can not be<br />
made.<br />
403 - Correlations between classical systematics and<br />
molecular phylogenetic hypotheses in the genus<br />
Cortinarius<br />
S. Garnica 1* , M. Weiß 1 , B. Oertel 2 & F. Oberwinkler 1<br />
1 Universität Tübingen, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl<br />
Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1,<br />
126<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. - 2 Universität Bonn, Institut<br />
für Obst- und Gemüsebau, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121<br />
Bonn-Endenich, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
sigisfredo.garnica@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
A wide spectrum <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius species from South<br />
America, Australia, Asia and Europa were studied by<br />
means <strong>of</strong> comparative morphology and anatomy, scanning<br />
electron microscopy <strong>of</strong> basidiospores, and molecular<br />
phylogenetic methods. Sequencing <strong>of</strong> both the ITS region<br />
and the D1/D2 region <strong>of</strong> the nuclear coded large ribosomal<br />
subunit (LSU) allowed estimation <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic<br />
relationships both within the genus Cortinarius and also<br />
between Cortinarius and closely related taxa. We present<br />
results <strong>of</strong> our molecular phylogenetic analyses and discuss<br />
them in relation to classical taxonomic concepts in<br />
Cortinarius and our own macro- and microscopical<br />
observations.<br />
404 - A molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Gymnopilus, using<br />
ribosomal ITS DNA sequence data<br />
D.A. Orlovich 1* , A.-M.B. Oliver 1 & B.J. Rees 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Otago, PO Box 56,<br />
Dunedin, New Zealand. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Biological Science,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: david.orlovich@botany.otago.ac.nz<br />
Gymnopilus P. Karsten is a genus <strong>of</strong> wood-rotting<br />
basidiomycetes with over 150 species distributed<br />
worldwide. Gymnopilus produces a rusty-brown spore print<br />
and has rough spore ornamentation, commonly without a<br />
plage. The genus has recently been revised in Australia and<br />
there are several detailed accounts <strong>of</strong> the genus for other<br />
regions including Norway, North America and Great<br />
Britain. In conjunction with an ongoing revision <strong>of</strong> New<br />
Zealand species, we are sequencing the internal transcribed<br />
spacer region <strong>of</strong> nuclear ribosomal DNA for phylogenetic<br />
analyses using parsimony and maximum likelihood. We<br />
will present a phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the genus incorporating both<br />
southern and northern hemisphere species. There is<br />
considerable similarity between the New Zealand and<br />
Australian Gymnopilus flora, and several species pairs exist<br />
that span the northern and southern hemispheres.<br />
405 - Myconet<br />
O.E. Eriksson<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.<br />
Myconet MYCONET is an international project intended<br />
for the development <strong>of</strong> a natural classification <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ascomycota. Relevant literature is screened and all new<br />
data that may necessitate changes in the classification are<br />
presented in the series Notes on ascomycete systematics (at<br />
present c. 3500 Notes). An Outline <strong>of</strong> the Ascomycota is
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
continuously updated. Decision on changes is taken by<br />
eight Boards <strong>of</strong> experts, viz. for Ascomycota (higher taxa),<br />
Taphrinomycotina / Saccharomycotina, Arthoniomycetes /<br />
Lecanoromycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes /<br />
Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes,<br />
Pezizomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Results are published<br />
in the electronic journal Myconet and in hard copies <strong>of</strong> the<br />
same journal.<br />
406 - FungalWeb<br />
L. Lange<br />
Molecular Biotechnology, Novozymes A/S, Denmark.<br />
The FungalWeb has been established to make a<br />
mycological web site that can provide the most current and<br />
accurate fungal taxonomy. The users it is designed for<br />
range from pr<strong>of</strong>essional mycologists in academia and<br />
industry to advanced high school students. What has been<br />
done is to provide a classification for all fungal telemorph<br />
genera, based on a combination <strong>of</strong> phenotypic and genetic<br />
data. The FungalWeb as it is available today is the result <strong>of</strong><br />
a joined effort <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> leading experts, together<br />
covering all the fungal taxonomic groups. The planned next<br />
steps for improving <strong>of</strong> the web site are the following:<br />
Extend the web site to cover the genera Aspergillus and<br />
Penicillium to species level. This will be done summer<br />
2002, building on contribution <strong>of</strong> data from Samson,<br />
Frisvad and Pitt. Extend the web site to as far as possible<br />
also include and accommodate implacement <strong>of</strong> the<br />
anamorphs. This will be done based on guidance and data<br />
from K. Seifert. Planned implemetation fall 2002. In a<br />
second generation FungalWeb it is planned to establish<br />
links to all major mycological web sites and databases,<br />
including pictures, secondary metabolites, pathogenesis,<br />
ecology, industrial use etc. Further, FungalWeb needs<br />
resources for scientific and technical maintenance and<br />
development. Attempts will be made to have this secured<br />
on coordination with the GBIF initiative.<br />
407 - LIAS - A global information system for lichenized<br />
and non-lichenized ascomycetes<br />
D. Triebel<br />
Botanische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Menzinger Strasse<br />
67 D-80638 Muenchen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
triebel@botanik.biologie.uni-muenchen.de<br />
The LIAS project was initiated in 1995. It is a multiauthored<br />
information system for collecting and distributing<br />
descriptive and other biodiversity data on lichens and nonlichenized<br />
ascomycetes. Its goal is to provide a working<br />
space for cooperation and collaboration <strong>of</strong> experts<br />
(http://www.lias.net/). The data <strong>of</strong> the two core databases<br />
are stored in DiversityDescriptions (= DELTAAccess) and<br />
made available through several web interfaces. Using<br />
HTML data submission forms automatically generated<br />
from the LIAS databases, sets <strong>of</strong> descriptive data can be<br />
established and interactively revised over the internet.<br />
Taxon names are linked to various types <strong>of</strong> information (e.<br />
g. more than 700 partly multi-stated descriptive characters),<br />
allowing mycologists and lichenologists to co-operate<br />
online and add their data to a common system for multiple<br />
usage (identification keys, database generated natural<br />
language descriptions, revisions etc.; with public or<br />
restricted access). Currently more than 60 mycologists and<br />
lichenologists world-wide are contributing as authors or<br />
revisers. LIAS is co-operating with several flora and<br />
database projects (e. g. the Sonoran Lichen Flora Project,<br />
the Checklists <strong>of</strong> Lichens Project) and the Internet Portal<br />
'Mycology.Net'. It will serve as Global Species Database<br />
for lichens in context with the Species2000 initiative and<br />
the EuroCat project.<br />
408 - Recent Literature on Lichens<br />
E. Timdal<br />
Botanical Museum, University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, Sars' gate 1, N-<br />
0562 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: einar.timdal@nhm.uio.no<br />
"Recent Literature on Lichens" (RLL) is a series published<br />
in The Bryologist since 1951. It aims at listing all recently<br />
published papers in lichenology, with a complete<br />
bibliographic reference, keywords, and abstract - including<br />
mention <strong>of</strong> all new scientific names and combinations. The<br />
authors are William L. Culberson (in the period 1951-<br />
1978), Robert S. Egan (1979-1991), and Theodore L.<br />
Esslinger (from 1991). The lists have been computerized<br />
by Egan and Esslinger, and the database is put on the Web<br />
by the present author<br />
(http://www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/RLL.HTM).<br />
Together with "Mattick's Literature Index", originally a<br />
card index in Berlin computerized and expanded by Harrie<br />
J.M. Sipman, the data set now goes back to 1532, and<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> more than 32,000 records. Members <strong>of</strong><br />
Myconet's Lecanoromycetes Board may use RLL as a tool<br />
when scanning for taxonomic papers for review.<br />
409 - Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina<br />
C.P. Kurtzman<br />
Microbial Genomics Bioprocessing Research Unit<br />
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research,<br />
ARS/USD Peoria, Illinois 61604, U.S.A.<br />
Gene sequence comparisons have shown that presently<br />
described, genera, families and orders in the<br />
Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina are <strong>of</strong>ten not<br />
phylogenetically circumscribed. Single gene analyses are<br />
generally inadequate for genus circumscription, but for the<br />
Saccharomycetales genera seem to be strongly resolved in<br />
datasets comprised <strong>of</strong> around 5,000 nucleotides. Family<br />
groupings in such analyses are generally only weakly<br />
supported. Consequently robust molecular phylogenies <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 127
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
higher level classification may require 20-50 gene<br />
sequences.<br />
410 - Lecanoromycetes<br />
G. Rambold<br />
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth,<br />
Universitätsstrasse 30 - NW 1, D-95447, Bayreuth,<br />
Germany.<br />
In the current Myconet classification, lichenized<br />
discomycetes are mainly placed in the two classes<br />
Arthoniomycetes and Lecanoromycetes with 6 orders,<br />
about 64 families, 72 Arthoniomycetes and 494<br />
Lecanoromycetes genera. The class Arthoniomycetes with<br />
one order is represented by nearly 400 known species, the<br />
class Lecanoromycetes might well comprize ca. 6.300<br />
species. Following the Myconet classification, the order<br />
Lecanorales s. str. is segregated into four suborders,<br />
whereas some other units formerly treated at suborder rank,<br />
have been (re-)assigned the status <strong>of</strong> orders. In the last<br />
years there were main activities in molecular phylogenetic<br />
research concerning both classes. From 2930 (partial) 18S<br />
rDNA sequences actually existing for Pezizomycotina, ca.<br />
1,6% refer to Arthoniomycetes and ca. 10% to<br />
Lecanoromycetes. For Arthoniomycetes additional 78 ITS<br />
sequences (ca. 1.2%) have been published aside from a<br />
negligible number <strong>of</strong> 26S and mitochondrial sequence data.<br />
For Lecanoromycetes, nearly 900 ITS sequences, 250<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong> 26S and a small number <strong>of</strong> mitochondrial<br />
sequence data are available in GenBank. To estimate the<br />
support <strong>of</strong> existing classifications <strong>of</strong> the two ascomycete<br />
classes by published molecular data, topologies <strong>of</strong> 18Strees<br />
<strong>of</strong> 20 publications are evaluated and compared with<br />
phylogenies calculated from 600 high quality sequences <strong>of</strong><br />
1600 bp minimum length. Supplementary information from<br />
ITS- and LSU-based phylogenies is respected in the<br />
considerations.<br />
411 - Chaetothyriomycetes and Dothideomycetes<br />
H.T. Lumbsch<br />
Fachbereich 9/Botanik, Universität Essen,<br />
Universitätsstraße 5 D-45117 Essen, Germany.<br />
Major results <strong>of</strong> recent studies, mainly based on molecular<br />
methods, concerning the phylogeny <strong>of</strong> these two classes <strong>of</strong><br />
ascolocularous fungi are presented and discussed. This<br />
includes the inclusion <strong>of</strong> lichenized fungi (e.g.<br />
Verrucariales) in the Chaetothyriomycetes and their<br />
relationships to other ascomycetes. Recent studies on the<br />
Dothideomycetes mainly dealed with the subdivision <strong>of</strong><br />
this large class <strong>of</strong> fungi into natural lineages. Results and<br />
prospects for further is discussed using some examples.<br />
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412 - Eurotiomycetes<br />
R.S. Currah<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta, b414<br />
Biological Sciences Centre Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9,<br />
Canada.<br />
The morphological signature <strong>of</strong> the Eurotiomycetes<br />
embodies fungi that generally produce spherical,<br />
evanescent, eight-spored asci within more or less globose<br />
ascomata. Ascospores are minute, single-celled and hyaline<br />
or very pale in colour. DNA sequence analyses underline<br />
the convergent nature <strong>of</strong> this signature and have been the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> arguments to align taxa with the typical<br />
eurotiomycete signature with other classes (e.g.,<br />
Cryptendoxyla, Myxotrichum). Similarly, DNA analyses<br />
have been used to align taxa with quite anomalous<br />
morphology within the Eurotiomycetes (e.g.,<br />
Pseudotulostoma). Understanding the nature <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ecological pressures creating these morphological variants<br />
will help us rationalize the taxonomic journeys <strong>of</strong> taxa<br />
among the classes <strong>of</strong> the Ascomycota.<br />
413 - Leotiomycetes<br />
H.-O. Baral 1 & R. Galán 2*<br />
1 Blaih<strong>of</strong>str. 42, D-72074 Tuebingen, Germany. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Alcalá 28871<br />
Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.<br />
Molecular sequence data have suggested a more or less<br />
severe rearrangement <strong>of</strong> some genera or species within the<br />
Helotiales, or even their removal from the order to which<br />
they have previously been placed according to<br />
morphological characters. Whether these modern results<br />
can be accepted in every case remains to be seen.<br />
Morphological studies are based on a high number <strong>of</strong><br />
species and specimens, while molecular studies <strong>of</strong>ten still<br />
concern only one or a few species per genus. Some<br />
morphologies are so complex in structure that a<br />
polyphyletic origin advocated by molecular data in some<br />
cases seems quite impossible to imagine. Furthermore,<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> species is still problematic in the<br />
Ascomycetes, considering the fact that a large number <strong>of</strong><br />
taxa still remains to be described, followingly erroneous<br />
specific or even generic names may have been attached to<br />
specimens from which molecular data derive. Nobody has<br />
control over correct determination when using data from<br />
GenBank. The potential <strong>of</strong> descriptive light-microscopical<br />
morphology is far from being fully exhausted. This<br />
especially concerns the various characters <strong>of</strong> the living<br />
fungus (vital taxonomy) which <strong>of</strong>fer a huge amount <strong>of</strong><br />
stable information on both generic and specific levels, but<br />
also concerns exact studies <strong>of</strong> apical apparatus, croziers<br />
etc. Such carefully gained morphological results <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
coincide with those <strong>of</strong> the sequence data, especially if a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> characters is used for the generic concepts.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
414 - Pezizomycetes<br />
K. Hansen<br />
Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave.,<br />
Cambridge, MA02138, U.S.A.<br />
Molecular phylogenetic studies in the Pezizomycetes (with<br />
single order Pezizales) have over the past five years<br />
revealed new information on relationships between<br />
families and genera. Pezizales currently includes 14<br />
families, and is composed <strong>of</strong> at least 3 distinct lineages: A)<br />
Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae, B) a Discinaceae-<br />
Morchellaceae clade, a Helvellaceae-Tuberaceae-<br />
Karstenellaceae clade and a monotypic Rhizinaceae clade,<br />
C) Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Pyronemataceae,<br />
Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae. The placement <strong>of</strong><br />
the monotypic family Carbomycetaceae is unknown.<br />
Lineage C is the most heterogeneous lineage and the<br />
delimitations <strong>of</strong> all included families are problematic. To<br />
resolve family level relationships within lineage C it will<br />
be necessary to evaluate the largest and presumed<br />
polyphyletic Pyronemataceae in the context <strong>of</strong> closely<br />
related taxa (Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae,<br />
Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae). The<br />
Pyronemataceae has been a 'default' family for pezizalean<br />
taxa with uninucleate spores and iodine negative asci,<br />
which lack unifying anatomical characters by which they<br />
could be segregated into putative natural families. The<br />
evolutionary relationships <strong>of</strong> Ascodesmis and Glaziella,<br />
and the justification <strong>of</strong> the families Ascodesmidaceae and<br />
Glaziellaceae, or their circumscription, is still uncertain.<br />
Lineages A and B appears to be well-separated<br />
evolutionary lineages and the delimitation <strong>of</strong> families<br />
within these has to a large extent been clarified.<br />
415 - Sordariomycetes<br />
T. Læssøe<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Botanical Institute, Oester<br />
Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.<br />
Current classification <strong>of</strong> higher taxa in the class will be<br />
discussed. The genera currently accepted within the<br />
Xylariaceae will be given brief comments as to their<br />
current status and various problems will be raised. Several<br />
if not most <strong>of</strong> the so called core genera <strong>of</strong> the family can<br />
with the present knowledge not be considered<br />
monophyletic.<br />
416 - Laboulbeniomycetes, Spathulosporomycetes and<br />
Ascomycota inc. sed.<br />
O.E. Eriksson<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
ove.eriksson@eg.umu.se<br />
The two classes Laboulbeniomycetes and<br />
Spathulosporomycetes are briefly presented and<br />
Ascomycota with uncertain affinities are discussed.<br />
417 - Integrating biological data within an evolutionary<br />
framework<br />
I. Carbone<br />
Center for Integrated Fungal Research (CIFR), North<br />
Carolina State University, Box 7567 - Partners II Building,<br />
Raleigh, NC 27695-7567, U.S.A.<br />
The rapidly expanding field <strong>of</strong> bioinformatics is providing<br />
researchers with many tools and techniques for building,<br />
updating, and accessing biological data. With the<br />
exponentially increasing amounts <strong>of</strong> data from SNPs, gene<br />
expression pr<strong>of</strong>iling, proteomics, clinical and<br />
epidemiological studies, the focus is now on developing the<br />
conceptual and practical tools for understanding and<br />
exploring biological data to its fullest potential. One <strong>of</strong> the<br />
biggest challenges facing researchers is the move away<br />
from studying one gene or one molecular data set at a time<br />
to looking at multiple genes or multiple genetic and<br />
phenotypic data sets simultaneously, in a holistic fashion.<br />
The integration <strong>of</strong> multiple molecular and phenotypic data<br />
sets is accelerating the pace <strong>of</strong> biological discoveries and<br />
our overall understanding <strong>of</strong> biological systems.<br />
Computational methods are being developed to allow<br />
researchers to make the critical link between genotype and<br />
phenotype and in the process distinguish between<br />
associated and causative genetic variation. Evolutionary<br />
theory is at the core <strong>of</strong> these computational algorithms and<br />
is providing the conceptual bridge between bioinformatics<br />
and biological inference.<br />
418 - The utility <strong>of</strong> haplotypes in evolutionary analysis<br />
A.G. Clark<br />
Penn State University, Dpet Biology/University Park, PA,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: c92@psu.edu<br />
Genetic variation in natural populations is organized on<br />
chromosomes in linked sets that <strong>of</strong>ten exhibit some<br />
correlated structure or linkage disequilibrium. When<br />
considering sets <strong>of</strong> adjacent polymorphic sites, it is <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 129
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
use to note that only a subset <strong>of</strong> possible arrangements<br />
occur. These 'haplotypes' have proven highly useful for<br />
making a variety <strong>of</strong> inferences about population structure,<br />
migration, ages <strong>of</strong> polymorphisms, and departures from<br />
neutral evolution. An overview <strong>of</strong> the methods for<br />
inference <strong>of</strong> haplotypes from genotype data will be<br />
presented, along with illustrations <strong>of</strong> the applications <strong>of</strong><br />
haplotype analysis in populations <strong>of</strong> Drosophila and other<br />
organisms.<br />
419 - Inferring ancestry from DNA sequences; modeling<br />
and inference with the coalescent process<br />
R.C. Griffiths<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oxford, Department <strong>of</strong> Statistics, 1 South<br />
Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TG, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
griff@stats.ox.ac.uk<br />
A unique gene tree describing the mutation history <strong>of</strong> a<br />
sample <strong>of</strong> DNA sequences can be constructed as a perfect<br />
phylogeny under an assumption <strong>of</strong> non-recurrent point<br />
mutations. There is much interest in thinking <strong>of</strong> the data as<br />
a tree, rather than just sequences. This talk will describe,<br />
with examples, how coalescent trees and gene trees are<br />
used to model and infer ancestry <strong>of</strong> a sample <strong>of</strong> DNA<br />
sequences.<br />
420 - Demographic inferences from molecular data<br />
using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods<br />
R. Nielsen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biometrics, Cornell University, 439 Warren<br />
Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-7801, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
rn28@cornell.edu<br />
A popular approach for inferring demographic parameters,<br />
such as levels <strong>of</strong> gene flow between populations, or rates <strong>of</strong><br />
population growth, is to collect molecular data and to use<br />
this data to estimate demographic parameters based on<br />
specific population models. In the past there have been few<br />
attempts to test these models and to develop methods for<br />
choosing between alternative models. In this talk I will<br />
present some recent methods for hypothesis testing and<br />
model choice using molecular population genetic data. In<br />
particular I will investigate models for estimating levels <strong>of</strong><br />
gene flow and population divergence times.<br />
421 - Progress and pitfalls in aflatoxin studies<br />
D.M. Wilson<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Coastal Plain Station, P. O. Box<br />
748, 109 Plant Science Drive, Tifton, GA 31793, U.S.A. -<br />
E-mail: dwilson@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu<br />
130<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Aflatoxin contamination <strong>of</strong> foods and feeds is a global<br />
problem which is most severe in the warmer portions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
globe. Aflatoxin research is difficult because the fungi that<br />
produce the aflatoxins are not aggressive pathogens and<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten occur as saprophytes in feedstuffs. Aflatoxin<br />
contamination can occur before harvest, during harvesting<br />
and drying and in storage. The environmental conditions<br />
favoring contamination before harvest generally includes<br />
late season drought and high temperatures. The<br />
relationships between damage and contamination begin in<br />
the field and progress throughout the marketing channels<br />
with moisture content being the most critical post harvest<br />
factor. There are different marketing regulations in the<br />
USA and European Union. The market for the product<br />
sometimes dictates the marketing and management<br />
strategies. Countries with few or unenforced regulations<br />
sometimes have highly contaminated products in the<br />
marketplace. Therefore, management strategies must be<br />
tailored to the climate and the country. There are at present<br />
no completely effective management tools to eliminate<br />
aflatoxin contamination from the human food chain.<br />
422 - Fumonisin exposure in different populations and<br />
reduction <strong>of</strong> fumonisin by the process <strong>of</strong><br />
nixtamalization<br />
M. Dombrink-Kurtzman<br />
Mycotoxin Research, NCAUR, USDA, ARS, 1815 N.<br />
University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
dombrink@ncaur.usda.gov<br />
In countries where a major part <strong>of</strong> the daily diet is maize,<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> fumonisins in maize products represents an<br />
emerging health concern. The U.S. Food and Drug<br />
Administration has issued recommended guidance levels<br />
for maize. Although unequivocal harm to humans has not<br />
been demonstrated, fumonisins have been shown to cause<br />
diseases in horses and pigs and to produce tumors in<br />
laboratory rats. Exposure to fumonisins is highest in South<br />
Africa and China due to high intake <strong>of</strong> maize and the<br />
potential for environmental conditions favoring mycotoxin<br />
production. Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by<br />
Fusarium verticillioides (synonym F. moniliforme) and F.<br />
proliferatum, can be present in normal-appearing maize.<br />
The alkaline-cooking process, nixtamalization, is used to<br />
produce many maize products in Mexico, Central America<br />
and the United States. Research had shown that masa and<br />
tortillas from Mexico and the United States contained<br />
fumonisin B1. To determine the fate <strong>of</strong> fumonisins during<br />
processing, maize naturally contaminated with fumonisins<br />
underwent nixtamalization for production <strong>of</strong> tortillas.<br />
Material was analyzed at each step for fumonisins, weights<br />
and moisture contents so that mass balance determinations<br />
could be calculated. Less than twenty percent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fumonisins remained in the tortillas. Nixtamalization<br />
appears to be a way to reduce significantly fumonisins<br />
occurring in maize products.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
423 - Human exposure to ochratoxin A: Analytical<br />
methods for determining ochratoxin A in wine and beer<br />
and as a biomarker in human urine<br />
M. Pascale * & A. Visconti<br />
Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR, V.le<br />
L. Einaudi, 51 - 70125 Bari, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
m.pascale@area.ba.cnr.it<br />
Ochratoxin A (OA), a mycotoxin widely distributed in<br />
various foodstuffs and beverages, has been shown to be<br />
nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic to<br />
several animal species and to cause kidney and liver<br />
tumours in mice and rats. IARC has classified OA as a<br />
possible carcinogen to humans (Group 2B). The<br />
widespread occurrence <strong>of</strong> OA in human blood provides<br />
evidence <strong>of</strong> a continuous human exposure to this<br />
mycotoxin. Wine and beer are products widely consumed<br />
by adult individuals and, due to the high frequency <strong>of</strong><br />
contamination with OA, they may represents a serious<br />
source <strong>of</strong> daily OA intake for human. A new analytical<br />
method for the determination <strong>of</strong> OA in wine and beer has<br />
been recently developed by the authors and validated by an<br />
inter-laboratory study. The method, based on the use <strong>of</strong><br />
immunoaffinity columns and HPLC, has been recently<br />
adopted by the AOAC <strong>International</strong>, CEN (European<br />
Committee for Standardisation) and OIV (Office<br />
<strong>International</strong> de la Vigne et du Vin) as <strong>of</strong>ficial method. In a<br />
recent study carried out in the UK, a good correlation<br />
between OA consumption through the diet and OA<br />
concentration in urine was observed suggesting that urine<br />
could provide a useful marker <strong>of</strong> OA intake. A rapid and<br />
accurate method, based on immunoaffinity columns and<br />
HPLC, to quantify OA at pg/ml levels in urine has been<br />
developed by the authors. The method can be used as a<br />
rapid and non-invasive tool to assess human and animal<br />
exposure to OA in epidemiological studies.<br />
424 - Changes in concentration <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins during<br />
storage <strong>of</strong> wheat<br />
B. Birzele<br />
Institute for Plant Diseases, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Agricultural and<br />
Food Microbiology, University <strong>of</strong> Bonn, Meckenheimer<br />
Allee 168, 53115 Bonn, Germany. - E-mail: b.birzele@unibonn.de<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> the genera Fusarium, Penicillium and<br />
Aspergillus are well-known for their occurrence on grains<br />
and their ability to produce mycotoxins. Whereas Fusarium<br />
invade and damage grains predominantly on the field, they<br />
are increasingly displaced by Penicillium and Aspergillus<br />
during storage. Fusarium species produce a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
mycotoxins, <strong>of</strong> which deoxynivalenol (DON), a Btrichothecene,<br />
is detected most frequently and in highest<br />
concentrations. DON is mainly produced on the field by F.<br />
graminearum and F. culmorum. Ochratoxin A (OTA),<br />
which is one <strong>of</strong> the mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus<br />
and Penicillium species, does not normally occur before<br />
harvest and is therefore considered to be a storage toxin.<br />
Due to its carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity it is regarded<br />
to be the toxicologically most important mycotoxin<br />
occuring during storage <strong>of</strong> wheat. It was the purpose <strong>of</strong> the<br />
studies presented to investigate the influence <strong>of</strong> different<br />
suboptimal storage conditions on the viability and<br />
mycotoxin production <strong>of</strong> Fusarium and<br />
Penicillium/Aspergillus species and to deduce information<br />
about their inter-relationship during suboptimal storage.<br />
For that reason, DON and OTA contents were quantified<br />
and set into relation to the frequency <strong>of</strong> fungal isolation<br />
and biomass.<br />
425 - Penicillium species in food leftovers intended for<br />
feed<br />
I. Skaar * & M. Torp<br />
National Veterinary Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Food and<br />
Feed hygiene, P.O.Box 8156 Dep. 0033 Oslo, Norway. - Email:<br />
ida.skaar@vetinst.no<br />
Swill feeding was widespread in Norway until feeding <strong>of</strong><br />
unsterilized swill was prohibited due to the high risk for<br />
spreading <strong>of</strong> contagious animal diseases. However, there<br />
has been increasing interests for utilisation <strong>of</strong> food<br />
leftovers for animal feed, especially for pigs and fur<br />
animals. The authorities want to avoid food leftovers on<br />
waste disposal sites and at the same time utilize this<br />
resource in production <strong>of</strong> an economic feed. Plants<br />
producing liquid feed from food have been established<br />
several places in Norway. Food leftovers from large-scale<br />
households and food industry are actual resources. Since<br />
food leftovers have variable composition, a high number <strong>of</strong><br />
mould species and mycotoxins may be expected. In a<br />
descriptive study <strong>of</strong> the fungal flora <strong>of</strong> food leftovers<br />
intended for feed, altogether 89 samples <strong>of</strong> food waste<br />
were subjected to mycological examinations. Genus<br />
Penicillium was demonstrated in 88% <strong>of</strong> the samples with<br />
mean count 5,5 ×10 5 KDE/g. Altogether 31 Penicillium<br />
species were demonstrated, <strong>of</strong> which 8 were demonstrated<br />
in ≥10% <strong>of</strong> the samples. The species most frequently<br />
demonstrated were P. crustosum, P. roqueforti, P.<br />
viridicatum, P.brevicompactum, P. aurantiogriseum, P.<br />
chrysogenum, P. expansum and P. echinulatum. Genus<br />
Penicillium does produce a high number <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins,<br />
which makes it difficult to choose indicator-toxins for feed<br />
based on food leftovers. Further studies on toxin<br />
production in food leftovers are in the process.<br />
426 - Mutualism and antagonism in bark beetle-fungusmite<br />
interactions<br />
K.D. Klepzig 1* , R.W. H<strong>of</strong>stetter 2 , M.P. Ayres 2 & J.C.<br />
Moser 1<br />
1 USDA Forest Service, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA<br />
71360, U.S.A. - 2 Dartmouth College, Gilman Hall,<br />
Hanover, NH 03755, U.S.A. - E-mail: kklepzig@fs.fed.us<br />
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IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
Bark beetles present an economically and ecologically<br />
significant model for the study <strong>of</strong> multilevel symbiotic<br />
interactions. The southern pine beetle - Dendroctonus<br />
frontalis - is associated with both mutualistic and<br />
antagonistic fungi. The bluestain fungus - Ophiostoma<br />
minus - may initially assist the beetle in killing its tree host.<br />
However, as beetle larvae begin developing, it competes<br />
with the beetle for host tissue. The beetle also carries two<br />
fungi in specialized mycangia. These fungi<br />
(Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus and Entomocorticium sp. A)<br />
are nutritional mutualists <strong>of</strong> the beetle. These mycangial<br />
fungi are able to grow and fructify within the host tree,<br />
providing nitrogen rich tissue for the beetles to feed upon -<br />
unless they are interfered with and outcompeted by O.<br />
minus. All three fungi interact in both positive and negative<br />
fashion with phoretic mites, which are carried into the tree<br />
by the beetle. These mites in turn vector and feed upon two<br />
<strong>of</strong> the beetle associated fungi (O. minus and C.<br />
ranaculosus). Though O. minus usually outcompetes the<br />
mycangial fungi, abiotic factors (such as water potential)<br />
may alter these interactions. In addition, the fungi are not<br />
<strong>of</strong> equal benefit to the beetle, or the mites. We review<br />
recent research into the biology and ecology <strong>of</strong> this<br />
complex system, pose hypotheses as to the effects <strong>of</strong> these<br />
interactions on the population dynamics <strong>of</strong> this destructive<br />
beetle, and consider the implications to the field <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
symbioses.<br />
427 - Epidemiology <strong>of</strong> southern pine beetle-fungal<br />
interactions<br />
R.W. H<strong>of</strong>stetter 1* , K.D. Klepzig 2 , J.C. Moser 2 & M.P.<br />
Ayres 1<br />
1 Dartmouth College, 202 Gilman Hall, Hanover NH<br />
03755, U.S.A. - 2 USDA Forest Service, 2500 Shreveport<br />
Hwy, Pineville LA 71360, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
rwh@dartmouth.edu<br />
The effects <strong>of</strong> microbes on the dynamics <strong>of</strong> animal<br />
populations may be due to direct interaction between<br />
associates and hosts, or may be indirectly mediated by<br />
other organisms within the community. We studied a<br />
fungus (Ophiostoma minus) that is, at various times and<br />
stages, an antagonist and competitor <strong>of</strong> the southern pine<br />
beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), a mutualist <strong>of</strong> several<br />
mites associated with the beetle, and a facultative pathogen<br />
<strong>of</strong> the pines that play host to this beetle. We hypothesized<br />
that the population dynamics <strong>of</strong> D. frontalis are influenced<br />
by negative feedback through community interactions<br />
involving other (mutualistic mycangial) fungi and O.<br />
minus, and mites that transport and feed upon the<br />
associated fungi. We found O. minus abundance within<br />
bark to be positively related to mite abundance but<br />
negatively related to D. frontalis survival. The abundance<br />
<strong>of</strong> O. minus gradually increased as D. frontalis infestations<br />
progressed through time. Changes in O. minus abundance<br />
were more correlated with mite abundance than with the<br />
prevalence <strong>of</strong> O. minus on attacking beetles. Factors that<br />
affect the population dynamics and behavior <strong>of</strong> these mites,<br />
and the growth <strong>of</strong> O. minus in pines, likely play an<br />
important role in the population dynamics <strong>of</strong> the southern<br />
pine beetle.<br />
132<br />
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428 - The consequences <strong>of</strong> oligophily in bark beetlefungus<br />
associations<br />
D.L. Six<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Forestry, University <strong>of</strong> Montana, Missoula, MT,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: six@forestry.umt.edu<br />
Fungi are ubiquitous associates <strong>of</strong> bark beetles (Coleoptera:<br />
Scolytidae). Investigations have revealed a diverse array <strong>of</strong><br />
association types ranging from mutualism to antagonism.<br />
Monophilic (one symbiont) and polyphilic (many<br />
symbionts) associations appear to be rare, while<br />
oligiophilic (two or a few symbionts) associations are<br />
common. Oligophily is likely to have several important<br />
consequences for both the host beetle and the symbiotic<br />
fungi. For any given association, fungal associates vary<br />
greatly in their effects on host beetle fitness, and therefore,<br />
are likely to differ in their influence on host population<br />
dynamics. Additionally, interactions, including competition<br />
for hosts, among multiple fungal associates <strong>of</strong> a beetle<br />
species may determine the relative abundance <strong>of</strong> each in a<br />
population, which, in turn, may also influence host<br />
population dynamics. Oligophily may be a less desirable<br />
state than monophily in associations that involve at least<br />
one mutualistic fungus. In such associations, for at least<br />
some beetles in a population, the mutualist can be<br />
displaced by less beneficial associates or by detrimental<br />
fungi, resulting in lower overall fitness. Some associates<br />
may actually be cheaters in the system,conferring few to no<br />
benefits to the host. While cheaters are potentially<br />
detrimental, beetles may be unable to develop effective<br />
means <strong>of</strong> avoiding cheaters without also negatively<br />
impacting beneficial associates.<br />
429 - Relationships among hosts, horntails, and fungi in<br />
Japan<br />
M. Tabata<br />
Shikoku Research Center, Forestry & Forest Products<br />
Research Institute, 2-915 Asakura-nishi, Kochi 780-8077,<br />
Japan. - E-mail: butter@ffpri.affrc.go.jp<br />
Wood discoloration <strong>of</strong> Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki) and<br />
Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) trees by the fungus associated<br />
with horntails, Urocerus japonicus and U. antennatus was<br />
studied in Japan. Wood discoloration in hinoki and sugi<br />
caused by the horntails and the fungus was found in several<br />
prefectures. The emergence periods <strong>of</strong> U. japonicus and U.<br />
antennatus were from the beginning <strong>of</strong> July to the middle<br />
<strong>of</strong> October and from the middle <strong>of</strong> May to the middle <strong>of</strong><br />
August, respectively. Cultures isolated from the mycangia<br />
<strong>of</strong> adult females <strong>of</strong> horntails showed the same cultural<br />
characteristics. Basidiocarps found on felled logs <strong>of</strong> hinoki<br />
and sugi were identified as Amylostereum laevigatum based<br />
on morphological characteristics. The cultures from the<br />
basidiocarps had the same cultural characteristics as those<br />
from the mycangia <strong>of</strong> horntails. Two mycangial isolates<br />
produced on basidiocarps on the stem segments <strong>of</strong> sugi by
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
artificial inoculation and were identified as A. laevigatum.<br />
Isolates from the basidiocarps and the mycangia <strong>of</strong><br />
horntails had similar ITS and peroxidase A sequences. The<br />
wood <strong>of</strong> all inoculated trees showed discoloration, with no<br />
difference in shape and pattern <strong>of</strong> discoloration among the<br />
two isolates from the basidiocarps <strong>of</strong> A. laevigatum and<br />
two from the mycangia <strong>of</strong> horntails. The inoculated fungi<br />
were reisolated from the areas <strong>of</strong> discoloration in the<br />
inoculated trees. This is the first report on wood<br />
discoloration <strong>of</strong> hinoki and sugi caused by the horntails and<br />
A. laevigatum.<br />
430 - Relationships amongst the fungal symbionts <strong>of</strong><br />
Siricid woodwasps and their spread in the Southern<br />
Hemisphere<br />
B. Slippers 1* , T.A. Coutinho 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 & M.J.<br />
Wingfield 1<br />
1<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
Dept <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong><br />
2<br />
Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. - Forestry and<br />
Agricultural Biotechnology Insititute (FABI), Dept <strong>of</strong><br />
Genetics, University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. -<br />
E-mail: bernard.slippers@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
The Basidiomycetes genus Amylostereum is best known for<br />
its symbiosis with siricid wood wasps. In this study, the<br />
phylogenetic relationships between Amylostereum spp. and<br />
other Basidiomycetes were investigated, using sequence<br />
data <strong>of</strong> the nuc-IGS and mt-SSU rDNA regions. A.<br />
areolatum was more distantly related to the three other<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Amylostereum, than they were to each other. A.<br />
ferreum and A. laevigatum were the most closely related<br />
species. These data support hypotheses relating to the<br />
mating behaviour and ecology <strong>of</strong> Amylostereum spp.<br />
Furthermore, contrary to previous suggestions, the<br />
Amylostereum spp. were more closely related to<br />
Echinodontium tinctorium (Echinodontiaceae) than to the<br />
Stereaceae. Apart from phylogenetic studies, vegetative<br />
compatibility and PCR-RFLP analyses were also used to<br />
study the spread <strong>of</strong> the introduced S. noctilio-A. areolatum<br />
complex in the Southern Hemisphere. Isolates <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
areolatum from South Africa and South America were<br />
found to represent a single VCG. PCR-RFLP pr<strong>of</strong>iles from<br />
nuc-IGS region showed that all isolates from the Southern<br />
Hemisphere shared the same pr<strong>of</strong>ile, which differed from<br />
that <strong>of</strong> other populations. This genetically uniform<br />
population <strong>of</strong> A. areolatum has emerged from its obligate<br />
relationship with S. noctilio, which disperses only asexual<br />
fungal propagules. These results suggest a single or limited<br />
introduction <strong>of</strong> the A. areolatum-S. noctilio into the<br />
Southern Hemisphere.<br />
431 - Interspecific combative interactions - an overview<br />
L. Boddy * & D.P. Donnelly<br />
Cardiff School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box<br />
915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
boddyl@cardiff.ac.uk<br />
Competition by fungi for nutrients in dead organic<br />
resources is effectively brought about by competition for<br />
space. Such competition can be divided into primary<br />
resource capture (obtaining uncolonized resources) and<br />
secondary resource capture (combat to obtain resources<br />
already colonized by other fungi). Combat occurs not only<br />
in organic resources but also when mycelia grow out <strong>of</strong> the<br />
resource, e.g.into soil, in search <strong>of</strong> new resources.<br />
Combative mechanisms include antagonism at a distance,<br />
mycoparasitism, hyphal interference and gross mycelial<br />
contact. Outcome <strong>of</strong> interactions can be deadlock, where<br />
neither species gains territory from the other, or<br />
replacement, where one mycelium partially or completely<br />
wrests territory from the other. A hierarchy <strong>of</strong> combative<br />
abitlity can be discerned amongst fungi that inhabit a<br />
particular resource, but within this hierarchy there is<br />
intransitivity and outcomes can vary depending on abioic<br />
variables and the presence <strong>of</strong> other organisms. Interactions<br />
can dramatically alter mycelial function even when the<br />
outcome is deadlock. The review will be illustrated largely<br />
with examples <strong>of</strong> wood decay fungi and <strong>of</strong> wood decay<br />
fungi interacting with ectomycorrhizal mycelium.<br />
432 - Interactions among wood-inhabiting fungi:<br />
implications for fungal succession and biocontrol<br />
J. Stenlid * , L. Holmer & A. Iakovlev<br />
Dept Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, S- 750 07 Uppsala,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Jan.Stenlid@mykopat.slu.se<br />
Interactions among wood inhabiting fungi are important for<br />
succession and have also implications for biocontrol. Early<br />
establishment secures resources for the mycelium while<br />
late arrival to a substrate necessitates strategies for entering<br />
an already established decay community. Mycelial<br />
parasitism and replacement in wood has proven to be one<br />
important driving force in succession in wood.<br />
Replacement involves developmental changes in the<br />
mycelia and can <strong>of</strong>ten be facilitated by production <strong>of</strong><br />
antimicrobial secondary substances. Other key factors for<br />
succession include differences in ability to handle<br />
recalcitrant compounds, differences in growth rate,<br />
differences in responses to gaseous regime and water<br />
potential etc. We will describe experiments indicating both<br />
species specific and general replacement patterns,<br />
metabolite production, and gene expression during<br />
interaction between various wood inhabiting fungi. Special<br />
reference will be given to the possibilities to find<br />
biocontrol against economically important root rot fungi<br />
such as Heterobasidion annosum.<br />
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IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
433 - Primary decayers - a key to understanding biodiversity<br />
in decaying wood?<br />
J. Heilmann-Clausen<br />
Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute,<br />
Hørsholm Kongevej 11, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. - Email:<br />
jhc@kvl.dk<br />
Primary decayers, here defined as fungi initiating and<br />
causing extensive wood decay, have in several cases been<br />
found to be important determinants <strong>of</strong> subsequent decay<br />
development and species composition in decaying wood.<br />
Based on own research this concept <strong>of</strong> decay pathways is<br />
reviewed, and it is discussed if such pathways are well<br />
defined and whether they are shaped by interspecific<br />
interactions, by passive facilitation, or both. Further, the<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> decay pathways for biodiversity in decaying<br />
wood is considered, and it is discussed whether decay<br />
pathways are important to consider in the development <strong>of</strong><br />
management guidelines aiming to preserve and restore<br />
biodiversity in forests.<br />
434 - Tritrophic relationships in the phyllosphere:<br />
fungal parasites and hyperparasites in action<br />
L. Kiss<br />
Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 102., Hungary. - Email:<br />
LKISS@NKI.HU<br />
Traditionally, the interactions between plant parasitic fungi<br />
and host plants are regarded as closed, two-species<br />
systems. However, both parasites and their hosts are, in<br />
fact, components <strong>of</strong> complex multitrophic interactions in<br />
which parasitic fungi are <strong>of</strong>ten attacked and killed by<br />
hyperparasites or other antagonists. Parasites, by definition,<br />
have a negative effect on host fitness, so hyperparasitism<br />
should be favourable for plants infected with parasites.<br />
However, studies on the possible role <strong>of</strong> hyperparasites in<br />
the natural control <strong>of</strong> plant parasites are missing from the<br />
literature. There are a few quantitative studies even on the<br />
natural occurrence <strong>of</strong> hyperparasitism that represents only<br />
the first step towards evaluating the impact <strong>of</strong><br />
hyperparasites on host fungal and plant populations in<br />
nature. This paper synthesizes the current knowledge on<br />
structural, physiological and evolutionary aspects <strong>of</strong> natural<br />
host-parasite-hyperparasite relationships. A case study is<br />
also presented in which the effects <strong>of</strong> Ampelomyces<br />
hyperparasites on the fitness <strong>of</strong> powdery mildew infected<br />
Lycium halimifolium plants were studied by measuring the<br />
chlorophyll content <strong>of</strong> the healthy and infected leaves with<br />
and without hyperparasites in the field.<br />
134<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
435 - Understanding the communicating mycelium -<br />
Translocation, past present and future<br />
S. Olsson<br />
Dept <strong>of</strong> Ecology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural<br />
University, Thorvalsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: stefan.olsson@ecol.kvl.dk<br />
A fungal mycelium with its cytoplasmic continuum is a<br />
single organism. The mycelium is thus a network <strong>of</strong><br />
communicating daughter nuclei. Communication consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> both signalling and sharing <strong>of</strong> material resources, like<br />
nutrients and energy. The study <strong>of</strong> nutrient and organelle<br />
translocation has a long history in mycology and some<br />
classical works will be briefly presented. The difference<br />
between large mycelia and the unicellular organisms in<br />
need for resourse redistribution are mainly two. 1. Need for<br />
fast high capacity nutrient translocation: Four different<br />
mechanism has been suggested, simple diffusion, simple<br />
diffusion + active uptake, active translocation by<br />
cytoplasmic movements and pressure driven bulk flow<br />
through vessel hyphae. There appear to be large differences<br />
between fungal mycelia <strong>of</strong> different species in their ability<br />
to translocate nutrients which might reflect the mechanisms<br />
employed. 2. Need for nutrient storage: To be able to<br />
scavenge nutrients quickly from the environment for<br />
redistribution there has to be efficient uptake systems and<br />
somewhere to store what has been taken up. Nutrients are<br />
taken up as small molecules but their storage have to be in<br />
osmotically neutral form. Great advances have been made<br />
in understanding the mechanisms for nutrient reallocation<br />
in mycelia but there are still much to do. Long distance<br />
signalling as well as nutrient storage needs attention in<br />
future research to be able to understand the physiology <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelial organisms.<br />
436 - Bidirectional transport - an insurmountable<br />
obstacle to the use <strong>of</strong> tracer isotopes in quantitative<br />
translocation studies?<br />
B.D. Lindahl<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, SLU, Box 7026,<br />
SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
bjorn.lindahl@mykopat.slu.se<br />
Tracer isotopes have been used in a long range <strong>of</strong> studies to<br />
demonstrate translocation <strong>of</strong> various substances through<br />
fungal mycelia. In a microcosm experiment, translocation<br />
was studied in rhizomorphs <strong>of</strong> the wood rotting fungus<br />
Hypholoma fasciculare. Non-destructive electronic<br />
autoradiography was used in combination with the two<br />
radioactive phosphorus isotopes 32P and 33P to show that<br />
phosphorus was transported in two directions<br />
simultaneously. This experiment confirms earlier studies<br />
suggesting that phosphorus, and most likely a range <strong>of</strong><br />
other substances, are transported by mechanisms based on<br />
circulation throughout the mycelium rather than direct<br />
unidirectional transport from sources to sinks. The net
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
translocation between two parts <strong>of</strong> the mycelium cannot be<br />
quantified by adding a tracer isotope at the supposed source<br />
only, as the transport in the opposite direction must also be<br />
assessed. Even when tracer isotopes are added at both the<br />
source and the sink, conclusions about the net translocation<br />
are difficult to draw, as the tracer concentration in relation<br />
to the concentration <strong>of</strong> the studied analogue (the specific<br />
activity), also has to be known at both sites. Tracer isotopes<br />
may thus not be very useful as tools in quantitative<br />
translocation studies. The more straightforward method <strong>of</strong><br />
destructive serial harvests followed by determination <strong>of</strong><br />
total pool sizes is likely to be a better alternative.<br />
437 - In vivo imaging <strong>of</strong> nutrient dynamics in woodland<br />
fungi<br />
M. Tlalka * , S.C. Watkinson, P.R. Darrah & M.D. Fricker<br />
Plant Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road,<br />
Oxford OX1 3RB, England, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
monika.tlalka@plants.ox.ac.uk<br />
Nitrogen translocation by fungi, although a key ecosystem<br />
process, is poorly understood because current tools to study<br />
it have limited spatial and temporal resolution. In a novel<br />
technique to image transport <strong>of</strong> an amino-acid analogue in<br />
realistic microcosms, P. velutina was grown on a<br />
scintillation screen, and transport <strong>of</strong><br />
14 C-AIB was<br />
quantitatively imaged with a photon-counting camera.<br />
Fourier analysis <strong>of</strong> transport showed a rapidly propagated<br />
pulsatile component, with period ranging from 18.3h at 19<br />
°C to 11.6h at 25.5 °C. Velocity <strong>of</strong> transport (23 mm h -1 )<br />
was significantly faster than diffusion. Pulses in the<br />
inoculum and the mycelium were asymmetric and<br />
complementary, with the mycelium photon signal<br />
mirroring that from the inoculum. This can be mimicked by<br />
a model that includes exchange <strong>of</strong> amino acids in<br />
outgrowing mycelium with a storage pool in the inoculum<br />
mycelium. The vacuoles may both store amino acids and<br />
act as a transport pathway. Confocal microscopy showed a<br />
dynamic vacuolar network in which bulk movement <strong>of</strong><br />
vacuoles and transient contacts between them via tubules<br />
were seen. FRAP and FLIP techniques showed an<br />
exchange <strong>of</strong> content between the vacuoles. By combining<br />
amino acid tracking in mycelium with confocal imaging,<br />
observed global nitrogen movements in the mycelial<br />
system can be explained in terms <strong>of</strong> cellular and metabolic<br />
events.<br />
438 - The septal pore cap as a key structure in cell to<br />
cell transport<br />
W.H. Müller 1* , B.M. Humbel 1 , B. Koster 1 , T.P. van der<br />
Krift 1 , A.J. Verkleij 1 , A.C. van Aelst 2 , R.C. Montijn 3 , J.<br />
Stalpers 4 , K.G.A. van Driel 4 & T. Boekhout 4<br />
1 MCB-EMSA, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8 NL-3584<br />
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 2 PCB, Wageningen<br />
University, Arboretumlaan 4, NL-6703 BD Wageningen,<br />
The Netherlands. - 3 TNO Food and Nutrition Research<br />
Institute, Utrechtse weg 48, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The<br />
Netherlands. - 4 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,<br />
Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. - Email:<br />
W.H.Muller@bio.uu.nl<br />
The function <strong>of</strong> the septal pore cap (SPC) in<br />
basidiomycetes remains largely unknown. The connection<br />
<strong>of</strong> the SPC to the endoplasmic reticulum, and its position<br />
close to the orifice <strong>of</strong> the dolipore septum, may suggest<br />
several functions <strong>of</strong> the SPC. These may include a role in<br />
the transport <strong>of</strong> subcellular structures from one cell to<br />
another; a sieve function; and a barrier function during cell<br />
ageing, stress or cell lysis. While the application <strong>of</strong><br />
tomography is a prerequisite for the fine analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
SPC, its use in combination with the conventional methods<br />
may complete the overall view. Interpreting the data<br />
obtained after the different preparation methods for<br />
electron microscopy may lead to a better understanding <strong>of</strong><br />
the SPC structure. We suggest that the SPC in Rhizoctonia<br />
solani plays a key role in intercellular transport <strong>of</strong> for<br />
example mitochondria and ribosomes in the hyphal<br />
filaments. Moreover, the SPC may be involved in plugging<br />
the orifice <strong>of</strong> the septal pore channel. This plug-formation<br />
is not yet understood, but likely a signaling pathway exists<br />
to coordinate the assembly <strong>of</strong> plug-material at the orifice.<br />
Possibly, this pathway starts with an initial cytoplasmic<br />
signal that indicates that the orifice needs to be plugged,<br />
then the concerted action <strong>of</strong> the endoplasmic reticulum, the<br />
SPC and the filamentous network would finally result in<br />
the formation <strong>of</strong> a plug. Once plugged, no intercellular<br />
transport is possible. Most likely this plugging process is<br />
reversible.<br />
439 - Armillaria air pores and rhizomorphs really do<br />
conduct oxygen<br />
M. Pareek 1 , A.E. Ashford 1 & W.G. Allaway 2*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,<br />
Australia. - 2 The University <strong>of</strong> Sydney, NSW 2006,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: allaway@bio.usyd.edu.au<br />
Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile produced 'air<br />
pores' at the origin <strong>of</strong> rhizomorphs in cultures on agar. Air<br />
pores grew upwards into the air from the colony surface,<br />
attaining a height <strong>of</strong> about 7 mm. When mature they were<br />
pigmented like the surface <strong>of</strong> the colony. Rhizomorphs<br />
originated below the air pores, grew down into the agar and<br />
then turned horizontally beneath the agar surface,<br />
eventually growing submerged in the agar to near the edge<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Petri dish. Air pores consisted <strong>of</strong> an aggregation <strong>of</strong><br />
hyphae intertwined to form a cylinder. The pigmented layer<br />
at the surface <strong>of</strong> the colony itself extended into the base <strong>of</strong><br />
the air pores, where it was elevated into a mound inside the<br />
base <strong>of</strong> the air-pore. Beneath the whole <strong>of</strong> the pigmented<br />
layer <strong>of</strong> the colony there was a region <strong>of</strong> loose hyphae with<br />
extensive gas space between them. This gas space extended<br />
into the base <strong>of</strong> the air pores and was continuous with the<br />
central gas canal <strong>of</strong> the rhizomorphs. This gas space was<br />
also continuous with the internal spaces <strong>of</strong> the air pore (and<br />
atmosphere) through gaps in the pigmented layer in its<br />
basal region. Conductance to oxygen <strong>of</strong> agar blocks with<br />
air pores was measured with oxygen electrodes: a<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 135
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
substantial oxygen conductance averaging about 7 x 10-10<br />
m3 s-1 was observed. We conclude that the air pores<br />
conduct oxygen into the gas space below the pigmented<br />
mycelium <strong>of</strong> the colony, where the rhizomorphs - which<br />
can also conduct oxygen - originate.<br />
440 - Control <strong>of</strong> motility in tubular vacuole systems in<br />
fungi<br />
A.E. Ashford 1* , L. Cole 2 , D. Davies 1 & G. Hyde 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052,<br />
Australia. - 2 The University <strong>of</strong> Sydney, NSW 2006,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: a.ashford@unsw.edu.au<br />
Tubular vacuole systems occur in mycorrhizal,<br />
saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi. In an Australian<br />
Pisolithus they consist <strong>of</strong> two distinct components: less<br />
mobile large compartments linked to the plasma membrane<br />
variously interconnected with motile tubular elements.<br />
These systems are implicated in endosomal processing,<br />
intra- and inter-cellular transport, storage, and enhanced<br />
interaction with the cytoplasm. In mycorrhizal associations<br />
they may facilitate transport <strong>of</strong> elements between nutrient<br />
absorbing hyphal tips and the interface with the plant<br />
partner. Recent evidence for and against this hypothesis<br />
will be evaluated. Tubule formation is a widespread<br />
phenomenon in organelle systems <strong>of</strong> eukaryote cells and<br />
<strong>of</strong>fers an alternative to transport via vesicles. Vacuolar<br />
tubule formation is a regulated process that is modulated by<br />
both external and internal conditions and in Pisolithus is<br />
dependent on microtubules but apparently not on<br />
filamentous actin. Results with other inhibitors support a<br />
role for GTP-binding proteins in regulation <strong>of</strong> vacuolar<br />
tubule formation and the data are consistent with<br />
involvement <strong>of</strong> a dynamin-like GTPase.<br />
441 - The use <strong>of</strong> genomic repeated sequences to<br />
characterize arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
D. van Tuinen * , A. Gollotte, C. Arnould, O. Chatagnier, S.<br />
Gianinazzi & V. Gianinazzi-Pearson<br />
UMR 1088 BBCE-IPM INRA/Burgundy University, CMSE-<br />
INRA, BP 86510 21065 Dijon Cedex, France. - E-mail:<br />
tuinen@epoisses.inra.fr<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) form a root<br />
symbiosis with more than 80% <strong>of</strong> land plant families,<br />
improving plant mineral uptake and general plant health.<br />
The different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species which<br />
have been described do not generally show host-plant<br />
specificity, suggesting a great plasticity <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
genome. To date, knowledge concerning genome<br />
organization and structure in these fungi is poor, so<br />
limiting the understanding <strong>of</strong> their biology at a molecular<br />
level. It is however known that arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi have a large genome size, and evidence points to the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> a high proportion <strong>of</strong> repeated sequences.<br />
136<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Phylogeny analyses and identification <strong>of</strong> arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi has been based on ribosomal or nonribosomal<br />
repeated sequences, and the former have been<br />
used to show genome variability between nuclei <strong>of</strong> a same<br />
fungal isolate. In order to improve knowledge about<br />
genome organization in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,<br />
different types <strong>of</strong> repeated sequences have been<br />
characterized and their distribution in the fungal genome<br />
analyzed. Sequences containing elements found in<br />
transposons have been isolated, and their role in the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> the genome <strong>of</strong> these fungi will be discussed.<br />
Part <strong>of</strong> this work is supported by the European Project<br />
GENOMYCA (QLK5-CT-2000-01319;<br />
http://www.dijon.inra.fr/bbceipm/genomyca/).<br />
442 - Vegetative incompatibility and genetic diversity<br />
among geographically different isolates <strong>of</strong> Glomus<br />
mosseae<br />
C. Sbrana 1* , L. Avio 1 , P. Strani 2 , V. Rinaudo 2 & M.<br />
Giovannetti 2<br />
1 Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria C.N.R.,<br />
Sezione di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 PISA, Italy. -<br />
2 Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Via del<br />
Borghetto 80, 56124 PISA, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
sbranac@agr.unipi.it<br />
Population studies based on vegetative compatibility tests<br />
revealed the occurrence <strong>of</strong> genetically different isolates and<br />
<strong>of</strong> vegetative compatibility groups within the same fungal<br />
species in pathogenic, saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal<br />
fungi. Successful anastomoses occur widely between<br />
hyphae belonging to different individually germinated<br />
spores <strong>of</strong> the same isolate <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)<br />
fungi, though nothing is known about mycelial<br />
compatibility between conspecific isolates. We studied<br />
mycelial compatibility between geographically different<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> the worldwide distributed AM fungal species<br />
Glomus mosseae. Vegetative compatibility tests performed<br />
on germlings belonging to the same isolate showed that all<br />
isolates were capable <strong>of</strong> self-anastomosing, whereas no<br />
anastomoses were detected in pairings between germlings<br />
<strong>of</strong> different isolates. Microscopic examinations detected<br />
hyphal incompatibility responses, consisting in apical wall<br />
thickening, followed by protoplasm withdrawal and septa<br />
formation, in hyphal swellings produced by the<br />
approaching hypha on the surface <strong>of</strong> the contacted one. The<br />
intraspecific genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> G. mosseae revealed by<br />
vegetative compatibility tests was confirmed by total<br />
protein pr<strong>of</strong>iles and ITS-RFLP pr<strong>of</strong>iles. Since AM fungi<br />
lack a tractable genetic system, vegetative compatibility<br />
tests may represent a powerful tool for the detection <strong>of</strong><br />
genetically different mycelia and for investigating<br />
population structure <strong>of</strong> these obligate symbionts.
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
443 - Investigating the propagation pathway <strong>of</strong><br />
endobacteria in Gigaspora margarita<br />
V. Bianciotto 1* , A. Genre 1 , P. Jargeat 2 , G. Bécard 2 & P.<br />
Bonfante 1<br />
1 Istituto Protezione Piante - Sezione di Torino CNR and<br />
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Universita' di Torino,<br />
Viale Mattioli 25 -10125 Torino, Italy. - 2 UMR 5546<br />
CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier Pôle de Biotechnologie<br />
Végétale, 24, chemin de Borde-Rouge BP 17 Auzeville<br />
31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France. - E-mail:<br />
v.bianciotto@csmt.to.cnr.it<br />
Intracellular bacteria live in the cytoplasm <strong>of</strong> many isolates<br />
<strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to<br />
Gigasporaceae. On the basis <strong>of</strong> 16S rDNA analysis these<br />
endobacteria were assigned to a new taxon closely related<br />
to the genera Ralstonia, Pandorea and Burkholderia. To<br />
understand their propagation pathways through the life<br />
cycle <strong>of</strong> Gigaspora margarita (BEG 34 isolate), in vitro<br />
mycorrhizal cultures <strong>of</strong> transformed roots were produced.<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> bacteria in spores from filial generations<br />
have been monitored by using confocal microscopy<br />
observations together with molecular analysis. We<br />
demonstrate for the first time the vertical transmission <strong>of</strong><br />
endobacteria from a single 'parental' spore (F0) to filial<br />
spores through germinating and symbiotic mycelia. A<br />
quantification <strong>of</strong> the endobacteria population was carried<br />
out using 3D volume reconstruction. To verify whether the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> the whole plant could determine differences in<br />
the transmission <strong>of</strong> bacteria, a F1 generation <strong>of</strong> spores was<br />
produced on clover pots. In contrast with the in vitro<br />
conditions, all the F1 spores from monosporal inocula were<br />
free <strong>of</strong> bacteria, suggesting that bacterial migration is<br />
controlled by multiple factors. Endobacterial activity was<br />
investigated by using Acridine Orange. The bacterial<br />
distribution pattern and activity, closely related to the<br />
fungal life cycle, reinforces the hypothesis <strong>of</strong> a strong<br />
symbiotic association between the two organisms.<br />
Research supported by the EU Project GENOMYCA.<br />
444 - Molecular bases <strong>of</strong> appressorium formation in<br />
AM fungi<br />
N. Requena * , E. Serrano & M. Breuninger<br />
Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Tübingen, Auf der<br />
Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
natalia.requena@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
The appressorium development is the first morphogenetic<br />
change which precedes the formation <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic<br />
association between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi<br />
and their host roots. This event takes place after<br />
recognition <strong>of</strong> yet unknown plant signals which trigger the<br />
developmental decision <strong>of</strong> abandoning the so-called<br />
asymbiotic life stage. Upon recognition <strong>of</strong> those signals the<br />
fungus changes its straight pattern <strong>of</strong> hyphal tip growth to<br />
form a swollen structure that hooks over a rhizodermis cell<br />
and later develops the penetration peg among two adjacent<br />
epidermal cells. The physical contact with the host root is<br />
essential for the appressorium development. To investigate<br />
the molecular bases for this morphogenesis we took a<br />
comparative molecular approach and studied the changes<br />
on gene expression that occurred to the fungus upon<br />
induction with a host root. We induced appressorium<br />
development on water agar medium by bringing into<br />
contact parsley seedlings with germinated spores or<br />
sporocarps <strong>of</strong> AM fungi. A time course <strong>of</strong> appressorium<br />
development showed that first induction takes place around<br />
120 h, while at 168 h a plateau in the number <strong>of</strong><br />
appressoria is achieved. We investigated both, early gene<br />
expression and later gene expression in order to selectively<br />
search for genes involved in signaling and recognition or<br />
for genes responsible for structural changes. Results<br />
concerning our progress in this topic will be presented.<br />
445 - Extensive tubular vacuoles in arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi<br />
Y. Uetake * & M. Saito<br />
Natl. Inst. Livestock Grassland Sci., Nishinasuno, Tochigi,<br />
329-2793, Japan. - E-mail: yuetake@uoguelph.ca<br />
Hyphae <strong>of</strong> Gigaspora margarita were stained with Oregon<br />
Green 488 carboxy-DFFDA that is known to accumulate in<br />
the lumen <strong>of</strong> fungal vacuoles, and were observed by laser<br />
scanning confocal microscopy. Germ tubes had vacuoles<br />
with one <strong>of</strong> the following types: A, longitudinally oriented<br />
bundles <strong>of</strong> long tubules; B, both tubular and various sizes<br />
<strong>of</strong> spherical vacuoles in various proportions; C, a mass <strong>of</strong><br />
spherical vacuoles. Stained germ tubes with cytoplasmic<br />
streaming always showed A or B types <strong>of</strong> vacuoles, but<br />
never C type. Tubular vacuoles were extremely fragile<br />
when exposed to laser irradiation; many small spheres were<br />
formed. Bundles <strong>of</strong> tubular vacuoles were also observed in<br />
extraradical hyphae and intercellular hyphae <strong>of</strong> G.<br />
margarita from co-cultures with onion seedlings. Tubular<br />
vacuoles were observed also in the germ tubes <strong>of</strong> G. rosea,<br />
Glomus leptotichum, Gl. intraradices, Scutellospora<br />
cerradensis and in hyphae <strong>of</strong> other members <strong>of</strong><br />
Zygomycota, Rhizopus stolonier, Absidia repens, Mucor<br />
meguroence, Choanephora infundibulifera, Mortierella<br />
chlamydospora, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Linderia<br />
bicolumnata. These results suggest that tubular vacuoles<br />
are universal in Zygomycota. Ultrastructure <strong>of</strong> rapid<br />
freeze-freeze substituted germ tubes <strong>of</strong> G. margarita<br />
showed longitudinally oriented pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> vacuoles<br />
occupying most <strong>of</strong> the cell volume.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 137
IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures<br />
446 - Biolistic transformation <strong>of</strong> AM fungi: Advances<br />
and perspectives<br />
R. Bergero 1 , A. Gollotte 2 , P. Mutch 1 , D. Walsh 1 & L.A.<br />
Harrier 1*<br />
1 Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West<br />
Mains Road, Edinburgh, Lothian, Scotland, U.K. - 2 UMR<br />
BBCE-IPM 1088, INRA/CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon<br />
Cedex, France. - E-mail: l.harrier@ed.sac.ac.uk<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi <strong>of</strong> the unique phylum<br />
Glomeromycetes are ubiquitous in nature and constitute an<br />
integral component <strong>of</strong> terrestrial ecosystems, forming<br />
symbiotic associations with plant root systems <strong>of</strong> over 80%<br />
<strong>of</strong> all terrestrial plant species. Understanding the root<br />
interactions <strong>of</strong> AM fungi is one <strong>of</strong> the most challenging<br />
and exciting areas <strong>of</strong> research. The development <strong>of</strong><br />
transformation strategies for AM fungi has provided a great<br />
opportunity for the enhancement <strong>of</strong> our understanding <strong>of</strong><br />
the biology <strong>of</strong> AM fungi but also for the interactions<br />
between plant roots and the surrounding soil environment.<br />
In this presentation we discuss the development <strong>of</strong><br />
transformation strategies for AM fungi by biolistics and<br />
highlight the areas <strong>of</strong> this technology which are being<br />
further developed for the stable transformation <strong>of</strong> these<br />
elusive organisms. These include the use <strong>of</strong> genetic<br />
reporters, vector construction and transgene persistence.<br />
We thank the Scottish Executive Environmental Rural<br />
Affairs Division (SEERAD) and the EU (Project<br />
GENOMYCA QLRT-2000-01319) for financial support.<br />
138<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong>
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
451 - Study the effect <strong>of</strong> different techniques on<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> freshwater hyphomycetes in the river Nile<br />
(Upper Egypt)<br />
A. Abdel-Raheem<br />
South Valley University, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Botany<br />
Department, Sohag 82524, Egypt. - E-mail: a.abdelraheem@mailcity.com<br />
Four different techniques were applied, leaf mapping <strong>of</strong><br />
Eucalptus rostrata; randomly leaf sampling; Millipore<br />
filtration; spores in foam, for aquatic hyphomycets<br />
communities study in the river Nile. Triscelophorus<br />
monosporus, Anguillospora longissima, Flagellospora<br />
penicilloides and Tetracladium marchalianum were the<br />
dominant species in the all techniques used. Aquatic<br />
hyphomycetes diversity was high by using leaf mapping<br />
(23 species) and randomly leaf sampling (31 species) but it<br />
was low by using Millipore filtration (11 species) and<br />
spores in foam (8 species) techniques.<br />
452 - Do marine fungi in Egypt form a distinct group ?<br />
M.A. Abdel-Wahab * & H.M. El-Sharouny<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science at Sohag, South<br />
Valley University, Botany Dept., Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Sohag<br />
82524, Egypt. - E-mail: bhhoba@yahoo.com<br />
Diversity <strong>of</strong> subtropical marine fungi is comparable to that<br />
recorded from temperate and tropical ones. Clear line can<br />
be drawn between marine mycota in temperate and tropics,<br />
however that is not the case when we compare marine<br />
mycota <strong>of</strong> tropical and subtropical sea shores. Mangroves<br />
in tropical and subtropical locations harbor similar marine<br />
taxa, though specific groups <strong>of</strong> fungi are found more<br />
frequently in tropical (e.g. Aigialus spp., Lophiostoma spp.,<br />
Pyrenographa xylographoides, Acrocordiopsis patlii and<br />
Quintaria lignatilis) or subtropical (e.g. Lignincola laevis,<br />
Lulworthia grandispora and Periconia prolifica)<br />
mangroves. Mangroves in tropics have a higher fungal<br />
diversity than that in subtropics but several factors may<br />
account for this. Marine mycota diversity in subtropical<br />
habitats varies from one location to another. Mangroves<br />
and sea shores in Egypt are harsh environments (i.e. high<br />
salinity and temperature accompanied with low humidity)<br />
surrounded by desert. Frequent species recorded in samples<br />
collected from the Red Sea coast were different from other<br />
subtropical habitats (e.g. Swampomyces spp. and<br />
Kirschsteiniothelia maritima), while frequently recorded<br />
species from other subtropical locations were completely<br />
absent (e.g. Lignincola laevis, Halorosellinia oceanica and<br />
Massarina spp.). Mycota <strong>of</strong> Avicennia marina and<br />
Rhizophora sp. in Egypt will be compared with a<br />
discussion for several ecological parameters.<br />
453 - Impact <strong>of</strong> harvest <strong>of</strong> tree tops and branches <strong>of</strong><br />
Norway spruce on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
J. Allmér * , A. Dahlberg, J. Stenlid & R. Vasiliauskas<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> forest mycology and patholog, SLU, Box<br />
7026 SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
johan.allmer@mykopat.slu.se<br />
There has been an increased use <strong>of</strong> logging waste, tree tops<br />
and branches, in Swedish forestry for bi<strong>of</strong>uel purposes. The<br />
aims <strong>of</strong> this PhD-project are 1) to identify and describe the<br />
fungal communities associated with fine woody debris<br />
(FWD), 2) to analyse to what degree fungal communities<br />
overlap in composition <strong>of</strong> species between FWD, coarse<br />
wood debris (CWD) and the litter layer, 3) to analyse<br />
impacts <strong>of</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> logging waste on the diversity and<br />
community structure <strong>of</strong> these fungi and 4) from a fungal<br />
perspective, model the carbon availability in a spruce forest<br />
generation by considering a) the amount and quality influx<br />
<strong>of</strong> litter from CWD, FWD, cones, needles and the field<br />
layer and b) the decomposition rate <strong>of</strong> these fractions. I will<br />
present results from the first study, where we have<br />
identified and compared the fungal species composition in<br />
branches, tree tops and stumps, seven years after thinning.<br />
The identification was conducted by analyses <strong>of</strong> ITS<br />
sequences both directly from wood samples and from pure<br />
cultures. As a comparison, sporocarps were monitored on<br />
the same samples.<br />
454 - Septoria diversity, biogeography and life history<br />
T.V. Andrianova<br />
M.G. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, NAS Ukraine,<br />
Tereshchenkivska, 2, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine. - E-mail:<br />
tand@darwin.relc.com<br />
The fungal genus Septoria Sacc. contains about 1000<br />
names and is a paraphyletic group considered as<br />
coelomycetous anamorphs <strong>of</strong> the Dothideales genus<br />
Mycosphaerella Johanson. Sexual holomorphic species<br />
with Septoria anamorph phenotypes in the life cycle<br />
number about 14%. Most Septoria species are strictly<br />
asexual and very probably had independent evolution.<br />
Cryptic sexuality for some anamorphic species (S.<br />
clematidis-rectae, S. convolvuli, S. cruciatae, etc.) may be<br />
supposed because spermatial synanamorphs are formed in<br />
pure culture. A morphological continuum among Septoria<br />
anamorphs with related holomorphs and anaholomorphs<br />
confirms the aggregative character <strong>of</strong> the group. Observed<br />
homology <strong>of</strong> conidiogenous cells, conidia and conidiomata<br />
leads to reassessment <strong>of</strong> these fungi, as has already<br />
happened with the Cercospora complex <strong>of</strong> genera. Septoria<br />
species are with wide geographical distribution. Most<br />
common are fungi with a broad Eurasia or Europe and<br />
Middle Asia, Eurasia and North America geographical<br />
distribution. Sporadic dispersion within the limits <strong>of</strong><br />
temperate-subhumid, temperate-semiarid, and<br />
submeridional-semiarid natural habitats is inherent to<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 139
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
anaholomorphs. Continuum dispersion is more typical for<br />
holomorphs with Septoria anamorphs spread over the<br />
Eurasian-American region, while constituent teleomorphs<br />
sometimes are geographically limited with disjunctions in<br />
arid areas.<br />
455 - New species <strong>of</strong> Marasmius (Basidiomycetes,<br />
Tricholomataceae) from tropical Africa - I<br />
V. Antonín<br />
Moravian Museum, Dept.<strong>of</strong> Botany, Zelny trh 6, CZ-659 37<br />
Brno, Czech Republic. - E-mail: vantonin@mzm.cz<br />
Descriptions, drawings <strong>of</strong> microscopic features and<br />
photographs <strong>of</strong> 12 new taxa (11 species and 1 variety) <strong>of</strong><br />
the genus Marasmius s. str. (Basidiomycetes,<br />
Tricholomataceae) <strong>of</strong> the sect. Epiphylli, Fusicystides,<br />
Globulares, Hygrometrici and Neosessiles from tropical<br />
Africa are presented. Six species (M. albidocremeus, M.<br />
camerunensis, M. lacteoides, M. muramwyanensis, M.<br />
kigwenensis, M. tshopoensis) belong to the sect.<br />
Globulares, two species and one variety (M. minutoides,<br />
M. minutoides var. angustisporus, M. nyika) to the sect.<br />
Hygrometrici, one species to the sect. Epiphylli (M.<br />
foliiphilus), sect. Fusicystides (M. longicystidiatus) and<br />
sect. Neosessiles (M. bururiensis). Species presented here<br />
represent a part <strong>of</strong> results <strong>of</strong> the monographic studies <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus Marasmius in tropical Africa.<br />
456 - Macr<strong>of</strong>ungal species proposed for a Tuscan red-<br />
List (Italy)<br />
D. Antonini 1* , M. Antonini 1 , A. Laganà 2 & C. Perini 2<br />
1 Via F. Ferrucci, 626, - 51036 Larciano (PT), Italy. - 2 Dip.<br />
Scienze Ambientali 'G. Sarfatti' - Università, Via<br />
P.A.Mattioli, 4 - 53100 Siena, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
dantonini@tin.it<br />
Due to the close relationship between fungi and<br />
environment, conservation <strong>of</strong> fungal species <strong>of</strong>ten depends<br />
on environmental protection. This is particularly true for<br />
entities that grow exclusively in certain habitats; if their<br />
habitat is threatened, so are they. Areas <strong>of</strong> particular<br />
phytogeographical interest and/or limited size were listed<br />
for Tuscany under the 'Bioitaly' project which implements<br />
the Habitats Directive 92/43; many <strong>of</strong> these areas were<br />
surveyed from the mycological point <strong>of</strong> view in the Tuscan<br />
mapping project. The myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> these areas was<br />
not systematically monitored until recently. The results for<br />
the relict mountain mires and autochthonous spruce forest<br />
in the National Natural Reserve <strong>of</strong> Campolino in the upper<br />
Sestaione Valley (pSIC IT5130001), the coastal dunes <strong>of</strong><br />
Burano Lake (pSIC IT5190032) and Diaccia Botrona<br />
(pSIC IT5190011) are reported here. Information on<br />
environmental features is given for each <strong>of</strong> the areas listed,<br />
together with a list <strong>of</strong> epigeous macromycetes to be<br />
included in a future Tuscan Red-List. The IUCN category<br />
140<br />
<strong>of</strong> each fungal species is indicated. The exsiccata <strong>of</strong> taxa<br />
proposed for the regional Red-List are preserved in the<br />
Herbarium Universitatis Senensis (SIENA).<br />
457 - The new project <strong>of</strong> mapping macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in<br />
Tuscany (Italy)<br />
D. Antonini 1* , M. Antonini 1 , M. Mannini 2 , G. Nocentini 3 &<br />
C. Perini 4<br />
1 AGMT, via F. Ferrucci 626 - 51036 Larciano, Italy. -<br />
2 AGMT, via del Pino, 38 - 56025 Pontedera, Italy. -<br />
3 ARSIA, via Pietrapiana, 30 - 50121 Firenze, Italy. - 4 Dip.<br />
Scienze Ambientali 'G.Sarfatti' - Università, via<br />
P.A.Mattioli, 4 - 53100 Siena, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
dantonini@tin.it<br />
The <strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> Tuscan Mycology Groups (AGMT)<br />
was formed in 1993. It currently coordinates 22 mycology<br />
groups, is active in scientific research and in the field <strong>of</strong><br />
education. In collaboration with the Tuscan Agency for<br />
Development and Innovation in Agriculture and Forestry<br />
(ARSIA), the Tuscan Regional Administration, the<br />
botanical gardens and the universities, AGMT is beginning<br />
a new programme involving census, mapping and<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> epigeous fungi in Tuscany. The first census<br />
(1995-98) led to publication <strong>of</strong> a check-list <strong>of</strong> about 1000<br />
taxa. Besides adding to the check-list, the new convention<br />
will draw up a regional red-list based on IUCN criteria<br />
(2000). The first part <strong>of</strong> the programme involves<br />
bibliographic research to create a Tuscan mycological<br />
database. The data <strong>of</strong> the mapping projects presented by<br />
the Italian Botanical Society (SBI), the Confederatio<br />
Europeae Micologiae Mediterraneensis (CEMM) and the<br />
European Council for the Conservation <strong>of</strong> Fungi (ECCF)<br />
will then be extrapolated. The database will include data on<br />
vegetation and substrate, frequency, and chart coordinates<br />
for each taxon. The exsiccata will be kept in the Herbarium<br />
Universitatis Senensis (SIENA). Details <strong>of</strong> the project can<br />
be viewed on the ARSIA website.<br />
458 - Fusarium species newly recognized from Japan<br />
since 1990<br />
T. Aoki<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
National Institute <strong>of</strong> Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2<br />
Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
taoki@nias.affrc.go.jp<br />
Taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Fusarium in Japan has long been based on<br />
the Snyder & Hansen's taxonomic system, especially<br />
among workers in the phytopathology. The taxonomic<br />
system was really epoch-making and recognized only nine<br />
species within the giant anamorphic genus based on the<br />
present sense <strong>of</strong> Fusarium mycology. Application <strong>of</strong><br />
taxonomic systems contradictory to it, such as<br />
Wollenweber & Reinking's or Booth's, was also tried in<br />
Japan, but recognition or description <strong>of</strong> a new taxon was
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
scarce. Most <strong>of</strong> study efforts have, therefore, been<br />
concentrated to find infraspecific groupings such as formae<br />
speciales or phytopathogenic races. A substantial<br />
reinvestigation <strong>of</strong> Fusarium species has been conducted in<br />
the last decade, according to the species concept based on<br />
recent molecular-phylogenetic analyses and precise<br />
comparative morphological studies. Presence <strong>of</strong> more than<br />
40 species <strong>of</strong> Fusarium in Japan has been until now<br />
recognized. Among them, F. fractiflexum, F. kyushuense<br />
and F. nisikadoi were new species and F. circinatum, F.<br />
concentricum, F. fujikuroi (= F. moniliforme MP-C), F.<br />
globosum, F. incarnatum (= F. semitectum var. majus), F.<br />
proliferatum (= F. moniliforme MP-D), F. phyllophylum,<br />
F. verticillioides (= F. moniliforme s. str. = MP-A) and so<br />
on were new records from Japan, including renaming.<br />
459 - Physical and chemical effects <strong>of</strong> fungi and lichens<br />
in rock weathering<br />
C. Ascaso 1 & J. Wierzchos 2*<br />
1 Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, c/ Serrano<br />
115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain. - 2 Universitat de Lleida,<br />
Servei de Microscòpia Electrònica, c/ Rovira Roure 44,<br />
25198 Lleida, Spain. - E-mail: jacekw@suic-me.udl.es<br />
The epilithic lichen thallus frequently contain microdivided<br />
minerals and biominerals, meanwhile mycobiont hyphae<br />
invade the rock surface. Within the rocks the protolichens<br />
and hyphae constitutes an important part <strong>of</strong> the endolithic<br />
biomass. The studies <strong>of</strong> organo-mineral phase constituted<br />
by minerals and hyphae, algae, cyanobacteria and bacteria<br />
should be perform by microscopy techniques that do not<br />
disturb the bi<strong>of</strong>ilm structure. These techniques should<br />
allow investigation <strong>of</strong> the internal ultrastructure <strong>of</strong> the<br />
biotic components, leading to their identification. Such<br />
techniques should also permit the observation <strong>of</strong> mineral<br />
physical changes induced by microorganisms. The<br />
equipment which allows the carrying out <strong>of</strong> this work is the<br />
SEM operating in Backscattered mode (SEM-BSE). In situ<br />
SEM-BSE (EDS) observation <strong>of</strong> the organo-mineral phase<br />
allows detection <strong>of</strong> the biomobilisation processes and<br />
minerals biotransformation. In Antarctic extreme<br />
environment, biologically transformed minerals have been<br />
observed, and as a result, diagenetic iron hydroxide<br />
nanocrystals and clays have been found around<br />
chasmoendolithic hyphae in Beacon sandstone. Also in<br />
granitic rocks the biominerals, such as calcium oxalate and<br />
silica deposit have been found close to the fungal cells. In<br />
the biomobilisation processes as well as in the biomineral<br />
formation, the fungi are involved leaving a distinct traces<br />
<strong>of</strong> their microbial activity.<br />
460 - Mycorrhizal fungi <strong>of</strong> seven Paphiopedilum species<br />
in Thailand<br />
P. Athipunyakom 1* , L. Manoch 2 & M. Tanticharoen 3<br />
1 Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Chatuchuk, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. -<br />
3 National Center for Engineering and Biotechnology,<br />
Bangkok 10400, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
pornpimon_a@yahoo.com<br />
Healthy roots from mature plants <strong>of</strong> seven Paphiopedilum<br />
species, namely Paphiopedilum concolor, P. concolor var.<br />
striatum, P. exul, P. godefroyae, P. niveum, P. parashii and<br />
P. villosum, were collected from various locations in<br />
Thailand. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated using a<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> the Masuhara and Katsuya method. Root<br />
pieces were washed with tap water and surface sterilized<br />
for 5 min in 5% NaOHCl and then rinsed twice in sterile<br />
distilled water. The root segments were then cut into<br />
longitudinal sections and the epidermal layer was removed.<br />
Cortical cells containing pelotons were macerated and<br />
placed on 1/6 NDY medium and incubated for 3-7 days.<br />
After the incubation period, hyphal tips were transferred to<br />
PDA slants and kept as pure cultures. Identification was<br />
based on morphological characters as observed under a<br />
light microscope. Nuclei were stained with safranin O<br />
using the Bandoni method. Three genera and six species <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal fungi were found as follow: Rhizoctonia<br />
repens (P. concolor and P.exul), R. ramicola (P. exul),<br />
Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis (P. godefroyae),<br />
Epulorhiza calendulina (P. concolor var. striatum and P.<br />
exul), Rhizoctonia sp.1 (P. parashii) and Rhizoctonia sp.2.<br />
Nuclear staining revealed that all strains were binucleate<br />
except Rhizoctonia sp.2 (P. niveum) which was<br />
multinucleate. Pure cultures were maintained on slant<br />
PDA, tissue paper, soil and liquid paraffin for further<br />
studies on molecular phylogeny and symbiotic<br />
germination.<br />
461 - Canadian Collection <strong>of</strong> Fungal Cultures<br />
(CCFC/DAOM<br />
C. Babcock<br />
Canadian Collection <strong>of</strong> Fungal Cultures, Eastern Cereal<br />
and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food<br />
Canada, Rm 1015, K.W. Neatby Bldg., Ottawa, Ontario<br />
K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail: babcockc@em.agr.ca<br />
The culture collection maintains ˜ 11,000 plant pathogenic<br />
and wood rotting fungal cultures representing ˜ 2,900<br />
species. The catalogue can be viewed on the World Wide<br />
WEB: http://sis.agr.gc.ca/brd/ccc. The CCFC is supported<br />
by the taxonomic expertise <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the largest groups <strong>of</strong><br />
systematic mycologist in North America, with<br />
internationally recognized expertise in most major<br />
taxonomic groups. Research is concentrated on solving<br />
agricultural problems. The collection originated as an<br />
amalgamation <strong>of</strong> individual working collections and now<br />
serves as a primary Canadian repository for research<br />
strains. It functions as a gene bank for this microbial<br />
genetic resource and provides pure cultures to researchers<br />
in agriculture, forestry, medicine, private industry and<br />
biotechnology. Authenticates strains have been provided<br />
for research programs involved in: crop resistance to fungal<br />
diseases, biological control, diagnostic probe development<br />
and identification, screening for new metabolites and<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 141
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
enzyme pathways, post harvest diseases, and mushroom<br />
spawn. The methods <strong>of</strong> long term preservation <strong>of</strong> cultures<br />
by cryostorage (vapour phase) and lyophilization are aimed<br />
at longevity and the stabilization <strong>of</strong> genetic properties. An<br />
extensive oil collection is also maintained. Isolates are<br />
available to researchers at a fee. The CCFC is a member <strong>of</strong><br />
the WFCC and abides by all international regulations<br />
concerning the distribution and transport <strong>of</strong> biological<br />
organisms.<br />
462 - Identification <strong>of</strong> genetic diversity in the ascochyta<br />
blight pathogen <strong>of</strong> chickpea [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.)<br />
Lab.] by used RAPD markers<br />
A. Bagheri 1* , F. Shokoohifar 2 & M.F. Rastegar 1<br />
1 Ferdowsi University <strong>of</strong> Mashhad, College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture;<br />
P.O.Box:91775-1163, Iran. - 2 Research Center For Plant<br />
Science, 2 Sardadvar; Bhahar St.; Zip Code:91747484815,<br />
Iran.<br />
The poor information about genetic diversity in the<br />
ascochyta blight fungus is one <strong>of</strong> the basic difficulties for<br />
breeding resistance cultivars <strong>of</strong> chickpea to blight disease<br />
in Iran. In this study we have employed RAPD marker for<br />
distinguish genetic variation in DNA <strong>of</strong> this fungus<br />
isolates. We have used 12 random primers for comparison<br />
<strong>of</strong> 26 selected isolated isolates from 16 Iranian provinces.<br />
Ten primers have showed polymorphism among isolates.<br />
The OPK-01 primer defined the highest number <strong>of</strong><br />
polymorphism (11) and the OPK-09 primer defined only 2<br />
polymorphism bands. On the base <strong>of</strong> all primers, isolates<br />
classified into 22 genotypes. The genetic diversity index<br />
was estimated - and revealed high variation in Iranian<br />
population <strong>of</strong> this pathogen. The pair-wise genetic distance<br />
has estimated for all isolates. This experiment<br />
demonstrated that RAPD markers have high ability for<br />
genetic analysis <strong>of</strong> this pathogen population. The<br />
comparison <strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong> RAPD marker with virulence<br />
test showed the very low correlation coefficient (0.03)<br />
between the virulence and genetic matrixes.<br />
463 - Survey <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora species in oak forests in<br />
Austria and Turkey<br />
Y. Balci * , E. Halmschlager & T. Kirisits<br />
Inst. <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest<br />
Protection, Hasenauerstraße 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria. - Email:<br />
balci@edv1.boku.ac.at<br />
Oak trees are occupying a wide range <strong>of</strong> environments and<br />
are <strong>of</strong> enormous ecological and economical importance.<br />
Since the early 20th century oak ecosystems have been<br />
suffering from decline and mortality. Species <strong>of</strong><br />
Phytophthora cause serious disease problems in natural oak<br />
stands and plantations. During the course <strong>of</strong> a survey in<br />
declining and healthy oak stands in Austria and Turkey<br />
between 1999-2001 ten Phytophthora species were isolated<br />
142<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
from soil samples using the oak leaflet baiting method. In<br />
total, 86 sites (35 in Austria and 51 in Turkey) were<br />
investigated. Phytophthora spp. were recovered from 17<br />
and 38 stand in Austria and Turkey, respectively. The<br />
assemblage <strong>of</strong> species included P. quercina, P. citricola, P.<br />
cinnamomi (A2), P. gonapodyides, P. syringae, P.<br />
europaea, P. cryptogea, Phytophthora sp.1 and<br />
Phytophthora sp.2. In addition, P. cambivora (A2) was<br />
isolated from beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees admixed in oak<br />
forests in Turkey. The associated oak species were Quercus<br />
robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris, Q. pubescens, Q. frainetto, Q.<br />
hartwissiana and Q. vulcanica. Among the recovered<br />
species P. quercina showed the widest distribution and P.<br />
citricola was also common. Isolates resembling P. citricola<br />
could be separated into four distinct groups due to<br />
morphological, physiological and cultural characteristics.<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> this study suggest that P. quercina, P.<br />
cinnamomi and P. cambivora are a potential threat to oak<br />
ecosystems in Austria and Turkey.<br />
464 - A new species <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis discovered on<br />
Eucalyptus nitens in Australia<br />
I. Barnes 1* , J. Roux 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 , M.J. Dudzinski 3 ,<br />
K.M. Old 3 & M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and<br />
Plant Pathology, 74 Lunnon Road, FABI, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Pretoria, FABI, Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, 74 Lunnon Road,<br />
FABI, University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.<br />
- 3 CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, CSIRO Forestry<br />
and Forest Products, Canberra, Australia, 2604, Australia.<br />
- E-mail: irene.barnes@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Ceratocystis fimbriata and C. eucalypti are the only two<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis reported to occur on Eucalyptus. C.<br />
fimbriata is recognized as a serious pathogen, especially in<br />
Uganda, Congo and Brazil, where it causes rapid wilting<br />
and death <strong>of</strong> these trees. C. eucalypti is considered native<br />
to Australia and is not pathogenic. It does, however,<br />
colonize fresh wounds on Eucalyptus. This study was<br />
conducted to determine whether Ceratocystis spp.,<br />
including C. eucalypti, would infect artificially induced<br />
stem wounds on Eucalyptus nitens (Canberra) and<br />
Eucalyptus globulus (Cann River), Australia. Ten trees<br />
were wounded in October 2000 at each site and wounds<br />
were examined a month later. Perithecia, characteristic <strong>of</strong><br />
Ceratocystis spp., were found covering the wounds and<br />
also in isolations using carrots as bait. Pure cultures were<br />
obtained by transferring ascospores masses from<br />
perithecial necks onto 2% MEA plates. The Ceratocystis<br />
sp. collected from Eucalyptus nitens has hat-shaped<br />
ascospores, different to those <strong>of</strong> C. eucalypti but similar to<br />
those <strong>of</strong> C. fimbriata. It differs, however, from C. fimbriata<br />
and all other Ceratocystis spp. in its unique pear-shaped<br />
perithecial bases. DNA sequence data from the ITS and<br />
5.8S rRNA operon confirmed that the fungus from<br />
Eucalyptus nitens in Australia is unique, with C. fimbriata<br />
and C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus as its closest relatives. The Ceratocystis<br />
sp. discovered in this study is in the process <strong>of</strong> being<br />
described as a new taxon.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
465 - Mycorrhizal fungal richness in ponderosa pine<br />
(Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) plantations in<br />
Patagonia (Argentina)<br />
C. Barroetaveña<br />
Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino<br />
Patagónico, CC. 14 (9200), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. -<br />
E-mail: carolina@ciefap.cyt.edu.ar<br />
In Argentina, there are about 2,000,000 ha <strong>of</strong> grasslands<br />
suitable for afforestation with fast growing non-native<br />
conifers along the piedmont <strong>of</strong> the Patagonian Andes, and<br />
ponderosa pine is the most widely planted species. Many <strong>of</strong><br />
this planting sites are under water stress conditions. The<br />
aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to survey mycorrhizal species<br />
richness and their distribution along the precipitation<br />
gradient in ponderosa pine plantations in Patagonia. Eleven<br />
plantations, four under a precipitation regime <strong>of</strong> 1000 mm<br />
(humid plantations) and six under 400-600 mm (dry<br />
plantations), were surveyed for two springs and two<br />
autumns for hypogeous and epigeous fungi. Amphinema<br />
byssoides was the most widely distributed species, found in<br />
all plantations. The other species differed in their presence<br />
according to the humidity gradient. Humid plantations<br />
presented 9 different taxa, each plantation displaying a<br />
species richness between 4 to 6. Hebeloma mesophaeum<br />
was present in all <strong>of</strong> them, followed by Suillus luteus and<br />
Rhizopogon rubescens. Dry plantations presented 5<br />
different taxa, and each plantations displayed a species<br />
richness between 1 to 4. S. luteus, H. mesophaeum and R.<br />
rubescens were the most widely distributed. Data showed<br />
that species richness was strongly dependent on<br />
precipitation. The principal species, though, were the same,<br />
but their relative occurrence varied in different conditions.<br />
466 - Macromycetes diversity <strong>of</strong> Russia and its<br />
conservation ex situ in the collection LE (BIN)<br />
N.V. Belova<br />
Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov str., 2.<br />
St.Petersburg. 197376, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
cultures@NJ3873.spb.edu<br />
Modern social and economic conditions in Russia are<br />
characterized by numerous negative factors and processes<br />
which influence on biodiversity. Loss and destruction <strong>of</strong><br />
natural locations are the main danger for mycobiota<br />
diversity. For long-term purposes <strong>of</strong> macromycetes<br />
conservation ex situ specialized culture collections serve.<br />
During the past ten years the main trend <strong>of</strong> development <strong>of</strong><br />
the Komarov Botanical Institute Basidiomycetes Culture<br />
Collection - LE(BIN) has been considering as conservation<br />
and maintaining <strong>of</strong> macromycetes cultures with emphasis<br />
on preservation <strong>of</strong> macromycetes from reserved territories.<br />
About 250 new macromycetes cultures were isolated<br />
during field works in Russian reserves such as 'Nizhne-<br />
Svirsky' (Leningrad region), 'Les na Vorskle' (Belgorod<br />
region), Island Valaam (Karelia) and others. LE(BIN)<br />
species representation was increased by new cultures from<br />
genera Clavicorona, Collybia, Marasmiellus, Marasmius,<br />
Mycena and Lentinellus. Strain diversity <strong>of</strong> Collybia,<br />
Marasmiellus, Marasmius and Mycena was also increased<br />
essentially. Considerable representation <strong>of</strong> biological<br />
species <strong>of</strong> the genus Lentinellus is maintained in the<br />
Collection. The genus Clavicorona is presented by six<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> the typical species Clavicorona pyxidata.<br />
Cultures <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi, rare species and ones<br />
that were recommended for conservation in Russia are also<br />
preserved in the Collection LE(BIN).<br />
467 - Ecological, management, policy and community<br />
research in British Columbia relevant to the<br />
commercial harvest <strong>of</strong> wild forest mushrooms<br />
S.M. Berch 1* , B. Chapman 2 , J. Dennis 3 , T. Ehlers 4 , S.<br />
Fredrickson 4 , M. Kranabetter 5 , D. Mitchell 6 , R.<br />
Outerbridge 7 , M. Peterson 7 & S. Tedder 1<br />
1 2<br />
BC Ministry <strong>of</strong> Forests, Victoria, BC, Canada. - BC<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Forests, Williams Lake, BC, Canada. - 3 Pacific<br />
4<br />
Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada. - Tysig<br />
Consulting, Winlaw, BC, Canada. - 5 BC Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Forests, Smithers, BC, Canada. - 6 Royal Roads University,<br />
Victoria, BC, Canada. - 7 Applied Forest Science Ltd.,<br />
Victoria, BC, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
shannon.berch@gems7.gov.bc.ca<br />
Tricholoma magnivelare (Pine Mushroom) and<br />
Cantharellus formosus (Chanterelle) are commercially<br />
important wild forest mushrooms in British Columbia.<br />
Recently, research to integrate these mycological resources<br />
into forest planning has been carried out. Productive Pine<br />
Mushroom habitat throughout BC was characterized and<br />
the common factor found was dry and nutrient poor soil. It<br />
was then determined in north western and south central BC<br />
that it is possible to protect and manage Pine Mushroom<br />
habitat without an unacceptable impact on timber<br />
harvesting because <strong>of</strong> the relatively small area <strong>of</strong> highly<br />
productive Pine Mushroom habitat and low tree<br />
productivity <strong>of</strong> this habitat. On Haida Gwaii, a study<br />
determined that Chanterelle productivity on sites burned<br />
prior to regeneration was greater than on similar sites with<br />
no fire history. In British Columbia over 95% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
forestland is publicly owned which creates challenging<br />
policy and regulatory issues. A study <strong>of</strong> social and<br />
economic potential <strong>of</strong> non-timber forest products (NTFPs)<br />
on Haida Gwaii discussed many <strong>of</strong> the issues resulting<br />
from the annual influx <strong>of</strong> mushroom pickers. A subsequent<br />
study assessed how property rights could be used to<br />
overcome concerns and enhance stewardship. Integrating<br />
many <strong>of</strong> these findings and concerns, the Northern<br />
Vancouver Island NTFP Demonstration Project is<br />
researching how best to manage non-timber forest<br />
resources in a way that is environmentally sustainable,<br />
economically viable and socially equitable.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 143
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
468 - The BIOTA Southern Africa project: concepts<br />
and first results<br />
R. Berndt, C. Görke * , M. Mennicken, E. Uhlmann & F.<br />
Oberwinkler<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tuebingen, Spezielle Botanik & Mykologie,<br />
Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. - Email:<br />
claudia.goerke@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
The BIOTA (Biodiversity Monitoring Transect Analysis in<br />
Africa) Southern Africa project is a long term,<br />
multidisciplinary project that aims at monitoring<br />
biodiversity along the rainfall gradient from the Cape <strong>of</strong><br />
Good Hope in South Africa to the Angolan border in<br />
Namibia. The Cape <strong>of</strong> Good Hope receives 500 mm<br />
rain/year. The area at the Namibian/South African border is<br />
extremely arid with 50 mm rain/year, a transition between<br />
winter and summer rainfall occurs here. Annual rainfall in<br />
summer increases towards northern Namibia, which<br />
receives 450 mm/year. In addition to rainfall regimes,<br />
different land management systems are compared. This<br />
poster presents first results from a study <strong>of</strong> Namibian fungi,<br />
focussing on soil fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and rust<br />
fungi. Soil fungi were isolated by soil washing; arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizae were studied with morphological and<br />
molecular tools. This revealed differences in species<br />
composition along the Namibian part <strong>of</strong> the transect. Rust<br />
fungi are monitored to assess their biodiversity under<br />
different climatic and management conditions. In Namibia<br />
rust fungi are collected countrywide to compile a national<br />
checklist.<br />
469 - Some Aphyllophorales in mediterranean<br />
ecosystems<br />
A. Bernicchia 1* & E. Salerni 2<br />
1 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali,<br />
Universita' di Bologna, Via F. Re 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy.<br />
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita' di Siena,<br />
Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
abernicc@pop.agrsci.unibo.it<br />
The knowledge on distribution <strong>of</strong> Aphyllophorales in<br />
Mediterranean area has a pre-eminent position both from<br />
an ecological and taxonomic point <strong>of</strong> view. This interest is<br />
essentially due to the peculiarity <strong>of</strong> the Mediterranean<br />
vegetation patterns and, consequently, <strong>of</strong> the woodinhabiting<br />
fungi. The drop in rainfall during the last years,<br />
with the consequent increase in aridity, determined<br />
considerable changes in the vegetation with a short-lived<br />
fruiting period as first effect. In this context, we report the<br />
results <strong>of</strong> researches concerning the Mediterranean<br />
Aphyllophorales that, in spite <strong>of</strong> the studies carried out<br />
during the last years are till now poorly known. Between<br />
the collected species are worthwhile: Neolentiporus<br />
squamosellus (Bernicchia & Ryvarden) Bernicchia &<br />
Ryvarden, growing on burnt Juniperus oxycedrus, in<br />
Supramonte di Orgosolo (NU) Sardinia. It is the only<br />
144<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
species <strong>of</strong> Neolentiporus present in the northern<br />
hemisphere while N. maculatissimus Rajchenb. is growing<br />
in the southern hemisphere. Echinodontium ryvardenii<br />
Bernicchia & Piga is the first European collection <strong>of</strong><br />
Echinodontium while all previous collections are North<br />
American or Asiatic. It must looked upon as a relict <strong>of</strong> a<br />
previously larger distribution. Piloporia sajanensis<br />
(Parmasto) Niemelä is a rare species with a boreal<br />
distribution, collected in Sardinia on J. oxycedrus. It is<br />
suggested that the isolated locality could be an Ice Age<br />
relict from a time when Italy was covered with coniferous<br />
forests.<br />
470 - Fungal biodiversity in a regeneration series in<br />
Colombia Amazonia<br />
T. Boekhout 1* , A.E. Franco Molano 2 , C.A. Lopez<br />
Quintero 2 , M. Silvestri 2 , A.M. Cleef 3 & R.C. Summerbell 1<br />
1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8,<br />
3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 2 Instituto de Biologia,<br />
Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia. -<br />
3 2Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. -<br />
E-mail: boekhout@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
Fungal biodiversity has been investigated in a series <strong>of</strong><br />
secondary forests and two types <strong>of</strong> primary lowland forest<br />
in Colombian Amazonia. Functional inferences suggest a<br />
role for ectomycorrhizal fungi and litter decomposing fungi<br />
in the nutrient cycling <strong>of</strong> these forests. Decomposition <strong>of</strong><br />
leaf litter can be relatively fast, but seems to be influenced<br />
by the environmental conditions. Shortly after trees are cut<br />
down, many fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> wood-inhabiting fungi occurred.<br />
This raises the question whether these fungi may have<br />
occurred as endophytes in the healthy trees. The formation<br />
<strong>of</strong> fruit bodies by these fungi may be a result <strong>of</strong> the lack <strong>of</strong><br />
stress imposed by the death <strong>of</strong> the hosts, and the<br />
availability <strong>of</strong> a suitable substrate. After the felled trees are<br />
burnt, soil-borne micr<strong>of</strong>ungal populations are dominated by<br />
heat resistant fungi. Many new taxa <strong>of</strong> macro- and<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ungi have been found, and await formal description.<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites in soil borne Penicillia<br />
revealed some clues to explain the observed uptake <strong>of</strong> iron<br />
during decomposition <strong>of</strong> leaf litter. Initial observations<br />
suggest the presence <strong>of</strong> c. 15 undescribed species <strong>of</strong><br />
Penicillium. A novel antagonistic interaction between<br />
bacteria and certain soil borne basidiomyceteous yeasts has<br />
been observed. Associated research has been initiated to<br />
establish potential use <strong>of</strong> fungi by the indigenous<br />
populations.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
471 - Yeasts <strong>of</strong> the world, an interactive CD-ROM<br />
T. Boekhout 1* , V. Robert 1 , J. Stalpers 1 , G. Gijswit 2 , C.P.<br />
Kurtzman 3 , J.W. Fell 4 & I. Roberts 5<br />
1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8,<br />
3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 2 Expertisecenter<br />
Taxonomic Indentification, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. -<br />
3 NRRL-USDA, Peoria, U.S.A. - 4 RSMAS, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Miami, Key Biscayne, U.S.A. - 5 NCYC, Norwich, U.K. - Email:<br />
boekhout@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
This CD-ROM presents a complete taxonomic data set <strong>of</strong><br />
all currently accepted yeast species, including<br />
morphological and physiological data, and ribosomal DNA<br />
sequences. The interactive s<strong>of</strong>tware contains modules for<br />
the comparison and integrated use <strong>of</strong> physiological,<br />
sequence and morphological information, facilitating the<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> yeasts using complementary data sets.<br />
Many species are illustrated by microscopic and<br />
macroscopic images. This product will be useful in a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> yeast studies throughout the agro-industrial and<br />
medical sciences.<br />
472 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> discomycetes associated with<br />
coniferous trees<br />
A.V. Bogachova<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Biology and Soil Science FEBRAS, Stoletya-<br />
Street, 159 Vladivostok-22, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
cryptogamy@ibss.dvo.ru<br />
Ligniphylous discomycetes are developing on the various<br />
woods. Ones <strong>of</strong> they have special ferments for destroying<br />
<strong>of</strong> a broad-leaves wood. Other has special ferments for<br />
destroying <strong>of</strong> conifers. They to some extent show a species<br />
specialization according to plants. Discomycetes are not<br />
aggressive wood-destroying fungi. But some species <strong>of</strong><br />
discomycetes produce diseases, death or a depression <strong>of</strong> a<br />
developing <strong>of</strong> plant. These fungi settle on a bark <strong>of</strong> robust<br />
trees and provide a saprotrophic cycle <strong>of</strong> life. It is not get<br />
up 1,5 meter on a stem <strong>of</strong> tree. If a resistance power <strong>of</strong> tree<br />
slacken, fungus change self cycle <strong>of</strong> life to parasitic. Some<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Discomycetes develop fruit-bodies only on<br />
coniferous trees. At first they invade the bark <strong>of</strong> healthy<br />
trees and live as saprotrophic fungi. If a resistance <strong>of</strong> trees<br />
is weakened, these fungi change their way <strong>of</strong> life and<br />
become parasitic. When the tree dies, these fungi come<br />
back to the saprotrophic way <strong>of</strong> life. In accordance with<br />
literature data, 43 species <strong>of</strong> Discomycetes were reported<br />
on Pinus spp., 37 - on Abies, 18 - on Picea, and 12 - on<br />
Larix. In coniferous forests, Discomycetes develop on<br />
attached and fallen needles and branches in the litter. In the<br />
latter case their number is smaller in comparison with<br />
wood-destroying species.<br />
473 - The Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycota in Thailand<br />
T. Boonpratuang 1* , P. Ruksawong 1 , N.L. Hywel-Jones 1 &<br />
T. Flegel 2<br />
1 BIOTEC, 73/1 Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand. -<br />
2 Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand. - Email:<br />
artbp@biotec.or.th<br />
The biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Thailand's fungi is poorly known. Until<br />
1990 less than 500 spp. (<strong>of</strong> all fungi) had been reliably<br />
reported. Since 1990 increased effort has been made to<br />
survey this rich biodiversity. Thailand is entirely tropical<br />
<strong>of</strong>fering a range <strong>of</strong> habitats from rain forest in the south to<br />
dry deciduous forest in the north. Elevations are from sea<br />
level to over 2500 m (Doi Inthanon). In the last ten years<br />
ca. 3100 specimens, from 40 orders, 96 families, 326<br />
genera and 677 spp. have been added to the BIOTEC<br />
Herbarium. Most accessions were from 1992 to 2001 from<br />
various parts <strong>of</strong> Thailand. Within the herbarium there are<br />
significant deposits from many researchers having either<br />
short-term or long term associations with young Thai<br />
researchers. These activities continue to the present. A<br />
major effort is being made with the marasmioid and<br />
mycenoid fungi <strong>of</strong> Thailand but in the course <strong>of</strong> that work<br />
other agarics have also been collected. Notable records <strong>of</strong><br />
these for Thailand include: Cintractia amazonia, Fistulina<br />
hepatica, Crinipellis zonata, Amanita hemibapha,<br />
Strobilomyces velutipes, Dacryopinax spathularia,<br />
Clavulinopsis miniata, Irpex flavus, Steccherinum<br />
rawakense, Craterellus verrucosus, Anthracophyllum<br />
nigritum and Mutinus bambusinus.<br />
474 - Marasmioid and mycenoid fungi <strong>of</strong> Thailand<br />
T. Boonpratuang 1* , P. Ruksawong 1 , N.L. Hywel-Jones 1 , T.<br />
Flegel 2 & D.E. Desjardin 3<br />
1 BIOTEC, 73/1 Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand. -<br />
2 Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand. -<br />
3 San Francisco State University, Holloway, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
artbp@biotec.or.th<br />
Marasmius (1600+ spp.) and Mycena (1200+ spp.) are the<br />
most diverse genera <strong>of</strong> saprobic basidiomycetes. The<br />
greatest species diversity is in the tropics, although<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> taxa are found in temperate regions <strong>of</strong> both<br />
southern and northern hemispheres. Nearly all species are<br />
saprotrobic, having important roles in litter decomposition,<br />
nutrient recycling/retention, pedogenesis etc. A few are<br />
parasitic on important food crops. Importantly, some form<br />
antibiotics such as strobilurin. Many species are host- or<br />
substrate-specific accounting for some <strong>of</strong> the high diversity<br />
seen in tropical forest. Over 460 samples were collected<br />
from various parts <strong>of</strong> Thailand. Of these, 93% were<br />
identified to species or morphotaxa while 7% remain<br />
unidentified. To date, 100 genera and 51 species are<br />
known. Samples were classified into three major groups <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi; namely marasmioid, mycenoid and other<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi. Marasmioid fungi were 25% <strong>of</strong> the collection,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 145
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
mycenoid 40% and other agarics 35%. Of the marasmioid<br />
fungi, 78% were the genus Marasmius. Two new species <strong>of</strong><br />
marasmioid fungi have been named: Incrustocalyptella<br />
orientalis and Clitopilus chalybescens. New records <strong>of</strong><br />
Marasmius include M. conicopapilatas, M. papuraceus, M.<br />
purpureostriatus and M. micraster. Of the mycenoid fungi,<br />
57% were Mycena. Notable new species include: M.<br />
dermatogloea, M. khonkhem, M. palmicola, M. pseudoseta<br />
and M. minicoseta.<br />
475 - The diversity <strong>of</strong> Ingoldian fungi in Thailand<br />
N. Boonyeun * , S. Sivichai & N.L. Hywel-Jones<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin Rd..<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: nattawut@biotec.or.th<br />
While much work on Ingoldian fungi is from temperate<br />
regions knowledge <strong>of</strong> tropical species is poor. Surveys<br />
were made in the last 10 yr, especially for Khao Yai<br />
National Park. Foam samples were collected from 8 sites in<br />
Thailand. Rivers were ca. 5-10 m with overhanging forest.<br />
Foam samples were fixed in the field before spotting to<br />
microscope slides for examination. From all sites, 49 spp.<br />
were found. A sample from Khao Yai had only 2 spp.<br />
while one from Bala Hala had 25. This river (Khlong I-<br />
Gading) supported 28 spp. including 11 not reported<br />
elsewhere. By contrast, the similar Lumtakhlong (Khao<br />
Yai) had 11 spp. in total: none were exclusive to this river.<br />
In the north <strong>of</strong> Thailand Nam Nao National Park had 10<br />
spp. recorded but half were exclusive to this site.<br />
Triscelophorus spp. were present in all streams. Other<br />
commonly recorded genera included Lunulospora spp. and<br />
Anguillospora spp. Clavatospora tentacula and<br />
Brachiosphaera tropicalis were also regularly found. Of<br />
the 49 spp. reported, 26 were known from a single site.<br />
Most species were present as single spores in foam<br />
samples. But species <strong>of</strong> Anguillospora, Campylospora,<br />
Flabellospora and Triscelophorus were represented by<br />
many spores. While these reports were mostly <strong>of</strong><br />
mitosporic forms <strong>of</strong> Ascomycota a significant find was the<br />
discovery <strong>of</strong> Erynia conica and Erynia rhizospora. These<br />
insect pathogenic Zygomycetes are mostly known from<br />
temperate regions and poorly surveyed in the tropics.<br />
476 - Novel characters <strong>of</strong> New Zealand polypore fungi:<br />
septate basidiospores and spore print colour<br />
P.K. Buchanan 1* & L. Ryvarden 2<br />
1 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New<br />
Zealand. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P.O.<br />
Box 1045, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
buchananp@landcareresearch.co.nz<br />
146<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
About 170 species <strong>of</strong> polypore fungi in 60 genera are<br />
currently recognised in New Zealand, with over 80% <strong>of</strong><br />
accepted names differing from those used in the most<br />
recent monograph published in 1965. Half <strong>of</strong> the genera<br />
contain a single New Zealand species, and only one genus,<br />
Australoporus, is considered to be endemic to the region.<br />
Many collections <strong>of</strong> polypore fungi in the New Zealand<br />
Fungal Herbarium (PDD) bear misapplied Northern<br />
Hemisphere names. Among these collections we recently<br />
discriminated two new species that have septate<br />
basidiospores: Polyporus septosporus and Dichomitus<br />
newhookii. These species are characterised by occasionally<br />
uni- to multiseptate basidiospores, a feature newly recorded<br />
among Aphyllophorales, and apparently also unknown<br />
among agarics. Septation appears to be confined to older<br />
spores, especially those dispersed from the tubes. Spore<br />
print colour, considered taxonomically useful for agarics,<br />
also has application for polypore fungi and provides the<br />
only useful field character to differentiate two common<br />
New Zealand species <strong>of</strong> Ganoderma.<br />
477 - Endophytic and plant pathogenic fungi from<br />
terrestrial orchids in Thailand<br />
K. Busarakam 1 , L. Manoch 1* , C. Chamswarng 1 & P.<br />
Suwanarit 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
agrlkm@ku.ac.th<br />
Healty leaves and roots <strong>of</strong> two terrestrial orchids, Ludisia<br />
discolor and Spathoglottis plicata collected from Lopburi<br />
and Chaing Mai provinces were used to isolated<br />
endophytic fungi. A modification <strong>of</strong> Okane's method was<br />
employed. The samples were washed with tap water and<br />
the leaves were cut into small pieces <strong>of</strong> 5x5 mm. Leaf<br />
pieces and the whole root were surfaced sterilized for 1<br />
min in 70% EtOH and 2 min in 10% sodium hypochlorite<br />
and rinsed 2-3 times with sterile distilled water. Leaf and<br />
root segments were placed on sterile filter paper and<br />
transferred on 2% malt extract agar and incubated for 2-3<br />
days. Endophytic fungi found on leaves included<br />
Gliocladium penicilloides, Colletotrichum coccides,<br />
Nodulisporium gregarium, Pestalotiopsis guepinii,<br />
Pestalotiopsis sp. and Xylaria spp., whereas 2 isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
binucleate Rhizoctonia and 1 multinucleate species were<br />
found from the healthy roots. In a second investigation,<br />
disease leaves <strong>of</strong> three terrestrial orchids: Spathoglottis<br />
affinis, Spathoglottis plicata and Phaius tankervilleae<br />
showing spot symptoms, were collected from Bangkok,<br />
Lopburi and Trang Provinces. The tissue transplanting<br />
method with 10% clorox and potato dextrose agar was<br />
used. Plant pathogenic fungi found in this study were<br />
Cladosporium cladosporioides, Colletotrichum<br />
gloeosporioides, Curvularia eragrostidis, C. lunata,<br />
Curvularia sp., Cylindrocladium sp., Drechslera<br />
hawaiiensis, Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis guepinii,<br />
Phomopsis sp. and Phyllosticta sp.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
478 - A preliminary study <strong>of</strong> Polyporales and poroid<br />
Hymenochaetales from Equatorial Guinea<br />
J.N. Campoamor * & M.T. Tellería<br />
Real Jardín Botánico, C.S.I.C., Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014<br />
Madrid, Spain. - E-mail: campoamor@ma-rjb.csic.es<br />
Within the scope <strong>of</strong> the project 'Catalogación y estudio de<br />
la diversidad vegetal y fúngica del bosque virgen<br />
continental de Guinea Ecuatorial' the basic aim <strong>of</strong> this work<br />
is to elaborate a catalogue <strong>of</strong> Polyporales and poroid<br />
Hymenochaetales from the area. We start with the study <strong>of</strong><br />
samplings collected from 1998 to 2000 at different places<br />
<strong>of</strong> the territory, in most cases at the 'Monte Alen National<br />
Park ' (ECOFAC). Up to the date, the material<br />
corresponding to the genus Amauroderma, Favolus,<br />
Ganoderma, Lenzites, Loweporus, Microporus, Oxyporus,<br />
Polyporus, Phellinus, Pycnoporus, Rigidoporus,<br />
Schizopora and Trametes, has been examinated.<br />
479 - Additions to the discomycetes <strong>of</strong> the Dominican<br />
Republic and the Caribbean Region<br />
S.A. Cantrell 1* , D.H. Pfister 2 & T. Iturriaga 3<br />
1 Science & Technology, Universidad del Turabo, PO Box<br />
3030, Gurabo, PR 00778, U.S.A. - 2 Harvard University<br />
Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.<br />
- 3 Universidad Simon Bolivar, Apartado Postal 89000,<br />
Sartenejas, Baruta, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela. - E-mail:<br />
sharonac@coqui.net<br />
The discomycetes <strong>of</strong> the Dominican Republic and the<br />
Caribbean region are poorly known, especially the<br />
inoperculate. In a previous presentation made by S. A.<br />
Cantrell she reported for the Dominican Republic 9 and 12<br />
new records in the Pezizales and Helotiales, respectively.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the species were new records for the Greater<br />
Antilles and the Caribbean. In a recent collecting trip made<br />
in January 2002, 111 discomycetes were collected divided<br />
in 22 Pezizales, 81 Helotiales, and 8 Rhytismatales. Some<br />
new additions within the Pezizales are: Helvella macropus,<br />
Plectania cf. platensis, Pachyella babingtonii, a beautiful<br />
black-green Peziza, a burnt-orange Kompsoscypha and an<br />
orange-yellow Pulvinula. Within the Helotiales, some new<br />
additions are: Dicephalospora rufo-carnea,<br />
Podophacidium xanthomelum, Rhizodiscina lignota,<br />
Hyaloscypha aureliella, Polydesmia cf. dumontii and<br />
Hyalorbilia inflatula. So far, we know that there are 75<br />
species <strong>of</strong> discomycetes in the Dominican Republic,<br />
divided in 28 Pezizales and 47 Helotiales. Within the<br />
Pezizales, 24 are new reports for the Domincan Republic,<br />
10 for the Caribbean region and 5 might represent new<br />
species. For the Helotiales, all are new reports for the<br />
Dominican Republic, 10 for the Caribbean region and 15<br />
might represent new species.<br />
480 - Mycogeographic affinities <strong>of</strong> Tabasco (México)<br />
polypores<br />
S. Capello 1 , J. Cifuentes 2 , F. García-Pantaleón 3 & V.<br />
Carballo 1*<br />
1 División de Ciencias Biológicas. UJAT, Av. Universidad<br />
s/n, Villarhermosa,Tabasco, Mexico. - 2 Herbario FCME,<br />
Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM, A.P. 70-399 Coyoacán, C.P.<br />
04510, México D.F., Mexico. - 3 Departamento de Biología<br />
Vegetal U de C., Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.<br />
A quantitative mycogeographic analysis was made to asses<br />
the mycological affinities <strong>of</strong> the southern tropical Tabasco<br />
State (Mexico) based on the inventory <strong>of</strong> 61 wood polypore<br />
species (Cappello, 2001). The Multi-Variate Statistical<br />
package was used to perform UPGMA groupings. In the<br />
first part <strong>of</strong> the analysis Tabasco's polypores were<br />
compared with polypore listings from the mexican<br />
phytogeographic regions as defined by Rzedowski (1978)<br />
and in the second part they were compared with selected<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> the world such as Africa Asia, Cuba, Europe,<br />
Northamerica (divided in regions after Gilbertson &<br />
Ryvarden, 1986), Central and Southamerica. Interesting<br />
Tabasco appears somewhat separated when compared with<br />
the mexican regions and the remaining areas form two<br />
distinctive groups. Furthermore Tabasco forms a distinctive<br />
group with SE northamerica, Cuba and southamerica when<br />
compared with the chosen world areas which in part agrees<br />
with Guzmán (1973), Ryvarden (1998) and Welden &<br />
Lemke (1961) findings.<br />
481 - Epiphytic lichens on different fractions <strong>of</strong> Norway<br />
spruce Picea abies<br />
A. Caruso<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Conservation Biology, Swedish University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7002, SE-750 07<br />
Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail: Alexandro.Caruso@nvb.slu.se<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> logging residues as fuel in Sweden has<br />
increased during the last decades but still only a small part<br />
<strong>of</strong> the total wood fuel supply is today being harvested.<br />
Since there is a potential for a further increase in the<br />
harvest <strong>of</strong> logging residues efforts are now being made to<br />
investigate the effects this may have on the forest flora and<br />
fauna. My research is focused on fruticose, foliose and<br />
crustose lichens, both epiphytic and epixylic. As a first step<br />
it is <strong>of</strong> great interest to examine the structure <strong>of</strong> the lichen<br />
community on a whole-tree basis. Several lichen studies<br />
have been made on basal trunks and basal branches but tree<br />
tops and branches higher up in the canopy have been<br />
poorly investigated. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study is to describe the<br />
species composition <strong>of</strong> epiphytic lichens on different<br />
fractions <strong>of</strong> Norway spruce Picea abies, a common tree in<br />
northern Europe. The study area, Kilsbergen, is located in<br />
the boreonemoral zone <strong>of</strong> Sweden northwest <strong>of</strong> the city <strong>of</strong><br />
Örebro (59°17'N, 15°13'E). In this area I selected ten forest<br />
stands dominated by Norway spruce and with similar stand<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 147
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
characteristics. In each stand I then made a whole-tree<br />
inventory <strong>of</strong> epiphytic lichens on two felled individuals <strong>of</strong><br />
Norway spruce.<br />
482 - Filamentous fungi isolated from soil <strong>of</strong> mangrove<br />
at the Itamaracá island, state Pernambuco, Brazil<br />
M.A.Q. Cavalcanti * , I.P.M.W. Costa, M.J.S. Fernandes,<br />
D.M.M. Lima & Z. Passavante<br />
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Nelson Chaves<br />
s/n, 50670-420 Recife, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
xiliamac@terra.com.br<br />
Filamentous fungi were isolated from mangrove soils<br />
collected at the Itamaracá Island, State <strong>of</strong> Pernambuco,<br />
Northeast Brazil, using the serial dilution technique.<br />
Samples (1ml) from the final dilution (1:1000) were<br />
tranferred to Petri dishes with Sabouraud plus<br />
chloramphenicol and maintained at room temperature<br />
(28°C ±1°C), with the growth <strong>of</strong> colonies followed for 72<br />
hours. The following taxa were identified: Aspergillus<br />
niger, A. sydowi, A. terreus, A. ustus, Cladosporium<br />
sphaerospermum, Eupenicillium brefeldianum, Eurotium<br />
chevalieri, Penicillium corylophilum, P. lividum, P.<br />
restrictum, Scopulariopsis sphaerospora, Spegazzinia<br />
tessarthra, Talaromyces bacillosporus, T. trachyspermus,<br />
T. flavus and Stilbella sebacea. Scopulariopsis<br />
sphaerospora and Talaromyces bacillosporus are being<br />
referred for the first time to Brazil.<br />
483 - The myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> hot spring soil <strong>of</strong> northern<br />
Taiwan<br />
K.Y Chen * , C.C Liu & D.J Huang<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei<br />
112, Taiwan. - E-mail: thermophilic@ms52.url.com.tw<br />
An investigation on the myc<strong>of</strong>lora, particularly <strong>of</strong><br />
thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi inhabiting on<br />
sulfurous hot spring soils <strong>of</strong> northern Taiwan resulted 12<br />
taxa viz. Aspergillus fumigatus var. fumigatus (66.85%), A.<br />
fumigatus var. 1 (green colony) (7.86%), A. fumigatus var.<br />
2 (brown colony) (4.81%), A. niger (1.14%), unidentified<br />
Aspergillus sp.(0.045%), Papulospora thermophila<br />
(2.72%), Chrysosporium sp. (0.18%), Scytalidium<br />
thermophilum (0.045%), Sporotrichum sp. (0.045%),<br />
Mycelia Sterilia sp.1 (white colony) (6.63%), M. Sterilia<br />
sp. 2 (yellow colony) (5.27%) and M. Sterilia sp.3 (gray<br />
colony) (4.405%). 2202 colonies were isolated from three<br />
sampling sites, i.e. site 1 (hot springhead), site 2 (2 m from<br />
site 1) and site 3 (4 m from site 1). Fungal colonies isolated<br />
as well as species richness in three sites were as follows:<br />
32.92% in 9 taxa from site 1, 37.87% in 11 taxa from site 2<br />
and 29.21% in 8 taxa from site 3, respectively. The<br />
dominant species was A. fumigatus var. fumigatus that was<br />
isolated year around from three sampling sites. A.<br />
fumigatus var. 1 appeared from Feb. to Jun. (2000). In<br />
148<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
contrast, A. fumigatus var. 2 was isolated only in Aug. and<br />
Oct.(1999). Within the sampling range <strong>of</strong> present hot<br />
spring niche, there is an evidence <strong>of</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> ecotypes<br />
in A. fumigatus complex. Chrysosporium and Sporotrichum<br />
were isolated only from the soils without hot water<br />
treatment but Aspergillus sp. and S. thermophilum were<br />
isolated only from the soils pre-treated with hot water for<br />
30 min at 60°C.<br />
484 - The fluctuation <strong>of</strong> marine Mastigomycota in<br />
estuary tidewater <strong>of</strong> Tsengwen River<br />
S.-F. Chen<br />
Chia Nan University <strong>of</strong> Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen<br />
Road, Section 1, Jen Te, 717, Tainan, Taiwan.<br />
The occurrence and seasonal fluctuation <strong>of</strong> marine<br />
zoosporic fungi were investigated at four stations in the<br />
estuary tidewater <strong>of</strong> Tsengwen River, southwestern<br />
Taiwan. Thirteen species <strong>of</strong> Thraustochytrids and seven<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Chytrids were isolated. The highest species<br />
abundance (S) recorded in summer was 15. The highest<br />
species similarity (CC) recorded between the spring and<br />
winter was 77.78. According to their frequency at<br />
individual stations, T. aggregatum, T. proliferum, U.<br />
minuta were ubiquitous, while the rest were common to<br />
scare. Chytrids was only found at tidewater <strong>of</strong> stations 1L<br />
and 1M in summer and autumn. The presence <strong>of</strong><br />
Thraustochytrids and Chytrids revealed fluctuation when<br />
the saltility descend to zero.<br />
485 - Two new species <strong>of</strong> Amanita from Korea<br />
D.H. Cho<br />
Woosuk University, Chonju, 565-701, Korea. - E-mail:<br />
chodh@woosuk.ac.kr<br />
Two new species <strong>of</strong> Amanita were collected in central<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> Korea from 1997 to 2000. They were identified,<br />
described and illustrated. One <strong>of</strong> them, Amanita longstipeta<br />
has turtle-shaped warts <strong>of</strong> crust and its base is longer under<br />
the soil than is above the soil. The other A. aure<strong>of</strong>arinosa is<br />
covered with golden yellow farina and annulus is absent.<br />
Both are solitary in soil with sand.<br />
486 - Database <strong>of</strong> Korean mushrooms<br />
D.H. Cho 1* , W.K. Cho 1 , J.Y. Chung 1 , H.S. Park 2 & B.Y.<br />
Ahn 2<br />
1 Woosuk University, Chonju, 565-701, Korea. - 2 KISTI,<br />
Taejeon, 565-701, Korea. - E-mail: chodh@woosuk.ac.kr
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
In Korea about 2000 species <strong>of</strong> mushrooms (higher fungi)<br />
have been studied from basdiomyctes to ascomycetes.<br />
Among them, about 1500 species are constructed in<br />
database. This database contains several items;<br />
taxonomical system, the application, the ecological<br />
resources, the geographical distributions. Each <strong>of</strong><br />
mushrooms is illustrated with descriptions, photographies<br />
and spores. Also, information retrieval system is available<br />
by using KRISTAL II for query searches on the Web in<br />
URL http://ruby.kisti.re.kr/^mushroom.<br />
487 - Macr<strong>of</strong>ungi distribution in a region <strong>of</strong> the Sierra<br />
Madre Oriental (México): an approximation <strong>of</strong> area <strong>of</strong><br />
endemism methods<br />
J. Cifuentes * , M. Villegas, R. García-Sandoval, G. Vidal, S.<br />
Sierra-Galván, R. Valenzuela, L. Pérez-Ramírez & E.<br />
Morales-Torres<br />
FCME Herbaria, UNAM., Po.Box 70-399, CP 04510,<br />
Coyoacán, DF, Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
jcb@hp.fciencias.unam.mx<br />
Several protocols <strong>of</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> endemism methods (Morrone,<br />
1994, Jardine, 1972, Linder 2001) were applied to a<br />
mapped list <strong>of</strong> 220 species <strong>of</strong> selected groups <strong>of</strong><br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi (Stipitate hydnoids, polypores, Amanita,<br />
Laccaria, Psilocybe and Scleroderma. Taxa were chosen<br />
both for practical (better known and collected groups) and<br />
ecological(to represent both saprotrophs and biotrophs)<br />
reasons. The best result, lesser fragmented areas, was<br />
obtained with Linder's method <strong>of</strong> inverse weighting.<br />
Though three well defined groups were observed they were<br />
not supported enough to be considered robust. Nevertheless<br />
when these groupings were contrasted with vegetation and<br />
altitudinal levels maps it was found an acceptable non<br />
exact concordance with the last one; one subgroup related<br />
with lower altitudes is accordingly distributed. Contrary to<br />
our findings based on the application <strong>of</strong> parsimony<br />
methods, previous ecological studies in Mexico had shown<br />
a relation <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi distribution and vegetation<br />
(Guzmán and Guzmán-Dávalos 1979, Varela and Cifuentes<br />
1979, Heredia 1989) but they were based solely on<br />
similarity list comparisons. Tan & Wu (1986) in China<br />
rather found that macr<strong>of</strong>ungi distribution was highly<br />
correlated with temperature which agrees better with our<br />
results. In spite <strong>of</strong> limitations to the use <strong>of</strong> herbaria data to<br />
apply areas <strong>of</strong> endemism methods, our results support to<br />
certain extent their applicability.<br />
488 - The 609 red listed fungi in Sweden: an analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
their ecological characteristics, distribution and threats<br />
A. Dahlberg * & H. Croneborg<br />
Swedish Species Information Centre, P.O.Box 7007, 750 07<br />
Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
anders.dahlberg@artdata.slu.se<br />
Red lists are extremely important instrument in both<br />
national and international conservation work. The recent<br />
Swedish Red List is based on an evaluation <strong>of</strong> factors that<br />
affect risk <strong>of</strong> extinction, a system to classifying species into<br />
threat categories developed by the World Conservation<br />
Union (IUCN), which is successively replacing the old<br />
systems around the world. The Red List comprises 609<br />
species, <strong>of</strong> which 254 are assessed as threatened, selected<br />
from an assessment <strong>of</strong> the 4620 known Swedish<br />
macromycetes (http://www.artdata.slu.se/home.htm). In<br />
principle, all available knowledge <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> these fungi<br />
have been compiled and analysed; life forms, preferences<br />
<strong>of</strong> habitats and substrates, distribution within and outside<br />
Sweden, and threats. The poster will summarize their<br />
ecological characteristics and identify the major threats.<br />
The red list can be looked upon as a deficiency analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
habitats and substrates. Among the most severe problem is<br />
the large scale on going fragmentation <strong>of</strong> valuable biotopes<br />
like primeval forest with a high amount <strong>of</strong> dead wood <strong>of</strong><br />
appropriate quality and unfertilised grassland. Today, an<br />
alarming number <strong>of</strong> fungal populations survive only in<br />
small number <strong>of</strong> isolated populations. Reference:<br />
Gärdenfors U (ed) 2000. Red List <strong>of</strong> Swedish Species.<br />
ArtDatabanken, SLU Uppsala.<br />
489 - Polypores on Pinus koraiensis in NE China<br />
Y.C. Dai<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Applied Ecology, Academia Sinica, Shenyang<br />
110016, Wenhua Road 72, China. - E-mail:<br />
yuchengd@yahoo.com<br />
Pinus koraiensis is the main coniferous tree in NE China.<br />
The species <strong>of</strong> polypores on wood <strong>of</strong> the tree were<br />
investigated, and 79 species were recognized. Among them<br />
23 species are considered as rare species, 31 are occasional<br />
and 25 are common. 16 species were found only in forest<br />
reserves, 12 in unprotected forests, and 49 in both forest<br />
reserves and unprotected forests. 6 species were found on<br />
dead trees, 28 on fallen trunks, 41 on rotten wood and 4 on<br />
charred wood. 19 species occur on Pinus koraiensis only,<br />
and 60 on other substrates as well.<br />
490 - 'Guide des champignons comestibles du Bénin', a<br />
tool for valorisation, preservation and sustainable use<br />
<strong>of</strong> West-african savanna woodlands<br />
A. De Kesel 1* , J.T.C. Codjia 2 & S.N. Yorou 3<br />
1 National Botanic Garden <strong>of</strong> Belgium, Domein van<br />
Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium. - 2 Faculté des Sciences<br />
Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi au Bénin, 01<br />
BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin. - 3 Laboratoire d'écologie<br />
Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université<br />
d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin. -<br />
E-mail: dekesel@br.fgov.be<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 149
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
Wild edible mushrooms are highly appreciated by local<br />
people in Bénin (West Africa). The majority <strong>of</strong> edible<br />
species in Bénin, however, are not cultivatable because<br />
they are ectomycorrhizal or associated with termites. In<br />
Bénin, as well as in the neighbouring countries, many<br />
ecosystems suffer from the influence <strong>of</strong> human activities.<br />
This guide is a tool for valorisation, preservation and<br />
sustainable use <strong>of</strong> West-african savanna woodlands and<br />
helps the reader to recognise the place <strong>of</strong> the fungi, their<br />
identity and function within the natural world. Aspects<br />
concerning morphology, ecology and distribution <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
in general, as well as aspects on poisoning, cultivation,<br />
recording local knowledge, ethnomycology and methods<br />
for assessing natural productions and valuation <strong>of</strong> wild<br />
edible fungi. The guide presents over 70 colour pictures<br />
and drawings, accompanied by morphological descriptions,<br />
local names and information on distributions and edibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> more than fifty wild species. Everyone interested in<br />
collecting or studying West-African fungi will find this<br />
book a useful reference. Those dealing with the sustainable<br />
use and management <strong>of</strong> natural resources in tropical Africa,<br />
will find a multitude <strong>of</strong> techniques and tools for a better<br />
management and conservation <strong>of</strong> natural ecosystems in a<br />
participative way, i.e. with the participation and for the<br />
benefit <strong>of</strong> local people. This guide is to be released by the<br />
end <strong>of</strong> June 2002.<br />
491 - Soil micr<strong>of</strong>ungi in a banana (Musa paradisiaca)<br />
plantation in Tabasco (México)<br />
M. Del Olmo, J. Cifuentes * , G. Vidal & J.E. Rosique<br />
FCME Herbaria, UNAM., Po.Box 70-399, CP 04510,<br />
Coyoacán, DF, Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
jcb@hp.fciencias.unam.mx<br />
Soil fungi have been extensively studied all over the world<br />
(Viaud et al., 2000; Stchigel, et al., 2000) but poorly and<br />
rather recently in Mexico (Mena et al., 1998; Bills et al.,<br />
2001). Since Mexico has been recognized as one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
megadiverse countries (Guzmán, 1998) it is a priority to<br />
undertake studies increasing our mycobiota knowledge.<br />
Furthermore micromycetes are increasenly important as a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> new bioactive metabolites and enzymes for<br />
biotechnology (Pointing & Hyde, 2001). Soil samples were<br />
taken in a banana plantation at the Teapa county, Tabasco<br />
State (17°32'N, 92°57'E) in a three months intervals during<br />
August 2001 to May 2002. To isolate fungi plate dilution<br />
and direct soil techniques on PDA/streptomycin and<br />
bengala rose added were used. So far a listing <strong>of</strong> 30 species<br />
and 15 genera <strong>of</strong> mostly mitosporic fungi has been<br />
obtained, which agrees in general with other banana<br />
plantation soil fungi listings Goos (1960, 1963).<br />
Abundance and frequency data are provided to discern<br />
phenological and successional patterns.<br />
492 - Flora <strong>of</strong> the macr<strong>of</strong>ungi <strong>of</strong> South Cameroon<br />
C. Douanla-Meli * & E. Langer<br />
150<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Universitaet Kassel, FB 19, FG Oekologie, Heinrich-Plett-<br />
Str. 40, Germany. - E-mail: cmeli@yahoo.com<br />
The macr<strong>of</strong>ungi <strong>of</strong> South Cameroon have been surveyed<br />
for the first time including detailed illustrations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
micromorphology. In the megatherm forests with high<br />
precipitation <strong>of</strong> South Cameroon the Aphyllophorales are<br />
the most abundand fungal group with 60% <strong>of</strong> all collected<br />
material followed by agaricoid fungi (32, 7%). Fungi from<br />
the Auriculariales make 3% <strong>of</strong> all collections. Some<br />
important species are presented including illustrations <strong>of</strong><br />
their macro- and micromorphology.<br />
493 - Mycorama - an international center <strong>of</strong> mycology<br />
in Switzerland<br />
S. Egli 1* & J. Keller 2<br />
1 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf,<br />
Switzerland. - 2 <strong>Association</strong> suisse du Mycorama, 2053<br />
Cernier, Switzerland. - E-mail: simon.egli@wsl.ch<br />
In 1998 the Swiss <strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Mycorama (ASM) -<br />
representing 400 members and 50 mycological societies -<br />
started with the planification <strong>of</strong> this project, examining its<br />
feasibility and finding the necessary funding. The start <strong>of</strong><br />
the construction <strong>of</strong> the mushroom-shaped building is<br />
planned for the end <strong>of</strong> this year, in the Jura region near<br />
Neuchatel in Western Switzerland. The Mycorama will be<br />
an international museum presenting the many aspects <strong>of</strong><br />
mycology, between myth and magic, medicine and<br />
gastronomy, ecology and economy, addressing itself as<br />
much to the public as to the mycologist. It will include<br />
facilities for the cultivation <strong>of</strong> edible species, a demo<br />
laboratory and a restaurant with typical mushroom dishes.<br />
494 - Mycorrhizal plants <strong>of</strong> traditionally managed<br />
boreal grasslands in Norway<br />
M. Eriksen 1* , K. Bjureke 2 & S.S. Dhillion 1<br />
1 Dep. <strong>of</strong> Biology and Nature Conservation, Agricultural<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Norway, P.O. Boks 5014, 1432 Ås, Norway. -<br />
2 Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, P.O.<br />
Boks 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
marit.eriksen@ibn.nlh.no<br />
This poster reports on the mycorrhizal status <strong>of</strong> 82 plant<br />
species growing in traditionally managed grasslands in<br />
three different locations in the boreal and boreo-nemoral<br />
vegetation zone in the eastern part <strong>of</strong> Norway. Seventyfour<br />
species were found to have arbuscular mycorrhiza<br />
(AM). To our knowledge, we report AM for the first time<br />
in Achillea ptarmica, Ajuga pyramidalis, Alchemilla<br />
glaucescens, Carex brunnescens, Carex pallescens, Crepis<br />
praemorsa, Hieracium lactucella, Rumex longifolius,<br />
Scorzonera humilis, Trifolium aureum and Trifolium<br />
spadiceum. The rare and threatened species Arnica<br />
montana, S. humilis, C. praemorsa, Gentianella
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
campestris, Parnassia palustris, T. aureum and T.<br />
spadiceum, all confined to grasslands, were found to<br />
possess AM fungi.<br />
495 - Fungi from the highlands <strong>of</strong> Eastern Iceland, an<br />
area at risk because <strong>of</strong> the proposed Karahnjukar<br />
hydropower project<br />
G.G. Eyjolfsdottir<br />
Icelandic Institute <strong>of</strong> Natural History, Akureyri Division,<br />
Hafnarstraeti 97; P.O.Box 180; IS-602 Akureyri, Iceland. -<br />
E-mail: gge@ni.is<br />
This study <strong>of</strong> the macromycota <strong>of</strong> the highlands (450-650<br />
m a.s.l.) in Eastern Iceland was a part <strong>of</strong> research aimed at<br />
assessing the environmental impact <strong>of</strong> the proposed<br />
Karahnjukar hydropower project. Fungi were collected at<br />
the proposed site <strong>of</strong> a 57 km 2 , 24 km long reservoir<br />
Halslon, to be formed by building dams in the river Jökulsa<br />
a Bru and flooding its channel and surrounding area.<br />
Collection took place in middle <strong>of</strong> August 2000, at 24<br />
transects for vegetation analyses. The fungi were<br />
photographed and dried in the field and later identified. A<br />
total <strong>of</strong> 35 species <strong>of</strong> macromycetes and four plant parasitic<br />
micromycetes were identified. Most were typical highland<br />
fungi, e.g. Omphalina pyxidata, Lactarius pseudouvidus,<br />
Russula nana, Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma mesophaeum,<br />
H. kuehneri, Inocybe calamistrata, Cortinarius subtorvus,<br />
C. alpinus, Lactarius pubescens, Puccinia septentrionalis,<br />
Exobasidium vaccinii-uliginosi and Rhytisma salicinum,<br />
found in four or more transects. Those found in one<br />
transect only were: Anthracoidea elynae, Bovista<br />
nigrescens, Entoloma sericeum, Galerina clavata,<br />
Galerina pseudomycenopsis, Geopora arenicola, Helvella<br />
albella, Hygrocybe turunda, Inocybe geophylla, I. hirtella,<br />
I. lacera, Laccaria pumila, Lyophyllum decastes and<br />
Scutellinia patagonica, some <strong>of</strong> which are more common at<br />
lower elevation or confined to specific habitats. The known<br />
mycota <strong>of</strong> the highlands <strong>of</strong> Eastern Iceland is compared to<br />
that <strong>of</strong> Central Iceland.<br />
496 - Rapid approach to evaluate persistence <strong>of</strong> fieldintroduced<br />
AMF by nested PCR<br />
M.J. Farmer 1* , D. van Tuinen 1 , B. Zhao 2 , X. Li 3 , G. Feng 3 ,<br />
W.K. Chan 4 , S. Gianinazzi 1 & V. Gianinazzi-Pearson 1<br />
1 UMR 1088 INRA/Université de Bourgogne BBCE-IPM,<br />
INRA-CSME, BP 86510 21065 Dijon cedex, France. - 2 Key<br />
Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Agromicrobiology (Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
China) College <strong>of</strong> Life Science and Technology, Huazhong<br />
Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. -<br />
3 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Nutrition, College <strong>of</strong> Natural<br />
Resources and Environment Sciences. China Agricultural<br />
University, Beijing 100094, China. - 4 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong<br />
Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Koloon, Hong Kong,<br />
China. - E-mail: farmer@epoisses.inra.fr<br />
In China 74% <strong>of</strong> agricultural soils (more than 7 million<br />
hectares) are phosphorus-deficient. Arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi (AMF), which form symbiotic associations with plant<br />
roots, are involved in the maintenance <strong>of</strong> sustainable soil<br />
fertility. Colonization <strong>of</strong> plant roots by such fungi improves<br />
the availability and uptake <strong>of</strong> soil phosphate resulting in<br />
increased plant growth. Within the framework <strong>of</strong> a<br />
European Project (1) focussing on the use <strong>of</strong> AMF<br />
technology to improve staple food crop production in<br />
small-scale sustainable agriculture in China, one <strong>of</strong> our<br />
objectives is the use <strong>of</strong> molecular tools to monitor<br />
persistence, within host roots, <strong>of</strong> selected AMF inoculated<br />
onto three target food crops: maize, sweet potato and<br />
cassava. We have studied different techniques <strong>of</strong><br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal root systems and genomic<br />
DNA (DNAg) extraction. A method <strong>of</strong> grinding in a Tris<br />
EDTA buffer with the addition <strong>of</strong> activated charcoal was<br />
retained for its simplicity, rapidity and efficiency. The<br />
large ribosomal subunit <strong>of</strong> DNAg was amplified by nested<br />
PCR using eukaryotic universal primers for the first PCR,<br />
and primers specific for selected AMF(2) inoculated onto<br />
target crops, for the second. (1) INCO-DEV:<br />
MYCHINTEC No ICA4-CT-2000-30014. (2) van Tuinen,<br />
D., Jacquot, E., Zhao, B., Gollotte, A., Gianinazzi-Pearson,<br />
V. (1998) Characterization <strong>of</strong> root colonization pr<strong>of</strong>iles by<br />
a microcosm community <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
using 25S rDNA-targeted nested PCR. Molecular Ecology<br />
7: 879-887.<br />
497 - Influence <strong>of</strong> resource size on wood-inhabiting<br />
fungal communities in a tropical forest<br />
A. Ferrer<br />
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072,<br />
Panama. - E-mail: astridferrer@hotmail.com<br />
The diversity <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes and basidiomycetes woodinhabiting<br />
communities were examined for different<br />
resource sizes <strong>of</strong> the host tree Prioria copaifera in five<br />
low-diversity and high-diversity forests in central and<br />
eastern Panama. A positive correlation between size <strong>of</strong> the<br />
resource and basidiomycetes diversity was found, large<br />
dead branches and trees had a large number <strong>of</strong><br />
basidiomycetes than small branches or small diameter<br />
trees. The same significant relationship was found for<br />
ascomycetes in three <strong>of</strong> these five sites. A relationship<br />
between stage <strong>of</strong> decay and number <strong>of</strong> fungal species was<br />
also tested, and more basidiomycetes species were found at<br />
early stages <strong>of</strong> decay in three sites. However, this<br />
relationship was weak and explained less than 10% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
deviance in species diversity. Stage <strong>of</strong> decay did not have<br />
any effect on the number <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes species. A field<br />
experiment was conducted to determine the effect <strong>of</strong> the<br />
size <strong>of</strong> the resource on fungal colonization. Resource size<br />
was manipulated using different sized wood blocks <strong>of</strong><br />
Prioria, placed in two sites and censured every 3 months<br />
for 15 months. The size <strong>of</strong> the blocks did had a positive,<br />
significant effect on the fungal species number, and the<br />
most common species were able to fruit in both small and<br />
large wood blocks. These results suggest that resource size,<br />
and therefore forest structure, is an important determinant<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal community structure.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 151
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
498 - Description <strong>of</strong> Lactarius indigo and L. deliciosus<br />
mycorrhizas on nine pine species<br />
R.E. Flores 1* , M. Honrubia 1 , G. Díaz 1 & M.C. Bran 2<br />
1 University de Murcia, Depto. Biología Vegetal (Botánica),<br />
Facultad de Biología. Campus de Espinardo 30100, Spain.<br />
- 2 Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, DIGI/Fac.<br />
CCQQ y Farmacia, Edif T-12 Ciudad Universitaria.<br />
01012, Guatemala. - E-mail: rfloresa@yahoo.com<br />
The main macro and microscopical features <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizas<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lactarius indigo Schw. ex Fr. and Lactarius deliciosus<br />
Fr. with five species <strong>of</strong> Mesoamerican pines (Pinus<br />
ayacahuite, Pinus hartwegii, P. oocarpa, P. pseudostrobus<br />
and P. rudis) are presented. Also description with<br />
microscopical and SEM pictures <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> L.<br />
indigo with Pinus halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinaster and P.<br />
sylvestris are shown. The work was made in a growth<br />
chamber and using plastic containers with peat mossvermiculite<br />
substrate. Inocula <strong>of</strong> selected strains <strong>of</strong><br />
Lactarius deliciosus and L. indigo were applied directly to<br />
the radicular systems <strong>of</strong> the seedlings. The results seems to<br />
be the first published for Lactarius indigo, a known edible<br />
species in America, especially in Mexico and Guatemala,<br />
and also the mycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> L. deliciosus with<br />
Mesoamerican pines. These results are very important to<br />
the production <strong>of</strong> mycorrhized plants in Central America,<br />
especially with these edible mushrooms, because they<br />
could be <strong>of</strong> use in potentiating reforestation and for<br />
providing extra income and food to farm people, specially<br />
in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua.<br />
499 - Russian species <strong>of</strong> the genus Alternaria Nees<br />
Ph.B. Gannibal<br />
St.Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7-9,<br />
St.Petersburg, 199034, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
philipp@rsp.spb.org<br />
Alternaria is a very widespread genus <strong>of</strong> dematiaceous<br />
fungi. Many species are serious pathogens <strong>of</strong> crops.<br />
Despite on long history <strong>of</strong> its investigation, there are some<br />
different opinions about genus taxonomy. Formerly closed<br />
species were distributed between two genera - Alternaria<br />
and Macrosporium Fr. In 1969 the name Macrosporium<br />
was abolished, and the name Alternaria became the only<br />
(Levkina L.Ì. 1984. Mycol. and Phyt. 18, 1). The genus<br />
Alternaria was revised several times. There are more than<br />
100 described species now, but not all descriptions are<br />
admitted. The paper <strong>of</strong> Egorova about fungi on Russian Far<br />
East contains the most complete list <strong>of</strong> Alternaria species<br />
in Russia (Egorova L.N. 1999. Mycol. and Phyt. 33, 1).<br />
There are 43 well-known and 7 insufficiently investigated<br />
species in this region. They infect 72 plants. A. citri Ell. et<br />
N. Pierce, A. mali Roberts, A. longipes (Ell. et Everh.)<br />
listed by Egorova are considered A. alternata (Fr.) Kiessl.<br />
now (Rotem J. 1994). There are a few papers, which add<br />
some other species in total list. For instance, there is A.<br />
152<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
saponariae (Peck) Neerg. in the roll <strong>of</strong> Russian arctic fungi<br />
(Rus. Arctic Fungi. 1999). Our collections include some <strong>of</strong><br />
these Alternaria species. In two main Russian mycological<br />
herbariums we reveal at least 5 species, which are absent in<br />
the list <strong>of</strong> Alternaria species from Far East. Using prior<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> literature and herbarium material, we can<br />
conclude that there are about 50 Alternaria species in<br />
Russia.<br />
500 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhiza in Quercus rubra L.<br />
stands <strong>of</strong> different age on reafforested mining sites<br />
S. Gebhardt * , J. Wöllecke & R.F. Hüttl<br />
Brandenburg University <strong>of</strong> Technology, Chair <strong>of</strong> Soil<br />
Protection and Recultivation, Postfach 101344, 03013<br />
Cottbus, Germany. - E-mail: gebhardt@tu-cottbus.de<br />
Red oaks are planted on 15% <strong>of</strong> reforested mining sites in<br />
Lower Lusatia and thus belongs to the main tree species<br />
used in reclamation. The mining substrates are<br />
characterized by poor nutrient supply e.g. N and P. Under<br />
such adverse conditions mycorrhizal fungi may play an<br />
important role for the vitality and the survive <strong>of</strong> these trees.<br />
One aim <strong>of</strong> this investigation is to charakterize the<br />
morphotypes <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizae <strong>of</strong> Quercus rubra. We want to<br />
know if the fungi are above all generalists or if the fungi<br />
are species adapted to these extrem conditions. An other<br />
aim is to compare the ectomycorrhizal fungi which are<br />
common with the neophyt Quercus rubra and indigenous<br />
oak species like Quercus petrea. Soil samples are taken in<br />
oak stands <strong>of</strong> different age within an area <strong>of</strong> 720 m& 2 ;. The<br />
mycorrhiza are separated by morphological and genetic<br />
methods. To characterize the extrem soil conditions, the<br />
samples are analysed <strong>of</strong> pH, phosphate, nitrate, ammonium,<br />
C, N, S, water retention and bulk density. First results<br />
show, that 19 morphotypes <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi can be<br />
separated by their mycorrhizae. Some fungi can be<br />
identified by their fruitbody, for example Boletus edulis or<br />
Amanita muscaria. Scleroderma citrinum and Paxillus<br />
involutus can be found as fruitbody and mycorrhiza. The<br />
generalists and 'early stage fungi' Cenococcum geophilum<br />
and Paxillus involutus have an important part in the fungi<br />
coenoses.<br />
501 - Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) <strong>of</strong> the Atlantic<br />
Rain Forest in Northeast Brazil I. States <strong>of</strong> Sergipe and<br />
Alagoas<br />
T.B. Gibertoni * & M.A.Q. Cavalcanti<br />
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Nelson Chaves<br />
s/n, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
tbgibertoni@hotmail.com<br />
Eight collections <strong>of</strong> Aphyllophorales were undertaken<br />
between October 2000 and July 2001 in 3 Atlantic Rain<br />
Forest remnants in Northeast Brazil. In the State <strong>of</strong> Sergipe<br />
4 species <strong>of</strong> Polyporaceae (Hexagona hydnoides, H.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
papyracea, Megasporoporia cavernulosa, Trametes<br />
caperata); 2 species <strong>of</strong> Podoscyphaceae (Caripia<br />
montagnei, Cymatoderma dendriticum) and 1 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Hymenochaetaceae (Phellinus gilvus) were identified. In<br />
the State <strong>of</strong> Alagoas 19 species <strong>of</strong> Polyporaceae<br />
(Coriolopsis rigida, Daedalea sprucei, Earliella scabrosa,<br />
#Echinochaete brachyporus, Hexagona hydnoides, H.<br />
papyracea, #Junghuhnia luteoalba, Lentinus crinitus,<br />
Lenzites stereoides, Megasporoporia cavernulosa,<br />
Nigr<strong>of</strong>omes melanoporus, Physisporinus vitreus,<br />
Rigidoporus linteus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes<br />
caperata, #T. lactinea, T. versicolor, T. villosa, Trichaptum<br />
abietinum); 10 species <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaetaceae<br />
(#Hymenochaete fulva, H. luteo-badia, Phellinus discipes,<br />
P. gilvus, P. fastuosus, #P. inermis, P. merrillii, #P.<br />
portoricensis, P. punctatus, P. rimosus); 2 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Ganodermataceae (Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum); 2<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Podoscyphaceae (Caripia montagnei,<br />
Cymatoderma dendriticum); 2 species <strong>of</strong> Stereaceae<br />
(Lopharia cinerascens, Stereum lobatum); 1 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Corticiaceae (Trechispora farinacea) and 1 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Schizophyllaceae (Schizophyllum commune) were<br />
identified. All the species are new occurrences to the States<br />
and those marked with a # represent new occurrences to<br />
Brazil.<br />
502 - Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) <strong>of</strong> Atlantic<br />
Rain Forest in the Northeast Brazil II. State <strong>of</strong><br />
Pernambuco<br />
T.B. Gibertoni * & M.A.Q. Cavalcanti<br />
Rua Nelson Chaves s/n, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco,<br />
Brazil. - E-mail: tbgibertoni@hotmail.com<br />
Twelve collections <strong>of</strong> Aphyllophorales were undertaken<br />
between September 2000 and July 2001 in 4 Atlantic Rain<br />
Forest remnants in Northeast Brazil. In the State <strong>of</strong><br />
Pernambuco 23 species <strong>of</strong> Polyporaceae (#Coriolopsis<br />
asper, Fomes fasciatus, Fomitella supina, Hexagona<br />
apiaria, H. hydnoides, H. papyracea, Lentinus crinitus,<br />
Lenzites stereoides, Megasporoporia cavernulosa,<br />
Microporellus obovatus, Nigr<strong>of</strong>omes melanoporus,<br />
*Nigroporus vinosus, *Perenniporia martius, Polyporus<br />
dictyopus, *P. guianensis, P. leprieuri, P. tenuiculus,<br />
Pycnoporus sanguineus, Rigidoporus microporus, *R.<br />
ulmarius, Trametes caperata, T. membranacea,<br />
Trichaptum abietinum); 11 species <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaetaceae<br />
(Hymenochaete aspera, H. luteo-badia, #H. pinnatifida,<br />
*Phellinus calcitratus, P. gilvus, P. fastuosus, P. linteus, P.<br />
rimosus, P. senex, *P. tropicalis, P. umbrinellus); 5 species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ganodermataceae (Amauroderma omphalodes, *A.<br />
sprucei, Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum, G.<br />
resinaceum); 3 species <strong>of</strong> Podoscyphaceae (Caripia<br />
montagnei, Cymatoderma dendriticum, *Podoscypha<br />
ravenelii); 3 species <strong>of</strong> Stereaceae (Lopharia cinerascens,<br />
Stereum australe, S. lobatum); 1 species <strong>of</strong> Corticiaceae<br />
(*Trechispora farinacea); 1 species <strong>of</strong> Hericiaceae<br />
(#Stecchericium fistulatum) and 1 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Schizophyllaceae (Schizophyllum commune) were<br />
identified. The species marked with a # are new<br />
occurrences to Brazil and those marked with an * represent<br />
new occurrences to the State <strong>of</strong> Pernambuco.<br />
503 - Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina) <strong>of</strong> Atlantic<br />
Rain Forest in the Northeast Brazil III. States <strong>of</strong><br />
Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte<br />
T.B. Gibertoni * & M.A.Q. Cavalcanti<br />
Rua Nelson Chaves s/n, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco,<br />
Brazil. - E-mail: tbgibertoni@hotmail.com<br />
Seven collections <strong>of</strong> Aphyllophorales were undertaken<br />
between October 2000 and May 2001 in 3 Atlantic Rain<br />
Forest remnants in Northeast Brazil. In the State <strong>of</strong> Paraíba<br />
11 species <strong>of</strong> Polyporaceae (Antrodia albida, Fomes<br />
fasciatus, Fomitella supina, Hexagona hydnoides, Lentinus<br />
crinitus, Megasporoporia cavernulosa, Nigr<strong>of</strong>omes<br />
melanoporus, Polyporus dictyopus, Pycnoporus<br />
sanguineus, Trametes caperata, Trichaptum abietinum); 3<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Hymenochaetaceae (#Hymenochaete dura,<br />
Phellinus gilvus, P. merrillii); 2 species <strong>of</strong> Podoscyphaceae<br />
(Caripia montagnei, Cymatoderma dendriticum); 2 species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Stereaceae (Stereum hirsutum, S. lobatum); 1 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Ganodermataceae (*Ganoderma applanatum) and 1<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllaceae (Schizophyllum commune)<br />
were identified. All the species represent new occurrences<br />
to State <strong>of</strong> Paraíba, except the one marked with an *. In the<br />
State <strong>of</strong> Rio Grande do Norte 7 species <strong>of</strong> Polyporaceae<br />
(Fomes fasciatus, Hexagona hydnoides, Lentinus crinitus,<br />
L. velutinus, Megasporoporia cavernulosa, #Perenniporia<br />
martius, Trametes caperata); 7 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Hymenochaetaceae (#Hymenochaete fulva, Phellinus<br />
fastuosus, P. gilvus, #P. maxonii, #P. meleoporus, P.<br />
rimosus, P. umbrinellus); 1 species <strong>of</strong> Corticiaceae<br />
(Trechispora farinacea) and 1 species <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllaceae<br />
(Schizophyllum commune) were identified. All the species<br />
are new occurrences to the State <strong>of</strong> Rio Grande do Norte.<br />
The species marked with a # in both States are new<br />
occurrences to Brazil.<br />
504 - Floristics <strong>of</strong> Burroughs Mountain, Mount Rainier<br />
National Park, Washington State, USA<br />
K.A. Glew * , C.L. Miller & L. Koepke<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Puget Sound, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, 1500 N.<br />
Warner, Tacoma, WA 98416, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
kglew@ups.edu<br />
Washington State houses three national parks with alpine<br />
zones, yet limited baseline documentation has been<br />
undertaken regarding species inventories or descriptive<br />
works <strong>of</strong> lichen communities. These areas are subject to<br />
disturbance from both hikers and climbers. Vascular plant<br />
surveys have been carried out in limited areas <strong>of</strong> the parks,<br />
but do not include lichens. In the summer <strong>of</strong> 2001 a study<br />
was conducted on Burroughs Mountain in Mount Rainier<br />
National Park to focus on an inventory <strong>of</strong> lichen species<br />
and to study these sensitive communities. At 14,410 ft<br />
(4392m) elevation, Mount Rainier reflects alpine<br />
communities rarely seen in other areas <strong>of</strong> the state or the<br />
Pacific Northwest. Burroughs Mountain is made up <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 153
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
three plateaus ranging from 7000 to 7500 ft. Although each<br />
plateau is subject to the same climatic conditions and at<br />
very similar elevations, the vegetation <strong>of</strong> each plateau is<br />
drastically different. Snowmelt conditions and substrate<br />
appear to be major factors affecting the species <strong>of</strong> lichens<br />
found at each location. Analyses include lichen species<br />
richness, abundance, frequency, and the association <strong>of</strong><br />
macrolichens with plant communities. Data was analyzed<br />
using PC-ORD and CANOCO. An inventory <strong>of</strong> lichens<br />
was also conducted at Camp Muir (10,000ft) to determine<br />
rare and sensitive lichen species found at this elevation.<br />
Highly subject to disturbance, this is the base camp for<br />
climbers hiking to the summit <strong>of</strong> Mount Rainier. A list <strong>of</strong><br />
rare lichens collected will be presented.<br />
505 - Contribution to the knowledge <strong>of</strong> diversity and<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes from Mexico<br />
M.C. Gonzalez 1* , R.T. Hanlin 2 , M. Ulloa 1 & E. Aguirre 1<br />
1 Departamento Botanica Instituto de Biologia, UNAM I,<br />
Mexico City DF 04510, Mexico. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602-<br />
7274, U.S.A. - E-mail: mcgv@ibiologia.unam.mx<br />
Diversity surveys <strong>of</strong> Mexican Ascomycetes from terrestrial<br />
or aquatic environments are limited mostly by a lack <strong>of</strong><br />
necessary resources for mycological biodiversity studies.<br />
However, currently in Mexico there is interest in<br />
biodiversity issues, especially in relation to the<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> our natural resources. The importance <strong>of</strong><br />
biodiversity in this country is well recognised, and there is<br />
a long history <strong>of</strong> Botanical, <strong>Mycological</strong> and Zoological<br />
research which still continues to the present day. The<br />
current study aims to assess the diversity <strong>of</strong> Ascomycetes<br />
from Mexico. The numbers <strong>of</strong> Mexican Ascomycetes<br />
recorded from the literature in relation to global estimates<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal diversity are also addressed in this work. The<br />
Pezizales and Xylariales are the best studied groups,<br />
probably because they are among the largest Ascomycetes<br />
and therefore more easily collected. The most explored<br />
areas in the country are the State <strong>of</strong> Veracruz and the State<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mexico, both located in the central-southeast region <strong>of</strong><br />
the country. The least studied areas are the State <strong>of</strong> Nayarit,<br />
the State <strong>of</strong> Aguascalientes, and the Peninsula <strong>of</strong> Baja<br />
California.<br />
154<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
506 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> keratinophyles in Indian hills<br />
(Shimla, H.P.) and Plain (Agra, U.P) and perforator<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> dermatophytes in relation to taxonomy<br />
N. Govil * & J.N Shrivastava<br />
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Microbiology lab, Deptt<br />
<strong>of</strong> Botany, faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Dayalbagh Educational<br />
Institute, Dayalbagh, AGRA, India. - E-mail:<br />
nidhi_dei@yahoo.com<br />
A comparative biodiversity <strong>of</strong> keratinophyles reveals that<br />
hilly area was rich in both species content and relative<br />
diversity as showing 100% prevalence <strong>of</strong> keratinophyles<br />
where as plains shows 80% prevalence as these areas differ<br />
markedly in prevailing environmental conditions. The<br />
percentage prevalence <strong>of</strong> Chrysosporium indicum (26%)<br />
and Microsporum fulvum (26%) was maximum indicating<br />
its dominance in hilly area. In plains Trichophyton equinum<br />
(20%) and T. rubrum (20%) was dominant. Out <strong>of</strong> seven<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> keratinophyles three isolated genera <strong>of</strong><br />
dermatophytes were subjected for their ability to perforate<br />
hair in vitro considering only their superficial pigmented<br />
characteristics. Fourteen isolates belonging to three genera<br />
<strong>of</strong> Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton were<br />
found to have wide range <strong>of</strong> flexibility in pathogenecity<br />
evaluating that they can be distinguished on the basis <strong>of</strong><br />
their perforating nature without identification. M. fulvum<br />
was found to be best perforator releasing maximum protein<br />
(5.98 µg/ml). Among the six strains <strong>of</strong> M. baullardii strain<br />
6 was found to be non-perforator indicating their nonpathogenic<br />
nature although similar in microscopic and<br />
macroscopic morphology with other strains. So it can be<br />
considered as atypical strain and can achieve a nascent<br />
taxonomic status. The taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> all the fourteen<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> three genera and seven species was studied with<br />
respect to their morphology.<br />
507 - Screening <strong>of</strong> keratinophyles isolated from Indian<br />
hill (Shimla, H.P.): A biotechnological approach<br />
N. Govil * & J.N. Shrivastava<br />
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Microbiology lab, Deptt<br />
<strong>of</strong> Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Dayalbagh Educational<br />
Institute, Dayalbagh, AGRA, India. - E-mail:<br />
nidhi_dei@yahoo.com<br />
Eighteen keratinophilic species was isolated from Indian<br />
hills (Shimla, H.P.) belonging to seven genera<br />
Chrysosporium, Microsporum, Trichophyton,<br />
Epidermophyton, Emmonsia, Geomyces and Zymonema<br />
were screened for their ability to degrade keratin (feather)<br />
in vitro. All test fungi was found positive for producing<br />
keratinase enzyme, total protein and sulphur containing<br />
amino acids on keratin degradation. G. pannorum and M.<br />
fulvum produced maximum keratinase (20.5 Ku/ml and<br />
14.2 Ku/ml respectively, protein (6.42 µg/ml and 5.84<br />
µg/ml respectively) indicating the biotechnological<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> their pathogenic nature.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
508 - Above and below ground community <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi on beech from four small gaps in<br />
mature natural and managed beech forests<br />
T. Grebenc 1* , M. Christensen 2 & H. Kraigher 1<br />
1<br />
Slovenian Forestry Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Vecna pot<br />
2, Slovenia. -<br />
2<br />
KVL, Unit <strong>of</strong> Forestry, DK-1958,<br />
Rolighedsvej 23, Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
tine.grebenc@gozdis.si<br />
The mycelium <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrrhizal (ECM) fungi represents<br />
a crucial link between forest ground vegetation and biotic<br />
and abiotic sources <strong>of</strong> nutrients. Mapping <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies has<br />
been shown as unadequate for studies <strong>of</strong> the distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungal community. We have applied a combined<br />
method <strong>of</strong> mapping <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies, identification <strong>of</strong> their<br />
PCR-ITS-RFLP patterns and identification <strong>of</strong> types <strong>of</strong><br />
ECM after anatomical characteristics. The abundance <strong>of</strong><br />
types <strong>of</strong> ECM have been studied in four natural or manmade<br />
canopy gaps in beech forest, two in Denmark and<br />
two in Slovenia. The fruitbodies were mapped and<br />
collected in two growing seasons on the comparable<br />
research plots and the ECM root tips were analysed twice<br />
in a transect line through each <strong>of</strong> the plots. In soil samples<br />
(V=274 ml) all roots were cleaned, nonmycorrhizal, old<br />
mycorrhizal root tips and morphotypes were separated and<br />
counted. On each plot from 14 to 33 different species <strong>of</strong><br />
ECM fungi were determined. In the soil samples from all<br />
four plots 37 different types <strong>of</strong> ECM were separated, from<br />
these 31 on beech. 21 <strong>of</strong> them have been determined to the<br />
species level. Only ca one half <strong>of</strong> the ECM species<br />
determined from mycorrhizal root tips corresponded to the<br />
fruitbodies from the same plot. Some <strong>of</strong> the fruitbodies<br />
were not yet found in ECM. For identification <strong>of</strong> unknown<br />
ECM root tips the PCR-ITS-RFLP patterns have been<br />
compared with the database <strong>of</strong> RFLP patterns, while<br />
sequencing <strong>of</strong> the ITS region in rDNA has also been<br />
started.<br />
509 - Biodiversity patterns: kinds <strong>of</strong> rarity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
corticioid fungi (Basidiomycetes) in Tierra del Fuego<br />
(Argentina)<br />
A.G. Greslebin<br />
Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino<br />
Patagónico, CC 14, 9200, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. - Email:<br />
alina@ciefap.cyt.edu.ar<br />
Usually fungi do not appear in the lists <strong>of</strong> endangered<br />
species. This is probably due to our limited knowledge <strong>of</strong><br />
some ecological features <strong>of</strong> the species such as the<br />
vulnerability. The form <strong>of</strong> rarity, based on the geographic<br />
distribution, local abundance and habitat specificity, helps<br />
us identify the species that should be protected and the way<br />
this protection should be carried out in a certain area.<br />
During a floristic study <strong>of</strong> Corticiaceae s.l. <strong>of</strong> Tierra del<br />
Fuego the kind <strong>of</strong> rarity <strong>of</strong> the species was evaluated. Six<br />
extensive collecting were made along 3 years, visiting 18<br />
localities selected in 5 areas. The kind <strong>of</strong> rarity <strong>of</strong> each<br />
species was estimated based on: 1. Frequency measured as<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> collecting where the species was recorded. 2.<br />
Geographic distribution range in Tierra del Fuego<br />
measured as the number <strong>of</strong> localities visited where the<br />
species was recorded. 3. Substrate specificity measured as<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> woody substrates where the species was<br />
recorded. A total <strong>of</strong> 104 were distributed in kinds <strong>of</strong> rarity<br />
as follows: Common (class 0): 15 sp.; slightly rare (classes<br />
1-2): 26 sp.; rare (classes 3-4): 8 sp.; highly rare (classes 5-<br />
7): 55 sp. Of 26 endemic species <strong>of</strong> the area 13 were highly<br />
rare, 10 were slightly rare and 3 were common. Of 4<br />
species with an austral distribution 3 are extremely rare and<br />
1 slightly rare. This estimation <strong>of</strong> rarity considers the<br />
situation <strong>of</strong> the species only in Tierra del Fuego and did not<br />
aim to be generalized for other areas.<br />
510 - A comparative account <strong>of</strong> poisonous mushroom<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Turkey and northeast North America<br />
F. Gucin 1 & B.A. Bunyard 2*<br />
1 Fatih University, Biology Dept., Buyukcekmece, 34900<br />
Istanbul, Turkey. - 2 Ursuline College, Biology Dept., 2550<br />
Lander Road, Pepper Pike, OH 44124, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
bbunyard@ursuline.edu<br />
Mushroom poisonings are reported every year in Turkey.<br />
The primary reason for this is that local persons may be<br />
unfamiliar with poisonous mushrooms and are unable to<br />
distinguish between edible and poisonous mushroom<br />
species. Ninety two taxa <strong>of</strong> poisonous mushrooms occur in<br />
Turkey. These are listed here together with their locations<br />
as well as poisoning syndromes such as: Phalloides<br />
syndrome (ten species, one variety), Muscarine syndrome<br />
(nine species), Pantherina syndrome (three species),<br />
Gyromitra syndrome (seven species), Coprinus syndrome<br />
(one species), Psilocybin syndrome (four species), Paxillus<br />
syndrome (two species), Gastrointestinal syndrome (32<br />
species). Furthermore, there are cases <strong>of</strong> mushrooms that<br />
may be poisonous if consumed raw (15 species) and<br />
mushrooms with suspected constituents (five species), as<br />
well as those reported to be poisonous if consumed with<br />
alcoholic drinks (three species). Similar poisoning<br />
accidents have been reported from Northeastern parts <strong>of</strong><br />
North America, but are less common. This study<br />
demonstrates a comparison <strong>of</strong> these findings.<br />
511 - Saprotrophic mycelium mats in the southern rain<br />
forest <strong>of</strong> Mexico: effects on fine roots and soil<br />
arthropod diversity<br />
R. Guevara * & I. Romero<br />
Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Departamento de biología de<br />
Suelos, AP 63 CP 91000 Xalapa, Ver., Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
roger@ecologia.edu.mx<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 155
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
Mycelium mats are patches with a high rate <strong>of</strong> leaf litter<br />
decomposition and at the same time represent a high<br />
density <strong>of</strong> hyphae available for soil fungivores. We<br />
investigated the spatial and temporal distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelium mats on the soil <strong>of</strong> a rain forest in Mexico and<br />
whether fine roots and soil arthropods were influenced by<br />
mats. The abundance and size <strong>of</strong> mats varied seasonally.<br />
There was a low number <strong>of</strong> mats after the rainy season and<br />
in general they were small. By contrast in the dry and early<br />
rains seasons mats were abundant and on average they<br />
were larger than those found after the rainy season. Also<br />
there was an effect <strong>of</strong> mats on the distribution <strong>of</strong> fine roots.<br />
In the dry season the amount <strong>of</strong> observed roots in non-mat<br />
soil was 4-fold than that observed in mat soil and by early<br />
rains there was more roots in mat soil than in non-mat soil.<br />
Also, mats affected the chemical content <strong>of</strong> fine roots.<br />
Roots in mat soil had lower concentration <strong>of</strong> Ca y K over<br />
the year whereas effects on Na concentration varied among<br />
seasons. Soil arthropods were also effected by mycelium<br />
mats. Arthropod diversity was higher in mycelium mat soil<br />
than in non-mycelium mat soil. This study shows that the<br />
guild <strong>of</strong> mycelium mat forming fungi is an important<br />
component <strong>of</strong> the tropical rain forest in southern Mexico<br />
beyond its potential species richness. Mats effect the<br />
distribution and chemical content fine roots (plants) and<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> soil arthropods two key components <strong>of</strong><br />
ecosystem diversity.<br />
512 - A database <strong>of</strong> Italian keratinophilic fungi<br />
M. Guglielminetti 1* , N. Solari 1 , S. Martellos 2 & G. Del<br />
Frate 1<br />
1 Dep. Ecologia del Territorio e degli Ambienti Terrestri -<br />
Sez. Micologia - Univ. di Pavia, Via S. Epifanio, 14 -<br />
27100 Pavia, Italy. - 2 Dep. Biologia - Univ. di Trieste, Via<br />
l. Giorgieri, 9 - 34127 Trieste, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
mariag@et.unipv.it<br />
The term 'keratinophilic' is used both for fungi capable <strong>of</strong><br />
decomposing keratin, including those that cause superficial<br />
mycoses in humans and animals (dermatophyte), and for<br />
fungi only able to use products <strong>of</strong> keratin's hydrolysis, or<br />
material which naturally associates to it (1). Since the<br />
beginning the 19th century many studies were carried out<br />
in Italy about this group <strong>of</strong> fungi, isolated from soil,<br />
humans or animals. An on-line database is being created<br />
which could be useful for mycologists, physicians and<br />
veterinaries needing information on keratinophilic fungi<br />
isolated in Italy. This database presently includes 118<br />
infrageneric taxa and will be available on the web before<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> 2002. A list <strong>of</strong> Italian papers in which a species<br />
is cited is provided as well. This is the first step towards a<br />
larger nomenclatural database covering all <strong>of</strong> the Italian<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ungi. Two other databases are being implemented,<br />
which will contain morphological and physiological<br />
information, and will be connected to the first one to<br />
generate a complex information system. This database is<br />
part <strong>of</strong> larger co-operative effort, involving several other<br />
Italian research centres, the MIUR project 'A network <strong>of</strong><br />
databases on the diversity <strong>of</strong> terrestrial cryptogams in Italy'.<br />
References 1. Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., David, J.C. &<br />
156<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Stalpers, J.A., 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fungi. 9th Edition. CAB <strong>International</strong>, Wallingford UK.<br />
513 - Biodiversity informatics and the development <strong>of</strong><br />
the GLOPP information system<br />
G. Hagedorn * , M. Burhenne, M. Gliech, T. Gräfenhan &<br />
M. Weiss<br />
Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and<br />
Forestry, Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and<br />
Biological Safety, Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195<br />
Berlin, Germany. - E-mail: g.hagedorn@bba.de<br />
The GLOPP project (Global Information System for the<br />
Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathogenic Fungi) is creating an<br />
integrated information system on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
pathogenic fungi and their hosts by gathering descriptive<br />
and collection data, literature references, resource<br />
information and taxonomic names. The IT project within<br />
GLOPP provides data entry applications and develops the<br />
public access system on the Internet. This task requires the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> new concepts and information models as<br />
well as substantial efforts in application development. To<br />
simplify analysis and improve collaboration with other<br />
developers, a modular and component based approach has<br />
been choosen. This 'DiversityWorkbench' application suite<br />
ultimately will contain major application components like<br />
DiversityDescriptions (derived from DeltaAccess version<br />
1.7), DiversityReferences (with SpecialIndexing for<br />
organism interactions and distribution),<br />
DiversityCollection, DiversityTaxonomy and<br />
DiversityIdentify as well as support modules like<br />
DiversityUsers, the DiversityGazetteer,<br />
DiversityResources, or DiversityExsiccatae. Developers<br />
interested in collaboration are invited to discuss how the<br />
total development cost and effort can be shared.<br />
514 - Digitization <strong>of</strong> important European host-pathogen<br />
indices for fungi<br />
G. Hagedorn 1* , G. Deml 1 , W. Brandenburger 2 & M.<br />
Burhenne 1<br />
1 Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and<br />
Forestry, Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and<br />
Biological Safety, Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195<br />
Berlin, Germany. - 2 @THE DATABASE DID NOT ALLOW<br />
TO LEAVE THIS EMPTY BUT IT SHOULD BE@,<br />
Ostenallee 48, 59063 Hamm, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
g.hagedorn@bba.de<br />
The GLOPP-LIT project focuses on capturing published or<br />
unpublished scientific information on plant pathogenic<br />
fungi. In the framework <strong>of</strong> the collaborative GLOPP<br />
project (Global Information System for the Biodiversity <strong>of</strong><br />
Plant Pathogenic Fungi) the literature project provides a<br />
base layer <strong>of</strong> information for the identification <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
pathogenic fungi that is supplemented with more detailed
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
information from the projects working on specific groups.<br />
Scientific experts will guarantee the high quality standard<br />
<strong>of</strong> the database. Eventually, scientists will not only be able<br />
to search for specific parasite-host-interactions, also a<br />
literature reference and geographic relations are given.<br />
Major achievements <strong>of</strong> the GLOPP-LIT project are a<br />
digitization <strong>of</strong> the major published host-pathogen lists for<br />
Europe. In addition, highly detailed literature reviews <strong>of</strong><br />
the distribution <strong>of</strong> Erysiphales, Peronosporales, and<br />
Uredinales in Germany are currently developed. These will<br />
lead to an improved understanding <strong>of</strong> the prevalence and<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> important pathogen groups. It is hoped that<br />
the tools and processes currently developed for this<br />
purpose can be used to develop similar data sets in other<br />
countries as well.<br />
515 - Identification <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes using image<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> pigments and colony morphology<br />
M.E. Hansen 1* , P.W. Hansen 2 , S. Landvik 3 , M. Sasa 3 , K.F.<br />
Nielsen 4 & J.M. Carstensen 2<br />
1 IMM, DTU, Richard Petersens Plads, build 321, DK-2800<br />
Lyngby, Denmark. - 2 Videometer, Lyngsoe Alle 3, DK-2970<br />
Hoersholm, Denmark. - 3 NovoZymes A/S, Smoermosevej<br />
25, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark. - 4 BioCentrum-DTU,<br />
Soelt<strong>of</strong>ts Plads, build 221, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. -<br />
E-mail: meh@imm.dtu.dk<br />
It has been shown that image-analysis can be used for the<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> terverticillate species <strong>of</strong> Penicillium based<br />
on colour-calibrated images obtained from the<br />
VideometerLab system. The capability <strong>of</strong> this newly<br />
developed method to distinguish between fungal cultures<br />
that appear identical but are known to be different species<br />
is very convincing and implies its usefulness in recognizing<br />
fungal cultures. The establishment <strong>of</strong> a public database <strong>of</strong><br />
images captured under standardized conditions will allow<br />
any scientist using the system to compare their data to<br />
reference information in the database. The species tested so<br />
far, however, represent only a minor part <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
diversity. Furthermore, these species <strong>of</strong>ten produce<br />
strongly pigmented cultures. In this study, we have<br />
challenged the system's ability to recognize and group<br />
species and strains <strong>of</strong> two genera <strong>of</strong> the Basidiomycota;<br />
three species each <strong>of</strong> Polyporus (Polyporales) which<br />
produce whitish/lightly coloured mycelia, and <strong>of</strong> Pholiota,<br />
Agaricales, which form mottled cultures. A total <strong>of</strong> 21<br />
isolates were cultivated in triplicates on three different<br />
media in 9 cm Petri dishes, and images were captured <strong>of</strong><br />
each plate on day 8 and 15. The results <strong>of</strong> the imageanalyses,<br />
including groupings <strong>of</strong> strains and their growth<br />
on the various media were compared to the metabolite<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>ile and taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the groups. The system facilitates<br />
comparison <strong>of</strong> subtle visual differences in an accurate and<br />
reproducible way.<br />
516 - Multispectral macroscopy for mycology<br />
P.W. Hansen * & J.M. Carstensen<br />
Videometer A/S, Lyngsø Allé 3, DK-2970 Hørsholm,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: PWH@videometer.com<br />
Imaging technology has proved very useful for<br />
classification <strong>of</strong> fungi which are difficult to separate by<br />
other means without performing a labor demanding<br />
chemical analysis. Studies have been carried out using<br />
traditional trichromatic camera technology, producing three<br />
images corresponding approximately to the colors red,<br />
green, and blue, which are sufficient for many purposes<br />
where information on subtle color differences in the visible<br />
region is required. A new and innovative technology based<br />
on light emitting diodes (LEDs) that adds to the advantages<br />
<strong>of</strong> the trichromatic technology, is presented. By combining<br />
LEDs with a black-and-white digital camera, multiple<br />
advantages are obtained, <strong>of</strong> which an increased spatial<br />
resolution (in the megapixel range) and the possibility <strong>of</strong><br />
using wavelengths outside the visible range, such as<br />
ultraviolet and near-infrared light, are the most notable. At<br />
present, up to ten relevant wavebands may be combined<br />
into the same unit producing multispectral images<br />
incorporating information not visible to the human eye,<br />
such as information on metabolites or chemical<br />
composition. In order to reduce the wealth <strong>of</strong> information<br />
produced by a multispectral unit to simple properties<br />
perceivable to the human brain, multivariate statistical<br />
methods are applied to the image data. By supervised or<br />
unsupervised learning these methods are used for building<br />
mathematical models relating image data to properties <strong>of</strong><br />
interest, e.g. species, strain, or clone.<br />
517 - Host preferences <strong>of</strong> wood-decaying<br />
basidiomycetes in a cool-temperate area <strong>of</strong> Japan<br />
T. Hattori<br />
Forestry and For. Prod. Res. Inst., Norin-Kenkyu-Danchi,<br />
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
hattori@ffpri.affrc.go.jp<br />
I examined host ranges <strong>of</strong> wood-decaying basidiomycetes<br />
in a cool-temperate forest in Japan. Fagus spp. and<br />
Quercus spp. are the main tree species within the forest. I<br />
marked fallen trees (more than 20 cm diam and 2 m long)<br />
within a 300 x 200 m plot, then listed polypores, stereoid,<br />
and hydnoid fungi on each tree. Diameter, tree species<br />
were also recorded for each tree. In total, 250 trees were<br />
marked, then 51 species <strong>of</strong> fungi (44 polypores) were<br />
recorded. Following species did not show any preference:<br />
Bjerkandera adusta, Ganoderma applanatum, Rigidoporus<br />
cinereus, Stereum ostrea, Trametes versicolor, etc. All<br />
collections <strong>of</strong> Daedalea dickinsii (26/26) were on Quercus<br />
spp. (including Castanea crenata). Other species as follows<br />
were also recurrent on Quercus spp.: Hymenochaete<br />
rubiginosa (39/41; 2 on undetermined trees), Melanoporia<br />
castanea (18/18), Piptoporus soloniensis (8/8), Xylobolus<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 157
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
frustulosus (22/22), etc. The following species were<br />
frequent on Fagus spp.: Fomes fomentarius L type (7/7),<br />
Fomes fomentarius S type (19/21; 1 on Styrax obassia, 1<br />
on an undetermined tree), Protodaedalea hispida (13/14; 1<br />
on Quercus sp.), etc. Fomitopsis cf. cajanderi was always<br />
on Prunus spp. (4/4). Melanoporia castanea was usually<br />
on huge trees with more than 50 cm diam or on branches <strong>of</strong><br />
huge trees. It is suggested that loss <strong>of</strong> old growth forests<br />
may reduce diversity <strong>of</strong> wood-decaying basidiomycetes<br />
such as those restricted to Fagus spp. and huge Quercus<br />
spp.<br />
518 - The discovery <strong>of</strong> Cryphonectria cubensis on native<br />
Syzigium spp. from South Africa<br />
R.N. Heath * , M.V. Gryzenhout, J. Roux & M.J. Wingfield<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and<br />
Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology<br />
Institute, 74 Lunnon road, Hillcrest, Pretoria, 0002, South<br />
Africa. - E-mail: Ronald.Heath@FABI.up.ac.za<br />
Cryphonectria cubensis is a pathogen on Eucalyptus<br />
species and Syzigium aromaticum in tropical and<br />
subtropical regions worldwide. The pathogen has also been<br />
reported from Tibouchina species (Melastomataceae) in<br />
Colombia and South Africa. A previous hypothesis has<br />
been that C. cubensis was introduced into South Africa<br />
from South America. However, sequence data derived from<br />
β-tubulin, histone H3 genes and disease symptoms have<br />
been used to show that South African isolates <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
cubensis are different to those from South America, Central<br />
Africa and South East Asia. During disease surveys in<br />
indigenous forests <strong>of</strong> South Africa, fruiting structures<br />
resembling the anamorph <strong>of</strong> C. cubensis were found on<br />
native S. cordatum and S. guanennsi. Teleomorph<br />
structures were found on samples from the Northern and<br />
KwaZulu Natal provinces. The fungus from these native<br />
Syzigium spp. was broadly identified as C. cubensis based<br />
on morphology. Comparisons <strong>of</strong> β-tubulin sequence data<br />
showed that collections from the native Syzigium spp.<br />
group together with South African isolates from<br />
Eucalyptus. Results <strong>of</strong> this study indicate that the<br />
Eucalyptus pathogen in South Africa, currently known as<br />
C. cubensis, occurs on native Syzigium spp. in this country.<br />
Furthermore, they add convincing evidence to the view that<br />
C. cubensis in South Africa, is a species different to that<br />
occurring elsewhere in the world and that it is native to<br />
South Africa, where it has infected exotic Eucalyptus.<br />
519 - What does rare wood-associated fungi really<br />
want?<br />
J. Heilmann-Clausen 1* & M. Christensen 2<br />
1 Forest and Landscape Research Institute, Denmark. -<br />
2 Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark. -<br />
E-mail: jhc@kvl.dk<br />
158<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Based on studies in Danish deciduous forests, we examine<br />
the importance <strong>of</strong> environmental conditions and wood<br />
quality for macro-fungal diversity (as sporocarps) in<br />
decaying wood, in order to provide practical conservation<br />
guidelines for this group. Although we found species<br />
richness to increase with wood volume, threatened species<br />
did not appear in general to prefer large logs. Rather, we<br />
found small logs to host more threatened species per<br />
volume unit than larger logs. Similarly, branches (diam.<br />
>10 cm) appeared to be richer in species than logs. Logs in<br />
intermediate stages <strong>of</strong> decay were found to be most species<br />
rich, especially with respect to threatened species. By<br />
analysing modified data sets we found that even a short gap<br />
in the supply <strong>of</strong> dead wood might significantly decrease the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> threatened fungi at forest level. Tree species<br />
diversity was found to be partly reflected in the diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
wood associated fungi. However, some tree species appear<br />
to have rather similar fungal species assemblages and does<br />
not independently add to overall species richness at local<br />
scale. Local variation in microclimate was found to have<br />
limited importance for fungal diversity. Among localities,<br />
however, we found huge variation in the frequency <strong>of</strong><br />
threatened species, which seem to be partly reflected by<br />
variation in microclimatic stress levels, partly by<br />
differences in forest history. Selecting the right sites for<br />
forests reserves is crucial for an efficient protection<br />
strategy.<br />
520 - Molecular analyses <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungal species communities<br />
I. Hijri 1 , F. Oehl 1 , K. Ineichen 1 , P. Mäder 2 , A. Wiemken 1 &<br />
D. Redecker 1*<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Basel, Hebelstr.1, 4056<br />
Basel, Switzerland. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Organic Agriculture<br />
(FIBL), Ackerstr., 5070 Frick, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
dirk.redecker@unibas.ch<br />
Species communities <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
(AMF) were studied using a set <strong>of</strong> primers specifically<br />
targeted at the ribosomal RNA genes. Small subunit and<br />
Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences were amplified from<br />
colonized roots and analyzed phylogenetically. Soil and<br />
roots were sampled from field sites under organic or<br />
conventional agricultural management widely differing in<br />
input intensity as well as from semi-natural grassland. Trap<br />
cultures set up from the respective field soils were also<br />
characterized. All sites are situated in the three-countrycorner<br />
France/Switzerland/Germany, most <strong>of</strong> them on<br />
Loess soils. A wide range <strong>of</strong> fungi was detected in the trap<br />
cultures, comprising Glomus, Acaulospora and<br />
Archaeospora. The occurrence <strong>of</strong> generalist AMF and<br />
specialists for specific field sites or types <strong>of</strong> agricultural<br />
management was analyzed, as well as the spatial structure<br />
<strong>of</strong> AMF communities.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
521 - Lobariaceae (Lecanorales, lichenised Ascomycota)<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mauritius and La Réunion in the Indian Ocean<br />
A.C. Holm 1* , R. Gregersen 1 , U. Søchting 1 & E. Timdal 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Botanical Institute, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, O. Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353<br />
Copenhagen K, Denmark. - 2 Botanical Museum, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Oslo, Sars gate 1, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
annechristine@hotmail.com<br />
The lichen family Lobariaceae is a prominent part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lichen vegetation in the more humid areas <strong>of</strong> the tropical<br />
islands Mauritius and La Reunion situated in the Indian<br />
Ocean. During several excursions to the islands, the<br />
authors and also Hildur Krog, Oslo collected about 400<br />
specimens <strong>of</strong> Lobaria, Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta from<br />
numerous sites. The collections include six species <strong>of</strong><br />
Lobaria, five species <strong>of</strong> Pseudocyphellaria and 10-12<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Sticta. Very limited information on the<br />
Lobariaceae <strong>of</strong> the islands has been published, and the<br />
closest comprehensive treatment is the macrolichen flora <strong>of</strong><br />
East Africa by Swinscow and Krog (1988). Lobaria<br />
holstiana is not previously reported from the islands and<br />
Sticta cf. cinereoglauca appears to be new to Africa and<br />
adjacent islands. All <strong>of</strong> the species are pantropical, except<br />
Lobaria holstiana and Sticta dichotoma. L. holstiana is<br />
known from Tanzania, Mauritius and La Réunion, whereas<br />
S. dichotoma is found in Eastern Africa, the Mascarenes<br />
and Panama. However, S. dichotoma may be conspecific<br />
with the pantropical species S. canariensis. The<br />
photosymbiodemes <strong>of</strong> Sticta dichotoma and S.<br />
cinereoglauca are described.<br />
522 - The merosporagiferous fungi in Taiwan<br />
H. Hsiao-Man<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Natural Sci. Edu.,Natl. Taipei Teachers College.,<br />
134, Sect. 2, Hoping, E. Rd.,Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan.<br />
During an investigation <strong>of</strong> merosporangiferous<br />
Zygomycetes in Taiwan, eight species <strong>of</strong> the family<br />
Piptocephalidaceae (Zoopagales) were isolated. Two <strong>of</strong><br />
these species belong to the genus Piptocephalis. They are<br />
Piptocephalis cylindrospora and P. sphaerica. Six species<br />
belong to the genus Syncephalis. They are Syncephalis<br />
cornu, S. depressa, S. obconica, S. parvula, S. sphaerica<br />
and S. ventricosa. All species represent new records to<br />
Taiwan. Previously none <strong>of</strong> the family Piptocephalidaceae<br />
was described from Taiwan. These eight species were all<br />
isolated from soil or dung in Taiwan, mainly mountain<br />
area. The morphological characters together with their<br />
hosts are reported.<br />
523 - Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> nutrient-poor grasslands<br />
(waxcap grasslands) in dunes in the Netherlands: the<br />
effect <strong>of</strong> active nature-management on the myc<strong>of</strong>lora<br />
L.M. Jalink * & M.M. Nauta<br />
National Herbarium Netherlands, Universiteit Leiden<br />
branch, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: l.m.jalink@hccnet.nl<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> active nature-management in grasslands in an<br />
area in the dunes in the western part <strong>of</strong> the Netherlands is<br />
evaluated. The myc<strong>of</strong>lora in 17 semi natural wet grasslands<br />
with various management has been followed since 1985,<br />
two during all years, others irregularly. All 17 grasslands<br />
are situated in the Amsterdam Waterworks Dunes, a<br />
protected area <strong>of</strong> 34 km 2 southwest <strong>of</strong> Haarlem. They are<br />
mown, grazed or the topsoil has been removed. The dune<br />
area has served as a drinking water source for the city <strong>of</strong><br />
Amsterdam which caused desiccation. Therefore<br />
infiltration started some 30 years ago with unpurified river<br />
water from the river Rhine. This caused an enormous<br />
increase <strong>of</strong> e.g. Calamagrostis, the direct motive to start<br />
active nature management in the former wet dune slacks.<br />
Evaluation after 15 years shows positive results for plants<br />
as well as macr<strong>of</strong>ungi. There is a spectacular increase in<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species and fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> the macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
representative for Waxcap grasslands (Hygrocybe,<br />
grassland Entoloma, Geoglossum, Trichoglossum,<br />
Clavulinopsis, Clavaria). This type <strong>of</strong> grassland and its<br />
representative species have been under serious threat in the<br />
Netherlands since 1900. Of the investigated sites 5 have<br />
now 10 or more species <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe, and two <strong>of</strong> the<br />
investigated sites belong now to the best Waxcapgrasslands<br />
in the Netherlands. There seems to be little<br />
difference in effect between grazing or mowing.<br />
524 - Plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi from<br />
graminicolous hosts in Thailand<br />
K. Jaroenthai 1 , L. Manoch 1* , C. Chamswarng 1 & P.<br />
Suwanarit 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
agrlkm@ku.ac.th<br />
In the present study, corn, rice and grass leaves showing<br />
leaf blight and leaf spot symptoms were collected from<br />
various locations in the North, North-East and Central<br />
Thailand. They were used for isolation <strong>of</strong> plant pathogenic<br />
and saprophytic fungi. Tissue transplanting method with<br />
10% clorox and potato dextrose agar was used. The results<br />
indicated that dematiaceous hyphomycetes found on Zea<br />
mays included Bipolaris bicolor, B. maydis, B. zeicola,<br />
Curvularia akaiiensis, C. eragrostidis. C. lunata,<br />
Nigrospora sphaerica and Nodulisporium gregarium,<br />
whereas Alternaria padwickii, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, B.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 159
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Drechslera halodes,<br />
Exserohilum rostratum and Nigrospora oryzae were found<br />
on rice kernel and diseased leaves. Plant pathogenic and<br />
saprophytic fungi found on grass leaves included<br />
Alternaria longipes (on Brachiaria mutica), Beltrania<br />
rhombica (on Digitaria cialiaris and Pennesitum<br />
pedicellatum), Curvularia akaii (on D. cialiaris), C.<br />
borreriae (on Echinochloa crusgalli), C. intermedia (on P.<br />
polystachyon), C. ovoidea and C. penniseti (on P.<br />
pedicellatum), C. sorghina (on P. setosum), Drechslera<br />
spp. (on Rhychelytrum repens, B. ruziziensis, Eleusine<br />
indica, Penicum maxinum), Exserohilum sp. (on P.<br />
padicellatum), Nigrospora oryzae (on Imperata cylindrica,<br />
Dichanthium annulatum and R. repens), N. sphaerica (on<br />
D. digitaria, R. repens and D. annulatum) and Pyricularia<br />
grisea (on B. mutica, P. padicellatum, Penicum repens and<br />
Cenchrus echinatus).<br />
525 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> coprophilous fungi from wild and<br />
domestic animals in Central and North-East Thailand<br />
O. Jeamjitt 1* , L. Manoch 1 , R. Watling 2 & G.P. Sharples 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. - 2 Royal<br />
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, U.K. -<br />
3 Institutes <strong>of</strong> Bioscience, John Moores University, Byrom<br />
Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
onumaj@yahoo.com<br />
Coprophilous fungi are a large group <strong>of</strong> saprobic fungi that<br />
can survive thermal and chemical conditions in herbivore<br />
digestive tracts. They are adapted to extreme conditions<br />
and many species show distinctive morphological features.<br />
This group <strong>of</strong> fungi have been shown to be a source <strong>of</strong><br />
antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes, biological control<br />
agents and other secondary metabolites <strong>of</strong> economic<br />
importance. In the present studies, 8 dung samples <strong>of</strong><br />
domestic animals and wildlife, including buffalo, cow,<br />
deer, elephant, goat, rabbit, rat and toad, were collected<br />
from nine locations in Central and Northeast Thailand. The<br />
moist chamber, soil plate, alcohol and heat treatment<br />
methods were used to isolate these fungi. Identification was<br />
based on morphological characters observed with light and<br />
scanning electron microscopy.The results revealed that 27<br />
genera and 14 species were found, including 3<br />
Zygomycetes: Absidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella and<br />
Rhizopus; 18 Ascomycetes: Ascobolus, Ascodesmis,<br />
Cercophora, Chaetomium, C. cupreum, C. globosum,<br />
Echinopodospora, Eupenicillium osmophilum, Eurotium<br />
amstelodami, Microascus, Neosartorya fumigata var.<br />
glager, Podospora curvicolla, Preussia, Saccobolus,<br />
Sporormiella, Sordaria fimicola, Talaromyces<br />
bacillisporus and T. rotundus; 13 Hyphomycetes:<br />
Acremonium, Arthrinium, Arthrobotrys, Aspergillus<br />
candidus gr., A. fumigatus gr., A. niger gr., Penicillium<br />
spp., Scopulariopsis, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma<br />
harzianum and 1 Basidiomycete: Coprinus.<br />
160<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
526 - The habitat ecology and distribution <strong>of</strong> lichen<br />
Lobaria pulmonaria in Estonia<br />
I. Jüriado<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany and Ecology, University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, 38 Lai<br />
Str., Tartu, 51005, Estonia. - E-mail: jyriado@ut.ee<br />
Lobaria pulmonaria grows in biotopes <strong>of</strong> long ecological<br />
continuity and favours forests <strong>of</strong> natural conditions. The<br />
atmospheric pollution and destructive forest management<br />
has caused the decline <strong>of</strong> distribution in many parts <strong>of</strong> its<br />
distribution area, especially in Europe. The aim <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study was to review the substrate types, habitat demands<br />
and distribution <strong>of</strong> L. pulmonaria in Estonia. All the<br />
available data were accounted. The distribution analysis<br />
within suitable habitats was performed using Corine<br />
landcover types database in GIS. L. pulmonaria is totally<br />
epiphytic lichen in Estonia, it has been found on 15 tree<br />
species, almost exclusively on deciduous trees. One-third<br />
<strong>of</strong> registered records <strong>of</strong> L. pulmonaria are known on<br />
Populus tremula; it is common also on Acer platanoides,<br />
Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus robur. The most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
registered specimens (91%) grow in eutrophic borealnemoral,<br />
eutrophic paludifying and mesotrophic boreal<br />
forests, 6% are in semi-natural biotopes - wooded<br />
meadows, and 3% <strong>of</strong> records are known from parks<br />
(churchyards, former manor parks). L. pulmonaria is the<br />
most common in over 100 years old mixed forest, on<br />
average with 4-5 tree species or spruce dominated forests.<br />
At present L. pulmonaria is recorded in a few hundred<br />
localities in Estonia.<br />
527 - Waxcap grasslands in Slovakia - History, present<br />
state and perspectives<br />
I. Kautmanova<br />
Slovak National Museum - Nature Historical Museum,<br />
Vajanského nábr.2, 821 05 Bratislava, Slovakia. - E-mail:<br />
botanika@snm.sk<br />
Slovakia is rich in seminatural grassland habitats, because a<br />
small scale farming was the most common way <strong>of</strong> utilizing<br />
not very rich nature sources. Small fields, meadows and<br />
pastures were grazed and/or mowed and sometimes dungfertilized.<br />
On these grasslands ecosystems very rich in<br />
biodiversity developed. In the second half <strong>of</strong> the last<br />
century many <strong>of</strong> these small plots were put together and<br />
managed industrialy, which ment absolute loss <strong>of</strong> their<br />
former character. Only at the most inaccessible places<br />
some <strong>of</strong> them were preserved, but many <strong>of</strong> their owners<br />
lost interest in utilizing them. Research <strong>of</strong> fungal diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> these ecosystems has just started, but results are<br />
promising. In 1998 only 28 species <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe were<br />
published and since then 11 new species were recorded and<br />
also the most endangered species as H. calyptraeformis, H.<br />
spadicea and H. ovina can be found. The best known<br />
localities: Landscape protected area (LPA) Biele Karpaty -<br />
meadows with more than 10 species <strong>of</strong> Hygrocybe
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
recorded at single visit (H. reidii, H. marchii, H.<br />
subpapillata, together with some gasteromycetes and rare<br />
Clavariaceae. LPA Horná Orava - wet meadows and<br />
peatbogs with species as H. calyptraeformis, H.<br />
substrangulata, H. coccineocrenata, H. turunda a.o.<br />
National Park (NP) Slovenský Raj - seminatural grasslands<br />
<strong>of</strong> European importance with very high biodiversity.<br />
<strong>Mycological</strong> research has just started, but species as H.<br />
nitrata, H. marchii, H. perzistens and H. substrangulata<br />
were recorded.<br />
528 - Building <strong>of</strong> the central database <strong>of</strong> biological<br />
collections in the museums <strong>of</strong> the Slovak Republic<br />
I. Kautmanova * , J. Uhlirova & J. Kautman<br />
Slovak National Museum - Nature Historical Museum,<br />
Vajanského nábr.2, 821 05 Bratislava, Slovakia. - E-mail:<br />
botanika@snm.sk<br />
In 2001 the project <strong>of</strong> building national database <strong>of</strong><br />
biological collections, in which 31 Slovak museum take<br />
part, has started. Guarantee is the Nature Historical<br />
Museum (NHM) <strong>of</strong> the Slovak National Museum and the<br />
project is aimed to the identification and documentation <strong>of</strong><br />
chosen components <strong>of</strong> the Slovak flora and fauna, with the<br />
accent on the rare and endangered species. At present the<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> database program is prepared and in 2003 first<br />
data will be filled in. Central node <strong>of</strong> the database will be at<br />
the NHM and in 2005 first outputs will be presented on the<br />
web. Herbary collections preserved in 25 museums contain<br />
721 405 specimens. Fungi (including lichens) are 157 936<br />
specimens. Main mycological collections are at: Slovak<br />
National Museum-Nature Historical Museum, Bratislava<br />
(BRA) - 146 877, Museum <strong>of</strong> the Tatra National Park<br />
(TNP) - 5 348, Forestry and Timber Museum, Zvolen - 1<br />
910, Museum Nitra (NIM) - 1139, Central-Slovakian<br />
Museum, Banská Bystrica (SMBB) - 491, Povazie<br />
Museum, Zilina - 463, Orava Museum <strong>of</strong> P.O.Hviezdoslav,<br />
Dolný Kubín - 415, Slovak Museum <strong>of</strong> Nature Protection<br />
and Speleology, Liptovský Mikulás (MOP) - 334, Saris<br />
Museum, Bardejov (SMB) - 200 specimens.<br />
529 - Role <strong>of</strong> mobile introns in diversity <strong>of</strong> mtDNAs <strong>of</strong><br />
imperfect black Aspergilli<br />
F. Kevei * , Á. Juhász & Zs. Hamari<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Sciences,<br />
Univesity <strong>of</strong> Szeged, H-6701 SZEGED, P.Ö.Box 533,<br />
Hungary. - E-mail: kevei@bio.u-szeged.hu<br />
A high level <strong>of</strong> intraspecific mtDNA variability was<br />
reported earlier among black Aspergilli, indicated by<br />
various RFLP pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> isolates <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus niger, A.<br />
tubingensis, A. carbonarius and A. japonicus. To study the<br />
reason for the mtDNA polymorphism physical- and<br />
functional maps <strong>of</strong> mtDNAs representing different<br />
RFLPtypes were constructed than the variable regions<br />
cloned and sequenced. These revealed that apart from<br />
minor nucleotide changes, the presence <strong>of</strong> introns at<br />
different positions and their appearance in various numbers<br />
in the mtDNAs are responsible for the mitochondrial<br />
genome diversity and size differences. The reasons <strong>of</strong><br />
variability between two mtDNA types <strong>of</strong> A. carbonarius<br />
can be attributed to the presence or absence <strong>of</strong> a 1.1 kb<br />
group I intron in their cox2 subunit. Sequence comparison<br />
<strong>of</strong> two mtDNA RFLP types <strong>of</strong> A. japonicus revealed that<br />
they differed from each other in at least two group I introns<br />
in cox1 subunit and one group I intron in cob gene.<br />
Organisation <strong>of</strong> four A. niger mtDNA types proved to be<br />
very similar, but one <strong>of</strong> the three observed variable regions<br />
included a group I intron in the cox1 subunit was present in<br />
three different forms. The mobile introns (bearing ORFs)<br />
play an important role with their homing process<br />
generating recombinant mtDNAs in the interaction among<br />
mitochondrial genomes after mitochondrial transmission.<br />
The homing endonucleases activate a double strand break<br />
that is finally repaired by a repaire mechanism.<br />
530 - Arbuscular mycorrhizal status <strong>of</strong> plant species<br />
from Western Ghats <strong>of</strong> Goa, India<br />
S. Khade * & B. Rodrigues<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Goa University, India. - E-mail:<br />
shardakhade@rediffmail.com<br />
Western Ghats are one <strong>of</strong> the hot spots <strong>of</strong> biodiversity in<br />
the world and the state <strong>of</strong> Goa lies in the heart <strong>of</strong> Western<br />
Ghats. In the present paper, AM fungal status <strong>of</strong> 62 plant<br />
species, viz. pteridophytes, herbs, shrubs, trees and plants<br />
with under storage ground organs from Western Ghats <strong>of</strong><br />
Goa have been discussed. All the plant species selected for<br />
study, exhibited the presence <strong>of</strong> AM fungal association.<br />
The average root colonization ranged from 30%<br />
(pteridophytes) to 70% (shrubs). Whereas the average<br />
spore density <strong>of</strong> AM fungi ranged from 52 spores 100 -1 g<br />
soil (pteridophytes) to 528 spores 100 -1 g soil (plants with<br />
under ground storage organs). Species composition <strong>of</strong> AM<br />
fungi revealed the presence <strong>of</strong> five genera viz.,<br />
Acaulospora (9), Glomus (19), Gigiaspora (3),<br />
Scutellospora (5) and Sclerocystis (5) with species number<br />
given in parenthesis. A total <strong>of</strong> 41 species <strong>of</strong> AM fungi<br />
were recovered during the study. Scutellospora gregaria,<br />
Glomus fasiculatum and Sclerocystis taiwanensis were the<br />
most frequently occurring AM fungal species. The present<br />
paper is first report on AM fungal association in plant<br />
species from Western Ghats <strong>of</strong> Goa and contributes data<br />
necessary for further studies on AM fungi from this region<br />
<strong>of</strong> which very little has been explored so far.<br />
531 - Field identification <strong>of</strong> marne yeasts using DNA<br />
hybridization macroarrays<br />
T. Kiesling, M. Diaz, A. Statzell-Tallman & J.W. Fell *<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Key<br />
Biscayne, Fl, U.S.A. - E-mail: jfell@rsmas.miami.edu<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 161
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
Yeasts are a natural component <strong>of</strong> near shore and oceanic<br />
environments, however the extensive tests required for<br />
species identifications have hampered studies <strong>of</strong> their<br />
ecological roles. Current use <strong>of</strong> molecular techniques has<br />
resolved many <strong>of</strong> these issues. With electronic availability<br />
<strong>of</strong> extensive gene sequences in Genbank, species can be<br />
identified by sequence analysis and by design <strong>of</strong> speciesspecific<br />
PCR primers and hybridization probes. In this<br />
poster, we describe a macroarray hybridization assay,<br />
which can be used to identify yeasts directly from<br />
environmental samples or from cultured organisms. The<br />
technique is in a microtiter format in which speciesspecific<br />
probes are bound to the wells <strong>of</strong> the microtiter<br />
plates; genomic DNA from target species are amplified and<br />
labeled with biotin labeled universal primers. The probes<br />
are hybridized with labeled target DNA and a positive<br />
identification is indicated via a colorimetric assay. The<br />
results are unambiguous: a color change indicates a<br />
positive identification. The method is inexpensive, rapid,<br />
accurate and amenable to shipboard as well as laboratory<br />
use.<br />
532 - Fungal diversity in set-aide agricultural soil<br />
investigated using terminal-restriction fragment length<br />
polymorphism (T-RFLP)<br />
M. Klamer * & K. Hedlund<br />
Lund University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Zooecology, Getingevägan 60, S-<br />
223 62 Lund, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
morten.klamer@zooekol.lu.se<br />
In a newly abandoned agricultural land the fungal<br />
community response to manipulation <strong>of</strong> the above ground<br />
vegetation was investigated. The field site consisted <strong>of</strong> 20<br />
plots where the plant diversity was managed by either<br />
sowing 15 plant species or natural colonization was<br />
allowed to occur. The plant mixture contained grasses,<br />
legumes and forbs that all were expected to occur on the<br />
site. A subset <strong>of</strong> the plots (5 from each treatment) was<br />
inoculated with soil cores from a late successional stage.<br />
Five years after abandonment soil cores were taken from<br />
the plots and DNA was extracted using Bio101 soil<br />
extraction kit. The ITS region <strong>of</strong> the rDNA gene was<br />
amplified using fluorescently labelled fungal specific<br />
primers (ITS 1F/ITS 4). The PCR products were digested<br />
using HinfI and TaqI and analysed on an ABI 377<br />
sequencer. Results from both restriction enzymes were<br />
combined and a principal component analysis performed.<br />
Also the species richness expressed as the number <strong>of</strong><br />
restriction fragments in each sample were analysed. These<br />
results were compared with field observations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
development in plant species composition.<br />
162<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
533 - New and widespread genera <strong>of</strong> hypocrealean<br />
Geosmithia on a hidden place<br />
M. Kolarík<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Benátská 2, 128<br />
01 Prague, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
miroslavkolarik@seznam.cz<br />
The genera <strong>of</strong> the polyphyletic genus Geosmithia (formerly<br />
Penicillium) are recently placed to Eurotiales and<br />
Hypocreales (G. putterilii and G. lavendula). The genetic<br />
relationships among 90 isolates <strong>of</strong> Geosmithia spp.<br />
collected from galleries <strong>of</strong> phloem boring insects and from<br />
soil were investigated using RAPD analysis, rDNA,<br />
microscopy and colony morphology. We found 14 groups<br />
that were distinguished by both RAPD patterns and<br />
morphological characters. Based on ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2<br />
sequences, phylogram relating representatives <strong>of</strong> RAPD<br />
groups to the described species was constructed. Two<br />
highly supported clades were found. First clade consisted<br />
<strong>of</strong> type strain <strong>of</strong> P. pallidum and 3 new groups, second<br />
clade contained 9 groups, with affinities to G. putterilii and<br />
G. lavendula. Some groups are very charakteristical by its<br />
morphology, fingerprint pattern and ITS region and<br />
represent new genera as well as undescribed<br />
subpopulations <strong>of</strong> G. putterilii. The only preference <strong>of</strong><br />
RAPD groups was found for associated insect (S. rugulosus<br />
× S. intricatus), but not for host tree species or locality.<br />
This implies that Geosmithia fungi are mostly vectored by<br />
insect. The critical character <strong>of</strong> hypocrealean geosmithias<br />
called 'peg foot' is described by its morphology and<br />
ontogenesis. The newly found Geosmithia spp. (from G.<br />
putterillii complex) are very abundant in early fungal<br />
communities (next to yeast) <strong>of</strong> feedings <strong>of</strong> bark beetles.<br />
534 - Eastern Carpathian lichens: National and<br />
geomorphologic peculiarities<br />
S.Ya. Kondratyuk<br />
M.H. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Tereshchenkivska str.<br />
2, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine. - E-mail: skondr@botan.keiv.ua<br />
The first Catalogue <strong>of</strong> the lichen-forming, lichenicolous<br />
and allied fungi <strong>of</strong> Eastern Carpathians Mts. including<br />
1307 species (Kondratyuk, Lackovicova, Pisut & Popova<br />
2002) allows to carry out the first attempt <strong>of</strong> comparison <strong>of</strong><br />
lichen florae <strong>of</strong> their national portions and geomorphologic<br />
regions. The highest species diversity <strong>of</strong> fungi mentioned<br />
(1095 species) is hitherto known from Ukrainian part <strong>of</strong><br />
Eastern Carpathian Mts., while the biggest Romanian part<br />
(only 529 lichen species known) is still in urgent need <strong>of</strong><br />
special study. Polish and Slovak portions <strong>of</strong> Eastern<br />
Carpathian Mts. are represented consequently by 508 and<br />
411 species. Among geomorphologic units <strong>of</strong> the Eastern<br />
Carpathian Mts. (accepted mainly after Kondraczky 1978),<br />
Eastern Beskydy region (within Ukrainian part) is the most<br />
well studied at the moment from lichenological point <strong>of</strong><br />
view. 659 species <strong>of</strong> lichen-forming and lichenicolous
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
fungi are hitherto recorded from this region. More than 400<br />
lichen species (namely 410) is known from Ukrainian<br />
Volcan Carpathians. From 300 to 400 lichen species is<br />
recorded from the following areas: Low Bieszczady, High<br />
Bieszczady, Chornohora, Chyvchyn-Grynyavsky Mts. and<br />
Marmarosh Mts. More than 200 lichen species (and less <strong>of</strong><br />
300) is known from Bukovsky Vrchy Mts., Gorgany and<br />
Svidovetz Mts. Similarity and differences <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
content <strong>of</strong> lichens <strong>of</strong> national and geomorphologic regions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Eastern Carpathian Mts. region are discussed and<br />
illustrated.<br />
535 - Epiphytic lichens in Dushanbe<br />
I. Kudratov<br />
Tajik State National University, Rudaki str. 17, 252025<br />
Dushanbe, Tajikistan. - E-mail: botanica@ac.tajik.net<br />
Dushanbe, the capital <strong>of</strong> the Tajik Republik, is located in<br />
the Hissar Valley at a height <strong>of</strong> 800-900 meters above sea<br />
level. Dushanbe's climate is sharp continental. The average<br />
temperature in January is +1 °C and in July +28 °C.<br />
Epiphytic lichens in Dushanbe and its vicinity were<br />
investigated in 1997-1998 to learn study their role as air<br />
pollution indicators. Species composition <strong>of</strong> the epiphytic<br />
lichens on Platanus orientalis, Acer negundo, Pinus<br />
eldaricus was studied and the distribution <strong>of</strong> certain lichen<br />
examined. A list <strong>of</strong> lichens contains 15 species. On the<br />
ground <strong>of</strong> received data three zones <strong>of</strong> air pollution were<br />
delineated in Dushanbe. Most polluted zone (1) follows the<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> Lecanora hagenii, Phaeophyscia orbicularis<br />
and Anaptychia ulotricoides etc. This (1) zone includes the<br />
separate sites along the main motor roads <strong>of</strong> the city. They<br />
are the sites with permanent intensive pollution. The zone<br />
<strong>of</strong> intermediate pollution (11) was delineated according to<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> Lecanora hagenii, Phaeophyscia<br />
orbicularis, Anaptychia ulotricoides, Candelariella<br />
aurella. The third zone is located in the north-eastern<br />
outskirts <strong>of</strong> Dushanbe embraces almost the whole hilly<br />
massif. Therefore the number <strong>of</strong> epiphytic lichens species<br />
shows a tendency <strong>of</strong> decreasing <strong>of</strong> species number along<br />
the gradient <strong>of</strong> air pollution.<br />
536 - The influence <strong>of</strong> forestry on wood-inhabiting<br />
corticioid basidiomycetes in Switzerland<br />
N. Küffer 1* , D. Job 1 , M. Aragno 1 & B. Senn-Irlet 2<br />
1 Université de Neuchâtel, Lab. de Microbiologie, Case<br />
Postale 2, 2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. - 2 Swiss Federal<br />
Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903<br />
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
nicolas.kuffer@unine.ch<br />
Intensively managed forests show significantly less fruit<br />
bodies and a lower species richness <strong>of</strong> corticioid<br />
basiodiomycetes than forest reserves. Species richness does<br />
not only seem to be determined by the availability <strong>of</strong><br />
woody debris, since also some strongly managed forests<br />
host a remarkably high species richness. Even rather rare<br />
species, e.g. Tubulicrinis sororius or Brevicellicium<br />
olivascens, could be found in managed forests, whereas<br />
they were expected to occur more likely in forest reserves.<br />
Forests, richer in different tree species, harbour a higher<br />
number <strong>of</strong> fungal species too, independent <strong>of</strong> their<br />
managing history. Nevertheless, the importance <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
reserves for the maintenance <strong>of</strong> a rich species community<br />
<strong>of</strong> corticioid basidomycetes is clearly confirmed. In order<br />
to address the question <strong>of</strong> diversity, abundance, host age,<br />
decomposing process, regional factors and the influence <strong>of</strong><br />
modern forestry, 82 plots <strong>of</strong> 50 m 2 have been selected in<br />
the main forest types in Switzerland. A total <strong>of</strong> 3216<br />
branches with fruit bodies <strong>of</strong> corticioid basidiomycetes<br />
have been harvested and thereon 233 species identified.<br />
Among the most frequent species are Amphinema<br />
byssoides, an important mycorrhizal partner <strong>of</strong> conifers and<br />
Phlebiella vaga or Hyphodontia sambuci, two wooddecomposing<br />
species. Preliminary results show a few<br />
species dominating, the majority <strong>of</strong> the species is found<br />
only rarily: species rank distribution is best explained with<br />
a steep power function.<br />
537 - Nitrogen impact on epiphytic lichens in an ancient<br />
oak forest in Denmark<br />
R.S. Larsen * & U. Søchting<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, Botanical Institute, Dep. <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycology., Østre Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Kbh.K,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: renesl@bot.ku.dk<br />
The lichen vegetation was studied in Kås Skov, an ancient<br />
oak forest in Northern Jutland, Denmark that is under<br />
protection <strong>of</strong> EEC habitat directive because <strong>of</strong> its high<br />
biodiversity. The very rich lichen vegetation is threatened<br />
by ammonia and ammonium deposition from animal farms<br />
in the region. In a floristic survey <strong>of</strong> epiphytes on tree<br />
trunks, several old forest indicator lichens previously<br />
recorded were not refound, however Zamenh<strong>of</strong>ia hibernica<br />
and Ramonia chrysophaea were found as new to Denmark.<br />
Lichen vegetation from north and south side <strong>of</strong> trunks, as<br />
well as that <strong>of</strong> north- and southfacing branches <strong>of</strong> trees<br />
standing at the forest edge and interior, were compared.<br />
Multivariate analysis (CCA) showed that the lichen<br />
occurrence is more dependent on the position on the<br />
branch, than on where the branch is situated in the forest.<br />
Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) revealed that species<br />
generally regarded as nitrophilous, prefer branch parts 10<br />
to 50 cm from the tip (3-8 years), at the edge <strong>of</strong> the forest.<br />
Contrary, thalli <strong>of</strong> Hypogymnia physodes contain 21%<br />
more nitrogen in the sheltered part <strong>of</strong> the forest compared<br />
to the forest edge. The high nitrogen content in<br />
Hypogymnia physodes from Kås Skov (2.1%) is compared<br />
at regional scale and showing that >15 kg N /ha/year is<br />
deposited. This dose is expected to cause changes in the<br />
epiphytic lichen flora, and the nearby lichen heathland.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 163
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
538 - Wood-inhabiting fungi in primary and secondary<br />
seasonally dry tropical forest, Costa Rica<br />
I. Lindblad<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, Kringkollen 13, 0690 Oslo, Norway. -<br />
E-mail: irene.lindblad@bio.uio.no<br />
The relation between management regime, quality <strong>of</strong><br />
coarse woody debris, and presence <strong>of</strong> some groups <strong>of</strong><br />
wood-inhabiting fungi was explored in a tropical dry forest.<br />
A patch <strong>of</strong> primary forest and a nearby old secondary forest<br />
were surveyed in Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste,<br />
Costa Rica. A total <strong>of</strong> 81 species <strong>of</strong> poroid and stereoid<br />
fungi were found. The primary forest had 62 species, while<br />
54 species were recorded in the secondary forest. Thirtyfive<br />
species were common between the stands. More<br />
species were exclusively found in the primary forest than in<br />
the secondary one (27 vs. 20). The curve for cumulative<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species on increasing number <strong>of</strong> logs was<br />
slightly steeper for the primary forest than for the<br />
secondary. At least 84 logs had to be examined before a<br />
significant difference in species richness between the two<br />
forests could be detected. The results indicate that species<br />
richness <strong>of</strong> poroid and stereoid fungi is returning to the<br />
level <strong>of</strong> the primary forest in a regenerating dry forest<br />
habitat when the woody debris is allowed to stay in the<br />
forest and there is a patch <strong>of</strong> original forest in the vicinity.<br />
Relations between substrate quality and the occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi in the different forest types were explored and<br />
reasons for the observed patterns are discussed.<br />
539 - Growth <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal Leucaena leucocephala<br />
(Lam.) de Wit seedlings in copper contaminated soils<br />
C.E.L. Lins 1 , G.A. Silva 1* , U.M.T. Cavalcante 2 , A.S.<br />
Messias 3 , E.V.S.B. Sampaio 4 & L.C. Maia 1<br />
1 Departamento de Micologia - Universidade Federal de<br />
Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife -PE, Brazil. -<br />
2 Departamento de Biologia - Universidade Federal Rural<br />
de Pernambuco, 52171-030 Recife - PE, Brazil. -<br />
3 Departamento de Química - Universidade Católica de<br />
Pernambuco, 50050-900 Recife - PE, Brazil. - 4 Depto. de<br />
Energia Nuclear/CTG/Universidade Federal de<br />
Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
gladstonesilva@yahoo.com<br />
The ability <strong>of</strong> the mycorrhizal symbiosis in favouring<br />
nutrient absoption in agricultural systems, specially in arid<br />
and semiarid areas, as well as the toxicity <strong>of</strong> heavy metals<br />
has been well documented. Due to the low infectivy<br />
potential <strong>of</strong> the AMF at the study area (Mineradora<br />
Caraíbas, Bahia State, Brazil), we evaluated the effect <strong>of</strong><br />
the mycorrhizal association in seedlings <strong>of</strong> Leucaena<br />
leucocephala in soils with increasing proportions <strong>of</strong> copper<br />
contamination. Soils from an 'caatinga' area, not impacted<br />
(control) and impacted by copper mining (site that receives<br />
the waste product) were used. Seedlings were inoculated<br />
with Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. and cultivated in<br />
164<br />
substrate constituted by soil from the impacted area diluted<br />
in soil from the control area, in the following proportions:<br />
0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. In general, increasing the<br />
proportion <strong>of</strong> copper contaminated soil had a negative<br />
effect on plant growth. Mycorrhizal plants presented higher<br />
height, foliar number, and shoot and root biomass than<br />
those non inoculated, when maintained in soil with up to<br />
50% contamination. The highest number <strong>of</strong> AMF spores<br />
(3.2 g -1 soil) was found in substrate with 25%<br />
contamination. The arbuscular colonization was higher<br />
than 40% in the treatments with up to 50% <strong>of</strong> copper<br />
contamination. The plant-fungi association promoted<br />
higher copper tolerance <strong>of</strong> the seedlings, but the<br />
mycorrhizal benefit was lost when soil contamination was<br />
higher than 50%. Financial support: CAPES and CNPq.<br />
540 - A survey <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi at Pakua mountain range<br />
in central Taiwan<br />
P.L. Lu<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Botany Department, National Chung-Hsing University,<br />
Taichung, Taiwan. - E-mail: lufreda@yahoo.com.tw<br />
The fungal flora, with special focus on macr<strong>of</strong>ungi <strong>of</strong><br />
Pakua mountain range in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> Chang-Hua city<br />
(24 degree 10' N, 120 degree 50' E) was surveyed. The<br />
elevation is between 20-80 m, the average temperature<br />
ranges from 18-27 degrees centigrade and the annual<br />
precipitation is about 1732 mm. Mostly specimens'<br />
collection was made primarily during rainy days from<br />
August 2001 to April 2002. Seventy specimens were<br />
collected and identified. Among the identified collection 60<br />
specimens belong to basidiomycetes and 4 in ascomycetes.<br />
Tricholomataceae, Pluteaceae, Cortinariaceae, and<br />
Amanitaceae are among the dominant families in the flora.<br />
An estimated 24,000 fungal species inhabit in Taiwan, an<br />
island located at the northern end <strong>of</strong> pacific archipelago.<br />
However, only one-sixth <strong>of</strong> them have been reported. With<br />
the increasing pressure <strong>of</strong> economic development poses an<br />
urgent need for the investigation <strong>of</strong> the island's fungal<br />
resources. Pakua mountain range is among a unique spot<br />
that has never been systematically investigated.<br />
541 - Fungi (Basidiomycetes) in the Kielce town<br />
(Central Poland)<br />
J. Luszczyñski<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Biology, Swietokrzyska Academy, Swietokrzyska<br />
St. 15, PL-25-406 Kielce, Poland. - E-mail:<br />
jluszcz@pu.kielce.pl<br />
The Kielce town (112 km 2 , population over 220 000<br />
inhabitants) has a dense ca 25% forest cover. Comparing to<br />
the other Polish or European towns, it is characterized by<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> highly differentiated natural vegetation and<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> habitats. Macromycetes were mapped using<br />
carthogram method. The area <strong>of</strong> town was divided into the
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
net <strong>of</strong> 1 km 2 squares. One square was considered as one<br />
locality. For each species the type <strong>of</strong> habitat, time <strong>of</strong><br />
fruiting and distribution are given. The studies were<br />
intensely carried out from 1986 till 1994 and sporadicly<br />
until now and yielded the collection <strong>of</strong> over 450 species.<br />
Among them 6 species were new for Poland (Hypholoma<br />
capitatum, Phlebia cremeoochracea, Phlebiella<br />
allantospora, Inocybe cryptocystis, Marasmiellus tremule,<br />
Pluteus pouzarianus) as well many others rare in Poland<br />
and in Europe. In Kielce 65 species were listed in the red<br />
list for Poland (Wojewoda, Lawrynowicz 1992), for<br />
example: Albatrellus confluens, Artomyces pyxidatus,<br />
Boletus queletii, Dacrymyces ovisporus, Ganoderma<br />
carnosum, Geastrum minimum, G. quadrifidum, Gleoporus<br />
taxicola, Hydropus marginellus, Hygrophorus glyocyclus,<br />
Phellinus hartigii, Pleurotus calyptratus, Ramaria flava,<br />
Stropharia albonitens, Tulostoma brumale, Volvariella<br />
pusilla and 4 species are protected by law: Langermannia<br />
gigantea, Meripilus giganteus, Phallus impudicus and<br />
Sparassis crispa. Existing enormous biodiversity <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
within town area is in my consideration a uniqe<br />
phenomenon.<br />
542 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>ungi from soil and debris at<br />
termite mounds in Thailand<br />
L. Manoch * , T. Dethoup & J. Kokaew<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
agrlkm@ku.ac.th<br />
Termitomyces species, a delicious mushroom, are found in<br />
the tropics. However, cultivation <strong>of</strong> this mushroom has not<br />
been successful for many reasons. Most species <strong>of</strong><br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ungi found in termite fungus gardens belong to<br />
Xylaria and Trichoderma. These fungi may play an<br />
important role in stimulating the occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
Termitomyces. It is thus important to study micr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
from soil and debris at termite mounds, because some <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi can produce novel active compounds. For the<br />
present study, soil samples and debris from termite mounds<br />
were used to isolate micr<strong>of</strong>ungi. Samples were collected<br />
from various locations in Thailand. The following methods<br />
were used for isolation: alcohol and heat treatment, soil<br />
plate and dilution plate. Identification was based on macro-<br />
and microscopic characters when cultured on different<br />
media after observation under light - and SEM microscopes<br />
and making camera lucida drawings. Micr<strong>of</strong>ungi found in<br />
this study included Ascodesmis, Aspergillus clavatus,<br />
Bartalinia, Beltrania querna, Beltraniella humicola, B.<br />
odinae, Beltraniopsis esenbeckiae, Bionectria,<br />
Chaetomium, Eupenicillium parvum, Eupenicillium spp.,<br />
Eurotium spp., Fusarium, Gilmaniella humicola, Hamigera<br />
avellanea, Humicola fuscoatra, H. grisea, Mammaria,<br />
Neocosmospora, Neosartorya spp., Nigrospora oryzae,<br />
Nodulisporium, Paecilomyces spp., Pestalotiopsis, Phoma,<br />
Rhizoctonia, Scytalidium, Talaromyces spp., Trichoderma<br />
hamatum, T. harzianum, T. koningii, T virens, T. viride and<br />
Xylaria.<br />
543 - Structural characteristics <strong>of</strong> naturally occurring<br />
ericoid mycorrhizas on five host species from Eastern<br />
Canada<br />
H.B. Massicotte 1 , L.H. Melville 2 & R.L. Peterson 2*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Northern British Columbia, College <strong>of</strong><br />
Science and Management, 3333 University Way, Prince<br />
George, B.C. V2N 4Z9, Canada. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Guelph,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: lpeterso@uoguelph.ca<br />
In spite <strong>of</strong> numerous published studies, many questions<br />
remain as to the detailed cellular interactions between the<br />
symbionts in ericoid mycorrhizas, especially in hosts<br />
growing in natural habitats. Plant species with ericoid<br />
mycorrhizas produce many fine roots (termed hair roots)<br />
that become colonized by few fungal species. This<br />
colonization is restricted to the enlarged epidermal cells <strong>of</strong><br />
hair roots. A combination <strong>of</strong> light microscopy (including<br />
differential interference contrast) and laser scanning<br />
confocal microscopy was used to document the<br />
colonization patterns <strong>of</strong> epidermal cells and to detail the<br />
hyphal complexes <strong>of</strong> five native ericaceous hosts<br />
originating from Ontario and Quebec: Vaccinium<br />
oxycoccus L. (bog cranberry), Ledum groenlandicum<br />
Oeder. (Labrador tea), Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.,<br />
(velvet-leaf blueberry), Kalmia angustifolia L. (sheep<br />
laurel), Gaultheria procumbens L. (wintergreen). There<br />
was considerable diversity in colonization patterns among<br />
hosts, in the morphology <strong>of</strong> hyphal complexes, and in the<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> thick-walled epidermal cells. Of particular<br />
interest was the frequency <strong>of</strong> hyphal connections between<br />
adjacent epidermal cells, indicating that there is not always<br />
one entry point for each colonized epidermal cell. Further<br />
observations <strong>of</strong> other species in the large family Ericaceae<br />
will help to determine the full range in structural details <strong>of</strong><br />
ericoid mycorrhizas.<br />
544 - Tatra Mts as the area for mycological<br />
investigations - presentation <strong>of</strong> a new project<br />
A. Miskiewicz<br />
W. Szafer Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Polish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences,<br />
Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Krakow, Poland. - E-mail:<br />
aniamis@ib-pan.krakow.pl<br />
Tatra Mts., the highest part <strong>of</strong> Carpathian range, are<br />
localized at Polish/Slovak border. Although mountains are<br />
not very high (Gerlach, 2655 m asl), all vegetation belts are<br />
well developed in this area, including subalpine and alpine<br />
zones. Tatra Mts. <strong>of</strong>fer then all kinds <strong>of</strong> mountain habitats<br />
and represent excellent model region for complex studies<br />
on mountain fungi in the Carpathians. Very little is known<br />
about fungi from this massif. Several papers were<br />
published (e. g. Kubicka 1963, Frejlak 1973, Fellner,<br />
Landa 1993), but, in total only ca. 550 and ca. 900 species<br />
were reported from respectively Polish (Wojewoda 1996)<br />
and Slovak (Kuthan et al. 1999) part <strong>of</strong> the massif, and<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 165
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
systematic observations are completely lacking. The aim <strong>of</strong><br />
this contribution is to present a new project, which may be<br />
important for considerations on distribution and diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi in European mountains. The systematic research,<br />
carried out throughout two growing seasons so far, has<br />
been focused mainly on lower mountain belts, but<br />
observations in dwarf pine communities and alpine<br />
meadows have also been done. After only two years <strong>of</strong><br />
study, the number <strong>of</strong> fungi recorded from this area<br />
increased considerably and some very interesting and rare<br />
taxa were found. The most interesting recent findings will<br />
be presented e.g. Mycena oregonensis, Entoloma<br />
farinogustus and other.<br />
545 - Macroscopic basidiomycetes <strong>of</strong> Sevan National<br />
Park (Armenia)<br />
S.G. Nanagulyan * & A.L. Sirunyan<br />
Yerevan State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
A.Manoogyan str.1, Yerevan, 375025, Armenia. - E-mail:<br />
snanagulyan@ysu.am<br />
Sevan National Park was established in 1978 to protect<br />
largest in Armenia and one <strong>of</strong> the largest alpine lake in the<br />
world, lake Sevan and the surrounding areas. Overall<br />
150.100 ha are protected, including 24.800 ha <strong>of</strong> dry land.<br />
It is located between many <strong>of</strong> mountain ranges, at the<br />
1897-2100 m above sea level. The aim <strong>of</strong> this investigation<br />
is to study the composition <strong>of</strong> the macroscopic fungies<br />
communities <strong>of</strong> the Sevan National Park. Special attention<br />
is paid to the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> edible, poisonous and<br />
medicinal mushrooms. As a material for this investigation<br />
was the collection <strong>of</strong> fungi gathered in different part <strong>of</strong><br />
Sevan National Park, as well as critically treated<br />
collections <strong>of</strong> the Republic's herbariums and all other<br />
literature data. As a result <strong>of</strong> the preliminary investigation<br />
and special studies <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi's biota in Sevan National<br />
Park, 186 species and subspecific taxa from 10 orders, 30<br />
families and 84 genera <strong>of</strong> Gasteromycetes, Aphyllophoroid<br />
and Agaricoid mushrooms are identified. The biota is<br />
characterized by the domination <strong>of</strong> xylotrophs, humus<br />
saprotrophs and mycorrhizal fungi. There are also very<br />
interesting and specific species for this region, some <strong>of</strong><br />
which are rare or endangered and have to be including in<br />
Armenian Red List. New approaches to the investigation<br />
and further theoretical study in this field are required. New<br />
approaches to the investigation and further theoretical<br />
study in this field are required.<br />
166<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
546 - Mushrooms in Mongolia<br />
H. Neda<br />
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16,<br />
Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
neda@affrc.go.jp<br />
Mongolia is an nation located between China and Siberia.<br />
The climate is cold and dry. The steppe and the foreststeppe<br />
occupy approx. 60% <strong>of</strong> the land. And the forest<br />
occupy approx. 10% <strong>of</strong> the land. One hundred and eighty<br />
eight mushroom specimens were collected and thirty three<br />
species were identified. Mushrooms in steppe decompose<br />
humus, dung and litter. Tricholoma monogolicum Imai is<br />
the most famous species in Mongolian steppe. This species<br />
grows on humus and forms fairy ring. Several species <strong>of</strong><br />
Agaricus are common in the steppe. The forest vegetation<br />
consists Pinus, Larix, Betula, Populus and other trees.<br />
There are many species <strong>of</strong> mushroom (Lentinus, Amanita,<br />
Suillus, Russula, Polyporus, etc.) in the forest. Most <strong>of</strong><br />
them are similar to European and northern Japanese<br />
species.<br />
547 - The Douglas-fir epigeous ectomycorrhizal<br />
basidiomycete community in the western North<br />
American Northern Spotted Owl zone<br />
L.L. Norvell 1* & R.L. Exeter 2<br />
1 Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline<br />
Blvd, Portland OR 97229, U.S.A. - 2 USDI-Bureau <strong>of</strong> Land<br />
Management, 1717 Fabry Rd SE, Salem OR 97306, U.S.A.<br />
- E-mail: llnorvell@pnw-ms.com<br />
A joint private/USA government research team is tracking<br />
fungal species richness in montane Oregon Douglas-fir<br />
forests in two different 1998-2003 studies. Target species<br />
include all 'epi-ecto' basidiomycetes + 40 other non-ecto<br />
species flagged in the US federal Northwest Forest Plan. A<br />
chronosequence study incorporates replicate 200 m 2<br />
permanent strip transects in 25-, 55-, and 150-year old<br />
stands sampled every 2 weeks during fall & spring fruiting<br />
seasons. The density management study comprises adjacent<br />
65-year old stands thinned in 1999 following 5 different<br />
regimes: untreated (^450 trees/ha), thinned (3 stands with<br />
^300, ^200, or ^100 residual trees/ha), or regeneration-cut<br />
(0 residual trees/ha). During the first 4 years, 280 (chrono)<br />
and 211 (density) target species have been identified from a<br />
total <strong>of</strong> 4,100 collections and 515 total (322 target) species.<br />
Agaricales comprise ^70%, Russulales ^20%, Gomphales<br />
^5%, Boletales ^3%, and Cantharellales 1.5% <strong>of</strong> the target<br />
species total. Cortinariaceae comprise ^84% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Agaricales; Cortinarius, Inocybe, Russula and<br />
Phaeocollybia represent the most species-rich target<br />
genera. After thinning, density study post/pre-treatment<br />
stand species richness ratios were significantly depressed<br />
only in the two most heavily thinned stands. Absence <strong>of</strong><br />
modern PNW monographs has dictated frequent<br />
identification re-evaluation and led to development <strong>of</strong>
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
temporary identification keys based on individual research<br />
papers and extralimital monographs.<br />
548 - Fungal community analysis using environmental<br />
genomics<br />
H.E. O'Brien 1 , J.A. Jackson 1 , J.E. Johnson 2 , J.L. Parrent 1 ,<br />
J.-M. Moncalvo 1* & R. Vilgalys 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham NC<br />
27708, U.S.A. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
Cameron University, Lawson OK 23505, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
jeanmarc@duke.edu<br />
We applied culture-independent methods developed for<br />
bacteria to assess fungal community diversity across three<br />
different forest types within the Duke Forest without<br />
relying on fruitbody collections. Samples representing<br />
litter, O, A, and B soil horizons were investigated by direct<br />
DNA extraction from 50 pooled samples and cloning <strong>of</strong><br />
DNA libraries from PCR fragments for both variable (ITS)<br />
and conserved (18S) regions within the rDNA genes. Ca.<br />
1600 ITS sequences were produced and sorted using<br />
BLAST searches. ITS sequences with > 80% similarity to<br />
fungal groups for which extensive taxonomic databases are<br />
already available were further analyzed phylogenetically.<br />
Two hundred 18S sequences were produced, and a global<br />
phylogenetic analysis was conducted to place them in a<br />
broader framework within Eukarya. Results showed that<br />
species diversity is extremely high, with a large proportion<br />
<strong>of</strong> unique sequence types. Fungi, especially<br />
ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes, comprise 50-75% <strong>of</strong><br />
eukaryotic diversity in all samples. We are currently in the<br />
process <strong>of</strong> developing automated databasing and<br />
bioinformatic tools to improve our ability to characterize<br />
fungal communities. Given the relative ease <strong>of</strong> sequence<br />
data collection, these tools should enable cross-platform<br />
comparisons <strong>of</strong> microbial biodiversity studies, including<br />
functional ecology and changes in microbial communities.<br />
549 - Studies in Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria<br />
(Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae)<br />
T.W. Osmundson * & C.L. Cripps<br />
Montana State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences &<br />
Plant Pathology, 119 Ag-Biosciences Building, Bozeman,<br />
MT 59717, U.S.A. - E-mail: two@gemini.oscs.montana.edu<br />
Documenting the diversity <strong>of</strong> gilled fungi in the North<br />
American alpine zone is a primary goal <strong>of</strong> the National<br />
Science Foundation Biotic Surveys and Inventories -<br />
sponsored Rocky Mountain Alpine Mycota project. As part<br />
<strong>of</strong> this project, a detailed study <strong>of</strong> the genus Laccaria was<br />
conducted using material collected at field sites above<br />
treeline in four mountain ranges located in the central and<br />
northern Rocky Mountains. Several Laccaria species are<br />
common components <strong>of</strong> the alpine mycota, appearing to be<br />
important ectomycorrhizal symbionts <strong>of</strong> the alpine dwarf<br />
willows Salix reticulata and S. arctica and shrub willows S.<br />
planifolia and S. glauca. Four taxa were identified on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> macro- and micromorphological characters: L.<br />
montana, L. pumila, L. cf. bicolor, and L. cf. laccata var.<br />
pallidifolia. Of these taxa, L. montana is reported only<br />
from the northern Rocky Mountain alpine sites, L. cf.<br />
bicolor and L. cf. laccata var. pallidifolia only from the<br />
central Rocky Mountains, and L. pumila from all four<br />
mountain ranges. L. proxima, collected at a subalpine site<br />
close to the northern field sites and in association with<br />
Salix shrubs, was not found above treeline. Ribosomal ITS<br />
DNA sequences are being analyzed to study biogeographic<br />
and phylogenetic patterns. The taxonomy, distributions,<br />
and ecology <strong>of</strong> Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria species<br />
will be discussed.<br />
550 - Ribosomal DNA PCR-RFLP analysis <strong>of</strong> anaerobic<br />
fungi isolated from rumen and faeces<br />
E. Ozkose 1* , D.R. Davies 2 , M.S. Ekinci 1 & G.W. Griffith 3<br />
1 Sutcu Imam University, Animal Science Department,<br />
Kahramanmaras, Turkey. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Grassland and<br />
Environmental Research, Animal Science department,<br />
Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, U.K. - 3 University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Biological Sciences, Aberystwyth, SY23 3BY,<br />
U.K. - E-mail: eozkose@ksu.edu.tr<br />
Anaerobic fungi inhabit in the digestive tract <strong>of</strong> most<br />
herbivores and they can be isolated from gastro intestinal<br />
tact and faeces <strong>of</strong> these animals. In this study we aimed to<br />
identify anaerobic fungi by PCR-RFLP analysis <strong>of</strong> ITS<br />
region. Fresh, frozen (1 month) and fresh rumen digesta <strong>of</strong><br />
3 cows were used as fungal source. Fungal cultures (n=198<br />
tubes) from highest dilution series <strong>of</strong> most probable<br />
number (MPN) technique, which gives rise to axenic<br />
cultures proliferate from a single cell in the lowest level <strong>of</strong><br />
dilution, were used as DNA source. Primers ITS1F (CTT<br />
GGT CAT TTA GAG GAA GTA A) and BlastITS4 (TCC<br />
TCC GCT TAT TAA TAT GC) were used for PCR<br />
amplification. Successfully amplified samples (133/198)<br />
produced a single PCR product with ca 960 bp therefore it<br />
was not possible to identify the isolate at even genus level<br />
using size <strong>of</strong> the ITS region alone. Using <strong>of</strong> restriction<br />
enzyme DraI, which digested all samples at least once,<br />
gave rise to 12 different ribotypes. Some ribotypes groups<br />
were found large (e.g. 45 isolates in one group) whilst few<br />
ribotypes included only a single isolate. Our results showed<br />
that PCR-RFLP analysis has a potential use in anaerobic<br />
fungal discrimination at least to the genera level.<br />
551 - The role <strong>of</strong> taxonomists in scientific<br />
reproducibility<br />
A. Padmanaban<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbial Technology, Microbial Type Culture<br />
Collection, Sector 39-A,Chandigarh-160036, India. - Email:<br />
apnaban@rediffmail.com<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 167
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
It is generally believed by the scientific community that the<br />
culture collections and herbaria are managed by trained<br />
taxonomists who ensure the purity and authenticity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
research materials prior to their supply. The quality <strong>of</strong><br />
services provided by such centres are generally <strong>of</strong> high<br />
standard vis-à-vis those which lack the expertise.<br />
Unfortunately, the taxonomists have to prove, time and<br />
again, that their science is not old-fashioned and<br />
intellectually dull but is the bed rock <strong>of</strong> all biological<br />
research. Nevertheless, based on an appeal by a group <strong>of</strong><br />
taxonomists and with scientific reproducibility gathering<br />
momentum, the editors <strong>of</strong> some reputed microbiology<br />
journals have made it a mandatory requirement <strong>of</strong><br />
providing deposit details <strong>of</strong> working materials with<br />
recognized culture collection centres or herbaria before any<br />
paper is accepted for publication. We propose to discuss a<br />
few interesting cases encountered with our centre relevant<br />
to the points mentioned above and the options available<br />
with the editors <strong>of</strong> journals for the strict compliance <strong>of</strong><br />
their latest guidelines.<br />
552 - The spectrum <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in beech forests<br />
under different air pollution pressure<br />
M. Pavlik<br />
Dept.<strong>of</strong> forest protection and game management, Technical<br />
university, Masarykova 24, Zvolen 960 53, Slovakia. - Email:<br />
mpavlik@vsld.tuzvo.sk<br />
The base <strong>of</strong> our investigation is an assumption about<br />
affection <strong>of</strong> myc<strong>of</strong>lora structure by air pollution. The<br />
occurence <strong>of</strong> the ectomycorrhizal, saprobic and parazitic<br />
fungi was observed during three years at three beech<br />
stands. Conditions for fungi growth were nerly compatible<br />
on all stands, difference was only in degree <strong>of</strong> pollution<br />
pressure. Number <strong>of</strong> fungal species and fruitbodies,<br />
together with other characteristics <strong>of</strong> investigated stands<br />
(health condition <strong>of</strong> trees, soil analysis, climatic<br />
conditions), were analysed using mathematic-statistical<br />
methods. In this way factors affecting a fungi production in<br />
beech forest exposing to various pollution pressure was<br />
choosen. An important result <strong>of</strong> this work is a possibility to<br />
use the macromycetes for bioindication <strong>of</strong> various polluted<br />
beech forest stands: - The share <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal species<br />
significantly decreases and the share <strong>of</strong> saprobic ones<br />
significantly increases at beech stands under pollution<br />
pressure; - The mycorrhizal species <strong>of</strong> genus Cortinarius,<br />
Cantharellus, Hydnum, Ramaria and Tricholoma are<br />
practically missing at these stands; - At the same time the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> saprobic species <strong>of</strong> genus Clitocybe, Collybia,<br />
Coprinus and Lepista expressively increases.<br />
168<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
553 - Refuges <strong>of</strong> heat-demanding polypore fungi near<br />
geothermal waters in Pribaikalia<br />
T.A. Penzina<br />
Siberian Institute <strong>of</strong> Physiology and Biochemistry Of<br />
Plants, SD RAS, P/O Box 1243, Irkutsk, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
tania@webtaiga.com<br />
Refuges <strong>of</strong> polypore fungi which are located near<br />
geothermal waters <strong>of</strong> Pribaikalia, are distinguished by the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> local heat-provision and the history <strong>of</strong> site<br />
evolution. Four types <strong>of</strong> refuges in the mountainous areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pribaikalia have been indentified. The fourth type<br />
includes sites in which all the nemoral complexes have<br />
have been preserved and concentrated in the warmer steppe<br />
landscapes. The site near Selenga river which includes<br />
broad-leaf associations <strong>of</strong> relics nemoral Japanese Elm<br />
(Pleshanov, Penzina, 1996). Species composition <strong>of</strong> the<br />
first zone is characterized by xerophylies: Gloeophyllum<br />
sepiarium (Wulf.:Fr.) Karst., G. trabeum (Pers.:Fr.) Murr.,<br />
Trametes ochracea (Pers.) Gilbn.& Ryv. It is a zone <strong>of</strong><br />
direct influence <strong>of</strong> hot springs. It is necessary to consider<br />
this biotope as an extreme for wood attaching associations -<br />
the wood is occupied by fungi for a short period,<br />
hypothetically, in the winter, when the spring water is<br />
natually cooler. The biotopes <strong>of</strong> the Selenga floodplain,<br />
which belong to the second zone <strong>of</strong> refuges, are<br />
distinguished by the maximum size <strong>of</strong> the fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong><br />
the perennial polypore fungi in Pribaikalia, as well as a<br />
wealth <strong>of</strong> species diversity and structure <strong>of</strong> mycocommunity.<br />
Striking representatives <strong>of</strong> the thermophylic<br />
complex, which have been discovered in relict Elm forest,<br />
are Trametes conchifer (Schw.:Fr.) Pil. on fallen branches<br />
<strong>of</strong> Elm, and Inonotus hispidus (Bul.:Fr.) Karst., living on<br />
the trunks <strong>of</strong> live Elm trees.<br />
554 - New reports <strong>of</strong> polypores from the Dominican<br />
Republic, Greater Antilles<br />
O.P. Perdomo 1* & L. Ryvarden 2<br />
1<br />
Dirección Nacional de Vida Silvestre y Biodiversidad,<br />
Autop. J.F. Kennedy Km 6.5, Jardines del Norte, Santo<br />
2<br />
Domingo, Dominican Republic. - Botany Department,<br />
Biological Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P. O. Box 1045,<br />
Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
paino@codetel.net.do<br />
Ciferri (1929a) and Murrill (1915) reported 17 species <strong>of</strong><br />
polypores in 13 genera from the Dominican Republic<br />
according to modern taxonomy. We surveyed polypores in<br />
the Dominican Republic beginning in 1996. Decock &<br />
Ryvarden (2000) described Perenniporia cremeopora and<br />
Lodge, Ryvarden & Perdomo (2001) described Antrodia<br />
aurantia from the DR. Minter et al. (2001) listed 80 <strong>of</strong> our<br />
new records. In addition to the published records noted<br />
above, we report here six new species records for the<br />
Greater Antilles: Antrodiella parasitica, Chaetoporellus<br />
latitans, Gloeoporus dichrous, Inonotus cf. micantissimus,
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
Skeletocutis carneola and S. vulgaris. We report here an<br />
additional 30 species that are new records for the<br />
Dominican Republic: Amylosporus campbellii, Antrodia<br />
malicola, A. sinuosa, Antrodiella hydrophila, Aurificaria<br />
luteo-umbrina, Ceriporia purpurea, Coriolopsis floccosa,<br />
Cyclomyces iodinus, C. tabacinus, Daedalea aethalodes,<br />
Fomitopsis spraguei, Gloeophyllum abietinum, G.<br />
mexicanum, Hapalopilus salmonicolor, Inonotus hispidus,<br />
Perenniporia cf. tephropora, Phellinus callimorphus, P.<br />
ferrugineovelutinus, P. linteus, P. merillii, P. orientalis, P.<br />
pini, P. robustus, Rigidoporus concrescens, Skeletocutis cf.<br />
carneogrisea, Trametes lactinea, Trichaptum perrottetii, T.<br />
sector, Tyromyces leucomallus and T. venustus. Including<br />
the new records from this study, there are 133 species in 46<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> polypores known from the DR. Part <strong>of</strong> each<br />
collection is deposited at JBSD and O.<br />
555 - Screening for lichenicolous fungi <strong>of</strong> Usnea<br />
D. Persoh<br />
Lehrstuhl Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth,<br />
Universitätsstraße 30 - NW I, D-95440 Bayreuth,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: derek.persoh@uni-bayreuth.de<br />
Fungi were isolated from individuals <strong>of</strong> a species <strong>of</strong> Usnea<br />
(U. cf. subfloridana) at three sites in the European Alps,<br />
one <strong>of</strong> which was sampled thrice. Under semi-sterile<br />
conditions small pieces <strong>of</strong> the lichen were transferred in the<br />
field to various culture media, torn apart and spread over<br />
the agar plate. In the laboratory, growing hyphae were<br />
excised and transferred to fresh media until pure cultures<br />
were obtained. From these strains DNA was isolated and<br />
the SSU and ITS regions <strong>of</strong> the nrDNA were sequenced.<br />
The SSU sequences were aligned with about 1000 fungal<br />
sequences from GenBank and a phylogenetic tree, being<br />
presented, was calculated. A strain was assigned to a<br />
certain taxonomic group when its sequence clustered as<br />
ingroup in a clade consisting exclusively <strong>of</strong> taxa <strong>of</strong> the<br />
same taxonomic group according to the current<br />
classification. As a result, three <strong>of</strong> the 26 isolated fungi<br />
were identified as Basidiomycetes, whereas the remaining<br />
taxa belong to the Pezizomycotina (Ascomycetes). Of the<br />
latter ones 17 strains could be assigned to the following<br />
classes: Chaetothyriomycetes, Dothideomycetes,<br />
Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes and<br />
Sordariomycetes and nine to the orders Chaetothyriales,<br />
Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Lecanorales and Xylariales. Five<br />
strains were identified at family level (Parmeliaceae,<br />
Trichocomaceae and Valsaceae). In addition, the nearest -<br />
yet sequenced - relatives <strong>of</strong> the isolated fungi were<br />
specified by an ITS nrDNA blast search in GenBank.<br />
556 - Endophytic fungi isolated from maize (Zea mays)<br />
and their possible role for biological control<br />
I.C. Pimentel 1 , R.A. Campos 2 , W.L. Araujo 3 , N.M. Barros 2<br />
& J.L. Azevedo 3*<br />
1 Universidade federal do Paraná, POBox 19001-CEP<br />
81531-990-Curitiba-PR, Brazil. - 2 Universidade de Caxias<br />
do Sul, POBox 1352-CEP 95001-970-Caxias do Sul-RS,<br />
Brazil. - 3 ESALQ-Universidade de São Paulo, POBox 83-<br />
13400-970-Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
jazevedo@esalq.usp.br<br />
Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves and stems <strong>of</strong><br />
maize collected from plants growing in greenhouse and<br />
field conditions. Samples were collected after 20 and 40<br />
days seed germination. Nine main genera <strong>of</strong> fungi were<br />
isolated and the most frequent genera found were<br />
Colletotrichum, Fusarium and Acremonium. From 1728<br />
plant fragments quantitative significative differences were<br />
found being field plants about three times more intensly<br />
colonized by endophytes when compared to greenhouse<br />
plants. No significative differences were encoutered from<br />
number and genera <strong>of</strong> fungi collected from 40 days old<br />
plants when compared to 20 days old ones. Endophytes<br />
from the genera Beauveria and Paecilomyces were isolated<br />
both from fiels and greenhouse plants. The Beauveria<br />
isolates were classified as B. bassiana but molecular<br />
analysis showed that they differ from the main B.bassiana<br />
strains used in Brazil for insect biological control. B.<br />
bassiana isolates were tested against maize pest insects and<br />
against the bovine tick Boophilus microplus. Bioassays<br />
have shown that endophytic isolates were as effective as<br />
comercial strains using concentrations varying from 100 to<br />
100 millions conidia/mL, the last being the most effective<br />
causing up to 75% mortality in comparison with the<br />
controls. Our result support the possible biological control<br />
role <strong>of</strong> endophytic entomopathogenic fungi as being<br />
suggested already by other authors.<br />
557 - New and interesting findings <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi from<br />
the islands <strong>of</strong> Andros and Naxos (Cyclades, Greece)<br />
E. Polemis 1* , G.I. Zervakis 1 & D.M. Dimou 2<br />
1 National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Kalamata, Lakonikis 85, 24100 Kalamata, Greece. -<br />
2 Agricultural University <strong>of</strong> Athens, Laboratory <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural Microbiology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens,<br />
Greece. - E-mail: elipolem@otenet.gr<br />
Reports on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> macromycetes in islands and<br />
coastal areas <strong>of</strong> southeastern Mediterranean are practically<br />
non-existent. Investigation <strong>of</strong> typical biotopes <strong>of</strong> Andros<br />
and Naxos (the two largest islands <strong>of</strong> Cyclades in the<br />
Aegean archipelago), e.g. xerophytic heaths, sea-shore<br />
grasslands, dunes and maquis, resulted in significant<br />
records. The agaricoid taxa Conocybe rickenii, Crepidotus<br />
epibryus, Lepista rickenii, Macrolepiota phaeodisca,<br />
Marasmiellus rosellus, Marasmius anomalus var.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 169
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
microsporus, M. wynnei f. carpathicus, Melanoleuca<br />
polioleuca, Mycena zephirus, Panaeolus cintulus,<br />
Psathyrella microrhiza and Tubaria autochthona were<br />
recorded for the first time in Greece, while Ceratobasidium<br />
cornigerum, Mycoaciella bispora, Myxarium laccatum and<br />
Ramicola haustellaris represent first reports for the<br />
respective genera in Greece. Of particular interest are<br />
records <strong>of</strong> lignicolous species from Mediterranean<br />
evergreen scrubs and frygana, i.e. Hyphodontia juniperi<br />
and H. sambuci on Thymus capitatus; Peniophora lycii, P.<br />
pithya and P. tamaricicola on Pistacia lentiscus;<br />
Aleurodiscus dextrinoideocerussatus, Hyphodontia pruni,<br />
Peniophora lycii, Steccherinum fimbriatum and S.<br />
ochraceum on Genista acanthoclada; Aleurodiscus minor<br />
and Lentinellus omphalodes on Cistus sp.; Gloeophyllum<br />
abietinum, Perenniporia rosmarini and Peniophora piceae<br />
on Juniperus phoenicea; and Dacrymyces lacrymalis and<br />
Pluteus nanus f. nanus on Nerium oleander.<br />
558 - BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) in Thailand<br />
W. Potacharoen * , S. Sivichai & M. Tanticharoen<br />
BIOTEC - Culture Collection, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin Rd..<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: wanchern@biotec.or.th<br />
BIOTEC Culture Collection is a specialized collection<br />
formally established in 1996 under the National Science<br />
and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA). The<br />
principle objective is to provide safe deposition <strong>of</strong> cultures<br />
for researchers; to preserve and maintain microorganisms<br />
isolated from Thailand for future use; and to manage strain<br />
data information. Another major role is to supply cultures<br />
and related information for an in-house screening<br />
programme for drug discovery from microorganisms. The<br />
collection comprises 10,000 isolates fungi from various<br />
sources and habitats: insect fungi (1,618), aquatic<br />
freshwater and marine habitats (1,324), rice blast fungi<br />
(1,148), soil including leaf litter and humus (973), wooddecay<br />
Xylariaceae and Basidiomycota (898), plant seeds<br />
(389 strains), endophytic fungi (754), lichens (247) and<br />
taxa from other sources (1,090). The collection also<br />
includes bacteria and actinomycetes (1,789) and yeasts<br />
(342). The preservation methods used are freezing at -80<br />
°C, in a vapor phase <strong>of</strong> liquid nitrogen at -170 °C; freezedrying<br />
and under liquid paraffin oil. The essential strain<br />
data <strong>of</strong> cultures being maintained are used to create a<br />
required database and produce the catalogue <strong>of</strong> cultures.<br />
On-line database is now available at URL:<br />
http://bcc.biotec.or.th/.<br />
170<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
559 - Taxonomic verification <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes cultures<br />
in the LE (BIN) collection<br />
N.V. Psurtseva<br />
Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Str., 2, St.<br />
Petersburg, 197376, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
NadyaPsu@NP1512.spb.edu<br />
The Komarov Botanical Institute Basidiomycetes Culture<br />
Collection - LE (BIN) maintains over 1000 strains <strong>of</strong> 428<br />
species <strong>of</strong> aphyllophoroid, agaricoid and gasteromycetoid<br />
macromycetes collected mainly in Russia and former<br />
USSR. Conservation <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycetes diversity ex situ<br />
with a special interest in rare and endangered species as<br />
well as cultural maintenance <strong>of</strong> mushroom taxa with<br />
biological activity, especially those could be used in<br />
medicine and industry, is one <strong>of</strong> our primary goals.<br />
Taxonomic verification <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycetes cultures<br />
maintained in the culture collections is <strong>of</strong> great importance.<br />
In the process <strong>of</strong> starting and transferring living cultures<br />
error can be introduced in two ways. First, cultures can be<br />
obtained from incorrectly identified basidiomata or the<br />
identification has been done according to an out <strong>of</strong> date<br />
classification. Recent studies on Flammulina and Pleurotus<br />
species enable us to carry out taxonomic verification <strong>of</strong> LE<br />
(BIN) cultures from these genera by mating study<br />
according to the biological species concept. Second,<br />
replacement <strong>of</strong> a Basidiomycetes culture with a a different<br />
species, mainly from the group <strong>of</strong> imperfect fungi, can<br />
occur during the strain isolation or subculturing. This <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
happens in culturing <strong>of</strong> slowly growing and<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi. To veryfy a cultural strain's identity<br />
and purity detailed studies <strong>of</strong> cultural characters, fruiting <strong>of</strong><br />
strains in culture and molecular analysis are being used in<br />
the LE(BIN) Collection.<br />
560 - Contribution <strong>of</strong> hyphal length in predicting P<br />
influx in maize and groundnut under field condition<br />
A. Rakshit 1* , P.B.S. Bhadoria 1 & N. Claassen 2<br />
1 Agri and Food Engg Dept., IIT, Kharagpur-721302, W.B,<br />
India. - 2 Agricultural Chemistry, University <strong>of</strong> Gottingen,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Gottingen,Germany, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
amitabha_1975@yahoo.co.in<br />
When P is deficient in soil solution, the critical root<br />
parameter controlling its uptake is its surface area. Hyphae<br />
<strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi have the potential to greatly increase<br />
the absorbing surface area <strong>of</strong> the root. Modified gridline<br />
intersect method was employed for extracting hyphae from<br />
the soil and quantifying length under field conditions in a<br />
Benomyl treated and non treated soil with the following<br />
three P levels: P 0,P 50 and P 400mgkg-1 soil as single<br />
super phosphate. To asses the importance <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal<br />
hypha nutrient uptake model was used. Wettable powder <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungicide Benomyl was mixed thoroughly to 15 cm soil<br />
depth at 500 kg ha-1. Treated plots were covered by paddy<br />
straw for two weeks to avoid excessive heating. There was
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
significant interaction between benomyl treatment and<br />
phosphorus application on hyphal length. P 0 recorded<br />
maximum hyphal length and was significantly higher as<br />
compared to other P application levels for both the crops.<br />
Maximum hyphal length was observed for maize crop than<br />
groundnut. When hyphal length was included in model<br />
calculations it gave better prediction <strong>of</strong> P influx in to the<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> maize and groundnut. When hyphal length was not<br />
included in model calculation, under prediction <strong>of</strong> P influx<br />
was more affected at lower P levels. It indicates that P<br />
solubilization by root exudates might have played more<br />
important role than AM in P uptake by maize and<br />
groundnut.<br />
561 - Rare taxa in Estonian lichen flora - are they really<br />
rare?<br />
T. Randlane * & A. Saag<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, Lai 38, 51005 Tartu, Estonia. - E-mail:<br />
randlane@ut.ee<br />
The recent checklist <strong>of</strong> lichenized and lichenicolous fungi<br />
<strong>of</strong> Estonia (Randlane & Saag 1999), which is mainly based<br />
on herbarium material, contains 851 species from 200<br />
genera. Latest data available<br />
(http://www.ut.ee/lichens/fce.html) indicate the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
909 species in Estonia. In the checklist, the distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
taxa in five regions <strong>of</strong> Estonia and their frequency<br />
according to six frequency classes has been presented. Rare<br />
species with 10 or less localities form 64% <strong>of</strong> the entire<br />
Estonian lichen flora. The analogous figure for vascular<br />
plants in Estonia is 36% and for bryophytes - 45%. The<br />
unusually large share <strong>of</strong> rare lichen taxa is partly due to the<br />
great diversity <strong>of</strong> different habitats and substrata suitable<br />
for lichenized fungi. Still, these data might be misleading<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the unsufficient recording <strong>of</strong> different species.<br />
Several new localities have been reported for 'rare' species<br />
during the last three years; six lichens that were considered<br />
to be extinct have been re-found. The analysis <strong>of</strong> worldwide<br />
distributional patterns <strong>of</strong> taxa would help us sort out<br />
these species which are locally really rare (and therefore<br />
also endangered) because they occur at the periphery <strong>of</strong><br />
their range. In Estonia, e.g. Arctoparmelia incurva,<br />
Caloplaca jungermanniae, Flavocetraria cucullata occur<br />
at their southern limits while Cladonia convoluta,<br />
Flavoparmelia caperata, Phaeophyscia chloantha are<br />
recorded at the northern limits <strong>of</strong> their distribution.<br />
562 - Conservation and valorisation <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus spp.<br />
germ plams<br />
P. Rapanà * & F. Di Mario<br />
CNR IBAF - IBESM, Area della Ricerca di Roma, via<br />
Salaria km 29,300 Monterotondo sc 00016 (Roma), Italy. -<br />
E-mail: pompilio.rapana@mlib.cnr.it<br />
Germ plasm collection must assure the conservation <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic diversity also in view <strong>of</strong> their possible<br />
technological application. To be exchanged and used, germ<br />
plasm must be characterized by an univocal fingerprint<br />
able to assure its identity and stability. This is an important<br />
condition for comparing the results obtained in different<br />
studies. Pleurotus spp. are widespread populations among<br />
them, Pleurotus eryngii, P. e. ferulae and P. e. nebrodensis<br />
are typical Mediterranean populations. The <strong>International</strong><br />
Bank <strong>of</strong> Edible Saprophytic Mushrooms <strong>of</strong> Italian National<br />
Council <strong>of</strong> Research owns 36 isolates <strong>of</strong> P. ostreatus, 313<br />
<strong>of</strong> P. eryngii, 48 <strong>of</strong> P. e. ferulae and 22 <strong>of</strong> P. e.<br />
nebrodensis. These isolates were collected in view <strong>of</strong> their<br />
applications in biotechnologies as agents able to transform<br />
agricultural wastes into both an edible biomass and starting<br />
material for high value products extraction.<br />
Polysaccharides in particular 3 β glucans have been<br />
purified. The isolates, supplied by Research Institute<br />
donors, have been genetically characterised by RAPDs<br />
fingerprint. Moreover genetic approaches aimed at<br />
evaluating population biodiversity and genetic relationship<br />
among species are running with molecular markers as<br />
microsatellites, AFLP, and RFLP <strong>of</strong> amplified ITS and IGS<br />
rDNA region. A good level <strong>of</strong> variability in P. eryngii and<br />
in the correlated population/species P. e. ferulae and P. e.<br />
nebrodensis have been evaluated. A similar behaviour has<br />
been made evident also in P. ostreatus.<br />
563 - Comparative diversity <strong>of</strong> vesicular arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizas in New Zealand vineyards under organic<br />
and conventional management regimes<br />
H.J. Ridgway * & A. Stewart<br />
Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand.<br />
- E-mail: ridgwh@lincoln.ac.nz<br />
Many economically important plant species form complex<br />
symbioses with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM)<br />
fungi. Considerable research data indicates that these fungi<br />
impact on productivity, nutrient acquisition, pathogen<br />
defence and ecosystem stability. In natural systems,<br />
grapevines are normally infected with VAM and these<br />
associations have been shown to improve grape growth. In<br />
this study, soil samples were removed from the base <strong>of</strong><br />
three common grapevine rootstock varieties at two South<br />
Island vineyards, one under conventional management, and<br />
the other under organic production (certified in 2000).<br />
Spores were collected by wet sieving, the genera identified<br />
by microscopic examination and expressed on a per gram<br />
basis. The individual VAM species present were<br />
determined using a combination <strong>of</strong> morphological criteria<br />
and sequencing <strong>of</strong> the ribosomal DNA. Root fragments<br />
were also cleared, stained and assessed for VAM<br />
colonisation. Implications <strong>of</strong> VAM diversity in New<br />
Zealand vineyards and the effect <strong>of</strong> management systems<br />
on population structures are discussed.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 171
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
564 - Diversity and conservation <strong>of</strong> fungi on Danube<br />
flood-plain forests<br />
S. Ripková 1 & P. Lizon 2*<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Komensky University, Révová 39, SK-811<br />
02 Bratislava, Slovakia. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Cryptogams, Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Botany, Dúbravská 14, SK-842 23 Bratislava, Slovakia.<br />
- E-mail: botupali@savba.sk<br />
River floodplain forests become extremely endangered in<br />
last century and there are only scarce data on fungi <strong>of</strong> those<br />
habitats. Field research on biodiversity <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in<br />
two Danube islands, Sihot' and Sedláckov ostrov (city <strong>of</strong><br />
Bratislava) resulted in 211 species <strong>of</strong> Ascomycota and<br />
Basidiomycota. Following taxa recorded during our<br />
research are, according to the 3 rd edition <strong>of</strong> the Red List <strong>of</strong><br />
Slovak fungi, endangered: Ceriporia purpurea, Crepidotus<br />
crocophyllus, Hypoxylon ticinense, Hyphodontia latitans,<br />
Marasmius minutus, Ossicaulis lignatilis, Oxyporus<br />
latemarginatus, Oxyporus philadelphi, Phlebia ryvardenii,<br />
Rhodotus palmatus, Scutellinia legaliae, Scutellinia<br />
sinensis, Spongipellis fractipes, Trichophaea variornata,<br />
Trichophaeopsis bicuspis.<br />
565 - Different approaches on rice blast disease in Italy:<br />
an in vitro assay for assessing pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Italian Pyricularia grisea collection<br />
D. Rodino 1* , G. Forlani 2 , A.M. Picco 1 , A. Rozkowicz 2 , E.<br />
Lorenzi 1 & M. Rodolfi 1<br />
1 Dip.to Ecologia del Territorio e degli Ambienti Terrestri,<br />
Sezione di Micologia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via<br />
S. Epifanio, 14 - 27100 Pavia, Italy. - 2 Dip.to di Biologia,<br />
Sezione di Biologia Evolutiva, Università degli Studi di<br />
Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 - 44100 Ferrara, Italy. - Email:<br />
dorianarodino@hotmail.com<br />
Blast disease, caused by Pyricularia grisea (teleomorph:<br />
Magnaporthe grisea), represents the main threat to rice<br />
crop. Blast pathogen population is divided into races, or<br />
lineages, defined according to virulence spectrum on<br />
differential rice cultivars; unfortunately, pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
races identified in a country cannot be compared with that<br />
<strong>of</strong> races in other countries, and in vivo screening<br />
procedures are both complex and time-consuming. Italian<br />
lineages have been only partially investigated, and a lot <strong>of</strong><br />
work is still needed as many (125) rice cultivars are grown<br />
in Italy. A survey on a collection <strong>of</strong> P. grisea isolates,<br />
currently in progress in our laboratories, is the first step to<br />
characterise the Italian population. To date 103 strains have<br />
been isolated, and are available for further analysis. In<br />
order to characterise fungal isolates different methods<br />
(greenhouse and molecular screening, in vitro assays)<br />
could be used. An in vitro test was set up using partially<br />
purified elicitors, instead <strong>of</strong> viable pathogen, and rice calli.<br />
Suspension cultures <strong>of</strong> two rice cultivars (Gigante Vercelli<br />
and Maratelli, resistant and susceptible to blast,<br />
respectively) were used. In all cases a sharp rise <strong>of</strong><br />
172<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
hydrogen peroxide production was found soon after elicitor<br />
addition. Interestingly, both control and elicited rates were<br />
3 to 5-fold higher in the tolerant cultivar than in the<br />
susceptible one, thus strengthening the possibility to use<br />
this model to simulate in vivo infection.<br />
566 - Wild mushrooms: valorisation and conservation<br />
A.P. Rodrigues 1* & S.P.B. Neves 2<br />
1 Parque Natural Montesinho, Apartado 90, 5301-901<br />
Bragança, Portugal. - 2 Área Paisagem Protegida Serra do<br />
Açor, Mata Margaraça, Casa Grande, 3305 Benfeita,<br />
Portugal. - E-mail: pnm.rodriguesap@icn.pt<br />
In recent years, in Portugal, the harvest <strong>of</strong> wild edible<br />
mushrooms has intensified greatly motivated by<br />
commercial valorisation <strong>of</strong> this resource in the international<br />
markets. The reduction <strong>of</strong> the mycological patrimony, and<br />
biodiversity in general, is mentioned as the main<br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> this process. The absence <strong>of</strong> regulation that<br />
discipline the harvest and commercialisation <strong>of</strong> wild edible<br />
mushrooms, as well as the inexistence <strong>of</strong> a global strategy<br />
that promotes the conservation, management and<br />
sustainable use <strong>of</strong> the fungus species and its habitat, are<br />
considered as the main factors that contribute to this<br />
situation. In this area, representatives <strong>of</strong> several entities<br />
under the coordination <strong>of</strong> the Instituto da Conservação da<br />
Natureza (Nature Conservation Institute) elaborated a<br />
proposal <strong>of</strong> intervention that created guidelines and<br />
indispensable measures to conserve and regulate the<br />
mycological resources. Among the several measures,<br />
suggested are highlighted: urgent regulation <strong>of</strong> the harvest,<br />
reception, concentration and commercialisation <strong>of</strong> wild<br />
edible mushrooms; creation <strong>of</strong> a good practices code;<br />
implementation <strong>of</strong> measures to promote the knowledge on<br />
portuguese fungal diversity and monotorising <strong>of</strong> particular<br />
interesting species; promotion <strong>of</strong> training courses,<br />
sensibilisation and environmental education which<br />
emphasize the ecological and economical importance <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi. The present work intends, in a summary form, to<br />
promote the main aspects that resulted from this initiative.<br />
567 - Measuring macr<strong>of</strong>ungal diversity in four<br />
Portuguese protected areas<br />
A.P. Rodrigues 1 , P. Gonçalves 2 , R. Neiva 3 , S.M. Branco 1 ,<br />
S. Baptista 3 , S. Mota 2 & S.P.B. Neves 4*<br />
1 Parque Natural de Montesinho, Apartado 90, 5301-901<br />
Bragança, Portugal. - 2 Reserva Natural Serra Malcata,<br />
Largo de S. Tiago, 6320-325 Sabugal, Portugal. - 3 Parque<br />
Natural Serra Estrela, Rua 1° Maio, 2, 6260 Manteigas,<br />
Portugal. - 4 Área Paisagem Protegida Serra do Açor, Mata<br />
Margaraça, Casa Grande, 3305 Benfeita, Portugal. - Email:<br />
spbneves@hotmail.com<br />
The struggle to bring mycological patrimony to the list <strong>of</strong><br />
issues involved in biological research and conservation
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
prioritiy, and as an important item to the management <strong>of</strong><br />
protected areas, is recent in Portugal. The increasing<br />
perception that the harvest <strong>of</strong> wild mushrooms has greatly<br />
intensified in recent years and the negative influences both<br />
on general biodiversity and on mycological diversity that it<br />
might have, and also the general lack <strong>of</strong> knowledge on<br />
Portuguese fungal patrimony, were the main reasons to<br />
initiate a project involving four protected areas in Central<br />
and Northern Portugal coordinated by the Portuguese<br />
Institute for the Conservation <strong>of</strong> Nature. This project<br />
involves the measurement <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungal diversity in<br />
several priority habitats listed in the Habitats Directive<br />
using a common sampling method. The macr<strong>of</strong>ungal data<br />
will be complemented with environmental and vegetation<br />
parameters necessary for the assessment <strong>of</strong> the micota's<br />
ecological context.<br />
568 - Foliicolous lichens <strong>of</strong> La Réunion<br />
S. Rønhede, S. Johansson * & U. Søchting<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Bothanical Institute, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, O. Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353<br />
Copenhagen K, Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
s.johansson@get2net.dk<br />
The foliicolous lichen flora <strong>of</strong> the French island La<br />
Réunion was investigated based on 113 leaf samples<br />
collected at seven localities. They represent different types<br />
<strong>of</strong> rain forest at altitudes from 160 to 1700 m. 27 species<br />
were identified, <strong>of</strong> which 16 are new to La Réunion.<br />
Tricharia amazonum is reported for the first time outside<br />
the neotropics, and Porina atriceps and Badimia pallidula<br />
are new to the African continent with adjacent islands.<br />
569 - Vertical distribution <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi in a<br />
podzol pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
A. Rosling 1* , R. Landeweert 2 , B.D. Lindahl 1 , K.-J.<br />
Larsson 3 & T.W. Kuyper 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, SLU, Box<br />
7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 Sub-dept <strong>of</strong> Soil Quality,<br />
Wageningen University, Box 8005, NL-6700 EC,<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands. - 3 Systematic Botany /<br />
Herbarium GB, Botanical Institute, Göteborg University,<br />
Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
Anna.Rosling@mykopat.slu.se<br />
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form symbiotic associations<br />
with roots <strong>of</strong> woody plants and are important in nutrient<br />
uptake in boreal forests. Podzols are highly stratified soils.<br />
Most studies <strong>of</strong> ECM species composition focus on the fine<br />
roots in the organic soil. The variation in ECM community<br />
structure between different soil horizons is thus poorly<br />
understood. We studied the vertical distribution <strong>of</strong> ECM<br />
roots in a podzol soil in the north <strong>of</strong> Sweden. In three<br />
continuous soil columns, seven horizons were<br />
distinguished and sampled, from the top organic layer to<br />
the bottom parental material at 50 cm depth. Root tips from<br />
each horizon were sorted into morphotypic groups. These<br />
were verified and identified by sequencing <strong>of</strong> the rDNA<br />
ITS region. Root tip density decreased from the O horizon<br />
down to the E2 horizon but increased again in the B<br />
horizon before declining to low values in the C horizon.<br />
Half <strong>of</strong> the root tips were found in the mineral soil. The<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> ECM colonization varied from 60 to 98%, but<br />
did not follow a clear pattern with respect to depth. We<br />
distinguished 22 ECM taxa, half <strong>of</strong> these were found only<br />
in the mineral horizons. The abundance <strong>of</strong> taxa in different<br />
horizons was analysed by correspondence analysis. We<br />
found a significant relationship between ECM taxon and<br />
soil horizon. The different horizons in a podzol pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
represent different environments and the specific<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> certain fungi could be explained by their<br />
functional role in the system.<br />
570 - Leprose lichens in Estonia<br />
L. Saag<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, Lai street 38, Tartu, Estonia. - E-mail:<br />
lsag@ut.ee<br />
Over 60 usually sterile sorediate crustaceous lichen species<br />
have been registered from Estonia. Such species occur in<br />
many genera which ordinarily produce ascocarps. Majority<br />
<strong>of</strong> the constantly asexual taxa are gathered into g. Lepraria<br />
and g. Leproloma (Lichenes Imperfecti), some <strong>of</strong> them<br />
have tentatively been assigned to other genera (Fuscidea<br />
pusilla Tonsberg, Lecanora norvegica Tonsberg et al.).<br />
The first checklist <strong>of</strong> Estonian lichens published in 1970<br />
included 8 Lepraria species, only one <strong>of</strong> them - L. incana -<br />
belongs to that genus nowadays. Primitive morphology and<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten complex secondary chemistry <strong>of</strong> representatives <strong>of</strong><br />
the leprose growth form makes their identification<br />
complicated and chemical analysis (TLC) essential.<br />
Currently 11 Lepraria and 1 Leproloma species are<br />
reported from Estonia, occurrence <strong>of</strong> lately described<br />
Lepraria atlantica Orange is in question.<br />
571 - Experimental study for increasing productivity <strong>of</strong><br />
Boletus edulis s.l. in Italy<br />
E. Salerni * & C. Perini<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Siena Dep. Environmental Sciences, Via P.A.<br />
Mattioli - 4 - 53100 Siena, Italy. - E-mail: salerni@unisi.it<br />
Species grouped together as Boletus edulis s.l. are the<br />
mushrooms in highest demand and best known in Italy:<br />
they are a typical minor forest product <strong>of</strong> the hill and<br />
mountain belt <strong>of</strong> the penisula, <strong>of</strong> major economic<br />
importance in some cases surpassing the commercial value<br />
<strong>of</strong> timber. More than 140 ectomycorrizhal fungi are<br />
regarded as edible but only a small percentage have been<br />
successfully cultivated. For the other species, including the<br />
highly prized penny bun mushroom, no technique <strong>of</strong> stable<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 173
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
inoculation on a regular basis in the host plant has jet been<br />
found. This means that the entire demand for this product,<br />
which amounts to more than 70,000 tons/year in Italy is<br />
met by mushrooms gathered in the wild. The present study<br />
proposes to clarify the ecological requirements <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species through manipulation <strong>of</strong> certain environmental<br />
parameters, in order to provide indications for<br />
environmental management aimed at conserving the ideal<br />
habitat <strong>of</strong> this culinary delicacy. The study area consists <strong>of</strong><br />
four reforestations in two age classes (30 and 60 years) <strong>of</strong><br />
Abies alba Miller on the Mt. Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). This<br />
area is historically famous for its mushrooms, but has<br />
recorded a decline in production in recent years. Two years<br />
<strong>of</strong> preliminary studies have shown that certain conditions<br />
are necessary for increasing productivity <strong>of</strong> B. edulis s.l. in<br />
these woods: forest age must not exceed 50 years, forest<br />
density should be intermediate and litter should be<br />
maintained.<br />
572 - An update on the biogeographical distribution<br />
area <strong>of</strong> the genus Anthracoidea (Ustilaginomycetidae) in<br />
light <strong>of</strong> new species<br />
V. Salo<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Applied<br />
Biology/Botany, P.O.Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FIN-<br />
00014 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
vanamo.salo@helsinki.fi<br />
Fungal samples loaned from herbaria were examined with<br />
light and scanning electron microscopy. The material<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> various plant parasitic fungi on inflorescences<br />
<strong>of</strong> Carex spp. from all over the world. Most <strong>of</strong> the fungi<br />
were identified as belonging to the smut genus<br />
Anthracoidea. After spore morphological comparisons, the<br />
conclusion <strong>of</strong> the study was that several Anthracoidea<br />
species new to science can be described. The smut flora <strong>of</strong><br />
Europe is well known and hence, new species from<br />
European material could not be found. All other areas are<br />
poorly studied despite <strong>of</strong> some published local smut<br />
surveys. New species could be found from Asia, North and<br />
South America. The distribution areas <strong>of</strong> host plants and<br />
their biodiversity are very likely to have a pr<strong>of</strong>ound effect<br />
on their parasitic fungi. Compared to Europe many parts <strong>of</strong><br />
Asia and America have a much richer sedge flora but still<br />
fairly few species <strong>of</strong> Anthracoidea have been found.<br />
Reasons for this are certainly manifold. Numerous species<br />
occurring on related sedge plants are reported to be<br />
common to e.g. Europe and Asia or Europe and North<br />
America. However, Anthracoidea flora <strong>of</strong> Central Asia is<br />
seemingly very unique and differs from Northern or<br />
Eastern Asian flora. On the other hand, some sedges may<br />
bear different smut species but they occur in different<br />
geographical areas. Some interesting examples will be<br />
presented with area maps.<br />
174<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
573 - Mycorrhizal interaction in the wild relatives <strong>of</strong><br />
grain legumes in Palney Hills <strong>of</strong> Western Ghats <strong>of</strong><br />
South India<br />
P. Saravana Kumar 1* & S. Ignacimuthu 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Peradeniya, Senior Lecturer,Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, University <strong>of</strong> Peradeniya,<br />
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. - 2 Bharathiyar University, Vice<br />
Chancellor, Bharathiyar University,Coimbatore, Tamil<br />
Nadu, India. - E-mail: psaravan@pdn.ac.lk<br />
Pulse crops have certain uniform features which together<br />
make them indespensible if not difficult to replace. In<br />
India, as many as 28 wild legumes are known to be<br />
consumed as pulses by different tribal communities. The<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> legumes with arbuscular mycorrhizae are<br />
well defined. But available information on wild legumes is<br />
highly limited, especially in Indian scenario. The diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi associated directly with wild legumes<br />
is not well understood. Estimation <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi in<br />
rhizosphere has little relationship with colonization <strong>of</strong> roots<br />
by individual species. Our presentiation will discuss a<br />
complete analysis <strong>of</strong> three interactions including growth<br />
and biochemical variations with reference to natural<br />
landscape conditions.<br />
574 - Entolomatoid fungi from Korup National Park,<br />
Cameroon<br />
E.M. Saunders * & P.J. Roberts<br />
The Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,<br />
Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
E.Saunders@rbgkew.org.uk<br />
The Korup National Park consists <strong>of</strong> ancient, mainly<br />
lowland, rain forest in the South West Province <strong>of</strong><br />
Cameroon and is acknowledged to be one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
species-diverse areas in equatorial Africa. Macr<strong>of</strong>ungi were<br />
collected in April - May 1996 and March - April 1997, at<br />
the beginning <strong>of</strong> the rainy season. As a result <strong>of</strong> these<br />
visits, an initial three papers have been published on the<br />
clavarioid fungi, heterobasidiomycetes, and corticioid fungi<br />
<strong>of</strong> the National Park. Several collections were made <strong>of</strong><br />
entolomatoid agarics, representing at least 20 taxa. These<br />
are now being examined at the Royal Botanic Gardens,<br />
Kew, and provisional information, including descriptions<br />
and photographs, is presented here. It is hoped this work<br />
will result in the identification <strong>of</strong> some previously<br />
undescribed taxa and will provide essential baseline data<br />
for the better understanding <strong>of</strong> fungal biodiversity in the<br />
African wet tropics.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
575 - Micromycetes isolated from air and soil in an<br />
Italian carsic cave<br />
E. Savino 1* , C. Buratti 1 , G. Caretta 1 , A. Fiorina 2 & E.<br />
Salerni 3<br />
1 Dep. Ecologia Territorio & Ambienti Terrestri, Via S.<br />
Epifanio, 14 - 27100 Pavia, Italy. - 2 Servizio Pneumologico<br />
A.S.L. 2 Savonese, Via Adelasia, 57 - 17021 Alassio (SV),<br />
Italy. - 3 Dep. Environmental Sciences, Via P. A. Mattioli, 4<br />
- 53100 Siena, Italy. - E-mail: esavino@et.unipv.it<br />
Caves are an hostile habitat to biota: do not support plant<br />
life and few animal species are adapted to live inside. Very<br />
little investigation has been devoted to fungal ecology <strong>of</strong><br />
caverns and it is believed that no species is peculiar <strong>of</strong> this<br />
habitat. Micromycetes present in an Italian carsic<br />
showcave, situated at Toirano (SV), have been studied.<br />
Sixteen sites were sampled in a distance <strong>of</strong> about 400<br />
metres from the entrance. Air sampling was carried out by<br />
settle plate technique and by surface air sampler (ParTrap<br />
Fa 52); soil analysis by hair baiting technique. Statistical<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the results, involving chi-square, has been<br />
performed. A total <strong>of</strong> 76 species, belonging to 47 genera,<br />
was recorded. Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium<br />
pullulans var. pullulans, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C.<br />
herbarum, Penicillium brevicompactum, Trichophyton<br />
terrestre and Simplicillium lamellicola (abundant because<br />
it is involved in the process <strong>of</strong> stalactite growth), were<br />
dominants. Among the sporadic species, should be noticed<br />
Conidiobolus coronatus, mostly saprotrophic but also<br />
insect parasite and causal agent <strong>of</strong> nasal granuloma in man.<br />
Comparison between the number <strong>of</strong> species and the<br />
different methodological techniques used results<br />
statistically significant. In conclusion, myc<strong>of</strong>lora in a cave<br />
can be rather diversified; that can be mainly due to the<br />
atmospheric circulation and the presence <strong>of</strong> animals or<br />
their debris.<br />
576 - Chemotaxonomic groups in species <strong>of</strong> Phyllosticta<br />
based on the cell wall polysaccharides<br />
R. Senthil Kumaran * & J. Muthumary<br />
Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600 025, India, India.<br />
- E-mail: sendil75@yahoo.com<br />
Phyllosticta is a Coelomycetous fungus producing<br />
pycnidial fruit bodies and causing leaf spot diseases in<br />
plants. It is a dimorph fungus having both perfect and<br />
imperfect states in their life cycle. Studies on the various<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Phyllosticta were collected from South India has<br />
been taken with a view to build up a genetic resources<br />
collection in our centre. For this purpose, fungal collections<br />
were made from various places in and around Tamilnadu,<br />
South India. So far more than 50 different species <strong>of</strong><br />
Phyllosticta were collected and 30 <strong>of</strong> them were<br />
successfully grown in culture. In the case <strong>of</strong> Phyllosticta,<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> species is merely based upon the host<br />
specificity. But it is worthwhile to study the composition <strong>of</strong><br />
cell wall polysaccharides along with the combination <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological characters make an advantage in identifying<br />
the higher taxa at species level. In the present study cell<br />
wall Polysaccharides have been proved as<br />
chemotaxonomic markers used in the determination <strong>of</strong><br />
natural groupings in species <strong>of</strong> Phyllosticta. In order to find<br />
out the chemical composition and structures <strong>of</strong><br />
polysaccharides (alkali extractable & water-soluble) <strong>of</strong> cell<br />
wall and culture filtrate <strong>of</strong> the fungi were carried out with<br />
the above isolates. The inter specific relationship <strong>of</strong><br />
different species <strong>of</strong> Phyllosticta was compared for the<br />
species studied based on the polysaccharide type <strong>of</strong> the cell<br />
wall. The results and significance <strong>of</strong> the findings are<br />
discussed in detail.<br />
577 - Mycorrhizal and ethanopharmacological value <strong>of</strong><br />
some threatened orchid species <strong>of</strong> Shevaroy's, S. India<br />
S. Senthilkumar<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous),<br />
Tiruchirappalli-620 002, India. - E-mail:<br />
sen_kumar66@yahoo.co.uk<br />
Orchid mycorrhizas are symbiotic organisms, which<br />
establish an obligate symbiotic association with the roots <strong>of</strong><br />
orchids. The orchid mycorrhizas represent the most<br />
widespread and the large majority <strong>of</strong> orchids must have<br />
evolved with compatibility system towards the fungal<br />
symbionts. In India, more than 2000 species <strong>of</strong> orchids<br />
have so far been reported in which mostly belong to<br />
epiphytic form received poor considerations than terrestrial<br />
form. All the threatened species <strong>of</strong> orchid under study<br />
penetrated an intracellular fungus called pelotons. The<br />
fungal hyphae may traverse various layers <strong>of</strong> velamen<br />
before entering into passage cells. From velamen itself the<br />
hyphae forming pelotons followed by exodermal cells and<br />
finally it reaches the interior cortex. Different<br />
histochemical, histoenzymological and fluorescent<br />
techniques were applied on peloton <strong>of</strong> the species viz.<br />
Bulbophyllum kaintense (Weight) Reichb.F., Coelogyne<br />
nervosa A.Rich and Gastrochillus acaulis (Lindley) Kuntz.<br />
However, antibacterial activity <strong>of</strong> organic and aquous<br />
extracts (leaf, root) <strong>of</strong> the former was carried out against<br />
different bacterial strains. From this study we can conclude<br />
that these threatened orchid species showed high<br />
antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. These<br />
findings strongly imply that the involved orchid species is a<br />
major source for different ailments. Supported by:<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology, Government <strong>of</strong><br />
India, No:SR/FTP/LS-217/2000.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 175
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
578 - Micromycetes in book depositories<br />
L.E. Sergeeva<br />
National Library <strong>of</strong> Russia, 18, Sadovaya st., 191069,<br />
St.Petersburg, Russia. - E-mail: kasht@aport.ru<br />
The micromycetes inhabiting air and the surface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
books were studied in 7 large book depositories <strong>of</strong> the<br />
National Library <strong>of</strong> Russia (Saint-Petersburg). The study<br />
was performed during 1995-2001. Micromycetes were<br />
isolated from numerous characteristic points and<br />
investigated in vitro. Total concentration <strong>of</strong> airborne fungal<br />
spores were examined. Furthermore physical<br />
characterististics <strong>of</strong> studied lodgings measured too. Total <strong>of</strong><br />
100 fungal species were recorded. The list included species<br />
belonging to 33 genera, mainly from Deuteromycetes.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> them had a wide occurance, whereas for some<br />
species it was the rather limited. The dominant and the rare<br />
species were indicated. Most likely the distinction <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fungal microcommunities in the studied book depositories<br />
usually were resulting from presence <strong>of</strong> accidental species.<br />
Season changes on fungal composition <strong>of</strong> revealed<br />
microcommunities were also recorded. Considerable<br />
fluctuations <strong>of</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> airborne fungi depended<br />
upon ecological factors variation. Between them were<br />
tempaterature, humidity and chemical properties <strong>of</strong> paper<br />
type. There were determined the conditions increasing the<br />
content <strong>of</strong> viable and conversely, factors completely<br />
inhibiting the concentration <strong>of</strong> micromycetes in book<br />
depositories.<br />
579 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> keratinophyles in Heritage Taj<br />
City- Agra (India)<br />
J.N. Shrivastava, G.P. Satsangi, N. Govil * , M. Mathur & P.<br />
Saxena<br />
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Microbiology lab, Deptt<br />
<strong>of</strong> Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Dayalbagh Educational<br />
Institute, Dayalbagh, AGRA, India. - E-mail:<br />
nidhi_dei@yahoo.com<br />
Abstract In present investigation 360 soil samples from<br />
urban and rural areas <strong>of</strong> Agra, were analysed. Out <strong>of</strong> which<br />
296 were recorded positive for urban area and 238 for rural<br />
area. The percentage prevalence <strong>of</strong> dermatophytic and<br />
keratinophilic fungi were calculated 82.2% and 66.7% for<br />
urban and rural areas respectively. Total 21 species were<br />
recorded and isolated from baits amended soil collected<br />
different sites, out <strong>of</strong> which 9 sps were common in both<br />
sites. However, their prevalence varies with respect to sites.<br />
The major fungal species isolated from urban sites includes<br />
Chrysosporium (11 sps), Trichophyton (5 sps), while from<br />
rural area includes Chrysosporium (5 sps), Trichophyton (4<br />
sps), Myceliophthora (2 sps), Epidermophyton (1 sps) and<br />
Microsporum (1 sps). The maximum percentage prevalence<br />
<strong>of</strong> C. carmichaelii was observed in urban are (22.2%).<br />
While in rural areas M. vellerea was recorded. Thus, it is<br />
concluded that maximum prevalence <strong>of</strong> dermatophytes<br />
176<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
were recorded in rural area due to prevailing unhygienic<br />
conditions as compared to urban areas.<br />
580 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in<br />
Indonesia<br />
R.D.M Simanungkalit 1* , K. Kramadibrata 2 & A.G.<br />
Gunawan 3<br />
1 Research Institute for Agricultural Biotechnology and<br />
Genetic Resources, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A,, Bogor,<br />
Indonesia. - 2 Research Centre for Biology, Jl. Ir. H.<br />
Juanda, Bogor, Indonesia. - 3 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Mathematics and<br />
Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl.<br />
Padjadjaran, Bogor, Indonesia. - E-mail:<br />
borif@indo.net.id<br />
This paper reviews the results <strong>of</strong> several studies on the<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a<br />
wide range <strong>of</strong> ecosystems in Indonesia, including natural<br />
forest, agricultural crops, plantation crops, botanic garden<br />
and peat swamp forest. Glomus and Acaulospora are the<br />
most common genera found in those ecosystems. At least<br />
33 spesies <strong>of</strong> AM fungi in the 39 locations surveyed were<br />
described. Glomus with 17 species comprises G.<br />
aggregatum, G. albidum, G. citricolum, G. clavisporum, G.<br />
etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. fuegianum, G. geosporum,<br />
G. lacteum, G. macrocarpum, G. manihotis, G.<br />
microaggregatum, G. microcarpum, G. multicaulis, G.<br />
rubiforme, G. sinuosum and G. versiforme. Acaulospora<br />
with 10 species comprise A. bireticulata, A. delicata, A.<br />
foveata, A. longula, A. mellea, A. rehmii, A. scrobiculata,<br />
A. spinosa, A. tuberculata, and A. walkeri. Scutellospora<br />
with 4 species comprise S. calospora, S. heterogama, S.<br />
pellucida, and S. projectura. The genera Entrophospora<br />
and Gigaspora are represented with one species each,<br />
Entrophospora infrequens and Gigaspora gigantea.<br />
Acaulospora walkeri and Scutellospora projectura are the<br />
two new species reported from Indonesia. The number <strong>of</strong><br />
AMF species varies from ecosystem to ecosystem,<br />
suggesting that their biodiversity can be influenced by soil<br />
conditions, cultural practices and vegetation types.<br />
581 - Diversity and host preference <strong>of</strong> leaf endophytic<br />
fungi in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana<br />
C.M. Simmons 1 & P.F. Cannon 2*<br />
1 Iwokrama <strong>International</strong> Centre for Rainforest<br />
Conservation & Development, 67 Bel Air, Georgetown,<br />
Guyana. - 2 CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham,<br />
Surrey TW20 9TY, U.K. - E-mail: pcannon@cabi.org<br />
Endophytic fungi were isolated from living symptomless<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> 12 tree species from two locations in the<br />
Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana. 64 fungal morphotaxa<br />
were characterized from 2492 cultures, which were derived<br />
from a total <strong>of</strong> 2520 sample units. Species <strong>of</strong><br />
Colletotrichum, Nodulisporium, Pestalotiopsis and
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
Phomopsis were most frequently isolated. Colonization<br />
was greater in samples from the midrib than in those from<br />
laminar tissue, and slightly greater at the tip <strong>of</strong> the lamina<br />
compared with the base <strong>of</strong> the leaf. In contrast to studies in<br />
temperate ecosystems, no distinct fungal communities were<br />
identified for individual plant species, suggesting that the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> host preference is low. The implications for<br />
estimation <strong>of</strong> fungal diversity in tropical systems are<br />
explored.<br />
582 - Conservation status <strong>of</strong> the Agaricales, Boletales,<br />
Cantharellales, Lycoperdales, Phallales and Russulales<br />
<strong>of</strong> South Australia<br />
J.A. Simpson 1* & C.A. Grgurinovic 2<br />
1<br />
State Forests <strong>of</strong> NSW, Research Division, P.O. Box 100,<br />
2<br />
Beecr<strong>of</strong>t 2119, Australia. - Australian Biological<br />
Resources Study, GPO Box 787, Canberra 2601, Australia.<br />
- E-mail: jacks@sf.nsw.gov.au<br />
The conservation status <strong>of</strong> 443 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Holobasidiomycetidae known from the State <strong>of</strong> South<br />
Australia in southern Australia has been evaluated. The<br />
World Conservation Union Red List criteria endorsed in<br />
1994 were found to be inappropriate as the decision rules<br />
are based on quantitative threshholds <strong>of</strong> population size,<br />
distributional ranges, rates <strong>of</strong> decline and extinction risk.<br />
For most <strong>of</strong> the past 70 years there has been no taxonomic<br />
mycologist working on the Agaricales, Boletales,<br />
Cantharellales, Lycoperdales, Phallales or Russulales <strong>of</strong><br />
South Australia. Therefore few quantitative data were<br />
available. We adopted a modified version <strong>of</strong> the system<br />
used to prepare the list <strong>of</strong> Rare or Threatened Australian<br />
Plants (ROTAP). In the ROTAP system threat is<br />
qualitatively assessed according to available expert<br />
knowledge. Species known only from the holotype,<br />
lectotype or neotype collection constitute 22% <strong>of</strong> the taxa<br />
studied. Ectomycorrhizal fungi comprise 35% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora studied. Fifty-six species (13%) have been<br />
introduced from overseas. Of these 19 taxa are<br />
ectomycorrhizal with exotic trees. More than half <strong>of</strong> the<br />
taxa (57%) was described from a collection from South<br />
Australia. However, only 34% <strong>of</strong> the taxa are known from<br />
conservation reserves in South Australia. A remarkable<br />
26% <strong>of</strong> the total taxa studied are known from one small<br />
national park <strong>of</strong> 840 ha close to Adelaide. The importance<br />
<strong>of</strong> specimen based collections rather than observational<br />
surveys cannot be over emphasised.<br />
583 - Host determinants <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal colonization<br />
and functioning in maize (Zea maize L.)<br />
C. Singh 1* , A.K Sharma 2 & B.N Johri 3<br />
1 M.B.G.E., G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttranchal,<br />
India. - 2 Directorate <strong>of</strong> Experiment station, G.B.P.U.A&T,<br />
Pantnagar, 263145 Uttranchal, India. - 3 Microbiology,<br />
G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar, 263145 Uttranchal, India. - Email:<br />
charusing2@rediffmail.com<br />
Enzymes related to metabolism <strong>of</strong> AM fungi i.e. alkaline<br />
phosphatase, acid phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase<br />
and host defence mechanism i.e. peroxidase were measured<br />
in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots <strong>of</strong> four maize<br />
genotypes namely HIM 29, VL 90, VL16 and CM129<br />
differing in mycorrhizal responsiveness. There was<br />
remarkable enhancement in Enzymes related to metabolism<br />
<strong>of</strong> AM fungi i.e. alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase<br />
and malate dehydrogenase and host defence mechanism i.e.<br />
peroxidase were measured in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> four maize genotypes namely HIM 29,<br />
VL 90, VL16 and CM129 differing in mycorrhizal<br />
responsiveness. There was remarkable enhancement in the<br />
level <strong>of</strong> enzymes related to mycorrhizal functioning in<br />
genotype VL 90 and HIM 129 while VL 16 and CM 129<br />
did not respond as well in spite <strong>of</strong> considerable mycorrhizal<br />
colonization. The levels <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal colonization as<br />
judged by arbuscular, vesicular to arbuscular senescence.<br />
584 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
(AMF) in different agroclimatic regions <strong>of</strong> India<br />
R. Singh * & A. Adholeya<br />
Centre for Mycorrhizal Research,Tata Energy Research<br />
Institute, Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003,<br />
India. - E-mail: reenas@teri.res.in<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (the symbiotic soil fungi<br />
forming association with plant roots) are an important<br />
component <strong>of</strong> biodiversity as about 80% <strong>of</strong> the world's<br />
plants are associated with AM fungi. India is a land <strong>of</strong><br />
many climates and varieties <strong>of</strong> soils affording scope for<br />
much diversity. The diversity <strong>of</strong> AMF was studied in 10<br />
different wheat growing regions <strong>of</strong> India as wheat is the<br />
second important food crop <strong>of</strong> India. This study would then<br />
help in exploiting the potential <strong>of</strong> these fungi in sustainable<br />
agriculture, particularly in wheat. The rhizosphere soil<br />
samples were collected from wheat fields. The mycorrhizal<br />
and soil parameters were analyzed and the trap cultures<br />
were raised from the collected samples for their further<br />
multiplication. The mycorrhizal parameters analysed<br />
include: total AMF spore count, species diversity <strong>of</strong> AMF,<br />
dominant AMF species, percent AMF colonization inside<br />
the roots and the infectivity potential <strong>of</strong> the AMF isolate.<br />
The soil parameters include analysis <strong>of</strong> pH, electrical<br />
conductivity, % total nitrogen, available phosphorus and<br />
available potassium. The spore count, root colonization,<br />
species diversity, dominant species and inoculum potential<br />
<strong>of</strong> AM fungi were found to vary with the agroclimatic<br />
region as well as the soil nutrient conditions. The number<br />
<strong>of</strong> species in a given region ranged from 1-20.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 177
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
585 - Long term decomposition studies <strong>of</strong> wooden test<br />
blocks at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand<br />
S. Sivichai * , N. Boonyeun, N.L. Hywel-Jones & E.B.G.<br />
Jones<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin Rd..<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand.<br />
In a survey <strong>of</strong> wood decay, 4 woods (Dipterocarpus alatus,<br />
Xylia dolabriformis, Alstonia scholaris and Anisoptera<br />
oblonga) were immersed in two streams: Tad Tha Phu<br />
flows year-round; km29 is ephemeral. These were<br />
recovered each month over 1 year. 236 spp. <strong>of</strong> fungi were<br />
found. Importantly, after 1 year decomposition had barely<br />
begun. Using the same sites the work was extended to<br />
examine other woods and to allow for recovery <strong>of</strong> up to 10<br />
yr. Work after 1 yr allows direct comparison with the<br />
preliminary study. 5 spp. were used: Buchanania latifolia,<br />
Mangifera caloneura, Sindora siamensis, Stereospermum<br />
neuranthum and Tectona grandis. Buchanania and Tectona<br />
supported the highest diversity (20+ spp.) while Mangifera<br />
and Sindora had
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
alpine lichen heath, moist and dry screes. The dominant<br />
species occurring in most soils were: Pseudogymnoascus<br />
roseus and its anamorph, Mortierella parvispora,<br />
Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum, Mucor<br />
hiemalis, Tolypocladium inflatum, Penicillium<br />
simplicissimum, and Fusarium sambucinum.<br />
Correspondence analysis showed that alpine fens and<br />
Rhododendron bushes had the most distinctive micr<strong>of</strong>ungal<br />
communities. The latter communities somewhat resembled<br />
those <strong>of</strong> podzolic soils under boreal forests. Some<br />
taxonomically interesting isolates were obtained. A taxon<br />
that was rather frequent in alpine fen soils was<br />
provisionally identified as Leptodontidium sp. Two groups<br />
<strong>of</strong> isolates differed slightly morphologically from one<br />
another. A detailed study including sequencing <strong>of</strong> ITS and<br />
18S regions revealed that these fungi are rather unrelated to<br />
the type <strong>of</strong> the genus Leptodontidium but close to the<br />
teleomorph genus Pseudeurotium. Observation <strong>of</strong><br />
conidiogenous structures <strong>of</strong> Pseudeurotium confirmed this<br />
affinity. A similar strain, CBS 326.81, had been isolated<br />
from potato meal factory sewage water in the Netherlands.<br />
Partial sexual reaction with infertile cleistothecia was<br />
observed between one Caucasian strain and CBS 326.81.<br />
589 - A preliminary investigation on coprophilous fungi<br />
in Northeastern Thailand<br />
S. Somrithipol & N.L. Hywel-Jones *<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin RD.,<br />
Khlong1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: nigelhj@biotec.or.th<br />
Coprophilous fungi are associated with herbivore dung,<br />
playing an important role in recycling <strong>of</strong> nutrients in<br />
animal faeces. This group is a source <strong>of</strong> biocontrol agents,<br />
enzymes, antibiotics, etc. Surveys were made in Khao Yai<br />
National Park and areas in northeastern Thailand between<br />
May, 2001 and April, 2002. Over 150 isolates were made<br />
from 85 dung samples <strong>of</strong> sambar deer (Cervus unicolor),<br />
barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Asian elephant (Elephas<br />
maximus) and cattle. Of these, 52% were Ascomycetes and<br />
10% their anamorphs. Basidiomycetes made up a second<br />
group with 25% <strong>of</strong> isolates while Zygomycetes accounted<br />
for only 12%. 14 genera were recognized with<br />
Ascomycetes accounting for 10 <strong>of</strong> these. The common<br />
genera were Podospora, Coprinus and Pilobolus which<br />
accounted for 54% <strong>of</strong> collections: most were successfully<br />
isolated. A succession was demonstrated. Pilobolus<br />
appeared after 3 days incubation, followed by the<br />
apothecial-forming ascomycetes such as Ascobolus and<br />
Saccobolus from 4-7 days. Perithecia <strong>of</strong> pyrenomycetes<br />
e.g. Delitschia, Podospora and Sporormia appeared from<br />
7-14 days and were <strong>of</strong>ten associated with basidiocarps <strong>of</strong><br />
Coprinus. These genera continued to fruit for a further 3<br />
wks. Mitosporic fungi appeared late in the succession.<br />
Notable species were: Coprinus, Delitschia pachylospora,<br />
Pilobolus, Podospora communis, Poronia gigantia,<br />
Saccobolus citrinus, S. thaxteri, and Zygospermella.<br />
590 - Detection <strong>of</strong> fossil fungi in Cretaceous amber from<br />
Álava Northern Spain by different microscopy<br />
techniques<br />
M. Speranza 1 , M.J. Martínez 1 , A.T. Martínez 1 , J.<br />
Wierzchos 2 , J. Alonso 3* & C. Ascaso 4<br />
1 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez<br />
144, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. - 2 Servicio Micrópia<br />
Electònica, Universita de LLeida, E-25198, Spain. -<br />
3 Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Siervas de Jesús 24 E-<br />
01001 Vitoria, Alava, Spain. - 4 Centro de Ciencias<br />
Medioambientales, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006<br />
Madrid, Spain.<br />
Amber deposits dated from the Lower Cretaceous period<br />
were recently found at Álava, Northern Spain, being one <strong>of</strong><br />
the more highly fossiliferous resin deposits. Although some<br />
reports on the characterization <strong>of</strong> fossil fungi exists, very<br />
few is known about their relationships with other fossil<br />
microorganisms. In this work we reported the use <strong>of</strong><br />
different microscopy techniques to obtain simultaneously<br />
structural, ultrastructural and analytical information about<br />
the entire amber microscenosis and their individual<br />
components. A very well preserved microcenosis, which<br />
corresponds to a semiaquatic habitat, including different<br />
types <strong>of</strong> protozoas, microalgae and fungi was present in<br />
this amber. By scanning electron microscopy using<br />
secondary electron (SEM-SE) and backscattered secondary<br />
electron detectors (SEM-BSE), we found an abundant<br />
mycelium <strong>of</strong> hyaline and coenocytic hyphae in close<br />
association with numerous zo<strong>of</strong>lagellates (probably fungal<br />
feeders). The elemental distribution spectroscopy<br />
microanalysis during SEM-BSE revealed Fe in the hyphae<br />
suggesting the nature <strong>of</strong> mineralization process. Using light<br />
and confocal laser scanning microscopy a basidiomycete<br />
mycelium with numerous clamp connections, crystals and<br />
encrusted cystidia like structures was detected in the amber<br />
outside section. Other hyphae, gametangia or sporangia<br />
like fungal structures and spores were abundant in this<br />
amber sample. Current work attempts to compare these<br />
fungi with extant and modern genera.<br />
591 - A preliminary survey <strong>of</strong> lichen fungi from<br />
Thailand<br />
V. Sri-indrasutdhi, S. Sivichai * & N.L. Hywel-Jones<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin RD.,<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: sivichai@biotec.or.th<br />
The first published records <strong>of</strong> fungi from Thailand were<br />
lichens from Ko Chang Island at the turn <strong>of</strong> the last<br />
Century. They were neglected for the next 90 yr. However,<br />
the last 10 yr has seen increasing interest in Thai lichen<br />
fungi. Importantly, these are now being isolated and made<br />
available for further research. A lichen collection/isolation<br />
programme has been in place at BIOTEC for 2 yr. Natural<br />
forest was surveyed every 2 months. Forest was selected to<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 179
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
provide a range <strong>of</strong> micro-habitats and plant communities.<br />
Since October 2000, lichens were collected from 13<br />
National Parks in Thailand. These sites were from the far<br />
south (Hala Bala at sea level) to the far north (Doi Inthanon<br />
at 2,565 metres above sea level). These collections yielded<br />
1116 samples classified into crustose 80%, foliose 14%,<br />
fruticose 1%, others 2% and unidentified 3%. These have<br />
been identified to 2 orders including 14 families, 32 genera<br />
and over 150 species. Common genera <strong>of</strong> crustose lichens<br />
were Graphis, Haematomma, Laurera and Lecanora.<br />
Foliose genera included Heterodermia, Parmotrema and<br />
Phyllopsora. Cladonia and Usnea were common examples<br />
<strong>of</strong> fruticose genera. Canoparmelia and Hypotrachyna were<br />
notable rarities <strong>of</strong> foliose lichen. Isolations were made from<br />
ascospores by direct streaking <strong>of</strong> spores and spore<br />
discharge.<br />
592 - Lignin degrading enzymes <strong>of</strong> Xylariacious fungi in<br />
Thailand<br />
P. Srikitikulchai * & E.B.G. Jones<br />
BIOTEC-Fermentation Laboratory, National Center for<br />
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science<br />
and Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin<br />
RD., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120,<br />
Thailand. - E-mail: prasert@biotec.or.th<br />
Thailand supports a rich diversity <strong>of</strong> xylariaceous<br />
ascomycetes, with most occurring on wood, although a<br />
number have been found on leaves, elephant dung, fruits<br />
and seeds, while others have been shown to be endophytes<br />
<strong>of</strong> forest trees (Thienhirun, 1997; Whalley et al. 1995).<br />
Nineteen genera in the Xylariaceae have been documented<br />
for Thailand with a total <strong>of</strong> 91 species. However, some 15<br />
Hypoxylon and 30 Xylaria species await description<br />
(Thienhirun, 1997). Members <strong>of</strong> the Xylariales are active<br />
degraders <strong>of</strong> timber in nature and have been shown to<br />
cause s<strong>of</strong>t rot and white rot attack <strong>of</strong> wood. However, little<br />
is known about the enzymes they produce. We have<br />
screened 51 strains <strong>of</strong> xylariaceous fungi over the past 2<br />
years for their lignin degrading enzymes. For this study we<br />
have used Poly R-478, ABTS and azure-B medium to<br />
screen for general lignin degrading enzymes, laccase and<br />
peroxidase activity, respectively. Ninety four percent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
isolates gave positive results for laccase, 21% positive for<br />
peroxidases, while 43% decolourized the dye Poly-R 478.<br />
593 - Fungal diversity on woody substrates in<br />
Scandinavia<br />
J.N. Stokland 1* & A. Dahlberg 2<br />
1 Norwegian institute <strong>of</strong> land inventory, P.O.Box 115, 1430<br />
Ås, Norway. - 2 Swedish Species Information Centre,<br />
P.O.Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
jns@nijos.no<br />
180<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Species diversity patterns have been derived from speciesspecific<br />
information <strong>of</strong> more than 1500 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Ascomycetes, Heterobasidiomycetes and Basidiomycetes.<br />
Several functional associations to woody debris were<br />
defined, including primary parasite, primary saprotroph,<br />
secondary myco-parasite, secondary myco-saprotroph, and<br />
mycorrhiza species (using wood for sporocarp production).<br />
Most species are probably primary saprotrophs, but all<br />
functional associations are represented. Most species are<br />
associated to either coniferous (40%) or hardwood hosts<br />
(40%), but many are host generalists (20%). Most<br />
taxonomic groups exhibit this pattern, but at least the<br />
Ascomycetes show an elevated species richness on<br />
hardwood hosts. The degree <strong>of</strong> decomposition <strong>of</strong> the wood<br />
is important and four patterns were found: early decay<br />
preference (less than 10%), medium decay preference<br />
(50%), late decay preference (15%) and no decay<br />
preference (25%). These proportions varied across<br />
taxonomic groups. The dimension <strong>of</strong> woody substrates is a<br />
third factor that many fungi respond to. One group prefer<br />
small dimensions (twigs and thin stems) and another is<br />
strongly associated to trunks <strong>of</strong> large dimensions, but the<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> the species (60%) show no strong dimension<br />
preference. There are additional factors that woodinhabiting<br />
fungi respond to like sun exposure/shade, part <strong>of</strong><br />
the tree and standing/lying. For these factors there are<br />
major knowledge gaps that prevent compilation <strong>of</strong> diversity<br />
patterns.<br />
594 - Lichenicolous fungi in Estonia<br />
A. Suija<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany and Ecology, University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, 38 Lai<br />
Str., Tartu, 51005, Estonia. - E-mail: avesuija@ut.ee<br />
The history <strong>of</strong> floristical investigation <strong>of</strong> lichen-habiting<br />
fungi in Estonia is short. Until the 1990s, only two<br />
lichenicolous fungi (Athelia arachnoidea and Rimularia<br />
insularis) were known from Estonia. During the last five<br />
years, 69 species from 47 genera <strong>of</strong> these fungi have been<br />
registered from Estonia. Most <strong>of</strong> the lichenicolous species<br />
are ascomycetes (45 species); fewer are deuteromycetes<br />
(23) and basidiomycetes (7). The most species-rich genera<br />
are Abrothallus (5 species), Licheniconium (4), Muellerella<br />
(3), Stigmidium (4) and Tremella (4). Most species are<br />
categorized as very rare i.e. known from one or two<br />
localities in Estonia. Still, there are some exceptions. The<br />
distribution area <strong>of</strong> the basidiomycete Athelia arachnoidea,<br />
an aggressive parasite <strong>of</strong> different protococcoid algae and<br />
lichens, has extended since the 1940s. Since the 1990s, this<br />
species is especially widespread in towns, roadsides etc.<br />
The deuteromycete Vouauxiella lichenicola, a parasite <strong>of</strong><br />
Lecanora chlarotera and allied taxa, was reported as very<br />
rare in 1999. However, the species is now found in about<br />
30 places and its distribution partially coincides with the<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> Lecanora chlarotera.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
595 - Interesting ascomycetes on Juncaceae and<br />
Apiaceae collected in the Czech Republic<br />
M. Suková<br />
National Museum, <strong>Mycological</strong> Department, Václavské<br />
nám. 68, 11579 Praha 1, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
marketa.sukova@nm.cz<br />
Saprotrophic ascomycetes and mitosporic fungi on<br />
Juncaceae and Apiaceae in the Czech Republic were<br />
collected and studied during the years 1997-2001. Eightyfive<br />
species belonging to 56 genera were found. Fifteen <strong>of</strong><br />
these species are reported from the Czech Republic for the<br />
first time. They include representatives <strong>of</strong> Helotiales<br />
(Hysteropezizella diminuens, Mollisia fusco-paraphysata,<br />
Naeviopsis carneola, Scutomollisia stenospora),<br />
Pleosporales (Lophiotrema grandispora, Nodulosphaeria<br />
mathieui, N. spectabilis), Mycosphaerellales<br />
(Mycosphaerella hypostomatica), and mitosporic fungi<br />
(Arthrinium cuspidatum, Chalara urceolata, Coremiella<br />
cubispora, Dendryphiella vinosa, Phragmocephala<br />
prolifera, Pyricularia juncicola, Stachybotrys<br />
cylindrospora). The most interesting species are discussed<br />
and illustrated.<br />
596 - NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), a<br />
newly established biological resource center in Japan<br />
K. Suzuki & S. Iwamoto *<br />
NITE Biological Resource Center, National Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Technology and Evaluation, 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari,<br />
Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0812, Japan. - E-mail: iwamotosusumu@meti.go.jp<br />
According to the report <strong>of</strong> OECD, biological resource<br />
centers (BRCs) are an essential part <strong>of</strong> the infrastructure<br />
underpinning life sciences and biotechnology. NITE, a<br />
non-pr<strong>of</strong>it institute under Ministry <strong>of</strong> Economy, Trade and<br />
Industry, has established a new biological resource center,<br />
NBRC with the following concept: NBRC is to preserve<br />
and supply the cultures <strong>of</strong> reference microorganisms<br />
including fungi, yeasts, bacteria and archaea as an essential<br />
function <strong>of</strong> a culture collection. NBRC isolates,<br />
characterizes and develops the original biological resources<br />
for its own collection. In addition, NBRC also provides<br />
DNA and clones based on the genomic sciences. To access<br />
the appropriate resources, NBRC develops advanced<br />
databases containing application data and taxonomic data.<br />
As the so-called intelligent administration, NBRC have to<br />
take care <strong>of</strong> the ownership <strong>of</strong> the biological resources to<br />
encourage the deposit <strong>of</strong> valuable resources. Convention<br />
for Biological Diversity should be considered when<br />
biological resources are transferred between countries.<br />
Based on these, NBRC intensively make international<br />
cooperative studies with the resource countries especially<br />
in the South East Asia to produce benefits for both sides.<br />
597 - Taxonomical investigations <strong>of</strong> Hungarian<br />
protected fungi<br />
Gy. Szedlay 1* & I. Siller 2<br />
1 Eötvös University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Anatomy, 1117<br />
Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, Hungary. - 2 Szent István<br />
University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, 1074 Budapest, Rottenbiller u.<br />
50., Hungary. - E-mail: szedlay@ludens.elte.hu<br />
In the last decades fungal taxonomy has undergone<br />
enormous change. The traditionally used morphological<br />
description <strong>of</strong> species has been completed with molecular<br />
and interfertility results. We examined phylogenetic<br />
relationships <strong>of</strong> the holotypes <strong>of</strong> fungi described in<br />
Hungary using morphological and molecular methods<br />
(DNA sequencing). Species <strong>of</strong> Agaricus, Leucoagaricus,<br />
Macrolepiota, Lepista and Cortinarius genera were<br />
investigated. In some cases our results confirmed, in others<br />
questioned the isolation <strong>of</strong> the examined species from their<br />
near relatives.<br />
598 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> fungi on wild fruits in Hong Kong<br />
A.M.C. Tang<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong, 2N-16 Kadoorie Biological<br />
Science Building, The University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong, Pokfulam<br />
Road, Hong Kong, China. - E-mail: alvtang@hkem.com<br />
The postharvest diseases <strong>of</strong> cultivated fruits have been well<br />
studied, however, there have been few surveys <strong>of</strong> the<br />
diseases <strong>of</strong> wild fruits. Small fleshy fruits are <strong>of</strong> special<br />
interest due to the potentially conflicting relationship with<br />
frugivorous birds and microbes. The fruits need to attract<br />
dispersers after ripening but repel microbes. In the current<br />
survey, 15 species <strong>of</strong> wild fruits were examined from the<br />
mature stage to the senescent stage for visible symptoms<br />
and signs <strong>of</strong> diseases in the field and after incubation. Half<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fruit samples were also surface-sterilized to<br />
eliminate surface fungi. A total <strong>of</strong> 104 fungal taxa have<br />
been isolated so far, including 21 ascomycetes, 57<br />
coelomycetes and 24 hyphomycete. The most common<br />
ascomycete genera were Gaeumannomyces, Guignardia<br />
and Massarina spp. and the most common mitosporic<br />
genera were Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Penicillium,<br />
Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, and Phomopsis spp.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 181
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
599 - Species <strong>of</strong> Cordyceps attacking Hymenoptera in<br />
Thailand<br />
K. Tasanatai & N.L. Hywel-Jones *<br />
BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for Genetic<br />
Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and<br />
Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin RD.,<br />
Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. -<br />
E-mail: nigelhj@biotec.or.th<br />
In Thailand 88 Cordyceps spp. are known: Coleoptera (15<br />
spp.) and Lepidoptera (28 spp.) hosts dominate with 9 spp.<br />
from Hymenoptera. 3 spp. (C. sphecocephala, C. humberti<br />
and Cordyceps sp.) are <strong>of</strong>f wasps and 6 <strong>of</strong>f ants. Of these 6,<br />
4 are named - C. irangiensis, C. myrmecophila, C.<br />
pseudolloydii and C. unilateralis. 5 spp. have Hymenostilbe<br />
anamorphs; 4 Hirsutella. In contrast to coleopteran and<br />
lepidopteran Cordyceps, those <strong>of</strong>f Hymenoptera are hard to<br />
isolate. Usually, Hirsutella are isolated easily while<br />
Hymenostilbe is considered problematic. With<br />
hymenopteran Cordyceps the converse holds. The<br />
anamorph <strong>of</strong> C. unilateralis is H. formicarum: the most<br />
common Hirsutella in natural forest in Thailand, it was<br />
isolated once during a 10 yr period. A programme to isolate<br />
this species has produced 3 more isolates. Conditions<br />
needed to induce a vegetative colony from ascospores are<br />
under investigation. However, for suborder<br />
Ophiocordyceps evidence suggests that ascospores act as<br />
carrier vehicles - the role being to produce spores that<br />
germinate to form vegetative colonies. Hymenopteran<br />
Cordyceps with Hymenostilbe anamorphs are assigned to<br />
suborder Neocordyceps. Molecular work (with limited<br />
species) shows evidence <strong>of</strong> long-branch attractions.<br />
Circumstantial evidence suggests a link between the<br />
hymenopteran Cordyceps with Ophiocordyceps appearing<br />
ancestral to Neocordyceps.<br />
600 - A preliminary study <strong>of</strong> the prevalence <strong>of</strong><br />
endophytes in leaves and seed pods <strong>of</strong> Colophospermum<br />
mopane (Leguminosae) in Botswana<br />
J.E. Taylor 1* , B.W. Bojosi 1 & A. Jordaan 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Botswana, UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. - 2 Electron<br />
Microscope Unit, Department <strong>of</strong> Physics, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Botswana, UB 0022, Gaborone, Botswana. - E-mail:<br />
taylor@mopipi.ub.bw<br />
Colophospermum mopane (Mopane) is a deciduous tree or<br />
multi-stemmed shrub dominating the vegetative structure<br />
in parts <strong>of</strong> Southern Africa. It is browsed by wildlife and is<br />
utilised by local people for domestic animal fodder and<br />
firewood. Mopane is the primary host plant <strong>of</strong> the 'mopane<br />
worm', the caterpillar state <strong>of</strong> Imbrasia belina which is<br />
harvested by local people and forms an important source <strong>of</strong><br />
protein in their diet and provides income. No previous<br />
studies have been carried out on the fungi associated with<br />
this regionally important tree. Young (s<strong>of</strong>t green), mature<br />
182<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
(leathery green), senescent (leathery yellow) and dead<br />
(brittle yellow-brown) leaves, and mature seed pods, were<br />
collected directly from selected trees. Tissue samples were<br />
dissected from the leaves and pods after surface<br />
sterilisation. The endophyte assemblage was dominated by<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Alternaria and Phoma, and to a lesser extent<br />
Phomopsis. The members <strong>of</strong> the assemblage remained in<br />
similar proportions in different aged leaves, but increased<br />
in frequency with increasing leaf age. Alternaria spp. were<br />
proportionally less common in petiole than lamina tissue.<br />
TEM studies on seed pods, which yielded endophytes,<br />
were carried out to investigate the role <strong>of</strong> the endophytes in<br />
degradation <strong>of</strong> lignified parts <strong>of</strong> the pericarp.<br />
Lignocellulolytic enzyme production by the endophytes<br />
was assessed with qualitative assays.<br />
601 - A preliminary report on a moss pathogenic<br />
heterothallic Pythium sp. from Spitsbergen Island,<br />
Svalbard<br />
M. Tojo 1* , H. Fujii 1 , T. Hoshino 2 , H. Kanda 3 , M.L.<br />
Herrero 4 , S.S. Klemsdal 4 , A.M. Tronsmo 4 & S.T. Ohki 1<br />
1 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Biological Sciences,<br />
Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka<br />
599-8531, Japan. - 2 National Institute <strong>of</strong> Advanced<br />
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Toyohira-ku,<br />
Sapporo 062-8517, Japan. - 3 National Institute <strong>of</strong> Polar<br />
Research, Itabashi-ku, Kaga, Tokyo 173-8515, Japan. -<br />
4 Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Fellesbygget, N-1432<br />
Aas, Norway. - E-mail: tojo@plant.osakafu-u.ac.jp<br />
In the course <strong>of</strong> studies on moss pathogenic fungi in arctic<br />
zone, compatible isolates <strong>of</strong> heterothallic Pythium sp. were<br />
frequently isolated from dying moss (Sanionia uncinata) in<br />
Ny-Ålesund (79°N, 12°E), Spitsbergen Island, Svalbard.<br />
The fungus caused discoloration <strong>of</strong> the moss after artificial<br />
inoculation at 0.5 and 10 °C. Morphological analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
isolates showed the following features. The main hyphae<br />
were up to 6 µm wide. Oogonia were mostly terminal,<br />
globose, smooth-walled, 18-30 µm in diameter. Antheridia<br />
were terminal, 1 to 5 per oogonium, sac-like and diclinous.<br />
Oospores were single, aplerotic, rarely plerotic, globose,<br />
16-26 µm in diameter. The thickness <strong>of</strong> the oospore wall<br />
was up to 1 µm. Sporangia were globose, mostly terminal,<br />
occasionally intercalary. Diameter <strong>of</strong> encysted zoospores<br />
ranged from 10-11 µm. Optimal growth <strong>of</strong> mycelia<br />
occurred at 25 °C, the minimum temperature for the growth<br />
was 0.5 °C, and maximum was 28 °C. The rDNA internal<br />
transcribed spacer sequences <strong>of</strong> the isolates were different<br />
to those <strong>of</strong> Pythium spp. in the GenBank database. The<br />
results suggested that a new heterothallic Pythium sp.<br />
caused the discoloration <strong>of</strong> moss occurred on Spitsbergen<br />
Island, Svalbard.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
602 - Distribution <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in the forest in Taiwan<br />
J.S.M. Tschen, I.C. Ho, H.S. Hsu & E.F.T. Tschen *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, National Chung Hsing University,<br />
250 Kuokang Road, 402 Taichung, Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
smtschen@mail.nchu.edu.tw<br />
The distribution <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi at the long-term ecological<br />
research site in the Guandaushi forest in the middle Taiwan<br />
was ecologically studied. Several experimental plots were<br />
set up for the study. The important macr<strong>of</strong>ungi genera were<br />
Mycena, Marasmius, Xylobolus, Trametes, Russula,<br />
Coriolus, Lactarius, Amanita and Stereum. Most <strong>of</strong> these<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi occurred in July during the summer period. A<br />
lesser amount <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi grew in March during the<br />
winter period. Mycena and Marasmius were the common<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi that occurred both in summer and winter. The<br />
Russula, Coriolus, Lactarius, Amanita, Armillaria,<br />
Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Microsporus and Rhodophyllus<br />
species were present in the summer period. Xylobolus,<br />
Trametes, Stereum and Peniophora fungi were found in the<br />
winter. The macr<strong>of</strong>ungi distribution in the experimental<br />
plots varied. The occurrence and diversity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi depended upon the type <strong>of</strong> predominant<br />
vegetation. The plants favorable to macr<strong>of</strong>ungi were<br />
Blastus cochinchinesis, Cinnamomum randaiense, Helicia<br />
rengetiensis, Syzygium buxifolium, Engelhardtia<br />
roxburghiana, Smilax china, Cunninghamia lanceolata,<br />
Nephrolepis ariculata and Plagiogyria dunnii. The<br />
unfavorable plants to fungi were Illicium arborescens and<br />
Diplopterygium chinensis.<br />
603 - South African National Collection <strong>of</strong> Fungi:<br />
collections and services<br />
E.J. van der Linde, O.M. O'Brien, I.H. Rong * & C. Roux<br />
ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag<br />
X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.<br />
The National Collection <strong>of</strong> Fungi <strong>of</strong> South Africa is<br />
internationally accredited and affiliated at the World<br />
Federation <strong>of</strong> Culture Collections as PPRI (for the living<br />
culture collection) and PREM (for dried reference<br />
material). Both collections contain important type material<br />
and researchers are encouraged to deposit reference<br />
material in these collections to ensure the expansion <strong>of</strong> this<br />
invaluable national asset to the benefit <strong>of</strong> the scientific<br />
community. The types contained in PREM are integrated<br />
onto a database. The rest <strong>of</strong> the almost 57 000 specimens<br />
will shortly be incorporated as well. The list <strong>of</strong> types is<br />
available electronically. The specimens are available on<br />
loan for a period <strong>of</strong> six months to researchers nationally<br />
and internationally. About 4500 specimens are contained in<br />
the PPRI collection. This list is also available<br />
electronically. Both collections are managed by the staff <strong>of</strong><br />
the Mycology unit <strong>of</strong> the Plant Protection Research<br />
Institute (ARC-PPRI), an institute <strong>of</strong> the Agricultural<br />
Research Council. Apart from managing the above<br />
mentioned collections, the unit also provides the following<br />
services: processing <strong>of</strong> infected material, isolation and<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> fungi, fungal analyses including testing <strong>of</strong><br />
efficacy <strong>of</strong> fungicides, provision <strong>of</strong> biological information,<br />
as well as presentation <strong>of</strong> mycological courses such as<br />
basic laboratory techniques and taxonomy <strong>of</strong> major groups.<br />
604 - Biodiversity <strong>of</strong> fungi on reed (Phragmites<br />
australis)<br />
G. Van Ryckegem * & A. Verbeken<br />
Ghent University, Dpt. Biology, Group Mycology, K.L.<br />
Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
Gunther.vanryckegem@rug.ac.be<br />
Reed is a dominant emergent macrophyte in many wetland<br />
ecosystems all over the world. Fungal communities<br />
associated with this high productive grass are demonstrated<br />
to be taxonomically diverse. A field survey in Belgium<br />
(mainly Schelde estuary) <strong>of</strong> Fungi occurring on reed during<br />
growth and decomposition results in about 230 taxa <strong>of</strong><br />
which 40% Ascomycetes, 10% Basidiomycetes, 30%<br />
Coelomycetes and 20% Hyphomycetes. 1 Basidiomycete<br />
represents a new species, about 13 species (14%) <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ascomycetes are undescribed; in the Mitosporic Fungi this<br />
proportion is probably even higher. A compilation <strong>of</strong> our<br />
research and world literature available on phragmiticole<br />
Fungi leads to the hypothesis that the total number <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
occurring on reed will exceed 650 species. This poster<br />
presents results which will be published in a paper on<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> fungi on reed. This biodiversity study is part<br />
<strong>of</strong> a broader ecological study concerning succession <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal species and a monitoring <strong>of</strong> ergosterolconcentration<br />
(fungal biomass measure) during decomposition.<br />
605 - Towards a Mediterranean check-list <strong>of</strong> fungi:<br />
macromycetes from beech woods <strong>of</strong> Sicily and Greece<br />
G. Venturella 1* , D.M. Dimou 2 , A. Saitta 1 , E. Polemis 3 &<br />
G.I. Zervakis 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Palermo, Via<br />
Archirafi 38, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. - 2 Agricultural<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Athens, Laboratory <strong>of</strong> gricultural<br />
Microbiology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece. -<br />
3 National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Kalamata, Lakonikis 85, 24100 Kalamata, Greece. - Email:<br />
gvent@unipa.it<br />
The importance to increase the knowledge on<br />
macromycetes diversity in southern Europe has been<br />
repeatedly stressed by the OPTIMA (Organization for the<br />
Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation in the Mediterranean Area)<br />
Commission on Fungi, which considers the check-list <strong>of</strong><br />
Mediterranean fungi as its main goal for the near future. In<br />
recent times, in Sicily (South Italy) and Greece many<br />
investigations on fungal diversity and distribution were<br />
carried out. According to recent literature data, 1248 and<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 183
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
1300 species <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi have been recorded in Sicily<br />
and Greece respectively. As regards beech woods in<br />
particular, 402 taxa are reported from Sicily (which<br />
account to 35% <strong>of</strong> the total number <strong>of</strong> fungi recorded from<br />
Italian beech woods), whereas an equivalent number <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi (i.e. 405 taxa) were found to occur in beech woods <strong>of</strong><br />
Greece. In addition, the two investigated areas presented<br />
137 taxa in common. Among the most representative<br />
genera, Amanita, Boletus, Russula and Tricholoma are<br />
prevalent in Sicily, whereas Cortinarius and the corticioid<br />
fungi are quantitatively more represented in Greece.<br />
Noteworthy is the occurrence <strong>of</strong> species strictly linked to<br />
the thermophilous beech woods such as B. fragrans and B.<br />
satanas (only in Sicily), and B. aereus, B. radicans (in both<br />
areas examined).<br />
606 - Biodiversity and distribution <strong>of</strong> aeroaquatic fungi<br />
H. Voglmayr<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. -<br />
E-mail: hermann.voglmayr@univie.ac.at<br />
Aeroaquatic fungi are an ecological group <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
inhabiting shallow stagnant to slow-flowing freshwater<br />
bodies. They grow on submerged plant litter and <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
show pronounced ability to survive micro-aerobic<br />
conditions. However, their dispersal units are only<br />
produced if the substrate is exposed to the air; they consist<br />
<strong>of</strong> complicated, usually multicellular structures <strong>of</strong> an<br />
astonishing morphological diversity, which entrap air and<br />
are therefore well buoyant. Buoyancy is <strong>of</strong>ten enhanced by<br />
warts and hydrophobic encrustations. Dispersal takes place<br />
on the water surface. Up to data, about 90 aero-aquatic<br />
species are known world-wide. Most species have been<br />
recorded exclusively from temperate climates (more than<br />
75%), comparatively few from the tropics (less than 20%),<br />
and very few were found both in tropical and temperate<br />
habitats (about 5%). Many species have a wide geographic<br />
distribution. Recent investigations revealed many new taxa<br />
even in comparatively well-studied Europe, indicating that<br />
its biodiversity is very imperfectly known world-wide.<br />
Systematically, the aero-aquatic fungi comprise members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the oomycetes, basidiomycetes and ascomycetes;<br />
however, for the majority <strong>of</strong> species teleomorphs are<br />
unknown. Concluded from known teleomorph stages and<br />
DNA sequence data, the largest aeroaquatic genera<br />
Helicoon and Helicodendron are polyphyletic, which may<br />
be also true <strong>of</strong> other genera. This clearly demonstrates that<br />
the aeroaquatic lifestyle evolved many times<br />
independently.<br />
184<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
607 - Utilisation <strong>of</strong> the population patterns and<br />
pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> soilborne and root-colonising fungi as<br />
bioindicators <strong>of</strong> soil health in agricultural soils<br />
N.W. Waipara<br />
HortResearch, Canterbury Research Centre, P.O.Box 51,<br />
Lincoln, New Zealand. - E-mail:<br />
nwaipara@hortresearch.co.nz<br />
Biodiversity and population dynamics <strong>of</strong> microbes change<br />
due to anthropogenic soil disturbances such as different<br />
agricultural land management practices. <strong>Mycological</strong><br />
surveys, using several isolation methods, were undertaken<br />
to determine species diversity <strong>of</strong> soil and root-colonising<br />
fungi in pastoral, cropping, native grasslands and forest<br />
soils in New Zealand. Soilborne plant pathogenic species,<br />
such as Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., were<br />
frequently isolated during the surveys. Pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi was determined using axenically grown<br />
seedlings to provide an index whereby the relative<br />
pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> species could be compared between soil<br />
and land management types. Results indicated that more<br />
pathogenic species and strains were present in highly<br />
disturbed agricultural soils compared to relatively<br />
undisturbed native grassland forest and soils. These species<br />
and methods may have potential to be used as bioindicators<br />
<strong>of</strong> soil health and disease suppressiveness.<br />
608 - Ecology <strong>of</strong> rare species <strong>of</strong> Hericium in Britain<br />
P.M. Wald * & L. Boddy<br />
Cardiff Scool <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Park Place, PO Box 915,<br />
Cardiff CF10 3TL, U.K. - E-mail: paul_wald@hotmail.com<br />
The wood-decomposing species <strong>of</strong> Hericium are not<br />
common in Britain. Hericium erinaceus is protected under<br />
the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981), reported as being<br />
'vulnerable' in the British Red Data List, and is a UK<br />
Biodiversity Action Plan priority species. H. coralloides,<br />
H. cirrhatum and H. alpestre are all listed in the Red Data<br />
List as being 'vulnerable'. With the exception <strong>of</strong> H.<br />
alpestre, which is found decaying coniferous wood,<br />
Hericium spp. occupy the heart wood <strong>of</strong> deciduous trees<br />
and all species cause white rot. The ecology <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Hericium is little understood, thus we have<br />
examined their establishment following inoculation into<br />
felled logs and standing trees, how fungal community<br />
structure develops once these fungi have become<br />
established, and the outcome <strong>of</strong> interactions with other<br />
wood-rotting fungi. The work has revealed that it is<br />
relatively easy to establish these fungi by inoculation <strong>of</strong><br />
colonised dowels, they are quite combative against other<br />
basidiomycetes, and they fruit readily. Preliminary<br />
evidence, however, suggests that spore germination may be<br />
poor. Thus, mode <strong>of</strong> colonisation may be an important<br />
factor contributing to their apparent rarity. These studies<br />
should provide the information required to conserve extant
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
Hericium populations and make recommendations for their<br />
artificial reintroduction, if necessary.<br />
609 - Encapsulation cryopreservation <strong>of</strong> Serpula<br />
lacrymans and the development <strong>of</strong> methods to identify<br />
molecular damage<br />
N.A. White 1* , A. Ariza 1 , E.E. Benson 1 , M.J. Ryan 2 & A.<br />
Buddie 2<br />
1 SIMBIOS, University <strong>of</strong> Abertay, Kydd Building, Bell St.,<br />
Dundee, DD1 1HG, Scotland, U.K. - 2 CABI Bioscience,<br />
Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, England, U.K.<br />
- E-mail: mltnaw@aberaty.ac.uk<br />
We present a generic encapsulation-dehydration method<br />
for the successful cryopreservation <strong>of</strong> building and<br />
Himalayan woodland isolates <strong>of</strong> Serpula lacrymans and S.<br />
himantioides. Mycelial cores from actively growing<br />
cultures were encapsulated in alginate beads and pretreated<br />
for 72 h in a 0.75 M sucrose solution. Three<br />
desiccation methods were tested on the pre-treated beads: 4<br />
h in a flow <strong>of</strong> sterile air while cooling the beads on ice (c.<br />
19-26 °C), 4 h in a flow <strong>of</strong> sterile air without cooling the<br />
beads (c. 28-40 °C) and 18 h in a specially designed<br />
desiccator with silica gel (c. 22 °C). Desiccated beads were<br />
stored in liquid nitrogen for 30 min, then left to recover and<br />
the effect <strong>of</strong> treatment on the survival, lag phase, radial<br />
colony extension rate and morphology measured. A<br />
comparison <strong>of</strong> the different experimental methodologies<br />
employed clearly highlights the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> this approach<br />
to the operational parameters, in particular temperature.<br />
Results are described and compared for individuals <strong>of</strong><br />
different origin and in view <strong>of</strong> the known temperature<br />
sensitivities <strong>of</strong> Serpula species. The development <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular techniques such as ISSR-PCR to identify genetic<br />
damage accumulated during different storage and<br />
preservation treatments applied to S. lacrymans are<br />
described.<br />
610 - The biomarkers and fossils <strong>of</strong> cryptoendolithic<br />
Antarctic fungi and lichens<br />
J. Wierzchos 1 & C. Ascaso 2*<br />
1 Universitat de Lleida, Servei de Microscòpia Electrònica,<br />
c/ Rovira Roure 44, 25198 Lleida, Spain. - 2 Centro de<br />
Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115 dpdo.,<br />
28006 Madrid, Spain. - E-mail: ascaso@ccma.csic.es<br />
Lithobiontic microbial communities living within are an<br />
example <strong>of</strong> survival in an extremely cold and dry<br />
environment. Any unfavourable change in external<br />
conditions can result in the death and disappearance <strong>of</strong><br />
microbes, and this may be followed by the appearance <strong>of</strong><br />
trace biomarkers and/or their microbial fossils. The results<br />
reveal the presence <strong>of</strong> inorganic biomarkers in the form <strong>of</strong><br />
physicochemical bioweathering mineral patterns. The<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> Fe-hydroxide nanocrystals and biogenic clays<br />
around endolithic hyphae cells have been also observed.<br />
Others biomarkers, including deposits <strong>of</strong> calcium oxalates<br />
and silica accumulations, are clear signs <strong>of</strong> endolithic<br />
hyphae activity. The interior <strong>of</strong> the sandstone rocks reveal<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> microbial fossils <strong>of</strong> cryptoendolithic<br />
lichens. These microbial fossils, detected for the first time<br />
within Antarctic rocks, contain well preserved relics <strong>of</strong><br />
ultrastructural cytoplasm elements. Recognising internal<br />
cell structures within fossilised cells is proposed as a new<br />
criterion for defining the biogenicity <strong>of</strong> biomorphs. We<br />
suggest the use <strong>of</strong> SEM-BSE and EDS in situ<br />
microscopical and microanalytical investigation strategies,<br />
which make it possible to clearly determine inorganic<br />
traces <strong>of</strong> Antarctic endoliths. The implications <strong>of</strong> our<br />
findings are potentially significant for astrobiology because<br />
Antarctic cold and dry ecosystem are considered a<br />
terrestrial analogue for possible life on early Mars.<br />
611 - Study on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> inoperculate<br />
discomycetes in Yamingshan, Taiwan<br />
M.L. Wu<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Natural Science Education, Taipei Municipal<br />
Teachers' College, No. 1, Ai-Kuo West Rd. Taipei, Taiwan.<br />
- E-mail: wuml@mail1.tmtc.edu.tw<br />
Thirty sampling areas with 1 square meter had been<br />
constructed at the Silvergrass Grasslands and Arrow<br />
Bamboo Bushes near Hsiaoyukeng as well as Broadleaved<br />
Forest near Lujankenghsi in Yangmingshan National Park,<br />
Taiwan. One hundred and twelve samples including 43<br />
from decayed twigs, 10 from arrow bamboo and 59 from<br />
silvergrass and other straws had been collected from the<br />
above sampling areas at the elevations <strong>of</strong> 510-830 m since<br />
August, 2000 to July, 2001. Eighteen species <strong>of</strong><br />
Dermateaceae, 4 species <strong>of</strong> Leotiaceae, 3 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Orbiliaceae, 4 species <strong>of</strong> Sclerotiniaceae, 18 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Hyaloscyphaceae had been identified. The dominant<br />
species <strong>of</strong> the above three different areas <strong>of</strong> Lujankenghsi,<br />
Silvergrass Grasslands and Arrow Bamboo Bushes are<br />
respectively Lachnum sclerotii,Lachnum cf. apala and the<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Mollisia.<br />
612 - Fungi, rotted wood and beetles: Implications for<br />
native forest management in Tasmania<br />
M. Yee 1 , Z.Q. Yuan 2 & C. Mohammed 3*<br />
1 Co-operative Research Centre for Sustainable Production<br />
Forestry, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001,<br />
Australia. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Science, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001,<br />
Australia. - 3 CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO<br />
Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
caroline.mohammed@csiro.au<br />
Shorter rotation lengths <strong>of</strong> around 80 years in commercial<br />
native forests in Tasmania will eventually lead to the<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 185
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
elimination <strong>of</strong> large decaying logs on the forest floor. This<br />
poster describes an investigation <strong>of</strong> whether small trees,<br />
which could be left as a future decaying log habitat at the<br />
end <strong>of</strong> the rotation, are likely to follow the same<br />
successional pathways as larger logs, providing the full<br />
range <strong>of</strong> decay types and hence fungal and invertebrate<br />
biodiversity. The four objectives <strong>of</strong> the project were, in<br />
regard to Eucalyptus obliqua coarse woody debris (CWD)<br />
in Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forests: 1) To better<br />
understand the ecology <strong>of</strong> decomposing CWD, in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
the associated wood decay fungi and saproxylic insects; 2)<br />
To investigate differences in fungal and insect biodiversity<br />
between small and large diameter logs; 3) To provide a<br />
checklist <strong>of</strong> the fungal and insect species dependent on<br />
Eucalyptus obliqua CWD in wet sclerophyll forests; 4) To<br />
look for direct associations between decayed wood, wood<br />
decay fungi and saproxylic insects; The ecological<br />
information from this research will contribute to assessing<br />
whether current forest practices are ecologically<br />
sustainable, developing appropriate indicators for<br />
monitoring forest diversity, and proposing prescriptions<br />
that ensure the conservation <strong>of</strong> these diverse wood<br />
decomposing communities.<br />
613 - Preliminary biodiversity inventory <strong>of</strong> dictyostelid<br />
slime molds in Taiwan<br />
Z.-Y. Yeh<br />
National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Tingchou Rd.,<br />
Sec. 4, 117, Taipei, Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
biozyy@scc.ntnu.edu.tw<br />
Dictyostelid cellular slime molds are widely distributed in<br />
the world and there are most numerous and <strong>of</strong> the greatest<br />
variety in forest soils. Taiwan is an island located in the<br />
subtropics with many high mountains. Due to the vertical<br />
geographical and climatic complexity <strong>of</strong> this island, plant<br />
vegetation is luxuriant and the fungal biodiversity is<br />
abundant. The dictyostelid taxa were obtained from soils <strong>of</strong><br />
various vegetations such as forest, grassland or cultivated<br />
field <strong>of</strong> Taiwan. Up to date, three genera and seventeen<br />
species have been recorded, namely: Acytostelium<br />
leptosomum Raper, Dictyostelium aureo-stipes Cavender,<br />
Raper et Norberg, D. brefeldianum Hagiwara, D. clavatum<br />
Hagiwara, D. coeruleo-stipes Raper and Fennell, D.<br />
delicatum Hagiwara, D. giganteum Singh, D. lavandulum<br />
Raper and Fennell, D. macrocephalum Hagiwara, Yeh et<br />
Chien, D. minutum Raper, D. monochasioides Hagiwara,<br />
D. polycephalum Raper, D. purpureum Olive, D.<br />
rhizopodium Raper et Fennell, Polysphondylium pallidum<br />
Olive, P. pseudo-candidum Hagiwara and P. violaceum<br />
Brefeld. Currently, D. exiguum Hagiwara was newly<br />
isolated from forest soils in Nantou County <strong>of</strong> Taiwan. The<br />
species was examined and illustrated in this text.<br />
Concerning ecological distribution and keys for the above<br />
eighteen species were also discussed and provided.<br />
186<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
614 - Preliminary assessment <strong>of</strong> diversity and<br />
productivity <strong>of</strong> edible mushrooms in savanna<br />
woodlands <strong>of</strong> Western Africa<br />
S.N. Yorou 1* , A. De Kesel 2 & B. Sinsin 1<br />
1 Laboratoire d'écologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences<br />
Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin., 01<br />
BP 526, Cotonou, Bénin. - 2 National Botanic Garden <strong>of</strong><br />
Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium. -<br />
E-mail: nourou@avu.org<br />
A simplfied method for preliminary assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
diversity and productivity <strong>of</strong> wild edible mushrooms in<br />
different types <strong>of</strong> savanna woodlands is presented. The<br />
results <strong>of</strong> a case study in Bénin (West-Africa) are given.<br />
Thirty edible macromycetes were found in 18 fixed plots<br />
from six Soudano-guinean vegetation types. The<br />
mushroom productions were assessed per species and per<br />
plot, using the number <strong>of</strong> produced carpophores and fresh<br />
weight (kg/ha). Edible macromycetes from the studied<br />
areas are for 86.6% ectomycorrhizal, mainly belonging to<br />
Lactarius, Russula and Amanita. The total edible<br />
macromycetes fresh weight production varies from 0.2 to<br />
225 kg/ha per season, depending on the forest type. Open<br />
forests, i.e. savanna and woodland savanna, dominated by<br />
Caesalpiniaceae, yield qualitatively and quantitatively<br />
more edible taxa than the denser and rivulet associated<br />
forest types. Lactarius gymnocarpoides is the most<br />
common and abundant edible species in the savannas and<br />
woodland savannas. Specific productions <strong>of</strong> edible taxa are<br />
affected by host tree compositions reflected in the forest<br />
type. The study illustrates the importance <strong>of</strong> local<br />
indigenous knowledge, and indicates that the edible<br />
macromycetes from West-African savanna woodlands have<br />
substantial importance as a renewable, non cultivatable,<br />
non timber forest product.<br />
615 - Arbuscular mycorrhizas from the rhizosphere <strong>of</strong><br />
Macaranga denticulata and their effects on the host<br />
plant at different levels <strong>of</strong> fertilizers<br />
S. Youpensuk 1* , B. Rerkasem 2 , B. Dell 3 , S. Lumyong 1 & P.<br />
Lumyong 4<br />
1 Biology Department, Science Faculty, Chiang Mai<br />
University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. - 2 Agronomy<br />
Department, Agriculture Faculty, Chiang Mai University,<br />
Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. - 3 School <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth,<br />
Australia. - 4 Plant Pathology Department, Agriculture<br />
Faculty, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,<br />
Thailand. - E-mail: scboi027@chiangmai.ac.th<br />
The hill tribe (Karen) farmers in Mae Hong Son province<br />
<strong>of</strong> northern Thailand believe in beneficial effects <strong>of</strong><br />
Macaranga denticulata Müll. Arg. on upland rice yield.<br />
The farmers manage the M. denticulata canopy in fallow<br />
plots <strong>of</strong> their rotational shifting cultivation in an acid soil<br />
(pH 4.9). Diversity <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi
IMC7 Main Congress Theme I: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Posters<br />
was found 30 species from the indigenous rhizosphere <strong>of</strong><br />
M. denticulata. The effects <strong>of</strong> indigenous AM fungi on<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> M. denticulata were assessed by growing the<br />
plants in pots containing soil (sandy loam and equal<br />
available P as indigenous soil, 3.5 mg/kg) that was set up to<br />
have pH 4.9 by mixing with soluble aluminium. AM<br />
colonization in roots <strong>of</strong> M. denticulata was highest (87.8%)<br />
in the treatment <strong>of</strong> no added N and P that was similar to<br />
AM colonization in the natural rhizosphere in wet season<br />
and lowest in the treatment <strong>of</strong> added N and P 50 mg/kg soil<br />
(51.0%). Spore numbers <strong>of</strong> AM fungi ranged from 13 to 37<br />
spores/g fresh soil. In treatments with inoculated AM fungi<br />
the growth <strong>of</strong> M. denticulata was higher than in noninoculated<br />
AM fungi. The highest growth <strong>of</strong> M. denticulata<br />
was obserbed in inoculated soil with 50 mg/kg soil <strong>of</strong> N<br />
and no added P (AM colonization, 70.4%).<br />
616 - Lichens on littoral <strong>of</strong> the White and Barents seas<br />
(Northwest Russia)<br />
A.A. Zavarzin * & D.E. Himelbrant<br />
St.Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., 7/9,<br />
St.Petersburg 199034, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
zavarzin@yahoo.com<br />
Littoral lichen communities composed <strong>of</strong> species adapted<br />
to both periodic over wetting and high salinity are among<br />
the least studied by lichenologists. Investigations <strong>of</strong> littoral<br />
lichens along the extensive coastal strip <strong>of</strong> Russia are<br />
lacking. Lichen diversity <strong>of</strong> the White (Kandalaksha bay)<br />
and Barents (Dalnie Zelentsy) seas' coasts were studied<br />
during the field trips, supported by Federal Program<br />
Integratsia. Coinciding with data on British coasts three<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> lichensit were revealed: (1) coastal, (2)<br />
supralittoral, (3) littoral, with the latter being the least<br />
diverse but most specific. The littoral group is restricted to<br />
lower supralittoral and whole littoral zones. Barents coasts<br />
are dominated by lichen communities formed by<br />
Verrucaria mucosa in middle and lower littoral (were it is<br />
competing with red alga Hildenbrantia sp.), substituted by<br />
Verrucaria maura and satellite Verrucaria species in upper<br />
littoral. Both species form clear belts with coverage up to<br />
98%. On the White sea coasts the same species are present,<br />
though with less developed coverage and V. mucosa does<br />
not extend into lower littoral. Additionally filamentous<br />
Lichina confinis is common in midlittoral on granite<br />
outcrops. In contrast with the former sea coast Verrucaria<br />
species here prefer littorals that are not exposed to direct<br />
waving. All littoral lichens are growing on basic rocks, and<br />
only Pyrenocollema sublitorale inhabits calcareous shells<br />
<strong>of</strong> Semibalanus balanoides.<br />
617 - Mycocoenological studies in beech-woods in<br />
Western Liguria (Italy)<br />
M. Zotti 1* , S. Zappatore 2 & G. Barberis 1<br />
1 DIP.TE.RIS - University <strong>of</strong> Genoa, Corso Dogali 1M - I-<br />
16136 Genoa, Italy. - 2 DIST - Univeristy <strong>of</strong> Genoa, Via<br />
Opera Pia 13 - I 16145 Genoa, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
milla@klaatu.com.dist.unige.it<br />
The work presents a study carried out in selected plots <strong>of</strong><br />
several beech woods in Western Liguria (Italy) through<br />
five years. The zone investigated were the subject <strong>of</strong> some<br />
previous researches, devoted to study the mycological<br />
flora. From a phytosociological point <strong>of</strong> view and despite<br />
the limited diversity <strong>of</strong> the flora, the woods belong to<br />
Trochiscantho-Fagetum association (Geranio-Fagion<br />
alliance), quite common in Northern and Central<br />
Apennines <strong>of</strong> Italy. The macr<strong>of</strong>ungi collected and<br />
identified amount to three hundred and fifty seven species.<br />
These species were attributed to the following five<br />
ecological groups: 173 ectomycorrizal fungi, 75<br />
saprotrophic on dead wood, 60 saprotrophic on soil or<br />
humus, 47 saprotrophic in the litter, 2 parasitic on leaving<br />
trees. Gathered data point out that the mycological flora is<br />
rich in species which can be deemed strictly related to the<br />
beech, but they have a rather wide synecological relevance,<br />
occuring in all kinds <strong>of</strong> beech woods. Finally, some<br />
preliminary results are also reported, exploiting statistical<br />
analysis techniques based on both myco-floristic and<br />
enviromental data.<br />
618 - Filamentous fungi associated with the bivalve<br />
mollusk Corbicula japonica Prime<br />
L.V. Zvereva * & A.M. Vysotskaya<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences, Palchevskogo Street, 17,<br />
Vladivostok-41, 690041, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
inmarbio@mail.primorye.ru<br />
The bivalve mollusk Corbicula japonica Prime<br />
(Corbiculidae) is a commercially valuable species and has<br />
unique pharmacological (hepatoprotective) properties.<br />
Mollusks were collected in the brackish water Ainskoye<br />
Lake (Sakhalin) on September 25, 2000. Adult individuals<br />
with shells 25 - 35 cm wide were selected. To remove sand<br />
and mud from the internal organs, animals were maintained<br />
for a day in flowing water. Then the mollusks were frozen<br />
and kept in a refrigerator at -18°C until the mycological<br />
investigation. Internal organs <strong>of</strong> the mollusks - mantle,<br />
muscles, gills, kidneys, digestive glands, male and female<br />
gonads - were prepared for the experimental study. Before<br />
inoculation to the liquid nutrient media, the organs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mollusks were kept for two hours in sterilized distillated<br />
water with antibiotics to inhibit the bacterial flora. Several<br />
nutrient media were used: glucoso-yeast extract medium,<br />
Tubaki's medium, and others. We isolated and identified<br />
ten species <strong>of</strong> the filamentous fungi associated with the<br />
mollusk Corbicula japonica. They are Mortierella<br />
longicollis, M. vinacea, M. sp., Mucor circinelloides,<br />
Gymnoascus sp., Trichoderma aureoviride, T. hamatum,<br />
Penicillium atramentosum, Aspergillus ochraceum, and<br />
Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Growth <strong>of</strong> the yeast fungi<br />
was observed. Fungi were found in the digestive gland, in<br />
the female gonads, in the male gonads, in the mantle, and<br />
in the kidneys. Fungi were not found in the gills and<br />
muscles.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 187
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
619 - Coevolution between fungus-growing termites and<br />
Termitomyces fungi<br />
D.K. Aanen 1* , P. Eggleton 2 , C. Rouland 3 , T. Guldberg-<br />
Froslev 4 , S. Rosendahl 4 & J.J. Boomsma 1<br />
1 Zoological Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen,<br />
universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. - 2 The<br />
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, U.K. -<br />
3 Laboratoire décophysiology des invertebrates, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Paris XII, Val de Marne 61, avenue du General Charles<br />
de Gaulle, 94010 Creteil Cedex, France. - 4 Botanical<br />
Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, Oster Frarimagsgade<br />
2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
dkaanen@zi.ku.dk<br />
Termites <strong>of</strong> the exclusively Old World subfamily<br />
Macrotermitinae live in an obligate symbiosis with fungi <strong>of</strong><br />
the genus Termitomyces (Basidiomycotina). Here we<br />
present phylogenies <strong>of</strong> both partners in this symbiosis<br />
(estimated using Bayesian analyses <strong>of</strong> DNA sequences).<br />
Our sample consists <strong>of</strong> 43 colonies <strong>of</strong> termites and their<br />
fungi (belonging to 32 termite species, covering 9 <strong>of</strong> the 11<br />
genera) from three African and three Asian localities.<br />
Fungal sequences were obtained using comb material,<br />
basidiocarps and termite gut contents (using Termitomyces<br />
specific primers). For information on the taxonomic<br />
affiliation <strong>of</strong> the Termitomyces symbionts we also obtained<br />
DNA sequences from herbarium specimens <strong>of</strong> seven<br />
relatively well defined species. We show that the symbiosis<br />
has a single African origin and that secondary<br />
domestications <strong>of</strong> other fungi or reversals to a free-living<br />
state have not occurred. Host switching at low taxonomic<br />
levels is common and single termite species can have<br />
different symbionts. This is consistent with fungal<br />
reproduction, independent <strong>of</strong> termite reproduction<br />
(horizontal transmission), which is inferred to be the<br />
ancestral transmission mode. Specificity increases towards<br />
the higher taxonomic levels and the four main clades <strong>of</strong><br />
fungus-growing termites are generally associated with<br />
specific clades <strong>of</strong> fungi. The inferred patterns <strong>of</strong> coevolution<br />
challenge the hypothesis that vertical<br />
transmission is a prerequisite for maintaining advanced<br />
mutualistic symbiosis.<br />
620 - Species delimitation in the Puccinia striiformis<br />
complex<br />
M. Abbasi 1 , S.B. Goodwin 2* , M.S. Scholler 3 & Gh.A.<br />
Hedjaroude 4<br />
1 Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Botany<br />
Department, Tehran, Iran. - 2 USDA-ARS / Purdue<br />
University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany and Plant Pathology,<br />
1155 Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, U.S.A. -<br />
3 Purdue University, Arthur and Kriebel Herbaria, 1155<br />
Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, U.S.A. -<br />
4 Tehran University, Plant Protection Department, College<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Karaj, Iran. - E-mail:<br />
sgoodwin@purdue.edu<br />
188<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Puccinia striiformis (Uredinales), the cause <strong>of</strong> yellow rust<br />
or stripe rust, is a species forming uredinia and telia on<br />
various species <strong>of</strong> Poaceae. It is assumed to be<br />
heteroecious, but the aecial host is not known. Currently,<br />
two varieties, P. striiformis var. striiformis and P.<br />
striiformis var. dactylidis are accepted by most authors. We<br />
sequenced the variable internal transcribed spacer (ITS<br />
1+2) region and the more conservative 5.8S gene <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ribosomal DNA and found considerable differences among<br />
specimens on Triticum (Triticae), Dactylis glomerata<br />
(Poae) and Poa pratensis (Poae). These results correspond<br />
with a previous isozyme phenotype study and also with<br />
analyses <strong>of</strong> morphological features. Based on these<br />
differences we suggest a three-species system including P.<br />
striiformis on numerous hosts (mainly on Triticeae), P.<br />
pseudostriiformis sp. nov. on Poa pratensis (Poae), and P.<br />
striiformioides nom. et stat. nov. on Dactylis glomerata<br />
(Poae).<br />
621 - Nomenclatural and taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> some taxa<br />
in Russula sect. Xerampelinae<br />
S. Adamcík & P. Lizon *<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Dúbravská 14, SK-842 23 Bratislava,<br />
Slovakia. - E-mail: botupali@savba.sk<br />
Numerous validly published names in agarics have not<br />
been accepted by current authors. Due to short and<br />
insuficient original descriptions and missing type<br />
specimens their identity is doubtful. We have studied<br />
members <strong>of</strong> Russula sect. Xerampelinae with greenish<br />
pileipes those taxonomic delimitation and nomenclature are<br />
confusing. Only three taxa in that group are clearly<br />
delimited: Russula clavipes Velen., R. cicatricata Romagn.<br />
ex Bon and R. schaefferi Kärcher. R. schaefferi differs in<br />
having narrow terminal cels <strong>of</strong> generative hyphae in<br />
pileipes and spores with long spines. R. clavipes and R.<br />
cicatricata have terminal cells <strong>of</strong> generative hyphae in the<br />
center <strong>of</strong> the pileipes inflated. Illustrations are available for<br />
lectotypification (even Latin diagnoses are missing) <strong>of</strong><br />
Russula elaeodes and R. fuscoochracea R. Schulz. Later<br />
name is superfluous (homonym <strong>of</strong> R. fuscoochracea<br />
Velen.) but R. elaeodes seems to represent a distict taxon.<br />
No type specimen was designated for R. barlae, R. fusca,<br />
R. ochracea and R. olivascens and original descriptions<br />
lack characters typical for the section. Another names, such<br />
as R. citrinocincta, R. cookeiana and R. duportii need also<br />
clarification. Complexe knowledge <strong>of</strong> the members <strong>of</strong><br />
Russula sect. Xerampelinae and consequent rejection <strong>of</strong><br />
several names are the only way how to stabilize the<br />
nomenclature and the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> this section.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
622 - Impact <strong>of</strong> rhizomorph structure on systematics <strong>of</strong><br />
Hymenomycetes (Basidiomycota)<br />
R. Agerer<br />
University <strong>of</strong> München, Department Biology I, Biodiversity<br />
Research: Systematic Mycology, Menzinger Str. 67, D-<br />
80638 München, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
myrrhmyk@botanik.biologie.uni-muenchen.de<br />
Rhizomorphs can be used to confirm or to clarify<br />
relationships within Hymenomycetes (Agerer 1999, 2002,<br />
Hahn et al. 2001). Recent studies have shown that the final<br />
structure in combination with the ontogeny <strong>of</strong> rhizomorphs<br />
are important means to discern fungal relationships.<br />
Virtually all families <strong>of</strong> Boletales s. l. (Gomphidiaceae,<br />
Tapinellaceae, and Truncocolumellaceae excluded) have an<br />
identical type <strong>of</strong> rhizomorphs, the boletoid type (Agerer<br />
1999). The recently by DNA-analyses repeatedly<br />
confirmed relationship between Gomphales, Geastrales and<br />
Gautieriales is characterized by ramarioid rhizomorphs<br />
(Agerer 1999, Hahn et al. 2001), which are unknown in any<br />
other fungal group. Agaricoid rhizomorphs (Agerer 1999,<br />
2002) are typical <strong>of</strong> Agaricaceae and Lycoperdales. The<br />
unique rhizomorph structures are shown and their impact<br />
on Hymenomycetes systematics discussed. References:<br />
Agerer R (1999) Never change a functionally successful<br />
principle: the evolution <strong>of</strong> Boletales s. l. (Hymenomycetes,<br />
Basidiomycota) as seen from below-ground features.<br />
Sendtnera 6: 5-91. Agerer R (2002) Rhizomorph structures<br />
confirm the relationship between Lycoperdales and<br />
Agaricaceae (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota). Nova<br />
Hedwigia (subm.) Hahn C, Agerer R, Wanner G (2001)<br />
Anatomische und ultrastrukturelle Analyse von<br />
Ramaricium ochraceoalbum, einer seltenen Art der<br />
Gomphales und seine verwandtschaftliche Beziehung zu<br />
Geastrum und Gautieria. Hoppea 61: 115-125.<br />
623 - Preliminary results in assessing phylogenetic and<br />
biogeographic relationships among species <strong>of</strong> Russula<br />
subgenus Ingratula<br />
R. Aldana-Gomez 1* , G.M. Mueller 1 & B. Buyck 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany. The Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural<br />
History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr. Chicago, IL 60605-2496,<br />
U.S.A. - 2 Laboratoire de Cryptogamie. Museum National<br />
d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. -<br />
E-mail: raldanagomez@fmnh.org<br />
Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships among<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Russula subgenus Ingratula are being studied<br />
using partial nuclear Ribosomal DNA Large Subunit<br />
(rnDNA LSU) and the complete Internal Transcribed<br />
Spacer region (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S rDNA gene). Species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Russula subgenus Ingratula are macromorphologically<br />
characterized by the tuberculate-striate margin <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pileus, the brownish-yellow extracellular pigments and the<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten disagreable or pronounced smell.<br />
Micromorphological characters vary broadly between<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> species. Based on these morphological features,<br />
species in this subgenus have been grouped into several<br />
sections and series, but their phylogenetic relationships had<br />
not been evaluated. Phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> 35 LSU and<br />
ITS sequences, respectively, are being performed using<br />
Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian<br />
methods. The distinction between sections and between<br />
series is not supported in preliminary analyses. Species in<br />
the subsection Foetentinae are scattered in the cladogram,<br />
while species in section Subvelatae fall within two separate<br />
and unrelated clades. Sister taxon relationships for some<br />
taxa are suggested, e.g. neotropical R. arcyospora and<br />
cosmopolitan R. laurocerasi, American R. pulverulenta and<br />
European R. insignis. Test <strong>of</strong> Congruence for the<br />
combinability <strong>of</strong> the two data set together with sequencing<br />
<strong>of</strong> additional genes and additional taxon sampling are<br />
ongoing.<br />
624 - The 'Torula' infections on Cetraria spp.<br />
V. Alstrup<br />
Botanical Museum, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen,<br />
Gothersgade 130, DK 1123 Copenhagen K, Denmark. - Email:<br />
vagna@bot.ku.dk<br />
The so-called sorediate forms <strong>of</strong> the lichen genus Cetraria<br />
was revised and found to be pathogenic conditions caused<br />
by parasitic hyphomycetes <strong>of</strong> which only one species had<br />
been formally described. The new genus Erichseniomyces<br />
with the type species E. sorediella comb. et stat. nov. and<br />
E. islandica sp. nov. are described as are the new species<br />
Trimmatostroma ahlneri and T. danica.<br />
625 - Locating the position <strong>of</strong> the Micareaceae within<br />
the Lecanorales (lichenized Ascomycota)<br />
H.L. Andersen<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Bergen, Allégaten 41,<br />
5007 Bergen, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
heidi.andersen@bot.uib.no<br />
The phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the Micareaceae and the genus Micarea<br />
Fr. was studied using 39 nuclear small subunit ribosomal<br />
DNA sequences, <strong>of</strong> which four were new. Phylogenetic<br />
analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood,<br />
and Bayesian inference were carried out. These resulted in<br />
18 most parsimonious trees, <strong>of</strong> which one was<br />
corresponding to the 50% majority rule consensus tree<br />
from the Bayesian inference. The maximum likelihood tree<br />
was identical except for one collapsed branch. In all trees,<br />
Micarea adnata and Byssoloma leucoblepharum formed a<br />
strongly supported group. This study supports the<br />
placement <strong>of</strong> the Micareaceae together with the<br />
Pilocarpaceae inside the Lecanorales, as a sistergroup to<br />
the Bacidiaceae. Several null hypotheses concerning<br />
monophyly were tested: the monophyly <strong>of</strong> the family<br />
Micareaceae in the sense <strong>of</strong> Eriksson & Hawksworth, and<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 189
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
the genus Micarea was rejected. Scoliciosporum A. Massal<br />
has sometimes been considered close to Micarea, but null<br />
hypotheses assuming monophyly together with the<br />
Micareaceae or the Bacidiaceae plus Micareaceae were<br />
rejected.<br />
626 - A Monograph <strong>of</strong> tribus Myceneae (Mycena<br />
excluded) in Europe<br />
V. Antonín 1* & M.E. Noordeloos 2<br />
1 Moravian Museum, Botanical Department, Zelny trh. 6<br />
Brno, Czech Republic. - 2 National Herbarium <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, P.O.Box 9514<br />
NL2300 Leiden, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
vantonin@mzm.cz<br />
Tribus Myceneae, in the tradition <strong>of</strong> the Flora agaricina<br />
neerlandica, vol. 2 (Bas et al. 1995) is characterized by<br />
fruitbodies with an omphalioid, mycenoid or<br />
tricholomatoid habit, a pileipellis in form <strong>of</strong> a cutis or<br />
ixocutis, sometimes with transitions to a trichoderm, with<br />
smooth, coralloid, diverticulate elements, amyloid or<br />
inamyloid spores, and white spore print. Revisions <strong>of</strong> all<br />
genera, except Mycena, are given, based on a thorough<br />
examination <strong>of</strong> material from all parts <strong>of</strong> Europe, including<br />
type-specimens and additional information. Particularly the<br />
genus Hemimycena appeared to be in need <strong>of</strong> a critical<br />
revision, because no serious monograph had been<br />
published after the Mycena monograph <strong>of</strong> Kühner (1938).<br />
Revision is hampered by the lack <strong>of</strong> type material,<br />
particularly <strong>of</strong> the species described from the (sub)alpine<br />
belt in Haute Savoie, France by Valla (1957). The present<br />
authors now accept 32 species, including 3 new ones. Type<br />
revisions result in a few name changes. In the difficult<br />
complex <strong>of</strong> H. mauretanica, a wide species concept is<br />
proposed. The genus Xeromphalina now is represented<br />
with eight species in Europe, including the North American<br />
X. brunneola and X. campanelloides. The genus Rickenella<br />
embraces after revision also the genus Jacobia, and is<br />
represented with 7 species.<br />
627 - Methods for the interpretation and the evaluation<br />
<strong>of</strong> spores in the genus Cortinarius<br />
D. Antonini 1* , M. Antonini 1 & G. Consiglio 2<br />
1 c/o Orto Botanico Forestale Abetone, Via F. Ferrucci 626<br />
- I 51036 Larciano (PT), Italy. - 2 c/o Associazione<br />
Micologica Bresadola, Via C. Ronzani 61 - 40033<br />
Casalecchio di Reno (BO), Italy. - E-mail: dantonini@tin.it<br />
In the genus Cortinarius sl. spores play a fundamental role<br />
in differentiating taxa, as to dimensions, form and<br />
ornamentations. In order to carry out an objective<br />
sporographic analysis, for each collection n spores (at least<br />
32) have been measured with regard to length (L), width (l)<br />
and quotient (Q). Then, the analytic equation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
isoprobability ellipse at 68,26% level and the equations <strong>of</strong><br />
190<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
the tangents to this ellipse have been calculated so as to<br />
obtain the length-width measures <strong>of</strong> six singular<br />
equiprobable spores, that is, the longest, the widest, the<br />
shortest, the narrowest and those which show the highest<br />
and the lowest Q, respectively. Starting from the basic<br />
spore, with given form and ornamentations, is thus possible<br />
to construct a sporogram with a highly descriptive<br />
effectiveness. The typology <strong>of</strong> ornamentations has been<br />
evaluated by observations made with both the optical and<br />
the SEM microscope. The results obtained have allowed us<br />
to find out some ranges based on the following features:<br />
ornamentation height [≤ 1 µm (smooth or hardly visible by<br />
the optical microscope); from 1 to 2 µm ; ≥ 2 µm];<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the ornamentations on the spore surface<br />
(more concentrated towards the apex or in the upper half or<br />
more or less spread on the whole surface); warts form<br />
(rounded, pyramidal or spiny); presence or lack <strong>of</strong> hilar<br />
plage.<br />
628 - The taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the Lecanora allophana group<br />
using DNA data<br />
U. Arup * & P. Frödén<br />
Botanical Museum, Östra Vallgatan 18, SE-223 61 Lund,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: ulf.arup@sysbot.lu.se<br />
Lecanora allophana belongs to the large genus Lecanora<br />
<strong>of</strong> lichenized ascomycetes. Within the genus there are<br />
several groups <strong>of</strong> species and L. allophana belongs to the<br />
L. subfusca group, that is spread all over the world. L.<br />
allophana is also the type species <strong>of</strong> the genus. There are a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species related to L. allophana that are more or<br />
less difficult to seperate from L. allophana using<br />
morphological characters. Therefore, there has been much<br />
doubt in some <strong>of</strong> the species <strong>of</strong> the group. Molecular<br />
studies, using nuclear ribosomal ITS data, show that most<br />
species in the group are well separated and that there are<br />
even more species than previously understood. However,<br />
within L. allophana and L. horiza the molecular data are<br />
not homogenous and indicates that there may be so called<br />
cryptic species within these taxa. Further studies <strong>of</strong> more<br />
genes will have to be carried out to settle this matter.<br />
629 - Application <strong>of</strong> pectic zymogram in the<br />
identification and genetic variation <strong>of</strong> Fusarium species<br />
G.R. Balali * & M. Iranpour<br />
Dept <strong>of</strong> biology, University <strong>of</strong> Isfahn, Isfahan 81744, Iran.<br />
- E-mail: rbalali@sci.ui.ac.ir<br />
The genus Fusarium includes several species which<br />
classified based on morphological characters. Different<br />
media are required to study the morphological characters <strong>of</strong><br />
different species. Regarding molecular and biochemical<br />
techniques for identifying fungi, pectic zymograms have<br />
been used to characterized different fungi. Zymogram<br />
technique was used to identify species and form species <strong>of</strong>
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Fusarium isolates. 318 isolates identified as the genus<br />
Fusarium were collected from different areas and hosts.<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> the isolates were identified based on<br />
morphological characters. The pectic enzyme solution was<br />
prepared for each isolate using liquid media containing<br />
citrus pectin as a sole carbon source. Electrophoresis was<br />
performed using pectin acrylamide gel. Several zymogram<br />
phenotypes were obtained for polygalacturonase and pectin<br />
esterase. In total, 12 zymogram patterns were determined<br />
for 318 isolates tested. The results showed that there is a<br />
considerable intraspecific variation for Fusarium species.<br />
There were 3, 5 and 2 zymogram electrophoretic patterns<br />
for Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and F. culmorum<br />
respectively. However, there were only one zymogram<br />
pattern for F. subglutinans and also one for F. equiseti.<br />
Although the intraspecific variation based on zymogram<br />
was not correlated to the form species <strong>of</strong> Fusarium, the<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Fusarium were distinguished using this<br />
technique and there was no common zymogram pattern<br />
among species.<br />
630 - The lichen genus Caloplaca on Svalbard<br />
L. Balschmidt * & U. Søchting<br />
Botanical Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Copenhagen<br />
K, Denmark. - E-mail: lineb@bot.ku.dk<br />
The Svalbard Archipelago hosts a highly diverse flora <strong>of</strong><br />
high Arctic Caloplaca species with more than 40 species<br />
growing primarily on rock, soil, lignum and bone. A<br />
comprehensive study <strong>of</strong> the Caloplaca flora adds to the<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> Arctic species distribution and clarifies<br />
the species concept <strong>of</strong> several formerly poorly understood<br />
species, e.g. Caloplaca invadens.<br />
631 - Molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> North American species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Laetiporus and related genera<br />
M.T. Banik 1 , D.L.L. Czederpiltz 2* & J.A. Micales 1<br />
1 Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA Forest<br />
Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot<br />
Drive, Madison, WI 53705-2398, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, 1630<br />
Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
dlindner@facstaff.wisc.edu<br />
Relationships among species in the genera Laetiporus,<br />
Phaeolus, Pycnoporellus, Wolfiporia, and Leptoporus were<br />
investigated using nuclear 25S and ITS rDNA and<br />
mitochondrial 18S rDNA sequences. Members <strong>of</strong> these<br />
genera have poroid hymenophores and simple septate<br />
hyphae, and cause brown rots in a variety <strong>of</strong> substrates.<br />
Results based on parsimony and maximum likelihood<br />
analyses indicate that the genus Laetiporus as currently<br />
defined is not monophyletic. The ITS regions <strong>of</strong> all<br />
Laetiporus species examined were easily aligned, with the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> L. persicinus. Analyses suggest that L.<br />
persicinus is no more closely related to other Laetiporus<br />
species than to species <strong>of</strong> Phaeolus, Leptoporus or<br />
Pycnoporellus. The six other Laetiporus species examined<br />
(L. cincinnatus, L. conifericola, L. gilbertsonii, L.<br />
huroniensis, L. sulphureus, and an undescribed species<br />
from the Caribbean) appear to make up a well-supported,<br />
monophyletic group. Results confirmed that L. conifericola<br />
and L. huroniensis, two species that occur on conifers, are<br />
very closely related but distinct species. The existence <strong>of</strong> a<br />
previously undescribed yellow-pored species from the<br />
Caribbean was also confirmed. This species may be more<br />
closely related to L. gilbertsonii than to any other species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Laetiporus. Two varieties <strong>of</strong> L. gilbertsonii, which are<br />
compatible in mating tests and differ only in pore color,<br />
were indistinguishable in these analyses.<br />
632 - Using parsimony networks, migration estimates<br />
and coalescence approaches to resolve the<br />
phylogeography <strong>of</strong> Mycosphaerella graminicola<br />
S. Banke * & B.A. McDonald<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, Phytopathology, ETH,<br />
Universitaetstr. 2 / LFW-B28, CH-8092 Zurich,<br />
Switzerland. - E-mail: soren.banke@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch<br />
DNA sequences <strong>of</strong> nuclear-encoded loci can be used to<br />
determine the phylogeographical history <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
populations. Four nuclear loci were sequenced in the fungal<br />
wheat pathogen M. graminicola. Two neutral non-coding<br />
RFLP loci and two nuclear single copy genes were<br />
selected. The coding genes were β-tubulin and 3isopropylmalate<br />
dehydrogenase (LeuC). A total <strong>of</strong> 300 M.<br />
graminicola isolates originating from 14 wheat fields<br />
around the world were sequenced. All sequence loci<br />
showed useful diversity. The RFLP locus STS2 had 29<br />
polymorphic sites in a 490 bp region, while STL10 had 31<br />
polymorphic sites in a 1265 bp region. For the β-tubulin<br />
locus, 24 polymorphic sites were found among 366 bp<br />
sequenced. The leuC gene contained 65 polymorphic sites<br />
within the 870 bp region sequenced. Gene genealogies<br />
were generated for all sequenced loci following clonecorrection<br />
for each locus/population. Trees were rooted<br />
using Septoria passerinii, the closest known relative <strong>of</strong> M.<br />
graminicola. Parsimonious networks were constructed<br />
using a nested cladistic approach, and migration rates<br />
between populations were estimated. A coalescence<br />
approach was used to determine the temporal scale <strong>of</strong><br />
historical migration events among populations. All loci<br />
were also tested for neutrality and intergenic<br />
recombination. Our results suggest that the centre <strong>of</strong> origin<br />
for this pathogen is most likely in the Fertile Crescent, and<br />
that migration occurred first into the European continent<br />
and later into the New World.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 191
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
633 - A new winter-fruiting hyphomycete on wood <strong>of</strong><br />
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in the eastern<br />
United States<br />
G.F. Bills<br />
Centro de Investigación Básica, Merck Sharp & Dohme de<br />
España, S.A., Josefa Valcárcel 38, E-28027 Madrid, Spain.<br />
- E-mail: gerald_bills@merck.com<br />
A new hyphomycete, tentatively assigned to the genus<br />
Cadophora, is described based on studies <strong>of</strong> field<br />
collections and culture morphology, and analyses <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ITS region <strong>of</strong> ribosomal DNA. The fungus is found<br />
consistently on the undersides <strong>of</strong> decorticated logs,<br />
branches, and stumps <strong>of</strong> Robinia pseudoacacia in the<br />
eastern United States. Collections have been observed from<br />
Connecticut southward to Virginia and westward into<br />
Ohio. The fungus forms membranous, sporodochial<br />
conidiomata on decorticated wood <strong>of</strong> R. pseudoacacia. The<br />
conidiomata develop early in the winter and persist until<br />
spring. The fungus can be isolated from soil in the<br />
proximity <strong>of</strong> R. pseudoacacia and was once recovered from<br />
river silt in Maryland. Ribosomal DNA ITS sequences<br />
exhibit high homology with the ITS sequences <strong>of</strong><br />
Phialocephala fortinii, various ericoid mycorrhizal fungi,<br />
and Mollisia species. Phylogenetic placement near Mollisia<br />
is consistent with the habitat on decorticated wood and<br />
darkly pigmented, phialidic conidiogenous cells that<br />
produce simple ameroconidia.<br />
634 - Expansion <strong>of</strong> the genus Trichoderma: addition <strong>of</strong><br />
seven new species from Eurasia<br />
J. Bissett 1 , I. Druzhinina 2 , C.M. Kullnig-Gradinger 2 , G.<br />
Szakacs 3 & C.P. Kubicek 2*<br />
1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and<br />
Oilseed Research Center, Central Experimental Farm,<br />
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6, Canada. - 2 Institute<br />
for Chemical Engineering, Microbial Biochemistry and<br />
Gene Technology Group, Technical University <strong>of</strong> Vienna,<br />
Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. -<br />
3 Department <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Chemical Technology,<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Gellert<br />
ter 4, Hungary. - E-mail:<br />
ckubicek@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> the deuteromyceteous genus Trichoderma are<br />
cosmopolitan and typically soil-borne or wood-decaying<br />
fungi, some <strong>of</strong> them being economically important because<br />
<strong>of</strong> their production <strong>of</strong> industrial enzymes (cellulases and<br />
hemicellulases), antibiotics, and their action as biocontrol<br />
agents. In order to fully exploit this potential, we started a<br />
study <strong>of</strong> the global biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the genus. Thereby a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> unique strains were obtained which were<br />
culturally and genetically dissimilar to all <strong>of</strong> the about 40<br />
known taxa <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma. Here we characterize seven <strong>of</strong><br />
these strains as new species, all originating from Eurasia,<br />
and assign them to the established sections <strong>of</strong> the genus: T.<br />
192<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
taiwanense and T. effusum to section Longibrachiatum; T.<br />
helicum, T. rossicum, T. velutinum, and T. cerinum to<br />
section Pachybasium; and T. erinaceum to section<br />
Trichoderma. Parsimony analysis, using ITS1 and 2 and<br />
tef1 gene sequences, strongly confirm these placements and<br />
also clearly distinguish these new species from<br />
morphologically similar species.<br />
635 - Phylogenetic significance <strong>of</strong> adaptive structures <strong>of</strong><br />
macromycete sporophors<br />
M.A. Bondartseva<br />
V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute <strong>of</strong> Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, 2 Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Str. 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.<br />
- E-mail: mbond@iz6284.spb.edu<br />
During last two centuries the approaches in study <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
changed from the recognition <strong>of</strong> macromorphological<br />
characters to the microscopic and molecular ones<br />
nowadays. The last ones are available to the limited<br />
number <strong>of</strong> taxa with extrapolation <strong>of</strong> the morphologically<br />
similar species to the same group. New knowledge<br />
stimulates the diversity in interpretation <strong>of</strong> the data and<br />
reflects in multiplicity <strong>of</strong> the systems. New approach in<br />
regarding <strong>of</strong> fungi relationships consists in dividing<br />
characters to the groups <strong>of</strong> ecologically active, that<br />
connected directly with fungus adaptation to the<br />
environment (morphology <strong>of</strong> fruit body etc.) and<br />
ecologically inert (basidia and spores features, clamps etc.).<br />
As genetic relationships reflect in morphological similarity,<br />
and adaptation to the environment comes to be on the base<br />
<strong>of</strong> definite hereditary, modus variability being historically<br />
limited, it is possible to differentiate phylogenetic<br />
relationships and convergent likeness, as well as progress<br />
with the rise <strong>of</strong> evolutionary level and adaptive allogenetic<br />
evolution on the same evolutionary level. There are many<br />
examples to confirm this view. When evaluation <strong>of</strong><br />
taxonomic characters in dependence on its adaptation to the<br />
environment agree with the molecular data it means the<br />
selected criteria are right, if not - attentive study to find the<br />
reason must be made and conclusions have to be more<br />
cautious.<br />
636 - Taxonomic monograph <strong>of</strong> Fusicladium, Pollaccia<br />
and Spilocaea (Hyphomycetes, Venturia anamorphs<br />
p.p.)<br />
U. Braun 1* , A. Ritschel 2 & K. Schubert 1<br />
1<br />
Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Geobotanik und<br />
Botanischer Garten, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle,<br />
Germany. -<br />
2<br />
Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Botanisches<br />
Institut, Spezille Botanik/Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle<br />
1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
braun@botanik.uni-halle.de<br />
The genera Fusicladium Bonord., Pollaccia E. Bald. & Cif.<br />
and Spilocaea Fr. (hyphomycetes) have recently been
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
monographed (Ritschel 2001, Schubert 2001), based on<br />
light and scanning electron microscopical as well as<br />
molecular (rDNA ITS sequences) examinations, and<br />
includes comprehensive descriptions and illustrations <strong>of</strong> 40<br />
Fusicladium, 7 Pollaccia and 5 Spilocaea species. Venturia<br />
and its anamorphs proved to be monophyletic. Based on a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> morphological and molecular examinations<br />
and data, the generic delimitation and the species concept<br />
<strong>of</strong> Venturia anamorphs have been re-evaluated. Features<br />
suitable for the delimitation <strong>of</strong> species and other features<br />
unsuitable for this purpose have been pointed out. The<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> the conidiogenous loci (scars) and conidial<br />
hila, which is uniform within Venturia anamorphs, proved<br />
to be the basic characteristic for the delimitation <strong>of</strong> genera.<br />
Morphological and molecular examinations showed that<br />
the three anamorphic genera Fusicladium, Pollaccia and<br />
Spilocaea are not tenable. It is suggested to merge these<br />
genera under the well-known name Fusicladium, which is<br />
proposed to be conserved over the older name Spilocaea.<br />
637 - Cultural and microscopic studies <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllum<br />
commune and Grifola frondosda (higher<br />
basidiomycetes) strains isolated in Ukraine<br />
A.S. Buchalo 1* , S.P. Wasser 2 & V.M. Linovitska 3<br />
1<br />
N. G. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, National Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Science <strong>of</strong> Ulraine, 2 Tereshchynkivska, Kiev, 01601,<br />
Ukraine. - 2 <strong>International</strong> Center for Cryptogamic Plants<br />
and Fungi, Institute <strong>of</strong> Evolution, University <strong>of</strong> Haifa,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Evolution, University <strong>of</strong> Haifa, Mt. Carmel,<br />
Haifa 31905, Israel. -<br />
3 NTUU 'KPI', Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnology and Biotechnique, 37 Peremogy Ave., Kiev,<br />
03057, Ukraine. - E-mail: asbuchalo@kiev.botan.ua<br />
The increasing interest in the cultivation <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllum<br />
commune and Grifola frondosa depends on their<br />
extraordinary medicinal properties. Biotechnological<br />
application <strong>of</strong> S. commune and G. frondosa mycelial<br />
cultures requires isolation <strong>of</strong> new strains from nature and<br />
more detailed studies <strong>of</strong> their morphological<br />
characteristics. Pure cultures <strong>of</strong> G. frondosa and S.<br />
commune were isolated from fruiting bodies collected on<br />
the territory <strong>of</strong> the Ukraine. Cultures were screened on<br />
different agar media at the temperature interval +4 - 38 °C.<br />
The growth rate <strong>of</strong> strains and enzyme tests on oxidases in<br />
cultures were determined. Fast growing strains, which have<br />
strong enzyme reactions were selected for the following<br />
investigation. Scanning electron microscopic studies<br />
showed that on hyphae <strong>of</strong> G. frondosa numerous clamp<br />
connections <strong>of</strong> medallion type were present. In old parts <strong>of</strong><br />
colony <strong>of</strong>ten sprouting clamps and anastomoses are typical.<br />
In the younger parts <strong>of</strong> a colony thin (≤ 1 mm wide)<br />
branched hyphae (dichohyphidia) are forming. Apical and<br />
intercallar chlamydospores are usual. In S. commune clamp<br />
connections <strong>of</strong> a classic shape are registered. Some hypha<br />
are densely covered with projections described by some<br />
authors as pseudoconidia or secretory conidia. Ellipsoid<br />
chlamydospores are <strong>of</strong>ten present. Teleomorph is typically<br />
formed during 5-6 weeks. Described characteristics are<br />
significant. For instance, clamps can be used for the control<br />
<strong>of</strong> purity and physiologic state under cultivation.<br />
638 - Two new hyphomycetes from Spain<br />
M. Calduch * , J. Gené, A.M. Stchigel & J. Guarro<br />
Rovira i Virgili University, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201-<br />
Reus, Spain. - E-mail: umb@fmcs.urv.es<br />
Spanish mycobiota is considered highly diverse due to the<br />
regional variety <strong>of</strong> climate and vegetation. However, the<br />
hyphomycete check-list is still very reduced. Over recent<br />
years, we have conducted an extensive survey <strong>of</strong> those<br />
fungi from different habitats. Recently, we have found two<br />
undescribed specimens belonging to Oidiodendron Robak<br />
and Phialophora Medlar, isolated from litter and soil,<br />
respectively. Plant debris samples were placed into moist<br />
chambers, and soil samples were plated onto sterile Petri<br />
dishes which were moistened thoroughly with sterile<br />
distilled water and covered with small pieces <strong>of</strong> sterile<br />
wood (soil bait technique). Oidiodendron myxotrichoides<br />
sp. nov. is characterized by the presence <strong>of</strong> dark brown<br />
reticulate sporodochia, which resemble gymnothecia<br />
(ascomata) <strong>of</strong> Myxotrichum, and by its globose or<br />
subglobose arthroconidia. The presence <strong>of</strong> sporodochia<br />
constitutes a new character in Oidiodendron. Phialophora<br />
vesiculosa sp. nov. is characterized by possessing erect and<br />
branched conidiophores with branches ending in sterile<br />
vesicles, and by its mono- or polyphialidic, terminal or<br />
lateral conidiogenous cells with flared collarettes, from<br />
which spherical, brown conidia with a protuberant basal<br />
hilum are produced.<br />
639 - Evolutionary relationships between aquatic<br />
anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera<br />
J. Campbell 1* , C.A. Shearer 1 & L. Marvanová 2<br />
1 UIUC, Dept <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, 265 Morrill Hall, 505 S.<br />
Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, U.S.A. - 2 Masaryk University<br />
Brno, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Tvrdeho 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech<br />
Republic. - E-mail: jcampbe2@life.uiuc.edu<br />
Mitosporic fungi have traditionally been classified based<br />
on their method <strong>of</strong> conidiogenesis, conidial secession, and<br />
conidium and conidiophore morphology. We wanted to<br />
determine whether these were important phylogenetic<br />
characters for a group <strong>of</strong> morphologically and<br />
developmentally similar aquatic hyphomycetes, or if this<br />
was due to convergent evolution. Cladistic analyses were<br />
performed on the 28S rDNA <strong>of</strong> eight species <strong>of</strong><br />
Lemonniera and one species <strong>of</strong> Margaritispora. These two<br />
genera both have phialidic conidiogenesis and schizolytic<br />
conidial secession. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia and<br />
Margaritispora has unbranched conidia. Molecular<br />
analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in<br />
two distinct clades: one within the Leotiomycetes; the other<br />
within the Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora<br />
is placed with Lemonniera species within the<br />
Leotiomycetes. This demonstrates that for this group <strong>of</strong><br />
species conidiogenesis, conidial secession and conidium<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 193
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
shape are not phylogenetically informative, but are the<br />
result <strong>of</strong> convergent evolution.<br />
640 - Determination <strong>of</strong> biological species and analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic variability by RAPD <strong>of</strong> strains <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus<br />
subgenus Coremiopleurotus<br />
M. Capelari 1* & M.H.P. Fungaro 2<br />
1 Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 4005, São Paulo, SP,<br />
CEP 01061-970, Brazil. - 2 Universidade Estadual de<br />
Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
mcapelariibot@yahoo.com<br />
Pleurotus cystidiosus and P. smithii strains <strong>of</strong> different<br />
geographic origins were studied in terms <strong>of</strong> growth rate in<br />
culture, mono-dikaryotic matings and genetic variability<br />
determined by RADP in order to prove the occurrence <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
cystidiosus in South America. The present results show that<br />
the criteria used to separate the two species are<br />
unsatisfactory and that P. smithii should be considered a<br />
synonym <strong>of</strong> P. cystidiosus, thus extending the distribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> this species to Central and South America.<br />
641 - Phylogenetic relationships among the bunt fungi<br />
L.A. Castlebury 1* & L.M. Carris 2<br />
1 USDA ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory,<br />
10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A. -<br />
2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Washington State University,<br />
Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A. - E-mail: lisa@nt.arsgrin.gov<br />
There are approximately 120 species <strong>of</strong> bunt fungi in<br />
Tilletia and related genera that parasitize members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Poaceae. Most species are distinguished by teliospore<br />
ornamentation and host. A number <strong>of</strong> non-reticulate-spored<br />
species in Tilletia have been placed in other genera in the<br />
Tilletiales including Neovossia, Conidiosporomyces,<br />
Ingoldiomyces, and Oberwinkleria. Two economically<br />
important species, T. indica (Karnal bunt) and T. horrida<br />
(rice kernel smut) have been placed in Neovossia on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> tuberculate teliospore ornamentation, floret<br />
infection and the production <strong>of</strong> large number <strong>of</strong> nonconjugating<br />
basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> large<br />
subunit nuclear rDNA sequences shows that reticulatespored<br />
taxa with hosts in the Pooideae, including T. tritici,<br />
T. laevis and T. controversa, form a well-supported<br />
monophyletic group (bootstrap >95%). Tilletia indica and<br />
T. walkeri, also on members <strong>of</strong> the Pooideae, form a wellsupported<br />
group (100%) and group with reticulate-spored<br />
taxa and Ingoldiomyces hyalospora on hosts in the<br />
Pooideae (bootstrap >70%). A few reticulate-spored taxa<br />
and other tuberculate-spored taxa on non-Pooideae hosts,<br />
including T. horrida, fall in a separate, unsupported group<br />
although a number <strong>of</strong> well-supported lineages exist within<br />
this group. Conidiosporomyces ayresii groups strongly<br />
with T. vittata. Results suggest that host may be more<br />
194<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
phylogenetically informative than morphological<br />
characters.<br />
642 - Taxonomic revision <strong>of</strong> the lichen genus<br />
Heterodermia (Physciaceae) from China's mainland<br />
J.B. Chen<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Academia Sinica, P.O.Box 2714,<br />
Beijing 100080, China. - E-mail: chenjbin@yahoo.com<br />
Thirty-one species <strong>of</strong> Heterodermia are recognized from<br />
China's mainland, based on examination <strong>of</strong> more than 1000<br />
specimens kept in HAMS. Of which, H. orientalis and H.<br />
sinocomosa were described as new (Chen, 2001), and H.<br />
galactophylla, H. pseudosquamulosa and H. rubescens are<br />
added to Chinese lichen flora. The previous records <strong>of</strong> H.<br />
erinacea and H. granulifera are proved to be mistaken<br />
reports. They are actually H. pellucida and H. isidiophora<br />
respectively and should be excluded from Chinese lichen<br />
flora. The previous records <strong>of</strong> H. albicans, H. barbifera<br />
and H. dactilyza from China are doubtful.<br />
Biogeographically, H. boryi, H. comosa, H. diademata, H.<br />
flabellata, H. isidiophora, H. leucomela, H. lutescens, H.<br />
obscurata, H. podocarpa, H. propagulifera, H.<br />
pseudospeciosa and H. speciosa are tropical and/or<br />
temperate. H. angustiloba, H. dendritica, H. firmula, H.<br />
fragilissima, H. microphylla, H. orientalis, H. pellucida, H.<br />
pseudosquamulosa, H. rubescens, H. sinocomosa, H.<br />
subascendens and H. togashii are eastern Asian or southern<br />
Asian. Of which H. orientalis, H. pseudosquamulosa and<br />
H. sinocomosa are endemic to China. H. dissecta and H.<br />
hypoleuca are disjunctive in eastern Asia and eastern North<br />
America. H. pacifica occurs in Pacific region. The<br />
geographical affinities <strong>of</strong> H. galactophylla, H. hypochraea,<br />
H. hypocaesia and H. japonica are still uncertain. H.<br />
corallophora, H. incana, H. pandurata and H. spinula<br />
recorded in Taiwan <strong>of</strong> China have not been found in<br />
China's mainland.<br />
643 - Some merosporangiferous Mucorales indigenous<br />
to dungs <strong>of</strong> house mice in Taiwan<br />
C.-Y. Chien<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology, National Taiwan Normal University, 88<br />
Tingchou Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 117, Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
cychien@cc.ntnu.edu.tw<br />
During studies <strong>of</strong> coprophilous fungi indigenous to dung <strong>of</strong><br />
house mice, some merosporangiferous Mucorales were<br />
isolated. By the use <strong>of</strong> corn meal agar (CMA) and malt<br />
extract agar (MEA) media as well as technique favor the<br />
isolation <strong>of</strong> merosporangiferous fungi in Taiwan. Dung <strong>of</strong><br />
samples <strong>of</strong> mice in houses or garages was collected directly<br />
into glass vials for transport to laboratory. The materials<br />
then were dispended into aseptic damp chambers prepared<br />
by moistening <strong>of</strong> filter paper discs in Petri dishes having<br />
depths <strong>of</strong> two centimeters or they were put directly onto
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
CMA plates. The author selected Mucor rouxianus<br />
(Calmette) Wehmer as the standard host for culturing<br />
member <strong>of</strong> Dimargaris cristalligena van Tieghem and<br />
Circinella umbellata van Tieghem & Le Monnier for<br />
Syncephalis nodosa van Tieghem, Dispira cornuta van<br />
Tieghem and D. simplex Benjamin. Samples <strong>of</strong> house mice<br />
dung were assayed for species <strong>of</strong> representatives <strong>of</strong> the<br />
merosporangiferous Mucorales and identified as following<br />
species, namely, Syncephalis nodosa van Tieghem,<br />
Dimargaris cristalligena van Tieghem, Dispira cornuta<br />
van Tieghem, D. simplex van Tieghem, Coemansia<br />
breviramosa Linder and C. interrupta Linder. All <strong>of</strong> above<br />
listed six species were illustrated and described as new<br />
record to Taiwan.<br />
644 - A comparison <strong>of</strong> Peronospora farinosa isolates<br />
from Chenopodium album and Spinacia oleracea using<br />
morphological and molecular characteristics<br />
Y.J. Choi 1 , S.B Hong 2 & H.D. Shin 3*<br />
1<br />
Korea University, Department <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Biology,<br />
2<br />
Graduate School, Korea. - National Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural Biotechnology, Korean Agricultural Culture<br />
Collection, Korea. - 3 Korea University, Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering,<br />
Korea. - E-mail: hdshin@korea.ac.kr<br />
Downy mildews <strong>of</strong> any chenopodiaceous host are currently<br />
treated as a single species, Peronospora farinosa.<br />
Microscopic examination <strong>of</strong> the Korean isolates from<br />
Chenopodium album (CAI) and Spinacia oleracea (SOI)<br />
revealed that they are morphologically different. The<br />
conidia are minutely papillate in CAI, but non-papillate in<br />
SOI. The ultimate branchlets <strong>of</strong> CAI are mostly longer than<br />
those <strong>of</strong> SOI. Sequence analyses <strong>of</strong> the internal transcribed<br />
spacer region 1 <strong>of</strong> ribosomal DNA showed that they are<br />
clustered into two different groups. SOI shared only ca.<br />
91% nucleotide sequence homology with CAI, but showed<br />
ca. 94% homology with Peronospora corydalis isolates.<br />
On the other hand, CAI had higher sequence homology<br />
with Peronospora destructor isolate than with SOI.<br />
Consequently, we believe that downy mildews from C.<br />
album and S. oleracea could be considered as separate<br />
species.<br />
645 - Taxonomic revision <strong>of</strong> Uromyces species on<br />
cultivated legumes in Japan<br />
W.H. Chung 1 , T. Tsukiboshi 2 & M. Kakishima 1*<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Forestry, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan. - 2 National Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan. -<br />
E-mail: kaki@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp<br />
Cultivated legumes are important crops throughout the<br />
world. Three Uromyces species; U. appendiculatus, U.<br />
vignae, and U. viciae-fabae, including varieties on<br />
cultivated legumes, have been reported in Japan. Although<br />
these species and varieties were classified mainly by<br />
morphology <strong>of</strong> the teliospores and urediniospores, their<br />
morphological delimitation is obscure. Therefore, the<br />
morphological characteristics <strong>of</strong> teliospores and<br />
urediniospores were clarified and molecular phylogenetic<br />
analyses based on the sequences <strong>of</strong> ribosomal DNA regions<br />
were carried out. More than 300 specimens collected from<br />
various areas <strong>of</strong> Japan were used for morphological<br />
observations. We examined the morphological<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> teliospores and urediniospores by light<br />
and scanning electron microscopy. Based on these<br />
observations, specimens were classified into three groups.<br />
About 80 specimens were selected from the specimens<br />
used for morphological observations and sequences <strong>of</strong> LSU<br />
rDNA (D1/D2) and ITS regions were analyzed. Specimens<br />
were separated into two clades in phylogenetic trees by the<br />
D1/D2 regions. However, they were separated into three<br />
clades in phylogenetic trees by the ITS regions.<br />
Correlations between morphological groups and<br />
phylogenetic groups based on these results suggest a<br />
revision <strong>of</strong> these species and varieties.<br />
646 - Identification <strong>of</strong> Armillaria isolates from Bhutan<br />
based on ITS and IGS-1 sequences<br />
M.P.A. Coetzee 1* , B.D. Wingfield 1 , T. Kirisits 2 , D.B.<br />
Chhetri 3 & M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria, South Africa. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology,<br />
Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Universität für<br />
Bodenkultur, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna,<br />
Austria. - 3 Renewable Natural Resources Research Centre<br />
(RNR-RC), Yusipang, P.O Box 212, Thimphu, Bhutan. - Email:<br />
martin.coetzee@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Armillaria root rot is known to occur in conifer forests in<br />
Bhutan. The species causing this disease have, however,<br />
not been identified. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to determine<br />
the identity <strong>of</strong> field isolates collected from Pinus<br />
wallichiana and Abies densa at two localities in western<br />
Bhutan. DNA sequence data were obtained for the ITS and<br />
IGS-1 regions <strong>of</strong> the rRNA operon and compared with<br />
those <strong>of</strong> Armillaria spp. available on GenBank and our<br />
own database. IGS-1 sequences for isolates from P.<br />
wallichiana had the greatest level <strong>of</strong> similarity (98%) with<br />
sequences from the same DNA region <strong>of</strong> A. mellea subsp.<br />
nipponica from Japan. Although ITS sequence data are not<br />
available for A. mellea subsp. nipponica, sequences from<br />
this DNA region were most similar to the closely related A.<br />
mellea s.s. from Japan. Based on these findings, we believe<br />
that the isolates from P. wallichiana included in this study,<br />
represent A. mellea subsp. nipponica. ITS sequences for<br />
isolates from A. densa were most similar (99%) to A.<br />
cepistipes on GenBank. Parsimony analysis placed these<br />
isolates in a sister group to A. cepistipes, but also indicated<br />
that they are very closely related to A. gallica and A.<br />
sinapina. We believe that the isolates from A. densa<br />
represent A. cepistipes, but sexual compatibility tests are<br />
required to confirm this view, especially because A.<br />
cepistipes is closely related to A. gallica and A. sinapina.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 195
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
647 - Molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes from the<br />
Helotiales<br />
J. Collado 1* , V. Rubio 2 , R. Galán 3 , G. Platas 1 , F. Arenal 2 ,<br />
V. González 2 , J. Sánches-Ballesteros 2 , M. Villareal 2 , H.-O.<br />
Baral 4 & F. Peláez 1<br />
1 Centro de Investigación Básica, Merck Research<br />
Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme de España S.A.,<br />
Josefa Valcárcel 38, Madrid 28027, Spain. -<br />
2 Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro<br />
Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus<br />
Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid<br />
28049, Spain. - 3 Departamento de Biología Vegetal,<br />
Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de<br />
Henares (Madrid) 28871, Spain. - 4 Blaih<strong>of</strong>str. 42, D-<br />
72074 Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
javier_colladomartinez@merck.com<br />
This work presents a preliminary assessment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
phylogenetic relationships among species in the Helotiales<br />
based on rDNA sequence analysis. Except for the<br />
Sclerotiniaceae, the Helotiales have not been subjected to<br />
extensive molecular phylogenetic studies. We have<br />
analyzed the sequences <strong>of</strong> the ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region from<br />
more than 100 strains corresponding at least to 42 species<br />
in the Hyaloscyphaceae and 32 in the Helotiaceae, with a<br />
special emphasis on the genera Lachnum and<br />
Hymenoscyphus. In addition, a subset <strong>of</strong> the species has<br />
been subjected to sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the D1-D2 region <strong>of</strong><br />
the 28s rRNA gene. The result <strong>of</strong> the cladistic analysis<br />
confirmed the heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> the taxa defined within the<br />
two families. The topology did not support the current<br />
morphology-based classification schemes <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
taxa examined. In particular, a significant degree <strong>of</strong><br />
incongruity was evident for several species in the genus<br />
Hymenoscyphus and less notably for Lachnum spp. The<br />
results are discussed in comparison with the morphological<br />
characters used to define taxa within the two families<br />
studied. The suitability <strong>of</strong> the ITS region for phylogenetic<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> this heterogeneous group <strong>of</strong> fungi is also<br />
discussed.<br />
648 - Lumping Tricholoma sulphureum and T.<br />
bufonium?<br />
O. Comandini 1* , I. Haug 2 , A.C. Rinaldi 3 & T.W. Kuyper 4<br />
1<br />
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università<br />
dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, Loc. Coppito, I-67100 L'Aquila,<br />
2<br />
Italy. - Spezielle Botanik, Mykologie, Universität<br />
Tübingen, auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen,<br />
Germany. - 3 Cattedra di Chimica Biologica, Dipartimento<br />
di Scienze Mediche Internistiche, Università di Cagliari, I-<br />
09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. - 4 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental Sciences, Section Soil Quality, Wageningen<br />
University, P.O. Box 8005, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: comandin@univaq.it<br />
196<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
The taxonomical status <strong>of</strong> Tricholoma bufonium, generally<br />
considered a rare species, has been a matter <strong>of</strong> discussion<br />
for a long time, some authors questioning the validity itself<br />
<strong>of</strong> the taxon and claiming that it is actually a mere variant<br />
<strong>of</strong> the closely related T. sulphureum. Others accept T.<br />
bufonium as a valid species on the basis <strong>of</strong> the constancy <strong>of</strong><br />
the features distinguishing it from T. sulphureum, although,<br />
admittedly, intermediary forms exist. The two 'species' are<br />
clearly depicted in colour by some authors. We report the<br />
complete morpho-anatomical and molecular<br />
characterisation <strong>of</strong> the naturally occurring ECM type<br />
formed on silver fir by Tricholoma bufonium, as classified<br />
by sporocarp features. Molecular information has also been<br />
obtained for T. bufonium sporocarps collected on silver fir<br />
and oak and for fruitbodies classified as T. sulphureum<br />
collected on spruce and chestnut. Our data show that both<br />
ITS and LSU sequences were virtually identical in<br />
sporocarps referred to T. sulphureum and T. bufonium on<br />
the basis <strong>of</strong> colouration. However, strains from conifers<br />
and broad-leaved trees are to some extent different in<br />
sequence data. The taxonomic and ecological implications<br />
<strong>of</strong> our findings, together with already published<br />
information, notably the anatomical characteristics <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
sulphureum ECM on spruce, will be discussed.<br />
649 - Cryptic speciation, evolution and morphological<br />
plasticity in metalliferous Acarospora (lichenised<br />
Ascomycota)<br />
A.T. Crewe 1* , O.W. Purvis 2 & M. Wedin 1<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,<br />
London SW7 5BD, U.K. - E-mail: anna.crewe@eg.umu.se<br />
The Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. and A.<br />
rugulosa Körb. species complexes are excellent models for<br />
studying the pattern <strong>of</strong> evolution and adaptation in a group<br />
where traditional taxonomic interpretation is complicated,<br />
and where molecular phylogeny can be utilised to<br />
investigate and test hypotheses <strong>of</strong> the evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological / anatomical traits. We are investigating the<br />
molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> populations <strong>of</strong> the Acarospora<br />
smaragdula and A. rugulosa complexes, to enable<br />
description <strong>of</strong> the pattern <strong>of</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> metalliferous<br />
lichens in these groups, and to test the hypothesis that<br />
morphologically ± well-characterised taxa occurring on<br />
different metalliferous substrates are phylogenetic species.<br />
Here, we will present preliminary results from a pilot study<br />
focussing on A. smaragdula s. lat. and A. sinopica<br />
(Wahlenb.) Körb., utilizing well-known loci where fungalspecific<br />
PCR-primers are readily available (the nuclear ITS<br />
rDNA and mitochondrial SSU rDNA). Future directions,<br />
including extended phylogenies with additional markers,<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> the localisation and accumulation <strong>of</strong> metals in<br />
the lichens utilizing light microscopy, confocal scanning<br />
microscopy, SEM, mineralogical techniques and electron<br />
probe microanalysis, are briefly discussed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
650 - The mating relationships <strong>of</strong> the S and F groups <strong>of</strong><br />
Heterobasidion annosum in Northern Hemisphere<br />
Y.C. Dai 1* , T. Niemelä 2 & K. Korhonen 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Applied Ecology, Academia Sinica, Shenyang<br />
110016, Wenhua Road 72, China. - 2 Botanical Museum,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, P.O. Box 47, FIN-00017, Finland. -<br />
3 Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FIN-<br />
01301 Vantaa, Finland. - E-mail: yuchengd@yahoo.com<br />
Pairings made among homokaryons <strong>of</strong> Heterobasidion<br />
parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen (S group <strong>of</strong> the H.<br />
annosum complex) from Europe, Northeast China and<br />
Northwest North America, and the European H. abietinum<br />
Niemelä & Korhonen (F group) showed that the Northeast<br />
Chinese S has the strongest mating capacity among all the<br />
testers, being closely related with the European S and F,<br />
and also the North American S. The North American S is<br />
more readily compatible with the European F than with the<br />
European S, and it seems that the so-called North<br />
American S group should be referred to the European F<br />
group rather than the European S. Samples collected from<br />
North Yunnan (eastern foothills <strong>of</strong> the Himalayas, China)<br />
were paired with testers <strong>of</strong> the S group from NE China,<br />
with P, S and F groups from Europe, and S group from NW<br />
North America; the Yunnan stocks mated with all the<br />
testers by frequency over 90%. This suggests that the<br />
Yunnanese stocks have the largest effective population<br />
size.<br />
651 - Systematics and evolution <strong>of</strong> Gomphales<br />
(Basidiomycetes)<br />
P.P. Daniëls * , M.P. Martín & M.T. Tellería<br />
Real Jardín Botánico, C.S.I.C., Plaza de Murillo, 2, 28014<br />
Madrid, Spain. - E-mail: daniels@ma-rjb.csic.es<br />
The order Gomphales enclose eight genera in the world and<br />
Ramaria is the main one in relation to species number.<br />
Previous systematic arrangement in subgenus Ramaria was<br />
proposed by Frachi & Marchetti (2001, Fungi non<br />
delineati. 16). This subgenus was divided into ten sections<br />
only based upon the presence/absence <strong>of</strong> clamped hyphae<br />
and the basidiome colour. As part <strong>of</strong> a monograph <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Iberian Gomphales a phylogenetic study in Gomphales<br />
focused on Ramaria has been undertaken. Thirty-four<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Ramaria as well as other genera <strong>of</strong> Gomphales<br />
were included in the phylogenetic analysis based on ITS<br />
and 5.8S rDNA sequences. Moreover, phylogenetic<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the morphological characters were done on<br />
clavarioid basidiomes. The very variable ITS regions gave<br />
low bootstrap values but it can be deduced some<br />
considerations about the systematics and evolution <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Gomphales: 1) Subgenus Echinoramaria is monophyletic.<br />
2) Ramaria is a genus related with several taxa among the<br />
Gomphales, Gautieria morchellaeformis is related with<br />
Section Ramariae and Gomphus clavatus with Section<br />
Fennicae. 3) Ramaria bataillei and R. pumila seems to be a<br />
bridge between the ectomycorrhizal and the saprobic<br />
Ramarias. 4) Lentaria and Hydnocristella are closely<br />
related with subgenus Lentoramaria. 5) The gelatinose<br />
texture <strong>of</strong> the fruitbodies seems to be a synapomorphy. 6)<br />
Clamp connections and fruitbody colour are very<br />
homoplasic characters and do not serve to divide sections<br />
among Ramaria.<br />
652 - Another canker-causing aerial Phytophthora from<br />
forest trees in California and Oregon<br />
J.M. Davidson 1 , M.M. Garbelotto 2 , E.M. Hansen 3* , P.<br />
Reeser 3 & D.M. Rizzo 1<br />
1 Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> California, Davis CA<br />
95616, U.S.A. - 2 Environmental Science Policy and<br />
Management, U. C. Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, U.S.A. -<br />
3 Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University,<br />
Corvallis OR 97331, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
hansene@bcc.orst.edu<br />
Two distinct Phytophthora species cause similar symptoms<br />
on several western forest trees. P. ramorum causes lethal<br />
cankers (sudden oak death) on tanoak and coast live oak<br />
trees and foliar and dieback symptoms on other tree and<br />
shrub species in some western forests. A second<br />
Phytophthora species, previously undescribed, is<br />
occasionally isolated from lethal cankers on tanoak and<br />
coast live oak, and from foliar lesions on Umbellularia and<br />
other hosts, in areas where P. ramorum is also active. ITS<br />
DNA sequence indicates close relationship to P. ilicis (a<br />
foliar pathogen <strong>of</strong> holly) and P. psychrophila (newly<br />
described from European oak forest soils). It is homothallic<br />
with amphigynous antheridia, and has deciduous sporangia.<br />
It grows more slowly, with a lower temperature optimum,<br />
than P. ramorum. In log inoculation tests it is nearly as<br />
pathogenic to tanoak as P. ramorum. It does not infect<br />
holly leaves in leaf inoculation tests. In the forest it is<br />
usually associated with single killed trees, in contrast to the<br />
expanding patches <strong>of</strong> mortality caused by P. ramorum.<br />
653 - Endophytes from leafy liverworts: a molecular<br />
phylogenetic perspective<br />
C. Davis<br />
Duke University, Biological Sciences, Box 90338, Durham,<br />
NC, U.S.A. - E-mail: ecf5@duke.edu<br />
It has long been known that leafy liverworts possess<br />
endophytic fungi, but these fungi have not previously been<br />
identified with precision. Here, I present results <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular phylogeny as the means to identify these<br />
endosymbionts from selected leafy liverworts. I address<br />
possible explanations for the nature <strong>of</strong> such symbioses. I<br />
discuss hypotheses regarding liverwort structural<br />
adaptations for endosymbiosis, and explore methodology to<br />
test these hypotheses.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 197
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
654 - A molecular taxonomic revision <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Pythium<br />
A.W.A.M. de Cock 1* , C.A. Lévesque 2 , J.E.J. Bedard 3 ,<br />
A.M. Schurko 3 & G.R. Klassen 3<br />
1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O.Box 85167,<br />
NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - 2 Agriculture &<br />
Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, Summerland, B.C., V0H 1Z0,<br />
Canada. - 3 University <strong>of</strong> Manitoba, Dept. Microbiology,<br />
Winnipeg, Manitiba, R3T 2N2, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
decock@cbs.knaw.nl<br />
The genus Pythium mainly consists <strong>of</strong> plant pathogens.<br />
Identification is based on morphology and is notoriously<br />
difficult due to variability and overlapping <strong>of</strong> characacters.<br />
Therefore a molecular approach was chosen to evaluate the<br />
existing taxonomy, and to find more reliable methods for<br />
identification and detection. All available species (approx.<br />
100), represented by more than 500 isolates were included.<br />
One representative isolate <strong>of</strong> each species was used for<br />
sequencing <strong>of</strong> ITS and D1-D3 regions <strong>of</strong> the lsrDNA: all<br />
ex-type, neo-type, authentic or otherwise well defined<br />
representative strains. Sequences were used for both<br />
reconstruction <strong>of</strong> phylogeny and development <strong>of</strong> speciesspecific<br />
oligonucleotides. The latter were used in DNAarrays<br />
for simultaneous detection <strong>of</strong> multiple pathogens in<br />
soil samples. All strains were used in studies <strong>of</strong> RFLPs <strong>of</strong><br />
PCR amplified ribosomal IGS and ITS and RAPD patterns,<br />
to reveal intraspecific variation and to establish species<br />
boundaries. RAPD patterns were most variable; IGS<br />
patterns proved to be useful for identification. Studies were<br />
performed simultaneously. Phylogenetic trees showed<br />
which species were to be compared side by side on RFLP<br />
and RAPD gels; the latter patterns showed which<br />
additional strains should be sequenced in case <strong>of</strong><br />
intraspecific variation. Results will be used to redescribe<br />
species based on molecular groups, to provide a database<br />
<strong>of</strong> molecular characters for identification and to develop<br />
specific probes for detection.<br />
655 - Elucidating the 'enigma' <strong>of</strong> Aenigmatomyces<br />
ampullisporus which is now found as a Zygomycetous<br />
fungus parasitizes a spermatophore <strong>of</strong> collembolan<br />
insect<br />
Y. Degawa<br />
Kanagawa Prefectural Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, Iryuda<br />
499, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
degawa@pat-net.ne.jp<br />
Aenigmatomyces ampullisporus Castañeda and Kendrick<br />
was described from Canada in 1993. Although the authors<br />
assigned it to the kingdom Fungi, they could not decide to<br />
which phylum it belonged. They gave it a name 'enigmatic<br />
fungus' and left its appropriate taxonomic position as a<br />
mystery to be resolved in future. From 1999 to 2002, I<br />
collected the fungus repeatedly from Japan, which was<br />
identified as A. ampullisporus in reference with the<br />
198<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
holotype specimen. As a result <strong>of</strong> observations, the<br />
'enigma' was resolved as follows; 1) The 'host hyphae' as<br />
explained in the original description can no longer be a<br />
fungal structure, but are stalks <strong>of</strong> spermatophores <strong>of</strong><br />
Collembola. 2) Spores infecting the head <strong>of</strong><br />
spermatophores swelled to become hyphal bodies. While<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the hyphal arms elongates downward functioning as<br />
an anchor, the other arm elongates upwards bearing<br />
abundant sporogenous structures. In maturation,<br />
spermatozoon in a spermatophore gradually degrades and<br />
finally disappears entirely. 3) Spherical liquid-drops were<br />
stained in blue at the apices <strong>of</strong> spores when mounted in<br />
Lacto-aniline blue. 4) 'Oospores <strong>of</strong> the host' are directly<br />
connected with the hyphal bodies. Their pigmentation and<br />
ornamentation suggests that they are zygospores.<br />
Consequently, A. ampullisporus is not an Oomycetesparasite<br />
but a zygomycetous fungus parasitizing the<br />
spermatophore <strong>of</strong> Collembola, and is probably a relative <strong>of</strong><br />
holocarpoic amoeba-parasites <strong>of</strong> Cochlonemataceae,<br />
Zoopagales.<br />
656 - Inter- and infraspecific length variability in<br />
minisatellites in the ITS region <strong>of</strong> Leccinum (Boletales,<br />
Boletaceae)<br />
H.C den Bakker 1* , B. Gravendeel 1 , T.W. Kuyper 2 & M.E.<br />
Noordeloos 1<br />
1 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden university<br />
Branch, P.O.box 9514, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.<br />
- 2 Wageningen Agricultural University, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental Sciences, P.O. box 8005, 6700 EC,<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
bakker@nhn.leidenuniv.nl<br />
Phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> the European species <strong>of</strong><br />
Leccinum (Boletaceae) were investigated by maximum<br />
parsimony, likelihood analyses and Bayesian analyses <strong>of</strong><br />
nrITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S sequences. The separate gene<br />
trees inferred were largely concordant, and their combined<br />
analysis indicates that several traditional sectional and<br />
species-level taxonomic schemes are artificial. In<br />
Leccinum, the nrITS region ranges in size from 694 to 1480<br />
bp. This extreme length heterogeneity is localized to a part<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ITS1 spacer that contains a minisatellite with<br />
tandemly repeated copies including the six-basepair<br />
GAAAAG motif. The number <strong>of</strong> tandem repeats varied<br />
from 2 to 6, but there were many repeat variants.<br />
Secondary structure analysis revealed that the ITS1 spacer<br />
in Leccinum appears to be still functional despite the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> the minisatellite. Intraindividual sequence<br />
variation <strong>of</strong> the minisatellite was always smaller than<br />
between different species, indicating that concerted<br />
evolution proceeds rapidly enough to retain phylogenetic<br />
signal at the infraspecific level. In contrast, the<br />
evolutionary pattern exhibited by the major ITS1 repeat<br />
types found was homoplastic when mapped onto the<br />
species lineages inferred from the combined 5.8S-ITS2<br />
sequences. The minisatellite therefore appears not to be<br />
useful for phylogeny reconstruction at the species level.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
657 - Notes on the tribes Leucocoprineae and Lepioteae<br />
(higher basidiomycetes) <strong>of</strong> Israel mycobiota<br />
M.Ya. Didukh<br />
M. G. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, National Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences <strong>of</strong> Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str., Kyiv, MSP,<br />
252601 Ukraine, Ukraine. - E-mail: manuuzz@yahoo.com<br />
Agaricaceae (Fr.) Cohn has been <strong>of</strong> particular interest to<br />
scientists all over the globe for years due to peculiarities <strong>of</strong><br />
its representatives ecology, biochemistry, biotechnological<br />
application. However, for some areas - Israel in particular -<br />
even the first step <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> this family - revision <strong>of</strong><br />
species diversity - has not been done yet. Out <strong>of</strong> the four<br />
tribes <strong>of</strong> the family only Agariceae Pat. has been revised<br />
(Wasser & Binyamini, 1992; Wasser, 1996, 1998, 2002).<br />
The Leucocoprineae Sing. and Lepioteae Fay. in Israel<br />
tribes are in need <strong>of</strong> critical study and inventory <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species content. Analysis <strong>of</strong> existing fragmentary data in a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> articles (Reichart & Avizohar-Hershenzon 1955,<br />
1959; Avizohar-Hershenzon, 1967; Binyamini, 1975; 1976;<br />
1984) showed that up to now 15 species (9 <strong>of</strong> genus<br />
Lepiota, 1 <strong>of</strong> Leucocoprinus, 1 <strong>of</strong> Chlorophyllum, 1 <strong>of</strong><br />
Leucoagaricus and 3 <strong>of</strong> Macrolepiota) are registered. We<br />
report <strong>of</strong> seven new for the Israel territory species and<br />
intraspecies taxa found during 2001-2002 growing seasons:<br />
Chamaemyces fracidus (Fr.) Donk.; Chamaemyces fracidus<br />
var. pseudocastaneus Bon et Boiff.; Lepiota<br />
brunneolilacea Bon et Boiff.; Leucoagaricus littoralis<br />
(Meiner) Bon et Boiff.; Leucoagaricus wichanskyi (Pil.)<br />
Bon et Boiff.; Leucoagaricus carneifolius (Gill.) S.<br />
Wasser; Macrolepiota fuligineosquarrosa Malenc.<br />
658 - Out <strong>of</strong> Gondwana? - Relationship between<br />
European and African Lactarius sp. <strong>of</strong> the subgenera<br />
Lactifluus and Lactariospsis<br />
U. Eberhardt 1* & A. Verbeken 2<br />
1 SLU, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, Box 7026,<br />
SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 Gent University, Dept.<br />
Biology, Group Mycology, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35, B-<br />
9000 Gent, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
ursula.eberhardt@mykopat.slu.se<br />
The forests <strong>of</strong> tropical Africa are remarkably rich in<br />
Russulales species, particularly in species displaying what<br />
are considered to be conservative characters. Therefore, the<br />
hypothesis was put forward that the Russulales evolved on<br />
the Gondwana continent and spread from there to the<br />
northern hemisphere. The subgenera Lactifluus and<br />
Lactariopsis <strong>of</strong> the genus Lactarius belong to these<br />
supposedly primitive groups with a strong tropical African<br />
foothold, in terms <strong>of</strong> species numbers, infra-subgeneric<br />
diversity, and distribution. Both subgenera are also<br />
relatively well-represented in tropical lowlands <strong>of</strong> Central-<br />
and South-America. In contrast, only few and<br />
morphologically outstanding European Lactarius species<br />
were assigned to these subgenera. In molecular<br />
phylogenetic analysis, these species were indeed placed on<br />
very long branches, separated from the majority <strong>of</strong><br />
European species that are comparatively closely related.<br />
Molecular phylogenetic analysis methods were applied to<br />
investigate the relationship between selected European and<br />
tropical African species <strong>of</strong> the subgenera Lactifluus and<br />
Lactariopsis and to test the provisional infra-subgeneric<br />
classification <strong>of</strong> African Lactarius species that was entirely<br />
based on morphological characters.<br />
659 - The phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> the genera Lepraria<br />
and Leproloma<br />
S. Ekman 1* & T. Tønsberg 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Bergen, Allégaten 41,<br />
N-5007 Bergen, Norway. - 2 Museum <strong>of</strong> Botany, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. - Email:<br />
stefan.ekman@bot.uib.no<br />
The phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> the entirely asexually<br />
reproducing genera Lepraria and Leproloma was<br />
investigated using sequence data from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2<br />
and small subunit (SSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA.<br />
Phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using a<br />
Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) tree<br />
sampling technique and an alignment-free maximum<br />
likelihood distance method. The results indicate that most<br />
species currently referred to the genera Lepraria and<br />
Leproloma form a single, monophyletic group. This<br />
monophyletic group is sister to a well-known group <strong>of</strong><br />
lichens in the Stereocaulaceae (Lecanorales,<br />
Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), namely Stereocaulon and<br />
Muhria. Leproloma is polyphyletic and nested within<br />
Lepraria s. str. A few species, however, do not belong in<br />
Lepraria s. str., viz. Lepraria flavescens, which belongs in<br />
Lecanora, and Lepraria lesdainii and L. obtusatica, the<br />
positions <strong>of</strong> which are currently unknown.<br />
660 - Toninia species in Hungary<br />
E. Farkas 1* & L. Lökös 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1476<br />
Budapest, Pf. 222., Hungary. - E-mail:<br />
efarkas@botanika.hu<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Toninia are dominant in the sandy steppe and<br />
rocky grassland areas in Hungary. In the Hungarian lichen<br />
flora <strong>of</strong> Verseghy (1994) nine species were listed under<br />
Toninia: T. candida, T. caradocensis, T. cinereovirens, T.<br />
coeruleonigricans, T. lobulata, T. toniniana, T. tristis, T.<br />
tumidula, T. zsakii. A revision <strong>of</strong> the c. 300 Hungarian<br />
Toninia specimens was highly needed, since the Toninia<br />
monograph <strong>of</strong> Timdal (1991) was not considered by<br />
Verseghy. Three <strong>of</strong> the above species are now belong to<br />
other genera: Hypocenomyce caradocensis (syn. T.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 199
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
caradocensis), Mycobilimbia lobulata (syn. T. lobulata),<br />
Micarea melaenida (syn. T. zsakii). Toninia sedifolia with<br />
c. 200 specimens is the most frequent species <strong>of</strong> Toninia in<br />
Hungary. One specimen <strong>of</strong> T. alutacea (under T.<br />
intermedia from 1933) and two specimens <strong>of</strong> T. aromatica<br />
(from 1917 and 1955) kept in BP were regarded as<br />
uncertain data by Verseghy. No recent collections could<br />
confirm their occurrence in Hungary. T. physaroides and T.<br />
verrucarioides were indicated with Hungarian distribution<br />
by Timdal (1991). T. physaroides must have been<br />
overlooked because <strong>of</strong> its similarity with T. sedifolia.<br />
Parasitic and lichenicolous lichens are generally<br />
undercollected in Hungary. Most <strong>of</strong> the recent specimens<br />
also belong to T. sedifolia. Nevertheless T. diffracta was<br />
identified from a recent collection as new to Hungary.<br />
[Supported by the Hungarian Research Fund (OTKA<br />
T030209) and 'Research Grant Bolyai János'.]<br />
661 - To morphological and anatomical variability <strong>of</strong><br />
lichen-forming fungus Xanthoria patietina s. lat.<br />
(Teloschistaceae, Ascomycotina)<br />
N.M. Fedorenko * & S.Ya. Kondratyuk<br />
M.H. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Tereshchenkivska str.<br />
2, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine. - E-mail: skondr@botan.kiev.ua<br />
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. is characterized by large<br />
thallus with plane and wide lobes. More than 40<br />
infraspecific taxa <strong>of</strong> various status are hitherto described<br />
for this very polymorph species. However there are only a<br />
few morphological characters, which have being hitherto<br />
used for taxonomy <strong>of</strong> this group, namely presence <strong>of</strong><br />
soredia or isidia, morphology <strong>of</strong> thallus or single lobes and<br />
ecological characters <strong>of</strong> habitats. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study is to<br />
select a number <strong>of</strong> correlated characters, which may be<br />
applied for taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the whole X. parietina group.<br />
Three morphological types <strong>of</strong> Xanthoria parietina were<br />
selected on the basis <strong>of</strong> results obtained. The first one,<br />
thallus is very small (up to 2 cm diam.) with very dissected<br />
narrow lobes which never overlapping by marginal zone<br />
(lobes <strong>of</strong> the second level are well developed). The second<br />
one, with large entire thallus (4-16 cm diam.), only slightly<br />
dissected at marginal zone, lobe margins not overlapping<br />
(lobes <strong>of</strong> the second level are absent). The third one, thallus<br />
is very large (10 cm and more in diam.), margin almost<br />
entire, almost undissected, lobe margins (if developed)<br />
overlapping. Involving additional material from other<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> Eurasia and the further comparative study <strong>of</strong><br />
groups selected with type material <strong>of</strong> X. parietina and X.<br />
microspora B. de Lesd. will show taxonomical status <strong>of</strong><br />
these groups mentioned.<br />
200<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
662 - Identification and intra-specific characterization<br />
<strong>of</strong> penicillia and aspergilli by Fourier-Transform<br />
Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)<br />
G. Fischer * , S. Braun & W. Dott<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Hygiene and Environmental Health, University<br />
Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52224 Aachen, Germany.<br />
- E-mail: Guido.Fischer@post.rwth-aachen.de<br />
Airborne micr<strong>of</strong>ungi are a matter <strong>of</strong> discussion in public<br />
and occupational hygiene, they can be allergenic, toxigenic<br />
or some may cause infections. To determine health<br />
hazards, reliable species identification and physiological<br />
characterization <strong>of</strong> isolates is needed. Conidial suspensions<br />
<strong>of</strong> airborne fungi from the genera Aspergillus and<br />
Penicillium were characterized using Fourier-Transform<br />
Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). A new method was<br />
developed for the preparation <strong>of</strong> conidia. A database was<br />
established containing reference strains from culture<br />
collections as well as fresh isolates. The results obtained by<br />
cluster analysis were compared to data from<br />
chemotaxonomic investigations, where the production <strong>of</strong><br />
secondary metabolites and the presence <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins in<br />
conidia has been investigated. The taxonomic relationship<br />
was reflected in the dendrograms resulting from the cluster<br />
analysis. Identification <strong>of</strong> newly isolated strains was<br />
possible by comparison to the database established. In<br />
some species, intra-specific variation concerning<br />
mycotoxin production occurred, which was equally<br />
reflected in the discrimination <strong>of</strong> strains. The new method<br />
seems to be particularly suited to be applied in different<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> applied and systematic mycology: microbial<br />
inventories, rapid identification <strong>of</strong> pathogens,<br />
biotechnology, quality control in culture collections.<br />
Moreover, the method proved to be a powerful tool in<br />
taxonomic studies.<br />
663 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Termitomyces and related taxa based<br />
on nuclaer (nLSU) and mitochondrial (mtSSU)<br />
ribosomal DNA<br />
T. G. Frøslev 1* , D.K. Aanen 2 , T. Læssøe 1 & S. Rosendahl 1<br />
1 Copenhagen University, Botanical Institute, <strong>Mycological</strong><br />
Department, Østre Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Kbh K.,<br />
Denmark. - 2 Copenhagen University, Zoological Institute,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Population Ecology, Universitetsparken 15,<br />
2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
TobiasGF@bot.ku.ku<br />
A phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic fungi <strong>of</strong> the fungus-growing<br />
higher termites (subfamily Macrotermitinae) and related<br />
taxa is estimated with Bayesian methods. Our sample<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> 130 sequences <strong>of</strong> nLSU rDNA obtained from<br />
basidiocarps, termite nests and termite gut material and<br />
represents extensive geographic and taxonomic sampling.<br />
Results <strong>of</strong> the Bayesian analysis are in agreement with<br />
those <strong>of</strong> traditional maximum parsimony and maximum<br />
likelihood methods. Inclusion <strong>of</strong> mtSSU rDNA sequence
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
data from several samples agrees with the overall<br />
topography <strong>of</strong> the phylogeny. The results confirm that<br />
Termitomyces constitutes a monophyletic group within<br />
Lyophylleae. Podabrella (T. microcarpus) is derived<br />
within Termitomyces. The proposed related genus<br />
Sinotermitomyces belongs to Termitomyces but does not<br />
constitute a monophyletic group. Gerhardtia<br />
brunneoincarnata, proposed to have affinities to<br />
Termitomyces due to absence <strong>of</strong> clamps, belongs to<br />
Lyophylleae, but does not belong to Termitomyces. There<br />
seems to be a geographical differentiation <strong>of</strong> clades as well<br />
as a differentiation in relation to host genera.<br />
664 - Characterisation <strong>of</strong> yeast communities in aquatic<br />
environmental samples by Temperature Gradient Gel<br />
Electrophoresis (TGGE)<br />
M. Gadanho 1* , R. Tenreiro 2 & J.P. Sampaio 1<br />
1 Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Secção Autónoma<br />
de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,<br />
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal. -<br />
2 Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento<br />
de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade<br />
de Lisboa, Portugal. - E-mail: majg@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
Several difficulties affect the characterisation <strong>of</strong> microbial<br />
communities in environmental samples. Traditionally,<br />
culture-dependent methods were used for studies <strong>of</strong><br />
microbial diversity. However, this approach is too<br />
laborious to be used intensively. To overcome the<br />
disadvantages <strong>of</strong> the isolation step and the selective effect<br />
induced by culture media, several culture-independent<br />
approaches have been proposed. One <strong>of</strong> the most popular is<br />
PCR-DGGE/TGGE. This method is based on the PCR<br />
amplification <strong>of</strong> DNA fragments from the pool <strong>of</strong> total<br />
DNA extracted from a natural sample. The separation <strong>of</strong><br />
the amplicons is done in a denaturing electrophoresis. In<br />
this study we optimised this approach for the detection and<br />
characterisation <strong>of</strong> yeasts in aquatic samples. Water<br />
volumes <strong>of</strong> 5 L were filtered and the DNA <strong>of</strong> the organisms<br />
present in the filter was extracted. Then, a set <strong>of</strong> primers<br />
specific for fungi and designed for the 26S rDNA, was<br />
used. Finally, the amplicons were separated using a TGGE<br />
apparatus. It was observed that yeasts were present in<br />
relatively low numbers, which difficulted their detection.<br />
Simultaneously, liquid medium enrichments were<br />
performed during periods <strong>of</strong> 1-12 days. After incubation,<br />
DNA was extracted and analysed by PCR-TGGE. The<br />
electrophoretic pr<strong>of</strong>iles obtained from enriched and nonenriched<br />
samples from different aquatic environments were<br />
compared and the composition <strong>of</strong> the yeast community was<br />
analysed by direct DNA sequencing <strong>of</strong> the TGGE bands.<br />
665 - Nexomyces cubensis gen. et sp. nov. from Cuban<br />
soil<br />
D. García * , A.M. Stchigel, J. Cano & J. Guarro<br />
Rovira i Virgili University, c/ Sant Llorenç 21 43201, Reus,<br />
Spain. - E-mail: umb@fmcs.urv.es<br />
During the course <strong>of</strong> a study <strong>of</strong> soil ascomycetes from<br />
Cuba, an undescribed ascomycete was isolated from<br />
Ciénaga de Zapata (Matanzas province). Due to endemic,<br />
rare and endangered organisms, which can be found in this<br />
region, it has been declared a Biosphere Reserve by<br />
UNESCO. A bait technique was used for recovering the<br />
fungi. Petri dishes were half-filled with the soil samples<br />
and moistened with sterile distilled water. Several pieces <strong>of</strong><br />
sterile wood (approx. 1x2 cm) were placed on the soil<br />
surface or partially buried in it. The new ascomycete<br />
Nexomyces cubensis gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by<br />
ostiolate and non-ostiolate setose ascomata and ellipsoidal,<br />
thick- and smooth- walled, brown to dark brown, opaque<br />
ascospores, which are umbonated at the apex with a<br />
protuberant apical germ pore. Due to its morphological<br />
features, this taxon was easily recognized as belonging to<br />
the Sordariales, although its exact taxonomic placement<br />
was difficult to ascertain. In order to establish its<br />
phylogenetic relationships, the ITS rDNA region sequence<br />
was compared with those <strong>of</strong> other genera <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Sordariales. Analyses <strong>of</strong> the sequences suggest that this<br />
taxon is close to Sordariaceae.<br />
666 - Phylogenetic boundaries in Ramariopsis<br />
R. García-Sandoval 1* , J. Cifuentes 1 , E. de Luna 2 , A.<br />
Estrada-Torres 3 & M. Villegas 1<br />
1 FCME Herbaria, UNAM, Po.Box 70-399, CP 04510,<br />
Coyoacán DF, Mexico. - 2 Instituto de Ecología AC.,<br />
Po.Box 63, CP 9100, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. - 3 Centro<br />
de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, UATX,<br />
Km10.5SnMartín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala, 90120, Tlaxcala,<br />
Mexico. - E-mail: gsr@minervaux.fciencias.unam.mx<br />
The genus Ramariopsis was first described by Corner<br />
(1950) who separated from the genus Clavaria those<br />
species having branched fruit bodies, whitish colors and<br />
spiny hyaline spores. Petersen (1966, 1969 & 1978)<br />
proposed an emendation in order to include species with<br />
smooth spores and simple fruit bodies. The present work<br />
comprehends a phylogenetic analyses based on<br />
morphology, whitch pretends to clarify the phylogenetical<br />
boundaries <strong>of</strong> Ramariopsis. Thirty-six morphological<br />
character were considered for four species <strong>of</strong> Ramariopsis<br />
sensu Corner (1970) and six species <strong>of</strong> Ramariopsis sensu<br />
Petersen, eleven close outgroups from genus Clavaria,<br />
Multiclavula, Clavariadelphus, and Scytinopogon, included<br />
to test phylogenetical boundaries; three additional far<br />
outgroups were included for cladogram orientation<br />
purposes, a total <strong>of</strong> twenty-four species were included.<br />
Outgroups were selected by performing a phylogenetical<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 201
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
prospection <strong>of</strong> the Clavariaceae family. Ramariopsis sensu<br />
Corner was found as a monophyletic group, with<br />
Scytinopogon as its sister group, which agree with Corner<br />
(1970) proposals. Ramariopsis sensu Petersen was rejected<br />
as a monophyletic natural genus.<br />
667 - Molecular study <strong>of</strong> the Caloplaca saxicola group<br />
on the background <strong>of</strong> morphological taxa<br />
E. Gaya 1* , P. Navarro-Rosinés 1 , F. Lutzoni 2 & N. Hladun 1<br />
1 Dept.Biologia Vegetal.Facultat de Biologia.Universitat de<br />
Barcelona, Av.Diagonal 645. 08028 Barcelona, Spain. -<br />
2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology. Duke University, Box 90338. Durham,<br />
North Carolina, U.S.A. - E-mail: gaya@porthos.bio.ub.es<br />
Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) with more than<br />
1000 species can be considered one <strong>of</strong> the most complex<br />
and diversified genus among crustose lichens. Its<br />
delimitation has been always problematic due mostly to the<br />
strong similarity between lobed species <strong>of</strong> Caloplaca and<br />
species <strong>of</strong> other genera within this family, such as<br />
Xanthoria. Among all lobed Caloplaca species, the<br />
Saxicola group has been the most controversial<br />
taxonomically. Here we report the results from<br />
phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> the nuclear rDNA internal<br />
trancribed spacers (ITS) sequence data for 60 specimens<br />
belonging to the Saxicola group. Collections from Europe,<br />
North America and Asia are included. We have used these<br />
molecular data to compare the current phenotypic<br />
delimitation <strong>of</strong> certain species. Hence, a morphological<br />
comprehensive study <strong>of</strong> the group is provided with an<br />
emphasis on the enigmatic C. arnoldii s. auct., the<br />
phenotypically variable C. saxicola s. str. and the concept<br />
<strong>of</strong> C. biatorina in the different continents. A proposal for<br />
achieving a new and stable classification <strong>of</strong> this group will<br />
be presented.<br />
668 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the genus Arachnomyces and its<br />
anamorphs<br />
C. F. Gibas 1* , L. Sigler 1 , R.C. Summerbell 2 & R.S. Currah 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Alberta Micr<strong>of</strong>ungus Collection and<br />
Herbarium, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada. -<br />
2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The<br />
Netherlands. -<br />
3 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: cgibas@ualberta.ca<br />
Arachnomyces is a genus <strong>of</strong> cleistothecial ascomycetes that<br />
has morphological similarities to the Onygenaceae and the<br />
Gymnoascaceae but is not accommodated well in either<br />
taxon. The phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the genus Arachnomyces and<br />
related anamorphs was studied using nuclear SSU rDNA<br />
gene sequences. Partial sequences were determined from<br />
ex-type cultures representing A. minimus, A. nodosetosus<br />
(anamorph Onychocola canadensis), A. kanei (anamorph<br />
O. kanei) and A. gracilis (anamorph Malbranchea sp.) and<br />
202<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
aligned together with corresponding sequences <strong>of</strong> forty<br />
other ascomycetes. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum<br />
parsimony showed the genus Arachnomyces is<br />
monophyletic, includes the hyphomycete Malbranchea<br />
sclerotica, and forms a separate lineage within the<br />
Eurotiomycetes. All known anamorphs in this lineage are<br />
arthroconidial and have been placed either in Onychocola<br />
(A. nodosetosus, A. kanei) or in Malbranchea (A. gracilis).<br />
Onychocola is chosen as the most appropriate taxon for the<br />
arthroconidial states <strong>of</strong> Arachnomyces and thus<br />
Malbranchea sclerotica and the anamorph <strong>of</strong> A. gracilis<br />
are treated as species within Onychocola.<br />
669 - Analysis <strong>of</strong> 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences<br />
reveals the phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Mycosphaerella<br />
S.B. Goodwin * & J.R. Cavaletto<br />
USDA-ARS / Purdue University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany and<br />
Plant Pathology, 1155 Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, IN<br />
47907-1155, U.S.A. - E-mail: sgoodwin@purdue.edu<br />
Mycosphaerella is one <strong>of</strong> the largest groups <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
pathogenic fungi with more than 1800 species names.<br />
Anamorphs associated with Mycosphaerella number more<br />
than 40, many <strong>of</strong> which also are economically important<br />
with large numbers <strong>of</strong> species. For example, Cercospora<br />
and Septoria contain more than 3000 and 1000 species<br />
names, respectively, most <strong>of</strong> which probably were derived<br />
from species with a Mycosphaerella teleomorph. Despite<br />
their common occurrence and high economic importance,<br />
members <strong>of</strong> this genus have been under-represented in<br />
phylogenetic analyses and the taxonomic position <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycosphaerella is uncertain. Most taxonomists place the<br />
genus in the order Dothideales. However, this conclusion<br />
has not been supported by limited analyses <strong>of</strong> 18S<br />
ribosomal RNA gene sequences. To test whether the genus<br />
Mycosphaerella belongs in the order Dothideales, 18S<br />
rDNA sequences were obtained from five species<br />
representing the major groups within the genus identified<br />
in previous analyses <strong>of</strong> ITS sequences. All five species <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycosphaerella clustered together but separate from<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Dothidea and formed a basal group to the other<br />
loculoascomycetes in a neighbor-joining analysis <strong>of</strong> 109<br />
18S sequences. Species <strong>of</strong> Dothidea clustered with those <strong>of</strong><br />
Botryosphaeria, another genus <strong>of</strong> uncertain taxonomic<br />
position. Inclusion <strong>of</strong> Mycosphaerella within the<br />
Dothideales was not supported by this analysis and a new<br />
order may be needed to accommodate species <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycosphaerella and related genera.<br />
670 - Biogeography and species concepts - Lentinus<br />
lindquistii is Lentinus tigrinus, a circum-global species<br />
E.A. Grand * , R.H. Petersen & K.W. Hughes<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, 437 Hesler, Knoxville,<br />
Tennessee 37996-1100, U.S.A.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Lentinus lindquistii (Sing.) Lechner & Alberto (=Pleurotus<br />
lindquistii Singer) is known only from its type locality in<br />
Argentina. Lentinus lindquistii has been separated from L.<br />
tigrinus s. s. based on non-inflated generative hyphae and<br />
other slight morphological differences (i.e. spore size). We<br />
employed tester strains <strong>of</strong> L. lindquistii and singlebasidiospore<br />
isolates (SBIs) <strong>of</strong> L. tigrinus (Bull.: Fr.) from<br />
10 widely scattered geographic locations to ascertain<br />
congruence <strong>of</strong> morphological, biological, and genetical<br />
species concepts. SBIs <strong>of</strong> L. tigrinus were obtained from<br />
fresh material collected in the field and basidiomata<br />
produced in vitro. SBIs from each collection were paired<br />
with those <strong>of</strong> all other collections (n = 4 or 8) to ascertain<br />
sexual intercompatibility. Results showed complete<br />
compatibility among collections, indicating that all<br />
collections represented the same biological species. Our<br />
data demonstrate the morphological variability <strong>of</strong> two 'taxa'<br />
in the L. tigrinus complex. Sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the ITS1-<br />
5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA suggests that widely scattered<br />
geographical populations <strong>of</strong> the L. tigrinus complex are<br />
genetically divergent. Although these populations have<br />
been separated long enough to allow sequence evolution,<br />
they are still capable <strong>of</strong> compatible mating.<br />
671 - Ascocarp impalement: a novel mechanism <strong>of</strong><br />
dispersal in cleistothecial ascomycetes<br />
M.D. Greif * & R.S. Currah<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta,<br />
CW-405, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
mattgreif@hotmail.com<br />
Ascomycetes have evolved a variety <strong>of</strong> mechanisms to<br />
ensure the dispersal <strong>of</strong> their meiospores by animals. Some<br />
<strong>of</strong> these include the production <strong>of</strong> sticky spores (e.g.<br />
Ophiostomatales) or even the development <strong>of</strong> the ascocarp<br />
directly on the body <strong>of</strong> an arthropod (e.g. Laboulbeniales),<br />
both ensuring that propagules are transferred economically<br />
from one suitable habitat to another. Here, we report a<br />
novel mechanism that has developed independently in two<br />
ascomycete lineages, the Leotiomycetes and the<br />
Eurotiomycetes. In representatives <strong>of</strong> these classes, namely<br />
Myxotrichum and Auxarthron respectively, the ascocarp is<br />
a cage-like cleistothecium with an internal mass <strong>of</strong> minute,<br />
pale coloured ascospores borne within a lattice <strong>of</strong> rigid<br />
thick walled hyphae. By exposing mature ascocarps <strong>of</strong><br />
these two fungi to active Dipterans (Sarcophagidae and<br />
Calliphoridae) for 24 hours we demonstrated that this type<br />
<strong>of</strong> ascocarp is picked up through an impalement event in<br />
which the arthropod hairs pass between the spaces <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cleistothecial lattice, glancing or piercing the ascospore<br />
mass and affixing the entire ascocarp to the body <strong>of</strong> the<br />
vector. We suggest that this impalement mechanism is the<br />
driving force behind the convergence in ascocarp form in<br />
these cleistothecial fungi.<br />
672 - Cryphonectria cubensis resides in a genus outside<br />
Cryphonectria<br />
M.V. Gryzenhout 1* , H. Myburg 2 , M.J. Wingfield 1 & B.D.<br />
Wingfield 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology,<br />
Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry & Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - E-mail:<br />
Marieka.Gryzenhout@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Cryphonectria cubensis is a serious pathogen <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus<br />
spp., clove (Syzigium aromaticum) and Tibouchina spp. in<br />
the tropics and sub-tropics. In previous studies, sequence<br />
data from the ITS1/ITS2 regions <strong>of</strong> the ribosomal DNA<br />
operon, and LSU and SSU DNA, suggested that C.<br />
cubensis does not group together with other Cryphonectria<br />
spp. The aim <strong>of</strong> the present study was to pursue this<br />
question further and to determine an appropriate generic<br />
placement for C. cubensis. An expanded collection <strong>of</strong><br />
Cryphonectria and Endothia spp. was included and we<br />
produced additional sequences for the ITS1/ITS2 regions<br />
and the beta--tubulin genes. Herbarium specimens,<br />
including type collections, <strong>of</strong> C. cubensis and other species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cryphonectria were also examined in detail. DNA<br />
sequences revealed that a world-wide collection <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
cubensis isolates, grouped separately from Cryphonectria<br />
and Endothia species in a strongly resolved clade. The<br />
anamorph <strong>of</strong> C. cubensis is blackened, pycnidium-like and<br />
superficial, and the teleomorph has black perithecial necks<br />
extending beyond the stromatal surface. This is in contrast<br />
to Cryphonectria that has orange stromata with semiimmersed<br />
anamorphs and orange perithecial necks.<br />
Morphological characteristics support DNA-based<br />
analyses, showing that C. cubensis should reside in a genus<br />
separate from Cryphonectria. In contrast to previous views,<br />
anamorph morphology and colour appear to be more<br />
taxonomically informative than teleomorph structure and<br />
ascospores.<br />
673 - Reconsideration <strong>of</strong> the conspecificity <strong>of</strong> Endothia<br />
eugeniae and Cryphonectria cubensis<br />
M.V. Gryzenhout 1* , H. Myburg 2 , M.J. Wingfield 1 & B.D.<br />
Wingfield 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology,<br />
Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry & Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - E-mail:<br />
Marieka.Gryzenhout@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Endothia eugeniae, a canker pathogen <strong>of</strong> clove (Syzigium<br />
aromaticum), was synonymised with the Eucalyptus canker<br />
pathogen Cryphonectria cubensis. This synonymy emerged<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 203
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
from morphological studies, cross-inoculations and<br />
isozyme analyses. However, for stromatal morphology, the<br />
type description <strong>of</strong> E. eugeniae does not concur with that <strong>of</strong><br />
C. cubensis. New collections <strong>of</strong> Cryphonectria have<br />
become available to us and the aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to<br />
consider the validity <strong>of</strong> the synonymy <strong>of</strong> these two fungi.<br />
Isolates <strong>of</strong> C. cubensis and E. eugeniae were compared<br />
based on DNA sequences from the ITS1/ITS2 region and<br />
beta-tubulin genes. Specimens <strong>of</strong> clove in Zanzibar and<br />
South East Asia, were also compared morphologically with<br />
specimens <strong>of</strong> C. cubensis from Eucalyptus. Phylogenetic<br />
analyses showed that the majority <strong>of</strong> isolates from clove<br />
grouped together with C. cubensis isolates. A smaller<br />
number <strong>of</strong> isolates from Indonesia, however, grouped<br />
separately from the Cryphonectria and C. cubensis clades.<br />
Two fungi with different tissue types were observed on<br />
clove bark. One <strong>of</strong> these resembled C. cubensis. The other<br />
fungus is a species morphologically similar to<br />
Cryphonectria. The C. cubensis anamorph was<br />
morphologically variable on clove, which might explain<br />
anomalies regarding the description <strong>of</strong> E. eugeniae. Our<br />
results suggest that the synonymy <strong>of</strong> C. cubensis and E.<br />
eugeniae is valid. However, there is another fungus, closely<br />
related to Cryphonectria, also present on clove.<br />
674 - The genus Urocystis (Ustilaginomycetes) in China<br />
L. Guo<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Academia Sinica, Beijing<br />
100080, China. - E-mail: guol@sun.im.ac.cn<br />
For the genus Urocystis in China, Ling(1953) described 4<br />
species and Wang (1963) published 11 species. In 1979 Tai<br />
Fanlan in his 'Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum' recorded 13<br />
species. So far a total <strong>of</strong> 36 species <strong>of</strong> the genus Urocystis<br />
are reported from China, distributed among 33 genera <strong>of</strong> 9<br />
families <strong>of</strong> the host plants. These smut species are arranged<br />
alphabetically as follows: Urocystis achnatheri, U.<br />
agropyri, U. agropyri-campestris, U. agrostidis, U.<br />
antipolitana, U. beijingensis, U. bolivari, U. brassicae, U.<br />
bromi, U. calamagrostidis, U. clintoniae, U. delphinii, U.<br />
dioscoreae, U. fischeri, U. granulosa, U. helanensis, U.<br />
hierochloae, U. irregularis, U. japonica, U. leersiae, U.<br />
magica, U. melicae, U. nevodovskyi, U. occulta, U. paridis,<br />
U. poae, U. primulicola, U. pulsatillae, U. qinghaiensis, U.<br />
ranunculi, U. rodgersiae, U. sorosporioides, U. stipae, U.<br />
tritici, U. ulei and U. yunnanensis. Among them, U.<br />
achnatheri, U. beijingensis, U. helanensis, U. qinghaiensis<br />
and U. yunnanensis were recently discovered as new<br />
species, known only from type locality and possibly<br />
endemic.<br />
204<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
675 - Traditional infrageneric classifications <strong>of</strong><br />
Gymnopilus (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) are not<br />
supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data<br />
L. Guzmán-Dávalos 1* , G.M. Mueller 2 , J. Cifuentes 3 , A.N.<br />
Miller 2 & A. Santerre 4<br />
1 Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de<br />
Guadalajara, Apdo. postal 1-139, Zapopan, Jal., 45101,<br />
Mexico. - 2 The Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, 1400<br />
South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill 60605-2496, U.S.A. -<br />
3 Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Cd.<br />
UNiversitaria, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico. -<br />
4 Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular,<br />
Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico. - Email:<br />
lguzman@cucba.udg.mx<br />
Fulvidula (Gymnopilus P. Karst.) was divided by<br />
Romagnesi (1942) into Annulatae and Cortinatae (=<br />
section Gymnopilus Singer). The first includes species with<br />
a persistent, membranous annulus and the second species<br />
with an arachnoid veil. Hesler (1969) elevated Singer's<br />
sections to subgenera and divided Gymnopilus into two<br />
sections: Microspori and Gymnopilus. Guzmán-Dávalos<br />
(1995) proposed a third section, Macrospori, within<br />
Gymnopilus. This classification has been accepted by most<br />
authors; even though the assignment <strong>of</strong> a species is<br />
<strong>of</strong>tentimes ambiguous. Here we test the monophyly <strong>of</strong><br />
Gymnopilus and the appropriateness <strong>of</strong> the current<br />
classification system using ribosomal nuclear ITS1-5.8S-<br />
ITS2 sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> 59 sequences<br />
(53 ingroup and 6 outgroup) were performed using<br />
maximum parsimony. Initial analyses support the<br />
monophyly <strong>of</strong> Gymnopilus. Its division into the two<br />
traditional subgenera was not supported, neither was the<br />
recognition <strong>of</strong> the three sections in subgenus Gymnopilus.<br />
Four well-supported clades were identified in the genus: 1)<br />
the spectabilis-imperialis group; 2) the penetrans-sapineus<br />
complex; 3) a clade formed by G. underwoodii, G.<br />
validipes and G. cf. flavidellus; and 4) the dilepis-medius<br />
group. Thus, while the presence <strong>of</strong> a membranous veil and<br />
the size <strong>of</strong> the basidiospores traditionally have been used to<br />
support infrageneric groups, these characters have been<br />
shown to be highly homoplastic, and <strong>of</strong> little use at this<br />
taxonomic level.<br />
676 - Species level identification <strong>of</strong> the barley pathogens<br />
in Pyrenophora: Morphological versus molecular<br />
evidence<br />
S. Hambleton * , R.A. Shoemaker, K.A. Seifert & H. Boulay<br />
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario<br />
K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail: hambletons@em.agr.ca<br />
Pyrenophora teres and P. graminea cause two important<br />
foliar diseases <strong>of</strong> barley, net blotch and leaf stripe,<br />
respectively. P. teres comprises two pathovars (P. teres f.<br />
teres and P. teres f. maculata) differentiated by lesion type
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
(net blotch and spotted net blotch). Molecular phylogenetic<br />
analyses were used to examine species concepts within<br />
Pyrenophora. The initial ITS sequence analysis revealed<br />
species-specific sequence motifs in the ITS1 region for<br />
most species sampled but failed to definitively differentiate<br />
among barley isolates at the species level. This result<br />
supported prior mating experiments suggesting that P. teres<br />
and P. graminea represent one biological species, despite<br />
morphological differences, and differing mode <strong>of</strong> infection<br />
and disease symptoms on a single host. Further parsimony<br />
analyses were performed using sequence data from three<br />
genetic loci for multiple strains. Several isolates were<br />
included whose P. teres pathovar identification had been<br />
confirmed in inoculation trials on the host and several<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> P. graminea newly isolated from distinctive leaf<br />
stripe lesions. Two distinct clusters corresponded to P.<br />
teres f. teres and P. graminea, while numerous strains<br />
variously identified but including those confirmed as P.<br />
teres f. maculata, were intermediate.<br />
677 - Molecular and morphological characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
a cosmopolitan root endophyte allied to the<br />
Leotiomycetes<br />
S. Hambleton 1* , L. Sigler 2 & R.S. Currah 3<br />
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario<br />
K1A 0C6, Canada. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Alberta Micorfungus<br />
Collection and Herbarium, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta,<br />
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Alberta, Edmonton,<br />
Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
hambletons@em.agr.ca<br />
Sterile fungi isolated from surface-sterilized roots <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ericaceae were hypothesized to be conspecific based<br />
primarily on restriction fragment length polymorphisms<br />
and provisionally named as Variable White Taxon (VWT).<br />
In preliminary re-synthesis trials with Vaccinium<br />
myrtilloides and V. vitis-idaea, two isolates tested did not<br />
form ericoid mycorrhizas. Several isolates <strong>of</strong> culturally<br />
similar fungi were obtained from roots <strong>of</strong> the Orchidaceae<br />
and Pinaceae and suspected <strong>of</strong> being VWT based on colony<br />
morphology and characters <strong>of</strong> the mycelium. To assess<br />
conspecificity and infer their phylogenetic affinities, partial<br />
nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences were determined.<br />
Parsimony analyses supported a species level distinction<br />
for VWT isolates and indicated that the taxon is closely<br />
related to, but distinct from, Hymenoscyphus ericae<br />
(Leotiomycetes). A new anamorph genus and species is<br />
proposed to accommodate this endophyte, which so far has<br />
remained sterile in culture, to facilitate information<br />
retrieval and discussion and provide a sound foundation for<br />
additional experimental work. Strains are identified using a<br />
suite <strong>of</strong> morphological characters in conjunction with ITS<br />
sequence data.<br />
678 - Knufia cryptophialidica, close phylogenetic relative<br />
<strong>of</strong> Coniosporium spp. (Ascomycota, incertae sedis)<br />
S. Hambleton 1* , A. Tsuneda 2 & K.A. Seifert 1<br />
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario<br />
K1A 0C6, Canada. - 2 Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian<br />
Forest Service, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 3S5, Canada. - Email:<br />
hambletons@em.agr.ca<br />
When first described, the taxonomic position <strong>of</strong> Knufia<br />
cryptophialidica (monotypic genus, Hyphomycetes),<br />
isolated from galls on stems and branches <strong>of</strong> Populus<br />
tremuloides, was hypothesized to be related to the<br />
metacapnodiaceous sooty molds. Similar characteristics <strong>of</strong><br />
the group include slow-growing, black, cerebriform growth<br />
on agar, the production <strong>of</strong> undifferentiated conidiogenous<br />
cells on moniliform hyphae, and phialidic conidiogenesis<br />
in some species. In a study focused on the identification<br />
and phylogenetic placement <strong>of</strong> a sterile black cerebriform<br />
fungus from Sphagnum leaves also suspected <strong>of</strong> being<br />
related to the Metacapnodiaceae, DNA sequences from the<br />
nuclear ribosomal RNA gene were determined for 4 strains<br />
<strong>of</strong> Knufia cryptophialidica for comparative purposes.<br />
Parsimony analyses indicated that K. cryptophialidica was<br />
distant from the sooty molds in the Capnodiales but closely<br />
related to Coniosporium apollinis and C. perforans, two<br />
species shown previously to form a strongly supported<br />
sister clade to the Chaetothyriomycetes. The Coniosporium<br />
spp. were isolated from stone and are superficially similar<br />
in morphology to K. cryptophialidica, but develop catenate<br />
muriform conidia from meristematic conidiophores.<br />
679 - Hawaiian puffballs, earthstars and stinkhorns<br />
D.E. Hemmes 1* & D.E. Desjardin 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii at Hilo, Biology Department, 200 W.<br />
Kawili St., Hilo, Hawaii 96720, U.S.A. - 2 San Francisco<br />
State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, 1600 Holloway<br />
Ave., San Francisco, California 94132, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
hemmes@hawaii.edu<br />
An annotated list <strong>of</strong> gasteromycetes found in the Hawaiian<br />
Islands including members <strong>of</strong> the Lycoperdaceae,<br />
Geastraceae, Nidulariaceae, Tulostomataceae, Phallaceae,<br />
Clathraceae, and Sclerodermataceae will be presented from<br />
collections taken over the past ten years on all the major<br />
islands. Alien habitats such as coastal Casuarina groves,<br />
coastal Prosopsis groves, cypress plantings, and hillside<br />
Leucaena thickets harbor a number <strong>of</strong> earthstars and<br />
stalked puffballs including Tulostoma and Battarreoides.<br />
The native mamane-naio vegetation zones on the leeward<br />
sides <strong>of</strong> the high volcanic mountains are also excellent<br />
habitats for xerophytic earthstars, Battarrea, and<br />
Tulostoma. Members <strong>of</strong> the Phallaceae including<br />
Dictyophora, Mutinus, Pseudocolus, and Phallus are found<br />
in agricultural and horticultural settings whereas Aseroë<br />
rubra, along with various species <strong>of</strong> Scleroderma are<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 205
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
associated with Eucalyptus. Vascellum, Bovista, Calvatia,<br />
and Dictyophora are common inhabitants <strong>of</strong> grass on<br />
lawns, golf courses, and pastures. A pictorial summary <strong>of</strong><br />
the individual species will be presented.<br />
680 - Population structure <strong>of</strong> Septobasidium curtisii, a<br />
fungal symbiont <strong>of</strong> scale insects<br />
D.A. Henk * & R. Vilgalys<br />
Duke University, Box 90338 Durham, NC 27708, U.S.A. -<br />
E-mail: dah@duke.edu<br />
Septobasidium curtisii lives symbiotically with scale<br />
insects on trees and is common in the southeastern United<br />
States. The fungus forms thin black mats <strong>of</strong> hyphae over<br />
colonies <strong>of</strong> scale insects infecting some but not all. Species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Septobasidium are thought to disperse only as spores<br />
infecting young scale insects, and subsequently, hyphae<br />
from infected insects fuse to form a single fungal colony. If<br />
this is true for S. curtisii then fungal colonies may be<br />
genetic mosaics, and populations may be differentiated on<br />
small spatial scales within a stand <strong>of</strong> trees or on a single<br />
tree in accordance with host insect population structure. To<br />
test these hypotheses we use DNA sequence data from<br />
multiple loci to determine patterns <strong>of</strong> genetic diversity in<br />
single colonies and across geographic and host ranges in S.<br />
curtisii. Sequence data from five loci from single spore<br />
isolates show that colonies are composed <strong>of</strong> a single<br />
heterokaryotic individual that produces recombinant<br />
spores. Preliminary data from collections across the<br />
southeastern United States indicate that population<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> S. curtisii and host insects are correlated but at<br />
a larger spatial scale than expected.<br />
681 - Puccinia hemerocallidis, cause <strong>of</strong> daylily rust, a<br />
newly introduced disease in the Americas<br />
J.R. Hernandez 1* , M.E. Palm Hernandez 2 & L.A.<br />
Castlebury 1<br />
1 USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany<br />
and Mycology Laboratory (ARS, SBML), Rm. 304, B-011A,<br />
BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, U.S.A. -<br />
2 USDA/APHIS, Systematic Botany and Mycology<br />
Laboratory, Rm. 329, B-011A, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD<br />
20705-2350, U.S.A. - E-mail: jose@nt.ars-grin.gov<br />
Daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.) are the most important<br />
perennial flowering plant grown in the U.S. and are traded<br />
extensively by hobbyists. A rust <strong>of</strong> daylilies was introduced<br />
recently into North and Central America. Puccinia<br />
hemerocallidis is known on daylilies in Asia (stages II, III)<br />
with Patrinia (Valerianaceae) as the alternate host (stages<br />
0, I), also native to Asia. Specimens from Costa Rica,<br />
Japan, Russia and the United States as well as previously<br />
collected specimens from its native eastern Asia were<br />
examined morphologically to confirm that this rust was P.<br />
hemerocallidis. In addition, the ITS region <strong>of</strong> the ribosomal<br />
206<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
DNA was sequenced from six representative fresh<br />
specimens from the Americas and Asia. The range <strong>of</strong><br />
variability <strong>of</strong> certain morphological characteristics,<br />
including the ratio <strong>of</strong> non-septate to 1-septate teliospores,<br />
was greater than indicated in the current literature.<br />
Teliospore and urediniospore sizes varied among<br />
specimens but statistical analysis indicated that there was<br />
no significant difference in size between the Asian and the<br />
American spores. Three synapomorphies (including one<br />
indel) were present in the ITS region that distinguished the<br />
two Asian specimens from the four American specimens.<br />
However the ITS variation within the American or Asian<br />
specimens was approximately equal to variation between<br />
specimens from the two broad geographic areas. We<br />
conclude that the rust introduced into the Americas is<br />
Puccinia hemerocallidis.<br />
682 - Exceptional morphological diversification in<br />
Cladia and phylogenetic related lineages in Australasia<br />
N. H<strong>of</strong>fmann * & P.T. DePriest<br />
Smithsonian Institution, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, National<br />
museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, P.O. Box 37012 Washington,<br />
DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
nikolaus.h<strong>of</strong>fmann@kfunigraz.ac.at<br />
Cladia is a genus <strong>of</strong> lichenized fungi with most <strong>of</strong> its<br />
species endemic to the Australasian region. Of the 14<br />
described species in the genus only four occur outside this<br />
region. Three other lichen genera endemic to this region,<br />
Heterodea, Ramalea and Thysanothecium, share many<br />
anatomical features with Cladia, and its family<br />
Cladoniaceae in general, but have very distinct vegetative<br />
morphologies. In our phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> three regions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the nuclear and mitochondrial rDNA, the species <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus Cladia were divided into two clades. The first clade,<br />
containing C. aggregata, the type species <strong>of</strong> the genus,<br />
consisted exclusively <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the C. aggregata<br />
complex. This complex <strong>of</strong> very similar, hard to distinguish<br />
species is characterized by rather irregular perforations and<br />
a dark green-brown to black color. The second clade, in<br />
some analyses a grade, includes regularly perforated<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Cladia, such as C. ferdinandii and C. sullivanii.<br />
The latter species are paraphyletic relative to Heterodea,<br />
Ramalea and Thysanothecium. On the basis <strong>of</strong> this result<br />
the name Cladia should be restricted to species <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Cladia aggregata-complex; the correct generic names for<br />
the remaining species requires further investigation. Our<br />
phylogenetic hypothesis is consistent with the recent<br />
diversification <strong>of</strong> these endemic 'genera' in Australasia.<br />
Their previous treatment as separated genera reflects the<br />
striking morphological evolution that has accompanied<br />
their diversification.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
683 - The genus Gymnopilus (Basidiomycetes,<br />
Agaricales) in the Czech Republic<br />
J. Holec<br />
National Museum, <strong>Mycological</strong> Department, Vaclavske<br />
nam. 68, 115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
jan.holec@nm.cz<br />
A project dealing with the taxonomy and distribution <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genus Gymnopilus in the Czech Republic was started in<br />
2001. Up to now, 7 species were recognised. Gymnopilus<br />
picreus is common in mountains but scarce to rare in<br />
highlands and lowlands. Gymnopilus bellulus is found<br />
almost exclusively in natural to virgin montane forests.<br />
Gymnopilus josserandii (= G. subsphaerosporus) is very<br />
rare and grows in the same habitats like G. bellulus.<br />
Gymnopilus flavus is rarely found in forest meadows <strong>of</strong><br />
Moravia. Gymnopilus fulgens is also rare. It was collected<br />
on peaty soil in a forest near Prague. Gymnopilus<br />
spectabilis is scarce in lowlands and hilly country.<br />
Concerning the group <strong>of</strong> G. sapineus and G. penetrans, my<br />
preliminary results show that there are no differences in<br />
microcharacters between collections with smooth and scaly<br />
pileus. For the present I agree with Høiland that there is<br />
only one species, namely Gymnopilus sapineus s.l. It is the<br />
most abundant species <strong>of</strong> Gymnopilus in the Czech<br />
Republic. The species growing on burnt places (G. odini,<br />
G. decipiens) are extremely rare or even absent in the<br />
Czech Republic as no collections are kept in Czech<br />
herbaria and no fresh fruitbodies were found in the year<br />
2001. The taxonomic value <strong>of</strong> some interesting collections<br />
(e.g a whitish form <strong>of</strong> G. spectabilis or a species with the<br />
vinaceous red pileus growing on soil among mosses) will<br />
be evaluated in the future.<br />
684 - Delimitation <strong>of</strong> the genus Ciboria (Sclerotiniaceae,<br />
Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on rDNA sequence,<br />
morphology, ultrastructure and life history data<br />
A. Holst-Jensen 1* , T. Oftedal 2 & T. Schumacher 3<br />
1 National Veterinary Institute, Section <strong>of</strong> Feed and Food<br />
Microbiology, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O.Box 8156 Dep., 0033<br />
Oslo, Norway. - 2 Mycoteam AS, Forskningsvn. 3B,<br />
P.O.Box 5, Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway. - 3 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Oslo, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Ascomycete Research group<br />
Oslo (ARON), P.O.Box 1045, Blindern, 0316 Oslo,<br />
Norway. - E-mail: arne.holst-jensen@vetinst.no<br />
The current delimitation <strong>of</strong> the genus Ciboria includes taxa<br />
with cup-shaped to plane to recurved, brownish, stipitate<br />
apothecia with an outer excipulum <strong>of</strong> globose cells,<br />
producing ellipsoid, hyaline, unicellular meiospores and<br />
substratal stromata, and lacking a macroconidial mitosporic<br />
state. Species <strong>of</strong> Ciboria infect a wide range <strong>of</strong> host plants<br />
and tissues, and is morphologically heterogeneous. Recent<br />
studies based on rDNA sequence data and ultrastructural<br />
data have indicated that the genus is polyphyletic. Here we<br />
present a more comprehensive study including new as well<br />
as previously published rDNA sequence data and<br />
phylogenetic evidence, and discuss the resulting phylogeny<br />
in comparison with available data on morphology,<br />
ultrastructure and life history. We conclude that the genus<br />
should be restricted to comprise only a group <strong>of</strong> taxa<br />
infecting and mummifying catkins <strong>of</strong> trees in the plant<br />
families Betulaceae, Corylaceae and Salicaceae. Another<br />
distinct group currently classified in Ciboria but<br />
characterised by production <strong>of</strong> verrucose ascospores,<br />
infects seeds <strong>of</strong> host in Betulaceae, develops very dense<br />
and hard stromata and appears to be obligate biotrophs. We<br />
conclude that this group deserves rank as a separate genus.<br />
Several taxa currently classified as Ciboria should be<br />
excluded from the genus, but their taxonomic status remain<br />
uncertain until additional phylogenetic evidence is made<br />
available.<br />
685 - Taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Rhytismatales in China<br />
C.-L. Hou 1* , M. Piepenbring 2 & F. Oberwinkler 1<br />
1 Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Botanisches<br />
Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1,<br />
72076 Tuebingen, Germany. - 2 Botanisches Institut,<br />
Universität Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 31-33, 60054<br />
Frankfurt/M, Germany. - E-mail: Cheng-lin.heu@unituebingen.de<br />
The Rhytismatales are a well-known order <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes,<br />
which is widely distributed in temperate and tropical<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> the world. Some members <strong>of</strong> this order can<br />
cause considerable economic damage on trees.<br />
Lophodermium seditiosum which causes serious needle<br />
cast <strong>of</strong> Pinus sylvestris and Ploioderma pini-armandii<br />
causing withering <strong>of</strong> needles <strong>of</strong> Pinus armandi, for<br />
example, are known from Western China.The abundance <strong>of</strong><br />
members <strong>of</strong> Rhytismatales has been documented for<br />
Europe, North America, and Australia, but in the past only<br />
few species were reported from China. Since 1990,<br />
however, many new members were described, especially<br />
from tropical and subtropical regions <strong>of</strong> China. A total <strong>of</strong><br />
17 genera and 117 species were documented by the end <strong>of</strong><br />
2000. As a continuation <strong>of</strong> this effort the authors made an<br />
expedition to the Yunnan Province located in Southwestern<br />
China and to the Anhui province in Southeastern China in<br />
2001. A microscopic analysis <strong>of</strong> more than 120 collections<br />
revealed 12 genera, Bifusella, Coccomyces, Colpoma,<br />
Davisomycella, Duplicaria, Hypoderma, Lirula,<br />
Lophodermium, Naemacyclus, Neococcomyces,<br />
Ploioderma, and Soleella - represented by 38 species.<br />
Among these 16 are species new for science. Three genera<br />
and five species are recorded for China for the first time.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 207
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
686 - A re-evaluation <strong>of</strong> Lojkania Rehm, with an<br />
addition <strong>of</strong> two new species<br />
W.H. Hsieh & C.Y. Chen *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing<br />
University, Taichung, Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
chiyu86@yahoo.com.tw<br />
The circumscription <strong>of</strong> Lojkania is amended to merely<br />
include species with germ slits on ascospores. Additional to<br />
the germ slit, there are characters found to be remarkably<br />
correlated and consistent, which coincides with the new<br />
definition <strong>of</strong> this genus. The ascomatal wall is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
characteristically thin sclerotial cells. Smooth ascospores<br />
are 1-septate and uniseriate-arranged in ascus. Asci exhibit<br />
different extent <strong>of</strong> development in an ascoma, and alike<br />
most bitunicate genera, have no ocular chamber at the tip.<br />
Accordingly, the segregations with its similar genera are,<br />
therefore, readily distinguishable. Two new species are<br />
hitherto erected in Lojkania. They are L. incrassata and L.<br />
wushensis.<br />
687 - Phylogenetic relationships between the genus<br />
Saprolegnia and related genera inferred from ITS<br />
sequences<br />
S. Inaba * & S. Tokumasu<br />
Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tsukuba, 1278-294 Osa, Sanada-machi, Chiisagata-gun,<br />
Nagano Prefecture, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
s975116@icho.ipe.tsukuba.ac.jp<br />
Phylogenetic relationships among the genera <strong>of</strong> Isoachlya,<br />
Pythiopsis and Saprolegnia (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes)<br />
were studied based on the sequence data <strong>of</strong> internal<br />
transcribed spacers including 5.8S ribosomal DNA regions.<br />
The genera share the saprolegnoid type <strong>of</strong> zoospore<br />
discharge, but they are different in some points. Thus, the<br />
zoospores <strong>of</strong> Pythiopsis show monoplanetic behavior,<br />
while those <strong>of</strong> the other genera are diplanetic. Isoachlya is<br />
distinguishable from Saprolegnia by its manner <strong>of</strong><br />
zoosporangial renewal. Several species selected from three<br />
genera were sequenced. The data were analyzed with<br />
supplement data <strong>of</strong> Achlya spp. obtained from GenBank.<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> the neighbor-joining and the maximum<br />
parsimony analysis showed sequenced species separated<br />
into three clusters. Cluster I consisted <strong>of</strong> several species <strong>of</strong><br />
Isoachlya and Saprolegnia. Cluster II included two species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pythiopsis (P. cymosa and P. terrestris) and S.<br />
megasperma. It was discovered that the mucilage outer<br />
layer surrounding young oogonia is a common<br />
characteristic to all <strong>of</strong> them. Cluster III was composed <strong>of</strong><br />
three species with eccentric oospore, i. e. I. eccentrica, P.<br />
humphreyana and S. anisospora. These results suggest that<br />
the orthodox generic classification reflects only the part <strong>of</strong><br />
phylogenetic relationships among these organisms. We<br />
reexamine the phylogenetic value <strong>of</strong> the various<br />
208<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
taxonomical criteria that have been used in the orthodox<br />
classification <strong>of</strong> the family Saprolegniaceae.<br />
688 - Towards a monograph <strong>of</strong> the Parmulariaceae<br />
C.A. Inacio * , P.F. Cannon & D.W. Minter<br />
CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20<br />
9TY, U.K. - E-mail: c.inacio@cabi.org<br />
The family Parmulariaceae is widespread in the tropics and<br />
contains fungi with a large variety <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
characters and host species. 31 genera and more than 100<br />
species are included. Type species <strong>of</strong> the genera Aldonata,<br />
Aldona, Aulacostroma, Coccodothis, Cocconia,<br />
Cycloschizon, Cyclostomella, Cocconia, Dictyocyclus,<br />
Dothidasteroma, Englerodothis, Ferrarisia,<br />
Hysterostomella, Inocyclus, Kentingia, Kiehlia,<br />
Pachypatella, Palawaniella, Parmularia,<br />
Parmulariopsella, Parmulariopsis, Parmulina,<br />
Perischizon, Polycyclina, Polycyclus, Protothyrium,<br />
Pseudolembosia, Rhagadolobium, Rhipidocarpon,<br />
Symphaeophyma, Thallomyces and their synonyms have<br />
been studied. Illustrations with drawings and<br />
microphotographs have been prepared, and all genera redescribed.<br />
Some characters, including ascospores in a<br />
mucous coat, asci with rostrate dehiscence, centrum<br />
immersed in a gelatinous layer which sometimes becomes<br />
blue in iodine and superficial mycelia with hyphopodiumlike<br />
structures are useful as diagnostic features. Useful<br />
characters for generic delimitation include ascomata<br />
(position in the substrate, shape, outer wall, connection to<br />
the host), superficial mycelium (presence or absence,<br />
position, presence <strong>of</strong> hyphopodium-like structures) and<br />
ascospores (colour, shape, septa). Comparison will be<br />
made with the possibly related family Asterinaceae and a<br />
new concept for the Parmulariaceae introduced.<br />
689 - Molecular systematics <strong>of</strong> phylloplane yeasts:<br />
Pigmented species belonging to the Erythrobasidium<br />
lineage <strong>of</strong> the Urediniomycetes (Basidiomycota)<br />
J. Inácio * , A. Fonseca & I. Spencer-Martins<br />
CREM, SABT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da<br />
Torre, 2829-516 CAPARICA, Portugal. - E-mail:<br />
jjis@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
A screening <strong>of</strong> the mycobiota on leaves from selected plant<br />
species (Acer monspessulanum, Quercus faginea, Cistus<br />
albidus, Pistacia lentiscus and Osyris quadripartita),<br />
collected at the 'Arrábida Natural Park', an ecosystem <strong>of</strong><br />
Mediterranean characteristics in Portugal, yielded about<br />
830 yeast isolates. Two isolation methods were used: the<br />
conventional method, based on plating <strong>of</strong> leaf washings<br />
onto solid medium, and the spore-fall method. About 30%<br />
<strong>of</strong> the isolates, a significant fraction <strong>of</strong> which producing<br />
ballistoconidia, presented the following characteristics:<br />
production <strong>of</strong> orange to red pigments, inability to produce
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
starch-like compounds, assimilation <strong>of</strong> D-glucuronic and/or<br />
protocatechuic acids but not inositol. These yeasts were<br />
assigned to the Erythrobasidium lineage <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Urediniomycetes using a combination <strong>of</strong> conventional<br />
phenotypic identification methods with molecular<br />
techniques: PCR fingerprinting (MSP-PCR) with primer<br />
m13 and rDNA sequence analysis (26S rDNA, D1/D1<br />
domains). The results showed that some <strong>of</strong> the isolates<br />
corresponded, or were similar, to recognised species, viz.<br />
Sporobolomyces coprosmae, Sp. salicinus, Sp. gracilis,<br />
Rhodotorula aurantiaca and Erythrobasidium<br />
hasegawianum, whereas others seemed to represent<br />
undescribed species.<br />
690 - Evolution <strong>of</strong> mating type gene arrangement in the<br />
genus Stemphylium (Ascomycetes)<br />
P. Inderbitzin * , J. Harkness & M.L. Berbee<br />
University <strong>of</strong> British Columbia, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
#3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: bhpatrik@mail.botany.ubc.ca<br />
In this study we are investigating distribution and<br />
arrangement <strong>of</strong> the mating type genes MAT-1 and MAT-2<br />
in 96 isolates <strong>of</strong> the genus Stemphylium. The mating types<br />
were assessed with primer sets amplifying the diagnostic<br />
alpha and HMG boxes <strong>of</strong> the MAT-1 and MAT-2 genes<br />
respectively. For most <strong>of</strong> the isolates, both MAT-1 and<br />
MAT-2 genes could be demonstrated. In the genus<br />
Cochliobolus, which is closely related to Stemphylium, the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> both mating type genes in one isolate is<br />
indicative <strong>of</strong> homothallism. In homothallic species <strong>of</strong><br />
Cochliobolus, MAT-1 and MAT-2 are arranged in different<br />
ways. In Stemphylium, several species are known<br />
homothallics, including S. vesicarium, and the anamorph <strong>of</strong><br />
the type species <strong>of</strong> Pleospora, S. herbarum. MAT-1 and<br />
MAT-2 were present in both S. vesicarium and S.<br />
herbarum. The remaining 94 isolates included in this study<br />
belonged to 17 other species, as well as a number <strong>of</strong> yet<br />
undescribed species. Some <strong>of</strong> these isolates contained only<br />
one mating type gene. The distribution <strong>of</strong> mating type<br />
genes and their arrangement was mapped into phylogenetic<br />
trees inferred from ITS, partial GPD, and EF-1a DNA<br />
sequences. It is generally thought that homothallism<br />
derived from heterothallism. To test this hypothesis, we<br />
used phylogenetic analyses to investigate whether<br />
heterothallism or homothallism was the ancestral state in<br />
Stemphylium, and how many times a switch from<br />
homothallism to heterothallism or vice versa occurred.<br />
691 - A preliminary catologue <strong>of</strong> the Saprolegniaceae <strong>of</strong><br />
the Iberican peninsula<br />
E.P. Iniesta 1* , M.T. Tellería 1 & M. Dueñas 2<br />
1 Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo<br />
2, Madrid 28014, Spain. - 2 Universidad Autónoma de<br />
Madrid., Ctr.a Colmenar viejo, km 15, Madrid 28049,<br />
Spain. - E-mail: epiniesta@ma-rjb.csic.es<br />
The Saprolegniaceae are one <strong>of</strong> the lest known and<br />
investigated group <strong>of</strong> aquatic fungi in the Iberican<br />
Peninsula. According to the bibliographic data it was only<br />
known two genera over twenty <strong>of</strong> the orden. In view <strong>of</strong> the<br />
interest concerning to the data in this area, we have been<br />
undertaken a biosystematic study <strong>of</strong> the Saprolegniaceae in<br />
the Iberican Peninsula, as a Phd included in the project<br />
'Flora Micológica Iberica'. Up to now samples has been<br />
colleted from different areas <strong>of</strong> West, North-East and South<br />
<strong>of</strong> Iberican Peninsula and species from five genera <strong>of</strong> these<br />
orden have been identificated: Saprolegnia, Achlya,<br />
Dyctiuchus, Aphanomyces and Thraustotheca.<br />
692 - Molecular and morphological comparisons <strong>of</strong><br />
Fusarium species accommodated in the Fusarium<br />
subglutinans sensu lato complex<br />
A. Jacobs 1 , E.T. Steenkamp 1 , T.A. Coutinho 1* , G.<br />
Ramotshodi 2 , B.D. Wingfield 2 & M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 Dept <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and<br />
Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong><br />
Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - 2 Dept <strong>of</strong> Genetics,<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - Email:<br />
teresa.coutinho@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 13 species formed part <strong>of</strong> the Fusarium<br />
subglutinans sensu lato species complex at the time <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study. These species are pathogens <strong>of</strong> many hosts including<br />
pine, mango and pineapple but are morphologically similar.<br />
They are all characterised by typical F. subglutinans<br />
morphology including false heads, absence <strong>of</strong><br />
chlamydospores and microconidia produced in<br />
polyphialides. The aim <strong>of</strong> the study was to distinguish<br />
between these species based on morphology and DNA<br />
sequences. Phylogenetic relationships were determined<br />
based on sequences from the histone, elongation 1α, and βtubulin<br />
genes. Furthermore, sequences <strong>of</strong> the EF-1α gene<br />
were subjected to restriction analysis using four different<br />
restriction enzymes. Based on their recognition sites,<br />
unique EF-1α restriction patterns were generated for the<br />
species. The morphological characteristics that were<br />
informative included the origin <strong>of</strong> conidiophores on the<br />
aerial mycelium, conidiophore branching, the number <strong>of</strong><br />
conidiogenous openings on the polyphialides,<br />
macroconidial septation and the presence or absence <strong>of</strong><br />
sterile coiled hyphae. All 13 <strong>of</strong> the species in the Fusarium<br />
subglutinans sensu lato could thus be distinguished based<br />
on morphological and molecular characteristics.<br />
693 - Ophiostoma kryptum, prov. nom. from larch and<br />
spruce in Europe, similar to Ophiostoma minus<br />
K. Jacobs 1* & T. Kirisits 2<br />
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa,<br />
Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest<br />
Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 209
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-<br />
1190 Vienna, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
karin.jacobs@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Tetropium species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are<br />
secondary, though important pests <strong>of</strong> their host trees in<br />
Europe. Tetropium fuscum and T. castaneum principally<br />
infest Norway spruce (Picea abies), while Tetropium<br />
gabrieli attacks primarily European larch (Larix decidua).<br />
Recently, the fungal associates <strong>of</strong> Tetropium spp. in Europe<br />
and Canada came under scrutiny after the invasion <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
fuscum into Atlantic Canada. Outside its native habitat in<br />
Europe, T. fuscum proved to be a potentially devastating<br />
pest and with it came Ophiostoma tetropii, a fungus that<br />
has previously not been recorded in Canada. An unknown<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Ophiostoma was isolated from Norway spruce,<br />
infested by Tetropium sp. on European larch, infested by T.<br />
gabrieli in Europe. Although similar to O. minus, this<br />
fungus could be distinguished from this species and is<br />
described here as Ophiostoma kryptum prov. nom.<br />
Ophiostoma kryptum is characterized by perithecia with<br />
short necks and a Hyalorhinocladiella anamorph as well as<br />
a Leptographium-like anamorph. Although O. kryptum and<br />
O. minus are morphologically very similar, molecular data,<br />
significant differences in their colony morphologies on OA<br />
and MEA and differences in their habitat and insect vectors<br />
distinguish them. Ophiostoma minus and O. kryptum thus<br />
represent another example <strong>of</strong> morphologically similar, yet<br />
genetically and ecologically separated species in the<br />
ophiostomatoid fungi.<br />
694 - Taxonomic re-evaluation <strong>of</strong> three related species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Graphium, based on phylogeny, morphology and<br />
ecology<br />
K. Jacobs 1* , T. Kirisits 2 & M.J. Wingfield 3<br />
1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agrifood Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A<br />
0C6, Canada. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest<br />
Pathology and Forest Protection, Universität für<br />
Bodenkultur Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna,<br />
Austria. - 3 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology<br />
Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002,<br />
South Africa. - E-mail: karin.jacobs@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Graphium pseudormiticum was described in 1994 from the<br />
galleries <strong>of</strong> the bark beetle, Orthotomicus erosus,<br />
introduced into South Africa from Europe. This fungus is<br />
characterized by conidia with conspicious basal frills that<br />
are produced in false chains, a trait not observed in other<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Graphium. Rhexographium fimbriasporum was<br />
described in 1995 from Ips typographus on Picea abies and<br />
was distinguished from Graphium based on its apparently<br />
unique conidiogenesis. The conidia <strong>of</strong> R. fimbriasporum<br />
are produced in false chains and have conspicious basal<br />
frills. In this study we compared G. pseudormiticum with<br />
R. fimbriasporum based on DNA sequences, morphology<br />
and ecology. We included a large collection <strong>of</strong> isolates,<br />
tentatively identified as Graphium spp., collected from I.<br />
typographus on Picea abies, Ips cembrae on Larix decidua<br />
and Tomicus minor on Pinus sylvestris. Graphium<br />
pseudormiticum and R. fimbriasporum were<br />
210<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
morphologically similar and based on rDNA sequence (ITS<br />
and 18S), phylogenetically closely related but different,<br />
grouping with species <strong>of</strong> Graphium. Rhexographium<br />
fimbriasporum will thus be transferred to Graphium, but<br />
remains distinct from G. pseudormiticum. Another fungus<br />
with conidia and conidium development similar to G.<br />
pseudormiticum, is one <strong>of</strong> the dominant associates <strong>of</strong> I.<br />
cembrae on L. decidua in Europe. This fungus is<br />
distinguished from G. pseudormiticum and G.<br />
fimbriasporum based on morphology and phylogeny and is<br />
described as G. laricis prov. nom.<br />
695 - Taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the lichen family Pertusariaceae in<br />
Thailand<br />
S. Jariangprasert 1* , A.W. Archer 2 , J.A. Elix 3 & V.<br />
Anusarnsunthorn 4<br />
1 Maejo University, Biology Department, Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Science, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand. - 2 National<br />
Herbarium <strong>of</strong> New South Wales, 14 Romford, Epping, New<br />
South Wales 2121, Australia. - 3 Australian National<br />
University, Department <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, The Faculties,<br />
Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra,<br />
ACT, 2601, Australia. - 4 Chiang Mai University, Biology<br />
Department, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Chiang Mai 50200,<br />
Thailand. - E-mail: s_vipoosunti@yahoo.com<br />
The methods to identify the crustose lichen family<br />
Pertusariaceae are composed with morphological and<br />
anatomical studies, chemical test by spot test, UV test,<br />
recrystallization, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and<br />
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). That can<br />
identify Pertusariaceae into two genera Pertusaria and<br />
Ochrolechia. The different distinctly characters <strong>of</strong><br />
Ochrolechia from Pertusaria are well-defined prominent<br />
exciple, vivid colour disc and the chemical, gyrophoric<br />
acid with a little amount <strong>of</strong> others. While as Pertusaria has<br />
two forms <strong>of</strong> apothecia, disciform and verruciform without<br />
superfacial thallus and more chemicals, xanthones, orcinol<br />
depsides, depsones and depsidones. Species <strong>of</strong> Pertusaria<br />
are P. albescens, P. amara, P. asiana, P. cicatricosa, P.<br />
cinchonae, P. coccopoda, P. commutata, P. leiocarpella, P.<br />
melaleucoides, P. patellifera, P. pertusa, P. scaberula, P.<br />
scutellifera, P. thwaitesii, P. tetrathalamia, P. tropica, P.<br />
velata, P. wattiana, P. xantholeuca and P. xylophyes. Most<br />
<strong>of</strong> them are new records in Thailand. Many specimens<br />
could be new species. Species <strong>of</strong> Ochrolechia are during<br />
identification.<br />
696 - Phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> Phellinus and allied<br />
taxa based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences<br />
W. Jeong, Y. Lim, J. Lee * & H. Jung<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Seoul National University,<br />
56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. - Email:<br />
xylaria@empal.com
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
To elucidate phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Hymenochaetales, sequences <strong>of</strong> the nuclear ribosomal<br />
ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region from 96 strains were analyzed. The<br />
results showed that Trichaptum and Schizopora are closely<br />
related to the Hymenochaetales. But Asterostroma,<br />
Phaeolus, and Vararia are placed outside the<br />
Hymenochaetales. Total twelve groups were recognized as<br />
separate clades. Eight groups were same as those<br />
recognized by early mycologists: Phellinus robustus<br />
complex (= Fomitiporia Murrill 1907), P. pini complex (=<br />
Porodaedalea Murrill 1905), P. igniarius complex (=<br />
Phellinus Quélet 1886), P. rimosus complex (= Fulvifomes<br />
Murrill 1914), P. ferruginosus complex (= Fuscoporia<br />
Murrill 1907), Inonotus radiatus complex (= Mensularia<br />
Lazaro 1916), I. hispidus complex (= Inonotus P. Karst.<br />
1880) and the eighth group (= Inocutis Fiasson & Niemelä<br />
1984). Four groups were newly recognized in this study.<br />
The first group was temporarily named as P. linteus<br />
complex. Hymenochaete formed two separate groups that<br />
did not include any species <strong>of</strong> Phellinus and Inonotus. The<br />
last group, consisted <strong>of</strong> three Phellinus species and two<br />
Inonotus species, occupied a basal position <strong>of</strong> the main<br />
clade and clustered with Schizopora and Trichaptum. The<br />
present study confirmed that Phellinus is polyphyletic and,<br />
furthermore, rejected the widely acknowledged monophyly<br />
concept <strong>of</strong> Inonotus. The species <strong>of</strong> Inonotus were so<br />
intermingled with Phellinus species that the genus became<br />
topologically polyphyletic.<br />
697 - Secondary metabolite syndromes in the lichen<br />
genus Letrouitia (Ascomycota, Letrouitiaceae)<br />
S. Johansson * & U. Søchting<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Bothanical Institute, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, O. Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353<br />
Copenhagen K., Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
s.johansson@get2net.dk<br />
Secondary metabolites from the lichen genus Letrouitia<br />
Haf. & Bell. were analysed with HPLC. Most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species contained the anthraquinones parietin and fragilin,<br />
and a few also 7-chloroemodin. In addition, a number <strong>of</strong><br />
additional secondary compounds were detected, presenting<br />
chemosyndromes that in most cases are characteristic for<br />
each species.<br />
698 - Biology and systematics <strong>of</strong> the Saprolegniaceae: A<br />
treatise<br />
T.W. Johnson 1 , R.L. Seymour 2 & D.E. Padgett 3*<br />
1 Duke Univ. (retired), Durham, NC, U.S.A. - 2 The Ohio<br />
State Univ. (retired), Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. - 3 The Univ.<br />
<strong>of</strong> NC at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
Padgett@uncwil.edu<br />
We are pleased to announce the impending publication <strong>of</strong> a<br />
comprehensive treatise on the biology and systematics <strong>of</strong><br />
the watermolds (Mastigomycota: Saprolegniaceae). This<br />
work critically analyzes the world literature on this family<br />
covering the period from 1750 through 1987 - citing >2800<br />
references - with a brief excursion to 2000 in the<br />
systematic section. It includes 30 chapters (with 49 tables<br />
and 58 figures) dealing with important aspects <strong>of</strong><br />
watermold biology and an additional 20 in which we<br />
present a comprehensive revision <strong>of</strong> the systematics. Keys<br />
to the family and genera are presented together with<br />
extensive illustrations <strong>of</strong> included taxa. This work will be<br />
available to the world scientific community at no charge on<br />
the worldwide web probably by August 2002. It can be<br />
accessed using the URL http://www.ilumina-dlib.org/ by<br />
selecting "advanced search". In the advanced search<br />
window, type "Padgett" in the "contributor search<br />
window", tic "book" in the "learning resource type"<br />
window directly below, then click on the "submit" button.<br />
We hope that our effort will stimulate renewed interest in<br />
this fascinating group <strong>of</strong> organisms.<br />
699 - Systematics <strong>of</strong> Australian Dermocybe<br />
R.H. Jones 1 , T.W. May 2* & F. Udovicic 2<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Botany, The University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, Victoria<br />
3010, Australia. - 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne,<br />
Private Bag 2000, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. -<br />
E-mail: tom.may@rbg.vic.gov.au<br />
The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete genus Dermocybe is<br />
well represented in a diverse range <strong>of</strong> ecosystems on most<br />
continents. There has been a paucity <strong>of</strong> reliable taxonomic<br />
information for Australian species, and many collections <strong>of</strong><br />
Dermocybe from Australia have previously been<br />
incorrectly assigned to Northern Hemisphere species.<br />
Several Australian species have considerable differences in<br />
pigment chemistry to their Northern counterparts, including<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> unique chemical compounds. Morphology and<br />
pigment chemistry (thin-layer chromatography) were used<br />
in phenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> 110 Australian Dermocybe<br />
collections. Nineteen taxonomic groups were identified at<br />
species level, <strong>of</strong> which 11 are undescribed. Representatives<br />
from 12 <strong>of</strong> these groups were combined with 25 other<br />
members <strong>of</strong> Cortinarius and Dermocybe from the Northern<br />
and Southern Hemispheres in parsimony analyses using<br />
ITS rDNA sequence data. Trees show Dermocybe as<br />
monophyletic, but Cortinarius as paraphyletic. Dermocybe<br />
aff. sanguinea from the Southern Hemisphere is sister<br />
group to the clade <strong>of</strong> Northern Hemisphere dermocybes.<br />
Northern Hemisphere members <strong>of</strong> Dermocybe, with the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> D. olivaceopicta, form a separate clade to the<br />
Southern Hemisphere taxa. Southern Hemisphere<br />
Dermocybe are consistently placed basal to Northern<br />
Hemisphere members.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 211
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
700 - Anatomical and molecular characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
Tomentella ectomycorrhizae<br />
E. Jukucs 1* , G. Kovács 2 & C. Vágvölgyi 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University,<br />
H-1117 Budapest Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Hungary. -<br />
2 Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences, H-1581 Budapest, P.O. Box 18,<br />
Hungary. - 3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, University Szeged,<br />
H-6701 Szeged, P.O. Box 533, Hungary. - E-mail:<br />
jakucse@ludens.elte.hu<br />
The members <strong>of</strong> the genus Tomentella (Thelephoraceae)<br />
are among the most widespread ectomycorrhizal (ECM)<br />
partners <strong>of</strong> trees in needle and deciduous forests all over<br />
the world. Although being abundant in the<br />
mycorrhizosphere, fruitbodies appear rarely and are usually<br />
overlooked. That is the reason why identification <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizae <strong>of</strong> this group is mainly carried out using<br />
molecular tools (e.g. DNS sequence analysis). Investigation<br />
<strong>of</strong> morphological and anatomical characteristics using the<br />
methods introduced by Agerer (PhC, Nomarski<br />
microscopy, SEM and histochemical tests) is also useful in<br />
determining ECMs but more precise results can be got by<br />
combining morphological and molecular methods. Up to<br />
now only few tomentelloid ECMs have been described<br />
comprehensively. From the continental deciduous forests<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Hungarian Plain several different morphotypes <strong>of</strong><br />
tomentelloid mycorrhizae have been isolated and<br />
characterized by Agerer's methods. The majority <strong>of</strong> them<br />
have been detected in this territory for the first time.<br />
Molecular methods (PCR and sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
rDNA ITS region) were successful in identification,<br />
comparing ITS-sequences <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizae with those<br />
included in DNA sequence databases <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies.<br />
Results <strong>of</strong> molecular identification and morphologicalanatomical<br />
characterization <strong>of</strong> tomentelloid ECM<br />
morphotypes collected in drought-adapted oak and poplar<br />
forests, forming symbioses with Quercus robur, Q. cerris<br />
and Populus alba trees, have been demonstrated.<br />
701 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> rDNA its region in smut fungi<br />
J.T. Juuti 1 & V. Salo 2*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Biosciences,<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Plant Physiology, P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9),<br />
FIN-00014 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Biology/Botany, P.O.Box<br />
27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FIN-00014 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: vanamo.salo@helsinki.fi<br />
Nuclear ribosomal ITS regions were amplified from spore<br />
samples <strong>of</strong> several Anthracoidea Brefeld species collected<br />
from nature. PCR products identified as anthracoideal<br />
showed unexpectedly large length variation among the<br />
species. Two species viz. A. aspera (Liro) Kukkonen and<br />
A. fischeri (P. Karst.) Kukkonen with a considerable size<br />
difference were taken for sequence analysis. ITS products<br />
212<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
were cloned into pGEM-T vector and sequenced. For full<br />
reliable bidirectional sequencing <strong>of</strong> the longer ITS<br />
fragment additional internal primers had to be designed. By<br />
sequence alignment it was found that 358 bp length<br />
difference <strong>of</strong> the sequences was caused by single gap in the<br />
ITS1 region. To evaluate taxonomic position <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Anthracoidea among the Ustilaginales multiple alignment<br />
was generated with other smut ITS sequences downloaded<br />
from GenBank. It became soon evident that comparison<br />
had to be expanded to more distantly related groups. The<br />
sampling <strong>of</strong> fungal sequences was biassed to cover much <strong>of</strong><br />
the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> plant parasites, especially species which<br />
had been formerly or are presently recognised as smuts.<br />
Alignment revealed that the highly conservative and slowly<br />
evolving 5.8S rRNA distinguishes smuts on grasses and<br />
sedges <strong>of</strong> the present subclass Ustilaginomycetidae from all<br />
other fungi. Phylogenetic analyses will be presented and<br />
taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> the genus Anthracoidea will be<br />
discussed.<br />
702 - Phylogenetic studies <strong>of</strong> some Terfezia and<br />
Choiromyces species<br />
V. Kagan Zur 1* , S. Aviram 2 , Y. Ferdman 2 , Y. Li 1 & N.<br />
Roth-Bejerano 2<br />
1 Ben-Gurion Univ. Inst. Appl. ResR, POB 653 Beer-Sheva<br />
84105, Israel. - 2 Ben-Gurion Univ. Life SCi. Dept.D, POB<br />
653 Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. - E-mail:<br />
zur@bgumail.bgu.ac.il<br />
A phylogenetic study <strong>of</strong> the genus Terfezia was undertaken<br />
based on analysis <strong>of</strong> the ITS and the 5 prime end <strong>of</strong> the 25S<br />
rDNA regions. Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> Terfezia and<br />
Choiromyces spp. (Terfeziaceae) revealed that all but one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Terfeziaspecies form a single clade, while all but one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Choiromyces species group, as expected, with Tuber<br />
melanosporum (Tuberaceae). Several discrepancies<br />
detected between the two trees indicate a separate<br />
evolutionary path for the two regions studied. C.<br />
echinulatus and Terfezia pfeilii, both from the Kalahari<br />
Desert, are closer to each other than to any other species, a<br />
point which will be discussed further. Closer analysis <strong>of</strong> a<br />
group <strong>of</strong> sequences obtained for T. boudieri suggests that<br />
this group comprises at least two distinct though<br />
morphologically indistinguishable species. Further analysis<br />
<strong>of</strong> a mycelial isolate from T. boudieri fruit-bodies<br />
exhibiting a double ITS pr<strong>of</strong>ile belonging to one <strong>of</strong> the two<br />
proposed species provides tentative evidence for long-term<br />
in vitro subsistence <strong>of</strong> an ascomycetous dikaryon.<br />
703 - New systematics in xanthorioid lichens<br />
I. Kärnefelt 1 , U. Søchting 2 & S.Ya. Kondratyuk 3*<br />
1 Botanical Museum, Ö Vallg. 18, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden. -<br />
2 Botanical Institute, Ø Farimagsgade 2D, DK 1353<br />
Copenhagen, Denmark. -<br />
3 Institute <strong>of</strong> botany,<br />
Terescchenkivska 2, 2526o1 Kiev-4, Ukraine. - E-mail:<br />
skondr@botan.kiev.ua
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
The genus Xanthoria has been delimited on its foliose<br />
thallus morphology and the presence <strong>of</strong> upper and lower<br />
cortical layers. The morphology and anatomy <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
have recently been described in several papers, and<br />
molecular phylogenetic studies have shown it to be<br />
polyphyletic. One <strong>of</strong> these lineages is the X. fallax (or<br />
ulophyllodes) group. The Xanthoria fallax group is<br />
characterised primarily by having bacilliform spermatia<br />
and well-developed rhizinae. Furthermore, many <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species produce soredia. At present the group includes the<br />
seventeen species. Molecular studies based on nuclear<br />
ribosomal DNA suggest that the X. fallax group is a<br />
separate lineage diverging at the very base <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Xanthoria, and HPLC-studies <strong>of</strong> the anthraquinones in<br />
Xanthoria also pointed at particular characteristics <strong>of</strong> the X.<br />
fallax group. The strong indications that the X. fallax group<br />
was circumscribed by a number <strong>of</strong> different and unrelated<br />
character sets prompted us to perform a closer study <strong>of</strong> the<br />
morphology, anatomy, secondary chemistry, and molecular<br />
phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the group. The monotypic, recently described<br />
genus Xanthomendoza, was included in the study as it was<br />
known from molecular studies also to have a basal position<br />
relative to Xanthoria. Apart from the new generic<br />
scircumscription <strong>of</strong> the xanthorioid lichens many new<br />
species, especieally from the southern hemisphere are<br />
being been described.<br />
704 - Phylogeography and molecular variation in<br />
Serpula lacrymans and S. himantioides<br />
H. Kauserud 1* , A. Holst-Jensen 2 & T. Schumacher 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, P.O.Box 1045<br />
Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. - 2 National Veterinary<br />
Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Feed and Food Microbiology,<br />
P.O.Box 8156 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
haavarka@bio.uio.no<br />
The dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans, predominantly<br />
found in houses, and its sister taxon S. himantioides,<br />
mostly occurring outdoors, have global distributions in<br />
temperate regions. The phylogeography <strong>of</strong> both species<br />
were investigated on a global scale using DNA-sequences<br />
from three target loci; the nrDNA internal transcribed<br />
spacer (ITS) region, and partial sequences <strong>of</strong> the bettatubulin<br />
(btub) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha<br />
(efa) genes. Preliminary data suggest the existence <strong>of</strong> two<br />
varieties <strong>of</strong> S. lacrymans, one predominantly occurring<br />
indoor, and one growing in the wild. Little genetic<br />
variation was found in worldwide S. lacrymans ITS, btub<br />
and efa sequences <strong>of</strong> the domesticated variety; obtained<br />
ITS sequences from Canada, China, Europe, Mexico and<br />
New Zealand were identical to ITS GeneBank sequences<br />
from Himalaya and Australia. In S. himantioides, on the<br />
other hand, extensive sequence variation was found in all<br />
three target loci. The preliminary data suggest that the<br />
domesticated S. lacrymans variety has experienced a<br />
bottleneck event coupled to a recent worldwide spread-out.<br />
705 - Genotypes <strong>of</strong> Lobaria pulmonaria along an East -<br />
West transect in Eurasia<br />
C. Keller 1* , C. Cornejo 1 , J.-C. Walser 1 , I. Mikhailova 2 , T.<br />
Pystina 3 , S. Chabanenko 4 , S.Ya. Kondratyuk 5 & C.<br />
Scheidegger 1<br />
1 WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH-8903<br />
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Plant and Animal<br />
Ecology, 8 Marta Str. 202, 620141 Ekaterinburg, Russia. -<br />
3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biology, Komi Science Centre,<br />
Kommunisticheskaya str. 28, 167610 Syktyvkar, Komi<br />
Republic, Russia. - 4 Sakhalin Botanical Garden, Gorky<br />
street 25, 693023 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia. - 5 Kholodny<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Tereshchenkivska str. 2, Kiew MSP-1,<br />
Ukraine. - E-mail: christine.keller@wsl.ch<br />
Lobaria is a conspicuous foliose lichen species. The<br />
species was common in pre-industrial periods in humid<br />
temperate and boreal regions <strong>of</strong> the Northern Hemisphere,<br />
and cooler parts <strong>of</strong> the Tropics. Unfortunately this species<br />
suffered a tremendous decline during the past decades and<br />
the species is now considered endangered in most parts <strong>of</strong><br />
Central Europe and other industrialised countries. North-<br />
Eastern Asia is considered a diversity hotspot <strong>of</strong> L.<br />
pulmonaria and related species. In Switzerland, recent<br />
studies based on ITS I revealed genetically diverse and<br />
impoverished populations. A geographic differentiation<br />
among the local populations was not detected within this<br />
small geographic area. In this paper we will test the<br />
hypothesis that the genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> L. pulmonaria is<br />
higher in the Far East <strong>of</strong> Russia compared to more western<br />
populations. Specimens were collected in Sakhalin,<br />
Northern Urals, Komi Republic (Russia), Ukrainian<br />
Carpathians (Ukraine), Finland, Norway, Switzerland,<br />
France and Portugal. We analysed a fragment, which<br />
included the internal transcribed spacer ITS1, the 5.8S<br />
ribosomal RNA gene, and parts <strong>of</strong> ITS2. The fungusspecific<br />
primer ITS1-F and the recently developed L.<br />
pulmonaria specific primer nu-ITSII-137-3' were used to<br />
amplify the fragment.<br />
706 - Survey <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi in Austria,<br />
Central Europe<br />
T. Kirisits 1* , H. Konrad 1 , K. Jacobs 2 & M.J. Wingfield 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and<br />
Forest Protection (IFFF), Universität für Bodenkultur<br />
Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. -<br />
2 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture<br />
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6,<br />
Canada. - 3 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology<br />
Institute (FABI), Faculty <strong>of</strong> Biological and Agricultural<br />
Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South<br />
Africa. - E-mail: kirisits@edv1.boku.ac.at<br />
Fungi belonging to the ascomycetous genera Ceratocystis,<br />
Ceratocystiopsis and Ophiostoma and related anamorph<br />
genera such as Leptographium, Pesotum and Graphium are<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 213
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
also known as the ophiostomatoid fungi. Ophiostomatoid<br />
fungi are dispersed by bark beetles (Coleoptera:<br />
Scolytidae) and other phloem feeding and wood boring<br />
beetles or by air-borne and rain-splash inoculum. Since<br />
1992 the assemblages <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi associated<br />
with bark beetles on Norway spruce, Picea abies (Ips<br />
typographus, Ips amitinus, Pityogenes chalcographus,<br />
Hylurgops palliatus, Hylurgops glabratus, Dryocoetes<br />
autographus), European larch, Larix decidua (Ips<br />
cembrae), Swiss stone pine, Pinus cembra (Ips amitinus),<br />
Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris and Austrian pine, Pinus nigra<br />
(Tomicus piniperda, Tomicus minor, Ips sexdentatus), elm,<br />
Ulmus spp. (Scolytus spp.) and European beech, Fagus<br />
sylvatica (Taphrorychus bicolor) have been studied in<br />
Austria. The mycobiota <strong>of</strong> Tetropium spp. (Coleoptera:<br />
Cerambycidae) on spruce and larch was also investigated.<br />
In addition, a small number <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi were<br />
isolated from conifers and hardwoods without signs <strong>of</strong><br />
insect infestation. In total, 40 species <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid<br />
fungi were isolated. These included 3 Ceratocystis spp., 3<br />
Ceratocystiopsis spp., 22 species <strong>of</strong> Ophiostoma, 5<br />
Leptographium spp., 6 Graphium spp. and 1 Pesotum sp.<br />
This ongoing study has greatly improved our knowledge <strong>of</strong><br />
the occurrence, hosts and the vectors <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid<br />
fungi in Austria.<br />
707 - Phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> four taxa <strong>of</strong> Fusarium,<br />
based on partial sequences <strong>of</strong> the translation elongation<br />
factor-1 alpha gene<br />
A.K. Knutsen * , M. Torp & A. Holst-Jensen<br />
National Veterinary Institute, Section <strong>of</strong> Feed and Food<br />
Microbiology, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 8156 Dep,<br />
0033 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: annkristin.knutsen@vetinst.no<br />
Phylogenetic relationships between four Fusarium species<br />
were studied using parts <strong>of</strong> the nuclear EF-1α-gene as a<br />
phylogenetic marker. Sequences from 12 isolates <strong>of</strong> F.<br />
poae, 10 isolates <strong>of</strong> F. sporotrichioides and 12 isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
F. langsethiae Torp & Nirenberg ined. yielded 4, 5 and 5<br />
genotypes respectively. In addition we included one isolate<br />
<strong>of</strong> F. kyushuense. The aligned sequences were subjected to<br />
neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and maximum<br />
likelihood analyses. The results from the different analyses<br />
were highly concordant. The EF-1α-based phylogenies<br />
support the classification <strong>of</strong> F. langsethiae as a separate<br />
taxon in the section Sporotrichiella <strong>of</strong> Fusarium, as the<br />
closest sister taxon to F. sporotrichioides while F.<br />
kyushuense is the sister taxon to F. poae, corresponding<br />
well with the ability <strong>of</strong> the former taxa to produce T-2 and<br />
HT-2 toxins. In contrast morphological characters indicate<br />
a closer relationship between F. langsethiae and F. poae on<br />
the one hand, and between F. sporotrichioides and F.<br />
kyushuense on the other hand.<br />
214<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
708 - Chlamydospore formation <strong>of</strong> Entoloma clypeatum<br />
f. hybridum on mycorrhizas and rhizomorphs associated<br />
with Rosa multiflora<br />
H. Kobayashi 1* & A. Yamada 2<br />
1 Ibaraki Prefectural Forestry Research Institute, Nakamachi,<br />
Naka-gun, Ibaraki 311-0122, Japan. - 2 Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa-mura,<br />
kamiina-gun, Nagano 399-4588, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
hisakoba@deneb.freemail.ne.jp<br />
Chlamydospores <strong>of</strong> Entoloma clypeatum f. hybridum were<br />
described on the mycorrhizas and rhizomorphs associated<br />
with Rosa multiflora. Pinkish mycelia were observed<br />
around rhizomorphs and mycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> E. clypeatum f.<br />
hybridum associated with R. multiflora. Rhizomorphal<br />
connections with fruiting bodies were traced to identify the<br />
colored mycelia. They were thick walled with roughened<br />
surface, ellipsoid with marginal segments, 12-16 x 5-7<br />
µm (including segments), and hyaline to pinkish color.<br />
Hyaline, roughened-surface and swollen cells were<br />
terminally observed in vegetative hyphae with clamp<br />
connections. Surface view was the same both in the<br />
swollen cells and the spores. Two spores arranged in a<br />
chain were also observed. Fragmented clamp connections<br />
were observed on several hyphal tips. Developmental<br />
pattern <strong>of</strong> chlamydospore seems to be the Nyctalis type.<br />
This is the first report on chlamydospore formation on the<br />
mycorrhizas in entolomatoid fungi.<br />
709 - A putative hybrid or introgressant between<br />
Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi from<br />
Austria, Central Europe<br />
H. Konrad * & T. Kirisits<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and<br />
Forest Protection (IFFF), Universität für Bodenkultur<br />
Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. - Email:<br />
hkonrad@edv1.boku.ac.at<br />
The ascomycete fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma<br />
novo-ulmi have been responsible for the two destructive<br />
epidemics <strong>of</strong> Dutch elm disease since the early 20. century.<br />
Although a strong reproductive barrier operates between<br />
these two species, natural hybridization between them has<br />
been reported (Brasier et al., 1998, Mycol. Res. 102, 45-<br />
57). During recent surveys <strong>of</strong> the Dutch elm disease<br />
pathogens in Austria an unusual Ophiostoma isolate was<br />
obtained from a twig sample <strong>of</strong> a diseased elm tree. This<br />
isolate has an unique colony morphology neither<br />
resembling that <strong>of</strong> O. ulmi nor that <strong>of</strong> O. novo-ulmi, but<br />
similar to that <strong>of</strong> certain O. ulmi x O. novo-ulmi laboratory<br />
generated hybrids (Kirisits et al., 2001, Forstwiss. Cbl. 120,<br />
231-241). In laboratory crosses with authenticated isolates<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Dutch elm disease pathogens this strain proved to be<br />
sterile as recipient (female), while it behaved like O. novoulmi<br />
ssp. americana as donor (male) in crosses with both<br />
subspecies <strong>of</strong> O. novo-ulmi as recipient. The DNA
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong> the cerato-ulmin gene and the colony type<br />
gene <strong>of</strong> this unusual isolate were also identical to those <strong>of</strong><br />
O. novo-ulmi ssp. americana. The unusual colony<br />
morphology <strong>of</strong> this Ophiostoma isolate and its female<br />
sterility gives suspicion that it could have been arisen from<br />
hybridization between O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi or from<br />
introgression <strong>of</strong> O. ulmi into O. novo-ulmi. Examination <strong>of</strong><br />
this isolate is continuing in order to prove its possible<br />
interspecies hybrid origin.<br />
710 - Hybridization between the subspecies <strong>of</strong><br />
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Austria, Central Europe<br />
H. Konrad * , C. Stauffer, E. Halmschlager & T. Kirisits<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and<br />
Forest Protection (IFFF), Universität für Bodenkultur<br />
Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. - Email:<br />
hkonrad@ento.boku.ac.at<br />
The second epidemic <strong>of</strong> Dutch elm disease has been caused<br />
by the ascomycete fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. O. novoulmi<br />
is separated into the subspecies novo-ulmi and<br />
americana, both <strong>of</strong> which occur in Europe. We have<br />
recently presented evidence for recombination between two<br />
genes in isolates <strong>of</strong> O. novo-ulmi from Central Europe,<br />
indicating hybridization between O. novo-ulmi ssp. novoulmi<br />
and O. novo-ulmi ssp. americana (Konrad et al., Plant<br />
Pathology 51, 78-84). In the present study a geographically<br />
diverse population <strong>of</strong> 99 isolates <strong>of</strong> O. novo-ulmi from<br />
Austria was investigated. Isolates were examined for their<br />
fertility response as donor (male) to authenticated strains <strong>of</strong><br />
O. novo-ulmi spp. novo-ulmi and ssp. americana. They<br />
were also studied by PCR-RFLP <strong>of</strong> the cerato-ulmin (cu)<br />
gene and the colony type (col1) gene. In 71 isolates fertility<br />
tests, as well as PCR-RFLP <strong>of</strong> cu and col1 gave consistent<br />
results. 49 and 22 isolates were identified as ssp. novo-ulmi<br />
and ssp. americana, respectively. 23 isolates showed<br />
recombination between cu and col1 and were thus<br />
identified as hybrids between ssp. novo-ulmi and ssp.<br />
americana. In further 5 isolates the fertility tests and the<br />
molecular analyses gave conflicting results and these<br />
isolates are suggested to be subspecies hybrids as well.<br />
This study has shown that a large portion <strong>of</strong> isolates <strong>of</strong> O.<br />
novo-ulmi from Austria consists <strong>of</strong> hybrids between ssp.<br />
novo-ulmi and ssp. americana.<br />
711 - Analysis <strong>of</strong> pathogenicity and molecular markers<br />
in sexual hybrids <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora infestans and P.<br />
mirabilis<br />
L.P.N.M. Kroon * & W.G. Flier<br />
Plant Research <strong>International</strong>, P.O. Box 16 6700AA<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
l.p.n.m.kroon@plant.wag-ur.nl<br />
Isolates <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora infestans and P. mirabilis,<br />
originating from the presumed centre <strong>of</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
infestans (Toluca valley, Mexico), were crossed in vitro.<br />
Both species are heterothallic, and can act both as male and<br />
female partners in the cross. Viable <strong>of</strong>fspring was obtained<br />
with an increased in vitro growth rate and abundant<br />
sporulation. DNA-fingerprinting (AFLP) showed that the<br />
F1 progeny consisted <strong>of</strong> true sexual hybrids. The <strong>of</strong>fspring<br />
was (mildly) pathogenic on potato and Mirabilis jalapa, the<br />
respective hosts <strong>of</strong> P. infestans and P. mirabilis, and on<br />
tomato. F1 isolates were successfully crossed to obtain F2<br />
and back-cross <strong>of</strong>fspring. In F2 and BC populations,<br />
pathogenicity on tomato and potato (and possibly on M.<br />
jalapa) was a segregating trait. Mitochondrial DNA<br />
haplotype was checked for all <strong>of</strong>fspring and almost all<br />
isolates contained the P. mirabilis type mitochondrial<br />
DNA, indicating that P. mirabilis acts preferably as the<br />
maternal partner. By analysing the molecular make-up and<br />
host specificity <strong>of</strong> P. infestans/P. mirabilis F1, F2 and BC<br />
hybrids, the possible role <strong>of</strong> hybridisation in the speciation<br />
process <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora species in Toluca valley could be<br />
assessed.<br />
712 - Lewia teleomorph <strong>of</strong> Alternaria triticicola from oat<br />
grain in Norway is now described<br />
H. Kwasna 1* & B. Kosiak 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Pathology, Agricultural University,<br />
ul. Wojska Polskiegio 71 c, Poland. - 2 National Veterinary<br />
Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Feed and Food Hygiene, P. O. Box<br />
8156 Dept., N-OO33 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
barbara.kosiak@vetinst.no<br />
Lewia triticicola Kosiak & Kwaúna ined., the teleomorph<br />
<strong>of</strong> Alternaria triticicola isolated from oat grain in Norway,<br />
has recently been described. During a survey <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
and Alternaria species in Norwegian grains <strong>of</strong> reduced<br />
quality, a fungus with characteristics <strong>of</strong> Alternaria<br />
triticicola Vasant Rao isolated from surface disinfected oat<br />
(Avena sativa L.) kernels has been identified. The oat<br />
sample was collected from Volden in Trøndelag, Norway<br />
in September 1998. Stored on slant agar at 4 °C in darkness<br />
for a year, the fungus produced ascomata. The ascomata<br />
were single or <strong>of</strong>ten gathered in groups, 2-3 mm in<br />
diameter, submerged mainly in the surface layer <strong>of</strong> the<br />
medium. Single-ascospore cultures produced anamorphic<br />
and teleomorphic states by the same isolate. This is the first<br />
report on the production <strong>of</strong> a teleomorph by A. triticicola.<br />
The teleomorph <strong>of</strong> A. triticicola was named Lewia<br />
triticicola Kosiak & Kwaúna ined. Although the fungus<br />
originated from Avena and not Triticum, the specific name<br />
triticicola is retained to conform with that <strong>of</strong> the anamorph,<br />
as is conventional for Lewia / Alternaria relationships.<br />
Lewia Barr & Simmons species are known as teleomorphs<br />
<strong>of</strong> Alternaria Nees: Fries. Including this new species, five<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Lewia connected with Alternaria anamorphs<br />
have been described so far. Apart from L. infectoria, which<br />
is a common inhabitant <strong>of</strong> Gramineae, no other Lewia<br />
species have been described from cereals.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 215
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
713 - A comparison <strong>of</strong> Metarhizium isolates from<br />
natural forest with those from agricultural ecosystems:<br />
A preliminary study<br />
1* 1 1<br />
T.F.N. Kwong , R.Y.C. Kong , L.L.P.<br />
Vrijmoed , E.B.G.<br />
2 2<br />
Jones & N. L. Hywel-Jones<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Chemistry, City University <strong>of</strong><br />
Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong<br />
S.A.R., China. - 2 BIOTEC-Mycology, National Center for<br />
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science<br />
and Technology Development Agency, 113 Pahonyothin<br />
RD., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120,<br />
Thailand. - E-mail: 97472973@student.cityu.edu.hk<br />
Metarhizium is one <strong>of</strong> the most studied <strong>of</strong> insect fungi.<br />
However, most isolates are derived from agro-ecosystems.<br />
We posit that the rate and pattern <strong>of</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
Metarhizium spp. from natural forest may prove different<br />
from those <strong>of</strong> agricultural origin. To test this hypothesis a<br />
molecular approach was adopted using selected strains<br />
from the natural forests in Thailand compared with<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong> key isolates from agricultural strains<br />
downloaded from the Genbank. A region ITS-5.8S rDNA<br />
was sequenced for isolates <strong>of</strong> Metarhizium from forests in<br />
Thailand. With the inclusion <strong>of</strong> strains from nature, the<br />
sequence data further confirms the distinct separation <strong>of</strong><br />
the Metarhizium isolates into two clades which are well<br />
supported by high bootstrap values: the M. anisopliae and<br />
M. flavoviride clades. The anisopliae clade formed a sister<br />
group to a species from forest <strong>of</strong>f Coleoptera which is<br />
provisionally identified as a Metarhizium anamorph <strong>of</strong><br />
Cordyceps taii. No Cordyceps state has been linked with<br />
the flavoviride clade. Long considered an Homopteran<br />
clade, it was notable that two isolates from nature, but <strong>of</strong>f<br />
cockroaches, grouped within flavoviride sensu lato.<br />
Significantly, forest flavoviride from Homoptera (including<br />
leafhoppers and adult cicadas) formed the base <strong>of</strong> this<br />
clade. Current evidence presented here suggests the<br />
flavoviride clade has host-fidelity while the anisopliae<br />
clade demonstrates host-promiscuity.<br />
714 - The plant tree, roots and clades: mycorrhizae and<br />
plant phylogeny<br />
F.C. Landis, A. Gargas * & T.J. Givnish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin, Madison, 132 Birge Hall, 430<br />
Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
agargas@facstaff.wisc.edu<br />
Most plants obtain at least some nutrients through hyphae<br />
<strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses appear to date<br />
back to the early days <strong>of</strong> plants' land colonization. Since<br />
then, several mycorrhizal types have evolved, each type<br />
allowing exploitation <strong>of</strong> different nutrient pools and<br />
habitats, yet limiting the symbionts' ranges to areas <strong>of</strong><br />
mutual occurrence. As mycorrhizae play important roles in<br />
community and ecosystem ecology, understanding the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> different mycorrhizal states allows researchers<br />
216<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
to connect plant evolution, community and ecosystem<br />
ecology. Recent substantial advances in our understanding<br />
<strong>of</strong> plant phylogeny and mycorrhizae in general prompted a<br />
re-evaluation <strong>of</strong> previously published reports. We mapped<br />
available mycorrhizal data onto current phylogenetic<br />
models <strong>of</strong> the plant kingdom. The resulting trees show<br />
some interesting patterns, such as a concentration <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizae in the Eurosids, and they also reveal<br />
significant gaps in our knowledge. These trees, overlays,<br />
and evolutionary commentary are available on the web<br />
(http://www.wisc.edu/botit/MPP/Index.htm or<br />
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/) to provide a practical tool for<br />
teaching about mycorrhizae to systematists and ecologists<br />
<strong>of</strong> all levels. These comparative data also provide<br />
suggestions for future research leading to elucidation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
biological mechanisms underlying evolution <strong>of</strong> these<br />
symbioses.<br />
715 - Incipient sympatric speciation <strong>of</strong> a fungal<br />
endophyte after host shift<br />
A. Leuchtmann * & D. Brem<br />
Geobotanisches Institut, ETH Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107,<br />
8008 Zürich, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
leuchtmann@geobot.umnw.ethz.ch<br />
Host shifts which promote adaptational changes are<br />
considered to be important in processes <strong>of</strong> sympatric<br />
speciation. Here, we report on sympatric host races <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fungal parasite Epichloë bromicola (Ascomycota,<br />
Clavicipitaceae) which presumably emerged after the shift<br />
from the grass Bromus erectus to other Bromus hosts. The<br />
life cycle <strong>of</strong> E. bromicola infecting B. erectus is<br />
characterized by a conspicuous sexual state (stromata) that<br />
enables the fungus to transmit contagiously, and which<br />
prevents seed production <strong>of</strong> the host. Asexual strains<br />
infecting the two woodland species, B. benekenii and B.<br />
ramosus, are asymptomatic and transmit vertically by seed.<br />
Analyses <strong>of</strong> AFLP fingerprinting and <strong>of</strong> sequences <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tub2 and tef1 genes <strong>of</strong> isolates from the three Bromus hosts<br />
collected in Switzerland and nearby France revealed that<br />
isolates are genetically differentiated according to their<br />
host and that the seed-transmitted isolates are derived from<br />
ancestral, sexual strains on B. erectus. These sexual strains<br />
appeared to be compatible with all three hosts, while seedtransmitted<br />
isolates from B. benekenii and B. ramosus were<br />
host specific on these two hosts. However, experimental<br />
matings indicated still unrestricted interfertility among<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> all three hosts. We suggest that isolates infecting<br />
B. benekenii and B. ramosus represent long-standing host<br />
races or incipient species, which emerged after host shifts<br />
and which are evolving through host-mediated, disruptive<br />
selection.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
716 - Molecular characterization <strong>of</strong> red yeasts from<br />
aquatic environments in Patagonia, Argentina<br />
D. Libkind 1 , S. Brizzio 1 , A. Ruffini 1 , M. Gadanho 2 , M. van<br />
Broock 1 & J.P. Sampaio 2*<br />
1 Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología,<br />
Universidad Nacional del Comahue - Consejo Nacional de<br />
Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET),<br />
Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Quintral 1250,<br />
Bariloche, Río Negro CP(8400), Argentina. - 2 Centro de<br />
Recursos Microbiológicos, Secção Autónoma de<br />
Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,<br />
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal. - Email:<br />
jss@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
Main features <strong>of</strong> aquatic environments <strong>of</strong> glacial origin in<br />
Patagonia (Argentina) are low pollution level and ultraoligotrophy.<br />
Eight <strong>of</strong> these aquatic reservoirs were<br />
surveyed for the occurrence <strong>of</strong> red yeasts. Subsurface water<br />
samples were filtered and used for colony counting and<br />
yeast isolation. A set <strong>of</strong> 64 isolates was characterised based<br />
on the mini/micro satellite-primed technique (MSP-PCR).<br />
DNA fingerprinting with M13 and (GTG)5 primers<br />
allowed the grouping <strong>of</strong> 34% and 56% <strong>of</strong> all isolates,<br />
respectively. Comparison <strong>of</strong> representative fingerprints <strong>of</strong><br />
each group with those <strong>of</strong> type strains <strong>of</strong> various pigmented<br />
yeast, made possible the quick identification <strong>of</strong> an 87% <strong>of</strong><br />
isolates. The 26S rDNA (D1/D2 domain) sequence analysis<br />
was performed for one representative <strong>of</strong> the remaining<br />
unidentified groups. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was found<br />
in almost all samples and represented ca. 50% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
isolates studied. Less frequent species corresponded to 6<br />
genera and 16 species including five new yeast species <strong>of</strong><br />
the genera Rhodotorula (2), Cryptococcus (1) and<br />
Sporobolomyces (2). Total yeast counting usually ranged 1-<br />
150 CFU l-1 and rarely exceeded 200 CFU l-1. In contrast<br />
with other studies on yeast biodiversity in freshwater, red<br />
yeasts did not <strong>of</strong>ten predominated in our water samples.<br />
This study represents the first report on red yeast<br />
occurrence and biodiversity in North-western Patagonia.<br />
717 - Polyphasic taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the genus Rhizopus<br />
G.-Y. Liou * , S.-R. Chen, H.-M. Fu, F.-L. Lee & G.-F.<br />
Yuan<br />
Food Industry Research & Development Institute, P. O.<br />
Box 246, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. - E-mail: gyl@firdi.org.tw<br />
Rhizopus Ehrenberg, established by Ehrenberg in 1820,<br />
was monographed by Schipper & Stalpers, who divided the<br />
genus into three groups, the R. stolonifer-, R. oryzae-, and<br />
R. microsporus-groups, according to characteristics <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sporangial apparatus and growth temperatures. Thereafter,<br />
the characteristics <strong>of</strong> morphology, growth temperature and<br />
the data from mating experiments became the basic criteria<br />
for species delimitation <strong>of</strong> Rhizopus. In the zymogram,<br />
three distinct groups, the same as those obtained by<br />
traditional methods are recognizable. On the other hand, a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> specific taxonomic problems were addressed.<br />
Then, sequencing <strong>of</strong> 28S rDNA D1 & D2 regions, G+C<br />
content, and DNA-DNA hybridization were proceeded.<br />
The analyses <strong>of</strong> 28S rDNA sequences resolved the<br />
Rhizopus strains into three divergent phylogenetic clades<br />
consistent with the morphological characteristics and<br />
zymogram. The results <strong>of</strong> G+C content and DNA-DNA<br />
hybridization support the recognition <strong>of</strong> R. azygosporus<br />
and R. reflexus. Taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the genus Rhizopus was<br />
reevaluated.<br />
718 - Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> selected Aschersonia<br />
(Hypocrella) species and their allies<br />
M. Liu * & K.T. Hodge<br />
Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY<br />
14850, U.S.A. - E-mail: ml276@cornell.edu<br />
Despite its potential in biocontrol <strong>of</strong> scale insects and<br />
whiteflies, Aschersonia (teleomorph: Hypocrella) has<br />
seldom been included in phylogenetic studies.<br />
Nevertheless, it sits in an important position in the family<br />
<strong>of</strong> Clavicipitaceae. In this study, we investigated the<br />
phylogenetic relationships among Aschersonia<br />
(Hypocrella) isolates and species from related genera based<br />
on several genes. Parsimony analysis based on molecular<br />
data shows that Aschersonia (Hypocrella) isolates form a<br />
monophyletic clade, which is sister to an insect pathogen<br />
clade including Cordyceps and allies. A third clade<br />
represents grass endophytes. Within the Aschersonia clade,<br />
A. aleyrodis and A. goldiana form a clade; while another<br />
isolate referred to A. goldiana exists in another clade that<br />
includes A. andropogonis. Some authors have considered<br />
A. aleyrodis and A. goldiana to be conspecific, while others<br />
treat them as separate species based on morphological<br />
characters, especially pigmentation. We intend to clarify<br />
the relationships between these two species using<br />
molecular data and detailed morphological study.<br />
719 - A revision <strong>of</strong> the terverticillate Penicillia<br />
F. Lund 1* , J.A.M.P. Houbraken 2 , A.F.A Kuijpers 2 , R.A.<br />
Samson 2 & J.C. Frisvad 1<br />
1 Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221,<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - 2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O.<br />
Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - Email:<br />
fl@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the most common fungi in stored foods are the<br />
terverticillate Penicillia. Correct identification <strong>of</strong> these<br />
Penicillia is important in order to predict and avoid fungal<br />
spoilage and mycotoxin contamination <strong>of</strong> foods, feeds and<br />
in indoor environments. A revision <strong>of</strong> these species is<br />
overdue. We have chosen a polyphasic approach for<br />
classifying and cladifying these Penicillia (approximately<br />
50 species), using a series <strong>of</strong> morphological, physiological<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 217
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
and secondary metabolite data for classifying and betatubulin<br />
sequencing for cladifying them. Effective<br />
identification keys can then be developed after this<br />
important step. In general classification and cladification<br />
pointed to the same species and species series (natural<br />
series). For example the series Olsonii is unique both<br />
concerning morphology, physiology and pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong><br />
secondary metabolites and this is in agreement with<br />
cladistic analysis <strong>of</strong> beta-tubulin sequence data. Image<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> colonies and chromatographic data or other<br />
rapid methods combined with chemometrics can also be<br />
used at a later stage once the classification is clear.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> the different methods will be given.<br />
720 - Tuberculina: relatives <strong>of</strong> rusts parasitize rusts<br />
M. Lutz 1* , R. Bauer 1 & D. Triebel 2<br />
1 Universität Tübingen, Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Auf<br />
der Morgenstelle 1, 72072 Tübingen, Germany. -<br />
2 Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Strasse<br />
67, 80638 München, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
matthias.lutz@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
The morphology, ultrastructure, molecular phylogeny, and<br />
infection biology <strong>of</strong> some species <strong>of</strong> the hyphomycetous<br />
genus Tuberculina Sacc. were examined. The presented<br />
results indicate that (1) Tuberculina belongs to the<br />
Basidiomycetes and is closely related to the Uredinales, (2)<br />
Tuberculina species are parasites on the haplontic stage <strong>of</strong><br />
their rust hosts and show a distinct mode <strong>of</strong> interaction, and<br />
that (3) the commonly used species concept within the<br />
genus does not meet all aspects <strong>of</strong> the phylogeny inferred<br />
from molecular data.<br />
721 - Identification <strong>of</strong> a basidiomycetous fungus with<br />
high ability to degrade dioxins<br />
N. Maekawa 1* , H. Suhara 2 , R. Kondo 2 & K. Sakai 2<br />
1 The Tottori <strong>Mycological</strong> Institute, 211, Kokoge, Tottori<br />
689-1125, Japan. - 2 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kyushu<br />
University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-<br />
8581, Japan. - E-mail: kin-maek@infosakyu.ne.jp<br />
During screening for efficient biodegraders <strong>of</strong> various<br />
recalcitrant organopollutants, including dioxins, an<br />
interesting fungus, which possesses a high ability to<br />
degrade toxic dioxins, was isolated from white rot <strong>of</strong> a<br />
broad-leaved tree from Kyushu Island, Japan. An isolate <strong>of</strong><br />
this fungus was inoculated on a sterilized log <strong>of</strong> Quercus<br />
acutissima. After four months <strong>of</strong> incubation, it produced a<br />
resupinate and poroid basidioma on the inoculated log. The<br />
basidioma is microscopically characterized by having<br />
monomitic hyphal system, clampless hyphae and clavate<br />
basidia, and by lacking cystidia. These morphological<br />
characteristics and the partial sequencing data <strong>of</strong> 18S<br />
rDNA indicate that this fungus belongs to the genus<br />
Ceriporia (Basidiomycetes). Among the described species<br />
218<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus, the fungus is microscopically similar to C.<br />
alachuana and C. ferruginicincta. However, its<br />
basidiospores are broader than those <strong>of</strong> C. alachuana and<br />
narrower than C. ferruginicincta. Further, the specimens <strong>of</strong><br />
C. alachuana and C. ferruginicincta have distinctly poroid<br />
hymenial surface with small angular pores (3-8 and 6-8 per<br />
mm, respectively), whereas hymenial surface <strong>of</strong> the present<br />
fungus is variable in shape, i.e., poroid with larger pores<br />
(2-6 per mm), lacerate to dentate. These results strongly<br />
indicate that the present fungus is an undescribed species<br />
belonging to the genus Ceriporia.<br />
722 - Phenotypic and molecular variability amongst<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis fimbriata, causing c<strong>of</strong>fee tree<br />
canker in Colombia<br />
M. Marin 1* , B. Castro 2 , A. Gaitan 2 , O. Preisig 1 , B.D.<br />
Wingfield 3 & M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology,<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. -<br />
2 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café<br />
(CENICAFE), Chinchiná, A.A. 2427, Colombia. -<br />
3 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - E-mail:<br />
mauricio.marin@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the most important diseases that reduces the<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee plantations in Colombia is c<strong>of</strong>fee tree<br />
canker. This disease, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, has<br />
increased in severity and incidence in recent years,<br />
resulting in substantial losses to resource-poor farmers. The<br />
aim <strong>of</strong> this investigation was to consider the relatedness <strong>of</strong><br />
C. fimbriata isolates from different Colombian c<strong>of</strong>feegrowing<br />
regions, and thus to provide a foundation for<br />
future development <strong>of</strong> resistant c<strong>of</strong>fee varieties. Fifty<br />
isolates from 11 provinces were characterized based on<br />
morphology and pathogenicity. In addition, isolates were<br />
compared using RAPD and microsatellite markers. DNA<br />
sequence comparsions for the ITS region, Mat-2 HMG Box<br />
and partial β-tubulin gene, were also undertaken. Results <strong>of</strong><br />
all comparisions clearly showed that Colombian isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
C. fimbriata are highly variable. All molecular parameters<br />
used for these comparisons also showed that C. fimbriata<br />
isolates from Colombia, reside in two major phylogenetic<br />
lineages. We believe that these probably represent distinct<br />
taxa, which we are in the process <strong>of</strong> characterizing further.<br />
Isolates had different levels <strong>of</strong> pathogenicity on c<strong>of</strong>fee,<br />
with some causing death <strong>of</strong> more that 90% and others<br />
killing less than 5% <strong>of</strong> inoculated plants. There was also a<br />
clear pattern to the distribution <strong>of</strong> the most pathogenic<br />
strains within c<strong>of</strong>fee growing areas. Our results represent<br />
the first intensive study <strong>of</strong> this plant pathogen in Colombia.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
723 - Phylogenetic relationships within the Boletales<br />
(Basidiomycotina)<br />
M.P. Martín * & M.T. Tellería<br />
Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014<br />
Madrid, Spain. - E-mail: maripaz@ma-rjb.csic.es<br />
The Boletales is a morphologically diverse order <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycetes that includes poroid, gilled, resupinate and<br />
epigeous gasteroid fungi. The work presented here is<br />
included in the Flora Micologica Iberica project. The main<br />
purpose was to establish the relationships, based on<br />
morphological, molecular and chemical data, between the<br />
Boletales. Although, the main collections belong to the<br />
Iberian Peninsula, material from all over the world were<br />
included to compare with the Iberian ones. The<br />
phylogenetic analyses, based on sequences <strong>of</strong> the ITS<br />
regions including the 5.8S rDNA, allow to arise the<br />
following conclusions: a) The boletoid, agaricoid, secotioid<br />
and gasteroid basidiomes appear in different groups. The<br />
genera with gills (Chroogomphus (Singer) O.K. Mill,<br />
Gomphidius Fr., Hygrophoropsis (J. Schröt) Maire ex<br />
Martin-Sanz, Neopaxillus Singer, Omphalotus Fayod, and<br />
Paxillus F.) included in three families according to<br />
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary <strong>of</strong> the fungi, 1995) appear in<br />
five clades. Only the family Gomphidiaceae is<br />
monophyletic. b) The family Rhizopogonaceae is not<br />
monophyletic. Alpova C.W.Dodge is not included between<br />
the species <strong>of</strong> the genus Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordholm but<br />
within the clade <strong>of</strong> the Boletus species. On the other hand,<br />
Truncocolumella Zeller is closely related to Suillus species.<br />
c) The family Suillaceae should include not only Suillus<br />
and Gastrosuillus, but also Truncocolumella and<br />
Rhizopogon.<br />
724 - Morchella conica fruited in several waves a season<br />
in one site in Northern Israel<br />
S. Masaphy * , L. Zabari & D. Goldberg<br />
Migal, Galilee Technological Center, Kiryat Shmona.,<br />
P.O.Box 90000 Rosh Pina 12100, Israel. - E-mail:<br />
segula@migal.org.il<br />
Morels (Morchella spp.) are known to grow in a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> habitats, in various places around the world,<br />
usually for one extended wave <strong>of</strong> three weeks per season in<br />
one site. However, in Northern Israel we have located<br />
morel fruitbodies (M. conica), which appeared in several<br />
waves from December until the end <strong>of</strong> April in one site.<br />
The morels emerged on roadside, nearby various types <strong>of</strong><br />
trees. We have observed and recorded the changes in the<br />
mushroom population size and the distribution <strong>of</strong> fruitbody<br />
size, as well as changes in weather conditions. Over 150<br />
initials, up to 1.5 cm long were counted in the beginning <strong>of</strong><br />
the first wave, but only less then half survived 2 days later,<br />
some continue to develop up to 10 cm long. A correlation<br />
was found between cold rainy days followed by warm dry<br />
days and between fruitbody initiation and development.<br />
These observations suggest that Morchella species are<br />
adjusted to their geographical location, and can fruit for<br />
several waves if weather conditions permit.<br />
725 - Leptographium species isolated from bark beetles<br />
infesting Japanese red pine in Japan<br />
H. Masuya 1* , Y. Yamaoka 2 & S. Kaneko 3<br />
1 JST Domestic Research Fellow, Tohoku Research Center<br />
<strong>of</strong> Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,<br />
Nabeyashiki 92-25, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate<br />
020-0123, Japan. - 2 Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology and<br />
Mycology, Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Forestry, Univ.<br />
Tsukuba, enoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572,<br />
Japan. - 3 ansai Research Center <strong>of</strong> Forestry and Forest<br />
Products Research Institute, omoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto<br />
612-0855, Japan. - E-mail: mass@amy.hi-ho.ne.jp<br />
A survey was conducted to accumulate knowledge on the<br />
biogeography <strong>of</strong> Leptographium and their association with<br />
beetles in Japan. Seven species <strong>of</strong> Leptographium were<br />
isolated from bark beetles infesting Japanese red pine in<br />
Japan. They were L. pini-densiflorae, L. lundbergii, L.<br />
serpens, L. wingfieldii, L. yunnanense, Leptographium sp.1<br />
and Leptographium sp.2. Leptographium sp.1 was similar<br />
to L. neomexicanum but different in the respect <strong>of</strong> having<br />
more ellipsoidal conidia. Leptographium sp.2 resembled L.<br />
procerum but was distinguishable with well-developed<br />
base <strong>of</strong> stipe. These unidentified species are considered to<br />
be undescribed. L. serpens and L. yunnanense are firstly<br />
recorded in Japan. Others are already-known species in<br />
Japan. Leptographium sp.1 was isolated from Hylastes<br />
pulmbeus together with L. serpens. L. lundbergii and<br />
Leptographium sp.2 was isolated from five beetle species,<br />
Tomicus piniperda, T. minor, Hylurgops interstitialis,<br />
Hylastes paralleus, and H. plumbeus. L. pini-densiflorae<br />
was isolated from T. piniperda, T. minor, Cryphalus fulvus<br />
and Orthotomicus angulatus. Leptographium wingfieldii<br />
and L. yunnanense were isolated exclusively from T.<br />
piniperda.<br />
726 - The Genera Gymnopus and Rhodocollybia in the<br />
southern oak forests <strong>of</strong> Costa Rica<br />
J.L. Mata * , K.W. Hughes & R.H. Petersen<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, 437 Hesler Biology Bldg.,<br />
Knoxville, TN 37996-1100, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
jmata@utk.edu<br />
Floristic and monographic studies in the genera Gymnopus<br />
and Rhodocollybia in Europe and in northeastern United<br />
States have been compiled recently (Halling, 1983;<br />
Antonín & Noordeloos, 1997). Such studies have been<br />
scarce, however, for these collybioid species collected in<br />
tropical locations. Morphological studies on specimens<br />
collected in the oak forests in the Talamanca Mountains <strong>of</strong><br />
southern Costa Rica have revealed eight species in<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 219
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Rhodocollybia and 18 in Gymnopus. Most represent<br />
previously described tropical - subtropical species like G.<br />
neotropicus, G. lodgeae, G. fibrosipes, and R. turpis<br />
reported from South America and the Caribbean, but some<br />
are considered to be <strong>of</strong> temperate origin, such as G.<br />
confluens, G. dryophilus, and R. prolixa var. distorta.<br />
Presence <strong>of</strong> such diverse fungal taxa from the north and<br />
south, especially those associated with oak forests, put<br />
perceivable importance to the biotic exchange that took<br />
place over the Central American Isthmus in recent geologic<br />
times. Sequences from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nuclear<br />
ribosomal DNA region were obtained for most <strong>of</strong> these<br />
tropical specimens and have been used to generate a<br />
phylogenetic tree. Costa Rican species, including newly<br />
proposed species, are highlighted to show their relationship<br />
to those from temperate locations. Current taxonomic<br />
placement <strong>of</strong> these taxa based on morphological<br />
characteristics is also analyzed.<br />
727 - Ascomycetous mitosis in basidiomycetous yeasts:<br />
its evolutionary implications<br />
D.J. McLaughlin 1* , R.W. Hanson, Jr. 1 , E.M. Frieders 2 , E.C.<br />
Swann 3 & L.J. Szabo 4<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, St. Paul,<br />
MN, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
Platteville, WI, U.S.A. - 3 EMSL Analytical Inc., Plymouth,<br />
MN, U.S.A. - 4 USDA Agricultural Research Service, Cereal<br />
Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
davem@tc.umn.edu<br />
In budding cells <strong>of</strong> ascomycetous yeasts, mitosis occurs in<br />
the parent, while in basidiomyceteous yeasts it occurs in<br />
the bud. However, in the basidiomycete Agaricostilbum<br />
pulcherrimum mitosis occurs in the parent and parent-bud<br />
junction. To test whether A. pulcherrimum has a novel<br />
mitotic pattern, investigations <strong>of</strong> additional yeasts in the<br />
Agaricostilbomycetidae (Urediniomycetes) utilized<br />
immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence localization <strong>of</strong> freeze-substituted<br />
material to visualize mitosis. In Bensingtonia yuccicola<br />
mitosis occurred in the bud, as in all other basidiomycetous<br />
yeasts studied to date, but in Stilbum vulgare it occurred in<br />
the parent. Stilbum vulgare also exhibited predominantly<br />
binucleate yeast cells. Nuclear rDNA sequence data<br />
showed that A. pulcherrimum and S. vulgare are more<br />
closely related to each other than to B. yuccicola in the<br />
Agaricostilbomycetidae. Evolutionary implications <strong>of</strong> these<br />
mitotic patterns will be considered.<br />
728 - Uredo sp. nov., a first rust species on the<br />
Penaeaceae<br />
M. Mennicken * & F. Oberwinkler<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tuebingen, Botanical Institute, Systematic<br />
Botany and Mycology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076<br />
Tuebingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
mechthilde.mennicken@gmx.de<br />
220<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
In the context <strong>of</strong> our surveying and mapping from rust<br />
fungi within the BIOTA-project Southern Africa, we have<br />
found a new rust fungus in the BIOTA-observatory near<br />
Olifantsbos in the Cape Peninsula National Park. The host<br />
is Saltera sarcocolla (L.) Bullock. Till this day there is no<br />
other rust fungus known neither from the genus Saltera<br />
Bullock, which is endemic in the SW Western Cape, nor<br />
from the family Penaeaceae, which is endemic in the S and<br />
SW Western Cape and S Eastern Cape in South Africa (1,<br />
2). 1. Crous, P. W., Phillips, A. J. L., Baxter, A. P. 2000.<br />
Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa, 1-358 2.<br />
Bredenkamp, C. L. 2000. Penaeaceae. In O. A. Leistner<br />
(ed.), Seed plants <strong>of</strong> southern Africa: families and genera.<br />
Strelitzia 10: 440-442.<br />
729 - Ongoing speciation within Cryptococcus<br />
ne<strong>of</strong>ormans revealed by global patterns <strong>of</strong> genetic<br />
variation<br />
W. Meyer 1* , S. Kidd 1 , A. Castaneda 2 , S. Jackson 1 & G.N.<br />
Latouche 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Molecular<br />
Mycology Laboratory, ICPMR, Level 3, Room 3114A,<br />
Westemead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. -<br />
2 Grupo de Microbiologia, Instituto Nacional de Salud,<br />
Bogota, Colombia. - E-mail: meyer@angis.usyd.edu.au<br />
Taxonomy within C. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans is an open question, with<br />
3 varieties and 5 serotypes currently recognised. Variety<br />
grubii (serotype A), var. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans (serotype D) and the<br />
hybrid serotype AD) correspond all to the teleomorph<br />
Filobasidiella ne<strong>of</strong>ormans var. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans, and var. gattii<br />
(serotypes B, C) corresponds to the teleomorph F. n. var.<br />
bacillispora. A global epidemiological study using PCRfingerprinting<br />
with a minisatellite specific primer (M13)<br />
and RFLP analysis <strong>of</strong> the orotidine monophosphate<br />
pyrophosphorylase (URA5) and phospholipase (PLB1)<br />
genes revealed ongoing speciation within C. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans.<br />
All 3 typing techniques divided over 1000 clinical,<br />
veterinary and environmental isolates from around the<br />
world into 8 molecular types (VNI serotype A, var. grubii;<br />
VNII serotype A, var. grubii; VNIII serotype AD hybrid;<br />
VNIV serotype D (var. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans); VGI, VGII, VGIII<br />
and VGIV serotypes B and C, var. gattii. VNIII, AD hybrid<br />
isolates revealed two RFLP patterns one corresponding to<br />
VNI, VNII and VNIV and the other to VNII and VNIV<br />
suggesting different recombination events between var.<br />
grubii and var. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans leading to diploid or triploid<br />
strains, having two or three different copies <strong>of</strong> the<br />
respective genes. The variation found in the PCRfingerprinting<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iles and RFLP patterns lies within a<br />
range comparable to that between established species in<br />
other fungal genera, indicating that evolution and<br />
speciation within the cryptococcal complex is an ongoing<br />
process.<br />
730 - New approach to an old problem - resolving the<br />
Peltigera canina species complex (Peltigeraceae,<br />
lichenized Ascomycota)
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
J. Miadlikowska * & F. Lutzoni<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC<br />
27707, U.S.A. - E-mail: jolantam@duke.edu<br />
The Peltigera canina species complex represents the most<br />
recently derived section within the genus Peltigera.<br />
Morphology and secondary compounds were the only<br />
taxonomic evidences used to circumscribe the species<br />
forming this complex <strong>of</strong> highly polymorphic group <strong>of</strong><br />
foliose lichens. To evaluate the putative morphospecies<br />
within the canina complex, maximum parsimony (MP) and<br />
maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses were<br />
conducted on separate and combined ITS and LSU nrDNA<br />
sequences for 17 recognized species and eight potential<br />
taxa, represented by 65 individuals. Patterns <strong>of</strong> variation in<br />
length and structure found within a hypervariable region <strong>of</strong><br />
ITS1 were used as supplementary data for delimiting<br />
genetic boundaries among closely related species. In<br />
addition to 20 coded characters derived from ambiguously<br />
aligned portions <strong>of</strong> alignments (INAASE), 24 coded<br />
discrete characters were provided by the hypervariable<br />
ITS1 marker. Based on optimal topologies derived from<br />
MP and ML searches we found complete concordance<br />
between phylogenetic and morphological species<br />
circumscription for 13 Peltigera species from this complex.<br />
Phylogenetic distinctness between North American and<br />
European populations <strong>of</strong> the morphologically uniform<br />
species P. degenii was detected and highly supported. Our<br />
results confirm recognition <strong>of</strong> three newly proposed<br />
undescribed species. No evidence for recombination was<br />
found in the ITS and LSU regions within the P. canina<br />
complex.<br />
731 - PCR-RELP analysis <strong>of</strong> intergenic spacer(IGS) <strong>of</strong><br />
ribosomal DNA among Fusarium oxysporum formae<br />
speciales<br />
B.R. Min 1* & Y.K. Choi 2<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology, Sangmyung Univ., 7 Hongji-Dong,<br />
Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Life science,<br />
Hanyang Univ., 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Gu,<br />
Seoul, Korea. - E-mail: genebang@sangmyung.ac.kr<br />
Nuclear rDNA provides useful inter- and intra-specific<br />
polymorphism eukaryotic organism. The intergenic spacer<br />
(IGS) or non-transcribed spacer (NTS) lies between the<br />
large subunit and small subunit encoding regions <strong>of</strong><br />
consecutive cistrons. Closely related species may show<br />
considerable diversity in IGS <strong>of</strong> few reflecting both length<br />
and sequence variation. Fusarium oxysporum has one <strong>of</strong><br />
the broadest host ranges <strong>of</strong> many plant pathogenic fungi<br />
and over go different formae speciales <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum are<br />
recognized. Variation within the intergenic spacer (IGS) <strong>of</strong><br />
the ribosomal DNA gene for twnety-two strains <strong>of</strong> F.<br />
oxysporum and its formae speciales was examined by PCR,<br />
compled with RELP analysis. The length <strong>of</strong> the amplified<br />
IGS region was about 2.6 Kb in all strains except F.<br />
oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium from Korea and F.<br />
oxysporum f. sp. niveum from Japan. Those two strains<br />
were 2.5 Kb long. Restriction digestion <strong>of</strong> IGS-RELP<br />
regions by EcoRI, NruI, HincII, SalI, SmaI, BgeII, HindIII,<br />
XhoI, and KpnI gave rise to nine IGS haplotypes among all<br />
strains. Cluster analysis based on the prosence or absence<br />
<strong>of</strong> comingrating restriction fragments show the two groups<br />
based on 44% genetic similarity. These results<br />
demonstrated that analysis <strong>of</strong> IGS showed some difference<br />
within and between F. oxysporum formae speciales.<br />
732 - Variability analysis <strong>of</strong> the Fumonisin producing<br />
species F. verticillioides using the IGS region<br />
S. Mirete 1* , B. Patiño 2 , C. Vázquez 2 & M.T. González-<br />
Jaén 1<br />
1 Dp. Genetics, University Complutense <strong>of</strong> Madrid, Fac.<br />
Biology, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-Madrid, Spain. -<br />
2 Dp. Microbiology III, University Complutense <strong>of</strong> Madrid,<br />
Fac. Biology, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-Madrid, Spain.<br />
- E-mail: smirete@bio.ucm.es<br />
F. verticillioides, included in the so-called Gibberella<br />
fujikuroi species complex, is one <strong>of</strong> the most important<br />
source <strong>of</strong> fumonisins contaminating food products because<br />
<strong>of</strong> the widespread occurrence <strong>of</strong> this fungus on maize,<br />
among other crops. Detection methods rely on the previous<br />
knowledge about the degree <strong>of</strong> intraspecific variability. In<br />
this work we have analysed the partial sequence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
intergenic spacer <strong>of</strong> rDNA (IGS) <strong>of</strong> a wide sample <strong>of</strong> F.<br />
verticillioides strains from different geographic location,<br />
hosts, mating type and fumonisin production. considering<br />
the incidence <strong>of</strong> asexual reproduction. The analysis<br />
revealed the existence <strong>of</strong> two groups <strong>of</strong> strains: fumonisin<br />
producing and fumonisin non producing strains which<br />
would indicate that some divergence is taking place within<br />
F. verticillioides. Within the group <strong>of</strong> fumonisin producing<br />
strains no clustering <strong>of</strong> isolates regarding geographic origin<br />
nor host could be detected. The variability observed was<br />
compared with data from other Fusarium species taking<br />
into account their mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction.<br />
733 - Contribution to the knowledge <strong>of</strong> Termitomyces<br />
(tropical basidiomycetes) from Cameroon: Ecology and<br />
systematics<br />
D.C. Mossebo<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Yaoundé 1, <strong>Mycological</strong> Laboratory, B.P.<br />
1456 Yaoundé, Cameroon. - E-mail:<br />
mossebo@uycdc.uninet.cm<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> the genus Termitomyces (Agaricales,<br />
Pluteaceae) are good edible tropical mushrooms<br />
characterized by a small to very large pileus generally<br />
bearing a more or less prominent umbo called<br />
perforatorium and a central and solid stipe producing a<br />
more or less long underground pseudorrhiza. Their other<br />
main characteristic is that they are exclusively symbiotic<br />
species living in symbiosis with termites on or around<br />
termitaries built by the latter. They arise from funguscombs<br />
within these termitaries. The first description <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 221
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
species growing in Cameroon was done by Heim in 1952<br />
and the author reported just 8 species in his account. A<br />
field study recently carried out enabled us to describe 14<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Termitomyces from Cameroon among which 4<br />
new and 5 new forms <strong>of</strong> Termitomyces striatus (3) and<br />
Termitomyces subclypeatus sp. nov. (2). The new species<br />
and forms described are Termitomyces grisumbo, T.<br />
mboudaeïna, T. subumkowaani, T. subclypeatus forma<br />
bisporus, T. subclypeatus forma tetrasporus, T. striatus<br />
forma grisumbo, T. striatus forma subperforiata and T.<br />
striatus forma tricystidiata. Also as shown in this colour<br />
poster with species described mostly in their natural<br />
habitat, the description <strong>of</strong> 5 other species (Termitomyces<br />
mammiformis Heim, T. aurantiacus Heim, T. striatus<br />
forma annulatus (Beeli) Heim, T. schimperi (Pat.) Heim, T.<br />
letestui (Pat.) Heim and T. microcarpus (Berk. & Br.)<br />
Heim previously described by Heim in 1952 is revised and<br />
completed.<br />
734 - Lichenicolous lichens: Independent lines <strong>of</strong><br />
evolution? - evidence from Acarospora stafiana<br />
T.H. Nash III 1* , D. Persoh 2 , E. Barreno 3 , M.<br />
Wojciechowski 1 & G. Rambold 2<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Box<br />
871601, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, U.S.A. - 2 Lehrstuhl<br />
Pflanzensystematik, Universitaet Bayreuth,<br />
Universitaetsstrasse 30 - NWI, D-95440 Bayreuth,<br />
Germany. - 3 Plant Biology, Botany, Universitat de<br />
Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia,<br />
Spain. - E-mail: tom.nash@asu.edu<br />
Several common lichenized fungal genera, such as<br />
Acarospora, Buellia, Caloplaca, Lecidea and Rhizocarpon,<br />
comprise lichenicolous as well as free-living species. An<br />
implicit assumption <strong>of</strong> recognizing lichenicolous species is<br />
that they represent independent lines <strong>of</strong> evolution.<br />
Molecular approaches <strong>of</strong>fer a powerful tool for testing the<br />
phylogenetic relationships among lichenicolous and<br />
independent taxa. This is a preliminary investigation <strong>of</strong><br />
Acarospora, and focuses on A. stafiana, a relatively<br />
common lichenicolous species on Caloplaca trachyphylla<br />
in western North America. We analysed nrDNA ITS<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong> A. stafiana, its host, other free-living<br />
Acarosporae, other Acarospora hosts, a lichenicolous<br />
fungus (Stigmidium epixanthum) occurring on A. stapfiana,<br />
and a Candelariella sp. that appears at least facultatively<br />
lichenicolous on the same Caloplaca. The results support<br />
the inference that A. stapfiana is an obligate, lichenicolous<br />
species, in so far as the adjacent, free-living Acarosporae<br />
were distinct from the lichenicolous one. But one<br />
surprising result was that the ITS sequence <strong>of</strong> A. stafiana<br />
was identical with a free-living specimen <strong>of</strong> Acarospora<br />
hilaris collected from Spain. If this finding is supported by<br />
additional investigations, then the assumption <strong>of</strong><br />
independent evolution <strong>of</strong> the lichenicolous growth-form for<br />
this species is not supported and it may be that Acarospora<br />
stapfiana and A. hilaris should be considered conspecific.<br />
222<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
735 - Phylogenetic studies in the asexual lichen genus<br />
Lepraria<br />
M.P. Nelsen * & A. Gargas<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin - Madison, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1381, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
mpnelsen@students.wisc.edu<br />
Lepraria, a genus <strong>of</strong> lichenized fungi, is known to<br />
reproduce solely by asexual propagules. Widespread in<br />
distribution, members <strong>of</strong> Lepraria are <strong>of</strong>ten found growing<br />
on moist, shaded rocks and trees, frequently among<br />
mosses. Morphologically, Lepraria appears quite simple<br />
and bears little similarity to other genera, thus preventing<br />
its classification at a rank higher than genus. We<br />
investigate the phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> selected Lepraria<br />
species in relation to other lichenized fungi using rDNA<br />
SSU and ITS sequence data. We also present preliminary<br />
data testing the hypothesis that in the absence <strong>of</strong> sexual<br />
reproduction, co-cladogenesis between symbionts occurs<br />
using rDNA ITS sequence data from both fungi and algae.<br />
Future studies will include testing for cryptic<br />
recombination within the species L. lobificans.<br />
736 - Molecular studies <strong>of</strong> the Hyphoderma setigerum<br />
complex<br />
R.H. Nilsson 1* , N. Hallenberg 1 , B. Nordén 1 & N.<br />
Maekawa 2<br />
1 Göteborg University, Botanical Institute, Box 461 ; 405 30<br />
Göteborg, Sweden. - 2 Tottori <strong>Mycological</strong> Institute, 211<br />
Kokoge ; Tottori ; 689-1125, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
henrik.nilsson@systbot.gu.se<br />
Hyphoderma setigerum (Basidiomycotina,<br />
Homobasidiomycetes) is a corticioid fungus associated<br />
with white rot and is primarily found on dead wood <strong>of</strong><br />
deciduous trees. Morphological variation and intersterility<br />
tests within the taxonomical unit formerly known as H.<br />
setigerum have lead to the recognition <strong>of</strong> a species<br />
complex. The present study uses DNA sequence<br />
information from the ITS region <strong>of</strong> 50 specimens from<br />
Europe, N America, and Asia to address this variation in a<br />
phylogenetic context. A considerable amount <strong>of</strong> variation<br />
was found in the DNA sequences; based on DNA sequence<br />
analysis and interfertility tests, several hitherto undescribed<br />
species are shown to exist inside the species complex. The<br />
relation <strong>of</strong> H. setigerum to H. subsetigerum and H.<br />
nudicephalum is discussed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
737 - On the presence <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizae in the genus<br />
Sistotrema<br />
R.H. Nilsson 1* , K.-H. Larsson 1 , E. Larsson 1 & U. Kõljalg 2<br />
1 Göteborg University, Botanical Institute, Box 461 ; 40530<br />
Göteborg, Sweden. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, Estonia, Riia<br />
181, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia. - E-mail:<br />
henrik.nilsson@systbot.gu.se<br />
The genus Sistotrema makes up a large part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cantharelloid clade <strong>of</strong> Homobasidiomycete evolution.<br />
While ectomycorrhiza is in strong evidence for other<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> the cantharelloid clade (like Cantharellus,<br />
Hydnum, and Clavulina), it has hitherto not been recorded<br />
in Sistotrema. Using a combination <strong>of</strong> fruit-body /<br />
mycelium co-occurrence and molecular analysis (ITS,<br />
nLSU), the present study proves Sistotrema to contain at<br />
least two species capable <strong>of</strong> engaging in ectomycorrhizal<br />
relationships. Since the cantharelloid clade is a basal<br />
evolutionary lineage in the Homobasidiomycetes, the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhiza forming species in the clade<br />
may provide important clues to the nature <strong>of</strong> evolution in<br />
the Homobasidiomycetes. Some possible implications to<br />
phylogenetic analysis in the Homobasidiomycetes are<br />
discussed.<br />
738 - The Flora agaricina neerlandica project: the<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> morphological studies<br />
M.E. Noordeloos * & M.M. Nauta<br />
National Herbarium Netherlands, Universiteit Leiden<br />
branch, P.O.Box 9514, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The<br />
Netherlands. - E-mail: noordeloos@nhn.leidenuniv.nl<br />
The Flora agaricina neerlandica is a critical flora, covering<br />
the agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands and<br />
adjacent regions. It is composed <strong>of</strong> contributions from<br />
various authors, edited by Noordeloos, Kuyper and<br />
Vellinga. It provides keys, extensive descriptions and<br />
illustrations <strong>of</strong> all taxa, and data on ecology and<br />
distribution. The flora is essentially based on own<br />
observations <strong>of</strong> the authors on fresh material and herbarium<br />
specimens collected by Dutch mycologists over more than<br />
50 years. The research for the Flora is carried out according<br />
to standard methods and it uses in principal a<br />
morphological species concept, though the results <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular and other studies are incorporated if available.<br />
As such the flora is a standard work and can serve as a base<br />
for further research. The importance <strong>of</strong> thorough,<br />
standardized morphological studies is nowadays <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
underestimated by molecular mycologists. The project has<br />
been accelerated by substantial financial support from the<br />
Kits van Waveren Foundation. Five volumes have been<br />
published; the sixth, containing revisions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Bolbitiaceae and Coprinus, is currently in print. Volumes<br />
7-11 will follow with an interval <strong>of</strong> 2-3 years. Current<br />
projects: M. Noordeloos is revising the Boletes; M. Nauta<br />
concentrates on Psathyrella, Cystoderma and Lyophyllum;<br />
M. Noordeloos, A. Verbeken and J. Wisman work on<br />
Russulaceae; various Cortinariaceae genera are under<br />
revision by E. Arnolds, N. Dam and Th. Kuyper.<br />
739 - Anamorph form in the Xylariaceae<br />
L.K. Nugent * , M.A. Whalley, G.P. Sharples & A.J.S.<br />
Whalley<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores<br />
University, Byrom street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. - Email:<br />
beslnuge@livjm.ac.uk<br />
Modern classification <strong>of</strong> the Xylariaceae relies more<br />
heavily on anamorph form than normally applied in<br />
traditional systematics. The form genera involved can be<br />
highly teleomorph genus specific e.g. Camillea and<br />
Xyloclodium, Astrocystis and Acanthodochium, Poronia,<br />
Podosordaria and Lindquistia. In other genera the<br />
anamorph is not genus specific and, for example<br />
Nodulisporium occurs in Hypoxylon, Daldinia, Entonaema,<br />
Thamnomyces and other genera. Similarily<br />
Geniculosporium is associated with Nemania, Euepixylon,<br />
Anthostomella, Rosellinia and several other genera. The<br />
distinction between Nodulisporium, Periconiella and even<br />
Geniculosporium is not always clear although the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> these form genera is seen as important in<br />
genus recognition. The relationship between anamorph and<br />
teleomorph and differences between a member <strong>of</strong> the form<br />
genera are presented based on light and Scanning Electron<br />
Microscope studies. The reliability <strong>of</strong> anamorph form is<br />
also discussed.<br />
740 - Morphological and molecular study <strong>of</strong> Lactarius<br />
section Deliciosi in Europe<br />
J. Nuytinck * & A. Verbeken<br />
Ghent University, Dpt. Biology, Group mycology, K.L.<br />
Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
jorinde.nuytinck@rug.ac.be<br />
Representatives <strong>of</strong> the section Deliciosi are easily<br />
distinguished from other members <strong>of</strong> the genus Lactarius<br />
by their orange, red or blue latex and the remarkable colour<br />
changes <strong>of</strong> the context. There is however no consensus on<br />
the species concept. Microscopic features are rather similar<br />
in almost all taxa and the taxonomic value <strong>of</strong> the striking<br />
field characters is still discussed. Carefully observed<br />
macro- and micromorphological characters are combined<br />
here with molecular data. ITS rDNA sequences are<br />
provided for 68 specimens collected all over Europe. The<br />
resulting cladogram is shown and the monophyly <strong>of</strong> the<br />
section and species relationships are discussed. A try-out <strong>of</strong><br />
AFLP has shown that this technique is suitable to generate<br />
very detailed fingerprints. Eight European species are<br />
clearly supported from these data.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 223
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
741 - Characterization <strong>of</strong> Lactarius tesquorum<br />
ectomycorrhizae on Cistus sp. and molecular phylogeny<br />
<strong>of</strong> related European Lactarius taxa<br />
J. Nuytinck 1 , A. Verbeken 1 , A.C. Rinaldi 2 & O.<br />
Comandini 3*<br />
1 Ghent University, Dpt. Biology, Group Mycology, K.L.<br />
Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. - 2 Cattedra di<br />
Chimica Biologica, Università di Cagliari, I-09042<br />
Monserrato Cagliari, Italy. - 3 Dipartimento di Scienze<br />
Ambientali, Università de LAquila, Via Vetoio Loc.<br />
Coppito, I-67100 LAquila, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
comandin@univaq.it<br />
Lactarius is one <strong>of</strong> the larger genera <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal<br />
Basidiomycota, with about 400 species recognized<br />
worldwide. Members <strong>of</strong> the genus have been reported in<br />
association with numerous trees and shrubs, and their<br />
important ecological role as late-stage root colonizers in a<br />
range <strong>of</strong> ectotrophic plant communities is largely<br />
appreciated [1]. We have started a study aimed at<br />
extending our knowledge <strong>of</strong> the distribution, phylogeny,<br />
and ectomycorrhizal biology <strong>of</strong> Lactarius species occurring<br />
in selected ecosystems [2]. In the frame <strong>of</strong> this research, we<br />
have identified the ectomycorrhizae formed by Lactarius<br />
tesquorum on Cistus sp., one <strong>of</strong> the most common and<br />
ecologically relevant shrubs present in the semi-arid<br />
regions in the Mediterranean basin, and described them in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> morphological, anatomical, and molecular<br />
features. In addition, an ITS rDNA sequence-based<br />
phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the related European Lactarius<br />
taxa currently classified together with L. tesquorum,<br />
subgenus Piperites section Piperites, was carried out in<br />
order to clarify species-level relationships. [1] Hutchison,<br />
L.J. (1999) Lactarius. In: Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Key<br />
Genera in Pr<strong>of</strong>ile. Cairney, J.W.G. and Chambers, S.M.<br />
(eds.), 269-285. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg [2]<br />
Eberhardt, U. et al. (2000) Mycologia 92, 860-873.<br />
742 - A molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> coprophilous fungi <strong>of</strong><br />
the Delitschiaceae and Sporormiaceae sensu Barr<br />
(Pleosporales, Ascomycota)<br />
Å. Nyberg * & M. Wedin<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
asa.nyberg@eg.umu.se<br />
Preliminary results are presented from an ongoing study <strong>of</strong><br />
the phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Pleosporales utilising nLSU-sequences,<br />
with special focus on the families Delitschiaceae and<br />
Sporormiaceae sensu Barr. The main aims <strong>of</strong> the study are<br />
to test the circumscription <strong>of</strong> these families, and to trace the<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> coprophilous taxa.<br />
224<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
743 - Karyological and molecular phylogenetic<br />
evaluation on Wallemia sebi<br />
G. Okada * & M. Takashima<br />
Japan Collection <strong>of</strong> Microorganisms, RIKEN (The Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako,<br />
Saitama 351-0198, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
okada@jcm.riken.go.jp<br />
Wallemia sebi (Fr.) Arx is a unique osmophilic fungus with<br />
some mysterious aspects. Its phylogenetic relationship and<br />
accurate life cycle have not yet been revealed. It can be<br />
treated as an anamorphic ascomycete<br />
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; Kirk et al., 2001) or a<br />
teleomorphic basidiomycete (Moore, 1986). Pioneer<br />
researches on nuclear behavior in sporogenesis and septal<br />
pore structure were carried out by Hashmi and Morgan-<br />
Jones (1973) and Terracina (1974), respectively. In this<br />
study, we tried to evaluate W. sebi with the focus on<br />
molecular phylogeny based on nuclear rDNA sequences<br />
and karyology especially in the very unique sporogenesis<br />
using some authentic strains (e.g., JCM 8329, 11230,<br />
11231; http://www.jcm.riken.go.jp/). Based on<br />
nSSU/nLSU rDNA sequence analyses (this study) and<br />
dolipore-like septum (Terracina, 1974; Moore, 1980), it<br />
became clear that W. sebi has basidiomycetous affinities.<br />
Our molecular phylogenetic researches showed that this<br />
fungus presumably locates at the base in the<br />
Ustilaginomycetes as a new clade. Moreover, our<br />
karyological research focusing on the number and size <strong>of</strong><br />
nuclei in sporogenesis <strong>of</strong> W. sebi by using fluorescence<br />
microscopy and nuclear staining method agreed fairly well<br />
with the hypothesis proposed by Moore (1986). As a<br />
conclusion <strong>of</strong> the moment, we believe that W. sebi is very<br />
possibly a teleomorphic basidiomycete.<br />
744 - A revision <strong>of</strong> Gymnopilus in New Zealand<br />
A.-M.B. Oliver & D.A. Orlovich *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Otago, PO Box 56,<br />
Dunedin, New Zealand. - E-mail:<br />
david.orlovich@botany.otago.ac.nz<br />
Gymnopilus P. Karsten is a genus <strong>of</strong> wood-rotting<br />
basidiomycetes with over 150 species distributed<br />
worldwide. Gymnopilus produces a rusty-brown spore print<br />
and has rough spore ornamentation, commonly without a<br />
plage. The taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Gymnopilus in New Zealand is<br />
revised using numerical analysis. Ten species are recorded<br />
and described, including one new species, six new records<br />
for New Zealand (G. ferruginosus, G. allantopus, G.<br />
tyallus, G. austropicreus, G. norfolkensis and G.<br />
mullaunius) and three that were previously known (G.<br />
junonius, G. crociphyllus and G. mesosporus). This<br />
revision indicates a close relationship between New<br />
Zealand and Australian Gymnopilus and it is suggested that<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> related genera may reveal similar close<br />
associations <strong>of</strong> species.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
745 - Characterization <strong>of</strong> Laetiporus sulphureus<br />
complex in Japan using phylogenetic analyses,<br />
morphological study and incompatibility tests<br />
Y. Ota * & T. Hattori<br />
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba,<br />
305-8687, Japan. - E-mail: yuota@ffpri.affrc.go.jp<br />
Phylogenetic analyses, morphological studies and<br />
incompatibility tests were conducted to define intra-generic<br />
taxa <strong>of</strong> Japanese Laetiporus sulphureus complex.<br />
Phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide sequences <strong>of</strong><br />
the ITS regions <strong>of</strong> the ribosomal DNA and beta-tubulin<br />
gene suggest that Japanese Laetiporus spp. are divided into<br />
four distinct groups (groups A-D). European population <strong>of</strong><br />
L. sulphureus is clearly distinct from all Japanese groups.<br />
Each group shares similar morphological characteristics<br />
and host range (conifers vs. hardwoods). Group A has a<br />
white pore layer, pinkish orange pileus surface, and<br />
imbricated pilei. This group is distributed in the cooltemperate<br />
area and associated with hardwoods. Group B<br />
has lemon yellow pore layer, pinkish orange pileus surface,<br />
and imbricated pilei. This group is associated with conifers.<br />
Group C has a lemon yellow pore layer, yellow pileus<br />
surface and non-imbricated pilei. Sometimes it produces<br />
semi-globose basidiocarps with abundant chlamydospores<br />
in the context. Group C is distributed in the warmtemperate<br />
area <strong>of</strong> central parts <strong>of</strong> Japan. Group D has a<br />
lemon yellow pore layer and pinkish orange to yellow<br />
pileus surface. This group also produces semi-globose<br />
form. This group is distributed in the warm-temperate to<br />
subtropical areas <strong>of</strong> southern part <strong>of</strong> Japan. Single spore<br />
isolates from groups A, B and C were incompatible each<br />
other, which revealed that L. sulphureus complex in Japan<br />
is composed <strong>of</strong> at least three species.<br />
746 - Penicillium tulipae and P. carotae, two new species<br />
belonging to the series Corymbifera<br />
D.P. Overy * & J.C. Frisvad<br />
Mycology Group, Bio-Centrum, DTU, Building 221,<br />
Danish Technical University, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: do@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Taxa <strong>of</strong> the Penicillium series Corymbifera are known for<br />
their synnemata and association with the rhizosphere <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetables, most commonly with bulbs. The known species<br />
P. allii, causing a storage rot <strong>of</strong> garlic, P. hordei, associated<br />
with cereals, and P. hirsutum associated with a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetables can easily be separated based on colony<br />
morphology. The concepts <strong>of</strong> P. albocoremium and P.<br />
venetum, reported to cause a severe bulb rot on a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
commercially grown flower and Allium species, later<br />
evolved from P. hirustum senso lato as a response to<br />
apparent differences in secondary metabolism. Further<br />
secondary metabolite investigations involving P.<br />
albocoremium indicated the potential presence <strong>of</strong> two or<br />
more taxa. Described here using micromorphology, colony<br />
characteristics on various media and chemotaxonomic<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iling are P. albocoremium sensu stricto and two new<br />
species, P. tulipae and P. carotae, which were resolved<br />
during a taxonomic survey <strong>of</strong> P. albocoremium isolates<br />
contained within the IBT culture collection. Although these<br />
novel taxa are micromorphologically quite similar, their<br />
unique secondary metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iles individually<br />
distinguish them from isolates <strong>of</strong> P. albocoremium.<br />
Moreover, these bulb associated species produce the<br />
following mycotoxins: citrinin, penicillic acid and terrestric<br />
acid by P. carotae and penitrem A and terrestric acid by P.<br />
tulipae.<br />
747 - Cladistic biogeography <strong>of</strong> Lignincola laevis<br />
(Halosphaeriales, Ascomycota)<br />
K.L. Pang 1* , E.B.G. Jones 2 , L.L.P. Vrijmoed 3 & R.Y.C.<br />
Kong 3<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth,<br />
King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth<br />
PO1 2DY, England, U.K. - 2 BIOTEC, National Centre for<br />
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113, Thailand<br />
Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang,<br />
Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology<br />
and Chemistry, City University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee<br />
Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. - E-mail: kalai.pang@port.ac.uk<br />
Partial large subunit and the ITS regions <strong>of</strong> the ribosomal<br />
DNA <strong>of</strong> ten Lignincola laevis strains, which were isolated<br />
from different geographical locations, substrata and habitat,<br />
were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to<br />
determine their genetic difference. These strains do not<br />
form distinct geographical groupings. No correlation was<br />
discovered between strains and habitat as freshwater and<br />
marine water isolates <strong>of</strong> L. laevis form a coherent and wellsupported<br />
group. Strains isolated from mangroves form a<br />
robust clade while isolates from other substrata constitute<br />
others. Different genes infer different phylogeny for two L.<br />
laevis strains. These results suggest that ascospores (asci)<br />
<strong>of</strong> L. laevis may be able to disperse over long distances.<br />
More strains from wider geographical locations, different<br />
habitats (freshwater, brackish water and marine water) and<br />
different substrata should be explored to explain the current<br />
distribution pattern and evolution <strong>of</strong> aquatic fungi.<br />
748 - Phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> Hydnodon Banker<br />
V. Patiño-Conde 1* , D. González 2 , J. Cifuentes 1 , M.<br />
Villegas 1 & R. García-Sandoval 1<br />
1 FCME Herbario, UNAM., PO Box 70-399, Cd.<br />
Universitaria, CP 04510, DF., Mexico. - 2 Sistemática<br />
Vegetal, Instituto de Ecología AC, PO Box 63, Xalapa, CP<br />
91000, Veracruz, Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
viole_pconde@correo.unam.mx<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 225
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
The monospecific genus Hydnodon was described by<br />
Banker (1913), based on Hydnum thelephorum (Léveillé,<br />
1844) because <strong>of</strong> the salmon-pinkish spore print and shape<br />
and ornamentation <strong>of</strong> the spores. This genus has been<br />
placed in different families <strong>of</strong> Aphyllophoralles such as<br />
Hydnaceae (Banker, 1913; Miller, 1933; Harrison, 1973),<br />
Thelephoraceae (Donk, 1964), and Hydnodontaceae<br />
(Jülich, 1981) using different morphological characters.<br />
Hydnodon has also been related with Scytinopogon because<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> cyanophilic spores in both genera (Maas<br />
Geesteranus, 1963; Jülich, 1981). This research attempts to<br />
evaluate the phylogenetic affinities <strong>of</strong> Hydnodon based on<br />
recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the<br />
Homobasidiomycetes (Hibbett, 1997, Hibbett & Thorn,<br />
2001). DNA sequences <strong>of</strong> the nuc-SSU and mt-SSU <strong>of</strong> H.<br />
thelephorus were added to a data matrix which included<br />
representatives <strong>of</strong> each major clade <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Homobasidiomycetes. The results corroborated a<br />
relationship between Hydnodon and Scytinopogon,<br />
supported by high bootstrap and decay values. This<br />
hypothesis agree with Maas Geestaranus (1963) and Jülich<br />
(1981) proposals, and is congruent with the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
inflated and gloeoplerous-like hyphae and a strong<br />
cyanophilic reaction <strong>of</strong> the spore ornamentation in both<br />
genera. Also, the position <strong>of</strong> Hydnodon and Scytinopogon<br />
in the general phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the Homobasidiomycetes<br />
suggests the presence <strong>of</strong> an additional clade, however, it is<br />
necessary to include more evidence to clarify this problem.<br />
749 - Molecular systematics <strong>of</strong> Ascochyta spp. infecting<br />
legumes<br />
T.L. Peever * , M. Barve & W.J. Kaiser<br />
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: tpeever@wsu.edu<br />
Host-specific forms <strong>of</strong> Ascochyta spp. were sampled from<br />
chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), lentil<br />
(Lens culinaris), pea (Pisum sativum) and hairy vetch<br />
(Vicia villosa) from various parts <strong>of</strong> the world and used to<br />
estimate a phylogeny. Previous results from laboratory<br />
crosses indicated that the Ascochyta spp. infecting faba<br />
bean, lentil and chickpea should be considered distinct<br />
biological species. We tested the hypothesis that these<br />
biological species were also phylogenetic species and<br />
extended the phylogeny to include isolates sampled from<br />
other legumes. We sequenced the nuclear ribosomal<br />
internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and a glyceraldehyde-3phosphate<br />
dehydrogenase gene (G3PD) and estimated a<br />
phylogeny for each dataset. Phylogenies estimated from the<br />
two genomic regions were highly congruent with G3PD<br />
revealing significantly more variation. The G3PD<br />
phylogeny revealed 4 clades, each with high bootstrap<br />
support. Clade 1 contained isolates <strong>of</strong> A. rabiei from<br />
chickpeas, Clade 2 isolates <strong>of</strong> Phoma medicaginis and<br />
Mycosphaerella pinodes from pea, Clade 3 isolates <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
pisi from pea and A. fabae from faba bean, and Clade 4<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> A. lentis from lentil and Ascochyta sp. from V.<br />
villosa. These data provide strong support for A. rabiei, A.<br />
fabae and A. lentis as phylogenetic and biological species.<br />
The analysis also revealed that A. lentis is most closely<br />
226<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
related the host specific form on V. villosa and that A.<br />
fabae is most closely related to A. pisi on pea.<br />
750 - The phylogenetic history <strong>of</strong> Cyttaria, an obligate<br />
parasite <strong>of</strong> Noth<strong>of</strong>agus<br />
K.R. Peterson * & D.H. Pfister<br />
Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA<br />
02138, U.S.A. - E-mail: kpeterson@oeb.harvard.edu<br />
The eleven species <strong>of</strong> the fungal genus Cyttaria<br />
(Cyttariales, Ascomycota) are obligately parasitic on<br />
several species <strong>of</strong> the Gondwanan angiosperm Noth<strong>of</strong>agus<br />
(Noth<strong>of</strong>agaceae, Hamamelididae). Seven Cyttaria species<br />
are endemic to southern South America (Chile and<br />
Argentina), while the other four are endemic to Australasia<br />
(Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand). The goals <strong>of</strong> our<br />
present investigation are to: 1) identify the closest relatives<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cyttaria; 2) infer the phylogenetic relationships between<br />
Cyttaria species; and 3) infer the phylogenetic relationships<br />
within Cyttaria species. Thus, we have begun to construct<br />
molecular sequence data sets from the following markers:<br />
nuclear ribosomal SSU, LSU, and ITS DNA; mitochondrial<br />
ribosomal SSU and LSU DNA; and the nuclear protein<br />
coding gene RPB2. Preliminary results suggest a close<br />
relationship between Cyttaria and the Helotiales. They also<br />
suggest two major lineages <strong>of</strong> Cyttaria: one composed<br />
entirely <strong>of</strong> South American species and another composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> South American and Australasian species. There also<br />
seems to be significant intraspecific variation within certain<br />
<strong>of</strong> the more widespread species. Ultimately, we will have a<br />
robust means with which to test the widely accepted<br />
hypothesis that the species <strong>of</strong> Cyttaria and Noth<strong>of</strong>agus<br />
have cospeciated. We will also be able to examine the<br />
extent to which vicariance versus dispersal can be invoked<br />
to explain the modern distributions <strong>of</strong> Cyttaria species and<br />
their hosts.<br />
751 - Diaporthe foeniculacea and its Phomopsis<br />
anamorph in Portugal<br />
A.J.L. Phillips<br />
CREM, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade<br />
Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica,<br />
Portugal. - E-mail: alp@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
Niessl described Diaporthe foeniculacea on Foeniculum<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficinale from a collection by Moller at Coimbra,<br />
Portugal. Wehmeyer considered it to be a species <strong>of</strong><br />
Diaporthopsis and transferred it to Diaporthopsis<br />
angelicae. He did not mention the anamorph. Saccardo<br />
described Phoma foeniculina on F. <strong>of</strong>ficinale. Camara<br />
transferred the name to Phomopsis foeniculina based on a<br />
collection from Sacavém, Portugal. Neither Saccardo nor<br />
Camara mentioned the teleomorph. In August 2001, a<br />
fungus with the general characteristics <strong>of</strong> a Diaporthe sp.<br />
was found on a plant <strong>of</strong> F. vulgare on the island <strong>of</strong>
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Madeira. A similar fungus was later found at two separate<br />
localities near Lisbon. Two morphologically distinct<br />
Phomopsis species were found on the stems. The<br />
Diaporthe species were compared with specimens in the<br />
herbaria <strong>of</strong> Padova (PAD) and Coimbra (COI). The<br />
specimen in PAD had unicellular ascospores and appeared<br />
to be immature. A specimen in COI (285) collected by<br />
Moller is a typical Diaporthe and was regarded as D.<br />
foeniculacea. The specimens collected from Madeira and<br />
near Lisbon correlated morphologically with COI 285 and<br />
it is recommended that the name Diaporthe foeniculacea<br />
should be retained. One <strong>of</strong> the Phomopsis spp. on fennel<br />
stems correlated with Camaras description <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
foeniculina, but it is not the anamorph <strong>of</strong> D. foeniculacea.<br />
The teleomorph <strong>of</strong> P. foeniculina has not yet been found.<br />
Diaporthe foeniculacea is self-fertile and readily produces<br />
perithecia in culture.<br />
752 - Characterization <strong>of</strong> Pisolithus in Thailand<br />
C. Phosri 1* , R. Watling 2 , M.P. Martín 3 & A.J.S. Whalley 1<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores<br />
University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. -<br />
2 Caledonian <strong>Mycological</strong> Enterprises, Crelah, 26<br />
Blinkbonny Ave, Edinburgh, EH4 3HU, Scotland, U.K. -<br />
3 Real Jardin Botnanico de Madrid, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo<br />
2, 28014, Madrid, Spain. - E-mail: bmscphos@livjm.ac.uk<br />
A detailed study <strong>of</strong> Pisolithus, Scleroderma and Astraeus<br />
from a variety <strong>of</strong> hosts and geographic areas <strong>of</strong> Thailand is<br />
currently being undertaken to assess their potential for<br />
enhancement <strong>of</strong> growth in inoculated seedlings <strong>of</strong> Pinus<br />
kesiya and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The results<br />
demonstrated that basidiospores from most Pisolithus<br />
isolates are ornamented with well-developed spines. At<br />
least 2 groups <strong>of</strong> spore types occur. Most basidiospores<br />
collected from Eucalyptus are characterized by numerous<br />
echinulate, blunt spines whilst basidiospores with<br />
coalesced spines joined at their tip have been found mainly<br />
in isolates collected from pine forest. This corresponds<br />
with a recent study <strong>of</strong> the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)<br />
DNA sequence. Sequences for 14 Pisolithus isolates<br />
associated with native Mediterranean hosts, Eucalyptus<br />
camaldulensis and Pinus kesiya were compared with those<br />
in GenBank. The phylogenetic analyses grouped Thai<br />
Pisolithus isolates into 2 distinct groups. Group 1 contained<br />
Pisolithus isolates collected from Pine forest and Group 2<br />
contained those collected from Eucalyptus plantation. This<br />
present study indicates that basidiospore ornamentation,<br />
together with ITS sequences, can distinguish two<br />
distinctive Pisolithus groups in Thailand which also exhibit<br />
clear host association.<br />
753 - Cercospora species from Venezuela described by<br />
C. Chupp and A.S. Muller<br />
N. Pons 1* , U. Braun 2 & P.W. Crous 3<br />
1 El Milagro, calle F, número 3, Maracay 2101, Venezuela.<br />
- 2 Martin-Luther-University, Institute <strong>of</strong> Geobotany and<br />
Botanical Garden, Neuwerk 21, D-06099, Halle, Germany.<br />
- 3 University <strong>of</strong> Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South<br />
Africa. - E-mail: carinipo@cantv.net<br />
The species Cercospora caracasensis (on Annona<br />
purpurea, Annonaceae), C. centrosematis (on Centrosema<br />
virginianum, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), C. cestri (on<br />
Cestrum latifolium, Solanaceae), C. chirguensis (on<br />
Curatella americana, Dilleniaceae), C. conocarpi (on<br />
Conocarpus erectus, Combretaceae) and C. cyclantherae<br />
(on Cyclanthera pedata, Cucurbitaceae), described by C.<br />
Chupp and A.S. Muller, were revised. Based on the<br />
morphological characteristics <strong>of</strong> reproductive structures<br />
exhibited by the type specimens and, on the correlation <strong>of</strong><br />
these criteria with available molecular data, the following<br />
new species are proposed: Passalora centrosematis,<br />
Stenella cestri, Pseudocercospora chirguensis and P.<br />
conocarpi. Cercospora caracasensis is reduced to<br />
synonymy with Pseudocercospora annonae-squamosae,<br />
and C. cyclantherae is considered a synonym <strong>of</strong> C. apii<br />
s.lat. Descriptions and illustrations <strong>of</strong> the species treated<br />
are also provided.<br />
754 - Morphological characters <strong>of</strong> Lentinellus cultures<br />
N.V. Psurtseva 1* & Ph.B. Gannibal 2<br />
1 Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Str., 2, St.<br />
Petersburg 197376, Russia. - 2 St. Petersburg State<br />
University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, Universitetskaja nab., 7/9, St.<br />
Petersburg 199034, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
NadyaPsu@NP1512.spb.edu<br />
The taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the genus Lentinellus has recently been<br />
reevaluated by Dr. R.H. Petersen and his Lab (The<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tennessee, USA) using classical morphology<br />
<strong>of</strong> type specimens, mating study and molecular analysis.<br />
Cultural study <strong>of</strong> Lentinellus strains received from Dr.<br />
Petersen's Lab have been undertaken to evaluate the<br />
diagnostic potential <strong>of</strong> mycelial characters in the genus.<br />
Dikaryon cultures from different intersterility groups<br />
belonging to L. ursinus, L. castoreus, L vulpinus, L.<br />
montanus, L. flabelliformis and L. micheneri were used.<br />
The strains were grown on MEA and PDA media. Indexes<br />
<strong>of</strong> growth, macro- and micromorphology were described<br />
using traditional terminology. Mycelial structure was<br />
studied from scanning electron microscope images.<br />
Laccase and tyrosinase activities were studied by plate<br />
diffusion method (Bavendamm reaction) and spot tests<br />
(substrates: guaiacol, syringaldazine and l-tyrosine). The<br />
strains' capacity for fructification was evaluated on<br />
sawdust/bran substrate. It was shown that different species<br />
were distinguishable by differences in growth indexes,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 227
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
texture and color <strong>of</strong> mycelial mats and in fruitage ability.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the Lentinellus hyphal structures like clamps,<br />
gloeocystidiaes, chlamydospores, conidias, hyphal<br />
swellings, rings and incrustations were species-specific.<br />
Strains <strong>of</strong> all studied species could produce laccase,<br />
whereas tyrosinase was determined only for L. micheneri,<br />
L. ursinus and L. castoreus.<br />
755 - Group I intron evolution as mobile and nonmobile<br />
elements within the lichen-forming fungal<br />
family Acarosporaceae<br />
V. Reeb 1* , P. Haugen 2 , D. Bhattacharya 2 & F. Lutzoni 1<br />
1 Duke University - Biology, Box 90338, Durham NC<br />
27705, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Iowa - Biological Sciences,<br />
Iowa City IOWA 52242, U.S.A. - E-mail: vreeb@duke.edu<br />
Autocatalytic group I introns in the nucleus are found only<br />
in ribosomal DNA genes. These genetic elements are most<br />
commonly inherited vertically although their widespread<br />
and <strong>of</strong>ten sporadic distribution suggests their ability to<br />
integrate in novel rDNA sites. Two models exist for group<br />
I intron spread: 1) intron homing facilitated by an<br />
endonuclease encoded in the intron, and 2) reversesplicing.<br />
It seems that many organellar group I introns rely<br />
primarily on homing for spread, whereas virtually none <strong>of</strong><br />
the rDNA introns contain endonucleases. To date only<br />
eight endonucleases have been reported in algae, nonlichenized<br />
ascomycetes, and amoeb<strong>of</strong>lagellates. In this<br />
paper, we study the evolution <strong>of</strong> group I introns within the<br />
lichenized ascomycete family Acarosporaceae. Group I<br />
introns are well known in the ascomycetes and are<br />
particularly abundant in the Acarosporaceae (128 in 2.5 Kb<br />
<strong>of</strong> rDNA in 35 taxa). The family Acarosporaceae appears<br />
to be one <strong>of</strong> the most basal divergences within the<br />
lichenized ascomycetes, therefore, the study <strong>of</strong> its introns is<br />
<strong>of</strong> particular interest to better understand the evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
lichen introns. We provide evidence for both relatively<br />
ancient and recently acquired group I intron lineages within<br />
the Acarosporaceae. Furthermore, we report for the first<br />
time in lichenized ascomycetes, the presence <strong>of</strong> a homing<br />
endonuclease in members <strong>of</strong> the Acarosporaceae. These<br />
endonucleases may facilitate the lateral transfer <strong>of</strong> some<br />
ascomycete group I introns.<br />
756 - The rust genus Hemileia - Monograph and<br />
collection <strong>of</strong> the characteristics in a DeltaAccess<br />
database<br />
A. Ritschel * , R. Berndt & F. Oberwinkler<br />
Chair <strong>of</strong> Special Botany/Mycology, University <strong>of</strong> Tübingen,<br />
Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. - Email:<br />
anja.ritschel@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
The genus Hemileia is phytoparasitic mainly on hosts<br />
belonging to the families Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae and<br />
Asclepiadaceae. The species are distributed tropically to<br />
228<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
subtropically, probably originally in Africa and Asia. By<br />
the cultivation <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee, however, members <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
occur nowadays pantropically. Regarding the life cycle, so<br />
far only those for uredinia and telia are known. Hitherto, 53<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Hemileia have been described. Some <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species were described upon the uredinial stage and require<br />
nomenclatural revision. The type species Hemileia<br />
vastatrix represents one <strong>of</strong> the most important pathogens<br />
world-wide in the cultivation <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee and thus has great<br />
economical importance. Although there have been<br />
numerous studies on the morphology and the parasitism <strong>of</strong><br />
several Hemileia species, no monograph <strong>of</strong> the genus exists<br />
up to now. Therefore, an investigation <strong>of</strong> all Hemileia<br />
species is carried out by means <strong>of</strong> light and electron<br />
microscopy. The work is based on extensive herbarium<br />
material. The morphological data gathered are entered into<br />
a database. This database was developed within the<br />
framework <strong>of</strong> the GLOPP-project and is designed to<br />
register rust fungus biodiversity, morphological features<br />
and to allow the identification <strong>of</strong> the pathogens. Our final<br />
aim is to make this database available on the internet.<br />
757 - Molecular identification <strong>of</strong> Taphrina species<br />
parasitic on Prunus<br />
M.G. Rodrigues * & A. Fonseca<br />
CREM, SABT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da<br />
Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. - E-mail:<br />
manuel.jg.rodrigues@clix.pt<br />
The dimorphic ascomycete genus Taphrina comprises ca.<br />
100 species recognised by their filamentous parasitic stage<br />
on several vascular plants. Infection symptoms may<br />
develop on leaves, fruits, shoots and flowers. Most species<br />
parasitise a single host and/or cause a specific infection<br />
symptom. The best known species is Taphrina deformans,<br />
causal agent <strong>of</strong> peach leaf curl, a disease with a pronounced<br />
impact on peach growing areas worldwide. Other<br />
economically important species <strong>of</strong> the genus Prunus are<br />
also potential Taphrina hosts, such as almond, cherry and<br />
plum trees. The present work focuses on the<br />
characterisation <strong>of</strong> Taphrina spp. on Prunus using<br />
molecular techniques: PCR-fingerprinting (MSP-PCR),<br />
sequencing <strong>of</strong> rDNA (ITS and D1/D2 regions) and DNA-<br />
DNA hybridizations. MSP-PCR proved to be a quick and<br />
reproducible method for species differentiation, allowing<br />
the selection <strong>of</strong> strains for sequencing. The D1/D2 region<br />
was too conserved to differentiate the Taphrina studied.<br />
The ITS regions were more useful for this purpose, and<br />
phylogenetic clustering <strong>of</strong> Taphrina spp. correlated with<br />
the host, geographic origin and/or the type <strong>of</strong> infection<br />
symptom. Intraspecific variability in the ITS regions was<br />
evaluated by comparison with the results <strong>of</strong> MSP-PCR and<br />
hybridization experiments. The conventional identification<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Taphrina species studied was re-evaluated in the<br />
light <strong>of</strong> the results <strong>of</strong> the molecular techniques employed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
758 - Morphotaxonomy and phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Lentinus and<br />
Panus from the neotropics<br />
T. Rolen * , L. Ryvarden & T. Schumacher<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Botany and Plant physiology, P.O. box 1045<br />
Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
tage.rolen@mycoteam.no<br />
A combined molecular and morpho-taxonomic approach<br />
was used to delineate taxa and infer main evolutionary<br />
lineages in members <strong>of</strong> Lentinus Fr. and Panus Fr. from<br />
Costa Rica and the neotropics. Previous morpho-taxonomic<br />
studies have resulted in unresolved delineation <strong>of</strong><br />
(evolutionary) groups and conflicting classifications in this<br />
diverse and ecologically important group <strong>of</strong> wood decaying<br />
fungi <strong>of</strong> the tropics. ITS nrDNA sequences and the<br />
combined use <strong>of</strong> morphology and ITS sequences always<br />
placed Lentinus and Panus in two distinct clades. Two<br />
evolutionary lineages <strong>of</strong> Lentinus, and two strongly<br />
supported subclades within the Panus clade, were detected.<br />
The inferred phylogeny suggets that Lentinus is more<br />
closely related to Polyporus than to Panus. Three species<br />
assigned to the L. crinitus-complex (L. crinitus, L. bertieri,<br />
and L. swartzii), e. g. characterized by a continuum <strong>of</strong><br />
morphotypes and not easily assigned to a specific taxon,<br />
were particularly focused. Sequences from 7 specimens <strong>of</strong><br />
this complex indicated a relatively high level <strong>of</strong> genetic<br />
variation, distributed among mostly unresolved groups. In<br />
some Lentinus and Panus species parts <strong>of</strong> sequences were<br />
consistently double-banded, indicating intraindividual ITS<br />
polymorphism. The ITS phylogeny indicates that lamellate<br />
hymenophores and similarity in some ultrastructural<br />
features are not homologous structures in Lentinus and<br />
Panus. The two divergent groups <strong>of</strong> taxa justify the<br />
recognition <strong>of</strong> two distinct genera, Lentinus and Panus.<br />
759 - Identification <strong>of</strong> selected Bipolaris, Curvularia and<br />
Exserohilum species using cultural features, FOIL and<br />
Decision Tree(DT) classification tools<br />
I.H. Rong * , R.P. Rong & O.M. Page<br />
ARC-PPRI, Private Bag X 134, PRETORIA 0001, South<br />
Africa. - E-mail: vrehir@plant5.agric.za<br />
Many closely similar species have been described within<br />
Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum. Identification <strong>of</strong><br />
species is further complicated by the variability <strong>of</strong> some<br />
morphological features <strong>of</strong> the group. In other anamorphic<br />
genera, investigation <strong>of</strong> cultural and biochemical features<br />
as taxonomic criteria to supplement morphology, received<br />
attention for the same reason. The object <strong>of</strong> this study was<br />
to investigate the potential <strong>of</strong> simple measurements on<br />
solid media as identification tools in some helminthosporic<br />
fungi. Authentic and representative strains <strong>of</strong> selected<br />
Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum species, including<br />
the type species <strong>of</strong> each genus, were obtained form various<br />
collections. The strains were selected to vary in<br />
geographical origin and host or substrate or origin. Colony<br />
diameters <strong>of</strong> strains were measured on a variety <strong>of</strong> media<br />
testing presumptive enzymatic activities, influence <strong>of</strong><br />
inhibitory substrates and utilization <strong>of</strong> different carbon<br />
sources. Data accumulated were processed with two datamining<br />
techniques FOIL and DT. The value <strong>of</strong> culture<br />
based tests as diagnostic aid was demonstrated. Using<br />
FOIL algorithms and 5 <strong>of</strong> 25 tests, 79% <strong>of</strong> the strains<br />
investigated could be placed into the correct species.<br />
Further refinements to some tests could result in an<br />
identification tool or the development <strong>of</strong> selective media<br />
for some <strong>of</strong> these species.<br />
760 - Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> cetrarioid lichens with<br />
globose ascospores<br />
A. Saag 1* , T. Randlane 1 & A. Thell 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Tartu, Lai 38, 51005 Tartu, Estonia. -<br />
2 University <strong>of</strong> Hamburg, Ohnhorsstrasse 18, 22609<br />
Hamburg, Germany. - E-mail: asaag@ut.ee<br />
The group <strong>of</strong> cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae,<br />
Ascomycota) with globose ascospores includes 37 species<br />
from eight genera (Ahtiana, Allocetraria, Dactylina,<br />
Esslingeriana, Nephromopsis, Tuckneraria,<br />
Tuckermannopsis, Vulpicida). Phylogenetic analysis was<br />
carried out on two different data sets - morphological (incl.<br />
anatomical and chemical) and molecular characters (ITS1,<br />
5.8S and ITS2 rDNA sequences) - to verify the<br />
correspondence <strong>of</strong> current taxonomy to the probable<br />
evolution <strong>of</strong> the taxa involved. For 17 species both<br />
morphological and molecular characters were studied while<br />
14 other species were checked for morphology only. The<br />
paraphyletic nature <strong>of</strong> the genus Allocetraria in regard to<br />
two species <strong>of</strong> Dactylina is assumed on morphological<br />
characters. Still, the separation <strong>of</strong> these genera is strongly<br />
supported by the analysis <strong>of</strong> molecular data. The genus<br />
Tuckermannopsis should be considered paraphyletic in<br />
regard to Esslingeriana idahoensis and Nephromopsis weii<br />
according to the analysis based on morphological<br />
characters. No doubt that Nephromopsis wei does not<br />
belong to the genus Nephromopsis and a new combination<br />
for this taxon is needed. The analysis <strong>of</strong> molecular<br />
characters reveals the monophyletic origin <strong>of</strong> all three<br />
Tuckneraria species included in the analysis. Monophyly<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus Ahtiana is not supported by the analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological data while the analysis based on ITS<br />
sequences indicates a close relationship between the genera<br />
Ahtiana and Tuckermannopsis.<br />
761 - Systematic approach to pyrenomycete taxonomy<br />
R.A. Shoemaker<br />
ECORC,Agriculture Canada, Research Br., 930 Carling<br />
Avenue, Building 49, Ottawa ON K1A 0C6, Canada. - Email:<br />
shoemakerb@em.agr.ca<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 229
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation<br />
and stabilization <strong>of</strong> the concepts <strong>of</strong> Families, Orders and<br />
Classes <strong>of</strong> Pyenomycetes as reflected in Systema<br />
Ascomycetum and The Dictionary <strong>of</strong> the Fungi. From<br />
Systema Ascomycetum 2001, the Class Dothidiomycetes<br />
encompasses 7 Orders: Capnodiales (4 Families),<br />
Dothideales (4), Hysteriales (2), Myriangiales (2),<br />
Patellariales (1) and Pleosporales (19). These are ultimately<br />
based on the type species <strong>of</strong> 32 genera. The Class<br />
Chaetothyriomycetes has one recognized Order,<br />
Chaetothyriales, with two families plus<br />
Rhynchostomataceae without an assigned Order and<br />
Glyphium not formally assigned to either Family or Order.<br />
These ultimately are based on 4 species. Forty-three<br />
Families are provisionally assigned to Dothidiomycetes /<br />
Chaetothyriomycetes based on 43 generotype species. For<br />
79 genera, details are provided on the choice <strong>of</strong> the type<br />
species and the protologue <strong>of</strong> the type specimen in the hope<br />
that future work will focus first on these fundamental<br />
species rather than those chosen based on easy availability<br />
from culture collections.<br />
762 - Basidiome development as a genus level character<br />
in some species <strong>of</strong> Dacrymycetales from Mexico<br />
S. Sierra-Galván 1* , J. Cifuentes 1 & J. Marquéz-Guzmán 2<br />
1 Herbario, FCME, Fac. de Ciencias UNAM, A.P. 70-399<br />
Coyoacán C.P. 04510 México, D.F., Mexico. - 2 Desarrollo<br />
en plantas, Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM, A.P. 70-399<br />
Coyoacán C.P. 04510 México, D.F., Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
ssg@hp.fciencias.unam.mx<br />
The order Dacrymycetales was established by Lindau<br />
(1897), grouping genera included in the family<br />
Dacrymycetaceae by Brefeld (1888) such as Calocera,<br />
Dacrymyces, Dacryomitra and Guepinia. Subsequently,<br />
other classifications have been proposed, those <strong>of</strong> Coker<br />
(1920), Neuh<strong>of</strong>f (1936), Brasfield (1938), Kobayasi<br />
(1939), Martin (1952), and more recently, Lowy (1971),<br />
McNabb in the 60's, Reid (1974) and Oberwinkler (1994).<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the commonly debated topic among these works is<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> recognized genera, since some authors<br />
accept 11 genera, whereas others recognize only 2. Jülich<br />
(1981) established the monotypic family Cerinomycetaceae<br />
for Cerinomyces. In Mexico this group has been partially<br />
studied (Lowy, 1968; 1971; 1983; Sierra, 1992; 1993;<br />
1995; 2000), for this reason the main objectives in the<br />
undergoing research <strong>of</strong> the senior author is to monograph<br />
the order at the national level and to apply new characters<br />
to its systematic. In order to contribute to clarify genera<br />
delimitation basidiome development was studied in 9<br />
species belonging to 5 genera. The methodology proposed<br />
by Kennedy (1972) was used with modifications in the<br />
fixation (FAA), staining (PAS, saffranin-fast green,<br />
toluidin blue, etc.) and infiltrating material (Paraplast).<br />
230<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
763 - Two new phytoparasitic forms <strong>of</strong> hyphomycete<br />
genus Mycovellosiella causing foliar spots from India<br />
R.K. Singh 1 , R.N. Kharwar 1 & S. Narayan 2*<br />
1 Centre <strong>of</strong> Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu<br />
University, Varanasi-221005, U.P., India. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, D.D.U., University <strong>of</strong> Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur-<br />
273009, India.<br />
The foliicolous hyphomycete genus Mycovellosiella is now<br />
well established and defined genus <strong>of</strong> over 150 species till<br />
date. Many species <strong>of</strong> the genus were earlier placed under<br />
other genera like Cercospora, Cercosporella,<br />
Cladosporium, Phaeoramularia, Ramularia and Stenella<br />
etc. Mycovellosiella can be characterised by its superficial<br />
secondry mycelium forming prostrate and procumbent<br />
hyphae and forming rope-like structures <strong>of</strong>ten ascending<br />
the leaf hairs, and micronematous to semimacronematous<br />
conidiophores. Thus fungus produces phragmosporic and<br />
catenate conidia in simple or branched chains with<br />
prominent hila. Mycovellosiella produces leaf-spot diseases<br />
ranging from discolouration to necrosis <strong>of</strong> the leaf tissues.<br />
In continuation <strong>of</strong> the earlier additions from this region, the<br />
present communication is devoted to the description and<br />
illustrations <strong>of</strong> two new species <strong>of</strong> Mycovellosiella viz., M.<br />
aegli sp. nov. and M. terminalae sp. nov. occuring on<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) and Terminalea<br />
arjuna (Combritaceae) respectively. The concerned<br />
materials have been deposited in H.C.I.O., New Delhi,<br />
India. These species have been compared with their allied<br />
or similar taxa to justify its separate identity. The scrapmounts<br />
have been prepared in lact<strong>of</strong>uchsin and glycerine<br />
separately to observe these structures, under different<br />
magnifications <strong>of</strong> compound microscope.<br />
764 - Fusarium commune, a new species within the<br />
Gibberella clade identified by morphological and<br />
molecular phylogenetic data<br />
K. Skovgaard 1* , K. O'Donnell 2 , H.I. Nirenberg 3 & S.<br />
Rosendahl 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen,<br />
Oester Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.<br />
- 2 Microbial Properties Research Unit, National Center for<br />
Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North<br />
University Street, Peoria, IL., U.S.A. - 3 Institut für<br />
Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische<br />
Sicherheit, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und<br />
Forstwirtschaft, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195 Berlin,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: kerstins@bot.ku.dk<br />
Fusarium commune sp. nov. was isolated from soil and<br />
Pisum sativum in Denmark and several geographically<br />
widespread locations within the northern hemisphere from<br />
diverse substrates including white pine, Douglas fir,<br />
carnation, corn, carrot, barley and soil. Fusarium commune<br />
is characterised by and distinguished from its putative
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
sister taxon, the F. oxysporum complex, in having long,<br />
slender monophialides and polyphialides when cultured in<br />
complete darkness. Based on the combined DNA sequence<br />
data from translation elongation factor and the<br />
mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA, the fifteen<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> F. commune analysed formed a strongly<br />
supported clade closely related to but independent <strong>of</strong> the F.<br />
oxysporum and the Gibberella fujikuroi species complexes.<br />
765 - Identifying species in the genus Botryosphaeria<br />
B. Slippers 1* , T.A. Coutinho 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 , P.W.<br />
Crous 3 & M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Insititute (FABI),<br />
Dept <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong><br />
2<br />
Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. - Forestry and<br />
Agricultural Biotechnology Insititute (FABI), Dept <strong>of</strong><br />
Genetics, University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. -<br />
3<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS),<br />
Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. - Email:<br />
bernard.slippers@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Botryosphaeria species are common endophytes and<br />
opportunistic pathogens <strong>of</strong> woody hosts, world-wide.<br />
Approximately 150 Botryosphaeria species have been<br />
described, but their taxonomy is <strong>of</strong>ten confused due to<br />
limited morphological variation and the wide host range <strong>of</strong><br />
some species. Recent studies have successfully combined<br />
rDNA sequence and morphological data to define and<br />
describe species. These characters, however, need to be<br />
evaluated for their use in defining species boundaries<br />
between closely related species and species complexes. In<br />
this study, we combined sequence and PCR-RFLP data<br />
from the ITS rDNA, β-tubulin and elongation factor-1-α,<br />
with traditional morphological and ecological criteria, to<br />
delimit various Botryosphaeria spp. The ITS region was<br />
sufficiently variable to distinguish all species groups.<br />
However, some closely related species such as B. ribis and<br />
B. parva could not be separated. Combined data sets <strong>of</strong> the<br />
three sequenced regions, however, clearly separated the<br />
different species. Morphological characters were found to<br />
be variable in nature. But under controlled laboratory<br />
conditions, conidial and cultural morphology could be used<br />
to recognise most species. Ecological data were also useful<br />
in defining taxa, as many species are restricted to a<br />
particular host or environment. The combination <strong>of</strong><br />
morphology, habitat data and DNA sequences produced a<br />
reliable basis for the characterisation <strong>of</strong> Botryosphaeria<br />
spp., both at the phylogenetic and diagnostic levels.<br />
766 - Phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> the Caloplaca aurantia<br />
group<br />
U. Søchting 1 & U. Arup 2*<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen, O. Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen<br />
K, Denmark. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Systematic Botany, Lund<br />
University, Ö. Vallgatan 18, SE-223 61 Lund, Sweden. - Email:<br />
ulf.arup@sysbot.lu.se<br />
The Caloplaca aurantia group, consisting <strong>of</strong> the species C.<br />
aurantia, C. flavescens and C. thallincola, was formerly<br />
included in the subgenus Gasparrinia, but is distinguished<br />
from most other Gasparrinia's by having more or less<br />
citriform spores. Based on molecular data a phylogenetic<br />
hypothesis is presented, which places the Caloplaca<br />
aurantia group apart from most species in Caloplaca<br />
subgenus Gasparrinia, but close to the Caloplaca velana<br />
group.<br />
767 - Characterization <strong>of</strong> Fusarium proliferatum<br />
(Matsushima) Nirenberg, the causal agent <strong>of</strong> bakanae<br />
disease <strong>of</strong> rice<br />
P. Sontirat 1* , P. Aranyanart 2 & S. Hiranpradit 3<br />
1<br />
Mycology Group, Plant Pathology and Microbiology<br />
Division, Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Paholyothin Road,<br />
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. - 2 Rice Pathology<br />
Research Group, Plant Pathology and Microbiology<br />
Division, Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Paholyothin Road,<br />
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. -<br />
3 Applied<br />
Microbiology Group, Plant Pathology and Microbiology<br />
Division, Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Paholyothin Road,<br />
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
wantanee@doa.go.th<br />
Sixty-four samples <strong>of</strong> bakanae disease <strong>of</strong> rice were<br />
collected from different locations in Thailand during the<br />
years 1997-2000. Cultural and morphological<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> 38 isolates were studied and examined<br />
scrutinizedly using Nelson et al. (1983)'s methods. The<br />
result revealed that both cultural and morphological<br />
appearances <strong>of</strong> all isolates were identical and identified as<br />
F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg, when considering<br />
the production <strong>of</strong> polyphialides. Colonies on PDA floccose,<br />
white when young, and became pinkish orange to reddish<br />
or bluish purple when old (7-14 days ). Culture were <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
tinged with light blue; reverse pale orange to light or dark<br />
blue. Some isolates showed blue spots <strong>of</strong> sclerotia. On<br />
CLA, microconidia were abundant, formed in chains <strong>of</strong><br />
varying length and in false heads on monophialides and<br />
polyphialides which <strong>of</strong>ten appeared in 'V' shape. They are<br />
primary single cells, oval to club-shaped with flattened<br />
base, 6.5 - 11.6 × 2.1 - 3.4 µm. Macroconidia were<br />
abundant, produced from monophialides on branched<br />
conidiophores in sporodochia, hyaline, slightly sickleshaped<br />
to almost straight with basal and ventral surfaces<br />
parallel. The walls were thin and the basal cells were foot-<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 231
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
shaped, 3-5 septate, 26.0 - 64.8 × 1.8 - 3.1 µm.<br />
Chlamydospores absent. Pathogenicity test was conducted<br />
on rice seeds (RD6 ). It was found that the inoculated rice<br />
seedlings were elongated in double <strong>of</strong> the control treatment<br />
after 6 days <strong>of</strong> inoculation.<br />
768 - The nature <strong>of</strong> the lichen symbiosis: Evidence for<br />
mutualism<br />
L.L. St. Clair * & K.B. Knight<br />
193 MLBM Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah<br />
84602, U.S.A. - E-mail: larry_stclair@byu.edu<br />
In 1869 the German botanist Simon Schwendener put forth<br />
his dual hypothesis proposing for the first time the<br />
symbiotic nature <strong>of</strong> lichenized fungi. The structural and<br />
metabolic complexity <strong>of</strong> many lichens suggests a longterm,<br />
synergistic interaction between the symbionts.<br />
Certainly, the lichenized condition, at least in its most basic<br />
form, has been in place since the advent <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic<br />
partners. Traditionally, lichens have been held up as the<br />
ultimate example <strong>of</strong> symbiotic mutualism; however, many<br />
lichenologists characterize the association as one <strong>of</strong><br />
controlled parasitism or helotism where the mycobiont<br />
exploits or enslaves the photobiont, extracting organic<br />
carbon and in some cases organic nitrogen. This<br />
interpretation has received widespread support; and clearly<br />
applies to more primitive (poorly organized) lichen species.<br />
However, more highly evolved species demonstrate a<br />
complex array <strong>of</strong> mycobiont adaptations that facilitate and<br />
accommodate the photobiont and promote the dispersal and<br />
propagation <strong>of</strong> the lichen. By definition mutualism requires<br />
that both symbionts are benefited by the relationship, with<br />
each partner evolving discernable structural and/or<br />
metabolic adaptations that enhance the performance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
other symbiont. Clearly, many lichen associations meet<br />
these criteria, and therefore, should be considered<br />
mutualistic.<br />
769 - Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics<br />
<strong>of</strong> Daldinia species<br />
M. Stadler 1* , M. Baumgartner 1 , G. Venturella 2 & H.<br />
Wollweber 3<br />
1 Bayer AG, Pharma Research, Bayer Pharma Research<br />
Center, P.O.B. 101709, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany. -<br />
2 Universitá di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze<br />
Botaniche, Via Archirafi 38, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. -<br />
3 Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Wuppertal, Mykologische<br />
Sektion, In den Birken 73, D-42113 Wuppertal, Germany. -<br />
E-mail: marc.stadler@t-online.de<br />
In our investigation <strong>of</strong> Daldinia Ces & De Not.<br />
(Xylariaceae), morphological characters <strong>of</strong> anamorphs as<br />
defined in the last world monograph by Ju et al.<br />
(Mycotaxon 61: 243f., 1997) proved valuable for<br />
segregation <strong>of</strong> species. Moreover, SEM was employed to<br />
232<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
study the surface structures and other features <strong>of</strong><br />
ascospores (Mycolog. Progress 1: 31f., 2002).<br />
Aforementioned characters were employed to validate the<br />
results obtained by recently evolved PCR methodology and<br />
chemotaxonomy based on HPLC-UV/visual and HPLC-<br />
MS metabolite patterns (Mycolog. Res. 105, 1191f., 2001).<br />
The results <strong>of</strong> our recent studies <strong>of</strong> specimens similar to the<br />
pantropical D. eschscholzii (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Rehm from<br />
Sicily, the Channel Islands and the Canary Islands suggest<br />
that the variability within the genus may actually be much<br />
higher than we had suspected some time ago. The present<br />
contribution is intended to illustrate characteristic features<br />
<strong>of</strong> some well-known and some recently described Daldinia<br />
spp. Morphological and ultrastructural data also provide<br />
evidence that a polyphasic taxonomical approach is<br />
feasible to detect cryptic species and evaluate the<br />
biological diversity <strong>of</strong> Daldinia.<br />
770 - The ITS phylogeny highlights the evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological characters and ecological traits in<br />
Cordyceps<br />
Ø. Stensrud 1* , I. Bjorvand Engh 2 , N.L. Hywel-Jones 3 & T.<br />
Schumacher 1<br />
1 Div. <strong>of</strong> Botany and Plant Physiology, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P.O.Box 1045, Blindern, 0316 Oslo,<br />
Norway. - 2 Mycoteam AS, Forskningsvn. 3B, P.O.Box 5,<br />
Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway. - 3 BIOTEC-Mycology, Yothi<br />
Laboratories, 73/1 Rama VI Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok<br />
10400, Thailand. - E-mail: oyvind.stensrud@bio.uio.no<br />
The phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> 46 Cordyceps spp. and<br />
24 anamorphic taxa with known or suspected affinity to<br />
Cordyceps were inferred from ITS nrDNA sequence data.<br />
The ITS phylogeny recognized four evolutionary lineages<br />
and some strongly supported subclades when<br />
representatives <strong>of</strong> the four clades were subjected to new<br />
alignments and analysed separately. Morphological<br />
characters traditionally used to define subgenera <strong>of</strong><br />
Cordyceps were found to have limited phylogenetic<br />
information if compared to the ITS phylogenetic tree. The<br />
ITS tree also questions the present systematics <strong>of</strong> several<br />
anamorphic species, e.g. the genera Beauveria and<br />
Tolypocladium are both polyphyletic. The ITS phylogeny<br />
confirms the results <strong>of</strong> some earlier nrDNA studies (SSU,<br />
LSU) that the plant pathogenic species Claviceps purpurea<br />
and Epichloë typhina are derived within Cordyceps,<br />
consequently making the genus Cordyceps paraphyletic.<br />
We discuss important non-molecular characters, e.g.<br />
perithecium morphology, host preferences and anamorphic<br />
affiliation in the light <strong>of</strong> the inferred ITS phylogeny. We<br />
conclude that the paraphyletic Cordyceps and its allies<br />
(anamorphs) deserve a new classification based on a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> molecular and non-molecular evidence.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
771 - Are microsporidia really related to fungi ?<br />
Y. Tanabe 1 , M.M. Watanabe 1 & J. Sugiyama 2*<br />
1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa<br />
16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. - 2 The University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tokyo, The University Museum; NCIMB Japan, Res.<br />
Center, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033; Tokai<br />
Univ. Campus, Orido 3-20-1, Shimizu-shi, Shizuoka,<br />
Japan. - E-mail: ujsugi@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp<br />
The phylogenetic theory <strong>of</strong> Microsporidia, which are<br />
amitochondrial intracellular parasites, has been challenged<br />
by recent protein sequence-based phylogenies. These<br />
studies indicate a phylogenetic relationship <strong>of</strong><br />
Microsporidia and Fungi, and in some analyses<br />
Microsporidia were demonstrated to have evolved from<br />
within fungal lineages. However, most <strong>of</strong> these studies did<br />
not include sequences from basal fungal phyla<br />
(Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota), and this biased taxon<br />
sampling could result in an erroneous phylogenetic<br />
relationship <strong>of</strong> Microsporidia and Fungi. To further<br />
investigate the evolutionary origin <strong>of</strong> Microsporidia, we<br />
performed molecular phylogenetic analyses with newly<br />
determined RPB1 and EF-1α sequences from basal fungi.<br />
Although the phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> Microsporidia in the<br />
EF-1α tree still might be artificially misplaced due to the<br />
unusually high rate <strong>of</strong> sequence divergence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
microsporidian EF-1α gene, the phylogenies recovered<br />
based on these two protein sequences do not provide strong<br />
evidences for a close relationship between Microsporidia<br />
and Fungi. Moreover, we have identified within EF-1α<br />
genes a characteristic two amino acid deletion which is<br />
conserved in all fungal sequences currently available,<br />
whereas this deletion is absent in microsporidian<br />
sequences. These results argue against the current view <strong>of</strong><br />
Microsporidia as highly degenerate fungi, suggesting that it<br />
still remains unresolved whether Microsporidia and Fungi<br />
are sister taxa.<br />
772 - The genus Physalacria in Japan<br />
I. Tanaka<br />
Lead Discovery Research Labaratories, Sankyo Co., LTD.,<br />
33, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-Shi Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan. -<br />
E-mail: itanak@tsuku.sankyo.co.jp<br />
The genus Physalacria (Agaricales) forms elliptical to<br />
subconical and hollow pileus on a central stipe.<br />
Approximately 30 species have been recognized as<br />
members <strong>of</strong> this genus. Berthier (1985) presented a<br />
worldwide monograph <strong>of</strong> this genus and three taxa were<br />
recognized based on their original descriptions from Japan.<br />
However, their type specimen could not be found<br />
according to Berthier's monograph. During my<br />
investigation on minute basidiomycetes in Japan, several<br />
Physalacria taxa were collected and cultured. The aims <strong>of</strong><br />
the present study are to 1) reexamine the type specimens <strong>of</strong><br />
the 3 Japanese taxa previously described, 2) examine the<br />
Physalacria flora in Japan and 3) document their cultural<br />
morphology and mating behavior. In the three taxa, only<br />
the type specimen <strong>of</strong> P. orientaliswas preserved in good<br />
condition and redescribed. The other two taxa were<br />
considered to be doubtful species. In total, 11 taxa<br />
including 6, which were not previously described, were<br />
recognized in Japan. The cultural morphology <strong>of</strong> 8 taxa out<br />
<strong>of</strong> 11 were examined and supported the species<br />
delimitation in colony appearance, basidiocarp or stroma<br />
formation, and presence or absence <strong>of</strong> clamp connections.<br />
Mating behavior was detected for 5 taxa; two taxa<br />
exhibited a bifactorial mating system and the other three<br />
taxa exhibited an amphithallic mating system.<br />
773 - Pairing test among the strains <strong>of</strong> Trametes<br />
versicolor group from different populations from<br />
Central and South-eastern Europe<br />
M. Tomsovsky * , L. Homolka & F. Nerud<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Academy <strong>of</strong> Science <strong>of</strong> Science <strong>of</strong><br />
the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, 142 20,<br />
Czech Republic. - E-mail: tomsovsk@natur.cuni.cz<br />
Mating experiments were carried out to investigate genetic<br />
relationships <strong>of</strong> different strains <strong>of</strong> Trametes versicolor<br />
group. Collections <strong>of</strong> Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilat, T.<br />
hirsuta (Fr.) Pilat and T. ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. et<br />
Ryvarden from different localities in the Czech Republic,<br />
Bulgaria and Montenegro (former Yugoslavia) were<br />
investigated. Monokaryotic single spore isolates were<br />
obtained from basidiocarps collected in the field, from<br />
dikaryotic cultures fruited in the laboratory or by bile-salts<br />
dedikaryotization. Monokaryons originating from 30<br />
different dikaryons were mated each other. All pairings<br />
between different species were indicated by a line <strong>of</strong><br />
demarcation between the paired isolates. Pairing <strong>of</strong><br />
monokaryons belonging to the same species resulted<br />
mostly in the formation <strong>of</strong> heterokaryotic mycelium and no<br />
line <strong>of</strong> demarcation was observed in any case. No<br />
intersterility groups were found within the same species.<br />
Experiments confirmed the validity <strong>of</strong> contemporary<br />
species concept <strong>of</strong> Trametes versicolor group. This work<br />
has been supported by grant no. 526/02/1216 from the<br />
Grant Agency <strong>of</strong> the Czech Republic and by Institutional<br />
Research Concept no. AV0Z5020903<br />
774 - Species delimitation in the Russula clelandii<br />
complex from Australia<br />
J.E. Tonkin 1* , T. Lebel 2 , T.W. May 2 & C.B. McLean 1<br />
1 The University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, ILFR., Dept Resource<br />
Management, Burnley Campus, Swan Street, Richmond,<br />
3121, Victoria, Australia. - 2 Royal Botanic Gardens<br />
Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra 3141, Victoria,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: Jenny.Tonkin@rbg.vic.gov.au<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 233
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
In Australia, the genus Russula (49 listed species) is an<br />
important widespread mycorrhizal component <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
ecosystems. Fruiting bodies are highly coloured and<br />
conspicuous, and are distinctive components <strong>of</strong> the<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungal flora that are suitable for ecological<br />
monitoring. Russula is a taxonomically complex genus and<br />
contains a number <strong>of</strong> undescribed taxa. The red-to purplecapped<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Russula recorded from southern<br />
Australia include R. australiensis, Russula clelandii, R.<br />
lenkunya, R. purpure<strong>of</strong>lava and R. persanguinea. Various<br />
Northern Hemisphere names have been used to describe<br />
members <strong>of</strong> this group, e.g. R alutacea, R. atropurpurea,R.<br />
azurea, R.cyanoxantha, R. clusii, R. delica, R. emetica, R.<br />
expallens, R. fragilis, R. mariae, R. purpurea, R. queletii,<br />
R. rosacea, R. rubra, and R. sanguinea. Species<br />
delimitation in this group on the basis <strong>of</strong> micromorphology<br />
and macromorphology was investigated using pattern<br />
analysis (classification and ordination). Nuclear large<br />
subunit rDNA region was sequenced <strong>of</strong> representatives <strong>of</strong><br />
each morphological group to determine sequence variation<br />
in relation to morphological variation.<br />
775 - Fusarium langsethiae Torp & Nirenberg ined.; a<br />
new species in section Sporotrichiella<br />
M. Torp 1* & H.I. Nirenberg 2<br />
1 National Veterinary Institute, Section <strong>of</strong> Feed and Food<br />
Microbiology, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, 0033<br />
Oslo, Norway. - 2 Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und<br />
Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Pflanzenvirologie,<br />
Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Königin-Louise-<br />
Strasse 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
mona.torp@vetinst.no<br />
The new species Fusarium langsethiae Torp & Nirenberg<br />
ined. has recently been described, illustrated and discussed.<br />
The species is isolated from kernels <strong>of</strong> oat, wheat and<br />
barley in different European countries. Knowledge<br />
retrieved during surveys on the occurrence <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
spp. in grain in Norway, led to the conclusion that the<br />
regular detection <strong>of</strong> T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in<br />
Norwegian cereals, especially in oat, is caused mainly by<br />
this Fusarium species. The combination <strong>of</strong> observed<br />
morphological characters and recorded mycotoxin pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
had not been reported for any other Fusarium species<br />
before. The fungus has been misidentified mostly as F.<br />
poae, but it has also been reported as F. sporotrichioides.<br />
Morphologically it looks similar to F. poae, but it is<br />
differentiated from F. poae by the powdery appearance on<br />
PSA and PDA, slower growth, producing less aerial<br />
mycelium, no odour and the napiform or globose conidia<br />
are borne on <strong>of</strong>ten bent phialides on the agar surface and<br />
not on the aerial mycelium. No macroconidia are formed.<br />
Cardinal temperatures for the new species: minimum 7.5 -<br />
10 °C, optimum 27.5 °C, maximum 35 °C. Based on the<br />
taxonomic systems <strong>of</strong> Wollenweber and Reinking (1935),<br />
Nelson et al. (1983) and Gerlach and Nirenberg (1982) the<br />
species is placed in the section Sporotrichiella for the time<br />
being.<br />
234<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
776 - Molecular phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> the symbionts<br />
<strong>of</strong> Costa Rican species <strong>of</strong> Everniastrum (lichenized<br />
Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)<br />
M.T. Trest * & A. Gargas<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin - Madison, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
mttrest@students.wisc.edu<br />
The lichen genus Everniastrum is widespread with over 30<br />
species inhabiting most tropical and some temperate<br />
montane regions. Higher species diversity in Andean South<br />
America and montane Mexico compared to Africa and<br />
Asia may suggest a New World center <strong>of</strong> origin and<br />
relatively recent speciation events. We have collected<br />
Everniastrum from cloud forest, elfin forest and paramo<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> Costa Rica, and are constructing phylogenies<br />
based on ITS rDNA sequences from both photobionts and<br />
mycobionts.To investigate hypotheses <strong>of</strong> codiversification<br />
<strong>of</strong> the symbionts we will test for evidence <strong>of</strong> cocladogenesis.<br />
Additionally we will assess: 1) whether<br />
character-based species concepts, including<br />
chemotaxonomic designations, reflect the evolutionary<br />
history <strong>of</strong> the fungal species and 2) whether fungal asexual<br />
taxa and sexual taxa included in species pairs form<br />
monophyletic lineages. These preliminary studies will be<br />
expanded to include multiple-gene analyses <strong>of</strong> symbionts<br />
from species <strong>of</strong> Everniastrum, Cetrariastrum, and<br />
Concamerella representing their pantropical distribution to<br />
elucidate phylogeographic relationships <strong>of</strong> lichens.<br />
777 - Detection <strong>of</strong> an anamorph <strong>of</strong> Tuber dryophilum:<br />
molecular and immunological evidence<br />
A. Urban 1* , I. Neuner-Plattner 2 , I. Krisai-Greilhuber 1 & K.<br />
Haselwandter 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology and Cryptogamic Botany,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-<br />
1030 Wien, Austria. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology,<br />
Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße<br />
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
alexurban@yahoo.com<br />
We present molecular and immunological evidence that<br />
Tuber dryophilum, a true truffle belonging to the species<br />
group <strong>of</strong> minor white truffles, produces an anamorph <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Verticillium type. Nuclear ribosomal sequences were<br />
amplified from field collected anamorph material with the<br />
primer pair ITS1F/ITS4. One sequence was nearly identical<br />
(similarity >99%) to a reference sequence <strong>of</strong> Tuber<br />
dryophilum. The identification <strong>of</strong> this anamorph was<br />
supported by indirect immun<strong>of</strong>luorescence using an<br />
antibody raised in rabbits against Tuber melanosporum<br />
antigene which has been demonstrated to be valuable for<br />
the detection <strong>of</strong> various stages in the life cycle <strong>of</strong> several<br />
Tuber species. According to our knowledge, this is the first<br />
report <strong>of</strong> an anamorph in the Tuberaceae. The potential<br />
ecological and biotechnological significance <strong>of</strong> anamorphs
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
in the propagation <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi is not yet fully<br />
acknowledged. Seedlings inoculated with noble truffle<br />
species are <strong>of</strong>ten infected with less valuable white truffle<br />
species (e. g. Tuber dryophilum), either in the nursery or in<br />
the field, sometimes without plausible explanation for the<br />
way <strong>of</strong> infection. The existence <strong>of</strong> an alternative way <strong>of</strong><br />
propagation in the genus Tuber indicates that additional<br />
precaution against cross contamination in inoculation<br />
experiments is required.<br />
778 - Differentiation <strong>of</strong> Leptographium spp. found in<br />
Canada<br />
A. Uzunovic 1* , S. Alamouti 2 , J.-J. Kim 2 & C. Breuil 2<br />
1 Forintek Canada Corp., 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C.,<br />
Canada. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> British Columbia, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Wood Science, Vancouver, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
adnan@van.forintek.ca<br />
Leptographium is one <strong>of</strong> the most commonly found genera<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi causing bluestain in conifers. Some species are<br />
known to be tree pathogens. Some Leptographium spp are<br />
linked to specific wood infesting insects, especially bark<br />
beetles, however their biology, including their potential to<br />
grow in fresh woody substrates and to cause stain, is not<br />
fully known. The taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Leptographium spp is<br />
complex, and identification to species is <strong>of</strong>ten difficult<br />
when based on the existing taxonomy keys. Molecular<br />
biology tools are being developed but are not yet available.<br />
We looked at number <strong>of</strong> reference Leptographium isolates<br />
from existing culture collections and we included those<br />
collected in Canada over the last decade. We investigated<br />
additional attributes that could assist species delineation.<br />
This included growth rates on 2% malt extract agar at<br />
different temperatures and colony morphology at different<br />
stages <strong>of</strong> growth. We also compared the ability <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong><br />
the isolates to colonize freshly cut lodgepole pine phloem<br />
and to stain the sapwood. The results <strong>of</strong> these experiments<br />
and our observations are reported here.<br />
779 - Lactarius well-represented in West-Africa? Benin<br />
explored!<br />
A. Verbeken 1* , A. De Kesel 2 & P. Van Rooij 1<br />
1 Ghent University, Dpt. Biology, Group Mycology, K.L.<br />
Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. - 2 National<br />
Botanic Garden <strong>of</strong> Belgium (BR), Dpt. Thallophyta,<br />
Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
mieke.verbeken@rug.ac.be<br />
The up to now 80 Lactarius species described from tropical<br />
Africa are particularly well-represented in the Guineo-<br />
Congolian rain forests (Congo-Kinshasa) and the<br />
Zambezian miombo woodlands (Zimbabwe, Zambia,<br />
Burundi). In these ecosystems the genus Lactarius is one <strong>of</strong><br />
the most important ectomycorrhiza formers. The Sudanian<br />
woodlands cover large parts <strong>of</strong> West-Africa and are,<br />
compared to the Zambezian woodlands, poorly explored.<br />
They are <strong>of</strong>ten dominated by the ectotrophs Isoberlinia and<br />
Uapaca, while they lack the typical Zambezian trees<br />
Brachystegia and Julbernardia. Therefore, it seemed logic<br />
that the species diversity in the Sudanian woodlands would<br />
be less important than in East-Africa. Some scattered<br />
records <strong>of</strong> miombo woodland species in West-Africa<br />
already suggested an overlap in the Lactarius myc<strong>of</strong>lora,<br />
but more studies were needed. Intensive collecting in the<br />
Isoberlinia and Uapaca savanna woodlands in Benin,<br />
resulted in at least 24 Lactarius species, including some<br />
undescribed taxa. In spite <strong>of</strong> the differences in dominant<br />
ectotrophs, most Lactarius species from the studied area<br />
are also known from Zambezian woodlands. This study is<br />
the first to reveal a marked overlap <strong>of</strong> the Zambezian and<br />
Sudanian ectomycorrhizal myc<strong>of</strong>lora. It also indicates the<br />
absence <strong>of</strong> the Sudanian species in the Central African rain<br />
forests (Guineo-Congolian) and consequently suggests a<br />
disjunct distribution <strong>of</strong> the savanna woodland species <strong>of</strong><br />
Lactarius throughout Africa.<br />
780 - Taxonomy and phylogeny <strong>of</strong> Septoria<br />
G.J.M. Verkley, A. Van Iperen & M. Starink-Willemse *<br />
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O.Box 85167,<br />
NL-3508 AD, The Netherlands.<br />
In the anamorph genus Septoria Sacc. over 2000 names<br />
have been described. Most taxa cause leaf spot on the host<br />
plant. Known teleomorphs belong in Mycosphaerella<br />
Johanson (Dothideales, Ascomycota), a cosmopolitan<br />
genus with over 20 reported anamorph genera. Crous et al.<br />
(2001, Mycologia 93: 1081-1101) showed that<br />
Mycosphaerella is monophyletic, based on ITS rDNA<br />
sequences. Both strains <strong>of</strong> S. aceris (teleom. M. latebrosa)<br />
studied clustered in a clade with Cercospora, separate from<br />
S. tritici (teleom. M. graminicola), indicating that Septoria<br />
anamorphs may have evolved in several lineages. We<br />
further investigated the phylogenetic position <strong>of</strong> Septoria<br />
anamorphs using ITS and partial 28S rDNA sequences <strong>of</strong> a<br />
larger set <strong>of</strong> taxa, some with known teleomorphs, isolated<br />
from a wide array <strong>of</strong> plant families. An additional eight<br />
anamorph genera linked to Mycosphaerella were also<br />
represented in the analyses. The results show that Septoria<br />
spp. all evolved within Mycosphaerella, but not as a result<br />
<strong>of</strong> a single event. The data support a clade comprising S.<br />
tritici and S. passerini from grasses, close to Ramularia<br />
spp. Septoria spp. from several deciduous trees represent<br />
relatively distant lineages. In contrast, many <strong>of</strong> the Septoria<br />
spp. from various herbaceous plant families have almost<br />
identical ITS sequences, and also <strong>of</strong>ten very similar<br />
morphologies in vitro and in planta, indicating that they are<br />
closely related. They are grouped with Cercospora spp. in<br />
a large, unresolved cluster.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 235
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
781 - Morphological variation <strong>of</strong> spore ornamentation<br />
within the genus Gomphus<br />
M. Villegas * & J. Cifuentes<br />
Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM, A.P. 70-399 Cuidad<br />
Universitaria, Del. Coyoacan. C.P. 04510, México, D.F.,<br />
Mexico. - E-mail: mvr@hp.fciencias.unam.mx<br />
Traditionaly the morphology <strong>of</strong> the spores has been an<br />
important source <strong>of</strong> characters to classify species in<br />
Gomphus. Neverthless, the understanding <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
variation patterns in spore ornamentation within species is<br />
misleading. The goal <strong>of</strong> this research was to evaluate<br />
ornamentation similarity among differents species<br />
described as Gomphus and, to identify discrete states to use<br />
them in systematics. We analyzed the ornamentation in<br />
sixteen taxa using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).<br />
Three differents patterns <strong>of</strong> ornamentation shape and two<br />
<strong>of</strong> ornamentation distribution were differentiated.<br />
Reticulate-lacunose ornamentation was only found in G.<br />
retisporus, verrucose ornamentation was pretty common<br />
and it was found in G. clavatus, G. floccosus, and G.<br />
subclavaeformis; various degrees <strong>of</strong> verrucae fusion were<br />
observed. Ornamentation distribution is very characteristic<br />
in G. grandis and G. retisporus, with a distinct zone<br />
without ornamentation near hilar appendix. A preliminary<br />
phylogenetic evaluation, including other available micro<br />
and macromorphological characters, indicates that spore<br />
ornamentation provides significant evolutionary<br />
information within the genus.<br />
782 - The relevance <strong>of</strong> anamorphic states for a natural<br />
classification <strong>of</strong> Agaricales: results from morphological<br />
and molecular phylogenetic studies<br />
G. Walther 1* & M. Weiß 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, D-07743 Jena,<br />
Germany. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle<br />
1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
Grit.Walther@rz.uni-jena.de<br />
Single-spore cultures <strong>of</strong> more than 180 species <strong>of</strong><br />
Agaricales were studied morphologically and by molecular<br />
phylogenetic methods. The morphological investigations<br />
revealed anamorphic states in more than 110 species,<br />
which are <strong>of</strong>ten specific at the genus or family level.<br />
Phylogenetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the 5' terminal domain <strong>of</strong> the<br />
nuclear gene coding for the ribosomal large subunit<br />
resulted in several well-supported groups that are<br />
consistent with anamorph morphology. Our results indicate<br />
that the anamorphic state provides valuable characters for a<br />
natural classification in the Agaricales.<br />
236<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
783 - Molecular variation among species <strong>of</strong> Verticillium<br />
D. Weber 1* , O. Strunnikova 2 & M. Typas 3<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young<br />
University, Provo, Utah 84602, U.S.A. - 2 Research Institute<br />
for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Shoose 3, St.<br />
Petersburg, Pushkin 8 189620, Russia. - 3 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Athens, Panepistemiopolis, Athens TK 15701,<br />
Greece. - E-mail: darrell_weber@byu.edu<br />
The genus Verticillium within fungi imperfecti contains a<br />
heterogeneous group <strong>of</strong> asexual species. Many <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species are important plant pathogens or entomopathogens.<br />
The classification is based on morphology <strong>of</strong> the vegetative<br />
reproductive organs namely conidiophores, conidia and<br />
resting structures. Some analyses have been done on<br />
Verticillium using immunochemical and RFLPs methods.<br />
We analyzed the variation <strong>of</strong> the nuclear ribosomal internal<br />
transcribed spaces (ITS) <strong>of</strong> the following species: V. alboatrum,<br />
V. dahliae, V. longisporum, V. lamenicola, V.<br />
fungicola, V. catenulatum, V. tricopus, V. nigrescens, V.<br />
chlamydosporium, V. chlamydosporium, V. theobromeae,<br />
and V. psalliotae. The DNA was duplicated using PCR.<br />
The DNA sequences were determined using a Perkin Elmer<br />
ABI PRISM sequencing apparatus. The relationship <strong>of</strong> the<br />
different species to each other was determined. A<br />
concensus tree was determined for the isolates <strong>of</strong> V.<br />
dahliae.<br />
784 - The evolution <strong>of</strong> cyanobacterial lichens inferred<br />
by phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> combined mtSSU rDNA<br />
and nLSU rDNA sequence data<br />
E. Wiklund * & M. Wedin<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
elisabeth.wiklund@eg.umu.se<br />
Fungi associating with cyanobacteria have been found<br />
among the oldest verified fungal fossils <strong>of</strong> the Lower<br />
Devonian Rhynie chert. The extant cyanobacterial lichen<br />
associations, particularly <strong>of</strong> the Lecanorales suborder<br />
Peltigerineae, are also <strong>of</strong>ten claimed to include the most<br />
primitive extant lichens. It is, however, unclear if the<br />
association with cyanobacteria has arisen once or several<br />
times, if the suborder Peltigerineae as currently<br />
circumscribed is monophyletic, or if it is the sistergroup to<br />
the rest <strong>of</strong> the Lecanorales. Here, we will present<br />
preliminary results from phylogenetic analyses <strong>of</strong> two<br />
independent gene loci, including representatives <strong>of</strong> most<br />
families in Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae, and several<br />
representatives <strong>of</strong> other Lecanoromycetes. These analyses<br />
are utilised to test several evolutionary hypotheses<br />
regarding the evolution and phylogeny <strong>of</strong> cyanobacterial<br />
lichen associations.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
785 - Phylogeny <strong>of</strong> the Gymnopus/Marasmiellus group<br />
based on 28s nrDNA sequence<br />
A.W. Wilson * & D.E. Desjardin<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, San Francisco State University,<br />
1600 Holloway Ave. San Francisco, CA 94132, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
andson@sfsu.edu<br />
Nuclear ribosomal large subunit sequence was collected for<br />
89 taxa representing members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Gymnopus/Marasmiellus group, referred to as the<br />
Lentinula clade in Moncalvo et al. (2002). Tissue was<br />
extracted from ^70 specimens via PCR and cycle<br />
sequencing reactions. The remaining sequences were<br />
obtained from GenBank or the fore-mentioned authors.<br />
Sequence was aligned and phylogenetic analyses were<br />
performed using PAUP. Several methods <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic<br />
analysis were utilized including weighted parsimony,<br />
maximum likelihood and neighbor joining. Bootstrap<br />
values were used to indicate structural soundness <strong>of</strong> groups<br />
represented in the tree. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study is to gather<br />
molecular evidence that will help define groups within the<br />
Gymnopus/Marasmiellus cluster that have been<br />
traditionally recognized using morphological taxonomy.<br />
786 - Developmental similarities in Echinosporangium<br />
transversale and Mortierella multidivaricata. Early<br />
maturity hypothesis<br />
M. Wrzosek<br />
Warsaw University, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 02-634, Warsaw,<br />
Poland. - E-mail: mwrzosek@ulmus.bot.uw.edu.pl<br />
Mortierella multidivaricata and Echinosporangium<br />
transversale are related genera, and there are classified in<br />
the family Mortierellaceae, ordo Mortierellales (Voigt,<br />
Wostemeyer 2001). There are two basic features common<br />
for both genera and other species <strong>of</strong> the family<br />
Mortierellaceae -the presence <strong>of</strong> anastomoses between<br />
hyphae and the lack <strong>of</strong> the columellae. The main<br />
substantial difference concerns the morphology <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sporangia. Echinosporangium has non-typical sporangium<br />
<strong>of</strong> sausagous shape with spiny ends while sporangia <strong>of</strong><br />
Mortierella multidivaricata are globose. Phylogenetical<br />
study (my PhD. thesis, 2000, Voigt and Wostemeyer 2001)<br />
confirm close affinity <strong>of</strong> both genera. Echinosporangium is<br />
located in phylogenetical tree within genus Mortierella.<br />
Are there any in vivo observations which can help us in<br />
understanding on one hand the phylogenetic affinity<br />
resulting from molecular methods and on the other<br />
morphological dissimilarities between sporangia? Close<br />
similarities in early ontogenetical development <strong>of</strong> asexual<br />
structures in Mortierella multidivaricata and<br />
Echinosporangium transversale were observed. The<br />
differences appear at the moment <strong>of</strong> the spores formation.<br />
Taking into account these observations and the results <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular studies, we may propose the following<br />
hypothesis: Small numbers <strong>of</strong> mutations placed in genes<br />
for regulation <strong>of</strong> sporangium development could result in<br />
apparent morphological changes in asexual structures <strong>of</strong><br />
Echinosporangium.<br />
787 - Peniophora in Taiwan with simple-septate hyphae<br />
S.H. Wu<br />
National Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan<br />
404, Taiwan. - E-mail: shwu@mail.nmns.edu.tw<br />
In this survey <strong>of</strong> Taiwanian Peniophora species with<br />
simple-septate hyphae five species are presented: P.<br />
bicornis, P. borbonica, P. maliensis, P. reidii, and P.<br />
taiwanensis. The former four species are newly recorded<br />
from Taiwan, and the last one is new to science.<br />
Description and line drawing are given for each species.<br />
Cultural and cytological studies are also provided for the<br />
five species.<br />
788 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> Sporidesmium and related fungi in<br />
China<br />
W.P. Wu * & Y. Zhang<br />
RD China, Novozymes China, 22 Xinxi Zhong Lu, Shangdi<br />
Zone, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China. - E-mail:<br />
WUWP@novozymes.com<br />
The Sporidesmium-Endophragmiella complex includes<br />
dematiaceous hyphomycetes which holoblastically produce<br />
phragmosporae. This group <strong>of</strong> fungi is mostly found on<br />
dead branches or rotting wood. Only one species from<br />
literatures was known in China. However, this study<br />
showed that they widely distribute in China and a total <strong>of</strong><br />
147 species in 23 genera have been identified, including 37<br />
new species and 14 new combinations. All species have<br />
been fully described and illustrated based on Chinese<br />
specimens.<br />
789 - Revision <strong>of</strong> the genus Septoriella Oudem.<br />
(Coelomycetes)<br />
W.P. Wu 1* , B.C. Sutton 2 & Y. Zhang 1<br />
1 RD China, Novozymes China, 22 Xinxi Zhong Lu, Shangdi<br />
Zone, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China. - 2 Apple<br />
Tree Cottage, Black Heaph, Wenhaston, Near Halesworth,<br />
IP90 9HD, U.K. - E-mail: WuWP@novozymes.com<br />
A revision <strong>of</strong> the coelomycete genus Septoriella Oudem. is<br />
made and 14 species are accepted. Among them, 5 are new<br />
species, S. fusiformis sp. nov., S. hendersoniae sp. nov., S.<br />
intermedia sp. nov., S. latispora sp. nov., and S. petrakii sp.<br />
nov.; and two are new combinations, S. mastigospora<br />
(Petr.) comb. nov. (syn. Urohendersoniella mastigospora<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 237
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
Petr.), and Septoriella panicicola (Petr.) comb. nov. (syn.<br />
Hendersonia panicicola Petr.). Other accepted species<br />
include S. canadensis Nag Raj, S. caroliniana Nag Raj, S.<br />
junci (Desm.) B. Sutton, S. phragmitis Oudem., S. rockiana<br />
(Petr.) Nag Raj and S. thalassica (Speg.) Nag Raj. All other<br />
species names described in Septoriella have been excluded<br />
from the genus and reidentified. This results in 1 new<br />
combination, Phaeoseptaria philippinensis (Sacc.) comb.<br />
nov. (S. philippinensis Sacc.). Septoriella atrata Sacc. is<br />
regarded as a synonym <strong>of</strong> Septoria heterochora Desm. In<br />
addition, one new species <strong>of</strong> the genus Linochorella Syd. &<br />
P. Syd., L. cylindrospora sp. nov., is also described.<br />
Related taxonomic problems are also discussed. A key to<br />
all accepted species in the genera Septoriella and<br />
Linochorella is provided.<br />
790 - DNA sequence and IGS RFLP analyses and<br />
molecular markers for identification <strong>of</strong> Fusarium poae,<br />
F. langsethiae, F. sporotrichioides and F. kyushuense<br />
T. Yli-Mattila 1 , P. Konstantinova 1 , R.L. Mach 2 , I.A.<br />
Alekhina 3* , S.A. Bulat 3 , C.M. Kullnig-Gradinger 2 , C.P.<br />
Kubicek 2 & S.S. Klemsdal 4<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Turku, Lab. <strong>of</strong> Plant Phys. and Mol. Biol.,<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. - 2 Technical<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Vienna, Inst. for Chem. Engineering,<br />
Microbial Biochem., Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna,<br />
Austria. - 3 Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Lab. <strong>of</strong><br />
Eukaryote Genetics, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Mol. and Radiation<br />
Biophysics, Gatchina 188350, Russia. - 4 The Norwegian<br />
Crop Research Institute, Plant Protection Centre,<br />
Høgskoleveien 7, N-1432 Ås, Norway.<br />
Fusarium langsethiae was recently described to<br />
accommodate 'powdery' isolates <strong>of</strong> F. poae, which<br />
morphologically resemble F. poae, but whose metabolite<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>ile (including toxins) is similar to that <strong>of</strong> F.<br />
sporotrichioides. Sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> ITS1 and 2<br />
separated F. langsethiae from F. poae, but was unable to<br />
separate all F. sporotrichioides strains from F. langsethiae<br />
strains. Sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> ß-tubulin distinguished all<br />
four species but did not resolve them phylogenetically. The<br />
high intraspecific variability <strong>of</strong> the IGS sequences were<br />
found useful to group isolates according to their geographic<br />
origin. Analysis <strong>of</strong> all combined sequences reliably<br />
separated all species studied. Our results are in accordance<br />
with the results <strong>of</strong> the UP-PCR hybridization analysis. IGS-<br />
RFLP analysis also allowed differentiation between the<br />
closely related species. According to the phylogenetic<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> IGS-RFLP patterns F. langsethiae, F.<br />
sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. kyushuense strains formed<br />
four well-supported clades with high bootstrap values.<br />
Based on the sequence differences in the IGS region,<br />
species-specific primers were designed for the F.<br />
langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides group and for F. poae. The<br />
two phylogenetic subgroups <strong>of</strong> F. langsethiae, found by<br />
IGS sequencing analysis, were clearly separated on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> size differences <strong>of</strong> the amplification products with<br />
primers CNL12/PulvIGSr (specific for the F.<br />
langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides group).<br />
238<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
791 - Molecular, morphological and phylogenetic<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> Fusarium avenaceum / F. arthrosporioides /<br />
F. tricinctum species complex<br />
T. Yli-Mattila 1* , S. Paavanen-Huhtala 1 , S.A. Bulat 2 , I.A.<br />
Alekhina 2 & H.I. Nirenberg 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Turku, Lab. <strong>of</strong> Plant Phys. and Mol. Biol.,<br />
Dept <strong>of</strong> Biology, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. - 2 Petersburg<br />
Nuclear Physics Institute, Lab <strong>of</strong> Eukaryote Genetics,<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Mol. and Radiation Biophysics, Gatchina 188350,<br />
Russia. - 3 Inst. fur Mikrobiologie, BBA, Königin-Luise-Str.<br />
19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. - E-mail: tymat@utu.fi<br />
The great variation in the IGS region <strong>of</strong>fers more potential<br />
to resolve intraspecific phylogenetic relationships, while<br />
beta-tubulin gives more reliable phylogenetic information<br />
at species level. The European F. avenaceum strains <strong>of</strong><br />
main group II had identical beta-tubulin sequences with<br />
one American F. avenaceum strain and four European F.<br />
arthrosporioides strains, while F. avenaceum strains <strong>of</strong><br />
main group I were closely related to two European F.<br />
arthrosporioides strains and to one Japanese F. anguoides<br />
strain. According to the combined beta-tubulin/IGS/ITS<br />
sequence tree, European F. arthrosporioides strains were<br />
divided into four groups. F. tricinctum strains formed a<br />
well-supported cluster, in which two European clusters<br />
were separated from one African isolate. In the IGS<br />
sequence tree two European F. acuminatum strains<br />
together with one American F. acuminatum strain formed a<br />
cluster, which was separate from another American F.<br />
acuminatum strain. The F. acuminatum cluster was nested<br />
within the large F. tricinctum cluster together with one F.<br />
reticulatum strain in the combined IGS/beta-tubulin tree.<br />
Several strains may be intermediate between the F.<br />
avenaceum / F. arthrosporioides / F. anguoides and F.<br />
tricinctum clusters and represent their own species. These<br />
results are partially supported by the results <strong>of</strong> UP-PCR<br />
hybridization analysis. Thus the molecular results may be<br />
helpful in future revision in the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> these species.<br />
792 - Clarification <strong>of</strong> the taxonomic relationhips among<br />
onion neck rot Botrytis spp.: B. allii is an interspecific<br />
hybrid <strong>of</strong> B. aclada and B. byssoidea<br />
D.S. Yohalem * , K. Nielsen & M. Nicolaisen<br />
Danish Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Science, Reserach Center<br />
Flakkebjerg, Slagelse, Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
david.yohalem@agrsci.dk<br />
Three species <strong>of</strong> Botrytis are recognized as associated with<br />
neck rot <strong>of</strong> onions. Due to the difficulty <strong>of</strong> distinguishing<br />
them by morphological criteria and lack <strong>of</strong> type material<br />
associated with two <strong>of</strong> the names, several synonomies have<br />
been proposed. Species may be differentiated by conidial<br />
size and shape, but the character is subtle, variable and<br />
there is some overlap. Both the smallest spored group and<br />
the largest spored group have 16 mitotic chromosomes,<br />
while the intermediate group has 32. Based on significant
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
differences in Nei's coefficient <strong>of</strong> genetic differentiation<br />
derived from universally primed PCR (UP-PCR)<br />
fingerprints it was possible to recognize distinctions among<br />
the three nomengroups and B. cinerea and B. squamosa.<br />
Primers, designed from a sequence characterized UP-PCR<br />
fragment, were used for direct sequencing <strong>of</strong> DNA from<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> the 16 chromosome nomengroups. Because <strong>of</strong><br />
apparent ambiguities in the UP-PCR fragment from the 32chromosome<br />
group, it was cloned and sequenced.<br />
Clustering show identity with the small-spored B. aclada<br />
and the large-spored B byssoidea for the two cloned<br />
molecules from B. allii. Further, the internally transcribed<br />
spacer rDNA (ITS) amplicons <strong>of</strong> B. aclada has 2 SphI<br />
restriction sites; that <strong>of</strong> B. allii has 1 SphI site. The<br />
cumulative data suggest that the three groups are<br />
genetically distinct from each other and that isolates B.<br />
aclada and B. byssoidea were the ancestors <strong>of</strong> B. allii.<br />
793 - Morphological and molecular characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
small-spored Alternaria species<br />
S.H. Yu * & B.R Kim<br />
Chungnam National University, College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
220 Gung-dong, Yuseung-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. -<br />
E-mail: shunyu@cnu.ac.kr<br />
The importance and diversity <strong>of</strong> the genus Alternaria<br />
highlights the need for accurate identification <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
However, many small-spored Alternaria isolates have been<br />
misidentified due to the use <strong>of</strong> spore size as the only<br />
identifying character. In this study eighty one isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
small-spored Alternaria were segregated into<br />
morphological and pathogenic groups or species as A.<br />
gaisen, A. mali, A. tenuissima, A. longipes, A. citri, A.<br />
arborescens, A. infectoria, and A. alternata. Molecular<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> these isolates were determined using<br />
universal rice primer (URP)-PCR analysis, sequence<br />
analyses <strong>of</strong> nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and<br />
mitochondrial small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA<br />
(rDNA). Based on cluster analysis <strong>of</strong> URP-PCR fragment<br />
patterns, the eighty one isolates were segregated into<br />
distinct groups that are morphologically similar but<br />
identifiable as A. gaisen, A. mali, A. tenuissima, A.<br />
longipes, A. citri, A. arborescens, A. infectoria, and A.<br />
alternata. Based on analyses <strong>of</strong> ITS and mitochondrial<br />
SSU rDNA sequence data, there was no variability in ITS<br />
and mt SSU rDNA sequences for species among A. gaisen,<br />
A. mali, A. tenuissima, A. longipes, A. citri, A. arborescens,<br />
and A. alternata. However, A. infectoria was differ from<br />
other species at 21 and 16 nucleotides in ITS and mt SSU<br />
rDNA, respectively.<br />
794 - A contribution to the identification <strong>of</strong><br />
Trichoderma species in Iran<br />
- Zafari 1* , - Ershad 2 , - Zare 2 & - Alizadeh 3<br />
1 Bu Ali Sina University and Tarbiat Modarres University,<br />
Bu Ali Sina University Hamadan, Iran. - 2 Plant Pestes and<br />
Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. - 3 Tarbiat<br />
Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. - E-mail:<br />
zafari_d@yahoo.com<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> the present study is to identify Trichoderma<br />
species isolated from Iran. Soil samples were collected<br />
from different parts <strong>of</strong> Iran focusing on the agricultural<br />
fields. Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar<br />
(MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the<br />
soil samples and Petri plates were incubated at 25 °C in the<br />
dark for the first 24 hours and then 12/12 (dark/ flourescent<br />
light) with the same temperature. All the cultures were<br />
purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to<br />
morphological examination. Morphological observations<br />
were carried out on the cultures grown on 2% MEA at 20<br />
°C under ambient laboratory conditions. Microscopic<br />
features <strong>of</strong> conidiophores and shape and size <strong>of</strong> conidia<br />
were studied and recorded 3-5 days after inoculation. Out<br />
<strong>of</strong> 350 obtained isolates, using morphological features ten<br />
species (T. citrinoviride, T. longibrachiatum, T.<br />
saturnisporum, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. inhamatum,<br />
T. tomentosum, T. virens, T. asperellum, T. koningii) were<br />
identified. Among the species T. harzianum with 150 and<br />
T. virens with 57 isolates were the most frequent species.<br />
795 - An integrated approach to the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> plantassociated<br />
Verticillium species<br />
R. Zare<br />
Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 1454,<br />
Tehran 19395, Tehran, Iran. - E-mail:<br />
simplicillium@yahoo.com<br />
Molecular approaches were used to re-evaluate the<br />
morphological criteria used to identify plant-associated<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Verticillium Nees. ITS-RFLPs divided the 31<br />
studied strains <strong>of</strong> seven Verticillium species, (including the<br />
type species) into four clusters. Cluster one comprised<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> the type species, V. luteo-album (Link: Fries)<br />
Subramanian, cluster two V. albo-atrum Reinke &<br />
Berthold, V. dahliae Klebahn, V. nubilum Pethybridge and<br />
V. tricorpus Isaac; cluster three comprised strains <strong>of</strong> V.<br />
theobromae (Turconi) E. Mason & S. Hughes, and cluster<br />
four comprised strains <strong>of</strong> V. nigrescens Pethybridge. Betatubulin<br />
gene RFLPs <strong>of</strong>fered a higher degree <strong>of</strong> resolution,<br />
distinguishing all seven species from each other. The<br />
highest degree <strong>of</strong> resolution was obtained from<br />
mitochondrial DNA-RFLPs that divided strains <strong>of</strong> V.<br />
theobromae and V. nigrescens into infraspecific groups.<br />
The beta-tubulin gene digested by Hae III <strong>of</strong>fers a reliable<br />
way to separate the two economically important and<br />
controversial species V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 239
IMC7 Main Congress Theme II: SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION Posters<br />
796 - Species <strong>of</strong> the genus Macentina Vezda<br />
(Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) as tertiary relicts <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lichen flora Ukraine<br />
S.D. Zelenko<br />
M.H. Kholodny Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Tereshchenkivska str.<br />
2, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine. - E-mail: skondr@botan.kiev.ua<br />
Natural ranges <strong>of</strong> the lichens <strong>of</strong> the genus Macentina are<br />
concentrated in two distribution centers. The first center is<br />
located in tropical forests <strong>of</strong> Africa, where the folicolous<br />
Macentina species are growing. The second center is<br />
located in Europe and includes corticolous species. M.<br />
dictyospora is known from Sweden, Spain, Switzerland,<br />
the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine. M. abscondita<br />
was registered in Great Britain, Austria, and Ukraine. M.<br />
stigonemoides is reported from Great Britain, France,<br />
Spain, Belgium, and Sweden. The natural habitats <strong>of</strong><br />
corticolous species <strong>of</strong> the genus Macentina are connected<br />
with suboceanic and mountane regions <strong>of</strong> Europe. It gives<br />
evidence that Macentina species prefer humid habitats. In<br />
Ukraine, species <strong>of</strong> the genus Macentina are known from<br />
the Dniper and Podolia heights. These geomorphological<br />
structures have never been covered by glaciers during the<br />
Quarternary, and thus acted as refugia for species <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
vegetation, and the Tertiary flora as well. European species<br />
<strong>of</strong> the genus Macentina are corticolous lichens, they<br />
probably were widespread in broad-leaved forests during<br />
the Neogene. In our opinion, species <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Macentina are Tertiary relicts <strong>of</strong> the lichen flora <strong>of</strong><br />
Ukraine. This conclusion is based on the analysis <strong>of</strong> their<br />
geographic distribution, ecology <strong>of</strong> Macentina species, and<br />
data <strong>of</strong> geological and palaeobotanical studies.<br />
797 - Gibberella konza, a new species from prairie<br />
grasses<br />
K.A. Zeller 1 , B.A. Summerell 2* , J.F. Leslie 1 & S. Bullock 2<br />
1 Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A. -<br />
2 Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia.<br />
The Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (Fusarium<br />
section Liseola and allied taxa) is composed <strong>of</strong> an<br />
increasingly large number <strong>of</strong> morphological, biological,<br />
and phylogenetic species. Most <strong>of</strong> the known species in<br />
this group have been isolated from agricultural ecosystems,<br />
or have been described from only a small number <strong>of</strong><br />
isolates. We have been sampling Fusarium communities<br />
from native prairie grasses in Kansas and have recovered a<br />
large number <strong>of</strong> isolates that superficially resemble F.<br />
anthophilum. We have used a combination <strong>of</strong><br />
morphological, biological, and molecular characters to<br />
describe a new biological species, Gibberella konza<br />
(Gibberella fujikuroi mating population I [MP-I]), from<br />
native prairie grasses in Kansas. Although female fertility<br />
for field isolates <strong>of</strong> this species appears to be low, G. konza<br />
is heterothallic, and we have generated reliably female<br />
fertile mating population tester strains for this biological<br />
240<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
species. The F. konzum anamorph is differentiated from F.<br />
anthophilum and from other Fusarium species in section<br />
Liseola by mating compatibility, morphology, AFLP<br />
fingerprint pr<strong>of</strong>ile, and the DNA sequence <strong>of</strong> the ß-tubulin<br />
gene.<br />
798 - Floristic composition <strong>of</strong> rust fungi in Tibetian<br />
Everest Himalaya<br />
J.Y. Zhuang<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 2714,<br />
Beijing 100080, China. - E-mail: zhuangjy@sun.im.ac.cn<br />
The rust flora <strong>of</strong> Tibetan Everest Himalaya mainly consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> temperate genera and species. Among the 22 known<br />
genera (excluding form genera), Puccinia, Uromyces and<br />
Phragmidium are cosmopolitan; Chrysomyxa,<br />
Coleosporium, Cronartium, Gymnosporangium,<br />
Hyalopsora, Melampsora, Melampsoridium,<br />
Pucciniastrum, Thekopsora and Uredinopsis are mainly<br />
north temperate; Blastospora, Miyagia and Pucciniostele<br />
are typically eastern Asian; Endophyllum, Phakopsora,<br />
Physopella, Pileolaria, Ravenelia and Trochodium are<br />
tropical. Of the 155 known species, 20 (sharing 13% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
total) are endemic in Himalaya. Apart from cosmopolitan<br />
species (12%) and species restricted to China (3%) and<br />
Himalaya, the predominant floral elements are eastern<br />
Asian (27%), northern temperate (20%) and Old World<br />
temperate (8%). Nine species (6%) are disjunctive between<br />
eastern Asia and North America. No typical Central Asian<br />
species is found. The arid and frigid plateau steppe and<br />
desert in northern Tibet impede intermigration <strong>of</strong> rusts,<br />
resulting in the separation <strong>of</strong> the rust flora from that <strong>of</strong><br />
Central Asia. Only about 10% <strong>of</strong> the total known species<br />
are tropical in affinities with the majority <strong>of</strong> these (8%)<br />
identifiable with species <strong>of</strong> general distribution in Indo-<br />
Malaysia. The lower percentage <strong>of</strong> tropical species<br />
suggests that the connexion between the rust flora and that<br />
<strong>of</strong> the tropics seems weak.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
799 - Monitoring <strong>of</strong> patulin production <strong>of</strong> Penicillium<br />
expansum using Fungi static 2-Deoxy D-Glucose<br />
N.F. Abo-Dahab<br />
Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science,<br />
Al-Azhar University, Assuit, 71524, Egypt. - E-mail:<br />
abo_dahab@hotmail.com<br />
Three isolates <strong>of</strong> Penicillium expansum which known as<br />
patulin producer were treated with three concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
2-deoxy-D-Glucose. The 2-deoxy-D-Glucose which used<br />
as a post harvest disease control <strong>of</strong> P. expansum. The High<br />
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) data<br />
revealed that the 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose reduced patulin<br />
production on the pure culture but in the main time<br />
enhanced the other metabolites production like citrinin and<br />
ochratoxin A.<br />
800 - Bacteriological and mycological study <strong>of</strong> external<br />
otitis in patients referred to ENT cilinic in sari in 1999<br />
M. Ahanjan & T. Shokohi *<br />
Microbiology Dept., Medical school khazar boulved sari<br />
Iran, Iran.<br />
We decided to study the etiological agents <strong>of</strong> external otitis<br />
in summer in 78 sampling were collected from the patients<br />
who were diagnosed clinically as external otitis. The<br />
samples was performed by two sterile swabs wetted in<br />
sterile saline and transferred to laboratory as soon as<br />
possible to culture in media. The sample was inoculated on<br />
blood agar and Macconky agar incobated for 24 hours and<br />
was followed by the biochmical tests to identify the species<br />
<strong>of</strong> bacteria. Meanwhile the same sample was inoculated on<br />
saborauds dextrose agar incubated at for 48 hours to<br />
identify fungi. A wet mount with 10% KOH for<br />
morphological observation. In this study out <strong>of</strong> 101 (59<br />
females and 42 males) cases suspected to clinical external<br />
otitis 39 (38.6%) and 23 (22.8%) cases were <strong>of</strong> bacterial<br />
and fungal respectively and 16 (15.2%) cases were <strong>of</strong> both.<br />
x test showed significant relationship between the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> otomycosis and gender <strong>of</strong> the patients<br />
(p
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
803 - Black spores Aspergilli in Turkish raisin<br />
T. Askun 1* & R. Eltem 2<br />
1 Balikesir University, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science and<br />
LiteratureBiyoloji Böl., Balikesir, 10100, Turkey. - 2 Ege<br />
University, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Bioengineering, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Bioengineering, Ýzmir, 35100, Turkey. - E-mail:<br />
taskun@balikesir.edu.tr<br />
In this study, black spores Aspergillus strains isolated from<br />
fresh grapes and raisins, yielded in 1999, in 20 different<br />
vineyards which contain 55 different stations in Izmir and<br />
Manisa province, were given in their detailed descriptions.<br />
These are follows: A. aculeatus, A. awamori, A.<br />
carbonarius, A. ficuum, A. foetidus, A. foetidus var. acidus,<br />
A. foetidus var. pallidus, A. heteromorphus, A. japonicus,<br />
A. niger, A. olivaceo-fuscus, A. phoenicis, A. pulverulentus<br />
and A. tubingensis.<br />
804 - Computer tomograph for the living trees internal<br />
inspection<br />
V. Bahyl 1 , M. Pavlik 2* , T. Phan Van 1 & J. Vyboh 1<br />
1 Dept.<strong>of</strong> physics and applied machanics, Technical<br />
university, Masarykova 24, Zvolen 960 53, Slovakia. -<br />
2 Dept.<strong>of</strong> forest protection and game management,<br />
Technical university, Masarykova 24. Zvolen 960 53,<br />
Slovakia. - E-mail: mpavlik@vsld.tuzvo.sk<br />
There was been realised the computer tomograph (CT)<br />
construction at the Technical Univerity in Zvolen which<br />
allows to inspect the internal structure <strong>of</strong> trees. This<br />
construction allows inspect the trees up to 18 cm in<br />
diameter but the tomograph going to the 70 cm in diameter<br />
is under construction. The CT is working in the fan beam<br />
geometry and the radioisotope source <strong>of</strong> radiation is used.<br />
The parallel beam geometry is also possible under the<br />
special conditions. The detector system is based on the<br />
CdZnTe semiconductor detector arrays. The picture <strong>of</strong><br />
internal structure can be obtained up to five minutes.<br />
According to the state authorities approval the CT is not<br />
ecologically dangerous. The CT is portable (meanwhile<br />
120 kg <strong>of</strong> weight) and it is working under 24 volts <strong>of</strong> DC.<br />
The reconstruction algorithms are <strong>of</strong> our own realisation<br />
and the communication s<strong>of</strong>tware is very user friendly. With<br />
our CT we can inspect the internal structures <strong>of</strong> the living<br />
trees and we are able to detect the internal cracks, red<br />
decay, rot, root <strong>of</strong> knots and so on. The future <strong>of</strong> our<br />
construction we see in the possibilities to detect the healthy<br />
conditions <strong>of</strong> the internal structures <strong>of</strong> the tree far before<br />
their consequences are visible in outside. Next it is possible<br />
to inspect the wood quality before cutting and to be able to<br />
take special care <strong>of</strong> the high quality wood material.<br />
242<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
805 - A chemical comparison <strong>of</strong> two types <strong>of</strong> antifungal<br />
defence: reaction zones and branch protective zones in<br />
Eucalyptus globulus<br />
K.M. Barry 1* , N.W. Davies 2 & C.L. Mohammed 1<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Science, University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania,<br />
GPO Box 252-12 Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia. -<br />
2 Central Science Laboratory, University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania,<br />
GPO Box 252-74 Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia. - Email:<br />
Karen.Barry@ffp.csiro.au<br />
While reaction zones are actively formed in response to<br />
fungal infection <strong>of</strong> sapwood, protective zones form<br />
passively during the process <strong>of</strong> branch death. In Eucalyptus<br />
globulus, the protective zone appears to form across the<br />
whole branch and is rarely surpassed by invading decay<br />
fungi after branches are pruned. When living branches are<br />
pruned before the protective zone forms, invading decay<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten spreads into the sapwood, where it is constricted by a<br />
reaction zone. Samples <strong>of</strong> branch wood, protective zones,<br />
stem sapwood near the branch and reaction zones were<br />
prepared from 19 living or dead branches (from 5 different<br />
trees) and extracted with 70% acetone. Total phenol levels<br />
<strong>of</strong> reactions zones were almost double that <strong>of</strong> the protective<br />
zones, but both were significantly increased from the stem<br />
sapwood and branch sapwood. Phenolic compounds were<br />
identified by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry<br />
and included hydrolyzable tannins (pedunculagin,<br />
casuarinin, methyl-di-galloylglucose, tri- and tetragalloylglucose),<br />
epicatechin-3-O- gallate and a flavonone<br />
glycoside. This poster will present the trends in semiquantitative<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> these compounds between the four<br />
tissues.<br />
806 - Acacia mangium heartrot: preliminary studies <strong>of</strong> a<br />
poor defence<br />
K.M. Barry 1* , N.W. Davies 2 , R.S.B. Irianto 3 & C.L.<br />
Mohammed 1<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, GPO Box<br />
252-12 Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia. - 2 Central<br />
Science Laboratory, University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, GPO Box<br />
252-74 Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia. - 3 Forest and<br />
Nature Conservation Research and Development Centre, Jl<br />
Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, Indonesia.<br />
Acacia mangium is the major plantation tree species in<br />
Indonesia. Recent surveys in Indonesia (Irianto et al.,<br />
unpublished) have shown that heartrot is <strong>of</strong> high incidence<br />
in areas <strong>of</strong> Sumatra and Java. Heartrot has been previously<br />
reported in other SE Asian countries as a major problem<br />
for solid-wood production. Previous studies <strong>of</strong> wounded A.<br />
mangium branches indicated that defence responses were<br />
poorly developed - for example no tyloses were formed. To<br />
investigate this we have studied both the anatomy and<br />
phenol chemistry <strong>of</strong> various A. mangium tissues. We have<br />
studied samples <strong>of</strong> heartwood (decayed, discoloured and<br />
sound) and sapwood from naturally-infected harvest-age A.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
mangium from two sites in Sumatra. Total phenol levels<br />
were highest in inner heartwood and discoloured wood.<br />
Analysis by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry<br />
revealed that condensed tannins and a range <strong>of</strong> flavonoids<br />
(e.g. tetrahydroxyflavonone) were mainly responsible for<br />
this increase. Studies <strong>of</strong> the antifungal nature <strong>of</strong> these<br />
extracts in bioassays will be presented as well as<br />
anatomical investigations.<br />
807 - Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> onychomycosis in Tehran<br />
Sh. Bassiri * & A.A. Khaksar<br />
Pasteur Institute <strong>of</strong> Iran, Tehran Pasteur Ave. Kargar St.<br />
No.69 (13164), Iran. - E-mail:<br />
pooyan20002000@yahoo.com<br />
Fungal infection <strong>of</strong> the nail, also known as onychomycosis,<br />
is a worldwide problem. It is estimated that onychomycosis<br />
constitutes 15-22% <strong>of</strong> all nail disorders. It is also known<br />
that 2-5% <strong>of</strong> the adult population in Europe have<br />
onychomycosis. This problem is quite common in the<br />
dermatology clinic <strong>of</strong> the countries in the Midle East, India<br />
and the Far East. The infection rates and types <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
involved in onychomycosis vary with conditions such as<br />
age, sex, occupation, hygiene, foot wear and several<br />
enviromental and climatic factors. This study reports the<br />
causative agents <strong>of</strong> onychomycosis in the presented<br />
patients in the section <strong>of</strong> Medical Mycology, Pasteur<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Iran. The 1985 patients were examined for<br />
onychomycosis. Diagnosis was confirmed by<br />
demonstration <strong>of</strong> fungi in direct (KOH 20%) and cultured<br />
examination. Onychomycosis was proven in 601 patients.<br />
350 patients was femailes (59%) and ranging in age from 3<br />
mounths to 84 years old. In the present study,<br />
onychomycosis was observed to be more common in<br />
females than in male. In this study Dermatophytes was<br />
51%, Candida 46% and other molds was 3%.<br />
808 - Effects <strong>of</strong> selected Penicillium mycotoxins in food<br />
waste on pig lymphocytes<br />
A. Bernh<strong>of</strong>t 1* , M. Keblys 1 , A. Flåøyen 1 & H.J.S. Larsen 2<br />
1 National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-<br />
0033 Oslo, Norway. - 2 Norwegian School <strong>of</strong> Veterinary<br />
Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. - Email:<br />
aksel.bernh<strong>of</strong>t@vetinst.no<br />
The six Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin, cyclopiazonic<br />
acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, penicillic acid, and<br />
roquefortine C may be present in mouldy food and are<br />
known or suspected to be immunomodulators. The aims <strong>of</strong><br />
our study were to determine the effect on lymphocyte<br />
proliferation <strong>of</strong> individual toxins and their combinations.<br />
We used an in vitro method that expresses the direct<br />
mycotoxin effect on T-lymphocytes and implies a<br />
simplification <strong>of</strong> the immunotoxic effect elicited from in<br />
vivo exposure. Blood samples were collected from<br />
clinically healthy pigs <strong>of</strong> 3-4 months age. The mitogen<br />
concanavallin A and pure mycotoxins were added to<br />
isolated lymphocytes and incubated, before further<br />
incubation with tritiated thymidine. Cell proliferation was<br />
measured as radioactivity ingested by the cells. Ochratoxin<br />
A and patulin were the most potent inhibitors <strong>of</strong><br />
lymphocyte proliferation. Based on molar concentrations,<br />
these toxins were 15, 30, 40 and 65 times more potent<br />
inhibitors than penicillic acid, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid,<br />
and roquefortine C, respectively. Examination <strong>of</strong> the<br />
cellular response <strong>of</strong> toxin combinations revealed that<br />
ochratoxin A and citrinin elicited synergistic effect. Other<br />
pair combinations showed additive, independent or<br />
antagonistic effects. As occurring mycotoxins may elicited<br />
very different kinds <strong>of</strong> interactive effects, the sum effect <strong>of</strong><br />
mouldy food may be difficult to predict.<br />
809 - Occurrence <strong>of</strong> fine root pathogens in native scots<br />
pine forests <strong>of</strong> North Scotland<br />
W.J.A. Bodles 1* , S. Woodward 1 & C. Leifert 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Aberdeen, Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture &<br />
Forestry, MacRobert Building, 581 King Street, Aberdeen<br />
AB24 5UA, Scotland, U.K. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Newcastle,<br />
Tesco Centre for Organic Agriculture, King George VI<br />
Building, Newcastle, England, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
w.bodles@abdn.ac.uk<br />
Soil samples were removed from around Scots pine trees in<br />
five semi-natural and plantation forests in the north <strong>of</strong><br />
Scotland. Pathogens were isolated by apple baiting from<br />
the soil samples and identified to the genus level using<br />
microscopy. Genera identified included species <strong>of</strong> Pythium,<br />
Phytophthora, Fusarium (Nectria) and Verticillium.<br />
Further characterization <strong>of</strong> isolates using ITS PCR and<br />
sequencing identified several potential pathogens,<br />
including Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, Pythium<br />
undulatum, Phytophthora cinnamomi var. cinnamomi,<br />
Nectria gliocladiodes, Nectria galligena and Verticillium<br />
rexianum. Different pathogen species were not present in<br />
all forest areas sampled. In tests <strong>of</strong> virulence on Scots pine<br />
seedlings, isolates had varying effects on root system<br />
development in both in vitro and potted plants. The<br />
apparently widespread occurrence <strong>of</strong> fine root pathogens in<br />
native Scots pine forest areas suggests that these organisms<br />
may have a role in fine root turnover dynamics in forest<br />
ecosystems and could impact on overall tree health and<br />
regeneration potential in different microclimates.<br />
810 - Acute toxicity <strong>of</strong> two toxigenic strains <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
isolated from poultry feed on locally produced saudi<br />
arabian fertilized eggs and chicks<br />
F. Bokhari<br />
King Abdu Aziz University, P. O. Box 12161, Jeddah<br />
21473, Saudi Arabia. - E-mail: fmbokh@kaau.edu.sa<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 243
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
Acute toxicity assays were performed for two toxigenic<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> fungi, Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium<br />
viridicatum isolated from poultry feed (sorghum, millet) on<br />
fertilized eggs and chicks. Two to three day old chicken<br />
embryos were inoculated with either standard toxin or<br />
spore suspensions <strong>of</strong> the toxic fungi. The most frequent<br />
malformations were observed after administrating the spore<br />
suspension. These malformations were characterized by<br />
vascular fragility, hemorrhage, and defects <strong>of</strong> the limbs.<br />
Results demonstrate the possibility <strong>of</strong> toxigenic fungi<br />
growth inside the egg, and consequent production <strong>of</strong><br />
mycotoxins at incubation temperature. Heavy fungal<br />
growth took place in the air sac area, spreading to the shell<br />
membrane, and, to a lesser extent, the surrounding<br />
albumen. In CHEST assays, four-week-old chicks were<br />
given feed contaminated with A. parasiticus, or water<br />
containing a fungus filtrate. Chicks receiving a 1:1 ratio <strong>of</strong><br />
contaminated to normal feed had the highest mortality rate<br />
(100%). Postmortem examination showed that all<br />
individuals who died suffered hemorrhages <strong>of</strong> the liver and<br />
liver enlargement.<br />
811 - The distribution <strong>of</strong> trichothecenes in shell and<br />
kernel <strong>of</strong> oats<br />
N.B. Bremnes * , P.-E. Clasen & A. Bernh<strong>of</strong>t<br />
National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033<br />
Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: nanna.bremnes@vetinst.no<br />
Twenty-nine samples <strong>of</strong> oats were collected from a mill in<br />
Moss, Norway (Regal Mølle) from the harvest <strong>of</strong> 2000.<br />
This mill produces mainly products for the food industry.<br />
All the samples were divided into shells and kernels. The<br />
grinded samples (25 g) were extracted with acetonitrile /<br />
water (84:16, v/v). After filtration, the extracts were<br />
cleaned on a Mycosep #225 column (Romer Labs),<br />
evaporated and derivatized with pentafluoropropionic acid<br />
(PFPA) before they were analysed on GC-MS. In the<br />
shells, HT-2 toxin was found in 90% and T-2 toxin in 66%<br />
<strong>of</strong> the samples. The median concentrations <strong>of</strong> HT-2 and T-<br />
2 toxin were 181 and 56 µg/kg, respectively. The highest<br />
concentrations <strong>of</strong> HT-2 and T-2 toxin were 711 and 196<br />
µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected<br />
in a few samples, with the highest level 220 µg/kg. In the<br />
kernel samples, no trichothecenes were detected (detection<br />
levels for all trichothecenes in the trial was 20 µg/kg). The<br />
results indicate that the main amounts <strong>of</strong> trichothecenes are<br />
connected to the shell part <strong>of</strong> the oat. As oat shell is <strong>of</strong><br />
minimal use, the problem with mycotoxin contamination in<br />
oats seems to be a smaller problem than first assumed. The<br />
investigation will be continued.<br />
244<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
812 - Exploitation <strong>of</strong> the mycoparasitic fungus<br />
Trichoderma harzianum against plant pathogens<br />
*<br />
J. Brozová , J. Hýsek & M. Vach<br />
Research Institute <strong>of</strong> Crop Production, Drnovská 507,<br />
Praque 6, 161 06, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
brozova@vurv.cz<br />
Trichoderma harzianum is a worldwide soilborne fungus<br />
belonging between anamorphic fungi. It is a facultative<br />
parasite <strong>of</strong> a wide spectrum <strong>of</strong> fungi, but it is able to live as<br />
saprophyte too. The manifestation <strong>of</strong> its antagonism<br />
display as support competition, parasitism and antibiosis.<br />
Bi<strong>of</strong>ungicide Supresivit conteining konidia <strong>of</strong> T. harzianum<br />
was registrated in the Czech republic in 1994. It is licenced<br />
for protection <strong>of</strong> ornamental plants, ornamental and forest<br />
trees and peas. It could be applicated on seeds before<br />
sawing, on roots <strong>of</strong> sedlings or as watering or spraying.<br />
Commercial prepared mixture the biopreparation and<br />
granulated mineral fertilizer presents the new way <strong>of</strong> its<br />
introduction to plant enviroment. This method <strong>of</strong><br />
application had the positive effect on 5% rising <strong>of</strong> yields <strong>of</strong><br />
significant field crops (winter wheat, spring barley, winter,<br />
maize, and potatoes). The qualitative parametres <strong>of</strong> crop<br />
yield was slightly better (gluten conteins <strong>of</strong> winter wheat,<br />
oiliness <strong>of</strong> winter, starchiness <strong>of</strong> potatoes) or coincident<br />
(oily acid conteins <strong>of</strong> winter cole-seed, protein conteins <strong>of</strong><br />
spring barley, gluten index <strong>of</strong> winter wheat) in comparison<br />
with yields on check parcels. The important result is, that<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> mycotoxines is decreased. The Supresivit<br />
suppress grey mould too. The regulal spraying <strong>of</strong><br />
strawberries increased weight <strong>of</strong> healthy fruits and<br />
decreased the attack <strong>of</strong> grey mould even by strong infection<br />
press in 2001.<br />
813 - Impact <strong>of</strong> essential oils on growth and ochratoxin<br />
production by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium<br />
verrucosum on a wheat-based substrate<br />
V. Cairns * & N. Magan<br />
Applied Mycology Group, Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield<br />
University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
v.cairns.s00@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> water activity (a w;<br />
0.901-0.999) on growth <strong>of</strong><br />
the ochratoxigenic species Aspergillus ochraceus and<br />
Penicillium verrucosum (3 strains) was evaluated on a<br />
wheat-based substrate. Water relation pr<strong>of</strong>iles were similar<br />
for all strains and species. Optimum growth was observed<br />
at sub-optimal a w levels (0.95-0.98). An in-vitro initial<br />
screen <strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> 24 essential oils on inhibition <strong>of</strong> spore<br />
germination and mycelial growth was made for all strains<br />
at 25 °C and 0.995 a w.<br />
Of the essential oils screened, bay<br />
leaf (west Indian), cinnamon leaf, clove bud, clove leaf<br />
(cleaned), lemongrass and thyme were found to be the most<br />
effective. A detailed screen <strong>of</strong> the most effective essential<br />
oils was made using a 2% wheat agar modified with<br />
glycerol to a range <strong>of</strong> water activities (0.901-0.999).
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
Essential oils were incorporated at different concentrations<br />
(0; 50; 100; 250; 500; 1000 ppm). Three isolates <strong>of</strong> each<br />
species were inoculated and colony growth was<br />
periodically measured for 21 days at two temperatures. At<br />
sub-optimal concentrations, some essential oils were found<br />
to stimulate growth. Ochratoxin production was modified<br />
by the different treatments. Acknowledgement: This work<br />
is part <strong>of</strong> the EU project 'Prevention <strong>of</strong> ochratoxin A in<br />
cereals' (FAIR QLK1-CT-1999-00433).<br />
814 - Degradation <strong>of</strong> lignocellulose by acellulolytic<br />
strains (c-) <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus ostreatus<br />
H. Camaño Heredia * , H. Leal Lara & R. Ramirez Carrillo<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Chemistry, National University <strong>of</strong> Mexico (UNAM), 04510<br />
Ciudad Universitaria, Col Copilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico.<br />
The main obstacle for bioutilization <strong>of</strong> lingocellulose byproducts<br />
is lignin but It can be degraded by white-rot fungi<br />
like the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. This fungus<br />
is cultivated on agricultural and forestry wastes but wild<br />
strains produce a simultaneous degradation <strong>of</strong><br />
polysaccharides and lignin. Acellulolytic strains (C-) <strong>of</strong><br />
Pleurotus ostreatus were bred from acellulolytic mutants to<br />
promote a selective degradation <strong>of</strong> lignin. Commercial and<br />
acellulolytic Pleurotus sp. strains were cultivated on a<br />
commercial substrate prepared with fermented straw.<br />
Changes in substrate composition were followed during the<br />
whole production cycle. Lignin, glucan, xylan and ash<br />
content were determined at spawning (t=0), at the end <strong>of</strong><br />
the incubation period (t=1) and after the first flush <strong>of</strong><br />
mushrooms (t=2) Ash content in substrate increased with<br />
all strains when substrate was fully invaded and after the<br />
first crop <strong>of</strong> mushrooms indicating substrate degradation.<br />
Highly significant differences in lignin, glucan and xylan<br />
degradation were observed. Acellulolytic strains (C-)<br />
produced a larger degradation than commercial strains.<br />
However, acellulolytic strain 71x512(C-) showed identical<br />
lignin and xylan degradation as commercial strain K8501<br />
and its glucan degradation was also identical to that <strong>of</strong><br />
another commercial strain, K1508. Remarkably, it was<br />
observed with all strains that production <strong>of</strong> mushrooms<br />
increases as xylan degradation decreases.<br />
815 - Virulence <strong>of</strong> soil borne pathogenic fungi isolated<br />
from forest areas and nurseries in north <strong>of</strong> Scotland on<br />
scots pine and common alder<br />
D. Chavarriaga * & S. Woodward<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Abedeen, Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture &<br />
Forestry, MacRobert Building, 581 King Street, Aberdeen<br />
AB24 5UA, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
d.chavarriaga@abdn.ac.uk<br />
Soil borne fungi isolated from forest areas and nurseries in<br />
North east <strong>of</strong> Scotland using baiting techniques, were<br />
identified using classical taxonomy and molecular methods<br />
(PCR amplification <strong>of</strong> ribosomal ITS regions; restriction<br />
digestion; sequencing <strong>of</strong> PCR products) as Fusarium<br />
lateritium, Fusarium tricinctum, Phytophthora cinnamomi,<br />
Pythium ultimum var. ultimum and Rhizoctonia binucleate<br />
(Ceratobasidium sp.). Virulence was tested in vitro on<br />
young seedlings <strong>of</strong> Pinus sylvestris and Alnus glutinosa,<br />
and Koch's postulates fulfilled through reisolation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pathogens and confirmation <strong>of</strong> fungal penetration into host<br />
tissues. Root growth was measured using the Winrhizo<br />
program, and dry weights recorded. Symptoms on aerial<br />
parts were assessed 8, 12 and 48 days after inoculation<br />
using a categorical scale from 0 (healthy) to 5 (damage ><br />
76%). Fusarium spp. caused significantly different (P<<br />
0.01) symptom intensity on both host plants. However, no<br />
significant difference in root growth was found between<br />
treatments and control (P < 0.05). Highest mean root<br />
length, numbers <strong>of</strong> root tips and forks, volume and surface<br />
area on Alnus glutinosa occurred in plants inoculated with<br />
P. cinnamomi and Pythium ultimum.<br />
816 - Antifungal activity <strong>of</strong> natural antimicrobial<br />
compounds incorporated in to cyclodextrin for slow<br />
release in food packaging systems<br />
D. Dorph-Petersen, K.I. Suhr & P.V. Nielsen *<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, Sølvt<strong>of</strong>ts plads,DK-2800<br />
Lyngby, Denmark. - E-mail: pvn@Biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
The antifungal effect <strong>of</strong> spices has been known for<br />
centuries. Examples are the use <strong>of</strong> hobs in beer making and<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> myrrh and thyme in mummification. Recently<br />
attention on using essential oils from spices as<br />
antimicrobial agent in food has grown. The effects <strong>of</strong><br />
essential oils are strongly depended on application method,<br />
storage conditions, source and age <strong>of</strong> the oils and <strong>of</strong> course<br />
on the microorganisms likely to colonise the food product.<br />
In this research project we are investigating if antimicrobial<br />
compounds from spices and herbs can be used in food<br />
packaging systems either as a surface coat or integrated<br />
into a film. These compounds are <strong>of</strong>ten too volatile and<br />
insufficiently heat stable to be used directly. Incorporation<br />
<strong>of</strong> these active compounds into cyclodextrin (CD) can<br />
radically improve the heat stability <strong>of</strong> these compounds and<br />
to some degree control their release into the packaging<br />
atmosphere. We will here report our findings from studies<br />
<strong>of</strong> antifungal effect <strong>of</strong> selected active agent from essential<br />
oils incorporated into cyclodextrin, as compared to the<br />
effect <strong>of</strong> the corresponding pure essential oils. The active<br />
agents that were used were allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC)<br />
from mustard oil, citral from lemongrass oil and thymol<br />
from thyme oil. The moulds, Penicillium commune, P.<br />
roqueforti and P. nalgiovense, all associated with cheese,<br />
were used as test organisms.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 245
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
817 - Dimmeric naphtoquinone metabolite aur<strong>of</strong>usarin<br />
- new mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum<br />
J. Dvorska<br />
Sumy State Agrarian University, Kirova Str 160/5 Fl 91,<br />
Sumy 40021, Ukraine. - E-mail: ppdvorska@rs.net.ua<br />
Fusarium species <strong>of</strong> fungi produce a range <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins<br />
(trichothecene, zeralenone and fumonisins). There is a<br />
group <strong>of</strong> pigments which are produced by Fusarium<br />
species and they have been ignored until recently. A<br />
comprehensive work conducted by Kotyk (1999) with such<br />
a pigment, aur<strong>of</strong>usarin, clearly has shown that this<br />
compound could be included into the list <strong>of</strong> important<br />
Fusarium mycotoxins. A series <strong>of</strong> our experiments on<br />
effect <strong>of</strong> aur<strong>of</strong>usarin on quails showed that there was no<br />
toxicity signs when the compound was fed at a level <strong>of</strong><br />
26.4 mg/kg. Egg production was decreased, but body<br />
weight egg weight and yolk/albumin proportions did not<br />
change. There were negative changes in immune system <strong>of</strong><br />
quails (titre antibody to Newcastle disease significantly<br />
decreased and the spleen was reduced in size). Antioxidant<br />
system <strong>of</strong> the adult quails was compromised as a result <strong>of</strong><br />
aur<strong>of</strong>usarin consumption. Histochemical studies revealed<br />
degenerative changes in kidney (degeneration and<br />
resorption <strong>of</strong> the glomeruli). The ovary was brown in<br />
colour with a decreased weight and number <strong>of</strong> follicles,<br />
and liver was enlarged with haemorrhages. The egg yolk<br />
colour was changed from yellow-orange to browngreenish.<br />
Aur<strong>of</strong>usarin decreased DHA proportion in egg<br />
yolk lipids and increased linoleic acid concentration.<br />
Concentrations <strong>of</strong> vitamin E, carotenoids and vitamin A in<br />
the egg yolk also decreased as a result <strong>of</strong> aur<strong>of</strong>usarin<br />
supplementation. Fertility and hatchability <strong>of</strong> aur<strong>of</strong>usarin<br />
enriched eggs was decreased.<br />
818 - Traumatic oil glands induced by pruning in the<br />
wound-associated phloem <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus globulus:<br />
chemistry and histology<br />
A. Eyles 1* , N.W. Davies 2 & C. Mohammed 3<br />
1 Co-operative Research Centre for Sustainable Production<br />
Forestry., GPO Box 252-12 Hobart, Tasmania, 7001,<br />
Australia. - 2 Central Science Laboratory, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tasmania, GPO Box 252-74, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001,<br />
Australia. - 3 CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO<br />
Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
Alieta.Eyles@ffp.csiro.au<br />
The natural occurrence <strong>of</strong> oil glands in various organs such<br />
as bark and leaves is well established as a characteristic <strong>of</strong><br />
Myrtaceae, but this is the first reported case <strong>of</strong> traumatic oil<br />
glands induced in response to wounding. The new phloem<br />
enveloping the wound, which was formed in the two years<br />
following pruning in 5-year-old Eucalyptus globulus, was<br />
morphologically distinct from healthy stem phloem.<br />
Histological examinations revealed this wound-associated<br />
phloem to be largely composed <strong>of</strong> secretory cavities similar<br />
246<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
in appearance to oil glands. Subsequent analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
wound-associated phloem extracts by GC-MS confirmed<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> volatile terpenes and phenols. The total oil<br />
content determined for wound-associated phloem extracts<br />
was significantly higher (>50 times) than for healthy stem<br />
phloem extracts. The identities <strong>of</strong> twenty-six components<br />
<strong>of</strong> the oil extracts and their approximate relative<br />
abundances are presented. Implications <strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong><br />
terpenes as an inducible secondary metabolite in tree<br />
wound responses are discussed.<br />
819 - Host response to natural infection by a stem<br />
canker (Cytonaema sp.) in the aerial bark <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus<br />
globulus: a preliminary report<br />
A. Eyles 1* , N.W. Davies 2 , Z.Q. Yuan 1 & C. Mohammed 3<br />
1 Co-operative Research Centre for Sustainable Production<br />
Forestry., GPO Box 252-12 Hobart, Tasmania, 7001,<br />
Australia. - 2 Central Science Laboratory, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tasmania, GPO Box 252-74, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001,<br />
Australia. - 3 CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO<br />
Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
Alieta.Eyles@ffp.csiro.au<br />
The chemical and anatomical host responses to natural<br />
infection by a Cytonaema sp. in the aerial bark <strong>of</strong> 3-yearold<br />
E. globulus plantation trees were examined for the first<br />
time. The lesion margin (LM) <strong>of</strong> the canker-infected bark<br />
was characterized by the formation <strong>of</strong> a layer <strong>of</strong> dark<br />
extractives visible to the naked eye. Chemical analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
the LM by GC-MS, HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS using<br />
negative ion electrospray ionisation indicated the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> a range <strong>of</strong> compounds including hydrolyzable tannins,<br />
proanthocyanidins, flavonone glycoside, formlyated<br />
phloroglucinol compounds and volatile terpenes. These<br />
compounds were either undetectable in healthy tissue or<br />
else present at significantly lower concentrations than in<br />
the LM. The LM <strong>of</strong> the canker-infected bark was<br />
morphologically distinct from healthy phloem, its<br />
characteristics varying depending on severity <strong>of</strong> canker<br />
infection. In superficial infections (in which only the<br />
phloem was affected), three types <strong>of</strong> LMs were observed i).<br />
a continuous ligno-suberized boundary zone <strong>of</strong> multiple<br />
layers positioned between polyphenolic parenchyma cells<br />
ii). a boundary zone comprising <strong>of</strong> only polyphenolic<br />
parenchyma cells derived from the de-differentiation <strong>of</strong><br />
pre-existing parenchyma cells iii). a combination <strong>of</strong> i and<br />
ii. In cases <strong>of</strong> severe canker infections in which the<br />
vascular cambium had been killed, the new phloem formed<br />
subsequently contained traumatic oil glands in addition to<br />
the responses observed for superficial canker infections.<br />
820 - Breeding bread wheat with multiple resistance<br />
and high yield for Ethiopia<br />
H. Fehrmann 1* , S. Assefa 2 & A. Badebo 2<br />
1<br />
Institute für Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Göttingen, Germany. -<br />
2<br />
Ethiopian
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
Agricultural Research Organisation, Addis Abeba,<br />
Ethiopia.<br />
Yield <strong>of</strong> bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Ethiopia is<br />
poor. Five leaf diseases <strong>of</strong> fungal origin are most harmful:<br />
stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis), stem rust (P. graminis),<br />
leaf rust (P. dispersa), Septoria tritici leaf blotch, and tan<br />
spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis). 'Bread for the World'<br />
subsidized a project for the development <strong>of</strong> new genotypes<br />
with better resistance, higher yield and regional adaptation.<br />
Aegilops tauschii, a natural diploid progenitor <strong>of</strong> hexaploid<br />
bread wheat, is employed as alien source for new<br />
resistances against the different diseases. A. tauschii<br />
derived resistances are exploited by bridge crosses with<br />
tetraploid T. durum, embryo rescue culture and several<br />
bread wheat crosses. - For multiple resistance, a single<br />
plant selection until F7 is indispensable. Further<br />
development is based on a shuttle between greenhouse<br />
work (resistance selection and further crossing) and field<br />
tests. Top lines are multiple resistant, and yield is increased<br />
by 20 to 30% (average from 5-6 replicated experiment<br />
station trials). Regional differences in yield are striking.<br />
Two new varieties were already released.<br />
821 - Saxicolous lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi on<br />
different medieval monuments in Aosta Valley (Italy)<br />
S. Florio, E. Savino * , M. Brusoni, I. Carulli, A. Vaccari &<br />
M. Valcuvia<br />
Dep. Ecologia Territorio & Ambienti Terrestri, Via S.<br />
Epifanio, 14 - 27100 Pavia, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
esavino@et.unipv.it<br />
Microorganisms colonize all types <strong>of</strong> cultural artefacts<br />
causing biodeterioration, but little is known about the<br />
species involved. Among these, it seems nowadays that<br />
dematiaceous meristematic fungi are more widespread than<br />
previously thought. Saxicolous lichens and rock-inhabiting<br />
fungi on three different Italian medieval monuments have<br />
been investigated. The collecting sites are located in Aosta<br />
Valley (Western Alps), an area with a somewhat<br />
continental climate, at an altitude <strong>of</strong> about 1000m above<br />
sea-level. The monuments were built in XI-XIV century,<br />
with local different stones belonging to magmatic and<br />
metamorfic rocks, weathered and deformed to different<br />
extent. The stones, with the organisms to sample, were<br />
observed directly. Specific cultural medium for<br />
meristematic fungi was used. Statistical analysis has been<br />
performed. Six different lichens were identified, two <strong>of</strong><br />
them rare for this mountain area. All <strong>of</strong> them grow on<br />
subneutral or acid substrata, in sunny, rather xerophytic,<br />
sites with weak eutrophication. A total <strong>of</strong> 10 micromycetes<br />
taxa was identified; besides white yeasts, mycelium with<br />
clamps, dematiaceous fungi with meristematic growth and<br />
mycelia sterilia were present. Eleven different types <strong>of</strong><br />
stone were recognized. This preliminary data would<br />
suggest that lithic substrate is not selective for fungal<br />
communities living on the rocks. At the moment an<br />
association between lichen and fungal population does not<br />
seem to be significant.<br />
822 - Does the plant defensin-like peptide SPI1 from the<br />
gymnosperm Norway spruce protect seeds and<br />
seedlings against pathogenic fungi?<br />
C.G. Fossdal * & N.E. Nagy<br />
Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Høgskoleveien 12,<br />
N-1432 Ås, Norway. - E-mail: carl.fossdal@skogforsk.no<br />
Plant defensins are thought to protect germinating seeds,<br />
seedlings and plants against pathogenic fungi. However,<br />
the detection, developmental accumulation and cellular<br />
location <strong>of</strong> the corresponding protein in a gymnosperm<br />
have not been reported before. On this background and<br />
based on the predicted SPI1 amino acid sequence,<br />
antibodies were raised to detect and localize the putative<br />
plant defensin protein in the conifer Norway spruce [Picea<br />
abies (L.) Karst.]. The purpose was to detect and localize<br />
the 5kD SPI1 protein in seeds and during development, and<br />
to study the local and systemic effect on its accumulation<br />
after infection with three different pathogens, in young<br />
Norway spruce seedlings. The pathogenic fungi used for<br />
the infection studies were Heterobasidion parviporum,<br />
Ceratocystis polonica and the pathogenic oomycete<br />
Pythium dimorphum. The accumulation <strong>of</strong> the SPI1 protein<br />
during root development and after infection is described<br />
using immunoblotting. We also report that the putative<br />
plant defensin SPI1 is detected by antibodies on Pythium<br />
dimorphum hyphae invading the root cortex, suggesting a<br />
specific interaction between the SPI1 protein and hyphae.<br />
823 - Morphological and pathological variations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Indonesian Cochliobolus heterostrophus<br />
A. Gafur 1* , S. Mujim 1 , T.N. Aeny 1 , B. Tjahjono 2 & A.<br />
Suwanto 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Protection, University <strong>of</strong> Lampung,<br />
Jalan S. Brojonegoror 1, Bandar Lampung 35145,<br />
Indonesia. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pests and Diseases,<br />
Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Pajajaran,<br />
Bogor 16144, Indonesia. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Bogor<br />
Agricultural University, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor<br />
16144, Indonesia. - E-mail: gafur@uwalumni.com<br />
Morphological variations <strong>of</strong> Cochliobolus heterostrophus<br />
(Drechsler) Drechsler collected from different places <strong>of</strong><br />
Indonesia including corn areas in Bali, Java, Kalimantan,<br />
Sulawesi, and Sumatera were investigated microscopically.<br />
This mainly included observation on colony colour,<br />
conidial size and septa, and ascal size although variations<br />
in hyphae and conidiophores were also examined. All <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungal isolates were grown in Petri dishes containing<br />
complete medium. Pathogenicity tests <strong>of</strong> the isolates were<br />
subsequently established. The experiments that involved<br />
different corn varieties, both local and introduced, were<br />
conducted by exposing all corn varieties to each <strong>of</strong> the<br />
different isolates <strong>of</strong> C. heterostrophus. Disease symptoms<br />
were recorded on a daily basis. Data collected from the<br />
present study indicated that morphological variations,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 247
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
including number <strong>of</strong> septa and size <strong>of</strong> conidia, among<br />
Indonesian isolates <strong>of</strong> C. heterostrophus existed, an<br />
indication that Indonesian C. heterostrophus might have<br />
originated from different ancestors. In contrast,<br />
pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> each isolate measured by disease<br />
incidence on several corn varieties was not significantly<br />
different. Disease severity <strong>of</strong> the corn varieties inoculated<br />
with each isolate was also relatively the same. The results<br />
imply that the corn varieties tested possess potential risks<br />
<strong>of</strong> southern corn leaf blight outbreaks.<br />
824 - Diagnosis <strong>of</strong> cryptic microbes based on ITS2<br />
rRNA secondary structure information<br />
A. Gargas 1* & P.T. DePriest 2<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin, Madison, 132<br />
Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. -<br />
2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany, National Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History,<br />
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, U.S.A. -<br />
E-mail: agargas@facstaff.wisc.edu<br />
Conventional techniques <strong>of</strong> isolating and identifying fungi<br />
or other cryptic microbes are time-consuming and<br />
expensive, limiting their utility for rapid and widespread<br />
surveys. We invented a novel method for detection and<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> microbes including those never before<br />
isolated or identified. This approach relies on analyses <strong>of</strong><br />
the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA sequences -<br />
highly variable regions flanked by the 5.8S and 28S<br />
ribosomal subunits within nuclear DNA. After determining<br />
secondary structures <strong>of</strong> ITS2 rRNAs we identify nucleotide<br />
motifs between 20 and 50 nt in length within each primary<br />
sequence. These signature sequences, readily defined and<br />
present in high copy number, allow taxonomic diagnoses <strong>of</strong><br />
known and unknown microbes from various substrates<br />
including agricultural, medical and ecological samples.<br />
Such sequences are readily adapted for use with probing<br />
techniques including PCR, microarray assays or other<br />
molecular detection methods.<br />
825 - First report <strong>of</strong> Coniothyrium stem canker on E.<br />
camaldulensis in Ethiopia<br />
A. Gezahgne * , J. Roux & M.J. Wingfield<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Tree<br />
Pathology Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and<br />
Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong><br />
Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. - E-mail:<br />
alemu@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
During a survey <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus diseases in Ethiopia, a<br />
serious stem canker disease was discovered on E.<br />
camaldulensis trees at several localities in the South and<br />
South Western parts <strong>of</strong> the country. The disease is<br />
characterised by the presence <strong>of</strong> discrete necrotic lesions,<br />
stem cankers, cracking <strong>of</strong> the stems, production <strong>of</strong> kino<br />
pockets in the wood, as well as malformation <strong>of</strong> stems.<br />
248<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
These symptoms are similar to those caused by<br />
Coniothyrium zuluense in South Africa. The aim <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study was to positively identify the causal agent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
disease in Ethiopia. This was achieved by sequencing the<br />
ITS region <strong>of</strong> the rRNA operon for a representative set <strong>of</strong><br />
isolates. Sequences for the Ethiopian isolates were<br />
compared with those from authenticated isolates collected<br />
in South Africa, Thailand and Mexico. Based on these data,<br />
the Ethiopian isolates were shown to group more closely<br />
with those from South Africa, than with those from other<br />
areas. This study represents the first report <strong>of</strong> C. zuluense<br />
and its associated disease in Ethiopia. Currently the disease<br />
is causing considerable losses in yield and quality <strong>of</strong> timber<br />
and it also impacts negatively on the lives <strong>of</strong> subsistence<br />
farmers. We are currently studying additional isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungus and utilising sequences <strong>of</strong> different genes to<br />
study the phylogenetic relationships between C. zuluense,<br />
from a wide range <strong>of</strong> countries.<br />
826 - Enzyme mediated infection <strong>of</strong> host Pinus short<br />
lateral roots by Tricholoma matsutake<br />
W. Gill 1 , K. Suzuki 2 , M. Brown 3 & C. Mohammed 4*<br />
1 Tasmanian Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Research, 13 St Johns<br />
Ave, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia. - 2 Laboratory<br />
<strong>of</strong> Forest Botany, Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural and Life<br />
Sciences, The University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku,<br />
Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. - 3 Huon Valley Mushrooms, Main<br />
Road, Glen Huon, Tasmania 7109, Australia. - 4 School <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural Science, University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, GPO Box<br />
252-54, Tasmania 7001, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
caro.mohammed@utas.edu.au<br />
Tricholoma matsutake (Ito et Imai) Sing. (Matsutake) is an<br />
edible mycorrhizal basidiomycete highly prized in Japan<br />
for its culinary and medicinal properties and historical<br />
social significance. However, the natural supply <strong>of</strong><br />
Matsutake in Japan is in decline and domestic demand<br />
exceeds supply. Consequently, the development <strong>of</strong> a viable<br />
commercial artificial cultivation system for this mushroom<br />
is <strong>of</strong> prime concern. In both natural conditions and artificial<br />
culture, Matsutake forms morphologically atypical<br />
ectomycorrhizas on host Pinus short lateral roots.<br />
Furthermore, aspects <strong>of</strong> the mushroom's nutrition are<br />
unusual and it is this atypical interaction which must be<br />
understood in order to devise an artificial cultivation<br />
system. Here, we present evidence <strong>of</strong> host infection and the<br />
parallel ability <strong>of</strong> T. matsutake to form a range <strong>of</strong> plant cell<br />
wall degrading hydrolytic enzymes in artificial culture. The<br />
hydrolytic enzymes tested were detected over a range <strong>of</strong><br />
activities but the majority peaked after 2 or 3 weeks <strong>of</strong><br />
incubation. Conversely, xylosidase and glucosidase<br />
enzymes were detected in comparatively high activities<br />
which did not peak but rather increased in activity over the<br />
duration <strong>of</strong> the assay. The significance <strong>of</strong> the hydrolytic<br />
enzymes produced in terms <strong>of</strong> Matsutake ectomycorrhizal<br />
establishment, development and observed morphology is<br />
discussed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
827 - Molecular probe development for tree root<br />
associated Rhizoctonia sp. and Suillus bovinus and<br />
detection by Southern dot blot and liquid hybridization<br />
H. Grönberg 1* , L. Paulin 2 & R. Sen 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki,<br />
Viikinkaari 9, P.O.POX 56, Helsinki- 00014, Finland. -<br />
2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki,<br />
Viikinkaari 9, P.O.POX 56, Helsinki- 00014, Finland. - Email:<br />
henrietta.gronberg@helsinki.fi<br />
Specific rDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) targeted<br />
probes for detection <strong>of</strong> different conifer root associated<br />
Rhizoctonia strains and Suillus bovinus were developed by<br />
comparing two different Southern (dot blot and liquid)<br />
hybridization methods. Probes (124-151bp) specific to six<br />
different Rhizoctonia strains (uninucleate strain 263,<br />
binucleate strains 268, AV-2, 251, 266, and 269 and<br />
multinucleate R. solani) and one specific to Suillus bovinus<br />
and a positive control probe were developed using pure<br />
culture DNA. Shorter (20-25 bp) oligonucleotide probes<br />
specific to strains 263, 268 and Suillus bovinus were<br />
developed in order to obtain more specificity and for used<br />
in liquid hybridizations. Total fungal DNA was used as a<br />
target with longer DIG (digoxigenin) labeled probes, but in<br />
biotin labeled oligonucleotide probes the target DNA was<br />
PCR amplified ITS (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). The optimal<br />
hybridization temperatures obtained from dot blots also<br />
gave the strongest signals in liquid hybridization protocol,<br />
although low temperature washing (30-35 °C) ocassionally<br />
affected to the specificity. We found the liquid<br />
hybridization protocol more useful when probing unknown<br />
target DNA, as it resolves targets using combined probe<br />
hybridization and ITS length polymorphism by resolving<br />
fragments differing by 5 bp in a sequencing gel (ALF<br />
express).<br />
828 - Ethnomycological knowledge and ecology <strong>of</strong><br />
Phlebopus sudanicus in Burkina Faso<br />
K.M.L Guissou * , Ph. Sankara & S. Guinko<br />
Université de Ouagadougou, UFR/SVT, Département de<br />
Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, 03 BP 7021<br />
Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. - E-mail:<br />
laure_guissou@univ-ouaga.bf<br />
The use and the ecology <strong>of</strong> Phlebopus cf sudanicus is<br />
examined in this study undertaken in the Reserve <strong>of</strong><br />
Hippopotamus pound <strong>of</strong> Bala (Burkina Faso) and its<br />
vicinities. Fixed questions regarding ethnomycological<br />
knowledge were submitted to 180 native informants from 6<br />
villages. Collecting field works toward the forest were<br />
organised to recognise the mean habitats <strong>of</strong> this fungus. It<br />
appears that a total <strong>of</strong> 98% <strong>of</strong> the informants recognise this<br />
species as being edible. Two kinds <strong>of</strong> habitats <strong>of</strong> Phlebopus<br />
sudanicus have been found: under Piliostigma thonningii<br />
(Caesalpiniaceae) and Mitragina inermis (Rubiaceae)<br />
during the fieldwork.<br />
829 - Genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> fungi associated with seeds <strong>of</strong><br />
tropical forest trees (Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus<br />
africana)<br />
A. Gure * , K. Wahlström & J. Stenlid<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology & Pathology, Swedish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Ulls<br />
vag 26A, Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
Abdella.Gure@mykopat.slu.se<br />
The association and interactions between plants and fungi<br />
have long been observed and studied. However, the<br />
knowledge about the diversity <strong>of</strong> the fungal flora and the<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> their interactions with their hosts has been very<br />
scarce in the area <strong>of</strong> tropical forest tree seeds. In this study,<br />
matured fruits <strong>of</strong> Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana<br />
were collected directly from the crowns and from the<br />
ground just under the mother trees in March 2000 and May<br />
- June 2001. Seed collection was carried out at different<br />
forest sites in Ethiopia. Fungi were isolated from fresh<br />
fruits, and from seeds with and without seed coat. In all<br />
cases, surface sterilised and unsterilised seeds were plated<br />
on standard growth media. All in all 150 fungal isolates<br />
belonging to 25 genera have been identified by<br />
morphological and molecular methods (internal transcribed<br />
spacer- ITS sequence analysis) at least to the genus level.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the isolates were ascomycetes and a few were<br />
basidiomycetes. Some <strong>of</strong> these fungi are putative<br />
seedborne pathogens that will be studied further.<br />
830 - Biocontrol <strong>of</strong> the Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)<br />
with fungal pathogens<br />
S. Guske 1 , B. Schulz 2* & C. Boyle 2<br />
1 Biologische Bundesanstalt, Messeweg, D-38104<br />
Braunschweig, Germany. - 2 Institut für Mikrobiologie,<br />
Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-<br />
38106 Braunschweig, Germany. - E-mail: b.schulz@tubs.de<br />
In order to develop a mycoherbicide for biocontrol <strong>of</strong><br />
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle), fungal<br />
pathogens were tested, both singly and in combination, in<br />
semi-field pot experiments in the course <strong>of</strong> two vegetation<br />
periods. Isolates were selected from fungi previously<br />
isolated both as pathogens and endophytes from C. arvense<br />
and subsequently tested for their virulence. The fungi<br />
inoculated singly were Phoma destructiva, Phoma<br />
hedericola, Phoma nebulosa, M. sterila isolate 1.4a-4 and<br />
the rust, Puccinia punctiformis. Disease severity was<br />
evaluated according to disease symptoms (degree <strong>of</strong><br />
chloroses, necroses, macerations) and various parameters<br />
<strong>of</strong> growth and development, i.e. length and death rates <strong>of</strong><br />
main and secondary shoots, inflorescences, seed production<br />
and germination, wet and dry weights <strong>of</strong> shoots and roots<br />
after harvest. With the exception <strong>of</strong> Puccinia punctiformis<br />
(local infections) all <strong>of</strong> the isolates applied singly,<br />
negatively influenced all measured parameters, those <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 249
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
wet and dry weights <strong>of</strong> roots and shoots as well as the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> inflorescences, significantly. A combined<br />
inoculum <strong>of</strong> Puccinia punctiformis and P. hedericola was<br />
less effective than P. hedericola inoculated singly. The<br />
most effective inoculum was an inoculum mixture <strong>of</strong> the<br />
four perthotrophs. Further experiments should concentrate<br />
on formulation <strong>of</strong> the pathogens and application in field<br />
experiments.<br />
831 - Real-time PCR procedure to reliably detect and<br />
quantitate the pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum in<br />
infected spruce tissue culture clones<br />
A. Hietala, M. Eikenes, H. Kvaalen, H. Solheim & C.G.<br />
Fossdal *<br />
Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Høgskoleveien 12 N-<br />
1432 Ås, Norway. - E-mail: carl.fossdal@skogforsk.no<br />
One <strong>of</strong> our main interests is to learn about the molecular<br />
basis <strong>of</strong> host defense responses, using the coniferous host<br />
Norway spruce infected with the pathogen Heterobasidion<br />
parviporum as the experimental system. This<br />
basidiomycete and the closely related pathogen H.<br />
annosum are the major root rot causing pathogens in<br />
conifers. To screen host material for differential resistance<br />
towards H. parviporum, it is a necessity to quantify the<br />
fungal colonization <strong>of</strong> the host tissues. Therefore, we<br />
aimed to develop and compare the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> a real-time<br />
PCR to an ergosterol based method for determining the rate<br />
<strong>of</strong> colonization. We developed a quantitative multiplex<br />
real-time PCR procedure that reliably detecting down to<br />
1pg H. parviporum DNA and 1ng host DNA. There was a<br />
very high correlation between the fungal-biomass/totalbiomass<br />
and fungal-DNA/total-DNA rankings obtained<br />
with ergosterol and real-time PCR, strengthening the<br />
credibility <strong>of</strong> both methods. The results indicate that this<br />
real-time procedure can be a useful method to screen<br />
different spruce material for their relative resistance to the<br />
pathogen H. parviporum.<br />
832 - A TaqMan TM real-time PCR assay for detection<br />
and quantification <strong>of</strong> T-2/HT-2 toxin producing<br />
Fusarium species in cereal matrices<br />
A. Holst-Jensen * , A. Løvseth, A.K. Knutsen, M. Torp &<br />
K.G. Berdal<br />
National Veterinary Institute, Section <strong>of</strong> Feed and Food<br />
Microbiology, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O.Box 8156 Dep., 0033<br />
Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: arne.holst-jensen@vetinst.no<br />
Fusarium sporotrichiodes and Fusarium langsethiae Torp<br />
& Nirenberg ined. are known producers <strong>of</strong> T-2/HT-2 toxin.<br />
However, these taxa may easily be confused with other<br />
taxa <strong>of</strong> Fusarium, e.g. F. poae, that very rarely have been<br />
reported to produce the toxin. The toxin is one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
important mycotoxins in cereal products in the Norhern<br />
part <strong>of</strong> Europe, and it is therefore considered to be<br />
250<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
important to detect and quantify the presence <strong>of</strong> producers<br />
<strong>of</strong> the toxin. Based on partial translation elongation factor<br />
1á gene sequences and phylogenetic analyses, we have<br />
identified diagnostic sequence motifs and successively<br />
developed a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection<br />
<strong>of</strong> these two taxa in cereal matrices, using TaqMan TM<br />
chemistry. The assay and its performance will be<br />
presented.<br />
833 - A multi-target environmental approach to control<br />
growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium species<br />
using essential oils and antioxidants<br />
R. Hope * & N. Magan<br />
Applied Mycology Group, Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield<br />
University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, U.K.<br />
This study investigated how Fusarium culmorum and F.<br />
graminearum isolates from the UK are affected by aw,<br />
temperature, and fungicidal agents. The combined effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> these different variables were also investigated. In<br />
addition to how the morphology and ecology <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
is affected by the environmental conditions, the effect on<br />
mycotoxin production (in particular deoxynivalenol) was<br />
also determined. Essential oils and antioxidants were<br />
screened for antifungal properties in vitro using clearing<br />
zone assays and temporal growth studies. The five most<br />
effective agents identified by the in vitro screen were tested<br />
further in situ on irradiated wheat grain under different<br />
environmental conditions and a w levels. Growth rates <strong>of</strong> F.<br />
culmorum and F. graminearum were significantly effected<br />
by temperature,a w and antifungal agent. Efficacy <strong>of</strong><br />
essential oils and antioxidants agents at inhibiting fungal<br />
growth was dose and type dependent. At least 500 ppm was<br />
required for significant inhibition <strong>of</strong> growth. Cinnamon and<br />
clove essential oils were the most effective growth<br />
inhibitors <strong>of</strong> the five agents across all the conditions. Of<br />
antioxidants, PP and BHA were most effective. The effect<br />
on DON and Nivalenol mycotoxins was variable with<br />
effects better at 500 ppm <strong>of</strong> essential oils than 100<br />
regradless <strong>of</strong> aw level. The potential for using these<br />
alternative food grade preservatives in stored cereals will<br />
be discussed.<br />
834 - A study <strong>of</strong> the trypsin genes in Metarhizium<br />
G. Hu * & R.J. St. Leger<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Maryland, Rm 4112 Plant Sciences Building,<br />
college park, MD 20742, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
gh70@umail.umd.edu<br />
Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae produces 3 trypsins<br />
among a variety <strong>of</strong> other cuticle degrading enzymes. As<br />
well as animals, the trypsin family <strong>of</strong> Metarhizium has<br />
homologs in streptomycetes and four related pathogenic<br />
pyrenomycetous ascomycetes. The limited distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
trypsins in a small group <strong>of</strong> related fungi is consistent with
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
their being derived from an animal or streptomycete source<br />
via horizontal gene transfer. To investigate trypsin<br />
distribution, fragments from genomic DNA <strong>of</strong> 43<br />
representative fungal species were amplified using<br />
degenerate primers. The fragments contain a highly<br />
conserved and diagnostic area for trypsins that includes the<br />
active site His and Ser residues. Trypsin-like genes were<br />
absent from most ascomycetes and had a very patchy<br />
distribution in zygomycete and basidiomycete fungi. The<br />
results were analyzed using sequence composition,<br />
maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance<br />
methods. They show that there are several lineages <strong>of</strong><br />
trypsins in fungi and that multiple gain and loss events<br />
happened during the evolution <strong>of</strong> this gene family.<br />
835 - Detect and diagnosis Monosporascus<br />
cannonballus, the causal agent <strong>of</strong> muskmelon root<br />
rot/vein decline, by PCR method<br />
K.S. Huang 1* , P.-H. Wang 2 & Y.S. Lin 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing<br />
University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, Taiwan. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Soochow University, 70,<br />
Lin-Hsi Rd., Taipei, Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
pathogen@ms17.hinet.net<br />
In Taiwan, root rot and vine decline became a growthlimited<br />
factor <strong>of</strong> muskmelon and watermelon since 1994.<br />
The causal agent was Monosporascus cannonballus, a<br />
soilborne pathogen. This species is notoriously difficult to<br />
identify, it lacks a conidial stage, perithecia form only after<br />
3 to 4 weeks in culture, and the ascospores do not<br />
germinate under standard laboratory conditions. The<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong>ten fail to produce perithecia in culture, making<br />
their identification impossible. We detected the pathogen<br />
using a PCR-based method, which developed by Lovic et<br />
al. A 430-bp DNA product was amplified from M.<br />
cannonballus isolates <strong>of</strong> Taiwan, and the product was<br />
obtained from symptomatic muskmelon and other<br />
cucurbitaceous plants collected from fields. No PCR<br />
product was obtained from the plants without symptoms.<br />
The fungus could be detected during the growing seasons.<br />
The method is being used to detect and monitor the<br />
pathogen on different cucurbitaceous plants and varieties<br />
for the selection <strong>of</strong> the disease resistance/tolerance<br />
rootstock.<br />
836 - The influence <strong>of</strong> the biopreparation Supresivit<br />
(Trichoderma harzianum) in the mixture with inorganic<br />
fertilizers on cereals<br />
J. Hýsek * , J. Brozová & M. Vach<br />
Research Institute <strong>of</strong> Crop Production, Drnovská 507,<br />
Praque 6, 161 06, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
hysek@vurv.cz<br />
The influence <strong>of</strong> the treatment with the biopreparation<br />
Supresivit (Trichoderma harzianum) in the mixture with<br />
mineral fertilizers (NPK, LAV - ammonium nitrate with<br />
limestone ) was studied. The optimal dose <strong>of</strong> the<br />
biopreparate was 0.5 g per 1 kg <strong>of</strong> the fertilizer. The<br />
infestation <strong>of</strong> leaf and ear pathogen <strong>of</strong> winter wheat<br />
(septorioses and fusarioses) and on spring barley<br />
(rhynchosporioses and helminthosporioses) decreased. The<br />
yield was also increased (approximately about 5-8%). It<br />
was due to the decrease <strong>of</strong> leaf and ear spot fungal<br />
diseases.<br />
837 - Mycotoxines <strong>of</strong> the genus Fusarium on spring<br />
barley and the protection against them<br />
J. Hýsek 1* , J. Brozová 1 , M. Vánová 2 , J. Hajslová 3 & S.<br />
Sykorova 1<br />
1 RICP, Drnovská 507, Praque 6, 161 06, Czech Republic. -<br />
2 Agricultural Research Institute, Ltd., Havlíckova 2787,<br />
Kromeríz, Czech Republic. - 3 Institue <strong>of</strong> Chemical<br />
Technology, Technická 3, Praque 6, 166 28, Czech<br />
Republic. - E-mail: hysek@vurv.cz<br />
Spring barley (varieties: Akcent, Amulet, Kompakt,<br />
Nordus, Olbram and Tolar) was cultivated after pre-crops:<br />
sugar-beet, cereals and Maize. We infected artificially<br />
named varieties with the isolate <strong>of</strong> Fusarium culmorum<br />
which produced deoxynivalenol and other trichothecene<br />
mycotoxines. After artificial infection we studied the<br />
spectrum <strong>of</strong> the genus Fusarium. Introduced Fusarium<br />
culmorum was isolated only in little amount. The genus <strong>of</strong><br />
Fusarium tricinctum prevailed, less occurrence had the<br />
genus <strong>of</strong> Fusarium poae. Some strains <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
culmorum differed in the production <strong>of</strong> mycotoxines in the<br />
mycelium and in young plants (age 5 years). Maximal<br />
yields were evaluated after pre-crop <strong>of</strong> sugar beet (6.2 t/ha)<br />
the second one was the maize (5.25 t/ha) and the last there<br />
were cereals (4.39 t/ha). The treatment with the fungicide<br />
Folicur BT increased the yield about 25.7%, other one with<br />
Charisma increased the yield about 19.8 (application in the<br />
phase <strong>of</strong> flowering). The lowest occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
contaminated grain after pre-crop <strong>of</strong> sugar beet (20.5%),<br />
the highest one was after pre-crop maize (34%).<br />
838 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> Fusarium spp. isolates from the wheat<br />
and rice growing areas <strong>of</strong> rice-wheat cropping system <strong>of</strong><br />
Punjab, Pakistan: Isolation, pathogenicity and RAPDs<br />
analysis<br />
S. Iram 1* , J. Cullum 1 & I. Ahmad 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany. -<br />
2 National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad,<br />
Pakistan. - E-mail: iramshazia@hotmail.com<br />
Surveys were conducted for the assessment <strong>of</strong> leaf and root<br />
diseases <strong>of</strong> wheat and rice crops in main rice-wheat<br />
cropping areas, namely Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Sialkot<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 251
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
and Narowal districts <strong>of</strong> Punjab. Assessment <strong>of</strong> prevalence<br />
and disease intensity <strong>of</strong> leaf and root diseases was done.<br />
Leaf and root fungi were isolated and identified. From leaf<br />
and root samples Fusarium spp. were isolated.<br />
Pathogenicity experiments were conducted on the two<br />
commercial varieties <strong>of</strong> rice and wheat. Fusarium spp.<br />
were pathogenic on wheat and rice varieties. Spore<br />
suspension method was used for the evaluation <strong>of</strong> virulent<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> Fusarium spp. After 30 days the diseased roots<br />
were platted and fungi were re-isolated and compared with<br />
mother culture for the confirmation <strong>of</strong> Koch Postulates.<br />
After pathogenicity the Random Amplified Polymorphic<br />
DNA (RAPD) technique was used for identification and<br />
differentiation <strong>of</strong> Fusarium isolates. For plant pathogenic<br />
fungi, RAPD analysis has been used to analyze genetic<br />
variations or distinguish races in Fusarium isolates. 100<br />
strains were studied using a RAPD analysis with different<br />
decamer primers. All the primers produced polymorphic<br />
amplification patterns. The results were analyzed by Phylip<br />
programme. From this survey it was concluded that<br />
Fusarium was more prevalent fungi.<br />
839 - Protection <strong>of</strong> Lepidium sativum against<br />
phytopathogenic fungi Pythium ultimum by inoculation<br />
<strong>of</strong> nonpathogenic Fusarium isolates<br />
H. Ishimoto 1* , Y. Fukushi 2 & S. Tahara 2<br />
1 INRA, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France. -<br />
2 Division <strong>of</strong> Applied Bioscience, Graduate School <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Hokkaido University, kita-9 Nishi-9,Kita-ku,<br />
060-8589 Sapporo, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
ishimotoh2001@yahoo.com<br />
Two nonpathogenic Fusarium strains, Ls-F-in-4-1 and Rs-<br />
F-in-11, induced the resistance in L. sativum against<br />
pathogenic fungi, Pythium ultimum. These Fusarium<br />
strains caused the increase <strong>of</strong> the content <strong>of</strong> antifungal<br />
compounds and its precursor, isothiocyanate and<br />
glucosinolate, in roots <strong>of</strong> the host plants. The resistance <strong>of</strong><br />
L. sativum against P. ultimum may be due to the increase <strong>of</strong><br />
isothiocyanate content induced by the inoculation <strong>of</strong><br />
Fusarium fungi. The increase <strong>of</strong> the content <strong>of</strong><br />
isothiocyanate occurred regardless <strong>of</strong> the abilities <strong>of</strong><br />
inoculated fungal strains whether they could hydrolyze<br />
glucosinolate to isothiocyanate or not, so these changes<br />
seemed to be the defense responses <strong>of</strong> host plant. Ls-F-in-<br />
4-1, a Fusarium isolate which showed myrosinase activity,<br />
inhibited the growth <strong>of</strong> P. ultimum on agar medium<br />
containing glucosinolate. This isolate would hydrolyze<br />
glucosinolate to generate isothiocyanate in tissue or<br />
rhizosphere <strong>of</strong> host plant and inhibit the growth <strong>of</strong><br />
pathogenic fungi consequentially. This isolate may have<br />
another protection mechanism in rhizosphere <strong>of</strong> L. sativum,<br />
in addition to the ability to cause the increase <strong>of</strong> antifungal<br />
compounds in the roots <strong>of</strong> host plant.<br />
252<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
840 - Opportunistic mold development in controlled<br />
environment agriculture<br />
O.A. Jejelowo 1 , D.J. Barta 2 & K.P. Anthony 1*<br />
1 Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Avenue,<br />
Houston, Texas, U.S.A. - 2 NASA, Johnson Space Center,<br />
2101 NASA Road One, Mail Code EC3, Houston, Texas,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: kanthony@mail.arc.nasa.gov<br />
Hydroponically grown crop plants are being considered by<br />
NASA for air revitalization and food production in space.<br />
Hydroponic cultures can be infected by opportunistic<br />
molds, which proliferate due to the humid environment and<br />
warm temperature inside the growth chambers. This paper<br />
reports mold development in different hydroponic cultures.<br />
Fungal isolates include Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium<br />
dissotocum, Alternaria species, Cladosporium herbarium,<br />
Penicillium species, Aspergillus species, Rhizoctonia<br />
species and Fusarium species. The results are discussed in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> impact <strong>of</strong> pathogenic and opportunictic molds on<br />
plant growth.<br />
841 - Inhibition <strong>of</strong> sexual mating <strong>of</strong> Ustilago scitaminea<br />
by bacterial extracts<br />
Z.D. Jiang * , L. Ji, J.L. Xu & L.H. Zhang<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Molecular Agrobiology, 1 Research Link,<br />
National University <strong>of</strong> Singapore, Singapore 117604,<br />
Singapore. - E-mail: zide@ima.org.sg<br />
Ustilago scitaminea is an important pathogenic fungus <strong>of</strong><br />
sugarcane which causes culmicolous smut disease and<br />
results in severe losses every year. Pathogenic infection <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungus is caused by dikaryotic mycelium which is<br />
produced after mating <strong>of</strong> non-pathogenic, yeast-like<br />
sporidia that derived from germination <strong>of</strong> teliospore on the<br />
germinating nodes <strong>of</strong> sugarcane. Sexual mating is a short<br />
period that separates the yeast-like sporidia and the<br />
dikaryotic mycelium growth phases and is a potential target<br />
for developing new approaches for disease control. To<br />
explore the possibility, we isolated teliospores from the<br />
infected sugarcane and confirmed that the sporidia <strong>of</strong> U.<br />
scitaminae can be classified into two mating types. We<br />
have screened more than 1400 bacterial isolates for matinginhibition<br />
phenotype. Among them 16 were found to<br />
secrete substances which inhibit mating or hyphae growth.<br />
Preliminary taxonomic analysis suggests that they belong<br />
to 10 genera, including Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp.<br />
and Filibacter sp. The inhibitors from the three species<br />
have been extracted and showed to be heat-resistant and are<br />
<strong>of</strong> low molecular weight, suggesting the non-enzymatic<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> the inhibitors. Conventional and electron<br />
microscopy indicate that the inhibitors have no effect on<br />
morphology <strong>of</strong> both mating types <strong>of</strong> U. scitaminae<br />
sporidia, except on hyphae development. Studies are in<br />
progress to understand the chemical nature <strong>of</strong> these<br />
inhibitors and their molecular targets.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
842 - Gliotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus<br />
E. Jonsson 1* , A. Stepinska 1 , V. Wenehed 2 , P. Haggblom 1 &<br />
A. Forsby 2<br />
1 Dept <strong>of</strong> Animal Feed, National Veterinary Institute, 751<br />
89 Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 Dept <strong>of</strong> Neurochemistry and<br />
Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Eva.Jonsson@sva.se<br />
It is well known that various moulds can grow on animal<br />
feed and produce a range <strong>of</strong> toxic metabolites<br />
(mycotoxins). To study production <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins,<br />
Aspergillus fumigatus, that is one <strong>of</strong> the most common<br />
fungi in animal feed, was chosen. A. fumigatus is known to<br />
produce, among other toxins, gliotoxin, a highly toxic<br />
mycotoxin. The purpose <strong>of</strong> the study is to develop a<br />
screening in vitro method to identify toxicological<br />
components in feed, which may help to minimise<br />
application <strong>of</strong> animal tests also for other purposes. A.<br />
fumigatus CCUG 17460 were grown on Czapek-Dox Broth<br />
with 30% glucose (37 °C; 10 samples). The Czapek-Dox<br />
Broth was extracted and purified by a solid-phase<br />
purification method. The extracts were run at HPLC, and<br />
gliotoxin was detected in 9/10. The maximum<br />
concentration <strong>of</strong> gliotoxin was produced after 87 hours <strong>of</strong><br />
inoculation. The purified extracts were applied to the<br />
human neuroblastoma SH-SY5 cells, and the general<br />
cytotoxicity was determined. The extracts showed to be<br />
cytotoxic to the SH-SY5 cells. This study proves that it is<br />
possible to produce gliotoxin in vitroby means <strong>of</strong><br />
inoculating Czapek-Dox Broth with A. fumigatus. The<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> the in vitro produced gliotoxin agree with the<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> pure gliotoxin.<br />
843 - Expressed sequences in the basidiomycetaus tree<br />
pathogen Heterobasidion annosum during early<br />
infection <strong>of</strong> Scots pine<br />
M. Karlsson * , Å. Olson & J. Stenlid<br />
Forest Mycology & Pathology, Box 7026, SE-750 07,<br />
Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
Magnus.Karlsson@mykopat.slu.se<br />
The basidiomycete fungus Heterobasidion annosum is the<br />
causal agent <strong>of</strong> annosum root rot and is economically the<br />
most important disease <strong>of</strong> coniferous forests in northern<br />
temperate regions. H. annosum is a wood-decaying<br />
pathogen which can utilize a variety <strong>of</strong> carbon sources. The<br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> this research project is to investigate the<br />
molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> H.<br />
annosum and to identify key factors, which enables the<br />
fungus to infect and cause disease. A cDNA library was<br />
constructed from mycelia that had been challenged with<br />
pine seedling roots. Fragment lengths are spanning from<br />
300 bp to 3000 bp with an average <strong>of</strong> 850 bp. Individual<br />
cDNA fragments were sequenced once from the 5' end to<br />
generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which were used<br />
for similarity searches against already available sequence<br />
data. In this way we can get an idea about the putuative<br />
function <strong>of</strong> the corresponding genes. So far 1150 fragments<br />
have been sequenced, corresponding to 337 different<br />
contigs from which 228 have significant similarity to other<br />
genes. The largest fuctional groups are those involved in<br />
information pathways (including protein synthesis) and<br />
basic metabolism but genes involved in electron transport<br />
and transmembrane transport are also common. In order to<br />
pinpoint the genes that are important for the pathogenicity<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fungus the cDNA fragments are screened for<br />
differential expression during different stages <strong>of</strong> the<br />
infection process.<br />
844 - Fungal infection for the recipients <strong>of</strong> living donor<br />
liver transplantation<br />
N. Kawagishi * , N. Ohkohchi & S. Satomi<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Advanced Surgical Science and Technology,<br />
Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryoumachi Aobaku Sendai 980-<br />
8574, Japan. - E-mail: kawan@mail.cc.tohoku.ac.jp<br />
(Introduction) Fungal infection is potentially fatal<br />
complication in patients with liver transplantation. The aim<br />
<strong>of</strong> this study was to review the single-center experience<br />
with fungal infections in living donor liver transplantation<br />
and to report its management for the early diagnosis and<br />
treatment. (Methods) From July 1991 to December 2001,<br />
52 cases <strong>of</strong> LDLTx were performed in our institution.<br />
Immunosuppression consisted <strong>of</strong> tacrolimus or<br />
cyclosporine, corticosteroids and in some cases<br />
azathioprine or mycophenolate m<strong>of</strong>etil. The diagnosis <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal infection was based on clinical findings, culture and<br />
serological examinations such as β-D glucan, Candida Ag,<br />
Aspergillus Ag and Cryptococcus Ag. For the prophylaxis<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fungal infection, administration <strong>of</strong> fluconazole and<br />
gargle by amphotericin B were performed before LDLTx.<br />
Active fungal infection was treated by fluconazole,<br />
amphotericin B and flucytosine. (Results) Mycoses were<br />
cultured for 41 cases (78.8%) and 23 cases(44.2%) were<br />
detected before LDLTx. C. albicans was accounted for<br />
more than 60% <strong>of</strong> the recipients and the greatest number <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal isolates were obtained from pharynx and stool.<br />
There was no recipient who died directly because <strong>of</strong><br />
invasive fungal infection. Detection <strong>of</strong> β-D glucan was<br />
effective for the prevention from severe invasive fungal<br />
infection. (Conclusion) For the management <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
infection in LDLTx, it is important to notify the role <strong>of</strong><br />
prophylaxis, empiric and pre-emptive therapy.<br />
845 - Phyllachora epidemic on common ragweed<br />
(Ambrosia artemisiifolia): a unique natural control<br />
phenomenon in Hungary in 1999<br />
L. Kiss 1* , L. Vajna 1 , Gy. Bohar 2 , D. Magyar 1 , U. Paksiri 3 &<br />
S. Takamatsu 4<br />
1 Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 102., Hungary. -<br />
2 Bioved Bt., 2310 Szigetszentmiklos, Ady Endre u. 10.,<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
Hungary. - 3 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Chiang Mai University,<br />
Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. - 4 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Bioresources,<br />
Mie University, 1515 Kamihama, Tsu 514-8507, Japan. -<br />
E-mail: LKISS@NKI.HU<br />
Since the early 1990s, common ragweed (Ambrosia<br />
artemisiifolia) has become the most widespread and most<br />
important allergenic weed in Hungary. Our annual surveys<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal diseases <strong>of</strong> ragweed revealed that this plant,<br />
introduced to Europe from North America, is one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
healthiest weeds in the Carpathian basin. Only nine species<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal pathogens were found on ragweed in Hungary<br />
that caused only minor infections in the field between<br />
1995-1999. However, in summer 1999, a serious epidemic<br />
developed on ragweed caused by Phyllachora ambrosiae.<br />
This holobiotrophic pathogen has not been reported from<br />
Europe prior to 1999 [1]. The identification <strong>of</strong> the pathogen<br />
was based on both morphological and molecular data.<br />
From mid-September, all plants examined in all regions <strong>of</strong><br />
the country were infected and exhibited dead leaves and<br />
inflorescences. Thus, P. ambrosiae reduced the fitness <strong>of</strong><br />
ragweed and also the period <strong>of</strong> production <strong>of</strong> the allergenic<br />
pollen in Hungary in 1999. According to the data <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pollen monitoring service in Budapest, much less ragweed<br />
pollen occurred in the air in September and October 1999<br />
than in the previous ten years. This natural epidemic<br />
clearly demonstrated the capacity <strong>of</strong> a pathogenic fungus to<br />
reduce the harmful effects <strong>of</strong> a noxious weed. Its main<br />
lesson is that biological control using fungal pathogens<br />
could be a possibility to suppress ragweed populations in<br />
Hungary. [1] Vajna, L., Bohar, Gy. Kiss, L.: Plant Dis 84,<br />
489 (2000).<br />
846 - AFLP <strong>of</strong> cheese contaminating Penicillium strain<br />
C.F. Kure<br />
Matforsk, Osloveien 1, 1430 Ås, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
cathrine.finne.kure@matforsk.no<br />
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis<br />
was performed on isolates <strong>of</strong> Penicillium commune and P.<br />
palitans originating from cheese and indoor environment in<br />
four cheese factories. The AFLP method was found to be a<br />
useful tool for identification <strong>of</strong> P. commune and P. palitans<br />
on, as well as below, species level. Specific P. commune<br />
and P. palitans strains were found in the same factories<br />
over a period <strong>of</strong> more than a year and showed that the<br />
cheese factories have contaminating strains that are well<br />
established. Several <strong>of</strong> cheese contaminating Penicillium<br />
strains could be related to air in the wrapping room, which<br />
must be considered to be a critical point for contamination<br />
<strong>of</strong> cheese.<br />
254<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
847 - The telomeric repeat sequence <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus<br />
oryzae consists <strong>of</strong> unique dodeca-nucleotides<br />
K. Kusumoto * , S. Suzuki & Y. Kashiwagi<br />
National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannnondai,<br />
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
kusumoto@nfri.affrc.go.jp<br />
The telomeres <strong>of</strong> the chromosomes <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus oryzae<br />
NFRI1599 were cloned and identified. They were sensitive<br />
to BAL31 exonuclease digestion, compared with the<br />
chromosome internal control, 18S rDNA, and thus were<br />
proved to be located at the most terminal region <strong>of</strong> the<br />
chromosomes. The telomeric repeat sequence <strong>of</strong> A. oryzae<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> unique dodeca-nucleotides,<br />
TTAGGGTCAACA. The former six nucleotides TTAGGG<br />
in the repeat sequence was conserved as telomeric repeat<br />
sequence in several filamentous fungi, including<br />
Aspergillus nidulans (Bhattacharyya and Blackburn 1997).<br />
The remaining sequence TCAACA in the repeat is not<br />
reported as telomeric sequence in any other organisms.<br />
Therefore the newly identified A. oryzae telomere is unique<br />
in this organism. Length <strong>of</strong> the telomeric repeat region was<br />
114-136 bp. Considering that the length <strong>of</strong> the telomere<br />
was similar to that <strong>of</strong> A. nidulans, the rigid regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
the telomere length might be conserved among Aspergillus<br />
species.<br />
848 - Assessment <strong>of</strong> air-borne fungi present in a<br />
biomedical plastics factory<br />
C.P. Larralde-Corona * , M.R. Santiago-Mena, C. Jacques-<br />
Hernandez, D. Resendez-Perez & H.A. Barrera-Saldaña<br />
Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica - IPN, Apartado Postal<br />
152, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
patyla@mail.cbg.ipn.mx<br />
Fungi can be found in high concentrations in the bioaerosol<br />
<strong>of</strong> northeast Mexico, where we have a subtropical climate<br />
and agriculture is the main activity. Because our city is in<br />
the border with the United States, there are hundreds<br />
factories. One <strong>of</strong> them, dedicated to injecting biomedical<br />
application plastics, had a fungal contamination problem.<br />
We were asked to evaluate the issue, and accordingly the<br />
production zone and warehouse were carefully sampled.<br />
Media used were: Potato-Dextrose Agar, 8-Vegetables<br />
Agar and Lennox Broth supplemented with agar. By the<br />
pattern <strong>of</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> genera, we found that the entrance<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi was the ventilation system, and that this income <strong>of</strong><br />
bioaerosol was accummulating on horizontal high zones<br />
and then being slowly distributed, specially over the<br />
packing area. We found 20 genera <strong>of</strong> fungi, being the most<br />
important in terms <strong>of</strong> frequency: Cladosporium (3 species),<br />
Aspergillus niger, Penicillium (four species), Rhizopus and<br />
Alternaria (2 species). A close examination <strong>of</strong> the cleaning<br />
policies and ventilation system <strong>of</strong> the factory showed that,<br />
althought being efficient for the environment where they<br />
were designed, they were not the best options for a region
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
like ours, because its high average annual temperature (25<br />
centigrades) and relative humidity (50% or more). Among<br />
suggestions were a much more frequent filter change,<br />
sealing <strong>of</strong> all porous surfaces and a tight control <strong>of</strong> relative<br />
humidity inside the production zone.<br />
849 - A new Phytophthora infestans molecular marker<br />
O.I. Lavrova * & Y.T. Dyakov<br />
Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119899, Vorob'evy<br />
gory, MSU, Biology Faculty, Mycology and Algology<br />
Department, Russia. - E-mail: ilinir@mail.ru<br />
Short interspersed elements (SINEs) or short retroposons<br />
are 80-400 bp repetitive DNA sequences that proliferate in<br />
eukaryotic genomes via transcription followed by reverse<br />
trancription. Recently SINEs have been used as molecular<br />
markers for intraspecies differentiation. Most SINEs have<br />
an internal promoter for RNA polymerase III composed <strong>of</strong><br />
two boxes (A and B) spaced by 30-35 bp similar to tRNA<br />
genes. To detect and clone novel tRNA-derived SINEs in<br />
Phytophthora infestans genome we have used PCRamplified<br />
total genomic DNA as a template and primers<br />
specific to boxes A and B for PCR amplification. This<br />
reaction, designated A-B PCR, amplifies the region<br />
between boxes. The resulting DNA fragments have been<br />
cloned and sequenced. The sequences obtained <strong>of</strong> 8<br />
fragments (45-51 bp) are similar but not identical<br />
suggesting that they may have been amplified from<br />
individual copies <strong>of</strong> a single SINE famile. All 8 fragments<br />
have 24 bp conservative sequence. On the basis <strong>of</strong> this<br />
sequence we constructed one primer to use it as a marker<br />
for P. infestans intraspecies differentiation. This marker is<br />
more reliable than RAPD because it is specific sequence<br />
and it gives the same results in the several experiment<br />
repeatings. Acknowledgements: This work was supported<br />
by the grant from the <strong>International</strong> Science and Technology<br />
Center No. 1640.<br />
850 - Plant and microorganisms interactions mediated<br />
by Pythium oligandrum<br />
G. Le Floch 1* , P. Rey 1 , N. Benhamou 3 , M.I. Salerno 2 & Y.<br />
Tirilly 1<br />
1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Sécurité Alimentaire,<br />
ESMISAB technopôle Brest Iroise 29 280 Plouzane,<br />
France. - 2 Laboratorio de Proteccion Forestral, CISAUA-<br />
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales UNLP 60 y<br />
119 CC31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina. - 3 Département<br />
Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Pav. Ch.E.<br />
Marchand, Université Laval Sainte-Foy Québec GIK7P4,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: gaetan.lefloch@univ-brest.fr<br />
Over the past few years, experiments performed by our<br />
group have demonstrated that the role played by antagonist<br />
fungus, Pythium oligandrum, on plant development and<br />
protection involves a tripartite interaction between the<br />
biocontrol microorganism, the pathogen agent and the<br />
plant. Such a complex process includes indirect effects<br />
through the control <strong>of</strong> pathogens in the rhizosphere and/or<br />
direct effects mediated by plant-induced resistance.<br />
Interaction <strong>of</strong> P. oligandrum with soil-borne pathogens to<br />
control their development in the rhizosphere and even in<br />
planta consists in a series <strong>of</strong> events involving mainly<br />
mycoparasitism and/or antibiosis. However, antagonism is<br />
a multifaceted process dependent on the involved target<br />
host; for example, by forming a thicken wall barrier<br />
Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora cinnamomi limit P.<br />
oligandrum antagonistic activity. We also showed<br />
hyperparasitism on various sclerotia. Plant-induced<br />
resistance mediated by P. oligandrum is a key event in this<br />
kind <strong>of</strong> fungus-plant interaction. Evidence <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
sensitisation by P. oligandrum to respond more rapidly and<br />
efficiently to pathogen attacks was also provided. It can<br />
protect plants from B. cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.<br />
radicis lycopersici, Phytophthora parasitica, P. ultimum<br />
attacks by either inducing local protection or triggering<br />
systemic resistance.<br />
851 - Selection <strong>of</strong> baiting materials for Phytophthora<br />
palmivora (Butler) Butler., the causal agent <strong>of</strong> coconut<br />
nut falling disease<br />
S. Likhitekaraj * & W. Ouvanich<br />
Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Chatuchuk, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.<br />
Coconut nut falling disease is caused by Phytophthora<br />
palmivora (Butler) Butler. A serious outbreak <strong>of</strong> this<br />
disease was found on 'Yellow Dwarf' cultivar <strong>of</strong> coconut<br />
grown at Surat Thani Rubber Research Center. Since P.<br />
palmivora is a soil-borne fungus, to isolate the fungus<br />
needs to apply baiting techniques to trap the fungus from<br />
the soil. Leaves <strong>of</strong> nine crop plant species, namely<br />
pararubber, cacao, citrus, durian, c<strong>of</strong>fee. Black pepper, oil<br />
palm, and coconut cvs. 'yellow Dwarf' and F1 Hybrid<br />
Sawee I. The leaves were immersed in the zoospore<br />
suspension for 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours. It was found the leaves<br />
<strong>of</strong> all tested plant species excluding pararubber could trap<br />
up to 95% <strong>of</strong> the fungal spores when immersed in the<br />
zoospore suspension for 24 hr. An experiment was<br />
conducted to study on the optimum duration <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
existiance in the soil to be best baited by using cacao<br />
leaves. Among 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days <strong>of</strong> the durations,<br />
it was found that 90% <strong>of</strong> the fungus could be trapped from<br />
the soil at 60-days duration. Suitable methods in using<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> nine plant species to bait P. palmivora from the<br />
soil was also performed. The three methods include placing<br />
the leaves on the soil surface, placing the leaves one inch<br />
below the soil surface, and immersing the leaves in the<br />
infected soil suspension. The results revealed that<br />
immersing the leaves in the infected soil suspension was<br />
best in baiting the fungus from the soil.<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
852 - Inhibition <strong>of</strong> microconidia <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum var.<br />
vasinfectum with antibiotic substances from Bacillus<br />
subtilis strains<br />
R.N. Mannanov * & R.K. Sattarova<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Phytopathology and Plant Physiology,<br />
Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent 700140,<br />
Uzbekistan. - E-mail: abdukahar.kadyrov@syngenta.com<br />
Previously obtained results from comparative<br />
physiological, biochemical and antimicrobal investigation<br />
<strong>of</strong> endophyte and soil borne cultures <strong>of</strong> Bacillus subtilis N<br />
and 23 had allowed to suggest that both strains produce the<br />
same antibiotic substances active against cotton<br />
phytopathogens. To additionally prove the hypothesis, we<br />
carried out phase-contrast microscopy <strong>of</strong> phytopathogens'<br />
cells in the inhibition zone. The use <strong>of</strong> phase-contrast<br />
microscopy had shown inhibitory effect <strong>of</strong> antibiotic<br />
substances from 23 and N strains <strong>of</strong> B. subtilis on growth<br />
<strong>of</strong> microconidia which was different depending on the<br />
diffusion <strong>of</strong> antibiotic substances from the 0.5 cm well on<br />
agar in the centre with antibiotic filtrates from cultural<br />
liquids <strong>of</strong> B. subtilis strains towards edges <strong>of</strong> Petri dishes.<br />
Basing on the analysis <strong>of</strong> comparative influence <strong>of</strong> filtrates<br />
<strong>of</strong> 23 and N strains in the following dilutions: 1:1, 1:2, 1:4,<br />
1:9 and 1:99, we had systemized investigated microconidia<br />
<strong>of</strong> F. vasifectum by the character <strong>of</strong> inhibition to four<br />
conventional groups. Obtained results allowed to determine<br />
the unit <strong>of</strong> biological activity <strong>of</strong> filtrates <strong>of</strong> 23 and N strains<br />
which was equal to 85 mg <strong>of</strong> extracted antibiotic<br />
substances, whereas 1 ml <strong>of</strong> filtrates <strong>of</strong> each strain<br />
contained 11.8 units <strong>of</strong> antibiotic activity. Further<br />
experiments will be directed on studies <strong>of</strong> mechanisms <strong>of</strong><br />
biological action <strong>of</strong> antibiotics produced by 23 and N<br />
strains on cells <strong>of</strong> different groups <strong>of</strong> fungal and bacterial<br />
microorganisms.<br />
853 - Bee pollen as a substrate for fungal development<br />
and mycotoxin production<br />
R. Mateo 1* , G. González 2 , J.M. Sáez 2 , A. Medina 2 , A.<br />
Llorens 2 & M. Jiménez 2<br />
1<br />
Unidad de Analisis de Sanidad Animal (Conselleria de<br />
Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación), Av. Manuel Soto 18,<br />
2<br />
E-46024, Valencia, Spain. - Departamento de<br />
Microbiologia y Ecología (Univ. de Valencia, Dr. Moliner<br />
50, E-46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
rufino.mateo@uv.es<br />
Pollen is a basic food for bee larvae development due to its<br />
high content <strong>of</strong> proteins, which contain all the amino acids.<br />
Pollen also contains minerals, vitamins, enzymes, growth<br />
regulators, fatty and organic acids and flavonoids. It is<br />
considered by the FAO a source <strong>of</strong> essential nutrients for<br />
the daily intake. Pollen consumption has increased in the<br />
last years as a diet complement in cases <strong>of</strong> fatigue,<br />
undernourishment and in vegetarian diets. Bees gather<br />
pollen in flowers, mix it with honey and nectar to make<br />
256<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
pellets and carry it to the beehive to serve as a food for<br />
larvae. Beekeepers catch pollen in traps put at the hive<br />
entry. Pollen remains in traps for some time, then it is taken<br />
and carried to stores where it is cleaned, fumigated, stored<br />
and marketed. During this stage pollen can be<br />
contaminated by several fungal species, among them those<br />
that are mycotoxin producers. We have evaluated for the<br />
first time the capacity <strong>of</strong> bee pollen to serve as a substrate<br />
for the development <strong>of</strong> Fusarium and Aspergillus species<br />
that are potential producers <strong>of</strong> zearalenone,<br />
deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and aflatoxins. The levels <strong>of</strong><br />
the mycotoxins produced in pollen have been determined<br />
and a comparative study between pollen and other<br />
especially susceptible substrates, like cereal grains has<br />
been made. The results obtained point out that the toxin<br />
levels found in pollen are significantly higher than those<br />
produced by the same isolates in cereal grains under the<br />
same incubation conditions.<br />
854 - Analysis <strong>of</strong> gene expression in targeted infection<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> obligate parasites, Blumeria graminis f. sp.<br />
hordai by intracellular RT-PCR<br />
Y. Matsuda * , T. Nonomura & H. Toyoda<br />
Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi<br />
Nara 631-8505, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
ymatsuda@nara.kindai.ac.jp<br />
To detect specific mRNAs in postinfectional differentiation<br />
<strong>of</strong> obligate fungal parasites Blumeria graminis f. sp.<br />
hordai, we applied an intracellular RT-PCR to conidia<br />
inoculated onto barley coleoptile epidermis. The RT-PCR<br />
primers for target genes were constructed using a EST<br />
library <strong>of</strong> powdery-mildewed Italian ryeglass leaves. In the<br />
present study, the chitin synthase gene (chs1) was used as a<br />
target gene expressed specifically during the differentiation<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal infection structures. The primers were<br />
constructed on the base <strong>of</strong> nucleotide sequences between<br />
translation and 3'-untranslation regions. The first strand<br />
cDNA was conducted in the fungal structures (conidia,<br />
appressoria and secondary hyphae) by microinjecting the<br />
reaction mixture (primers, reverse transcriptase, rTaq<br />
polymerase and dNTPs) and subsequently amplified by<br />
PCR using the primers amplifying the internal region <strong>of</strong> the<br />
chs1. The nucleotide sequence <strong>of</strong> the amplified DNA was<br />
determined and confirmed to be consistent with the chs1<br />
gene <strong>of</strong> B. graminis f. sp. hordai. Thus, the present work<br />
provides a new molecular tool for analyzing gene<br />
expression during the differentiation process <strong>of</strong> infection<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> obligate fungal pathogens, especially<br />
emphasizing that cell-specific gene expression in<br />
individual infection structures <strong>of</strong> the pathogen can be<br />
monitored with respect to host and parasite interactions.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
855 - Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the occurrence <strong>of</strong> toxigenic fungi in<br />
barley and malt in Spain<br />
A. Medina 1 , M. Jiménez 1 , J.M. Sáez 1 , M.J. Hinojo 1 & R.<br />
Mateo 2*<br />
1<br />
Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología (Univ. de<br />
Valencia), Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100, Burjasot, Valencia,<br />
2<br />
Spain. - Unidad de Análisis de Sanidad Animal<br />
(Conselleria de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación), Av.<br />
Manuel Soto 18, E-46024, Valencia, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
rufino.mateo@uv.es<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> some fungal species in malt produced from<br />
contaminated barley may pose health risks due to the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins. The predominant mycobiota can<br />
vary due to several factors, including barley growing<br />
location or climatic conditions. Heavy fungal<br />
contamination can affect the malting process, the malt<br />
quality and final beer attributes, but the presence <strong>of</strong> some<br />
fungal species requires especial attention due to the<br />
unacceptable risk <strong>of</strong> mycotoxin contamination in barley<br />
and malt. In Spain there is little information about the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> mycotoxin-producing species in barley and<br />
malt destined to breweries. The potential mycotoxinproducing<br />
mycobiota occurring in barley and malt taken in<br />
Spanish breweries and stores is studied in this work. The<br />
nature and extent <strong>of</strong> fungal contamination were performed<br />
using direct plating techniques with different culture<br />
media. After the incubation period, fungal colonies were<br />
examined, identified and transferred to appropriate culture<br />
media for mycotoxin production. The results show that<br />
both barley and malt were contaminated at different levels<br />
with Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium. Other fungi<br />
such as Alternaria and Cladosporium were found but their<br />
frequencies were significantly lower than those reported in<br />
other countries. Various fungal species involved in the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins<br />
were found whereas species implicated in production <strong>of</strong><br />
other mycotoxins showed low occurrence level.<br />
856 - Fungi <strong>of</strong> indoor environs <strong>of</strong> occupational<br />
importance in India: Are they significant in causing<br />
allergy<br />
J.K. Misra<br />
<strong>Mycological</strong> Research Unit, Sri J.N.P.G. College, Botany<br />
Department, Sri J. N. P. G. College, Lucknow-226001,<br />
India. - E-mail: jitrachravi@sify.com<br />
Occupational environs such as cobbler's shops, ginneries,<br />
flour and sawmills were surveyed for their fungi suspended<br />
in the air. Forty fungal forms were recovered from cobbler<br />
shops. The flora <strong>of</strong> the cobbler shops was dominated by<br />
Aspergilli. Some fungal forms tested for their allergenic<br />
behaviour showed positive reactions among the patients in<br />
varying degrees. From the ginneries only 17 fungi were<br />
isolated but their load in the environment was very high.<br />
Almost 50% <strong>of</strong> the workers <strong>of</strong> the ginneries interviewed<br />
had allergenic and respiratory disorders. But no testing<br />
could be done for the fungi from the ginneries. Forty-one<br />
fungi were isolated from flourmills while fifty from<br />
sawmills. No significant variation was noted between the<br />
indoor and outdoor fungal flora <strong>of</strong> flour and sawmills.<br />
Spores <strong>of</strong> various fungi were also observed through the<br />
samplers in varying frequencies. In these environs too<br />
Aspergilli dominated the flora. Thus, at all the places<br />
surveyed, species <strong>of</strong> the genus Aspergillus were the<br />
dominant ones. Aspergillus flavus, however, was greater in<br />
occurrence in flourmills than saw mills. Distribution and<br />
dominance <strong>of</strong> fungal forms were correlated with ecological<br />
factors and the nature <strong>of</strong> occupation. Most <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
forms were found to have allergenic potentialites.<br />
857 - Fungi, paper materials and preservation<br />
conditions<br />
A. Montemartini 1* & V. Salvo 2<br />
1 DIP.TE.RIS. sect. Botanical, C.so Dogali 1M -cod 16136,<br />
Italy. - 2 DIP.TE.RIS. University <strong>of</strong> Genoa, C.so Europa 26<br />
- cod 16132, Italy. - E-mail: amontem@unige.it<br />
In several libraries and museums <strong>of</strong> Genoa, in which the<br />
thermohygrometric conditions were not optimum to the<br />
preservation, were found on books and maps mouldy spots.<br />
The determinations pointed out some species widespread in<br />
Genoa and moulds correlated to the micro-environmental<br />
conditions <strong>of</strong> the surrounding. In fact on eleven species,<br />
that were analysed in the library inside the Botanical<br />
Garden, ten were soil fungi whereas smaller amount was<br />
found in a book-warehouse located in a built-up area. The<br />
fungal species could be introduced by frequenters <strong>of</strong> near<br />
gardens and this species could grow with suitable<br />
conditions. Therefore this suggest limit the entry <strong>of</strong> people<br />
or at least to avoid they to introduce spores. In addition<br />
some books and maps showed rusty-red spots <strong>of</strong> foxing: a<br />
typical paper infection. Twenty paper samples <strong>of</strong> different<br />
centuries were examined to devise a no destructive method<br />
for taking samples from spots <strong>of</strong> museum's maps. The<br />
stains were examined by fluorescence and was checked<br />
that colonies no develop from areas without fluorescence<br />
therefore samples were taken using swabs from spots<br />
fluorescent. Moreover was proved that on the spots not<br />
clearly visible by naked eyes defined 'discoloring', but<br />
fluorescent, develop fungi if placed in humidity chamber.<br />
We should recommend the early identification <strong>of</strong><br />
'discoloring' by fluorescence in order to arrange suitable<br />
thermohygrometric conditions for preventing development<br />
<strong>of</strong> infection.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 257
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
858 - Specific toxigenic, biological and molecular traits<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Gibberella moniliformis (Fusarium verticillioides)<br />
population from banana<br />
A. Moretti 1* , G. Mulè 1 , A. Susca 1 , M.T. González-Jaén 2 &<br />
A. Logrieco 1<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Science <strong>of</strong> Food Production (CNR), Viale<br />
Einaudi, 51, 70125, Bari, Italy. - 2 Faculdad de Biologia.<br />
Departamento de Genética. UCM, Avenida Complutense,<br />
s/n, Madrid, Spain. - E-mail: moretti@area.ba.cnr.it<br />
Gibberella fujikuroi includes at least 8 mating populations<br />
(MP), corresponding to biological species. Each MP<br />
generally possess a specific toxicological pr<strong>of</strong>ile and a<br />
preferential host. Fusarium verticillioides and F.<br />
thapsinum, anamorphs <strong>of</strong> MPs A (G. moniliformis) and F<br />
(G. thapsina), shared the identical morphological traits, but<br />
they have a different preferential host (maize and sorghum)<br />
and only members <strong>of</strong> MP A can produce fumonisins.<br />
Strains morphologically identified as F. verticillioides were<br />
isolated from banana fruits, analysed for fumonisin<br />
production, none being a producer, and crossed by tester<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> MPs A and F. Although they produced fertile<br />
perithecia <strong>of</strong> MP A, time for obtaining perithecia and size<br />
<strong>of</strong> them differed significantly from usual fertile crosses<br />
among strains from maize. Pathogenicity tests with both<br />
banana and maize strains were also performed on banana<br />
fruits showing higher ability <strong>of</strong> strains isolated from<br />
banana to cause infection. Finally, banana and maize<br />
strains were compared by using AFLP and sequence <strong>of</strong><br />
IGS, ITSs and calmodulin regions, allowing to split in two<br />
different clusters. Finally, strains <strong>of</strong> MP A from banana<br />
showed peculiar traits in toxin production, pathogenicity<br />
and molecular pr<strong>of</strong>iles. This could reflect important<br />
differences in ecology and natural history and triggers<br />
further investigations on the mechanisms <strong>of</strong> toxin<br />
production and pathogenicity in the same MP. Support <strong>of</strong><br />
EU Fifth Framework (Detox fungi QLK1-CT-1999-<br />
001380).<br />
859 - Gnomonia fragariae - a causal agent <strong>of</strong> strawberry<br />
root and crown rot in Latvia<br />
I. Morocko 1* , J. Fatehi 2 & B. Gerhardson 2<br />
1 Pure Horticultural Research Station, Abavas 2, Pure, LV-<br />
3124, Latvia. - 2 Plant Pathology&Biocontrol Unit, SLU,<br />
P.O. Box 7035, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
pures_dis@tukums.parks.lv<br />
In a survey on possible causes for an observed ongoing<br />
decreased productivity <strong>of</strong> strawberry plantations in Latvia<br />
about 200 severely stunted and wilted strawberry plants<br />
from 16 plantations were assessed for fungal root rot<br />
pathogens. An <strong>of</strong>ten encountered, and also the most clearly<br />
pathogenic fungus isolated was identified as Gnomonia<br />
fragariae. Agar plating on PDA and PCA were used for<br />
isolation and identification, based on morphological<br />
characters. Isolates <strong>of</strong> this pathogen have so far been<br />
258<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
obtained from five fields in three locations. It was isolated<br />
from roots and crowns <strong>of</strong> stunted plants, showing wilt,<br />
reddish color in the older leaves and crown necrosis.<br />
Pathogenicity was confirmed using a detached leaf assay<br />
where wounded and unwounded leaves <strong>of</strong> the strawberry<br />
cultivar 'Honeoye' were inoculated by agar plugs with<br />
fungal colonies. Clear necrotic lesions were observed<br />
around agar plugs 2-3 days after inoculation on wounded<br />
leaves, and after 3-4 days on unwounded leaves. After few<br />
weeks the fungus also formed perithecia with long necks<br />
on infected leaves. The fungus was re-isolated from surface<br />
sterilized infected tissues. Based on the results obtained we<br />
conclude that Gnomonia fragariae is an important<br />
pathogen in strawberry root rot complex in Latvia and this<br />
respect also is <strong>of</strong> great economic importance.<br />
860 - Population dynamics and mycotoxin production <strong>of</strong><br />
filamentous fungi in winter wheat grown in different<br />
tillage systems in eastern Germany<br />
M. Mueller<br />
Center for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research<br />
(ZALF), Institute <strong>of</strong> Primary Production and Microbial<br />
Ecology, Eberswalder Str.84, D-15374 Müncheberg,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: mmueller@zalf.de<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> different wheat cultivation systems on<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora in wheat plants during the vegetation period<br />
from April to the harvest in August was investigated in<br />
long time field trials. Systems with silage maize or potatoes<br />
as preciding crops and conservation soil tillage with<br />
cultivator or conventional soil tillage with plough were<br />
compared concerning the population dynamics <strong>of</strong><br />
filamentous fungi and the mycotoxin accumulation in<br />
plants or in harvested kernels. Special attention was given<br />
to the widely distributed genera Fusarium and Alternaria.<br />
Many species <strong>of</strong> them are plant-pathogens and able to<br />
synthesize toxic metabolites: trichothecenes and<br />
zearalenone by Fusarium species and alternariols and<br />
tenuazonic acid by Alternaria spp. Alternaria toxins were<br />
determined by reversed phase HPLC with fluorescence or<br />
DAD detection. The Fusarium toxins were analysed by<br />
means <strong>of</strong> ELISA test kits. The four different cultivation<br />
variants showed similar quantitative fungal colonization<br />
with an increase <strong>of</strong> the total fungal population during<br />
vegetation period. At each sampling date, the plants grown<br />
in conservation soil tillage with maize as preceding crop<br />
had the greater population <strong>of</strong> the genera Fusarium and<br />
Alternaria. In some cases Fusarium toxins were already<br />
analysed in wheat ears six weeks before the harvest<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> the tillage system. Alternaria toxins were<br />
only rarely detected in all variants. The influence <strong>of</strong> abiotic<br />
driving factors (temperature, rain fall) is discussed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
861 - Monitoring <strong>of</strong> compost-derived volatiles in the<br />
surrounding <strong>of</strong> composting facilities<br />
T. Müller, G. Fischer * , R. Thißen, S. Braun & W. Dott<br />
Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine,<br />
University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074<br />
Aachen, Germany. - E-mail: Guido.Fischer@post.rwthaachen.de<br />
Composting plants are known to emit malodorous<br />
compounds due to microbial activity. The objective <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study was to evaluate the emission <strong>of</strong> (M)VOC and their<br />
occurrence in the surrounding <strong>of</strong> composting plants. Data<br />
on the amount <strong>of</strong> windblown losses <strong>of</strong> malodorous<br />
compounds should be obtained. The spectrum <strong>of</strong> (M)VOC<br />
was compared with those <strong>of</strong> fungal cultures on compost as<br />
substrate in laboratory experiments. Samples were analysed<br />
by thermal desorption and GC/MS. Sampling locations<br />
were set up in downwind direction in distances <strong>of</strong> 50 m up<br />
to 800 m from the composting plants, and within these.<br />
Three compost plants varying in the annual turnover and<br />
type <strong>of</strong> process engineering were investigated. Laboratory<br />
experiments were carried out to characterise the speciesspecific<br />
production <strong>of</strong> (M)VOC by micr<strong>of</strong>ungi. (M)VOC<br />
were detected in distances up to 800 m, but the amount did<br />
not seem to be correlated with the type <strong>of</strong> process<br />
engineering, but rather with the activity within the<br />
facilities. The occurrence <strong>of</strong> (M)VOC coincided with the<br />
sensory perception <strong>of</strong> typical compost-odour on the<br />
sampling locations and increased numbers <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>ungi in<br />
the air. Emission <strong>of</strong> (M)VOCs during composting cannot<br />
be avoided even if more sophisticated techniques <strong>of</strong><br />
process engineering are used. It turned out that detection <strong>of</strong><br />
certain VOC may be used as indicator for the occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
plant-related emissions <strong>of</strong> bioaerosols including micr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
in the surrounding <strong>of</strong> composting plants.<br />
862 - Fungal diseases <strong>of</strong> cultivated mushrooms in<br />
Armenia<br />
S.G. Nanagulyan 1* & A.G. Yesayan 2<br />
1 Yerevan State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
A.Manoogyan str.1, Yerevan, 375025, Armenia. - 2 Yerevan<br />
State University, Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Nature<br />
protection, A.Manoogyan str.1, Yerevan, 375025, Armenia.<br />
- E-mail: snanagulyan@ysu.am<br />
Nowadays only two species - Agaricus bisporus and<br />
Pleurotus ostreatus - are cultivated in special cultivated<br />
areas in Armenia. In this report we are providing<br />
summarized information about cultivated areas <strong>of</strong> Armenia,<br />
data about inspection <strong>of</strong> some cultivated areas, and<br />
information concerning detection and occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
mushroom diseases in these areas. We have collected all<br />
possible data from various governmental and private<br />
organizations about mushrooms cultivated areas in<br />
different regions <strong>of</strong> Armenia. We have interviewed the<br />
local population concerning approaches to the cultivation,<br />
for example the carpophores <strong>of</strong> Agaricus bisporus were<br />
infected mostly by Wet Bubble Disease (Mycogone<br />
perniciosa), which has been recorded in very severe form.<br />
The percentage <strong>of</strong> infected areas was very high,<br />
approximately 80-90%. The preliminary examination has<br />
shown that now the small scale mushrooms' farms are<br />
attacked by several species <strong>of</strong> moulds and bacteria:<br />
Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus; Papulospora<br />
byssina; Chaetomium olivaceum; agaricoid fungi from<br />
genera Coprinus; Pseudomonas tolaasii, Dactylium<br />
dendroides. The results <strong>of</strong> investigation show that these<br />
diseases are observed <strong>of</strong>ten in the farms with insufficient<br />
ventilation, increased air and compost humidity,<br />
infringement <strong>of</strong> compost preparation technology, overuse<br />
<strong>of</strong> nitrogen fertilizers, wrong pasterization. New<br />
approaches to the investigation and further theoretical<br />
study in this field are required.<br />
863 - Anti-fungal activity <strong>of</strong> natural preservatives from<br />
plant extracts depends on the application method<br />
P.V. Nielsen * & K.I. Suhr<br />
BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: pvn@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
Antimicrobials from species and herbs are interesting<br />
alternatives to traditional preservatives, as they may act<br />
through the gas phase and have complementary<br />
antimicrobial spectra. Traditionally antimicrobial<br />
compounds are either added to the product or applied on<br />
the surface. For foods like bread and cheese addition to the<br />
packaging gas may be more effective. Ten plant essential<br />
oils were investigated by addition either 1) directly to a rye<br />
bread media or 2) to the surface or 3) as volatiles to the<br />
packaging atmosphere. Oils were from: bay, cinnamon<br />
leaf, clove, lemongrass, mustard, orange, sage, thyme and<br />
rosemary (two formulations). Test organisms were the<br />
common bread spoilage fungi Penicillium roqueforti, P.<br />
corylophilum, Erotium repens, Aspergillus flavus and<br />
Endomyces fibuliger. Smaller volatile compounds, such as<br />
allyl isothiocyanate, limonene, (and citral), were most<br />
efficient when applied through the gas-phase, whereas<br />
larger phenolic compounds, such as thymol and eugenol,<br />
worked better in direct contact, e.g.100 times more allyl<br />
isothiocyanate had to be added to the media to get the same<br />
effect as observed through gas phase addition. The optimal<br />
mixture <strong>of</strong> essential oils on the surface varied by the total<br />
amount added. A combination <strong>of</strong> cinnamon bark and lemon<br />
grass gave the best results. These results showed that<br />
application method is crucial and that, for active packaging<br />
applications, small highly volatile compounds are most<br />
interesting.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 259
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
864 - Simultaneous detection <strong>of</strong> GFP- and GUS-marked<br />
fungi <strong>of</strong> different formae speciales <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
oxysporum on plant roots<br />
T. Nonomura * , Y. Matsuda & H. Toyoda<br />
Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi<br />
Nara 631-8505, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
nonomura@nara.kindai.ac.jp<br />
In our attempt to visualize infection behavior <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
wilt pathogens inoculated onto plant roots, the fungi were<br />
genetically marked with two reporter genes. F. oxysporum<br />
f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and F. o. f. sp. melonis (FOM)<br />
were transformed with the green fluorescence protein gene<br />
(GFP) and the β-glucuronidase gene (GUS), respectively.<br />
In the present study, we focused mainly on the attachment<br />
and subsequent hyphal elongation by microconidia<br />
inoculated onto roots <strong>of</strong> tomato and melon seedling. In<br />
addition, we attempted to directly distinguish different<br />
formae speciales <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum onto the same plant roots<br />
by expression <strong>of</strong> different marker genes. Microconidia <strong>of</strong><br />
GFP-marked FOL (KFOL-001) and GUS-marked FOM<br />
(KFOM-002) were inoculated onto roots <strong>of</strong> cotyledonal<br />
seedlings, and inoculated roots were first observed under a<br />
fluorescence microscope to detect KFOL-001 and then<br />
stained with X-gluc (substrate for GUS assay) to detect<br />
KFOM-002 under a light microscope. Consequently, both<br />
transformed pathogens could be clearly distinguished at the<br />
same site <strong>of</strong> inoculation. These results suggest that dual<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum is useful for analyzing<br />
behavior <strong>of</strong> nonpathogenic F. oxysporum challengeinoculated<br />
with pathogenic F. oxysporum.<br />
865 - Biscogniauxia and Daldinia; latent pathogens <strong>of</strong><br />
deciduous trees<br />
L.K. Nugent * , G.P. Sharples & A.J.S. Whalley<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biomoleculr Sciences, Liverpool John Moores<br />
University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
beslnuge@livjm.ac.uk<br />
Biscogniauxia Kuntze and Daldinia Ces. and De Not. are<br />
two wood inhabiting xylariaceous genera. Biscogniauxia<br />
species are frequently linked with canker diseases in<br />
stressed hosts e.g. B. mediterranea causes coal canker in<br />
Quercus suber (cork oak) and B. nummularia canker in<br />
Fagus (beech) while D. concentrica (Bolt. ex. Fr.) causes<br />
calico wood in Fraxinus (ash). Studies on ascospore<br />
germination and development <strong>of</strong> the anamorphs in culture<br />
in response to host extracts is presented. Biscogniauxia<br />
nummularia and Daldinia concentrica. have been isolated<br />
from their respective host leaves and branches and there are<br />
frequency <strong>of</strong> isolation maybe linked to ascospore<br />
production. The presence <strong>of</strong> Daldinia in leaves and in<br />
wood has been investigated microscopically, chemically<br />
and by molecular techniques, in addition to traditional<br />
isolation techniques following surface sterilisation. The<br />
260<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
presence <strong>of</strong> latent pathogens and their relationship to stress<br />
<strong>of</strong> the host is presented. Experimentation on conditions<br />
leading to the latent invasion and subsequent development<br />
<strong>of</strong> teliomorphs are being undertaken in both field and<br />
laboratory.<br />
866 - Establishment <strong>of</strong> the first Karnal Bunt testing<br />
laboratory in South Africa<br />
O.M. O'Brien, I.H. Rong * & E.J. van der Linde<br />
ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag<br />
X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.<br />
The fungal wheat disease Tilletia indica, commonly known<br />
as Karnal Bunt (KB), was detected in a limited area <strong>of</strong> one<br />
<strong>of</strong> South Africa's wheat producing regions during 1999.<br />
Aimed at managing T. indica, a national survey to<br />
determine the occurrence <strong>of</strong> the disease was initiated by the<br />
Directorate Plant, Health and Quality, National Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture. To this end, the Mycology Unit, ARC-Plant<br />
Protection Research Institute, Pretoria was tasked with<br />
setting up a laboratory for the analyses <strong>of</strong> seed and grain<br />
samples. Due consideration was given to the geographical<br />
distance <strong>of</strong> the laboratory from the main wheat producing<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> the country. The KB protocol, as recommended by<br />
the USDA/APHIS, was followed with some adaptations.<br />
Analyses were conducted for two consecutive years,<br />
providing valuable experience in managing a quarantine<br />
analytical facility <strong>of</strong> this nature. Protocols and procedures<br />
representing different phases <strong>of</strong> the process were devised<br />
for each workstation. These phases included: reception and<br />
registering <strong>of</strong> samples, sub-sampling, washing and sieving,<br />
centrifuging and preparing <strong>of</strong> microscope slides, detection<br />
<strong>of</strong> T. indica, data processing and reporting, and waste<br />
management. Laboratory procedures, problems<br />
encountered and the development <strong>of</strong> novel techniques, as<br />
well as the management and maintenance <strong>of</strong> the quarantine<br />
facility, are discussed.<br />
867 - Aflatoxins in the weaning food <strong>of</strong> Kenyan children<br />
S.A. Okoth<br />
Botany Department, University <strong>of</strong> Nairobi, P. O. Box<br />
30197, Nairobi, Kenya. - E-mail: dorisokoth@yahoo.com<br />
Cereal grains run a high risk <strong>of</strong> mycotoxin contamination<br />
yet they form the basis <strong>of</strong> gruels used in weaning children<br />
in Kenya. To these grains (maize, sorghum, millet)<br />
supplements such as cassava, groundnuts, beans, and fish<br />
are added and ground together, depending on the means<br />
and education <strong>of</strong> the parents. Among the mycotoxins,<br />
aflatoxins have been implicated in human diseases,<br />
including kwashiorkor. Sampling for aflatoxin<br />
contamination was done in Kisumu District, Kenya, an area<br />
with high relative humidity and temperatures, high<br />
incidence <strong>of</strong> kwashiorkor and the highest prevalence <strong>of</strong><br />
absolute poverty, 63%, in the country. A total <strong>of</strong> 180
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
samples <strong>of</strong> the weaning flour were collected from Winam<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Kisumu District, Kenya. These samples were<br />
analysed for aflatoxins in order to find out whether there<br />
exists a relationship between the high incidence <strong>of</strong><br />
kwashiorkor and aflatoxin contamination. The samples<br />
were analysed by thin layer chromatography. Fifty two<br />
samples (29%) were positive for aflatoxins (concentration<br />
range 2-82 µg/kg), some exceeding the advisory limit. This<br />
indicates that aflatoxin is likely to present a major health<br />
hazard to weaned children in this part <strong>of</strong> Kenya.<br />
868 - Prevention <strong>of</strong> ochratoxin A in cereals - an EU<br />
project within Quality <strong>of</strong> Life and Management <strong>of</strong><br />
Living Resources<br />
M. Olsen 1* , N. Jonsson 2 , N. Magan 3 , J. Banks 4 , C. Fanelli 5 ,<br />
A. Rizzo 6 , A. Haikara 7 , A. Dobson 8 , J.C. Frisvad 9 , S.<br />
Holmes 10 , E. Pajunen 11 , S.-J. Persson 12 & A. Jonsson 13<br />
1<br />
National Food Administration, PO Box 622, SE-751 26<br />
Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 Swedish Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural and<br />
Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 7033, SE-750 07,<br />
Sweden. - 3 Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield<br />
University, Barton Road, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT,<br />
U.K. - 4 Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York<br />
YO41 1LZ, U.K. - 5 Laboratorio di Micologia, Università<br />
"La Sapienza", Largo Cristina di Svezia 24, I-00165 Roma,<br />
Italy. - 6 National Veterinary and Food Res. Inst., P.O. Box<br />
45, FIN-00581, Helsinki, Finland. - 7 VTT Biotechnology,<br />
P.O. Box 1500, FIN-02044 Espoo, Finland. -<br />
8<br />
Microbiology Department, University College Cork,<br />
National University <strong>of</strong> Ireland, Cork, Ireland. -<br />
9<br />
BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark,<br />
Building 221, Sølt<strong>of</strong>ts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - 10 ADGEN Ltd, Nellies Gate, Auchincruive, Ayr<br />
KA6 5HW, U.K. -<br />
11 Oy Panimolaboratorio-<br />
Bryggerilaboratorium AB, P.O. Box 16, FIN-02150 Espoo,<br />
Finland. - 12 Akron Maskiner, SE-531 04 Järpås, Sweden. -<br />
13 Svenska Lantmännen, Östra hamnen, SE-531 87<br />
Lidköping, Sweden. - E-mail: mool@slv.se<br />
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin <strong>of</strong> considerable<br />
concern for human health and is classified as a possible<br />
human carcinogen. Cereals normally account for 50-80%<br />
<strong>of</strong> average consumer intake <strong>of</strong> OTA. Consequently,<br />
prevention <strong>of</strong> OTA formation by specific moulds in cereals<br />
would have a significant impact on levels <strong>of</strong> human<br />
exposure. The aim <strong>of</strong> this multidisciplinary project is to<br />
identify the key elements in an effective HACCP<br />
programme for OTA in cereals, and provide tools for<br />
preventative and control procedures. The project includes<br />
the whole food chain from field to the final processed<br />
product. The project objectives are divided into 4 different<br />
tasks, all important steps in a HACCP managing<br />
programme for ochratoxin A in cereals. Task 1:<br />
Identification <strong>of</strong> the critical control points (CCP). The<br />
ochratoxin producing species are being identified and<br />
characterised in order to identify the sources <strong>of</strong><br />
contamination. Task 2: Establishment <strong>of</strong> critical limits for<br />
the CCP's. New knowledge concerning the microbial<br />
ecology <strong>of</strong> the ochratoxin producing species is provided<br />
and critical limits are being specified. Task 3: Developing<br />
rapid monitoring methods. Rapid detection methods for<br />
ochratoxin A and for the producing fungi are being<br />
developed. Task 4: Establish corrective actions. Reduction<br />
during cereal processing (milling etc) and during malting<br />
and brewing, is being investigated.<br />
869 - Biological efficacy <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma harzianum<br />
against wilt disease <strong>of</strong> sugarcane<br />
W. Ouvanich<br />
Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Paholyothin Road, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,<br />
Thailand. - E-mail: wantanee@doa.go.th<br />
Biocontrol efficacy <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma harzianum isolate Th1<br />
and Th2, against sugarcane wilt disease caused by<br />
Fusarium subglutinans and Cephalosporium sacchari were<br />
determined. Result from pot experiment show that both<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> T. harzianum were able to significantly reduced<br />
wilt pathogen population in soil and wilt infection<br />
percentage <strong>of</strong> sugarcane roots. Their effect on wilt disease<br />
has been further studied in field experiment. Each isolate <strong>of</strong><br />
T. harzianum was grown on sorghum seeds and then mixed<br />
the infested seeds with rice polish and manure. The mixture<br />
<strong>of</strong> each isolate <strong>of</strong> T. harzianum was applied to wilt<br />
pathogens infested field soils. Population <strong>of</strong> wilt pathogens<br />
in soil, percentage <strong>of</strong> infected root and yield <strong>of</strong> sugarcane<br />
were determined in all treatments. Population <strong>of</strong> wilt<br />
pathogens in infested field soil were significantly reduced<br />
by both T. harzianum Th1 (2.1 × 103 cfu/g soil ) and T.<br />
harzianum Th2 (2.8 × 103 cfu/g soil), as compare with<br />
control (5.5 × 103 cfu/g soil). Percentage <strong>of</strong> wilt infected<br />
root only was reduced by T. harzianum Th2 (20.4%).<br />
Significant difference in percentage <strong>of</strong> wilt infected root<br />
was not observed between T. harzianum Th1 (25.3%) and<br />
control (26.3%) treatments. Yield <strong>of</strong> sugarcane in T.<br />
harzianum Th2 treatment was also higher than in T.<br />
harzianum Th1 and control treatments. T. harzianum<br />
isolate Th2 has shown to be the effective biocontrol agent<br />
<strong>of</strong> wilt disease <strong>of</strong> sugarcane.<br />
870 - Natural flavonols fungitoxic to formae speciales <strong>of</strong><br />
Fusarium oxysporum pathogenic to some ornamentals<br />
C. Pasini * , P. Curir, G. Br<strong>of</strong>iga & F. D'Aquila<br />
Istituto Sperimentale per la Floricoltura, Corso Inglesi,<br />
508 - 18038 Sanremo (Im), Italy. - E-mail:<br />
difesa@istflori.it<br />
Three constitutive flavonols from as many carnation<br />
(Dianthus caryophyllus) cultivars, resistant to Fusarium<br />
oxysporum f. sp. dianthi pathotype 2, have been assayed,<br />
alone or in combination, against the six following formae<br />
speciales <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum affecting ornamental plants: f.<br />
sp.dianthi pathotypes 2 and 8, f. sp. asparagi, f. sp.<br />
ranunculi, f. sp.cyclaminis, f. sp. lilii. The fungitoxic effect<br />
was tested both as mycelial growth and as spore<br />
germination inhibition. The results show that some<br />
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constitutive flavonols <strong>of</strong> carnation are fungitoxic towards<br />
the tested fungal formae speciales. Besides other fungitoxic<br />
mechanisms, such as the mitochondrial oxidative<br />
phosphorylation inhibition, flavonols may be antifungal<br />
due to their ability to associate as polydentate ligands with<br />
pathogen proteins: only a low solubility ensures a strong<br />
association via phenolic groups, and the low soluble<br />
flavonol aglycones could be therefore more effective, as<br />
complexing agents, than the respective soluble glycosides.<br />
In effect, among the flavonol aglycones, the 4'methoxylated<br />
kaempferide was particularly effective, while<br />
the glycosylated forms were less active than the<br />
corresponding aglycones. The inhibitory activity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
assayed flavonols was different depending on the fungal<br />
forma specialis, and a common physiochemical basis to<br />
explain the effect <strong>of</strong> the tested compounds was not found.<br />
871 - Broad spectrum herbal antifungal active against<br />
onychomycosis<br />
M. Patra 1* , S.K. Shahi 1 , K.G. Singh 2 & A. Dikshit 1<br />
1<br />
Biological Product Lab, Botany Department, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Allahabad, Kuchery PO, PB No. 2026, Allahabad-211002,<br />
India. -<br />
2<br />
MLN Medical College, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Dermatology, Allahabad, India. - E-mail:<br />
patraindia@rediffmail.com<br />
During antifungal evaluation <strong>of</strong> some essential oils,<br />
Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. was found to be most<br />
effective antifungal. The minimum inhibitory<br />
concentrations were found 0.1 µl ml -1 against E. floccosum,<br />
T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and 0.4, 0.5 µl ml -1 against<br />
Candida albicans, Scytalidium dimidiatum respectively.<br />
The oil inhibited potency against heavy doses <strong>of</strong> inoculum<br />
at 1.0 µl ml -1 concentrations. The oil also have broad<br />
fungitoxic spectrum as it also killed some other fungi at the<br />
range <strong>of</strong> 0.1-1.0 µl ml -1 concentrations. Our tests proved<br />
that the oil did not cause any adverse effect on human nail<br />
as well as on skin upto 5 µl ml -1 concentration. Further, we<br />
have formulated the oil in the form <strong>of</strong> antifungal lotion and<br />
ointment (2 µl ml -1 ) and subjected to topical testing on<br />
patients attending Out Patient Department (OPD) <strong>of</strong><br />
M.L.N. Medical College, Allahabad. 10 patients were<br />
selected on the basis <strong>of</strong> KOH positive results and<br />
diagnosed as fungal nail infection. After 4th week <strong>of</strong><br />
treatment, 60% patients were mycological cure (KOH<br />
negative). At the end <strong>of</strong> 10th week, all patients cured<br />
mycologically. No KOH negative cases <strong>of</strong> relapse were<br />
observed when patients were re-examined after two months<br />
following the end <strong>of</strong> 10th weeks. Thus, the oil in the form<br />
<strong>of</strong> lotion can be exploited as commercially after<br />
undergoing successful multicenter clinical trials, which is<br />
in progress.<br />
262<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
872 - Microwave irradiation: a tool to improve the<br />
staining with fluorochromes <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus fumigatus<br />
conidia<br />
V. Prigione * & V. Filipello Marchisio<br />
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Università di Torino,<br />
viale Mattioli 25 - 10125 Torino, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
valeria.prigione@unito.it<br />
Fungal conidia are ubiquitous in the air, where they can be<br />
the major pollutant and sources <strong>of</strong> infections, allergic<br />
reactions and toxicoses. Microscopy is the only currently<br />
available method for evaluating the total load <strong>of</strong> fungus<br />
aerosol. This kind <strong>of</strong> analysis could be made easier by the<br />
use <strong>of</strong> fluorochromes but, unfortunately, propagules <strong>of</strong><br />
most fungi are not stainable or only a small percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
the total number fluoresce, owing to their resistant wall. In<br />
this study we tested the use <strong>of</strong> chemical and physical<br />
treatments, respectively oxidation by the use <strong>of</strong> sodium<br />
hypochlorite and microwave irradiation, to improve the<br />
staining <strong>of</strong> A. fumigatus conidia with six different<br />
fluorochromes. We calculated the percentage <strong>of</strong> stained<br />
conidia respect to the total ones, comparing the percentages<br />
obtained after each treatment with those <strong>of</strong> the treatment<br />
free samples (control samples). In the control samples<br />
percentage <strong>of</strong> stained conidia was always lower than 44%;<br />
only Auramine O gave higher percentage (99%). The<br />
treatment with sodium hypochlorite gave high percentages<br />
<strong>of</strong> stained conidia (up to 99% with DAPI) but more than<br />
30% <strong>of</strong> them were lost during the following two<br />
centrifugations required to remove the reagent. On the<br />
contrary microwave irradiation always gave percentages<br />
higher than 98% and did not require further treatment. In<br />
addition fluorescence intensity appeared enhanced, making<br />
easier the observations by epifluorescence microscopy.<br />
873 - Flow cytometry, a novel approach to quantitative<br />
assessment <strong>of</strong> airborne fungal propagules<br />
V. Prigione 1* , G. Lingua 2 & V. Filipello Marchisio 1<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale - Università degli Studi<br />
di Torino, viale Mattioli 25 - 10125 Torino, Italy. -<br />
2 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate Università<br />
del Piemonte Orientale, corso Borsalino 54 - 15100<br />
Alessandria, Italy. - E-mail: valeria.prigione@unito.it<br />
Current limitations in the methodology for enumeration <strong>of</strong><br />
airborne fungal propagules compromise the precision and<br />
accuracy <strong>of</strong> bioaerosol exposure assessment. Flow<br />
cytometry (FCM) is a tool with great potential for use in<br />
environmental microbiology because <strong>of</strong> the quantity and<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> data it provides in a timely fashion. There have<br />
been no reports <strong>of</strong> the application <strong>of</strong> FCM to the study <strong>of</strong><br />
airborne myc<strong>of</strong>lora. In this study, FCM was used to count<br />
fungal propagules in laboratory suspensions with<br />
concentrations ranging from 10 3 to 10 6 conidia/ml and in<br />
field samples collected by an impinger device. To verify<br />
the accuracy and the precision <strong>of</strong> this technique, fungal
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
propagules counts made by flow cytometry were compared<br />
with counts by direct observation using epifluorescence<br />
microscopy. Flow cytometric counts <strong>of</strong> laboratory<br />
suspensions were performed by the use <strong>of</strong> forward angle<br />
light scattering, a parameter related to particle size. Field<br />
samples were stained with propidium iodide after<br />
microwave irradiation, to discriminate the biological<br />
particles, while forward angle light scattering was used for<br />
identifying and counting fungal propagules population. A<br />
close agreement was found between FCM and<br />
epifluorescence microscopy counts.<br />
874 - A 6 methylsalicylic acid synthase (6MSAS)<br />
homologous gene isolated Byssochlamys nivea is<br />
expressed during patulin production<br />
O. Puel 1* , A. Foures 1 , R. Benaraba 1 , M. Delaforge 2 & P.<br />
Galtier 1<br />
1 I.N.R.A. Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie,<br />
180 Chemin de Tournefeuille BP3 31931 Toulouse cedex 9,<br />
France. - 2 CEA Saclay DSV/DRM/ SPI, Bat136, F91191<br />
Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France. - E-mail:<br />
opuel@toulouse.inra.fr<br />
The Byssochlamys nivea NRRL 2615 strain can produce<br />
mycophenolic acid and patulin. We used degenerate PCR<br />
primers matching a ketosynthase nucleotide motif for a<br />
RACE-PCR strategy and isolated a polyketide synthase<br />
gene from B. nivea. The deduced amino acid sequence<br />
(1778 residues) displays 74% identity with Penicillium<br />
patulum 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6MSAS). Two<br />
6MSAS homologous fragments located respectively on the<br />
5 and 3 extremities were isolated from the mycophenolic<br />
acid producer P. brevicompactum genome. After<br />
translation, these fragments display 87 and 93% identity<br />
with P. patulum 6MSAS. B. nivea and P. brevicompactum<br />
cultures were monitored for PKS transcription kinetics by<br />
RT-PCR. The B. nivea messenger is expressed throughout<br />
the first 10 days <strong>of</strong> culture with a maximum observed level<br />
between day 2 and 5. Using the HPLC/DAD and LC/MS,<br />
the patulin precursor 6- methylsalicylic acid (day1-5),<br />
patulin and mycophenolic acid (2-10) were detected in B.<br />
nivea cultures. On the other hand, the mycophenolic acid<br />
was detected in P. brevicompactum cultures, but not<br />
patulin and 6-methylsalicylic acid. The P. brevicompactum<br />
messenger was not expressed during culture. The B. nivea<br />
amino acid sequence does not contain any methyl<br />
transferase site required in the 5-methylorsellinic acid<br />
synthesis (first precursor mycophenolic acid). The results<br />
strongly support the identification <strong>of</strong> a new 6MSAS<br />
involved in patulin and not in acid mycophenolic acid<br />
synthesis in B. nivea.<br />
875 - Comparison <strong>of</strong> genotypes and pathobiological<br />
phenotypes <strong>of</strong> environmental and commensal isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
Candida albicans<br />
M.G. Quick 1 , J. Xu 2 , T.G. Mitchell 2 & D.E. Padgett 1*<br />
1<br />
Biology Dept., Univ. <strong>of</strong> NC at Wilmington, 601 S. College<br />
Rd. Wilmington, NC 28403, U.S.A. -<br />
2<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology and Immunology, Duke Univ., Medical<br />
Center, Durham, NC 27710, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
Padgett@uncwil.edu<br />
The patterns <strong>of</strong> genetic variation, production <strong>of</strong><br />
phospholipase, and growth rate were analyzed among 129<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> the human pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans.<br />
Two populations <strong>of</strong> C. albicans were studied: 71 strains<br />
were collected from aquatic sources and 58 control strains<br />
were isolated from oral samples <strong>of</strong> healthy human<br />
volunteers. The phenotypes and genotypes were compared<br />
to determine if environmental isolates represent a greater<br />
risk to human health than commensal isolates. Genetic<br />
analysis, which was performed by PCR fingerprinting,<br />
revealed these two populations were genetically similar and<br />
agree with previous studies based on codominant genetic<br />
markers that the population structure <strong>of</strong> C. albicans is<br />
predominately clonal. There was no difference in the<br />
percent <strong>of</strong> phospholipase positive cultures between the two<br />
populations. However, among the isolates that were<br />
positive for enzyme production, the commensal isolates<br />
secreted significantly more phospholipase than the<br />
environmental isolates. Growth rate studies revealed that<br />
the environmental isolates replicated at approximately the<br />
same rate, as did commensal isolates. The DNA genotypes<br />
and the phospholipase results also were similar for the<br />
environmental and commensal isolates.<br />
876 - Ultrastructure <strong>of</strong> pycnidial cells and<br />
conidiogenesis <strong>of</strong> Septoria hyperici in dead tissues <strong>of</strong><br />
host plant<br />
E. Rakhimova<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany & Phytointroduction, 36 D Timiryazev<br />
Str., Almaty, Kazakhstan. - E-mail: envirc@nursat.kz<br />
The techniques <strong>of</strong> light and electron microscopy were used<br />
to elucidate the details <strong>of</strong> pycnidial cells and conidium<br />
ontogeny in Septoria hyperici Desm., causal agent <strong>of</strong><br />
foliage disease (leaf blotch) <strong>of</strong> common St. John's wort<br />
(Hypericum perforatum L.). The pycnidia were present in<br />
the intercellular spaces <strong>of</strong> host leaf tissues. The wall <strong>of</strong><br />
subspherical pycnidium, visible under the light microscope,<br />
was composed <strong>of</strong> 1-3 layers <strong>of</strong> hyphae with normal<br />
structure. The hyphal cell protoplast was highly vacuolated,<br />
with well defined nucleus, numerous mitochondria,<br />
ribosomes, short cisternae <strong>of</strong> ER, and concentric bodies.<br />
Pycnidial wall septa had typical ascomycetous structure.<br />
The conidiophores with electron-dense cytosol, numerous<br />
mitochondria and large nucleus were found in inner layer<br />
<strong>of</strong> pycnidial wall. Conidiophores were less vacuolated, than<br />
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pycnidial cells. In the apical region <strong>of</strong> conidiophore<br />
numerous vesicles were found. Ontogeny <strong>of</strong> conidia was<br />
holoblastic. Contents <strong>of</strong> the conidiophore and conidium<br />
were continuous during migration <strong>of</strong> full complement <strong>of</strong><br />
organelles into conidial cell. Then a delimiting septum<br />
formed. Conidia were liberated schizolytically. Fusiform,<br />
septate conidia with numerous mitochondria, ribosomes<br />
and large lipid droplets were observed in the mucilagefilled<br />
central cavity <strong>of</strong> pycnidium. The conidium organelles<br />
were difficult to distinguish. Conidial wall consisted <strong>of</strong> two<br />
layers. The outer layer was moderately electron-dense wirg<br />
fibrillar surface.<br />
877 - Breeding <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus and Lentinula hybrids by<br />
pairings <strong>of</strong> neohaplonts for commercial cultivation<br />
R. Ramirez Carrillo * & H. Leal Lara<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Food Science and Biotechnology, 04510<br />
Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Copilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico.<br />
- E-mail: rebecarc@servidor.unam.mx<br />
Cultivation <strong>of</strong> Lentinula edodes is slow and rather<br />
inefficient and aggressive strains, able to grow on a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> substrates, like hybrids <strong>of</strong> Lentinula with<br />
Pleurotus is a promising option. Interspecies hybrids<br />
cannot be obtained by conventional breeding, they have<br />
been produced only by protoplasts fusion, but such hybrids<br />
are sterile and highly unstable. Dedikaryotization yields the<br />
2 monokaryotic components <strong>of</strong> a strain and it has been<br />
used for improving strains <strong>of</strong> the same species. Therefore,<br />
7 strains <strong>of</strong> Lentinula and 3 <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus were<br />
dedikaryotized, Lentinula neohaplonts were classified in 4<br />
incompatibility groups and Pleurotus neohaplonts were<br />
also classified in 4 groups. Surprisingly, matings <strong>of</strong><br />
neohaplonts <strong>of</strong> Lentinula and Pleurotus yielded 73 hybrids<br />
and only 5 negative pairings. From 19 hybrids cultivated<br />
on fermented straw, 2 produced fruit bodies with Lentinula<br />
morphology in the first flushes while 15 hybrids yielded<br />
Pleurotus morphology with BE around 160%. Parental<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> Lentinula and Pleurotus yielded fruit bodies with<br />
the typical morphology for each species; BE values were<br />
around 148 to 182% for Pleurotus and 24 to 261% for<br />
Lentinula. In the meiotic progeny from 3 hybrids, 4 mating<br />
types were present in 1:1:1:1 ratio (p 95%), confirming<br />
fertility <strong>of</strong> the hybrids and inheritance <strong>of</strong> tetrapolar<br />
heterothallic compatibility. Separation <strong>of</strong> these organisms<br />
into 2 different strains has to be reconsidered in view <strong>of</strong><br />
these results.<br />
878 - Influence <strong>of</strong> environmental factors and fungicides<br />
on growth and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium<br />
graminearum<br />
M.L Ramirez 1* , S.N. Chulze 2 & N. Magan 1<br />
1 Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Biotechnology<br />
Centre, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT,<br />
U.K. - 2 Dpto. Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Universidad<br />
Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Rio Cuarto,<br />
264<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Cordoba., Argentina. - E-mail:<br />
m.l.ramirez@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
The impact <strong>of</strong> five fungicides (prochloraz, propioconazole,<br />
epoxiconazole, tebuconazole and azoxystrobyn, 0.5-50<br />
ppm) on growth <strong>of</strong> F. graminearum was evaluated in<br />
relation to water activity (aW, 0.99, 0.97, 0.95) and<br />
temperature (15 and 25 °C) on wheat-based media (in<br />
vitro). All fungicides reduce growth rates when compared<br />
to the control, and this reduction increased as the fungicide<br />
concentration increased. In general, none <strong>of</strong> the isolates<br />
was able to grow in the presence <strong>of</strong> any fungicide at<br />
concentrations higher than 15 ppm, regardless <strong>of</strong> the<br />
a W/temperature regime. The same fungicides were used in a<br />
second study on wheat grain (in situ), in order to evaluate<br />
the effect <strong>of</strong> two concentrations (0.5 and 5 ppm), three a W<br />
levels (0.995, 0.99 and 0.97) and two temperatures (15 and<br />
25 °C) and their interaction on growth rate and<br />
deoxynivalenol (DON) production by F. graminearum. All<br />
fungicides showed inhibition <strong>of</strong> growth at both<br />
concentrations in most conditions. The fungicides tested<br />
were less effective on grain in controlling growth than in in<br />
vitro studies. All fungicides showed DON stimulation or<br />
reduction in at least one <strong>of</strong> the conditions assayed. Our<br />
results show that stimulation or reduction in DON<br />
production in the presence <strong>of</strong> fungicides is influenced by<br />
complex interactions between aW, temperature, fungicide<br />
concentration and time <strong>of</strong> incubation in both strains<br />
studied. Such information is critical for effective fungicide<br />
control <strong>of</strong> Fusarium head blight <strong>of</strong> wheat.<br />
879 - Relationship between osmotic and matric<br />
potential, growth and endogenous accumulation <strong>of</strong><br />
polyols and sugars in colonies <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
graminearum<br />
M.L Ramirez 1* , S.N. Chulze 2 & N. Magan 1<br />
1 Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Biotechnology<br />
Centre, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT,<br />
U.K. - 2 Dpto. Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Universidad<br />
Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Rio Cuarto,<br />
Cordoba., Argentina. - E-mail:<br />
m.l.ramirez@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> ionic (NaCl) and non-ionic osmotic potential<br />
(glycerol) and matric potential (PEG 8000) in the range -<br />
0.7 to -11.2 MPa, on growth <strong>of</strong> F. graminearum at 15 and<br />
25 °C on 2% wheat flour agar has been studied. The effect<br />
<strong>of</strong> stresses on endogenous accumulation <strong>of</strong> low and high wt<br />
polyols (glycerol, erythritol, arabitol and mannitol) and<br />
sugars (glucose and trehalose) in whole colonies <strong>of</strong> this<br />
fungus were also quantified. At 25 °C and high water<br />
potential growth rates on matric-modified media were<br />
higher than on osmotic-modified media. However, in the<br />
same range <strong>of</strong> water potentials on osmotically modified<br />
media, F. graminearum grew faster on NaCl than on<br />
glycerol-amended media. In general, the concentration <strong>of</strong><br />
total polyols in whole colonies <strong>of</strong> F. graminearum<br />
increased as osmotic and matric potential was reduced to -<br />
8.4 MPa. Also marked differences in the ratios <strong>of</strong> low and<br />
high mol wt polyols in mycelial colonies were found.<br />
There was an increase in the glycerol content with a
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
progressive decrease in mannitol, arabitol and erythritol in<br />
colonies as osmotic potential decreased to -8.4 MPa on<br />
glycerol and NaCl amended media. However, on matrically<br />
modified media there was an increase in arabitol with a<br />
progressive decrease <strong>of</strong> glycerol and erythritol in colonies<br />
as the matric potential was decreased. There were also<br />
marked changes in the content <strong>of</strong> trehalose and glucose in<br />
colonies <strong>of</strong> F. graminearum in relation to osmotic and<br />
matric potential modification.<br />
880 - Inhibition <strong>of</strong> biosinthesis <strong>of</strong> different mycotoxins<br />
by using antioxidants alone or in association with food<br />
preservatives<br />
A. Ricelli 1 , P. Trionfetti-Nisini 2 , A.A. Fabbri 2 , M. Jestoi 3 ,<br />
A. Rizzo 3 , L. Corazza 4 & C. Fanelli 2*<br />
1 ISPA, CNR, Viale Einaudi 51, 70125 BARI, Italy. -<br />
2 Università Roma "La Sapienza", Largo Cristina di Svezia<br />
24, 00165 Roma, Italy. - 3 Nat. Veterinary Food Research<br />
Institute, Hameentie 57, 00231 Helsinki, Finland. - 4 Ist.<br />
Patologia Vegetale, MIPAF, Roma, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
corrado.fanelli@uniroma1.it<br />
The efficacy <strong>of</strong> different antioxidant compounds both<br />
synthetic and <strong>of</strong> natural origin, alone or in combination, has<br />
been tested in order to verify their action both on the<br />
growth and on toxins production in different<br />
mycotoxigenic fungi. In particular we have tested some <strong>of</strong><br />
the toxigenic fungi that <strong>of</strong>ten contaminate food and feed:<br />
Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum<br />
(ochratoxin A producers), Fusarium graminearum<br />
(Zearalenon producer), F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum<br />
(fumonisins producers). The experiments have been<br />
performed on wheat and maize seeds moistened up to a<br />
water activity <strong>of</strong> 0.85 and 0.95 and incubated at 28 °C (A.<br />
ochraceus and P. verrucosum) or at 25 °C (Fusaria strains)<br />
for 30 days after the inoculum. The tested compounds were<br />
BHA, BHT 0.02% w/v, K sorbate 0.2% w/v, Na propionate<br />
0.2% w/v, resveratrol 10-4 and 10-3 M, ellagic acid 10-4<br />
and 10-3 M, Lentinula edodes 4% w/v cultural filtrates<br />
(LCF). Concerning both the ochratoxin A and fumonisin<br />
producing fungi, the best results, both on the growth and on<br />
toxin production (more than 80% inhibition) have been<br />
observed with BHA and resveratrol on maize seeds and<br />
with K sorbate or resveratrol on wheat seeds. In some cases<br />
it has been detected a very high inhibition <strong>of</strong> ochratoxin A<br />
production on wheat seeds also by using LCF Other<br />
experiments are in progress in order to obtain a long-lasting<br />
inhibiting effect. This work has been sponsored by grants<br />
PL-QLRT-1999-433 and 966 <strong>of</strong> EC.<br />
881 - Effect <strong>of</strong> fungicides commonly used for<br />
Podosphaera leucotricha control on the powdery mildew<br />
hyperparasite, Ampelomyces quisqualis<br />
J.C. Russell 1 , X. Xu 2 & P. Jeffries 1*<br />
1 Horticulture Research <strong>International</strong>, East Malling, Kent,<br />
ME19 6BJ, U.K. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Kent at Canterbury,<br />
Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, U.K.<br />
Apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera<br />
leucotricha, can significantly reduce crop yield. Severity<br />
may increase with successive seasons, resulting in stunting<br />
and distortion <strong>of</strong> leaves and general decline in tree health.<br />
Current strategy for apple powdery mildew control relies<br />
mainly on fungicide application at intervals <strong>of</strong><br />
approximately ten days throughout the growing season. A<br />
biological control agent, using the hyperparasite<br />
Ampelomyces quisqualis, is one possible way to reduce this<br />
intensive chemical input. For it to be incorporated into the<br />
current management practice the hyperparasite must<br />
tolerate most commonly used fungicides. Eight isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
A. quisqualis, representing each <strong>of</strong> the eight ITS groups<br />
(based on analysis by SSCP), and the commercial<br />
formulation AQ10, were tested for their tolerance to<br />
Systhane, Dorado, Nimrod, Topas, and Sulphur. The<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> fungicide on spore germination and colony<br />
growth were investigated. Dorado had no significant effect<br />
on the rate <strong>of</strong> germination <strong>of</strong> isolate DSM 2223, but<br />
otherwise all fungicides had a suppressive effect on spore<br />
germination <strong>of</strong> the isolates examined. This suppression<br />
varied between 15.28% for Systhane on isolate CBS<br />
130.79 and 89.63% for Topas on isolate 265. Fungicide<br />
application to established colonies seemed to have little<br />
initial effect, but by 21 days post application hyphal growth<br />
had been arrested. Sulphur and Systhane had the least and<br />
the greatest effect on hyphal growth rate respectively.<br />
882 - The main wheat leaf spot pathogens in the Czech<br />
Republic in the last years<br />
J. Sarova<br />
Research Institute <strong>of</strong> Crop Production, Drnovska 507,<br />
Prague 6 - Ruzyne, 161 06, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
sarova@vurv.cz<br />
Leaf spot diseases <strong>of</strong> wheat are caused by different<br />
pathogenic fungi. This study was focused on relatively new<br />
wheat leaf spot diseases in the Czech Republic especially<br />
on tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (anam.<br />
Drechslera tritici-repentis). The occurrence <strong>of</strong> wheat leaf<br />
spot diseases was monitored in the Czech Republic in 2000<br />
and 2001. The samples were collected from different<br />
localities <strong>of</strong> the Czech Republic. Fungal pathogens were<br />
determined with microscopic methods. Frequency <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pathogens varied in both years because the occurrence <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal leaf spot pathogens depends on climatic factors<br />
especially on the temperature, the humidity and the<br />
precipitation. The most prevalent fungal leaf spot<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 265
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
pathogens <strong>of</strong> wheat were Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and<br />
Phaeosphaeria nodorum (anam. Stagonospora nodorum)<br />
in 2000. Mycosphaerella graminicola (anam. Septoria<br />
tritici) was the most common fungus isolated from the<br />
wheat leaf spot samples collected in 2001. Didymella<br />
exitialis (anam. Ascochyta sp.) was one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
important pathogens in 2001. Probably it has not been<br />
described in the Czech Republic yet. This study was<br />
supported by the Grant Agency <strong>of</strong> the Czech Republic<br />
(project No. 521/00/0226).<br />
883 - The grass endophyte gene for the first step in<br />
ergot alkaloid biosynthesis<br />
C.L. Schardl 1* , C. Machado 1 , J. Wang 1 & D.G.<br />
Panaccione 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, Dept. Plant Pathology, Lexington,<br />
KY 40546, U.S.A. - 2 West Virginia University, Div. Plant &<br />
Soil Sci., Morgantown, WV 26506, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
schardl@uky.edu<br />
The endophytic Neotyphodium spp. grow in aerial tissues<br />
<strong>of</strong> grass hosts where they cause no symptoms and exhibit<br />
no signs; yet, <strong>of</strong>ten they help protect against insects,<br />
nematodes and vertebrate herbivores, increase drought<br />
tolerance, and improve plant growth and nutrient<br />
acquisition. Several endophyte alkaloids are variously<br />
active against insects and/or vertebrates. Among these are<br />
ergot alkaloids, including lysergic acid and its peptine<br />
derivative, ergovaline. Ergovaline is closely related to<br />
ergotamine, which is produced by the infamous ergot<br />
fungus (Claviceps purpurea), and is a potent mycotoxin<br />
(but a useful pharmaceutical at low doses). Ergovaline is<br />
thought to be responsible for toxicoses and reproductive<br />
problems in livestock that ingest certain endophyteinfected<br />
fescues and ryegrasses. The dmaW gene, encoding<br />
the probable first step in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis<br />
(dimethylallyltryptophan synthase), was cloned from<br />
Claviceps fusiformis and C. purpurea, then from the tall<br />
fescue endophyte, N. coenophialum, and a Neotyphodium<br />
sp. (Lp1) from perennial ryegrass. There were two dmaW<br />
genes in N. coenophialum, but only one in Lp1. Markerexchange<br />
mutagenesis <strong>of</strong> dmaW in Lp1 eliminated<br />
production <strong>of</strong> ergovaline as well as simpler ergot alkaloids,<br />
confirming the role <strong>of</strong> the dmaW gene. Mutagenesis <strong>of</strong><br />
toxin-production genes in this manner presents<br />
opportunities to develop forage grass cultivars with<br />
protective endophytes that lack anti-livestock activities.<br />
884 - A polyphasic study <strong>of</strong> Fusarium species in the<br />
section Sporotrichiella - different approaches for<br />
distinguishing closely related fungal species<br />
H. Schmidt 1* , A. Holst-Jensen 2 , S.S. Klemsdal 3 , C.M.<br />
Kullnig-Gradinger 4 , C.P. Kubicek 4 , R.L. Mach 4 , L.<br />
Niessen 1 , H.I. Nirenberg 5 , U. Thrane 6 , M. Torp 3 , T. Yli-<br />
Mattila 7 & R.F. Vogel 1<br />
266<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1 TU München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie,<br />
Weihenstephaner Steig 16, 85350 Freising, Germany. -<br />
2 National Veterinary Institute, Section <strong>of</strong> Food and Feed<br />
Microbiology, P. O. Box 8156 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway. -<br />
3 The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Plant Protection<br />
Centre, Høgskoleveien 7, N1432 Ås, Norway. - 4 Institute<br />
for Chemical Enginering, Microbial Biochemistry and<br />
Gene Technology Group, Technical University <strong>of</strong> Vienna,<br />
Getreidemarkt 9/166, A1060 Vienna, Austria. - 5 Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Blant Virology, Microbiology, and Biological Safety,<br />
Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and<br />
Forestry, Königin-Kuise-Str. 19, 1195 Berlin, Germany. -<br />
6 Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnology, Bldg 221, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. -<br />
7 Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Turku, FIN-20014<br />
Turku, Finland. - E-mail: Holger.schmidt@bl.tum.de<br />
An integrated systematic study was carried out to clarify<br />
the taxonomic position and relationship <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
langsethiae Torp and Nirenberg, ined. within the Fusarium<br />
section Sporotrichiella. Different isolates <strong>of</strong> this species<br />
were compared with strains <strong>of</strong> the closely related species F.<br />
poae and F. sporotrichioides using a composite data set.<br />
This set consisted <strong>of</strong> DNA sequences derived from the<br />
intergenic spacer region (IGS), the internal transcribed<br />
spacer region (ITS) and partial sequences <strong>of</strong> the b-tubulin<br />
and the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1a) gene, AFLP<br />
fingerprints, chromatographic data on secondary<br />
metabolites and morphology. From these combined data a<br />
consensus matrix was calculated. This was used as the<br />
basis for the construction <strong>of</strong> an UPGMA dendrogram and a<br />
multidimensional scaling which both revealed a clear<br />
separation <strong>of</strong> these three taxa. The discriminatory power <strong>of</strong><br />
the different approaches varied significantly. The<br />
correlation <strong>of</strong> the clustering obtained by analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
combined data and that one obtained by an individual<br />
experiment was worst with ITS sequences, whereas AFLP<br />
appeared to reflect the composite data matrix best.<br />
885 - Development <strong>of</strong> SCAR-PCR primers for the<br />
detection <strong>of</strong> ochratoxinogenic Aspergilli<br />
H. Schmidt * , L. Niessen & R.F. Vogel<br />
TU München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie,<br />
Weihenstephaner Steig 16, 85350 Freising, Germany. - Email:<br />
Holger.schmidt@bl.tum.de<br />
The production <strong>of</strong> ochratoxin A (OTA) is described for<br />
Penicillium verrucosum, P. nordicum and a wide variety <strong>of</strong><br />
Aspergillus species belonging to different sections. Besides<br />
the taxonomic inhomogenity <strong>of</strong> OTA producing fungi the<br />
ability to synthesize OTA is highly variable even within a<br />
species. AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism)<br />
typing revealed, that no clear correlation <strong>of</strong> the ability <strong>of</strong> a<br />
strain to produce the toxin and the taxonomic position can<br />
be found. As a consequence it was decided to develop<br />
group specific PCR primers for potential OTA producing<br />
Aspergillus species. The strains were screened for<br />
polymorphic DNA markers using AFLP. Bands that were<br />
considerd to be characteristic for a specific group were cut<br />
out from silverstaind polyacrylamide gels. The DNA was
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
eluted from the gel, reamplified and the fragments were<br />
sequenced. Based on these results SCAR-PCR primers<br />
(sequence characterized amplified region) were<br />
constructed, the PCRs were optimized and tested against<br />
DNA <strong>of</strong> different fungal strains. The results show that this<br />
approach is valuable for the rapid early detection <strong>of</strong><br />
potential ochratoxinogenic fungi in food.<br />
886 - Identification <strong>of</strong> Malassezia species in patients<br />
with pityriasis versicolor submitted to the Razi Hospital<br />
in Tehran<br />
M. Shams 1* , M. Rasaee 2 , M. Moosavi 1 & M. Razzaghi<br />
abyaneh 3<br />
1 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Mycology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences,Tarbiat<br />
Modares University, P.O.Box:14115-111, Tehran, Iran. -<br />
2 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University,<br />
P.O.Box:14115-111, Tehran, Iran. - 3 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Myclogy,<br />
Pasteur Institute <strong>of</strong> Iran, P.O.Box:13164, Tehran, Iran. -<br />
E-mail: shamsm@modares.ac.ir<br />
Lipophilic yeasts <strong>of</strong> the genus Malassezia (Pityrosporum)<br />
belong to the normal flora <strong>of</strong> human skin and many warmblooded<br />
animals. These fungi can produce a diverse range<br />
<strong>of</strong> diseases that most frequent <strong>of</strong> them is pityriasis<br />
versicolor, a chronic recurrent skin disease occurring<br />
primarily in tropical regions. The genus Malassezia has<br />
been recently enlarged to include seven distinct species.<br />
This survey was undertaken to present a practical approach<br />
for differantiation <strong>of</strong> all Malassezia yeasts isolated from<br />
clinical materials <strong>of</strong> patients with pityriasis versicolor for<br />
the first time in Iran. The presence <strong>of</strong> disease was<br />
confirmed on the basis <strong>of</strong> the observation <strong>of</strong> budding yeast<br />
cells and short curved hyphae in skin specimens by direct<br />
microscopy. Malassezia yeasts were isolated after culturing<br />
the samples on modified Dixon (mDixon) agar. A<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> different characteristics includes yeast cell<br />
morphology, ability to growth on sabouraud dextrose agar,<br />
catalase test and ability to utilize individual Tweens<br />
(20,40,60,80) were used for identification <strong>of</strong> species. In<br />
general, 138 patients with pityriasis versicolor includes<br />
52.2% male and 47.8% female were identified. Direct<br />
microscopy and culture results were positive in 94.4% and<br />
63% <strong>of</strong> patients, respectively. Totally, 91 isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
Malassezia belonging to four different species, M. globosa<br />
(66 isolates), M. furfur (18 isolates), M. obtusa (5 isolates)<br />
and M. sympodialis (2 isolates) were identified.<br />
887 - Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) among the<br />
candidates <strong>of</strong> functional endoscopy sinus surgery<br />
(FESS)<br />
T. Shokohi 1* & M. Maddani 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Medical Mycology and Parasitology<br />
Mazandaran University <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences, po box 483,<br />
Iran. - 2 Ear, Nose,and Throat, Mazandaran University <strong>of</strong><br />
medical Sciences, po box 483, Iran. - E-mail:<br />
taherehshokohi@yahoo.com<br />
This study was designed to determine the rate <strong>of</strong> AFS<br />
among the patients with chronic sinusitis who failed to<br />
respond to repeated courses <strong>of</strong> antibiotic and were<br />
candidated for FESS in Sari. Allergic mucin and Sinus<br />
lavage were collected during FESS from 100 Patients<br />
meeting diagnostic criteria for AFS and were submitted for<br />
mycology and pathology investigations. The specimens<br />
were centrifuged and the sediment was mounted in KOH<br />
and Gram stained for direct examination. Multiple<br />
fragments <strong>of</strong> mucosa were removed at surgery and stained<br />
with H&E and PAS for the pathology evaluation. In this<br />
study we report 9 proven cases <strong>of</strong> AFS (with demonstration<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal hyphae by direct exam and culture) and 8<br />
suspected cases (confirmed by direct exam or culture). The<br />
patients' age ranged 12 to 62 years with a mean age <strong>of</strong> 24.5<br />
years with female predominance. All <strong>of</strong> the patients were<br />
immunocompetent. 47% <strong>of</strong> the patients had a history <strong>of</strong><br />
atopy. Histopathologically, hyphae were not seen. The<br />
genera <strong>of</strong> the fungus identifiable in all but in one patient it<br />
was not identifiable. 53% <strong>of</strong> isolated fungus are <strong>of</strong> hyaline<br />
hyphomycete particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium and<br />
47% <strong>of</strong> them are members <strong>of</strong> dematiaceous family<br />
particularly Cladosporium and Nigrospora. In eleven out<br />
<strong>of</strong> the seventeen, fungal hyphae were noted and in all <strong>of</strong> the<br />
seventeen, there were positive fungal culture. During 6<br />
months follow up; we identified recurrence in 2 patients<br />
clinically without any microscopy and culture evidence.<br />
888 - Identification <strong>of</strong> virulence variety in ascochyta<br />
blight fungus [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Lab.] using<br />
differentials lines<br />
F. Shokoohifar 1 , A. Bagheri 2 & M.F. Rastegar 2*<br />
1 Research Center For Plant Science, 2 Sardadvar av.;<br />
Bahar St.; Zip Code:91747484815; Mashhad., Iran. -<br />
2 Ferdowsi University <strong>of</strong> Mashhad, College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
P.O.Box;91775-1163; Mashhad., Iran.<br />
The study was conducted to distinguish the pathogenecity<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> the fungus population in the country. To achieve<br />
this goal, 26 isolates were choosing as candidates for 16<br />
provinces that were the most important chickpea<br />
production areas. Pathogenecity test was achieved using <strong>of</strong><br />
16 differential lines in the greenhouse condition. It was<br />
used current methods for classification <strong>of</strong> isolates as well<br />
as a new method on the base <strong>of</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> variance. The<br />
later method was better than other methods in classification<br />
<strong>of</strong> variety because <strong>of</strong> statistical base. In this method<br />
differential lines have been grouped in six levels <strong>of</strong><br />
resistance and isolates have been grouped in six<br />
pathotypes. Also their distribution pattern has been<br />
identified in Iran. Results <strong>of</strong> this method are more useful<br />
for resistance selecting in national mass. As whole, the<br />
study revealed that there were too vigorous pathogenic<br />
group in west and north west <strong>of</strong> the country, that none <strong>of</strong><br />
tested lines didn't show any resistance an this study. It<br />
seems that it is better to design breeding projects for<br />
screening <strong>of</strong> resistance line regarding to identify pathotype<br />
groups in each region.<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
889 - Performance <strong>of</strong> Pinus roxburghii inoculated with<br />
pure culture <strong>of</strong> four indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi<br />
G. Shresta<br />
Royal Nepal Academy <strong>of</strong> Science & Technology (RONAST,<br />
P.O.Box. No. 3323, Kathmandu, Nepal. - E-mail:<br />
geetashrestha1@hotmail.com<br />
Many ectomycorrhizal fungi were isolated from the<br />
sporocarps <strong>of</strong> different places such as (Dadheldhura,<br />
Makwanpur and Palpa district etc.) <strong>of</strong> pine forest <strong>of</strong><br />
Nepal.Out <strong>of</strong> the isolated ectomycorrhizal fungi, four<br />
different ectomycorrhizal fungi namely Astraeus<br />
hygrometricus, Boletus sp., Lycoperdon pyriforme and<br />
Pisoolithus arrijus. These four fungi were subjected to pure<br />
culture synthesis. These fungi were selected from the pot<br />
culture experiment. Then these four indigenous pure<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi were inoculated in nursery Pinus<br />
roxburghii for their performance at two nursery sites,<br />
Godavari forest nursery and Chalnakhel forest nursery<br />
sites. Their performance were observed after six, nine and<br />
twelve months <strong>of</strong> seedlings. Inoculated seedlings attained<br />
better shoot height and had better root length. more lateral<br />
roots, more mycorrhizal roots, more weight <strong>of</strong> shoot and<br />
more weight <strong>of</strong> root per plant. The inoculated transplants<br />
had higher survival rate in the field as compared to those<br />
which were not inoculated.<br />
890 - Effect <strong>of</strong> immunization against candidiasis after<br />
ultrasonic treatment <strong>of</strong> fungal keratoconjunctivitis<br />
D.S. Silin<br />
Odessa State Agrarian University, Department <strong>of</strong> animal<br />
pathology, <strong>of</strong>.11, 65, Kanatnaya str., Odessa, 65012,<br />
Ukraine. - E-mail: silin12@hotmail.com<br />
Ocular candidiasis was diagnosed in six 12-weeks old<br />
Persian kittens after four-weeks unsuccessful treatment <strong>of</strong><br />
chronic keratoconjunctivitis by S<strong>of</strong>radex. Bilateral corneal<br />
erosions and conjunctival infiltrations were detected.<br />
Examination <strong>of</strong> corneal scrapings revealed oval, yeast-like<br />
cells attributable to Candida albicans. Examination <strong>of</strong><br />
conjunctival fluid samples by ELISA revealed decreasing<br />
<strong>of</strong> Immunoglobulins A and G quantity with absence <strong>of</strong><br />
specific IgA and IgG to Candida whole-cell antigens.<br />
Ultrasound treatment was applied on right eyes <strong>of</strong> all cats<br />
for determination <strong>of</strong> antifungal activity and<br />
immunostimulation <strong>of</strong> ultrasound in course <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
applications daily by 10 minutes with 0.2 W/cm2 dosage.<br />
Almost full healing was occurred in all, even in<br />
contralateral eyes after treatment. Candida cells were<br />
absent, specific IgA to Candida whole-cell antigens were<br />
detected in high titers. Probably, ultrasound destroyed<br />
Candida cells and delivered antigens through epithelium to<br />
immune representative cells followed by local humoral<br />
immune response formation. Local immunity was<br />
stimulated by ultrasound as well. This immune response<br />
was not limited in exposed eyes, but was expanded to<br />
268<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
contralateral eyes due to specific immune cells exchange.<br />
Thus, ultrasound can be useful for some transmucous<br />
vaccine delivery systems and for specific treatment without<br />
infectious agents determination, particularly, in<br />
parasiteocenotic cases.<br />
891 - Role <strong>of</strong> salicylic acid in systemic resistance<br />
induced by Pseudomonas spp. against Macrophomina<br />
phaseolina in chickpea<br />
T. Singh * & A. Dilip<br />
Banaras Hindu University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, B.H.U.,<br />
Varanasi, India. - E-mail: singhtanu71@rediffmail.com<br />
Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 4-92, applied to roots,<br />
induced systemic resistance against charcoal rot disease in<br />
chickpea roots caused by Macrophomina phaseolina<br />
(Tassi) Goid. Salicylic acid (SA) from bacterial culture on<br />
plant tissues was quantified by high performance liquid<br />
chromatography. P. fluorescens produced SA in king's B<br />
broth and also induced chickpea roots to accumulate<br />
endogenous SA one day after bacterial inoculation. Using a<br />
split root system, more SA accumulated in roots treated<br />
with bacteria than in distant roots on the opposite side <strong>of</strong><br />
the root system in the first two-three days, but this<br />
difference disappeared after 5-6 days. SA levels were<br />
significantly higher in plants treated with bacteria<br />
compared to the split control, from one to six days after<br />
bacterization. SA did not inhibit sclerotial growth <strong>of</strong> M.<br />
phaseolina at 100-200 µg ml -1 , invitro, but higher levels<br />
inhibited sclerotial growth. Exogenously applied Sa failed<br />
to induce local or systemic resistance against a challenge<br />
infection by the pathogen in planta. The results <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study show that exogenous applied SA does not induce<br />
systemic resistance against charcoal rot disease in chickpea<br />
root caused by M. phaseolina, but endogenous SA<br />
accumulation in chickpea roots may be involved in induced<br />
systemic resistance.<br />
892 - Investigations <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora infestans oospores<br />
in Moscow region<br />
A.N. Smirnov 1* , S.A. Kuznetsov 1 & S.N. Elansky 2<br />
1 Moscow Agricultural Academy, Lystvennichnaya al. 2,<br />
Moscow 127550, Russia. - 2 Moscow State University,<br />
Vorobjevi gory Moscow 119899, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
nik.smi@g23.relcom.ru<br />
Our purpose was to investigate naturally formed oospores<br />
in Moscow region. On the presence <strong>of</strong> oospores, 1099<br />
blighted potato leaves, 123 tomato leaves, and 188 tomato<br />
fruits were checked. The frequency <strong>of</strong> oospores in potato<br />
leaves was 5.6%. In tomato fruits and leaves the oospores<br />
were found more <strong>of</strong>ten. Their frequencies were 22.8 and<br />
42.0% respectively. This can make the problems for tomato<br />
cropping in Moscow region. The oospores had a quite<br />
different morphology. They varied in size (their diameter
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
was from 18 µ to 48 µ), thickness <strong>of</strong> the wall, as well as in<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> antheridium and the form <strong>of</strong> oogonium.<br />
According to these features, in 1999 and 2000 45<br />
morphological types were established among detected<br />
oospores. They corresponded to different stages <strong>of</strong> oospore<br />
maturation. The oospores can be formed as a result <strong>of</strong><br />
cross-fertilization between mycelia <strong>of</strong> A1 and A2 mating<br />
types (hybrid oospores), as well as <strong>of</strong> self-fertilization, and<br />
<strong>of</strong> parthenogenesis (non-hybrid oospores - from one<br />
mycelium). Studying the distribution <strong>of</strong> mating types and<br />
morphology <strong>of</strong> oospores it was possible to assess their<br />
origin. It was found that in 1999 and 2000 non-hybrid<br />
oospores occurred much more <strong>of</strong>ten than hybrid oospores.<br />
The estimated frequency <strong>of</strong> hybrid oospores was about<br />
15%. The hybrid and non-hybrid oospores may have<br />
different role in the infection cycle <strong>of</strong> P. infestans.<br />
893 - The needle blight fungus Delphinella abietis<br />
attacks Abies species in western Norway<br />
H. Solheim<br />
Norwegian forest research institute, Høgskoleveien 12,<br />
1432 Ås, Norway. - E-mail: halvor.solheim@skogforsk.no<br />
During the last decade the needle blight fungus Delphinella<br />
abietis has been attacking various Abies species in western<br />
Norway. A clonal trial with subalpine fir (Abies<br />
lasiocarpa) was seriously attacked in 2000. It was<br />
significant differences between clones in the attack. Some<br />
clones were heavily attacked while others were free for<br />
symptoms. In a greenery trial <strong>of</strong> Nobel fir (Abies procera),<br />
most branches had good quality until 1994 when 31% <strong>of</strong><br />
the branches were discarded after attack by D. abietis.<br />
Since then a high level <strong>of</strong> losses has been noted and 87% <strong>of</strong><br />
the branches were discarded in 2000. It seems that frost did<br />
not initiate or maintain the disease in the stand, but<br />
generally low temperatures may have been important.<br />
894 - Toxicological characterisation <strong>of</strong> animal feed<br />
using in vitro methods<br />
A. Solyakov 1* , E. Jonsson 1 , V. Wenehed 2 , P. Haggblom 1 &<br />
A. Forsby 2<br />
1 Dept <strong>of</strong> Animal Feed, National Veterinary Institute (SVA),<br />
751 89 Uppsala, Sweden. - 2 Dept <strong>of</strong> Neurochemistry and<br />
Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Alexey.Solyakov@sva.se<br />
Mould growth on animal feed is a worldwide problem that<br />
can reduce the quality <strong>of</strong> the feed. It is known that moulds<br />
can produce mycotoxins, which can be mutagenic,<br />
carcinogenic but also neurotoxic. Poisoning by mycotoxins<br />
can cause suffering for animals, massive economical losses<br />
and a possible transfer <strong>of</strong> toxins to humans via the<br />
foodstuffs. Therefore there is a need for identification <strong>of</strong><br />
feed <strong>of</strong> bad quality that may possess hazards to animals<br />
and/or humans. Aspergillus fumigatus, which is known to<br />
produce, among other toxins, gliotoxin, was chosen for<br />
development <strong>of</strong> a screening method for various toxic<br />
substances in animal feed. Three matrixes - maize,<br />
commercial animal feed and wheat - were adjusted to water<br />
content 12, 21 and 32%, and inoculated with A. fumigatus<br />
for 3 days, 2 and 4 weeks at 37 °C. The samples were<br />
extracted and purified by solid-phase technique. HPLC and<br />
LC-MS was used to detect gliotoxin as a marker <strong>of</strong> toxic<br />
substances produced by A. fumigatus. No gliotoxin was<br />
detected in the samples. The purified extracts were also<br />
applied to the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and<br />
the general cytotoxicity was determined. The extracts<br />
showed to be cytotoxic to the SH-SY5Y cells. The results<br />
indicate that the screening method based on the SH-SY5Y<br />
cells can be used for screening <strong>of</strong> toxic metabolites <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
fumigatus. Further research is in progress to investigate if<br />
the method can be applicable for other toxic substances.<br />
895 - A nucleic acid probe detects different species <strong>of</strong><br />
Pestalotiopsis spp. isolated from five fruit crops<br />
K. Sridhara Gupta 1* , R.D. Rawal 2 & A. Vani 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural<br />
Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore - 560 065, India. - 2 Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Plant Pathology, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Hessarghatta,<br />
Bangalore - 560 089, India. - E-mail:<br />
sridharagupta@hotmail.com<br />
Fruit crops play a major role in the economy <strong>of</strong> the<br />
country. Pestalotiopsis species causes leaf spot, leaf blight<br />
and fruit rot diseases in many fruit crops. The reports in the<br />
literature say that the Pestalotiopsis species are named after<br />
the host it is isolated from. To overcome this discrepancy,<br />
in the present studies, the pathogen was isolated from the<br />
leaves <strong>of</strong> mango grapes, guava, sapota and macadamia,<br />
from the berries and canes <strong>of</strong> grapes and also from fruits <strong>of</strong><br />
guava. The pathogen was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar<br />
medium. Total Nucleic Acid <strong>of</strong> the fungus was isolated<br />
from each isolate. A 5.3 kb EcoRI fragment generated from<br />
genomic DNA <strong>of</strong> the mango isolate was labeled with DIG<br />
and was used as a probe. Genomic DNA <strong>of</strong> the fungus<br />
isolated from mango, sapota and grape leaf bound to the<br />
probe strongly while that from grape berries, macadamia<br />
and guava bound to the probe only at low stringency. The<br />
isolate from grape cane did not bind to two other pathogens<br />
commonly found on fruit trees namely Greenari uvicola<br />
and Colletotrichum capsici. Morphological differences in<br />
the spores and cross-pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> these isolated were<br />
also found.<br />
896 - Enhancement <strong>of</strong> seedling vigour and biological<br />
control <strong>of</strong> Alternaria leaf spot <strong>of</strong> chili (Capsicum annum<br />
L.) using Trichoderma harzianum<br />
A. Srivastava * & J. Mishra<br />
PG Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, SMM Town PG College, Ballia,<br />
277 001, U.P., India. - E-mail: aloksrivastva@hotmail.com<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 269
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
Isolates <strong>of</strong> Trichoderma harzianum enhanced seedling<br />
vigour in Chili (Capsicum annum) germinated in potting<br />
soil. When chili seeds were sown in the potting soil<br />
inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum 25-92 or 29-92 the<br />
germination rate increased by 15 and 20%, respectively,<br />
compared with water treatment control. After 5 days <strong>of</strong><br />
growth, the average plant height increased by 25 and 39%,<br />
respectively; the average fresh weight increased by 33 and<br />
36%, respectively. The level <strong>of</strong> nitrogenase, peroxidase,<br />
glucanases, chitnases and average phenolic content in the<br />
roots was evaluated as key indicators <strong>of</strong> vigour. 1.5 to 3<br />
fold increase in nitrogenase, peroxidase and chitinase was<br />
recorded, whereas, the phenolic contents increased by 18<br />
and 17%, respectively. There was no any significant<br />
increase in glucanses in roots. Total chlorophyll in first,<br />
second and third leave was increase by 35-56%. The plants<br />
were exposed to Alternaria solani by spraying the conidial<br />
suspension on leaves <strong>of</strong> 3-week-old plants previously<br />
assesed for enhanced vigour. No disease was recorded on<br />
the plants indicated that pretreatment <strong>of</strong> chili seedlings at<br />
nursery level with Trichoderma isolates induced resistance<br />
in the plants.<br />
897 - Use <strong>of</strong> a microcosm system for biological<br />
screening against Botrytis cinerea on Pinus sylvestris<br />
seedlings<br />
E. Stenström * , K. Capieau & J. Stenlid<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026,<br />
Sweden.<br />
Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent <strong>of</strong> grey mould, is the<br />
most common and serious pathogen in all Swedish forest<br />
nursery production. Most nurseries make use <strong>of</strong> fungicidal<br />
spraying programs to prevent grey mould infections.<br />
Biocontrol has so far not been tested in forest nurseries<br />
even if biological control agents (BCA) are used<br />
internationally in agriculture. We set up and standardised<br />
an inoculation method in a microcosm system, which<br />
would allow us to screen fungal and bacterial isolates<br />
against B. cinerea. In this microcosm system small P.<br />
sylvestris seedlings are heat stressed before inoculated with<br />
a spore solution containing pathogen spores, BCA or a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> those. Results are scored ten days after<br />
inoculation by examining the seedlings for the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
B. cinerea's conidia. To test the reliability <strong>of</strong> this<br />
microcosm system method, the performance <strong>of</strong> three<br />
commercial biocontrol products, in suppressing B. cinerea<br />
on pine seedlings was tested. Those results were then<br />
compared with two other testing systems, laboratory<br />
experiments and field trials using the same commercial<br />
products. In all three testing systems we found that the<br />
commercial products Binab TF.WP TM and GlioMix TM<br />
performed better than Mycostop TM and we concluded that<br />
the similarity <strong>of</strong> the results between the different testing<br />
systems was a strong indication for the usefulness <strong>of</strong> the<br />
microcosm system in screening isolates against B. cinerea.<br />
270<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
898 - Effect <strong>of</strong> Lactobacillus rhamnosus and a fermented<br />
milk on the growth <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus and Penicillium<br />
species<br />
J. Stiles 1* , V. Carter 2 & L.B. Bullerman 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska, 319 FIC, Lincoln 68583-0919,<br />
U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska, 318 FIC, Lincoln 68583-<br />
0919, U.S.A. - 3 University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska, 349 FIC, Lincoln<br />
68583-0919, U.S.A. - E-mail: jstiles2@unl.edu<br />
This study was done to investigate the effect <strong>of</strong><br />
Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1 and skim milk fermented by<br />
this strain on the growth <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus niger and<br />
Penicillium commune. Initially, live bacterial cells (0.1%<br />
v/v, 1% v/v, 10% v/v), as well as skim milk fermented by<br />
L. rhamnosus VT1 (0.1% v/v, 1% v/v, 10% v/v), were<br />
added to modified MRS broth, which was simultaneously<br />
inoculated (1% v/v) with Aspergillus niger or Penicillium<br />
commune. The cultures were incubated at 30 °C for 10<br />
days. The mycelial weight and the pH <strong>of</strong> the broth were<br />
determined on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. All concentrations<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1 as well as the fermented<br />
skim milk were found to significantly reduce the growth<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> both Aspergillus niger and Penicillium commune in<br />
modified MRS broth. However, the L. rhamnosus VT1<br />
treatment was slightly more effective than the fermented<br />
milk treatment at controlling mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> both P.<br />
commune and A. niger. Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1 at<br />
1% caused a 50% reduction in mycelial weight <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
commune and a 36% reduction in mycelial weight <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
niger at 10 days <strong>of</strong> incubation, while the fermented milk<br />
caused a 27% reduction in mycelial weight <strong>of</strong> P. commune<br />
and a 34% reduction in mycelial weight <strong>of</strong> A. niger for the<br />
same time period. These results suggest that L. rhamnosus<br />
VT1 has potential as a biological control agent <strong>of</strong> molds in<br />
the food industry.<br />
899 - Research and education in specialty gourmet and<br />
medicinal fungi in Tasmania, Australia<br />
K. Stott 1 , W. Gill 2 & C. Mohammed 3*<br />
1 Specialty Gourmet and Medicinal Fungi Research,<br />
Tasmanian Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Research, 13 St. Johns<br />
Avenue, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia. - 2 Huon<br />
Valley Mushrooms, Main Road, Glen Huon, Tasmania,<br />
7109, Australia. - 3 School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Science,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, GPO Box 252-54, Hobart,<br />
Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
caro.mohammed@utas.edu.au<br />
The research group at the Tasmanian Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural Research is the main research and euducation<br />
provider for the specialty mushroom industry in Australia.<br />
Current research projects investigate the edible fungi:<br />
Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Morchella species (Morel) and<br />
Tricholoma matsutake (Matsutake). The edible fungus<br />
Morchella has been collected in Tasmania, in situations<br />
ranging from forest through to garden soil and bark chip
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
mulch. Twenty six cultures were obtained and, on the basis<br />
<strong>of</strong> fruitbody morphological characters, placed into one <strong>of</strong><br />
the three following species: M. elata, M. deliciosa, M.<br />
esculenta var. crassipes/angusticeps. Maitake has been<br />
grown, using the Japanese bag method, to assess the<br />
response <strong>of</strong> this fungus to eucalypt substrate ameliorated<br />
with different percentages <strong>of</strong> rice bran, maize meal and<br />
wheat bran. Findings indicate that only relatively small<br />
quantities <strong>of</strong> additive will be required for successful<br />
cultivation. The development <strong>of</strong> an artificial cultivation<br />
system for Matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is<br />
commercially desirable and necessary to ensure the<br />
survival <strong>of</strong> this highly prized mushroom. Interaction<br />
studies between the fungus and host Pinus lateral roots are<br />
being undertaken to elucidate the infection process and to<br />
understand the exact nature <strong>of</strong> this atypical symbiosis. In<br />
collaboration with the University <strong>of</strong> Tasmania, the<br />
researchers are <strong>of</strong>fering on-line and residential courses on<br />
specialty gourmet and medicinal fungi.<br />
900 - The inmpact <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora cinnamomi in<br />
National Parks in New South Wales, Australia<br />
B.A. Summerell 1* , K.D. McDougall 2 & J.L. Walsh 1<br />
1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia. - 2 National<br />
Parks and Wildlife Service, Queenbeyan, ACT, Australia.<br />
Although Phytophthora cinnamomi is regarded as having a<br />
significant impact on native vegetation in many parts <strong>of</strong><br />
southern Australia, the pathogen has been considered<br />
benign and possibly endemic in New South Wales. The<br />
evidence for the different behaviour in NSW has included<br />
that 1) P. cinnamomi is extremely widespread and easy to<br />
detect in soils, 2) generally susceptible genera such as<br />
Banksia are unaffected when it is present (suggesting a<br />
long host/pathogen interaction), 3) multiple plant deaths<br />
associated with P. cinnamomi are extremely rare and 4) P.<br />
cinnamomi has been recovered in remote areas (suggesting<br />
that it is endemic). Recent surveys <strong>of</strong> National Parks in<br />
eastern NSW have found that although P. cinnamomi is<br />
widespread it cannot be detected in some areas despite<br />
extensive soil sampling. Although most Banksia spp. seem<br />
to be relatively resistant to symptoms <strong>of</strong> infection, other<br />
taxa (especially some Xanthorrhoea spp.) are very<br />
susceptible. The loss <strong>of</strong> Xanthorrhoea cover may adversely<br />
affect threatened animals such as the Smoky Mouse and<br />
Southern Brown Bandicoot, which use the plants for cover<br />
and nesting. Glasshouse susceptibility trials have shown<br />
that a number <strong>of</strong> rare taxa are very susceptible to infection<br />
and molecular analysis has shown that while some<br />
variation occurs in populations this variation is limited.<br />
Phytophthora cinnamomi may be widespread in NSW,<br />
however it is doubtful that it is endemic and is certainly not<br />
always benign.<br />
901 - The survey <strong>of</strong> spring barley and rye<br />
contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins (artificial and<br />
natural infection)<br />
S. Sykorova * , L. Papouskova, V. Sip, J. Chrpova & J.<br />
Hysek<br />
Research Institute <strong>of</strong> Crop Production, Drnovska 507,161<br />
06 Prague 6, Czech Republic. - E-mail: sykorova@vurv.cz<br />
Majority <strong>of</strong> wheat and barley varieties are susceptible to<br />
Fusarium spp. infection, and there is no host specificity in<br />
the species F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Using<br />
quantitative ELISA method the DON content was<br />
determined in the samples <strong>of</strong> spring barley artificially<br />
infected by F. culmorum. 12 varieties were tested in 2000<br />
and 19 in 2001. The other 32 spring barley and 15 rye<br />
samples were earned from 32 districts <strong>of</strong> the Czech<br />
Republic. The DON content in artificially infected barley<br />
in 2000 varied from 5,1 to 19,1 ppm (average 9,7 ppm); in<br />
2001 from 1,3 to 8,2 ppm. In 2000 the correlation between<br />
DON content and TGW-values was close (r = -0,89). The<br />
comparison <strong>of</strong> DON content and TGW values in 2000 and<br />
2001 was performed. DON content in 2001 was lower than<br />
in 2000 and TGW- values were in 2001 higher than in<br />
2000. Monitoring <strong>of</strong> DON content and mycological control<br />
in barley samples confirmed DON appearance in all<br />
samples (0,03 to 3,77; average 0,4 ppm). The limit value<br />
was exceeded in the one case. F. graminearum was in 2001<br />
prevailing toxinogenic species. Its occurrence is consistent<br />
with higher levels <strong>of</strong> DON. It confirmed that mycological<br />
control <strong>of</strong> all studied samples is need. There is also evident<br />
that toxinogenic species F. culmorum was replaced in 2001<br />
by F. graminearum which was strong producer <strong>of</strong> DON<br />
too. The DON content found in tested rye samples was<br />
very low ( 0,02 to 0,33 ppm) and therefore the mycological<br />
control was not done.<br />
902 - Pyrenopeziza betulicola and Marssonina betulae<br />
leaf spot fungi in birch: Monitoring the disease<br />
development<br />
L. Syrjälä * & M. Poteri<br />
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Juntintie 40, 77600<br />
Suonenjoki, Finland. - E-mail: leena.syrjala@metla.fi<br />
In late summer and autumn birch (Betula sp.) leaves are<br />
full <strong>of</strong> spots caused by fungi. Often these fungi are also a<br />
reason for premature yellowing and defoliation, which may<br />
reduce growth and frost hardening <strong>of</strong> trees. In Finland<br />
common necrotic leaf spots causing species are<br />
Pyrenopeziza betulicola and Marssonina betulae. Though<br />
these fungi have been characterized and found to be<br />
common, there are very few studies <strong>of</strong> their infection<br />
biology or disease development in trees. We have studied<br />
leaf spot fungi - Betula pendula - interaction. Because<br />
global climatic change is assumed to increase atmospheric<br />
ozone and CO 2 concentration in the future, we have also<br />
followed the effect <strong>of</strong> these gases on the development <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 271
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
leaf spot disease. For monitoring the disease development<br />
we have used both image analyses technique and visual<br />
observation. According to the results the ability <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
betulicola strains to infect birch leaves as also the<br />
resistance <strong>of</strong> birch clones to the disease varied. There were<br />
also differences between strain-clone -combinations in the<br />
intensity and rate <strong>of</strong> premature yellowing and falling <strong>of</strong><br />
leaves. The ability <strong>of</strong> M. betulae to cause leaf spots was<br />
affected by leaf age. In the older leaves necrotic spots<br />
developed faster and the diseased leaf area was also larger.<br />
Under ozone and CO2 fumigation treatments the gases<br />
alone didn't explain the disease development, but the<br />
disease was dependent also on birch clone, age <strong>of</strong> leaves<br />
and performance year <strong>of</strong> the experiments.<br />
903 - Genetic diversity in Ampelomyces hyperparasites<br />
inferred from SSCP analysis<br />
O. Szentivanyi 1 , J.C. Russell 2 , L. Kiss 1* , J.P. Clapp 2 & P.<br />
Jeffries 2<br />
1 Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 102., Hungary. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, University <strong>of</strong> Kent,<br />
Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
LKISS@NKI.HU<br />
SSCP analysis (Single Strand Conformation<br />
Polymorphism) allows a rapid and sensitive detection <strong>of</strong><br />
sequence differences between nucleic acid samples. The<br />
method relies on the different migration rates <strong>of</strong> single<br />
stranded nucleic acid fragments. It is known that even a<br />
single point mutation can cause a change in the secondary<br />
structure and thus a changed running behaviour <strong>of</strong> DNA or<br />
RNA samples in the gel. SSCP can thus be used to rapidly<br />
screen a range <strong>of</strong> individuals for intraspecific genomic<br />
variation. This method has not yet been applied widely in<br />
plant pathology, but we have recently used it to assess<br />
variation in a world-wide collection <strong>of</strong> isolates <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mycoparasitic genus Ampelomyces. These fungi are<br />
common intracellular hyperparasites <strong>of</strong> powdery mildews.<br />
To study their genetic diversity, 29 isolates were studied by<br />
SSCP analysis <strong>of</strong> the rDNA ITS region. Based on SSCP<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iles, the isolates were included in eight different<br />
groups. These results largely supported earlier data [1, 2],<br />
but revealed additional genetic differences, too.<br />
Interestingly, a new group <strong>of</strong> isolates were delineated that<br />
consisted <strong>of</strong> all Ampelomyces isolates obtained from apple<br />
powdery mildew in Hungary. 1. Kiss, L.: Mycol Res 101,<br />
1073 (1997). 2. Kiss, L., Nakasone, K.K.: Curr Genet 33,<br />
362 (1998).<br />
904 - Mixed infection <strong>of</strong> Trichosporon cutaneum and<br />
Candida parapsilosis in a white piedra case from Qatar<br />
S.J. Taj-Aldeen 1* & H.I. Al-Ansari 2<br />
1 Hamad Medical Corporation, Dept. Laboratory Medicine<br />
& Pathology, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar. - 2 Hamad<br />
Medical Corporation, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Dermatology & Venerology,<br />
272<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Rumala P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar. - E-mail:<br />
saadtaj@hotmail.com<br />
White piedra is a rare fungal infection <strong>of</strong> the hair shaft<br />
characterized by small, firm, irregular white-brown<br />
nodules. The infection is due to Trichosporon cutaneum (=<br />
T. beigelii). The disease occurs in tropical and subtropical<br />
areas and reported in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Until now,<br />
where a 28 year old female patient acquired the infection, it<br />
was not reported in Qatar. In this case the scalp was the<br />
only site affected but in a very extensive manner. The hair<br />
had yeast odour and appeared beaded with nodules. Under<br />
the microscope, the nodules were light-brown made <strong>of</strong> a<br />
compact mass <strong>of</strong> arthrospores arranged perpendicularly<br />
around the hair shaft and varying in size, measuring up to<br />
1.5 mm. Sabouraud`s culture developed rapidly T.<br />
cutaneum accompanied by Candida parapsilosis along the<br />
infected hair shaft at room temperature and 37 °C. Colonies<br />
<strong>of</strong> T. cutaneum were wrinkled, tan and cycloheximide<br />
negative. Assimilation pr<strong>of</strong>ile was consistent with the<br />
organism identification. Microscopic examination showed<br />
hyphae which fragmented into rectangular arthrospores and<br />
budding cells. The patient treated by daily application <strong>of</strong><br />
Econazol (shampoo & cream) followed by Ketoconazole<br />
shampoo, completely cured (clinically & mycologically)<br />
after two months. White piedra infection in this patient is<br />
caused by mixed infection with C. parapsilosis. It is not<br />
clear if the disease was due to the synergistic action<br />
between T. cutaneum and C. parapsilosis.<br />
905 - Allergic Aspergillus flavus rhinosinusitis: A case<br />
report from Qatar<br />
S.J. Taj-Aldeen 1* , A.A. Hilal 2 & A. Chong-Lopez 1<br />
1<br />
Hamad Medical Corporation, Dept. Lab. Med. & Path.,<br />
2<br />
PO box 3050, Doha, Qatar. - Hamad Medical<br />
Corporation, ENT Section, Rumala, PO box 3050, Doha,<br />
Qatar. - E-mail: Saadtaj@hotmail.com<br />
Fungal involvement <strong>of</strong> the rhinosinusitis is classified into<br />
four major forms: mycetoma, invasive, allergic and<br />
fulminant form. It can become life-threatening if not<br />
diagnosed and treated properly. The preliminary diagnosis<br />
is usually by nasal endoscopy and computed tomography<br />
(CT) imaging but tissue biopsy and culture is <strong>of</strong> vital<br />
importance in confirming the disease and in planning<br />
treatment. We present a case <strong>of</strong> allergic fungal<br />
rhinosinusitis caused by Aspergillus flavus. Clinical<br />
manifestation <strong>of</strong> the disease was the presence <strong>of</strong> an<br />
extensive left nasal polyp. Allergic workup revealed<br />
systemic eosinophilia (11.7%), High serum IgE level (1201<br />
IU ml -1 ) and positive skin test for Aspergillus. CT scan<br />
showed a total opacification and expansion <strong>of</strong> the left nasal<br />
cavity and sinuses with secondary inflammatory reaction<br />
on the right side. There was no bony erosion beyond the<br />
sinus walls. The patient has been operated by endoscopic<br />
approach (polypectomy and ethmoidectomy) where an<br />
abundant amount <strong>of</strong> allergic fungal mucin and dark crusts<br />
were found filling the sinuses. Fungal hyphae and spores<br />
were evident by direct lactophenol mount and by<br />
histopathological sections <strong>of</strong> the removed polypi. Culture<br />
<strong>of</strong> the debris resulted in growth <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus flavus. The
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
findings were highly suggestive <strong>of</strong> allergic fungal<br />
rhinosinusitis. The patient received a full course <strong>of</strong><br />
systemic steroids and had no recurrence after 9 months<br />
follow up.<br />
906 - Aflatoxin B1 in Rice bran: Sources <strong>of</strong><br />
contamination<br />
V. Theraisnathan * & I. Kalyanasundaram<br />
Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Madras, Chennai-25, 10/4, L & T Colony, Phase-II,<br />
Ramakrishnapuram, Virugambakam, Chennai-600 092,<br />
India. - E-mail: wincente@yahoo.com<br />
A wide survey on the prevalence <strong>of</strong> Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)<br />
in rice bran was conducted in South India. Sixty two per<br />
cent <strong>of</strong> the samples contained AFB1 and the levels far<br />
exceeded the permissible limit <strong>of</strong> 50 ppb, with 60% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
positive samples having 50-500 ppb and 30% up to 2000<br />
ppb. The myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> bran included over 20 osmophilic<br />
species, <strong>of</strong> which Aspergillus flavus Link showed the<br />
highest frequency (75%) as well as abundance (37.6%).<br />
The high frequency and high levels <strong>of</strong> AFB1 showed no<br />
correlation with moisture content <strong>of</strong> the samples, climatic<br />
variations, or with the raw or parboiled status <strong>of</strong> the paddy,<br />
but with the maintenance <strong>of</strong> sanitation in the rice mills,<br />
suspected to be a major source <strong>of</strong> contamination <strong>of</strong> bran<br />
with aflatoxigenic fungi/aflatoxin. This was done by<br />
subjecting specific lots <strong>of</strong> rough rice (paddy) to parboiling<br />
in the mill followed by drying through different<br />
procedures; milling <strong>of</strong> the raw and parboiled paddy<br />
samples separated in commercial mills and in the<br />
laboratory, and comparing the myc<strong>of</strong>lora with reference to<br />
A. flavus - and AFB1. The mill environment did act as a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> contamination <strong>of</strong> bran, but only to enhance the<br />
toxin which had already formed earlier in the paddy. It was<br />
thus a source <strong>of</strong> secondary contamination, and its actual<br />
contribution to the prevalence <strong>of</strong> AFB1 in rice bran should<br />
be determined only by making a survey <strong>of</strong> the prevalence<br />
<strong>of</strong> AFB1 in paddy in the region and comparing it with that<br />
<strong>of</strong> bran.<br />
907 - Aflatoxin in conidia <strong>of</strong> airborne fungi and its<br />
relevance for occupational hygiene<br />
R. Thißen, G. Fischer * , T. Müller, S. Braun & W. Dott<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Hygiene and Environmental Medicine,<br />
University Hospital RWTH, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074<br />
Aachen, Germany. - E-mail: Guido.Fischer@post.rwthaachen.de<br />
At work places in the waste-handling industry mycotoxinproducing<br />
fungi can be found in high numbers in air. In the<br />
present study, the amount <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins associated with<br />
airborne conidia was investigated. Species from the A.<br />
flavus group known to produce aflatoxins were tested as a<br />
model system. The production <strong>of</strong> mycotoxins was<br />
investigated for fresh isolates from a composting plant.<br />
Conidial suspensions <strong>of</strong> known aflatoxin producers (A.<br />
flavus, A. parasiticus) were investigated qualitatively and<br />
quantitatively for their aflatoxin content. Analysis was<br />
done using both HPLC-FLD and ELISA. Extracts <strong>of</strong><br />
additional species (A. niger, A. versicolor, A. fumigatus, E.<br />
nidulans) and mycotoxin standards were tested for cross<br />
reactivities. The amount <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin correlated with the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> conidia extracted. A. parasiticus conidia<br />
contained significantly more aflatoxins (amounts <strong>of</strong> pg per<br />
10,000 conidia) than those <strong>of</strong> A. flavus. A. versicolor<br />
showed a slight unspecific reactivity that may be due to<br />
sterigmatocystin, a precursor in the aflatoxin biosynthesis.<br />
The results show that aflatoxin can be detected in relatively<br />
small amounts <strong>of</strong> conidia. As species <strong>of</strong> the A. flavus gr.<br />
occur in numbers <strong>of</strong> >1000 cfu per cbm air in composting<br />
plants, they may be <strong>of</strong> toxicological relevance. Further<br />
investigations are necessary to evaluate the incidence <strong>of</strong><br />
toxinogenic strains in situ.<br />
908 - Attraction <strong>of</strong> phorid and sciarid pest flies during<br />
cultivation <strong>of</strong> Agaricus bisporus<br />
L. Tibbles 1* , L. Boddy 1 , M. Jervis 1 & D. Chandler 2<br />
1 Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, U.K.<br />
- 2 Horticulture Research <strong>International</strong>, Wellesbourne,<br />
Warwick, CV35 9EF, U.K. - E-mail: Tibbles@cf.ac.uk<br />
The cultivation <strong>of</strong> Agaricus bisporus is a worldwide, multimillion<br />
pound industry. It is susceptible to many pests and<br />
pathogens, the dipterans Lycoriella castanescens (sciarid)<br />
and Megaselia halterata (phorid) are most serious causing<br />
losses <strong>of</strong> 7% <strong>of</strong> annual revenue in the UK. Pest control is<br />
largely by chemicals and there is a need for alternative<br />
modes <strong>of</strong> pest control. Determining the source <strong>of</strong> attraction<br />
for these pest flies could provide a method for preventing<br />
their infestation <strong>of</strong> mushroom houses. A static air<br />
olfactometer was developed to quantify the behavioural<br />
response <strong>of</strong> female sciarid and phorid flies to mushroom<br />
cultivation substrates: pasteurised compost, 4 d spawned<br />
compost, fully spawned compost and button mushrooms.<br />
Phorid response varied depending on substrate, with<br />
greatest attraction to fully spawned compost, those that best<br />
support development <strong>of</strong> this obligate mycelial feeder.<br />
Sciarids were attracted to all substrates. Phorid oviposition<br />
increased with mycelial growth through the substrate,<br />
whilst sciarids exhibited high oviposition on all substrates.<br />
Emergence <strong>of</strong> both species was substrate dependent.<br />
Sciarid emergence was highest from pasteurised compost,<br />
decreasing with mycelial growth through the substrate<br />
indicating that mycelial growth is deterimental to<br />
development. Greatest emergence <strong>of</strong> phorids was from the<br />
4 day spawned compost. Results are consistent with the use<br />
<strong>of</strong> volatiles in detection <strong>of</strong> oviposition sites for both<br />
species.<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
909 - Ochratoxin producing Aspergillus species in<br />
organic raisins and sultanas<br />
M. Torp 1* , P. Kruse 1 , P.-E. Clasen 1 & F.J. Cabañes 2<br />
1 National Veterinary Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Food and<br />
Feed hygiene, Ullevålsvn. 68, P.O.Box 8156 Dep., N-0033<br />
Oslo, Norway. - 2 Universitas Autònoma de Barcelona,<br />
Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Grup de<br />
Micologia, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
mona.torp@vetinst.no<br />
On behalf <strong>of</strong> the Norwegian National Food Control<br />
Authority, a study on potential mycotoxin producing fungi<br />
in organically grown raisins and sultanas was conducted.<br />
The 61 tested samples were bought in stores in Oslo during<br />
spring and summer 2001. The dried fruits were cut in<br />
halves and plated out on Dichloran Glycerol agar and<br />
incubated at 25 °C for seven days. Potential mycotoxin<br />
producers were isolated from all the 15 samples <strong>of</strong><br />
sultanas, while 44 samples (95%) <strong>of</strong> raisins were affected.<br />
Fungi belonging to the Aspergillus niger aggregate were<br />
the most dominant, infesting all samples <strong>of</strong> sultanas and<br />
95% <strong>of</strong> the raisins, while Aspergillus carbonarius was<br />
isolated from 93% <strong>of</strong> the sultanas and 2% <strong>of</strong> the raisins.<br />
The high recovery <strong>of</strong> these fungi in raisins and sultanas is<br />
<strong>of</strong> concern, since they have been reported as producers <strong>of</strong><br />
the highly toxic Ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, 18<br />
strains were analysed by HPLC for OTA production in<br />
pure culture on Yeast Extract Sucrose agar. Nine out <strong>of</strong> 12<br />
tested strains <strong>of</strong> A. carbonarius and four out <strong>of</strong> six tested<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> the A. niger aggregate produced OTA. The ITS-<br />
5.8S rDNA RFLP patterns <strong>of</strong> the OTA-producing isolates<br />
in the A. niger aggregate were also determined. All four<br />
isolates were classified as type N [Accensi et al. 1999],<br />
corresponding to the RFLP group 'A. niger'. The results<br />
indicate that OTA analyses <strong>of</strong> organically grown raisins<br />
and sultanas would be <strong>of</strong> interest to the consumers.<br />
910 - A monitoring system for green fluorescence<br />
protein gene-transformed Fusarium oxysporum in<br />
melon seedlings<br />
H. Toyoda * , T. Nonomura & Y. Matsuda<br />
Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi,<br />
Nara 631-8505, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
toyoda@nara.kindai.ac.jp<br />
Using melon seedlings at the cotyledon stage and<br />
genetically marked fungi, a system for monitoring<br />
pathogenic and nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum was<br />
devised in the present study. Protoplasts were prepared<br />
from three formae speciales (melonis, radicis-lycopersici<br />
and fragariae) <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum and transformed with a<br />
synthetic gene for green fluorescence protein.<br />
Transformants were primarily isolated in the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
hygromycin B and then screened by the emission <strong>of</strong> bright<br />
green fluorescence. Roots <strong>of</strong> melon seedlings were<br />
274<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
inoculated with fluorescing microconidia <strong>of</strong> these fungi,<br />
and fungal infection behavior was traced. Using<br />
fluorescence microscopy, we directly observed not only the<br />
fungus at the root surface, but also the mycelia elongating<br />
in the trachea <strong>of</strong> roots. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic<br />
fungi germinated and hyphae elongated superficially on the<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> root. Only pathogenic fungi caused root necrosis<br />
at the inoculation site. Hyphae grew within the stem to<br />
induce constriction or cracking <strong>of</strong> lower hypocotyls, then<br />
causing wilting <strong>of</strong> the seedlings. Infection behavior <strong>of</strong><br />
genetically marked pathogenic and nonpathogenic F.<br />
oxysporum could be successfully monitored after<br />
inoculation <strong>of</strong> cotyledons <strong>of</strong> seedlings.<br />
911 - Biological control <strong>of</strong> bluestain in logs using an<br />
albino bluestain fungus<br />
A. Uzunovic * & A. Byrne<br />
Forintek Canada Corp., 2365 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C.,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: adnan@van.forintek.ca<br />
Bluestain causes significant economic losses to the<br />
Canadian forest industry. We examined the feasibility <strong>of</strong><br />
using an albino bluestain strain (Cartapip TM , now renamed<br />
Sylvanex TM ) <strong>of</strong> Ophiostoma pilferum to control bluestain in<br />
lodgepole pine logs. Cartapip and four challenge bluestain<br />
fungi were sprayed alone, and in sequence, on two types <strong>of</strong><br />
wounds artificially produced on pine billets. When<br />
inoculated alone, Cartapip colonized fresh lodgepole pine<br />
and did not cause stain. The challenge fungi alone caused<br />
significant stain. However, when the challenge fungi were<br />
applied 2 or 10 days after Cartapip, the stain was negligible<br />
in most cases and Cartapip outcompeted the fungi. Field<br />
work using commercial size logs was done in 2000 and<br />
2001 in Alberta, Canada. Cartapip suspension was sprayed<br />
on logs and the bluestain development quantified and<br />
compared with logs sprayed only with water. Statistical<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the data after 12-13 weeks <strong>of</strong> storage showed<br />
that Cartapip significantly reduced the amount <strong>of</strong> bluestain.<br />
After 6 weeks <strong>of</strong> summer storage in 2001, Cartapip-treated<br />
logs remained almost spotless compared to the<br />
considerable stain found on non-treated logs. After 13<br />
weeks <strong>of</strong> storage there was some stain development in<br />
Cartapip-treated logs but the amount was significantly less<br />
than in non-treated logs. The product, and the concept <strong>of</strong><br />
using albino isolates to control stain, therefore have<br />
potential for industrial use.<br />
912 - Expression <strong>of</strong> fruit body color in Pleurotus spp.<br />
hybrids derived from pairings <strong>of</strong> compatible<br />
neohaplonts<br />
G. Valencia del Toro 1* & H. Leal Lara 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, UPIBI, IPN; Research Division,<br />
FESI, UNAM;, ENEP Iztacala, Av de los Barriois S/N,<br />
54090 Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México,<br />
Mexico. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Food Science and Biotechnology,<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, National University <strong>of</strong> Mexico
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
(UNAM), Cd. Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico. -<br />
E-mail: tavaltor@servidor.unam.mx<br />
The monocaryotic components (neohaplonts) <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
Pleurotus spp. strains (ECS127, ECS187, IB67, 1E202,<br />
IE200, IE201, INI8, POROS, RP y P15) producing fruit<br />
bodies <strong>of</strong> contrasting colors were obtained by chemical<br />
dedicaryotization. By pairing these neohaplonts, 5<br />
intersterile groups were recognized. Four strains belong to<br />
the first group, IB67 (gray), IE200 (white), PORO (pink) y<br />
RP (pink) and their neohaplonts showed compatibility<br />
factors AmBm, and AnBn, respectively. In the second<br />
group, a white (IE201) and a pink (IE202) strain were<br />
found; their nehohaplonts could have either completely<br />
different compatibility factors AoBo and ApBp or the<br />
complementing factors <strong>of</strong> the first group, AmBn and<br />
AnBm. In the third group, 2 gray strains, INI8 and<br />
ECS127, were found with compatibility factors AqBq and<br />
ArBr, while a yellow strain, ECS187, was found in the<br />
fourth group with compatibility factors AsBs and AtBt.<br />
Finally, a gray strain, P15, was found in the fifth group<br />
with compatibility factors AuBu and AvBv. Thirteen<br />
hybrid dikaryons were obtained by cross mating<br />
neohaplonts from groups 1 and 2 and they were grown on a<br />
commercial Pleurotus sp. substrate (feremented straw).<br />
Gray fruit bodies were obtained from 11 hybrids and,<br />
unexpectedly, yellow fruit bodies were produced by two<br />
hybrids resulting from matings <strong>of</strong> neohaplonts from a white<br />
strain (IE201) and a pink one (IE202). Regulation <strong>of</strong> gene<br />
expression or extrachromosomal factors to explain such<br />
results is discussed.<br />
913 - New plant pathogenic fungus from the sterile<br />
white basidiomycete complex<br />
O. Vinnere * , J. Fatehi & B. Gerhardson<br />
Plant Pathology and Biocontrol Unit, SLU, P.O. Box 7035,<br />
S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
olga.vinnere@vpat.slu.se<br />
An isolate <strong>of</strong> Sterile White Basidiomycete (SWB) was<br />
obtained from the visually healthy roots <strong>of</strong> buffalo grass<br />
(Pennisetum landistinum), growing in a natural bush land<br />
in Perth, Western Australia. The greenhouse pathogenicity<br />
tests revealed that the fungus is able to infect 12 different<br />
plant species. This isolate was compared with a strain <strong>of</strong><br />
SWB, obtained from the American Type Culture<br />
Collection (ATCC 28344), originated from Florida, United<br />
States, which has been reported as an aggressive pathogen<br />
on 16 genera <strong>of</strong> agricultural crops. Mycelial features,<br />
growth rate, as well as pathogenicity pattern and inoculum<br />
potential <strong>of</strong> these two pathogens were distinctly different.<br />
In addition, sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the Internal Transcribed<br />
Spacer (ITS) regions, 5.8S and the first 800 bp <strong>of</strong> the 25S<br />
ribosomal RNA genes strongly supported that the<br />
Australian fungus was clearly different from the American<br />
isolate. The sequence data confirmed the previous report by<br />
another research group that the American SWB strain<br />
belonged to Marasmius graminearum. Further studies are<br />
carried out in order to resolve the taxonomic position <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Australian SWB.<br />
914 - The biodiversity <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>ungi from selected<br />
organically produced fruit and vegetable commodities<br />
from Norway<br />
N.W. Waipara 1* & M. Torp 2<br />
1 HortResearch, Canterbury Research Centre, P.O.Box 51,<br />
Lincoln, New Zealand. - 2 National Veterinary Institute, Box<br />
8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
nwaipara@hortresearch.co.nz<br />
The myc<strong>of</strong>loras <strong>of</strong> four organically produced fruit and<br />
vegetable commodities; dried fruit, strawberry, corn and<br />
carrot, for sale in Norway were examined. The species <strong>of</strong><br />
fungi obtained from each food commodity were mostly<br />
saprophytic. Xerophilic fungi such as Eurotium spp.,<br />
Aspergillus spp., and Wallemia sebi were isolated in many<br />
dried fruit samples along with fungi capable <strong>of</strong> food<br />
spoilage such as, Rhizopus spp. and Zygosaccharomyces<br />
rouxii. Mycotoxin- producing Aspergillus flavus was also<br />
isolated, and aflatoxins were also detected in low levels in<br />
these samples. The fruit spoilage pathogen, Botrytis<br />
cinerea, was frequently isolated from all strawberry<br />
samples along with two other strawberry pathogens Idriella<br />
lunata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which were<br />
less frequently isolated. Most fungi obtained from corncob<br />
kernels were aerial contamination species such as<br />
Cladosporium and Epicoccum, Zygomycetes and yeasts.<br />
The fungi obtained from carrot samples were common<br />
saprophytic species frequently reported from soil and roots,<br />
although carrot spoilage pathogens such as Thielaviopsis<br />
basicola and Rhizoctonia carotae were also isolated in low<br />
numbers.<br />
915 - Physiological regulation <strong>of</strong> biomass and<br />
polysaccharides production by medicinal mushrooms<br />
S.P. Wasser 1 , V.I. Elisashvili 2* , M. Stajic 1 & M. Didukh 1<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Evolution, University <strong>of</strong> Haifa, Haifa 31905,<br />
Israel. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry and Biotechnology,<br />
Tbilisi 380059, Georgia. - E-mail:<br />
velisashvili@hotmail.com<br />
Agaricus nevoi, Inonotus levis, Phellinus igniarius, Ph.<br />
robustus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Tremella mesenterica<br />
biomass and polysaccharide production in dependence on<br />
the carbon and nitrogen sources have been investigated. All<br />
strains grew well in the presence <strong>of</strong> glucose, maltose or<br />
mannitol in the medium yielding in shake flasks<br />
experiments up to 13-18.9 g l -1 <strong>of</strong> crude biomasspolysaccharide<br />
ethanol precipitate. Among carbon sources<br />
studied, glucose appeared to be the best for the<br />
polysaccharide production by I. levis, Ph. igniarius, Ph.<br />
robustus, P. ostreatus, whereas T. mesenterica produced<br />
the highest level <strong>of</strong> polysaccharide during growth in the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> sucrose and mannitol. It has been shown that<br />
the yield <strong>of</strong> polysaccharides correlated with carbon source<br />
concentration in the medium. Among nitrogen sources<br />
studied, organic compounds and ammonium sulfate<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 275
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
stimulated fungi growth and polysaccharides production.<br />
The best polysaccharide producers, I. levis and T.<br />
mesenterica, were cultivated in BioFlo Fermentor 2000<br />
(New Brunswick, USA). In this case yield <strong>of</strong> crude proteinpolysaccharide<br />
products reached 23 and 27 g l -1 ,<br />
respectively. Data on the dynamic <strong>of</strong> fungi growth in<br />
fermentor indicate that in the culture <strong>of</strong> T. mesenterica<br />
biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> polysaccharide parallels to fungus biomass<br />
growth, while in the case <strong>of</strong> I. levis polysaccharide<br />
synthesis mainly occurs in the later logarithmic phase <strong>of</strong><br />
growth.<br />
916 - Mechanism <strong>of</strong> wilting in oak mortality in Japan<br />
caused by Raffaelea quericivori<br />
T. Yamada 1* , M. Yamato 2 , D. Sakaue 1 & K. Suzuki 2<br />
1 Experimental Station at Tanashi, The University Forests,<br />
The University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo, Midori-cho 1-1-8, Nishitokyo,<br />
Tokyo 188-0002, Japan. - 2 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural<br />
and Life Sciences, The University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1,<br />
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
yamari@uf.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp<br />
Mass mortality <strong>of</strong> oaks (mainly Quercus serrata and Q.<br />
crispula) has been appeared along the Japan Sea since<br />
1980's. Blockage <strong>of</strong> xylem sap ascent induced by infection<br />
<strong>of</strong> a fungus Raffaelea quericivori, which is vectored by<br />
ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus, is considered to<br />
have close relationship with this mortality <strong>of</strong> oaks. Lower<br />
stems <strong>of</strong> Q. serrata and Q. crispula seedlings were<br />
inoculated with R. quercivori. Dye treatment revealed that<br />
blockage <strong>of</strong> sap-flow occurred only around the inoculation<br />
points. Symptoms during wilting after the R. quercivori<br />
inoculation and those after cutting <strong>of</strong> lower stem were<br />
similar. Further, supplying water into stem lengths cut from<br />
upper half <strong>of</strong> the seedlings just after the appearance <strong>of</strong><br />
wilting also delayed the further development <strong>of</strong> wilting in<br />
both <strong>of</strong> them. Water conductivity in the stem was measured<br />
with a high pressure flowmeter (HPFM) after the fungus<br />
inoculation onto Q. crispula seedlings, which survived<br />
after the inoculation. A parameter <strong>of</strong> chlorophyll<br />
fluorescence, Fv/Fm, decreased slightly in several<br />
seedlings. Conductivity was not changed in the upper part<br />
<strong>of</strong> the seedlings, though conductivity aroud the inoculation<br />
points was conspicuously reduced in fungus-inoculated<br />
seedlings, especially ones with lowered Fv/Fm. Our results<br />
suggested that upper part <strong>of</strong> the seedlings was not directly<br />
affected by the fungal inoculation, and that wilt was<br />
induced by the blockage <strong>of</strong> sap ascent around the<br />
inoculation point.<br />
917 - Penicillium fungi from Picea glehnii seeds protect<br />
the seedlings from damping-<strong>of</strong>f<br />
K. Yamaji * , Y. Fukushi, Y. Hashidoko & S. Tahara<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Bioscience, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Hokkaido, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589,<br />
Japan. - E-mail: Keiko.Yamaji@joensuu.fi<br />
276<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
We have postulated that germinating seeds and seedlings <strong>of</strong><br />
Picea glehnii might be protected from pathogens by seedepiphytic<br />
fungi that produce antimicrobial compounds. We<br />
screened seed-epiphytic microorganisms that produced<br />
antibiotics against pathogenic Pythium vexans by the agaron-paper<br />
method. Of the 149 isolates, 13 fungi showed<br />
high antifungal activities and they were identified as<br />
Penicillium fungi. Three isolates (P. cyaneum, P.<br />
damascenum, and P. implicatum) showed high antifungal<br />
activity and they produced patulin, citrinin, palitantin and<br />
frequentin, respectively. In the co-inoculation test <strong>of</strong> three<br />
Penicillium species and P. vexans to P. glehnii seedlings,<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> surviving seedlings which were inoculated<br />
with P. vexans 5 days after pre-inoculation with P.<br />
damascenum increased compared with those inoculated<br />
with P. vexans alone. Dense mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
damascenum was observed microscopically around the<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> the inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, the<br />
antifungal and phytotoxic compound citrinin produced by<br />
P. damascenum was detected as a component released<br />
around the roots <strong>of</strong> the normally growing fungusinoculated<br />
seedlings. We proposed two possible<br />
mechanisms for the protection <strong>of</strong> P. glehnii seedlings by P.<br />
damascenum from P. vexans; first, chemical protection by<br />
an antibiotic agent, citrinin produced by P. damascenum,<br />
and second, the occupation <strong>of</strong> the space around the P.<br />
glehnii roots by the P. damascenum mycelia.<br />
918 - Growth inhibition for wood decaying fungi by<br />
lichen mycobionts<br />
Y. Yamamoto 1* , M. Komine 1 , K. Hara 1 , S. Doi 2 & K.<br />
Takahashi 3<br />
1<br />
Akita Prefectural University, 241-7, Kaidobata-nishi,<br />
2<br />
Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, Akita, Japan. - Akita<br />
Prefectural University, 11-1, Kaieizaka, Noshiro, Akita,<br />
Japan. - 3 Meiji College <strong>of</strong> Pharmacy, 2-522-1, Noshio,<br />
Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan. - E-mail: yyamamoto@akitapu.ac.jp<br />
About 400 strains <strong>of</strong> lichen-derived cultures induced<br />
natural thalli and spores are maintained in our laboratory<br />
and we previously indicated that they showed several<br />
biological activities. In natural conditions, lichens may<br />
oppose mushroom on the bark. Screening <strong>of</strong> growth<br />
inhibition <strong>of</strong> two wood decaying fungi, Trametes<br />
versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Pilat and Fomitopsis palustris (Berk.<br />
et Curt.) Gilbn & Ryv. in 46 strains <strong>of</strong> lichen mycobionts<br />
cultured. Two cell-aggregates <strong>of</strong> each mycobiont strain<br />
were placed oppositely on agar-plates <strong>of</strong> malt-yeast extract<br />
medium, glucose peptone medium and potato dextrose<br />
medium in a Petri dish and pre-incubated at 20C in the<br />
dark. After a month, one agar block <strong>of</strong> malt-yeast extract<br />
medium on which a wood decaying fungus grew was<br />
inoculated in the center <strong>of</strong> the agar-plate on which its<br />
mycobiont grew and maintained at 20C in the dark. After a<br />
week, inhibitory effect on growth <strong>of</strong> a fungus by lichen<br />
mycobionts was judged from the extent <strong>of</strong> its inhibition<br />
circle. Three mycobionts <strong>of</strong> Acarospora fuscata, Arthonia<br />
cinnabarina and Ramalina exilis inhibited the growth <strong>of</strong><br />
both fungi. The growth <strong>of</strong> T. versicolor was inhibited by<br />
mycobionts <strong>of</strong> Stereocaulon sorediiferum and Dibaeis
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
absoluta, on the other hand that <strong>of</strong> F. palustris was done by<br />
those <strong>of</strong> Cladia aggregata, Haematomma puniceum and<br />
Xanthoria elegans.<br />
919 - Wood stain and causal fungi on Canadian<br />
hardwood species<br />
D.Q. Yang * , M.-C. Bisson, M. Gignac & T. Lihra<br />
Forintek Canada Corp., 319 rue Franquet, Sainte-Foy,<br />
Quebec, G1P 4R4, Canada. - E-mail: dianqing.yang@qc.forintek.ca<br />
In most countries, trees are harvested into logs and stored<br />
in a log yard for a certain time before sawing into lumber.<br />
Logs left lying on the ground during warm weather are<br />
vulnerable to attack by sapstaining fungi. Wood sapstain is<br />
caused by several groups <strong>of</strong> fungi that penetrate deeply into<br />
wood with dark pigmented hyphae. Hardwood species are<br />
used to a greater extent in value-added wood products,<br />
reducing sapstain in these species has a significant<br />
economical impact. This study investigated the speed <strong>of</strong><br />
sapstain development in Canadian hardwood species and<br />
the major fungal species involved in this discoloration.<br />
Trees <strong>of</strong> sugar maple and yellow birch were felled in June<br />
2001. Logs were transported to and stacked in a sawmill<br />
within two weeks after felling. The evaluation was<br />
conducted every 2 weeks. Logs were sampled into discs,<br />
stain development on these discs was examined, and<br />
isolation and identification <strong>of</strong> staining fungi were followed<br />
up. The results showed that stain was detected on logs 3<br />
weeks after harvesting and logs were stained less than 5%<br />
<strong>of</strong> wood in 5 weeks. After 13-week storage, most sapwood<br />
<strong>of</strong> logs was stained. Yellow birch was more susceptible to<br />
fungal stain than sugar maple, and log ends were more<br />
stained than the internal sections. The frequently isolated<br />
sapstaining fungi were Ophiostoma piceae, O. piliferum,<br />
Leptographium sp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Alternaria<br />
alternata, and Cladosporium cladosporioides.<br />
920 - Production, formulation and application <strong>of</strong> a<br />
bioprotectant for wood protection<br />
D.Q. Yang * , M. Gignac & M.-C. Bisson<br />
Forintek Canada Corp., 319 rue Franquet, Sainte-Foy,<br />
Quebec, G1P 4R4, Canada. - E-mail: dianqing.yang@qc.forintek.ca<br />
Moulds, stain and decay cause serious problems on wood<br />
utilization. Though a growing volume <strong>of</strong> wood is kilndried,<br />
the market for green exports remains significant, and<br />
environment-friendly wood protection is required to<br />
replace traditional chemicals. As a solution to this problem,<br />
Forintek Canada Corp. developed a bioprotectant for<br />
protecting logs and green lumber from moulds, stain and<br />
decay, which was granted a US patent. The method relies<br />
on an albino fungus, Gliocladium roseum. One objective <strong>of</strong><br />
the project was to assess the technical feasibility <strong>of</strong> large-<br />
scale production and utilization <strong>of</strong> this bioprotectant.<br />
Fermentation in 150L fermentors was achieved within<br />
three days. The spores and mycelia <strong>of</strong> the fermented fungus<br />
were formulated into a powder form. A shelf-life study<br />
indicated that this bioprotectant did not lose any <strong>of</strong> its<br />
vigour after one-year storage at -20 °C. Large-scale<br />
application and efficacy tests were carried out on 2400<br />
boards in a sawmill; the lumber tested was a mix <strong>of</strong> 2"x 3"<br />
x 8' black spruce and balsam fir boards. The treatment was<br />
applied in two different manners: a) with a spray system<br />
normally used for chemical application, and b) by dipping<br />
in a tank. After three months storage at the mill, 100<br />
percent <strong>of</strong> the treated board were found to be acceptable as<br />
compared to only 36 percent for untreated controls.<br />
921 - Medicinal mushrooms as inhibitors <strong>of</strong><br />
angiogenesis<br />
M. Yassin 1* , J. Mahajna 2 & S.P. Wasser 1<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Evolution University <strong>of</strong> Haifa, Mount Carmel,<br />
Haifa 31905, Israel. - 2 Galilee Institute for Applied<br />
Research, P.O. Box 415, Nazareth 16103, Israel. - E-mail:<br />
majedyassin22@hotmail.com<br />
Medicinal mushrooms have been an important source <strong>of</strong><br />
therapeutic substances for the treatment <strong>of</strong> various human<br />
illnesses including cancer. In Japan, few polysaccharide<br />
antitumor agents have been developed such as lentinan,<br />
krestin, and schizophyllan. Angiogenesis is an essential<br />
component <strong>of</strong> the body's physiology and contributes to the<br />
pathogenesis <strong>of</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> diseases such as psoriasis,<br />
rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Our objective is to select a<br />
medicinal mushroom extracts with anti-angiogenic and<br />
antitumor activities, monitoring ability <strong>of</strong> selected<br />
mushroom extract to interfere with the proliferation <strong>of</strong><br />
endothelial cells and other tumor cell lines. Our interest is<br />
on selecting mushroom extracts that promote apoptosis <strong>of</strong><br />
the appropriate cell lines. We developed rapid, accurate and<br />
reliable assays that allowed us to detect different events <strong>of</strong><br />
apoptosis. More than thirty species <strong>of</strong> edible and medicinal<br />
higher basidiomycetes were evaluated. Screening data <strong>of</strong><br />
selected medicinal mushroom extracts will be presented.<br />
Selected mushroom extracts or fractions that show<br />
promising activity in the screening assays will be further<br />
evaluated in animal models.<br />
922 - Identification <strong>of</strong> viruses from diseased edible<br />
mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii and<br />
Flammulina velutipes<br />
H.J. Yu, J.S. Lee, Y.C. Kwan, N.J. Lee & H.S. Lee *<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Life Science, college <strong>of</strong> Natural science, and<br />
Genetic Engineering Institute, Gyeongsang Natl. Uni. 660-<br />
701 Chinju, Korea. - E-mail: hslee@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr<br />
Natural viral epidemic was observed in the commercial<br />
farms <strong>of</strong> edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 277
IMC7 Main Congress Theme III: PATHOGENS AND NUISANCES, FOOD AND MEDICINE Posters<br />
eryngii, Flammulina velutipes in Korea. The disease<br />
always accompanied the presence <strong>of</strong> isometric virus<br />
particles. Using purification procedures involving Tris-<br />
EDTA buffer extraction, PEG-NaCl precipitation,<br />
differential centrifugation, and equilibrium centrifugation<br />
in CsCl gradient (1.585 g/cm3), we have obtained three<br />
isometric viral particles, one <strong>of</strong> 27 and two <strong>of</strong> 34 nm in<br />
diameter, with different densities from P. ostreatus and P.<br />
eryngii. The 27 nm particle, denser than 34 nm particle,<br />
encapsidated ssRNAs as its genome. There were two kinds<br />
<strong>of</strong> lighter particles with the same size <strong>of</strong> 34 nm which<br />
encapsidated dsRNA. Coomassie Brilliant Blue stained<br />
polyacrylamide gel (12%) electrophoresis showed different<br />
polypeptides <strong>of</strong> coat proteins <strong>of</strong> Mr 29, 71, and 62 kD in<br />
viral coat proteins, respectively. These results<br />
demonstrated that there are at least 3 different kinds <strong>of</strong><br />
isometrc viruses whose genomes were ssRNA or dsRNA in<br />
P. ostreatus and P. eryngii. The Flammulina velutipes<br />
harbored different spherical ssRNA viruses. In an attempt<br />
to prove that the viral complex is the causative agent for<br />
the disease symptoms we cured the viruses from diseased<br />
spawn. The virus-cured spown formed normal mushroom<br />
and recovered from the epidemic. Therefore, the<br />
phenonena <strong>of</strong> mushroom malformation and reduced harvest<br />
in the mushroom farms could be <strong>of</strong> viral nature.<br />
923 - Comparison <strong>of</strong> the aflR gene sequences <strong>of</strong> strains<br />
in Aspergillus section Flavi<br />
G.-F. Yuan * , C.-Z. Lee & G.-Y. Liou<br />
Food Industry Research and Development Institute, P. O.<br />
Box 246, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C., Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
gfy@firdi.org.tw<br />
Aflatoxins are polyketide-derived secondary metabolites<br />
produced by Aspergillus parasiticus, A. flavus and A.<br />
nomius. Human health and economic benefit are most<br />
affected by the toxic effects <strong>of</strong> aflatoxins. The aflR gene is<br />
a regulatory gene <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin biosynthesis and encodes a<br />
protein containing a zinc cluster DNA binding motif.<br />
Although A. oryzae and A. sojae, used in fermented food<br />
and ingredient manufacture, never have a record <strong>of</strong><br />
producing aflatoxin, they have shown the presence <strong>of</strong> aflR<br />
gene. In this study, 34 strains belong to the Aspergillus<br />
section Flavi were examined and the aflR gene <strong>of</strong> 23<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> these strains were successfully amplified and<br />
sequenced. No PCR products <strong>of</strong> aflR were found in five<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> A. sojae and six strains <strong>of</strong> A. oryzae, these results<br />
suggest that the aflR gene might not exist or significantly<br />
different in some strains <strong>of</strong> A. sojae and A. oryzae. The<br />
sequenced aflR genes <strong>of</strong> the 23 strains have 96% similarity,<br />
especially the zinc finger DNA-binding domain are highly<br />
conserved. The aflR gene <strong>of</strong> A. sojae has conspicuous<br />
character, an extra CTCATG fragment inserted and a C to<br />
T transition change cause earlier termination <strong>of</strong> the<br />
encoded AFLR protein. The differences between A.<br />
parasiticus/A. sojae and A. flavus/A. oryzae were also<br />
found in some bases <strong>of</strong> aflR gene. Although the aflR genes<br />
have no obvious difference between A. flavus and A.<br />
oryzae, some differences may exist in aflatoxin producing<br />
and no producing strains.<br />
278<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
924 - Sixty-one alleles <strong>of</strong> the ALS7 open reading frame<br />
in sixty-six Candida albicans strains: ALS7 is a<br />
hypermutable contingency locus<br />
N. Zhang 1 , A.L. Harrex 2 , B. Holland 3 , R.D. Cannon 2 & J.<br />
Schmid 1*<br />
1 IMBS,Massey University, Palmerston North, New<br />
Zealand. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Oral Sciences and Orthodontics,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. - 3 IFS,<br />
Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. - Email:<br />
J.Schmid@massey.ac.nz<br />
The Candida albicans ALS (agglutinin-like sequences)<br />
family <strong>of</strong> genes encodes agglutinin-like proteins believed<br />
to play a role in adherence <strong>of</strong> the yeast to endothelial and<br />
epithelial cells and is discussed as a virulence factor <strong>of</strong> this<br />
important fungal pathogen <strong>of</strong> humans. Using 66 C.<br />
albicans isolates, representing the major phylogenetic<br />
lineages in a worldwide collection <strong>of</strong> 266 infection-causing<br />
isolates, we discovered >= sixty-one different alleles <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ALS7 open reading frame. Differences between alleles were<br />
largely caused by polymorphisms in two nonadjacent<br />
repeats, the so-called tandem repeat domain (21 different<br />
types occurred) and the so-called VASES domain (21<br />
different types). C. albicans is diploid, and combinations <strong>of</strong><br />
ALS7 alleles generated >=50 different genotypes. All<br />
alleles tested were expressed in human patients; parts <strong>of</strong><br />
some open reading frames were transcribed in both<br />
directions. Isolates representing a more pathogenic generalpurpose<br />
genotype cluster (Schmid et al., 1999,<br />
Microbiology 145: 2405-2414) had a higher number <strong>of</strong><br />
tandem repeats than other strains; <strong>of</strong> the 21 types <strong>of</strong><br />
VASES region found, two were largely exclusive to these<br />
strains, the remaining almost exclusive to non-cluster<br />
strains. Our results suggest that ALS7 is a hypermutable<br />
contingency locus, important for the success <strong>of</strong> C. albicans<br />
as an opportunistic pathogen <strong>of</strong> humans.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
925 - Arid element in the lichen flora <strong>of</strong> Kugitangtau<br />
(Turkmenistan)<br />
Z.H. Abdurahimova<br />
National Institute <strong>of</strong> Desert, flora and fauna Minister <strong>of</strong><br />
Nature Protection <strong>of</strong> Turkmenistan, Bitarap Turkmenistan<br />
Avenue 15, Ashgabat 744000, Turkmenistan. - E-mail:<br />
zar_zuw.ru@rambler.ru<br />
Kugitangtau is the South-West ridge <strong>of</strong> the Pamir and Alai<br />
mountains and is a constituent part <strong>of</strong> the Central Asian<br />
mountain province. In the flora compositions <strong>of</strong> lichens<br />
have been revieled 240 species, 5 varieties and 12 forms.<br />
The analysis <strong>of</strong> Kugitangtau lichen flora according to<br />
geographical element have been done and 9 elements have<br />
been singled out: arid (68 species - 28,3% <strong>of</strong> total species,<br />
multiregional (36-15%), eurogolarktical (30-12,5% boreal<br />
(18-7,5%), hypoarkto-montane (12-5,2%), arkto-highland<br />
(11-4,5%), mediteranean (5-4,5%), montane (12-5%) and<br />
non-moral. Among them the species <strong>of</strong> arid element prevail<br />
which refer to 21 genera <strong>of</strong> 10 families. They include 45<br />
species epilities, 19-epigeides, 8-epiphytes and 2 migrating,<br />
but some <strong>of</strong> them (6 species) can be observed both on the<br />
soil and rocks. Turklmenistan is situated in the arid zone,<br />
therefore it is natural that the highest percent <strong>of</strong><br />
Kugitangtau lichen flora includes the arid species. The area<br />
spectrum <strong>of</strong> the arid element accounts for 18 names. This<br />
element is mainly represented by xeromeridional, desert<br />
and steppe species.The bulk <strong>of</strong> the arid element is formed<br />
by species with central asian (12), european and asian (9),<br />
asian(8), xero-merideonal-golarktical (7) and golarktical<br />
(6) type <strong>of</strong> area.<br />
926 - Population genetics <strong>of</strong> Marasmius oreades in a<br />
Norwegian sand dune ecosystem analyzed by DNA<br />
amplification fingerprinting<br />
E. Abesha, G. Caetano-Anollés & K. Høiland *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316<br />
Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: klaus.hoiland@bio.uio.no<br />
The population genetics and spatial structure <strong>of</strong> Marasmius<br />
oreades was studied at the molecular level. Basidiocarps<br />
were collected from fairy rings from the sand dunes on<br />
Peninsula Lista in SW Norway. Samples were collected<br />
after mapping <strong>of</strong> fairy rings. DNA amplification<br />
fingerprinting (DAF) with arbitrary oligonucleotide<br />
primers was used to study genetic relationships between<br />
the basidiocarp samples. The fungal populations contained<br />
a high number <strong>of</strong> genotypes and each fairy ring generally<br />
represented a separate genet. Both cluster and phylogenetic<br />
analyses <strong>of</strong> the DAF products established relationships<br />
between fairy rings and showed that genetically similar<br />
basidiocarps were found close to each other. Overall results<br />
showed, however, only a weak correspondence between<br />
genotype and spatial distribution and no correspondence<br />
between genotype and composition <strong>of</strong> the surrounding<br />
vegetation.<br />
927 - Impact <strong>of</strong> monsooning <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee on fungal<br />
community structure, enzyme pr<strong>of</strong>iles and toxins<br />
R. Ahmad 1* , N. Magan 2 & V. Sanchis 3<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Botany, Mangalore University,<br />
Mangalagangotri 574199, India. - 2 Applied Mycology<br />
Group, Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Silsoe,<br />
Bedford MK45 4DT, U.K. - 3 Food Technology Department,<br />
Lleida University, 25198 Lleida, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
rasheeds_2K@yahoo.co.uk<br />
Monsooning <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>ee beans is a semi-solid state<br />
fermentation process occurring over a 8-10 week period<br />
under high humidity conditions <strong>of</strong> South-west peninsular<br />
India. The moisture content <strong>of</strong> beans undergoing<br />
monsooning increases by up to 20%, consequently<br />
significant variation in the microbial populations were<br />
observed between the non-monsooned and monsooned<br />
beans. Total populations <strong>of</strong> bacteria and fungi varied<br />
significantly in these two treatments in both cultivar<br />
Arabica and Robusta. Dominant species included<br />
Aspergillus niger and A. ochraceus. Hydrolytic enzyme<br />
assays showed that there were significant differences<br />
between c<strong>of</strong>fee types indicative <strong>of</strong> physiological activity <strong>of</strong><br />
different fungal communities. The level <strong>of</strong> ochratoxin in<br />
naturally and controlled monsooneing was less than 5 ppb.<br />
The implications <strong>of</strong> these results for developing controlled<br />
monsooning systems are discussed.<br />
928 - Promoted growth <strong>of</strong> cabbage seedlings inoculated<br />
with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus<br />
M. Akiyama 1* , T. Yoshino 1 , T. Maeda 2 , H. Kakuta 2 & K.<br />
Oosawa 1<br />
1<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Horticultural Science, Graduate School <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Nishi-9, Kita-9, Kita-ku,<br />
2<br />
Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan. - Plant Ecochemicals<br />
Research Center, 3-1-1, Megumino-kita, Eniwa City, 061-<br />
1371, Japan. - E-mail: acky@res.agr.hokudai.ac.jp<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization promotes the<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> host plants. Non-host plants (Brassicaceae,<br />
Chenopodiales and Polygonaceae etc.) are not infected and<br />
do not build symbiosis with AM fungus. However, the<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> cabbage seedlings (Brassica oleracea L. var.<br />
capitata L., cv. Earlyball) was significantly promoted by<br />
the inoculation <strong>of</strong> AM fungus (Gigaspora margarita),<br />
though no fungal infection <strong>of</strong> the root was recognized. The<br />
factor <strong>of</strong> the phenomenon was investigated in terms <strong>of</strong> the<br />
experiment process, the phosphorus condition <strong>of</strong> the soil<br />
and the species <strong>of</strong> AM fungus. The growth <strong>of</strong> seedlings<br />
was the same to control (no addition <strong>of</strong> inoculum) in spite<br />
<strong>of</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> autoclaved inoculum to rhizosphere. This<br />
observation shows that the extender included in inoculum<br />
did not play a role <strong>of</strong> source <strong>of</strong> the nutrients. By addition <strong>of</strong><br />
P fertilizer to soil, the growth <strong>of</strong> seedlings at high-P-soil<br />
was more vigorous than at low-P-soil and growth<br />
promotion by inoculation <strong>of</strong> AM fungus was additively<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 279
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
maintained. All the three AM fungus species (Gigaspora<br />
margarita, Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae)<br />
used in experiment promoted the growth <strong>of</strong> cabbage<br />
seedlings significantly. However, the level <strong>of</strong> the<br />
promotion varied among the three species. These results<br />
suggest that the existence <strong>of</strong> AM fungus in the rhizosphere<br />
improves the soil condition for plant growth, and it<br />
provides a new approach for the plant-AM fungus<br />
symbiotic system.<br />
929 - Interactive effects <strong>of</strong> nutrient applications and<br />
arbuscular mychorrhizal colonization on little bluestem<br />
grass (Schizachyrium scoparium)<br />
H. Antonsen 1* , R.C. Anderson 2 , S.A. Juliano 2 & S.S.<br />
Dhillion 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Nature Conservation,<br />
Agricultural University <strong>of</strong> Norway, Postbox 5014, N-1432<br />
Aas, Norway. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Illinois<br />
State University, Campus box 4120, Normal, Illinois<br />
61790-4120, U.S.A. - E-mail: hilde.antonsen@ibn.nlh.no<br />
A manipulative field study was conducted in 1985 to<br />
evaluate the impacts <strong>of</strong> supplemental nutrients (N, P, K and<br />
Ca+Mg) on little bluestem grass (Schizachyrium<br />
scoparium) with a high (20.2 ±1.6%) or low (2.6 ±0.7%)<br />
level <strong>of</strong> colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<br />
(AMF). Low-colonized plants were grown in autoclaved<br />
soil and outplanted into fumigated soil in the field, while<br />
high-colonized plants were grown in unsterilized soil and<br />
outplanted into unfumigated field soil. Originally, data<br />
were analyzed by multiple univariate analyses <strong>of</strong> variance.<br />
Previous conclusions drawn from these analyses were that<br />
bases (Ca+Mg) were the limiting nutrients in this system.<br />
A reanalysis <strong>of</strong> the data was performed by means <strong>of</strong><br />
multivariate statistics. New interpretations suggest that P<br />
was the limiting nutrient in this system, since application <strong>of</strong><br />
P increased growth <strong>of</strong> S. scoparium when AMF<br />
colonization was low. However, no effect <strong>of</strong> P application<br />
on growth was found for plants with high levels <strong>of</strong><br />
colonization. This interaction is explained by the cost <strong>of</strong><br />
having a fungal partner. Thus, in this sand prairie system<br />
AMF restricts growth <strong>of</strong> S. scoparium. In addition,<br />
application <strong>of</strong> bases enhanced AMF colonization under<br />
natural conditions.<br />
930 - Phytopathological characteristics and<br />
environmental impact on the different fungi <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Gaeumannomyces/Phialophora (G/P) complex<br />
C. Augustin * , K. Ulrich & A. Werner<br />
ZALF, Dep. <strong>of</strong> Land Use Systems and Landscape Ecology,<br />
Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Muencheberg, Germany. -<br />
E-mail: caugustin@zalf.de<br />
The G/P complex contains fungi that cause take-all<br />
diseases on cereals as well as apathogenic fungi. To study<br />
280<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
the interactions <strong>of</strong> different groups, about 2000 isolates<br />
from numerous geographic locations in Germany were<br />
differentiated into species and varieties as well as on the<br />
intravarietal level using RAPDs. Based on this strain<br />
collection, the phytopathological behaviour <strong>of</strong><br />
representative isolates was evaluated on several cereal<br />
varieties. Beside differences between species and varieties<br />
we found a high variation in aggressiveness, especially to<br />
wheat, among isolates <strong>of</strong> var. tritici. Whereas one RAPD<br />
group <strong>of</strong> the var. tritici consisted exclusively <strong>of</strong> high<br />
pathogenic isolates, the other one contained pathogenic,<br />
apathogenic and even growth promoting isolates. In order<br />
to predict the potential risk <strong>of</strong> take-all it is necessary to<br />
analyse both the composition <strong>of</strong> the G/P fungi population<br />
and the impact <strong>of</strong> different environmental factors on the<br />
abundance <strong>of</strong> respective fungal groups. In our study we<br />
monitored spatial occurrence and distribution <strong>of</strong> species,<br />
varieties and subgroups <strong>of</strong> the G/P-complex as a function<br />
<strong>of</strong> soil variables, weather conditions and crop rotation over<br />
4 years. Data show that the various fungi analysed<br />
displayed clearly different claims concerning<br />
environmental factors. Actual weather and several soil<br />
parameters were determined as the most important<br />
discriminating influences. Results may provide a useful<br />
basis for detailed improvement <strong>of</strong> prognostic models.<br />
931 - The direct effect <strong>of</strong> nitrogen as a mechanism for<br />
change in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities<br />
P.G. Avis, D.J. McLaughlin * , I. Charvat & P. Reich<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Minnesota, Plant Biological Sciences<br />
Graduate Program, 220 Biosciences Center, 1445 Gortner<br />
Avenue, St. Paul MN 55108, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
davem@tc.umn.edu<br />
The mechanisms causing shifts in ectomycorrhizal fungal<br />
(EMF) communities exposed to increased nitrogen (N) by<br />
atmospheric deposition or fertilization are not understood.<br />
The effects <strong>of</strong> N increase could be direct, or could be due<br />
to ancillary effects such as altered pH or a change in<br />
limiting nutrients. This study examines the direct effects <strong>of</strong><br />
increased N by examining the response <strong>of</strong> EMF<br />
communities to a 16-year fertilization experiment in an oak<br />
savanna. The experiment consists <strong>of</strong> two levels <strong>of</strong> nitrogen<br />
fertilization (5 and 17 g N m -2 yr -1 ) and unfertilized plots.<br />
Each fertilization treatment also receives equal background<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> P, K, Ca, Mg, and S added to <strong>of</strong>fset ancillary<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> N. Fertilization has increased soil N, held pH<br />
constant and not caused limitation by other nutrients.<br />
Meanwhile, fertilization 1) decreased the abundance <strong>of</strong><br />
aboveground EMF sporocarps for all species except<br />
Russula amoenolens (which increased 7 fold); 2) held<br />
belowground EMF richness constant as measured by<br />
morphotype and PCR-RFLP methods; but 3) altered the<br />
dominant fungi in the EMF communities: Unfertilized<br />
EMF communities are dominated by species with extensive<br />
external hyphae, notably Cortinarius species, while heavily<br />
fertilized communities are dominated by those that lack<br />
external hyphae, primarily R. amoenolens. These data show<br />
that the direct effect <strong>of</strong> N addition may be the driving<br />
mechanism behind the dramatic shifts in EMF communities<br />
in ecosystems that experience N deposition.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
932 - Ligninolytic enzymes and biodegradation during<br />
the interactions <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi and soil<br />
microorganisms<br />
P. Baldrian<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology AS CR, Videnska 1083, CZ-<br />
14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
baldrian@biomed.cas.cz<br />
White-rot fungi are able to degrade lignin and related<br />
compounds. Under natural conditions, the process occurs in<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> other microorganisms. Introduction <strong>of</strong><br />
microorganisms to liquid cultures <strong>of</strong> Trametes versicolor<br />
led to the increase <strong>of</strong> activity <strong>of</strong> the ligninolytic enzyme<br />
laccase. High increase was achieved with soil fungi<br />
Trichoderma harzianum (2810% <strong>of</strong> control), Penicillium<br />
rugulosum (1940%), Fusarium reticulatum (1690%),<br />
Cephalosporium sphaerospermum (840%), and Humicola<br />
grisea (480%). The increase was lower after addition <strong>of</strong><br />
bacteria - Escherichia coli (310%) and Bacillus subtilis<br />
(190%), or the yeast Endomyces magnusii (220%). After<br />
one-week cultivation with Trichoderma harzianum, the<br />
mycelium <strong>of</strong> T. versicolor was killed, which was<br />
accompanied by the decrease <strong>of</strong> Mn-peroxidase activity.<br />
Increase <strong>of</strong> laccase activity is a common response - it was<br />
found also in the white-rot fungi Abortiporus biennis,<br />
Coriolopsis occidentalis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pycnoporus<br />
cinnabarinus and Trametes hirsuta. It might be involved in<br />
active defence, since some products <strong>of</strong> laccase exhibit<br />
antimicrobial activities. Increase <strong>of</strong> laccase activity<br />
correlated with the increase <strong>of</strong> decolorization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
synthetic dye Remazol brilliant blue R. It seems, that<br />
interspecific interactions can affect the biodegradative<br />
activity <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi in situ. This work was supported<br />
by the Grant Agency <strong>of</strong> the Czech Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences<br />
(B5020202).<br />
933 - Population structure <strong>of</strong> Ceratocystis fimbriata<br />
from Congo, Colombia and Uruguay, determined using<br />
microsatellite markers<br />
I. Barnes 1* , J. Roux 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 & M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute, Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and<br />
Plant Pathology, 74 Lunnon Road, FABI, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Pretoria, FABI, Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, 74 Lunnon Road,<br />
FABI, University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.<br />
- E-mail: irene.barnes@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Ceratocystis fimbriata is a haploid ascomycete that causes<br />
serious diseases on a wide range <strong>of</strong> plants, world-wide.<br />
Very little is known regarding the population biology or<br />
origin <strong>of</strong> this important pathogen. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study<br />
was to use 11 polymorphic PCR-based microsatellite<br />
markers previously designed for C. fimbriata, to examine<br />
the population structure and genetic diversity for different<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> C. fimbriata. Populations consisting <strong>of</strong> 32<br />
isolates from each <strong>of</strong> Congo, Colombia and 22 from<br />
Uruguay were studied. High genetic diversities for all<br />
populations were observed (H = 0.48-0.31; G = 24-48%).<br />
Colombia was the most diverse population consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
82% <strong>of</strong> the total, and 53% <strong>of</strong> the unique, alleles. Genetic<br />
differentiation between populations was great (GST= 0.39)<br />
and minimal gene flow was observed (Nm = 0.77). I A,<br />
PTLPT, and linkage disequilibrium tests to determine<br />
mode <strong>of</strong> reproduction showed little evidence for<br />
recombination within populations. C. fimbriata appears to<br />
reproduce primarily without outcrossing. UPGMA<br />
dendrograms showed that the Colombian population was<br />
more distantly related to the Congo and Uruguay<br />
populations than they were to each other. Some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
groups in the Colombian and Uruguay populations were<br />
genetically similar to isolates from the Congo. Results <strong>of</strong><br />
this study show that African isolates <strong>of</strong> C. fimbriata<br />
originated in Latin America. Moreover, evidence indicates<br />
that Latin America is also a likely area <strong>of</strong> origin for C.<br />
fimbriata.<br />
934 - Studies in the life cycle <strong>of</strong> Puccinia glechomatis<br />
J.B. Boellmann & M.S. Scholler *<br />
Purdue University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botany & Plant<br />
Pathology, Arthur & Kriebel Herbaria, Lilly Hall, West<br />
Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. - E-mail: scholler@purdue.edu<br />
Puccinia glechomatis DC. is a microcyclic rust fungus on<br />
Glechoma spp. (Lamiaceae) forming only telia and basidia<br />
(spore states III, IV). The species is a native <strong>of</strong> Eurasia but<br />
naturalized in North America where it is spreading since<br />
the early 1990s. We studied the life cycle <strong>of</strong> the species by<br />
propagating the fungus on G. hederacea (ground-ivy) in<br />
the greenhouse, by various inoculation and germination<br />
techniques and by using the light microscope. Nuclear<br />
conditions were documented by epifluorescence<br />
microscopy and DAPI as DNA specific fluorochrome. The<br />
complete life cycle requires c. 20 d. After karyogamy in<br />
teliospores both cells germinate with a phragmobasidium.<br />
In basidia meiosis produces four nuclei, which move in the<br />
developing basidiospores. Further mitosis in the<br />
basidiospore may result in up to four nuclei. All but one<br />
nucleus degenerates during germination <strong>of</strong> the<br />
basidiospore. The germ tube penetrates the epidermis on<br />
the upper leaf surface and develops a rich haploid<br />
mycelium especially around stomata. Fusion <strong>of</strong> haploid<br />
hyphae occurs could not be documented. Our studies<br />
indicate that the fungus is homothallic.<br />
935 - Preliminary study <strong>of</strong> NE Portugal's macr<strong>of</strong>ungal<br />
communities<br />
S.M. Branco * & A.P. Rodrigues<br />
Parque Natural de Montesinho/Instituto da Conservação<br />
da Natureza, Apartado 90, 5301 Bragança, Portugal. - Email:<br />
sarabranco@yahoo.com<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 281
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
In Portugal, as in many other countries, there are few<br />
studies concerning macr<strong>of</strong>ungi and there is much to be<br />
known. The NE Portugal is no exception, and habitats like<br />
oak forests and serpentine soil sites have not yet been<br />
explored. The present study takes place in two different<br />
habitats, a Quercus pyrenaica stand and a Quercus<br />
rotundifolia in serpentine soil stand. The objective is to<br />
characterize the macr<strong>of</strong>ungal communities present in both<br />
habitats and relate them with soil and vegetation variables.<br />
We expect to find different mycota and that the influence<br />
<strong>of</strong> environmental factors is different in the two habitats.<br />
936 - Interspecific interactions between saprotrophic<br />
basidiomycetes: Effect on gene expression and enzyme<br />
activity<br />
A.W. Branney * , L. Boddy & H. Rogers<br />
Cardiff University, School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Cardiff<br />
University, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF11 3TL, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
abranney@hotmail.com<br />
Saprotrophic basidiomycetes rarely form monospecific<br />
populations in the soil or organic substrata that they<br />
inhabit, therefore interspecific mycelial interactions<br />
continually occur. Gross outcome can either be deadlock<br />
(where neither species gains headway) or replacement<br />
(where one species wrests territory from the other).<br />
Irrespective <strong>of</strong> the outcome, dramatic morphological<br />
changes may occur in both mycelia. Morphological<br />
changes are correlated with differences in physiology and<br />
enzyme production, and may occur distant from the site <strong>of</strong><br />
interaction. Currently, there is little or no information on<br />
spatial and temporal changes in gene expression and in<br />
enzyme production in mycelia in soil, either when growing<br />
alone or during interactions. In interactions between<br />
Hypholoma fasciculare and Phlebia radiata, we test the<br />
hypothesis that: (1) there is spatial and temporal variation<br />
even in mycelia growing alone, related to morphological<br />
differentiation and presence <strong>of</strong> substrates; (2) massive<br />
changes occur in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> interactions; (3) changes<br />
also occur elsewhere in support <strong>of</strong> the interaction front.<br />
937 - Genetic sieves in sexual reproduction: sexual<br />
spores <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus nidulans have lower mutation load<br />
than asexual spores<br />
J. Bruggeman * , P.J. Wijngaarden, A.J.M. Debets & R.F.<br />
Hoekstra<br />
Genetics Department, Wageningen University,<br />
Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands.<br />
- E-mail: judith.bruggeman@genetics.dpw.wau.nl<br />
Whatever the evolutionary forces are for the widespread<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> sexual reproduction, Mendelian transmission<br />
is interwoven with it. This system ensures maximal<br />
uncertainty for the transmission <strong>of</strong> genetic information,<br />
thereby preventing parasitic genes or sequences to gain a<br />
282<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
transmission advantage. A disadvantage <strong>of</strong> this system is<br />
that both low quality and high quality alleles have equal<br />
chances <strong>of</strong> being transmitted to the progeny. Clearly,<br />
evolution should favour processes within an individual that<br />
alleviate this disadvantage either by selection on gamete<br />
producing cells, on gametes or on support-relying zygotes.<br />
We introduce the term 'genetic sieves' for these processes.<br />
The haploid homothallic ascomycete fungus Aspergillus<br />
nidulans is excellently suited to study genetic sieves due to<br />
important properties, which we will explain on our poster.<br />
We predict that 'genetic sieves' in the sexual reproduction<br />
cycle prevent or slow down the accumulation <strong>of</strong> deleterious<br />
mutations. We tested this in a mutation accumulation<br />
experiment for both sexually selfing and asexually<br />
reproducing lines. In this poster we present the result <strong>of</strong><br />
this mutation accumulation experiment that support our<br />
prediction. From the fitness data we calculated mutation<br />
rate and mean fitness effect <strong>of</strong> a mutation using the<br />
Bateman-Mukai equations. This gives us insight in the<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> this sieve.<br />
938 - Armillaria species and the legacy <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
disturbance in Ozark Highlands landscapes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
central U.S.A.<br />
J.N. Bruhn 1* , R.P. Guyette 2 , J.D. Mihail 1 & J.M. Kabrick 3<br />
1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Microbiology & Pathology, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, Missouri, 65211,<br />
U.S.A. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Missouri, 203 ABNR, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, U.S.A. -<br />
3 Missouri Department <strong>of</strong> Conservation, 1110 South<br />
College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
bruhnj@missouri.edu<br />
Relationships between disturbance regimes and diverse life<br />
forms are being studied to understand forest landscapes and<br />
their responses to management. Disturbance regimes were<br />
characterized by abrupt ring-width reductions in Pinus<br />
echinata and fire frequency. Disturbance indices are<br />
correlated with topographic roughness and the abundance<br />
<strong>of</strong> certain bird, reptile, s<strong>of</strong>t mast fruit, Armillaria, and tree<br />
species. In turn, Armillaria spp. contribute to forest<br />
decline, functioning both as long-lived disturbance factors<br />
and as catalysts for further disturbance, in a feedback<br />
manner. Three Armillaria spp. occur regionally with<br />
different distributions. Nearly ubiquitous, A. mellea <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
occurs alone on thermally exposed aspects; A. tabescens<br />
and A. gallica occur typically on ridges vs. protected<br />
aspects in more rugged landscapes, respectively.<br />
Behaviorally, A. gallica fruits infrequently, produces most<br />
rhizomorphs, and causes least disease. Most root disease is<br />
caused by A. mellea, which fruits prolifically but produces<br />
fewer rhizomorphs. Less abundant, A. tabescens produces<br />
the most limited rhizomorph systems, fruits well, and<br />
causes some disease. Armillaria spp. take advantage <strong>of</strong><br />
successive stress events to gradually invade infected root<br />
systems. Tree mortality, mostly Quercus coccinea, Q.<br />
velutina, and Cornus florida, is <strong>of</strong>ten associated with root<br />
crown invasion by A. mellea or A. tabescens. Greater<br />
mortality on exposed aspects is associated with the<br />
exclusive presence <strong>of</strong> A. mellea.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
939 - Mycology within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems<br />
Long-Term Ecological Research Project (GCE/LTER),<br />
subproject Decomposer Consortia Experiments (DCE)<br />
A. Buchan 1 , J.I.L. Moreta 1 , S.Y. Newell 2* & M.A. Moran 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Marine Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Georgia,<br />
Athens, GA 30602-3636, U.S.A. - 2 Marine Institute,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Sapelo Island, GA 31327-0032,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: newell@uga.edu<br />
The GCE/LTER focuses on potential effects <strong>of</strong> alteration<br />
<strong>of</strong> the quantity and quality <strong>of</strong> freshwater flow from the<br />
Altamaha River into Georgia (USA) saltmarshes.<br />
Ascomycetes are major secondary producers within<br />
Georgia saltmarshes (about 550 g m -2 y -1 ). One goal <strong>of</strong> the<br />
DCE subproject is seasonal measurement <strong>of</strong> ascomycetous<br />
and prokaryotic biodiversity in/on the decaying shoots <strong>of</strong><br />
smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), using both direct<br />
microscopy (ascospores) and DNA technology (base<br />
sequences in rDNA/ITS, using ascomycete-specific PCR).<br />
The DCE subproject also includes examination <strong>of</strong> genes for<br />
lignocellulose-degrading enzymes <strong>of</strong> prokaryotes and<br />
ascomycetes - the ascomycetous enzyme targeted is<br />
laccase. Selected findings follow. 1) We found no rDNA <strong>of</strong><br />
major, cryptically occurring ascomycetes - the same three<br />
species that are the principal ascomatal producers were also<br />
the major rDNA sources (Phaeosphaeria spartinicola,<br />
Mycosphaerella sp.2, P. halima). 2) The species with the<br />
highest rates <strong>of</strong> ascospore expulsion (P. spartinicola) may<br />
not be the species with the highest biomass yield -<br />
Mycosphaerella sp.2 exhibited the greatest rDNA-detection<br />
peaks (T-RFLP). 3) All major and minor ascomycete<br />
species examined had one or more laccase genes (15<br />
distinct types total), and laccase genes <strong>of</strong> the three<br />
predominant ascomycetes (+ two unidentified laccase<br />
genes) were found within naturally decaying leaf blades,<br />
with the greatest % <strong>of</strong> clones belonging to laccases <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
halima.<br />
940 - The diversity <strong>of</strong> mycophagous diptera and their<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi hosts<br />
B.A. Bunyard 1* & B.A. Foote 2<br />
1 Ursuline College, Dauby Science Center, Pepper Pike,<br />
Ohio 44124, U.S.A. - 2 Kent State University, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biological Sciences, Kent, Ohio, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
bbunyard@ursuline.edu<br />
Despite their ubiquity in nature, few studies have been<br />
conducted worldwide to determine the ecological<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> mycetophagous diptera (fungi-feeding flies).<br />
For this study 134 species from 30 families <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycetous fungi and 19 species from 11 families <strong>of</strong><br />
Ascomycetous fungi were collected from different sites in<br />
northeastern Ohio. Different sites were selected to obtain a<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> mushroom substrate, as well as biotic and<br />
abiotic conditions, and consisted <strong>of</strong> mature forest, mixed<br />
mesophytic forest, urban forest, and urban residential.<br />
Adult flies were reared from 87 different fungal<br />
collections. Families <strong>of</strong> Diptera that seem to include<br />
mycophagous species are: Drosophilidae, Chloropidae,<br />
Phoridae, Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae, Tipulidae,<br />
Cecidomyiidae, and Platypezidae. Several other dipteran<br />
families are probably scavengers (Anthomyiidae,<br />
Sarcophagidae), occurring only infrequently in decaying<br />
mushrooms. Many mycetophagous flies are poorly known;<br />
several have larval stages that remain completely<br />
undocumented. While some fungal species seem to host a<br />
single fly species per mushroom, most do not. How<br />
mycophagous dipteran species can avoid competition is<br />
uncertain. Unless factors are in operation to prevent it<br />
(niche partitioning, predation, parasitism), mycophagous<br />
diptera may pose a challenge to the competitive exclusion<br />
principle. Preliminary evidence suggests parasitism by<br />
species <strong>of</strong> parasitic wasps and predation by ants and beetles<br />
may play a role.<br />
941 - r DNA ITS-sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> ericoid<br />
endophytes from Australia and the USA<br />
S.C. Burns 1 , C.B. McLean 1* , M.C. Starrett 2 & A.C.<br />
Lawrie 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, Institute <strong>of</strong> Land and Food<br />
Resources, School <strong>of</strong> Resource Management, Burnley<br />
College 500 Yarra Boulevard, Ricmond, Victoria, 3121,<br />
Australia. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Vermont, College <strong>of</strong> Horticulture<br />
and Life Sciences University <strong>of</strong> Vermont, Burlington,<br />
Vermont, U.S.A. - 3 RMIT University, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnology & Environmental Biology, GPO Box 71,<br />
Bundoora, Vic, 3083, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
cmclean@unimelb.edu.au<br />
One hundred and seventeen slow-growing, sterile root<br />
endophytes were isolated from Leucopogon parviflorus<br />
Lind. (Epacridaceae) collected at two coastal sites in<br />
southeastern Australia in Autumn, 2001. Twelve isolates<br />
were then selected for the sequencing study along with four<br />
root endophytes isolated from Pieris floribunda (Ericaceae)<br />
collected in the southeast <strong>of</strong> the United States. All sixteen<br />
sequences along with sequences from the Northern<br />
Hemisphere mycorrhizal fungi Hymenoscyphus ericae and<br />
Oidiodendron maius and the closest GenBank matches<br />
were aligned using programs made available by the<br />
Australian National Genomic Service. Most Australian<br />
sequences from this study clustered with unnamed, sterile,<br />
isolates from previous studies <strong>of</strong> the Epacridaceae, not<br />
related to H. ericae. Three <strong>of</strong> the Australian sequences<br />
matched closely (96%) with O. maius and conidia<br />
produced confirmed them as Oidiodendron spp. Two <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fungi isolated from P. floribunda were 99% similar to H.<br />
ericae sequences in the GenBank the other two fungi<br />
clustered with Australian dark sterile isolates.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 283
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
942 - Effect <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on<br />
seedlings <strong>of</strong> six endemic Mimosa species from semiarid<br />
south-central Mexico<br />
S.L. Camargo-Ricalde 1* , S.S. Dhillion 1 , C. Jiménez-<br />
González 2 & R. González-Gómez 2<br />
1 Agricultural University <strong>of</strong> Norway (NLH), Dept. Biology<br />
and Nature Conservation (IBN), P.O. Box 5014, N-1432,<br />
Ås, Norway. - 2 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-<br />
Iztapalapa (UAMI), Dept. Biología, Apdo. POstal 55-535,<br />
09340, D. F., Mexico. - E-mail: sara.camargo@ibn.nlh.no<br />
We report on the effects <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on<br />
the growth <strong>of</strong> seedlings <strong>of</strong> six endemic Mimosa species: M.<br />
adenantheroides, M. calcicola, M. lacerata, M. luisana, M.<br />
polyantha and M. texana var. filipes. Seeds were collected<br />
directly from plants. In the greenhouse, germination was<br />
carried out in pots containing the soil <strong>of</strong> the localities<br />
where the species occur. Ten seedlings per treatment per<br />
species were examined. Treatments were applied once per<br />
week: control, benomyl (B), phosphorus (P) and B+P.<br />
Shoot length was measured twice per week. Plants were<br />
harvested after seven months. Both root and shoot length<br />
were measured, dry biomass quantified and shoot<br />
phosphorus content; and AM root colonization percentage.<br />
Seedlings treated with B had a significant lower growth<br />
and less biomass than the other seedlings. Phosphorus<br />
content was higher in the seedlings treated with P and P+B.<br />
The highest AM colonization percentage was registered on<br />
the seedlings treated with P and in the control. We found a<br />
higher number <strong>of</strong> nodules in the seedlings treated with P.<br />
Based on other parallel studies, after germination, which<br />
takes place during the wet season, a fast growth favored by<br />
AM symbiosis, may increase the survival probability <strong>of</strong><br />
seedlings in a harsh environment such as semiarid<br />
ecosystem.<br />
943 - Molecular ecology <strong>of</strong> root endophytes in an alpine<br />
Bistorta vivipara - Kobresia myosuroides tundra plant<br />
community<br />
T.A. Carlsen * , K. Høiland & T. Schumacher<br />
Div. <strong>of</strong> Botany and Plant Physiology, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, P.O. Box 1045 Blindern, 0316 Oslo,<br />
Norway. - E-mail: torac@bio.uio.no<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 210 endophyte axenic cultures from root tips <strong>of</strong><br />
22 plant species, including the ectomycorrhizal herb<br />
species Bistorta vivipara and Kobresia myosuroides were<br />
grouped according to culture morphology and HinfI and<br />
HaeIII restricted ITS-RFLP groups. nrDNA ITS sequences<br />
(98) from representative isolates <strong>of</strong> the 23 ITS-RFLP<br />
groups were obtained. More than 90 % <strong>of</strong> the sequences<br />
had affinities to the Helotiales (Ascomycota) and were<br />
subjected to phylogenetic analyses in PAUP* with 47<br />
sequences from GenBank. Altogether 39.5 % <strong>of</strong> the total<br />
sample <strong>of</strong> root endophytes were referable to<br />
Leptodontidium orchidicola. Phialophora finlandia was<br />
284<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
recorded in four herbaceous plant species, i.e. Bartsia<br />
alpina, Carex atrata, K. myosuroides and B. vivipara, and<br />
most <strong>of</strong>ten in association with the ectomycorrhizal root tips<br />
<strong>of</strong> B. vivipara and K. myosuroides. Axenic cultures <strong>of</strong><br />
Phialocephala fortinii were obtained from ectomycorrhizal<br />
root tips <strong>of</strong> B. vivipara and K. myosuroides only. The L.<br />
orchidicola ITS genotypes (31) were unevenly distributed<br />
in four plots investigated. Hypotheses for host specificity<br />
for fungal endophytic strains and possibilities <strong>of</strong> a common<br />
fungal network are proposed.<br />
944 - Effect <strong>of</strong> binucleate and multi-nucleate<br />
Rhizoctonia spp. on seed germination and growth <strong>of</strong><br />
Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata<br />
D.C.N. Chang * , L.C. Chou & G.C. Lee<br />
National Taiwan University(NTU), Dept. <strong>of</strong> Horticulture,<br />
Taiwan. - E-mail: hyha@ccms.ntu.edu.tw<br />
Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata is a medical and<br />
ornamental orchid in Taiwan. It was considered as a 'King<br />
medicine'. Asymbiotic germination <strong>of</strong> A. formosanus in<br />
Hyponex # 3 agar medium (H3A) was 65%. While<br />
symbiotic germinations inoculated with binucleate<br />
Rhizoctonia sp. (R02) or multi-nucleate Rhizoctonia sp.<br />
(R04) in oat meal agar (OMA) medium were 42% and 31%<br />
respectively. But the growth <strong>of</strong> symbiotic seedlings were<br />
faster than those in asymbiotic medium (H3A). Both<br />
binucleate (R02) and multi-nucleate (R04 and R05 )<br />
Rhizoctonia spp. could enhance the growth <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
formosanus plantlets in vivo. The binucleate Rhizoctonia<br />
sp. R02 could be Rhizoctonia callae. By hyphal<br />
anastomosis tests, the results showed that multi-nucleate<br />
Rhizoctonia spp. (R04, R05, R06, R07, R09) belong to<br />
AG-6 group. From RAPD data, using UPGMA clustering,<br />
and light microscopy observation showed that that R03 and<br />
R08 were Fusarium spp., and the other multi-nucleate<br />
Rhizoctonia spp. were Rhizoctonia solani. It was suggested<br />
that the inoculation <strong>of</strong> binucleate or multi-nucleate<br />
Rhizoctonia spp. for A. formosanus plantlets in vivo could<br />
promote their growth in practical use.<br />
945 - Ecology <strong>of</strong> micro-fungi in mangrove sediments <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ganges river estuary in India<br />
S. Chaudhuri * & A. Sengupta<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,BCKV(Agriculture<br />
University), Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India. - E-mail:<br />
mycolab@yahoo.com<br />
Tidally inundated riverine sediments in the tropics at<br />
outfall are inhabited by mangroves, the climax formation <strong>of</strong><br />
hydro-halophytes. Population dynamics and ecology <strong>of</strong><br />
micro-fungi in surface sediments <strong>of</strong> four floristically<br />
different, nutrient limited mangrove succession stages at<br />
the Ganges river estuary in India are reported. Population<br />
density and species diversity <strong>of</strong> micro-fungi were inversely
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
related to salinity and inundation levels and positively with<br />
species diversity and nitrogen content <strong>of</strong> the sediments.<br />
None <strong>of</strong> the 46 species <strong>of</strong> micro-fungi isolated was<br />
halophile, only adaptive halotolerance was observed in<br />
most <strong>of</strong> them. While population <strong>of</strong> most halotolerant<br />
species declined with increasing salinity, the same for some<br />
remained constant and for a few increased. Although ED50<br />
salinity concentration for in vitro growth retardation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
isolates varied between 8.2 - 14.5 dSm-1, they differed in<br />
growth dynamics from their mesic counterparts between<br />
3.0-5.5 dSm-1, suggesting a lower salinity tolerance limit<br />
for physiological function than for their ecosystem<br />
presence. Comparison <strong>of</strong> the population fraction <strong>of</strong><br />
cellulose decomposer and insoluble phosphate solubilizer<br />
fungi, their diversity and distribution, in vitro<br />
decomposition-solubilization ability and limits <strong>of</strong> salinity<br />
tolerance with that <strong>of</strong> sediment bacteria indicated that the<br />
fungi were no less significant as a population group <strong>of</strong><br />
carbon and phosphorus cycling microorganisms in the<br />
extreme saline environment.<br />
946 - Comparison <strong>of</strong> the post-fire dynamics <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal community in two Quercus ilex stands<br />
in northern Spain<br />
V. Clavería * , A.M. de Miguel & M. de Román<br />
Dep. Botany. University <strong>of</strong> Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n<br />
31080 Pamplona, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
vclaver@alumni.unav.es<br />
A comparative study <strong>of</strong> the post-fire recolonization <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizae in a evergreen oak stand (Quercus ilex L.<br />
subs. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) has been carried out in two<br />
Quercus ilex stands located in Nazar and San Cristóbal<br />
(Navarra, Spain) respectively. The research in our group<br />
has been focused during the last three years on the<br />
description and identification <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizae in burnt<br />
Quercus ilex stands, and in adjacent areas which were not<br />
affected by fire and act as control plots for the study. In<br />
1993 a stand in Nazar burnt, but it was not until 1998 that<br />
the study started. On the contrary, the study in San<br />
Cristóbal started immediately after the stand had burnt (in<br />
the year 2000), thus enabling us to analyse the mycorrhizal<br />
communities in the first stages after the fire. Therefore we<br />
have been able to compare the regeneration in both stands<br />
and the species composition five years after the fire and<br />
immediately after the fire. The sampling <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizae has been done in Nazar seasonally for<br />
three years while in San Cristóbal the monitoring <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mycorrhization has been done according to the same<br />
methodology during one and a half years so far. The<br />
description <strong>of</strong> several <strong>of</strong> the most important morphotypes<br />
<strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizae found in both stands are provided,<br />
including photographs <strong>of</strong> different macroscopic and<br />
microscopic features <strong>of</strong> the mycorrhiza.<br />
947 - Influence <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal inoculum on clonal<br />
propagation in Epacris impressa Labill.<br />
M. Conomikes 1 , C.B. McLean 1* , M.C. Starrett 2 & A.C.<br />
Lawrie 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, Institute <strong>of</strong> Land and Food<br />
Resources, School <strong>of</strong> Resource Management, Burnley<br />
College 500 Yarra Boulevard, Ricmond, Victoria, 3121,<br />
Australia. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Vermont, College <strong>of</strong> Horticulture<br />
and Life Sciences University <strong>of</strong> Vermont, Burlington,<br />
Vermont, U.S.A. - 3 RMIT University, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnology & Environmental Biology, GPO Box 71,<br />
Bundoora, Vic, 3083, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
cmclean@unimelb.edu.au<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Epacridaceae are traditionally difficult to<br />
propagate and are in decline in parts <strong>of</strong> Australia. Attack by<br />
soil-borne fungi has led to some species <strong>of</strong> Epacridaceae in<br />
Western Australia being listed as endangered. Seed is<br />
nearly impossible to germinate and cuttings <strong>of</strong>ten have a<br />
strike rate as low as 10%. Previous studies have shown that<br />
introduction <strong>of</strong> soil collected from beneath adult plants<br />
showed improved health and survival <strong>of</strong> cuttings <strong>of</strong> several<br />
epacrid species. In this study cuttings were grown in either<br />
potting mix alone or potting mix containing either<br />
mycorrhizal inoculum or soil from beneath adult plants<br />
collected in the wild. Plants were grown under glasshouse<br />
conditions for 20 weeks and monitored for health and<br />
survival before harvesting. Strike rate and mycorrhizal<br />
status was then determined. Statistical analysis <strong>of</strong> results<br />
showed no significant difference between treatments and<br />
no mycorrhizas present in the roots <strong>of</strong> any cutting in any <strong>of</strong><br />
the treatments.<br />
948 - The development and use <strong>of</strong> co-dominant SNPs<br />
and SSRs in the study <strong>of</strong> gene flow in Scottish late<br />
blight populations<br />
D.E.L. Cooke * , A.K. Lees, S. Hussain, L. Sullivan, N.A.<br />
Williams & J.M. Duncan<br />
Host Parasite Co-evolution, Scottish Crop Research<br />
Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
dcooke@scri.sari.ac.uk<br />
Potato blight is the most serious diseases <strong>of</strong> the potato<br />
industry worldwide. Infecting both the foliage and tubers, it<br />
reduces yield and quality <strong>of</strong> ware and seed potato crops. A<br />
survey <strong>of</strong> Scottish potato blight (Phytophthora infestans)<br />
populations from 1995-1997 yielded 500 isolates from over<br />
80 disease outbreaks. The isolates were characterised by<br />
mating type, fungicide sensitivity and AFLP fingerprinting.<br />
These data were examined alongside cropping details to<br />
determine the population structure in the context <strong>of</strong><br />
existing disease management. Both mating types were<br />
found and considerable AFLP diversity observed. Three<br />
sub-populations were identified with higher ratio <strong>of</strong> the A2<br />
mating type within one group. Evidence <strong>of</strong> occasional<br />
sexual recombination, and thus gene flow was observed.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 285
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
Since the production <strong>of</strong> long-lived sexual oospores has an<br />
epidemiological and evolutionary significance that impacts<br />
disease management, it is important that we understand P.<br />
infestans population biology. At SCRI we have developed<br />
a range <strong>of</strong> co-dominant SSR and SNP markers for this<br />
purpose. They are being used to examine the fine-scale<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> Scottish populations, form the basis <strong>of</strong> a<br />
'molecular toolkit' for examining populations worldwide<br />
and have utility in tracking isolates in epidemiological<br />
studies.<br />
949 - ITS-sequence study <strong>of</strong> root endophytes isolated<br />
from Alpine Epacridaceae<br />
P.W. Davies * , S.C. Burns & C.B. McLean<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, Institute <strong>of</strong> Land and Food<br />
Resources, School <strong>of</strong> Resource Management, Burnley<br />
College 500 Yarra Boulevard, Ricmond, Victoria, 3121,<br />
Australia. - E-mail: cmclean@unimelb.edu.au<br />
Three hundred and forty sterile fungi were isolated from<br />
the roots <strong>of</strong> five species <strong>of</strong> Epacridaceae (Epacris<br />
paludosa, E. microphylla, E. petrophila, Leucopogon<br />
montanus and Richea continentis) collected in Jan 2002<br />
from Mt Kosciuszko National Park, NSW, Australia (-<br />
36°27', 148°15', Elevation 2228 m). Fifty isolates were<br />
selected for sequencing studies and each was grown in<br />
liquid culture, harvested and DNA extracted. The universal<br />
primers ITS1 and 4 were used to amplify the ITS 1, 5.8s<br />
and ITS2 regions <strong>of</strong> the rDNA. Sequences were edited and<br />
used to search the database for similar matches. All fifty<br />
sequences plus the closest GenBank matches were aligned<br />
using programs made available on the Australian National<br />
Genomic Information Service and the resulting alignment<br />
analysed using PAUP. The phylogenetic tree created was<br />
similar to those produced in previous studies <strong>of</strong> epacrid<br />
endophytes isolated from plants growing at sea level. None<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fifty fungi isolated had similar ITS sequences to the<br />
known ericoid endophyte Oidiodendron maius.<br />
950 - Life forms <strong>of</strong> Rhizoplaca baranowii (Poelt)<br />
Golubkova<br />
E.A. Davydov<br />
Altai State University, Lenina Str. 61, Barnaul, 656099,<br />
Russia. - E-mail: davydov@bio.asu.ru<br />
The Project presented aims in comparing the 2<br />
morphotypes or life forms <strong>of</strong> the lichen R. baranowii.<br />
Studies are based on published data as well as herbarium<br />
materials and field observations in Altai Mts (Russia,<br />
Mongolia). R. baranowii is endemic to Altai Mts and is<br />
known from the few localities in high mountain steppe<br />
habitats. All specimens can be divided into 2 groups based<br />
on their morphology 'subplacoid' (P) and 'spheroid' (S).<br />
Most specimens in majority <strong>of</strong> sites belong to the 'S', and<br />
this is the morph that falls into original description <strong>of</strong> the<br />
286<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
species by Poelt. 'P' is characterized by the unattached<br />
plates up to 12 mm in diam with down-turned margins. The<br />
main peculiarity <strong>of</strong> 'P' is its dorsiventral structure. Further<br />
with time the open part <strong>of</strong> the black hypothallus is<br />
becoming smaller and finally disappearing. Transitional<br />
forms between 'P' and 'S' are found, but both forms can't be<br />
treated as subsequent stages in the life span as they are<br />
reproducing by fragmentation independently giving rise to<br />
the same form respectively. Reproduction by apothecia is<br />
known only for 'S'. The series <strong>of</strong> transitional forms between<br />
'P' and 'S' illustrates in our opinion the evolutionary process<br />
<strong>of</strong> evolving <strong>of</strong> spheroid thallus from unattached plates.<br />
Ecologically both morphotypes discussed are the life forms<br />
induced by the differing environmental conditions.<br />
Population analysis and comparison between the habitats <strong>of</strong><br />
'S' and 'P' proves that sheep grazing largely induces the<br />
latter form.<br />
951 - Morpho-productive and genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> a<br />
collection <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus eryngii isolates<br />
T. de Gioia 1* , D. Sisto 1 , G. Figliuolo 2 , G.L. Rana 2 & R.<br />
Marino 2<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università<br />
degli Studi di Bari, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 - Bari,<br />
Italy. - 2 Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologia<br />
Agro-Forestale, Università degli Studi della Basilicata,<br />
C.da Macchia Romana, 85100 - Potenza, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
teresa.degioia@agr.uniba.it<br />
The evaluation <strong>of</strong> phenotypic and genetic variation <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
eryngii var. eryngii, P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. eryngii<br />
var. nebrodensis germplasm is a prerequisite to correctly<br />
distinguish groups for traits <strong>of</strong> interest and to identify<br />
strains with high yield potential. In this study, a population<br />
<strong>of</strong> 142 strains, belonging to the above varieties and having<br />
different Italian geographic origins, was studied for<br />
quantitative, qualitative and molecular traits. An<br />
experimental design with three blocks and three replicates<br />
for each strain within block, was used to estimate trait<br />
parameters. High significant differences were observed<br />
among strains for number and weight <strong>of</strong> sporocarps, while<br />
no significant differentiation was observed among<br />
geographic origins and taxonomic groups. By using<br />
qualitative traits, a degree <strong>of</strong> differentiation was only<br />
observed with the Sardinian and nebrodensis strains<br />
respectively. Some non-commercial strains performed<br />
better than the commercial ones in terms <strong>of</strong> yield. On<br />
average, yield per strain (basidiocarp weight) was more<br />
correlated with number <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies than with their size.<br />
The most stable traits across replicates were basidiocarp<br />
'number' and 'weight' per strain. It follows that such traits<br />
can be used for an efficient genetic selection <strong>of</strong> the best<br />
yielding strains. Both minisatellites and RAPD markers<br />
performed very well in identifying each strain and in<br />
discriminating the different taxonomic groups.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
952 - Ecological specificity <strong>of</strong> Laboulbenia<br />
(Laboulbeniales, Ascomycetes) through transmission<br />
experiments and artificial infections<br />
A. De Kesel<br />
National Botanic Garden <strong>of</strong> Belgium, Domein van<br />
Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium. - E-mail:<br />
dekesel@br.fgov.be<br />
Host specificity <strong>of</strong> Laboulbenia slackensis, and congeneric<br />
taxa, was studied on living hosts and under controlled<br />
conditions. From abiotic factors, soil composition and<br />
relative humidity have the strongest impact on the fungus<br />
population growth. The best growth conditions are close to<br />
natural conditions. Transmission <strong>of</strong> L. slackensis is affected<br />
by copulation, host population density and spore longevity.<br />
Direct transmission is promoted by host copulation and<br />
increasing host population density. It surpasses indirect<br />
infection as spores are short-lived and soilborne infections<br />
rare. Both transmission types enhance isolation and<br />
promote specialization as they reinforce intraspecific and<br />
obstruct interspecific transmission. Successful artificial<br />
infections with L. slackensis, L. flagellata, L. giardii, L.<br />
vulgaris and L. pedicellata were obtained on new carabid<br />
hosts, providing that optimal growth conditions are met.<br />
Hosts from non-carabid families could not be infected,<br />
suggesting that physiological barriers are present, but<br />
active on higher taxonomic levels. The specialization <strong>of</strong><br />
Laboulbenia species, with a narrow natural carabid host<br />
range, is explained by (1) a physiological dependence and<br />
obligate ectoparasitism to Carabidae, (2) a certain degree <strong>of</strong><br />
isolation due to the lack <strong>of</strong> interspecific transmission (time<br />
and space) between potentially suitable carabid hosts and<br />
3) the adaptation <strong>of</strong> the ectoparasite to a specific<br />
environment which is rigorously chosen by the host.<br />
953 - Fungal biodiversity in truffle beds in Navarra<br />
(Spain): Ectomycorrhizae and hypogeous fungi<br />
A.M. de Miguel * , M. de Román, M.L. Etayo & V. Clavería<br />
Dep. Botany. University <strong>of</strong> Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n<br />
31080 Pamplona, Spain. - E-mail: amiguel@unav.es<br />
Since 1993 we have been studying the ectomycorrhizae <strong>of</strong><br />
truffle beds in order to know more about the evolution <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal colonization in plantlets artificially inoculated<br />
with Tuber melanosporum. The richness <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal community increased considerably during<br />
the first sampling years, and we realised soon how<br />
important the process <strong>of</strong> natural colonization was. Apart<br />
from monitoring the permanence <strong>of</strong> the inoculated<br />
mycorrhizae <strong>of</strong> Tuber melanosporum in field conditions,<br />
we have recorded other Tuber mycorrhizae, as well as<br />
mycorrhizal morphotypes belonging to the genera Genea,<br />
Scleroderma, Hebeloma, Pisolithus and many Tomentellalike<br />
morphotypes. Although the identity <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mycorrhizal morphotypes is still unknown, the detailed<br />
morphological and anatomical descriptions carried out will<br />
probably enable us to identify the fungus forming the<br />
mycorrhiza in future studies. On the other hand, we have<br />
also studied the sporocarps, paying special attention to<br />
hypogeous fungi and gasteromycetes due to their special<br />
importance as ectomycorrhizal species. The<br />
ectomycorrhizal morphotypes characterized and the<br />
sporocarps collected in truffle beds will be presented,<br />
together with some comments about the possible link<br />
between them.<br />
954 - Above- and below-ground views <strong>of</strong> tomentelloid<br />
fungi in a Quercus ilex stand in northern spain<br />
M. de Román * , A.M. de Miguel & V. Clavería<br />
Dep. Botany. University <strong>of</strong> Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n<br />
31080 Pamplona, Spain. - E-mail: mderoman@unav.es<br />
Since autumn 1998 we have carried out seasonal samplings<br />
<strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizae in a Quercus ilex stand located in<br />
Navarra (N Spain). The ectomycorrhizal morphotypes<br />
found have been described and identified when possible,<br />
yielding a total <strong>of</strong> 43 morphotypes. After three years <strong>of</strong><br />
study, one <strong>of</strong> the most outstanding facts is the great amount<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tomentella-like ectomycorrhizae found, which account<br />
for ca. 30% <strong>of</strong> the total mycorrhized root tips analysed.<br />
Apparently, the situation changes considerably when we<br />
consider the above-ground community. Few studies have<br />
paid attention to resupinate fungi when collecting<br />
ectomycorrhizal carpophores, thus inducing a mismatch<br />
between the species composition above- and below-ground.<br />
Nevertheless, a closer look at the ectomycorrhizal<br />
carpophores, considering especially the resupinate<br />
basidiomata, shows there is not such a big mismatch in our<br />
study site. Tomentelloid fungi seem to be well-adapted to<br />
survive in dry environments, such as the Mediterranean<br />
region in which our study site is located, thus occurring<br />
abundantly both as ectomycorrhizae and as carpophores. A<br />
preliminary catalogue is presented, including the list <strong>of</strong><br />
tomentelloid fungi found both in the above- and belowground<br />
communities as well as descriptions and pictures <strong>of</strong><br />
the ectomycorrhizal morphotypes and the basidiomata.<br />
955 - Biosorption <strong>of</strong> copper by Auricularia polytricha<br />
F. Di Mario * , E. Galli & P. Rapanà<br />
IBAF-CNR, Via Salaria Km.29,300 00016 Monterotondo<br />
Scalo (RM), Italy. - E-mail: francesca.dimario@mlib.cnr.it<br />
The biosorption <strong>of</strong> copper ions has been studied using<br />
lyophilised mycelium <strong>of</strong>Auricularia polytricha (SMR 0055<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>International</strong> Bank <strong>of</strong> Edible Saprophytic Mushrooms <strong>of</strong><br />
National Council <strong>of</strong> Research) in a batch system. This<br />
isolate was chosen for its ability <strong>of</strong> producing large<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> biomass able to adsorbe metal ions.<br />
Experiments were performed in a pH range 2 - 6 at<br />
temperature within 15 - 35 °C, using different amounts <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelium (100, 200, 300, 400 mg) in the presence <strong>of</strong> 1, 5,<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 287
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
10, 30, 60 ppm <strong>of</strong> copper. Biosorption equilibrium was<br />
established in 5 minutes at pH 3 and 25 °C. The<br />
biosorption is pH-dependent but indipendent from<br />
temperature. The results comfirm the previous ascertained<br />
ability <strong>of</strong> A. polytricha to chelate heavy metals. The<br />
optimal condition for copper biosorption were determined<br />
at pH 3, when 100 mg <strong>of</strong> biomass were incubated with 30<br />
ppm <strong>of</strong> copper. Fungal biomass was also immobilised on a<br />
PVA matrix for further applications on heavy metal<br />
polluted streams.<br />
956 - The co-introduction <strong>of</strong> Australian<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi with eucalypt plantations in the<br />
Mediterranean. Potential environmental risks<br />
J. Diez * , G. Moreno & J.L. Manjon<br />
Dpto. de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871<br />
Alcalá de Henares, Spain. - E-mail: jesus.diez@uah.es<br />
A growing evidence supports the recent dispersion <strong>of</strong><br />
Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi with plantations <strong>of</strong><br />
eucalypts and Australasian acacias worldwide. The effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> such introduction on the natural ecosystems have been<br />
poorly studied. In the Iberian Peninsula, such cointroduction<br />
seems to facilitate the adaptation <strong>of</strong> eucalypts<br />
to the soils <strong>of</strong> plantation sites. Consequently, the<br />
replacement <strong>of</strong> eucalypts for native sclerophyllous species<br />
is difficult and causes high costs in areas where eucalypts<br />
were extensively planted, such as the Natural Park <strong>of</strong><br />
Monfragüe in Cáceres (Spain). In eucalypt plantations<br />
close to Monfragüe, we have found fruit-bodies <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi specific to Australasian trees, such<br />
as Hydnangium carneum, Hymenogaster albus,<br />
Hysterangium inflatum, Setchelliogaster rheophyllus and<br />
eucalypt-specific strains <strong>of</strong> the Pisolithus species complex.<br />
Other exotic ectomycorrhizal fungi, unable to fruit outside<br />
its natural geographic range, can have gone undetected<br />
belowground. Whether these exotic fungi extend beyong<br />
the eucalypt plantations will depend on their compatibility<br />
with native hosts and their ability to compete with native<br />
mycosymbionts; i.e. <strong>of</strong> the Australian species Laccaria<br />
fraterna (=L. lateritia), which was found in Mediterranean<br />
shrublands under ectomycorrhizal Cistus species. Further<br />
studies will be necessary, if we are to predict potential risks<br />
involved with the large-scale use <strong>of</strong> eucalypts in the<br />
Mediterranean.<br />
957 - Development <strong>of</strong> extraradical mycelia <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi and interaction with<br />
saprotrophic and root pathogenic fungi in soil<br />
microcosms<br />
D.P. Donnelly 1* , J.R. Leake 2 & L. Boddy 1<br />
1 Cardiff School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box<br />
915, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, U.K. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
donnellyd@cardiff.ac.uk<br />
288<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Our recent studies <strong>of</strong> mycelial systems in soil microcosms<br />
using combined image analysis, radioisotope tracers and<br />
digital autoradiography, have provided new insights into<br />
their structure and function. Nutrient foraging and transport<br />
by mycorrhizal mycelia, together with the patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
carbon allocation from plants to mycorrhizal mycelia have<br />
been visualised and quantified using 33P and 14C tracers.<br />
Fungal morphology (mycelial fanning and cord formation)<br />
and area cover <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems <strong>of</strong><br />
Paxillus involutus and Suillus bovinus varied between<br />
isolates and species over 27d. Encounter with pine litter<br />
patches significantly increased mycelial cover to 230% <strong>of</strong><br />
controls. Extraradical mycelial morphology also influenced<br />
ingress by saprotrophic fungi. Dense mycelial systems <strong>of</strong><br />
P. involutus resisted invasive cords <strong>of</strong> Phanerochaete<br />
velutina, but led to allocation <strong>of</strong> host-derived carbon away<br />
from the interaction zone. In contrast, the more aggregated<br />
mycelia <strong>of</strong> Suillus bovinus had less mycelial density,<br />
vigour and allocation <strong>of</strong> host derived carbon to the entire<br />
extraradical mycelium when over grown by P. velutina<br />
mycelia, compared to controls. We are currently<br />
investigating the mechanisms by which extraradical<br />
mycelia may also provide protection from migratory and<br />
non-migratory root pathogenic fungi. We hypothesise that<br />
differences in extraradical mycelial morphology and<br />
function will determine degree <strong>of</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> host roots<br />
from pathogen infections.<br />
958 - Amplified Fragment Length Microsatellites<br />
(AFLM): A simple method to develop microsatellite<br />
markers in fastidious microorganisms applied to AM<br />
fungi<br />
G.W. Douhan * & D.M. Rizzo<br />
University <strong>of</strong> California, Davis, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant<br />
Pathology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. -<br />
E-mail: gwdouhan@ucdavis.edu<br />
Microsatellites are abundant, highly mutable arrays <strong>of</strong><br />
simple DNA sequence repeats which are powerful<br />
molecular markers to study population and evolutionary<br />
biology. Developing microsatellite markers for organisms<br />
that cannot, or are not, easily manipulated under laboratory<br />
conditions can be difficult because sequence information is<br />
needed. To overcome this problem in the arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus etunicatum and<br />
Gigaspora gigantea, global amplification <strong>of</strong> the genomes<br />
<strong>of</strong> each species were performed using linker-adaptor-PCR<br />
from single spores. Amplified fragments were enriched for<br />
microsatellite motifs using biotinylated oligonucleotides<br />
and recovered by magnetic streptavidin beads. The<br />
recovered fragments were reamplified, run on denaturing<br />
polyacrylamide gels, and sixteen selected bands were<br />
excised, cloned, and sequenced. Seven microsatellite<br />
motifs were detected from six clones (efficiency rate <strong>of</strong><br />
43.8%). Primers were designed for all putative<br />
microsatellite loci and most were successfully amplified<br />
from three single spore preparations and from pools <strong>of</strong> 5,<br />
10, and 20 spores after global amplification. We term this<br />
technique amplified fragment length micosatellites and<br />
propose that they can be useful markers for fastidious<br />
microorganisms, such as Glomalean fungi. However, the
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
technique can also be used to isolate microsatellite loci in<br />
any organism.<br />
959 - Componets and techniques <strong>of</strong> spore sampling<br />
from determining presence to molecular biology<br />
M.G. Eversmeyer 1* , C.L. Kramer 2 & R.L. Bowden 1<br />
1 USDA-ARS, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, Kansas<br />
66506, U.S.A. - 2 Division <strong>of</strong> Biology, Ackert Hall,<br />
Manhattan, Kansas 66506, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
epidem@ksu.edu<br />
Spore samplers, from a simple petri dish or glass slide to<br />
complex volumetric samplers, have been used to determine<br />
the presence, concentration, and identification <strong>of</strong> airborne<br />
fungal spores since the beginning <strong>of</strong> mycological studies.<br />
The simplest <strong>of</strong> spore traps that collect spores by gravity<br />
deposition, have been used primarily for identification <strong>of</strong><br />
spores present in the air. Volumetric samplers provide the<br />
added advantage <strong>of</strong> measuring the concentrations <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
spores under existing wind conditions within a given air<br />
mass. Flow meters that provide variable adjustments in the<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> air intake <strong>of</strong> the sampler may be used to obtain isokinetic<br />
volumetric samplers. Small personal samplers have<br />
been developed for use by individuals with specific<br />
allergies to obtain levels <strong>of</strong> allergens that individuals may<br />
encounter on a daily basis. Techniques for identification <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal spores collected by volumetric samplers using<br />
molecular markers are being developed. This presentation<br />
identifies various types <strong>of</strong> samplers that have been used in<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> identification, production, release, local dispersal<br />
and long distance transport, survival, and deposition <strong>of</strong><br />
mycological material important in disease epidemics.<br />
Photos or sketches <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> the samplers used in<br />
research in our laboratory are shown including photos <strong>of</strong><br />
the initial samplers used in private aircraft or on board<br />
ships. Major advantages and disadvantages <strong>of</strong> each type<br />
sampler are discussed.<br />
960 - Monitoring a non-pathogenic strain <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
oxysporum on tomato plant using Green Fluorescence<br />
Protein gene marker<br />
J. Fatehi * , A. Lindberg & B. Gerhardson<br />
Plant Pathology & Biocontrol Unit, SLU, P.O. Box 7035,<br />
Uppsala 750 07, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
jamshid.fatehi@vpat.slu.se<br />
Non-pathogenic strains <strong>of</strong> Fusarium are known organisms<br />
to effectively reduce the incidence <strong>of</strong> wilt diseases caused<br />
by the pathogenic isolates <strong>of</strong> this genus. Competition for<br />
nutrition in soil and rhizosphere, induced systemic<br />
resistance and competition for root colonization have been<br />
suggested as modes <strong>of</strong> action involved in such antagonistic<br />
effects. Here a non-pathogenic strain <strong>of</strong> Fusarium<br />
oxysporum, previously demonstrated to be an effective<br />
inhibitor <strong>of</strong> the tomato wilt pathogen caused by Fusarium<br />
oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, was genetically transformed<br />
with both hygromycin B resistance and a gene for green<br />
fluorescence protein (GFP). Stable transformants with<br />
bright green fluorescence and resistant to hygromycin B<br />
were obtained. Several transformants with similar growth<br />
rate and colony morphology to the wild-type isolate were<br />
further used for the inoculation <strong>of</strong> tomato seedlings, in<br />
order to study their behavior on the host and the pattern <strong>of</strong><br />
colonization <strong>of</strong> the roots. The growth <strong>of</strong> fungal mycelia on<br />
the root surface, penetration into the root cortex and<br />
colonization <strong>of</strong> this tissue were observed using a<br />
fluorescence microscopy. Re-isolation <strong>of</strong> the transfromants<br />
from surface sterilized root and stem tissues <strong>of</strong> inoculated<br />
tomato plants, 4 weeks after inoculation, indicated that the<br />
fungus was able to extensively colonize its host tissues.<br />
961 - Dynamics <strong>of</strong> microbial communities associated<br />
with submerged Typha angustifolia litter: effects <strong>of</strong><br />
litter manipulations on microbial decay processes<br />
A.J. Foley * , M.D. Collins, R.K. Neely & K.A. Kuehn<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 316<br />
Mark Jefferson, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
afoley@online.emich.edu<br />
In wetlands, most <strong>of</strong> the plant biomass enters the detrital<br />
pool to be decomposed by microorganisms. Prior studies <strong>of</strong><br />
wetland plant decay have <strong>of</strong>ten used litter that has been<br />
prematurely harvested and/or manipulated (e.g, oven-dried)<br />
prior to submergence. We examined the effects <strong>of</strong> litter<br />
manipulations, such as oven drying and litter age<br />
(senescent vs. standing-dead), on microbial assemblages<br />
associated with decaying litter <strong>of</strong> Typha angustifolia. Plant<br />
litter <strong>of</strong> T. angustifolia was harvested after senescence and<br />
after a period <strong>of</strong> standing-dead decay. Litter <strong>of</strong> both age<br />
groups were air-dried and oven-dried (80 °C), placed into<br />
litter bags (1 mm mesh), and submerged in the wetland.<br />
Litter bags were retrieved periodically and analyzed for<br />
mass loss, microbial biomass, fungal production rates, and<br />
rates <strong>of</strong> microbial respiration. Several microbial parameters<br />
differed markedly between the litter treatments. Fungal<br />
biomass (ergosterol) associated with oven-dried litter was<br />
62% lower than air-dried litter during the first 114 days <strong>of</strong><br />
decay (i.e., 83 ±53 and 220 ±43 µg ergosterol g -1 AFDM,<br />
respectively). Rates <strong>of</strong> fungal production and microbial<br />
respiration exhibited similar trends. Initial rates <strong>of</strong><br />
microbial respiration showed a 5-fold difference between<br />
oven-dried and air-dried treatments (ca. 10 vs. 70 µg CO2-<br />
C g -1 AFDM h -1 , respectively). These results point to<br />
contrasting patterns in microbial dynamics during emergent<br />
macrophyte decay as a result <strong>of</strong> litter manipulations.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 289
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
962 - Community structure and diversity <strong>of</strong> below<br />
ground ectomycorrhiza fungi in Danish beech (Fagus<br />
sylvatica) forest with different cropping history<br />
K. Føns * & R. Kjøller<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, Dk-1353<br />
Copenhagen K, Denmark. - E-mail: kirstenf@bot.ku.dk<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> this work is to compare the below ground<br />
community <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhiza fungi in Danish beech forest<br />
sites with different cropping history. Six locations in Grib<br />
Skov, Northern Zealand, Denmark were studied. A<br />
monoculture <strong>of</strong> 100 years old beech trees are growing on<br />
all six locations, and the cropping histories <strong>of</strong> these<br />
locations are well described since early 1800s. At this time<br />
200 years old naturally regenerated beech were growing in<br />
the locations. This tells us that beech have been continuous<br />
at least for 400 years, and probably for many more<br />
hundreds years at the locations. At three <strong>of</strong> the locations<br />
the continuity <strong>of</strong> beech was broken from about 1830 to<br />
1900 with Norway Spruce (Picea abies). All the six<br />
locations were replanted with beech again in 1900. The<br />
different cropping histories give us a unique chance to<br />
study, whether broken continuity after 100 years can have<br />
an impact on the ectomycorrhizal community. Previously,<br />
the under story herbal communities at these same locations<br />
have been shown to differ between the continous and noncontinous<br />
plots (Flemming Rune, Danish Forest and<br />
Landscape Research Institute, unpublished data) In 2001, at<br />
late spring and early autumn soil cores were taken in the<br />
six plots. From the samples ectomycorrhiza fungi on the<br />
roots are sorted by a combination <strong>of</strong> morhotyping and ITS-<br />
RFLP and identified by sequencing. The first results on the<br />
ectomycorrhizal community structure at these sites will be<br />
presented in this poster.<br />
963 - Seasonal distribution <strong>of</strong> higher filamentous fungi<br />
in a subtropical estuary<br />
M. Fraser 1 , S. Schatz 2 , H. Laubach 3 , A. Rogerson 1 & C.<br />
Vogel 1*<br />
1<br />
Nova Southeastern University, College <strong>of</strong> Oceanography,<br />
8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania FL 33004, U.S.A. - 2 Nova<br />
Southeastern University, Colleges <strong>of</strong> Optometry and<br />
Oceanography, Davie FL 33314, U.S.A. -<br />
3 Nova<br />
Southeastern University, College <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences,<br />
Davie Fl 33314, U.S.A. - E-mail: vogelc@nova.edu<br />
Little is known <strong>of</strong> the distribution <strong>of</strong> higher marine fungi<br />
along tropical and subtropical estuarine salinity gradients<br />
and how species composition may change seasonally. To<br />
examine these trends, five stations were set up along the<br />
New River Estuary in south Florida, USA. Salinity,<br />
dissolved O2 and pH were measured bimonthly. Substrates<br />
for collection were submerged panels <strong>of</strong> white oak<br />
(Quercus alba) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsugu menziessi).<br />
One pair per station was collected every three months,<br />
290<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
incubated and observed for fungi. Twelve species were<br />
identified (4 Ascomycetes, 8 Deuteromycetes). The<br />
Ascomycetes Halosphaeria quadricornuta and Verruculina<br />
enalia were the dominant species by frequency <strong>of</strong><br />
occurrence. Some species showed a physiological<br />
preference for higher salinity waters. The terrestrial species<br />
Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were<br />
isolated from the low salinity station and Trichocladium<br />
achrasporum was isolated only from the high salinity<br />
location. Despite no apparent patterns <strong>of</strong> seasonal<br />
distribution, successional patterns were discernible.<br />
Maximum species diversity occurred during the first three<br />
months which is consistent with previous findings.<br />
Compared to temperate studies species diversity was low<br />
suggesting interference behavior. Many species observed at<br />
low frequencies are cosmopolitan or temperate. Our<br />
observations indicate that salinity and temperature directly<br />
influence species composition and abundance in<br />
subtropical estuaries.<br />
964 - The impact <strong>of</strong> global warming on the mycorrhizal<br />
fungal community <strong>of</strong> a Canadian High Arctic site<br />
K.E. Fujimura * & K.N. Egger<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Northern British Columbia, 3333 University<br />
Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
fujimurk@unbc.ca<br />
The impact <strong>of</strong> global climate change is hypothesized to be<br />
more prevalent in arctic than temperate ecosystems.<br />
Experiments have shown that increase <strong>of</strong> temperature by<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> open-top chambers (OTCs) has impacted plant<br />
growth and phenology. However, data on the impact <strong>of</strong><br />
global warming on the mycorrhizal fungal community are<br />
scant. The objective <strong>of</strong> this study is to examine the impact<br />
<strong>of</strong> increased air and soil temperature on the mycorrhizal<br />
fungal community. Three sites, each containing three plots,<br />
were chosen at Alexandra Fiord, Nunavut Canada. Air and<br />
soil temperatures were increased using 1-m diameter<br />
OTCs, which have been on the sites for at least five years.<br />
Plots within 2 m <strong>of</strong> the OTCs were used as ambient<br />
controls. Dominant plant species Cassiope tetragona,<br />
Dryas integrifolia, Salix arctica, and Saxifraga<br />
oppositifolia were harvested from warmed and control<br />
plots. Root tips were randomly selected for DNA extraction<br />
and morphological analysis. Mycorrhizal fungal<br />
communities were assessed with terminal restriction<br />
fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, a<br />
technique that has previously been applied primarily to<br />
bacterial community analysis. Representative fungal<br />
isolates were sequenced to determine phylogenetic<br />
affiliations. Comparisons between warmed and ambient<br />
plots will be presented.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
965 - Mycorrhiza <strong>of</strong> blueberry and control <strong>of</strong><br />
Verticillium wilt on strawberry: Two examples <strong>of</strong><br />
rhizosphere microbial steady states in agricultural land<br />
use<br />
J. Golldack 1* , P. Schubert 2 , H. Schwärzel 2 , P. Lentzsch 1 &<br />
B. Münzenberger 1<br />
1<br />
Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use<br />
Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Müncheberg,<br />
Germany. -<br />
2<br />
Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und<br />
Landwirtschaft, Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374<br />
Müncheberg, Germany. - E-mail: jgolldack@zalf.de<br />
The roots <strong>of</strong> blueberry are mycorrhizal, but on sandy<br />
agriculturally used soils, the mycorrhizal symbiosis has to<br />
be stabilized by a specific management <strong>of</strong> the mulch layer<br />
which provides organic C- and N-compounds. In long-term<br />
plot studies, a high sensitivity <strong>of</strong> this symbiosis depending<br />
on the mulch layer, particularly tree species <strong>of</strong> wood chips<br />
and time <strong>of</strong> application was found. Thus, the microbial<br />
population structure <strong>of</strong> the rhizosphere <strong>of</strong> variety 'Reka'<br />
varied considerably. In one plant rhizosphere, the microbial<br />
community was similar to the rhizosphere community <strong>of</strong> a<br />
natural peaty soil which was correlated with the highest<br />
fruit mass. This leads to the assumption that the<br />
mycorrhizal symbiosis <strong>of</strong> highbush blueberry depends on<br />
an appropriate fungus-bacteria-rhizosphere community<br />
which can be influenced by the management <strong>of</strong> the mulch<br />
layer. Strategies to achieve an appropriate microbial steady<br />
state can be used to control the Verticillium wilt on<br />
strawberry. The effect <strong>of</strong> different Verticillium strains and<br />
antagonistic bacteria is going to be analysed under<br />
controlled climatic conditions and in field trials. On<br />
different agriculturally used sites, Verticillium strains will<br />
be isolated to select the regionally best adapted<br />
antagonistic bacteria to control the Verticillium wilt.<br />
966 - Influences <strong>of</strong> T4-lysozyme producing potato plants<br />
on the endophytic fungi <strong>of</strong> the roots studied by a<br />
classical and a molecular approach<br />
M. Götz 1* , J. Lottmann 2 , G. Berg 2 , H.I. Nirenberg 3 & K.<br />
Smalla 1<br />
1 Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and<br />
Forestry, Institute for Plant Virology, Microbiology and<br />
Biosafety, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig,<br />
Germany. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 11a,<br />
18051 Rostock, Germany. - 3 Federal Biological Research<br />
Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Plant<br />
Virology, Microbiology and Biosafety, Königin-Luise-<br />
Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
m.goetz@bba.de<br />
T4-lysozyme expressed in potato plants seems to be a<br />
promising strategy to enhance the plants' resistance against<br />
phytopathogenic bacteria like Erwinia carotovora.<br />
However, lysozyme has unspecific effects on other bacteria<br />
and on fungi. The monitoring <strong>of</strong> bacterial and fungal<br />
rhizosphere communities <strong>of</strong> transgenic and non-transgenic<br />
plants with a cultivation-independent molecular<br />
fingerprinting technique (PCR-DGGE) revealed in no cases<br />
a plant line dependent influence. The lysozyme is secreted<br />
into the apoplastic space where its concentration should be<br />
higher than in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the influence on<br />
endophytes which live inside <strong>of</strong> the apoplast could be<br />
stronger than that on the microorganisms in the<br />
rhizosphere. Endophytic fungi were isolated from roots <strong>of</strong><br />
the parental and a transgenic line after surface sterilisation.<br />
The isolates were cultivated, identified and characterised<br />
by molecular methods. Here significant differences<br />
between the parental and the transgenic line could be<br />
found: the roots <strong>of</strong> the parental line were colonised with<br />
Verticillium dahliae around three times higher than those<br />
<strong>of</strong> the transgenic line. Additionally the surface sterilised<br />
roots were examined by PCR-DGGE. Fingerprints <strong>of</strong> the<br />
endophytic fungi could be shown for the first time. To<br />
associate the bands to fungal isolates clones were generated<br />
and sequenced. The results <strong>of</strong> the two methods <strong>of</strong><br />
investigation are compared and discussed.<br />
967 - Substrate selectivity <strong>of</strong> corticioid fungi from<br />
Noth<strong>of</strong>agus forests in Patagonia (Argentina)<br />
A.G. Greslebin<br />
Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino<br />
Patagónico, CC 14, 9200, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. - Email:<br />
alina@ciefap.cyt.edu.ar<br />
Corticioid fungi (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycetes) grow<br />
on almost every type <strong>of</strong> woody substrate, but species<br />
usually show preferences on certain features <strong>of</strong> the<br />
substrate such as the decay stage and/or the part <strong>of</strong> the tree<br />
involved. These preferences determine the spatial and<br />
temporal arrangement <strong>of</strong> these organisms along the<br />
degradation process. During an intensive floristic survey <strong>of</strong><br />
Corticiaceae growing on 3 Noth<strong>of</strong>agus spp. in the<br />
Patagonian Andes forests, the habitat preferences and the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> selectivity <strong>of</strong> 42 species in relation to three<br />
substrate features (decay stage, part <strong>of</strong> the tree and<br />
diameter <strong>of</strong> the detritus) were evaluated. Decay stage was<br />
classified into six categories according to hardness and<br />
other features. Part <strong>of</strong> the tree was classified as bark,<br />
sapwood, hardwood or the combination <strong>of</strong> bark/sapwood or<br />
sapwood/hardwood. Diameter was classified as 0-5, 6-10,<br />
11-20, 21-30 or >30 cm (from small branches to big<br />
trunks). The differential distribution (not aleatory) <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species according to the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the substrate was<br />
statistically tested (X 2 ). 95% <strong>of</strong> the species showed a<br />
differential distribution in relation to the decay stage, 64%<br />
in relation to the part <strong>of</strong> the tree and 54% in relation to the<br />
diameter. In order to evaluate the degree <strong>of</strong> selectivity, the<br />
range <strong>of</strong> categories where a species was recorded for each<br />
variable was analyzed. Species with a range ≤ 3 were<br />
considered highly selective for that variable.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 291
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
968 - Adaptive spatiotemporal distribution <strong>of</strong> soil<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ungi in 'Evolution Canyon' II, Lower Nahal<br />
Keziv, Western Upper Galilee, Israel<br />
I. Grishkan * , E. Nevo, S.P. Wasser & A. Beharav<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Evolution, University <strong>of</strong> Haifa, Mount Carmel,<br />
Haifa 31905, Israel. - E-mail:<br />
grishkan@research.haifa.ac.il<br />
We describe and interpret spatiotemporal micromycete<br />
community structure and adaptive complexes to xeric and<br />
mesic contrasting microclimates in the soils <strong>of</strong> 'Evolution<br />
Canyon' II, western Upper Galilee, Israel. A total <strong>of</strong> 192<br />
species belonging to Zygomycota (9 species), Ascomycota<br />
(13 species), and mitosporic fungi (170 species) were<br />
isolated. The fungal communities on the xeric south-facing<br />
slope (SFS) demonstrated significantly greater diversity<br />
(species richness, Shannon index, and evenness) than on<br />
the mesic north-facing slope (NFS). Seasonally, winter<br />
slope communities were less heterogeneous. Forest<br />
localities on the NFS and in all seasons and the shady<br />
locality on the SFS in the winter were overwhelmingly<br />
dominated by mesophilic Penicillium species. The sunny<br />
locality on the SFS was characterized by a dominance <strong>of</strong><br />
melanin-containing fungi that was most pronounced in the<br />
summer and by high occurrence and abundance <strong>of</strong><br />
thermotolerant Aspergillus and Fusarium species.<br />
Ascomycetes and zygomycetes were the minor components<br />
in all local mycobiota studied; sexual ascomycetes, being<br />
stress-selected fungi, were more abundant than 10 fold in<br />
the soil <strong>of</strong> the SFS, with the peak <strong>of</strong> abundance in the<br />
sunny summer community. The results demonstrated a<br />
microscale adaptive spatiotemporal inter- and intraslope<br />
divergence in soil mycobiota structure. Microclimatic<br />
natural selection appears to be the major factor affecting<br />
soil fungi diversity patterns and spatiotemporal dynamics.<br />
969 - Structural diversity <strong>of</strong> fungal populations in soil<br />
under the influence <strong>of</strong> different farming management<br />
systems<br />
A. Hagn * , K. Pritsch & M. Schloter<br />
GSF-Research Centre for Environment and Health, Insitute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Soil Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85758<br />
Munich/Neuherberg, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
alexandra.hagn@gsf.de<br />
Although it is known that fungi play a vital role for<br />
ecosystems, only few studies were published so far<br />
showing fungal diversity and dynamics in soil. Mainly in<br />
agricultural ecosystems fungi are essential for the soil<br />
quality, as many species are able to degrade complex<br />
organic compounds, supply plants with nutrients and serve<br />
as biocontrol organisms against plant pathogens. However<br />
some strains can also act as plant pathogens. Therefore we<br />
investigated the influence <strong>of</strong> precision farming (a new<br />
agricultural technique, focusing on the heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> a<br />
field site and adapting the amount <strong>of</strong> fertilizer given to the<br />
292<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
yield expected in a particular plot). For comparison<br />
samples were also taken from plots, where fertilizers were<br />
applied using conventional techniques. To access the<br />
different fungal populations culture-dependent and cultureindependent<br />
methods were used. Fungal cultures were<br />
isolated on three different media and examined by means<br />
<strong>of</strong> microscopy and a genetic fingerprinting method<br />
(interLINE, PAGE). Additionally DNA was directly<br />
extracted from the soil samples and clone libraries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
18S rDNA were established. Yet the data <strong>of</strong> the culturedependent<br />
and the culture-independent methos show a<br />
seasonal influence as well as an influence <strong>of</strong> the high- and<br />
low-yield areas. Besides also a direct influence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
agricultural management systems on the structure <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fungal populations was detected.<br />
970 - Microbial companions <strong>of</strong> an introduced tree:<br />
needle endophytes <strong>of</strong> Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) in<br />
Finland<br />
J. Hantula 1* , M. Kauhanen 1 , E.J. Vainio 1 & P. Niemelä 2<br />
1 Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 18, 01301<br />
Vantaa, Finland. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Joensuu, Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Forestry, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
jarkko.hantula@metla.fi<br />
Endophytes are organisms inhabiting plant tissues without<br />
causing symptoms. The distinction between pathogens and<br />
endophytes is not clear as some endophytes are pathogenic<br />
for other plants. Some pathogens also show periods <strong>of</strong><br />
latency. In single hosts pathogenicity or endophytic<br />
behavior may be determined by only one gene. Plants are<br />
frequently introduced to novel geographic areas in the<br />
modern world. It is not known how commonly endophytes<br />
are co-introduced with their plant hosts. This information<br />
should, however, be available as nonindigeneous plants<br />
may transport fungal endophytes pathogenic to native<br />
plants. We analysed needle endophytes <strong>of</strong> Siberian larch in<br />
its natural distribution area in Russia and in old or young<br />
stands in Finland, where the tree does not occur naturally.<br />
880 isolates were collected, and identified to species level<br />
based on colony morphology and DNA-analyses. The cointroduction<br />
frequency <strong>of</strong> endophytes turned out to be high;<br />
only one common (in Russia) endophyte was missing from<br />
one Finnish stand. In contrast, several rather common<br />
endophytes observed in Finland lacked from the natural<br />
stand in Russia. We also analysed genetic variation in one<br />
endophyte species.<br />
971 - Interspecific fungal interactions and recognition<br />
in decayed wood<br />
J. Heilmann-Clausen 1* & L. Boddy 2<br />
1 Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute,<br />
Hørsholm Kongevej 11, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. -<br />
2 Cardiff University, School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Museum<br />
Avenue, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, U.K. - Email:<br />
jhc@kvl.dk
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
We compared interspecific interactions in fresh beech<br />
wood and beech wood partly decayed by the primary decay<br />
agents, Eutypa spinosa, Fomes fomentarius, Stereum<br />
hirsutum and Trametes versicolor. The fungi used in the<br />
experiments included five secondary decay agents,<br />
common on beech wood in advanced decay, as well as the<br />
aforementioned primary decayers. The experiments were<br />
carried out using sterilised, recolonised wood and lasted for<br />
seven months. Interactions involving secondary decayers<br />
were affected by wood type, with outcomes changing from<br />
complete replacement to deadlock in at least three species<br />
combinations. Most <strong>of</strong> the secondary decayers were able to<br />
replace some <strong>of</strong> the primary decayers. However, several <strong>of</strong><br />
the secondary decayers were unable to colonise sterilised<br />
wood decayed by Trametes versicolor or Stereum<br />
hirstutum. This lead to a new series <strong>of</strong> experiments in<br />
which the effects <strong>of</strong> exudates from fresh and partly decayed<br />
wood were investigated with respect to hyphal extension<br />
rates in a larger range <strong>of</strong> secondary decay fungi. Sterilised<br />
wood pieces were placed on 0,5% malt agar, opposite to<br />
small plugs containing the test fungi, which showed very<br />
variable growth responses to the various wood types. Most<br />
species increased hyphal extension rates as response to<br />
wood decayed by Eutypa spinosa and Fomes fomentarius,<br />
while wood decayed by Stereum hirsutum resulted in<br />
reduced or completely lacking growth in a majority <strong>of</strong><br />
species.<br />
972 - Physiological characteristics <strong>of</strong> symbiotic fungi<br />
associated with the seed germination <strong>of</strong> Gastrodia elata<br />
I.P. Hong 1* , S.X. Guo 2 , T.S. Lee 3 & M.W. Lee 4<br />
1 Division <strong>of</strong> Seri-Culture and Api-culture, NIAST, Suwon,<br />
441-707, Korea. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Medicinal Plant, Chinese<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences, P. R., China. - 3 Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Biology, Incheon University, 177, Dohwa-dong, Nam-<br />
Ku, 402-749, Korea. - 4 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Dongguk<br />
University, 26, Pil-Dong 3ga, Chunggu, Seoul, 100-715,<br />
Korea.<br />
This study was carried out to investigate the possibility for<br />
seeds germination <strong>of</strong> Gastrodia elata using symbiotic<br />
fungi. Since seeds <strong>of</strong> G. elata are very small and lack an<br />
endosperm and other nutrients, their germination is<br />
difficult without requirement for external nutrients. Out <strong>of</strong><br />
twenty six isolates collected from protocorms <strong>of</strong> G. elata<br />
and roots <strong>of</strong> native orchids inhabited in wild, two strains<br />
(H-2 and H-21) were observed to stimulate the seed<br />
germination <strong>of</strong> G. elata. The seed germination <strong>of</strong> G. elata<br />
was excellent on oak tree leaves medium. The optimal<br />
conditions for mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> symbiotic fungi were 25<br />
°C and pH 6.0, respectively. The mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> H-2<br />
strain was excellent on YMA medium, while h-21 was<br />
poor on PDA medium. In case <strong>of</strong> carbon sources, the<br />
mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> H-2 and H-21 was good on media<br />
supplemented with glucose and dextrin, respectively.<br />
Calcium nitrate was good for mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> H-2 strain<br />
as a nitrogen sources, whereas urea was effective to H-21<br />
strain.<br />
973 - Classification <strong>of</strong> wood decay fungi isolated from<br />
durable wood species, ekki<br />
S. Horisawa 1* , R. Ito 2 , Y. Sakuma 3 & S. Doi 1<br />
1 Institution <strong>of</strong> Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural<br />
University, 11-1 Kaieizaka, Noshiro, Akita 016-0876,<br />
Japan. - 2 Akita Wood Technology Transfer Foundation, 11-<br />
1 Kaieizaka, Noshiro, Akita 016-0876, Japan. - 3 Biological<br />
Resources Division, Japan <strong>International</strong> Research Center<br />
for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba,<br />
Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan. - E-mail: horisawa@iwt.akitapu.ac.jp<br />
Ekki (Azobe, Bongossi; Lophira alata Banks), a native<br />
African wood species, is known as a large durable species<br />
and has been utilized without preservative treatment for<br />
outdoor architectures such as bridges in EU. In Japan,<br />
however, several bridges <strong>of</strong> ekki wood are decayed in a<br />
short time after construction. In this study, as the first step<br />
<strong>of</strong> the elucidation <strong>of</strong> decay in ekki wood, basidiomycetes<br />
isolated from damaged members <strong>of</strong> ekki bridges were<br />
classified by PCR-RFLP. Decayed wood pieces and fruit<br />
bodies from ekki bridges were incubated on potatodextrose-agar<br />
plates containing antibiotics. Twenty-six<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes were obtained from different<br />
areas in Japan. One <strong>of</strong> the isolates was identified<br />
morphologically as Perenniporia tephropora (Mont.) Ryv.<br />
(Loweporus tephroporus). Genomic DNAs were extracted<br />
from isolates using the benzyl chloride method. The whole<br />
inter specific transcribed (ITS) regions (ITS1, ITS2, and<br />
5.8S) were amplified by PCR. The PCR products were<br />
digested with 4 restriction enzymes to obtain RFLPs.<br />
Restricted fragments were separated by electrophoresis in<br />
8% <strong>of</strong> polyacrylamide gel. Comparing fragment patterns,<br />
14 isolates were identified as P. tephropora. To obtain<br />
further molecular information on the decay basidiomycetes,<br />
we undertake to determine sequences <strong>of</strong> 18S rDNAs.<br />
974 - Aspergillus section Flavi in the United States:<br />
characterization <strong>of</strong> soil populations from agricultural<br />
fields<br />
B.W. Horn<br />
National Peanut Research Laboratory, United States<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,<br />
P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 31742-0509, U.S.A.<br />
Species belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
produce aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid, mycotoxins that<br />
contaminate preharvest peanuts, corn and cottonseed. Soil<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A.<br />
tamarii and A. caelatus were examined over a large<br />
geographic area within the United States and in greater<br />
detail within a single field. A transect was established from<br />
New Mexico to Virginia, and species from section Flavi<br />
showed distinct patterns in their geographic distribution. A.<br />
flavus (large sclerotial morphotype or L strain) was the<br />
most widely distributed species, but A. flavus var.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 293
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
parvisclerotigenus (small sclerotial morphotype or S strain)<br />
was primarily confined to eastern Texas and Louisiana<br />
where cotton is intensively grown. A. parasiticus was most<br />
common along the southern Atlantic coast, particularly in<br />
areas where peanuts are cultivated. A. tamarii and A.<br />
caelatus occurred at low incidences along most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
transect, and A. nomius was detected only in the<br />
Mississippi River Delta region (Louisiana and Mississippi).<br />
Individual vegetative compatibility groups <strong>of</strong> A. flavus and<br />
A. parasiticus were widely distributed along the transect. In<br />
a single peanut field from southwestern Georgia included<br />
in the transect, soil populations <strong>of</strong> A. flavus and A.<br />
parasiticus were genetically diverse, as indicated by the<br />
large number <strong>of</strong> vegetative compatibility groups.<br />
975 - Isolated Pinus contorta seedlings in coastal dunes<br />
are supported primarily by fungi with high host<br />
specificity whose spores are carried in deer feces<br />
T.R. Horton * , S. Ashkannejhad & C. Hazard<br />
SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
trhorton@esf.edu<br />
Pinus contorta seedlings are establishing in sand dunes on<br />
the coast <strong>of</strong> Oregon, U.S.A. in a primary succession<br />
pattern. The seedlings establish at least 100 m away from<br />
the continuous forest and thus establish without the benefit<br />
<strong>of</strong> an existing ectomycorrhizal network. Over 120 species<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi in 37 genera have been recorded fruiting along the<br />
edges <strong>of</strong> the continuous forests and spores from these fungi<br />
may disperse to the isolated seedlings via wind, water or<br />
mammals. We identified EM fungi associated with the<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> the isolated seedlings and found that they are<br />
colonized almost exclusively by `suilloid' fungi: Suillus<br />
brevipes, S. umbonatus, S. tomentosus, Rhizopogon<br />
fuscorubens, R. occidentalis, and R. vulgaris. Deer<br />
commonly traverse the dune system from the surrounding<br />
forest past the isolated seedling areas and their fecal pellets<br />
contain large amounts <strong>of</strong> spores. Spore slurries made by<br />
bringing up individual fecal piles with variable pellet<br />
numbers in 100 ml <strong>of</strong> water and were found to contain<br />
between 1 x 10 6 and 1 x 10 8 spores/ml. In a bioassay,<br />
seedlings inoculated with 20 ml <strong>of</strong> slurries made from fresh<br />
fecal piles became colonized by the same fungi observed<br />
on the field-collected seedlings. These results suggest that<br />
1) deer can vector suilloid spores to areas where<br />
mycorrhizal networks are non-existent, 2) suilloid spores<br />
may lie dormant in soils until pine seedlings germinate, and<br />
3) in contrast to other early succession work, pine seedlings<br />
establish and are supported by fungi with high host<br />
specificity.<br />
294<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
976 - Effect <strong>of</strong> root endophytes on the germination <strong>of</strong><br />
seed <strong>of</strong> the Australian terrestrial orchid Caladenia<br />
formosa G. W. Carr<br />
T.T. Huynh 1 , C.B. McLean 1* & A.C. Lawrie 2<br />
1<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Melbourne, Institute <strong>of</strong> Land and Food<br />
Resources, School <strong>of</strong> Resource Management, Burnley<br />
College 500 Yarra Boulevard, Ricmond, Victoria, 3121,<br />
Australia. -<br />
2 RMIT University, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnology & Environmental Biology, GPO Box 71,<br />
Bundoora, Vic, 3083, Australia. - E-mail:<br />
cmclean@unimelb.edu.au<br />
This study investigated two seed germination methods to<br />
determine which would maximise the production <strong>of</strong> plants<br />
<strong>of</strong> the endangered Australian orchid Caladenia formosa for<br />
use in re-establishment in situ. Root endophytes were<br />
isolated from adult plants in the wild at various stages in<br />
the orchid life cycle (budding, leafing, flowering, capsule<br />
production and senescence). Seed was germinated on<br />
minimal (Oatmeal Agar) and complex (PA5 containing<br />
coconut water) media with and without root endophytes<br />
under axenic conditions. Germination and subsequent<br />
growth was recorded at monthly intervals for a period <strong>of</strong><br />
twelve months. Mycorrhizal status <strong>of</strong> the seedlings was<br />
determined by SEM. Seed grown on minimal media<br />
inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi from the leafing,<br />
budding and flowering stages gave fastest (within one<br />
month) and maximum (>50%) germination rates. Seed<br />
grown on the complex media did not germinate in the first<br />
month. Symbiotic seedlings grown on the minimal medium<br />
were defasked and survived to produce tubers under<br />
glasshouse conditions.<br />
977 - Effects <strong>of</strong> in vivo sub-culturing on changes in<br />
morphology and virulence <strong>of</strong> the entomogenous fungus<br />
Metarhizium anisopliae<br />
L. Ibrahim 1* , T.M. Butt 2 & P. Jenkinson 1<br />
1 Harper Adams University College, Newport, Shropshire,<br />
U.K. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Wales Swansea, Singleton Park,<br />
Swansea, U.K. - E-mail: librahim@harper-adams.ac.uk<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the major drawbacks with fungal biocontrol agents<br />
is that they can lose virulence if maintained on artificial<br />
culture media. This attenuation <strong>of</strong> virulence has been<br />
reported by several workers and is a major concern in the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> insect-pathogenic fungi for pest control.<br />
Understanding the factors responsible for this phenomenon<br />
will contribute important information for development <strong>of</strong><br />
media to stabilise or increase virulence. The effects on<br />
pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor.<br />
isolate V208 following one passage through the<br />
heterologous insect-host Myzus persicae and 11 in vitro<br />
successive subcultures were investigated. Attenuation <strong>of</strong><br />
virulence as measured by LT 50 (median lethal time) was<br />
manifested in rapid decline with recovery and slight<br />
decline after recovery. Similarly, sporulation <strong>of</strong> attenuated
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
subcultures was poor with some subcultures ultimately<br />
becoming sterile. Significant decline in germination was<br />
observed in subculture 3 with slow recovery by subculture<br />
11. Most studies to date report a gradual or rapid decline in<br />
virulence with recovery only being achieved by passaging<br />
through an insect. Here recovery was shown in the absence<br />
<strong>of</strong> passaging. Bioassays alone do not reveal the full<br />
variation in expression <strong>of</strong> attenuation. In an attempt to<br />
identify more overt attributes <strong>of</strong> attenuation, particular<br />
attention was focused on the physiological and biochemical<br />
factors, which may account for the attenuation observed.<br />
978 - Detection <strong>of</strong> double-stranded RNA from<br />
Helicobasidium mompa and Rosellinia necatrix<br />
K. Ikeda 1* , H. Nakamura 1 , M. Arakawa 2 & N. Matsumoto 1<br />
1 Microbial Ecology Unit, National Institute for Agro-<br />
Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kan-non dai, Tsukuba,<br />
Japan. - 2 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Meijo University,<br />
Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
ikeken@affrc.go.jp<br />
Helicobasidium mompa and R. necatrix cause root diseases<br />
<strong>of</strong> many woody plants including fruit trees. Diseased plants<br />
show stunting <strong>of</strong> shoots and yellowing <strong>of</strong> leaves but are<br />
seldom killed unless intensive cultural practices are used.<br />
As the first step to exploit double-stranded (ds) RNA for<br />
biological control <strong>of</strong> the diseases, fungal strains were<br />
examined for the presence <strong>of</strong> dsRNA. In H. mompa, 72.1%<br />
(158/219) <strong>of</strong> strains had dsRNA whereas 24.4% (66/270) in<br />
R. necatrix. Electrophoresis revealed the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
diverse dsRNAs in both fungi with 1 to 12 bands, ranging<br />
from ca. 2 to 15 kbp. Hyphal tip isolation was mostly<br />
unsuccessful to remove dsRNAs except that found in R.<br />
necatrix with 12 dsRNA segments, which was considered<br />
to be a member <strong>of</strong> the Reovididae. Single spore isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
H. mompa from basidiospores were all dsRNA-free. Single<br />
basidiospore isolates were not pathogenic. Single ascospore<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> R. necatrix did not contain dsRNA and were as<br />
virulent as those from vegetative hyphae. Sexual<br />
reproduction functions to remove dsRNA in both fungi. In<br />
R. necatrix, ascospore <strong>of</strong>fsprings are considered capable <strong>of</strong><br />
survival in nature since they are pathogenic. This is,<br />
however, not the case with H. mompa; single basidiospore<br />
isolates may not survive in nature. The difference in the<br />
detection frequency <strong>of</strong> dsRNA between H. mompa and R.<br />
necatrix is, at least partly, ascribed to the difference in the<br />
efficacy <strong>of</strong> sexual reproduction to establish dsRNA-free<br />
<strong>of</strong>fsprings in the field.<br />
979 - Ecological characteristics and contemporized<br />
dynamics <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in warm<br />
temperate forests in Japan<br />
A. Imamura 1* & Y. Yumoto 2<br />
1 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Human & Environmental Studies,<br />
Kyoto Univ., Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto,<br />
Japan. - 2 Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto Univ.,<br />
Kamitanokami-hiranocho, Otsu, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
l50580@sakura.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp<br />
We studied successional speed and dry weight <strong>of</strong><br />
fruitbodies to clarify the correspondence between the<br />
successional phases <strong>of</strong> ammonia fungi: the early phase<br />
(EP) and the late phase (LP) and nutritional types:<br />
saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal (ECM). Urea treatments<br />
were conducted to induce fruiting <strong>of</strong> them in two<br />
ectomycorrhizal forests in warm temperate Japan. Ten EP<br />
and six LP species developed their fruitbodies. LP species<br />
fruited more in biomass than EP, and each fruitbody <strong>of</strong> LP<br />
species was larger than that <strong>of</strong> EP. ANOVA proved that<br />
fruiting <strong>of</strong> EP species was affected by treatment season or<br />
season-vegetation, that <strong>of</strong> LP by season-vegetation or<br />
vegetation. EP had short and one fruiting phase, while LP<br />
had long and multiple phases. Those ecological<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> EP and LP are corresponding to<br />
saprophytic and ECM species, respectively. Consequently,<br />
we measured the contemporized dynamics between ECM<br />
formation and fruitbody development. We found 1) the<br />
damaging effect <strong>of</strong> ammonia released from urea on ECM;<br />
2) the ECM <strong>of</strong> two ammonia fungi, Alnicola lactariolens<br />
and Hebeloma vinosophyllum, by PCR-RFLP analysis; 3)<br />
the increase and subsequent decrease <strong>of</strong> the ECM <strong>of</strong> the<br />
two fungi preceded the processes made by their fruitbodies;<br />
and 4) the existence <strong>of</strong> ECM fungi which do not develop<br />
fruitbodies in urea-treated soil, which resulted in the<br />
extension <strong>of</strong> the definition <strong>of</strong> ammonia fungi from referring<br />
solely to fruiting fungi to including proliferating and nonfruiting<br />
ones.<br />
980 - Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the accessibility <strong>of</strong> ribosomal RNA<br />
regions to fluorescently labelled probes for in situ yeast<br />
identification<br />
J. Inácio 1* , A. Fonseca 1 , R. Amann 2 & I. Spencer-Martins 1<br />
1 CREM, SABT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da<br />
Torre, 2829-516 CAPARICA, Portugal. - 2 Max Planck<br />
Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrabe 1, 28359<br />
BREMEN, Germany. - E-mail: jjis@mail.fct.unl.pt<br />
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with probes<br />
targeted at the ribosomal RNA has been successfully<br />
applied to the rapid and specific identification <strong>of</strong><br />
microorganisms in their natural habitats. However, the<br />
target site may not be easily reachable by the probe due to<br />
structural constraints, leading to weak fluorescence<br />
intensities even when using pure cultures under appropriate<br />
assay conditions. To circumvent this problem and optimise<br />
probe design, it is advisable to determine the accessibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> the different rRNA regions to FISH. In this work we<br />
studied the accessibility <strong>of</strong> the D1/D2 domains <strong>of</strong> the 26S<br />
rRNA <strong>of</strong> Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a set <strong>of</strong> ca. 30<br />
Cy3-labelled oligonucleotide probes covering the full<br />
length <strong>of</strong> this region, using flow cytometry. To evaluate<br />
whether the information obtained for S. cerevisiae could be<br />
extrapolated to other yeast species, a subset <strong>of</strong> probes<br />
belonging to different fluorescence intensity classes were<br />
hybridised to selected yeasts that had a full complementary<br />
target site for those probes. The results indicated that the S.<br />
cerevisiae rRNA accessibility model provides a useful<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 295
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
guidance tool for the design <strong>of</strong> species-specific yeast<br />
probes. To test this hypothesis and illustrate target site<br />
selection, we designed a DNA probe that specifically binds<br />
to the rRNA <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetous fungi, including yeasts,<br />
but not to ascomycetes.<br />
981 - Habitat diversity in the Aphyllophorales <strong>of</strong><br />
tropical forests, Albertine Rift, western Uganda<br />
P. Ipulet<br />
Makerere University, Institute <strong>of</strong> Environment and Natural<br />
Resources, P.O. Box .., Kampala, Uganda. - E-mail:<br />
ipulet@yahoo.com<br />
The fungiflora <strong>of</strong> East Africa is extremely rich in a range <strong>of</strong><br />
genera and the number <strong>of</strong> species though large areas<br />
remain totally unexplored (Pegler, 1977). Results on<br />
habitat diversity <strong>of</strong> the Aphyllophorales from an ongoing<br />
Ph. D. research will be presented. The taxonomy follows<br />
Alexopoulos & Mims (1996), and, Ryvarden & Johansen<br />
(1980). The study area, the Albertine Rift, with regard to<br />
non-fungal research,high habitat/species diversity with<br />
many endemic taxa. Its northern section lies within the<br />
postulated movement <strong>of</strong> forest species eastwards from a<br />
major refugium in eastern Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo,<br />
and, Cameroon/Gabon in western Africa during the<br />
pleistocene period. The fungi are systematically collected<br />
from different forest types taking seasonality,<br />
substrate/host and altitude into account.<br />
982 - Influence <strong>of</strong> vegetation types on the distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
tropical forest poroid fungi, Uganda. (Preliminary<br />
results)<br />
P. Ipulet<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Environment, Makerere University, PO Box<br />
7298, Kampala, Uganda. - E-mail: ipulet@yahoo.com<br />
Kibale forest covers an area <strong>of</strong> 560 km 2 with an altitudinal<br />
range 1,110 - 1590 m. Its annual rainfall is 1,100 - 1600<br />
mm, a tropical climate with rainfall peaks in March - May<br />
and September - November. The vegetation can be<br />
classified as Medium Altitude Evergreen forest, Medium<br />
Altitude Semi-deciduous forest, Mixed Forest<br />
Communities, Grassland and Swamp. Though there are 85<br />
species <strong>of</strong> polypores known from Uganda, systematic<br />
collecting has not been done and most <strong>of</strong> the country<br />
remains unexplored. In Kibale forest, three forest sites with<br />
distinct vegetation types, are at different altitudes and have<br />
different annual rainfall totals, are systematically sampled<br />
in the last month <strong>of</strong> each rainy season. Ecological studies<br />
conducted in temperate forests have indicated no<br />
differences in fungi species distribution within a forest.<br />
However due to high diversity <strong>of</strong> both habitats and species<br />
in tropical forests, the results could be different. Data<br />
collection and determination <strong>of</strong> collected material are going<br />
on.<br />
296<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
983 - Intraspecific diversity <strong>of</strong> Thysanophora<br />
penicillioides and genetic structure in the species<br />
population<br />
S. Iwamoto 1* , S. Tokumasu 1 , Y. Ogawa 2 , Y. Suyama 3 &<br />
M. Kakishima 4<br />
1 Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tsukuba, Sugadaira, Sanada, Chiisagata, Nagano 386-<br />
2201, Japan. - 2 College <strong>of</strong> Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-<br />
7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan. -<br />
3 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Science, Tohoku<br />
University, Kawatabi, Naruko, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan. -<br />
4 Institute <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Forestry, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
susumu.iwamoto@nifty.ne.jp<br />
We investigated the intraspecific variation <strong>of</strong><br />
Thysanophora penicillioides, a widely distributed<br />
saprophytic hyphomycete analyzing the sequence data <strong>of</strong><br />
rDNA ITS regions to address a possibility <strong>of</strong> geographic<br />
isolation between regional or local populations. We<br />
collected 325 isolates from decaying Abies needles in 20<br />
local populations in a wide range <strong>of</strong> Japan. From regional<br />
populations in Europe and North America, 30 and 5 strains<br />
isolated were also collected, respectively. As a result <strong>of</strong><br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the sequence for all isolates, base changes or<br />
indels were found in 30 sites in ITS regions, and 18<br />
haplotypes distributed in seven lineages were detected. In<br />
Japan, five lineages were detected and major lineages were<br />
found widely in local populations. One major lineage<br />
which was not detected from Europe and North America<br />
dominated in most Japanese local populations and<br />
accounted for about 65% <strong>of</strong> all Japanese isolates. From<br />
European population two lineages were detected and also<br />
two lineage from North American population. Only one<br />
lineage was common between Japan and Europe and no<br />
lineage between Japan and North America, while one<br />
lineage was common between Europe and North America.<br />
These results suggest that the genetic structure <strong>of</strong> Japanese<br />
population is different from European and North American<br />
populations. Probably, the distribution <strong>of</strong> individual lineage<br />
found in this study is limited to a relatively area, though the<br />
fungus produces small, dry, wind-dispersed conidia.<br />
984 - Belowground ectomycorrhizal community<br />
structure along a local nutrient gradient in a boreal<br />
forest in Northern Sweden<br />
J.F. Johansson * & A.F.S. Taylor<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Jonas.Johansson@mykopat.slu.se<br />
The belowground ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community<br />
structure was investigated along a local nutrient gradient in<br />
a boreal forest located in Betsele in Northern Sweden. The<br />
ECM taxa colonising root tips in the O horizon were<br />
identified using morphological characterisation and PCR-
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
RFLP <strong>of</strong> the ITS region <strong>of</strong> the fungal rDNA. The ECM<br />
community changed along the investigated transect. A<br />
Russula sp., Tylospora spp., a Tomentella sp., and<br />
Cenococcum geophilum were the most commonly found<br />
ECM taxa along the transect. Species not producing<br />
conspicuous sporocarps constituted a high proportion <strong>of</strong> the<br />
belowground ECM community. Tylospora asterophora,<br />
Amphinema byssoides and all taxa identified as Cortinarius<br />
spp. were associated with the nutrient-rich end <strong>of</strong> the<br />
transect, whereas the Russula sp. and Piloderma spp. were<br />
associated with the nutrient-poor section <strong>of</strong> the transect.<br />
Nitrogen availability, pH and supply <strong>of</strong> base cations<br />
appeared to be the most important soil factors controlling<br />
the ECM community structure in the O horizon <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Betsele site.<br />
985 - The impact <strong>of</strong> ash fertilization on the biomass <strong>of</strong><br />
roots and ectomycorrhiza <strong>of</strong> coniferous trees<br />
H. Jokinen 1* , R. Strömmer 1 , A. Holma 1 & H.M. Potila 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Ecological and<br />
Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73 FIN 15140 Lahti,<br />
Finland. - 2 Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research<br />
Station, FIN 39700 Parkano, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
hanna.k.jokinen@helsinki.fi<br />
Wood ash from the forest industry constitutes a<br />
considerable waste problem, and recycling it back to the<br />
forest is <strong>of</strong> great interest. Ash could be seen as a valuable<br />
resource since it contains most <strong>of</strong> the elements needed for<br />
plant nutrition and growth. The environmental issue<br />
concerning ash is that it stimulates nitrogen mineralization,<br />
increases soil pH and also contains heavy metals. Several<br />
aspects concerning ash fertilization have been studied for<br />
these reasons, especially the processes in forest soil, like<br />
microbial activities, nutrient mineralization and responses<br />
<strong>of</strong> various soil organisms. We studied the biomasses <strong>of</strong> the<br />
roots and ectomycorrhiza in a dry, nutrient poor Scots pine<br />
(Pinus sylvestris) forest in Muhos, northern Finland before<br />
and after fertilization with wood ash. The results after the<br />
first season were unexpected, as both these biomasses<br />
slightly increased due to strong ash application, 9000 kg<br />
ha -1 . For getting more thorough picture and long term view,<br />
the sampling repeated three years later. Another field<br />
experiment started in Evo, in Southern Finland in a more<br />
nutrient rich Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest. We also<br />
established a microcosm experiment for estimating the<br />
capacity <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal root tips and extramatrical<br />
mycelium in storing N and thus alleviating the high spatial<br />
and temporal variation in nitrogen mineralization in forest<br />
soil after ash fertilization.<br />
986 - Effect <strong>of</strong> grassland plant species on soil fungal<br />
communities: a microcosm study<br />
N. Kennedy * , E. Brodie & N. Clipson<br />
Dept. Ind. Microbiology, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.<br />
- E-mail: nabla.kennedy@ucd.ie<br />
Grasslands are the main vegetational class in Ireland and<br />
are <strong>of</strong> major significance in agriculture. Although<br />
intensification has been central to increased productivity in<br />
Ireland, there is concern globally and within the EU about<br />
the sustainability <strong>of</strong> such practices and a need to<br />
understand at a basic level how grasslands function. It is<br />
known that fungi play a major role in grassland ecosystem<br />
processes such as carbon, nitrogen and other nutrient<br />
cycles. In this study, microcosms were planted with seven<br />
grassland species representing the most commonly found<br />
plants in both unimproved, species-rich grasslands, and in<br />
improved, fertilised grasslands, which are typically<br />
dominated by only a few plant species. After harvest, shifts<br />
in the fungal community structure <strong>of</strong> the rhizosphere soil <strong>of</strong><br />
each plant species were assessed. The ergosterol content <strong>of</strong><br />
each soil sample was measured in order to get an indication<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal biomass. In addition, samples were analysed<br />
using TRFLP (terminal restriction fragment length<br />
polymorphism). The resulting pr<strong>of</strong>iles, which indicated the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> fungal species per sample, were compared<br />
between plant species. In general, fungal communities were<br />
not significantly altered by plant species. The similarity <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal pr<strong>of</strong>iles was even more striking when compared to<br />
bacterial pr<strong>of</strong>iles for the same soils, which differed<br />
significantly according to plant species type.<br />
987 - Dynamics <strong>of</strong> VA mycorrhizal fungi in burned<br />
Japanese red pine forests in the Setouchi Destrict in<br />
Western Japan<br />
S. Kinugasa 1 , M. Fujiyoshi 1 , T. Satomura 1 & T.<br />
Horikoshi 2*<br />
1 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima<br />
University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8521, Japan. - 2 Faculty<br />
<strong>of</strong> Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University,<br />
Higashi-hiroshima 739-8521, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
takao@hiroshima-u.ac.jp<br />
Many large forest fires have occurred in the Japanese red<br />
pine forests <strong>of</strong> the Setouchi District in Western Japan. We<br />
investigated the seasonal changes <strong>of</strong> infection rate,<br />
numbers <strong>of</strong> spores and sporangiocarps, and composition <strong>of</strong><br />
spore types <strong>of</strong> VA mycorrhizal fungi at the burned and the<br />
vegetation naturally recovered sites (BNR sites,7 and 22<br />
yrs after the fires) and the burned and planted site (BP site,<br />
7 yrs after). 1. Infection rate is about 90% irrespective <strong>of</strong><br />
the sampling months at the BNR-22 yrs site. Infection rates<br />
at the BNR-7 and BP-7 yrs sites showed the similar trends,<br />
70-90% in July-September, and then gradually decreased to<br />
50-60% in January. 2. Number <strong>of</strong> spores at the BNR-22 yrs<br />
site is always higher (400-900/10 g dry soil) than those at<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 297
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
the BNR-7 and BP-7 yrs sites, and rapidly increased from<br />
November to January. At the BNR-7 yrs site the number<br />
gradually decreased from 400 in July to 200 in January. At<br />
the BP-7 yrs site, on the other hand, the number gradually<br />
increased from below 100 in July to 200/10 g dry soil in<br />
January. 3. Number <strong>of</strong> sporangiocarps at the BNR-22 yrs<br />
site was always higher than those at the BNR-7 and BP-7<br />
yrs sites, in the range <strong>of</strong> 70-110/10 g dry soil, and showed<br />
the higher level in January. At the BNR-7 and BP-7 yrs<br />
sites the number is always very low (below 10/10g dry<br />
soil). 4. At the BNR-7 and BP-7 yrs sites Gigaspora and<br />
Scutellospora types, at the BNR-22 yrs site Glomus and<br />
Sclerocystis types were typically observed.<br />
988 - Seasonal changes in an ectomycorrhizal<br />
community associated with beech (Fagus sylvatica)<br />
R. Kjøller<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: rasmusk@bot.ku.dk<br />
The seasonal fluctuations <strong>of</strong> species abundances in an<br />
ectomycorrhizal (EM) community associated with beech<br />
(Fagus sylvatica) are being studied. Throughout 2001<br />
intensive sampling was performed in a 15 x 15 m plot in<br />
Lille Bøgeskov, located in mid Zealand. Soil cores were<br />
taken at eight harvest times covering the growing season<br />
from March to November. The sampling in this plot will be<br />
continued in 2002-2003. Fungal species forming EM on the<br />
beech roots are sorted by morphotyping and ITS-RFLP and<br />
then identified by sequencing. In the fall 2001,<br />
basidiocarps <strong>of</strong> EM species were sampled in the plot<br />
(collected and identified by Morten Christensen, KVL,<br />
Denmark). The basidiocarps are being sequenced in order<br />
to create a reference sequence database to aid in the<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> the root tips. As other EM communities<br />
the beech community turns out to be species rich. So far,<br />
the two harvests from March and May 2001, which has<br />
been most thoroughly worked through, has yielded approx.<br />
40 species. Some <strong>of</strong> the more abundant species found are<br />
Cortinarius species, Russulaceae spp., chanterelloid spp.<br />
including Clavulina cristata, Cenococcum geophilum,<br />
thelophoroid spp. and Piloderma spp. While some species<br />
e.g. Lactarius subdulcis are present throughout the growing<br />
season others e.g. a yet unidentified chanterelloid sp. are<br />
absent in the spring harvests but are then becoming<br />
dominant in the fall. Possible explanations for the observed<br />
seasonal trends will be discussed.<br />
298<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
989 - Rhizopogon spore bank communities: Species<br />
distribution within and among Californian pine forests<br />
R. Kjøller 1* & T.D. Bruns 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Botanical Institute, University<br />
<strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353,<br />
Denmark. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant and Microbial Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> California Berkeley, 321C Koshland Hall, CA<br />
94720-3102, U.S.A. - E-mail: rasmusk@bot.ku.dk<br />
In this study we examine the distribution <strong>of</strong> Rhizopogon<br />
species in spore banks from five Californian pine forests.<br />
Four <strong>of</strong> the forest sites were discontinuous populations <strong>of</strong><br />
Pinus muricata while the last was a Pinus ponderosa stand<br />
in the Sierra National Forest. Rhizopogon species were<br />
isolated from a soil-bioassay using Pinus muricata as host<br />
followed by isolation from individual root tips with typical<br />
Rhizopogon ectomycorrhizal morphology. The cultures<br />
were screened by ITS-RFLP and from each site unique<br />
patterns were sequenced. These sequences were then<br />
compared with sequences derived from identified<br />
sporocarp material. Bioassaying proved to be an efficient<br />
way to bring Rhizopogon species into culture as 50% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pots contained ectomycorrhizal tips with Rhizopogon like<br />
morphology and half <strong>of</strong> these pots then resulted in axenic<br />
Rhizopogon cultures. Members <strong>of</strong> all the major pineassociated<br />
sections were represented within the isolates.<br />
Our results showed that Rhizopogon spores are<br />
homogeneously distributed within local forest areas while<br />
there is significant structuring at the regional scale. High<br />
spore longevity and homogenization by soil and water<br />
movement may explain their distribution within local forest<br />
areas while the latter observation fits with an expectation <strong>of</strong><br />
limited dispersal because <strong>of</strong> the hypogeous fruiting <strong>of</strong><br />
Rhizopogon species.<br />
990 - Monitoring <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungus during<br />
bioremediation <strong>of</strong> dioxin-contaminated soils<br />
R. Kondo * , H. Suhara & C. Daikoku<br />
Fac. <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki,<br />
Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan. - E-mail: kondo@brs.kyushuu.ac.jp<br />
Bioremediation is a low-cost treatment alternative for the<br />
cleanup <strong>of</strong> dioxin-contaminated soils and -fly ashes, when<br />
pollution spread broad-ranging. An interesting fungus was<br />
isolated from white rotten wood <strong>of</strong> a broadleaf tree from<br />
Kyushu Island in Japan, named strain MZ-340. This isolate<br />
has high ability to degrade dioxin. We have tried to use the<br />
strain MZ-340 for bioremediation <strong>of</strong> dioxin-contaminated<br />
soil on site. On the other hand, we have to consider that<br />
this trial has potential problems to bring biohazard on<br />
natural ecosystem, when this organism has been<br />
naturalized. Therefore, we have to develop a monitoring<br />
system for the introduced fungus with the examination <strong>of</strong><br />
bioremediation. The bioremediation <strong>of</strong> the dioxincontaminated<br />
soils by the fungus MZ-340 has been
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
examined. We have developed a PCR-based assay to detect<br />
strain MZ-340 reliably on bioremediation site. DNA,<br />
isolated by series <strong>of</strong> CTAB and organic solvent extractions<br />
followed by silica column purification from the site, was<br />
amplified by the PCR using specific primer derived from<br />
ITS sequences <strong>of</strong> the strain MZ-340. We successfully<br />
monitored the transition <strong>of</strong> the population <strong>of</strong> the strain MZ-<br />
340 on the bioremediation site. The relationship between<br />
the population <strong>of</strong> the fungus and the effect <strong>of</strong><br />
bioremediation by this fungus will be discussed.<br />
991 - Vegetative compatibility among Botrytis cinerea<br />
strains in Israel<br />
N. Korolev * , Y. Elad & T. Katan<br />
Dept. Plant Pathol. ARO, the Volcani Center, P.O.Box 6,<br />
Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. - E-mail: vpptlg@agri.gov.il<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 21 B. cinerea strains originating from five host<br />
plants at 10 sites throughout Israel, were tested for mycelial<br />
interaction. Complementation between auxotrophic<br />
selenate-resistant mutants (sul) mutants, and antagonism<br />
(barrage) between wild type strains served as criteria for<br />
compatibility: Complementation indicates that the parent<br />
strains are compatible, whereas the barrage indicates that<br />
the strains are incompatible. sul mutants resistant or<br />
sensitive to chromate were paired on MM. Wild type<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> complementary heterokaryons was always<br />
observed between different mutant phenotypes derived<br />
from the same parent, as well as in some inter-strain<br />
pairings. Most isolates were placed into the same group<br />
based either on positive complementation reaction between<br />
their mutants, or, more <strong>of</strong>ten, on positive reaction with<br />
mutants <strong>of</strong> bridging strains, compatible with two or more<br />
isolates that were not compatible directly. Barrage between<br />
wild type isolates, in the form <strong>of</strong> a zone <strong>of</strong> sparse<br />
mycelium with or without dark pigmentation <strong>of</strong> the agar<br />
along the line <strong>of</strong> confrontation, was observed in about 35%<br />
<strong>of</strong> pairings. Although isolates were <strong>of</strong>ten incompatible with<br />
each other, all <strong>of</strong> them were eventually placed into one<br />
group based on their compatibility with a common third<br />
strain (bridging), confirming the data <strong>of</strong> heterokaryon<br />
compatibility by sul mutants. sul mutants were pathogenic<br />
to bean and strawberry and could be used as marked strains<br />
in epidemiological studies.<br />
992 - Effect <strong>of</strong> the Pinus strobus invasion on the<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> litter needles<br />
O. Koukol<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Charles<br />
University, Benatska 2, Praha 2, 128 43, Czech Republic. -<br />
E-mail: o.koukol@seznam.cz<br />
Myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> pine litter and trash (needles, twigs, cones)<br />
was studied in the National Park Czech Switzerland (Czech<br />
Republic). A comparison <strong>of</strong> a native pine species (Pinus<br />
sylvestris) and an invasive pine species (Pinus strobus) was<br />
done at two localities in a well preserved P. sylvestris<br />
forest and in a growth <strong>of</strong> P. strobus. An experiment using<br />
litter bags with needles was arranged for a succession<br />
study. Between years 1999 and 2002, the litter bags were<br />
exposed in litter <strong>of</strong> both the pine species. Needles from the<br />
litter bags were cultivated in damp chambers. Frequencies<br />
<strong>of</strong> occurrence <strong>of</strong> recorded fungi were analysed using<br />
multivariate analysis and analysis <strong>of</strong> variance. Sixty-three<br />
species <strong>of</strong> ascomycetes in both teleomorph and anamorph<br />
stage were recorded. Two species: Tympanis neopythia<br />
Ouell. & Piroz. and Pseudocercospora deightonii Minter<br />
were found for the first time in the Czech Republic. Most<br />
<strong>of</strong> the recorded fungi colonised litter <strong>of</strong> both the pine<br />
species but reached different frequencies. Results <strong>of</strong> the<br />
analysis proved significant differences <strong>of</strong> the frequencies<br />
between the pine species, seasons (spring and autumn) and<br />
the localities. The following species were recorded in high<br />
frequencies: Selenosporella curvispora G.Arnaud,<br />
Chloridium state <strong>of</strong> Chaetosphaeria preusii W.Gams &<br />
Hol.-Jech. and Anavirga laxa B.Sutton. However,<br />
according to the literature they are uncommon at pine litter.<br />
993 - Spatial distribution <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
in pine forests with Vaccinium myrtillus in northern<br />
Latvia<br />
I. Krastina<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Latvia, Miera str. 3, LV-<br />
2169, Salaspils, Latvia. - E-mail:<br />
inguna@email.lubi.edu.lv<br />
Investigation on spatial distribution <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies <strong>of</strong><br />
agaricoid and boletoid fungi was carried out during 1993-<br />
1997 in three Pinus sylvestris stands in the northern Latvia.<br />
Vaccinium myrtillus and mosses dominated the ground<br />
cover <strong>of</strong> forests. 25 permanent subplots, each <strong>of</strong> 2m x 20m,<br />
were established at each forest site. Each subplot was<br />
divided into 40 lesser microplots with size <strong>of</strong> 2m x 0,5m.<br />
Counting <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies was performed 5-6 times per year<br />
during August-October. A total <strong>of</strong> 92 species were found in<br />
the plots during the 1993-1997. The annual number <strong>of</strong><br />
species and their productivity considerably varied from<br />
year to year. The fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> some species appeared in<br />
the same or in the adjoining microplots year after year. The<br />
distribution <strong>of</strong> fungal species was patchy. Neither more<br />
than 3-4 (usually 0-2) species were found at the same<br />
microplot simultaneously, though a total number <strong>of</strong><br />
recorded species per microplot varied from 0 to 9. A<br />
negative correlation among species was found. Fruitbodies<br />
<strong>of</strong> some species, such as Cortinarius croceus and C.<br />
semisanguineus, were spread rather evenly through all<br />
subplots. Fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> some other species were localized<br />
in a few microplots only, and their appearance <strong>of</strong>ten were<br />
related to the discriminative features <strong>of</strong> these microplots-<br />
soil disturbance, presence <strong>of</strong> decaying wood or other<br />
substrates, as well as the type <strong>of</strong> vegetation. However, no<br />
spatial patterns <strong>of</strong> fruitbodies distribution were found for<br />
the major part <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
994 - Leaf decomposition by aquatic fungi in heavy<br />
metal polluted habitats<br />
G. Krauss 1* , J. Ehrman 2 & F. Bärlocher 3<br />
1 Microbiology <strong>of</strong> Subterrestrial Aquatic Systems Group,<br />
UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig-Halle,<br />
Theodor Lieser Str. 4; D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Mount Allison University, 63B<br />
York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G7, Canada. -<br />
3 Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University,<br />
63B York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G7,<br />
Canada. - E-mail: krauss@halle.ufz.de<br />
The long history <strong>of</strong> copper mining and smelting in the<br />
district <strong>of</strong> Mansfeld (Central Germany) resulted in high<br />
loads <strong>of</strong> heavy metals in streams, lakes and even<br />
groundwater [1]. We followed decomposition <strong>of</strong> Alnus<br />
glutinosa leaves in two streams, one with a high (H4) and<br />
one with a moderate (H9) load <strong>of</strong> these metals. In H9, mass<br />
loss closely followed an exponential decay curve; in H4,<br />
leaf mass remained constant after a very rapid initial decay<br />
during the first 4 weeks. Fungal biomass, estimated by<br />
ergosterol measurements, rose more quickly and to higher<br />
levels on H9 than on H4 leaves. Conidium production by<br />
aquatic hyphomycetes was reduced in site H4. Despite the<br />
huge differences in conidium production between the 2<br />
streams, fungal species numbers during decomposition<br />
were similar. After 4 weeks <strong>of</strong> stream exposure, leaves<br />
showed greatly increased levels <strong>of</strong> heavy metals [2].<br />
Leaves exposed in site H4 layered with an inconsistent<br />
assemblage <strong>of</strong> bi<strong>of</strong>ilm material, fungal hyphae, extraneous<br />
particles <strong>of</strong> sediment and metallic precipitate. The plant<br />
material was remarkably well preserved. A relatively high<br />
leaf decay rate may indicate a fungal community that has<br />
successfully adapted to the ambient heavy metal levels.<br />
[1]KRAUSS, G. et al. (2001) Aquatic hyphomycetes occur<br />
in hyperpolluted waters in Central Germany. Nova<br />
Hedwigia 72: 419-428 [2]SRIDHAR, K.R. et al. (2001)<br />
Decomposition <strong>of</strong> alder leaves in two heavy metal polluted<br />
streams in Central Germany. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 26: 73-<br />
80.<br />
995 - Fungi and insects - an ecologically important<br />
relationship in a mountaineous rain forest in South-<br />
Ecuador<br />
R. Krettek * & E. Langer<br />
Universitaet Kassel, FB 19, FG Oekologie, Heinrich-Plett-<br />
Str. 40, Germany. - E-mail: roman.krettek@uni-kassel.de<br />
During two research periods at the Estacion Scientifica San<br />
Francisco near Loja in South-Ecuador, we discovered that<br />
specific ecological relationships between fungi and insects<br />
are an important factor influencing coevolution between<br />
the two groups. Especially beetles from the Staphylinidae<br />
have been observed on Agarics. Beetles from the Ptiliidae<br />
have been discovered to be very well adapted to the<br />
hymenial morphology <strong>of</strong> Polyporaceae s.l.<br />
300<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
996 - Microscopic fungi associated with oak bark beetle<br />
(Scolytus intricatus) in the Czech Republic<br />
A. Kubátová 1 , D. Novotný 2* & K. Prásil 1<br />
1 Culture Collection <strong>of</strong> Fungi (CCF), Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Charles University, Benátská<br />
2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic. - 2 Czech Collection <strong>of</strong><br />
Micro-organisms, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Masaryk University,<br />
Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
novotdad@natur.cuni.cz<br />
During 1997-99, surface myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> Scolytus intricatus<br />
was studied with respect to its role in transmission <strong>of</strong><br />
microscopic fungi. Samples were collected from five<br />
localities in central Bohemia. Investigation was focused on<br />
all different stages <strong>of</strong> life cycle <strong>of</strong> the beetle: eggs, larvae,<br />
adults before emergence, adults in generation and<br />
maturation feeding (altogether 500 samples) and also on<br />
galleries (400 samples). Insect samples were washed by<br />
sterile water in ultrasonic cleaner. Suspension and insect<br />
were separately inoculated onto Petri dishes with maltextract<br />
agar. The most frequent fungi associated with S.<br />
intricatus appeared to be Candida rhagii, Geosmithia spp.<br />
and Penicillium spp. A great attention was paid to<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi. Two species were<br />
determined: Ophiostoma piceae s.l. and O. cf. prolifera,<br />
both considered to be saprotrophs or weak pathogens.<br />
Frequency <strong>of</strong> all these fungi varied depending on the<br />
locality and the stage <strong>of</strong> life cycle <strong>of</strong> the beetle. During this<br />
study other interesting micromycetes were isolated,<br />
belonging to phytopathogenic fungi (e.g. Diplodia mutila),<br />
wood colonizing fungi (e.g. Acrodontium crateriforme,<br />
Cytospora sp., Libertella sp., Phomopsis sp.,<br />
Ramichloridium anceps, Phaeoacremonium spp.),<br />
nematophagous fungi (Esteya vermicola),<br />
entomopathogenic fungi (e.g. Paecilomyces farinosus) and<br />
many litter and soil fungi (e.g. Acremonium spp.). The<br />
study was supported by the Grant Agency <strong>of</strong> the Czech<br />
Republic (No. 203/97/0037).<br />
997 - Study on fungal communities in mediterranean<br />
pine woods: First results<br />
A. Laganà<br />
Dip. Scienze Ambientali 'G. Sarfatti' - University <strong>of</strong> Siena,<br />
Via P.A. Mattioli, 4 - I 53100 Siena, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
lagana@unisi.it<br />
Fungi can be regarded as useful bioindicators <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
ectotrophic stability; mycological studies can be useful for<br />
predicting the fate <strong>of</strong> forests subject to different types <strong>of</strong><br />
stresses. Integrated researches on fungal communities and<br />
their environment provide useful informations about the<br />
ecology and distribution <strong>of</strong> fungi in space and time; such<br />
informations are preliminary for studies on the<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> fungal flora and for the statement <strong>of</strong> global<br />
change effects. This type <strong>of</strong> informations are available for<br />
many taxa in central and northern Europe, but is largely
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
lacking for those in the Mediterranean area. The European<br />
Confederation <strong>of</strong> Mediterranean Mycology (CEMM.ae)<br />
recognized the need to fill these gaps and in 1999 research<br />
was begun on fungal communities <strong>of</strong> Pinus sp. pl. woods<br />
by mycologists <strong>of</strong> the three member countries (France,<br />
Italy and Spain). Here, the first results <strong>of</strong> this work are<br />
reported. Various species linked to pines or to the<br />
Mediterranean environment were found. Some taxa present<br />
in the Red Lists <strong>of</strong> central and northern European countries<br />
were also present in the studied areas. The percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal species was calculated for each permanent<br />
plot. This percentage was found to reflect forest health in<br />
northern and central Europe. Low values <strong>of</strong> this index for<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the studied pine woods suggests that they are in a<br />
state <strong>of</strong> decline. Classification and ordering <strong>of</strong> the relevés<br />
showed affinities between the fungal communities.<br />
998 - Interaction <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with<br />
plant pathogens on C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica L.<br />
L. Lebrón 1* , D.J. Lodge 2 & R. Rodríguez 3<br />
1 Institute for Tropical Ecosystems Studies, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, PO Box 23341, San Juan, PR<br />
00931-3341, U.S.A. - 2 Center for Forest Mycology<br />
Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab, Box<br />
1377,Luquillo, PR 00773, U.S.A. - 3 Crop Protection<br />
Department, University <strong>of</strong> Puerto Rico-Mayagüez,<br />
University Station,Mayagüez, PR. 00708, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
llebron@upracd.upr.clu.edu<br />
Interactions between AM fungi and a pathogen <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
leaves were investigated. First, we evaluated three c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
cultivars for differences in the amount <strong>of</strong> AM extraradical<br />
hyphae. Extraradical hyphae were significantly less in<br />
Caturra than in Pacas and Borbón cultivars in all locations.<br />
In another study, we compared the percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal root length among paired c<strong>of</strong>fee seedlings with<br />
and without Cercospora c<strong>of</strong>feicola lesions. We found that<br />
seedlings with pathogen lesions on the leaves had<br />
significantly greater mycorrhizal colonization than<br />
seedlings without lesions. In a third study, we evaluated<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizae and soil nutrient levels on plant<br />
growth and development <strong>of</strong> leaf lesions caused by C.<br />
c<strong>of</strong>feicola. This experiment used the cultivars Caturra and<br />
Borbón with four nutrient treatments: a control, 25 ppm<br />
added N or P, and 25 ppm each <strong>of</strong> added N and P. Growth<br />
in Caturra only responded to fertilization while growth in<br />
Borbon only responded to mycorrhizae. The results also<br />
suggested that there was a higher cost <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal<br />
association in Borbón than in Caturra. There were no<br />
significant differences in lesion development among<br />
treatments in two replicate experiments.<br />
999 - Community structure <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi<br />
beneath fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> Xerocomus subtomentosus,<br />
Suillus luteus, Lactarius rufus and Scleroderma citrinum<br />
T. Leski * & M.L. Rudawska<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Dendrology, Polish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences,<br />
Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kornik, Poland. - E-mail:<br />
tleski@man.poznan.pl<br />
The goal <strong>of</strong> our studies was to determine the<br />
correspondence between above- and below-ground views<br />
<strong>of</strong> species composition <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi in Scots<br />
pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand in Poland. We sampled<br />
mycorrhizas from soil cores taken directly below<br />
fruitbodies <strong>of</strong> some ectomycorrhizal fungi, which appeared<br />
with differentiated abundance on tested plots. Suillus<br />
luteus, Lactarius rufus and Scleroderma citrinum were<br />
among the most abundant fruitbodies and Xerocomus<br />
subtomentosus belonged to rather rare specimen. All viable<br />
ectomycorrhizas removed from cores taken directly below<br />
fruitbodies were classified into morphotypes based on<br />
color, size and type <strong>of</strong> ramification. On average 5-6<br />
different ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were selected under<br />
each species and mostly one or two morphotypes<br />
dominated. RFLP analysis <strong>of</strong> the ITS region to identify<br />
species in ectomycorrhizal communities confirmed<br />
morphological typing. A few ectomycorrhizal tips<br />
belonging to X. subtomentosus and S. citrinum were<br />
detected in cores taken under these fruitbodies. In samples<br />
taken beneath S. luteus and L. rufus root tips bearing<br />
mycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> these species were lacking. The results<br />
suggest that root tips <strong>of</strong> several ECM species coexist within<br />
fruitbody <strong>of</strong> each particular species.<br />
1000 - Switching partners: ecto- and arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi on seedlings <strong>of</strong> three oak species<br />
A. Lindahl 1* , L. Egerton-Warburton 2 , C. Blesdoe 3 , D.<br />
Southworth 4 & M.F. Allen 1<br />
1 Center for Conservation Biology, UC Riverside,<br />
University Lab Building, Room 208, Riverside, CA 92521,<br />
U.S.A. - 2 Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road,<br />
Glencoe, IL 60022, U.S.A. - 3 Universide <strong>of</strong> California,<br />
Davis, 225 Hoagland Hall, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA<br />
95616, U.S.A. - 4 Southern Oregon University, Science 159,<br />
1250 Siskiyou Blvd., Ashland, OR 97520, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
AmyL@citrus.ucr.edu<br />
Interestingly, an increasing number <strong>of</strong> researchers have<br />
shown that under field conditions, some Quercus species<br />
may host both ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This<br />
ability to host arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may<br />
allow oaks to successfully establish beyond the<br />
ectomycorrhizal (EM) root zone <strong>of</strong> mature oaks. In this<br />
study, we considered how established EM and AM<br />
communities might affect colonizing oak seedlings. Three<br />
oak species (Quercus agrifolia, Q. garryana, and Q.<br />
douglasii) were transplanted into a Southern Californian<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 301
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
oak (Q. agrifolia) ecosystem. After a year in the field, the<br />
seedlings, accompanied by soil cores from their immediate<br />
environments, were harvested and analyzed. We found that<br />
the position <strong>of</strong> planting strongly determined the EM or AM<br />
status <strong>of</strong> the seedling; seedlings transplanted under a<br />
mature oak canopy become colonized with ectomycorrhizal<br />
(EM) fungi, while those planted into surrounding grassland<br />
areas typically showed arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)<br />
colonization. Morphotyping and RFLP data showed that<br />
the presence and position <strong>of</strong> EM species on mature oaks<br />
strongly predicted EM diversity on seedlings. Several<br />
species <strong>of</strong> EM fungi dominated the site and were present<br />
on both seedlings and mature trees, although many rare<br />
types were also found. The diversity and identity <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizae associated with transplanted oak seedlings<br />
appear to be largely regulated by position <strong>of</strong> planting, and<br />
not by any mycorrhizal preferences <strong>of</strong> the three oaks<br />
species.<br />
1001 - Population structure <strong>of</strong> Heterobasidion annosum<br />
in birch plantations, replanted on infested sites<br />
V. Lygis * , R. Vasiliauskas & J. Stenlid<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, P.O.Box 7026, SE-750<br />
07 UPPSALA, Sweden. - E-mail: irklas2000@yahoo.com<br />
The persistence <strong>of</strong> Heterobasidion annosum on infested<br />
areas and its transfer to a new forest generation was studied<br />
in three forest sites with similar histories. The sites<br />
represented H. annosum disease centres (each 0.2 ha in<br />
size) in 50-60 year-old Pinus sylvestris stands, which were<br />
clear-felled and replanted with Betula pendula 25 years<br />
previously. Fungal isolation from trees and stumps on each<br />
site encompassed both replanted B. pendula and<br />
surrounding P. sylvestris from the previous generation. A<br />
total <strong>of</strong> 121 isolates <strong>of</strong> H. annosum was obtained from<br />
spatially separated resource units. All <strong>of</strong> them belonged to<br />
the P intersterility group. Each isolation locality was put on<br />
a local map. Vegetative compatibility tests with the isolates<br />
revealed extensive territorial clonality: from the first site,<br />
23 isolates clustered into 5 clones (4.6 isolate per clone),<br />
from the second - 63 into 6 (10.5), and from the third - 35<br />
into 5 (7.0). Three largest clones consisted <strong>of</strong> 30, 18 and 10<br />
isolates and covered the respective areas up to 25, 32 and<br />
48 m across. It was not uncommon for the territorial clone<br />
to cover areas that encompassed both P. sylvestris and B.<br />
pendula forest generations. The results <strong>of</strong> this study show<br />
that H. annosum is able to persist on infested sites for<br />
decades and readily attack replanted trees <strong>of</strong> the new forest<br />
generation. This is the first extensive study dealing with the<br />
population structure <strong>of</strong> H. annosum P group in birch stands.<br />
302<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1002 - Chytridium lagenula Scheffel is a parasite <strong>of</strong><br />
Tribonema gayanum Pash. (Xanthophyceae)<br />
M.A. Mamkaeva * , A.V. Pljushc & K.A. Mamkaeva<br />
Biological Research Institute <strong>of</strong> St.Petersburg University,<br />
Oranienbaumskoye sch.2, Stary Peterg<strong>of</strong>, 198504,<br />
St.Petersburg, Russia. - E-mail: mamkasha@yandex.ru<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> Chytridium lagenula was observed in the<br />
cultures inoculated by water samples. This parasite<br />
develops only on the alive cells <strong>of</strong> alga. We observed<br />
development <strong>of</strong> C. lagenula on Tribonema gayanum and T.<br />
vulgare Pasch. We did not observed development <strong>of</strong> this<br />
parasite on dead cells and there was not growth on the<br />
pine's pollen and on the free medium (without alga), that is<br />
why we think, that C. lagenula is obligate parasite <strong>of</strong> algae.<br />
C. lagenula has a sessile upright or slightly titled<br />
sporangium with a thin smooth wall. Growing sporangium<br />
is globular, ripening pear-shaped, 8-13 µm length, 4-6 µm<br />
breadth. Zoospores <strong>of</strong> the parasite are globular with one big<br />
oil droplet. The diameter <strong>of</strong> zoospore is 3-4 µm. C.<br />
lagenula is able to form globular resting spores, 6 µm in<br />
diameter. Endobiotic system <strong>of</strong> C. lagenula consist <strong>of</strong> a<br />
rhizoid. Also we have a facts about quantity circulation <strong>of</strong><br />
C. lagenula in nature. The number <strong>of</strong> infectious units <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
lagenula was evaluated in Ladoga lake and adjacent water<br />
bodies. It was 10 stations examinated. C. lagenula was<br />
detected in 4 stations examined. Quantity <strong>of</strong> infective units<br />
(sporangium, zoospores) was varied from 0.1 to 0.36. (It is<br />
need to take into account, that concentrations were low,<br />
because water was filtered). Reservoir it is possible to<br />
speak, that C. lagenula is widespread parasite <strong>of</strong> alga in<br />
nature, which mainly inoculate genus Tribonema.<br />
1003 - Single sequence repeats markers reflect<br />
population diversity and geographic barriers <strong>of</strong><br />
Ceratocystis polonica in Eurasia<br />
M. Marin 1* , O. Preisig 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 , T. Kirisits 3 &<br />
M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology,<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria 0002, South Africa. - 3 Institute <strong>of</strong> Forest<br />
Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection,<br />
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Hasenauerstrasse 38,<br />
1190 Vienna, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
Mauricio.Marin@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
The blue stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica and its<br />
associated bark beetle vectors, in particular Ips<br />
typographus, cause huge losses to spruce (Picea abies) in<br />
Eurasia. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to develop Single<br />
sequence repeats markers (SSRs) in order to determine the<br />
population structure and genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> C. polonica in<br />
Europe and Japan. RAMS primers were used to target
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
SSRs regions. The amplified PCR products were cloned,<br />
sequenced and analyzed for SSRs. Primers were designed,<br />
flanking the SSRs found in these amplicons. Seventy-five<br />
isolates from four populations were tested with ten SSR<br />
markers. A high gene diversity was found (h=0,56).<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> the G statistics showed a low degree <strong>of</strong><br />
population structure in Central Europe and a high level <strong>of</strong><br />
gene flow between populations (Gst=0,02, Nm=17,17). In<br />
contrast, a high population subdivision was found between<br />
the Japanese and the European populations, indicating<br />
strong geographic isolation. These data based on C.<br />
polonica closely resemble those recently produced for its<br />
insect vector, I. typographus (Stauffer et al., Mol. Ecol. 8,<br />
763-773). The SSR primer pairs could also amplify PCR<br />
products from six other Ceratocystis spp. from conifers in<br />
the C. coerulescens complex. Results from this study<br />
suggest that quarantine strategies in Europe should<br />
consider the entire range <strong>of</strong> genetic diversity on the<br />
continent and that movement <strong>of</strong> C. polonica and its vectors<br />
between Europe and Japan should be avoided.<br />
1004 - Differentiation <strong>of</strong> the macr<strong>of</strong>ungal communities<br />
in high diversity forest ecosystems <strong>of</strong> central Balkan<br />
peninsula<br />
Z. Marjanovic 1* & B. Karadzic 2<br />
1 Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, Physiol. Ökologie<br />
der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tuebingen,<br />
Germany. - 2 Institut za bioloska istrazivanja 'Sinisa<br />
Stankovic', 29 Novembra 142, 11 000, Beograd,<br />
Yugoslavia. - E-mail: zaklina.marjanovic@unituebingen.de<br />
To study macr<strong>of</strong>ungal communities in forest ecosystems<br />
we chose a canyon in Western Serbia where the vegetation<br />
showed very high biodiversity and differentiation due to<br />
the climatic conditions. Three ecological groups <strong>of</strong><br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi (wood and litter decayers and mycorrhizal)<br />
were detected by observing sporocarps during 6 years.<br />
Plant and fungal community differentiation were examined<br />
comparing three techniques <strong>of</strong> multivariate analyses. To<br />
determine the influence <strong>of</strong> abiotic factors on differentiation<br />
<strong>of</strong> plant and macr<strong>of</strong>ungal communities we used a<br />
calibration method for humidity, temperature, soil acidity,<br />
available nitrogen and light intensity. We used canonical<br />
correspondence analysis for analysing influence <strong>of</strong> abiotic<br />
parameters, as well as for analysing influence <strong>of</strong> dominant<br />
phanerophytae species on differentiation <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungal<br />
communities. Four vegetation complexes were described:<br />
xerophyllous forests <strong>of</strong> black hornbeam, forests <strong>of</strong><br />
xerophyllous oaks, mixed mesophyllous forests <strong>of</strong> black<br />
hornbeam and mesophyllous beech forests. The highest<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungal diversity, as well as the best community<br />
structure and differentiation were detected in oak and beech<br />
forests. The main factors that influenced differentiation <strong>of</strong><br />
plant communities were temperature, available nitrogen<br />
and light intensity. Abiotic factors showed much lower<br />
influence on differentiation <strong>of</strong> macr<strong>of</strong>ungal communities.<br />
The main factor for this process was presence <strong>of</strong> specific<br />
phanerophytae species.<br />
1005 - Fungal associations <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal roots <strong>of</strong><br />
conifer seedlings in Lithuanian forest nurseries<br />
A. Menkis * , R. Vasiliauskas, A.F.S. Taylor & R.D. Finlay<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Mycology & Pathology, Swedish<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-750<br />
07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
Audrius.Menkis@mykopat.slu.se<br />
Morphological and molecular identification <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
associated with mycorrhizal roots was conducted on 60<br />
pine and spruce seedlings in 5 forest nurseries in Lithuania.<br />
The plants were either grown in nursery beds as bare root<br />
seedlings, in plastic trays or in wrapped polyethylene (WP)<br />
containers. Bare root greenhouse seedlings were also<br />
examined. In total, 5364 & 12441 root tips were<br />
investigated for pine and spruce, respectively. Of the pine<br />
roots, 2131 (39%) were mycorrhizal, and 6527 (52%) <strong>of</strong><br />
the spruce roots. The cultivation system had a pr<strong>of</strong>ound<br />
impact on mycorrhizal colonization for both tree species. In<br />
pine, it was most abundant in the nursery bed bare root<br />
system (49%), while in spruce - in the WP containers 72%<br />
<strong>of</strong> the roots were mycorrhizal. In total 8658 mycorrhizal<br />
roots were morphotyped, and 7 species were found on pine<br />
and 8 on spruce roots. On pine an unidentified ascomycete<br />
was most common (58% <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal tips), while on<br />
spruce a basidiomycete Amphinema byssoides colonized<br />
54% <strong>of</strong> the mycorrhizal tips. Isolation <strong>of</strong> the fungi into pure<br />
culture was attempted from 8163 mycorrhizal root tips,<br />
yielding 625 isolates, which were divided into 144 groups<br />
according to morphological characteristics <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mycelium. One representative <strong>of</strong> each mycelial group was<br />
subjected to sequencing <strong>of</strong> the ITS region <strong>of</strong> the rDNA and<br />
43 fungal species have been determined using the NCBI<br />
BLAST. The most common species were Phialocephala<br />
fortinii (29%) and Phialophora finlandia (37%).<br />
1006 - Rhizomorph Foraging Patterns <strong>of</strong> Armillaria<br />
gallica and A. mellea from the Ozark Mountains <strong>of</strong> the<br />
central U.S.A.<br />
J.D. Mihail * & J.N. Bruhn<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Microbiology & Pathology; University <strong>of</strong><br />
Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, Missouri, 65211,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: mihailj@missouri.edu<br />
Our research is driven by the need to understand inter- and<br />
intra-specific interactions <strong>of</strong> co-occurring Armillaria genets<br />
with respect to oak deline. Foraging patterns <strong>of</strong> A. gallica<br />
and A. mellea rhizomorphs were measured in three<br />
experimental series: 1) temporal pattern changes measured<br />
in a uniform environment (agar); 2) pattern responses to<br />
woody baits measured in sand; and 3) pattern responses to<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> neighboring genets <strong>of</strong> the same or different<br />
species, measured in sand. Four response metrics were<br />
used: fractal dimension, number <strong>of</strong> foraging tips, total<br />
rhizomorph length, and total rhizomorph surface area.<br />
Preliminary analysis indicates that rhizomorph foraging by<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 303
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
A. gallica was stochastic where target woody food bases<br />
were placed laterally with respect to the colonized source;<br />
however rhizomorph foraging was significantly directed<br />
when the target woody food base was placed above or<br />
below the source. Presence <strong>of</strong> con-specific neighbor genets<br />
altered the allocation <strong>of</strong> rhizomorph length and the number<br />
<strong>of</strong> foraging tips without affecting fractal dimension for<br />
both A. gallica and A. mellea. Similarly, neighboring<br />
genets <strong>of</strong> different species did not influence the fractal<br />
dimension <strong>of</strong> A. gallica or A. mellea rhizomorph systems.<br />
Thus, Armillaria rhizomorph system pattern is influenced<br />
in abundance and physical location in the landscape by<br />
adjacent genets <strong>of</strong> the same or different species, while the<br />
inherent foraging pattern remains unresponsive to such<br />
influences.<br />
1007 - Micro-evolution in the ectomycorrhizal fungus<br />
Suillus luteus<br />
L.A.H. Muller, K. Adriaensen, J. Vangronsveld & J.V.<br />
Colpaert *<br />
Limburgs Universitair centrum, Laboratory <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental Biology, Universitaire Campus, 3590<br />
Diepenbeek, Belgium. - E-mail: jan.colpaert@luc.ac.be<br />
Previous research has shown that populations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus found in areas<br />
polluted with high levels <strong>of</strong> heavy metals (Zn, Cd) have<br />
acquired adaptive tolerance to elevated levels <strong>of</strong> these<br />
metals. Furthermore, these populations showed a reduced<br />
genetic variability, as measured by ISSR markers,<br />
compared to control populations from unpolluted sites. In<br />
this study we aim to analyse the microevolution <strong>of</strong><br />
populations <strong>of</strong> Suillus luteus in areas polluted with heavy<br />
metals. Therefore, the genetic structure <strong>of</strong> these<br />
populations, as well as the structure <strong>of</strong> populations from<br />
unpolluted areas, the amount <strong>of</strong> gene flow between these<br />
populations and the occurrence <strong>of</strong> bottlenecks will be<br />
described using microsatellite and AFLP markers. In a later<br />
stage, mtDNA markers will also be used, after having<br />
resolved the inheritance mode <strong>of</strong> the mitochondria in S.<br />
luteus. After identification <strong>of</strong> genes related with the heavy<br />
metal tolerance, natural selection will be investigated on a<br />
molecular level using these genes and the selectively<br />
neutral molecular markers.<br />
1008 - Genetic diversity within French populations <strong>of</strong><br />
Tuber melanosporum Vittad.<br />
C. Murat 1* , P. Luis 2 , J. Diez 2 , C. Delaruelle 2 , C. Dupré 3 , G.<br />
Chevalier 3 & F. Martin 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino,<br />
Italy. - 2 UMR 'Interaction Tree-Microorganisms' INRA <strong>of</strong><br />
Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France. - 3 INRA Unity <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycology, Crouelle, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2,<br />
France. - E-mail: claude.murat@unito.it<br />
304<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Truffles are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes and edible fungi<br />
<strong>of</strong> economic value. They have been the focus <strong>of</strong> numerous<br />
studies <strong>of</strong> genetic diversity. Certain species show a high<br />
genetic diversity (e.g. Tuber uncinatum), whereas others<br />
have low polymorphism (e.g. T. melanosporum). T.<br />
melanosporum was regarded as a clonal species without<br />
any geographic genetic structure. We have analyzed the<br />
genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> T. melanosporum populations from<br />
different geographic regions in France by looking for<br />
polymorphic loci. We have used RAPD (Random<br />
Amplified Polymorphism DNA) pr<strong>of</strong>iles, genomic<br />
sequences previously identified as SCAR (Sequence<br />
Characterized Amplified Random) and sequences from the<br />
internal transcribed spacers (ITS) <strong>of</strong> nrDNA. The RAPD<br />
phenotypic analysis and the sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> genomic<br />
tags have confirmed the genetic homogeneity <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species. RAPD phenotypes can not be correlated to their<br />
origin region. However, we have found some polymorphic<br />
populations and, according to the Shannon's index, isolates<br />
from 'Bourgogne' were the most variable. Sequencing <strong>of</strong><br />
the ITS allowed us to identify four haplotypes (I, II, III and<br />
IV) in 47 ascocarps. Haplotypes I and II were the most<br />
frequent and they were found in every populations except<br />
for haplotype I in 'Lorraine'. On the other hand, haplotypes<br />
III and IV were more scarce and restricted to particular<br />
French regions (e.g. Haplotype IV was found only in<br />
'Lorraine') suggesting a genetic structure in T.<br />
melanosporum.<br />
1009 - Ceratocystis wilt <strong>of</strong> Acacia mearnsii in Uganda<br />
G. Nakabonge * , I. Barnes, J. Roux & M.J. Wingfield<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa. - Email:<br />
grace.nakabonge@fabi.up.ac.za.<br />
Ceratocystis wilt caused by C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus is a severe<br />
disease <strong>of</strong> Acacia mearnsii, in Africa. In a recent survey,<br />
this disease was found on wounded A. mearnsii in South<br />
Western Uganda. Diseased trees showed extensive<br />
discoloration <strong>of</strong> the wood, dieback, gummosis, wilting and<br />
death. Previous studies <strong>of</strong> the gene diversity <strong>of</strong> a South<br />
African population using CAT5 marker and 8 microsatellite<br />
markers revealed a high gene diversity. The high gene<br />
diversity and presence <strong>of</strong> C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus on native Protea<br />
species has led to a hypothesis that it is native to South<br />
Africa. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to determine the gene<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> a Ugandan population and compare it to that <strong>of</strong><br />
the South African population. 36 isolates, were obtained<br />
from A. mearnsii trees in South Western Uganda. Eight<br />
microsatellite primers pairs previously designed for C.<br />
fimbriata were used to amplify the microsatellite rich<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> the genome. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the microsatellite data<br />
revealed 7 loci to be polymorphic. Nei's gene diversity (H)<br />
showed that the South African population is slightly more<br />
diverse than the Ugandan population with a value <strong>of</strong><br />
0.4320 compared to 0.4082. Results further revealed that<br />
very few alleles are shared, with little gene flow between<br />
the two populations. The high gene diversity in both<br />
populations strongly suggests that C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus is native<br />
to the African continent and not necessarily only to South<br />
Africa, as previously suggested.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1010 - Roles <strong>of</strong> ascospores in the white root rot fungus,<br />
Rosellinia necatrix<br />
H. Nakamura 1* , K. Ikeda 1 , M. Arakawa 2 & N. Matsumoto 1<br />
1 National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3<br />
Kan-non dai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan. - 2 Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi,<br />
Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
nakamh@affrc.go.jp<br />
Rosellinia necatrix Prilleux, the ascomycetous white root<br />
rot pathogen, causes destructive damage to numerous<br />
woody and herbaceous plants, especially to fruit trees,<br />
throughout the world. The fungus produces teleomorph<br />
rarely on diseased plants in nature, and the roles <strong>of</strong><br />
ascospores in the life cycle remains unclear due<br />
presumably to the scarcity <strong>of</strong> teleomorph production. In<br />
this study, stromata produced on root fragments were<br />
studied to elucidate the roles <strong>of</strong> ascospores. Stromata were<br />
produced on 23 out <strong>of</strong> 47 diseased root samples from<br />
Japanese pear, grapevine and Chloranthus glaber, which<br />
had been placed in a hollow on the ground surface in the<br />
shade <strong>of</strong> trees and covered with rice straw. Also, stromata<br />
were obtained on mulberry twigs inoculated with two out<br />
<strong>of</strong> six isolates. Readiness <strong>of</strong> stroma production was not<br />
related to host plant species, dates <strong>of</strong> treatment, or the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> double-stranded (ds) RNA. In 18 single<br />
ascospore isolates from six stroma samples, mycelial<br />
interactions between isolates from the same samples were<br />
incompatible, and the isolates were pathogenic to Lupinus<br />
luteus with a few exceptions. dsRNAs in vegetative hyphae<br />
<strong>of</strong> 10 stroma samples were not transferred to single<br />
ascospore isolates. Thus, ascospores in R. necatrix are<br />
effective in extending genetic variation, producing<br />
pathogenic <strong>of</strong>fspring and eliminating infectious factors<br />
such as dsRNA.<br />
1011 - Population dynamic <strong>of</strong> Pyrenochaeta terrestris on<br />
the basis <strong>of</strong> cropping patherns and infection percentage<br />
in onion fields<br />
M. Nasr-Esfahani<br />
Plant pests and diseases research Dep., Agricultural<br />
research center, P.o. Box 81785-199, Esfahan, Iran. - Email:<br />
M_nasresfahni@yahoo.com<br />
Studies on population dynamic <strong>of</strong> the fungus on the basis<br />
<strong>of</strong> infection, indicated that the cropping patherns having a<br />
significant effects in infection <strong>of</strong> the fungus. 441 onion<br />
fields were taken into considerations during 1997-98,<br />
where there was five manin cropping patherns including<br />
alfa-alfa (Medicago sativa L. usually for 4-5 years), cereals<br />
(wheat, barley, rice and seldom millet), vegetables (tomato,<br />
bringal, mask-melon, cauliflower, cabbage, etc), orchard<br />
(where the fruit trees were up rooted and became under<br />
cultivation) and onion frequently for the last four years<br />
before to onion. A hundred onion plants were up rooted<br />
near maturity stage and their roots were examined for the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> the infection based on infection percentage <strong>of</strong><br />
the roots in three scoring scales (>10%, >25% and more<br />
than 25% infection). The higher infection was observed in<br />
frequent onion growing fields, fallowed by alfa-alfa with<br />
36.16 and 27 percent infection respectively, where the<br />
orchard soil had the least infection with 2.83 percent<br />
infection on onion roots. Out <strong>of</strong> which 12.58, 9.58 and 0.50<br />
percent were in the ranges <strong>of</strong> more than 25 percent<br />
respectively with a significant effects, where cereals and<br />
vegetables were in a separate group. These results revealed<br />
that the build up <strong>of</strong> population inoculum is an improtant<br />
factor in natural enivronments, but the more inportant one<br />
is the population potentiality, which can measured<br />
infectionally and/or differentially with a distinct scoring<br />
scales.<br />
1012 - Coprinaceae in wood and straw degradation:<br />
implications for ecology and biotechnological use<br />
M. Navarro-Gonzalez 1 , M. H<strong>of</strong>fmann 1 , O. Holdenrieder 2 &<br />
U. Kües 1*<br />
1 Molecular Wood Biotechnology, Institute for Forest<br />
Botany, Georg-August University Goettingen, Buesgenweg<br />
2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. - 2 Section <strong>of</strong> Forest<br />
Pathology & Dendrology. Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Sciences.<br />
Federal Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology, Raemistr. 101, CH-8092<br />
Zurich, Switzerland. - E-mail: ukuees@gwdg.de<br />
Coprinaceae have been defined as a family <strong>of</strong> about 800<br />
species, following morphological and physiological<br />
characteristics such as lamella and spore colour and their<br />
abilities to self-digest upon fruit body maturation. Recent<br />
molecular analysis suggests Coprinaceae are not<br />
monophyletic but comprise four different genera (1).<br />
Coprini are usually saprotrophic on soil or dung <strong>of</strong><br />
herbivores. Species growing on decaying wood or plant<br />
debris in soil and a few plant pathogens have also been<br />
described. Here we present an overview on species relating<br />
to wood and straw degradation. Enzymes implicated in<br />
wood and straw degradation (phenol oxidases including<br />
laccases; peroxidases; xylanases) have been described in a<br />
few species. Biotechnological use have been made <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
cinereus peroxidase (2) and one laccase (3) - genes for at<br />
least six different laccases are known (3,4). It is thought<br />
that at least some <strong>of</strong> these enzymes link to developmental<br />
processes, for example fruiting body development (C.<br />
congregatus; 5) and spore formation (C. cinereus; 6). Our<br />
experimental work aims at elucidating wood degrading<br />
abilities <strong>of</strong> various Coprinaceae, at making use <strong>of</strong> enzymes<br />
in biotechnology and at determining functions <strong>of</strong> enzymes<br />
in fungal development. (1) Redhead et al. 2001 Taxon<br />
50:203; (2) Kauffmann et al. 1999 J Biotechnol 73:71; (3)<br />
Yaver et al. 1999 AEM 65:4943; (4) Bottoli et al. 1999 J<br />
Microbiol Meth 35:129; (5) Choi et al. 1987 Mycologia<br />
79:166; (6) Vnenchak, Schwalb 1989 Mycol Res 93:546.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 305
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1013 - Physiologic races <strong>of</strong> stem rust <strong>of</strong> wheat in Egypt<br />
during 1994 - 1996 seasons<br />
M. Nazim 1 , M. Awad 1 , S. Abu El-Naga 2* & I. Youssef 2<br />
1 Agricultural Botany Dept., Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Minufiya Univ., Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. - 2 Plant Pathology<br />
Inst., Agriculture Research, Center, Giza, Egypt.<br />
The problem <strong>of</strong> stem rust incidence has been solved since<br />
the release <strong>of</strong> resistant wheat varieties in Egypt. Also, the<br />
early sowing <strong>of</strong> wheat varieties made the problem less<br />
serious. However, the appearance <strong>of</strong> new races is expected.<br />
Therefore, continuous identification <strong>of</strong> physiological races<br />
<strong>of</strong> the causal organism is required. In the course <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study, identification <strong>of</strong> stem rust physiologic races was<br />
carried out during two successive seasons (1994-1995 &<br />
1995-1996) using the North American wheat stem rust<br />
monogenic differentials. The results obtained revealed the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> different physiologic races in Egypt during<br />
both seasons <strong>of</strong> the study. Races RT-, RR-, TR-, TT-<br />
comprised 92.02% <strong>of</strong> the total isolates. While, races RT-,<br />
RR-, TR- and TT-comprised 7.98% <strong>of</strong> the isolated races in<br />
1994/1995 season. On the other hand, in the second season<br />
(1995-1996) races TT-, RT-, RR-, MT- and QF- comprised<br />
47.04% <strong>of</strong> the total isolates. While, the rest were 29 races<br />
comprised 52.96% <strong>of</strong> the isolated races. The great<br />
variability <strong>of</strong> the physiologic races showed the dynamic<br />
state <strong>of</strong> the pathogen. Also, showed that wheat plants are<br />
liable to be attacked by different races from different<br />
sources.<br />
1014 - Frequency <strong>of</strong> virulence <strong>of</strong> Puccinia triticina on<br />
wheat in Egypt during 1998-2001<br />
M. Nazim 1* , S. Sharif 2 , I. Shinoda 2 , O. Bolot 2 & I. Imbabi 2<br />
1 Botany Dept., Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Men<strong>of</strong>iya<br />
University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. - 2 Plant Pathology<br />
Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. - Email:<br />
abfahmi@hotmail.com<br />
Leaf rust <strong>of</strong> wheat is common under the Egyptian<br />
conditions due to the favorable environmental climate for<br />
disease incidence and development. Many wheat varieties<br />
were discarded because <strong>of</strong> their susceptibilty to the disease<br />
due to the appearance <strong>of</strong> new virulences and the dynamic<br />
state <strong>of</strong> the causal organism. The frequency <strong>of</strong> virulence<br />
was studied against 32 local genotypes and 45 monogenic<br />
lines for leaf rust resistance in addition to the highly<br />
susceptible cv. Thatcher. The results revealed that more<br />
than 75% <strong>of</strong> the obtained races were virulent to six<br />
genotypes i.e cvs. Giza 139, Giza 155, Giza 157, Giza 160<br />
and Giza 164. Whereas 50-75% <strong>of</strong> the total races were<br />
virulent to 15 genotypes i.e. cvs. Giza 162, Giza 163, Giza<br />
165, Giza 167, Sakha 8, Sakha 92, Sids I, Sids 2, Sids 3,<br />
Sids 4, Sids 5, Sids 9, Gemmieza 1, Gemmieza 3, and<br />
Sakha line 202. Less than 50% <strong>of</strong> the total races were<br />
virulent to 11 genotypes i.e. cvs. Giza 168, Sakha 61,<br />
Sakha 69, Sakha 93, Sids 6, Sids 7, Sids 8, Gemmieza 5,<br />
306<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Gemmieza 7, Gemmieza 9 and Sakha line 206. On the<br />
other hand, no virulence was detected against Lr 19. Low<br />
frequecies were found to Lrs; 15, 21, 24, 28, 29, 36, 38, 39,<br />
40, 41, 42, and 43. Therefore, these genes should be<br />
considered in breeding programme for leaf rust resistance.<br />
High frequencies (more than 80%) were found against Lrs;<br />
1, 2c, 3, 12, 13, 14 a, 22b, 23, 33 and Lr B whereas,<br />
frequencies from 51 - 80% were found on the rest <strong>of</strong> genes.<br />
1015 - Contribution to the knowledge <strong>of</strong> the endophytic<br />
myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> sessile oak (Quercus petraea)<br />
D. Novotný<br />
Czech Collection <strong>of</strong> Microorganisms, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science,<br />
Masaryk University, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech<br />
Republic. - E-mail: novotdad@natur.cuni.cz<br />
The composition <strong>of</strong> endophytic myc<strong>of</strong>lora <strong>of</strong> roots <strong>of</strong><br />
sessile oak (Quercus petraea) was studied. This research<br />
was conducted in six oak stands in Krivoklátsko region in<br />
Central Bohemia (Czech Republic). The fungi were<br />
isolated from fine roots (0.1-0.3 cm diam) and from<br />
peridemal bark, subperidermal bark and wood <strong>of</strong> medium<br />
roots (2-5 cm diam) and coarse roots (0.5-1 cm diam).<br />
After surface sterilisation the roots were cut into segments<br />
and placed onto malt extract agar. More than 60 species <strong>of</strong><br />
microscopic fungi were identified from the samples. Fungi<br />
occurred most frequently in fine roots and in peridermal<br />
bark <strong>of</strong> medium and coarse roots. Wood <strong>of</strong> coarse roots<br />
was colonised at least. The most frequent fungi were<br />
Phialophora cf. fastigiata, Cryptosporiopsis radicicola,<br />
Cystodendron-like hyaline anamorph, dark septate<br />
endophyte, Umbelopsis nana, Trichoderma viride,<br />
Oidiodendron griseum, Chloridium preusii and<br />
Sporidesmium cf. anglica. Species <strong>of</strong> genera<br />
Sporidesmium, Chloridium, Chaetosphaeria and<br />
Menispora were mainly isolated from the fine roots.<br />
Rhizomorphs <strong>of</strong> Armillaria and different mycelia <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycetes were recorded in some roots. Bacteria<br />
were common in roots. The study was supported by the<br />
Grant Agency <strong>of</strong> the Charles University (No. 243/1997/B<br />
BIO/PøF).<br />
1016 - Biodegradation <strong>of</strong> drying oil claddings by<br />
micromycetes<br />
N. Nugaeva 1* , E. Lebedeva 1 , E. Vedenyapina 1 , I. Smirnov 2<br />
& G. Markov 2<br />
1 Komarov Botanical Insitute <strong>of</strong> the Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, 2 Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Str., St. Petersburg 197376,<br />
Russia. - 2 RPA V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute, 28 2nd<br />
Murinski pr., St. Petersburg 194021, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
fungi@mail.ru<br />
In the drying-related industry the oil components are <strong>of</strong><br />
great utility for covering wood, metal and other materials<br />
and constructions. And there is the problem <strong>of</strong> its complete
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
degradation after some period <strong>of</strong> service. It is known that<br />
natural and synthetic polymeric materials undergo a<br />
process <strong>of</strong> decomposition after a period <strong>of</strong> service and the<br />
main biological agents <strong>of</strong> it are filamentous microscopic<br />
fungi-micromycetes (MM). The goal <strong>of</strong> the present study<br />
was to find out the community <strong>of</strong> MM for a maximal<br />
biodegradational activity against the drying oil cladding on<br />
the base <strong>of</strong> the natural component (linseed oil). Active<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> MM which were isolated from different<br />
polymeric materials were used to make the inoculation<br />
communities: I - including Aspergillus niger, A. versicolor,<br />
Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. funiculosum,Trichoderma<br />
koningii; II - Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus,<br />
Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium frequentans, P.<br />
notatum; III - Aspergillus glaucus, A. terreus, A. ustus,<br />
Alternaria alternata, Penicillium brevicompactum. It was<br />
found that the different communities <strong>of</strong> MM colonized oil<br />
cladding to different extent. The areas <strong>of</strong> colonization<br />
varied from 60% to 100% for II and III communities and<br />
from 40% to 50% for the I community. The inoculation by<br />
the I community resulted in maximal loss <strong>of</strong> oil cladding<br />
(up to 13.3% <strong>of</strong> the starting weight). So, the first<br />
community <strong>of</strong> MM has the maximal biodegradational<br />
activity against the drying oil cladding.<br />
1017 - Formation <strong>of</strong> communities <strong>of</strong> micromycetescolonizers<br />
<strong>of</strong> municipal waste during the composting<br />
N. Nugaeva * , E. Vedenyapina & E. Lebedeva<br />
Komarov Botanical Insitute <strong>of</strong> the Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, 2 Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Str., St. Petersburg 197376,<br />
Russia. - E-mail: fungi@mail.ru<br />
Micromycetes (MM) are the best known decomposers <strong>of</strong><br />
different polymeric products, which comprise the main part<br />
<strong>of</strong> municipal waste (MW). The research has been focused<br />
on mycological monitoring <strong>of</strong> MW composting and was<br />
first carried out in Russia. The results obtained<br />
demonstrated that the spontaneous communities <strong>of</strong><br />
micromycetes-colonizers <strong>of</strong> MW were undergoing seral<br />
succession and mechanisms <strong>of</strong> species replacement in<br />
fungal communities were different. It was established that<br />
species and biochemical diversity <strong>of</strong> MM increased to the<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> the composting process. Successions <strong>of</strong> MM<br />
tended to formation <strong>of</strong> a stable heterogenic and<br />
polyfunctional community. This heterogenic climax<br />
community can withstand the environmental changes and<br />
can provide the production <strong>of</strong> a high-quality compost.<br />
Biologically high-quality compost should serve not only as<br />
a source <strong>of</strong> organic matter at soil applications but also as a<br />
source <strong>of</strong> soil suppressivness inhancement and biological<br />
control. Compost should be free from phytotoxic and<br />
pathogenic species <strong>of</strong> MM, the microbe community <strong>of</strong> the<br />
final product should be stable and include beneficial for<br />
plants species. However, it was found that final compost<br />
communities contained species with negative effect on<br />
plant and human populations. Certain complexes <strong>of</strong> MM<br />
possesing positive properties for composting and<br />
enviroment were suggested for the introduction at the<br />
definite stages <strong>of</strong> succession during composting.<br />
1018 - Habitat differences <strong>of</strong> coprophilous organisms on<br />
moose dung<br />
Å. Nyberg 1* & I.-L. Persson 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå<br />
University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Animal Ecology, Swedish University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural<br />
Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
asa.nyberg@eg.umu.se<br />
Dung from cervids supports a species-rich community, but<br />
few studies have been done on forest-living species. In<br />
order to test whether differences in species composition<br />
may be explained by habitat-specific differences, we<br />
studied coprophilous fungi developing on moose dung <strong>of</strong><br />
homogenous origin, composition and age in an area in<br />
northeastern Sweden. Of the 26 species <strong>of</strong> fungi found, 12<br />
species were new to the region, 17 had never been<br />
observed on moose dung and 2 species were not previously<br />
described. We found a significant difference in species<br />
composition between the three habitats studied, with low<br />
number <strong>of</strong> species in the spruce forest and about a three<br />
fold increase in the pine forest and the open mire. Species<br />
diversity was negatively associated with degree <strong>of</strong> insect<br />
attack. This suggests that insects feeding either on the dung<br />
or the fungi (spores, mycelium) may be an important factor<br />
explaining the observed pattern. In order to test this<br />
hypothesis we need experiments including insects<br />
exclusion.<br />
1019 - Comparative enumeration <strong>of</strong> anaerobic fungi<br />
from different herbivores<br />
E. Ozkose 1* , G.W. Griffith 2 & D.R. Davies 3<br />
1<br />
Sutcu Imam University, Animal Science Department,<br />
2<br />
Kahramanmaras, Turkey. - University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Biological Sciences, Aberystwyth, SY23 3BY,<br />
3<br />
U.K. - Institute <strong>of</strong> Grassland and Environmental<br />
Research, Animal Science department, Aberystwyth. SY23<br />
3EB, U.K. - E-mail: eozkose@ksu.edu.tr<br />
Determination and comparison <strong>of</strong> anaerobic fungal<br />
populations from the faeces <strong>of</strong> cattle, sheep and horses<br />
were carried out. Similarities and differences, in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
population density between the faeces and rumen digesta <strong>of</strong><br />
same individual were also assessed. The effects <strong>of</strong> using<br />
different substrates in the most probable number (MPN)<br />
dilution series on the population density were also studied.<br />
The MPN technique was used to enumerate fungal<br />
populations and counts were expressed as thallus forming<br />
units (Log 10 tfu g DM -1 ). Mean value <strong>of</strong> MPN counts<br />
obtained from fresh faeces were as follow; cattle = 5.61;<br />
sheep = 4.41 and horse = 4.76. Fungal counts obtained<br />
from horse and sheep were similar (P > 0.05), whilst cattle<br />
contained significantly more anaerobic fungal tfu in their<br />
faeces than either sheep or horse (P < 0.05). The mean<br />
MPN values <strong>of</strong> faeces and ruminal digesta <strong>of</strong> 3 cattle were<br />
as follows; fresh faeces = 5.22; frozen faeces = 4.92 and<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
fresh ruminal digesta = 5.31. MPN values obtained from<br />
fresh faeces, frozen faeces and fresh ruminal digesta were<br />
similar (P > 0.05). The mean values from faecal and<br />
ruminal samples <strong>of</strong> 3 cattle for different substrates were as<br />
follow; glucose = 5.11; cellobiose = 5.23; xylan = 4.75;<br />
wheat straw = 5.53 and cellulose = 5.11. Wheat straw gave<br />
significantly (P < 0.05) higher viable counts than glucose,<br />
xylan and cellulose. Population densities, obtained when<br />
glucose, cellulose and xylan used, were similar (P> 0.05).<br />
1020 - Ectomycorrhizal fungal dynamics <strong>of</strong> one- and<br />
two-year-old Norway spruce seedlings after planting to<br />
mounded forest clear-cut<br />
T. Pennanen 1* & J. Heiskanen 2<br />
1 Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research<br />
Centre, P.O.B. 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland. - 2 Suonenjoki<br />
Research Station, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
taina.pennanen@metla.fi<br />
Container Norway spruce seedlings were planted on two<br />
clearcut and mounded Myrtillus type sites in Central<br />
Finland. Seedlings were planted on mounds and on<br />
untreated spots between mounds. Seedlings were sampled<br />
before and one and two growing seasons after planting for<br />
detailed measurement <strong>of</strong> root and shoot attributes and for<br />
morphological and molecular characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhiza (ECM) in roots grown out into the soil.<br />
Different morphological groups were subsampled for PCR-<br />
DGGE analysis <strong>of</strong> 18S rRNA gene region in order to<br />
separate ECM in detail. During the first growing season,<br />
one-year old seedlings grew better in shoot height than the<br />
two-year-old. However, root egress from containers into<br />
the surrounding soil was greater in the two-year-old<br />
seedlings during both first and second summer after<br />
planting. The outgrown root length and the number <strong>of</strong> root<br />
tips per length were greater on mounds than on untreated<br />
spots. Totally 17 different morphotypes were observed and<br />
6 <strong>of</strong> them were present in all treatments. Neither age <strong>of</strong> the<br />
seedling nor duration in the field did affect the richness <strong>of</strong><br />
ECM morphotypes but there was a clear temporal shift in<br />
the proportions <strong>of</strong> 3 major morphotypes. The smooth white<br />
type was the most dominant morphotype before outplanting<br />
but almost disappeared in two years in the field. In<br />
contrast, the proportion <strong>of</strong> the smooth brown type increased<br />
up to 58-78% after two years. The smooth dark brown type<br />
increased especially on mounds.<br />
1021 - Pleurotus spp. characterization by microsatellitebased<br />
DNA fingerprinting<br />
P. Rapanà 1* , A. Rubini 2 & F. Di Mario 1<br />
1 CNR IBAF - IBESM, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Via<br />
Salaria km 29.300; 00016 Monterotondo Sc. (Roma), Italy.<br />
- 2 CNR IRMGPF, Via della Madonna Alta n.130, 06128<br />
Perugia, Italy. - E-mail: pompilio.rapana@mlib.cnr.it<br />
308<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Characterizing fungal species and varieties through<br />
microsatellite is a powerful approach to evaluate<br />
biodiversity and genetic relationships among populations.<br />
Four ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats) primers have<br />
been utilized to characterize fungal species and varieties<br />
among Pleurotus genus. Five strains <strong>of</strong> each<br />
species/varieties (P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. eryngii var.<br />
ferulae, P. eryngii var. nebrodensis) have been analyzed<br />
and ISSR data were subject to cluster analysis performed<br />
with UPGMA method using Dice and Jaccard coefficients.<br />
This analysis clearly showed two distinctive cluster, one<br />
related to P. ostreatus and one to P. eryngii var. ferulae,<br />
whereas less clear relationships appeared between P.<br />
eryngii and P. eryngii var. nebrodensis. Further<br />
investigation are in progress to analyze additional<br />
Pleurotus strains and to test different ISSR primers as well<br />
as to identify microsatellite-containing amplicons.<br />
1022 - The polymorphic nature <strong>of</strong> the rRNA LSU gene<br />
<strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores<br />
A. Rodriguez 1* , J.C. Dodd 2 & J.P. Clapp 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Hohenheim, Universität Hohenheim (340),<br />
D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. - 2 Sittingbourne Enterprise<br />
Hub, Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent<br />
ME9 8AG, U.K. - 3 University <strong>of</strong> Kent at Canterbury,<br />
Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K. - E-mail: aliarodr@unihohenheim.de<br />
Sequencing <strong>of</strong> ribosomal RNA genes has been extensively<br />
exploited in attempts to identify and determine<br />
phylogenetic relationships and genetic heterogeneity <strong>of</strong><br />
AMF. The heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> rRNA genes within single<br />
spores and isolates <strong>of</strong> AMF has been recognised for several<br />
years, however the magnitude <strong>of</strong> this variation has been<br />
ignored in most taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses.<br />
Sequence diversity has crucial implications for the<br />
interpretation <strong>of</strong> AMF biodiversity and the species concept<br />
in these fungi. We report here the first investigation <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic diversity in AMF where variation has been<br />
assessed using sample sizes <strong>of</strong> several hundred sequences.<br />
The study concentrated on a well characterised species <strong>of</strong><br />
AMF, Glomus coronatum, but also included three other<br />
Glomus species with similar spore morphologies. In total<br />
435 clones containing the LSU D2 regions from 7 isolates<br />
<strong>of</strong> G. coronatum (80% <strong>of</strong> isolates currently available) as<br />
well as isolates <strong>of</strong> Glomus mosseae, Glomus geosporum<br />
and Glomus constrictum, were screened for sequence<br />
variation using a PCR-single strand conformational<br />
polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique. The variation<br />
encountered was higher than expected, 138 representative<br />
sequences were obtained and analysis indicated that most<br />
were unique. This variation could not be attributed to DNA<br />
polymerase or cloning artefacts. Implications for the<br />
species concept in AMF, the use <strong>of</strong> rRNA sequences to<br />
estimate biodiversity and in situ detection in field ecology<br />
are discussed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1023 - Temporal distribution <strong>of</strong> ectomycorhizae in<br />
Quercus rubra L. plantations <strong>of</strong> the Basque Country<br />
and evaluation <strong>of</strong> their infective potential<br />
N. Rodriguez, I. Salcedo * , E. Sarrionandia & M.K.<br />
Duñabeitia<br />
Dpt. Plant Biology and ecology. University <strong>of</strong> the Basque<br />
Country, Apdo. 644. 48080 Bilbao, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
gvpsalai@lg.ehu.es<br />
Due to its fast growth and the commercial value <strong>of</strong> the<br />
wood, Q. rubra has been used in many Basque Country<br />
plantations which have been located in Q. robur L.<br />
habitats. The evaluation <strong>of</strong> infection ability and density <strong>of</strong><br />
the mycorhizal propagules is one <strong>of</strong> the main factors to<br />
take into account in reforestation and restoration<br />
programmes (Kendrick 1988). The principal aim <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study is to explore the temporal variation throughout a year<br />
(2000-01) <strong>of</strong> the species richness and diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorhizae in six localities. Likewise, greenhouse's<br />
experiments were carried out in order to determine the<br />
infective potential <strong>of</strong> the forest soils. Maximum values <strong>of</strong><br />
diversity were recorded during autumn and winter; whereas<br />
the minimum was in summer. The ubiquitous Cenococcum<br />
geophilum is one <strong>of</strong> the few morphotypes that appears<br />
throughout the year. According to the mycorhization rate<br />
biometric and physiological variables <strong>of</strong> the seedlings<br />
grown in soil <strong>of</strong> different localities <strong>of</strong> Q. rubra forests were<br />
determined. A positive correlation has been found between<br />
mycorhization rate and measured variables.<br />
1024 - Growth promoting effects <strong>of</strong> endophytic<br />
colonisation <strong>of</strong> the roots <strong>of</strong> larch seedlings (Larix<br />
decidua) with Cryptosporiopsis sp. and Phialophora sp.<br />
A.-K. Römmert 1* , M. Oros-Sichler 2 , T. Lange 3 , H.J. Aust 1<br />
& B. Schulz 1<br />
1<br />
Institut für Mikrobiologie der Technischen Universität<br />
Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig,<br />
Germany. - 2 Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und<br />
Forstwirtschaft, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig,<br />
Germany. -<br />
3 Botanisches Institut der Technischen<br />
Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106<br />
Braunschweig, Germany. - E-mail: ak.roemmert@tu-bs.de<br />
Symbiotic associations <strong>of</strong> endophytic fungi with their hosts<br />
vary from mutualistic to latently pathogenic. In order to<br />
discern the nature <strong>of</strong> endophytic infections <strong>of</strong> the roots,<br />
those <strong>of</strong> axenically cultured larch seedlings were inoculated<br />
either with one <strong>of</strong> two endophytes, Cryptosporiopsis sp. or<br />
Phialophora sp., previously isolated from roots <strong>of</strong> larch, or<br />
with the pathogen Heterobasidion annosum. All three<br />
isolates colonised the roots systemically and both inter- and<br />
intracellularly. Whereas colonisation with each <strong>of</strong> the fungi<br />
significantly improved growth <strong>of</strong> the seedlings in<br />
comparison to the non-inoculated control, the greatest<br />
improvement resulted from endophytic colonisation.<br />
However, in contrast to colonisation with the endophytes,<br />
infection with H. annosum also led to development <strong>of</strong><br />
disease symptoms. Application <strong>of</strong> a mycelium extract <strong>of</strong><br />
Phialophora sp. to roots <strong>of</strong> the host also improved growth<br />
<strong>of</strong> the roots and seedlings. The capability <strong>of</strong> all three fungi<br />
to produce IAA may explain the growth enhancing effects<br />
<strong>of</strong> the mycelium extract and <strong>of</strong> colonisation. Additional<br />
virulence factors may be responsible for pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
H. annosum. In conclusion, endophytic colonisations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> larch with Cryptosporiopsis sp. or Phialophora sp.<br />
are mutualistic symbioses and we hypothesise that<br />
endophytic colonisation <strong>of</strong> the roots, in contrast to that <strong>of</strong><br />
the shoots, is generally systemic and mutualistic1. 1Boyle,<br />
Götz, Dammann-Tugend & Schulz (2001). Symbiosis 31:<br />
259-281.<br />
1025 - Spatial and temporal genetic variation among<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from undisturbed<br />
vegetation<br />
S. Rosendahl<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, Oster<br />
Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. -<br />
E-mail: soerenr@bot.ku.dk<br />
Mycorrhizal roots from Hieracium pilosella in a Danish<br />
coastal grassland were sampled in May, August, October<br />
and November along a 50 m transect. Arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi in the roots were characterised from<br />
partial LSU rDNA sequences obtained by nested PCR. In<br />
the specific PCR, the primers were designed to amplify a<br />
clade within Glomus including species as G. mosseae, G.<br />
caledonium, and G. intraradices. Three sequence types<br />
were found to be common. One type showed high<br />
similarity with Glomus intraradices, whereas the other<br />
could not be grouped with known AM species. The<br />
sequences showed some variation, but the same sequence<br />
could be sampled from several plants along the transect.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> the variation in sequence types could be attributed<br />
to the sampling time. The results showed that the high<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> sequence variation reported from spores, could<br />
not be found in roots from undisturbed vegetation systems.<br />
1026 - A novel cotton swab sampling method for fungal<br />
spores<br />
C. Roux 1 , P.C. van der Merwe 1 , M. Smith 1 & I.H. Rong 2*<br />
1 Mycology Unit, Biosystematics Division, ARC - Plant<br />
Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria<br />
0001, South Africa. - 2 ARC - Biometry, Private Bag X519,<br />
Silverton 0127, South Africa.<br />
A sampling method for continual monitoring <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
spores, from various surfaces, such as bins in silos,<br />
harvesters and other farm implements has been developed<br />
with the use <strong>of</strong> standard cotton swabs (Johnson & Johnson<br />
Cotton balls TM ). The swabs are used to lift all spores from<br />
the surfaces sampled. The swabs are then washed with a<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
surfactant and, if necessary, washed through a series <strong>of</strong><br />
sieves to eliminate particles <strong>of</strong> irrelevant sizes. The residue,<br />
in the form <strong>of</strong> a pellet, is obtained by centrifugation. The<br />
top surface <strong>of</strong> the pellet is mounted on microscope slides<br />
(usually 2) to which a drop or two <strong>of</strong> lactophenol has ben<br />
added. The slides are sealed with nail varnish and studied.<br />
With this method one can monitor the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
particular spores and diseases in bulk grain can<br />
consequently be monitored successfully. Spores from<br />
diseases that are dificult to detect in the field, as well as<br />
other fungi present in the grain and particularily smuts and<br />
rusts, can be confirmed using this technique. This method<br />
could be extremely cost effective as the samples can be<br />
taken by a lay parson, sent by post and analysed. The<br />
overhead expenses are kept to a minimum. The only<br />
drawback is that a surface can only be sampled once,<br />
giving a retrieval rate <strong>of</strong> about 90%, which is ideal for<br />
monitoring compared with other grain washing methods.<br />
1027 - Ceratocystis alb<strong>of</strong>undus, an African fungus<br />
causing a wilt disease on exotic Acacia mearnsii<br />
J. Roux 1* , G. Nakabonge 1 , I. Barnes 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 &<br />
M.J. Wingfield 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology and Plant Pathology,<br />
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI),<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria,<br />
Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - E-mail:<br />
jolanda.roux@fabi.up.ac.za<br />
Ceratocystis alb<strong>of</strong>undus is a relatively newly discovered<br />
fungus that causes a rapid wilt disease <strong>of</strong> economically<br />
important Acacia mearnsii trees. Until recently it was<br />
known only from South Africa, on exotic Australian<br />
Acacia spp. and on native Protea spp. In 1999, the fungus<br />
was discovered in Uganda and a year later, it was also<br />
found in Kenya. In both cases it was associated with<br />
vascular wilt <strong>of</strong> A. mearnsii trees. Although based on only<br />
three records, C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus has been found on native<br />
Protea spp. in South Africa, leading to the hypothesis that<br />
it is native to this country. Recent studies on the population<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> South African isolates using a range <strong>of</strong><br />
microsatellite markers, have shown high levels <strong>of</strong> genetic<br />
diversity in C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus, similar to that found in other<br />
native Ceratocystis spp. The genetic diversity <strong>of</strong> a Ugandan<br />
population has also been studied, showing that the<br />
Ugandan population has a similar diversity to that in South<br />
Africa. These studies lead us to believe that C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus<br />
is native to the African continent. It appears to have<br />
acquired the ability to infect exotic Acacia spp., causing<br />
serious losses to the forestry industry. Surveys <strong>of</strong> native A.<br />
mearnsii in Australia have failed to yield C. alb<strong>of</strong>undus<br />
and we do not believe that it is present in that country. Our<br />
studies suggest that the fungus poses a serious threat to A.<br />
mearnsii in its native range and that quarantine measures<br />
should be imposed to prevent its spread to Australia.<br />
310<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1028 - Endophytic fungi from Cassia fistula L.<br />
N. Ruchikachorn 1* , A.J.S. Whalley 1 & P. Sihanonth 2<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores<br />
University, Byrom Street. Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University,<br />
Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
bmsnruch@livjm.ac.uk<br />
Cassia fistula, known as Khoon (Thai) or Golden Shower,<br />
is a deciduous tree which is found all over Thailand. It is<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten planted as an ornamental, but is also an important<br />
medicinal plant. Historically all parts <strong>of</strong> the plant have<br />
been used in native remedies. The leaves <strong>of</strong> the plant are<br />
used for curing boils, coughs and skin diseases such as<br />
ringworm while the roots can be used to treat snake bites<br />
and dysentery. During the current study it has been found<br />
to contain a wide range <strong>of</strong> fungal endophytes. Isolates from<br />
three separate geographical locations in Thailand are<br />
compared and the data discussed in relation to specific<br />
habitat. A significant number <strong>of</strong> isolates have been<br />
recognised as members <strong>of</strong> the Xylariaceae and<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> these has been confirmed<br />
following teliomorph induction. Testing <strong>of</strong> the biological<br />
activity <strong>of</strong> a selection <strong>of</strong> the isolates indicates antibacterial<br />
ability and, in a few cases, antifungal. Herbicidal and<br />
insecticidal activity has also been demonstrated in a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> cases. We have recently identified<br />
fluoroglucinol as a major metabolite from one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
isolates and this has been shown to exhibit antifungal<br />
activity.<br />
1029 - Ectendomycorrhizal communities <strong>of</strong> Pinus<br />
sylvestris seedlings from forest nurseries in Poland<br />
M.L. Rudawska * & T. Leski<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Dendrology, Polish Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences,<br />
Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kornik, Poland. - E-mail:<br />
mariarud@man.poznan.pl<br />
Scots pine is the most common tree produced in bare-root<br />
nurseries in Poland. Mycorrhizas present on 1-0 and 2-0<br />
Pinus sylvestris seedlings produced in bare-root nurseries<br />
situated in north-west part <strong>of</strong> Poland were estimated. Most<br />
seedlings were spontaneously colonized by naturally<br />
present ecto- and ectendomycorrhizal symbionts. However<br />
ectendomycorrhizal colonization very <strong>of</strong>ten exceeded the<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizas. Predominance <strong>of</strong><br />
ectendomycorrhizas was significantly correlated with<br />
nitrogen fertilization. Fungal communities associated with<br />
ectendomycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> tested seedlings were assessed by a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> morphological and molecular techniques.<br />
Morphological typing <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizas based on the<br />
structure and colors <strong>of</strong> their external hyphae, fungal mantle<br />
and anatomical analysis distinguished several<br />
ectendomycorrhizal morphotypes. To identify these<br />
mycorrhizas, fungal rDNA was amplified using polymerase<br />
chain reaction and digested with endonucleases (HinfI,
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
MboI, TaqI). Morphologically variable complex <strong>of</strong><br />
ectendomycorrhizal morphotypes consisted from at lest<br />
three symbionts giving different RFLP pattern. The fungal<br />
taxa involved as dominating ectendomycorrhizal symbiont<br />
were ascomycetes Wilcoxina sp. Investigation is under way<br />
to clarify the systematical position <strong>of</strong> all<br />
ectendomycorrhizas found.<br />
1030 - Diversity and function <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhiza during<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> forests<br />
M. Rumberger 1* , F. Ehrig 2 , P. Lentzsch 3 , B.<br />
Münzenberger 3 & R.F. Hüttl 1<br />
1 Brandenburg University <strong>of</strong> Technology, Chair <strong>of</strong> Soil<br />
Protection and Recultivation, P.O. Box 101344, 03013<br />
Cottbus, Germany. - 2 Federal Centre fro Breeding<br />
Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Resistence Research and Pathogen Diagnostics (IRP),<br />
Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, 06449 Aschersleben, Germany. -<br />
3 Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use<br />
Research (ZALF) e.V., Institute <strong>of</strong> Primary Production and<br />
Microbial Ecology, Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374<br />
Müncheberg, Germany. - E-mail: rumberg@zalf.de<br />
During the transformation <strong>of</strong> forests biological niches are<br />
created that are thought to result in enhanced biological<br />
variety. In the present study diversity and function <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizas were investigated in a pure stand <strong>of</strong> Scots pine<br />
(Pinus sylvestris L.), in a chronosequence <strong>of</strong> Scots pine<br />
stands that were underplanted with beech (Fagus sylvatica<br />
L.) and in a pure beech forest. Mycorrhizal diversity was<br />
higher in the pure stand <strong>of</strong> beech compared to the pure<br />
stand <strong>of</strong> Scots pine. Beech trees in the mixed forests had<br />
dominating morphotypes that were very similar to the ones<br />
dominating in Scots pine. Therefore, it seems plausible that<br />
mycorrhiza coenosis <strong>of</strong> Scots pine is influencing the<br />
coenosis <strong>of</strong> beech in Scots pine stands being transformed<br />
into mixed stands <strong>of</strong> Scots pine and beech. However, trees<br />
in the pure beech stand were mycorrhized with other types.<br />
These types were distributed in even dominances. Along<br />
the chronosequence, frequency per soil volume and<br />
nutrient amount <strong>of</strong> beech mycorrhizas increased. Nutrient<br />
uptake was higher for mycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> older beech than for<br />
mycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> older pine. This indicates that older beech<br />
trees are able to accumulate specific nutrients in the upper<br />
mineral soil and the forest floor layer. This observation<br />
supports the hypothesis <strong>of</strong> the so-called 'base-pump effect'<br />
<strong>of</strong> the older beech trees.<br />
1031 - PCR analysis reveals diverse fungal community<br />
in smut sori <strong>of</strong> Anthracoidea spp. on host plants, Carex<br />
spp.<br />
V. Salo 1* & R. Sen 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Applied<br />
Biology/Botany, P.O.Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FIN-<br />
00014 University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - 2 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Division <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Microbiology, P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail:<br />
vanamo.salo@helsinki.fi<br />
Twelve Anthracoidea populations representing six species<br />
were collected from natural populations <strong>of</strong> Carex spp. in<br />
Finland. The aim <strong>of</strong> the study was to use RFLP markers<br />
from the rDNA ITS region to complement a previous study<br />
on isozyme variation <strong>of</strong> these species. Twelve smut sori<br />
from different inflorescences in each population were<br />
examined under a light microscope before DNA extraction<br />
from teliospores and PCR amplification. Six PCR samples<br />
per population were analysed using three restriction<br />
enzymes. The results revealed considerable variation<br />
between sori in size and number <strong>of</strong> PCR products and<br />
RFLP patterns. Also the size <strong>of</strong> RFLP bands <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
exceeded the size <strong>of</strong> the original PCR product. All samples<br />
were analysed in high resolution gels which showed that<br />
many single bands were actually two bands almost <strong>of</strong><br />
similar size. A set <strong>of</strong> samples producing one and multiple<br />
bands was chosen for further analysis. Single bands were<br />
isolated, cloned and sequenced. ITS sequences were<br />
compared to sequences in the GenBank database. Most<br />
bands pointed to totally different organisms than smuts,<br />
viz. Cladosporium spp. together with some other fungi.<br />
None <strong>of</strong> these fungi has previously been found in<br />
association with smuts. True Anthracoidea sequences<br />
turned out to be the longest ones detected and are among<br />
the longest fungal ITS sequences reported. The nature <strong>of</strong><br />
the previously unknown fungal community in<br />
Anthracoidea sori, and possible relation to the smut fungus,<br />
will be discussed.<br />
1032 - Homothallism in Cordyceps militaris<br />
H. Sato * & M. Shimazu<br />
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kukizaki,<br />
Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
hirokis@ffpri.affrc.go.jp<br />
Strains from mono-ascospore, mono-part-spore and monoconidium<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cordyceps militaris produced stromata from a<br />
species <strong>of</strong> lepidopteran pupae. Hyphal bodies (yeast-like<br />
vegetative stage) <strong>of</strong> Cordyceps militaris were injected into<br />
the pupal haemocoel <strong>of</strong> Spodoptera litura and stromata<br />
formation was observed. C. militaris were isolated in July<br />
1995, the season <strong>of</strong> the stromata production <strong>of</strong> this fungus,<br />
from the air by placing agar plates in a beech forest.<br />
Originally, four isolates were used for experiments. Hyphal<br />
bodies <strong>of</strong> the four isolates were injected to the host pupae<br />
independently, and four mono-ascospore-strains were<br />
established from their stromata. Three out <strong>of</strong> the four<br />
mono-ascospore strains produced stromata. By re-isolation<br />
from a stroma-produced-strain in the experiment above,<br />
five mono-ascospore-strains and three mono-part-sporestrains<br />
were established. The two out <strong>of</strong> the five (monoascospore)<br />
and all the three strains (mono-part-spore)<br />
produced stromata. Seven mono-conidium strains were<br />
established from the two among the original four isolates.<br />
Four out <strong>of</strong> the seven strains produced stromata. Both a<br />
part spore and a conidium contained a nucleus by<br />
ultrastructural observation. From these findings, we<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 311
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
considered that C. militaris has homothallism. For this<br />
entomopathogenic fungus, homothallism is thought to be<br />
effective character for producing stromata against rare<br />
chance to encounter host insects.<br />
1033 - Some saprobic fungi from Typha and their<br />
competitive interactions on leaves<br />
M.J. Schulz 1* , M.N. Thormann 1 , E.A. Smreciu 2 & R.S.<br />
Currah 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Alberta, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. - 2 Wild Rose Consulting,<br />
Inc., 15109 77th Ave, Edmonton AB T5R 3B5, Canada. - Email:<br />
mkschulz@hotmail.com<br />
Typha latifolia is a major detritus producer in many<br />
wetlands. A diverse group <strong>of</strong> fungi decompose this matter,<br />
but how they work to partition the substrate spatially and<br />
chemically is unknown. Psathyrella typhae, Talaromyces<br />
ucrainicus, Hymenoscyphus repandus, H. scutula,<br />
Hymenopsis typhae, Phoma sp., Cladosporium herbarum<br />
and Sclerotium cf. hydrophilum were isolated from Typha<br />
leaves at various stages <strong>of</strong> decomposition, and their<br />
enzymatic abilities tested using a suite <strong>of</strong> in vitro tests.<br />
Corresponding mass loss determinations using natural<br />
substrate showed little correlation for many species,<br />
indicating in vitro tests may not accurately represent<br />
decompositional abilities in vivo. We also looked at<br />
competitive interactions between two common saprobes<br />
from T. latifolia, P. typhae and Sclerotium cf.<br />
hydrophylum, by using differential morphology<br />
(presence/absence <strong>of</strong> clamps, hyphal diameter) and<br />
enzymatic abilities (pH tolerance and ability to acidify<br />
casamino acid medium) to disinguish their relative<br />
development in co-inoculated Typha leaf fragments. Even<br />
though Sclerotium grew faster, P. typhae was the superior<br />
competitor, able to inhibit and invade substrate already<br />
colonized by Sclerotium.<br />
1034 - From orchids (Neottia nidus-avis) to forest tree<br />
roots: the mycorrhizal web <strong>of</strong> the Sebacinaceae<br />
(heterobasidiomycetous 'Rhizoctonia')<br />
M.-A. Selosse 1* , M. Weiß 2 , R. Bauer 2 & A. Tillier 1<br />
1 Institut de Systématique (IFR CNRS 1541) du Muséum, 43<br />
rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France. - 2 Botanisches Institut,<br />
Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076<br />
Tübingen, Germany.<br />
Mycoheterotrophic (MH) plants are achlorophyllous<br />
organisms fed by fungi. Up to now, only<br />
homobasidiomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungi have been<br />
found in MH plants, while several MH orchids are<br />
probably associated to Rhizoctonias,<br />
heterobasidiomycetous fungi that are <strong>of</strong>ten parasitic or<br />
saprobic. We investigated the MH Neottia nidus-avis, a<br />
European orchid supposedly associated to a fungus <strong>of</strong> the<br />
312<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Rhizoctonia complex. 61 Neottia root systems were<br />
analysed by amplification and sequencing <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
rDNA, showing a specific association to a subclade <strong>of</strong><br />
Sebacinaceae. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) growing near<br />
Neottia roots were shown, through rDNA sequencing, to be<br />
also colonized by the sebacinoid associates <strong>of</strong> the orchid<br />
(83% <strong>of</strong> the typed ECM). Additional data suggests that the<br />
same genets colonize the Neottia and neighbouring tree<br />
roots. Neottia therefore confirms the emerging features <strong>of</strong><br />
MH plants, specifically associated with tree-colonizing<br />
fungi. Up to now, available data did not exclude that<br />
sebacinoids are saprobic or mycoparasites on ECM. Our<br />
TEM analysis shows that they form typical ECM, with<br />
dolipore ultrastructure supporting the molecular<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> the fungus. Sequencing <strong>of</strong> the rDNA ITS<br />
<strong>of</strong> the host plant showed that sebacinoids are not treespecific,<br />
colonizing Carpinus, Fagus, Quercus, Tilia, etc.<br />
This, together with some GenBank data, suggests that<br />
Sebacinaceae is an overlooked mycorrhizal family, where<br />
many species await morphological description.<br />
1035 - Rare mechanism <strong>of</strong> genetic recombination in<br />
Pleurotus ostreatus natural populations<br />
A.V. Shnyreva<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology & Algology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Biology,<br />
Moscow State University, Vorob'yevy Gory, Moscow<br />
119992, Russia. - E-mail: shnyreva@herba.msu.ru<br />
The higher basidiomycete fungi form panmictic<br />
populations resulting from haploid progeny hybridization.<br />
However, a dikaryon is also capable <strong>of</strong> contributing<br />
fertilizing nuclei to a haploid monokaryon resulting in a<br />
new dikaryon. Little is known about occurring diploidhaploid<br />
mating in nature due to rather difficulties in<br />
observing such phenomenon. Having analysed Pleurotus<br />
ostreatus population structure, we have revealed rather rare<br />
mechanism <strong>of</strong> genetic recombination via di-mon-mating in<br />
a local population. We have analysed a sample <strong>of</strong><br />
heterokaryotic isolates collected within a log. All the<br />
heterokaryotic isolates within an individual substrate were<br />
somatically compatible and identical at 12 polymorphic<br />
isozyme loci. To examine distribution <strong>of</strong> mating<br />
incompatibility factors among basidiocarps within a single<br />
fruit body cluster on a log, matings between their<br />
monospore <strong>of</strong>fspring were carried out. Some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
dikaryons were identically constituted with respect to A<br />
and B factors resulted in 25% <strong>of</strong> compatible pairings, while<br />
the others were distinguished at one <strong>of</strong> the two mating loci<br />
(75% <strong>of</strong> compatible pairings). This can be explained by<br />
occurring diploid-haploid hybridization. Dikaryotic<br />
individual occupying the substrate fuses with alien<br />
monospore germling that leads to random combination <strong>of</strong><br />
three types <strong>of</strong> nuclei in cells <strong>of</strong> different basidiocarps<br />
within a fruit body cluster. Data on population<br />
structure,reproductive strategy will be also presented.<br />
RFBR grant 01-04-49447.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1036 - Evaluating colonization <strong>of</strong> ECM fungi at Quercus<br />
petraea seeds, seminal roots and at the roots <strong>of</strong><br />
greenhouse seedlings<br />
A. Silberstein 1* , S. Kotter 2 , J. Wöllecke 1 , B.<br />
Münzenberger 3 & R.F. Hüttl 1<br />
1<br />
Brandenburg University <strong>of</strong> Technology Cottbus, Chair <strong>of</strong><br />
Soil Protection and Recultivation, Universitätsplatz 3-4,<br />
03044 Cottbus, Germany. - 2 Tinplant Biotechnics and<br />
Plant Propagation Inc., Magdeburger Str. 33, 39164 Klein<br />
Wanzleben, Germany. -<br />
3 Center for Agricultural<br />
Landscape and Land Use Research (ZALF) e.V., Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Primary Production and Microbial Ecology,<br />
Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany. - Email:<br />
silber@tu-cottbus.de<br />
In order to recultivate postmining landscapes, to diversify<br />
existing coniferous forests and to re-afforest uneconomic<br />
agricultural areas millions <strong>of</strong> young oak tree plants<br />
(Quercus spec.) are needed. But we are faced with many<br />
problems when cultivating the young oak plants. This is,<br />
above all, true as regards the germinating process <strong>of</strong> the<br />
acorns, as their seminal roots are <strong>of</strong>ten infected by<br />
pathogenic fungi. The plant raising enterprises are,<br />
therefore, facing huge costs. The project is accomplished<br />
with the Tinplant company that is specialized in the raising<br />
<strong>of</strong> containerized greenhouse seedlings <strong>of</strong> Q. petraea and<br />
aims at evolving and testing simple and economical<br />
methods <strong>of</strong> mycorrhization <strong>of</strong> oaks. To utilize the positive<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> ECM fungi at a very early stage <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
development, the hyphae should be established at the<br />
stored or germinating seeds already. Plant raising<br />
enterprises could look forward to better results during the<br />
seed storage and germinating stages, as compared to<br />
existing procedures. Recultivating companies could expect<br />
a lower plant mortality rate after oak tree afforestation, by<br />
making use <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungi, suitable to the<br />
respective location.<br />
1037 - Population structure and pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
Fusarium oxysporum isolated from soil and root<br />
necrosis <strong>of</strong> pea<br />
K. Skovgaard 1* , L. Bødker 2 & S. Rosendahl 1<br />
1<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen,<br />
Oester Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.<br />
2<br />
- Danish Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural<br />
Sciences, Research<br />
Centre Flakkebjerg, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Crop Protection, 4200<br />
Slagelse, Denmark. - E-mail: kerstins@bot.ku.dk<br />
Forty-nine strains <strong>of</strong> Fusarium oxysporum were isolated<br />
from five different sample locations within two<br />
neighbouring pea fields. Of these, thirty-nine strains were<br />
isolated from soil and ten from pea plants showing<br />
symptoms <strong>of</strong> root rot. Twenty-eight <strong>of</strong> the isolates were<br />
tested for pathogenicity towards pea. Based on percentage<br />
discoloration <strong>of</strong> the roots and the stem base the isolates<br />
were divided into three groups. Seven strains were<br />
pathogenic, fourteen strains were weakly pathogenic, and<br />
seven strains were non-pathogenic towards pea. To assess<br />
the genetic relatedness <strong>of</strong> all forty-nine strains, gene<br />
genealogies were constructed from aligned DNA sequences<br />
from part <strong>of</strong> translation elongation factor, nitrate reductase,<br />
beta tubulin, and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA.<br />
Maximum parsimony analysis <strong>of</strong> the combined dataset<br />
yielded a single most-parsimonious tree containing three<br />
strongly supported clades which may represent cryptic<br />
species. No correlation was observed between the<br />
multigene phylogeny and pathogenicity toward pea, strain<br />
geographic origin and substrate (soil or plant) from which<br />
the strains were isolated. Strains <strong>of</strong> F. oxysporum that were<br />
either non-pathogenic, weakly pathogenic or pathogenic<br />
sometimes shared the same multilocus genotype. These<br />
results suggest that strains pathgenic and putatively nonpathogenic<br />
to pea are very closely related genetically.<br />
1038 - Increased below-ground diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi after removal <strong>of</strong> litter and humus<br />
determined from fungal hyphae in bulk soil<br />
E. Smit 1 , C. Veenman 1 & J. Baar 2*<br />
1 National Institute <strong>of</strong> Public Health and the Environment,<br />
Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, P.O.<br />
Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. - 2 Applied<br />
Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research<br />
Center, P.O. Box 6042, 5960 AA Horst, The Netherlands. -<br />
E-mail: j.baar@ppo.dlo.nl<br />
Ectomycorrhizal fungi have declined in coniferous stands<br />
in The Netherlands over the last decades due to nitrogen<br />
deposition originating from air pollution. The effects <strong>of</strong><br />
restoration practices on the ectomycorrhizal communities<br />
in nitrogen-enriched Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) stands in<br />
The Netherlands were studied by Baar (1995). Litter and<br />
humus were removed to reduce nitrogen availability in the<br />
soils. This resulted in increased diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi within three years. However, all data<br />
were obtained by counting sporocaps. The effects <strong>of</strong> litter<br />
and humus removal on the below-ground ectomycorrhizal<br />
communities remained unknown. In the present study the<br />
composition <strong>of</strong> the below-ground ectomycorrhizal<br />
communities in a P. sylvestris stand in The Netherlands<br />
was determined five years after litter and humus removal.<br />
Fungal DNA was extracted directly from soil samples and<br />
PCR was applied with basidiomycete-specific ITS primers.<br />
Samples were analyzed by DGGE to visualize diversity. To<br />
assess species composition, ITS regions <strong>of</strong> the amplified<br />
fragments were cloned and sequenced. Sequences were<br />
compared with known sequences and were analyzed<br />
phylogenetically. The analyses showed that the diversity <strong>of</strong><br />
the ectomycorrhizal fungi below ground in the treated plots<br />
was higher than in the untreated plots. Rhizopogon luteolus<br />
was the most abundant species after litter and humus<br />
removal, while Lactarius and Russula species were the<br />
most common species in the untreated plots.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 313
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1039 - Molecular ecology <strong>of</strong> Bistorta vivipara<br />
ectomycorrhiza in alpine tundra communities<br />
J.H. Sønstebø * , K. Høiland & T. Schumacher<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oslo, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Botany and Plant Physiology, P.O. Box 1045 Blindern,<br />
0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail: jornso@bio.uio.no<br />
We have studied the diversity and phylogenetic affinities <strong>of</strong><br />
mycobionts <strong>of</strong> Bistorta vivipara ectomycorrhizas in four<br />
alpine tundra plant communities in Norway, using ITS1-5.8<br />
sequences as a diversity marker. ITS1-5.8 sequences<br />
obtained by direct sequencing <strong>of</strong> 114 ectomycorrhizal root<br />
tips compared with sequences from known fungal taxa<br />
showed a high diversity <strong>of</strong> fungal mycobionts, including<br />
mycobionts from a number <strong>of</strong> distantly related taxonomic<br />
groups. The composition and taxonomic specificity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi varied considerably among the study<br />
sites. This suggests that B. vivipara is capable to interact<br />
with a number <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal fungal partners in its<br />
many divergent habitats <strong>of</strong> the lowlands as well as in the<br />
alpine zone. Frequent members <strong>of</strong> the B. vivipara<br />
ectomycorrhizal symbiosis include Tomentella, Russula,<br />
Inocybe, Cortinarius, Laccaria, Hebeloma, Cenococcum<br />
and some unidentified members <strong>of</strong> Sebacinaceae. The<br />
observed high abundance and diversity <strong>of</strong> Tomentella<br />
mycobionts add to the earlier observations <strong>of</strong> importance <strong>of</strong><br />
this genus as ectomycorrhizal former also in boreal forest<br />
ecosystems. The sebacinaceous ectomycorrhizal fungal<br />
partners showed affinity (95% similarity) to orchid<br />
mycorrhizal isolates from root tips <strong>of</strong> Neottia nidus-avis<br />
retrieved from GenBank.<br />
1040 - Analysing the genetic structure <strong>of</strong> Botrytis spp. in<br />
lily and tulip fields using molecular markers<br />
M. Staats * , P. van Baarlen & J.A.L. van Kan<br />
Wageningen University, Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Phytopathology, PO<br />
Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands. - Email:<br />
Martijn.Staats@fyto.dpw.wau.nl<br />
Botrytis spp. that are pathogenic on flower bulb crops are<br />
generally assumed to be host-specific. On lily, B. elliptica<br />
produces primary necrotic lesions which potentially expand<br />
into healthy tissue. On the non-host tulip, however, B.<br />
elliptica can only cause primary necrotic lesions. The<br />
reciprocal holds true for B. tulipae, which uses tulip as its<br />
host. The mechanistic and genetic basis <strong>of</strong> host specificity<br />
<strong>of</strong> the two Botrytis species mentioned is unclear.<br />
Distinction between the species thus far relies on<br />
morphological characteristics. At this moment it is<br />
unknown to what extent sexual reproduction contributes to<br />
genetic variation in local populations <strong>of</strong> Botrytis spp. in lily<br />
and tulip fields. A sexual stage has so far been detected in<br />
B. elliptica but not in B. tulipae. The purpose <strong>of</strong> this study<br />
is to develop DNA markers to characterise the level <strong>of</strong><br />
inter- and intraspecific heterogeneity and the amount <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic recombination in B. elliptica and B. tulipae field<br />
314<br />
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isolates. To reach these objectives we will use a<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> sequence analysis and novel DNA<br />
fingerprinting methods. - This research is funded by the<br />
Dutch Technology Foundation STW.<br />
1041 - Molecular markers associated with virulent and<br />
avirulent phenotypes in populations <strong>of</strong> Uromyces<br />
appendiculatus from bean fields in the Central USA<br />
J.R. Steadman * , A.T. Alleyne, J.G. Fenton & K.M.<br />
Eskridge<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Nebraska, 406 Plant Sciences, Lincoln, NE<br />
68583-0722, U.S.A. - E-mail: jsteadman1@unl.edu<br />
Uromyces appendiculatus, cause <strong>of</strong> bean rust, is<br />
characterized by highly diverse virulence phenotypes. The<br />
use <strong>of</strong> race-specific rust resistance genes has been<br />
complicated by the 'boom and bust' cycle. Pinto Olathe was<br />
released as a rust resistant bean cultivar containing the Ur-<br />
6 gene in 1979. The resistance only lasted 5 years.<br />
Resistance gene pyramiding is a strategy to strengthen<br />
race-specific resistance. Phenotyping the rust population is<br />
time-consuming and costly. Pathogen variation can also be<br />
monitored by genotyping. Previous work on molecular<br />
variation in rust pathotypes have examined geographic<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> rust races and the association between<br />
resistance and virulence patterns. In the present study we<br />
monitored the changing pattern <strong>of</strong> virulence on pinto<br />
'Olathe' over the past 20 years using both molecular and<br />
phenotypic markers. A population <strong>of</strong> over 130 isolates<br />
from the Central USA representing both avirulent and<br />
virulent pathotypes on pinto Olathe were analyzed using<br />
molecular markers such as rep-PCR and RAPD-PCR.<br />
These markers were found to discriminate between rust<br />
pathogen genotypes with virulent or avirulent interactions<br />
with the Ur-6 gene. In addition, cluster analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
molecular data using UPGMA methods showed agreement<br />
between statistical analysis and cluster associations <strong>of</strong> these<br />
pathotypes with selected markers.<br />
1042 - Annual production <strong>of</strong> leaf-decomposing fungi in<br />
streams<br />
K. Suberkropp 1* , B.R. Methvin 1 , M.D. Carter 2 & H.S.<br />
Weyers 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, U.S.A. - 2 Noth<br />
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A. - 3 U. S.<br />
Geological Survey, Dover, DE, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
ksuberkp@bama.ua.edu<br />
We have determined the annual production <strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
associated with decomposing leaves in seven streams in the<br />
southeastern United States using rates <strong>of</strong> acetate<br />
incorporation into ergosterol to calculate in situ growth<br />
rates and ergosterol concentrations to estimate fungal<br />
biomass. Annual fungal production ranged from 8-551<br />
g/m 2 in these streams. Fungal production was significantly
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
correlated with the mean amount <strong>of</strong> leaf litter present in the<br />
streams throughout the year (r=0.72, p
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1046 - Structure <strong>of</strong> mycobiota and organic matter<br />
decomposition in undisturbed biogeocenoses <strong>of</strong> the<br />
southern taiga<br />
V.A. Terekhova<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State<br />
University and Russian Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences, Vorob'evy<br />
Gory, Moscow, 119899, Russia. - E-mail: vat@soil.msu.ru<br />
The structural and functional peculiarities <strong>of</strong> soil<br />
microscopic fungi in typical biogeocenoses <strong>of</strong> the southern<br />
taiga have been characterised. <strong>Mycological</strong> analysis has<br />
been carried out in the Central Forest State Biosphere<br />
Reserve (CFSBR, Tver oblast, Russia). The information on<br />
taxonomic diversity <strong>of</strong> mycobiota has been obtained using<br />
the plating method and description <strong>of</strong> microscopic fungi<br />
species from different plant material, layers <strong>of</strong> litter and<br />
soil pr<strong>of</strong>ile horizons in sphagnum spruce forest, bilberry<br />
spruce forest, wood sorrel-nemoral spruce forest, nemoral<br />
spruce forest, black alder grassy-swampy spruce forest.<br />
The soils <strong>of</strong> biogeocenoses differ significantly in total<br />
reserves <strong>of</strong> the organic carbon, rate <strong>of</strong> organic matter<br />
decomposition. The data obtained show high fungal<br />
diversity (Shannon index) in all biogeocenoses, but<br />
seasonal changes in this index are much greater than those<br />
related to the substrate type. The increasing <strong>of</strong> the rate <strong>of</strong><br />
organic matter mineralization and fungal diversity have<br />
been observed only under optimal temperature and water<br />
conditions. We have tried to estimate the role <strong>of</strong> organic<br />
matter composition, and interspecies relations on the<br />
destructive activity <strong>of</strong> fungi in model laboratory<br />
experiments. Using cross introduction it has been shown<br />
quite high adaptation <strong>of</strong> fungi community to the 'native'<br />
decomposed substrate. The research has been supported by<br />
Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 02-04-48870.<br />
1047 - Nematode-trapping fungi in Victoria Land<br />
(Continental Antarctica)<br />
S. Tosi * , G. Caretta & G. Del Frate<br />
Dipartimento di Ecologia del Territorio e degli Ambienti<br />
Terrestri, Sezione di Micologia, Università degli Studi di<br />
Pavia, via S. Epifanio, 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy. - E-mail:<br />
stosi@et.unipv.it<br />
Nematode-trapping fungi have a world wide distribution.<br />
They were also found in Antarctica. In the present work<br />
nematode-trapping fungi isolated in Victoria Land<br />
(Continental Antarctica) are reported. Fortythree samples<br />
<strong>of</strong> soil, mosses and ornithogenic materials were collected<br />
during 1987-1999. The investigated area ranges from 74°S<br />
to 76°S and 162°E to 165°E. Nematode-trapping fungi<br />
were isolated by means <strong>of</strong> sprinkled-plate technique. A<br />
suspension <strong>of</strong> the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was<br />
added as a bait. Predaceous hyphomycetes were isolated<br />
from twelve samples. Thirty strains <strong>of</strong> Arthrobotrys spp.<br />
and one strain <strong>of</strong> Nematoctonus were isolated and<br />
identified. All Arthrobotrys strains were morphologically<br />
316<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
similar; differences were noted in the general features <strong>of</strong><br />
the colony (colours, zonations). They are able to capture<br />
namatodes by means <strong>of</strong> adhesive nets. The strain <strong>of</strong><br />
Nematoctonus is the first record for Maritime and<br />
Continental Antarctica. It is characterized by the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> clamp connections on its hyphae, typical <strong>of</strong> many<br />
heterocaryotic Basidiomycota. It produces adhesive<br />
trapping devices formed by a secretory cell with a<br />
characteristic hour-glass shape. The results here reported,<br />
show that nemade-trapping fungi are abundant in<br />
Continental Antarctica, above all in the moss where there<br />
are nematodes and other small organisms. On the base <strong>of</strong><br />
their massive presence and high grade <strong>of</strong> specialization,<br />
they can be considered indigenous fungi <strong>of</strong> the Antarctica.<br />
1048 - In vitro mycorrhization <strong>of</strong> Cistus incanus<br />
seedlings by Tuber melanosporum mycelium<br />
Y. Ventura 1* , V. Kagan Zur 1 , A. Bustan 1 , D. Mills 1 & N.<br />
Roth-Bejerano 2<br />
1 Ben Gurion University <strong>of</strong> the Negev, Institutes for Applied<br />
Research, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. - 2 Ben<br />
Gurion University <strong>of</strong> the Negev, Department <strong>of</strong> Life<br />
Sciences, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. - Email:<br />
yventura@bgumail.bgu.ac.il<br />
Establishment <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal associations in vitro between<br />
Cistus incanus and Tuber melanosporum strain 1015 was<br />
studied. Cistus incanus, a Mediterranean flowering plant<br />
(Cistaceae), is a known symbiont <strong>of</strong> the black truffle. It can<br />
easily be germinated and rooted in vitro. Three growth<br />
media were evaluated for plant development, fungal<br />
growth, and mycorrhization: (i) N5, an MS medium<br />
containing one fifth the nitrogen content <strong>of</strong> the standard<br />
version, (ii) M, a minimal medium developed for in vitro<br />
mycorrhization <strong>of</strong> VAM, and (iii) half-strength Hoagland<br />
solution. All media were solidified with 0.8% agar. No<br />
significant differences were found between the media in<br />
respect to plant development (height, number <strong>of</strong> nodes and<br />
dry weight). The tuber mycelium grew vigorously on<br />
medium M, while on half-strength Hoagland and N5 its<br />
growth was very significantly reduced (by 62.5% and<br />
84.6%, respectively). The incidence <strong>of</strong> Hartig net<br />
establishment was close to 100% on medium M, versus<br />
10% and zero on half-strength Hoagland and medium N5,<br />
respectively. Direct irradiation with light as low as 25 µmol<br />
m -2 sec -1 strongly inhibited T. melanosporum mycelium<br />
growth and mycorrhization failed to occur, whereas diffuse<br />
light showed no effect on fungal development and enabled<br />
mycorrhiza formation. It appears that in vitro growth <strong>of</strong><br />
Tuber mycelium is affected by the nature <strong>of</strong> the medium<br />
and by light intensity and correlates with mycorrhization<br />
degree.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1049 - Survival <strong>of</strong> insect target and biocontrol fungus in<br />
a greenery plantation<br />
S. Vestergaard * , C. Nielsen, S. Harding & J. Eilenberg<br />
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,<br />
Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frb. C, Denmark. - E-mail:<br />
sve@kvl.dk<br />
The insect family Curculionidae contains some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
economically most important pest insect species in<br />
greenery production for Christmas decorations in Denmark.<br />
In particular, the two species Strophosoma<br />
melanogrammum and S. capitatum are important pest<br />
species. At present no chemical treatment <strong>of</strong> these weevils<br />
is allowed in Denmark. Biological control including the use<br />
<strong>of</strong> insect pathogenic fungi from Hyphomycetes may thus<br />
provide a potential to minimise the damage caused by these<br />
weevils. Isolates <strong>of</strong> the insect pathogenic fungi<br />
Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana and<br />
Paecilomyces spp. were studied in the laboratory and field.<br />
In the laboratory, all tested isolates were able to infect and<br />
cause mycosis in both adults and larvae <strong>of</strong> S.<br />
melanogrammum and S. capitatum. Based on the results<br />
from the laboratory bioassays, isolates were chosen for<br />
release under field conditions in an Abies procera<br />
plantation, where different application strategies were used.<br />
Spatial-temporal distribution <strong>of</strong> the released fungus in the<br />
soil was monitored by cfu per g soil. Weekly sampling<br />
from emergence traps monitored survival <strong>of</strong> adult weevils.<br />
Adults were collected, counted and determined to species<br />
level and incubated individually in plastic cups to estimate<br />
the prevalence <strong>of</strong> the applied fungus as well as the<br />
prevalence <strong>of</strong> natural infections. Preliminary results proved<br />
that populations <strong>of</strong> weevils in the treated plots were<br />
reduced significantly.<br />
1050 - Do Piceirhiza bicolorata mycobionts form both<br />
ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizas?<br />
L. Villarreal-Ruiz 1* , I. Anderson 2 & I.J. Alexander 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant and Soil Science, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building St Machar Drive,<br />
Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland, U.K. - 2 Soil Quality &<br />
Protection, The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler,<br />
Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
l.virl@abdn.ac.uk<br />
Ectomycorrhizas <strong>of</strong> the Piceirhiza bicolorata morphotype<br />
were found commonly associated with Pinus sylvestris<br />
seedlings and mature trees in Glen Tanar Native Pinewood,<br />
Northeast Scotland. Fungal isolates from P. bicolorata<br />
mycorrhizas are thought to be part <strong>of</strong> the Hymenoscyphus<br />
ericae aggregate, and this raises the possibility that they<br />
form mycorrhizas with both the pine trees and the<br />
understorey ericoid vegetation. In this study, strains from<br />
P. bicolorata were isolated from soil cores collected in a<br />
160 year-old natural stand. The mycobiont was cultured<br />
and identified by extracting genomic DNA and sequencing<br />
the PCR- amplified ITS regions. Phylogenetic analysis<br />
showed that our isolate grouped in clade 4 <strong>of</strong> Vrålstad et al.<br />
(New Phytol., 2002) along with many other isolates from P.<br />
bicolorata-type ectomycorrhizas, including Phialophora<br />
finlandia. Mycorrhizal synthesis were performed to test the<br />
ability <strong>of</strong> our isolate to form ECM and ERM on P.<br />
sylvestris seedlings and ericoid plants respectively, and to<br />
cross infect between P. sylvestris + P. bicolorata<br />
(previously synthesized) and Vaccinium myrtillus. The<br />
synthesis with Scots Pine seedlings produced black<br />
morphotypes with or without hyaline tips and with<br />
emanating hyphae. Pure culture synthesis with V. myrtillus<br />
seedlings produced typical ERM: these were also produced<br />
in the cross infection experiments. In both cases the growth<br />
<strong>of</strong> Vaccinium plants forming ERM was stimulated relative<br />
to the growth <strong>of</strong> uninfected plants.<br />
1051 - Strategies for sustainable land management:<br />
quarry recovered through truffle-culture<br />
M. Vinay * , L. Baciarelli Falini & M. Bencivenga<br />
Dip. Biologia vegetale e biotecnologie agroambientali-<br />
Università di Perugia, Borgo xx giugno 74 06121 Perugia,<br />
Italy. - E-mail: mavinay@tin.it<br />
Building materials come from quarries. The opening <strong>of</strong> a<br />
quarry is a geological damage and it causes the complete<br />
destruction <strong>of</strong> vegetation. Italian laws provide for each<br />
open quarry project an environmental recovery and<br />
steadying plan through soil-modelling and vegetationplanting<br />
in order to repair the damage and avoid<br />
subsequent trouble. A concrete case <strong>of</strong> quarry recovery<br />
through truffle-cultivation is analysed.<br />
1052 - The identification and frequency <strong>of</strong> occurrence<br />
<strong>of</strong> higher filamentous marine fungi on mangroves in a<br />
south Florida mangle<br />
C. Vogel 1* , S. Schatz 2 , H. Laubach 3 & A. Rogerson 1<br />
1 Nova Southeastern University, College <strong>of</strong> Oceanography,<br />
8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania FL 330044, U.S.A. -<br />
2 Nova Southeastern University, Colleges <strong>of</strong> Optometry and<br />
Oceanography, Davie FL 33314, U.S.A. -<br />
3 Nova<br />
Southeastern University, College <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences,<br />
Davie FL 33314, U.S.A. - E-mail: vogelc@nova.edu<br />
Little is known regarding the occurrence and distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
the higher filamentous fungi on mangroves in South<br />
Florida, USA. Previous studies have demonstrated that<br />
marine fungi are an important degradative component and<br />
assume an important role in nutrient recycling systems in<br />
estuarine and near-shore ecosystems. The purpose <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study was to collect, identify and prepare a key to the<br />
higher filamentous fungi occurring in the mangle <strong>of</strong> J. U.<br />
Lloyd State Park on the southeast coast <strong>of</strong> Florida, USA.<br />
Over a period <strong>of</strong> ten months 33 species were identified<br />
including 1 Basidiomycete, 8 Deuteromycetes, and 24<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 317
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
Ascomycetes. The driftwood collected was mainly<br />
comprised <strong>of</strong> pieces <strong>of</strong> Rhizophora mangle and<br />
Conocarpus erectus. The predominant species, by<br />
frequency <strong>of</strong> occurrence, include the Ascomycetes<br />
Hypoxylon oceanicum (8.3%), Leptosphaeria australiensis<br />
(15.2%), Lulworthia grandispora (6.8%), and Nais glitra<br />
(8.3%) as well as the Deuteromycete Humicola<br />
alopallonella (7.6%). In addition, two new species <strong>of</strong><br />
Ascomycetes were collected and will be presented. New<br />
records for Florida include the Ascomycetes Lineolata<br />
rhizophorae and Massarina velatospora. A new host<br />
record for Phaeosphaeria gessneri occurring on R. mangle<br />
is reported. Overall, the marine mycota <strong>of</strong> South Florida<br />
appears to be very similar to that reported for other tropical<br />
and subtropical regions.<br />
1053 - An ecological study <strong>of</strong> woody and leafy<br />
endophytes in the tropical mangrove tree, Kandelia<br />
candel<br />
L.L.P. Vrijmoed * , N. Plaingam & E.B.G. Jones<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Chemistry, City University <strong>of</strong><br />
Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong<br />
S.A.R., China. - E-mail: bhlilian@cityu.edu.hk<br />
Kandelia candel is the only tree member <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Rhizophoraceae which occurs in the subtropical Asian<br />
Pacific mangroves. We have undertaken a preliminary<br />
survey <strong>of</strong> endophytes in woody and leafy tissues <strong>of</strong> K.<br />
candel in Hong Kong. Samplings were carried out in two<br />
distinct climatic period so as to evaluate possible effects on<br />
their occurrence. Four fully grown trees were selected.<br />
Wood sections were cut from branches <strong>of</strong> different<br />
diameters and separated into bark and xylem tissue<br />
segments. Leafy tissue segments were also removed from<br />
mature leaves <strong>of</strong> branches sampled. All segments were<br />
incubated in malt extract agar after surface sterilisation. A<br />
total <strong>of</strong> 987 strains <strong>of</strong> fungi was isolated from 1280 bark<br />
tissues, 1280 xylem tissues and 320 leafy tissues segments,<br />
with infection rates <strong>of</strong> 60, 12 and 25% respectively. This is<br />
represented by 22 identified genera and 28 morpho-types.<br />
The dominant species in bark included Pestalotiopsis spp.,<br />
Tryblidiopycnis sp., Xylaria sp., morpho-types 3 and 5.<br />
Frequent xylem endophytes were Phoma sp., some<br />
unidentified pycnidial coelomycetes, Geniculosporium sp.,<br />
and morpho-type 13. Guignardia sp. and morpho-type 26<br />
were abundant on leaves. These initial results confirm<br />
endophytic infection in trees is not vertical and each tissue<br />
type is colonised by a distinct group <strong>of</strong> endophytes.<br />
1054 - Lichen genotyping with fungus specific<br />
microsatellites<br />
J.-C. Walser 1* , C. Sperisen 1 , M. Soliva 2 & C. Scheidegger 1<br />
1 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse<br />
111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - 2 Geobotanical<br />
Institute ETH Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich,<br />
Switzerland. - E-mail: jean-claude.walser@wsl.ch<br />
318<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Little is known about the genetic variation <strong>of</strong> lichenforming<br />
fungi. Yet, corresponding knowledge would be<br />
required for the accurate delimitation <strong>of</strong> individuals,<br />
populations, or species and for studies <strong>of</strong> reproductive<br />
systems and dispersal strategies. This will also help to<br />
develop and evaluate measures for conserving lichen<br />
biodiversity. Lacking genetic variation and, hence, low<br />
adaptability to environmental changes such as habitat<br />
fragmentation may explain why many epiphytic lichens are<br />
declining over much <strong>of</strong> Europe. We suppose that<br />
population genetic studies on lichen-forming fungi are<br />
mainly limited by the lack <strong>of</strong> suitable molecular markers.<br />
An ideal genetic marker type for population studies <strong>of</strong><br />
lichen-forming fungi would combine the detection <strong>of</strong> high<br />
levels <strong>of</strong> genetic variation with the fungal specific<br />
amplification <strong>of</strong> DNA. Both requirements would be<br />
fulfilled by microsatellite markers. Microsatellites consist<br />
<strong>of</strong> short tandemly repeated sequences and proved to be<br />
highly informative markers in evolutionary, population<br />
genetic and conservation biological studies. We show that<br />
highly polymorphic, fungus-specific microsatellite loci also<br />
exist in the epiphytic lichen species Lobaria pulmonaria.<br />
Their fungus specific nature, their potential to identify<br />
multiple alleles and their transferability make these STMS<br />
markers a powerful and reliable new tool for genetic<br />
mapping, large and small scale genetic diversity analyses<br />
<strong>of</strong> L. pulmonaria and related species.<br />
1055 - Nutrients are released during mycelial<br />
interactions in soil<br />
J.M. Wells * , L. Boddy & H.K. West<br />
Cardiff School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Cardiff University Po Box<br />
915, Cardiff Cf10 3TL, U.K. - E-mail: john@grade-sixsupplies.co.uk.<br />
Cord-forming saprotrophic basidiomycetes represent a<br />
major nutrient resevoir within forest ecosystems and appear<br />
to be highly conservative <strong>of</strong> acquired nutrients. At some<br />
stage they must release nutrients to soil, but information on<br />
this is lacking. We have investigated nutrient release in the<br />
wood decay fungi Hypholoma fasciculare and<br />
Phanerochaete velutina. These were grown in soil<br />
microcosms in the laboratory in unpaired, self-paired and<br />
competing combinations. Inocula were prelabelled 32P<br />
orthophosphate, and losses from the soil systems were<br />
quantified by analysing water which had percolated<br />
through different areas <strong>of</strong> the systems following simulated<br />
rainfall events. 32P was released in unpaired systems and,<br />
though amounting to to less than 1% <strong>of</strong> total recovery, is<br />
direct demonstration <strong>of</strong> nutrient release to soil. Interaction<br />
with self resulted in significant mobilization <strong>of</strong><br />
accumulated P, and significant increases in losses to soil.<br />
Interaction with non-self mycelia usually resulted in greater<br />
P mobilization than in interactions with self, even in the<br />
case <strong>of</strong> interaction between different isolates <strong>of</strong> the same<br />
species. P. velutina and one isolate <strong>of</strong> H. fasciculare<br />
preferentially translocated mobilized P to the interaction<br />
zone, but a another isolate <strong>of</strong> the latter preferentially<br />
translocated P away from the interaction zone.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
1056 - Does human impact influence the species<br />
composition <strong>of</strong> epiphytic macrolichen communities?<br />
S. Werth 1* , H. Tømmervik 2 & A. Elvebakk 3<br />
1<br />
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse<br />
2<br />
111, 8903 Birmensdorf/ZH, Switzerland. - NINA,<br />
Department for Arctic Ecology, Polarmiljøsenteret, N-9296<br />
Tromsø, Norway. - 3 Ecological Botany, Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Tromsø, N-9027 Tromsø, Norway. -<br />
E-mail: silke.werth@wsl.ch<br />
Epiphytic macrolichen communities were sampled on<br />
lower stems (≤ 2 m) <strong>of</strong> deciduous trees in plots <strong>of</strong> size 400<br />
m 2 along a regional macroclimatic gradient in Troms<br />
county, northern Norway. Canonical Correspondence<br />
Analysis (CCA) with variation partitioning revealed the<br />
following key factors for macrolichen communities: 1.<br />
Macroclimate was the primary factor controlling epiphytic<br />
macrolichen communities, with strictly macroclimatic<br />
variation accounting for 35% <strong>of</strong> total variation explained<br />
(TVE). 2. Two other key factors were spatial variation and<br />
tree substrate, amounting to 25.5% and 17% <strong>of</strong> TVE,<br />
respectively. 3. Human impact explained little (5.2%),<br />
forest fragmentation and natural patchiness none <strong>of</strong> the<br />
variation in species composition. The largest amount <strong>of</strong><br />
shared variation was pooled between the sets <strong>of</strong> spatial and<br />
climatic variables, while the set <strong>of</strong> human impact variables<br />
shared no variation with other sets <strong>of</strong> explanatory variables.<br />
The reliability <strong>of</strong> species groupings was confirmed by<br />
DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis), showing an<br />
ecologically sound aggregation <strong>of</strong> the species optima. DCA<br />
revealed two main groups <strong>of</strong> species, characterised by<br />
differing photobionts. Key factors controlling epiphytic<br />
macrolichen communities are discussed in relation to<br />
lichen ecology, physiology and distribution patterns.<br />
1057 - Modelling colonies <strong>of</strong> fungi - a generic process<br />
based approach<br />
N.A. White * , R.E Falconer, J.L Bown & J.W Crawford<br />
SIMBIOS, University <strong>of</strong> Abertay, Kydd Building, Dundee,<br />
DD1 1HG, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
mltnaw@abertay.ac.uk<br />
A fundamental challenge in ecology is to derive a<br />
mechanistic understanding <strong>of</strong> biodiversity <strong>of</strong> natural<br />
communites. This challenge is particularly difficult in<br />
fungal communities since these systems are indeterminate<br />
and demonstrate a high degree <strong>of</strong> plasticity in response to<br />
both biotic and abiotic stimuli. The approach described<br />
considers fungal communities in terms <strong>of</strong> constituent<br />
colonies, and begins by identifying a generic, process<br />
based description <strong>of</strong> individual colonies. An individualbased<br />
model <strong>of</strong> fungal colony development is presented.<br />
The model considers the spatio-temporal growth <strong>of</strong> mycelia<br />
over heterogeneous substrates. The model is spatially<br />
explicit where an individual colony is represented as a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> interconnected cells. Communication among<br />
cells is facilitated via fundamental ecological processes.<br />
The processes <strong>of</strong> resource uptake, diffusion <strong>of</strong> internal<br />
nutrients within the colony and conversion <strong>of</strong> resource<br />
taken up into biomass are represented. In addition, the<br />
directional translocation <strong>of</strong> nutrients over large distances is<br />
supported. Colonies are characterised in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
physiological traits: different colony forms have different<br />
traits; traits parameterise the model processes. Importantly,<br />
processes within the model are amenable to quantitative<br />
parameterisation from experiment. This model <strong>of</strong><br />
development <strong>of</strong> individual colonies serves as a platform for<br />
investigations into fungal community dynamics through the<br />
inclusion <strong>of</strong> interspecific interaction terms.<br />
1058 - The widespread occurrence <strong>of</strong> dark septate<br />
endophyte fungi in grassland communities<br />
E.M. Wilberforce 1* , G.W. Griffith 1 , L. Boddy 2 & R.<br />
Griffiths 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23<br />
3DA, Wales, U.K. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, Cardiff<br />
University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, U.K. -<br />
3 National Botanic Garden <strong>of</strong> Wales, Middleton Hall,<br />
Llanarthne, Carmarthenshire, SA32 8HG, Wales, U.K. - Email:<br />
emw96@aber.ac.uk<br />
This study describes unexpectedly high levels <strong>of</strong> isolation<br />
<strong>of</strong> dark septate endophytes (also known as mycelium<br />
radicis atrovirens [MRA]) from surface-sterilised plant<br />
roots from both undisturbed and agricultural mesotrophic<br />
grasslands in Wales. We have also examined spatial and<br />
temporal variables in their distribution. Most reports <strong>of</strong><br />
these fungi have previously related to subalpine and boreal<br />
habitats. Their failure to sporulate in culture has hindered<br />
further studies. Analysis <strong>of</strong> sequence and restriction<br />
fragment polymorphism has been used to assess diversity<br />
<strong>of</strong> these fungi. Preliminary data suggesting a potential<br />
ecological role in these habitats is presented, based on<br />
microcosm studies <strong>of</strong> their interactions with other fungi<br />
isolated from the same site.<br />
1059 - Cyanobiont specifity <strong>of</strong> lichens on Livingston<br />
Island, maritime Antarctica<br />
N. Wirtz 1* , H.T. Lumbsch 1 , B. Schroeter 2 , R. Türk 3 & L.G.<br />
Sancho 4<br />
1<br />
Universitaet Essen, Fachbereich 9, Universitätsstr. 5,<br />
2<br />
45117 Essen, Germany. - Botanisches Institut,<br />
Universitaet Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.<br />
- 3 Universitaet Salzburg, Inst. f. Pflanzenphysiologie,<br />
Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. -<br />
4<br />
University Complutense, Depto.Biologia Vegetal II,<br />
Fac.Farmacia, 28040 Madrid, Spain. - E-mail:<br />
nora.wirtz@uni-essen.de<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 319
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
Nitrogen is a major factor <strong>of</strong> the lichen biodiversity in<br />
maritime Antarctica. At coastal habitats, there is a luxuriant<br />
lichen flora because <strong>of</strong> nutrition by the sea and animals,<br />
while the lichen flora in inland habitats is rather poor. The<br />
percentage <strong>of</strong> taxa containing nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria<br />
either as primary or secondary photobiont is increased in<br />
inland communities. We have investigated the cyanobionts<br />
<strong>of</strong> lichens occurring at two ice-free locations on Livingston<br />
Island: inland habitats <strong>of</strong> South Bay and Byers Peninsula.<br />
The cyanobionts <strong>of</strong> two lichens with primary cyanobiont<br />
(Leptogium puberulum, Massalongia carnosa) and three<br />
species containing Nostoc in cephalodia (Placopsis<br />
contortuplicata, P. parellina, Psoroma cinnamomeum)<br />
were examined using molecular techniques and compared<br />
with free-living Nostoc colonies found in the area.<br />
Nucleotide sequences <strong>of</strong> the cyanobacterial tRNALeu<br />
intron were employed as genetic markers. Preliminary<br />
results suggest that different species at the same location<br />
share a common cyanobiont.<br />
1060 - Small scale distribution pattern <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal types in a red oak stand<br />
J. Wöllecke * , S. Gebhardt & R.F. Hüttl<br />
Brandenburg University <strong>of</strong> Technology Cottbus, Box<br />
101344; D-03013 Cottbus, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
jenswoellecke@ektomykorrhiza.de<br />
Forest soils, especially the organic layers are very<br />
heterogenious substrates. Parameters like water content, pH<br />
value or the organic content could vary in the range <strong>of</strong><br />
millimetres. Fungal mycelia or ectomycorrhizae are<br />
dispersed dependent <strong>of</strong> the heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> micro-habitat<br />
conditions. Beyond, the spatial distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizae is influenced by interspecific interactions.<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> all these influences, the ectomycorrhizal<br />
coenosis form a mosaic structure in the soil. At present,<br />
very few data on micro-scaled distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi are available. First investigations<br />
started in recent years. To find characteristic structures <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal coenosis in different scales, is one <strong>of</strong> our<br />
goals. Therefor we map the ectomycorrhizae in a coherent<br />
soil volume. This project is established in red oak stands <strong>of</strong><br />
former mining sites and compare these afforestations with<br />
stands growing on undisturbed soil. Soil units <strong>of</strong> 6 cm<br />
width, 100 cm length and 3 cm depth taken from the top<br />
organic soil layer are divided in subunits <strong>of</strong> two to two cm<br />
and one cm depth. These subunits are solved in water and<br />
the ectomycorrhizae are qualitatively recorded. Maps will<br />
visualize the distribution <strong>of</strong> the ectomycorrhizae. We know<br />
from investigations in Scots pine stands, that the<br />
assemblage <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhizal types can vary between<br />
sides and that nearly the half <strong>of</strong> all combination <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizal types never grow together in the same<br />
micro-habitat.<br />
320<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1061 - The longevity <strong>of</strong> Cordyceps humberti on Icaria<br />
wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)<br />
A. Wongkaeo 1 , N.L. Hywel-Jones 2* , S. Sirimungkararat 1 &<br />
W. Saksirirat 1<br />
1 Khon Kaen University, Facultu <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Khon<br />
Kaen, 40002, Thailand. - 2 BIOTEC-Mycology, National<br />
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,<br />
National Science and Technology Development Agency,<br />
113 Pahonyothin RD., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum<br />
Thani 12120, Thailand. - E-mail: nigelhj@biotec.or.th<br />
Cordyceps stromas persist for some time but little work has<br />
been done on longevity <strong>of</strong> individual stromas.<br />
Identification <strong>of</strong> a Cordyceps humberti epizootic in Nam<br />
Nao National Park, Thailand provided an opportunity to<br />
examine longevity <strong>of</strong> individual stromas. Cordyceps<br />
humberti and Hirsutella saussurei infected Icaria sp. The<br />
nest (ca. 80 cm long, 50 cm across) was in a tree at ca. 10<br />
m. Infected wasps were found up to 30 m radius from the<br />
nest. Wasps were attached by their mouth-parts to the leaf<br />
margin. Bamboo was a preferred substrate for settling but<br />
dicotyledonous plants were also used. The first wasps were<br />
seen in August (1999). Thirty wasps were tagged and<br />
observations made every 3-4 dy. Five <strong>of</strong> 27 specimens<br />
were Cordyceps while the rest were the Hirsutella form.<br />
However, after 1 month, <strong>of</strong> 23 specimens remaining 13<br />
were the Cordyceps form. Of 27 specimens recorded, 17<br />
were lost within 100 dy while 4 survived 100-200 dy and 5<br />
specimens were documented from 200-300 dy. One<br />
specimen was still present at the end <strong>of</strong> the work (513 dy).<br />
Significantly, <strong>of</strong> persistent specimens, 2 produced 2 crops<br />
<strong>of</strong> perithecia. One specimen remained in the Hirsutella<br />
form for 169 dy before synnemata were lost and it entered<br />
a dormant state. After ca. 15 days <strong>of</strong> dormancy new<br />
synnemata developed and ca. 30-40 dy later the Cordyceps<br />
developed. This work demonstrates that in Cordyceps<br />
humberti perithecia can be produced over an extended<br />
period with hosts providing material over more than one<br />
season.<br />
1062 - The structure <strong>of</strong> symbiotic communities:<br />
population-level patterns <strong>of</strong> association between lichen<br />
fungi and their algal photobionts<br />
R. Yahr 1* , P.T. DePriest 2 & R. Vilgalys 1<br />
1 Duke University, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Box 90338,<br />
Durham, NC 27708, U.S.A. - 2 Smithsonian Institution,<br />
National Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, Washington, D.C.<br />
20560, U.S.A. - E-mail: ry2@duke.edu<br />
Morphological and molecular studies have largely rejected<br />
broad coevolutionary patterns between lichen fungi and<br />
their photobionts, but theory predicts that populations <strong>of</strong><br />
intimate symbionts become locally coadapted to each other<br />
and to their environment. In the place <strong>of</strong> broad-scale<br />
phylogenetic congruence, we test this alternative<br />
hypothesis <strong>of</strong> fungal-algal association on a population-level
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
geographic scale. Over 150 samples representing eight<br />
Cladonia species with their green algae Trebouxia were<br />
collected from five populations and sequenced for ITS.<br />
Three distinct well-supported clades <strong>of</strong> algae were<br />
identified, and each clade was found in each sampled<br />
population. Of the eight sampled fungi, six are restricted to<br />
a single clade <strong>of</strong> algae, and the other two fungi can be<br />
found with either <strong>of</strong> two clades <strong>of</strong> algae, even in the same<br />
population. Patterns <strong>of</strong> association between fungi and their<br />
algae differ among lichens, but in all cases, fungi appear<br />
selective, consistently associating with only a subset <strong>of</strong> all<br />
algal clades available in the local environment, regardless<br />
<strong>of</strong> where the lichens are collected. Furthermore, at the<br />
genotype level, some evidence is found for even stronger<br />
patterns <strong>of</strong> association, with four cases <strong>of</strong> single algal<br />
genotypes restricted to one fungal species in a given<br />
population. These patterns <strong>of</strong> association <strong>of</strong> fungi and algae<br />
vary but are consistent with strong fungal preference and in<br />
some cases support the model <strong>of</strong> local geographic patterns<br />
<strong>of</strong> coevolution.<br />
1063 - Ophiostoma species associated with bark beetles<br />
infesting three Abies species in Okunikko, Japan<br />
Y. Yamaoka 1* , H. Masuya 2 , N. Ohtaka 1 , H. Goto 3 & S.<br />
Kaneko 4<br />
1 Inst. Agr. For., Univ. <strong>of</strong> Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba<br />
Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan. - 2 Tohoku Res. Ctr., For. Forest<br />
Prod. Res. Inst., Shimokuriyagawa,Morioka, Iwate 020-<br />
0123, Japan. - 3 For. Forest Prod. Res. Inst., Kukisaki,<br />
Inashiki, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan. - 4 Kansai Res. Ctr.,<br />
For. Forest Prod. Res. Inst., Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto<br />
612-0855, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
yyamaoka@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp<br />
Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and<br />
Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis infested with<br />
the beetles in Okunikko, Tochigi, Central Honshu, Japan.<br />
One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated<br />
from each species <strong>of</strong> bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum<br />
was the most common associate <strong>of</strong> Cryphalus montanus.<br />
This fungus is known to be the most dominant associate <strong>of</strong><br />
C. montatus and C. piceae in wave regeneration forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Abies species in central Japan. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as<br />
O. subalpinum were common fungi associated with<br />
Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was<br />
isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D.<br />
autographus as one <strong>of</strong> the common associates. Ophiostoma<br />
sp. J and sp. S were frequently isolated from D.<br />
autographus and O. striatus, respectively. These fungi<br />
seem to have specific relationships with particular bark<br />
beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, sp. J and sp. S have unique<br />
morphological characteristics and appear to be new<br />
species.<br />
1064 - Investigation <strong>of</strong> phylloplane yeasts in Taiwan<br />
S.-H. Yang & P.-H. Wang *<br />
Depatment <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Soochow University, 70, Lin-<br />
Hsi Rd, Shin-Lin, Taipei 11102, Taiwan. - E-mail:<br />
phwang@mail.scu.edu.tw<br />
Seventy nine yeast strains were isolated from phylloplane<br />
<strong>of</strong> eight plants species in the campus <strong>of</strong> Tunghai University<br />
in Taiwan. Eleven species were identified and five <strong>of</strong> them<br />
presented on one plant only: Kodamaea kakaduensis and<br />
Sporidiobolus johnsonii on Ipomoea cairica; Cryptococcus<br />
magnus, Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula sp. on<br />
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Six yeast species distributed on<br />
different plants. Aureobasidium pullulans presented on<br />
Euphorbia tirucalli L., Oxalis violacea Linn. and Hibiscus<br />
rosa-sinensis; Discosphaerina fagi and Sporidiobolus<br />
pararoseus presented on Calocedrus formosana and Oxalis<br />
violacea Linn.; Pseudozyma aphidis presented on Oxalis<br />
violacea Linn., Mussaenda parviflora and Ageratum<br />
houstonianum; Cryptococcus laurentii presented on<br />
Calocedrus formosana, Oxalis violacea Linn., Hibiscus<br />
rosa-sinensis, and Ageratum houstonianum; Cryptococcus<br />
sp. presented on Acer serrulatum Hay. and Ageratum<br />
houstonianum. Black yeast found from all plants we<br />
investigated except Ipomoea cairica. Distributions <strong>of</strong> some<br />
phylloplane yeasts seem to associate with the species <strong>of</strong><br />
plants, and some yeasts were widespread on different<br />
plants.<br />
1065 - Identification <strong>of</strong> fungi associated with algae using<br />
PCR-amplified sequences <strong>of</strong> the 18S and 28S rDNA<br />
fragments and DGGE<br />
A. Zuccaro 1* , B. Schulz 1 & J.I. Mitchell 2<br />
1 Institut für Mikrobiologie Thechnische Universität<br />
Braunschweig, D-38106, Germany. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Biological<br />
Sciences King Henry Building Portsmouth, Po1 2DY,<br />
England, U.K. - E-mail: alga.zuccaro@t-online.de<br />
Since the introduction <strong>of</strong> molecular techniques, such as<br />
PCR and DGGE, in environmental microbiology, great<br />
steps forward in the comprehension <strong>of</strong> microbial diversity<br />
have been made. This method is now routinely used to<br />
analyse bacterial community diversity and dynamics. The<br />
application <strong>of</strong> these techniques to estimate fungal diversity<br />
and follow community structure, however, is poorly<br />
developed. Consequently, fungi are <strong>of</strong>ten omitted from<br />
ecological community analyses. In this study, PCR primers<br />
and DGGE conditions were optimised for use in<br />
environmental studies <strong>of</strong> marine fungi associated with<br />
macroalgae. Current fungal community analysis usually<br />
involves only PCR-amplified sequences <strong>of</strong> the 18S rRNA<br />
gene. PCR primers used for this gene show little fungal<br />
specificity, which is required to detect fungal sequences<br />
that might be rare in the environment. Five different PCR<br />
primer pairs were tested to amplify rRNA genes from 20<br />
fungi isolated from Fucus serratus. Two primer pairs<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 321
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters<br />
(AZ24-AZ709; AZ107-AZ709) were designed for the PCR<br />
amplification <strong>of</strong> fungal 28S rDNA (covering D1, D2 and<br />
D3 regions) from marine fungi and environmental algal<br />
samples. Two other pairs for 18S (NS1-FR1; FF390-FR1)<br />
were chosen from previously published work for their<br />
fungal specificity and their ability to achieve a separation<br />
for most <strong>of</strong> the amplification products obtained from a<br />
reference collection. The remaining primer pair (FF390-<br />
NS24) was fungal specific for the 3-prime end <strong>of</strong> the 18S<br />
rRNA gene.<br />
322<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong>
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1066 - Exploring the transcriptome <strong>of</strong> the nematodetrapping<br />
fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum<br />
D.G. Ahrén, C. Fekete * , E. Friman, T. Johansson & A.<br />
Tunlid<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, SE<br />
223 62 Lund, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
csaba.fekete@mbioekol.lu.se<br />
Monacrosporium haptotylum infects nematodes using<br />
adhesive knobs, which are developed on branches <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetative mycelium. To identify genes and metabolic<br />
pathways that are expressed during development <strong>of</strong> traps<br />
and infection <strong>of</strong> nematodes, we have analyzed 4767<br />
expressed sequence tags from three different cDNA<br />
libraries, vegetative mycelium, knobs, and knobs infecting<br />
the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The ESTs were<br />
clustered into 2006 contigs representing 2006 putatively<br />
unique transcripts. Only 7.6% <strong>of</strong> the contigs contained<br />
ESTs from more than one cDNA library, thus the patterns<br />
<strong>of</strong> genes expressed in the three libraries were significantly<br />
different. Approximately 26-37% <strong>of</strong> all ESTs displayed<br />
significant similarities to sequences found in the GenBank<br />
database. Most markedly, the frequency <strong>of</strong> transcripts<br />
related to protein synthesis was up-regulated in the knobs.<br />
On the other hand the knob library contained in comparison<br />
with the mycelium cells and the fungus infected the<br />
nematode lower frequencies <strong>of</strong> ESTs involved in cell<br />
growth, cell division and DNA synthesis, transcription,<br />
protein destination and cellular communication/ signal<br />
transduction. Among the most prevalent transcripts<br />
expressed during the infection <strong>of</strong> nematodes were ESTs<br />
displaying sequence similarities to extracellular proteases,<br />
transportes and toxins.<br />
1067 - Identification <strong>of</strong> an HMG-domain protein<br />
implicated in nuclear migration and mating in Coprinus<br />
cinereus<br />
M.C. Aime * & L.A. Casselton<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Oxford, Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, South<br />
Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
cathie.aime@plants.ox.ac.uk<br />
Mating between compatible homokaryons in Coprinus<br />
cinereus leads to the formation <strong>of</strong> a mycelium known as a<br />
dikaryon. In the dikaryon nuclei <strong>of</strong> both mates remain<br />
paired in each cell and are partitioned each time the cell<br />
divides via a structure known as the clamp connection. The<br />
formation and maintenance <strong>of</strong> the dikaryon is under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> two sets <strong>of</strong> genes, the A mating type genes that<br />
encode a transcription factor that activates clamp cell<br />
formation and the B mating type genes that encode peptide<br />
pheromones and their cognate receptors, and which<br />
activate nuclear migration following compatible cell fusion<br />
and clamp cell fusion once the dikaryon is established. We<br />
are trying to understand how pheromone signalling<br />
regulates these quite distinct stages in dikaryon<br />
development. As a first step towards our goal we cloned a<br />
gene, hmg1, which encodes a High Mobility Group (HMG)<br />
protein. Homologous replacement <strong>of</strong> hmg1 implicates<br />
HMG1 in nuclear migration, but not in clamp cell fusion.<br />
∆hmg1 strains are capable <strong>of</strong> donating nuclei to a wild type<br />
partner, but unable to receive nuclei. Homozygous ∆hmg1<br />
dikaryons display unusually vigorous growth, but nuclear<br />
distribution is irregular and sporulation is defective.<br />
Current studies explore the role <strong>of</strong> Hmg1 in pheromone<br />
signalling and the role it may have in regulating nuclear<br />
migration at other stages in sexual development.<br />
1068 - Heterologous diploid nuclei in the violet root rot<br />
fungus, Helicobasidium mompa<br />
*<br />
T. Aimi , Y. Iwasaki, S. Kano, Y. Yotsutani & T.<br />
Morinaga<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Bioresources,Hiroshima Prefectural University,<br />
Nanatsuka 562,Shobara-city,Hiroshima Prefecture 727-<br />
0023, Japan. - E-mail: taimi@bio.hiroshima-pu.ac.jp<br />
Allelic genes hga1-1 and hga1-2, which encode G protein<br />
alpha subunit from violet root rot fungus, Helicobasidium<br />
mompa, were sequenced and characterized. Restriction<br />
fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analysis determined that<br />
the gene is present as a single locus in the single<br />
basidiospore isolates, while strain V169 possessed both<br />
alleles <strong>of</strong> this gene. Therefore, although basidiospore<br />
isolates are dikaryon, they are homokaryon. Field-isolated<br />
strain V169, the putative parent strain, is dikaryotic<br />
heterokaryon. hga1-1 and hga1-2 segregated to almost 1:3<br />
among single basidiospore isolates from the same fruiting<br />
body. These results suggest that one <strong>of</strong> the nuclei in the<br />
V169 parent strain is homologous diploid and the other<br />
heterologous diploid. This parent strain produced four<br />
homokaryotic and dikaryotic basidiospores on each<br />
basidium. The basidiospore germinated to homokaryotic<br />
and dikaryotic mycelium, and the homokaryon strains<br />
generated secondary mycelium by mating between<br />
compatible homokaryon.<br />
1069 - Water relations, photosynthesis and growth <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal bean plants under water stress<br />
1* 2 3<br />
M.R. Amerian , W.S Stewart & H. Griffiths<br />
1<br />
Shahrood University, 7th Tir Square, Shahrood, Iran. -<br />
2<br />
Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Dept.,<br />
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. -<br />
3<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, Cambridge University,<br />
Cambridge, U.K. - E-mail: M.R.Amerian@ncl.ac.uk<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis <strong>of</strong>ten altered water<br />
relations with consequent effects on gas exchange rate and<br />
photosynthesis. The effect <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)<br />
colonisation on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance,<br />
water relations, leaf area and dry weight <strong>of</strong> droughted and<br />
well-watered Phaseolus vulgaris L. was assessed after 3<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 323
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
months growth in sandy loam pot culture in greenhouse<br />
condition inoculated at the seedling stage with the fungi<br />
Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe or<br />
Glomus interaradices Schenck & Smith, or uninoculated.<br />
During the drought period and after rewatering, leaf water<br />
potential, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and<br />
transpiration <strong>of</strong> plants were measured. Leaf water potential,<br />
CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance in<br />
mycorrhizal plants during the unwatered period were, in<br />
most cases, significantly greater than in the nonmycorrhizal<br />
plants, particularly in those infected by G.<br />
interaradices. There was no significant mycorrhizal effect<br />
on transpiration rate. Mycorrhizal plants were able to<br />
postpone the onset <strong>of</strong> wilting. During recovery from<br />
drought, there were significant differences in speed <strong>of</strong><br />
recovery <strong>of</strong> leaf water potential, transpiration rate and<br />
stomatal conductance in mycorrhizal plants, but not in<br />
assimilation rate. Leaf areas and dry weight <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal<br />
plants were generally greater than non-mycorrhizal plants<br />
after drought and recovery from drought.<br />
1070 - Lignocellulose degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus<br />
in the presence <strong>of</strong> heavy metals<br />
P. Baldrian * & J. Gabriel<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology AS CR, Videnska 1083, CZ-<br />
14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic. - E-mail:<br />
baldrian@biomed.cas.cz<br />
The ability <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi to decompose lignin,<br />
cellulose, hemicelluloses and a range <strong>of</strong> structurally related<br />
compound including several xenobiotics has found several<br />
technological applications. The contents <strong>of</strong> heavy metals is<br />
among the most important factors that affect the<br />
lignocellulose-decomposing system <strong>of</strong> these fungi. In<br />
Pleurotus ostreatus, Cu and Cd increase laccase activity,<br />
whereas other metals (Hg, Pb, Ag, Zn) have negative effect<br />
on enzyme production. Mn-peroxidase is negatively<br />
affected by the presence <strong>of</strong> Cd. Heavy metals also affect<br />
the carbon and energy-supplying system <strong>of</strong><br />
polysaccharides-decomposing enzymes. Addition <strong>of</strong> Cd to<br />
P. ostreatus cultures increased the activities <strong>of</strong><br />
endocellulase, exocellulase, and β-1,4-glucosidase,<br />
whereas β-1,4-xylosidase and β-1,4-mannosidase activity<br />
was negatively affected. During cultivation <strong>of</strong> wheat straw,<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> Cd also decreased the substrate utilisation<br />
(weight loss). Furthermore, some heavy metals, e.g. Cd and<br />
Hg negatively affect fungal colonisation <strong>of</strong> both<br />
lignocellulose substrate and nonsterile soil at low<br />
concentrations, that do not affect the activity <strong>of</strong> ligninolytic<br />
enzymes. This has to be taken into account when<br />
applications <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi for degradation <strong>of</strong><br />
xenobiotic contaminants in soil are considered, since these<br />
processes are dependent upon external substrate input and<br />
effective spread <strong>of</strong> mycelia in the substrate. This work was<br />
supported by the Grant Agency <strong>of</strong> the Czech Republic<br />
(204/02/P100).<br />
324<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1071 - High rates <strong>of</strong> extracellular superoxide<br />
production by lichens in the suborder Peltigerineae<br />
R.P. Beckett 1* , F.V. Minibayeva 2 & T. Tolpysheva 3<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Botany and Zoology, University <strong>of</strong> Natal, PBag<br />
X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy <strong>of</strong> Science,<br />
PO Box 30, Kazan 420503, Russia. - Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycology, Moscow State University, Vorobjevi Gory,<br />
Moscow 119899, Russia. - E-mail: beckett@nu.ac.za<br />
Rates <strong>of</strong> extracellular superoxide radical formation were<br />
measured in 34 species <strong>of</strong> lichens from different taxonomic<br />
groupings and contrasting habitats before and after<br />
desiccation stress. All 20 species tested from the suborder<br />
Peltigerineae produce superoxide extracellularly at high<br />
rates, even when they are not stressed. In addition, some<br />
species show a burst <strong>of</strong> superoxide production during<br />
rehydration following desiccation. In general, production<br />
<strong>of</strong> high levels <strong>of</strong> superoxide and the existence <strong>of</strong> an<br />
inducible oxidative burst were best developed in species<br />
growing in wet microhabitats. Extracellular production <strong>of</strong><br />
superoxide was almost absent from the 14 species from<br />
other lichen groups. Preliminary studies on the identity <strong>of</strong><br />
the superoxide producing enzymes suggested that they do<br />
not possess the classical characteristics <strong>of</strong> those suggested<br />
to produce reactive oxygen species in higher plants.<br />
Patterns <strong>of</strong> superoxide production are discussed in terms <strong>of</strong><br />
their possible role as a defence against pathogenic fungi<br />
and bacteria.<br />
1072 - Cross talk between cAMP and calcium signalling<br />
in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger<br />
M. Bencina 1 , O. Kozlova-Zwinderman 2 , M. Legisa 1 &<br />
N.D. Read 2*<br />
1 Laboratory for Biotechnology and Industrial Mycology,<br />
National Insitute <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000<br />
Ljubljana, Slovenia. - 2 Fungal Cell Biology Group,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Cell and Molecular Biology, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JH,<br />
U.K. - E-mail: Nick@fungalcell.org<br />
Very little is known about cross-talk between cAMP and<br />
calcium signalling in filamentous fungi. The aim <strong>of</strong> this<br />
study was to analyse the influence <strong>of</strong> cAMP and protein<br />
kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation on calcium<br />
signalling in Aspergillus niger. For this purpose, cytosolic<br />
free calcium was measured in living hyphae expressing<br />
codon-optimised aequorin whilst applying pharmacological<br />
agents which increased cAMP levels or inhibited<br />
phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent PKA. Calcium was<br />
also measured in mutant strains in which phosphorylation<br />
by PKA was increased or lacking. Our results indicate that<br />
cAMP-dependent phosphorylation regulates calcium<br />
homeostasis in A. niger, probably by activating calcium<br />
channels. Further evidence for cross-talk between cAMP<br />
and calcium signalling came from the analysis <strong>of</strong> a mutant<br />
in which the catalytic subunit <strong>of</strong> PKA was under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> an inducible promoter. The consequence <strong>of</strong> PKA<br />
3
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
induction was a transient increase in cytosolic free calcium<br />
which correlated with a polar?apolar transition in hyphal<br />
morphology. A transient increase in calcium was not<br />
observed in this mutant when the morphological shift was<br />
in the opposite direction. These results indicate that PKAdependent<br />
phosphorylation may be important for<br />
increasing cytosolic free calcium to induce a polar to apolar<br />
shift in hyphal morphology.<br />
1073 - Biological decolorization <strong>of</strong> textile dyes by<br />
Funalia trogii<br />
H. Bermek 1* , T. Deveci 2 , M. Erdogan 3 , O. Pekcan 3 & C.<br />
Tamerler 1<br />
1 Istanbul Technical University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Molecular Biology<br />
and Genetics, Maslak, Istanbul, 80626, Turkey. - 2 Istanbul<br />
Technical University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Environmental Engineering,<br />
Maslak, Istanbul, 80626, Turkey. - 3 Istanbul Technical<br />
University, Physics Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 80626,<br />
Turkey. - E-mail: bermek@itu.edu.tr<br />
Synthetic azo and disperse dyes are extensively used in<br />
textile industries. A significant proportion <strong>of</strong> these dyes is<br />
eluted in wastewaters. Biodegradation is an alternative to<br />
physical and chemical methods used for waste dye<br />
removal. In this study, the decolorization capability <strong>of</strong> a<br />
white-rot fungus Funalia trogii for eleven synthetic azo or<br />
disperse textile dyes were tested. Preliminary results<br />
showed that the fungus was capable <strong>of</strong> removing four dyes,<br />
Remazol blue RR, Dianix blau BRL, Dianix blau ACE and<br />
Telon schwarz by 38.6%, 50.9%, 32.8% and 54.5%<br />
respectively during a period <strong>of</strong> 5 days. For various<br />
dyestuffs, mechanism <strong>of</strong> decolorization appeared to be<br />
different. The effect <strong>of</strong> inoculum age and agitation on dye<br />
removal was investigated for obtaining maximum<br />
decolorization. Degree and type <strong>of</strong> dye removal was found<br />
to be dependent on the time <strong>of</strong> dye addition to the fungal<br />
cultures. Consequently, morphological differences in<br />
mycelial growth were also observed depending on addition<br />
time <strong>of</strong> dyestuffs.<br />
1074 - Effect <strong>of</strong> oxygen in the production <strong>of</strong> manganese<br />
peroxidase and laccase by a newly isolated white-rot<br />
fungus Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27<br />
H. Bermek 1* , I. Gulseren 1 , H. Jung 2 , K. Li 3 & C. Tamerler 1<br />
1 Istanbul Technical University, Molecular Biology and<br />
Genetics, Maslak - Istanbul 80626, Turkey. - 2 Sunchon<br />
National University, Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Resources,<br />
Sunchon 540-742, Korea. - 3 Oregon State University,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Wood Science and Engineering, 102<br />
Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR97331-5751, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
bermek@itu.edu.tr<br />
Fungal mycelium morphology is a key concept in the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> enzymes. Oxygen transfer is one <strong>of</strong> the most<br />
important parameters that affect the morphology,<br />
consequently the enzyme production. Our studies on the<br />
morphology and ligninolytic enzyme production <strong>of</strong> a newly<br />
isolated white rot-fungus Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27<br />
constitute a very good example to this fact. Three<br />
ligninolytic enzymes, manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin<br />
peroxidase (LiP) and laccase productions exhibited<br />
variations accordingly. In shake flasks, 3 different working<br />
volumes (wv: 10%, 25% and 50%) were studied, in which<br />
the organism exhibited significantly different pellet size<br />
and shape formation. Oxygen limited conditions (50% wv)<br />
led to the formation <strong>of</strong> large puffy balls (radii ^20 mm),<br />
however in 10% and 25% wv, cultures appeared similar in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> pellet size and shape with a slightly flattened<br />
spheres (radii ^1 mm). Moreover, 10% cultures, exposed to<br />
least oxygen limitation, contained some hyphal growth in<br />
addition to the pellets. Our results clearly demonstrated that<br />
this microorganism preferred oxygen rich conditions for<br />
enzyme production. MnP and laccase productions were the<br />
highest at 10% and 25% wv respectively No MnP and<br />
laccase produced at 50% wv. LiP was not detected at all<br />
cases.<br />
1075 - Elemental analysis <strong>of</strong> edible mushroom brown<br />
birch scaber stalk Leccinum scabrum (Bull. ex Fr.) S. F.<br />
Gray growing in various sites in Poland<br />
L. Bielawski * & J. Falandysz<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Chemistry and<br />
Ecotoxicology, University <strong>of</strong> Gdansk, 18 Sobieskiego St.,<br />
PL 80-952 Gdansk, Poland. - E-mail:<br />
leszek29@chemik.chem.univ.gda.pl<br />
The concentrations <strong>of</strong> 13 elements such as Al, Ba, Ca, Cu,<br />
Cd, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Sr, Zn, and Hg were determined in<br />
fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> Brown Birch Scaber Stalk Leccinum<br />
scabrum (Bull. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray collected in summer and<br />
autumn 2000 from different sites in Poland. Fresh<br />
mushrooms after cleanup from plants and soil were dried<br />
for several days in room temperature and further dried in<br />
electric oven at 40 degree C for 24 hours. The samples<br />
(0.2-0.5 g) <strong>of</strong> dried and powdered pooled samples <strong>of</strong><br />
mushrooms (separately caps and stalks) were wet digested<br />
with 6 ml <strong>of</strong> concentrated nitric acid under pressure in<br />
closed TFM vessels in a microwave oven (CEM, Mars 5).<br />
The PerkinElmer Optima 2000 DV ICP-OES instrument<br />
was used for the analysis <strong>of</strong> mushrooms samples. In the<br />
case <strong>of</strong> mercury CV-AAS technique was used. The method<br />
was validated by analysing certified reference materials:<br />
CTA-OTL-1 (Oriental Tobacco Leaves, Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Nuclear Chemistry and Technology) and IAEA-359<br />
(Cabbage Leaves, <strong>International</strong> Atomic Energy Agency).<br />
There were some variations between trace elements<br />
concentration and collecting places. Magnesium, zinc and<br />
manganese were determined in quite similar concentrations<br />
regardless <strong>of</strong> sampling site while in the case <strong>of</strong> other<br />
elements some variations were noted. The essential<br />
elements such sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium<br />
were found in higher concentrations than toxic mercury<br />
and cadmium. Potassium is the most abundant amongst <strong>of</strong><br />
the elements quantified.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 325
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1076 - Weathering in a saxicolous lichen community: A<br />
geobiological research project<br />
T. Bjelland<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Bergen, Allégaten 41,<br />
N-5007 Bergen, Norway. - E-mail:<br />
torbjorg.bjelland@bot.uib.no<br />
The weathering in a saxicolous lichen community growing<br />
on sandstone has been studied. Lichen and rock samples<br />
have been analysed by high performance thin-layer<br />
chromatography/thin-layer chromatography, scanning<br />
electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis, and<br />
rock samples also by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy<br />
analysis. The study clearly indicates that lichen mediated<br />
weathering leads to fragmentation and chemical dissolution<br />
<strong>of</strong> the rock and its component minerals. Despite the<br />
heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> the rock, and the fact that the studied<br />
weathering rinds are the result <strong>of</strong> complex interactions <strong>of</strong><br />
physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes<br />
during the postglacial period, the results show that some<br />
crustose lichen taxa are clearly more aggressive in aiding<br />
weathering than other taxa in a lichen community. There is<br />
a positive correlation between the degree <strong>of</strong> weathering and<br />
species with high amounts <strong>of</strong> hyphae within the rock.<br />
Differences in content <strong>of</strong> lichen compounds seem to be a<br />
more likely explanation for the variations in chemical<br />
weathering, than differences in oxalic acid production. The<br />
results further imply that there is an indirect relationship<br />
between weathering effect and ecology in saxicolous<br />
lichens, but whether this is a specific strategy for nutrient<br />
requirements remains unclear. It is also suggested that<br />
lichens generally increase the weathering processes, except<br />
at locations with extremely high abrasion, where they may<br />
protect the surface.<br />
1077 - Biochemical pathway studies on the loline<br />
alkaloids <strong>of</strong> the grass endophyte, Neotyphodium<br />
uncinatum<br />
J.D. Blankenship 1 , M.J. Spiering 1 , L.P. Bush 2 , R.B.<br />
Grossman 3 & C.L. Schardl 1*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology,<br />
Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A. - 2 University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky,<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Agronomy, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A. -<br />
3 University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, Lexington, KY<br />
40546, U.S.A. - E-mail: schardl@uky.edu<br />
The insecticidal loline alkaloids (1-aminopyrrolizidines)<br />
are produced in mutualistic associations <strong>of</strong> Festuca and<br />
Lolium species with their respective fungal endophytes.<br />
Reliable production <strong>of</strong> N -formylloline (NFL) and N -<br />
acetylnorloline (up to a total <strong>of</strong> 1000 µg/ml) in cultures <strong>of</strong><br />
the meadow fescue endophyte, Neotyphodium uncinatum,<br />
has facilitated studies on the loline alkaloid biosynthetic<br />
pathway. Based on loline alkaloid structures, it was<br />
previously suggested that lolines are polyamine products.<br />
However, our precursor feeding experiments, employing<br />
GC-MS and NMR analyses, indicated that lolines share<br />
common precursors with, but are not derived from,<br />
326<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
polyamines. Labels from 5-[ 13 C]-ornithine and 1,2-[ 13 C]ornithine<br />
were incorporated into specific positions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
B-ring in the pyrrolizidine-ring structure <strong>of</strong> NFL, but the<br />
pattern <strong>of</strong> incorporation differed from what would be<br />
expected if a polyamine intermediate was involved.<br />
Feeding studies with 4-[ 13 C] and [ 15 N]-aspartic acid gave<br />
enrichment in the expected position <strong>of</strong> the pyrrolizidine Aring<br />
(at C-3) and the 1-amine, respectively. Universally<br />
[ 13 C]-labeled methionine did not incorporate in the<br />
pyrrolizidine ring system, but labeled the 1-amino methyl<br />
and 1-amino formyl groups. These studies demonstrated<br />
the origins <strong>of</strong> the carbon atoms in NFL: the B ring is<br />
derived from ornithine, the A ring is from aspartic acid,<br />
and the N-methyl and N-formyl carbons are from the Smethyl<br />
carbon <strong>of</strong> methionine.<br />
1078 - Cell state dynamics and pattern formation in<br />
polymorphic fungi<br />
E.V. Bogomolova<br />
St.Petersburg State University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Botany,<br />
Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 St.Petersburg, Russia. -<br />
E-mail: evgenia@EB6711.spb.edu<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the most topical problems <strong>of</strong> cell and complex<br />
systems biophysics is elucidation <strong>of</strong> driving forces,<br />
mechanisms and dynamics <strong>of</strong> pattern formation and<br />
growth. Modern molecular genetics do not allow to<br />
understand fully fundamental principles <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
plasticity. The main idea <strong>of</strong> our work is to reveal and<br />
describe the generic principles <strong>of</strong> regulation <strong>of</strong> cell states<br />
dynamics in polymorphic fungi, <strong>of</strong> morphogenesis and<br />
differentiation from the point <strong>of</strong> view <strong>of</strong> self-organization<br />
theory. Experimental study <strong>of</strong> cell state dynamics in some<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> polymorphic fungi (black yeasts) has shown cell<br />
state transitions (spontaneous or induced by various culture<br />
conditions). The main morphogenetic factors (governing<br />
parameters) were revealed on the basis <strong>of</strong> experimental<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the data obtained for several black yeast strains.<br />
In preliminary surveys we have found that regulation <strong>of</strong><br />
cell state switch exhibits some dynamic properties. Such<br />
properties include: 1) all-or-none transitions between<br />
discrete states (with a stochastic component); 2)<br />
reversibility vs. irreversibility <strong>of</strong> such state transitions<br />
(asymmetry <strong>of</strong> transition probabilities); 3) hysteresis (in<br />
response to transition-triggering agents); 4) autocatalysis or<br />
autoinhibition <strong>of</strong> cell state transitions; 5) symmetry<br />
breaking events. Cell state transitions (in particular,<br />
mycelial/yeast) result in changes <strong>of</strong> colony form, and<br />
consequently, in diverse development strategies and<br />
substrate colonisation patterns <strong>of</strong> fungi.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1079 - Modelling fungal growth and function in<br />
heterogeneous environments<br />
G.P. Boswell 1 , H. Jacobs 2 , F.A. Davidson 1 , G.M. Gadd 2 &<br />
K. Ritz 3*<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Mathematics, University <strong>of</strong> Dundee,<br />
Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. - 2 Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental and Applied Biology, Biological Sciences<br />
Institute, School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Dundee,<br />
Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. - 3 Soil-Plant Dynamics<br />
Group, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie,<br />
Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
k.ritz@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
Modelling mycelial growth in nutritionally or spatially<br />
heterogeneous environments is particularly challenging<br />
since such growth is a consequence <strong>of</strong> small-scale<br />
processes (e.g. hyphal tip extension) that are manifest at<br />
considerably larger spatial scales (i.e. the mycelium) and<br />
each <strong>of</strong> which has important consequences for the spatiotemporal<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the fungus and its environment.<br />
We describe a mathematical model that accommodates<br />
these factors and explicitly simulates mycelial development<br />
in heterogeneous environments at both scales. The model is<br />
derived through the discretization <strong>of</strong> a previously<br />
formulated partial differential equation model. The<br />
modelled mycelial network is defined on a lattice allowing<br />
branching and anastomosis to be explicitly observed.<br />
Specifically, the model involves the number, location and<br />
orientation <strong>of</strong> hyphal tips; active and inactive hyphae (i.e.<br />
involved/not involved in translocation); internal and<br />
external substrate concentration; and spatial organization <strong>of</strong><br />
substrate and habitable space. On calibrating the model<br />
using known properties for the species Rhizoctonia solani,<br />
information is provided on growth behaviour that is shown<br />
to be in very good qualitative and quantitative agreement<br />
with experimental data. Development <strong>of</strong> such an accurate<br />
model enables important predictions to be made on the<br />
functional consequences <strong>of</strong> fungal growth in heterogeneous<br />
environments and the key role <strong>of</strong> translocation within<br />
mycelia in enabling such responses.<br />
1080 - Elements in ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus<br />
involutus (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. from various sites in<br />
Poland<br />
A. Brzostowski 1* , R. Kubota 2 , T. Kunito 2 , J. Falandysz 1 &<br />
S. Tanabe 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Chemistry and<br />
Ecotoxicology, University <strong>of</strong> Gdansk, 18 Sobieskiego St.<br />
PL 80-952 Gdansk, Poland. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Environment<br />
Conservation, Center for Marine Environmental Studies,<br />
Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566,<br />
Japan. - E-mail: abrzost@chemik.chem.univ.gda.pl<br />
Data on metallic elements accumulation <strong>of</strong> wild growing<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungus Poison Pax Paxillus involutus<br />
(Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. collected from different (contaminated<br />
and uncontaminated) ecosystems in Poland are presented.<br />
Concentrations <strong>of</strong> essential metals (e.g. K, Na, Mg, Ca,<br />
Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni) and other which have no apparent<br />
essential function (e.g. Hg, Pb, Cd, Al, Ag) were<br />
determined in caps, stalks or whole fruiting bodies. The<br />
mushrooms were collected between 1999 and 2001 from<br />
sites located in northern, central and southern Poland.<br />
Dried samples were wet digested with concentrated nitric<br />
acid in TFM vessels XP-1500 under pressure in microwave<br />
oven (Mars 5, CEM, USA). The elements were detected<br />
and quantified using atomic emission spectrometer with<br />
induced coupled plasma (Optima 2000 DV, Perkin-Elmer,<br />
USA) for some elements and with an inductively coupled<br />
plasma-mass spectrometer (HP-4500, Hewlett-Packard,<br />
USA). Accuracy <strong>of</strong> the method was assessed with standard<br />
reference materials: CTA-OTL-1, IAEA-359. Poison Pax is<br />
very common fungus and is well known to grow in<br />
symbiosis with various trees (e.g. Pinus sylvestris) this<br />
kind <strong>of</strong> complex research could be very useful in<br />
understanding interactions in fungus-metal-environmenttree<br />
system. On the other hand it may be one step further in<br />
investigation this specimen and its metal accumulation<br />
abilities. All these elements could be absorbed and<br />
accumulated by different physico-chemical mechanisms<br />
and transport systems.<br />
1081 - Exchange processes across the ectomycorrhizal<br />
interface: interactions between phosphate and<br />
carbohydrate flow<br />
H. Bücking<br />
Centre for Environmental Research and Technology<br />
(UFT), Applied Botany, Physiological Plant Anatomy,<br />
Leobener Str., D-28359 Bremen, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
heibueck@uft.uni-bremen.de<br />
Basis <strong>of</strong> the compatible interaction between plant and fungi<br />
in an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is a bidirectional transfer<br />
<strong>of</strong> nutrients across the ectomycorrhizal interface. However,<br />
the normal flows <strong>of</strong> P and carbohydrates through the<br />
plasma membranes into the interfacial apoplast are<br />
calculated to be insufficient to maintain the symbiosis.<br />
Therefore, conditions in the interface, which cause an<br />
enhanced efflux or a decrease in the level <strong>of</strong> competing<br />
uptake systems has been proposed by several authors (e.g.<br />
Smith et al. 1994). Presently, we have only rare<br />
information about a regulation <strong>of</strong> these transfer processes<br />
occuring across this specialized interface and the<br />
mechanisms involved in polarizing the transfer. Here, new<br />
results are presented, which show, that the carbohydrate<br />
supply by the photosynthetic host plant have an influence<br />
on the P absorption by the mycobiont and the P transfer<br />
across the ectomycorrhizal interface. By the carbohydrate<br />
flow across the interface the P allocation between different<br />
P pools in the mycobiont and the P efflux across the fungal<br />
plasma membrane into the interfacial apoplast is affected.<br />
A model system is presented, which show, in which way<br />
the carbohydrate and P transfer might be linked and how<br />
the exchange processes between both symbiotic partners<br />
might be regulated. Smith SE, Gianinazzi-Pearson V,<br />
Koide R, Cairney JWG (1994): Plant Soil 159:103-113.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 327
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1082 - The localization <strong>of</strong> nutrient transfer in the<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis<br />
H. Bücking * & W. Heyser<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Bremen, Center for Environmental Research<br />
and Technology, Leobener Str., D-28359 Bremen,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: heibueck@uft.uni-bremen.de<br />
The absorption <strong>of</strong> 33 P-inorganic phosphate and the element<br />
distribution in mycorrhizal roots <strong>of</strong> cucumber inoculated<br />
with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae<br />
was analysed by microautoradiography and energy<br />
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Arbuscules with<br />
their extensive contact area to the plasma membrane <strong>of</strong><br />
inner cortical cells are the main site for P transfer from an<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to its host plant. The X-ray<br />
microanalytical results indicate, that across this<br />
mycorrhizal interface possibly Na and Mg can also be<br />
transferred. However, there are no indications, that the<br />
arbuscules are the only site for P transfer. Both methods<br />
showed that P can also be released from intercellular<br />
hyphae into the interfacial apoplast. The results are<br />
discussed with respect to the effect <strong>of</strong> an arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal infection on the nutrient supply <strong>of</strong> its host<br />
plant and the interface regions which might be involved in<br />
nutrient transfer.<br />
1083 - Rock and mould: transformation <strong>of</strong> carbonate<br />
minerals by fungi<br />
E.P. Burford 1* , S. Hillier 2 & G.M. Gadd 1<br />
1 Division <strong>of</strong> Environmental and Applied Biology,<br />
Biological Sciences Institute, School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. -<br />
2 Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler,<br />
Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
e.p.burford@dundee.ac.uk<br />
In terrestrial environments, fungi serve as important<br />
geochemical agents in rock and soil. Fungi promote rock<br />
weathering and contribute to the dissolution <strong>of</strong> mineral<br />
aggregates in soil through the excretion <strong>of</strong> H + , organic<br />
acids and other ligands, or through redox attack <strong>of</strong> mineral<br />
constituents such as Mn and Fe. Fungi can also play an<br />
active or passive role in mineral formation through the<br />
precipitation <strong>of</strong> secondary minerals, e.g. oxalates, and<br />
through the nucleation <strong>of</strong> crystalline material onto cell<br />
walls, resulting in the formation <strong>of</strong> biogenic micro-fabrics<br />
in mineral substrates. Such interactions between fungi and<br />
minerals are <strong>of</strong> fundamental importance to biogeochemical<br />
cycles including those <strong>of</strong> C, N, S and P which are<br />
important nutrients required for plant, fungal and other<br />
microbial growth. Our research has demonstrated that fungi<br />
may play an important role in the transformation <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>abrics<br />
in limestone and dolomite. Scanning electron<br />
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray micro-analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
rehydrated limestone samples has provided direct evidence<br />
<strong>of</strong> mineralized fungal filaments. The crystal coatings on<br />
328<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
fungal hyphae exhibited different crystalline lattices and<br />
elemental composition from the initial limestone rock.<br />
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that these were<br />
probably secondary (re-distribution) carbonates, providing<br />
a novel demonstration <strong>of</strong> biogenic mineral formation<br />
mediated by fungal activity.<br />
1084 - Toxic metals in edible mushrooms: Is<br />
hyperaccumulation caused by synthesis <strong>of</strong> metalbinding<br />
proteins?<br />
C. Collin-Hansen 1* , E. Steinnes 1 & R.A. Andersen 2<br />
1<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim,<br />
Norway. -<br />
2<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Zoology, NTNU, 7491<br />
Trondheim, Norway. - E-mail: Christian.Collin-<br />
Hansen@chembio.ntnu.no<br />
A common feature <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> the most popular edible<br />
mushrooms is the capability <strong>of</strong> concentrating certain<br />
potentially toxic metals to high levels in the fruiting body,<br />
thus introducing the metals to terrestric food chains,<br />
including humans. Throughout the years, several reports<br />
have revealed high concentrations <strong>of</strong> toxic metals such as<br />
Cd and Hg in wild-growing, edible mushroom species.<br />
Firstly, these reports may suggest negative effects on<br />
persons consuming large quantities <strong>of</strong> mushrooms, but they<br />
also call for a better understanding <strong>of</strong> the mechanisms<br />
involved in metal uptake, transfer and storage. Metalbinding<br />
proteins <strong>of</strong> several classes have been isolated from<br />
macr<strong>of</strong>ungi and characterized previously. Some <strong>of</strong> these<br />
proteins share several characteristics with metallothioneins<br />
(MT). We here present data on a new Cd-binding protein<br />
from the popular edible mushroom Boletus edulis, which is<br />
a hyperaccumulator <strong>of</strong> both Cd and Hg. Radiotracer studies<br />
clearly suggest this new protein as an important binding<br />
site for Cd in this species. The presence <strong>of</strong> aromatic amino<br />
acids and the virtual absence <strong>of</strong> cystein shows that this<br />
protein does not belong to the MT family. When the Cd<br />
radiotracer was added to cytosol <strong>of</strong> B. edulis sampled from<br />
soils rich in Cd, more than 90% <strong>of</strong> the radiotracer was<br />
bound by the new protein, suggesting a role for the protein<br />
in Cd transport and storage. These findings are <strong>of</strong><br />
importance in view <strong>of</strong> toxicology and food chemistry, but<br />
also environmental protection.<br />
1085 - Metal effect on fungal toxin, genetic expression,<br />
and growth regulation: Use <strong>of</strong> RT-PCR, microarray<br />
and electrospray ionization<br />
R. Cuero 1* , T. Ouellet 2 , J. Yu 3 & N. Mogongwa 4<br />
1 Prairie View A&M University, CARC, PO BOX 685,<br />
Prairie View, Texas 77446, U.S.A. - 2 Eastern and Oilseed<br />
Research Center, Agriculture-Food, Ottawa, Ontario K1A<br />
0C6, Canada. - 3 Southern Regional Research Center,<br />
USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA 70179, U.S.A. - 4 Prairie<br />
View A&M University, Chemistry Dept., PO BOX 685,<br />
Prairie View, Texas 77446, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
olimpa@aol.com
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
The effects <strong>of</strong> the metal ions (Zn+2, Cu+2 and Fe+2 ), as<br />
single or in mixed treatments were observed through<br />
changes in A. flavus RNA, RT-PCR levels, and by<br />
differential genetic expression using microarray analysis,<br />
and also assessed by fungal dry weight accumulation,<br />
aflatoxin and OMST production. The interaction between<br />
the metal ions and the aflatoxin and/or its precursor OMST<br />
was determined by electrospray ionization mass<br />
spectrometer. The direct effects <strong>of</strong> metal ions on fungal<br />
growth, aflatoxin, and OMST synthesis, varied according<br />
the type <strong>of</strong> metal ion and expressed to either single ion or<br />
amendment <strong>of</strong> ion mixture. All ion treatments induced<br />
changes <strong>of</strong> fungal total RNA and mRNA levels and<br />
associate fungal growth, biosynthesis <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin and its<br />
precursor OMST. All mixed metal ions treatments boosted<br />
total RNA synthesis and enhanced expression <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
RNA and the RT-PCR, as well as fungal biomass and<br />
synthesis <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin and OMST. These treatments thus<br />
induce changes in pattern <strong>of</strong> gene expression <strong>of</strong> A. flavus<br />
related to fungal growth and synthesis <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin and its<br />
precursor OMST. The differential genetic effects <strong>of</strong> these<br />
treatments were also clearly expressed by the microarray<br />
results. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometer<br />
analysis showed distinct differential binding <strong>of</strong> the metal<br />
ions to OMST.<br />
1086 - Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns in the<br />
two green algal lichens Hypogymnia physodes and<br />
Platismatia glauca in relation to nutrient supply<br />
L. Dahlman 1* , J. Persson 2 , T. Näsholm 2 & K. Palmqvist 1<br />
1 Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University SE-<br />
901 87 Umeå, Sweden. - 2 Forest Genetics and Plant<br />
Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center SE-901 83 Umeå,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: Lena.Dahlman@eg.umu.se<br />
We investigated resource investments in lichens, by<br />
quantifying major carbon and nitrogen pools in two green<br />
algal lichens in nutrient enriched and poor habitats.<br />
Investments between the symbionts were determined by<br />
quantifying ribitol and chlorophyll a for the photobiont,<br />
and mannitol, ergosterol and chitin for the mycobiont. Two<br />
soluble carbohydrates, arabitol and glucose, as well as<br />
amino acids and proteins were also quantified. The soluble<br />
carbohydrate concentrations were twice as high, c. 4% <strong>of</strong><br />
thallus dry weight, and thallus N concentrations were 2-4<br />
times higher in thalli from the nutrient enriched compared<br />
to the nutrient poor habitat. The proportion <strong>of</strong> thallus N<br />
invested in proteins was similar in the two habitats, while<br />
the amino acid pool was doubled in the fertilized thalli.<br />
This increase could be attributed to the N- rich amino acid<br />
arginine. Both lichens displayed an increased proportion <strong>of</strong><br />
photobiont cells in relation to mycobiont hyphae in the<br />
nutrient enriched habitat. Resulting in a significantly higher<br />
ribitol to mannitol ratio, and a higher Chl a to ergosterol<br />
ratio, in thalli from the nutrient enriched habitat.<br />
Suggesting that the photobiont had benefited more than the<br />
mycobiont from the fertilization, and the increased arginine<br />
concentration suggests that the mycobiont may suffer from<br />
a relative carbon shortage. Both lichens were still healthy<br />
and alive, so the altered balance between the bionts might<br />
be an adaptation to handle the fertilization stress.<br />
1087 - Proteinases involved in skin degradation by the<br />
oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum<br />
D.J. Davis 1* , C. Bonati 1 , K. Lanter 1 , S.D. Makselan 1 &<br />
N.P. Money 2<br />
1 College <strong>of</strong> Mount St. Joseph, Department <strong>of</strong> Chemistry,<br />
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45233, U.S.A. - 2 Miami University,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
diana_davis@mail.msj.edu<br />
The oomycete Pythium insidiosum is the only stramenopile<br />
pathogen <strong>of</strong> humans and other mammals. In essence, the<br />
mechanism <strong>of</strong> tissue invasion utilized by this<br />
microorganism is identical to the process employed by<br />
every other filamentous fungus that colonizes animal or<br />
plant tissues: invasive growth depends upon the exertion <strong>of</strong><br />
force by the hyphal apex, and the degree to which the<br />
substrate is degraded by secreted enzymes. Biomechanical<br />
experiments prove that Pythium insidiosum achieves a 100fold<br />
reduction in the strength <strong>of</strong> cutaneous and subcutaneous<br />
tissue through proteinase secretion. In an attempt<br />
to identify the enzymes that play a primary role in tissue<br />
degradation, we have isolated and characterized a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> unique serine- and metallo-proteinases. By analyzing the<br />
effectiveness <strong>of</strong> each protein at facilitating hyphal<br />
penetration <strong>of</strong> collagen-rich membranes it is possible to<br />
distinguish between their nutritional and 'barrier-dissolving'<br />
roles.<br />
1088 - Lichens as a model-system for symbiotic<br />
organisms under most extreme conditions<br />
J.-P. de Vera & S. Ott *<br />
Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Duesseldorf,<br />
Universitätsstr.1, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. - Email:<br />
otts@uniduesseldorf.de<br />
As a consequence <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic state <strong>of</strong> lichens both the<br />
bionts are able to colonize habitats where the separate<br />
bionts would not be able to survive. The symbiosis <strong>of</strong><br />
lichens reflects a high degree <strong>of</strong> complexity and plasticity.<br />
The combination <strong>of</strong> both enables these organisms to<br />
colonize most extreme habitats. Besides the already well<br />
investigated microorganisms lichens are good modelsystems<br />
to examine adaptation strategies to most extreme<br />
environments. Because <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic nature <strong>of</strong> the<br />
lichens a 3-component-system can be used for<br />
investigations: the mycobiont, the photobiont and the<br />
lichen itself. Our investigations are based on such a system.<br />
The influence <strong>of</strong> different doses <strong>of</strong> UV A, B, C on the<br />
vitality <strong>of</strong> fungal (mycobiont) spores and the germination<br />
process has been investigated. The spores are cultivated on<br />
a variety <strong>of</strong> different subtrates to testing the influence <strong>of</strong><br />
the UV radiation. The influence <strong>of</strong> vacuum conditions has<br />
been investigated. The aim <strong>of</strong> this research is to test the<br />
reaction <strong>of</strong> a symbiotic organism and its respective bionts<br />
to highly extreme conditions. For interpretation <strong>of</strong> results<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 329
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
the method <strong>of</strong> modern confocal lasermicroscopy (CLSM) -<br />
a novel method in lichenology - is presented.<br />
1089 - Phosphate transporter expression in the soybean<br />
AM symbiosis<br />
J.D.W. Dearnaley 1 , B.A. Learmonth 1 & D.S. Bougoure 2*<br />
1 The University <strong>of</strong> Southern Queensland, West Street,<br />
Toowoomba, 4350, Australia. - 2 The University <strong>of</strong> Western<br />
Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Australia.<br />
We are currently studying genes that are potentially<br />
involved in the process <strong>of</strong> phosphate uptake in the<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis <strong>of</strong> soybean. We<br />
have extracted mRNA from AM colonised and uncolonised<br />
soybean roots using biotinylated poly-T probes and<br />
streptavidin-coated magnetic particles. Total mRNA<br />
extracted by this method was reverse-transcribed into<br />
cDNA with poly-T primer and reverse transcriptase. cDNA<br />
was next PCR-amplified with primers for a previously<br />
published soybean root phosphate transporter gene and<br />
amplified sequences were visualized on silver-stained<br />
acrylamide gels. In situ hybridization studies were carried<br />
out to localise the phosphate transporter in root tissues.<br />
Root cryosections were probed with a fluorosceinconjugated<br />
antisense probe and bound targets were<br />
visualized either via alkaline phosphatase labeling or with<br />
an antifluoroscein texas-red antibody. Results <strong>of</strong> these<br />
investigations are presented here.<br />
1090 - Pr<strong>of</strong>iling differences in metabolic activity<br />
between isolates <strong>of</strong> Penicillium camemberti using<br />
dielectric spectroscopy (impedimetric measurements)<br />
M. Decker * & P.V. Nielsen<br />
Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark, BioCentrum-DTU,<br />
Building 221, Technical Univeristy <strong>of</strong> Denmark, DK-2800,<br />
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. - E-mail: mad@biocentrum.dtu.dk<br />
In this work we characterise Penicillium camemberti starter<br />
cultures in order to predict the quality <strong>of</strong> white mould<br />
cheeses. Impedimetric changes in the first 100 hours after<br />
inoculation are detected using a Bactometer at a 1 kHz<br />
frequency. At this low frequency, the capacitance and<br />
conductance changes in the medium are measured, thereby<br />
indirectly measuring the metabolic activity <strong>of</strong> the fungi<br />
growing in the medium. Traditional impedimetric methods<br />
are used for detecting lag phase and growth rate. In the<br />
present work we try to use all impedimetric changes in the<br />
first 100 hours as a pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> the each isolate and<br />
subsequently treat the data using chemometric methods. As<br />
the metabolic activity <strong>of</strong> fungi depends strongly on the<br />
environmental conditions, this study is done using a cheese<br />
medium developed in our laboratory.<br />
330<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1091 - Intracellular enzymatic activity <strong>of</strong> the mycelium<br />
<strong>of</strong> Pleurotus spp. grown on media containing 2-deoxy-<br />
D-glucose<br />
G. Díaz-Godínez * & C. Sánchez<br />
Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Apartado Postal 129,<br />
Tlaxcala, Tlax. C.P. 90000, Mexico. - E-mail:<br />
gdg@cci.uatx.mx<br />
The strain selection <strong>of</strong> edible mushrooms has <strong>of</strong>ten been<br />
done by trial and error because there appear to be no clear<br />
correlation between mycelial growth rates evaluated on<br />
Petri dishes at laboratory level and productivity under<br />
production plant conditions. It has recently been found that<br />
the tolerance <strong>of</strong> some P. ostreatus strains to 2-deoxy-Dglucose<br />
(DG) at laboratory level, is correlated with<br />
improved yield <strong>of</strong> these strains at mushroom production<br />
level. In this work, the effect <strong>of</strong> DG on the intracellular<br />
activity <strong>of</strong> laccases (L), proteases (P), &beta-1,3glucanases<br />
(G) and endoglucanases (E) <strong>of</strong> the mycelium <strong>of</strong><br />
strains <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus was evaluated. Six strains <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
ostreatus; 201216, 32783, 58052, 38537, 201218 from<br />
ATCC, and 3526 from NRRL, and two strains <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
pulmonarius; PPL27 and PPL34 from the Chinese<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Hong Kong Collection were studied. The<br />
strains were grown on a starch-based media with 0.01%<br />
(SDG) and without addition <strong>of</strong> DG (S) at 25 °C for 7 days.<br />
On S, all the strains presented L, P, G and E activity.<br />
However, on SDG, the strains 201216, 32783, 58052,<br />
38537 (previously reported as sensitive to DG) did not<br />
present any enzymatic activity. On SDG, the strains<br />
201218, 3526, PPL27 and PPL34 (previously reported as<br />
tolerant to DG) presented higher P, G and E activity than<br />
those presented on S. It suggests that the DG tolerant<br />
strains are derepressed for producing L, P, G and E, which<br />
could be importantly related to the mushroom productivity.<br />
1092 - Twin arbuscules in Linum usitatissimum L.<br />
S. Dickson 1* , P. Schweiger 2 , F.A Smith 1 , B. Söderström 3 &<br />
S.E. Smith 1<br />
1 The University <strong>of</strong> Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen<br />
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Ecology and Conservation Biology, Vienna University, A-<br />
1090 Vienna, Austria. - 3 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbial Ecology,<br />
Ecology Building, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund,<br />
Sweden. - E-mail: sandy.dickson@adelaide.edu.au<br />
The 'twin' arbuscule development <strong>of</strong> Arum-type<br />
mycorrhizal colonization in Linum usitatissimum L. were<br />
investigated using a time-course study to show formation<br />
and senescence <strong>of</strong> the structures. Roots were freezesectioned<br />
longitudinally, mycorrhizal structures were<br />
visualized using 1) nitroblue tetrazolium as a vital stain to<br />
indicate metabolic activity <strong>of</strong> arbuscules and intercellular<br />
hyphae and 2) acid fuchsin counterstaining. Arbuscules<br />
occur in pairs in adjacent cortical cells arising from a<br />
single, radial intercellular hypha. These 'twin' structures<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten appeared to be at different stages <strong>of</strong> metabolic<br />
development. Arbuscules and their relationship to
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
intercellular hyphae and plant cortical cells were imaged<br />
using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Using<br />
the optical xy confocal slices, a 3D reconstruction <strong>of</strong> a twin<br />
structure was produced and the surface area <strong>of</strong> each<br />
arbuscule was measured. The measurement <strong>of</strong> surface area<br />
together with logistic regression calculated over the time<br />
course study indicated that there was a delay in<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the second arbuscule. Intercellular spaces<br />
within the root cortex appear responsible for determining<br />
the structural type <strong>of</strong> colonization. Crooks (1933) described<br />
the unusual cell divisons (and hence intercellular spaces) in<br />
L. usitatissimum roots which is used to produce a<br />
conceptual model <strong>of</strong> this Arum-type mycorrhiza. Crooks<br />
DM. 1933. Botanical Gazette 95: 209-239.<br />
1093 - In vitro retention <strong>of</strong> 137 Cs and potassium by the<br />
mycelium <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal and saprotrophic<br />
basidiomycete fungi<br />
I. Druzhinina 1* , V. Karg 2 & M. Berreck 3<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong> Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-<br />
1090, Vienna, Austria. - 2 Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. - 3 Federal<br />
Institute for Agricultural Research, Vienna, Austria. - Email:<br />
druzhini@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at<br />
After Chernobyl disaster it has become apparent that<br />
natural losses <strong>of</strong> 137 Cs from the European forest soils are<br />
proceeding extremely slowly due to the ability <strong>of</strong> various<br />
fungi to accumulate this radionuclide. Large differences<br />
were observed in 137 Cs levels in fruit bodies <strong>of</strong> various<br />
edible fungal species <strong>of</strong>ten independent from the site and<br />
time <strong>of</strong> sampling. This phenomenon has led a number <strong>of</strong><br />
radioecological modelers to conclude that radionuclides<br />
contamination in fungi is very difficult to predict. This<br />
paper presents results <strong>of</strong> the experimental investigation <strong>of</strong><br />
137 Cs uptake by fungal mycelium versus undisturbed<br />
potassium metabolism. A special methodology was<br />
employed to study the ability <strong>of</strong> mycelium <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal<br />
species - Suillus variegatus, S. grevillei - and saprotrophic -<br />
Pleurotus ostreatus, Stropharia rugosoannulata - to retain<br />
137 Cs and potassium dependent on: (i) genomic factor<br />
(strain and species), (ii) cultivation conditions (composition<br />
<strong>of</strong> the medium and the growth rate), (iii) metabolism<br />
activity and (iv) in a stream <strong>of</strong> time. Since high<br />
radiocaesium/potassium ratios were demonstrated for<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi only, we postulate the existence <strong>of</strong> a<br />
high-affinity potassium efflux system in cells <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal fungi; it is likely that this system promotes the<br />
retention <strong>of</strong> accumulated radiocaesium inside the cell,<br />
while potassium can be released back to the medium.<br />
1094 - Mapping <strong>of</strong> psychro- and/or halotolerance <strong>of</strong><br />
Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and correlations <strong>of</strong><br />
enzyme pr<strong>of</strong>ile and habitat<br />
M.J. Due * , K. Karlshøj & J.C. Frisvad<br />
BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University <strong>of</strong> Denmark,<br />
Sølt<strong>of</strong>ts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: c958218@student.dtu.dk<br />
The extracellular enzymatic activity <strong>of</strong> psychro- and/or<br />
halotolerant Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were<br />
studied and the correlations to habitat investigated. 170<br />
isolates were screened. As expected, the results showed<br />
that the Penicillia tend to be more psychrotolerant and the<br />
Aspergilli have better halotolerance. Except for the<br />
halophiles, it was observed that the higher the incubation<br />
temp., the better the halotolerance. Only mild halophiles<br />
were found. Of these many tended to stay halophile at<br />
lower temp. Among the Aspergilli only psychrotolerant<br />
isolates were found. The Penicillia yielded some<br />
psychr<strong>of</strong>ilic isolates. The fastest growing isolates were<br />
selected for semi-quantitative enzyme screening. These<br />
were inoculated on triglyceride, casein and lignocellulosic<br />
liquid media with various amounts <strong>of</strong> NaCl added. The<br />
enzyme activities in the media were tested after 10 to 14<br />
days <strong>of</strong> growth. Assays were performed for proteinases,<br />
hemi- and cellulases and lipases on assay plates. It is<br />
expected that the isolates will exhibit habitat specific<br />
enzyme pr<strong>of</strong>iles, with the enzyme activity dependant on<br />
temperature and A w <strong>of</strong> the habitat. This hypothesis<br />
originates from the fact, that most fungi are highly habitat<br />
specific and not metropolitan. It is also expected, that while<br />
all (or most <strong>of</strong>) the isolates will have activity for the<br />
substrates screened against, there will be a difference in<br />
activity correlated to their habitat.<br />
1095 - A MAT-2 mating-type gene in the homothallic<br />
fungus Aspergillus nidulans<br />
P.S. Dyer<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Life and Environmental Sciences, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.<br />
- E-mail: Paul.Dyer@Nottingham.ac.uk<br />
Mating-type (MAT) genes have been identified from the<br />
pyrenomycete, loculoascomycete and discomycete classes<br />
<strong>of</strong> ascomycete fungi. By using hot-start PCR with<br />
degenerate primers, together with thermal asymmetric<br />
interlaced (TAIL)-PCR, it has been possible to identify a<br />
characteristic MAT-2gene from the plectomycete fungus<br />
Aspergillus nidulans. It includes a conserved high mobility<br />
group (HMG)-domain. RACE-PCR analysis has confirmed<br />
transcription <strong>of</strong> the gene during sexual reproduction and<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> an intron in a conserved position within<br />
MAT-2 genes. Further analysis <strong>of</strong> the flanking regions <strong>of</strong><br />
the MAT-2 gene revealed the presence <strong>of</strong> a 5S ribosomal-<br />
DNA sequence, a putative gene with homology to an<br />
element <strong>of</strong> the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) <strong>of</strong><br />
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and a putative gene with<br />
homology to the transmembrane receptor SYG1 from<br />
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The presence <strong>of</strong> an APC<br />
homologue provided evidence <strong>of</strong> microsyteny around the<br />
MAT locus. However, no MAT-1 alpha-domain gene could<br />
be detected. This suggests either that a MAT-1 homologue<br />
may be present elsewhere in the genome, not directly<br />
adjacent to the MAT-2 locus, or that A. nidulans may<br />
contain only a MAT-2 mating-type gene. This would be a<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 331
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
unique situation among homothallic euascomycetes so far<br />
analysed, which contain either a MAT-1 gene or both MAT-<br />
1 /MAT-2 genes.<br />
1096 - Field evaluation <strong>of</strong> yield and N2-fixation <strong>of</strong><br />
chickpea (Cicer arietimum L.) as affected by<br />
phosphorus and bi<strong>of</strong>ertilizers<br />
I. El-Ghandour * , S. Soliman & Y. Gaal<br />
Soil & Water Dept., Nuclear Research Center, Atomic<br />
Energy Authority, 13759, Abu-Zabal, Egypt. - E-mail:<br />
elghandour_1@yahoo.com<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> our previous work held under green-house<br />
conditions, we have decided to develop our experiment<br />
under field trial to generalize our results. So, a field<br />
experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence <strong>of</strong><br />
bi<strong>of</strong>ertilizers, Mycorrhizae (AM) and / or Rhizobium (Rh),<br />
combined with super or rock - on the growth and N2fixation<br />
in chickpea grown in sandy soil. A minimal dose<br />
<strong>of</strong> super and rock-P were added at two doses (15 and 30 kg<br />
p/h) as well as 15 kg N /h as ordinary and labeled (15 NH4)<br />
2 SO4. Dry matter yield (DYM) <strong>of</strong> inoculated plants were<br />
higher than control treatments. Combined inoculation (AM<br />
+ Rh) in case <strong>of</strong> super or rock-P increased DYM than<br />
single inoculation. Also, the results showed that, single<br />
inoculation with Rhizobium increased yield in case <strong>of</strong> 30<br />
kg P/ h than 15 kg P / h application on the other- hand<br />
mycorrhizal infection increased chickpea production with<br />
15 kg P / h rather than with 30 kg P / h addition. AM<br />
infection increased nodule number, so nitrogen uptake<br />
increased in dual inoculation than the single one, at the<br />
same time N2 fixation quantities were so much in<br />
combined inoculation in case <strong>of</strong> super-P than with rock-P<br />
application. We can conclude that, from an economical and<br />
environmental point <strong>of</strong> view bi<strong>of</strong>ertilizers (AM or Rh) )<br />
can save a great amounts <strong>of</strong> P and N fertilizers to increase<br />
crop production and this cleared the importance <strong>of</strong><br />
bi<strong>of</strong>ertilizers and rock-P in clean sustainable agriculture<br />
systems.<br />
1097 - Identification <strong>of</strong> essential groups at the active site<br />
<strong>of</strong> inulinase from Penicillium cyclopium<br />
H.M. El-Shora<br />
Botany Department, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science, Mansoura<br />
University, Mansoura, Egypt. - E-mail:<br />
shora@mans.edu.eg<br />
Amino acid residues involved at the active site <strong>of</strong> inulinase<br />
from Penicillium cyclopium were determined. DEPC<br />
(diethylpyrocarbonate) totally inactivates the enzyme but<br />
not in the presence <strong>of</strong> substrate. The inactivation reaction<br />
follows pseudo-first order kinetics with a second-order rate<br />
constant <strong>of</strong> 0.05 mM -1 min -1 . Reversal <strong>of</strong> inactivation in the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> hydroxylamine leads to the inference that<br />
histidyl residues are essential for catalysis. EEDQ (2-<br />
332<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
ethoxy-1-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline) inactivates the<br />
enzyme, but not in the presence <strong>of</strong> inulin, following<br />
pseudo-first order kinetics with a second-order rate<br />
constant <strong>of</strong> 0.02 mM -1 min -1 . This is indicative <strong>of</strong> the<br />
involvement <strong>of</strong> residues with a carboxyl group in the<br />
catalytic activity. Further kinetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
inactivation caused by EEDQ, strongly implies that<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> a single residue <strong>of</strong> aspartate or glutamate<br />
inactivates the enzyme. Chemical modification <strong>of</strong> inulinase<br />
with tryptophan specific reagent NBS (Nbromosuccinimide)<br />
inactivated the enzyme but the enzyme<br />
was protected with inulin. The inactivation with NBS<br />
indicated that tryptophan residues are essential for the<br />
enzyme catalysis. Treatment <strong>of</strong> the enzyme with pHMB (phydroxy-mercuribenzoate)<br />
and PMSF (phenylmethylsulphonyl<br />
fluoride) did not influence activity, thus<br />
eliminating the possibility that cysteine or serine participate<br />
in catalysis. Chemical modification <strong>of</strong> inulinase with (NAI)<br />
N-acetylimidazole and TNM (Tetranitromethane) caused<br />
inactivation <strong>of</strong> the enzyme but in the absence <strong>of</strong> inulin.<br />
These results suggest the necessity <strong>of</strong> tyrosyl group in the<br />
enzyme catalysis.<br />
1098 - In vitro element accumulation by macr<strong>of</strong>ungi<br />
G. Farron * , D. Delavy, M. Aragno & D. Job<br />
Université de Neuchâtel, Lab. de Microbiologie, Case<br />
Postale 2, 2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. - E-mail:<br />
gilles.farron@unine.ch<br />
Element accumulation by macr<strong>of</strong>ungi in natural conditions<br />
(especially at the level <strong>of</strong> carpopohores) has been studied<br />
since thirty years. Results <strong>of</strong>ten showed mycorrhizal<br />
species to be better heavy metals accumulators than<br />
saprophytes. In vitro studies can be used to find<br />
explanations on the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> element accumulation<br />
occuring in natural conditions (e.g. absorption, localization<br />
and resistance). Two kinds <strong>of</strong> research are usually<br />
performed: short term experiment without any growth or<br />
growth in element enriched medium or substrates. Our in<br />
vitro study integrate and compare both <strong>of</strong> these research<br />
possibilities, using a selection <strong>of</strong> five mycorrhizal and ten<br />
saprophytic fungi, three heavy metals (copper, iron and<br />
zinc) and one semi metal (selenium). Firstly, we analysed<br />
under growth condition the absorption (AAS,<br />
spectrophotometry) as a function <strong>of</strong> pH and element<br />
concentration. Secondly, we analysed the absorption <strong>of</strong><br />
those species in short term experiments under the same<br />
conditions but without any growth. A comparison <strong>of</strong> both<br />
experiments showed the absorption depending on many<br />
factors such as pH, initial element concentration, species<br />
and kind <strong>of</strong> method chosen. As perspectives, we would like<br />
to optimize the absorption and localisation <strong>of</strong> copper, iron<br />
and selenium into different parts <strong>of</strong> mycelium and<br />
carpophore. Possible applications, e.g. in the cosmetic<br />
industry, where selenium is used as antioxydant or in the<br />
alimentary industry (functional food).
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1099 - Demonstration <strong>of</strong> DHN-melanin pathway and<br />
genetic analysis <strong>of</strong> the gene encoding scytalone<br />
dehydratase in sapstain fungi<br />
C. Fleet 1 , C. Breuil 1 & A. Uzunovic 2*<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> British Columbia, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Wood Science,<br />
Vancouver, B.C., Canada. - 2 Forintek Canada Corp., 2665<br />
East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. - E-mail:<br />
adnan@van.forintek.ca<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)<br />
melanin biosynthesis pathway was demonstrated in several<br />
sapstain fungi using both chemical inhibitors and molecular<br />
techniques. The inhibitor compounds tricyclazole and<br />
carpropamid effectively reduced pigmentation at low<br />
concentrations in all tested fungal species, but also lead to<br />
growth inhibition at higher concentrations. The inhibitor<br />
cerulenin prevented fungal growth in all tested fungi at all<br />
tested concentrations, likely due to its inhibitory effect on<br />
another enzyme, the metabolically critical fatty acid<br />
synthase. Partial DNA sequences for the gene encoding<br />
scytalone dehydratase (SD) were obtained from species <strong>of</strong><br />
Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma and found to have homology<br />
with known respective DHN-SD gene sequences. Sequence<br />
analysis <strong>of</strong> the partial SD amino acid sequences showed<br />
greater than 80% similarity among the sapstain species, and<br />
corresponded well with known phylogenies <strong>of</strong> sapstain<br />
fungi based on rDNA sequences. Aside from the work<br />
carried out on the isolate O. floccosum 387N, this is the<br />
first known documentation <strong>of</strong> the melanin pigmentation<br />
pathway used by species <strong>of</strong> the sapstain fungi from<br />
Ceratocystis, Leptographium and Ophiostoma (Eagen et.<br />
al. 2001, Wang et al. 2001, Wang and Breuil submitted).<br />
Furthermore, since no fungus has ever been found, to our<br />
knowledge, to have more than one melanin synthesis<br />
pathway, we can state that these species likely only use the<br />
DHN pathway for melanin production.<br />
1100 - Clay effects on the fungal growth morphology<br />
and copper sorption ability<br />
M. Fomina * & G.M. Gadd<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Environmental and Applied Biology, Biological<br />
Sciences Institute, School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
m.fomina@dundee.ac.uk<br />
As a prelude to the development <strong>of</strong> biomineral sorbents for<br />
toxic metals, this study assesses the influence <strong>of</strong> clay<br />
minerals (bentonite, kaolinite and palygorskite) on the<br />
morphology <strong>of</strong> mycelial pellets produced by melaninforming<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ungi and on the copper sorption properties<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungal/clay mixtures. In general, a reduction <strong>of</strong> pellet<br />
size, an increase in the length <strong>of</strong> surface hyphae <strong>of</strong> the<br />
pellets, and a reduction in exopolymer production were<br />
observed with increasing clay mineral concentrations up to<br />
5%(w/v). It was found that the clay particles were involved<br />
in the development <strong>of</strong> pellet structure <strong>of</strong> Cladosporium<br />
cladosporioides at all stages <strong>of</strong> growth. A general model <strong>of</strong><br />
the structure <strong>of</strong> a fungal pellet grown in clay-containing<br />
medium is proposed. The pellets consist <strong>of</strong> three main<br />
layers: a central core with densely packed mycelium<br />
aggregated with solid clay minerals or a matrix <strong>of</strong><br />
clay/polysaccharides; a middle layer with looser mycelium<br />
mixed with clay mineral flakes; and an outer, or 'hairy'<br />
zone, with loose hyphae surrounded by clay mineral flakes.<br />
A study <strong>of</strong> equilibrium Cu uptake from pH-buffered<br />
solutions showed that bentonite addition to the medium<br />
increased the sorption <strong>of</strong> Cu by Aureobasidium pullulans<br />
and C. cladosporioides grown in this medium. The<br />
mechanism <strong>of</strong> changed sorption capacity <strong>of</strong> the combined<br />
biomineral sorbents is suggested to occur by blocking or<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> binding sites on biotic and abiotic<br />
components <strong>of</strong> the 'biomineral' association.<br />
1101 - Effect <strong>of</strong> nutrient resources on growth and<br />
morphology <strong>of</strong> fungal mycelia penetrating toxic metal<br />
domains<br />
M. Fomina 1* , K. Ritz 2 & G.M. Gadd 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental and Applied Biology,<br />
Biological Sciences Institute, School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. -<br />
2 National Soil Resources Institute, Cranfield University,<br />
Silsoe, MK45 4DT, England, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
m.fomina@dundee.ac.uk<br />
Natural environments contain a heterogeneous distribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> metal concentrations, and the ability <strong>of</strong> fungi to colonise<br />
such metal-contaminated domains will be influenced by the<br />
resources available to fungi. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to<br />
investigate the growth responses <strong>of</strong> some common soil<br />
fungi (Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium roseum)<br />
towards copper and cadmium under different nutritional<br />
conditions and using a system <strong>of</strong> tessellated agar tiles. The<br />
growth parameters recorded in this study demonstrated a<br />
decrease in metal toxicity with increasing concentration <strong>of</strong><br />
available carbon source. It was shown that maximum<br />
extension rates and efficacy <strong>of</strong> carbon substrate utilization<br />
<strong>of</strong> both cultures decreased with increasing concentration <strong>of</strong><br />
toxic metals. It was observed that in the gap between<br />
metal-free tiles and metal-containing tiles, the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
the toxic metals led to negative chemotropic reactions and<br />
stopping <strong>of</strong> growth, swelling and lysis <strong>of</strong> some hyphal tips.<br />
Penetration <strong>of</strong> the hyphae into the metal-containing domain<br />
was <strong>of</strong>ten followed by the formation <strong>of</strong> very dense<br />
mycelium or mycelial 'bushes'. After fungi entered the<br />
toxic metal-containing domain, they <strong>of</strong>ten produced long<br />
sparsely-branched or branchless explorative hyphae. Our<br />
data have demonstrated that fungi efficiently use both<br />
'phalanx' and 'guerrilla' states <strong>of</strong> the mycelial system as a<br />
response to toxic metal stress combined with nutritionallypoor<br />
conditions.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 333
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1102 - Ruderal and combatative strategies in insect<br />
pathogenic fungi examined by EST analysis<br />
F.M. Freimoser * , G. Hu & R.J. St. Leger<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Entomology, University <strong>of</strong> Maryland, 4112<br />
Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A.<br />
- E-mail: ff34@umail.umd.edu<br />
Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota) and Conidiobolus<br />
coronatus (Zygomycota) are facultative saprophytes that<br />
are pathogenic to many insect species. About 2000 EST<br />
cDNA clones from each species were sequenced to analyze<br />
gene expression during growth on host insect cuticle and/or<br />
nutrient rich media. Proteases were the commonest<br />
transcripts with both species producing multiple subtilisins,<br />
as well as trypsin, metalloprotease and aspartyl protease<br />
activities capable <strong>of</strong> degrading host tissues and disabling<br />
anti-microbial peptides. However, compared to M.<br />
anisopliae, C. coronatus produced many fewer<br />
extracellular hydrolases (e.g., no phospholipases),<br />
antimicrobial agents, toxic secondary metabolites and no<br />
ESTs with putative roles in the generation <strong>of</strong> antibiotics.<br />
Instead, C. coronatus produced a much higher proportion<br />
<strong>of</strong> ESTs encoding ribosomal proteins and enzymes <strong>of</strong><br />
intermediate metabolism consistent with the rapid growth<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> C. coronatus. These results are consistent<br />
with M. anisopliae using a combatative strategy to defend<br />
captured resources, while C. coronatus has modified the<br />
saprophytic ruderal-selected strategy using rapid growth to<br />
overwhelm the host and exploit the cadaver before<br />
competitors overrun it. Both strategies are consistent with<br />
specialization to pathogenicity. Thus, induction <strong>of</strong><br />
proteases by host cuticles (mucoralean fungi do not<br />
produce proteases under these conditions) demonstrates<br />
that C. coronatus is adapted to entomopathogenicity.<br />
1103 - Induction <strong>of</strong> defense-related enzyme activities in<br />
poplar roots inoculated with compatible and noncompatible<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> Paxillus involutus<br />
A. Gafur 1* , A. Schützendübel 2 & A. Polle 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Protection, University <strong>of</strong> Lampung,<br />
Jalan S. Brojonegoror 1, Bandar Lampung 35145,<br />
Indonesia. - 2 Institute for Forest Botany, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany. -<br />
E-mail: gafur@uwalumni.com<br />
Defense-related enzyme activities, especially those <strong>of</strong><br />
peroxidases, were examined in short roots <strong>of</strong> control, noncompatible<br />
and compatible interactions between hybrid<br />
poplar (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx.) and<br />
Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. Peroxidase activities<br />
increased significantly in poplar inoculated with noncompatible<br />
isolate <strong>of</strong> the fungus compared to control, an<br />
indication that the plant recognized invasion <strong>of</strong> the noncompatible<br />
isolate and subsequently responded with<br />
activation <strong>of</strong> the defense responses. Elevated levels <strong>of</strong> the<br />
enzymatic activity were maintained after seven weeks <strong>of</strong><br />
334<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
inoculation. On the other hand, accumulation <strong>of</strong> the same<br />
enzyme was not detected in compatible associations. The<br />
failure <strong>of</strong> induction <strong>of</strong> peroxidase activity in mycorrhizal<br />
root tips may suggest low-scale or even lack <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
defense responses in the compatible association between<br />
poplar and P. involutus. In other experiments, an<br />
appreciable amount <strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) was<br />
surprisingly detected only in compatible tissues, leading to<br />
speculation on the presence <strong>of</strong> stress conditions in the<br />
tissues. It has to be noted, however, that the accumulated<br />
H2O 2 in the tissues may have been released by fungal<br />
mycelia forming mantle and Hartig net in compatible<br />
interactions. It has been recognized that mycelia <strong>of</strong> some<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi, including P. involutus, produce<br />
H2O 2.<br />
1104 - Overflow <strong>of</strong> organic acids in Penicillium<br />
simplicissimum<br />
M. Gallmetzer & W. Burgstaller *<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020<br />
Innsbruck, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
wolfgang.burgstaller@uibk.ac.at<br />
The efficiency <strong>of</strong> carbon source utilization by filamentous<br />
fungi is strongly influenced by environmental conditions.<br />
This is <strong>of</strong> advantage in biotechnological processes, because<br />
it is easier to vary environmental conditions than to change<br />
the metabolic properties <strong>of</strong> a fungus. Understanding how<br />
environmental conditions influence a fungal metabolism is<br />
therefore important. We used continuous cultivation to<br />
study the influence <strong>of</strong> the specific growth rate and <strong>of</strong><br />
environmental conditions (glucose-, ammonium-, nitrate-,<br />
phosphate- and potassium-limited growth; various pH<br />
values, osmolarities and inhibitors) on the excretion <strong>of</strong><br />
organic acids by Penicillium simplicissimum. P.<br />
simplicissimum is used in heterotrophic metal leaching<br />
processes. Citrate was under all conditions the main<br />
excreted intermediate. This excretion can be termed an<br />
energy spilling process, because it avoids the formation <strong>of</strong><br />
NADH. The sum <strong>of</strong> the excreted organic acids was<br />
inversely correlated with the biomass yield. Glucose uptake<br />
was strongly influenced by the specicfic growth rate, but<br />
only weakly by the tested environmental conditions. The<br />
highest carbon overflow was observed with phosphate<br />
limitation (12% <strong>of</strong> the total consumed carbon, compared to<br />
1% during glucose limitation). Stress factors (alkaline pH,<br />
high osmolarity, addition <strong>of</strong> benzoic acid) in general<br />
increased both glucose uptake and carbon overflow.<br />
1105 - Calcium oxalate and gypsum on the thallial<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> the lichen Ramalina lacera exposed to<br />
polluted air<br />
J. Garty 1* , P. Kunin 1 , J. Delarea 2 & S. Weiner 3<br />
1 Tel Aviv University, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv<br />
69978, Israel. - 2 Tel Aviv University, Lab. Electron<br />
Microscopy, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. - 3 Weizmann Inst. <strong>of</strong>
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Science, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Structural Biology, Rehovot 76100,<br />
Israel. - E-mail: garty@post.tau.ac.il<br />
The formation <strong>of</strong> calcium-containing structures on the<br />
thallial surface <strong>of</strong> the lichen Ramalina lacera (With.) J.R.<br />
Laund. in response to air pollution and to simulated acid<br />
rain, was studied in in situ and transplanted thalli. In situ<br />
thalli were collected from an unpolluted site and<br />
transplanted to heavily polluted and to less polluted sites<br />
for a ten-months period. Additional thalli were treated<br />
either with double distilled water or with simulated acid<br />
rain. SEM and infrared spectrometry revealed that thallial<br />
surfaces <strong>of</strong> in situ R. lacera samples collected in unpolluted<br />
sites were covered with two kinds <strong>of</strong> calcium oxalate<br />
crystals. These aggregates <strong>of</strong> calcium oxalate crystals<br />
appear to disintegrate and provide a crystal layer on the<br />
thallial surface. Infrared spectroscopy <strong>of</strong> powder scrapped<br />
from thallial surfaces <strong>of</strong> transplants, retrieved from nonpolluted<br />
sites, showed the presence <strong>of</strong> whewellite and<br />
weddelite whereas powders obtained from thalli retrieved<br />
from polluted sites contained whewellite, weddelite and<br />
gypsum. It is suggested that a certain fraction <strong>of</strong> the<br />
gypsum detected in crater-like structures in transplants<br />
from polluted sites and in thalli treated with simulated acid<br />
rain is endogenous and should be considered a biomineral.<br />
1106 - Biotechnological aspects <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetes study<br />
V.P. Gavrilova 1* , N.S. Yakovleva 1 , O.V. Koroleva 2 , E.V.<br />
Stepanova 2 & E.O. Landesman 2<br />
1 V.L.Komarov Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popov Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 198022,<br />
Russia. - 2 A.N.Bach Institute <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry Russian<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences, Leninskii pr.33, Moscow, 117071,<br />
Russia. - E-mail: Valeria@VG2438.spb.edu<br />
The study <strong>of</strong> physiological and biochemical peculiarities <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycetes opens a wide range <strong>of</strong> possibilities for their<br />
using in biotechnology. The first step <strong>of</strong> creation <strong>of</strong><br />
biotechnological process starts with an investigation <strong>of</strong><br />
physiology <strong>of</strong> fungal producer. The Collection <strong>of</strong> LE(BIN),<br />
containing a great number <strong>of</strong> Basidiomycetes provides the<br />
opportunity to carry out the study on biology <strong>of</strong><br />
macromycetes development in culture including the<br />
investigation <strong>of</strong> enzymatic activities <strong>of</strong> macromycetes. The<br />
kinetic regularities (duration <strong>of</strong> lag-period, specific rate <strong>of</strong><br />
growth, the velocity <strong>of</strong> carbohydrate consumption,<br />
economical coefficient, the influence <strong>of</strong> pH on the growth<br />
and metabolism) and peculiarities <strong>of</strong> ligninolytic enzymes<br />
biosynthesis under the submerged cultivation <strong>of</strong><br />
Basidiomycetes belonging to families Polyporaceae,<br />
Ganodermataceae and Strophariaceae have been studied. It<br />
has been shown that rate <strong>of</strong> culture growth and enzyme<br />
synthesis can be regulated by cultivation conditions and<br />
desirable level <strong>of</strong> enzymes produced can be achieved by<br />
screening <strong>of</strong> appropriated producers. The combination <strong>of</strong><br />
fast method developed for fungi screening on agar plates<br />
and the study <strong>of</strong> biosynthetic peculiarities <strong>of</strong> macromycetes<br />
under the conditions <strong>of</strong> submerged cultivation allows to<br />
chose the most prominent strains for different<br />
biotechnological applications, in particular for obtaining <strong>of</strong><br />
ligninolytic enzymes, biologically active substances as well<br />
as biomass with high protein concentration.<br />
1107 - Identification <strong>of</strong> transposon-like sequences in the<br />
genome <strong>of</strong> fungi belonging to the Glomales<br />
A. Gollotte * , O. Chatagnier, C. Arnould, D. van Tuinen, S.<br />
Gianinazzi & V. Gianinazzi-Pearson<br />
UMR 1088 BBCE-IPM, INRA, BP86510, 21065 Dijon<br />
Cedex, France. - E-mail: a.gollotte@epoisses.inra.fr<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) which are<br />
important for plant health and survival are ancient<br />
organisms which appeared with the first land plants more<br />
than 400 million years ago. Their genome is large (108 to<br />
109 bp) and is rich is repeated sequences. A high level <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic polymorphism exists within their multinucleate<br />
spores. The aim <strong>of</strong> this work was to characterise repetitive<br />
DNA elements and provide a greater insight into the<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> the genome in the Glomales. Repeated<br />
sequences were isolated by screening lambda ZAPII<br />
genomic libraries from Glomus mosseae BEG12,<br />
Gigaspora rosea BEG9 and Gigaspora margarita BEG 34<br />
or by genomic self-priming PCR (GSP-PCR). Insert length<br />
ranged from 900 to 6000 bp and the copy number <strong>of</strong> each<br />
repeated sequence in the genome was between 70 and<br />
8000. Of 25 sequences that were isolated, all were rich in<br />
AT. Most <strong>of</strong> the sequences had no open reading frame and<br />
showed no homology to known sequences. However, short<br />
regions in these sequences were identical to elements<br />
present in transposons in other organisms. Two sequences<br />
showed similarity to reverse transcriptases. The distribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> these sequences in the genome is being determined by<br />
Southern blot and FISH. The presence <strong>of</strong> transposon-like<br />
sequences in the genome <strong>of</strong> the Glomales may have<br />
contributed to the appearance <strong>of</strong> high genetic<br />
polymorphism in the large genome <strong>of</strong> these fungi during<br />
evolution. This work is part <strong>of</strong> the european project<br />
GENOMYCA (QLRT-2000-01319).<br />
1108 - Black fungal colonies as units <strong>of</strong> survival: hyphal<br />
mycosporines synthesized by rock dwelling fungi<br />
A. Gorbushina 1* , M. Volkmann 1 , Th. Dornieden 1 , H.<br />
Ruetters 2 & J. Rullkoetter 2<br />
1 Geomicrobiology, ICBM, P.O.Box 2503, D-26111<br />
Oldenburg, Germany. - 2 Organic Geochemistry, ICBM,<br />
P.O.Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
anna.gorbushina@uni-oldenburg.de<br />
Microcolonial fungi (MCF), long living vegetative mycelia<br />
frequently occurring on desert rock surfaces, are exposed to<br />
strong ultraviolet radiation, desiccation and nutrient<br />
scarcity. Fungal rock dwelling microcolonies lack<br />
ascospores and all their cells possess a thick melanised cell<br />
wall. These simply organised mycelial structures grow by<br />
mitotic cell divisions, but frequently are more stress-<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
tolerant than lichens. Colonies <strong>of</strong> several randomly selected<br />
MCF strains were analyzed by cryo-SEM and TEM<br />
electron microscopy and for the presence <strong>of</strong> mycosporines.<br />
This class <strong>of</strong> UV-absorbing compounds, common in spores<br />
and other survival structures, is unknown in vegetative<br />
hyphae and was thought to be limited to reproductive<br />
morphogenesis. Mycosporine were analysed by LC/MS<br />
and LC/MS/MS (using a HPLC with a UV-VIS Detector<br />
and a ELSD interfaced with an ion trap MS). Intracellular<br />
intrahyphal growth and recolonization <strong>of</strong> old cells by new<br />
ones were observed in all MCF strains investigated.<br />
Mycosporines ubiquitous presence in the vegetative MCF<br />
cells help explain the high survival potential and longevity<br />
<strong>of</strong> these fungi. Territorial expansion <strong>of</strong> MCF is limited and<br />
mycosporines -known as inhibitors <strong>of</strong> conidia germination-<br />
may also serve as regulators <strong>of</strong> non-expansive restricted<br />
growth inherent for MCF. Also multiple cell functions such<br />
as UV-protection and the intracellular signaling for cell<br />
division and/or restriction <strong>of</strong> hyphal branching may be<br />
mediated by light-absorbing mycosporines.<br />
1109 - Mutational dissection <strong>of</strong> morphogenesis in<br />
Neurospora<br />
A. Griffiths, A. Virag, O. Gavric * & E. Jovel<br />
Botany, UBC, 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver V6T 1Z4,<br />
Canada.<br />
Morphogenesis in filamentous fungi is driven by<br />
programmes <strong>of</strong> tip growth and branching. The main<br />
components <strong>of</strong> current cellular models are the actin<br />
cytoskeleton, calcium homeostasis and morphogenes. We<br />
are investigating these components using the Neurospora<br />
model. First, we are characterizing many <strong>of</strong> the available<br />
morphological mutants by examining their responses to<br />
calcium and manganese at the macroscopic and cellular<br />
levels. This analysis has generated new groupings that<br />
could reflect function. Second, we are examining the<br />
functional interactions between mutations using epistasis<br />
analysis. The results require redefinition <strong>of</strong> the modes <strong>of</strong><br />
interaction into full epistasis, partial epistasis, co-epistasis,<br />
novelty and cumulative or multiplicative action. This work<br />
also generates functional groups that might represent<br />
morphogenetic networks. Third, a mutation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
structural gene for actin has been isolated, cloned and<br />
sequenced. This clone has permitted more mutations to be<br />
isolated by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). The<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> the mutant strains are being studied at the cell<br />
and molecular levels. They show a variety <strong>of</strong> types <strong>of</strong><br />
aberrant growth, branching, aerial growth and sexual<br />
structures. Attempts at actin staining are in progress.<br />
[Supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and<br />
Engineering Research Council <strong>of</strong> Canada.]<br />
336<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1110 - Natural protease inhibitors from fruit bodies <strong>of</strong><br />
mushrooms<br />
K. Grzywnowicz * & K. Sobczyk<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry, Pl. M.C. Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin,<br />
Poland. - E-mail: grzyw@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Proteolytic enzymes have been firmly established as main<br />
regulatory components in a number <strong>of</strong> cellular, tissue and<br />
physiological processes. The most important factors<br />
influencing the proteolytic enzymes and pathways <strong>of</strong><br />
proteolysis are natural protease inhibitors which form<br />
complexes with target proteases to inactivate and/or to<br />
regulate their activity. There is growing interest in<br />
inhibitors <strong>of</strong> proteases, not only synthetic but also naturally<br />
occurring (mushrooms' ones among them), due to their role<br />
in various human diseases. Searching for new, bioactive<br />
metabolites <strong>of</strong> basidiomycetous fungi we isolated and<br />
characterized some low and high molecular natural<br />
protease inhibitors <strong>of</strong> serine, asparagine, cysteine and<br />
metallo-proteases. They were isolated from fruit bodies and<br />
mycelia <strong>of</strong> edible, cultivable and potentially medicinal<br />
mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes,<br />
Agaricus bisporus, Trametes versicolor). Isolation <strong>of</strong><br />
inhibitors was achieved by ion exchange and size exclusion<br />
chromatography. Characterization <strong>of</strong> their inhibitory<br />
activity, pH and temperature optima, and molecular mass<br />
were analysed. It appeared that low molecular inhibitors <strong>of</strong><br />
serine proteases were typical for both mycelium and fruit<br />
bodies, and high molecular inhibitors ones were<br />
characteristic for fruit bodies only. Inhibitors <strong>of</strong> asparagine<br />
proteases were typical for mycelium mainly. And inhibitors<br />
<strong>of</strong> cysteine proteases and metalloproteaes were found<br />
mainly in fruit bodies.<br />
1111 - Deliquescing <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies <strong>of</strong> Coprinus comatus:<br />
new insight into proteolysis <strong>of</strong> the process<br />
K. Grzywnowicz * & T. Typinski<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry, Pl. M.C. Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin,<br />
Poland. - E-mail: grzyw@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Species <strong>of</strong> Coprinus are well recognized by their<br />
deliquescing <strong>of</strong> fruit bodies. Genus is also mentioned from<br />
the point <strong>of</strong> view <strong>of</strong> C. cinereus, which model organism to<br />
study development processes in the Homobasidiomycetes.<br />
The species C. comatus is characterized by melanized<br />
spores and inaequi-hymeniferous gills that tend to<br />
deliquesce into black liquid that drips from the<br />
disintegrating cap. The autolysis is evidently part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
developmental program <strong>of</strong> fruit body. The autolysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mature cap is caused mainly by chitinases. Process effects<br />
cap tissues, but not the outer veil layers and the stipe. Apart<br />
chitinases, proteases and glucanases also have been<br />
identified. In our work we try to evaluate proteolysis events<br />
during deliquescing process. We have been using 'wild' C.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
comatus model instead <strong>of</strong> 'laboratory' C. cinereus one.<br />
During analysis <strong>of</strong> enzymology <strong>of</strong> stages <strong>of</strong> development<br />
<strong>of</strong> fruit body, we were investigating levels <strong>of</strong> enzymes<br />
connected with melanization proces and proteolysis events.<br />
We have been searching <strong>of</strong> also the levels <strong>of</strong> natural<br />
protease inhibitors <strong>of</strong> various groups <strong>of</strong> proteases.<br />
Comparison <strong>of</strong> changes in levels <strong>of</strong> protease activities and<br />
<strong>of</strong> their inhibitors may give us new, interesting insight into<br />
relations <strong>of</strong> various types <strong>of</strong> proteases and their natural<br />
inhibitors, and into a role <strong>of</strong> proteolysis during<br />
development and deliquescing <strong>of</strong> basidiocarps <strong>of</strong> genus<br />
Coprinus mushrooms.<br />
1112 - Characteristics <strong>of</strong> secondary metabolites from<br />
lichen mycobionts<br />
N. Hamada 1* , T. Tanahashi 2 & H. Miyagawa 3<br />
1 Osaka City Institute <strong>of</strong> Public Health & Environmental<br />
Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.<br />
- 2 Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi,<br />
Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan. - 3 Div. <strong>of</strong><br />
Applied Life Science, Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
Nobuo.Hamada@iphes.city.osaka.jp<br />
Secondary metabolites were <strong>of</strong>ten obtained from colonies<br />
<strong>of</strong> spore-derived lichen mycobionts cultured on<br />
conventional malt-yeast extract media with 10% added<br />
sucrose. Some substances not detected in the lichens, were<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten new, and crystallized on the surface <strong>of</strong> mediumcultured<br />
mycobiont. These substances, which differed<br />
among the various lichen mycobionts, included<br />
graphenone, graphisquinone, dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans, xanthones,<br />
hybocarpone, isocoumarins and other substances. These<br />
substances appear to be <strong>of</strong>ten bioactive or toxic to<br />
photobionts. In addition to previous work identifying new<br />
mycobiont substances, further studies are performed in<br />
order to elucidate the biological significance <strong>of</strong> substances<br />
produced by the lichen mycobionts and the origin <strong>of</strong> lichen<br />
symbiosis. In the present study, we have examined the<br />
distribution and variation in dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans, which are<br />
common in lichen mycobionts, and distributed over many<br />
families, e.g. Stereocaulon, Evernia, Usnea, Lecanora. On<br />
the other hand, dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans were not found in lichens.<br />
This biosynthetic pathway was thought to dormant in<br />
lichenized condition, and was induced in cultured lichen<br />
mycobiont. The structure <strong>of</strong> dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans varies with<br />
species <strong>of</strong> lichens, and some dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans are chlorinated<br />
derivatives. These substances appear to be toxic to an algal<br />
partner. We tried to confirm this hypothesis in<br />
experimental procedure. The biological significance <strong>of</strong><br />
these metabolites is discussed from the viewpoint <strong>of</strong> lichen<br />
symbiosis.<br />
1113 - T-DNA based genetic transformation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi<br />
M. Hanif 1* , M. Raudaskoski 1 , A.G. Pardo 2 & M. Gorfer 3<br />
1<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, PL 56 viikinakari 9 00014-FIN HY,<br />
Finland. - 2 Programa de Investigación en Interacciones<br />
Biológicas (PIIB), Roque Saénz Peña 180, (B1876BXD)<br />
Bernal, Argentina. -<br />
3 Eco work lab, Vienna,<br />
Längenfeldgasse 27, 1120, Austria. - E-mail:<br />
hanif@mappi.helsinki.fi<br />
The T-DNA <strong>of</strong> Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be<br />
transferred to plants, yeasts, fungi and human cells. Using<br />
this system, a technique was developed for transforming<br />
ectomycorrhiza forming basidiomycetes Suillus bovinus,<br />
Hebeloma cylindrosporum, and Paxillus involutus. The<br />
selection marker employed was the Shble gene conferring<br />
resistance to phleomycin under control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Schizophyllum commune GPD promoter and terminator.<br />
Putative transformants were shown by PCR to contain the<br />
GPDScP-Shble-GPDScT construct, although the fate <strong>of</strong> the<br />
foreign DNA could not be determined. In order to improve<br />
the system, dikaryotic mycelia <strong>of</strong> S. bovinus were<br />
transformed with recombinant hygromycin B<br />
phsphotransferase (hph) and enhanced green fluorescent<br />
protein (EGFP) genes fused with a heterologous fungal<br />
promoter and CaMV 35S terminator. Transformation<br />
resulted in hygromycin B resistant clones, which were<br />
mitotically stable. Putative transformants were analysed for<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> hph and EGFP genes by PCR and Southern<br />
analysis which proved both multiple and single copy<br />
integrations <strong>of</strong> the genes. Several genes encoding small<br />
GTPases have been charcterized from S. bovinus, including<br />
SbCdc42 SbRac1, SbRas1 and SbRas2. The introduction <strong>of</strong><br />
in vitro mutagenized dominant forms <strong>of</strong> these genes into S.<br />
bovinus genome by the transformation system described<br />
here will greatly advance our understanding <strong>of</strong> the function<br />
<strong>of</strong> the actin cytoskeleton and small GTPases in vegetative<br />
and symbiotic hyphae <strong>of</strong> S. bovinus.<br />
1114 - Characterization <strong>of</strong> copper-philic mycobiont<br />
from lichen Tremolecia atrata<br />
K. Hara * , H. Fujii, M. Komine, H. Hattori & Y. Yamamoto<br />
Akita Pref. Univ., 241-7 Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita 010-<br />
0195, Japan. - E-mail: kojiro_h@akita-pu.ac.jp<br />
It is well known that lichens are able to accumulate high<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> heavy metals in their thalli. To clarify the<br />
possibility <strong>of</strong> application <strong>of</strong> lichens for bio-remediation, we<br />
had screened lichen mycobiont cultures for coppertolerance.<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> the screening, a mycobiont derived<br />
from Tremolecia atrata found to be copper-philic rather<br />
than copper-tolerant. The copper ion level for optimum<br />
growth in liquid medium was between 25 to 30 ppm. The<br />
upper limit adequate for growth was around 125 ppm.<br />
Analyses by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer<br />
revealed an accumulation <strong>of</strong> copper ion within mycobiont<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 337
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
aggregates. To cast further light on molecular mechanisms<br />
<strong>of</strong> this copper-philicity, differential protein expression<br />
analyses were performed, resulting in different protein<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iles between mycobiont aggregates cultured with and<br />
without copper ion.<br />
1115 - Determining the relative role <strong>of</strong> ligand versus<br />
proton-promoted dissolution <strong>of</strong> metal phosphates by<br />
fungi<br />
F.A. Harper * & G.M. Gadd<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental and Applied Biology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Dundee, Biological Sciences Institute,<br />
Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
f.a.harper@dundee.ac.uk<br />
Many soil fungi can solubilize sparingly soluble metal<br />
phosphates, and are thus important agents in nutrient<br />
cycling <strong>of</strong> phosphate and metal ions. Despite rapid<br />
screening methods to identify isolates with pr<strong>of</strong>icient<br />
phosphate solubilizing activity, there lacks quantitative<br />
data on the mechanisms by which dissolution occurs. Two<br />
non-mutually exclusive mechanisms involving efflux <strong>of</strong> (i)<br />
protons and/ or (ii) metal complexing ligands (such as<br />
organic acid anions) are frequently acknowledged in this<br />
role, although their relative importance in the dissolution<br />
process is unclear. In this work we used Aspergillus niger,<br />
Fusarium sp. and Coriolus versicolor, to develop<br />
contrasting models to provide a better mechanistic<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> phosphate dissolution. We show that the<br />
relative role <strong>of</strong> proton versus ligand-promoted dissolution<br />
is influenced by many factors, including nitrogen-source,<br />
with marked differences occurring between fungal species.<br />
Many fungi subsequently immobilize metals, such as<br />
recrystallization as oxalates, while all fungi exhibit surface<br />
sorption and/or intracellular accumulation. Similar to the<br />
mechanisms <strong>of</strong> mobilization, these lack proper<br />
quantification. A sequential extraction technique has been<br />
used to fractionate metal in fungal biomass and agar into<br />
soluble, phosphate and oxalate phases, in order to quantify<br />
the fate <strong>of</strong> metal and achieve a mass balance. The<br />
functional significance <strong>of</strong> our findings for fungi in<br />
biogeochemical processes will be discussed.<br />
1116 - Production <strong>of</strong> neutral and alkaline proteases by<br />
the thermophilic fungus, Scytalidium thermophilum,<br />
grown on microcrystalline cellulose<br />
I. Hasbay Ifrij * & Z.B. Ogel<br />
Middle East Technical University, Department <strong>of</strong> Food<br />
Engineering, 06531 Ankara, Turkey. - E-mail:<br />
incinur@metu.edu.tr<br />
Scytalidium thermophilum protease production in Avicelcontaining<br />
media was analysed. Proteases produced by<br />
Scytalidium thermophilum were found to be most active at<br />
neutral and alkaline pH and at a temperature range <strong>of</strong> 37-45<br />
338<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
°C. Highest protease activity was observed at early<br />
exponential phase where endoglucanase activity was low.<br />
The production <strong>of</strong> proteases and endoglucanases on<br />
different days suggested a possible negative effect <strong>of</strong><br />
proteases on endoglucanase activity. The effect <strong>of</strong> protease<br />
inhibitors were examined to determine the type <strong>of</strong><br />
proteases. Those were pCMB, antipain, PMSF, E-64,<br />
EDTA and pepstatin A. Antipain, pCMB and PMSF were<br />
observed to be effective on proteases produced by the<br />
fungus. Two major protease inhibition peaks at day 3 and 5<br />
suggest production <strong>of</strong> thiol-containing serine protease and<br />
serine protease, respectively. The presence <strong>of</strong> protease<br />
inhibitors in culture medium or cell-free supernatants failed<br />
to show a significant effect on endoglucanase activity and<br />
the ability <strong>of</strong> endoglucanases to adsorb onto Avicel.<br />
1117 - Development <strong>of</strong> an Aspergillus sojae expression<br />
system<br />
M. Heerikhuisen * , A. Drint-Kuyvenhoven, A.R. Albers,<br />
C.A.M. van den Hondel & P.J. Punt<br />
TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Utrechtseweg<br />
48, Zeist 3704 HE, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
Heerikhuisen@voeding.tno.nl<br />
Aspergillus species are known as high-level expression<br />
hosts for the production <strong>of</strong> enzymes or metabolites. In the<br />
last two decades for the industrially used species for<br />
Aspergillus niger, A. foetidus, A. tubigensis, and A. oryzae<br />
expression systems have been developed. We describe the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> an expression system based on the koji<br />
mold Aspergillus sojae for the production <strong>of</strong> homologous<br />
and heterologous proteins. Transformation based on<br />
auxotrophic (pyrG, niaD) and/or dominant markers<br />
(amdS), was used to introduce the genes <strong>of</strong> interest. To<br />
improve the yield <strong>of</strong> produced protein, Aspergillus sojae<br />
mutants with lower protease activity, either by gene<br />
disruption or by UV mutagenesis, were isolated. To<br />
improve the fermentation yields <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus sojae also<br />
morphological and so-called fermentor adapted mutants<br />
with lower viscosity, were isolated. As one <strong>of</strong> the examples<br />
for heterologous protein production, the production <strong>of</strong><br />
human interleukin 6 was used. References: Heerikhuisen,<br />
M. et al. (2001) World Patent Application WO 01/09352.<br />
1118 - Isolation, structure elucidation and biological<br />
activities <strong>of</strong> novel secondary metabolites from Pochonia<br />
chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & W. Gams<br />
V. Hellwig 1 , A. Mayer-Bartschmid 1 , W. Zitzmann 1 , G.<br />
Greif 2 , H.V. Tichy 3 , G. Kleymann 1 & M. Stadler 1*<br />
1 Bayer AG, Pharma Research, Bayer Pharma Research<br />
Center, P.O.B. 10 17 09, D-42115 Wuppertal, Germany. -<br />
2 Bayer AG, Animal Health Research & Development,<br />
Bayer AG, Research Center Monheim, Bldg. 6700, D-<br />
51368 Leverkusen, Germany. - 3 TUEV ISB, Engesserstr.<br />
4b, C-79108 Freiburg, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
marc.stadler@t-online.de
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Extracts from the fungus strain P0297 showed strong<br />
activities in two concurrent screenings <strong>of</strong> natural extracts<br />
for new antiviral compounds active against Herpes Simplex<br />
Virus 1 (HSV1) and for novel antiparasitic agents active<br />
against the protozoan pest Eimeria tenella, respectively.<br />
Strain P0297 was identified as Pochonia chlamydosporia<br />
var. catenulata sensu Zare et al. [Nova Hedwigia 73 (1-2)<br />
51-86, 2001] by morphological studies and comparison <strong>of</strong><br />
DNA sequences with data from type strains. Fermentation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fungus in 10 litre scale and bioassay-guided<br />
preparative HPLC <strong>of</strong> the crude extracts yielded several<br />
biologically active metabolites, which were identified by<br />
NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Besides<br />
Monorden (Radicicol), several structurally related<br />
resorcylic acid lactones, for which the trivial names<br />
Pochonins are proposed, were obtained as congeners. In<br />
addition, the spiro-alkaloid Pseurotin A was isolated. Upon<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> fermentation conditions, a drastic shift in<br />
the secondary metabolite pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> strain P0297 occurred<br />
when bromide salts were added to the medium.<br />
Interestingly, the fungus now produced the monocillins,<br />
which constitute non-halogenated analogues <strong>of</strong> monorden<br />
and pochonins. All compounds were studied on their<br />
antiviral and anticoccidial properties in cellular replication<br />
assays. Furthermore, their activities against estrogenic<br />
receptors were evaluated. Their isolation, structure<br />
elucidation and biological activities are discussed.<br />
1119 - Heterologous expression <strong>of</strong> Phanerochaete<br />
manganese peroxidases in Pleurotus ostreatus<br />
Y. Honda 1* , C. Imamura 2 , H. Takahashi 2 , T. Watanabe 1 &<br />
M. Kuwahara 3<br />
1 Wood Res Inst., Kyoto Univ., Gokasho, Uji 611-0011,<br />
Japan. - 2 Toyota Central R&D labs., Yokomichi, Nagakute,<br />
Aichi 480-1192, Japan. - 3 Inst. Wood Technol., Akita Prif.<br />
Univ., kaieizaka, Noshiro, Akita 016-0876, Japan. - Email:<br />
yhonda@kuwri.kyoto-u.ac.jp<br />
Manganese peroxidases catalyze oxidation <strong>of</strong> Mn(II) to<br />
Mn(III) in the presence <strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide and form a<br />
class <strong>of</strong> extracellular peroxidases <strong>of</strong> white rot<br />
basidiomycetes. The enzymes have been focus <strong>of</strong> research<br />
interests because <strong>of</strong> their importance in lignin<br />
biodegradation and potential for utilization in many<br />
industrial processes. Genomic and cDNA sequences<br />
encoding manganese peroxidase have been cloned and<br />
characterized from variety <strong>of</strong> white rot basidiomycetes,<br />
including Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Phanerochaete<br />
chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eringii.<br />
However, overexpression <strong>of</strong> active ligninolytic peroxidases<br />
is difficult with non-basidiomycetous host systems such as<br />
Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and<br />
Aspergillus spp. We have developed a recombinant gene<br />
expression system in P. ostreatus, using promoter and<br />
terminator sequences <strong>of</strong> sdi1 which encodes iron-sulfur<br />
subunit <strong>of</strong> succinate dehydrogenase. The system was<br />
successfully used to overexpress one <strong>of</strong> its manganese<br />
peroxidase genes, mnp3 under the control <strong>of</strong> homologous<br />
sdi1 expression signals. Here we report heterologous<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> wild-type and artificially mutagenized<br />
manganese peroxidases from P. chrysosporium using the<br />
gene expression system in P. ostreatus.<br />
1120 - Antifreeze proteins from snow mold fungi<br />
T. Hoshino * , M. Kiriaki, I. Yumoto & S. Tsuda<br />
National Institiute <strong>of</strong> Advanced Industrial Science and<br />
Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1, Tsukisamu-Higashi,<br />
Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
tamotsu.hoshino@aist.go.jp<br />
Many living organisms have biochemical strategies to<br />
protect themselves against freezing. Antifreeze protein<br />
(AFP) are one <strong>of</strong> biochemical defense mechanisms by<br />
which intracellualr ice formation is inhibited. Typhula<br />
ishikariensis, one <strong>of</strong> snow molds secreted a 22kDa protein<br />
that only accumulated in culture at a subzero temperature.<br />
Reported fish AFPs bound to prism faces <strong>of</strong> ice crystals<br />
that were formed hexagonal bipyramid. The short axes (aaxes)<br />
<strong>of</strong> ice crystals <strong>of</strong> fish AFPs were limited by the size<br />
<strong>of</strong> the initial ice. However, fungal AFP-bound ice could<br />
grow not only in the c-axis direction but also in the a-axis<br />
direction. Therefore, fungal AFP formed ice that was 10fold<br />
larger than that <strong>of</strong> fish AFP-bound ice and became a<br />
distorted hexagonal bipyramid shape resembling Stone Age<br />
knives. Fish AFPs can cover all ice-growth sites <strong>of</strong> prism<br />
faces and those AFP-bound ice crystals can grow only in<br />
the direction <strong>of</strong> basal faces (c-axis). Our results showed<br />
that fungal AFP-bound ice could grow not only in the caxis<br />
direction but also in the a-axis direction. Therefore, it<br />
is assumed fungal AFP-bound ice has extra space for<br />
crystal growth in prism faces. It is thought that the number<br />
<strong>of</strong> binding fungal AFPs per area <strong>of</strong> prism face is less than<br />
those <strong>of</strong> fish or plant AFPs. However, the highest<br />
measurable value <strong>of</strong> antifreeze activity <strong>of</strong> fungal AFPs is<br />
higher than average values reported for fish AFPs. It is<br />
therefore thought that fungal AFPs inhibit ice growth by<br />
another mechanism.<br />
1121 - Repression <strong>of</strong> chsB expression reveals the<br />
functional importance <strong>of</strong> class IV chitin synthase gene<br />
chsD in Aspergillus nidulans<br />
M. Ichinomiya * , H. Horiuchi & A. Ohta<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, The University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo, 1-<br />
1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
aa07117@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp<br />
Chitin is one <strong>of</strong> the major constituents <strong>of</strong> the cell wall <strong>of</strong><br />
Aspergillus nidulans. To date, five chitin synthase genes<br />
(chsA-D, and csmA) in this fungus have been isolated and<br />
characterized in our laboratory. We have reported<br />
previously that a chsB single disruptant exhibits severe<br />
growth defects, whereas chsA, chsC, and chsD single<br />
mutants do not show any obvious growth defects. Here, we<br />
constructed conditional chsB mutants in which chsB<br />
expression was controlled under the repressible alcA<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 339
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
promoter (alcA(p)-chsB). Under repressing condition, the<br />
mutant exhibited similar phenotypes to those <strong>of</strong> the chsB<br />
disruptant. To examine the functional relationships <strong>of</strong> other<br />
chitin synthase genes with chsB, we constructed three types<br />
<strong>of</strong> double mutants in which the chsA, chsC, or chsD<br />
deletion mutation was combined with alcA(p)-chsB. The<br />
chsD chsB double mutants grew more slowly than the chsB<br />
single mutant under high osmolarity conditions. The<br />
hyphae <strong>of</strong> the double mutants appeared to be more<br />
disorganized than those <strong>of</strong> the chsB single mutant. These<br />
results indicate the importance <strong>of</strong> the ChsD function in the<br />
absence <strong>of</strong> chsB expression. The chsA chsB and chsC chsB<br />
double mutants also showed different phenotypes from the<br />
chsB single mutant under alcA(p)-repressing conditions;<br />
the chsA chsB double mutant produced less aerial hyphae,<br />
and the chsC chsB double mutant showed reduced cell<br />
mass. These observations suggest that chsA and chsC each<br />
play some different roles in hyphal morphogenesis.<br />
1122 - Effect <strong>of</strong> the wood degrading basidiomycete<br />
Coniophora puteana on the chemical and physical<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> pinewood<br />
I. Irbe * , B. Andersons & J. Chirkova<br />
Latvian State Institute <strong>of</strong> Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes<br />
St., Riga, LV 1006, Latvia. - E-mail: ilzeirbe@edi.lv<br />
Coniophora puteana is a wood destroying basidiomycete,<br />
widespread both in nature and construction wood. The<br />
fungus produces a brown-rot in s<strong>of</strong>t- and hardwood,<br />
primarily degrading its polysaccharides, while lignin is<br />
only modified. The fungus is <strong>of</strong>ten encountered in the<br />
buildings in Latvia, causing considerable damage to wood<br />
in service. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to investigate the<br />
chemical, physical and ultrastructural changes in the<br />
pinewood degraded by C. puteana (Schum.:Fr.) Karst.<br />
(BAM Ebw.15) isolate. For this, the Scots pine sapwood<br />
blocks were subjected to the attack <strong>of</strong> fungus for 4 months<br />
in laboratory conditions. Decayed wood was analyzed by<br />
ion exchange chromatography, water vapor sorption and<br />
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. At the<br />
wood weight loss <strong>of</strong> 40%, the losses <strong>of</strong> hemicelluloses<br />
forming monosaccharides mannose and galactose were<br />
78% and 56%, while xylose and arabinose were lost by<br />
47% and 39%, respectively. The losses <strong>of</strong> cellulose<br />
forming monosaccharide, glucose, comprised 32%. Based<br />
on the water sorption isotherms, value <strong>of</strong> the accessible<br />
specific surface A, and constant am, characterizing the<br />
mass hydrophilicity, were determined. Correlation between<br />
the value A and wood weight losses was obtained. The<br />
hydrophilicity am tended to decrease as the share <strong>of</strong> lignin<br />
in decayed wood increased. SEM micrographs illustrated<br />
the pattern <strong>of</strong> thinning and cracking <strong>of</strong> the wood cell wall,<br />
confirming the considerable loss <strong>of</strong> wood carbohydrates.<br />
1123 - Solubilization <strong>of</strong> metal phosphates by fungi as a<br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> carbon translocation<br />
340<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
H. Jacobs 1* , G.P. Boswell 2 , K. Ritz 3 , F.A. Davidson 2 &<br />
G.M. Gadd 1<br />
1 Division <strong>of</strong> Environmental and Applied Biology,<br />
Biological Sciences Institute, School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. -<br />
2 Department <strong>of</strong> Mathematics, University <strong>of</strong> Dundee,<br />
Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K. - 3 Soil-Plant Dynamics<br />
Group, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie,<br />
Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
h.jacobs@dundee.ac.uk<br />
The spatial distribution <strong>of</strong> nutrients in most soils is<br />
heterogeneous due to factors that include soil type and<br />
structure. Pollutants, such as toxic metal-contaminated<br />
wastes, and soil amendments such as fertilizers, also<br />
increase the heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> the edaphic environment. The<br />
ability <strong>of</strong> fungi to solubilize insoluble metal phosphates, by<br />
the production <strong>of</strong> organic acids, is important for both plant<br />
and microbial nutrition. Whilst filamentous fungi are well<br />
adapted for growth in heterogeneous conditions,<br />
experimental information in relation to the functional<br />
consequences <strong>of</strong> such phenomena is sparse. A model<br />
system consisting <strong>of</strong> concentric rings <strong>of</strong> discrete agar<br />
droplets was developed which allowed study <strong>of</strong> fungal<br />
growth in vitro in nutritionally-heterogeneous conditions.<br />
Droplets containing different combinations <strong>of</strong> glucose and<br />
calcium phosphate were used to study the consequences <strong>of</strong><br />
spatially separating these components in relation to metal<br />
phosphate solubilization by Rhizoctonia solani. In the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> the fungus, solubilization <strong>of</strong> calcium phosphate<br />
only occurred when glucose was present in the underlying<br />
medium. However, solubilization occurred in droplets<br />
containing calcium phosphate, but no glucose, when<br />
glucose was present in other droplets within the tessellation<br />
and where fungal hyphae spanned the droplets. This<br />
demonstrates that substrate was transported via mycelia<br />
from glucose-containing domains, with the functional<br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> metal phosphate solubilization.<br />
1124 - Modulation <strong>of</strong> phospholipid metabolism in<br />
cAMP-dependent protein kinase mutants <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus<br />
niger<br />
K. Jernejc * & M. Bencina<br />
National Institute <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000<br />
Ljubljana, Slovenia. - E-mail: katarina.jernejc@ki.si<br />
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays a<br />
crucial role in the regulation <strong>of</strong> metabolic pathways by<br />
means <strong>of</strong> enzyme phosphorylation and therefore in changes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the activities <strong>of</strong> key cellular enzymes. Genes encoding<br />
PKA catalytic and regulatory subunits in Aspergillus niger<br />
were cloned, characterized, overexpressed and/or deleted.<br />
The correlation between cAMP-dependent protein kinase<br />
activity and phospholipid biosynthesis in wild type A. niger<br />
strain and strains with overexpressed and deleted genes for<br />
regulatory pkaR and/or catalytic pkaC subunit was<br />
followed. Isolated mutants displayed different lipid,<br />
especially phospholipid metabolism. In mutant strains with<br />
abolished PKA activity amount <strong>of</strong> total lipids was 1.6 times<br />
higher, with much more neutral lipids than in other mutant
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
strains. Relative as well as absolute amounts <strong>of</strong><br />
phospholipids and glycolipids were 1.3 and 4.9 times<br />
higher in mutants with regulatory subunit deleted than in<br />
the control strain. Differences in individual phospholipids<br />
were most distinctive. Mutant strains with increased pkaC<br />
and disrupted pkaR genes showed several times lower<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> phosphatidylcholine with concomitant increase<br />
in phosphatidylethanolamine and<br />
lysophosphatidylethanolamine, as well as differences in<br />
phospatidylinositol in relation to other followed strains.<br />
Therefore consequences <strong>of</strong> mutations <strong>of</strong> PKA on<br />
phospholipid synthesis could be interpreted through cAMP<br />
signaling.<br />
1125 - Copper ions might have a significant role in<br />
redirecting metabolic fluxes in Aspergillus niger<br />
K. Jernejc & M. Legisa *<br />
National Institute <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001,<br />
Ljubljana, Slovenia. - E-mail: matic.legisa@ki.si<br />
In commercially important micro-organisms, such as<br />
Aspergillus niger, lipid synthesis was <strong>of</strong>ten regarded as an<br />
unwanted process since it diverts metabolic fluxes from<br />
final bio-product synthesis - citric acid. The presence <strong>of</strong><br />
copper ions was found to induce the citric acid overflow,<br />
while concomitantly lower levels <strong>of</strong> total lipids were<br />
detected in the cells. Its effect was more obvious in the<br />
medium with magnesium ions as a sole divalent metal ions,<br />
while in the substrate with magnesium and manganese the<br />
addition <strong>of</strong> copper had less pronounced effect. Since the<br />
malic enzyme was recognised as a supplier <strong>of</strong> reducing<br />
power in the form <strong>of</strong> NADPH for lipid bio-synthesis, its<br />
kinetic parameters in regard to different concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
copper ions were investigated and a strong competitive<br />
inhibition <strong>of</strong> enzyme by Cu2+ ions proposed. It seemed<br />
that copper ions compete with Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions for<br />
the same binding site on the protein, since the deactivation<br />
<strong>of</strong> malic enzyme after the addition <strong>of</strong> metal ions was a time<br />
dependent process. Sesamol, another substance reported to<br />
reduce the lipid content in some fungi, had no significant<br />
effect in A. niger cells. The data illustrated that copper ions<br />
were capable <strong>of</strong> inhibiting the A. niger malic enzyme,<br />
which might lead to redirection <strong>of</strong> metabolic fluxes from<br />
lipid synthesis toward citric acid overflow.<br />
1126 - Ammonium assimilating GS/GOGAT genes <strong>of</strong><br />
the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus bovinus<br />
S. Jokela 1* , L. Paulin 2 , R. Sen 1 & J.T. Juuti 1<br />
1<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biosciences, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014<br />
2<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotechnology, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: sanna.jokela@helsinki.fi<br />
Nitrogen is a major plant growth limiting nutrient in boreal<br />
forests where the bulk <strong>of</strong> soil nitrogen is bound as organic<br />
complexes inaccessible to uptake by plants. Root symbiotic<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungi are able to mineralize organic soil<br />
nitrogen to ammonium and subsequently translocate<br />
nitrogen as amino acids to mycorrhizal roots. Glutamine<br />
synthetase (GS) and gluamate synthase (GOGAT) are key<br />
enzymes responsible for ammonium incorporation into host<br />
plant and fungal cellular amino acid pools. Genomic and<br />
cDNA libraries were constructed for the ectomycorrhizal<br />
basidiomycete Suillus bovinus, which is commonly found<br />
in Scots pine forest soils. Full genomic GS and GOGAT<br />
sequences, several GS cDNAs and one GOGAT cDNA<br />
were isolated and sequenced. The complete GOGAT<br />
cDNA sequence was determined using RT-PCR.<br />
Transcription initiation sites were identified using primer<br />
extension and confirmed by utilising 5'-RACE methods.<br />
Fungal transcription levels in the Scots pine<br />
mycorrhizosphere were assessed by Northern analysis.<br />
Although present as single copy genes, the amount <strong>of</strong> GS<br />
transcripts was much higher than that <strong>of</strong> GOGAT. The<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> GS transcripts seemed to be non-translatable,<br />
due to loss <strong>of</strong> mRNA 5'-ends, making the actual amounts <strong>of</strong><br />
functional GS and GOGAT transcripts comparable. Total<br />
fungal GS transcript levels seem to be high throughout the<br />
mycorrhizosphere.<br />
1127 - Surface structure and composition <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus<br />
nidulans walls<br />
S. Kaminskyj 1* , K. Gough 2 & T. Dahms 3<br />
1 Biology Dept. Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N<br />
5E2, Canada. - 2 Dept. Chemistry, Univ Manitoba,<br />
Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada. - 3 Dept. Chemistry, Univ<br />
Regina, Regina SK S4S 0A2, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
Susan.Kaminskyj@usask.ca<br />
Wildtype Aspergillus nidulans has highly polarized growth<br />
producing narrow tubular hyphae, but at 42 °C the<br />
conditional non-lethal hypA1 mutation leads to nonpolarized<br />
growth producing wide, tapered cells. TEM<br />
shows that 42 °C hypA1 tip walls are four-fold thicker than<br />
those produced at 28 °C, with wall thickness increasing<br />
subapically. Subapical walls <strong>of</strong> wildtype hyphae are<br />
inextensible, however, the 42 °C; hypA1 growth pattern<br />
implies they can remain plastic, consistent with Bartnicki-<br />
Garcia's model that wall s<strong>of</strong>tening is an integral part <strong>of</strong><br />
deposition. Can differences between 28 °C and 42 °C walls<br />
<strong>of</strong> hypA1 strains be detected at the surface? hypA1 colonies<br />
were prepared for cryo-SEM after growth at 28 °C, 42 °C<br />
or a shift from 42 °C to 28 °C. Surprisingly, the wall<br />
surface was similar for all growth regimes: a finely pebbled<br />
texture, and no evidence <strong>of</strong> stretching or insertion <strong>of</strong><br />
material even at tips. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can<br />
create a detailed surface image, and in some modes can<br />
also provide chemical information, potentially monitoring<br />
changes as a hypha grows past a fixed point. Here we show<br />
that AFM images reveal the same wall textures in fixed<br />
chemically hypA1 cells as are seen with cryo-SEM.<br />
Nevertheless, despite the similarity between these surface<br />
images, infrared spectroscopy <strong>of</strong> wildtype hyphae showed<br />
that tips were relatively enriched for protein compared to<br />
subapical regions, which were enriched for carbohydrate.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 341
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1128 - Nuclear NAD metabolism in fungi and yeast<br />
A.M. Kerbalaeva * , S.M. Nasmetova, D.M. Ruzieva & T.G.<br />
Gulyamova<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Microbiology AS RU, A.Kadiry 7 B, Tashkent-<br />
700128, Uzbekistan. - E-mail: imbasru@uzsci.net<br />
Activity <strong>of</strong> NAD metabolism enzymes in nuclei at<br />
stimulation <strong>of</strong> NAD production by F. sambucinum and S.<br />
cerevisiae selected earlier as NAD-producers has been<br />
studied. Cultivation <strong>of</strong> these fungi and yeast in the medium<br />
containing 1 mM nicotinamide was accompanied by up to<br />
3-fold increasing <strong>of</strong> intracellular NAD concentration in<br />
steady state growth phase. The increasing <strong>of</strong> intracellular<br />
NAD concentration accompanied by falling <strong>of</strong> its<br />
intranuclear pool caused by acceleration <strong>of</strong> coenzyme<br />
turnover due by growing up <strong>of</strong> nuclear NADpyrophosphorylase<br />
and NAD-ase activites. Also we found<br />
that the decreasing <strong>of</strong> nuclear concentration <strong>of</strong> NAD during<br />
stimulation <strong>of</strong> its synthesis in cells by nicotinamide<br />
correlates with its utilization at ADP-riboslylation <strong>of</strong><br />
nuclear proteins. It was detected that increasing <strong>of</strong> basal<br />
and total ADP-ribosyl transferase activity attendant with<br />
appropriate changes in the level <strong>of</strong> modification <strong>of</strong> nuclear<br />
proreins as determined by the incorporation <strong>of</strong> 14 C -adenine<br />
from NAD into fungi and yeast nuclei. Moreover, as it was<br />
established by fractionation <strong>of</strong> nuclear proteins, although<br />
80% radiolabel is localized in the fraction <strong>of</strong> histones, the<br />
NAD content fluctuations mostly influences on the level <strong>of</strong><br />
ADP-ribosylation <strong>of</strong> nonhistone proteins. The conclusion<br />
was made that ADP-rybosylation <strong>of</strong> nuclear proteins might<br />
be one <strong>of</strong> the possible mechanisms <strong>of</strong> NAD oversynthesis<br />
regulation in fungi and yeast.<br />
1129 - Alkaline-tolerant fungi from Thailand: a source<br />
for alkaline enzymes?<br />
W. Kladwang 1* , A. Bhumiratana 2 , N.L. Hywel-Jones 1 & L.<br />
Lange 3<br />
1 BIOTEC, 73/1 Rama VI Rd. Radjhevee, Bangkok,<br />
Thailand. - 2 Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Rajdhevee,<br />
Bangkok, Thailand. - 3 Novozymes, Bagsvaerd 2880,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: wipapat@biotec.or.th<br />
A collection <strong>of</strong> 490 isolates <strong>of</strong> alkaline-tolerant fungi was<br />
established using PDA buffered at pH11. This was from<br />
sand, soil, tree-holes and assorted plant material collected<br />
from southern, central and northern Thailand. If possible<br />
the sample pH was recorded and was between pH4 and 9.<br />
Although alkaline habitats were good sources <strong>of</strong> alkalinetolerant<br />
fungi it was significant that alkaline-tolerant fungi<br />
could be isolated from samples that were pH4. Strains were<br />
screened for their ability to hydrolyze arabinan, amylose,<br />
potato-galactan and skimmed milk at pH10. Eleven genera<br />
had activity against at least one <strong>of</strong> these substrates. Of<br />
these 11, 7 were members <strong>of</strong> the Hypocreales.<br />
Furthermore, <strong>of</strong> 57 positives, 51 belonged to the<br />
Hypocreales and 38 were Acremonium/Stilbella spp.<br />
342<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Acremonium was therefore selected for further study.<br />
Alkaline enzyme production was tested using 9 substrates.<br />
Four different groups <strong>of</strong> Acremonium were separated based<br />
on their enzyme production pr<strong>of</strong>iles. From these, isolate<br />
WK276 (neutral rock-hole, south <strong>of</strong> Thailand) was selected<br />
for further study. Of the nine enzymes, the α-amylase<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> isolate WK276 were characterised. The Nterminal<br />
<strong>of</strong> WK276 α-amylase was studied for developing<br />
a specific primer. This was used to determine the complete<br />
sequence coding for the α-amylase.<br />
1130 - A time course study <strong>of</strong> functional and structural<br />
differences between two Glomus mosseae isolates<br />
L.M. Knudsen 1* , S. Dickson 2 , I. Jakobsen 1 & S.E. Smith 2<br />
1 Risoe National Laboratory, PO BOX 49, 4000 Roskilde,<br />
Denmark. - 2 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Soil and Water, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. - Email:<br />
lisa.munkvold@risoe.dk<br />
A time course study was conducted with symbioses<br />
between Cucumis sativus and two Glomus mosseae isolates<br />
BEG161 and BEG29 previously shown to differ in hyphal<br />
growth pattern. Four consecutive harvests were employed<br />
to investigate plant growth and P uptake through time as<br />
well as the development <strong>of</strong> intra- and extraradical<br />
mycelium <strong>of</strong> the two fungi. Intraradical fungal structures<br />
were visualised by light microscopy and laser scanning<br />
confocal microscopy <strong>of</strong> NBT- and acid fuchsin-stained<br />
sections. Mycorrhizal cucumber plants grew better and<br />
reached higher P contents than non-mycorrhizal plants<br />
within 29 days. However, the magnitude <strong>of</strong> the mycorrhizal<br />
growth response depended on the fungal isolate. The rate<br />
<strong>of</strong> intraradical development differed between the two<br />
isolates, but reached the same final level. The most rapid<br />
colonisation occurred in the time intervals 14-23 days and<br />
23-29 days for BEG161 and BEG29, respectively. The<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> the intraradical mycelium was similar, but<br />
arbuscular branching patterns generally seemed very<br />
variable. Finally, the present data show that cross walls, as<br />
reported by Dickson & Smith (2001), are also formed in<br />
arbuscular trunk hyphae <strong>of</strong> G. mosseae colonising C.<br />
sativus.<br />
1131 - The pecularieties <strong>of</strong> laccases biosynthesis by cocultivated<br />
white-rot fungi Cerrena maxima and Coriolus<br />
hirsutus<br />
O.V. Koroleva 1 , V.P. Gavrilova 2* , E.V. Stepanova 1 , I.<br />
Yavmetdinov 1 & A. Antipov 1<br />
1 A.N.Bach Institute <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, Leninskii pr.33, Moscow, 117071, Russia. -<br />
2 V.L.Komarov Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany Russian Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, Pr<strong>of</strong>. Popova 2, St. Petersburg, 198022, Russia. -<br />
E-mail: Valeria@VG2438.spb.edu
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) belongs to a group <strong>of</strong> enzymes<br />
called blue copper oxidases which uses oxygen as electron<br />
acceptor to remove hydrogen from phenolic hydroxyl<br />
groups. This reaction leads to the formation <strong>of</strong> free radicals<br />
that can undergo rearrangements leading to alkyl-aryl<br />
cleavage, oxidation <strong>of</strong> benzyl alcohols, and cleavage <strong>of</strong><br />
side chains and aromatic rings. Presently <strong>of</strong> great interest is<br />
the examination <strong>of</strong> laccase in relation to the possibility <strong>of</strong><br />
enzyme applications in biotechnology in particular for pulp<br />
biobleaching. The main limitation <strong>of</strong> laccase-mediator<br />
system application is very high dosage <strong>of</strong> laccase and redox<br />
mediator needed for pulp beableaching or detoxification<br />
processes. In order to overcome this factor it is necessary to<br />
investigate the mechanism <strong>of</strong> lignin degradation, the<br />
interaction between lignolytic enzymes and especially their<br />
synergism during lignin degradation. The two strains<br />
Cerrena maxima and Coriolus hirsutus producing high<br />
yield <strong>of</strong> extracellular Mn-peroxidase and laccase under cocultivation<br />
have been found. It was shown that both C.<br />
maxima and C. hirsutus produced three isoenzymes pI<br />
3.53, 3.91, 4.25 and 3.6, 4.0, 4.5, respectively. However,<br />
during co-cultivation <strong>of</strong> these strains, only one laccase<br />
isoenzyme pI 4.0 has been produced. The physico-chemical<br />
properties and N-terminal amino acid sequence <strong>of</strong> this<br />
isoenzyme have been studied in comparison with<br />
isoenymes produced by pure fungal cultures <strong>of</strong> C. maxima<br />
and C. hirsutus.<br />
1132 - Aquatic hyphomycetes living under heavy metal<br />
stress<br />
G.-J. Krauss 1* & G. Krauss 2<br />
1 Martin-Luther University, Dept.<br />
Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Div. Ecology and Plant<br />
Biochemistry, K. Mothes Str.3, D-06099 Halle/Saale,<br />
Germany. - 2 Microbiology <strong>of</strong> Subterrestrial Aquatic<br />
Systems Group, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research,<br />
Leipzig-Halle, Theodor -Lieser -Str. 4, D-06120<br />
Halle/Saale, Germany. - E-mail: krauss@biochemtech.unihalle.de<br />
In a former copper shale mining district in Central<br />
Germany, weathering <strong>of</strong> slag heaps and dumps resulted in<br />
groundwater, lakes and streams with extremely high heavy<br />
metal and metalloid concentrations. Communities <strong>of</strong><br />
aquatic hyphomycetes (AQH) in such streams are clearly<br />
impoverished but still surprisingly diverse, and leaf<br />
decomposition and conditioning proceeds even [1, 2].<br />
Crystalline components form a crust over the developing<br />
fungal bi<strong>of</strong>ilms. Two strains <strong>of</strong> Heliscus lugdunensis<br />
isolated from a harsh and a moderately polluted habitat<br />
respectively, had clearly adapted to these conditions.<br />
Conidia <strong>of</strong> both strains are significantly distinct in shape<br />
and size. Their capacity for biosorption and accumulation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cd(II) and Cu(II) in liquide culture was quite different.<br />
Under Cd stress both strains showed specific response in<br />
their production and turnover <strong>of</strong> glutathione (GSH) and<br />
sulfur-rich peptides. Both strains synthesized significantly<br />
more GSH in the presence <strong>of</strong> Cd ranging from 25 µM to<br />
100 µM, but quantitiy and time course were different. It<br />
seems likely that resistant AQH have undergone<br />
considerable physiological and genetic changes. [1]<br />
KRAUSS, G. et al. (2001) Aquatic hyphomycetes occur in<br />
hyperpolluted waters in Central Germany. Nova Hedwigia<br />
72: 419-428 [2] SRIDHAR, K.R. et al. (2001)<br />
Decomposition <strong>of</strong> alder leaves in two heavy metal polluted<br />
streams in Central Germany. Aquatic Microbial Ecology,<br />
26: 73-80.<br />
1133 - Diversity <strong>of</strong> genome size in zygotic meiosis <strong>of</strong><br />
Pleurotus studied by flow cytometry<br />
B. Kullman<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural<br />
University, 181 Riia Str., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. - E-mail:<br />
bellis@zbi.ee<br />
For quantitative evaluation <strong>of</strong> nuclear DNA and protein<br />
contents <strong>of</strong> spores, the flow cytometer (PAS) with staining<br />
DAPI SR101 was employed. The spore print <strong>of</strong> P.<br />
ostreatus (TAA 142824) is applicable as a standard<br />
(24Mb). The spore nuclei <strong>of</strong> P. ostreatus are unreplicated<br />
(Kullman, 2000). Two spore prints collected from wild (PV<br />
and PU) fruitbodes and one from a commercial (PM)<br />
fruitbody were studied. Two subpopulations were<br />
discovered in the spore print <strong>of</strong> PM and in PU and one in<br />
PV. The diversity <strong>of</strong> a spore print reflect the fate <strong>of</strong> hybrid<br />
genomes during meiosis. The spores <strong>of</strong> PM are divided in<br />
to two equally represented groups. One <strong>of</strong> them has the<br />
smallest DNA and protein content per spore compared with<br />
wild mushrooms. At the same time, these characters,<br />
especially protein content, are more variable. It can be<br />
suggested that in meiosis two hybrid genomes be divided.<br />
They differ 1.5 times in DNA content and 4.1 times in<br />
protein content, which corresponds to the loss <strong>of</strong> many<br />
chromosomes. Different chromosome numbers and<br />
genome sizes reported by several authors for one and the<br />
same species may also refer to the existence <strong>of</strong> a true<br />
aneuploidy indicating the plasticity <strong>of</strong> the fungal genome.<br />
Meiosis can occur even in the case <strong>of</strong> low density <strong>of</strong><br />
homology between chromosomes (CLP and aneuploidy)<br />
and may ensure distribution <strong>of</strong> highly different strains. If in<br />
the zygote two nuclei are only a little conjugated than their<br />
mitotic haploidisation may results in dimorphism <strong>of</strong> spores.<br />
1134 - Isolation and characterization <strong>of</strong> thermophilous<br />
fungi from temperate soil <strong>of</strong> north India<br />
R. Kumar<br />
Guru Nanak Dev University, Department <strong>of</strong> Botanical and<br />
Environmental sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University,<br />
amritsar - 143 005, India. - E-mail:<br />
rajsalar@rediffmail.com<br />
Thermophilic fungi are now a well-recognised group for<br />
their temperature relationships, taxonomic characterization,<br />
industrial application and for wide occurrence. In the<br />
present study 19 species <strong>of</strong> thermophilic and<br />
thermotolerant fungi belonging to 14 genera were isolated<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 343
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
and identified from temperate soils <strong>of</strong> varying altitudes <strong>of</strong><br />
North India. The isolation <strong>of</strong> Chaetomium senegalense<br />
belonging to Ascomycetes, Myceliophthora fergusii and<br />
Synnmukerjiomyces thermophile belonging to mitosporic<br />
fungi are reported for the first time from India. The later<br />
species is a new synnematous hyphomycetous fungus.<br />
Detailed studies on importance value index (IVI) and<br />
numerical values for population number were conducted.<br />
Soil pH, moisture and altitude <strong>of</strong> their habitat were recored.<br />
In the present work, an attempt was also made to evaluate<br />
the thermostable enzymes especially, amylase, cellulase,<br />
lipase and xylanase employing Chaetomium thermophile,<br />
Thermomyces lanuginosus, Malbranchea sulfurea and<br />
Torula thermophila species. In the course <strong>of</strong> present<br />
investigation, it was further realised that the exploration <strong>of</strong><br />
the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> thermophilic fungi has immense<br />
potential for the future.<br />
1135 - Gene expression in a whitish truffle during the<br />
phase transition from mycelium to fruitbodies<br />
I. Lacourt 1 , S. Duplessis 2 , S. Abba' 1 , F. Martin 2 & P.<br />
Bonfante 1*<br />
1 Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale - Università di Torino<br />
and Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR-sezione<br />
di Torino, V.le Mattioli, 25 - 10125, Torino, Italy. - 2 UMR<br />
INRA/UHP, Centre de Recherches de Nancy, 54280<br />
Champenoux, France. - E-mail: p.bonfante@csmt.to.cnr.it<br />
The transition from vegetative mycelium to the fruit body<br />
in truffles requires differentiation processes which lead to<br />
edible ascomata consisting <strong>of</strong> different cell and tissue<br />
types. The identification <strong>of</strong> genes differentially expressed<br />
during these developmental processes can contribute<br />
greatly to a better understanding <strong>of</strong> truffle morphogenesis.<br />
A cDNA library was constructed from vegetative<br />
mycelium RNAs <strong>of</strong> the white truffle Tuber borchii and 214<br />
cDNAs were sequenced. Up to 58% <strong>of</strong> the ESTs were<br />
coding for known genes. The majority <strong>of</strong> the identified<br />
sequences represented 'housekeeping' proteins, i.e.,<br />
proteins involved in gene/protein expression, cell wall<br />
formation, primary and secondary metabolism and<br />
components <strong>of</strong> signaling pathways. We screened 171<br />
arrayed cDNAs by using cDNA probes constructed from<br />
mRNAs <strong>of</strong> vegetative mycelium and ascomata to identify<br />
fruit body-regulated genes. Comparisons <strong>of</strong> signals from<br />
vegetative mycelium and fruit body, bearing 15% or 70%<br />
mature spores, revealed significant differences in the<br />
expression levels for up to 33% <strong>of</strong> the investigated genes.<br />
The expression level <strong>of</strong> six highly regulated genes was<br />
confirmed by RNA blot analysis. Expression <strong>of</strong> glutamine<br />
synthetase, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, isocitrate<br />
lyase, thioredoxin, glucan 1,3-ß-glucosidase and UDPglucurosyl<br />
transferase were highly up-regulated suggesting<br />
that amino acid biosynthesis, glyoxylate cycle pathway and<br />
cell wall synthesis are strikingly altered during<br />
morphogenesis.<br />
344<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1136 - Methyl radical derived from non-enzymatic<br />
coordinated-copper system and its potential relation to<br />
the selective delignification by white-rot fungi<br />
P. Lamaipis 1* , K. Fackler 2 , T. Watanabe 3 , F. Pohleven 4 , M.<br />
Sentjurc 5 & K. Messner 2<br />
1<br />
Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory,<br />
National Center for Genetic Engineering and<br />
2<br />
Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand. - Institute for<br />
Biochemical Technology and Microbiology, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Technology Vienna, Vienna, Austria. - 3 Wood Research<br />
Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. - 4 Biotechnology<br />
Faculty, Department <strong>of</strong> Wood Science and Technology,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. - 5 Jozef Stefan<br />
Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. - E-mail:<br />
plamaipis@biotec.or.th<br />
White-rot fungi are able to degrade lignin more or less<br />
selectively. A non-enzymatic catalytic system consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
a Cu-coordinating compound and hydroperoxides was<br />
proposed to play a role in the selective delignification <strong>of</strong><br />
wood. White-rot fungi produce hydroperoxide containing a<br />
pyridine nucleus. Cu is present in wood. Hydroperoxide<br />
could be either obtained from lipid contained in resin or<br />
derived by fungi. Due to this hypothesis the radicals<br />
produced oxidatively by coordinated-Cu system could be<br />
the compound mediating the depolymerization <strong>of</strong> lignin.<br />
EPR measurement is the method <strong>of</strong> choice to elucidate the<br />
radicals produced from organic peroxides by coordinated<br />
transition metals. Methyl-, hydroxyl-, methoxyl-, and acyl<br />
radicals were generated and trapped with DEPMPO. The<br />
strongest signal was found for the methyl radical when Cu<br />
was coordinated with 4-AP. In uncoordinated reactions as<br />
well as when Fe or Mn was used, the hydroxyl radical was<br />
predominated. When these systems were applied on wood<br />
sections, fast delignification without major visual damage<br />
<strong>of</strong> the cellulose part <strong>of</strong> wood cell wall was only found with<br />
the coordinated Cu system. Faster delignification occurred<br />
on hardwood than s<strong>of</strong>twood. These correlated to the<br />
preference <strong>of</strong> white-rot fungi on native lignin. Therefore,<br />
we propose that the methyl radical formation from<br />
coordinated-Cu and organic peroxide is the key step<br />
leading to selective delignification in native wood probably<br />
involve in selective delignify fungi.<br />
1137 - Genome characterization <strong>of</strong> the ectomycorrhizal<br />
fungus Paxillus involutus<br />
A. Le Quéré, T. Johansson, D. Wright, P. Samson, B.<br />
Söderström * & A. Tunlid<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund<br />
University, Sölvegatan, 37 SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. - Email:<br />
bengt.soderstrom@mbioekol.lu.se<br />
The basidiomycete Paxillus involutus is forming<br />
ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis with a broad range <strong>of</strong><br />
forest trees. Reassociation kinetics and genomic<br />
reconstruction analyses on nuclear DNA indicated that P.<br />
involutus has a haploid genome size <strong>of</strong> 21.5 Mb including<br />
11% <strong>of</strong> repetitive DNA. Analyses <strong>of</strong> a 33-kb genomic
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
sequence indicated the presence <strong>of</strong> twelve potential ORFs,<br />
and by extrapolation the haploid genome <strong>of</strong> P. involutus<br />
was estimated to contain approximately 7,700 genes. In<br />
order to obtain information on genes specifically expressed<br />
during the symbiotic interactions with forest trees, 3,555<br />
Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) have been analyzed in a<br />
cDNA library constructed from an ECM formed between<br />
P. involutus and birch (Betula pendula). In parallel, cDNA<br />
libraries from saprophytically growing fungus (3,964<br />
ESTs) and from axenic plants (2,532 ESTs), respectively,<br />
have been analyzed. By assembly <strong>of</strong> all ESTs, 2,284<br />
unique transcripts have been identified either <strong>of</strong> fungal or<br />
plant origin. Approximately, 51-75% <strong>of</strong> the ESTs displayed<br />
significant homology to sequence information found in the<br />
GenBank (nr) protein database and these have been<br />
annotated to various functional and metabolic groups. The<br />
expression levels <strong>of</strong> the identified transcripts are examined<br />
using RNA blots and microarray analyses.<br />
1138 - Pathogenicity tests on Heterobasidion annosum<br />
hybrids from a S-type/P-type crossing<br />
M. Lind, Å. Olson & J. Stenlid *<br />
Dep. Forest mycology and pathology, SLU, Box 7026, S-<br />
750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:<br />
jan.stenlid@mykopat.slu.se<br />
Little is known about the pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> Heterobasidion<br />
annosum on a molecular level. It is however crucial to<br />
develop an understanding <strong>of</strong> the genes involved in order to<br />
fully understand the infection process. Knowledge <strong>of</strong> this<br />
process would be drastically enhanced if the genes <strong>of</strong><br />
pathogenicity could be cloned and analysed, e.g. what<br />
proteins are involved, what singal pathways are used etc.<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> this project is to study the pathogenicity <strong>of</strong><br />
Heterobasidion annosum on pine at a molecular level. This<br />
goal will be obtained by the construction <strong>of</strong> a genomic<br />
map, using AFLP markers, and defining regions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
genome which contain genes <strong>of</strong> interest for the<br />
pathogenicity. These regions will be fished out <strong>of</strong> a<br />
genomic library and transformed into Heterobasidion<br />
annosum, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or particle<br />
bombardment technique. In this first step, a S- and a P-type<br />
<strong>of</strong> the fungus has mated in laboratory conditions. The<br />
dikaryotic hybrid has been isolated and allowed to form<br />
fruitbodies. From these, 100 single spore isolates has been<br />
isolated. The pathogenicity <strong>of</strong> these isolates were tested on<br />
pine saplings, 2-3 weeks old. The results were measured in<br />
percentage <strong>of</strong> dead pines every two days for a 25 days<br />
period. These results will be correlated to the genomic<br />
map, in order to find regions <strong>of</strong> interest common for all the<br />
highly virulent isolates and not present in those <strong>of</strong> lower<br />
virulence.<br />
1139 - Efficient production by Aspergillus awamori <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Llama antibody fragment fused to a peroxidase<br />
B.C. Lokman 1 , V. Joosten 1* , R.J. Gouka 2 , C.T. Verrips 3 &<br />
C.A.M. van den Hondel 1<br />
1 TNO Nutrition and Food Research, P.O.box 360, 3700 AJ<br />
Zeist, The Netherlands. - 2 Unilever Research Vlaardingen,<br />
P.O.box 114, 3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. -<br />
3 Department <strong>of</strong> Molecular Celbiology, Utrecht University,<br />
Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
joosten@voeding.tno.nl<br />
The development <strong>of</strong> fusion proteins consisting <strong>of</strong> antibody<br />
fragments and enzymes is <strong>of</strong> great medical and industrial<br />
importance. Previously, our group has demonstrated that<br />
single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFv) could be<br />
efficiently produced by A. awamori (Frenken et al. 1998).<br />
Recently we have studied the production <strong>of</strong> Llama variable<br />
heavy-chain antibody fragments (VHH) by A. awamori. The<br />
advantage <strong>of</strong> V HH over scFv fragments is that V HHs are<br />
devoid <strong>of</strong> light chains. Furthermore, VHHs lack the<br />
hydrophobic regions that are normally facing the variable<br />
domain <strong>of</strong> the light chain and are therefore suggested to be<br />
better secreted than scFv fragments. A suitable enzyme for<br />
industrial applications is Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase<br />
(ARP). This 41 kDa monomeric glycoprotein has a broad<br />
specificity for phenolic and anilinic hydrogen donors. In<br />
previous studies we have demonstrated that there is no<br />
heme limitation during overproduction <strong>of</strong> ARP in A.<br />
awamori. Under control <strong>of</strong> the endoxylanase promoter<br />
secretion <strong>of</strong> active ARP was achieved up to 0.8 g/L in<br />
shake flask cultures (Lokman et al. submitted). Fusions<br />
between enzymes and VHHs permit interesting applications<br />
due to the fact that V HHs can direct enzymes to the place<br />
where they should act. This study shows the production <strong>of</strong><br />
N-terminal and C-terminal fusions <strong>of</strong> ARP with a V HH<br />
fragment against the azo-dye RR6. RNA and protein<br />
analyses were performed to investigate possible limitations<br />
in production <strong>of</strong> the fusion proteins by A. awamori.<br />
1140 - Water stress effects on water/turgor potentials <strong>of</strong><br />
mycelium <strong>of</strong> Agaricus bisporus and relationship with<br />
polyol accumulation/translocation <strong>of</strong> nutrients<br />
N. Magan 1* , T. Beecher 1 , S. Gray 2 & K. Burton 3<br />
1 Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield University, Silsoe,<br />
Bedford MK45 4DT, U.K. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and<br />
Health Science, University <strong>of</strong> Luton, Park Square, Luton,<br />
U.K. - 3 HRI-Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, U.K.<br />
- E-mail: N.Magan@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
The mechanisms by which A. bisporus is able to<br />
translocate water and nutrients under dynamic and<br />
changing environmental conditions is little understood. We<br />
have studied the growth <strong>of</strong> A. bisporus strains from wet to<br />
dry conditions and vice versa to examine the changes in<br />
internal mycelial osmotic and turgor potentials and<br />
correlated this with accumulation <strong>of</strong> sugars and sugar<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 345
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
alcohols for the first time. These studies demonstrated that<br />
matric and solute potential had makedly different effects on<br />
this relationship. Studies using radio-labelled nutrients<br />
showed that accumulation <strong>of</strong> phospohate varied with regard<br />
to water potential, growth rate <strong>of</strong> strain and with water<br />
potential.<br />
1141 - Effect <strong>of</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> Tris-HCl buffer<br />
(hydroxymethyl aminomethane) on sporulation <strong>of</strong><br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)<br />
L.C. Maia 1* , F.S.B. Silva 1 & A.M. Yano-Melo 2<br />
1 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Depto. de<br />
Micologia/CCB/UFPE, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil. -<br />
2 Embrapa Semi-Árido, BR 428, km 152, Zona Rural. Caixa<br />
Postal 23, 56300-000 Petrolina, PE, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
leonorcmaia@hotmail.com<br />
Organic buffers can stimulate growth <strong>of</strong> arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal fungi through maintenance <strong>of</strong> stable hydrogen<br />
ion concentration, and by the stimulatory capability <strong>of</strong> the<br />
molecule, being an alternative for increasing inoculum<br />
production <strong>of</strong> AMF. In order to determine the effect <strong>of</strong><br />
concentrations <strong>of</strong> Tris-HCl buffer on sporulation <strong>of</strong> AMF,<br />
fifth spores <strong>of</strong>: Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann,<br />
Gigaspora albida Schenck & Smith, Scutellospora<br />
heterogama (Nicol. & Gerdemann) Walker & Sanders, and<br />
Acaulospora longula Spain & Schenck were inoculated,<br />
separately, in Panicum miliaceum L. seedlings and five<br />
replicates <strong>of</strong> each treatment were maintained for 85 days at<br />
the greenhouse (27°C ±4°C and 45 - 81% relative<br />
humidity). The pots were irrigated every other day with<br />
nutrient solution supplemented with 0, 10, 25, 50, and 75<br />
mM de Tris-HCl and, once a week, the plants were<br />
irrigated with distilled water. Different results on spore<br />
production were related with the buffer concentration.<br />
Growth and sporulation <strong>of</strong> S. heterogama were not<br />
benefited by addition <strong>of</strong> buffer in the nutrient solution.<br />
Conversely, comparing with the control, 10 mM and 25<br />
mM <strong>of</strong> Tris-HCl were enough to increase significantly the<br />
sporulation, respectively, <strong>of</strong> G. etunicatum and G. albida.<br />
For A. longula, production <strong>of</strong> spores was significantly<br />
stimulated when the nutrient solution was supplemented<br />
with 50 or 75 mM <strong>of</strong> buffer. The results indicate that Tris-<br />
HCl can be used for improving sporulation <strong>of</strong> some AMF.<br />
1142 - Physiological and molecular variability in strains<br />
<strong>of</strong> a white rot fungus Physisporinus rivulosus<br />
P. Maijala, V. Salo * , C. Olsson, A. Dresler-Nurmi & A.<br />
Hatakka<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Chemistry<br />
and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: vanamo.salo@helsinki.fi<br />
An isolate <strong>of</strong> Physisporinus rivulosus has been shown to<br />
have excellent properties for the use as a pretreatment step<br />
346<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
for mechanical pulping. In this study, several strains from<br />
type culture collections and the wild strain T241i were<br />
compared for the cultural morphology, growth<br />
characteristics and ability to decolorise Poly R dye and<br />
oxidise ABTS. Fungal growth in spruce wood was studied<br />
by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy using<br />
conventional anatomical stains, chitin binding lectin Alexa<br />
Fluor 660 conjugate, lipid staining Nile red as well as<br />
ethidium bromide and DAPI. Another basidiomycete<br />
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was used in comparison.<br />
Extracellular enzyme activities <strong>of</strong> lignin degrading<br />
manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase were recorded.<br />
Strain variation at molecular level was investigated using<br />
sequence data from MnP encoding genes. Growth habit and<br />
speed on malt agar, in and on wood blocks revealed<br />
differences among Physisporinus strains. Variation was<br />
noted in their ability to oxidise the dyes used in the study.<br />
All Physisporinus strains produced MnP, although<br />
heterogeneity was found in the MnP isoenzymes secreted<br />
during fungal growth in wood chips. The strain T241i was<br />
the only one capable to lower the pH value <strong>of</strong> the<br />
surrounding growth medium during the growth.<br />
Morphological, physiological and molecular data is<br />
pointing to the conclusion that P. rivulosus is heterogenous<br />
and may be in need <strong>of</strong> further systematic study.<br />
1143 - Impact <strong>of</strong> ectomycorrhiza formation on the<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> water channel proteins (aquaporins) in<br />
fine roots <strong>of</strong> Norway spruce<br />
Z. Marjanovic 1* , N. Uehlein 2 , R. Kaldenh<strong>of</strong>f 2 , R. Hampp 1<br />
& U. Nehls 1<br />
1<br />
Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Physiologische Ökologie der<br />
Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen,<br />
Germany. -<br />
2<br />
Julius-von-Sachs Institut für<br />
Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für molekulare<br />
Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von-Sachs Platz<br />
2, D-97084 Würzburg, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
zaklina.marjanovic@uni-tuebingen.de<br />
Root fungus symbiosis (mycorrhiza) improves the nutrient,<br />
and also the water supply <strong>of</strong> the host plant. Water flow<br />
across membranes is facilitated by water channel proteins,<br />
aquaporins. In order to detect a possible effect <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhiza formation on root aquaporins, we used a sterile<br />
Petri dish system to obtain ectomycorrhiza between spruce<br />
(Picea abies) seedlings and fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).<br />
Two transcripts were detected with sequence homologies to<br />
plant plasma membrane aquaporins (PaPip1-1 and PaPip2-<br />
1). Translation <strong>of</strong> full length cRNA in Xenopus oocytes<br />
identified the respective proteins as functional aquaporins.<br />
Oocyte swelling studies showed that one <strong>of</strong> them, PaPip2-<br />
1, supported very high rates <strong>of</strong> water flow (Pf values about<br />
200), up to now only known for aquaporins from motor<br />
cells <strong>of</strong> leaf pulvini. An organ-specific Northern blot<br />
analysis showed that the expression <strong>of</strong> PaPip2-1 was<br />
mainly confined to fine roots, and that the amount <strong>of</strong> the<br />
transcript was decreased to about 25% <strong>of</strong> the control upon<br />
mycorrhization. In contrast, PaPip1-1 dominated in<br />
hypocotyl tissue, facilitated only low rates <strong>of</strong> swelling in<br />
oocytes (Pf values around 25), and its expression was not<br />
affected by mycorrhization. We suggest, that PaPip2-1 is
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
mainly responsible for facilitating water uptake via fine<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> spruce, and that the down-regulation <strong>of</strong> gene<br />
expression is an adaptation to the improved water supply<br />
mediated by the symbiotic fungus.<br />
1144 - Characterisation <strong>of</strong> a phosphate transporter in<br />
Candida albicans<br />
P. Martineau * , T.-L. Tremblay & L. Giasson<br />
Laval University, School <strong>of</strong> Dentistry, GREB, Quebec, Qc,<br />
G1K 7P4, Canada. - E-mail:<br />
philippemartineau@videotron.ca<br />
The human pathogen Candida albicans is a dimorphic<br />
fungus that can reversibly alter its mode <strong>of</strong> growth from<br />
yeast-like cells to mycelial cells, depending upon its<br />
environment. As the mycelial form is usually associated<br />
with candidiasis, genes involved in the control <strong>of</strong><br />
dimorphism represent potential targets for the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> antifungal drugs. Using the differential display<br />
technique, we have identified a gene preferentially<br />
expressed in the mycelial cells. We have cloned and<br />
sequenced that gene. Sequence analysis revealed that this<br />
gene displays 70% homology with the Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae Pho89 gene, encoding a phosphate transporter.<br />
The C. albicans CaPho89 gene was cloned into a S.<br />
cerevisiae expression vector and transformed into a S.<br />
cerevisiae pho89 null mutant strain. Phosphate transport in<br />
the transformants was evaluated using [ 32 P]orthophosphate.<br />
The results obtained showed that CaPho89<br />
could complement the S. cerevisiae pho89 mutation,<br />
suggesting that CaPho89 encodes a functionnal phosphate<br />
transporter.<br />
1145 - Mitochondrial group-I intron in a higher<br />
basidiomycete, Pleurotus ostreatus, is mobile in sexual<br />
crosses<br />
T. Matsumoto * & Y. Fukumasa-Nakai<br />
Tottori <strong>Mycological</strong> Institute, Kokoge-211, Tottori-shi,<br />
Tottori, Japan. - E-mail: kin-matu@infosakyu.ne.jp<br />
Inter-parental recombination between mitochondrial (mt)<br />
genomes <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus ostreatus occurred at high frequency<br />
in sexual crosses. To reveal the process leading to this<br />
recombination, we estimated a certain recombination site in<br />
each parental mitochondrial genome contributing to the<br />
generation <strong>of</strong> the new restriction fragments which<br />
characterized a RFLP pattern <strong>of</strong> recombinant mtDNA, and<br />
determined their nucleotide sequences. It was found that<br />
the regions <strong>of</strong> recombination within parental mtDNAs<br />
possessed consensus sequences in common, which were<br />
divided by some regions <strong>of</strong> non-consensus sequences.<br />
Meanwhile, the nucleotide sequences in the new restriction<br />
fragments and their surrounding regions in recombinant<br />
mtDNA were harbored all consensus and non-consensus<br />
sequences recognized in both parental mtDNA, suggesting<br />
that this structure was caused by the integration <strong>of</strong> regions<br />
with non-consensus sequences that exist in only one<br />
parental mtDNA to the other. All non-consensus sequences<br />
were homologous to the sequences <strong>of</strong> the group I intron<br />
reported in fungi. They also included the ORF sequences<br />
that encode the LAGLIDADG motif, a characteristic <strong>of</strong><br />
endonuclease involved in intron mobility. These results<br />
indicate that the manner <strong>of</strong> recombination for generating<br />
the new restriction fragment is elucidated by gene<br />
conversion, achieved by the mobility <strong>of</strong> the introns. This<br />
suggests that, in P. ostreatus, intron mobility is playing a<br />
large role for the increase <strong>of</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> mtDNA.<br />
1146 - Effect <strong>of</strong> carminic acid and other mediators on<br />
lignosulfonates degradation by extracellular enzymes <strong>of</strong><br />
Trametes versicolor<br />
A. Matuszewska * , G. Nowak & A. Leonowicz<br />
M. Curie-Sklodowska University, Departament <strong>of</strong><br />
Biochemistry, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin,<br />
Poland. - E-mail: amatusze@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Many low-molecular mass compounds have been<br />
suggested as possibly mediating mobile factors during<br />
biodegradation <strong>of</strong> lignin. Degradation <strong>of</strong> lignosulfonates by<br />
ligninolytic enzymes produced by the white-rot fungus<br />
Trametes versicolor was studied. The 29,6 kDa fraction <strong>of</strong><br />
Peritan Na obtained by a gel filtration method using a<br />
Sephadex G-100 column was used as a substrate. The<br />
substrate was incubated with extracellular idiophasic<br />
enzymes <strong>of</strong> Trametes versicolor and with mediators. HBT<br />
(1-hydroxybenzotriazole), ABTS (2,2'azinobis-(3ethylbenzenthiazoline-6-sulfonic<br />
acid) and carminic acid<br />
were used as mediators. Following the incubation products<br />
were separated using gel filtration on a Sephadex G-50<br />
column and capillary electrophoresis. When the mediators<br />
were added to the incubation mixture, depolymerization<br />
was more extensive than in the experiment with no<br />
mediators. In the presence <strong>of</strong> carminic acid the<br />
depolymerization was the most extensive and as it's result a<br />
fraction <strong>of</strong> about 2 kDa appeared. Similar results were<br />
observed when HBT or ABTS were used. However,<br />
products <strong>of</strong> higher molecular weight besides the 2 kDa<br />
fraction were also obtained. Experiments with the reaction<br />
mixtures supplemented with H2O 2 were also performed.<br />
The above experiments revealed that only in the case <strong>of</strong><br />
HBT used as a mediator H 2O 2 addition resulted in the<br />
increased depolymerization <strong>of</strong> lignosulfonates. Supported<br />
by the EC Contract ICA 2-CT-2000-10050, and by KBN<br />
grant 139/E-SPUB-M-5PR-UE/DZ 280/2000.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 347
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1147 - Comparative biochemical analysis <strong>of</strong> enzyme<br />
electrophoretic spectra from mycorrhizal roots<br />
R.C. Maximilian 1* , E.M. Carasan 1 , A. Brezeanu 1 & A.<br />
Rosu 2<br />
1<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Biology, Spl.Independentei 296, 79651, P.O.<br />
Box 56-53, Bucharest, Rumenia. -<br />
2<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong><br />
Biotehnology, University <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Sciences,<br />
Str.Marasti 59, 71331, Bucharest, Rumenia. - E-mail:<br />
cmaxi@ibiol.ro<br />
Metabolic changes induced by mycorrhizal colonization<br />
can be evaluated by modifications appear in enzyme<br />
activities. We have investigated the potential use <strong>of</strong><br />
electrophoretic analysis for detection the specific isozyme<br />
that presents differences in metabolic pathway in maize<br />
colonized roots. Staining protocols for esterases, alkaline<br />
phosphatases (ALP) and malate dehydrogenases (MDH)<br />
provided the enzymes for the mycorrhizas. We found<br />
differences between spectra <strong>of</strong> these enzymes at various<br />
time <strong>of</strong> cultivation. We used a starter inoculum <strong>of</strong> Glomus<br />
mossae (SI) and a current granular inoculum <strong>of</strong> Glomus sp<br />
(CGI). For esterases, the electrophoretic spectrum revealed<br />
5 bands for mycorrhizal roots comparative with 3 bands <strong>of</strong><br />
non-mycorrhizal roots using SI. After 42 days <strong>of</strong><br />
colonization on the gel appeared 2 electrophoretic bands.<br />
For MDH the electrophoretic spectrum showed 6 bands at<br />
12, 34 days and 2 bands at 42 days <strong>of</strong> symbiosis. We found<br />
no differences between electrophoretic spectra <strong>of</strong> SI and<br />
CGI. We used also various concentrations <strong>of</strong> inocula. The<br />
electrophoresis spectra emphasized the following: 9 bands<br />
for SI 5% and 10 bands for SI 10% comparative with 8<br />
bands for control and 9 bands for both concentrations 5%<br />
and 10% CGI for esterases. 8 electrophoretic bands using<br />
5% and 10% concentrations <strong>of</strong> SI and CGI, and also 8<br />
bands at control for detection isozymes <strong>of</strong> MDH. 3<br />
electrophoretic bands <strong>of</strong> isozymes <strong>of</strong> ALP were revealed<br />
comparative 2 bands for control.<br />
1148 - Early molecular communication among plant<br />
and fungus: detection <strong>of</strong> specifically expressed genes<br />
during pre-symbiotic interaction<br />
M. Menotta 1* , A. Amicucci 1 , A.M. Gioacchini 2 , D. Sisti 3 &<br />
V. Stocchi 1<br />
1 Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Università<br />
degli Studi di Urbino, Via Saffi 2 I 61029 Urbino (PU),<br />
Italy. - 2 Istituto di Ricerca Attività Motoria Università degli<br />
Studi di Urbino, Via Sasso I 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy. -<br />
3 Istituto e Orto Botanico Università degli Studi di Urbino,<br />
Via Bramante 28 I 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy. - E-mail:<br />
mmenotta@uniurb.it<br />
Tuber borchii Vittad. is an ascomycetous fungus which<br />
forms ectomycorrhizae on the roots <strong>of</strong> angiosperms and<br />
gymnosperms. After the achievement <strong>of</strong> this symbiotic<br />
association, the mycelium can form the hypogeous<br />
fruitbody, commonly known as truffle. Ectomycorrhizae<br />
348<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
formation is a highly regulated process that is accompanied<br />
by molecular reorganization <strong>of</strong> both partners during<br />
symbiosis. An analogous molecular mechanism also takes<br />
place during the pre-symbiotic phase, when the partners<br />
exchange molecular signals, in order to take their stand and<br />
prepare both organisms for symbiosis instauration. We<br />
studied this latter genetic reorganization in T. borchii<br />
during the interaction with its symbiotic plant Tilia<br />
americana. For this purpose we set up a culture system<br />
where the mycelium interacts with the plant, but avoiding<br />
physical contact between the two organisms. By<br />
suppressive subtractive hybridization, we identified several<br />
specifically expressed genes. All selected clones were<br />
further analysed by Northern blot hybridization comparing<br />
transcript levels <strong>of</strong> control RNA (mycelium grown alone)<br />
and tester RNA (mycelium grown in presence <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
americana), both obtained from a tested in vitro<br />
ectomycorrhizae synthesis system. The same analysis was<br />
conducted on RNA <strong>of</strong> T. borchii extracted at different stage<br />
<strong>of</strong> its life cycle. Some differentially expressed genes are<br />
involved in nuclear rearrangement, while some others seem<br />
to be involved in extra cellular signal transduction.<br />
1149 - Molecular karyotype <strong>of</strong> Thraustochytrium<br />
striatum Schneider<br />
J.I. Mitchell & J. Slatter *<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Portsmouth,<br />
King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth<br />
PO1 2DY, England, U.K.<br />
The thraustochytrids comprise a group <strong>of</strong> marine protists<br />
that are important ecologically and commercially. Strains<br />
<strong>of</strong> thraustochytrids can produce commercially significant<br />
quantities <strong>of</strong> docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a medically<br />
important long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid.<br />
Ecologically, thraustochytrids have been identified as<br />
important degradative organisms, breaking-down naturally<br />
occurring recalcitrant carbon-containing polymers, and an<br />
important food source for picoplankton. Despite the rising<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> thraustochytrids, little is known about their<br />
life cycle or their molecular biology. This study presents<br />
preliminary findings on the genome <strong>of</strong> Thraustochytrium<br />
striatum Schneider, a member <strong>of</strong> the marine protistan<br />
group the thraustochytrids. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis<br />
studies identified 18 presumptive chromosomes from the<br />
zoospores and thalli <strong>of</strong> T. striatum. The sizes <strong>of</strong> these<br />
molecules varied from 0.4 to 2 Mbp and gave a genome<br />
size <strong>of</strong> 18.77 Mbp. The chromosome locations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
D15/n-3 desaturase gene, 18S rRNA genes and thymidine<br />
kinase gene were determined. Results indicated that there<br />
were at least four copies <strong>of</strong> the desaturase gene on separate<br />
chromosomes; multiple copies <strong>of</strong> the 18S rRNA gene<br />
present on all chromosomes and two copies <strong>of</strong> the<br />
thymidine kinase gene. The unusual gene distribution and<br />
unequal distribution <strong>of</strong> chromosome bands suggests that<br />
these organisms might be processing their chromosomes.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1150 - Ecophysiological manipulation <strong>of</strong> fermentation<br />
improves viability <strong>of</strong> the biocontrol yeast Pichia<br />
anomala<br />
S. Mokiou * & N. Magan<br />
Applied Mycology Group, Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield<br />
University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
s.mokiou.s00@cranfield.ac.uk<br />
For effective biocontrol to be achieved it is important that<br />
cheap and economic substrates can be used to produce<br />
ecologically competent inocula. To this end we have<br />
examined and compared the production <strong>of</strong> the biocontrol<br />
yeast P. anomala on rich defined media (NYDB) and on<br />
molasses. Manipulation <strong>of</strong> the physiology <strong>of</strong> the yeast by<br />
modification <strong>of</strong> water stress [water activity (aw) <strong>of</strong> 0.98 and<br />
0.96] using different compatible solutes/sugars and NaCl<br />
markedly affected yield and quality <strong>of</strong> the cells.<br />
Endogenous water potential <strong>of</strong> cells, and sugar/sugar<br />
alcohol contents were significantly modified.In general,<br />
accumulation/synthesis <strong>of</strong> trehalose or sugar alcohols was<br />
affected by the solute used in media. For example, use <strong>of</strong><br />
proline, glucose and sorbitol in molasses-based media<br />
resulted in accumulation <strong>of</strong> the desiccation protectant<br />
trehalose, while proline, NaCl, glucose, sorbitol and<br />
glycerol in media resulted in an accumulation/synthesis <strong>of</strong><br />
glycerol and varying amounts <strong>of</strong> arabitol. Ecological<br />
competence <strong>of</strong> the yeast treatments was examined by<br />
plating on non-stressed (0.995 aw) and water stressed media<br />
(0.96 a w). Viability was significantly improved by the use<br />
<strong>of</strong> some solutes in molasses-based media. Such studies<br />
have implications for improving shelf-life and perhaps the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> ecologically stable biocontrol agents.<br />
1151 - Identification <strong>of</strong> mating type sequences in<br />
toxigenic Fusarium species known as asexual fungi<br />
A. Moretti 1* , Z. Kerényi 2 , G. Mulè 1 , C. Waalwijk 3 & L.<br />
Hornok 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Science <strong>of</strong> Food Production (CNR), Viale<br />
Einaudi, 51, Bari, Italy. - 2 Agricultural Biotechnology<br />
Center, P.O. box 16, Szebet-Gyorgy 4, 2100 Godollo,<br />
Hungary. - 3 Plant Research <strong>International</strong>, Business Unit<br />
Biointeractions and Plant Health, P.O. box 16, 6700 AA,<br />
Wageningen, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
moretti@area.ba.cnr.it<br />
Fusarium species currently known as asexual fungi showed<br />
to possess mating type (MT) sequences similar to those <strong>of</strong><br />
species in which sexual recombination regularly occurs.<br />
Two pairs <strong>of</strong> degenerated oligonucleotide primers based on<br />
known fungal MT sequences were designed. Each <strong>of</strong> the<br />
two conserved MT sequences, ALPHA- and HMG-boxes,<br />
could be detected by PCR in F. camptoceras, F. cerealis,<br />
F. culmorum, F. poae, F. langsethiae, F. semitectum, F.<br />
sporotrichioides, F. redolens and F. oxysporum. Sizes <strong>of</strong><br />
MAT-1 and MAT-2 amplicons were 200 bp, and 260 bp<br />
long. Both MAT-1 and MAT-2 sequences were identified<br />
for all species, but F. camptoceras (MAT-2) and F.<br />
langsethiae (MAT-1) for which just one MT was detected.<br />
As the sexual behaviour <strong>of</strong> F. avenaceum is not clear, this<br />
fungus was also studied. No strain <strong>of</strong> F. avenaceum was<br />
found to harbour both MT sequences, although it has been<br />
reported as weak homothallic species. On the other hand<br />
both MAT-1 and MAT-2 sequences occurred in single<br />
strain <strong>of</strong> F. graminearum, a typical homothallic species.<br />
RT-PCR experiment was set up to find the transcription <strong>of</strong><br />
MAT genes in F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. poae and F.<br />
sporotrichioides. By using the primers pairs,<br />
fusALPHAfor/fusALPHArev and fusHMGfor/fusHMGrev,<br />
one characteristic PCR amplicon was produced in all<br />
samples, indicating that MT genes are transcribed in all<br />
asexual Fusarium strains included in these experiments.<br />
Support <strong>of</strong> EU Fifth Framework (Detox fungi QLK1-CT-<br />
1999-001380).<br />
1152 - Analysis <strong>of</strong> CHS8 - a fourth chitin synthase<br />
isoenzyme <strong>of</strong> Candida albicans<br />
C.A. Munro, R.K. Adam, H.B. Hughes * , S. Selvaggini, M.<br />
Reilla & N.A.R. Gow<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2TP,<br />
Scotland, U.K. - E-mail: b.hughes@abdn.ac.uk<br />
All fungi studied to date have multigene families <strong>of</strong> chitin<br />
synthase enzymes. In the dimorphic pathogen Candida<br />
albicans, three genes encoding chitin synthases have<br />
previously been identified. CHS1 encodes a chitin synthase<br />
involved in primary septum formation and is essential for<br />
viability. CHS2 is not essential for viability, but is<br />
responsible for the majority <strong>of</strong> chitin synthase activity<br />
detectable in vitro. CHS3 is responsible for producing most<br />
<strong>of</strong> the chitin present in both yeast and hyphal cell walls,<br />
and deletion <strong>of</strong> the gene results in attenuation <strong>of</strong> virulence.<br />
Recently a fourth chitin synthase gene CHS8 encoding a<br />
second class I enzyme was identified in the genome<br />
sequence. The chs8 null mutant was more sensitive to<br />
certain agents disruptive to cell wall integrity, had a<br />
significant reduction in the in vitro hyphal chitin synthase<br />
activity and a slight reduction in hyphal chitin content.<br />
Microsomal preparations <strong>of</strong> chs2/chs8 double mutant had<br />
very low chitin synthase activity but the organism had<br />
normal morphology. Class I enzymes are therefore<br />
dispensable for normal growth <strong>of</strong> this organism.<br />
1153 - Cloning <strong>of</strong> chitin deacetylase gene from<br />
Phycomyces blakesleeanus and its expression in<br />
Escherichia coli<br />
T. Murayama 1* , A. Miyazaki 2 & K. Imamura 1<br />
1 College <strong>of</strong> Engineering, Kanto-Gakuin Univ., 1-50-1<br />
Mutsu-ura Higashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8501,<br />
Japan. - 2 Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Life Sciences, Tohoku<br />
University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. -<br />
E-mail: murayama@kanto-gakuin.ac.jp<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 349
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Chitosan is a biopolymer with unique properties favorable<br />
for a broad variety <strong>of</strong> industrial, biomedical, and<br />
agricultural application. The chitosan is produced from<br />
crab shell through the chemical procedure which leaves a<br />
lot <strong>of</strong> industrial waste at present. Chitin is converted to<br />
chitosan by chitin deacetylase. To develop an enzymatic<br />
process for chitosan production that reduces the waste, we<br />
have planned to isolate a clone <strong>of</strong> chitin deacetylase gene<br />
from Phycomyces blakesleeanus cDNA library which we<br />
made in the _ZAP vector. The 218bp-DNA fragment<br />
amplified from genomic DNA <strong>of</strong> P. blakesleeanus using<br />
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) primers to two highly<br />
conserved sequences within chitin deacetylase gene <strong>of</strong><br />
Mucor rouxii was the probe for isolation the clone from the<br />
library. A positive cDNA clone which is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
1,613bp was isolated. The deduced protein encoded by this<br />
clone is composed <strong>of</strong> 459 amino acids. The protein<br />
sequence comparison revealed that the protein is<br />
significantly similar to chitin deacetylase <strong>of</strong> M. rouxii.<br />
After ligation <strong>of</strong> the clone to the expression vector pET32<br />
Ek/LIC, chitin deacetylase activity was detected in the<br />
purified His-tagged protein fraction <strong>of</strong> the crude extract<br />
from a E. coli transformant. These results show that the<br />
chitin deacetylase gene has been successfully cloned from<br />
P. blakesleeanus. The cloned gene was named PbCD and<br />
the nucleotide sequence <strong>of</strong> PbCD was registered to<br />
GenBank (accession #AB046690).<br />
1154 - Genome analyses <strong>of</strong> Micromucor ramanniana and<br />
Micromucor isabellina<br />
Á. Nagy 1* , M. Pesti 1 & C. Vágvölgyi 2<br />
1<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Pécs, Department <strong>of</strong> General and<br />
Environmental Microbiology, Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7624,<br />
Hungary. -<br />
2<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Szeged, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701, Hungary. -<br />
E-mail: nagi@freemail.hu<br />
The Micromucor species (genus Mortierella) belong<br />
among the most common saprophytic soil fungi. Some<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the genus (Mortierella species) are potent<br />
producers <strong>of</strong> the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids<br />
(e.g. arachidonic acid). These compounds are important<br />
both nutritionally and pharmacologically. These fungi are<br />
biotechnologically important, but the organisation <strong>of</strong> their<br />
nuclear genome has not been described so far.<br />
Electrophoretic karyotype analysis using different<br />
approaches <strong>of</strong> pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has<br />
led to significant progress in fungal genetics: the physical<br />
karyotypes <strong>of</strong> numerous previously genetically<br />
uncharacterised fungal species have been established. In<br />
the present study, orthogonal field alternation gel<br />
electrophoresis (OFAGE) and the contour clamped<br />
homogeneous electric field (CHEF) technique were applied<br />
to obtain preliminary information on the organisation and<br />
intrageneric variability <strong>of</strong> the nuclear genome in three<br />
Mortierella (Micromucor) strains <strong>of</strong> 2 different species (M.<br />
isabellina and M. ramanniana). Conditions for the<br />
preparation <strong>of</strong> highly-intact chromosome-size DNA<br />
molecules and for the separation <strong>of</strong> DNA molecules were<br />
established. Furthermore, through the use <strong>of</strong> homologous<br />
and heterologous gene probes (e.g. 3-hydroxy-3-<br />
350<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
methylglutatyl coenzyme A reductase) gene assignment<br />
experiments have been performed. This research was<br />
supported financially by the Hungarian Scientific Research<br />
Fund (OTKA) D29113 and T 032738.<br />
1155 - Is the interfacial pH a measure <strong>of</strong> the efficiency<br />
<strong>of</strong> nutrient transfer in ectomycorrhizas?<br />
A. Nenninger 1* , G.W. Griffith 1 & W. Heyser 2<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Wales<br />
Aberystwyth, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23<br />
3DA, Wales, U.K. - 2 Centre <strong>of</strong> Environmental Research<br />
and Technology, University <strong>of</strong> Bremen, D-28359 Bremen,<br />
Germany. - E-mail: ann@aber.ac.uk<br />
Interfacial pH-conditions in Pinus nigra ectomycorrhizas<br />
were determined using the pH-sensitive ratio-dye Cl-NERF<br />
and a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). A<br />
pseudo-ratiometric method is commonly used for<br />
determining apoplastic pH-values. In the present study, a<br />
non-invasive ratiometric method relying on a single<br />
fluorescence dye was devised and tested. Results show<br />
homogeneous pH-values near 3 in non-mycorrhizal roots<br />
from different plants and heterogeneous interfacial pHconditions<br />
between 3.1 and 4 in various pine<br />
ectomycorrhizas. In mycorrhizas, reduced sucrose and<br />
phosphate leads to decreasing interfacial pH-conditions,<br />
whereas external applied glucose induced an increase <strong>of</strong><br />
the interhyphal pH-values in the mantle. Based on the<br />
results we developed a model for the interfacial transfer<br />
processes in ectomycorrhizas. Transfer processes on the<br />
ectomycorrhizal interface are not pH-regulated. The<br />
processes generate an interfacial pH-value to maintain the<br />
symbiotic balance. In balance you find optimal pHconditions<br />
for the nutrient transfer. The lack <strong>of</strong> only one <strong>of</strong><br />
the transfer goods induces a decrease <strong>of</strong> the interfacial pHconditions.<br />
A decreasing pH-value in the interface <strong>of</strong><br />
ectomycorrhizae leads to reduce transfer processes and the<br />
mutualistic balance in the symbiosis can be maintained.<br />
1156 - Effect <strong>of</strong> ferulic acid on guaiacylglycerol-βguaiacyl<br />
ether degradation by extracellular enzymes <strong>of</strong><br />
Trametes versicolor<br />
G. Nowak, A. Matuszewska * & M. Nowak<br />
Departament <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry M. Curie-Sklodowska<br />
University, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin,<br />
Poland. - E-mail: amatusze@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Trametes versicolor, the effective lignin decomposer,<br />
produces a set <strong>of</strong> enzymes acting on bonds in lignin<br />
polymer, especially on most abundant in lignin ether β-O-4<br />
bond. In our studies the most active enzymes are secreted<br />
into the medium in idiophasic cultures <strong>of</strong> Trametes as a<br />
result <strong>of</strong> carbon starvation. During experiments destaining<br />
<strong>of</strong> Remazol Brilliant Blue and/or carminic acid were used<br />
as an indirect method and degradation <strong>of</strong> guaiacylglycerol-
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
β-guaiacyl ether as a specific method for the measurement<br />
<strong>of</strong> ligninolytic activity. Secreted enzymes were prepared<br />
from media <strong>of</strong> carbon-starved, ferulic acid supplemented<br />
cultures <strong>of</strong> Trametes. Capability to degradation <strong>of</strong> β-O-4<br />
bond was measured in reaction mixtures containing<br />
enzymes, the dimer substrate, hydrogen peroxide and<br />
ferulic or p-coumaric acid. Reaction products were<br />
analysed by capillary electrophoresis. Presence either<br />
ferulic or p-coumaric acid in reaction mixture resulted in<br />
significant decrease <strong>of</strong> dimer degradation. Both<br />
hydroxycinnamates are parts <strong>of</strong> lignocellulosic polymer,<br />
forming bridges between hemicelluloses and lignin, and<br />
both are known as natural antioxidants. When released by<br />
relevant esterases during lignocellulosics degradation, they<br />
stimulates production <strong>of</strong> ligninolytic enzymes and<br />
simultaneosly diminish enzymatic activities splitting the<br />
ether bond β-O-4. This paradoxical effect deserves further<br />
reasearch. Supported by the EC Contract ICA 2-CT-2000-<br />
10050 and by KBN grant 139/E-SPUB-M-5PR-UE/DZ<br />
280/2000.<br />
1157 - Can wooddecay fungi use chitosan as a N-source<br />
at extreme C/N-ratios?<br />
M.S.C. Nyborg * & S. Rosendahl<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Copenhagen, Botanical Institute, Dept. <strong>of</strong><br />
Mycology, Øster farimagsgade 2 D, 1353 Kbh. K,<br />
Denmark. - E-mail: mathilden@bot.ku.dk<br />
Chitosan has been proposed as an alternative,<br />
environmentally safe wood preservative. In vitro tests <strong>of</strong><br />
wood preservatives are <strong>of</strong>ten carried out on media with<br />
moderate C/N-ratios in contrast to the high C/N-ratio in<br />
wood. Chitosan contains nitrogen and fungi could therefore<br />
be suspected to use this as an N-source under extreme C/Nratios.<br />
In this study, we investigated the relationship<br />
between the inhibiting effect <strong>of</strong> chitosan and the C/N-ratio<br />
<strong>of</strong> the media. The fungi used were Trametes versicolor,<br />
Heterobasidion annosum, Gloeophyllum trabeum and<br />
Oligoporus placenta. The experimental set-up was a<br />
factorial design with 5 concentrations <strong>of</strong> chitosan and 6<br />
C/N-ratios in a solid caboxymethylcellulose medium. The<br />
growth was measured as colony diameter. In general, the<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> the fungi was much more affected by chitosan<br />
than by the C/N-ratio. The C/N-ratio had only limited<br />
effect on Trametes versicolor, Heterobasidion annosum<br />
and Gloeophyllum trabeum, whereas Oligoporus placenta<br />
was clearly stressed by high C/N-ratios. However<br />
Oligoporus placenta was also inhibited by the chitosan.<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> chitosan was independent <strong>of</strong> the C/N-ratios,<br />
indicating that wooddecay fungi are not able to use<br />
chitosan as an alternative N-source at extreme C/N-ratios.<br />
1158 - Environmental signals associated to the<br />
transcriptional activation <strong>of</strong> the mycoparasitism related<br />
gene prb1 in Trichoderma atroviride<br />
V. Olmedo-Monfil * , A. Mendoza-Mendoza, I. Gómez, C.<br />
Cortés & A. Herrera-Estrella<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Genetic Engineering, Centro de<br />
Investigación y Estudios Avanzados. Unidad Irapuato,<br />
Apartado Postal 629. 36500, Irapuaro, Gto, Mexico. - Email:<br />
volmedo@ira.cinvestav.mx<br />
Trichoderma atroviride parasites a large variety <strong>of</strong><br />
phytopathogenic fungi. This characteristic has allowed its<br />
use as a biological control agent. The production <strong>of</strong><br />
hydrolytic enzymes appears to be a key element in the<br />
parasitic process. Among the enzymes released by<br />
Trichoderma, the proteinase Prb1 plays a major role.<br />
Herewith we show that the corresponding gene (prb1) is<br />
subjected to Nitrogen Catabolic Repression. Accordingly,<br />
induction <strong>of</strong> prb1 transcription by Rhizoctonia solani cell<br />
walls and by osmotic stress requires the release from a<br />
represed condition which is determined by nitrogen<br />
availability. Furthermore, the transcription pattern <strong>of</strong> the<br />
prb1 gene was not affected when a p38-Hog1 inhibitor was<br />
used. In contrast, a MEK1/2 inhibitor blocked prb1<br />
transcription in response to nitrogen limitation, indicating<br />
that the pathway employed in the nitrogen response<br />
involves proteins similar to p42-p44. Fusions <strong>of</strong> the prb1<br />
promoter with the gfp reporter gene allowed the detection<br />
<strong>of</strong> a novel regulatory element and represent the first insight<br />
into relevant sites that control prb1 expression.<br />
1159 - Heavy metal accumulation and distribution in<br />
mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots <strong>of</strong> Plantago<br />
lanceolata, AAS and micro-PIXE analysis<br />
E. Orlowska 1 , Sz. Zubek 1 , J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz 2 , W.<br />
Przybylowicz 2 , A. Jurkiewicz 1 & K. Turnau 1*<br />
1 Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, Jagiellonian University, ul. Lubicz 46,<br />
31-512 Krakow, Poland. - 2 Materials Research Group,<br />
iThemba LABS, PO Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South<br />
Africa. - E-mail: ubturnau@kinga.cyf-kr.edu.pl<br />
Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Plantago lanceolata were<br />
grown for six weeks under greenhouse conditions in rhizoboxes<br />
filled with industrial waste. According to atomic<br />
absorption spectroscopy (AAS) the shoots <strong>of</strong> plants<br />
inoculated with Glomus spp. contained less Zn and Pb than<br />
nonmycorrhizal ones; their roots did not differ statistically.<br />
Selected nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal roots were<br />
studied using proton microscopy accompanied by PIXE<br />
microanalysis. Significant differences in element<br />
distribution were found between investigated roots.<br />
Especially a strong accumulation <strong>of</strong> Zn within the cortex <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal roots was visible. The present results do not<br />
allow judgements on whether the metals are located<br />
exclusively in fungal structures, or both by the fungus and<br />
the colonised plant cells. In mycorrhizal roots more Zn and<br />
Pb were found within the vascular tissues than in<br />
nonmycorrhizal ones. Therefore, mycorrhiza is not<br />
effective as a filtering mechanism; still, its role in the<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> heavy metals into non-toxic compounds<br />
cannot be excluded. According to AAS these compounds<br />
are retained in roots, as a decrease <strong>of</strong> these elements was<br />
observed in shoots. This could also suggest the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
additional mechanisms depending on the plant, which<br />
enable it to cope with metals transferred by the fungus.<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 351
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
These findings confirm our previous observations <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizas under heavy metal stress.<br />
1160 - Metabolism in ectomycorrhizal preinfection:<br />
Expression <strong>of</strong> malate synthase and acetylCoA<br />
acetyltransferase genes from Laccaria bicolor<br />
G.K. Podila 1* , S. Balasubramanian 2 & S.T. Hiremath 3<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Alabama, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
Huntsville, AL 35899, U.S.A. - 2 Michigan Tech University,<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Houghton, MI 49931, U.S.A. -<br />
3 USDA-NEFES, 359 Main Road, Delaware, OH 43015,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: podilag@email.uah.edu<br />
The ectomycorrhizas are beneficial fungal associations<br />
with temperate tree roots. Ectomycorrhizal fungi improve<br />
survivability, pathogen resistance, drought tolerance and<br />
provide mobilized mineral nutrient in exchange for fixed<br />
carbon from the plant. Molecular level analysis suggests<br />
that, in response to the perception <strong>of</strong> the plant root, there is<br />
a directional shift in fungal cell physiology as early as four<br />
hours into the interaction. During the interaction between<br />
Laccaria bicolor and Pinus resinosa, we have observed the<br />
upregulation <strong>of</strong> metabolic genes such as Lb-MS coding for<br />
a malate synthase and Lb-AAT that codes for an acetylCoA<br />
acetyltransferase. The former, one <strong>of</strong> the two unique<br />
enzymes <strong>of</strong> the glyoxylate pathway and the latter the<br />
terminal thiolase <strong>of</strong> beta oxidation <strong>of</strong> fatty acids. The<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> these two genes in conjunction with others<br />
(LB-AUT7) suggests that recycling <strong>of</strong> cell contents and<br />
breakdown <strong>of</strong> reserve food and channeling towards growth<br />
occur early in the preinfection stage <strong>of</strong> the symbiosis.<br />
Regulation <strong>of</strong> Lb-MS and Lb-AAT under interaction<br />
conditions and under alternate carbon sources have been<br />
studied. Lb-MS has been analyzed at the protein level and<br />
gene structure <strong>of</strong> Lb-AATg has been elucidated. We<br />
present our findings on these two metabolic genes and their<br />
significance in the symbiosis via the agency <strong>of</strong> the<br />
peroxisome.<br />
1161 - Pre-infection and nutrient starvation expression<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>iling <strong>of</strong> interaction related ESTs from the<br />
ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor<br />
G.K. Podila 1* , M.J. Hymes 2 & J.H. Brand 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Alabama, Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences,<br />
Huntsville, AL 35899, U.S.A. - 2 Michigan Tech University,<br />
Dept. <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Houghton, MI 49931, U.S.A. -<br />
E-mail: podilag@email.uah.edu<br />
In this study, a 384 member macroarray was created<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> 340 ESTs derived from mRNA <strong>of</strong> Laccaria<br />
bicolor during early interaction with Pinus resinosa. The<br />
macroarray also contained several positive and negative<br />
controls as internal standards and to confirm<br />
reproducibility and reduce experiment-to-experiment<br />
variability. This array was used to study multiple factors <strong>of</strong><br />
352<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
interaction, including expression patterns at various time<br />
points <strong>of</strong> early interaction (
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Tehran, Iran. - 3 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mycology,Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-<br />
111,Tehran, Iran. - E-mail: mrab@institute.pasteur.ac.ir<br />
Aflatoxins are secondary fungal metabolites produced by<br />
toxigenic strains <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.<br />
The relationship between aflatoxin synthesis with<br />
glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and microscopic<br />
morphology in A. parasiticus grown under different culture<br />
conditions has been investigated in order to find out the<br />
regulatory mechanism(s) <strong>of</strong> aflatoxin biosynthesis at<br />
cellular level. Aflatoxin formation was inhibited in A.<br />
parasiticus grown in the presence <strong>of</strong> various<br />
concentrations(1.56-50%, v/v) <strong>of</strong> aqueous neem leaf<br />
extract with a maximum about >90% at 50% concentration<br />
(P
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
channels have been cloned from filamentous fungi and<br />
only a few recordings <strong>of</strong> ion channel activity have been<br />
made from hyphal cells. In an attempt to gain an insight<br />
into the role <strong>of</strong> ion channels in fungal hyphal physiology,<br />
NcTOKA was cloned from the filamentous fungus,<br />
Neurospora crassa. Hydropathy analysis showed NcTOKA<br />
to be a member <strong>of</strong> the two-pore domain K+ channel family.<br />
The patch clamp technique was used to investigate the<br />
biophysical properties <strong>of</strong> NcTOKA after heterologously<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> NcTOKA in yeast. NcTOKA mediated<br />
mainly time-dependent outward whole cell currents which<br />
represented K+ efflux. However, expression <strong>of</strong> NcTOKA<br />
was able to overcome the K+ auxotrophy <strong>of</strong> a yeast mutant<br />
missing the K+ uptake transporters, TRK1 and TRK2,<br />
suggesting that NcTOKA mediated K+ influx. Consistent<br />
with this, close inspection <strong>of</strong> NcTOKA-mediated currents<br />
revealed small inward K+ currents at potentials negative <strong>of</strong><br />
EK. NcTOKA single channel activity was characterised by<br />
rapid flicking between the open and closed states with a<br />
unitary conductance <strong>of</strong> 14 pS. NcTOKA was effectively<br />
blocked by extracellular Ca2+, verapamil, quinine and<br />
TEA but insensitive to Cs+, 4-aminopyridine and<br />
glibenclamide. The physiological significance <strong>of</strong> NcTOKA<br />
is discussed in the context <strong>of</strong> its biophysical properties.<br />
1167 - Identification <strong>of</strong> fungal enzymes in faecal<br />
droplets from leaf-cutter ants<br />
S. Rønhede * & S. Rosendahl<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Mycology, Institute <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen, O.Farimagsgade 2D, DK 1353, Copenhagen<br />
K, Denmark. - E-mail: stigr@bot.ku.dk<br />
The enzymatic capability <strong>of</strong> the symbiotic fungus is crucial<br />
for the ability <strong>of</strong> leaf-cutter ants to use fresh leaves as a<br />
substrate. The ants place their faeces as droplets on the<br />
plant material before it is incorporated into the fungusgarden,<br />
and these faecal droplets contain enzymes <strong>of</strong> which<br />
some are <strong>of</strong> fungal origin. The aim <strong>of</strong> the present study was<br />
to identify specific fungal enzymes in faecal droplets from<br />
the leaf-cutter ants Acromyrmex echinatior and Atta<br />
colombica to clarify the role <strong>of</strong> these enzymes in<br />
degradation <strong>of</strong> leaves in the fungus-garden. CMCases,<br />
laccase, proteases and pectinases were identified in faecal<br />
droplets by isoelectric focusing and staining in overlays.<br />
The amount <strong>of</strong> fungal pectin esterase in faecal droplets was<br />
comparable to that in pure mycelium indicating that the<br />
enzymes pass the ant-gut without loosing activity. The<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> the fungal enzymes for the evolutionary<br />
transition <strong>of</strong> the ants from feeding on dead organic material<br />
to be able to exploit fresh leaves is discussed.<br />
1168 - ABC transporters in Trichoderma harzianum<br />
M. Ruocco 1* , V. Scala 2 , S. Woo 2 , S. Lanzuise 2 , G. Del<br />
Sorbo 2 , F. Scala 2 & M. Lorito 2<br />
1 Istituto CNR per la Protezione delle Piante IPP, Via<br />
Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy. - 2 Dept.<br />
354<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
ARBOPAVE- Plant Pathology, University <strong>of</strong> Naples, Via<br />
Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy. - E-mail:<br />
miruocco@unina.it<br />
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane<br />
glycoproteins that utilize the energy derived from the<br />
hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> ATP to drive transport <strong>of</strong> endogenous<br />
metabolites and toxic xenobiotics through biological<br />
membranes. Overexpression <strong>of</strong> some ABC's determines<br />
simultaneous resistance to many chemically unrelated<br />
compounds whereas disruption <strong>of</strong> genes encoding ABC<br />
transporters is associated with increased sensitivity to the<br />
same compounds. We hypothesize that ABC transporters<br />
<strong>of</strong> Trichoderma harzianum have an important role in a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> processes such as resistance to environmental<br />
toxicants produced either by soil micr<strong>of</strong>lora or introduced<br />
by human activity (e.g. fungicides, heavy metal pollutants),<br />
secretion <strong>of</strong> factors (mycotoxins and cell wall degrading<br />
enzymes) necessary for the establishment <strong>of</strong> a compatible<br />
interaction with a host fungus. Several oligonucleotides<br />
were designed from conserved regions <strong>of</strong> the sequences <strong>of</strong><br />
many ABC transporters from different filamentous fungi,<br />
and used to clone and partially sequence several genes<br />
encoding putative ABC transporters from genomic DNA <strong>of</strong><br />
Trichoderma harzianum P1. Functional analysis to<br />
investigate their role during mycoparasitic events are in<br />
progress. We are using gene disruption and overexpression<br />
in Trichoderma to determine the involvement <strong>of</strong> these<br />
transporters in biocontrol and fitness.<br />
1169 - Influences <strong>of</strong> temperature and light on<br />
morphological changes during fruit body formation in<br />
Flammulina velutipes<br />
Y. Sakamoto 1* & Y. Tamai 2<br />
1 Ibaraki Prefectural Forestry Research Insutitute,<br />
Nakamachi To 4692, Nakagun, Ibaraki 311-0122, Japan. -<br />
2 Division <strong>of</strong> Environmental Resources, Graduate School <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Kitaku,<br />
Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
yuichisakamoto@hotmail.com<br />
Influences <strong>of</strong> light and temperature on morphological<br />
changes during fruit body formation in Flammulina<br />
velutipes were investigated. Fruit bodies <strong>of</strong> F. velutipes<br />
were induced after temperature reduction in complete<br />
darkness. However, fruit bodies formed in complete<br />
darkness had a long stipe with undeveloped pileus on the<br />
top (pinhead fruit body), thinner and whiter than normal<br />
fruit bodies formed under light illumination. This suggests<br />
that F. velutipes can be induced fruit bodies, but cannot<br />
mature in complete darkness. We subsequently irradiated<br />
light to pinhead fruit bodies formed in complete darkness.<br />
It is revealed that pinhead fruit bodies formed in complete<br />
darkness can be induced pileus after light stimulation. We<br />
could observe hymenium formation immediately after light<br />
stimulation. We also observed thickening and pigmentation<br />
after light stimulation, suggesting that light can directly<br />
induce fruit body maturation in F. velutipes. Protein<br />
expression patterns were investigated by two-dimensional<br />
electrophoresis, and 22 protein spots were newly expressed<br />
in the mycelia and fruit bodies after temperature reduction
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
in complete darkness. We also revealed proteins spots that<br />
were newly expressed after light stimulation and localized<br />
in pileus. These suggests that many <strong>of</strong> proteins involved in<br />
fruit body induction in F. velutipes are expressed after<br />
temperature reduction, and involved in pileus induction are<br />
expressed after light stimulation.<br />
1170 - Ultrastructure and biochemistry <strong>of</strong> hyphae <strong>of</strong><br />
different zone <strong>of</strong> growth in a fruiting colony <strong>of</strong><br />
Pleurotus pulmonarius<br />
C. Sánchez 1* , G. Díaz-Godínez 1 & D. Moore 2<br />
1 Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Apartado Postal 129,<br />
Tlaxcala, Tlax. C.P. 90000, Mexico. - 2 The University <strong>of</strong><br />
Manchester, School <strong>of</strong> Biological Sciences, Manchester<br />
9PT, U.K. - E-mail: sanher6@hotmail.com<br />
In a fungus colony, hyphae from the peripheral zone (i.e.<br />
young hyphae) are responsible for colony expansion. On<br />
the other hand, hyphae from the central zone (i.e. mature<br />
hyphae) may differentiate into reproductive structures. It<br />
has previously been observed that when P. pulmonarius<br />
cultures were stained by using conventional histological<br />
stains the peripheral zone <strong>of</strong> the colony (PZC) and the<br />
fruiting structures were stained, but the central zone <strong>of</strong> the<br />
colony (CZC) was unstained. In this research, the<br />
ultrastructure and biochemistry <strong>of</strong> hyphae from the PZC<br />
and CZC <strong>of</strong> a fruiting colony <strong>of</strong> P. pulmonarius, developed<br />
on potato dextrose agar were studied. The wall thickness <strong>of</strong><br />
hyphae from the CZC was approx. twice that <strong>of</strong> hyphae<br />
from the PZC (0.15 and 0.07 µm, respectively). Hyphae<br />
from the PZC had about twice glycogen content and 50%<br />
higher protein content (501 and 18 mg/g dry biomass (dX),<br />
respectively) than those from the CZC (237 and 11 mg/g<br />
dX, respectively). The cell wall <strong>of</strong> hyphae from the CZC<br />
had about twice soluble and insoluble glucans content (7.7<br />
and 6.4 mg/g dX, respectively) that <strong>of</strong> hyphae from the<br />
PZC (3.8 and 3.4 mg/g dX, respectively). The histological<br />
differences between young and mature hyphae <strong>of</strong> a colony<br />
<strong>of</strong> P. pulmonarius, particularly in the cell wall and the<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> cytoplasmic material present in the hyphae,<br />
suggest that the wall is used as a temporary nutrient reserve<br />
during development <strong>of</strong> Pleurotus.<br />
1171 - Stability <strong>of</strong> some commercial mushrooms in<br />
Thailand after continuous subcultures <strong>of</strong> mycelia for<br />
production<br />
W. Sattayaphisut 1 , N. Boonkerd 1 , N. Teaumroong 1 & S.<br />
Rodtong 2*<br />
1 School <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, Institute <strong>of</strong> Agricultural<br />
Technology, Suranaree University <strong>of</strong> Technology, Nakhon<br />
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. - 2 School <strong>of</strong> Microbiology,<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> Science, Suranaree University <strong>of</strong> Technology,<br />
Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. - E-mail:<br />
sureelak@ccs.sut.ac.th<br />
The decrease in fruiting body yields commonly occurs in<br />
the mushroom production in Thailand when mycelia<br />
obtained from continuous subcultures are used. The<br />
stability <strong>of</strong> commercial mushrooms: Auricularia auricula,<br />
Agrocybe cylindracea, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus<br />
polychrous, L. squarrossulus, Pleurotus ostreatus,<br />
Pleurotus species under names P. cystidiosus and P. sajorcaju,<br />
and Tricholoma crassum, after continuous<br />
subcultures <strong>of</strong> mycelia for production twenty times was<br />
investigated. Mycelial growth rates and fruiting body<br />
yields were determined. The PCR-RFLP technique was<br />
also tried to be employed for the preliminary detection <strong>of</strong><br />
fungal genetic stability. After the twentieth subculture,<br />
growth rates and fruiting body yields <strong>of</strong> all mushrooms<br />
were found to be rather consistent except Auricularia<br />
auricula giving the decrease in both its growth and yield<br />
after the third subculture then reversing to be stable<br />
through the subsequent subcultures. For the detection <strong>of</strong><br />
genetic stability, all fungal species gave consistent DNA<br />
patterns (600-800bp PCR products from ITS4 and ITS5<br />
primers, and the unique RFLP pattern <strong>of</strong> each species when<br />
the DNA was digested with either AluI, TaqI, MboI, or<br />
HinfI) except A. auricula giving the different pattern <strong>of</strong><br />
HinfI digest after the third subculture which was<br />
corresponding to its growth and yield reduction. The<br />
genetic stability <strong>of</strong> mushrooms should be examined after<br />
continuous subcultures <strong>of</strong> mycelia prior to application in<br />
the large scale production.<br />
1172 - Long-term exposure <strong>of</strong> lichens to high<br />
atmospheric CO 2 under controlled conditions: effects<br />
on morphology and chemistry<br />
M. Saunders * & D. Armaleo<br />
Duke University, Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Box 90338,<br />
Durham, NC 27708, U.S.A. - E-mail: saunders@duke.edu<br />
The lichens Usnea strigosa and Parmotrema hypotropum<br />
were collected at the FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) site<br />
in operation near Duke University. FACE technology is<br />
able to monitor and maintain open-air sites with<br />
atmospheric CO2 levels kept either at ambient (^500 ppm)<br />
or enriched (^700 ppm) values. Flora is grown under<br />
natural conditions realistically simulating future<br />
concentrations <strong>of</strong> atmospheric CO 2. This setup, in<br />
operation for 15 years, is ideal for monitoring long-term<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> CO 2 enrichment throughout the lichens' lifespan,<br />
with a degree <strong>of</strong> control not possible in earlier studies. Both<br />
species <strong>of</strong> lichens were collected almost exclusively from<br />
the bark <strong>of</strong> Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) trees from<br />
both CO2-enriched and control sites. Each specimen was<br />
photographed, sectioned, and observed by standard and<br />
fluorescence microscopy. The secondary compounds were<br />
extracted to near completion (^95%) and quantified (in<br />
reference to thallus dry weight) by digital analysis <strong>of</strong> Thin<br />
Layer Chromatography data. Significant differences in<br />
micro-anatomy and chemistry were found between the<br />
lichens collected in the high CO2 and control sites.<br />
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IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1173 - Correlation <strong>of</strong> parasitism and gradual selectivity<br />
between lichen bionts - molecular data and culture<br />
experiments verify morphological observations<br />
T. Schaper 1 , A. Beck 2 & S. Ott 1*<br />
1 Botanical Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Duesseldorf,<br />
Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. -<br />
2 Department Biologie I, Bereich Biodiversitätsforschung,<br />
L.-M.-Universität Muenchen, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638<br />
Muenchen, Germany. - E-mail: otts@uni-duesseldorf.de<br />
The mutualistic interactions between lichen species range<br />
from different steps <strong>of</strong> symbiosis to parasitism. Intra- and<br />
interspecific interactions characterise the lichen species<br />
within the close association on the gravel alvar <strong>of</strong> Gotland,<br />
Sweden. Concerning these complex interactions the degree<br />
<strong>of</strong> selectivity <strong>of</strong> the lichen bionts is <strong>of</strong> great importance.<br />
For lichens only reproducing sexually the availability <strong>of</strong><br />
the suitable photobiont is a crucial prerequisite for<br />
relichenisation. The ITS rDNA sequences <strong>of</strong> the<br />
photobionts demonstrate the diversity <strong>of</strong> the photobiontal<br />
pool within the lichen community. Different species <strong>of</strong><br />
Trebouxia belonging to Clade I which is divided in two<br />
subgroups as well as species <strong>of</strong> the genus Asterochloris has<br />
been found. The molecular data verify and support the<br />
morphological observations <strong>of</strong> the parasitic contact<br />
between Fulgensia bracteata and Toninia sedifolia. Both<br />
lichens share the same photobiont. In culture experiments<br />
with the isolated photobionts <strong>of</strong> five lichen species in<br />
combination with the mycobiont <strong>of</strong> F. bracteata gradual<br />
stages <strong>of</strong> the first steps <strong>of</strong> the relichenisation process get<br />
obvious. These observations indicate to a reduced<br />
selectivity <strong>of</strong> the mycobiont <strong>of</strong> F. bracteata in its<br />
photobiontal choice. The mycobiont <strong>of</strong> F. bracteata forms<br />
a temporary aggregate with different ? maybe less -<br />
compatible bionts. This enables the mycobiont to survive<br />
until the association with a compatible photobiont is<br />
established and thallus formation is initiated.<br />
1174 - Mating reactions, sexual morphogenesis, and<br />
trisporic acid in zygomycetes<br />
C. Schimek * , K. Kleppe, A.R. Saleem, A. Petzold & J.<br />
Wöstemeyer<br />
Friedrich-Schiller Universität, Institute <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Neugasse 24, D-<br />
07743 Jena, Germany. - E-mail: B9SCCR@nds.rz.unijena.de<br />
It is understood that mating reactions in zygomycetes are<br />
mediated by trisporic acid. But this generalization was only<br />
valid for mucoralean fungi, as no other orders had been<br />
examined in that respect. We present data on several<br />
species <strong>of</strong> the order Mortierellales covering physiological,<br />
biochemical, and molecular biological approaches. We<br />
found that in Mortierellales, too, the sexual responses are<br />
mediated by trisporoids. So in zygomycetes, the same<br />
signalling system is used not only beyond family limits but<br />
also crossing order barriers, a feature unique in fungi.<br />
Trisporoids are derivatives <strong>of</strong> beta-carotene that are<br />
356<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
synthesized in a cooperative process by the different<br />
mating types. Some trisporoids act as pheromones, others<br />
show hormone-like activities. Although specific trisporoid<br />
is<strong>of</strong>orm patterns are typical for certain species,<br />
interspecific reactions occur quite frequently and we have<br />
also observed inter-order reactions. Interspecific reactions<br />
are especially interesting in parasitism. A few species, e.g.<br />
Parasitella parasitica are parasites to other zygomycetes in<br />
a mating type-dependent manner: interactions occur only if<br />
the partners belong to opposing mating types. The<br />
susceptibility to parasitism by Parasitella can therefore be<br />
used as a marker for studying the relationship between<br />
species. Using in-situ techniques, the involvement <strong>of</strong> the<br />
same key enzymes for trisporoid metabolism could be<br />
shown in sexual as well as in parasitical interactions.<br />
1175 - Regulation <strong>of</strong> sex-pheromone biosynthesis and its<br />
role in mating and parasitic interactions <strong>of</strong> mucoralean<br />
fungi<br />
K. Schultze, J. Wöstemeyer & A. Burmester *<br />
Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena,Institute <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany. - Email:<br />
Anke.Burmester´@rz.uni-jena.de<br />
Successful infection <strong>of</strong> Absidia glauca (Mucorales,<br />
Mucoraceae) by Parasitella parasitica (Mucorales,<br />
Mucoraceae) requires that the partners belong to<br />
complementary mating types. These observations point<br />
towards a physiological relationship between parasitism<br />
and the sexual pathway. In all mucoralean fungi analyzed,<br />
sexual differentiation depends on the synthesis <strong>of</strong> the sex<br />
pheromone trisporic acid. Trisporic acid is synthesized via<br />
the complementary biosynthetic action <strong>of</strong> both mating<br />
types. One <strong>of</strong> the genes for an enzyme <strong>of</strong> the trisporic acid<br />
biosynthesis pathway was cloned from host and parasite.<br />
Expression studies at the transcriptional level show<br />
transcripts only after stimulation by mating and infection.<br />
DNA sequence analysis <strong>of</strong> the genomic surrounding detects<br />
a second gene in close neighborhood <strong>of</strong> the first one, with<br />
an unknown function. Nevertheless, this gene is transcribed<br />
in P. parasitica. Recently, vectors were constructed<br />
containing the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) for<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> A. glauca strains. Now, also in vivo<br />
expression can be studies to obtain more insights in the<br />
interaction <strong>of</strong> parasite and host.<br />
1176 - Screening <strong>of</strong> environmental and clinical<br />
Cladosporium isolates for cellobiose dehydrogenase<br />
production<br />
M. Shams 1* , A. Fazli 1 , A. Lotfi 2 & M. Razzaghi abyaneh 3<br />
1 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Mycology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences,Tarbiat<br />
Modares University, P.O.Box:14115-111, Tehran, Iran. -<br />
2 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University,<br />
P.O.Box:14115-111, Tehran, Iran. - 3 Dept.<strong>of</strong> Myclogy,<br />
Pasteur Institute <strong>of</strong> Iran, P.O.Box:13164, Tehran, Iran. -<br />
E-mail: shamsm@modares.ac.ir
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Cellobiose dehydrogenase(CDH)is an extracellular enzyme<br />
produced by wood-degrading and also other fungi. In this<br />
communication, CDH activity <strong>of</strong> 24 Cladosporium isolates<br />
was measured using a zymogram procedure for<br />
determining the possible role <strong>of</strong> the CDH in the fungal<br />
pathogenesis. 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) was<br />
added into czapek agar medium containing Avicel (1%<br />
w/v) and cellobiose (20mM). The blue coloured agar plates<br />
were inoculated with fungal spores and incubated for 5<br />
days at 25C. Production <strong>of</strong> CDH was assessed by the<br />
measuring zones <strong>of</strong> clarification in the agar around the<br />
growing colonies. This clarification was higher for 10<br />
clinical Cladosporium isolates (5-6 mm) as compared with<br />
14 environmental ones (0.5-1.4 mm)(P3)-glucan, the major matrix wall component,<br />
was immuno-localized in all regions <strong>of</strong> elongating and nonelongating<br />
hyphae. A number <strong>of</strong> cytochemical,<br />
biochemical and physiological controls were performed to<br />
assure the reliability <strong>of</strong> these findings. We suggest that in<br />
elongating regions, the matrix is synthesized first and<br />
synthesis <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>ibrilar component follows. Another<br />
explanation for our results is that localized apical cellulose<br />
hydrolysis by endoglucanase creates plastic wall regions<br />
consisting mainly <strong>of</strong> β-(1-3)-glucans, which expand under<br />
turgor and/or cytoskeleton pressure. Cellulose deposition<br />
quickly follows.<br />
1178 - Aspergillus nidulans polarity genes swoA, a<br />
protein mannosyl transferase, and swoF, an Nmyristoyl<br />
transferase<br />
B.D. Shaw * & M. Momany<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Plant Biology, 2502 Plant Science,<br />
Athens, GA, 30602, U.S.A. - E-mail:<br />
bshaw@botany.uga.edu<br />
Hyphal growth in filamentous fungi requires first<br />
establishment and then maintenance <strong>of</strong> polarity and is<br />
necessary for disease in many fungal pathosystems.<br />
Germination <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus nidulans conidia involves<br />
isotropic (nonpolar) expansion <strong>of</strong> the cell through the first<br />
two nuclear divisions. Subsequent development is polar<br />
with production <strong>of</strong> a germ tube and establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
vegetative growth. The A. nidulans swo mutants are<br />
temperature sensitive mutants defective in one or both<br />
stages <strong>of</strong> polar growth during the process <strong>of</strong> spore<br />
germination. A. nidulans swoAp is a protein mannosyl<br />
transferase, a protein responsible for the first stage <strong>of</strong> Oglycosylation.<br />
A glycosylated substrate <strong>of</strong> swoAp may be a<br />
cell wall associated protein important for polar growth.<br />
swoFp is an N-myristoyl transferase, a protein responsible<br />
for the co-translational addition <strong>of</strong> a small fatty acid to the<br />
N-terminus <strong>of</strong> its substrate thereby giving it higher affinity<br />
for association with the membrane. In Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae N-myristoyl transferase substrates are<br />
commonly signaling proteins. The temperature-sensitive<br />
allele changes a conserved aspartic acid to a tyrosine. The<br />
wild type D appears to stabilize a Beta strand bend through<br />
two hydrogen bonds and an ionic interaction. A<br />
myristoylated substrate <strong>of</strong> swoFp may be a signaling<br />
molecule important for polar growth. A proteomics<br />
approach is being taken to characterize the substrates <strong>of</strong><br />
these proteins.<br />
1179 - Effect <strong>of</strong> bacteria on germination and mycelial<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> arbuscular mycorrizal fungi, in vitro<br />
S.A.G. Soares 1 , L.C. Maia 1 , R.L.R. Mariano 3 , U.M.T.<br />
Cavalcante 2 & G.A. Silva 1*<br />
1 Departamento de Micologia - UFPE, 50670-420 Recife -<br />
PE, Brazil. - 2 Departamento de Biologia - UFRPE, 52171-<br />
900 Recife - PE, Brazil. - 3 Departamento de Agronomia -<br />
UFRPE, 52171-900 Recife - PE, Brazil. - E-mail:<br />
gladstonesilva@yahoo.com<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> plant growth promoted rhizobacteria (PGPR)<br />
on germination and mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> Gigaspora albida,<br />
Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora heterogama was<br />
studied. Aqueos suspensions <strong>of</strong> Bacillus cereus (C210),<br />
Bacillus sp. (RAB9), B. thuringiensis subvar. kurstakii<br />
(ENF10) and Pseudomonas chlororaphis (GN1212) were<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 357
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
adjusted to 2 × 10 7 ufc mL - 1 and 50 mL inoculated into<br />
Petri dishes with 8% water agar; six superficially<br />
disinfected (NaOCl) AMF spores/plate were then placed on<br />
the medium and incubated in the dark, at room temperature<br />
(28 °C). Experiments combining PGPR and AMF, with<br />
five replicates, were performed and evaluated at the 21th<br />
and 28th days. The PGPR promoted different effects on<br />
germination and mycelial growth <strong>of</strong> the AMF. Spore<br />
germination <strong>of</strong> G. albida was stimulated by RAB9 and<br />
GN212 and the mycelial growth stimulated by the latter,<br />
but inhibited by the other bacterial strains. Neither the<br />
incubation period nor the PGPR affected germination <strong>of</strong> S.<br />
heterogama. However, the mycelial growth was stimulated<br />
since the 21th day by GN1212, and later by the other<br />
bacteria. Germination <strong>of</strong> G. etunicatum was stimulated by<br />
the PGPR, but at the 28th day did not differ from the<br />
control, while mycelial growth was benefited by ENF10<br />
and C210. In general, among the AMF, higher germination<br />
and mycelial formation were obtained with G. albida.<br />
Financial support: CAPES and CNPq.<br />
1180 - Effects <strong>of</strong> photosynthetically active radiation<br />
(PAR) and carbohydrate source on UV-B induced<br />
parietin synthesis in Xanthoria parietina<br />
K.A. Solhaug * & Y. Gauslaa<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biology and Nature Conservation,<br />
Agricultural University <strong>of</strong> Norway, P.O. Box 5014, NO-<br />
1432 Ås, Norway. - E-mail: knut.solhaug@ibn.nlh.no<br />
Lichen secondary compunds can be removed by rinsing in<br />
100% acetone without affecting thalli viability. Acetonerinsed<br />
parietin-free Xanthoria parietina thalli were<br />
cultivated in two growth chamber experiments. Thalli were<br />
soaked in water or carbohydrate solution once a day during<br />
both seven days experimental periods. In the first<br />
experiment a factorial design with ±UV-B (0.75 Wm-2),<br />
±PAR (200 µmol photons m-2s-1) and 0, 2 or 5 g ribitol<br />
per liter water was used. No resynthesis <strong>of</strong> parietin took<br />
place in the abcence <strong>of</strong> UV-B. For thalli exposed to UV-B<br />
both PAR and ribitol contributed to the parietin resynthesis.<br />
Thalli exposed to PAR and the highest concentration <strong>of</strong><br />
ribitol resynthesized more than 20% <strong>of</strong> the original content<br />
during the seven days experimental period. In the second<br />
experiment thalli were exposed to UV-B in the dark and<br />
moistened with various carbohydrate solutions. Thalli<br />
moistened with ribitol or sucrose resynthesized about 14%<br />
<strong>of</strong> their original parietin content, those moistened with<br />
mannitol or glucose resynthesized about 8%, while<br />
moistening with sorbitol or water resulted in resynthesis <strong>of</strong><br />
2-4% parietin only. The results are discussed in relation to<br />
the role the different carbohydrates may play in the lichen<br />
symbiosis e.g. that ribitol is the carbohydrate that the<br />
photobiont Trebouxia export to the fungal partner in the<br />
lichen X. parietina.<br />
358<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1181 - Eucalypt wood pretreatment with Phanerochaete<br />
crassa and Peniophora lycii decreased pitch content<br />
after laboratory kraft cooking<br />
M. Speranza 1* , A. Gutíerrez 2 , J.C. del Río 2 , J. Romero 3 ,<br />
A.T. Martínez 1 & M.J. Martínez 1<br />
1 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez<br />
144, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. - 2 Instituto de Recursos<br />
Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, P.O. Box 1052, E-<br />
41080 Sevilla, Spain. - 3 Centro de Investigación y<br />
Tecnología (ENCE), Cra. Campañó s/n, E-36157<br />
Pontevedra, Spain. - E-mail: marielas@cib.csic.es<br />
During last years eucalypt wood treatment with<br />
basidiomycetes is being studied as an alternative to<br />
traditional methods for pitch control. In this way,<br />
Phanerochaete crassa and Peniophora lycii, isolated from<br />
the Uruguay forestry, have been selected by their ability to<br />
remove both sterols, which are responsible for pitch<br />
deposition, and lignin from eucalypt wood. Here we<br />
confirm the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> Eucalyptus globulus wood<br />
pretreatment with these two fungi to reduce the amount <strong>of</strong><br />
free and esterified sterols from pulp and black liquors after<br />
laboratory kraft pulping, and the distribution <strong>of</strong> lignin and<br />
free sterols in the pretreated wood is analyzed. P. lycii and<br />
P. crassa decreased lignin content after two weeks <strong>of</strong><br />
industrial chips treatment (24 and 16% respectively). An<br />
extensive alteration <strong>of</strong> lignin was observed by confocal<br />
laser scanning microscopy <strong>of</strong> wood sections. Filipin<br />
staining (a selective method to localize free sterols) showed<br />
that most <strong>of</strong> sitosterol was degraded after wood<br />
pretreatment, although some deposits remained in the<br />
lumen <strong>of</strong> parenchymatic cells. Chemical analysis after<br />
laboratory kraft cooking showed that both fungi decreased<br />
the content <strong>of</strong> free sterols (32 and 31%, respectively) and<br />
sterol esters (39 and 45%, respectively) in brown kraft<br />
pulps, and the free sterol content in black liquors (87 and<br />
73%, respectively). The optical and papermaking<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> the bio-pulps obtained are being analyzed.<br />
1182 - A gene cluster associated with production <strong>of</strong><br />
insecticidal loline alkaloids in the fungal endophyte<br />
Neotyphodium uncinatum<br />
M.J. Spiering 1* , H.H. Wilkinson 2 , C.D. Moon 1 , J.D.<br />
Blankenship 1 & C.L. Schardl 1<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546,<br />
U.S.A. - 2 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas<br />
77843, U.S.A.<br />
Grass plants can acquire chemical defenses against insect<br />
and vertebrate herbivores by living in symbiosis with<br />
fungal endophytes <strong>of</strong> the genus Epichloë (anamorphs,<br />
Neotyphodium). In several Epichloë/Neotyphodium - grass<br />
associations, insecticidal 1-aminopyrrolizidine (loline)<br />
alkaloids are produced, which hold promise as natural plant<br />
protectants. The objective <strong>of</strong> this study was to identify the<br />
genes involved in loline production. N. uncinatum can
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
produce lolines under certain culture conditions, and a<br />
culture system was developed for regulated loline<br />
expression in this fungus. With this system, genes<br />
differentially expressed during loline accumulation were<br />
isolated by subtractive hybridization. Two genes isolated,<br />
lolA and lolC, were similar to genes encoding aspartate<br />
kinases and homocysteine synthase, respectively, which are<br />
enzymes in methionine biosynthesis. lolA and lolC were<br />
highly expressed during loline production in culture, and<br />
the two genes were present only in endophytes with lolineproducing<br />
phenotypes. Close linkage <strong>of</strong> lolA and lolC in N.<br />
uncinatum was found by PCR, corroborated by data from a<br />
genomic library survey <strong>of</strong> the closely related endophyte E.<br />
festucae. At least five putative genes were found clustered<br />
with lolA and lolC. These putative genes have similarity to<br />
polyamine biosynthesis/interconversion genes, and genes<br />
for monooxygenases, oxidoreductases, demethylases and<br />
aminotransferases, which are frequently found in<br />
secondary-metabolite gene clusters.<br />
1183 - Vacuolar and non-vacuolar protein degradation<br />
routes in the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata: their<br />
influence on ligninolytic enzymes<br />
M. Staszczak 1 , I. Glina 2 , A. Leonowicz 1 & K.<br />
Grzywnowicz 1*<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska<br />
University, Pl. M.Curie- Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin,<br />
Poland. - 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Cell Biology, Maria Curie-<br />
Sklodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin,<br />
Poland. - E-mail: grzyw@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl<br />
Continuous protein turnover is involved in basic cellular<br />
functions such as the modulation <strong>of</strong> the levels <strong>of</strong> proteins,<br />
adjustment to stress, as well as preferential removal <strong>of</strong><br />
defective proteins. Eukaryotic cells contain two major<br />
systems for protein degradation: lysosomal (vacuolar) and<br />
non-lysosomal (non-vacuolar). The lysosome was long<br />
believed to be the only site for protein breakdown in cells,<br />
but it is now clear that intracellular proteolysis is largely<br />
accomplished by a highly selective non-lysosomal pathway<br />
that requires a large multicatalytic proteinase complex<br />
known as the proteasome. The 26S eukaryotic proteasome<br />
catalyses the ATP-dependent degradation <strong>of</strong><br />
polyubiquitinated proteins. Lignin-modifying enzymes <strong>of</strong><br />
white-rot fungi are mainly expressed during the secondary<br />
phase <strong>of</strong> growth (idiophase), when the limitation <strong>of</strong> carbon<br />
and nitrogen occurs. It has been demonstrated for many<br />
eukaryotic organisms, that both the vacuolar and nonvacuolar<br />
proteolytic systems are activated by nutrient<br />
starvation. A major goal <strong>of</strong> the present study was to<br />
examine whether the specific agent (CbzLLLal, MG 132)<br />
that blocks the function <strong>of</strong> yeast and mammalian 26S<br />
proteasome and the lysosomotropic agent inhibiting<br />
intralysosomal degradation <strong>of</strong> proteins (chloroquine) can<br />
affect the levels <strong>of</strong> ligninolytic enzymes <strong>of</strong> the white-rot<br />
fungus Phlebia radiata during the shift to idiophase<br />
triggered by nitrogen or carbon starvation. Supported by<br />
the EC Contract ICA2-CT-2000-10050, 5PR-UE/DZ<br />
280/2000.<br />
1184 - Degradation <strong>of</strong> natural and artificial humic acids<br />
by the litter-decomposing basidiomycete Collybia<br />
dryophila<br />
K.T. Steffen 1* , M. H<strong>of</strong>richter 1 & A. Hatakka 2<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Chemistry and Microbiology,<br />
P.O.Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, Bicenter 1, FIN-00014<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Helsinki, Finland. - 2 Dep. <strong>of</strong> Environmental<br />
Biotechnology, <strong>International</strong> Graduate School Zittau,<br />
Markt 23, D-02763 Zittau, Germany. - E-mail:<br />
Kari.Steffen@Helsinki.Fi<br />
The litter decomposing fungus Collybia dryophila is a<br />
common basidiomycete colonizing different types <strong>of</strong> forest<br />
soils. It decomposed in our experiments a natural humic<br />
acid isolated from pine-forest litter (LHA) and a synthetic<br />
14 C-labeled humic acid ( 14 C-HA) prepared from [UL-<br />
14 C]catechol in liquid culture. Polar, lower-molecular mass<br />
fulvic acid (FA) and carbon dioxide were formed during<br />
the degradation. Manganese (200 µn; M Mn 2+ ) enhanced<br />
considerably the decomposition <strong>of</strong> HA leading to 75%<br />
conversion <strong>of</strong> LHA and 50% mineralization <strong>of</strong> 14 C-HA<br />
compared to 60% and 20%, respectively, in the absence <strong>of</strong><br />
Mn 2+ . These findings strongly indicated an involvement <strong>of</strong><br />
the ligninolytic enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP), the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> which was noticeably increased in Mn 2+ -<br />
supplemented cultures and which was found to be capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> converting LHA in vitro. The enzyme was produced as a<br />
single protein with a pI <strong>of</strong> 4.7 and a molecular weight <strong>of</strong> 44<br />
kDa. In solid-state culture (pine-forest litter), C. dryophila<br />
mineralized 14 C-HA as well and released substantial<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> water-soluble FA from the insoluble litter<br />
material. The results indicate that litter-decomposing<br />
basidiomycetes such as C. dryophila are involved in humus<br />
turnover by recycling high-molecular mass humic<br />
substances.<br />
1185 - Ultrastructural analysis <strong>of</strong> sterile elements <strong>of</strong><br />
basidiomes and fruitbodies in holobasidiomycetes<br />
A.A. Stepanova<br />
National Institute <strong>of</strong> Desert, Flora and Fauna Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Nature Protection Of Turkmenistan,<br />
Ashgabad,744000,Bitarap Turkmenistana,15,<br />
Turkmenistan. - E-mail: iccnet@onlinee.tm<br />
Comparative ultrastructural analysis <strong>of</strong> morphogenesis <strong>of</strong><br />
sterile elements <strong>of</strong> basidiomes (B) in 6 species <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Aphyllophorales and fruitbodies in 17 <strong>of</strong> Agaricales and 1<br />
Gasteromycetes showed that the most specialised are the<br />
cells <strong>of</strong> subhymenium, having the features <strong>of</strong> meristematic<br />
cells. During the grows <strong>of</strong> B and FB the cells <strong>of</strong> sterile<br />
elements are vacuolised, reserve substances, accumulated<br />
in many species, disappear, cytosol and number <strong>of</strong><br />
organelles are reduced.For all studied species (expect the<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Coprinaceae) cells <strong>of</strong> sterile elements has<br />
ultrasructure indicated <strong>of</strong> low level <strong>of</strong> its metabolism. It<br />
was shown, that mass senescence and death <strong>of</strong> the cells <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 359
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
sterile elements occur before the formation <strong>of</strong> mature<br />
basidium. The process <strong>of</strong> cell senescence and death in B<br />
(Aphyllophorales) occur in the direction from the trama <strong>of</strong><br />
pileus to trama hymenophore and subhymenium. In FB <strong>of</strong><br />
Agaricales and Gasteromycetes this processes occur in<br />
direction, from the base <strong>of</strong> stipe to its upper part, later they<br />
occupied the trama <strong>of</strong> pileus, trama pf hymenophore and<br />
subhymenium. It was supposed that during the<br />
morphogenesis <strong>of</strong> B and FB in Holobasidiomycetes they<br />
are early transforming in to the autonomous from<br />
mycelium way <strong>of</strong> morphogenesis.<br />
1186 - Construction <strong>of</strong> a gene-trap vector, pPTR-<br />
EGFP1 and pUsCdelPA2, for Aspergillus oryzae<br />
S. Suzuki * & Y. Kashiwagi<br />
National Food Research Institute, Kan-nondai 2-1-12<br />
Tukuba Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
satosuz@nfri.affrc.go.jp<br />
A promoter-trap vector that uses GFP as a reporter for<br />
Aspergillus oryzae gene expression and a polyA-trap vector<br />
using auxotrophic selection marker were constructed for<br />
the first time. The promoter-trap vector, pPTR-EGFP1, and<br />
polyA-trap vector, pUsCdelPA2 can be used to investigate<br />
unknown gene function. These gene-trap vector were<br />
integrated into a host genome randomly and transformants<br />
were selected by drug resistans or auxotrophic marker gene<br />
on the vector. The endogenous promoter activity trapped<br />
by the pPTR-EGFP1 vector was used to express the<br />
reporter gene egfp. The endogenous polyA addtion signal<br />
trapped by the pUsCdelPA2 vector was used to express the<br />
auxotrophic marker gene sC on the vector. By the<br />
transformation using pPTR-EGFP, approximately 300 drug<br />
resistant transformants were obtained, one <strong>of</strong> which<br />
showed the same strong fluorescence as GFP. The<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> egfp gene was confirmed by Northern blot<br />
analysis. The flanking genome regions <strong>of</strong> the integrate site<br />
was isolated by plasmid rescue method. Our resuls show<br />
that this newly constructed vector, pPTR-EGFP1, can trap<br />
endogenous promoter activity. The transformation using<br />
pUsCdelPA2 is under continuation now.<br />
1187 - Production <strong>of</strong> CsmA, a class V chitin synthase<br />
with a myosin motor-like domain <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus<br />
nidulans, is regulated in multiple ways<br />
N. Takeshita, A. Ohta & H. Horiuchi *<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, The University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo, 1-<br />
1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
ahhoriu@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp<br />
Chitin, a β-1,4-linked homopolymer <strong>of</strong> Nacetylglucosamine<br />
(GlcNAc), is one <strong>of</strong> the major structural<br />
components <strong>of</strong> the fungal cell wall. Chitin synthases are<br />
membrane-bound proteins and have been classified into<br />
five groups, classes I to V, on the basis <strong>of</strong> the structures in<br />
360<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
their conserved region. csmA gene <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus nidulans<br />
encodes a class V chitin synthase with a myosin motor-like<br />
domain at its N-terminus. csmA null mutants showed<br />
remarkable abnormalities in polarized growth, hyphal wall<br />
integrity, and conidiophore development. In this study, to<br />
investigate the intracellular behavior <strong>of</strong> the csmA product<br />
(CsmA) and the regulation <strong>of</strong> its production, we<br />
constructed strains that produced CsmA tagged with nine<br />
repeats <strong>of</strong> hemagglutinin A (HA) epitope at its C-terminus,<br />
CsmA-HA, instead <strong>of</strong> CsmA. Western blot analysis with<br />
anti-HA antibody proved that the entire coding region <strong>of</strong><br />
csmA was translated as a single polypeptide with an<br />
approximate molecular mass <strong>of</strong> 210 kDa. CsmA-HA was<br />
found in the membrane fraction <strong>of</strong> the CsmA-HA<br />
producing strain. CsmA-HA was produced during<br />
vegetative growth, and its amount increased under low<br />
osmotic conditions. A discrepancy in the amounts <strong>of</strong><br />
CsmA-HA protein and csmA transcript as determined by<br />
northern analysis under those conditions suggests that the<br />
production <strong>of</strong> CsmA is regulated at both the transcriptional<br />
and post-transcriptional levels.<br />
1188 - Media optimization for manganese peroxidase<br />
production by response surface methodology in a newly<br />
isolated white-rot fungus Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27<br />
C. Tamerler 1* , U.O.S. Seker 1 , K. Li 3 , H. Jung 2 & H.<br />
Bermek 1<br />
1 Istanbul Technical University, Molecular Biology and<br />
Genetics, Maslak - Istanbul 80626, Turkey. - 2 Sunchon<br />
National University, Department <strong>of</strong> Forest Resources,<br />
Sunchon 540-742, Korea. - 3 Oregon State University,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Wood Science and Engineering, 102<br />
Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR97331-5751, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
tamerler@itu.edu.tr<br />
Response surface methodology (RSM) is a useful<br />
technique for media optimization, which is a crucial step<br />
for maximizing enzyme production in fungal cultures. In<br />
current study, RSM was applied for media optimization in<br />
a newly isolated white rot-fungus T. rubrum LSK-27, for<br />
manganese peroxidase (MnP) production. Carbon, nitrogen<br />
and also phosphorus are known to have significant impact<br />
in the production <strong>of</strong> fungal enzymes. Manganese stimulates<br />
MnP production in most fungi. In the first optimization<br />
step, glucose (x1), mycological peptone (x 2), MnSO 4 (x 3)<br />
and KH 2PO 4 (x 4) were studied to investigate their effect on<br />
MnP production by fractional factorial design, 2 4_1 . The<br />
first order equation with the regression coefficients were<br />
computed to be y=0.7175+0.0625x 1+0.4318x 2-0.1201x 3-<br />
0.0364x 4 with a probability level <strong>of</strong> 91% for MnP<br />
production. Although glucose and KH2PO 4 positively<br />
affected the cell growth, they did not increase the enzyme<br />
levels. Among the response curves obtained for four media<br />
components, the highest response was obtained for<br />
MnSO4-peptone pair, which was chosen as main factors for<br />
central composite design. Effect <strong>of</strong> each media ingredient<br />
on fungal morphology was also followed. The optimum<br />
MnSO 4-peptone concentrations were found for maximum<br />
MnP production.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1189 - Expression studies <strong>of</strong> plant genes differentially<br />
expressed in leaf and root tissue <strong>of</strong> arbuscular<br />
mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonised tomato plants<br />
J. Taylor & L.A. Harrier *<br />
Scottish Agricultural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains<br />
Road, Edinburgh, Lothian, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:<br />
l.harrier@ed.sac.ac.uk<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi <strong>of</strong> the unique phylum<br />
Glomeromycetes are a multifaceted group <strong>of</strong> mutualistic<br />
symbionts that are common to terrestrial ecosystems. The<br />
interaction between AM fungi and plant root systems is <strong>of</strong><br />
environmental and agronomic importance. Understanding<br />
the molecular changes within the host plant upon AM<br />
fungal colonisation is a pre-requisite to a greater<br />
understanding <strong>of</strong> the mechanisms underlying the<br />
interaction. Differential mRNA display was conducted on<br />
leaf tissue <strong>of</strong> tomato plants colonised and non-colonised by<br />
the AM fungus Glomus mosseae and five putative<br />
differentially regulated cDNAs were identified. All cDNAs<br />
isolated shared high sequence similarity to known plant<br />
genes. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to establish<br />
gene expression patterns for all five clones within leaf and<br />
root tissue <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal colonised<br />
tomato plants. Differential regulation was observed for all<br />
five cDNAs. Down-regulation within the leaf tissue <strong>of</strong><br />
mycorrhizal plants was observed for 4 out <strong>of</strong> the 5 cDNAs<br />
with an up-regulation observed only for one. Tissue<br />
specific regulation was observed for several cDNAs, with<br />
down-regulation observed in mycorrhizal leaf tissue and<br />
up-regulation observed within mycorrhizal root tissue as<br />
compared to non-mycorrhizal tissue. We thank the Scottish<br />
Executive Environmental Rural Affairs Division<br />
(SEERAD) for financial support.<br />
1190 - Application <strong>of</strong> AFLP markers to genetic study <strong>of</strong><br />
an edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes: strain typing,<br />
genetic diversity, and genetic linkage map<br />
K. Terashima 1* , T. Matsumoto 2 , E. Hayashi 3 & Y.<br />
Fukumasa-Nakai 2<br />
1 Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST),<br />
Honmachi 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan. -<br />
2 The Tottori <strong>Mycological</strong> Institute, Kokoge211, Tottori,<br />
689-1125, Japan. - 3 Forest Tree Breeding Center, Ishi,<br />
Juo, Taga, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan. - E-mail:<br />
ktera@hal.ne.jp<br />
Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is one <strong>of</strong> the most popular<br />
edible mushrooms in east Asia (Japan, Korea and China). It<br />
is desirable to establish efficient breeding systems <strong>of</strong> this<br />
mushroom using molecular markers. In this study, we<br />
evaluated the usefulness <strong>of</strong> amplified fragment length<br />
polymorphism (AFLP) as genetic marker in L. edodes.<br />
Strain typing and genetic diversity: Six AFLP primer pairs<br />
reproducibly detected 179 polymorphic DNA fragments<br />
among 15 strains <strong>of</strong> L. edodes currently used for cultivation<br />
in Japan. These markers could differentiate all <strong>of</strong> the<br />
strains. Cluster analysis and principle coordinates analysis<br />
based on AFLP data revealed two groups which<br />
corresponded to those categorized on their fruiting season<br />
types. Genetic linkage map: A medium-dense genetic<br />
linkage map <strong>of</strong> L. edodes was constructed based on 203<br />
AFLP markers and two mating type factors. The<br />
segregation <strong>of</strong> these markers was generated from 95<br />
progeny <strong>of</strong> a single cross <strong>of</strong> two distantly related L. edodes<br />
strains. Segregation analysis showed that the map consisted<br />
<strong>of</strong> 11 linkage groups, and the total genetic distance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
map was 1956.7cM. The average rate <strong>of</strong> physical size to<br />
genetic distance could be roughly estimated to be less than<br />
18.4 kb/cM, which is low compared to the values obtained<br />
for other filamentous fungi. Seventeen <strong>of</strong> the AFLP<br />
markers showed highly distorted segregation ratios (χ 2<br />
values ≥ 6.63; P ≤ 0.01), and many <strong>of</strong> these were located in<br />
LG II (6 markers) and IV (6 markers).<br />
1191 - pH optimization <strong>of</strong> AM symbiosis with Glomus<br />
intraradices and carrot transformed roots in vitro<br />
P. Tiwari 1* , U.G. Reddy 1 , A. Prakash 2 & A. Adholeya 1<br />
1<br />
Centre for Mycorrhizal research, Tata Energy Research,<br />
Institute, Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003,<br />
2<br />
India. - School <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal,Madhya<br />
Pradesh, India. - E-mail: pragati@teri.res.in<br />
AM fungi Glomus intraradices was introduced on M media<br />
with different pH regimes ranging from pH 4 to pH 13 in<br />
vitro. The symbiosis was found to express differently over<br />
the acid and alkaline range. The investigation was directed<br />
to study the difference in expression <strong>of</strong> AM fungi in terms<br />
<strong>of</strong> inter and intraradical spread, spore formation, mycelial<br />
and root biomass along with nutritional uptake in roots. pH<br />
8 was observed to be more supportive to maximum AMF<br />
symbiosis, also supporting maximum root biomass. pH 9<br />
supported more vegetative proliferation <strong>of</strong> the fungus. An<br />
increasing trend was observed in mycorrhizal colonization<br />
percentage (MCP) from pH 4 to 13. The study is significant<br />
in optimizing parameters responsible for optimum<br />
symbiosis and exploit its potential in mass inoculum<br />
production.<br />
1192 - Comparative symbiotic events <strong>of</strong> various coal ash<br />
amendments in vitro on AM fungi Glomus intraradices<br />
and Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots<br />
P. Tiwari 1* , U.G. Reddy 1 , A. Prakash 2 & A. Adholeya 1<br />
1<br />
Centre for mycorrhizal research, Tata Energy Research<br />
Insitute, Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, 110003,<br />
2<br />
India. - School <strong>of</strong> Biotechnology, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya<br />
Pradesh, India. - E-mail: pragati@teri.res.in<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 361
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
In vitro mycorrhizal behaviour in the presence <strong>of</strong> three<br />
types <strong>of</strong> coal ash was studied. Minimal media was<br />
amended with 5% <strong>of</strong> three types <strong>of</strong> coal ashes with<br />
different physico-chemical properties i.e., ESP ash, pond<br />
ash and bottom ash obtained from the Korba Super<br />
ThermalPower Station located in Chattisgarh, India. A<br />
comprehensive elemental analysis was conducted to<br />
evaluate the absorption, translocation and tolerance <strong>of</strong><br />
macro, microelements and heavy metals (Ca, Na, Mg, K,<br />
Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, Mo, As, Al, & B) in roots<br />
and extramatrical mycelial biomass. The effect <strong>of</strong> ashes on<br />
the mycorrhizal expression <strong>of</strong> Glomus intraradices was<br />
compared in terms <strong>of</strong> spore production, mycelial biomass,<br />
root biomass and extent <strong>of</strong> root colonization. Mycorrhizal<br />
expression measured by spread and internal and<br />
extramatrical proliferation was maximum in ESP ash and<br />
minimum in bottom ash. This is the first report <strong>of</strong> direct<br />
ash amendment with multiple heavy metal accumulation in<br />
AM fungal biomass and roots in vitro.<br />
1193 - Conidiation in Penicillium cyclopium is triggered<br />
by conidiogenone: an endogenous diterpene<br />
U. Ugalde 1* , T. Roncal 1 , S. Cordobes 1 & O. Sterner 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> the Basque Country, P.O. Box 1072 San<br />
Sebastian 20080, Spain. - 2 Lund University, P.O. Box 124,<br />
Lund SE-221, Sweden. - E-mail: qppugmau@sc.ehu.es<br />
The filamentous fungus Penicillium cyclopium conidiates<br />
in submerged culture without nutrient limitation, in the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> calcium ions according to a precisely timed<br />
programme. Conidiation could be prematurely induced in a<br />
supplemented medium which had previously supported<br />
growth, suggesting that a metabolite which influenced the<br />
process was produced. A diterpenoid compound with<br />
conidiation inducing activity, conidiogenone, was purified<br />
from the culture medium, along with conidiogenol, a<br />
derivative with delayed activity. Contrary to previous<br />
thought, the presence <strong>of</strong> calcium was demonstrated to only<br />
decrease the requirement <strong>of</strong> accumulated conidiogenone for<br />
the induction to proceed. In the light <strong>of</strong> the results a<br />
mechanism <strong>of</strong> conidiation induction is presented, according<br />
to which the mycelium constitutively produces a<br />
conidiation inducer (conidiogenone) that accumulates<br />
extracellularly. When a threshold concentration is reached<br />
induction takes place by the likely interaction with a<br />
specific cellular receptor. The results indicate that<br />
conidiogenone is both sufficient and necessary to induce<br />
conidiation.<br />
1194 - Isolation and characterization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from<br />
Rhizomucor miehei<br />
C. Vágvölgyi * , M. Vastag, Zs. Kasza & K. Ács<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Szeged, Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, Szeged,<br />
P.O. Box 533, H-6701, Hungary. - E-mail: csaba@bio.uszeged.hu<br />
362<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Fungi belonging in the Rhizomucor genus has medical and<br />
biotechnological importance. Rhizomucor miehei isolates<br />
are well known as producers <strong>of</strong> rennin, which enzyme is<br />
used in cheese-industry. Until now little is known about the<br />
genetics <strong>of</strong> Rhizomucor strains. The aim <strong>of</strong> the present<br />
study was to clone the gpd gene from Rhizomucor miehei<br />
and characterize the structural gene and its adjacent<br />
regulatory elements (promoter and terminator regions) at<br />
sequence level. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<br />
dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in both glycolysis<br />
and gluconeogenesis. It catalyses the oxidation and<br />
phosphorylation <strong>of</strong> the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3bis-phosphoglycerate.<br />
As a main housekeeping enzyme its<br />
gene shows a strong structural conservation by different<br />
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The Rhizomucor<br />
miehei gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate<br />
dehydrogenase (gpd) was isolated from a genomic library<br />
by hybridization <strong>of</strong> the library clones with gpd-specific<br />
gene probe. The complete nucleotide sequence encodes a<br />
polypeptide chain <strong>of</strong> 337 amino acids interrupted by 5<br />
introns. The putative protein product <strong>of</strong> this gene shows a<br />
high degree <strong>of</strong> sequence identity with the corresponding<br />
gene products <strong>of</strong> various fungi. The promoter region,<br />
containing a consensus TATA box and a 246 nucleotid<br />
long termination region were also determined. This study<br />
was supported in by OTKA grant T 032738.<br />
1195 - Chrysosporium lucknowense, a new fungal host<br />
for protein production<br />
C.M.J. van Zeijl 1 , M. Heerikhuisen 1* , P.J. Punt 1 , M.<br />
Emalfarb 2 & R. Burlingame 2<br />
1 TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute,<br />
Utrechtseweg48, Zeist 3704 HE, The Netherlands. -<br />
2 Dyadic <strong>International</strong>. Inc, Jupiter, Florida, U.S.A. - Email:<br />
Heerikhuisen@voeding.tno.nl<br />
Chrysosporium lucknowense, an ascomycetous fungus, not<br />
closely related to Aspergillus or Trichoderma, is being<br />
developed as a new fungal host for homologous and<br />
heterologous protein production. This thermophilic fungus<br />
is able to secrete large amounts <strong>of</strong> (hemi)cellulases. Mutant<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> C. lucknowense have been isolated with<br />
improved protein yields (per gram biomass) compared to<br />
available Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains. Large-scale<br />
fermentations were developed up to 150,000 litre cultures.<br />
Growth conditions <strong>of</strong> Chrysosporium strains are very<br />
versatile, with growth from acid to alkaline pH and at<br />
temperatures <strong>of</strong> 25-43 °C. In contrast to other industrial<br />
fungi, Chrysosporium has growth characteristics that make<br />
it amenable to microtiter plate based culture methods. The<br />
development <strong>of</strong> a versatile gene expression and High<br />
Throughput gene discovery system for this fungus will be<br />
discussed.
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
1196 - Quantitative transcript analysis and<br />
heterologous expression <strong>of</strong> copper-radical oxidases in<br />
the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete<br />
chrysosporium<br />
A.J. Vanden Wymelenberg 1* , P.J. Kersten 2 , R.A.<br />
Blanchette 3 & D. Cullen 2<br />
1 University <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin-Madison Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Bacteriology and USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One<br />
Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A. -<br />
2 USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot<br />
Drive, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A. - 3 University <strong>of</strong><br />
Minnesota Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, 495 Borlaug<br />
Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108-6030,<br />
U.S.A. - E-mail: ajvanden@facstaff.wisc.edu<br />
The white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium<br />
is able to degrade all major components <strong>of</strong> wood: cellulose,<br />
lignin and hemicellulose. The oxidative enzymes thought<br />
to be involved in lignin degradation by this model system<br />
include lignin peroxidases (LiP), manganese peroxidases<br />
(MnP), and the peroxide-generating enzyme glyoxal<br />
oxidase (GLOX). Recently, a draft P. chrysosporium<br />
genome sequence has been made publicly available<br />
(http://www.jgi.doe.gov/programs/whiterot.htm). Blast<br />
searches <strong>of</strong> this database unexpectedly revealed additional<br />
GLOX-like sequences. Comparisons <strong>of</strong> these sequences to<br />
GLOX and to related copper-radical oxidases showed close<br />
structural similarities around the active site. At least three<br />
<strong>of</strong> the GLOX-like sequences have a putative eukaryotic<br />
secretion signal as predicted by SignalP<br />
(http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). Transcripts<br />
were detected in various defined culture media and from P.<br />
chrysosporium-colonized wood. Quantitative transcript<br />
analyses and heterologous expression <strong>of</strong> these genes will<br />
be presented.<br />
1197 - Evidence for carbon source regulated PKA and<br />
PKC signaling in the duplication cycle, polarization and<br />
septum formation in Aspergillus nidulans<br />
A.P.F.C. Vanzela & S. Said *<br />
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto,<br />
Av. do Café s/n 14040-903- Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil. - Email:<br />
susaid@usp.br<br />
The effects <strong>of</strong> glucose and <strong>of</strong> a pectic substrate in the<br />
duplication cycle, spore polarization and septation <strong>of</strong><br />
Aspergillus nidulans were tested in poor and rich media.<br />
Growth on poor conditions and on sodium polypectate<br />
slowed nuclear duplication and reduced the coupling <strong>of</strong><br />
polarization to mitosis. Coupling <strong>of</strong> septation to the third<br />
mitosis was also reduced by changing growth conditions.<br />
When PKA and PKC activators were added to the media<br />
the results suggested a role for PKA in slowing the<br />
duplication cycle, while allowing polarization. Addition <strong>of</strong><br />
a PKC activator to poor media uncoupled the first septum<br />
formation from the third mitosis in a carbon source-<br />
regulated manner, suggesting a role for PKC in<br />
coordinating cell cycle signals, growth and cytokinesis.<br />
1198 - Ultrastructural study <strong>of</strong> partial symbiont<br />
delichenisation process in lichen Peltigera aphthosa<br />
T.A. Vlassova<br />
Dept.<strong>of</strong> Plant Physiology, Fac.<strong>of</strong> Biology, Moscow State<br />
University, 119899 Vorobjovy Gory, Moscow, Russia. - Email:<br />
t_vlas@yahoo.com<br />
The thalli <strong>of</strong> the foliose lichen Peltigera aphthosa were<br />
kept in the different conditions. The influence <strong>of</strong><br />
unfavorable conditions on lichen thalli resulted in their<br />
degradation associated with the ultrastructural changes,<br />
including destructive alterations <strong>of</strong> cell organells,<br />
thickening <strong>of</strong> cell walls <strong>of</strong> both phycobiont and mycobiont<br />
and loosening <strong>of</strong> contacts between the symbionts. These<br />
changes indicated some degree <strong>of</strong> delichenisation <strong>of</strong> lichen<br />
components. Within certain time limits the degradation was<br />
reversible: the symbiont cell structure and accordingly their<br />
functions and interaction could be reestablished by<br />
transferring to the favorable conditions. The phycobiont<br />
recovered more quickly than the mycobiont, whose<br />
nutrition depended sufficiently on the algal partner,<br />
demonstrating the dominant role <strong>of</strong> the photobiont in this<br />
situation. However, the prolonged action <strong>of</strong> unfaborable<br />
conditions led to the irreversible ultrastructural alterations:<br />
to the cell destruction and the disjunction <strong>of</strong> symbionts and<br />
accordingly to the pronounced delichenisation, to the<br />
degradation <strong>of</strong> the whole thalli and finally to their death.<br />
The cell ultrastructure and the viability <strong>of</strong> such thalli could<br />
not be restored. The reversible destruction <strong>of</strong> the lichen<br />
symbionts could be one <strong>of</strong> the mechanisms <strong>of</strong> the<br />
reversible delichenization. It may be considered as a<br />
constituent <strong>of</strong> normal lichen physiology ensuring survival<br />
<strong>of</strong> these organisms in the extreme environmental<br />
conditions.<br />
1199 - Comparative karyology <strong>of</strong> Agaricus bisporus<br />
(Lange) Imbach strains<br />
V.N. Volkova * , M.V. Kozlova & O.V. Kamzolkina<br />
Moscow State University, Moscow, Leninskiye Gory,<br />
Biological Department, Russia. - E-mail:<br />
agaricus@yandex.ru<br />
There was made the comparison <strong>of</strong> basidial<br />
morphogenesis, sporogenesis and nuclear behavior in<br />
vegetative mycelium in several strains <strong>of</strong> A. bisporus,<br />
which have different types <strong>of</strong> life cycle, by light<br />
microscopy (Feulgen method and DAPI) and electron<br />
microscopy. The next cultivated and wild strains were<br />
investigated: pseudohomothallic Bs26 (Agaricus bisporus<br />
var. bisporus), heterothallic Bs94 (A. bisporus var.<br />
burnettii Kerrigan et Callac), and primary homothallic<br />
Bs423 (A. bisporus var. eurotetrasporus Callac &<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 363
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
Guinberteau). Nuclear number in vegetative mycelium<br />
varied from 1 to 8 per cell and most <strong>of</strong> the cells contained 4<br />
nuclei. We observed amitotic nuclear divisions and nuclear<br />
migration through dolipore septum. Morphometric<br />
measuring <strong>of</strong> basidia and nuclear apparatus were made.<br />
Some preliminary results were obtained for ploidy level<br />
and place <strong>of</strong> meiosis in examined strains. We have<br />
described in details basidium morphogenesis in all the<br />
strains by using light and electron microscopy. We've<br />
observed: asynchronous 2-nd meiotic division;<br />
asynchronous migration <strong>of</strong> postmeiotic nuclei into<br />
sterigmata; postmeiotic mitosis in basidium. Electron<br />
microscopy <strong>of</strong> basidial nuclei showed the presence <strong>of</strong><br />
synaptonemal complexes (SC) in all the strains; in<br />
heterothallic and primary homothallic ones we revealed SC<br />
for the first time. This fact confirms the processing <strong>of</strong><br />
meiotic division in basidia <strong>of</strong> all the strains. We've<br />
reconstructed life cycles <strong>of</strong> all investigated strains.<br />
1200 - Biochemical and molecular characterization <strong>of</strong><br />
arginase from Agaricus bisporus: Expression study in<br />
sporophore formation and postharvest development<br />
M.J.M. Wagemaker 1* , C. van der Drift 1 , M.S.M. Jetten 1 ,<br />
L.J.L.D. Van Griensven 2 & H.J.M. Op den Camp 1<br />
1 Department <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, University <strong>of</strong> Nijmegen,<br />
Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, The Netherlands. - 2 Wageningen<br />
UR, Plant Research <strong>International</strong> B.V., P.O. Box 16, 6700<br />
AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. - E-mail:<br />
matthe@sci.kun.nl<br />
An extensive survey <strong>of</strong> higher fungi reveals that members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the family Agaricaceae, including Agaricus bisporus,<br />
accumulate substantial amounts <strong>of</strong> urea in their fruit<br />
bodies. During postharvest storage the amount <strong>of</strong> urea even<br />
increases substantially. Such a large increase in urea<br />
content may affect the quality <strong>of</strong> the stored mushroom, e.g.<br />
by the formation <strong>of</strong> ammonia from urea through urease<br />
action. Production <strong>of</strong> urea is not limited to fruit bodies, but<br />
also occurs in the mycelium. Despite the abundance <strong>of</strong> urea<br />
in the edible mushroom A. bisporus little is known about its<br />
physiological role, although it was proposed that in fruit<br />
bodies urea is an end product <strong>of</strong> catabolic pathways. Two<br />
major mechanisms for urea formation can be envisaged:<br />
the ornithine cycle and nucleic acid degradation. Arginase<br />
is the ornithine cycle enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis<br />
<strong>of</strong> arginine to urea and ornithine. In the scope <strong>of</strong> the study<br />
on urea metabolism, the work on arginase was initiated<br />
with the isolation <strong>of</strong> the arginase cDNA, gDNA and<br />
promoter region. Sequence analysis revealed the cDNA<br />
encodes a 311 aa protein which is probably expressed in<br />
the cytosol. Expression <strong>of</strong> the cDNA in E. coli has been<br />
established as a His-tagged protein. The purified<br />
recombinant protein was used to determine enzyme<br />
kinetics. The characterized gene and enzyme are used as<br />
molecular markers to study expression and regulation<br />
during sporophore formation and postharvest development.<br />
364<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1201 - Effect <strong>of</strong> Glomus intraradices inoculation on<br />
phosphate uptake in lettuce with two different P<br />
sources<br />
Y.H. Wong * & W.K. Chan<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Applied Biology and Chemical Technology,<br />
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,<br />
Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. - E-mail:<br />
00900991r@polyu.edu.hk<br />
The effect <strong>of</strong> Glomus intraradices inoculation on<br />
phosphate uptake in Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) cultivated<br />
in sand was examined. Soluble KH2PO 4 (SP) and sparingly<br />
soluble Ca5(PO 4) 3OH (RP) were applied to the potting<br />
medium at the rates <strong>of</strong> 0, 25, 125 mgP/kg sand. The harvest<br />
at week 6 shown that among all the treatments, the nonmycorrhizal<br />
(NM) plants with 25 mg SP/kg sand had the<br />
highest yield in dry matter. However, within the RP<br />
treatments, the dry matter for the mycorrhizal (M) plants<br />
with 25 mg and 125 mg RP/kg sand were significantly<br />
higher (P
IMC7 Main Congress Theme V: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Posters<br />
cooled and non-cooled mycelium P. ostreatus on isolated<br />
plant mitochondria (T. aestivum L.) was observed<br />
uncoupling <strong>of</strong> oxidative phosphorilation. Uncoupling <strong>of</strong><br />
mitochondria oxidation and phosphorilation processes<br />
contribute to heat generation and reduce oxidative stress<br />
that may be important to survival <strong>of</strong> mycelium. The results<br />
acquired confirm a certain degree <strong>of</strong> similarity in<br />
mechanisms <strong>of</strong> plant and fungi cells protection at lowtemperature<br />
stress. However, unlike plants, mycelium <strong>of</strong><br />
the fungi <strong>of</strong> boreal zone is able to survive at low negative<br />
temperatures without preliminary acclimation, and contains<br />
protection proteins in the conditions <strong>of</strong> 'comfortable'<br />
temperature.<br />
1203 - Alpha-galactosidase gene cloning from<br />
Aspergillus fumigatus<br />
B. Yalcindag 1* , Z.B. Ogel 1 , U. Bakir 2 & P. Biely 3<br />
1 Middle East Technical University, Department <strong>of</strong> Food<br />
Engineering, 06531, Ankara, Turkey. - 2 Middle East<br />
Technical University, Department <strong>of</strong> Chemical<br />
Engineering, 06531, Ankara, Turkey. - 3 Slovak Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
Sciences, Institute <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, SK-84 238, Bratislava,<br />
Slovakia. - E-mail: banuy@metu.edu.tr<br />
In this study, molecular cloning studies were performed on<br />
the α-galactosidase gene <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus fumigatus IMI<br />
385708. Degenerate primers were designed based on amino<br />
acid sequence <strong>of</strong> the purified enzyme and conserved<br />
sequences among α-galactosidases <strong>of</strong> Aspergillus and<br />
Penicillium species. These primers were used in PCR to<br />
amplify α-galactosidase gene fragments. A 900 bp PCR<br />
product was selected as a probe for further studies. RNA<br />
dot blot analysis showed that the highest expression <strong>of</strong> αgalactosidase<br />
mRNA was on the fifth day <strong>of</strong> growth on<br />
locust bean gum. This information was employed in cDNA<br />
synthesis. The synthesized cDNA was ligated onto Lambda<br />
ZAP Express vector to construct the primary cDNA library.<br />
After amplification <strong>of</strong> the primary library, screening<br />
studies were performed. At the end <strong>of</strong> primary and<br />
secondary screening, a number <strong>of</strong> putative positive plaques<br />
were obtained for further characterization studies.<br />
1204 - Transformation <strong>of</strong> Neotyphodium lolii with<br />
plasmids containing a native promoter disturbs the<br />
symbiotic interaction with its host<br />
N. Zhang 1 , V. Scott 1 , T.H. Al-Samarrai 1 , Y.Y. Tan 1 , M.J.<br />
Spiering 1 , L. McMillan 1 , D.B. Scott 1 , M.J. Christensen 2 &<br />
J. Schmid 1*<br />
1 IMBS, Massey University, Palmerston North, New<br />
Zealand. - 2 2AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North,<br />
New Zealand. - E-mail: J.Schmid@massey.ac.nz<br />
Neotyphodium lolii is an endosymbiont <strong>of</strong> perennial<br />
ryegrass. It produces alkaloids neurotoxic to herbivores.<br />
We wanted to determine in planta expression patterns <strong>of</strong><br />
the N.lolii 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase<br />
(HMG CoA reductase) gene, believed to be involved in<br />
neurotoxin synthesis. We transformed the endophyte with<br />
plasmids, in which DNA fragments upstream <strong>of</strong> the open<br />
reading frame <strong>of</strong> the HMG CoA reductase gene controlled<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> the GUS reporter gene. In laboratory<br />
cultures, >400 bp were required for expression and >=1100<br />
bp for maximum expression. Transformants <strong>of</strong>ten showed<br />
abnormal hyphal morphology when growing within<br />
ryegrass. This occurred significantly more <strong>of</strong>ten in<br />
transformants which carried additional functional HMG<br />
CoA reductase promoter sequences compared to<br />
transformants with HMG CoA reductase gene upstream<br />
sequences <strong>of</strong>
Genera Index<br />
Abortiporus: 932<br />
Abrothallus: 594<br />
Absidia: 445, 525, 1175<br />
Acanthodochium: 739<br />
Acarospora: 649, 734, 918<br />
Acaulospora: 520, 530, 580, 1141<br />
Achlya : 687, 691, 1177<br />
Acremonium: 525, 556, 996, 1129<br />
Acrocordiopsis: 452<br />
Acrodontium: 996<br />
Acytostelium: 613<br />
Aenigmatomyces : 655<br />
Agaricostilbum: 727<br />
Agaricus: 144, 165, 167, 170, 304,<br />
305, 546, 597, 862, 908, 915, 1110,<br />
1140, 1199, 1200<br />
Agrocybe : 95, 1171<br />
Ahtiana: 760<br />
Aigialus: 452<br />
Albatrellus: 541<br />
Aldona: 688<br />
Aldonata: 688<br />
Aleurodiscus: 41, 557<br />
Allocetraria: 760<br />
Alnicola: 979<br />
Alpova : 723<br />
Alternaria: 71, 109, 220, 499, 524,<br />
575, 600, 712, 793, 840, 848, 855,<br />
860, 896, 919, 963, 1016, 1044<br />
Amanita: 40, 50, 128, 139, 236, 473,<br />
485, 487, 500, 546, 602, 605, 614,<br />
1143<br />
Amarrendia: 40<br />
Amauroderma: 478, 502<br />
Ampelomyces: 434, 881, 903<br />
Amphinema : 465, 536, 984, 1005<br />
Amylascus: 295<br />
Amyloathelia: 41<br />
Amylosporus: 554<br />
Amylostereum : 22, 429, 430<br />
Anaptychia: 535<br />
Anavirga: 992<br />
Anguillospora: 451, 475<br />
Anthostomella: 153, 739<br />
Anthracoidea: 495, 572, 701, 1031<br />
Anthracophyllum: 473<br />
Antrodia: 503, 554<br />
Antrodiella: 277, 554<br />
Aphanomyces: 691<br />
Arachnomyces: 668<br />
Archaeospora: 231, 520<br />
Arctoparmelia: 561<br />
Armillaria: 355, 439, 602, 646, 938,<br />
1006, 1015<br />
Arrhenia: 48, 50<br />
Arthonia: 320, 918<br />
Arthrinium: 525, 595<br />
Arthrobotrys: 247, 250, 525, 1047<br />
Arthromyces: 1139<br />
Artomyces: 541<br />
Aschersonia: 718<br />
Ascobolus: 38, 39, 525, 589<br />
Ascochyta: 462, 749, 882, 888<br />
Ascodesmis : 414, 525, 542<br />
Aseroë: 679<br />
Ashbya: 335<br />
Aspergillus: 29, 30, 31, 69, 101, 120,<br />
134, 218, 219, 220, 227, 230, 266,<br />
268, 308, 312, 339, 340, 343, 406,<br />
424, 482, 483, 525, 529, 542, 618,<br />
662, 800, 801, 803, 810, 813, 840,<br />
842, 844, 847, 848, 853, 855, 856,<br />
862, 863, 872, 880, 885, 887, 894,<br />
898, 905, 906, 909, 914, 923, 927,<br />
937, 963, 968, 974, 1016, 1072,<br />
1094, 1095, 1115, 1117, 1119, 1121,<br />
1124, 1125, 1127, 1139, 1163, 1164,<br />
1178, 1186, 1187, 1195, 1197, 1203<br />
Aspicilia: 261<br />
Asterostroma: 696<br />
Astraeus: 752, 889<br />
Astrocystis: 739<br />
Athelia: 594<br />
Athelopsis: 41<br />
Atichia: 283<br />
Aulacostroma: 688<br />
Aureobasidium: 120, 575, 919, 1064,<br />
1100<br />
Auricularia: 167, 308, 955, 1171<br />
Aurificaria: 554<br />
Auriscalpium: 352<br />
Australoporus: 476<br />
Auxarthron: 671<br />
Badimia: 568<br />
Bankera: 214<br />
Bartalinia: 542<br />
Bathyascus: 56<br />
Battarrea: 679<br />
Battarreoides: 679<br />
Beauveria: 79, 183, 187, 556, 770,<br />
1049<br />
Beltrania: 524, 542<br />
366 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Beltraniella: 542<br />
Beltraniopsis: 542<br />
Bensingtonia: 727<br />
Bifusella: 685<br />
Bionectria: 542<br />
Bipolaris: 524, 759, 823<br />
Biscogniauxia: 865<br />
Bjerkandera: 517<br />
Blastobotrys: 253<br />
Blastospora: 798<br />
Blumeria: 854<br />
Boletus: 139, 307, 500, 541, 571,<br />
605, 723, 889, 1084<br />
Botrydina: 51<br />
Botryosphaeria: 669, 765<br />
Botryotinia: 684<br />
Botrytis: 86, 87, 88, 173, 227, 792,<br />
897, 914, 991, 1040<br />
Bovista: 48, 495, 679<br />
Brachiosphaera: 475<br />
Brefeldiella: 283<br />
Brevicellicium: 536<br />
Bridgeoporus: 390<br />
Brooksia: 283<br />
Bryoria: 316<br />
Buellia: 734<br />
Byssochlamys : 121, 874<br />
Byssoloma: 625<br />
Byssostilbe: 3<br />
Cadophora: 633<br />
Caecomyces: 118<br />
Callistosporium: 785<br />
Calocera: 762<br />
Calocybe: 50<br />
Caloplaca: 561, 630, 667, 734, 766<br />
Calvatia: 48, 679<br />
Camarophyllopsis: 145, 146<br />
Camillea: 153, 154, 739<br />
Campanella: 785<br />
Campylospora: 475<br />
Cancellidium: 585<br />
Candelabrum: 585<br />
Candelariella: 535, 734<br />
Candida: 258, 333, 369, 375, 844,<br />
871, 875, 890, 904, 924, 996, 1144,<br />
1152<br />
Canoparmelia: 591<br />
Cantharellus: 467, 552, 737<br />
Capnodium: 282<br />
Caripia: 210, 501, 502, 503<br />
Catathelasma: 139
Cavernularia: 356<br />
Cenococcum: 500, 984, 988, 1023,<br />
1039, 1045<br />
Cephalosporium: 869, 932<br />
Ceraceomyces: 41<br />
Ceratobasidium: 15, 557, 815<br />
Ceratocystiopsis: 296, 426, 706<br />
Ceratocystis: 20, 195, 296, 300, 301,<br />
353, 464, 706, 722, 822, 933, 1003,<br />
1009, 1027, 1099<br />
Ceratorhiza: 460<br />
Cercophora: 1, 525<br />
Cercospora: 669, 753, 763, 780<br />
Cercosporella: 763<br />
Cerinomyces: 762<br />
Ceriporia: 554, 564, 721<br />
Ceriporiopsis: 1119, 1142<br />
Cerrena: 202, 1131<br />
Cetraria: 624<br />
Cetrariastrum: 776<br />
Chaetocladium: 229<br />
Chaetomium: 38, 525, 542, 862,<br />
1134<br />
Chaetoporellus: 554<br />
Chaetosphaeria: 992, 1015<br />
Chalara: 300, 595<br />
Chamaemyces: 657<br />
Chlamydomyzium: 251<br />
Chloridium: 992, 1015<br />
Chlorophyllum: 657<br />
Choanephora: 445<br />
Choiromyces: 292, 702<br />
Chroodiscus: 284, 320<br />
Chroogomphus: 723<br />
Chrysomyxa: 10, 798<br />
Chrysosporium: 483, 506, 507, 579,<br />
1195<br />
Chytridium: 1002<br />
Ciboria: 684<br />
Ciborinia: 684<br />
Cintractia: 12, 473<br />
Circinella: 643<br />
Cladia: 682, 918<br />
Cladonia: 318, 561, 591, 1062<br />
Cladosporium: 120, 176, 220, 477,<br />
482, 575, 588, 598, 618, 763, 840,<br />
848, 855, 887, 914, 919, 1016, 1031,<br />
1033, 1100, 1176<br />
Claustula: 44<br />
Clavaria: 523, 666<br />
Clavariadelphus: 666<br />
Clavatospora: 475<br />
Claviceps: 883<br />
Clavicorona: 352, 466<br />
Clavulina: 737, 988<br />
Clavulinopsis: 473, 523<br />
Clitocybe: 552<br />
Clitopilus: 474<br />
Coccodothis: 688<br />
Coccomyces,: 685<br />
Cocconia: 688<br />
Cochliobolus: 227, 374, 690, 823<br />
Coemansia: 643<br />
Coenogonium: 287<br />
Coleosporium: 10, 798<br />
Colletotrichum: 77, 477, 556, 581,<br />
598, 914<br />
Collybia: 50, 95, 197, 352, 466, 552,<br />
785, 1184<br />
Colpoma: 685<br />
Coltricia: 215<br />
Coltriciella: 215<br />
Concamerella: 776<br />
Conidiobolus: 575, 1102<br />
Conidiosporomyces: 641<br />
Coniophora: 1122<br />
Coniosporium: 678<br />
Coniothyrium: 825<br />
Conocybe: 557<br />
Coprinopsis: 39<br />
Coprinus: 75, 76, 304, 525, 552, 589,<br />
738, 862, 1012, 1067, 1111<br />
Corallomycetella: 3<br />
Cordyceps: 104, 108, 183, 248, 358,<br />
599, 713, 718, 770, 1032, 1061<br />
Coremiella: 595<br />
Coriolopsis: 501, 502, 554, 932<br />
Coriolus: 304, 602, 1115, 1131<br />
Cortinarius: 46, 50, 51, 139, 141,<br />
314, 396, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403,<br />
495, 547, 552, 597, 605, 627, 699,<br />
931, 984, 988, 993, 1039<br />
Cosmospora: 3<br />
Craterellus: 473<br />
Crepidotus: 557, 564<br />
Crinipellis: 43, 473<br />
Cronartium: 10, 798<br />
Cryphonectria: 518, 672, 673<br />
Cryptendoxyla: 412<br />
Cryptococcus: 257, 716, 729, 844,<br />
1064<br />
Cryptosporiopsis: 182, 1015, 1024<br />
Cumminsiella: 10<br />
Cunninghamella: 525<br />
Cuphophyllus: 142, 145, 146<br />
Curvularia: 477, 524, 759<br />
Cyclomyces : 215, 554<br />
Cycloschizon: 688<br />
Cyclostomella: 688<br />
Cylindrocarpon: 607<br />
Cylindrocladium: 477<br />
Cyllamyces : 118<br />
Cymatoderma: 501, 502, 503<br />
Cystodendron: 1015<br />
Cystoderma: 50, 738<br />
Cytonaema: 819<br />
Cytospora: 996<br />
Cyttaria: 37, 750<br />
Dacrymyces: 541, 557, 762<br />
Dacryomitra: 762<br />
Dacryopinax: 473<br />
Dactylellina: 247<br />
Dactylina: 760<br />
Dactylium: 862<br />
Daedalea: 501, 517, 554<br />
Daldinia: 24, 153, 158, 739, 769, 865<br />
Davisomycella,: 685<br />
Delitschia: 589<br />
Delphinella: 893<br />
Dematophora: 156<br />
Dendrothele: 41<br />
Dendryphiella: 56, 595<br />
Dermocybe: 699<br />
Diaporthe: 181, 751<br />
Diaporthopsis: 751<br />
Dibaeis: 918<br />
Dicephalospora: 479<br />
Dichomitus: 476<br />
Dictyocyclus: 688<br />
Dictyonema: 260<br />
Dictyopanus: 210<br />
Dictyophora: 679<br />
Dictyostelium : 613<br />
Didymella: 749, 882<br />
Diheterospora: 248<br />
Dimargaris: 643<br />
Dimerella: 287<br />
Dingleya: 292<br />
Diplodia: 996<br />
Dirina: 285<br />
Discosphaerina: 1064<br />
Dispira: 643<br />
Dothidasteroma: 688<br />
Dothidea: 669<br />
Drechmeria: 248<br />
Drechslera: 477, 524, 882<br />
Drechslerella: 247<br />
Duplicaria: 685<br />
Dyctiuchus: 691<br />
Earliella: 501<br />
Echinochaete: 501<br />
Echinodontium: 430, 469<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 367
Echinopodospora: 525<br />
Echinosporangium: 786<br />
Elaphomyces: 379<br />
Ellisembia: 788<br />
Emericella: 1178<br />
Emericellopsis: 3<br />
Emmonsia: 507<br />
Endomyces: 863, 932<br />
Endophragmiella: 788<br />
Endophyllum: 10, 798<br />
Endothia: 672, 673<br />
Englerodothis: 688<br />
Entoleuca: 136<br />
Entoloma: 50, 495, 523, 544, 708<br />
Entomocorticium: 426<br />
Entomophthora: 186<br />
Entonaema: 153, 739<br />
Entrophospora: 580<br />
Entyloma: 12<br />
Epichloë: 203, 311, 325, 715, 770,<br />
883, 1182<br />
Epicoccum: 220, 914<br />
Epidermophyton: 309, 506, 507, 579<br />
Epithelopsis: 41<br />
Epulorhiza: 460<br />
Erichseniomyces: 624<br />
Erioderma: 25<br />
Erotium: 863<br />
Erratomyces: 12<br />
Erynia: 475<br />
Erythrobasidium: 689<br />
Esslingeriana: 760<br />
Esteya: 996<br />
Euepixylon: 739<br />
Eupenicillium: 65, 66, 67, 68, 482,<br />
525, 542<br />
Eurotium: 120, 482, 525, 542, 914<br />
Eutypa: 971<br />
Evernia: 1112<br />
Everniastrum: 776<br />
Exobasidium: 495<br />
Exserohilum: 524, 759<br />
Favolaschia: 210<br />
Favolus: 478<br />
Ferrarisia: 688<br />
Fibricium: 41<br />
Filobasidiella: 257, 729<br />
Fistulina: 473<br />
Flabellospora: 475<br />
Flagellospora: 451<br />
Flammulina: 164, 167, 169, 304,<br />
352, 559, 922, 1169, 1202<br />
Flavocetraria: 561<br />
Flavoparmelia: 561<br />
Fomes: 502, 503, 517, 971<br />
Fomitella: 502, 503<br />
Fomitiporia: 696<br />
Fomitopsis: 23, 517, 554, 602, 918<br />
Fulgensia: 1173<br />
Fulvidula: 675<br />
Fulvifomes: 696<br />
Funalia: 1073<br />
Fusarium: 16, 70, 74, 101, 112, 160,<br />
161, 162, 182, 227, 269, 310, 322,<br />
422, 424, 458, 477, 542, 556, 588,<br />
607, 629, 692, 707, 712, 731, 732,<br />
764, 767, 775, 790, 791, 797, 801,<br />
809, 815, 817, 832, 833, 837, 838,<br />
839, 840, 850, 853, 855, 858, 860,<br />
864, 869, 870, 878, 879, 880, 884,<br />
901, 910, 932, 944, 960, 968, 1037,<br />
1043, 1044, 1115, 1151<br />
Fuscidea: 570<br />
Fuscoporia: 696<br />
Fusicladium: 319, 636<br />
Gaeumannomyces: 113, 598, 930<br />
Galerina: 48, 50, 51, 52, 495<br />
Gamsylella: 247<br />
Ganoderma: 44, 165, 166, 167, 236,<br />
277, 304, 306, 357, 363, 476, 478,<br />
501, 502, 503, 517, 541, 602<br />
Gastrodia: 972<br />
Gastrosuillus: 723<br />
Gautieria: 141, 651<br />
Geastrum: 541<br />
Genea: 953<br />
Geniculosporium: 156, 739, 1053<br />
Genistellospora: 151<br />
Geoglossum: 6, 523<br />
Geomyces: 176, 507<br />
Geopora: 180, 495<br />
Geosmithia: 533, 996<br />
Gerhardtia: 663<br />
Gibberella: 85, 732, 764, 797, 858<br />
Gigaspora: 126, 129, 443, 445, 580,<br />
928, 958, 987, 1107, 1141, 1179<br />
Gigiaspora: 530<br />
Gilmaniella: 542<br />
Glaziella: 414<br />
Gleoporus: 541<br />
Gliocladium: 3, 111, 477, 920, 1101<br />
Gliophorus: 146<br />
Gloeocystidiellum: 213<br />
Gloeophyllum : 200, 553, 554, 557,<br />
1157<br />
Gloeoporus: 554<br />
Glomus: 96, 129, 135, 225, 231, 332,<br />
442, 445, 520, 530, 539, 580, 928,<br />
368 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
958, 987, 1022, 1025, 1069, 1082,<br />
1107, 1130, 1141, 1147, 1159, 1179,<br />
1189, 1191, 1192, 1201<br />
Glyphium: 761<br />
Gnomonia: 859<br />
Gomphidius: 307, 723<br />
Gomphus: 139, 651, 781<br />
Gondwanamyces: 300<br />
Gracilistilbella: 3<br />
Graphis: 591<br />
Graphium: 694, 706<br />
Grifola: 169, 637, 899<br />
Guepinia: 762<br />
Guignardia: 598, 1053<br />
Gyalecta: 287<br />
Gymnoascus: 618<br />
Gymnopilus: 398, 404, 675, 683, 744<br />
Gymnopus: 210, 726, 785<br />
Gymnosporangium: 10, 798<br />
Haematomma: 591, 918<br />
Halophytophthora: 55<br />
Halorosellinia: 452<br />
Halosphaeria: 54, 963<br />
Hamigera: 542<br />
Hapalopilus: 554<br />
Haptocillium: 248, 249<br />
Haptoglossa: 78<br />
Harpella: 150, 151<br />
Harposporium: 5<br />
Hebeloma: 27, 39, 50, 51, 402, 465,<br />
495, 953, 979, 1039, 1113<br />
Helicobasidium: 978, 1068<br />
Helicodendron: 606<br />
Helicoon: 606<br />
Heliscus: 1132<br />
Helvella: 479, 495<br />
Hemileia: 756<br />
Hemimycena: 626<br />
Hendersonia: 789<br />
Hericium: 608<br />
Heterobasidion: 16, 18, 22, 197, 205,<br />
432, 650, 822, 831, 843, 1001, 1024,<br />
1138, 1157<br />
Heteroconium: 176<br />
Heterodea: 682<br />
Heterodermia: 591, 642<br />
Hexagona: 501, 502, 503<br />
Hirsutella: 5, 183, 599, 1061<br />
Hortaea: 120<br />
Humaria: 314<br />
Humicola: 119, 122, 542, 932, 1052<br />
Humidicutis: 146<br />
Humiditis: 145<br />
Hyalopsora: 798
Hyalorbilia: 479<br />
Hyalorhinocladiella: 693<br />
Hyaloscypha: 479<br />
Hydnangium: 956<br />
Hydnellum: 214<br />
Hydnochaete: 215<br />
Hydnocristella: 651<br />
Hydnodon: 748<br />
Hydnotryopsis: 295<br />
Hydnum: 552, 737<br />
Hydropus: 541<br />
Hygroaster: 145<br />
Hygrocybe: 44, 142, 143, 145, 146,<br />
495, 523, 527<br />
Hygrophoropsis: 723<br />
Hygrophorus: 144, 145, 146, 314,<br />
541<br />
Hymenochaete: 41, 215, 501, 502,<br />
503, 517, 696<br />
Hymenogaster: 956<br />
Hymenopsis: 1033<br />
Hymenoscyphus: 61, 647, 677, 941,<br />
1033, 1050<br />
Hymenostilbe: 599<br />
Hyphoderma: 351, 736<br />
Hyphodontia: 41, 536, 557, 564<br />
Hypholoma: 304, 436, 541, 936,<br />
1055<br />
Hypocenomyce : 660<br />
Hypochniciellum: 41<br />
Hypocopra: 155<br />
Hypocrea: 72, 343<br />
Hypocrella: 718<br />
Hypocreopsis: 44<br />
Hypoderma: 685<br />
Hypogymnia: 537, 1086<br />
Hypotrachyna: 591<br />
Hypoxylon: 13, 153, 154, 157, 158,<br />
564, 592, 739, 1052<br />
Hypsizygus : 164, 167<br />
Hysterangium: 956<br />
Hysteropezizella: 595<br />
Hysterostomella: 688<br />
Idriella: 914<br />
Leproloma: 659<br />
Incrustocalyptella: 474<br />
Ingoldiomyces: 641<br />
Inocutis: 696<br />
Inocybe: 50, 51, 141, 314, 400, 495,<br />
541, 547, 1039<br />
Inocyclus: 688<br />
Inonotus: 553, 554, 696, 915<br />
Iodophanus: 295<br />
Irpex: 473<br />
Isoachlya: 687<br />
Jacobia: 626<br />
Junghuhnia: 501<br />
Kentingia: 688<br />
Kiehlia: 688<br />
Kirschsteiniothelia: 452<br />
Kluyveromyces: 343<br />
Knufia: 678<br />
Kodamaea: 1064<br />
Kompsoscypha: 479<br />
Kuehneola: 10<br />
Laboulbenia: 952<br />
Laccaria: 39, 50, 51, 487, 495, 549,<br />
956, 1039, 1160, 1161, 1162<br />
Lachnum: 611, 647<br />
Lactarius: 40, 50, 51, 139, 307, 495,<br />
498, 602, 614, 658, 740, 741, 779,<br />
988, 999, 1038<br />
Laetiporus: 631, 745<br />
Lamprospora: 48<br />
Langermannia: 541<br />
Lasiosphaeria: 1<br />
Laurera: 591<br />
Lecanicillium: 248, 249<br />
Lecanora: 535, 570, 591, 594, 628,<br />
659, 1112<br />
Leccinum: 656, 1075<br />
Lecidea: 734<br />
Lemonniera: 639<br />
Lentaria: 651<br />
Lentinellus: 352, 466, 557, 754<br />
Lentinula: 167, 169, 304, 877, 880,<br />
1171, 1190<br />
Lentinus: 166, 168, 202, 308, 364,<br />
501, 502, 503, 546, 670, 758, 1110,<br />
1171<br />
Lenzites: 478, 501, 502<br />
Lepiota: 50, 657<br />
Lepista: 304, 552, 557, 597<br />
Lepraria: 570, 659, 735<br />
Leprieuria: 153<br />
Leproloma: 570<br />
Leptodontidium: 176, 588, 943<br />
Leptogium: 1059<br />
Leptoglossum: 51<br />
Leptographium: 296, 693, 706, 725,<br />
778, 919, 1099<br />
Leptoporus: 631<br />
Leptosphaeria: 1052<br />
Leptosporomyces: 41<br />
Letrouitia: 697<br />
Leucoagaricus: 597, 657<br />
Leucocoprinus: 657<br />
Leucosporidium: 9<br />
Lewia: 712<br />
Libertella: 996<br />
Licheniconium: 594<br />
Lichina: 616<br />
Lignincola: 452, 747<br />
Linderia: 445<br />
Lindquistia: 157, 739<br />
Lineolata: 1052<br />
Linochorella: 789<br />
Linospora: 208<br />
Lirula: 685<br />
Lobaria: 25, 262, 521, 526, 705,<br />
1054<br />
Lojkania: 686<br />
Lopharia: 501, 502<br />
Lophiostoma: 452<br />
Lophiotrema: 595<br />
Lophodermium: 136, 685<br />
Loweporus: 478, 973<br />
Loxosporopsis: 288<br />
Lulworthia: 54, 452, 1052<br />
Lunulospora: 475<br />
Lycoperdon: 889<br />
Lyophyllum: 495 , 738<br />
Macentina: 796<br />
Macrolepiota: 557, 597, 657<br />
Macrophomina: 891<br />
Macrosporium: 499<br />
Magnaporthe: 269, 565<br />
Malassezia: 886<br />
Malbranchea: 668, 1134<br />
Mammaria: 542<br />
Marasmiellus: 466, 541, 557, 785<br />
Marasmius: 50, 304, 314, 455, 466,<br />
474, 557, 564, 602, 785, 913, 926<br />
Margaritispora: 639<br />
Marssonina: 902<br />
Massalongia: 1059<br />
Massarina: 452, 585, 598, 1052<br />
Mastigobasidium: 9<br />
Megasporoporia: 501, 502, 503<br />
Melampsora: 10, 208, 798<br />
Melampsoridium: 319, 798<br />
Melanaria: 288<br />
Melanconium: 319<br />
Melanoleuca: 50, 557<br />
Melanoporia: 517<br />
Meliola: 279<br />
Menispora: 1015<br />
Mensularia: 696<br />
Meripilus: 169, 541<br />
Metacapnodium: 281<br />
Metarhizium: 79, 183, 185, 187, 376,<br />
713, 834, 977, 1049, 1102<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 369
Micarea: 625, 660<br />
Microascus: 525<br />
Microbotryum: 42<br />
Micromphale: 785<br />
Micromucor: 1154<br />
Micropeltis: 283<br />
Microporellus: 502<br />
Microporus: 478<br />
Microsporum: 309, 506, 507, 579<br />
Microsporus: 602<br />
Microtheliopsis: 284<br />
Microthyrium: 283<br />
Miyagia: 798<br />
Mollisia: 61, 595, 611, 633<br />
Monacrosporium: 337, 373, 1066<br />
Monilinia: 684<br />
Moniliophthora: 43<br />
Monosporascus: 835<br />
Morchella: 293, 724, 899<br />
Mortierella: 445, 588, 618, 786,<br />
1154<br />
Mucor: 445, 588, 618, 643, 1153<br />
Muellerella: 594<br />
Muhria: 659<br />
Multiclavula: 666<br />
Mutinus: 473, 679<br />
Myceliophthora: 579, 1134<br />
Mycena: 210, 314, 466, 474, 544,<br />
557, 602, 626<br />
Mycoaciella: 557<br />
Mycobilimbia: 660<br />
Mycogone: 862<br />
Mycosphaerela: 882<br />
Mycosphaerella: 595, 632, 669, 749,<br />
780, 882, 939<br />
Mycovellosiella: 763<br />
Myriangiella: 283<br />
Myriococcum: 190<br />
Myxarium: 557<br />
Myxotrichum: 412, 638, 671<br />
Myzocytiopsis: 251<br />
Naemacyclus: 685<br />
Naeviopsis: 595<br />
Nais: 1052<br />
Nectria: 3, 585, 809<br />
Nemania: 136, 739<br />
Nematoctonus: 1047<br />
Nematoloma: 95<br />
Neococcomyces,: 685<br />
Neocordyceps: 599<br />
Neocosmospora: 542<br />
Neohygrocybe: 146<br />
Neohygrophorus: 146<br />
Neolentiporus: 469<br />
Neopaxillus: 723<br />
Neosartorya: 525, 542<br />
Neotyphodium: 203, 311, 325, 883,<br />
1077, 1182, 1204<br />
Neovossia: 641<br />
Neozygites: 186<br />
Nephroma: 262<br />
Nephromopsis: 760<br />
Neurospora: 35, 196, 227, 228, 266,<br />
267, 268, 1109, 1166<br />
Nexomyces: 665<br />
Nigr<strong>of</strong>omes: 501, 502, 503<br />
Nigroporus: 502<br />
Nigrospora: 524, 542, 887<br />
Nodulisporium: 477, 524, 542, 581,<br />
739<br />
Nodulosphaeria: 595<br />
Nomuraea: 79, 183<br />
Nothocorticium: 41<br />
Nyctalis: 708<br />
Oberwinkleria: 641<br />
Ochrolechia: 288, 695<br />
Ochropsora: 10<br />
Oidiodendron: 81, 176, 330, 638,<br />
941, 949, 1015<br />
Oligoporus: 1157<br />
Oliveonia: 15<br />
Omphalina: 50, 51, 146, 326, 495<br />
Omphalotus: 723<br />
Onychocola: 668<br />
Ophiocordyceps: 599<br />
Ophiostoma: 206, 296, 297, 298,<br />
299, 426, 427, 693, 706, 709, 710,<br />
911, 919, 996, 1063, 1099<br />
Orbilia: 64<br />
Orphella: 148<br />
Ossicaulis: 564<br />
Oxyporus: 478, 564<br />
Pachyella: 479<br />
Pachypatella: 688<br />
Paecilomyces: 5, 79, 121, 183, 542,<br />
556, 996, 1049<br />
Palawaniella: 688<br />
Panaeolus: 557<br />
Pandora: 186<br />
Panellus: 210, 352<br />
Panus: 758<br />
Papulospora: 483, 862<br />
Paradoxa: 292<br />
Paraglomus: 231<br />
Parasitella: 229, 1174, 1175<br />
Parmotrema: 591, 1172<br />
Parmularia: 688<br />
Parmulariopsella: 688<br />
370 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Parmulariopsis: 688<br />
Parmulina: 688<br />
Passalora: 753<br />
Paxillus: 131, 315, 329, 337, 500,<br />
723, 957, 1080, 1103, 1113, 1137<br />
Peltigera: 730, 1198<br />
Penicillium: 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73,<br />
101, 119, 120, 121, 218, 220, 340,<br />
406, 424, 425, 470, 482, 515, 525,<br />
533, 575, 588, 598, 618, 662, 746,<br />
799, 808, 810, 813, 816, 840, 846,<br />
848, 855, 862, 863, 874, 880, 885,<br />
887, 898, 917, 932, 963, 968, 996,<br />
1016, 1090, 1094, 1097, 1104, 1193,<br />
1203<br />
Peniophora: 557, 602, 787, 1181<br />
Penzigia: 157<br />
Perenniporia: 502, 503, 554, 557,<br />
973<br />
Periconia: 452<br />
Periconiella: 739<br />
Perischizon: 688<br />
Peronospora: 644<br />
Pertusaria: 288, 695<br />
Pesotum: 296, 298, 706<br />
Pestalotiopsis: 477, 542, 581, 598,<br />
895, 1053<br />
Petractis: 287<br />
Peziza: 39, 295, 479<br />
Phacopsis: 289<br />
Phaeoacremonium: 996<br />
Phaeocollybia: 547<br />
Phaeogalera: 51<br />
Phaeolus: 631, 696<br />
Phaeomarasmius: 400<br />
Phaeophyscia: 535, 561<br />
Phaeoramularia: 763<br />
Phaeoseptaria: 789<br />
Phaeosphaeria: 882, 939, 1052<br />
Phaeotheca: 120<br />
Phakopsora: 798<br />
Phallus: 541, 679<br />
Phanerochaete: 957, 1055, 1119,<br />
1181, 1196<br />
Phellinus: 23, 197, 277, 361, 478,<br />
501, 502, 503, 541, 554, 696, 915<br />
Phellodon: 214<br />
Phialocephala: 26, 61, 81, 176, 633,<br />
943, 1005<br />
Phialophora: 61, 176, 182, 638, 930,<br />
943, 1005, 1015, 1024, 1050<br />
Phlebia: 541, 564, 936, 1183<br />
Phlebiella: 536, 541<br />
Phlebiopsis: 22, 111
Phlebopus: 828<br />
Pholiota: 304, 515<br />
Phoma: 134, 176, 542, 598, 600,<br />
749, 751, 830, 1033, 1053<br />
Phomopsis: 181, 477, 581, 598, 600,<br />
751, 996<br />
Phragmidium: 10, 798<br />
Phragmocephala: 595<br />
Phycomyces: 1153<br />
Phylacia: 153<br />
Phyllachora: 845<br />
Phyllopsora: 591<br />
Phyllosticta: 477, 576<br />
Physalacria: 772<br />
Physisporinus: 501, 1142<br />
Physopella: 798<br />
Phytophthora: 19, 55, 173, 207, 338,<br />
463, 652, 711, 809, 815, 849, 850,<br />
851, 892, 900, 948<br />
Pichia: 1150<br />
Pileolaria: 798<br />
Pilobolus: 589<br />
Piloderma: 984, 988, 1045<br />
Piloporia: 469<br />
Piptocephalis: 522<br />
Piptoporus: 517<br />
Piriformaspora: 182<br />
Pisolithus: 440, 752, 953, 956, 1162<br />
Pisoolithus: 889<br />
Pityrosporum: 886<br />
Placopsis: 1059<br />
Platismatia: 1086<br />
Plectania: 479<br />
Pleospora: 48, 690<br />
Pleurotus: 165, 166, 167, 197, 199,<br />
202, 236, 302, 303, 304, 308, 357,<br />
360, 363, 541, 559, 562, 640, 670,<br />
814, 862, 877, 912, 915, 922, 932,<br />
951, 1021, 1035, 1070, 1091, 1093,<br />
1110, 1119, 1133, 1145, 1170, 1171,<br />
1202<br />
Plicaria: 295<br />
Ploioderma: 685<br />
Pluteus: 541, 557<br />
Pochonia: 248, 249, 250, 1118<br />
Podabrella: 663<br />
Podophacidium: 479<br />
Podoscypha: 502<br />
Podosordaria: 155, 157, 739<br />
Podosphaera: 881, 903<br />
Podospora: 1, 38, 194, 525, 589<br />
Pollaccia: 636<br />
Polycephalomyces: 3<br />
Polycyclina: 688<br />
Polycyclus: 688<br />
Polydesmia: 479<br />
Polyporus: 476, 478, 502, 503, 515,<br />
546, 758<br />
Polysphondylium: 613<br />
Porina: 320, 568<br />
Porodaedalea: 696<br />
Poronia: 155, 157, 589, 739<br />
Postia: 200<br />
Preussia: 525<br />
Protodaedalea: 517<br />
Protothyrium: 688<br />
Psathyrella: 557, 738, 1033<br />
Pseudeurotium: 588<br />
Pseudocercospora: 753, 992<br />
Pseudochaete: 215<br />
Pseudocolus: 679<br />
Pseudocyphellaria: 521<br />
Pseudogymnoascus: 588<br />
Pseudohygrocybe: 146<br />
Pseudolembosia: 688<br />
Pseudotulostoma: 379, 412<br />
Pseudozyma: 1064<br />
Psilocybe: 487<br />
Psoroma: 1059<br />
Puccinia: 10, 42, 44, 495, 620, 681,<br />
798, 820, 830, 934, 1014<br />
Pucciniastrum: 10, 798<br />
Pucciniostele: 798<br />
Pulvinula: 479<br />
Pycnoporellus: 631<br />
Pycnoporus: 478, 501, 502, 503, 932<br />
Pyrenochaeta: 1011<br />
Pyrenocollema: 616<br />
Pyrenographa: 452<br />
Pyrenopeziza: 902<br />
Pyrenophora: 676, 820, 882<br />
Pyricularia: 524, 565, 595<br />
Pythiopsis: 687<br />
Pythium: 90, 601, 654, 809, 815,<br />
822, 839, 840, 850, 917, 1087<br />
Quintaria: 452<br />
Raffaelea: 916<br />
Ramalea: 682<br />
Ramalina: 918, 1105<br />
Ramaria: 541, 552, 651<br />
Ramariopsis: 666<br />
Ramichloridium: 996<br />
Ramicola: 557<br />
Ramonia: 537<br />
Ramularia: 763, 780<br />
Ravenelia: 798<br />
Redellomyces: 292<br />
Restiosporium: 42<br />
Rhagadolobium: 688<br />
Rhexographium: 694<br />
Rhipidocarpon: 688<br />
Rhizina: 22<br />
Rhizocarpon: 734<br />
Rhizochaete: 41<br />
Rhizoctonia: 173, 174, 438, 460, 477,<br />
542, 815, 827, 840, 850, 914, 944,<br />
1034, 1079, 1123, 1158<br />
Rhizodiscina: 479<br />
Rhizomucor: 1194<br />
Rhizoplaca: 950<br />
Rhizopogon: 139, 141, 465, 723, 975,<br />
989, 1038<br />
Rhizopus: 445, 525, 717, 848, 914<br />
Rhizopycnis: 181<br />
Rhizostilbella: 3<br />
Rhodocollybia: 726, 785<br />
Rhodophyllus: 602<br />
Rhodosporidium: 9<br />
Rhodotorula: 9, 689, 716, 1064<br />
Rhodotus: 564<br />
Rhytisma: 495<br />
Rickenella: 50, 626<br />
Rigidoporus: 478, 501, 502, 517, 554<br />
Rimularia: 594<br />
Roccella: 285<br />
Roccellina: 285<br />
Rosellinia: 136, 153, 156, 739, 978,<br />
1010<br />
Rozites: 398<br />
Russula: 40, 50, 51, 139, 141, 381,<br />
495, 546, 547, 602, 605, 614, 621,<br />
623, 774, 931, 984, 1038, 1039, 1045<br />
Saccharomyces: 30, 193, 252, 253,<br />
327, 333, 335, 336, 341, 343, 366,<br />
368, 369, 371, 980, 1095, 1119,<br />
1144, 1178<br />
Saccobolus: 525, 589<br />
Saprolegnia: 687, 691<br />
Sapromyces: 55<br />
Sarcodon: 214<br />
Sarcosphaera: 295<br />
Scabropezia: 295<br />
Schizophyllum: 28, 193, 304, 357,<br />
359, 501, 502, 503, 637<br />
Schizopora: 478, 696<br />
Schizosaccharomyces: 30, 1095<br />
Schizothyrium: 283<br />
Sclerocystis: 530, 987<br />
Scleroderma: 487, 500, 679, 752,<br />
953, 999, 1162<br />
Sclerotinia: 89, 684<br />
Sclerotium: 1033<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 371
Scoliciosporum: 625<br />
Scopulariopsis: 482, 525<br />
Scutellinia: 495, 564<br />
Scutellospora: 445, 530, 580, 987,<br />
1141, 1179<br />
Scutomollisia: 595<br />
Scytalidium: 122, 176, 190, 483, 542,<br />
871, 1116<br />
Scytinopogon: 666<br />
Selenosporella: 992<br />
Septobasidium: 104, 680<br />
Septoria: 454, 632, 669, 780, 789,<br />
820, 876, 882<br />
Septoriella: 789<br />
Serpula: 217, 609, 704<br />
Setchelliogaster: 956<br />
Sigmoidea: 56<br />
Simplicillium: 248, 575<br />
Sinotermitomyces: 663<br />
Sirobasidium: 13<br />
Sistotrema: 41, 737<br />
Skeletocutis: 554<br />
Smittium: 148 , 150, 151<br />
Soleella: 685<br />
Sordaria: 228, 525<br />
Sparassis: 541<br />
Spegazzinia: 482<br />
Sphaerophorus: 286<br />
Sphaeropsis: 16<br />
Sphaerosporella: 178<br />
Sphaerostilbella: 3<br />
Spilocaea: 636<br />
Spongipellis: 564<br />
Sporidesmium: 788, 1015<br />
Sporidiobolus: 9, 1064<br />
Sporobolomyces: 689, 716<br />
Sporormia: 589<br />
Sporormiella: 38, 525<br />
Sporotrichum: 483<br />
Stachybotrys: 218, 219, 220, 525,<br />
595<br />
Stachylina: 148, 150<br />
Stagonospora: 882<br />
Stecchericium: 502<br />
Steccherinum: 473, 557<br />
Stemphylium: 690<br />
Stenella: 753, 763<br />
Stephanoascus: 253<br />
Stereocaulon: 659, 918, 1112<br />
Stereum: 22, 41, 501, 502, 503, 517,<br />
602, 971<br />
Sticta: 521<br />
Stigmidium: 594 , 734<br />
Stilbella: 3, 122, 482, 1129<br />
Stilbocrea: 3<br />
Stilbum: 3, 727<br />
Strigula: 284<br />
Strobilomyces: 473<br />
Strongwellsea: 186<br />
Stropharia: 95, 165, 304, 541, 1093<br />
Suillus: 27, 304, 331, 465, 546, 723,<br />
827, 957, 975, 999, 1007, 1093,<br />
1113, 1126<br />
Swampomyces: 452<br />
Symphaeophyma: 688<br />
Syncephalastrum: 445<br />
Syncephalis: 522, 643<br />
Synnmukerjiomyces: 1134<br />
Taeniolella: 624<br />
Talaromyces: 65, 67, 121, 122, 190,<br />
482, 525, 542, 1033<br />
Tapesia: 61<br />
Taphrina: 208, 254, 757<br />
Teloschistes: 123<br />
Tephrocybe: 39<br />
Terfezia: 702<br />
Termitomyces: 542, 619, 663, 733<br />
Tetracladium: 451<br />
Tetrapyrgos: 785<br />
Thallomyces: 688<br />
Thamnomyces: 153, 739<br />
Thecotheus: 295<br />
Theissenia: 157<br />
Thekopsora: 10, 798<br />
Thelephora: 214<br />
Thermomyces: 190 , 1134<br />
Thielaviopsis: 300, 914<br />
Thraustochytrium: 1149<br />
Thraustotheca: 691<br />
Thysanophora: 983<br />
Thysanothecium: 682<br />
Tilletia: 12, 204, 641, 866<br />
Tolypocladium: 588, 770<br />
Tomentella: 214, 700, 953, 954, 984,<br />
1039, 1045<br />
Toninia: 660, 1173<br />
Torpedospora: 56<br />
Torrendia: 40<br />
Torrendiella: 37<br />
Torrubiella: 248<br />
Torula: 624, 1134<br />
Trachyspora: 10<br />
Trametes: 308, 478, 501, 502, 503,<br />
517, 553, 554, 602, 773, 918, 932,<br />
971, 1110, 1146, 1156, 1157<br />
Tranzschelia: 10<br />
Trechispora: 501, 502, 503<br />
Tremella: 13, 594, 915<br />
372 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Tremolecia: 1114<br />
Trichaptum: 23, 501, 502, 503, 554,<br />
696<br />
Tricharia: 568<br />
Trichocladium: 963<br />
Trichoderma: 72, 101, 111, 112, 115,<br />
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 217, 343,<br />
372, 525, 542, 585, 618, 634, 794,<br />
801, 812, 836, 862, 869, 896, 932,<br />
1015, 1016, 1101, 1158, 1168, 1195<br />
Trichoglossum: 523<br />
Tricholoma: 27, 165, 467, 546, 552,<br />
605, 648, 826, 899, 1171<br />
Trichomerium: 279<br />
Trichophaea: 122, 564<br />
Trichophaeopsis: 564<br />
Trichophyton: 309, 506, 507, 575,<br />
579, 1074, 1188<br />
Trichosporon: 904<br />
Trimmatostroma: 120, 624<br />
Triphragmium: 10<br />
Triscelophorus: 451, 475<br />
Trochodium: 798<br />
Trogia: 785<br />
Truncocolumella: 723<br />
Tryblidiopycnis: 1053<br />
Tubaria: 557<br />
Tuber: 132, 292, 702, 777, 953,<br />
1008, 1048, 1051, 1148<br />
Tubercularia: 3<br />
Tuberculina: 720<br />
Tubulicrinis: 41, 536<br />
Tuckermannopsis: 760<br />
Tuckneraria: 760<br />
Tulasnella: 15, 41<br />
Tulostoma: 541, 679<br />
Tylopilus: 139<br />
Tylospora: 984<br />
Tympanis: 992<br />
Typhula: 1120<br />
Tyromyces: 554<br />
Umbelopsis: 1015<br />
Uredinopsis: 798<br />
Uredo: 42, 728<br />
Urocystis: 674<br />
Urohendersoniella: 789<br />
Uromyces: 10, 645, 798, 1041<br />
Usnea: 290, 309, 555, 591, 1112,<br />
1172<br />
Ustilago: 267, 841<br />
Vanromburghia: 785<br />
Vararia: 41, 696<br />
Vascellum: 679<br />
Venturia: 208, 319, 636
Verrucaria: 616<br />
Verruculina: 963<br />
Verticillium: 183, 248, 249, 250, 777,<br />
783, 795, 809, 965, 966<br />
Volutella: 3<br />
Volvariella: 167, 304, 541<br />
Vouauxiella: 594<br />
Vulpicida: 760<br />
Wallemia: 120, 743, 914<br />
Wawelia: 155<br />
Wilcoxina: 178, 180, 1029<br />
Wolfiporia: 631<br />
Xanthomendoza: 703<br />
Xanthoparmelia: 261<br />
Xanthoria: 260, 661, 667, 703, 918,<br />
1165, 1180<br />
Xerocomus: 999<br />
Xeromphalina: 236, 357, 626<br />
Xeromyces: 117<br />
Xylaria: 152, 153, 154, 157, 477,<br />
542, 592, 1053<br />
Xylobolus: 517, 602<br />
Xyloclodium: 739<br />
Xylocoremium: 157<br />
Zamenh<strong>of</strong>ia: 537<br />
Zygosaccharomyces: 117, 914<br />
Zygospermella: 589<br />
Zymonema: 507<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 373
Family Index<br />
Acarosporaceae: 755<br />
Agaricaceae: 210, 622, 657, 1200<br />
Amanitaceae: 40, 379, 540<br />
Annulatascaceae: 382<br />
Arthrodermataceae: 4<br />
Ascobolaceae: 295, 414<br />
Ascodesmidaceae: 294, 414<br />
Asterinaceae: 688<br />
Bacidiaceae: 625<br />
Bionectriaceae: 3<br />
Bolbitiaceae: 738<br />
Boletaceae: 307, 379, 656<br />
Cantharellaceae: 379<br />
Carbomycetaceae: 414<br />
Catenariaceae: 245<br />
Cerinomycetaceae: 762<br />
Chaetosphaeriaceae: 348, 382<br />
Cladoniaceae: 682<br />
Clathraceae: 679<br />
Clavariaceae: 143, 527, 666<br />
Clavicipitaceae: 2, 3, 5, 108, 203,<br />
245, 248, 325, 715, 718, 770, 883<br />
Cochlonemataceae: 245, 655<br />
Coenogoniaceae: 287<br />
Coprinaceae: 51, 1012, 1185<br />
Corticiaceae: 41, 211, 212, 501, 502,<br />
503, 509, 787, 967<br />
Cortinariaceae: 307, 379, 396, 400,<br />
403, 540, 547, 675, 738<br />
Dacrymycetaceae: 762<br />
Delitschiaceae: 742<br />
Dermateaceae: 59, 61, 611<br />
Diatrypaceae: 157<br />
Discinaceae: 414<br />
Echinodontiaceae: 430<br />
Elaphomycetaceae: 379<br />
Ganodermataceae: 501, 502, 503,<br />
1106<br />
Geastraceae: 679<br />
Geoglossaceae: 143<br />
Gigasporaceae: 443<br />
Glaziellaceae: 294, 414<br />
Glomerellaceae: 348<br />
Gomphaceae: 212<br />
Gomphidiaceae: 622, 723<br />
Gyalectaceae: 287<br />
Gymnoascaceae: 4, 668<br />
Halosphaeriaceae: 53<br />
Hapalopilaceae: 721<br />
Harpellaceae: 151<br />
Helicocephalidaceae: 245<br />
Helotiaceae: 59, 61, 63, 647<br />
Helvellaceae: 414<br />
Hemiphacidiaceae: 59<br />
Hericiaceae: 212, 502<br />
Hyaloscyphaceae: 61, 62, 63, 64,<br />
611, 647<br />
Hydnaceae: 748<br />
Hydnodontaceae: 748<br />
Hygrophoraceae: 51, 145, 146<br />
Hymenochaetaceae: 501, 502, 503,<br />
696<br />
Hyphodermataceae: 245<br />
Hypocreaceae: 3, 245, 382<br />
Karstenellaceae: 414<br />
Lasiosphaeriaceae: 1, 382<br />
Lecanoraceae: 950<br />
Legeriomycetaceae: 148, 151<br />
Leotiaceae: 59, 64, 611<br />
Letrouitiaceae: 697<br />
Lobariaceae: 521<br />
Loramycetaceae: 59<br />
Lycoperdaceae: 679<br />
Melanommataceae: 382<br />
Meristacraceae: 245<br />
Metacapnodiaceae: 281, 678<br />
Micareaceae: 625<br />
Microascaceae: 348<br />
Morchellaceae: 414<br />
Mortierellaceae: 786<br />
Mucoraceae: 1175<br />
Mycenaceae: 210<br />
Myzocytiopsidaceae: 245<br />
Nectriaceae: 3<br />
Nidulariaceae: 679<br />
Onygenaceae: 4, 668<br />
Ophiostomataceae: 1063<br />
Orbiliaceae: 245, 246, 611<br />
Otideaceae: 294<br />
Parmeliaceae: 289, 555, 760, 776<br />
Parmulariaceae: 688<br />
Paxillaceae: 307, 379<br />
Peltigeraceae: 730<br />
Pertusariaceae: 288, 695<br />
Pezizaceae: 295, 414<br />
Phallaceae: 679<br />
Phragmidiaceae: 10<br />
Physciaceae: 642<br />
Pilocarpaceae: 625<br />
Piptocephalidaceae: 522<br />
374 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Platystomaceae: 382<br />
Pleosporaceae: 109, 348<br />
Pleurotaceae: 210, 245<br />
Pluteaceae: 540, 733<br />
Podoscyphaceae: 501, 502, 503<br />
Polyporaceae: 501, 502, 503, 631,<br />
995, 1106, 1131<br />
Pyronemataceae: 294, 414<br />
Rhizinaceae: 414<br />
Rhizopogonaceae: 723<br />
Rhynchostomataceae: 761<br />
Rhytismataceae: 136<br />
Roccellaceae: 285<br />
Russulaceae: 307, 379, 738, 988<br />
Rutstroemiaceae: 59<br />
Saprolegniaceae: 687, 691, 698<br />
Sarcoscyphaceae: 294, 414<br />
Sarcosomataceae: 294, 414<br />
Schizophyllaceae: 501, 502, 503<br />
Sclerodermataceae: 679<br />
Sclerotiniaceae: 59, 64, 611, 647,<br />
684<br />
Sebacinaceae: 14, 1034, 1039<br />
Sordariaceae: 665<br />
Sporormiaceae: 742<br />
Stereaceae: 212, 430, 501, 502, 503<br />
Stereocaulaceae: 659<br />
Strophariaceae: 51, 1106<br />
Suillaceae: 723<br />
Tapinellaceae: 622<br />
Teloschistaceae: 661, 667<br />
Terfeziaceae: 702<br />
Thelephoraceae: 212, 700, 748<br />
Trapeliaceae: 287<br />
Trichocomaceae: 348, 555<br />
Tricholomataceae: 51, 146, 210, 455,<br />
540, 549<br />
Truncocolumellaceae: 622<br />
Tuberaceae: 292, 414, 702, 777<br />
Tubeufiaceae: 348, 382<br />
Tulostomataceae: 679<br />
Valsaceae: 555<br />
Verrucariaceae: 796<br />
Vibrisseaceae: 59<br />
Xylariaceae: 136, 153, 154, 155, 156,<br />
157, 158, 249, 382, 415, 558, 592,<br />
739, 769, 1028<br />
Zoopagaceae: 245
Order Index<br />
Agaricales: 40, 50, 51, 210, 211, 212,<br />
397, 399, 400, 403, 515, 547, 549,<br />
582, 675, 683, 726, 733, 772, 782,<br />
993, 1039, 1185<br />
Aphyllophorales: 23, 41, 49, 51, 211,<br />
469, 476, 478, 492, 501, 502, 503,<br />
666, 696, 773, 967, 981, 1185<br />
Arthoniales: 285<br />
Ascosphaerales: 107<br />
Asellariales: 149<br />
Auriculariales: 14, 492, 1039<br />
Boletales: 212, 547, 582, 622, 656,<br />
723, 993<br />
Botryobasidiales: 211<br />
Cantharellales: 212, 547, 582<br />
Capnodiales: 678, 761<br />
Ceratobasidiales: 15<br />
Chaetothyriales: 107, 555, 761<br />
Cyttariales: 750<br />
Dacrymycetales: 762<br />
Diaporthales: 2, 555<br />
Dothideales: 120, 281, 283, 454, 669,<br />
761, 780<br />
Eccrinales: 149<br />
Entomophthorales: 104, 186, 229<br />
Erysiphales: 273, 514<br />
Eurotiales: 107, 121, 533, 555<br />
Gautieriales: 622<br />
Geastrales: 622<br />
Glomales: 6, 225, 231, 441, 1107<br />
Gomphales: 547, 622, 651<br />
Gyalectales: 287<br />
Halosphaeriales: 57, 747<br />
Harpellales: 148, 149, 150, 151<br />
Helotiales: 61, 64, 413, 479, 595,<br />
633, 647, 684, 750, 943<br />
Hymenochaetales: 211, 215, 478,<br />
696<br />
Hypocreales: 2, 3, 108, 121, 348,<br />
382, 533, 770, 1129<br />
Hysteriales: 761<br />
Kickxellales: 148, 229<br />
Laboulbeniales: 104, 671, 952<br />
Lecanorales: 286, 356, 410, 521, 555,<br />
625, 659, 784<br />
Leotiales: 3, 59<br />
Lycoperdales: 210, 582, 622<br />
Microascales: 3, 300<br />
Microbotryales: 9<br />
Mortierellales: 229, 786, 1174<br />
Mucorales: 188, 229, 643, 717, 1175<br />
Mycosphaerellales: 595<br />
Myriangiales: 761<br />
Neocallimastigales: 118<br />
Onygenales: 4, 107<br />
Ophiostomatales: 671<br />
Ostropales: 287<br />
Patellariales: 761<br />
Peronosporales: 274, 514, 644<br />
Pezizales: 180, 246, 291, 294, 295,<br />
414, 479, 505, 777<br />
Phallales: 582<br />
Phyllachorales: 3, 248<br />
Pleosporales: 57, 595, 639, 742, 761<br />
Polyporales: 478, 515, 721<br />
Rhytismatales: 479, 685<br />
Russulales: 40, 547, 582, 658, 741,<br />
993, 1039<br />
Saccharomycetales: 253, 409<br />
Saprolegniales: 687<br />
Sclerosporales: 274<br />
Sordariales: 665<br />
Taphrinales: 254<br />
Teloschistales: 123<br />
Thelephorales: 214, 1039<br />
Tilletiales: 12, 641<br />
Tulasnellales: 15, 211<br />
Uredinales: 10, 42, 275, 514, 620,<br />
720, 934<br />
Ustilaginales: 12, 42, 701<br />
Verrucariales: 411<br />
Xylariales: 382, 505, 555, 592<br />
Zoopagales: 522, 655<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 375
Author Index<br />
Aanen, D.K.: 402, 619, 663<br />
Abarenkov, K.: 214<br />
Abba', S.: 1135<br />
Abbasi, M.: 620<br />
Abdel-Gliel, M.: 801<br />
Abdel-Raheem, A.: 451<br />
Abdel-Wahhab, M.: 801<br />
Abdurahimova, Z.H.: 925<br />
Abesha, E.: 926<br />
Abu El-Naga, S.: 1013<br />
Ács, K.: 1194<br />
Adam, R.K.: 1152<br />
Adamcík, S.: 621<br />
Addy, H.D.: 81<br />
Adholeya, A.: 584, 1162, 1191, 1192<br />
Adler, P.H.: 150<br />
Adriaensen, K.: 331, 1007<br />
Aebi, M.: 75<br />
Aeny, T.N.: 823<br />
Agerer, R.: 622<br />
Aguirre, E.: 505<br />
Ahanjan, M.: 800<br />
Ahlén, C.: 221<br />
Ahmad, R.: 927<br />
Ahn, B.Y.: 486<br />
Ahrén, D.G.: 131, 337, 1066<br />
Aime, M.C.: 1067<br />
Aimi, T.: 1068<br />
Akiyama, M.: 928<br />
Al-Ansari, H.I.: 904<br />
Al-Masri, M.: 89<br />
Al-Samarrai, T.H.: 1204<br />
Alabouvette, C.: 112<br />
Alamouti, S.: 778<br />
Albers, A.R.: 1117<br />
Aldana-Gomez, R.: 623<br />
Alekhina, I.A.: 790, 791<br />
Alexander, I.J.: 1050<br />
Alizadeh, -: 794<br />
Allameh, A.: 1163, 1164<br />
Allaway, W.G.: 439<br />
Allen, M.F.: 97, 1000<br />
Allen, T.R.: 179<br />
Alleyne, A.T.: 1041<br />
Allmér, J.: 453<br />
Alonso, J.: 590<br />
Alstrup, V.: 624<br />
Amann, R.: 980<br />
Amerian, M.R.: 1069<br />
Amicucci, A.: 1148<br />
Ammirati, J. F.: 400<br />
Amra, H.: 801<br />
Andersen, B.: 71<br />
Andersen, H.L.: 625<br />
Andersen, R.A.: 1084<br />
Anderson, I.: 1050<br />
Anderson, J.B.: 369<br />
Anderson, R.C.: 929<br />
Andersons, B.: 1122<br />
Andrianova, T.V.: 137, 454<br />
Anthony, K.P.: 802, 840<br />
Antipov, A.: 1131<br />
Antonín, V.: 455, 626<br />
Antonini, D.: 456, 457, 627<br />
Antonini, M.: 456, 457, 627<br />
Antonsen, H.: 929<br />
Anusarnsunthorn, V.: 695<br />
Aoki, T.: 458<br />
Aragno, M.: 536, 1098<br />
Arakawa, M.: 978, 1010<br />
Aranyanart, P.: 767<br />
Araujo, W.L.: 556<br />
Archer, A.W.: 695<br />
Arenal, F.: 647<br />
Ariza, A.: 609<br />
Armaleo, D.: 1172<br />
Arnold, A.E.: 321<br />
Arnould, C.: 441, 1107<br />
Articus, K.: 290<br />
Arup, U.: 628, 766<br />
Ascaso, C.: 124, 459, 590, 610<br />
Ashford, A.E.: 439, 440<br />
Ashida, H.: 169, 170<br />
Ashkannejhad, S.: 975<br />
Askun, T.: 803<br />
Assefa, S.: 820<br />
Athipunyakom, P.: 460<br />
Atkinson, H.A.: 264<br />
Augustin, C.: 930<br />
Aust, H.J.: 1024<br />
Avery, S.V.: 327<br />
Avio, L.: 442<br />
Aviram, S.: 702<br />
Avis, P.G.: 931<br />
Awad, M.: 1013<br />
Ayres, M.P.: 426, 427<br />
Azevedo, J.L.: 556<br />
Baar, J.: 80, 1038<br />
Baars, J.J.P.: 165<br />
Babcock, C.: 461<br />
Baciarelli Falini, L.: 1051<br />
Badalyan, S.M.: 304, 364<br />
Badebo, A.: 820<br />
Bago, B.: 127, 270<br />
Bahyl, V.: 804<br />
Bainbridge, B.W.: 138<br />
Baker, C.J.: 353<br />
Bakir, U.: 1203<br />
Bakradze, M.: 202<br />
Balali, G.R.: 629<br />
Balasubramanian, S.: 1160<br />
Balci, Y.: 463<br />
Baldrian, P.: 932, 1070<br />
Baloch, E.: 320<br />
Balschmidt, L.: 630<br />
Banik, M.T.: 631<br />
Banke, S.: 632<br />
Banks, J.: 868<br />
Baptista, S.: 567<br />
Barakat, R.: 89<br />
Baral, H.-O.: 413, 647<br />
Barberis, G.: 617<br />
Bärlocher, F.: 994<br />
Barnes, I.: 464, 933, 1009, 1027<br />
Barreno, E.: 734<br />
Barrera-Saldaña, H.A.: 848<br />
Barreto de Oliveira, M.T.: 257<br />
Barroetaveña, C.: 465<br />
Barros, N.M.: 556<br />
Barry, K.M.: 21, 805, 806<br />
Barta, D.J.: 840<br />
Bartnicki-García, S.: 268<br />
Barve, M.: 749<br />
Bassiri, Sh.: 807<br />
376 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Bauer, R.: 8, 9, 11, 720, 1034<br />
Baumgarten, A.: 192<br />
Baumgartner, M.: 769<br />
Beakes, G.W.: 78<br />
Beard, C.E.: 150<br />
Beauvais, A.: 31<br />
Bécard, G.: 129, 443<br />
Bech-Andersen, J.: 217<br />
Beck, A.: 323, 1173<br />
Beckett, R.P.: 1071<br />
Bedard, J.E.J.: 654<br />
Beecher, T.: 1140<br />
Begerow, D.: 11<br />
Beharav, A.: 968<br />
Belardinelli, M.: 308<br />
Bell, A.: 38<br />
Belova, N.V.: 466<br />
Benaraba, R.: 874<br />
Bencina, M.: 1072, 1124<br />
Bencivenga, M.: 1051<br />
Bendiksen, K.: 49<br />
Benhamou, N.: 90, 850<br />
Benítez, T.: 173<br />
Benson, E.E.: 609<br />
Benzie, I.F.F.: 167<br />
Berbee, M.L.: 109, 179, 350, 690<br />
Berch, S.M.: 179, 467<br />
Berdal, K.G.: 832<br />
Berg, G.: 966<br />
Bergero, R.: 226, 446<br />
Bermek, H.: 1073, 1074, 1188<br />
Bernard, M.: 29<br />
Berndt, R.: 275, 468, 756<br />
Bernh<strong>of</strong>t, A.: 808, 811<br />
Bernicchia, A.: 469<br />
Berreck, M.: 307, 1093<br />
Bertossa, R.C.: 75<br />
Bhadoria, P.B.S.: 560<br />
Bhattacharya, D.: 755<br />
Bhumiratana, A.: 1129<br />
Bianciotto, V.: 443<br />
Bielawski, L.: 1075<br />
Biely, P.: 1203<br />
Bills, G.F.: 633<br />
Binder, M.: 110, 209<br />
Birch, R.N.: 43<br />
Birzele, B.: 424<br />
Bissett, J.: 70, 72, 634<br />
Bisson, M.-C.: 919, 920<br />
Bjelland, T.: 1076<br />
Bjorvand Engh, I.: 770<br />
Bjureke, K.: 494<br />
Blackwell, B.: 70<br />
Blackwell, M.: 104, 184<br />
Blanchette, R.A.: 1196<br />
Blankenship, J.D.: 1077, 1182<br />
Blesdoe, C.: 1000<br />
Blom, J.: 341<br />
Bloomer, P.: 355<br />
Bock, A.: 128<br />
Boddy, L.: 322, 431, 608, 908, 936,<br />
957, 971, 1055, 1058<br />
Bødker, L.: 1037<br />
Bodles, W.J.A.: 809<br />
Boekhout, T.: 257, 377, 438, 470,<br />
471<br />
Boellmann, J.B.: 934
Bogomolova, E.V.: 1078<br />
Bohar, Gy.: 845<br />
Bojosi, B.W.: 600<br />
Bokhari, F.: 810<br />
Bol, R.: 143<br />
Bolchi, A.: 132<br />
Bolot, O.: 1014<br />
Bonati, C.: 1087<br />
Bondartseva, M.A.: 635<br />
Bonello, P.: 16<br />
Bonfante, P.: 126, 330, 443, 1135<br />
Boomsma, J.J.: 619<br />
Boonkerd, N.: 1171<br />
Boonpratuang, T.: 473, 474<br />
Boonyeun, N.: 475, 585<br />
Bordallo, J.J.: 250<br />
Borgen, T.: 47<br />
Borovskii, G.B.: 1202<br />
Boswell, G.P.: 1079, 1123<br />
Bothe, H.: 332<br />
Bottoli, A.P.F.: 75<br />
Bougoure, D.S.: 1089<br />
Boulay, H.: 676<br />
Bourett, T.M.: 269<br />
Bowden, R.L.: 959<br />
Bown, J.L: 1057<br />
Boyle, C.: 182, 830<br />
Braathen, O.-A.: 221<br />
Brachat, S.: 335<br />
Bran, M.C.: 139, 498<br />
Branco, S.M.: 567, 935<br />
Brand, J.H.: 1161<br />
Brandenburger, W.: 514<br />
Brandrud, T.E.: 399<br />
Branney, A.W.: 936<br />
Brasier, C.M.: 206, 207, 299<br />
Braun, S.: 662, 861, 907<br />
Braun, U.: 273, 636, 753<br />
Brceski, I.: 363<br />
Brechenmacher, L.: 129<br />
Brem, D.: 715<br />
Bremnes, N.B.: 811<br />
Breuil, C.: 778, 1099<br />
Breuninger, M.: 444<br />
Brezeanu, A.: 1147<br />
Brizzio, S.: 716<br />
Brodie, E.: 986<br />
Br<strong>of</strong>iga, G.: 870<br />
Brown, M.: 586, 826<br />
Brozová, J.: 812, 836, 837<br />
Bruggeman, J.: 937<br />
Bruhn, J.N.: 938, 1006<br />
Brun, A.: 329<br />
Brunner, K.: 175<br />
Bruns, T.D.: 223, 989<br />
Brusoni, M.: 821<br />
Brzostowski, A.: 1080<br />
Buchalo, A.S.: 637<br />
Buchan, A.: 939<br />
Buchanan, P.K.: 44, 476<br />
Buck, K.W.: 206<br />
Bücking, H.: 1081, 1082<br />
Buddie, A.: 609<br />
Büdel, B.: 287<br />
Bulat, S.A.: 790, 791<br />
Bullerman, L.B.: 898<br />
Bullock, S.: 797<br />
Bunyard, B.A.: 510, 940<br />
Buratti, C.: 575<br />
Burford, E.P.: 328, 1083<br />
Burgstaller, W.: 1104<br />
Burhenne, M.: 271, 513, 514<br />
Burlingame, R.: 1195<br />
Burmester, A.: 1175<br />
Burns, S.C.: 941, 949<br />
Burton, K.: 1140<br />
Busarakam, K.: 477<br />
Buscot, F.: 82, 91<br />
Bush, L.P.: 1077<br />
Bussey, H.: 32<br />
Bustan, A.: 1048<br />
Buswell, J.A.: 167<br />
Butler, G.: 333<br />
Butt, T.M.: 114, 187, 977<br />
Buyck, B.: 99, 381, 623<br />
Byrne, A.: 911<br />
Cabañes, F.J.: 909<br />
Caetano-Anollés, G.: 926<br />
Cafaro, M.J.: 104, 149<br />
Cairns, V.: 813<br />
Calderone, R.: 258<br />
Calduch, M.: 638<br />
Camaño Heredia, H.: 814<br />
Camarero, S.: 199<br />
Camargo-Ricalde, S.L.: 942<br />
Campbell, J.: 53, 639<br />
Campoamor, J.N.: 478<br />
Campos, R.A.: 556<br />
Cannon, P.F.: 348, 581, 688<br />
Cannon, R.D.: 924<br />
Cano, J.: 665<br />
Cantrell, S.A.: 145, 479<br />
Capelari, M.: 640<br />
Capello, S.: 480<br />
Capieau, K.: 897<br />
Carasan, E.M.: 1147<br />
Carballo, V.: 480<br />
Carbone, I.: 417<br />
Caretta, G.: 575, 1047<br />
Carlsen, T.A.: 943<br />
Carranza, J.: 380<br />
Carris, L.M.: 204, 641<br />
Carstensen, J.M.: 515, 516<br />
Carter, D.A.: 230<br />
Carter, M.D.: 1042<br />
Carter, V.: 898<br />
Carulli, I.: 821<br />
Caruso, A.: 481<br />
Casselton, L.A.: 1067<br />
Castaneda, A.: 729<br />
Castellano, M.A.: 232, 390<br />
Castlebury, L.A.: 2, 641, 681<br />
Castrejon, F.: 30<br />
Castro, B.: 722<br />
Cavalcante, U.M.T.: 539, 1179<br />
Cavalcanti, M.A.Q.: 482, 501, 502,<br />
503<br />
Cavaletto, J.R.: 669<br />
Cerminara, S.: 330<br />
Ceska, A.: 314<br />
Ceska, O.: 314<br />
Chabane, S.: 29<br />
Chabanenko, S.: 705<br />
Chague, V.: 88<br />
Chalot, M.: 329<br />
Chamswarng, C.: 477, 524<br />
Chan, W.K.: 496, 587, 1201<br />
Chandler, D.: 908<br />
Chang, D.C.N.: 944<br />
Chapman, B.: 467<br />
Charvat, I.: 931<br />
Chatagnier, O.: 441, 1107<br />
Chatamala, I.: 56<br />
Chaudhuri, S.: 945<br />
Chavarriaga, D.: 815<br />
Chen, A.W.: 306<br />
Chen, C.-J.: 13<br />
Chen, C.Y.: 686<br />
Chen, J.B.: 642<br />
Chen, K.Y: 483<br />
Chen, S.-F.: 484<br />
Chen, S.-R.: 717<br />
Chet, I.: 172, 174<br />
Chevalier, G.: 1008<br />
Chhetri, D.B.: 296, 646<br />
Chien, C.-Y.: 643<br />
Chirkova, J.: 1122<br />
Cho, D.H.: 485, 486<br />
Cho, W.K.: 486<br />
Choi, Y.J.: 644<br />
Choi, Y.K.: 731<br />
Choinowski, T.: 199<br />
Chong-Lopez, A.: 905<br />
Chou, L.C.: 944<br />
Christensen, M.: 67, 508, 519<br />
Christensen, M.J.: 1204<br />
Chrpova, J.: 901<br />
Chulze, S.N.: 878, 879<br />
Chung, J.Y.: 486<br />
Chung, W.H.: 645<br />
Ciardo, D.: 75<br />
Cifuentes, J.: 99, 480, 487, 491, 666,<br />
675, 748, 762, 781<br />
Ciliento, R.: 115, 171, 372<br />
Claassen, N.: 560<br />
Clapp, J.P.: 903, 1022<br />
Clark, A.G.: 418<br />
Clasen, P.-E.: 811, 909<br />
Clavería, V.: 946, 953, 954<br />
Cleef, A.M.: 470<br />
Clergeot, P.-H.: 75<br />
Clipson, N.: 986<br />
Codjia, J.T.C.: 490<br />
Coetzee, M.P.A.: 355, 646<br />
Cole, L.: 440<br />
Collado, J.: 647<br />
Collin-Hansen, C.: 1084<br />
Collins, M.D.: 961<br />
Colpaert, J.V.: 331, 1007<br />
Colquhoun, I.: 338<br />
Comandini, O.: 648, 741<br />
Conomikes, M.: 947<br />
Consiglio, G.: 627<br />
Cooke, D.E.L.: 207, 217, 948<br />
Cooper, J.A.: 243<br />
Corazza, L.: 880<br />
Cordobes, S.: 1193<br />
Cornejo, C.: 705<br />
Cortés, C.: 1158<br />
Costa, I.P.M.W.: 482<br />
Courbot, M.: 329<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 377
Courtecuisse, R.: 98, 99, 105, 235<br />
Coutinho, T.A.: 430, 692, 765<br />
Cowen, L.E.: 369<br />
Crane, J.: 220<br />
Craven, K.D.: 203, 325<br />
Crawford, J.W: 1057<br />
Crewe, A.T.: 649<br />
Cripps, C.L.: 50, 52, 549<br />
Crittenden, P.D.: 123, 318<br />
Croneborg, H.: 488<br />
Crous, P.W.: 100, 276, 753, 765<br />
Cuero, R.: 1085<br />
Cullen, D.: 1196<br />
Curir, P.: 870<br />
Currah, R.S.: 26, 81, 176, 412, 668,<br />
671, 677, 1033<br />
Czederpiltz, D.L.L.: 631<br />
Czymmek, K.J.: 269<br />
D'Aquila, F.: 870<br />
Daboussi, M.J.: 159<br />
Dahlberg, A.: 24, 453, 488, 593<br />
Dahlkild, Å.: 285<br />
Dahlman, L.: 1086<br />
Dahms, T.: 1127<br />
Dai, Y.C.: 489, 650<br />
Daikoku, C.: 990<br />
Dalili, A.R.: 362<br />
Dammann-Tugend, U.: 182<br />
Daniëls, P.P.: 651<br />
Darrah, P.R.: 437<br />
Davidson, F.A.: 1079, 1123<br />
Davidson, J.M.: 652<br />
Davies, D.: 440<br />
Davies, D.R.: 118, 550, 1019<br />
Davies, N.W.: 805, 806, 818, 819<br />
Davies, P.W.: 949<br />
Davis, C.: 653<br />
Davis, D.J.: 1087<br />
Davydov, E.A.: 950<br />
de Cock, A.W.A.M.: 654<br />
de Gioia, T.: 951<br />
de Hoog, G.S.: 120<br />
De Kesel, A.: 490, 614, 779, 952<br />
de Koe, W.J.: 74<br />
de los Rios, A.: 124<br />
de Luna, E.: 666<br />
de Miguel, A.M.: 946, 953, 954<br />
de Román, M.: 946, 953, 954<br />
de Vera, J.-P.: 1088<br />
Deacon, L.J.: 138<br />
Dean, N.: 34<br />
Dearnaley, J.D.W.: 1089<br />
Debets, A.J.M.: 937<br />
Debuchy, R.: 194<br />
Decker, M.: 1090<br />
Degawa, Y.: 655<br />
Deising, H.B.: 77<br />
Del Frate, G.: 512, 1047<br />
Del Olmo, M.: 491<br />
del Río, J.C.: 1181<br />
Del Sorbo, G.: 1168<br />
Delaforge, M.: 874<br />
Delarea, J.: 1105<br />
Delaruelle, C.: 1008<br />
Delavy, D.: 1098<br />
Dell, B.: 615<br />
Deml, G.: 514<br />
den Bakker, H.C: 656<br />
Dennis, J.: 467<br />
DePriest, P.T.: 682, 824, 1062<br />
Descals, E.: 102<br />
Desjardin, D.E.: 99, 474, 679, 785<br />
Dethoup, T.: 542<br />
Deveci, T.: 1073<br />
Dhillion, S.S.: 237, 494, 929, 942<br />
Di Mario, F.: 562, 955, 1021<br />
di Menna, M.: 220<br />
Diaquin, M.: 31<br />
Díaz, G.: 498<br />
Diaz, M.: 257, 531<br />
Díaz-Godínez, G.: 1091, 1170<br />
Dickson, S.: 1092, 1130<br />
Didukh, M.: 915<br />
Didukh, M.Ya.: 657<br />
Dietrich, F.: 335<br />
Diez, J.: 956, 1008<br />
Dikshit, A.: 309, 871<br />
Dilip, A.: 891<br />
Dimou, D.M.: 557, 605<br />
Dobrowolski, M.P.: 338<br />
Dobson, A.: 868<br />
Dodd, J.C.: 1022<br />
Doi, S.: 918, 973<br />
Dombrink-Kurtzman, M.: 422<br />
Donatini, B.: 305<br />
Donnelly, D.P.: 431, 957<br />
Dornieden, Th.: 1108<br />
Dorph-Petersen, D.: 816<br />
Dott, W.: 662, 861, 907<br />
Douanla-Meli, C.: 492<br />
Douhan, G.W.: 958<br />
Dreisbach, T.A.: 232, 390, 586<br />
Dresler-Nurmi, A.: 1142<br />
Drint-Kuyvenhoven, A.: 1117<br />
Druzhinina, I.: 634, 1093<br />
Duckworth, J.C.: 234<br />
Dudzinski, M.J.: 464<br />
Due, M.J.: 1094<br />
Dueñas, M.: 691<br />
Dujon, B.: 334<br />
Duletic-Lausevic, S.: 363<br />
Duñabeitia, M.K.: 1023<br />
Duncan, J.M.: 207, 948<br />
Duncan, K.E.: 269<br />
Duplessis, S.: 125, 1135<br />
Dupré, C.: 1008<br />
Duran, A.: 30<br />
Dvorska, J.: 817<br />
Dyakov, Y.T.: 849<br />
Dyer, P.S.: 1095<br />
Easton, G.L.: 143<br />
Eberhardt, U.: 658<br />
Eberhart, J.L.: 141<br />
Egerton-Warburton, L.: 97, 1000<br />
Egger, K.N.: 964<br />
Eggleton, P.: 619<br />
Egli, S.: 133, 391, 493<br />
Ehlers, T.: 467<br />
Ehrig, F.: 1030<br />
Ehrman, J.: 994<br />
Eikenes, M.: 831<br />
Eilenberg, J.: 186, 1049<br />
Ekinci, M.S.: 550<br />
Ekman, S.: 356, 659<br />
378 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
El-Ghandour, I.: 1096<br />
Elad, Y.: 86, 991<br />
Elansky, S.N.: 892<br />
Elborne, S.A.: 47<br />
Elisashvili, V.I.: 202, 915<br />
Elix, J.A.: 695<br />
Ellis, C.J.: 318<br />
Eltem, R.: 803<br />
Elvebakk, A.: 1056<br />
Emalfarb, M.: 1195<br />
Erdogan, M.: 1073<br />
Eriksen, M.: 494<br />
Eriksson, O.E.: 405, 416<br />
Erland, S.: 315<br />
Ershad, -: 794<br />
Eskridge, K.M.: 1041<br />
Estrada-Torres, A.: 666<br />
Etayo, M.L.: 953<br />
Evans, S.E.: 234<br />
Eversmeyer, M.G.: 959<br />
Exeter, R.L.: 547<br />
Eyjolfsdottir, G.G.: 495<br />
Eyles, A.: 21, 818, 819<br />
Fabbri, A.A.: 308, 880<br />
Fackler, K.: 1136<br />
Falandysz, J.: 1075, 1080<br />
Falconer, R.E: 1057<br />
Falk, R.: 257<br />
Fanelli, C.: 308, 868, 880<br />
Farkas, E.: 660<br />
Farmer, M.J.: 496<br />
Farr, D.F.: 2, 242, 278<br />
Farron, G.: 1098<br />
Fatehi, J.: 859, 913, 960<br />
Fazli, A.: 1176<br />
Fedorenko, N.M.: 661<br />
Fehrmann, H.: 820<br />
Fekete, C.: 1066<br />
Fell, J.W.: 102, 256, 257, 471, 531<br />
Feng, G.: 496<br />
Fenton, J.G.: 1041<br />
Ferdman, Y.: 702<br />
Fernandes, M.J.S.: 482<br />
Fernandez, F.A.: 382<br />
Ferreira, P.: 199<br />
Ferrer, A.: 140, 497<br />
Feuerer, T.: 103<br />
Figliuolo, G.: 951<br />
Filipello Marchisio, V.: 872, 873<br />
Finlay, R.D.: 1005<br />
Fiorina, A.: 575<br />
Fischer, G.: 334<br />
Fischer, G.: 662, 861, 907<br />
Flåøyen, A.: 73, 808<br />
Fleet, C.: 1099<br />
Flegel, T.: 473, 474<br />
Fleming, L.V.: 234<br />
Flier, W.G.: 711<br />
Florack, D.E.A.: 166<br />
Flores, R.E.: 139, 498<br />
Florio, S.: 821<br />
Foley, A.J.: 961<br />
Fomina, M.: 328, 1100, 1101<br />
Føns, K.: 962<br />
Fonseca, A.: 254, 689, 757, 980<br />
Fontaine, T.: 29<br />
Foote, B.A.: 940
Forlani, G.: 565<br />
Forsby, A.: 842, 894<br />
Fossdal, C.G.: 822, 831<br />
Foures, A.: 874<br />
Fowler, T.J.: 193<br />
Franceschi, V.R.: 20<br />
Franco Molano, A.E.: 377, 470<br />
Franken, P.: 129<br />
Frankland, J.C.: 138<br />
Fraser, M.: 963<br />
Fredrickson, S.: 467<br />
Freimoser, F.M.: 185, 376, 1102<br />
Frey, B.: 263<br />
Frey, P.: 208<br />
Fricker, M.D.: 437<br />
Frieders, E.M.: 727<br />
Friman, E.: 1066<br />
Frisvad, J.C.: 67, 119, 719, 746, 868,<br />
1094<br />
Frödén, P.: 628<br />
Frøslev, T. G.: 663<br />
Fu, H.-M.: 717<br />
Fuchs, B.: 84<br />
Fujii, H.: 601, 1114<br />
Fujimura, K.E.: 180, 964<br />
Fujiyoshi, M.: 987<br />
Fukiharu, T.: 39<br />
Fukumasa-Nakai, Y.: 1145, 1190<br />
Fukushi, Y.: 839, 917<br />
Fungaro, M.H.P.: 640<br />
Gaal, Y.: 1096<br />
Gabriel, J.: 1070<br />
Gadanho, M.: 9, 664, 716<br />
Gadd, G.M.: 328, 1079, 1083, 1100,<br />
1101, 1115, 1123<br />
Gaffney, T.: 335<br />
Gafur, A.: 823, 1103<br />
Gaitan, A.: 722<br />
Galán, R.: 413, 647<br />
Galli, E.: 955<br />
Gallmetzer, M.: 1104<br />
Galtier, P.: 874<br />
Gams, W.: 101, 248, 349<br />
Gamundi, I.: 37<br />
Gannibal, Ph.B.: 499, 754<br />
Gao, X.D.: 34<br />
Garbelotto, M.M.: 205, 652<br />
García, D.: 665<br />
García-Pantaleón, F.: 480<br />
García-Sandoval, R.: 487, 666, 748<br />
Gargas, A.: 714, 735, 776, 824<br />
Garnica, S.: 403<br />
Gartland, J.S.: 217<br />
Garty, J.: 1105<br />
Gasparyan, A.V.: 304<br />
Gates, K.: 335<br />
Gauslaa, Y.: 262, 1180<br />
Gavric, O.: 1109<br />
Gavrilova, V.P.: 1106, 1131<br />
Gaya, E.: 667<br />
Gebhardt, S.: 500, 1060<br />
Geiser, D.M.: 160<br />
Gené, J.: 638<br />
Genre, A.: 443<br />
Gerhardson, B.: 859, 913, 960<br />
Gezahgne, A.: 825<br />
Ghignone, S.: 181<br />
Gianinazzi, S.: 129, 441, 496, 1107<br />
Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.: 129, 441,<br />
496, 1107<br />
Giasson, L.: 1144<br />
Gibas, C. F.: 668<br />
Gibertoni, T.B.: 501, 502, 503<br />
Gignac, M.: 919, 920<br />
Gijswit, G.: 471<br />
Gilbert, G.S.: 280<br />
Gill, W.: 826, 899<br />
Gioacchini, A.M.: 1148<br />
Giovannetti, M.: 442<br />
Girlanda, M.: 181, 226<br />
Girrbach, V.: 33<br />
Givnish, T.J.: 714<br />
Glass, N.L.: 196, 227<br />
Glew, K.A.: 504<br />
Gliech, M.: 271, 513<br />
Glina, I.: 1183<br />
Glockling, S.L.: 78, 251<br />
Goddard, M.R.: 367<br />
Goeker, M.: 274<br />
Gojkovic, Z.: 371<br />
Goktepe, G.: 302<br />
Goldberg, D.: 724<br />
Golldack, J.: 965<br />
Gollotte, A.: 441, 446, 1107<br />
Gómez, I.: 1158<br />
Gonçalves, P.: 567<br />
Gonthier, P.: 205<br />
González, D.: 748<br />
González, G.: 853<br />
Gonzalez, M.C.: 505<br />
González, V.: 647<br />
González-Gómez, R.: 942<br />
González-Jaén, M.T.: 732, 858<br />
Goodwin, S.B.: 620, 669<br />
Gorbushina, A.: 323, 1108<br />
Gorfer, M.: 1113<br />
Görke, C.: 134, 135, 468<br />
Gorovits, R.: 35<br />
Gorton, C.: 297<br />
Goto, H.: 1063<br />
Götz, M.: 182, 966<br />
Gough, K.: 1127<br />
Gouka, R.J.: 1139<br />
Gow, N.A.R.: 375, 386, 1152<br />
Goward, T.: 316<br />
Gräfenhan, T.: 271, 513<br />
Graham, S.W.: 26<br />
Grand, E.A.: 670<br />
Gravendeel, B.: 656<br />
Gravesen, S.: 218<br />
Gray, S.: 1140<br />
Grebenc, T.: 508<br />
Green, T.G.A.: 259<br />
Gregersen, R.: 521<br />
Greif, G.: 1118<br />
Greif, M.D.: 671<br />
Greslebin, A.G.: 41, 509, 967<br />
Grgurinovic, C.A.: 582<br />
Griffith, G.W.: 43, 118, 143, 145,<br />
322, 550, 1019, 1058, 1155<br />
Griffiths, A.: 1109<br />
Griffiths, H.: 1069<br />
Griffiths, R.: 322, 1058<br />
Griffiths, R.C.: 419<br />
Grishkan, I.: 968<br />
Grodzinskaya, A.A.: 307<br />
Grogan, P.: 223<br />
Grönberg, H.: 827<br />
Grossman, R.B.: 1077<br />
Grube, M.: 290, 320<br />
Gryta, H.: 27<br />
Gryzenhout, M.V.: 518, 672, 673<br />
Grzywnowicz, K.: 1110, 1111, 1183<br />
Guarro, J.: 638, 665<br />
Gucin, F.: 510<br />
Guevara, R.: 511<br />
Guglielminetti, M.: 512<br />
Guidot, A.: 24<br />
Guillen, F.: 199<br />
Guinko, S.: 828<br />
Guissou, K.M.L: 828<br />
Guldberg-Froslev, T.: 619<br />
Gulden, G.: 48<br />
Gulseren, I.: 1074<br />
Gulyamova, T.G.: 1128<br />
Gunawan, A.G.: 580<br />
Gunde-Cimerman, N.: 120, 303<br />
Gunn, L.V.: 1043<br />
Guo, L.-D.: 136<br />
Guo, L.: 674<br />
Guo, S.X.: 972<br />
Gure, A.: 829<br />
Guske, S.: 830<br />
Gutíerrez, A.: 1181<br />
Guyette, R.P.: 938<br />
Guzmán-Dávalos, L.: 675<br />
Ha, H.C.: 361<br />
Hagedorn, G.: 240, 247, 271, 513,<br />
514<br />
Haggblom, P.: 842, 894<br />
Hagn, A.: 969<br />
Haikara, A.: 868<br />
Hajslová, J.: 837<br />
Hall, B.D.: 400<br />
Hall, M.: 21<br />
Hallenberg, N.: 351, 736, 1045<br />
Halling, R.E.: 99, 354<br />
Halmschlager, E.: 463, 710<br />
Hamada, N.: 1112<br />
Hamari, Zs.: 529<br />
Hambleton, S.: 676, 677, 678<br />
Hammel, K.E.: 200<br />
Hampp, R.: 128, 1143<br />
Hanif, M.: 1113<br />
Hanlin, R.T.: 505<br />
Hansen, E.M.: 19, 652<br />
Hansen, K.: 295, 414<br />
Hansen, K.T.: 398<br />
Hansen, M.E.: 515<br />
Hansen, P.W.: 515, 516<br />
Hanson, Jr., R.W.: 727<br />
Hantula, J.: 970<br />
Hara, K.: 918, 1114<br />
Harding, S.: 1049<br />
Hardy, G.E.St.J.: 19, 338<br />
Hardy, G.P.M.A.: 341<br />
Harkness, J.: 690<br />
Harper, F.A.: 328, 1115<br />
Harrex, A.L.: 924<br />
Harrier, L.A.: 446, 1189<br />
Harrington, T.C.: 195, 300, 353<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 379
Harrison, K.: 21<br />
Harrison, K.J.: 298<br />
Hasbay Ifrij, I.: 1116<br />
Haselwandter, K.: 84, 307, 777<br />
Hashidoko, Y.: 917<br />
Hashimoto, T.: 169, 170<br />
Hatakka, A.: 95, 1142, 1184<br />
Hattori, H.: 1114<br />
Hattori, T.: 517, 745<br />
Haug, I.: 648<br />
Haugen, P.: 755<br />
Hawksworth, D.L.: 350<br />
Hayashi, E.: 1190<br />
Hazard, C.: 975<br />
Heath, R.N.: 518<br />
Hedayati, M.T.: 362<br />
Hedger, J.N.: 43<br />
Hedjaroude, Gh.A.: 620<br />
Hedlund, K.: 532<br />
Heerikhuisen, M.: 1117, 1195<br />
Heilmann-Clausen, J.: 433, 519, 971<br />
Heiskanen, J.: 1020<br />
Hellwig, V.: 249, 1118<br />
Hemmes, D.E.: 679<br />
Hendrickx, P.M.: 165<br />
Henk, D.A.: 680<br />
Henkel, T.W.: 379<br />
Hennebert, G.L.: 346<br />
Hernandez, J.R.: 681<br />
Herre, E.A.: 224, 321<br />
Herrera-Estrella, A.: 174, 1158<br />
Herrero, M.L.: 601<br />
Heyser, W.: 1082, 1155<br />
Hibbett, D.S.: 110, 209<br />
Hickey, P.C.: 264<br />
Hietala, A.: 831<br />
Hijri, I.: 520<br />
Hilal, A.A.: 905<br />
Hildebrandt, U.: 332<br />
Hillier, S.: 1083<br />
Himelbrant, D.E.: 616<br />
Hinojo, M.J.: 855<br />
Hiranpradit, S.: 767<br />
Hiremath, S.T.: 1160<br />
Hjortstam, K.: 99<br />
Hladun, N.: 667<br />
Ho, I.C.: 602<br />
Hobbie, E.A.: 93<br />
Hodge, K.T.: 5, 718<br />
Hoekstra, R.F.: 937<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fland, E.: 94<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fmann, M.: 1012<br />
H<strong>of</strong>fmann, N.: 682<br />
H<strong>of</strong>richter, M.: 95, 1184<br />
H<strong>of</strong>stetter, R.W.: 426, 427<br />
Holdenrieder, O.: 1012<br />
Holec, J.: 683<br />
Holland, B.: 924<br />
Holm, A.C.: 521<br />
Holma, A.: 985<br />
Holmer, L.: 432<br />
Holmes, S.: 868<br />
Holst-Jensen, A.: 161, 398, 684, 704,<br />
707, 832, 884<br />
Homolka, L.: 773<br />
Honda, Y.: 1119<br />
Honegger, R.: 260<br />
Hong, I.P.: 972<br />
Hong, S.B: 644<br />
Honrubia, M.: 139, 498<br />
Hope, R.: 833<br />
Horak, E.: 46, 52<br />
Horikoshi, T.: 987<br />
Horisawa, S.: 973<br />
Horiuchi, H.: 1121, 1187<br />
Horn, B.W.: 974<br />
Hornok, L.: 1151<br />
Horton, T.R.: 180, 223, 975<br />
Horwitz, B.: 174<br />
Hoshino, T.: 601, 1120<br />
Hou, C.-L.: 685<br />
Houbraken, J.A.M.P.: 719<br />
Howard, R.J.: 269<br />
Howden-Chapman, P.: 220<br />
Hsiao-Man, H.: 522<br />
Hsieh, H.-M.: 157<br />
Hsieh, W.H.: 686<br />
Hsu, H.S.: 602<br />
Hu, G.: 185, 376, 834, 1102<br />
Huang, D.J: 483<br />
Huang, K.S.: 835<br />
Hughes, H.B.: 1152<br />
Hughes, K.W.: 146, 352, 670, 726<br />
Hughes, M.: 104<br />
Huhndorf, S.M.: 1, 382<br />
Humbel, B.M.: 438<br />
Hunt, A.F.: 123<br />
Husband, R.: 224<br />
Hussain, S.: 948<br />
Hüttl, R.F.: 500, 1030, 1036, 1060<br />
Huynh, T.T.: 976<br />
Hyde, G.: 440<br />
Hyde, K.D.: 100<br />
Hymes, M.J.: 1161<br />
H_sek, J.: 812, 836, 837<br />
Hysek, J.: 901<br />
Hywel-Jones, N.L.: 79, 121, 183,<br />
473, 474, 475, 585, 589, 591, 599,<br />
713, 770, 1061, 1129<br />
Höftberger, M.: 1165<br />
Högberg, N.: 197<br />
Högnabba, F.: 286<br />
Høiland, K.: 398, 926, 943, 1039<br />
Iakovlev, A.: 432<br />
Ibrahim, L.: 977<br />
Ichinomiya, M.: 1121<br />
Ikeda, K.: 978, 1010<br />
Ikekawa, T.: 164<br />
Imamura, A.: 979<br />
Imamura, C.: 1119<br />
Imamura, K.: 1153<br />
Imbabi, I.: 1014<br />
Inaba, S.: 687<br />
Inacio, C.A.: 688<br />
Inácio, J.: 689, 980<br />
Inderbitzin, P.: 690<br />
Ineichen, K.: 520<br />
Iniesta, E.P.: 691<br />
Ipulet, P.: 981, 982<br />
Iranpour, M.: 629<br />
Irbe, I.: 1122<br />
Irianto, R.S.B.: 806<br />
Ishimoto, H.: 839<br />
Isikhuemhen, O.S.: 302<br />
380 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Ito, R.: 973<br />
Iturriaga, T.: 60, 99, 378, 479<br />
Iwamoto, S.: 596, 983<br />
Iwasaki, Y.: 1068<br />
Jackson, J.A.: 548<br />
Jackson, S.: 729<br />
Jacob, C.: 329<br />
Jacobs, A.: 692<br />
Jacobs, H.: 328, 1079, 1123<br />
Jacobs, K.: 298, 693, 694, 706<br />
Jacobson, D.J.: 196<br />
Jacobsson, S.: 144<br />
Jacques-Hernandez, C.: 848<br />
Jakobsen, I.: 92, 1130<br />
Jalink, L.M.: 523<br />
James, T.Y.: 28, 357<br />
Jansson, H.-B.: 250<br />
Jansson, J.K.: 115<br />
Jargeat, P.: 443<br />
Jariangprasert, S.: 695<br />
Jaroenthai, K.: 524<br />
Jeamjitt, O.: 525<br />
Jeffries, P.: 881, 903<br />
Jejelowo, O.A.: 802, 840<br />
Jenkinson, P.: 977<br />
Jensen, A.B.: 186<br />
Jensen, B.: 189<br />
Jeong, W.: 696<br />
Jernejc, K.: 1124, 1125<br />
Jervis, M.: 908<br />
Jestoi, M.: 880<br />
Jetten, M.S.M.: 1200<br />
Ji, L.: 841<br />
Jiang, Z.D.: 841<br />
Jimenez, C.: 30<br />
Jiménez, M.: 853, 855<br />
Jiménez-González, C.: 942<br />
Job, D.: 536, 1098<br />
Johannesson, H.: 24<br />
Johansson, J.F.: 984<br />
Johansson, S.: 568, 697<br />
Johansson, T.: 131, 337, 1066, 1137<br />
Johnson, J.E.: 236, 548<br />
Johnson, T.W.: 698<br />
Johnston, P.R.: 37<br />
Jokela, S.: 1126<br />
Jokinen, H.: 985<br />
Jones, A.W.: 143<br />
Jones, E.B.G.: 57, 585, 592, 713,<br />
747, 1053<br />
Jones, R.H.: 699<br />
Jonglaekha, N.: 388<br />
Jonsson, A.: 868<br />
Jonsson, E.: 842, 894<br />
Jonsson, N.: 868<br />
Joosten, V.: 1139<br />
Jordaan, A.: 600<br />
Jordal, J.B.: 142<br />
Jovel, E.: 1109<br />
Ju, Y.-M.: 157<br />
Juhász, Á.: 529<br />
Jukucs, E.: 700<br />
Juliano, S.A.: 929<br />
Jumpponen, A.: 177<br />
Jung, H.: 696, 1074, 1188<br />
Jüriado, I.: 526<br />
Jurkiewicz, A.: 1159
Juuti, J.T.: 701, 1126<br />
Kabrick, J.M.: 938<br />
Kachlishvili, E.: 202<br />
Kagan Zur, V.: 702, 1048<br />
Kainz, C.: 273<br />
Kaiser, W.J.: 749<br />
Kakishima, M.: 645, 983<br />
Kakuta, H.: 928<br />
Kaldenh<strong>of</strong>f, R.: 1143<br />
Källersjö, M.: 285<br />
Kalyanasundaram, I.: 906<br />
Kaminskyj, S.: 1127<br />
Kanda, H.: 601<br />
Kaneko, S.: 725, 1063<br />
Kanematsu, S.: 195<br />
Kano, S.: 1068<br />
Karadzic, B.: 1004<br />
Karaffa, L.: 343<br />
Karg, V.: 1093<br />
Karlshøj, K.: 1094<br />
Karlsson, M.: 18, 843<br />
Kärnefelt, I.: 703<br />
Kashiwagi, Y.: 847, 1186<br />
Kasza, Zs.: 1194<br />
Katan, T.: 991<br />
Kauff, F.: 287<br />
Kauhanen, M.: 970<br />
Kauserud, H.: 23, 704<br />
Kautman, J.: 528<br />
Kautmanova, I.: 527, 528<br />
Kawagishi, N.: 844<br />
Kawakami, S.: 169, 170<br />
Keblys, M.: 808<br />
Keller, C.: 705<br />
Keller, J.: 493<br />
Keller, N.P.: 312<br />
Kennedy, N.: 986<br />
Kerbalaeva, A.M.: 1128<br />
Kerényi, Z.: 1151<br />
Kersten, P.J.: 1196<br />
Kevei, F.: 529<br />
Kezman, M.: 363<br />
Khaksar, A.A.: 807<br />
Khardziani, T.: 202<br />
Kharwar, R.N.: 763<br />
Kidd, S.: 729<br />
Kiesling, T.: 531<br />
Kim, B.R: 793<br />
Kim, H.J.: 361<br />
Kim, J.-J.: 778<br />
Kim, S.Y.: 361<br />
Kinugasa, S.: 987<br />
Kiriaki, M.: 1120<br />
Kirisits, T.: 296, 298, 301, 463, 646,<br />
693, 694, 706, 709, 710, 1003<br />
Kirk, P.M.: 241, 345, 350<br />
Kirshner, B.: 86<br />
Kiss, L.: 434, 845, 903<br />
Kjøller, R.: 962, 988, 989<br />
Kladwang, W.: 1129<br />
Klamer, M.: 532<br />
Klassen, G.R.: 654<br />
Kleber, R.: 128<br />
Klemsdal, S.S.: 601, 790, 884<br />
Kleppe, K.: 1174<br />
Klepzig, K.D.: 426, 427<br />
Kleymann, G.: 1118<br />
Knecht, W.: 371<br />
Knight, K.B.: 768<br />
Knudsen, H.: 47<br />
Knudsen, L.M.: 1130<br />
Knutsen, A.K.: 161, 707, 832<br />
Kobayashi, H.: 708<br />
Koepke, L.: 504<br />
Kohler, A.: 125<br />
Kohlmeyer, J.: 102<br />
Kohn, L.M.: 369<br />
Kokaew, J.: 542<br />
Kolarík, M.: 533<br />
Kolesnik, I.: 86<br />
Kõljalg, U.: 96, 212, 214, 215, 737,<br />
1045<br />
Komine, M.: 918, 1114<br />
Kondo, R.: 721, 990<br />
Kondratyuk, S.Ya.: 661, 703, 705<br />
Kong, R.Y.C.: 713, 747<br />
Konrad, H.: 706, 709, 710<br />
Konstantinova, P.: 790<br />
Korf, R.P.: 58<br />
Korhonen, K.: 650<br />
Korolev, N.: 86, 991<br />
Koroleva, O.V.: 1106, 1131<br />
Korona, R.: 368<br />
Kosiak, B.: 161, 712<br />
Koster, B.: 438<br />
Kotter, S.: 1036<br />
Koukol, O.: 992<br />
Kovács, G.: 700<br />
Kovalenko, A.E.: 146, 239<br />
Kozlova-Zwinderman, O.: 266, 1072<br />
Kraigher, H.: 508<br />
Kramadibrata, K.: 580<br />
Kramer, C.L.: 959<br />
Kranabetter, M.: 467<br />
Krastina, I.: 993<br />
Krauss, G.-J.: 1132<br />
Krauss, G.: 994, 1132<br />
Krettek, R.: 995<br />
Krisai-Greilhuber, I.: 133, 777<br />
Kristensen, R.: 161<br />
Kroken, S.: 227<br />
Kroon, L.P.N.M.: 711<br />
Kruse, P.: 909<br />
Kubátová, A.: 996<br />
Kubicek, C.P.: 175, 343, 634, 790,<br />
884<br />
Kubota, R.: 1080<br />
Kudratov, I.: 535<br />
Kuehn, K.A.: 961<br />
Kües, U.: 75, 1012<br />
Küffer, N.: 536<br />
Kuijpers, A.F.A: 719<br />
Kullman, B.: 1133<br />
Kullnig-Gradinger, C.M.: 634, 790,<br />
884<br />
Kumar, J.V.: 302<br />
Kumar, R.: 1134<br />
Kunin, P.: 1105<br />
Kunito, T.: 1080<br />
Künzler, M.: 75<br />
Kure, C.F.: 846<br />
Kurtzman, C.P.: 253, 409, 471<br />
Kusumoto, K.: 847<br />
Kutil, B.L.: 311<br />
Kuwahara, M.: 1119<br />
Kuyper, T.W.: 94, 222, 365, 402,<br />
569, 648, 656<br />
Kuznetsov, S.A.: 892<br />
Kvaalen, H.: 831<br />
Kwan, Y.C.: 922<br />
Kwasna, H.: 712<br />
Kwon-Chung, K.J.: 257<br />
Kwong, T.F.N.: 713<br />
Kyllo, D.A.: 321<br />
LaCamera, S.: 129<br />
Lachance, M.A.: 255<br />
Lacourt, I.: 1135<br />
Lafontaine, I.: 334<br />
Laganà, A.: 456, 997<br />
Lamaipis, P.: 1136<br />
Lammers, P.: 127<br />
Landesman, E.O.: 1106<br />
Landeweert, R.: 94, 222, 569<br />
Landis, F.C.: 714<br />
Landvik, S.: 191, 515<br />
Lanfranco, L.: 126<br />
Lange, L.: 122, 406, 1129<br />
Lange, O.L.: 259<br />
Lange, T.: 182, 1024<br />
Langer, E.: 211, 492, 995<br />
Langkjaer, R.B.: 371<br />
Lanter, K.: 1087<br />
Lanzuise, S.: 171, 372, 1168<br />
Lapeyrie, F.: 1162<br />
Lapsker, Z.: 86<br />
Larralde-Corona, C.P.: 848<br />
Larsen, H.J.S.: 808<br />
Larsen, R.S.: 537<br />
Larsson, E.: 144, 212, 213, 215, 737<br />
Larsson, K.-H.: 99, 212, 213, 394,<br />
737<br />
Larsson, K.-J.: 569<br />
Læssøe, T.: 153, 244, 415, 663<br />
Latgé, J.P.: 29, 31<br />
Latouche, G.N.: 729<br />
Laubach, H.: 963, 1052<br />
Lavín, P.: 152<br />
Lavrova, O.I.: 849<br />
Lawrie, A.C.: 941, 947, 976<br />
Lazera, M.: 257<br />
Le Blaye, I.: 305<br />
Le Floch, G.: 90, 850<br />
Le Quéré, A.: 131, 1137<br />
Leacock, P.: 99<br />
Leake, J.R.: 957<br />
Leal Lara, H.: 814, 877, 912<br />
Learmonth, B.A.: 1089<br />
Lebedeva, E.: 1016, 1017<br />
Lebel, T.: 40, 774<br />
Lebrón, L.: 998<br />
Lee, C.-Z.: 923<br />
Lee, F.-L.: 717<br />
Lee, G.C.: 944<br />
Lee, H.S.: 922<br />
Lee, J.: 696<br />
Lee, J.S.: 361, 922<br />
Lee, M.W.: 972<br />
Lee, N.J.: 922<br />
Lee, S.: 100<br />
Lee, T.S.: 972<br />
Lees, A.K.: 948<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 381
Legisa, M.: 1072, 1125<br />
Leifert, C.: 809<br />
Lentzsch, P.: 965, 1030, 1044<br />
Leonowicz, A.: 1146, 1183<br />
Lerch, A.: 335<br />
Leroy, P.: 329<br />
Lesage, G.: 32<br />
Leski, T.: 999, 1029<br />
Leslie, J.F.: 797<br />
Leuchtmann, A.: 715<br />
Lévesque, C.A.: 654<br />
Li, H.: 32<br />
Li, K.: 1074, 1188<br />
Li, X.: 496<br />
Li, Y.: 702<br />
Libkind, D.: 716<br />
Lichtwardt, R.: 147<br />
Lihra, T.: 919<br />
Likhitekaraj, S.: 851<br />
Lilleskov, E.A.: 223<br />
Lim, Y.: 696<br />
Lima, D.M.M.: 482<br />
Lin, Y.S.: 835<br />
Lind, M.: 18, 197, 1138<br />
Lindahl, A.: 1000<br />
Lindahl, B.D.: 317, 436, 569<br />
Lindberg, A.: 960<br />
Lindblad, I.: 538<br />
Linde, C.C.: 370<br />
Lingua, G.: 873<br />
Linovitska, V.M.: 637<br />
Lins, C.E.L.: 539<br />
Liou, G.-Y.: 717, 923<br />
Liu, C.C: 483<br />
Liu, M.: 718<br />
Liu, Y. J.: 400<br />
Liu, Yi: 75<br />
Lizon, P.: 564, 621<br />
Llorens, A.: 853<br />
Lobanov, A.L.: 239<br />
LoBuglio, K.F.: 246, 295<br />
Lodge, D.J.: 99, 145, 146, 998<br />
Logrieco, A.: 858<br />
Lokman, B.C.: 1139<br />
Lommel, M.: 33<br />
Loos, S.: 75<br />
Lopez Quintero, C.A.: 377, 470<br />
Lopez-Llorca, L.V.: 250<br />
Lorenzi, E.: 565<br />
Lorito, M.: 115, 171, 372, 1168<br />
Lotfi, A.: 1176<br />
Lottmann, J.: 966<br />
Lu, P.L.: 540<br />
Lu, Z.X.: 115<br />
Luangsa-ard, J.J.: 121<br />
Lücking, R.: 284<br />
Luecking, R.: 320<br />
Luis, P.: 91, 1008<br />
Lumbsch, H.T.: 288, 411, 1059<br />
Lumyong, P.: 615<br />
Lumyong, S.: 100, 615<br />
Lund, F.: 719<br />
Lunder, C.: 221<br />
Luoma, D.L.: 141<br />
Luppi, A.M.: 181<br />
Luszczyñski, J.: 541<br />
Lutz, M.: 720<br />
Lutzoni, F.: 107, 287, 326, 667, 730,<br />
755<br />
Lygis, V.: 1001<br />
Lökös, L.: 660<br />
Løvseth, A.: 832<br />
Mach, R.L.: 175, 790, 884<br />
Machado, C.: 883<br />
Maddani, M.: 887<br />
Mäder, P.: 520<br />
Maeda, T.: 928<br />
Maekawa, N.: 721, 736<br />
Magan, N.: 813, 833, 868, 878, 879,<br />
927, 1140, 1150<br />
Magyar, D.: 845<br />
Mahajna, J.: 921<br />
Mahmood, S.: 315<br />
Mahoney, D.P.: 38<br />
Maia, L.C.: 539, 1141, 1179<br />
Maier, W.: 10<br />
Maijala, P.: 1142<br />
Makselan, S.D.: 1087<br />
Man in't Veld, W.A.: 207<br />
Manjon, J.L.: 956<br />
Mannanov, R.N.: 852<br />
Mannini, M.: 457<br />
Manoch, L.: 121, 388, 460, 477, 524,<br />
525, 542<br />
Mariano, R.L.R.: 1179<br />
Marin, M.: 301, 722, 1003<br />
Marino, R.: 951<br />
Marjanovic, Z.: 1004, 1143<br />
Markov, G.: 1016<br />
Marquéz-Guzmán, J.: 762<br />
Marshall, C.: 220<br />
Martellos, S.: 512<br />
Martin, F.: 91, 125, 1008, 1135<br />
Martín, M.P.: 651, 723, 752<br />
Martineau, P.: 1144<br />
Martínez, A.T.: 199, 590, 1181<br />
Martínez, M.J.: 199, 590, 1181<br />
Martino, E.: 330<br />
Marvanová, L.: 102, 639<br />
Masaphy, S.: 724<br />
Massicotte, H.B.: 543<br />
Masuya, H.: 725, 1063<br />
Mata, J.L.: 726<br />
Mateo, R.: 853, 855<br />
Matheny, P. B.: 400<br />
Matsuda, Y.: 854, 864, 910<br />
Matsumoto, N.: 978, 1010<br />
Matsumoto, T.: 1145, 1190<br />
Mattey, M.: 342<br />
Mattsson, J.: 216, 221<br />
Matuszewska, A.: 1146, 1156<br />
Maximilian, R.C.: 1147<br />
May, G.: 192<br />
May, T.W.: 36, 44, 99, 233, 699, 774<br />
Mayer-Bartschmid, A.: 1118<br />
McCreadie, J.W.: 150<br />
McDonald, B.A.: 370, 632<br />
McDonald, J.: 70<br />
McDougall, K.D.: 900<br />
McKenzie, E.H.C.: 42, 100<br />
McLaughlin, D.J.: 727, 931<br />
McLean, C.B.: 179, 774, 941, 947,<br />
949, 976<br />
McMillan, L.: 1204<br />
382 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
McNew, D.L.: 195<br />
McPherson, M.A.: 26<br />
Medina, A.: 853, 855<br />
Mejía, L.C.: 321<br />
Melville, L.H.: 543<br />
Menard, P.: 32<br />
Mendoza-Mendoza, A.: 174, 1158<br />
Menkis, A.: 1005<br />
Mennicken, M.: 468, 728<br />
Menotta, M.: 1148<br />
Mensonides, F.I.C.: 341<br />
Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J.: 1159<br />
Messias, A.S.: 539<br />
Messner, K.: 201, 1136<br />
Methvin, B.R.: 1042<br />
Meyer, W.: 257, 729<br />
Miadlikowska, J.: 730<br />
Micales, J.A.: 631<br />
Mihail, J.D.: 938, 1006<br />
Mihlan, M.: 85<br />
Mikhailova, I.: 705<br />
Miller Jr., O.K.: 51, 52<br />
Miller, A.N.: 1, 675<br />
Miller, C.L.: 504<br />
Miller, J.D.: 313<br />
Mills, D.: 1048<br />
Min, B.R.: 731<br />
Minato, K.: 169, 170<br />
Minibayeva, F.V.: 1071<br />
Minter, D.W.: 239, 378, 688<br />
Mirete, S.: 732<br />
Mishra, J.: 896<br />
Miskiewicz, A.: 544<br />
Misra, J.K.: 856<br />
Mitchell, D.: 467<br />
Mitchell, J.I.: 1065, 1149<br />
Mitchell, T.G.: 875<br />
Mitton, M.F.: 193<br />
Miyagawa, H.: 1112<br />
Miyazaki, A.: 1153<br />
Mizuno, M.: 169, 170<br />
Moeller, K.: 371<br />
Mogongwa, N.: 1085<br />
Mohammed, C.: 21, 612, 818, 819,<br />
826, 899<br />
Mohammed, C.L.: 805, 806<br />
Mokiou, S.: 1150<br />
Molina, R.: 232, 390, 586<br />
Momany, M.: 1178<br />
Moncalvo, J.-M.: 28, 145, 146, 210,<br />
236, 357, 397, 548<br />
Money, N.P.: 76, 265, 1087<br />
Montanini, B.: 132<br />
Montemartini, A.: 857<br />
Montijn, R.C.: 438<br />
Moon, C.D.: 203, 311, 325, 1182<br />
Moora, M.: 96<br />
Moore, D.: 387, 1170<br />
Moosavi, M.: 886<br />
Morales, O.: 139<br />
Morales-Torres, E.: 487<br />
Moran, M.A.: 939<br />
Morelle, W.: 31<br />
Moreno, G.: 956<br />
Moreta, J.I.L.: 939<br />
Moretti, A.: 858, 1151<br />
Morinaga, T.: 359, 1068
Morocko, I.: 859<br />
Moser, J.C.: 426, 427<br />
Moser, M.: 45, 46, 397, 401<br />
Moss, S.T.: 151<br />
Mossebo, D.C.: 733<br />
Mota, S.: 567<br />
Mouchacca, J.: 188<br />
Mouyna, I.: 29<br />
Mueller, G.M.: 98, 99, 105, 623, 675<br />
Mueller, M.: 860<br />
Mujim, S.: 823<br />
Mukagasana, R.: 72<br />
Mulè, G.: 858, 1151<br />
Muller, L.A.H.: 1007<br />
Müller, T.: 861, 907<br />
Müller, W.H.: 438<br />
Mullins, J.T.: 1177<br />
Munch, J.-C.: 82<br />
Munkasci, A.: 192<br />
Munro, C.A.: 1152<br />
Münzenberger, B.: 965, 1030, 1036<br />
Murat, C.: 1008<br />
Murayama, T.: 1153<br />
Mutch, P.: 446<br />
Muthumary, J.: 576<br />
Myburg, H.: 672, 673<br />
Myhre, E.: 61<br />
Nagy, Á.: 1154<br />
Nagy, N.E.: 822<br />
Nakabonge, G.: 1009, 1027<br />
Nakagiri, A.: 55<br />
Nakamura, H.: 978, 1010<br />
Nakasone, K.K.: 145<br />
Narayan, S.: 763<br />
Nash III, T.H.: 734<br />
Näsholm, T.: 1086<br />
Nasmetova, S.M.: 1128<br />
Nauta, M.M.: 523, 738<br />
Navarro-Gonzalez, M.: 1012<br />
Navarro-Rosinés, P.: 667<br />
Nazim, M.: 1013, 1014<br />
Neda, H.: 546<br />
Neely, R.K.: 961<br />
Nehls, U.: 128, 1143<br />
Neiva, R.: 567<br />
Nelsen, M.P.: 735<br />
Nenninger, A.: 43, 1155<br />
Nerud, F.: 773<br />
Neuner-Plattner, I.: 777<br />
Neves, S.P.B.: 566, 567<br />
Nevo, E.: 968<br />
Newcombe, G.: 208<br />
Newell, S.Y.: 939<br />
Ng, M.-L.: 168<br />
Nicholson, J.N.: 43<br />
Nicklin, J.L.: 282<br />
Nicolaisen, M.: 792<br />
Nicolotti, G.: 205<br />
Nielsen, C.: 186, 1049<br />
Nielsen, J.: 340<br />
Nielsen, K.: 792<br />
Nielsen, K.F.: 219, 515<br />
Nielsen, P.V.: 816, 863, 1090<br />
Nielsen, R.: 420<br />
Niemelä, P.: 970<br />
Niemelä, T.: 650<br />
Niessen, L.: 884, 885<br />
Nilsson, L.-O.: 315<br />
Nilsson, R.H.: 351, 736, 737<br />
Nirenberg, H.I.: 764, 775, 791, 884,<br />
966<br />
Nocentini, G.: 457<br />
Nolan, C.A.: 72<br />
Nonomura, T.: 854, 864, 910<br />
Noordeloos, M.E.: 626, 656, 738<br />
Nordén, B.: 395, 736<br />
Norvell, L.L.: 547<br />
Novotn, D.: 996, 1015<br />
Novozhilov, Yu.K.: 239<br />
Nowak, G.: 1146, 1156<br />
Nowak, M.: 1156<br />
Nugaeva, N.: 1016, 1017<br />
Nugent, L.K.: 739, 865<br />
Nuytinck, J.: 740, 741<br />
Nyberg, Å.: 742, 1018<br />
Nyborg, M.S.C.: 1157<br />
O'Brien, H.E.: 548<br />
O'Brien, O.M.: 603, 866<br />
O'Brien, P.A.: 338<br />
O'Dell, T.: 232, 390<br />
O'Donnell, K.: 162, 293, 764<br />
Oberwinkler, F.: 7, 13, 14, 135, 274,<br />
403, 468, 685, 728, 756<br />
Oehl, F.: 520<br />
Oertel, B.: 403<br />
Oftedal, T.: 684<br />
Ogawa, Y.: 983<br />
Ogel, Z.B.: 1116, 1203<br />
Ohenoja, E.: 49<br />
Ohki, S.T.: 601<br />
Ohkohchi, N.: 844<br />
Ohta, A.: 1121, 1187<br />
Ohtaka, N.: 1063<br />
Okada, G.: 743<br />
Okoth, S.A.: 867<br />
Old, K.M.: 464<br />
Oliver, A.-M.B.: 404, 744<br />
Oliver, S.G.: 252<br />
Olmedo-Monfil, V.: 174, 1158<br />
Olsen, M.: 868<br />
Olson, Å.: 18, 197, 843, 1138<br />
Olsson, C.: 1142<br />
Olsson, S.: 435<br />
Onguene, N.A.: 365<br />
Oosawa, K.: 928<br />
Op den Camp, H.J.M.: 1200<br />
Öpik, M.: 96<br />
Orlovich, D.A.: 404, 744<br />
Orlowska, E.: 1159<br />
Oros-Sichler, M.: 182, 1024<br />
Osmundson, T.W.: 549<br />
Osswald, W.: 19<br />
Ostle, N.: 143<br />
Ota, Y.: 745<br />
Otrosina, W.: 205<br />
Ott, S.: 1088, 1173<br />
Otto, P.: 283<br />
Ottonello, S.: 132, 292<br />
Ouellet, T.: 1085<br />
Outerbridge, R.: 467<br />
Ouvanich, W.: 851, 869<br />
Ouziad, F.: 332<br />
Overy, D.P.: 746<br />
Ozkose, E.: 118, 550, 1019<br />
Paavanen-Huhtala, S.: 791<br />
Padgett, D.E.: 102, 698, 875<br />
Padmanaban, A.: 551<br />
Page, O.M.: 759<br />
Pagel, M.: 106, 107<br />
Pajunen, E.: 868<br />
Paksiri, U.: 845<br />
Palfreyman, J.W.: 217<br />
Palm Hernandez, M.E.: 681<br />
Palm, M.E.: 345<br />
Palmqvist, K.: 1086<br />
Panaccione, D.G.: 883<br />
Pang, K.L.: 747<br />
Paoletti, M.: 206<br />
Paolocci, F.: 292<br />
Papouskova, L.: 901<br />
Pardo, A.G.: 1113<br />
Pareek, M.: 439<br />
Park, H.S.: 486<br />
Park, K.B.: 361<br />
Parmasto, E.: 215, 392<br />
Parrent, J.L.: 548<br />
Pascale, M.: 423<br />
Pasini, C.: 870<br />
Passavante, Z.: 482<br />
Patel, N.: 187<br />
Patiño, B.: 732<br />
Patiño-Conde, V.: 748<br />
Patra, M.: 309, 871<br />
Paul, B.: 1162<br />
Paulin, L.: 827, 1126<br />
Paulin-Mahady, A.E.: 300<br />
Paulus, B.: 100<br />
Pavlik, M.: 552, 804<br />
Pawlowska, T.E.: 225<br />
Peever, T.L.: 749<br />
Peintner, U.: 46, 397<br />
Pekcan, O.: 1073<br />
Peláez, F.: 647<br />
Pennanen, T.: 1020<br />
Penzina, T.A.: 553<br />
Percudani, R.: 292<br />
Perdomo, O.P.: 554<br />
Perez-Boada, M.: 199<br />
Pérez-Ramírez, L.: 487<br />
Perini, C.: 235, 456, 457, 571<br />
Perotto, S.: 226, 330<br />
Perry, B.: 294<br />
Persoh, D.: 289, 555, 734<br />
Persson, I.-L.: 1018<br />
Persson, J.: 1086<br />
Persson, S.-J.: 868<br />
Pesti, M.: 1154<br />
Peterbauer, C.K.: 175<br />
Petersen, J.H.: 244<br />
Petersen, R.H.: 146, 352, 670, 726<br />
Peterson, K.R.: 750<br />
Peterson, M.: 467<br />
Peterson, R.L.: 83, 178, 543<br />
Peterson, S.: 68<br />
Petrini, L.: 156<br />
Petzold, A.: 1174<br />
Pfeffer, P.E.: 127, 270<br />
Pfister, D.H.: 59, 246, 291, 479, 750<br />
Phan Van, T.: 804<br />
Philippsen, P.: 335<br />
Phillips, A.J.L.: 751<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 383
Phosri, C.: 752<br />
Piacenti, D.: 115, 171, 372<br />
Picco, A.M.: 565<br />
Piepenbring, M.: 12, 272, 383, 685<br />
Piercey, M.M.: 26<br />
Pimentel, I.C.: 556<br />
Pintado, A.: 261<br />
Piontek, K.: 199<br />
Piskur, J.: 336, 371<br />
Pitt, J.I.: 65, 117, 230<br />
Plaingam, N.: 1053<br />
Platas, G.: 647<br />
Plemenitas, A.: 120, 303<br />
Podila, G.K.: 1160, 1161<br />
Poeggeler, S.: 228<br />
Pohleven, F.: 1136<br />
Polacheck, I.: 257<br />
Polemis, E.: 557, 605<br />
Polle, A.: 1103<br />
Pons, N.: 753<br />
Portales, J.M.: 389<br />
Porter, D.: 102<br />
Potacharoen, W.: 558<br />
Poteri, M.: 902<br />
Potila, H.M.: 985<br />
Prakash, A.: 1191, 1192<br />
Prásil, K.: 996<br />
Preisig, O.: 301, 722, 1003<br />
Prigione, V.: 872, 873<br />
Printzen, C.: 356<br />
Pritsch, K.: 82, 969<br />
Przybylowicz, W.: 1159<br />
Psurtseva, N.V.: 559, 754<br />
Puel, O.: 874<br />
Punt, P.J.: 1117, 1195<br />
Purvis, O.W.: 649<br />
Pystina, T.: 705<br />
Querejeta, J.I.: 97<br />
Quick, M.G.: 875<br />
Raja, H.: 102<br />
Rajchenberg, M.: 41, 99<br />
Rakhimova, E.: 876<br />
Rakshit, A.: 560<br />
Ramaswamy, A.: 312<br />
Rambold, G.: 410, 734<br />
Ramirez Carrillo, R.: 814, 877<br />
Ramirez, M.L: 878, 879<br />
Ramot, O.: 172<br />
Ramotshodi, G.: 692<br />
Rana, G.L.: 951<br />
Randlane, T.: 561, 760<br />
Rapanà, P.: 562, 955, 1021<br />
Raper, C.A.: 193<br />
Rasaee, M.: 886<br />
Raudaskoski, M.: 1113<br />
Rawal, R.D.: 895<br />
Ray, P.: 1162<br />
Razzaghi abyaneh, M.: 886, 1163,<br />
1164, 1176<br />
Read, N.D.: 196, 264, 266, 1072<br />
Reader, R.J.: 83<br />
Reblova, M.: 344<br />
Reddy, C.A.: 198<br />
Reddy, U.G.: 1162, 1191, 1192<br />
Redecker, D.: 231, 520<br />
Redhead, S.A.: 99, 210, 347, 352<br />
Reeb, V.: 107, 755<br />
Rees, B.J.: 404<br />
Rees, E.I.: 193<br />
Reeser, P.: 652<br />
Reich, P.: 931<br />
Reilla, M.: 1152<br />
Reiter, R.: 1165<br />
Renker, C.: 82<br />
Requena, N.: 444<br />
Rerkasem, B.: 615<br />
Resendez-Perez, D.: 848<br />
Reverberi, M.: 308<br />
Rexer, K.-H.: 14<br />
Rey, P.: 90, 850<br />
Reynolds, D.R.: 280, 283<br />
Rice, A.V.: 81<br />
Ricelli, A.: 308, 880<br />
Ridgway, H.J.: 563<br />
Riethmueller, A.: 274<br />
Rikkinen, J.: 281, 324<br />
Rinaldi, A.C.: 648, 741<br />
Rinaudo, V.: 442<br />
Rincón, A.M.: 173<br />
Ripková, S.: 564<br />
Ritschel, A.: 636, 756<br />
Ritz, K.: 1079, 1101, 1123<br />
Rizzo, A.: 868, 880<br />
Rizzo, A.M.: 151<br />
Rizzo, D.M.: 652, 958<br />
Roberson, R.W.: 268<br />
Robert, V.: 471<br />
Roberts, I.: 471<br />
Roberts, P.J.: 15, 574<br />
Roberts, R.G.: 71<br />
Roberts, S.K.: 1166<br />
Robinson, C.H.: 138<br />
Rodino, D.: 565<br />
Rodolfi, M.: 565<br />
Rodrigues, A.P.: 566, 567, 935<br />
Rodrigues, M.G.: 254, 757<br />
Rodríguez Hernández, M.: 238, 279<br />
Rodriguez, A.: 1022<br />
Rodriguez, N.: 1023<br />
Rodríguez, R.: 998<br />
Rodtong, S.: 388, 1171<br />
Rogers, H.: 936<br />
Rogers, J.D.: 152, 157<br />
Rogerson, A.: 963, 1052<br />
Rojas, E.: 321<br />
Rolen, T.: 758<br />
Romero, I.: 511<br />
Romero, J.: 1181<br />
Roncal, T.: 1193<br />
Roncero, C.: 30<br />
Rong, I.H.: 603, 759, 866, 1026<br />
Rong, R.P.: 759<br />
Rosendahl, S.: 619, 663, 764, 1025,<br />
1037, 1157, 1167<br />
Rosique, J.E.: 491<br />
Rosling, A.: 569<br />
Rossman, A.Y.: 2<br />
Rosu, A.: 1147<br />
Roth-Bejerano, N.: 702, 1048<br />
Rouland, C.: 619<br />
Roux, C.: 603, 1026<br />
Roux, J.: 464, 518, 825, 933, 1009,<br />
1027<br />
Rozkowicz, A.: 565<br />
384 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Rubini, A.: 292, 1021<br />
Rubio, V.: 647<br />
Ruchikachorn, N.: 1028<br />
Rudawska, M.L.: 999, 1029<br />
Ruetters, H.: 1108<br />
Ruffini, A.: 716<br />
Ruiz-Boyer, A.: 380<br />
Ruiz-Dueñas, F.J.: 199<br />
Ruksawong, P.: 473, 474<br />
Rullkoetter, J.: 1108<br />
Rumberger, M.: 1030<br />
Rummo, S.: 215<br />
Rundberget, T.: 73<br />
Ruocco, M.: 115, 171, 372, 1168<br />
Rupricht-Robert, G.: 75<br />
Russell, J.C.: 881, 903<br />
Ruzieva, D.M.: 1128<br />
Ryan, M.J.: 609<br />
Ryvarden, L.: 99, 277, 394, 476, 554,<br />
758<br />
Røberg, K.: 398<br />
Römmert, A.-K.: 182, 1024<br />
Rønhede, S.: 568, 1167<br />
Saag, A.: 561, 760<br />
Saag, L.: 570<br />
Sáez, J.M.: 853, 855<br />
Said, S.: 1197<br />
Saikkonen, K.: 319<br />
Saito, M.: 445<br />
Saitta, A.: 605<br />
Sakai, K.: 721<br />
Sakamoto, Y.: 1169<br />
Sakaue, D.: 916<br />
Sakayaroj, J.: 56<br />
Saksirirat, W.: 1061<br />
Sakuma, Y.: 973<br />
Salcedo, I.: 1023<br />
Saleem, A.R.: 1174<br />
Salerni, E.: 469, 571, 575<br />
Salerno, M.I.: 90, 850<br />
Salinas, J.: 250<br />
Salo, V.: 572, 701, 1031, 1142<br />
Salvo, V.: 857<br />
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.: 539<br />
Sampaio, J.P.: 9, 664, 716<br />
Samson, P.: 1137<br />
Samson, R.A.: 69, 121, 719<br />
Samuels, G.J.: 344<br />
San Martín, F.: 152<br />
Sánches-Ballesteros, J.: 647<br />
Sánchez, C.: 1091, 1170<br />
Sanchis, V.: 927<br />
Sancho, L.G.: 261, 1059<br />
Sangvichien, E.: 388<br />
Sanjust, E.: 360<br />
Sankara, Ph.: 828<br />
Santerre, A.: 675<br />
Santiago-Mena, M.R.: 848<br />
Sanz, M.: 30<br />
Sarkar, S.: 196<br />
Sarova, J.: 882<br />
Sarrionandia, E.: 1023<br />
Sasa, M.: 515<br />
Sato, H.: 1032<br />
Satomi, S.: 844<br />
Satomura, T.: 987<br />
Sattarova, R.K.: 852
Sattayaphisut, W.: 1171<br />
Saunders, E.M.: 574<br />
Saunders, M.: 1172<br />
Savelkoul, H.F.J.: 166<br />
Savino, E.: 575, 821<br />
Sbrana, C.: 442<br />
Scala, F.: 115, 171, 372, 1168<br />
Scala, V.: 171, 372, 1168<br />
Schaper, T.: 1173<br />
Schardl, C.L.: 203, 311, 325, 883,<br />
1077, 1182<br />
Schatz, S.: 963, 1052<br />
Scheidegger, C.: 25, 263, 705, 1054<br />
Scherrer, S.: 260<br />
Schimek, C.: 1174<br />
Schloter, M.: 969<br />
Schmid, J.: 924, 1204<br />
Schmidbauer, N.: 221<br />
Schmidt, H.: 884, 885<br />
Schmit, J.P.: 98, 99, 102, 105<br />
Schmitt, I.: 288<br />
Scholler, M.S.: 247, 620, 934<br />
Schroeter, B.: 261, 263, 1059, 1165<br />
Schubert, K.: 636<br />
Schubert, P.: 965<br />
Schulte, A.: 323<br />
Schultze, K.: 1175<br />
Schulz, B.: 182, 830, 1024, 1065<br />
Schulz, M.J.: 1033<br />
Schumacher, T.: 23, 61, 684, 704,<br />
758, 770, 943, 1039<br />
Schurko, A.M.: 654<br />
Schützendübel, A.: 1103<br />
Schwärzel, H.: 965<br />
Schweiger, P.: 1092<br />
Scott, D.B.: 1204<br />
Scott, V.: 1204<br />
Screen, S.: 376<br />
Scrimgeour, C.M.: 123, 318<br />
Sdicu, A.-M.: 32<br />
Seiboth, B.: 343<br />
Seidl, M.T.: 396<br />
Seidl, V.: 175<br />
Seifert, K.A.: 3, 70, 298, 348, 676,<br />
678<br />
Seker, U.O.S.: 1188<br />
Selosse, M.-A.: 14, 1034<br />
Selvaggini, S.: 1152<br />
Sen, R.: 96, 130, 827, 1031, 1126<br />
Sengupta, A.: 945<br />
Senn-Irlet, B.: 391, 536<br />
Senthil Kumaran, R.: 576<br />
Senthilkumar, S.: 577<br />
Sentjurc, M.: 1136<br />
Sergeeva, L.E.: 578<br />
Serrano, E.: 444<br />
Seymour, R.L.: 698<br />
Shachar-Hill, Y.: 127, 270<br />
Shahi, S.K.: 309, 871<br />
Shams, M.: 886, 1163, 1164, 1176<br />
Shapiro, A.: 1177<br />
Sharif, S.: 1014<br />
Sharon, A.: 88, 89<br />
Sharples, G.P.: 525, 739, 865<br />
Shaw, B.D.: 1178<br />
Shearer, B.L.: 338<br />
Shearer, C.A.: 102, 639<br />
Sherrer, S.: 192<br />
Shi, Y.L: 167<br />
Shimazu, M.: 1032<br />
Shin, H.D.: 644<br />
Shinoda, I.: 1014<br />
Shnyreva, A.V.: 1035<br />
Shoemaker, R.A.: 676, 761<br />
Shokohi, T.: 800, 887<br />
Shoresh, M.: 172<br />
Shresta, G.: 889<br />
Shrestha, B.: 358<br />
Sierra-Galván, S.: 487, 762<br />
Siewers, V.: 87<br />
Sigler, L.: 668, 677<br />
Sihanonth, P.: 155, 388, 1028<br />
Silberstein, A.: 1036<br />
Silin, D.S.: 890<br />
Siller, I.: 597<br />
Silva, F.S.B.: 1141<br />
Silva, G.A.: 539, 1179<br />
Silvestri, M.: 470<br />
Sim, S.C.: 312<br />
Simanungkalit, R.D.M: 580<br />
Simmons, C.M.: 581<br />
Simpson, J.A.: 582<br />
Singh, K.G.: 871<br />
Singh, R.: 584<br />
Singh, R.K.: 763<br />
Singh, T.: 891<br />
Sinsin, B.: 614<br />
Sip, V.: 901<br />
Sirimungkararat, S.: 1061<br />
Sisakyan, S.H.: 364<br />
Sisti, D.: 1148<br />
Sisto, D.: 951<br />
Sivichai, S.: 56, 475, 558, 585, 591<br />
Six, D.L.: 428<br />
Skaar, I.: 73, 425<br />
Skovgaard, K.: 764, 1037<br />
Slatter, J.: 1149<br />
Slippers, B.: 430, 765<br />
Smalla, K.: 966<br />
Smirnov, A.N.: 892<br />
Smirnov, I.: 1016<br />
Smit, E.: 222, 1038<br />
Smith, F.A: 1092<br />
Smith, G.: 298<br />
Smith, J.E.: 180, 586<br />
Smith, M.: 1026<br />
Smith, S.E.: 1092, 1130<br />
Smits, M.: 94<br />
Smreciu, E.A.: 1033<br />
So, K.Y.: 587<br />
Soares, S.A.G.: 1179<br />
Sobczyk, K.: 1110<br />
Sogonov, M.V.: 588<br />
Solari, N.: 512<br />
Solhaug, K.A.: 1180<br />
Solheim, H.: 831, 893<br />
Soliman, S.: 1096<br />
Soliva, M.: 1054<br />
Solyakov, A.: 894<br />
Somrithipol, S.: 589<br />
Sonnenberg, A.S.M.: 165<br />
Sontirat, P.: 767<br />
Southworth, D.: 1000<br />
Spangler, R.: 192<br />
Spatafora, J.W.: 108, 180<br />
Spencer-Martins, I.: 689, 980<br />
Spender, S.W.: 83<br />
Speranza, M.: 590, 1181<br />
Sperisen, C.: 25, 1054<br />
Spiering, M.J.: 311, 1077, 1182,<br />
1204<br />
Spooner, B.M.: 64<br />
Srebotnik, E.: 201<br />
Sri-indrasutdhi, V.: 591<br />
Sridhara Gupta, K.: 895<br />
Srikitikulchai, P.: 592<br />
Srivastava, A.: 896<br />
St. Clair, L.L.: 768<br />
St. Leger, R.J.: 185, 376, 834, 1102<br />
Staats, M.: 1040<br />
Stadler, M.: 158, 249, 769, 1118<br />
Stajic, M.: 363, 915<br />
Stalpers, J.: 438, 471<br />
Starink-Willemse, M.: 780<br />
Starrett, M.C.: 941, 947<br />
Staszczak, M.: 1183<br />
Statzell-Tallman, A.: 531<br />
Stauffer, C.: 710<br />
Stchigel, A.M.: 638, 665<br />
Steadman, J.R.: 1041<br />
Steenkamp, E.T.: 692<br />
Steffen, K.T.: 95, 1184<br />
Steimel, J.: 195, 300<br />
Steinberg, G.: 267<br />
Steinnes, E.: 1084<br />
Stenlid, J.: 18, 22, 24, 197, 205, 432,<br />
453, 829, 843, 897, 1001, 1138<br />
Stensrud, Ø.: 770<br />
Stenström, E.: 897<br />
Stepanova, A.A.: 1185<br />
Stepanova, E.V.: 1106, 1131<br />
Stepinska, A.: 842<br />
Sterner, O.: 1193<br />
Stevens, K.J.: 83<br />
Stewart, A.: 563<br />
Stewart, W.S: 1069<br />
Stiles, J.: 898<br />
Stocchi, V.: 1148<br />
Stokland, J.N.: 394, 593<br />
Stott, A.: 143<br />
Stott, K.: 899<br />
Straatsma, G.: 133, 190<br />
Strahl, S.: 33<br />
Strani, P.: 442<br />
Strasser, H.: 114<br />
Strömmer, R.: 985<br />
Strunnikova, O.: 783<br />
Støen, M.A.: 237<br />
Suberkropp, K.: 1042<br />
Sugiyama, J.: 771<br />
Sugui, J.A.: 77<br />
Suh, S.-O.: 104<br />
Suhara, H.: 721, 990<br />
Suhr, K.I.: 816, 863<br />
Suija, A.: 594<br />
Suková, M.: 595<br />
Sullivan, L.: 948<br />
Summerbell, R.C.: 470, 668<br />
Summerell, B.A.: 797, 900, 1043<br />
Sung, G.-H.: 108<br />
Sung, J.M.: 358<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 385
Susca, A.: 858<br />
Sutton, B.C.: 789<br />
Sutton, M.A.: 123<br />
Suwanarit, P.: 477, 524<br />
Suwanto, A.: 823<br />
Suyama, Y.: 983<br />
Suzuki, A.: 39<br />
Suzuki, K.: 596, 826, 916<br />
Suzuki, S.: 847, 1186<br />
Swann, E.C.: 727<br />
Sweigard, J.A.: 269<br />
Swift, S.R.: 264<br />
Sykorova, S.: 837, 901<br />
Syrjälä, L.: 902<br />
Szabo, L.J.: 727<br />
Szakacs, G.: 634<br />
Szedlay, Gy.: 597<br />
Szentivanyi, O.: 903<br />
Søchting, U.: 521, 537, 568, 630,<br />
697, 703, 766<br />
Söderström, B.: 131, 1092, 1137<br />
Sønstebø, J.H.: 1039<br />
Tabak, H.F.: 341<br />
Tabata, M.: 429<br />
Tagu, D.: 125<br />
Tahara, S.: 839, 917<br />
Taj-Aldeen, S.J.: 904, 905<br />
Takahashi, H.: 1119<br />
Takahashi, K.: 918<br />
Takamatsu, S.: 845<br />
Takashima, M.: 743<br />
Takeshita, N.: 1187<br />
Talla, E.: 334<br />
Tamai, Y.: 1169<br />
Tamasloukht, M.: 129<br />
Tamerler, C.: 1073, 1074, 1188<br />
Tan, T.K.: 54<br />
Tan, Y.Y.: 1204<br />
Tanabe, S.: 1080<br />
Tanabe, Y.: 771<br />
Tanahashi, T.: 1112<br />
Tanaka, C.: 39<br />
Tanaka, I.: 772<br />
Tang, A.M.C.: 598<br />
Tanticharoen, M.: 460, 558<br />
Tasanatai, K.: 599<br />
Tauschke, M.: 1044<br />
Taylor, A.F.S.: 984, 1005<br />
Taylor, D.L.: 223<br />
Taylor, J.: 1189<br />
Taylor, J.E.: 600<br />
Taylor, J.W.: 225, 227<br />
Teaumroong, N.: 1171<br />
Tedder, S.: 467<br />
Tedersoo, L.: 1045<br />
Tehler, A.: 6, 285<br />
Teixeira de Mattos, M.J.: 341<br />
Tellería, M.T.: 478, 651, 691, 723<br />
Tenreiro, R.: 664<br />
Terashima, K.: 1190<br />
Terekhova, V.A.: 1046<br />
Termorshuizen, A.J.: 393<br />
Theelen, B.: 257<br />
Thell, A.: 760<br />
Theodorou, M.K.: 118<br />
Theraisnathan, V.: 906<br />
Thienhirun, S.: 154<br />
Thißen, R.: 861, 907<br />
Thomsen, L.: 186<br />
Thormann, M.N.: 81, 1033<br />
Thorn, R.G.: 209, 245<br />
Thrane, U.: 70, 310, 884<br />
Tibbles, L.: 908<br />
Tibell, L.: 290<br />
Tichy, H.V.: 249, 1118<br />
Tillier, A.: 1034<br />
Timdal, E.: 408, 521<br />
Tirilly, Y.: 90, 850<br />
Tiwari, P.: 1191, 1192<br />
Tjahjono, B.: 823<br />
Tlalka, M.: 437<br />
Tojo, M.: 601<br />
Tokumasu, S.: 687, 983<br />
Tolpysheva, T.: 1071<br />
Tomati, U.: 308<br />
Tomimatsu, G.: 114<br />
Tommerup, I.C.: 338<br />
Tomsovsky, M.: 773<br />
Tonkin, J.E.: 774<br />
Torp, M.: 161, 425, 707, 775, 832,<br />
884, 909, 914<br />
Torres, N.V.: 339<br />
Tosi, S.: 1047<br />
Toyoda, H.: 854, 864, 910<br />
Tran-Dinh, N.: 230<br />
Trappe, J.M.: 99<br />
Tremblay, T.-L.: 1144<br />
Trembley, M.L.: 260<br />
Trest, M.T.: 776<br />
Triebel, D.: 273, 407, 720<br />
Trilles, L.: 257<br />
Trionfetti-Nisini, P.: 308, 880<br />
Troein, C.: 337<br />
Tronsmo, A.M.: 601<br />
Tschen, E.F.T.: 602<br />
Tschen, J.S.M.: 602<br />
Tsiklauri, N.: 202<br />
Tsuda, S.: 1120<br />
Tsukiboshi, T.: 645<br />
Tsuneda, A.: 678<br />
Tudzynski, B.: 85<br />
Tudzynski, P.: 87<br />
Tunlid, A.: 131, 337, 373, 1066,<br />
1137<br />
Turgeon, B.G.: 227<br />
Türk, R.: 1059, 1165<br />
Turnau, K.: 1159<br />
Tuthill, D.E.: 66<br />
Typas, M.: 783<br />
Typinski, T.: 1111<br />
Tømmervik, H.: 1056<br />
Tønsberg, T.: 356, 659<br />
Udovicic, F.: 40, 699<br />
Uehlein, N.: 1143<br />
Uetake, Y.: 445<br />
Ugalde, U.: 1193<br />
Uhlirova, J.: 528<br />
Uhlmann, E.: 135, 468<br />
Ulloa, M.: 505<br />
Ulrich, K.: 930<br />
Untereiner, W.A.: 4<br />
Upreti, D.K.: 309<br />
Urban, A.: 777<br />
Uzunovic, A.: 778, 911, 1099<br />
386 <strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Vaccari, A.: 821<br />
Vach, M.: 812, 836<br />
Vágvölgyi, C.: 700, 1154, 1194<br />
Vainio, E.J.: 970<br />
Vajna, L.: 845<br />
Valcuvia, M.: 821<br />
Valencia del Toro, G.: 912<br />
Valenzuela, R.: 487<br />
van Aelst, A.C.: 438<br />
van Baarlen, P.: 1040<br />
van Breemen, N.: 94<br />
van Broock, M.: 716<br />
van den Hondel, C.A.M.: 1117, 1139<br />
van der Drift, C.: 1200<br />
van der Krift, T.P.: 438<br />
van der Linde, E.J.: 603, 866<br />
van der Merwe, P.C.: 1026<br />
Van Dijk, J.F.W.: 365<br />
van Driel, K.G.A.: 438<br />
Van Griensven, L.J.L.D.: 166, 190,<br />
1200<br />
Van Iperen, A.: 780<br />
van Kan, J.A.L.: 1040<br />
Van Rooij, P.: 779<br />
Van Ryckegem, G.: 604<br />
van Schöll, L.: 94<br />
van Tuinen, D.: 129, 441, 496, 1107<br />
van Zeijl, C.M.J.: 1195<br />
Vanden Wymelenberg, A.J.: 1196<br />
Vangronsveld, J.: 331, 1007<br />
Vani, A.: 895<br />
Vánová, M.: 837<br />
Vanzela, A.P.F.C.: 1197<br />
Vasiliauskas, R.: 22, 453, 1001, 1005<br />
Vastag, M.: 1194<br />
Vázquez, C.: 732<br />
Vedenyapina, E.: 1016, 1017<br />
Veenman, C.: 222, 1038<br />
Ventura, Y.: 1048<br />
Venturella, G.: 605, 769<br />
Verbeken, A.: 604, 658, 740, 741,<br />
779<br />
Verkleij, A.J.: 438<br />
Verkley, G.J.M.: 63, 780<br />
Verrips, C.T.: 1139<br />
Vestergaard, S.: 1049<br />
Vidal, G.: 487, 491<br />
Vilgalys, R.: 28, 46, 145, 146, 210,<br />
236, 357, 397, 548, 680, 1062<br />
Villareal, M.: 647<br />
Villarreal-Ruiz, L.: 1050<br />
Villegas, M.: 487, 666, 748, 781<br />
Vinay, M.: 1051<br />
Vinnere, O.: 913<br />
Virag, A.: 1109<br />
Visconti, A.: 423<br />
Viterbo, A.: 172<br />
Vlassova, T.A.: 1198<br />
Voegeli, S.: 335<br />
Vogel, C.: 963, 1052<br />
Vogel, R.F.: 884, 885<br />
Voglmayr, H.: 102, 606<br />
Voigt, K.: 229<br />
Volkmann, M.: 1108<br />
Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.: 102<br />
Vrijmoed, L.L.P.: 713, 747, 1053<br />
Vrålstad, T.: 61
Vukojevic, J.: 363<br />
Vurro, M.: 116<br />
Vyboh, J.: 804<br />
Vysotskaya, A.M.: 618<br />
Waalwijk, C.: 1151<br />
Wagemaker, M.J.M.: 1200<br />
Wahlström, K.: 829<br />
Waipara, N.W.: 220, 607, 914<br />
Wald, P.M.: 608<br />
Wallander, H.: 315<br />
Walser, J.-C.: 25, 705, 1054<br />
Walser, P.J.: 75<br />
Walsh, D.: 446<br />
Walsh, J.L.: 900<br />
Walther, G.: 782<br />
Walton, J.D.: 374<br />
Wang, C.S.: 187<br />
Wang, J.: 883<br />
Wang, P.-H.: 835, 1064<br />
Ward, T.: 162<br />
Wasser, S.P.: 163, 307, 637, 915,<br />
921, 968<br />
Watanabe, M.M.: 771<br />
Watanabe, T.: 1119, 1136<br />
Watkinson, S.C.: 437<br />
Watling, R.: 99, 385, 525, 752<br />
Webber, J.F.: 297, 299<br />
Weber, D.: 783<br />
Weber, N.S.: 180<br />
Wedin, M.: 286, 290, 649, 742, 784<br />
Weiner, S.: 1105<br />
Weir, A.: 104<br />
Weiß, M.: 9, 14, 403, 782, 1034<br />
Weisgram, M.: 201<br />
Weiss, M.: 271, 513<br />
Weller, D.M.: 113<br />
Wells, J.M.: 1055<br />
Wenehed, V.: 842, 894<br />
Werner, A.: 930<br />
Werner, K.: 1044<br />
Werner, S.: 77<br />
Wernitz, M.: 77<br />
Werth, S.: 25, 1056<br />
West, H.K.: 1055<br />
Weyers, H.S.: 1042<br />
Whalley, A.J.S.: 155, 384, 739, 752,<br />
865, 1028<br />
Whalley, M.A.: 154, 739<br />
Whipps, J.M.: 111<br />
White, M.M.: 104, 148<br />
White, N.A.: 217, 609, 1057<br />
Wiemken, A.: 520<br />
Wierzchos, J.: 124, 459, 590, 610<br />
Wijngaarden, P.J.: 937<br />
Wiklund, E.: 784<br />
Wilberforce, E.M.: 322, 1058<br />
Wilkinson, H.H.: 311, 312, 1182<br />
Williams, N.A.: 948<br />
Wilson, A.W.: 785<br />
Wilson, B.J.: 81<br />
Wilson, D.M.: 421<br />
Winder, R.S.: 314<br />
Wingfield, B.D.: 301, 355, 430, 464,<br />
646, 672, 673, 692, 722, 765, 933,<br />
1003, 1027<br />
Wingfield, M.J.: 296, 301, 355, 430,<br />
464, 518, 646, 672, 673, 692, 694,<br />
706, 722, 765, 825, 933, 1003, 1009,<br />
1027<br />
Wirtz, N.: 1059<br />
Wojciechowski, M.: 734<br />
Wolfe, K.H.: 333<br />
Wollweber, H.: 769<br />
Wong, S.: 333<br />
Wong, Y.H.: 1201<br />
Wongkaeo, A.: 1061<br />
Woo, S.: 115, 171, 372, 1168<br />
Woodward, S.: 17, 809, 815<br />
Wright, D.: 1137<br />
Wrzosek, M.: 786<br />
Wu, M.L.: 611<br />
Wu, Q.X.: 99<br />
Wu, S.H.: 787<br />
Wu, W.P.: 788, 789<br />
Wöllecke, J.: 500, 1036, 1060<br />
Wöstemeyer, J.: 1174, 1175<br />
Xiang, Q.: 196<br />
Xu, J.: 875<br />
Xu, J.L.: 841<br />
Xu, X.: 881<br />
Yahr, R.: 1062<br />
Yakovlev, A.Yu.: 1202<br />
Yakovleva, N.S.: 1106<br />
Yalcindag, B.: 1203<br />
Yamada, A.: 708<br />
Yamada, T.: 916<br />
Yamaji, K.: 917<br />
Yamamoto, Y.: 918, 1114<br />
Yamaoka, Y.: 725, 1063<br />
Yamato, M.: 916<br />
Yang, D.Q.: 919, 920<br />
Yang, S.-H.: 1064<br />
Yano-Melo, A.M.: 1141<br />
Yap, A.-T.: 168<br />
Yarden, O.: 35, 266<br />
Yassin, M.: 921<br />
Yavmetdinov, I.: 1131<br />
Yedidia, I.: 172<br />
Yee, M.: 612<br />
Yeh, Z.-Y.: 613<br />
Yetman, D.: 25<br />
Yli-Mattila, T.: 790, 791, 884<br />
Yoder, O.: 227<br />
Yohalem, D.S.: 792<br />
Yorou, S.N.: 490, 614<br />
Yoshino, T.: 928<br />
Yotsutani, Y.: 1068<br />
Young, J.P.Y.: 224<br />
Youpensuk, S.: 615<br />
Youssef, I.: 1013<br />
Yu, H.J.: 922<br />
Yu, J.: 1085<br />
Yu, S.H.: 793<br />
Yuan, G.-F.: 717, 923<br />
Yuan, Z.Q.: 612, 819<br />
Yumoto, I.: 1120<br />
Yumoto, Y.: 979<br />
Zabari, L.: 724<br />
Zafari, -: 794<br />
Zalar, P.: 120<br />
Zappatore, S.: 617<br />
Zare, -: 794<br />
Zare, R.: 248, 795<br />
Zavarzin, A.A.: 616<br />
Zeilinger, S.: 175<br />
Zelenko, S.D.: 796<br />
Zeller, K.A.: 797<br />
Zelter, A.: 266<br />
Zervakis, G.I.: 557, 605<br />
Zeyl, C.: 366<br />
Zhang, L.H.: 841<br />
Zhang, N.: 924, 1204<br />
Zhang, Y.: 788, 789<br />
Zhao, B.: 496<br />
Zhuang, J.Y.: 798<br />
Zhuang, W.-y.: 62<br />
Zipfel, W.: 270<br />
Zitzmann, W.: 1118<br />
Zjalic, S.: 308<br />
Zobel, M.: 96<br />
Zoina, A.: 115, 171, 372<br />
Zoller, S.: 326<br />
Zotti, M.: 617<br />
Zubek, Sz.: 1159<br />
Zuccaro, A.: 1065<br />
Zvereva, L.V.: 618<br />
<strong>Book</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> 387
www.uio.no/conferences/imc7<br />
Typ & Graf AS – Foto: Fjellanger Widerøe AS - Trykk: Printhouse AS, Oslo