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Onion_production [Autosaved].pptdfggdetf
1. Onion
Allium cepa
2 n = 1 6
Family: Alliaceae
Origin : Central asia
Cool season vegetable
2. • Bellary onion /Big onion/ Common onion : Allium cepa var. cepa
• Country onion /Multiplier onion/ Potato onion : Allium cepa var.
aggregatum
• Ancestor on onion – A.vavilovii
• Leek or kurrat – A.ampeloprasm var porrum
• Tree /top onion – A.cepa var viviparum
• Welsh onion – A.fistulosum
• Rst to downy mildew and leaf blight –A.roylei
• Novel source of flavonoids – A.victoralis
onion
3. Related species
• Allium sativum -Garlic
• Allium porrum – Leek
• Pungency principle- : Allyl propyl disulphide
• Highly cross pollinated – protoandry
• Pollination agent – honey bees and blow flies
• Edible part – modified stem called bulb
• Opt temp for bulb formation – 15-21˚c
• Day length is important for bulb production
• Anti fungal – catechol
• Tear inducing compound – 1 propenyl sulfonic acid
4. • Versatile vegetable crop – stored for long period
• Fairly withstand the hazards of rough handling
and long distance transport
• China, India, USA, Japan, Spain, Turkey, Brazil
and Iran
• India's world production 11%
• Second largest producer next to China
• Maharashtra >MP>Karnataka
• National Reasearch centre for onion and garlic –
project directorate of onion and garlic –
Rajagurunagar,Maharastra
5. • Indispensable item in kitchen as condiment and
vegetable
• The immature, mature bulbs, green leaves are
taken as salad.
• The bulbs can be pickled in vinegar or brine
• Dehydrated bulbs and onion powder exported
• It relieves heat sensation
• Used to relieve insect bite and soar throat
• It prevents heart disease
USES
6. • Red loam to black soils with good drainage
facilities.
• Heavy soils bulbs development is restricted
• Crop matures late when compared to light soils
• Soil with rich humus, withhold moisture and
deep friable – preferred
• Optimum pH 5.8 - 6.5
SOIL
7. Early stage withstand cold
• 20-25ºC optimum for onion seed germination
• Vegetative growth-low temperature and short
photoperiod are required (13-21º c)
• Bulb formation- high temperature and long
photoperiod (15.6 -25.1ºC)
• Seed rate
• Rabi – 10-12kg/ha
• Kharif – 12-15kg/ha
CLIMATE
8. Varieties
Red coloured varieties:
• Bellary Red - Good storage
• Pusa Red -Good storability
• NP 53 -Commercial variety-rst to thrips
• Arka Niketan -High TSS(14%)- both kharif and rabhi
season
• Arka Kalyan -Deep pink colour-kharif season,rst to purple
blotch
• Arka Pragathi -Early variety
• Arka Bindu -Small size bulbs
• Arka Kirtiman -Export to Gulf countries
• Arka Lalima -Export to Gulf countries
• Agri Found Light Red-Conical shape
• Agri Found Dark Red- short duration (90-110 days)
9. White coloured varieties
• Pusa white round
• Pusa White Flat
• Punjab-48 – white coloured variety
• Udaipur-102- white coloured variety
• N-257-9-1
• Phule Safed
• Agrifound White
10. Yellow coloured varieties
• Early Grano - Salad
• Spanish Brown- Brown colour
• Phule Suvarna- Export to Australia, America and Europe
• Arka Pitamber-Export to European market
12. SEEDLING PRODUCTION
• Raised bed
• 3-6 m long, 1 m width, 10-15cm above ground level
• 70 cm gap between beds to carry out cultural operations
• Drenching with COC 2-3 g/lit of water
• Sown in 5-7 cm rows
• Seed sowing October –November – rabi crop, May – June for
kharif crop
13. • Seed germination 7-8 days
• Seedlings ready by 6-7 weeks
• 20-30 cm seedling height
• Over aged seedling result in bolting takes
long time to start new growth
• Under aged seedling do not establish well
21. Transplanting and spacing
Early kharif - July end or beginning of August
Regular kharif - Mid October
Rabi - December end or first week of
January
Spacing - 30 cm beds x 10 cm
(planting in both sides of the ridges
Transplanted on ridges and furrows – kharif season
23. Manuring and fertilizers
• FYM 25 t/ha
• ZnSO4 Fe2 SO4 50 kg/ha
• Basal - 30 N, 60 P, 30 K kg/ha
• Top dressing : 30 kg N/ha
24. IRRIGATION
• Water requirement at initial phase – less
• Irrigation stopped 15-20 days before attaining maturity
• Frequent irrigation delays maturity
• Kharif 8-10 irrigation are enough
• Rabi 15-20 irrigation are given
• Bulb formation and enlargement stage –critical period
(60-110 days)
• Drip irrigation / sprinkler irrigation can also be followed
25. IRRIGATION SCHEDULE
• Vegetative stage (15-60 days after
transplanting) 3-4 irrigations at 12 to 15 days
interval
• Bulb initiation and development stage (61-105
DAT) -6 irrigations at 7 days interval
• Bulb maturity to harvest stage -2 irrigations at 7
days interval with 43 mm depth of water
27. HARVEST
• Harvesting at appropriate stage of maturity –storage life
• Reach maturity when plants cease to produce new
leaves
• leaf fall is the indication of maturity –neck fall stage
• Best time of harvest – 15-25% tops broken over
• Left on the ground until drying bulb develop roots
• Pre mature harvesting storage life is less
• Late harvest – increased respiration, susceptibility to
disease and sprouting in storage
• 2.5 cm above the onion bulb the tops are cut
32. CURING
• Removal of excess moisture from outer
skin and neck of onion reduced disease
incidence
• Less shrinkage and development of skin
colour
• Neck is light and outer scales are dried
• Cured either in the field or in open shades.
33. YIELD
Big onion - Kharif : 15-18 t/ha
Rabi : 25-30 t/ha
Duration - 140-150 days
34. STORAGE
• Onion – delicate and perishable commodity difficult to store
for long period
• Tropical and subtropical countries – 4-6 months under
ambient temperature and humidity
• Temperature countries - stores for more than 8-10 months.
The climate is favourable to store for long period
• Post Harvest period
• a) Rest period – Bulbs can not sprout even conditions are
favourable
• b) Dormant period – sprouting will occur under favourable
conditions
• Growth inhibitors are responsible for non sprouting of bulbs
in the early period of storage
35. • The inhibitor levels slowly decrease on storage
• The auxin and Gibberallins increased around the
beginning of sprouting
• Increased application of N – more rotting in
storage
• Bulbs with high dry matter, low N content high
pyruvic acid – store better
39. Varieties
• CO 1
• CO 2
• CO 3
• CO 4
• MDU 1
• CO(On) 5 free flowering and seed setting type.
40. ONION (Allium cepa var aggregatum)
CO.1 (1965)
•It is a clonal selection from a germplasm type CS 450 introduced from Manachanallur.
•The crop duration is 90 days and yields 10t/ha.
•Bulbs are medium in size, red in color. The bulb weight per plant is 55 to 60 g with an
average of 8 bulbs per plant.
• It is fairly pungent with a medium TSS content (8-9° brix).
•CO.2 (1975)
•It is a selection from a germplasm type CS. 911. The crop yields 12t/ha in 65 days.
•The bulbs are crimson in color and moderately bigger in size. The bulb weight per plant
ranges from 60 to 65 gm, with an average of 9 bulbs per plant.
•The weight loss during storage is lesser than CO.1. This variety is pungent with high TSS
content (12° brix).
41. CO.3 (1979)
•It is a clonal selection from open pollinated progenies of CS. 450.
•The crop duration is 65 days and yields 15.8t/ha. The bulbs are pink in color
and bolder in size.
•The number of bulbs per plant ranged from 8 to 10.
•The number of shoots ranges from 6 to 8.
•The bulbs are bigger than CO.2 with good consumer's appeal.
•The plants are moderately resistant to thrips.
42. CO 4
• It is a hybrid derivative of the
cross AC863 x CO.3.
• The crop duration is 65 days
and yields 19.0t/ha.
• The leaves are light green,
erect and cylindrical.
• The number of bulbs per plant
varies from 8 to 13 with an
average weight of 90g per
clump.
• Bulbs are attractive light pink,
bold in size with good
consumer appeal.
• The bulbs store well over 150
days.
43. CO.On.5 (2001)
• It is a high yielding variety developed by
mass pedigree method of selection.
• This variety has the ability of free flowering
and seed set throughout Tamil Nadu.
• It possess high bulb yield 18.9 t/ha (18.8 per
cent higher than CO.4) in a crop duration of
90 days.
• It is free flowering type with seed setting
ability of 250-300 kg/ha and so it is
propagated through seeds.
• March-July for bulb production and
November-January for seed production.
• It possesses attractive pink coloured bold
size bulbs.
• The total soluble solids content is 13 per
cent.
• The pungency principal measured as pyruvic
acid is 2.37 nm/g of fresh weight.
44. MDU.1 (1979)
• It is a selection from
the Sempatti local.
• This variety has
uniform big sized bulbs
with bright red colour
and better keeping
quality with out any
weight loss.
• It's yield potential was
13 tonnes/ha.
45. Soil
• Red loam to black soils with good drainage facilities. It
grows well between pH range of 6-7 and a mild season in
without extremes of heat and cold.
• Season and sowing
Sow the medium sized bulbs during April – May and
October – November
46. • Seed rate: 1000 kg Bulbs/ha.
• Preparation of field: Plough the land to a
fine tilth. Form ridges and furrows at 45
cm spacing. Sow the bulbs on both the
sides of the ridges at 10 cm apart.
47. • Irrigation: After sprouting, irrigate at
weekly intervals. Withhold irrigation 10
days before harvest.
• Application of fertilizers: Apply FYM 25
t/ha, Azospirillum 2 kg and Phosphobacteria
2 kg/ha, N 30 kg, P 60 kg and K 30
kg/ha as basal and 30 kg N/ha on 30th
day of sowing.
49. DISEASES
BASAL ROT
Symptom:
• The leaves turn yellow and then dry up slowly.
• The affected plant shows drying of leaf tip downwards.
• The entire plant shows complete drying of the foliage.
50. BLACK SMUT
• Symptom:
• Black smut sori are seen at the base of the leaves and leaf surface.
• Black powdery mass is seen after rupturing of sorus wall.
• REMEDY :Seed treatment with Thiram or Captan @ 4g/kg.
• The bulbs may be dipped in Thiram solution 0.25%.
51. Purple blotch
• Symptom:This disease occurs mainly at the top of the leaves, the infection
starts with whitish minute dots on the leaves with irregular chlorotic areas on
tip portion of the leaves
• The field should be well drained.
• Three foliar sprayings with Copper oxychloride 0.25 % or Chlorothalonil 0.2
% or Zineb 0.2 % or Mancozeb 0.2 %
52. Disorder
• Bolting in Onion -Under this condition bulbs become light and fibrous
and show very poor keeping quality. Bolting may occur due to heredity
differences in variety, extreme fluctuations in temperature, stunted
growth of plants in seed beds, poor seed quality, and very low
temperature in the beginning of the growth favours bolting.
• Splittings and Doubling of Bulbs- Adverse climatic conditions and
imbalanced nutrient supply leads to splitting and doubling of bulbs.
Mechanical injury to plant during hoeing and weeding initiates new
growth and causes splitting and doubling of bulbs.
53. Harvest and Yield
• 12 – 16 t/ha in 70 to 90 days. 18 t/ha in 90 days for
CO(On) 5 onion
• Clean and dry the bulbs for 4 days in shade soon after
harvest.
• Spray Maleic hydrazide at 2500 ppm 15 days before
harvest to extend the shelf life of onion.
