Foliage refers to the leafy parts of a tree or plant. "Don't eat the foliage on the rhubarb plant because the leaves are poisonous and eating them can be fatal; the stems, on the other hand, are tasty." The noun foliage refers to leaves — either individual leaves or the collective leafy canopy of many trees or plants.
2. BREEDING OBJECTIVES FOR ALL
FOLIAGE PLANTS
A. Phenotypic Traits
• Because the value of foliage plants lies in the
esthetic qualities, the improvement of
ornamental traits, such as plant form, leaf shape,
texture, plant height, shape, thickness, and color,
as well as growth rate, has always been
important to any breeding program of foliage
plants.
3. 1. Foliar Variegation and Colors.
• Variegated plants comprise about one-third of the ornamental plants
grown commercially (Betrock 1996). Due to their magnificent
multicolored leaves, variegated foliage plants, such as Aglaonema,
Calathea, Chlorophytum, Cordyline, Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, and
Syngonium, are widely used in interior plantscapes.
2. Leaf Shape and Size; Petiole Colors.
• Some characteristic leaf shapes and sizes are particularly attractive
and striking. Changes in leaf size and shape can create new and
exciting appearances in hybrids and in aroids; such traits are under
multigenic control.
4. 3. Plant Form.
• Plant overall form has always been an important trait in
foliage plants. There are six principal groups
Upright eg Dracaena fragrans ‘Massangeana
Compact or Clumping eg Anthurium and Dieffenbachia
Trailing eg Hedera helix and Ficus pumila
Climbing eg Monstera deliciosa, and Philodendron
scandens oxycardium
Standards eg Ficus benjamina
Architectural eg Chamaerops humilis,
4. Flowers.
Breeding objectives concerning flowering foliage plants are to
increase flower number and longevity and to expand the range
of flower colors.
5. 5. Fragrance.
6. Growth Rate.
B. Stress-related Traits
1. Adaptation to Interior Environments.
• The ability of foliage plants to adapt to interior environments
and maintain their esthetic appearance is one of the most
important traits.
• Cultivars with better interior performance could be potential
parents for breeding future hybrids.
2. Disease and Insect Resistance.
• Foliage plant production requires a warm and humid
environment. These are ideal conditions for rapid increase
and spread of bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases
• The best long-term solution is the development of cultivars
that resist infestation in interior environments.
6. 3. Temperature Tolerance.
• Because of their tropical or subtropical origin,
foliage plants are sensitive to chilling
temperatures.
• Use of resistant cultivars may greatly reduce
chilling injury instances during production and
transportation and also conserve energy used
during the greenhouse production phase.
7. ORIGIN OF NEW CULTIVARS
There are three main avenues for new foliage plant
cultivars to enter the commercial trade:
(1) Plant acquisition and introduction,
(2) Selection of natural and induced mutations from
established cultivars.
(3) Hybridization and progeny selection.
8. Plant Acquisition and Introduction
• Plant acquisition and introduction played
important roles in the initial development of
the foliage plant industry and will continue to
be important in introducing new species and
improving existing cultivars by providing
germplasm for breeding.
9. 1. Plant Acquisition.
• There are two avenues of obtaining new
foliage germplasm, direct collection from the
wild (usually done in conjunction with
knowledgeable botanical garden personnel or
avid private collectors) or acquisition of
established material from botanic gardens or
private collectors.
10. 2. Evaluation and Utilization of
New Introductions.
• Most newly collected foliage plants need to be
systematically evaluated. This process may be
an individual or joint effort between collectors,
growers, and/or researchers. Evaluation of a
newly collected plant prior to release includes
taxonomic identification, methods of
propagation, cultivation, and assessment of
ornamental value.
11. B. Mutations from Vegetative
Propagation
• Mutant clones or sports have been widely used in
foliage plant production as a source of new
cultivars. Since most foliage plants are
propagated vegetatively, spontaneous mutations
may accumulate throughout consecutive
generations, and offshoots or cuttings generated
from the mutated cells may develop into mutant
clones.
• Spontaneous somatic mutations are often called
bud mutations, bud sports, or sports (van Harten
1998).
12. 2. Somaclonal Variant Selection
• In addition to sports commonly observed in those
traditional vegetatively propagated foliage plants,
another form of somatic variation or genetic
instability occurs in tissue culture and has been
termed somaclonal variation (Larkin and Scowcroft
1981).
• Compared to spontaneous somatic mutations,
somaclonal variations usually occur at much higher
frequencies.
13. C. Hybridization
• Foliage plants are predominantly cross-
pollinating species. Parents used in foliage plant
hybridization are not usually derived from
inbred, single-seed descent, or pedigree selection,
because inbreeding depression limits
development of inbred lines in most foliage plant
genera.
• Interspecific hybridization is the most common
practice in producing hybrid cultivars in foliage
plant breeding. Interspecific hybridization offers
opportunities for obtaining gene recombinations
and expands the range of genetic variability
beyond that of a single species.
14. D. Transgene Technology
• Transgene technology has been proven to be a
powerful method of altering crop characteristics
(Hansen and Wright 1999) and should be
particularly useful in foliage plant improvement.
Foliage plants are not edible and are valued by
their esthetic appearance. Transgenic foliage
plants would not cause genetic contamination of
other crops because most are vegetatively
propagated. However, application of transgene
technology in foliage plants is quite limited.
Anthurium is probably the only foliage plant
being successfully transformed.
15. • Family : Araceae
• Chromosome number 2n =34 (Jones 1957)
• Common name : Dumb cane
• It is known as dumb cane because of the
poisonous nature of its sap, which cause
temporary dumbness.
• Dieffenbachia is predominately cross-
pollinated.
18. • Family : Araceae
• Common name : Frasher evergreen,Chinese
Evergreen,Golden Evergreen, Silver Queen Evergreen, Ribbon
Evergreen.
• Chromosome Number 2n =12
• These plants has beautiful foliage and used as house plants.
These are hardy herbaceous plants; and most of them produce
branches freely.
• Most Aglaonema species are open-pollinated
• A few species may exhibit apomixis, such as Aglaonema
costatum ‘Foxii
• Propagation of Aglaonema is by seeds or vegetative tissue,
mainly by tip cuttings or division.
• Aglaonema hybrids are almost exclusively selected from
interspecific hybridization.
21. Through Hybridization Through mutation
Flamingo Northern Lightning
Silver Bay
Compact Maria
Pride of Sumatra
Silver Queen Compact
Queen of Siam
Jubilee Green
Rembrandt
Brilliant Beauty
Grey Down
Lisa Joy
Golden Bay
Emerald
Star’ and ‘Jewel of India’ are two cultivars developed by breeders in
India.
22. • Family: Euphorbiaceae
• Other names: Garden Croton, Variegated Laurel or
Variegated Croton
• Have intensely coloured, thick, shiny and leathery leaves
• Decorates patio, deck or terrace as planted or as potted
specimens
• Tropical evergreen and hardy in frost-free locations
24. Bush On Fire Bravo Croton
Banana Croton Petra Croton
25. • Shahid Bhagat Singh
• Vikrant
• Sloppy Painter
• Beautiful Lady
• Day Spring
• Duke of Windsor
• Golden Ring
• Imperials
• Indian Headdress
• Jungle Queen
• Mona Lisa
• Sunrise
• Show Girls
• Undulatum
• Mosaic
• Red Bravo
• Stoplight
• Corkscrew
26. • Family : Dracaenaceae
• Chromosome number : 2n = 40
• Common Name : Dragon Tree
• The dracaenas are grown mainly for their attractive green,
variegated and colourful foliage.
• Most species of Dracaena develop inflorescences consisting of
loose umbels or clusters of greenish-white or cream-colored
flowers, sometimes delightfully scented.
• The panicle is terminal and bracteate with two or more
flowers per bract.
• Flowers are bisexual and small.
• Crosspollination occurs naturally in the wild
29. • Family : Araceae
• Chromosome number :- 2n=60
• Common Name : Ceriman, Split Leaf Philodendron
• It is foliage climber having stem and aerial roots.
• It is trained on greenhouse, fences, arches,
compounding walls, pillars, and roof to form
attractive feature and to produce good display within
one or two year.
32. • Family : Araceae
• Chromosome number :- 2n = 26 to 40
• Common Name : Philodendron
• The Philodendron name comes from the Greek words
Filos (friend) and Adelfos (brothers),refering to ‘tree
lovers’. The philodenron are aroids and mostly
climbers.
33. • The first is the vining type with heart-shape
leaves, best represented by P. scandens.
• The second is the self-heading type,
which include P. auriculatum,
P. deflexum, P.bipinnatifidum
and P. selloum.
35. • Family: Araceae
• Chromosome number :- 2n=14 to 140
• Common Name: Varigated Money plant
• The Name is derived from ‘skindapos’ the
ancient Greek name for an ivy-like plant. It is a
perrenially popular houseplant.
38. • Commonly known as arrowhead vine or nephthytis.
• Chromosome number :- 2n =24
• Flowers are unisexual, and inflorescences are
protogynous, becoming receptive 1–2 days before the
staminate flowers shed pollen.
40. • Berry Allusion
• Bold Allusion
• Julia Allusion
• Mary Allusion
• Bob Allusion
• Pink Allusion
• Key Lime
• Regina Red
• Cream
• Holly M and Neon
42. • Family : Piperaceae
• Chromosome number :- 2n =26
• Common Name : Peperomia
• The generic name is derived from the greek word
means 'pepper-like'
• Peperomia has fleshy stems and leaves.
45. Botanical name :- Plectranthus scutellarioides
Family :- Lamiaceae
Common name :- Painted nettle
Chromosome Number 2n = 14 to 2n = 84 (Morton 1962, De Wet
1958, Lukhoba et al. 2006, Alasbahi and Melzig 2010).