Malaysia Red List: Plants of Peninsular Malaysia

RESEARCH PAMPHLET NO.
151
MALAYSIA
RED LIST
Plants of Peninsular Malaysia
Volume 1, Part I
Yong, W.S.Y., Chua, L.S.L., Lau, K.H., Siti-Nur Fatinah, K., Cheah, Y.H., Yao, T.L.,
Chew, M.Y., Siti-Munirah, M.Y., Julius, A., Phoon, S.N., Sam, Y.Y., Nadiah, I., Ong, P.T.,
Sarah-Nabila, R., Suhaida, M., Muhammad-Alif Azyraf, A., Siti-Eryani, S., Yap, J.W.,
Jutta, M., Syazwani, A., Norzielawati, S., Kiew, R. and Chung, R.C.K.
²
7°30'N
THAILAND
Perlis
6°0'N
Kedah
South China
Sea
Penang Kelantan
Terengganu
Perak
4°30'N
Pahang
St
Selangor
ra
its
of
Kuala Lumpur
M
3°0'N
ala
cc
Negeri
a
Sembilan
Melaka
Johor
INDONESIA
1°30'N
(Sumatra)
SINGAPORE
Legend
State boundary
0 25 50 100 150
National boundary km
100°30'E 102°0'E 103°30'E

MALAYSIA
RED LIST
PLANTS OF
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
VOLUME 1, PART I
Produced with the financial support of
GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA
RESEARCH PAMPHLET NO. 151
MALAYSIA
RED LIST
PLANTS OF
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
VOLUME 1, PART I
Yong, W.S.Y., Chua, L.S.L., Lau, K.H., Siti-Nur Fatinah, K., Cheah, Y.H., Yao, T.L.,
Rafidah, A.R., Lim, C.L., Syahida-Emiza, S., Ummul-Nazrah, A.R., Nor-Ezzawanis, A.T.,
Chew, M.Y., Siti-Munirah, M.Y., Julius, A., Phoon, S.N., Sam, Y.Y., Nadiah, I., Ong, P.T.,
Sarah-Nabila, R., Suhaida, M., Muhammad-Alif Azyraf, A., Siti-Eryani, S., Yap, J.W.,
Jutta, M., Syazwani, A., Norzielawati, S., Kiew, R. and Chung, R.C.K.
Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia
https://www.frim.gov.my/publication/other-publications/malaysia-red-list/
2021
©Forest Research Institute Malaysia 2021
All enquiries should be forwarded to:

Director-General
52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
Tel: +60 3-6279 7000

Fax: +60 3-6273 1314
Homepage: https://www.frim.gov.my
MS ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Yong, W. S. Y.
MALAYSIA RED LIST: PLANTS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. VOLUME 1,
PART I/ Yong, W.S.Y. [and 27 others] ; Editors: Chua, L.S.L. and Lau, K.H. ;
Series Editor: Ng, K.K.S.
(RESEARCH PAMPHLET; NO. 151)
Mode of access: Internet
eISBN 978-967-2810-02-5
1. Plant conservation--Malaysia--Classification.
2. Endemic plants--Malaysia--Classification.
3. Government publications--Malaysia.
4. Electronic books.
I. Lau, K. H. II. Chua, L. S. L.
III. Ng, K. K. S.
IV. Title. V. Series.
639.9909595
Editors: Chua, L.S.L. and Lau, K.H.

Series Editor: Ng, K.K.S.
Managing Editors: Vimala, S.
Layout: Siti-Nur Fatinah, K. & Yasmin-Sarah, A.M.

Cover design: Suhaida, M.
Front cover: Top: From left Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. (Photo: Mohd-
Hairul, M.A.), Hopea bilitonensis P.S.Ashton (Photo: Suhaida, M.),
Cycas clivicola K.D.Hill subsp. clivicola K.D.Hill (Photo: Chan, Y.M.),
Memecylon pauciflorum Blume (Photo: Hughes, M.) & Vatica flavida
Foxw. (Photo: Yong, W.S.Y.).
Bottom: From left Agathis borneensis Warb. (Photo: Lim, C.L.),
Selaginella plana (Desv. ex Poir) Hieron. (Photo: Tan, S.H.) & Vatica
yeechongii Saw (Photo: Suhaida, M.).
Back cover: Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. (Reproduced with permission from Flora
of Peninsular Malaysia II, 6: 115).
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Foreword ix
Acknowledgement xi
Executive Summary 1
1.0. Background 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Sources of Information 6
1.3 Assessment Method 7
1.4 Red List Report Format 11
2.0. Red List Summaries 11
3.0. Next Steps 35
4.0. Summary of Red List Status of Peninsular Malaysian Plants 38
List of References 104
Glossary 106
Appendix: Summary of the five criteria used to evaluate if a 107
taxon belongs in a threatened category
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of the assessed taxa in each Red List category.

Table 2. List of taxa with uplisted and downlisted Red List category.
Table 3. The number of taxa in Peninsular Malaysia, grouped according to
family, under respective IUCN categories.
Table 4. List of DD taxa that are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
Table 5. List of threatened taxa with restricted distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia.
Table 6. The number of taxa in each state in Peninsular Malaysia under
respective IUCN categories.
Table 7. List of CR taxa occurring in a single location according to state.
Table 8. List of threatened taxa in selected ex situ sites.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Threats faced by taxa assessed in Peninsular Malaysia.

Figure 2. The structure of the Red List categories used at the regional level.
Figure 3. Distribution of IUCN categories according to families.
Figure 4. Number of threatened taxa listed under each IUCN Red List
criterion.
Figure 5. Number of threatened taxa in each family under each IUCN Red
List criterion A−D.
Figure 6. Distribution of taxa under each IUCN category according to state.
Figure 7. Overview of the general measures to mitigate the extinction risk
of plant taxa in Peninsular Malaysia.
FOREWORD
O ur country is blessed with high biodiversity and is recognized globally as

megadiverse. The need to sustainably utilise our natural resources and
at the same time conserve them is of paramount importance to human
well-being and for generations to reap its benefits. However, these resources
can only be managed sustainably if there is documentation of species diversity
accompanied with the conservation status of the species. This information
is crucial not only to resource managers, but also to policy makers who are
responsible for determining the long term sustainability of the country’s
biological resources.
The Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) had produced Malaysia’s first
national plant Red List – the Peninsular Malaysian Dipterocarpaceae in 2010.
A decade had since passed and this updated Red List publication is timely.
Specifically targeted to meet stakeholders’ need for a concise national Red List
document for plants, this book listed 1,293 indigenous taxa and 60 naturalized
taxa from 90 families and 308 genera from Peninsular Malaysia. Information
on the taxonomy, geographical distribution and ecology of each assessed taxa
were collated from the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia project as well as from
other flora accounts. Species reassessment was conducted where required to
provide updated information.
This publication meets two important targets of the country’s commitment
towards the conservation of biodiversity. The National Policy on Biological
Diversity 2016‒2025 in its Target 9 aims to prevent the extinction of
known threatened species by 2025, as well as to improve and sustain their
conservation. One of the key indicators, which is to develop a National Red
Data list, is a necessary tool to allocate priorities for further conservation
actions. Supporting this is Target 2 of Malaysia: National Strategy for Plant
Conservation, which aims to have all known plant species assessed. The
ultimate conservation vision is to safeguard the flora of Malaysia by
streamlining biodiversity conservation into national and state policies and
plans. For this, I am fully optimistic that this publication will further enhance
the country’s conservation momentum.
Dr. Khali Aziz B. Hamzah

Director-General
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
W e acknowledge the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia for

providing the necessary approval to conduct the research and for
providing data on forest cover. State Forestry Departments had been
very supportive by granting permission to enter forest reserves in respective
states. The Directors and Curators of the herbaria FRIM Herbarium (KEP),
Herbarium of the Forest Research Centre, Sabah (SAN), Herbarium of the
Forest Research Centre, Sarawak (SAR), Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF),
Herbarium of The Natural History Museum, London (BM), Herbarium of
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), Herbarium of University Malaya (KLU),
Singapore Herbarium (SING), Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (K)
and Leiden Herbarium (L) are gratefully acknowledged for permitting access to
the collections and facilities under their care.
We are also greatly indebted to Flora of Peninsular Malaysia and Tree Flora
of Sabah and Sarawak projects for the permission to reproduce several
botanical illustrations, which had greatly enhanced the quality of the book;
to the photographs contributors, Chan Yoke Mui, Mark Hughes, Mohd Hairul
Bin Mohd Amin and Tan Sin Hoong; and to Fatin Qurratul ’Ain Binti Saberam,
Nabila Syuhada Binti Zulkeflee, Norazah Binti Norddin, Nur Izzati Binti Azhari
and Yasmin Sarah Binti Abd Majid for collating information and producing the
revised maps. Thanks also to Dr. Kevin Ng who gave critical comments and
many useful suggestions.
This book is made possible with the financial aid from the Government of
Malaysia, through the 9th, 10th and 11th Malaysia Plans, under the then Ministry
of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Ministry of Natural Resources
& Environment (NRE), and Ministry of Water, Land & Natural Resources
(KATS). With that, we record our sincere thanks to Dr. Saw Leng Guan who
spearheaded the Malaysia Plant Red List initiative. Our heartfelt gratitude to
Datuk Dr. Abdul Latif Bin Mohmod, former Director-General for his unwavering
support, encouragement and guidance throughout his tenure. Last but not
least, we are truly grateful to Dr. Khali Aziz Bin Hamzah, Director-General of
FRIM for his continued support and commitment towards plant conservation
in Malaysia.
xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Malaysia Plant Red List project was initiated in the 9th Malaysia Plan in 2005.
To date, more than 1,600 indigenous taxa had been assessed. The assessment
was conducted following the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 (IUCN, 2012a) and
Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 14
(IUCN, 2019). Since 2010, the conservation assessment has been conducted
concurrently with the taxonomic revision for Flora of Peninsular Malaysia and
published in the corresponding series.
Peninsular Malaysia has, to date, at least 9,030 vascular plant taxa comprising
248 families and 1,651 genera including at least 149 new taxa discovered since
2005. This Red List presents the conservation assessment of 1,293 indigenous
taxa, covering 14.32% of the peninsula’s known flora. All indigenous taxa,
except Vatica rassak, were assessed using the IUCN categories and criteria.
Vatica rassak was Not Evaluated (NE) due to its doubtful occurrence in
Peninsular Malaysia. Sixty non-indigenous taxa were not assessed and listed
as Not Applicable (NA) in this publication. The remaining flora in Peninsular
Malaysia are in the process of assessment and periodic updates will be made
available.
Of the 1,292 taxa assessed, 77 taxa (5.96%) are Critically Endangered (CR),
120 taxa (9.29%) are Endangered (EN) and 173 taxa (13.39%) are Vulnerable
(VU). This brings the total number of threatened taxa to 370 taxa (28.64%).
Two endemic taxa, i.e., Oreogrammitis crispatula (Polypodiaceae) and
Oreogrammitis kunstleri (Polypodiaceae) are Extinct (EX) and one taxon
(Pisonia grandis, Nyctaginaceae) is Regionally Extinct (RE). Two hundred and
thirteen (16.49%) taxa are Near Threatened (NT) and 627 (48.53%) taxa are
Least Concern (LC). Seventy nine (6.11%) taxa are listed Data Deficient (DD)
due to lack of information on the distribution, population size and threats
needed to assess the risk of extinction using IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria.
Of the 77 CR taxa, 29 taxa are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia with 17 taxa
only known from one location, e.g., Balanophora hansenii (Balanophoraceae),
Barringtonia maxwelliana (Lecythidaceae), Thottea kamarudiniana
(Aristolochiaceae) and Vatica kanthanensis (Dipterocarpaceae). Of the 120
EN taxa, 31 taxa are endemic and 36 taxa of the 173 VU taxa are endemic to
Peninsular Malaysia.
For this publication, 972 taxa assessed before 2016 were reassessed based
on current information available (i.e., population size and distribution, trend
on habitat loss and degradation, conservation measures in place). Following
the reassessment, 27 taxa from nine families were uplisted to a higher Red
List category from their last assessment. Of this, 15 (55.56%) taxa were
uplisted because of genuine change. Eighteen of the uplisted taxa (62.67%)
previously known to be not threatened, e.g., Chisocheton pentandrus subsp.
pentandrus (Meliaceae) was uplisted from NT to CR; Aristolochia foveolata
1
PLANTS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA VOL. 1, PART I (2021)
(Aristolochiaceae), Chilocarpus denudatus (Apocynaceae), Cycas edentata

(Cycadaceae) and Shorea platycarpa (Dipterocarpaceae) were uplisted from
NT to EN. Dipterocarpus perakensis, previously assessed as DD, is now listed
as EN. These taxa were uplisted to a threatened category due to the increase
in extinction risk and further population reduction caused by increasing or
new threat (i.e. habitat loss and degradation). Fifteen taxa from six families
were downlisted to a lower category which includes taxa under Apocynaceae
(Willughbeia), Convolvulaceae (Argyreia and Erycibe), Dipterocarpaceae
(Hopea, Shorea and Vatica), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia), Polypodiaceae
(Dasygrammitis, Loxogramme and Pyrrosia) and Schizaeaceae (Actinostachys).
Three taxa, namely Dasygrammitis fuscata (Polypodiaceae), Loxogramme
centicola (Polypodiaceae) and Actinostachys inopinata (Schizaeaceae)
previously listed as threatened were downlisted to a non-threatened category.
Since their previous assessment, these taxa had been found in many new
localities indicating a wider distribution and lesser vulnerability than previously
thought.
Among the families assessed, Dipterocarpaceae had the highest number of
threatened taxa (91 taxa) followed by Apocynaceae (46 taxa), Polypodiaceae
(36 taxa), with Lecythidaceae and Myristicaceae each having 15 threatened
taxa. Dipterocarpaceae, Apocynaceae and Polypodiaceae were the three
families having the highest number of CR and EN taxa combined with 54, 26
and 20 taxa respectively.
Of the 370 threatened taxa, 18 taxa (4.86%) and one taxon met two and three
criteria respectively. The criterion most used was Criterion B, i.e., geographic
range in the form of extent of occurrence (EOO) or area of occupancy (AOO).
The percentages under Criteria A−E were 17.57%, 80.81%, 0.81%, 6.49% and
0% respectively.
For DD, Polypodiaceae had the most number with 14 taxa, followed by
Convolvulaceae and Meliaceae with 8 taxa each and Dipterocarpaceae with 6
taxa. Sixteen of the 79 DD taxa are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
Among the states in Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang had the highest number
of threatened taxa with 198 taxa (20.20% of the 980 taxa occurring there).
This was followed by Perak with 166 taxa (18.76%) and Johor with 131 taxa
(18.50%). Johor had the highest number of taxa uplisted with 19 taxa, despite
having a lower number of threatened taxa when compared to Pahang and
Perak.
Seventy nine out of 370 (21.35%) threatened taxa are represented in the ex situ
collections in the network of botanical gardens, arboreta and other collection
centres. As a result of a focused ex situ programme, the majority of these are
from Dipterocarpaceae. The network of ex situ collection centres focus on a
wide range of indigenous species and the initiatives for threatened plants are
done on an ad hoc basis.
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Several recommendations are proposed to reduce the extinction risk in

threatened species. These included the needs to increase the rate of taxa
assessment, ensure populations of threatened species are effectively
conserved in situ, increase knowledge on threatened species, enhance the ex
situ collection of threatened species, increasing data collection on DD taxa,
assessing the recovery of threatened taxa and increase capacity building and
awareness in all relevant stakeholders and the general public.
Thottea terengganuensis (Vulnerable, VU). A, habit and inflorescences from procumbent

stem; B, flower top view; C & D, flower bud: top view (C), side view (D); E, gynostemium. (A,
C–E from FRI 68960; B from FRI 65444) (Reproduced with permission from Flora of Peninsular
Malaysia II, 5: 42).
3
1.0 BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
This Red List is a compilation of the updated conservation assessments for
taxa that were treated in Series I (Vol. 1–3) and II (Vol. 1–7) of the Flora of
Peninsular Malaysia (FPM) and Malaysia Plant Red List: Peninsular Malaysian
Dipterocarpaceae. Six new Dipterocarp taxa, namely Vatica abdulrahmaniana,
V. cuneata, V. kanthanensis, V. mizaniana, V. najibiana and V. spatulata that
were published after Chua et al. (2010) and one new record, Dipterocarpus
alatus, are included. A total of 1,353 taxa from 90 families and 308 genera
are listed here comprising 1,293 indigenous taxa and 60 non-indigenous taxa,
covering 14.32% of the peninsula’s known flora. All indigenous taxa, except
one, were assessed using the IUCN Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 (2012a).
It is reiterated that the category and criteria published here is updated and
confined to Peninsular Malaysia and, with the exception of endemic taxa, may
not necessarily be applicable to the taxon in its phytogeographical range.
Malaysia has an estimated 15,000 taxa of vascular plants comprising
angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes with the peninsula having
9,030 taxa and Sabah and Sarawak, collectively, having 12,000 taxa. Both
regions have their own distinct floristic components (Wong, 1998) and the
forest types and vegetation for Peninsular Malaysia have been extensively
described by Symington (1943), Wyatt-Smith (1963) and Saw (2004). Past
revisions on the flora of Peninsular Malaysia and regional flora had no threat
perspective ─ it was only fairly recently that inclusion of threat assessment
became compulsory due to the dramatic increase in threats experienced in
natural landscapes.
Conservation assessment, as an objective indicator of extinction risk, provides
the initial step towards prioritization for conservation. This approach is
particularly important for a megadiverse tropical country such as Malaysia
where resources are aplenty and its conservation is frequently and substantially
challenged by socio-economic priorities. Conservation trade-offs and conflicts
need to be clearly understood and appropriately factored into development
planning, implementation and mitigation. The immediate objectives of this
report are thus as followed:
• Assess the extinction risk of taxa;
• Identify taxa that are threatened and require urgent conservation
attention to prevent extinction;
• Provide baseline data and information on the conservation status
of plant taxa through an easier and more direct access to assist
conservation planning and implementation;
• Enhance the engagement of stakeholders’ in the conservation of
threatened taxa.
4
BACKGROUND
The Red Listing category serves as a guidance towards the setting of national
priorities for species conservation taking into consideration other factors such
as ecological and biological attributes. This publication contributes to the
Target 9 of the National Policy on Biological Diversity 2016–2025 which states
that “the National Red Data list on plants and animals is completed by 2020”.
The main threats to plant populations in Peninsular Malaysia are habitat
loss and degradation. Habitat loss is mainly caused by land use change due
to residential and commercial development, agriculture, infrastructure
development for transportation, forest plantations, quarrying and dam
construction (Figure 1). Land conversion mainly occurred between 1960
and 1980s. As of 2018, 43.59% (5,758,261 ha) of the land area in Peninsular
Malaysia remains forested (Anon., 2018). Of this, about 32% (1,839,933 ha)
are Protected Area (PA) which includes National Parks, State Parks, Wildlife
Sanctuaries, Protection Forests under the Permanent Forest Reserves and
other types of protected areas (Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources,
2019).
Figure 1. Threats faced by taxa assessed in Peninsular Malaysia. Threats were

categorized using the IUCN Threats Classification Scheme. Threatened group
refers to CR, EN and VU categories in IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
Version 3.1 Second Edition (2012a).
Some of the most threatened vegetation in Peninsular Malaysia include those

in the limestone hills, peat swamp and freshwater swamp forests. Limestone
restricted taxa with specific niche requirement such as Buxus cochinchinensis
var. holttumiana (Buxaceae), Hopea bilitonensis (Dipterocarpaceae) and
Vatica kanthanensis (Dipterocarpaceae) are highly threatened. In the case
of freshwater swamp forest, large scale land development has led to forest
fragmentation and isolation. The population of the Critically Endangered
Dipterocarpus coriaceus is now confined to the remaining forest fragment of
5
Chikus Forest Reserve (about 2,107 ha); likewise Dipterocarpus semivestitus in

the forest fragment of the Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak). Land conversion
and its associated drainage modification negatively impacts the hydrology
of the swamp forest which in the long term may reduce the viability of
populations.
The conservation status of a taxon is dynamic and needs to be reassessed
periodically when more information becomes available. Current and potential
future threats need to be identify in order to evaluate the extinction risk. This
risk is reduced when the threats that had been identified in the past have
ceased or conservation measures have been put in place to safeguard the
respective populations.
Efforts to list the endemic tree taxa into the IUCN Species Information Service
(SIS) database is currently on-going. These assessments are subjected to
consistency checks by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI),
as part of the Global Tree Assessment project, and the IUCN Red List Unit to
ensure that the IUCN categories and criteria were applied correctly.
1.2 Sources of Information

For each taxon, information on habitat and ecology, geographic distribution,
population trends, threats, conservation measures, use and trade were
collated from field observations, published and unpublished sources
including scientific papers, reports and from expert knowledge. This baseline
information is contained in the Taxon Data Information Sheet (TDIS) (Chua &
Saw, 2006) which has seven parts, i.e., taxon attributes, geographical range and
demographic detail of populations, Red List category and criteria assessment,
current conservation measures for the taxon (including those required),
utilization, literature used in the documentation and details of the assessor(s).
This minimal but fundamental set of information provided the rationale to
support the Red List category given to the taxon concerned. For a full list of
references used, readers are requested to refer to taxon description in the
Flora of Peninsular Malaysia.
Plant records in FRIM Herbarium (KEP), Herbarium of the Forest Research
Centre, Sabah (SAN), Herbarium of the Forest Research Centre, Sarawak (SAR),
Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF), Herbarium of The Natural History Museum,
London (BM), Herbarium of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E) , Herbarium of
University Malaya (KLU), Singapore Herbarium (SING), Herbarium of the Royal
Botanic Gardens Kew (K), Leiden Herbarium (L) and various other herbaria in
the region and around the world were consulted during the revision of the
families.
TDIS encourages the use of all sources of primary and secondary information
to conduct the assessment. Much of the taxon’s attributes and geographical
6
BACKGROUND
range were obtained from geo-referenced herbarium specimens that had been
reviewed by specialists and from published floristic accounts. Information on
areas under protection was obtained from institutional reports, government
gazettes and supporting policy documents; sources for other conservation
measures were wide-ranging with many publications appearing as grey
literature. Data on the extent of forest cover were obtained from published
reports, including annual reports, and National Forest Inventories. Although
forest cover extent in 2013 was published in the Fifth National Forest Inventory
(Anon, 2014), unresolved copyright issues had prevented the use of the data
in map form in a timely manner.
Threats were, where possible, ground-truthed and verified with local forest
offices and district councils; where this is not possible, the threats were
inferred from the examination of geographical and altitudinal ranges, habitat
specificity and other details in the herbarium labels. Demographic data was
obtained from long-term ecological plots, permanent sample plots, national
forest inventory data and growth and yield plots while information on
utilization was obtained from published reports and trade statistics. Data from
the Fifth National Forest Inventory (Anon, 2014) was consulted but not used
here because the abundance data was derived from basal area calculation
rather than direct observation. Expert knowledge was consulted where there
is significant uncertainty related to the estimation of the extent of occurrence
(EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Care was taken to ensure that the category
was applied based on credible information.
Uncertainty in the data used for the assessment was unavoidable. Assessor
was thus encouraged to adopt a precautionary approach to risk instead of
evidentiary attitude when dealing with uncertainty. Extinction risk should
be evaluated based on realistic assumptions rather than worst-scenario case
reasoning, to avoid tendency for over-listing. This is especially desirable when
evaluating taxon known from one location, or from old historic collections,
occupy specific niches that are threatened and taxa that are confined to
favoured research sites.
1.3 Assessment Method

The regional assessment of the conservation status of plant taxa in
Peninsular Malaysia was conducted following the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1
(2012a), Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version
14 (2019) and Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional
and National Levels Version 4.0 (2012b).
Only indigenous taxa in Peninsular Malaysia were assessed. Non-indigenous
taxa were not assessed and listed as Not Applicable (NA). The taxonomic unit
used in this publication is specified in the name of taxon. Taxa below the rank
7
of subspecies or variety (infraspecific) such as forma, subvarieties and varieties

of subspecies were also included in the assessment. The IUCN Guidelines
states that an assessment of the full species is required before the assessment
of taxa below the species rank can be included. In several taxa, although the
species has not been assessed at the global level, they were included in this
publication as their regional populations are deemed as isolated from the
conspecific populations that occur outside this region.
According to the Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematic (Lincoln
et al., 1998), taxon and taxa (in plural) are defined as “A taxonomic of any
rank, including all subordinate groups”; and species as “A taxon of the rank of
species”. In this Red List, taxon/taxa represents a species or lower taxonomic
rank that may include subspecies, varieties etc. The taxon must be validly
published. Plant authority names follow those in the International Plant
Names Index (IPNI, https://www.ipni.org).
Infraspecific taxa in this Red List had been taxonomically revised in the FPM
project. Taxa that are threatened are of conservation concern in Peninsular
Malaysia and should be included in conservation planning to protect the
genetic diversity of that species. Naturalized and hybrid plant taxa were not
assessed for Malaysia Red List. These taxa were categorized as NA following
the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National
Levels Version 4.0 (2012b).
In the case of synonyms, if the taxon name was synonymized before it was
published in FPM, we assumed that the name used in that volume is the valid
name. If it was synonymized after the publication year, we took the following
steps: (1) geographic locations for the synonymized taxon were added to the
valid name and a new map was generated; (2) a new assessment was made
for the validly-named taxon; and (3) these changes are stated in the taxon’s
conservation notes.
The family Dipterocarpaceae is not yet revised for FPM but is included here as
an update from Chua et al. (2010). For this family, the conservation status for
Malaysia is also provided as the regional status for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah
and Sarawak have been assessed. The conservation assessments for the family
Begoniaceae will be published separately (Kiew, pers. comm.).
The Red List category and criteria used here follows the IUCN Red List Categories
and Criteria Version 3.1 Second Edition and Guidelines for Application of IUCN
Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels Version 4.0. The underlying
principles, definition of terms, terminology used and assessment method
correspond to the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria Version 14 (IUCN, 2019). A taxon is assigned one of eleven Red List
categories (Figure 2) based on the attributes described in TDIS. The categories
are Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), Regionally Extinct (RE), Critically
8
BACKGROUND
Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT),

Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), Not Applicable (NA) and Not Evaluated
(NE) (Figure 2). The CR, EN and VU categories are threatened while the others
are considered not threatened.
Figure 2. The structure of the Red List categories used at the regional level.
In order to assess whether a taxon belongs to a threatened category (CR,

EN, VU), it is evaluated in relation to five criteria: A) Population reduction;
B) Geographic range; C) Small population size and decline; D) Very small or
restricted population; and E) Quantitative analysis. Each criterion is based on a
set of thresholds and sub-criteria (IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version
3.1 Second Edition; see Appendix). The taxon is evaluated against all the above
criteria−when several criteria are met resulting in different categories, only
the highest threat category is listed (IUCN 2012a, 2019).
A taxon that does not qualify for a threatened category, but is close to qualifying
for one or is likely to qualify in the near future, is assigned NT. This category is
not specified by its own criteria but by the proximity to the criteria for the VU
category. As such, it also carries the criteria it nearly meets in the VU category.
A taxon that is not considered threatened is assigned LC−examples are taxa
that are widespread and taxa that are rare but have stable populations. The
DD category is assigned to taxa that are poorly known, poorly collected or
9
represented only by old collections. Taxon that is not yet assessed for its
conservation status is classified as NE.
In the past, Malaysia had used a modified version of the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria, where an additional category labelled as “Rare” was
introduced (Chua, 2012). Rare (RA) was defined as “Taxon that is not exposed
to any known direct or plausible potential threat and does not qualify under
the five IUCN criteria and occurs in ≤ 2 sites or has an EOO ≤ 100 km2 or AOO
≤ 10 km2”. This category was introduced to cater for taxon that are presently
under no plausible threat. Taxa that are confined to certain protected areas
in Malaysia are believed not to be at risk of extinction because these areas
are governed by decades-old legislation, were in pristine condition when
established and remains so until today and protection is actively enforced. The
many decades of protection and pristine quality would have provided sufficient
opportunities for plants, even long-living perennials such as trees, to have
undergone at least one generation cycle. Despite this, we acknowledge that
this situation may change in the future given the taxon’s restricted distribution
and anthropogenic influences and these will elevate the extinction risk.
Since Malaysia is adopting the “IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version
3.1” without any reservation, taxa that had been assessed as RA were
reassessed. The revised status is presented here. In addition, reassessment
was carried out for taxa assessed before the year 2016−extinction risk of
the taxon was reassessed based on current habitat status and availability of
additional data collected after the first assessment. The reason for change
in category (if any) is coded as genuine or non-genuine change. Reasons for
genuine change (G) include change in population size, rate of decline or change
in population range and distribution since the last assessment. Reasons for
non-genuine change (N) include revision of criteria, improved knowledge of
the criteria, new information, taxonomic change and incorrect data used in
previous assessment.
For evaluation under criterion A, suspected population reduction can be
based on the reduction in EOO and AOO due to habitat loss. GeoCAT was
used to calculate reduction in EOO and AOO (Bachman et al., 2011), where
the habitat, now unsuitable, and its corresponding specimen were removed.
Understanding of the taxon and its relationship to its habitat were also taken
into consideration when evaluating taxa against criterion A.
Different assessors had applied the categories with differing levels of
confidence and degree of optimism about future trends. In a substantial
number of cases, different assessors had applied different categories based
on the same information. As required by IUCN, the taxon should be evaluated
against all criteria but only the highest category and criteria is listed (IUCN
2012b, 2019).
10
RED LIST SUMMARIES
It is reiterated that all taxa that appear in this publication were assessed
for Peninsular Malaysia. We recognize the need to conduct national level
assessments however we are limited by the availability of reliable species
checklist, in particular for non-trees, for Sabah and Sarawak. To date, only
about 61.3% of the trees for Sabah and Sarawak have been revised (Soepadmo
et al., 2014).
Assessors fully or partially contributed to the assessment and/or data that was
used in the assessment. The review of preliminary assessments was undertaken
by local experts and a member of IUCN Global Tree Specialist Group.
1.4 Red List Report Format

This Red List is divided into two main parts, i.e., Part I contains introduction,
summary and analysis of the conservation status of 1,292 taxa assessed and
recommendations, as well as a consolidated table for quick reference; and Part
II contains the taxon assessments, listing all taxa with the authors, vernacular
name, country distribution, phytogeographical distribution, habitat, Red List
category, conservation notes and assessors. Spatial data on geographical
distribution, extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are
provided in the map form. For the majority of threatened taxa, the rationale
for the status is provided. Taxon name used in this Red List is currently accepted
name. If the name differs from the previous assessment published in FPM,
the old name is included as a synonym. Other information such as additional
synonyms, taxonomy and references are available from the FPM publications.
2.0 RED LIST SUMMARIES
A total 1,293 indigenous taxa (82 families) and 60 naturalized taxa were
compiled in this Red List. Of this, 1,292 were assessed and one taxon (Vatica
rassak) is Not Evaluated (NE). Of the taxa assessed, 370 taxa are threatened,
of which 96 taxa (25.95%) are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Two endemic
taxa, namely Oreogrammitis crispatula (Polypodiaceae) and Oreogrammitis
kunstleri (Polypodiaceae) are Extinct in Peninsular Malaysia. One taxon, namely
Pisonia grandis (Nyctaginaceae) is Regionally Extinct. Of the 96 endemic taxa,
29 taxa are listed as CR, 31 are EN and 36 are VU (Table 1).
11
Table 1. Summary of the assessed taxa in each Red List category.
Category No. taxa (%) Endemic
Extinct (EX) 2 (0.15) 2

Regionally Extinct (RE) 1 (0.08) 0
Critically Endangered (CR) 77 (5.96) 29
Endangered (EN) 120 (9.29) 31
Vulnerable (VU) 173 (13.39) 36
Near Threatened (NT) 213 (16.49) 27
Least Concern (LC) 627 (48.53) 35
Data Deficient (DD) 79 (6.11) 16
Total assessed 1,292 176
*Note: This table does not include taxa which are Not Applicable (NA) and Not Evaluated (NE).
Vatica rassak was published as new record to Peninsular Malaysia in 2012

based on one specimen (Suppiah FRI 11852) collected from Sekayu Forest
Reserve in Terengganu and two specimens collected from the Arboretum
in FRIM (El-Taguri & Latiff, 2012). Later in Chua et al. (2015), the specimen
Suppiah FRI 11852 was re-identified as Vatica mizaniana. Vatica rassak in
FRIM’s arboretum was planted and its original locality was unknown, therefore
its occurrence in Peninsular Malaysia is doubtful. For these reasons, Vatica
rassak was not evaluated for this Red List.
As a result of the reassessment, 27 taxa were uplisted to a higher category owing
to the increasing threats faced such as habitat loss due to land use change and
degradation (Table 2). Seventeen taxa were uplisted from NT to a threatened
category, e.g., Chisocheton pentandrus subsp. pentandrus (Meliaceae) was
uplisted from NT to CR; Aristolochia foveolata (Aristolochiaceae), Chilocarpus
denudatus (Apocynaceae), Cycas edentata (Cycadaceae) and Shorea platycarpa
(Dipterocarpaceae) were uplisted from NT to EN. Dipterocarpus perakensis,
previously assessed as DD, is now listed as EN.
Fifteen taxa were downlisted to lower threat category (Table 2). Three
threatened taxa, such as Actinostachys inopinata (Schizaeaceae),
Dasygrammitis fuscata (Polypodiaceae) and Loxogramme centicola
(Polypodiaceae) were downlisted to non-threatened category. The known
range of the taxa in Peninsular Malaysia has expanded as a result of recent
collections and are less vulnerable than previously thought. In this publication,
one EX taxon (Shorea kuantanensis; Box 1) and one NT taxon (Erycibe expansa;
Box 2) as DD.
12
RED LIST SUMMARIES
Box 1. Shorea kuantanensis (Dipterocarpaceae)

Shorea kuantanensis was
assessed as Extinct (EX) in
Chua et al. (2010). It was
previously known from a
single location, Bukit Goh FR in
the state of Pahang and it was
last collected in 1936. Bukit
Goh had been converted to
an oil palm plantation. Several
surveys conducted prior to
2010 to locate the species in
the adjacent forest fragments
were unsuccessful (Chua et
al., 2010). In 2014, the species
was rediscovered in Lata
Tembakah Recreational Forest
in the state of Terengganu.
Three individuals were recorded (Mohd-Nasir et al., 2017). The fruits from this
subpopulation matched the type specimen however, the leaf differed in shape,
size and leaf base (Chan & Tnah, 2020). Morphological and genetic studies are
on-going to verify the identification. Surveys are needed to locate more trees.
Due to the uncertainty, the species was assessed as DD.
Box 2. Erycibe expansa (Convolvulaceae)
Erycibe expansa which was previously

assessed as NT was downlisted to DD.
It is known from very old collections
and was last collected in 1933. Its
habitat preference in Peninsular
Malaysia is unknown. It was assessed
as DD due to the lack of information
on the population size, trend, ecology
and threat. Field survey is needed to
gather information on the status of
the population and to identify the
threats faced by the population in
Peninsular Malaysia.
(Picture: Herbarium specimen. Image courtesy

of Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium,
Singapore)
13
Dipterocarpaceae has the highest number of threatened taxa with 91

taxa followed by Apocynaceae with 46 taxa, Polypodiaceae with 36 taxa,
Lecythidaceae and Myristicaceae each with 15 threatened taxa (Table 3 and
Figure 3). Furthermore, Dipterocarpaceae, Apocynaceae and Polypodiaceae
are the three families having the highest CR and EN taxa with 54, 26 and 20
taxa respectively. Polypodiaceae also has the highest number of taxa assessed
as DD with 14 taxa (11.47% of the total taxa found in Peninsular Malaysia; from
eight genera), i.e., Calymmodon, Chrysogrammitis, Lepisorus, Microsorum,
Oreogrammitis, Prosaptia, Radiogrammitis and Selliguea.
Noteworthy that Cycadaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Balanophoraceae, Buxaceae
and Dipterocarpaceae are the five families with the highest proportion
of threatened taxa (Table 3, in red text). All taxa of Cycadaceae and
Tetrameristaceae known in Peninsular Malaysia are threatened despite having
low number of taxa. This is followed by Balanophoraceae with a proportion
estimated at 71% (best estimate), Buxaceae at 67% and Dipterocarpaceae at
54%.
Table 2. List of taxa with uplisted and downlisted Red List category.
Family Taxa New Previous Reason
Category Category for
change
A. Taxa uplisted
Apocynaceae Chilocarpus denudatus EN NT N

Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana macrocarpa VU NT G
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia foveolata EN NT N
Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia paniculata VU NT G
Cycadaceae Cycas edentata EN NT G
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus kunstleri NT LC N
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius var. CR EN G
subnudus
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus perakensis EN DD G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea gratissima EN VU G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea hypochra VU NT G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea inappendiculata CR EN G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea johorensis EN VU G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea macrantha EN VU N
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea materialis EN VU G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea platycarpa EN NT G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea scrobiculata VU NT G
14
RED LIST SUMMARIES
Family Taxa New Previous Reason

Category Category for
change
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea uliginosa EN VU G

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica ridleyana CR EN G
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia badia VU NT N
Lecythidaceae Careya arborea VU NT N
Lecythidaceae Planchonia grandis VU NT G
Meliaceae Aglaia variisquama VU NT N
Meliaceae Chisocheton pentandrus subsp. CR NT N
pentandrus
Meliaceae Chisocheton perakensis VU NT N
Memecylaceae Memecylon campanulatum VU NT N
Polypodiaceae Lecanopteris sinuosa VU NT N
Polypodiaceae Loxogramme wallichiana VU NT N
B. Taxa downlisted
Apocynaceae Willughbeia tenuiflora LC NT G

Convolvulaceae Argyreia ooststroomii LC NT N
Convolvulaceae Erycibe expansa DD NT N
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea sangal LC NT N
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea subalata EN CR G
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea bentongensis VU EN N
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea kuantanensis DD EX N
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica bella LC NT N
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica lowii LC NT N
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica scortechinii VU EN N
Magnoliaceae Magnolia siamensis VU EN G
Polypodiaceae Dasygrammitis fuscata NT VU G
Polypodiaceae Loxogramme centicola NT VU G
Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia penangiana LC NT G
Schizaeaceae Actinostachys inopinata NT EN G
Reasons for change: G−Genuine change (i.e., change in population size, rate of decline or
population range and distribution since the last assessment); N−Non-genuine change (i.e.,
criteria revision, new information, taxonomy change, mistake, incorrect data).
15
16
Table 3. The number of taxa in Peninsular Malaysia, grouped according to family, under respective IUCN categories. Five families
having the largest number of threatened taxa in light red fill and five with highest proportion of threatened taxa are indicated in red
font.
Family EX RE CR EN VU NT LC DD NA NE TOTAL Best estimate of percentage of threatened

taxa (Lower estimate–upper estimate)
*family that has no threatened taxon is noted with
n.a.
Actinidiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 1 0 11 n.a.
Adiantaceae 0 0 1 3 4 5 11 0 4 0 28 33 (33–33)
Ancistrocladaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Anisophylleaceae 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 4 0 0 10 17 (10–50)
Apocynaceae 0 0 12 14 20 19 40 5 5 0 115 44 (42–46)
Araucariaceae 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Aristolochiaceae 0 0 5 3 3 2 7 2 0 0 22 55 (50–59)
Aspleniaceae 0 0 0 3 1 2 19 0 0 0 25 16 (16–16)
Balanophoraceae 0 0 3 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 7 71 (71–71)
Blechnaceae 0 0 1 2 1 1 4 0 0 0 9 44 (44–44)
Bonnetiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Buxaceae 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 67 (67–67)
Cabombaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 n.a.
Casuarinaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Chloranthaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Chrysobalanaceae 0 0 0 0 3 0 12 2 0 0 17 20 (18–29)
Cibotiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
n.a.
Cleomaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 4 n.a.
Clethraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 n.a.
Convolvulaceae 0 0 1 4 6 7 38 8 15 0 79 20 (17–30)
Cruciferae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 n.a.
Crypteroniaceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 4 n.a.
Cryptogrammaceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Ctenolophonaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Cucurbitaceae 0 0 0 0 5 3 19 2 2 0 31 19(17–24)
Cyatheaceae 0 0 1 0 2 3 13 2 0 0 21 16 (14–24)
Cycadaceae 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 100
Daphniphyllaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 n.a.
Datiscaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Davalliaceae 0 0 0 0 2 1 10 0 1 0 14 15 (15–15)
Dipteridaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 n.a.
Dipterocarpaceae 0 0 17 37 37 34 42 6 0 1 174 54 (53–56)
Droseraceae 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 50 (33–67)
Elaeocarpaceae 0 0 1 2 10 11 18 2 1 0 45 31 (30–34)
Equisetaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Erythroxylaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 50 (50–50)
Gelsemiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
RED LIST SUMMARIES
17
18
n.a.
Goodeniaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Hypodematiaceae 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 33 (25–50)
Illiciaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 n.a.
Juglandaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 25 (25–25)
Lecythidaceae 0 0 5 3 7 1 11 2 0 0 29 56 (52–59)
Lomariopsidaceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Lycopodiaceae 0 0 2 2 4 1 10 1 0 0 20 42 (40–45)
Lygodiaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 13 (13–13)
Magnoliaceae 0 0 0 2 3 6 2 2 1 0 16 38 (33–47)
Malpighiaceae 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 0 0 7 33 (29–43)
Marattiaceae 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 4 25 (25–25)
Matoniaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 50 (50–50)
Meliaceae 0 0 2 2 9 18 67 8 0 0 106 13 (12–20)
Memecylaceae 0 0 3 1 2 3 23 4 0 0 36 19 (17–28)
Monimiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Myricaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Myristicaceae 0 0 3 4 8 20 37 0 0 0 72 21 (21–21)
Nelumbonaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 n.a.
Nepenthaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 10 10 (10–10)
Nephrolepidaceae 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 1 0 0 9 13 (11–22)
n.a.
Nyctaginaceae 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 6 n.a.
Nymphaeaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 20 (20–20)
Nyssaceae 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 7 29 (29–29)
Ochnaceae 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 7 14 (14–14)
Olacaceae 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 0 0 0 11 9(9–9)
Oleandraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Onagraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 n.a.
Opiliaceae 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 n.a.
Osmundaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 50 (50–50)
Pandaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 n.a.
Parkeriaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 n.a.
Passifloraceae 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 3 0 10 43 (43–43)
Pedaliaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 n.a.
Pentaphylacaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Phytolaccaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 n.a.
Pittosporaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Plagiogyriaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 50 (50–50)
Podocarpaceae 0 0 0 0 2 3 9 1 0 0 15 14 (13–20)
Podostemaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Polypodiaceae 2 0 10 10 16 13 57 14 0 0 122 34 (30–42)
RED LIST SUMMARIES
19
20
n.a.
Portulacaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 n.a.
Psilotaceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 n.a.
Sapindaceae 0 0 1 4 4 4 34 2 1 0 50 19 (18–22)
Schisandraceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 4 n.a.
Schizaeaceae 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 7 14 (14–14)
Selaginellaceae 0 0 1 3 7 4 14 3 0 0 32 38 (34–44)
Sinopteridaceae 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 6 33 (33–33)
Symplocaceae 0 0 0 4 7 13 5 1 1 0 31 38 (37–40)
Tetrameristaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 100
Torricelliaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Trigoniaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n.a.
Turneraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 n.a.
Viscaceae 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 8 13 (13–13)
TOTAL 2 1 77 120 173 213 627 79 60 1 1353
*IUCN categories: EX = Extinct; RE = Regionally Extinct; CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern; DD = Data
Deficient; NA = Not Applicable; NE = Not Evaluated.
RED LIST SUMMARIES
Figure 3. Distribution of IUCN categories according to families.

21
Across all families, criterion B is the most commonly used criterion in this
Red List, 299 (80.81%) of the 370 threatened taxa were listed under
criterion B (restricted geographic range) (Figures 4 and 5). Out of this, 76
taxa (25.42%) are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia with 18 taxa known
only from a single location. According to Bachman et al. (2011) and
Newton & Oldfield (2008), distribution data present in herbarium collection
labels are typically the most abundant resource available to experts
undertaking Red List assessments thus there is a tendency to rely on range
(criteria B1 and B2) to list a taxon on the Red List. We had benefited from the
taxonomic revision and had used range estimates based on herbarium
specimens with confidence, but knowing that the data is likely to under-
estimate the actual extent because of collection bias.
As for the other criteria, only 65 taxa (17.57%) were listed under criterion A
which is based on population size reduction. The lack of information on the
population reduction and generation length did not allow criterion A to be
widely used. Only three taxa were threatened under criterion C, namely,
Anisoptera marginata (Dipterocarpaceae), Cycas cantafolia (Cycadaceae)
and Dipterocarpus semivestitus (Dipterocarpaceae). Twenty four (6.49%)
taxa including Ptisana pellucida (Marattiaceae, CR D), Thottea praetermissa
(Aristolochiaceae, VU D2) and Dipterocarpus alatus (Dip terocarpaceae, VU D2)
were threatened under criterion D. No taxon was assessed against criterion E
due to the lack of sufficient data to conduct quantitative analysis and estimate
the probability that the population will become extinct.
Figure 4. Number of threatened taxa listed under each IUCN Red List criterion.
22
RED LIST SUMMARIES
Figure 5. Number of threatened taxa in each family under each of the IUCN
Red List criterion A−D. Families that do not have threatened taxa are excluded.
Seventy nine taxa (6.11%) of the 1292 taxa assessed were listed as DD. Of
this, 16 (20.25%) are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia (Table 4). Polypodiaceae
had the most number of DD taxa with 14 taxa, followed by Convolvulaceae
and Meliaceae with 8 taxa each and Dipterocarpaceae with 6 taxa (Table 3).
Most of the taxa had uncertainties in distribution, i.e., known only from the
type locality and old historical collections, population status and/or unknown
threats. There was inadequate information to make a direct or indirect
assessment of its extinction risk. Many collections made by Father Benedetto
Scortechini and Dr. King’s collectors, who were eminent field botanists and
collectors in the late 19th century, are in this category, including a substantial
number made by H.N. Ridley in the early 20th century.
23
Table 4. List of DD taxa that are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
FAMILY TAXA
Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea reticulata
Chrysobalanaceae Atuna latifrons
Kostermanthus malayanus
Clethraceae Clethra symingtonii
Convolvulaceae Erycibe strigosa
Erycibe magnifica
Neuropeltis maingayi var. tomentosa
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea kuantanensis
Vatica cuneata
Vatica spatulata
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus ngii subsp. curtisii
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia glomerata
Meliaceae Aglaia densitricha
Memecylaceae Memecylon malaccense
Selaginellaceae Selaginella curtisii
Symplocaceae Symplocos crassipes var. crassipes
Most of 370 threatened taxa have restricted distribution—174 taxa (47.03%)

are only known from between one to three locations of which 66 (37.71%) taxa
are CR (Table 5). Furthermore, out of the 66 CR taxa, 42 are only known from
a single location and 17 of these are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. These
endemic taxa with highly restricted distribution are particularly vulnerable to
extinction.
Table 5: List of threatened taxa with restricted distribution in Peninsular

Malaysia.
*Note: EEndemic taxon
Threatened Number of Family Species

category locations
Critically 1 location Adiantaceae Adiantum allenia E
Endangered
Alstonia penangiana E
(CR)
Anodendron coriaceum
Kibatalia villosa
Kopsia rosea
Parsonsia celebica
Parsonsia penangiana
Strophanthus singaporianus
24
RED LIST SUMMARIES

category locations
Urceola densiflora
Urceola malayana E
Aristolochiaceae Thottea kamarudiniana E
Thottea papilionis E
Thottea ruthiae E
Thottea piscodora E
Balanophoraceae Balanophora hansenii E
Blechnaceae Austroblechnum melanocaulon subsp.
pallens
Convolvulaceae Erycibe tomentosa var. hirsuta
Cyatheaceae Cyathea alleniae E
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica kanthanensis E
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia latiffiana E
Barringtonia longipes
Barringtonia maxwelliana E
Barringtonia terengganuensis E
Barringtonia zainudiniana E
Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus iminii
Marattiaceae Ptisana pellucida
Meliaceae Dysoxylum parasiticum
Memecylaceae Memecylon corticosum var. kratense
Memecylon durum
Memecylon lancifolium
Myristicaceae Horsfieldia elongata E
Knema andamanica subsp. nicobarica
Knema retusa E
Nyssaceae Mastixia pentandra subsp. chinensis
Polypodiaceae Calymmodon conduplicatus
Drynaria coronans
Microsorum superficiale
Oreogrammitis vittariifolia
Platycerium holttumii
Prosaptia nutans
Radiogrammitis pseudoxiphopteris E
Xiphopterella govidjoaense
2 locations Apocynaceae Kopsia arborea
Kopsia griffithii var. pubescens E
Aristolochiaceae Thottea longipedunculata E
Balanophoraceae Balanophora reflexa
Buxaceae Buxus cochinchinensis var. holttumiana
Cycadaceae Cycas cantafolia E
25

category locations
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica yeechongii E
Droseraceae Drosera spatulata var. spatulata
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus kunstleri E
Malpighiaceae Hiptage burkilliana E
Polypodiaceae Oreogrammitis setulifera
Sapindaceae Harpullia arborea
Viscaceae Notothixos malayanus
3 locations Balanophoraceae Balanophora abbreviata
DipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpus obtusifolius var. subnudus
Dipterocarpus sarawakensis
Hopea auriculata E
Hopea bilitonensis
Parashorea globosa
Hypodematiaceae Hypodematium glabrius
Lycopodiaceae Pseudodiphasium volubile
Meliaceae Chisocheton pentandrus subsp.
pentandrus
Polypodiaceae Leptochilus axillaris
Selaginellaceae Selaginella rivalis E
Endangered 1 location Blechnaceae Diploblechnum fraseri
(EN) Convolvulaceae Erycibe sapotacea E
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea subalata E
Vatica abdulrahmaniana E
Polypodiaceae Goniophlebium subauriculatum
2 locations Adiantaceae Haplopteris dareicarpa
Haplopteris hirta
Apocynaceae Beaumontia murtonii
Aristolochiaceae Thottea anthonysamyi E
Aspleniaceae Asplenium merapohense E
Blechnaceae Woodwardia auriculata
Convolvulaceae Erycibe festiva
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus acutangulus
Dryobalanops beccarii
Vatica acrocarpa
Vatica najibiana E
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia payensiana E
Lygodiaceae Lygodium auriculatum
Matoniaceae Matonia foxworthyi
Myristicaceae Knema rigidifolia subsp. camerona E
Nepenthaceae Nepenthes benstonei E
26
RED LIST SUMMARIES

category locations
Nyssaceae Mastixia rostrata subsp. caudatifolia
Polypodiaceae Ctenopterella khaoluangensis
Drynaria tricuspis
Goniophlebium korthalsii
Sapindaceae Lepisanthes ferruginea
Sinopteridaceae Aleuritopteris anceps
Symplocaceae Symplocos crassipes var. brandiana E
Symplocos laeterividis var. laeterividis
Symplocos nivea E
3 locations Apocynaceae Alyxia pilosa
Anodendron pauciflorum
Eucorymbia alba
Kopsia grandifolia
Parsonsia philippinensis
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia foveolata
Isotrema vallisicola E
Aspleniaceae Asplenium obscurum
Convolvulaceae Argyreia corneri E
Tridynamia megalantha
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus perakensis E
Dipterocarpus tempehes
Hopea kerangasensis
Vatica mizaniana E
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum kochummenii E
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia filirachis
Magnoliaceae Magnolia champaca var. pubinervia
Magnolia pahangensis E
Myristicaceae Horsfieldia macilenta
Knema curtisii var. paludosa
Knema pulchra
Nymphaeaceae Barclaya longifolia
Passifloraceae Adenia macrophylla var. singaporeana
Polypodiaceae Calymmodon asiaticus
Microsorum rubidum
Oreogrammitis malayensis E
Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan subsp. longan var.
longan
Selaginellaceae Selaginella pubescens
Selaginella repanda
Selaginella ridleyi E
27

category locations
Symplocaceae Symplocos odoratissima var. odoratissima
Vulnerable 1 location Adiantaceae Adiantum siamense
(VU) Aristolochiaceae Thottea reflexa E
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus robustus var. collinus E
Elaeocarpus tahanensis
Podocarpaceae Podocarpus deflexus
Polypodiaceae Oreogrammitis jeraiensis E
Oreogrammitis knutsfordiana
Radiogrammitis peninsularis E
Tomophyllum inconspicuum
Xiphopterella gracilis E
Schizaeaceae Schizaea fistulosa
Selaginellaceae Selaginella griffithii
Symplocaceae Symplocos glomerata
Symplocos tricoccata
2 locations Apocynaceae Trachelospermum asiaticum
Buxaceae Buxus rupicola E
Siraitia siamensis var. siamensis
Magnoliaceae Magnolia siamensis
Meliaceae Aglaia cucullata
Chisocheton perakensis E
Plagiogyriaceae Plagiogyria adnata
Selaginellaceae Selaginella scabrida E
Selaginella selangorensis var. ciliata E
Symplocaceae Symplocos calycodactylos E
Symplocos ophirensis subsp. ophirensis
var. densireticulata
3 locations Adiantaceae Haplopteris flexuosa
Apocynaceae Anodendron wrayi E
Strophanthus wallichii
Convolvulaceae Argyreia lamii E
Erycibe praecipua subsp. praecipua E
Cucurbitaceae Mukia maderaspatana
Solena heterophylla subsp. heterophylla
Davalliaceae Davallia trichomanoides var. lorrainii
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus symingtonii E
Elaeocarpus valetonii var. valetonii
Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus coralium
Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana
Magnoliaceae Magnolia scortechinii
28
RED LIST SUMMARIES

category locations
Meliaceae Aglaia scortechinii
Myristicaceae Horsfieldia punctata E
Polypodiaceae Lecanopteris crustacea
Platycerium ridleyi
Selaginellaceae Selaginella plana
Selaginella selangorensis var.
selangorensis E
Selaginella strigosa
Based on this Red List, Pahang had the highest number of threatened taxa
with 198 taxa (20.20%) compared to other states in Peninsular Malaysia
(Figure 6 and Table 6). This was followed by Perak with 166 taxa (18.76%) and
Johor with 131 taxa (18.5%). Both Perak and Johor had one extinct taxon each,
namely Oreogrammitis kunstleri (Polypodiaceae) in Johor and Oreogrammitis
crispatula (Polypodiaceae) in Perak. Pahang and Terengganu had one taxon
assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE), namely Pisonia grandis (Nyctaginaceae).
Among the three states, Pahang and Perak had the highest number of CR taxa
with each having 21 taxa, followed by Johor with 15 CR taxa.
Pahang
Perak
Johor
Selangor
Terengganu
Kedah
Kelantan
Negeri Sembilan
Penang
Melaka
Perlis
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
EX RE CR EN VU NT LC DD NE
Figure 6. Distribution of taxa under each IUCN category according to state.
Among the states, Pahang had the highest number of CR taxa with a single
location, i.e., 12 taxa (Table 7) and four of these are endemic. This was followed
by Perak, Terengganu and Johor with 5, 4, 1 endemic taxa respectively. Kedah
had 5 taxa, of which two are endemic. The high number of CR taxa among
endemic taxa that occur in single location is alarming and hence both in situ
and ex situ conservation are needed to protect them from extinction. It is
noted that most of these taxa do not occur in protected areas.
29
30
Table 6. The number of taxa in each state in Peninsular Malaysia under respective IUCN categories. States are arranged in descending
order by number of threatened species.
Forested
Number of
State Land area (ha) area (ha) as EX RE CR EN VU NT LC DD NE Total
threatened taxa (%)
of 2018*
Pahang 3,596,500 2,056,695 0 1 21 65 112 177 588 16 0 980 198 (20.20)
Perak 2,103,800 1,013,479 1 0 21 45 100 149 539 30 0 885 166 (18.76)
Johor 1,916,600 447,753 1 0 15 43 73 99 468 9 0 708 131 (18.50)
Selangor 793,020 251,489 0 0 3 25 70 115 496 2 0 711 98 (13.78)
Terengganu 1,297,400 651,248 0 1 8 25 60 78 409 5 1 587 93 (15.84)
Kedah 942,500 342,431 0 0 7 17 54 87 410 9 0 584 78 (13.36)
Kelantan 1,510,462 810,415 0 0 5 16 35 75 418 4 0 553 56 (10.13)

Penang 103,104 7,752 0 0 8 15 22 53 309 8 0 415 45 (10.84)
Negeri Sembilan 665,709 157,964 0 0 1 9 34 67 387 3 0 501 44 (8.78)
Melaka 171,300 5,448 0 0 1 8 23 31 259 5 0 327 32 (9.79)
Perlis 79,500 11,538 0 0 3 7 17 25 88 4 0 144 27 (18.75)
*Anon. (2018). Annual Report of Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia. Pp. 90.
RED LIST SUMMARIES
Table 7. List of CR taxa occurring in a single location according to state.

*Note: E Endemic taxon
States Family Taxa

Pahang Apocynaceae Parsonsia celebica, Urceola malayana E
Balanophoraceae Balanophora hansenii E
Blechnaceae Austroblechnum melanocaulon subsp. pallens
Cyatheaceae Cyathea alleniae E
Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus iminii
Marattiaceae Ptisana pellucida
Meliaceae Dysoxylum parasiticum
Myristicaceae Horsfieldia elongata E
Polypodiaceae Calymmodon conduplicatus, Microsorum
superficiale, Prosaptia nutans
Terengganu Aristolochiaceae Thottea kamarudiniana E, T. piscodora E
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia longipes, B. terengganuensis E
Memecylaceae Memecylon corticosum var. kratense
Johor Apocynaceae Kibatalia villosa
Convolvulaceae Erycibe tomentosa var. hirsuta
Memecylaceae Memecylon durum
Polypodiaceae Oreogrammitis vittariifolia, Radiogrammitis
pseudoxiphopteris E, Xiphopterella govidjoaense
Perak Adiantaceae Adiantum alleniae E
Apocynaceae Anodendron coriaceum
Aristolochiaceae Thottea papilionis E
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica kanthanensis E
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia maxwelliana E
Myristicaceae Knema retusa E
Kedah Lecythidaceae Barringtonia latiffiana E , B. zainudiniana E
Nyssaceae Mastixia pentandra subsp. chinensis
Polypodiaceae Drynaria coronans, Platycerium holttumii
Penang Apocynaceae Alstonia penangiana E, Parsonsia penangiana,
Urceola densiflora
Myristicaceae Knema andamanica subsp. nicobarica
Kelantan Apocynaceae Kopsia rosea
Memecylaceae Memecylon lancifolium E
Melaka Apocynaceae Strophanthus singaporianus
31
With regards to ex situ collections, about 79 out of 370 (21.35%) threatened

taxa are represented in the network of botanical gardens, arboreta and other
collection centres. Majority of these are members of the Dipterocarpaceae
and these are planted in the grounds of FRIM, including the Kepong Botanic
Gardens. A representative collection has been established in collaboration
with Sime Darby Plantation at their Jentar Estate in Pahang (Sime Darby, n.d.).
Table 8 provides a list of threatened taxa present in selected ex situ sites. The
network of ex situ collection centres focus on a wide range of indigenous taxa
and collection on threatened plants is generally done on an ad hoc basis.
Table 8. List of threatened taxa in selected ex situ sites.

Family Taxa Category Endemic Ex situ site
Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea grandis EN N FRIM
Apocynaceae Beaumontia murtonii EN N FRIM, PBG
Apocynaceae Kopsia arborea CR N PBG
Apocynaceae Kopsia griffithii var. griffithii VU Y KBG
Apocynaceae Rauvolfia sumatrana VU N FRIM
Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana EN N PBG
pandacaqui
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia foveolata EN N FRIM
Cycadaceae Cycas clivicola subsp. EN N FRIM, PBG and
clivicola Putrajaya
Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera scaphula VU N FRIM, JE
Dipterocarpaceae Cotylelobium melanoxylon EN N KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus chartaceus VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus concavus VU N KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus condorensis VU N FRIM
subsp. penangianus
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus coriaceus CR N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costatus VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus dyeri EN N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus elongatus VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus eurynchus VU N FRIM-Bidor RS
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus fagineus VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus hasseltii VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius CR N JE, KBG
var. subnudus
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus rigidus EN N KBG, FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus rotundifolius EN Y FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus CR N KBG, FRIM, JE
sarawakensis
32
RED LIST SUMMARIES

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus semivestitus CR N KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tempehes EN N KBG, FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops beccarii EN N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea apiculata EN Y FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea auriculata CR Y FRIM-Bidor RS,
KBG, JE
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea bilitonensis CR N FRIM and KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea bracteata var. CR Y KBG
penangiana
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea glaucescens VU Y FRIM-Bidor RS,
JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea helferi VU N FRIM and KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea johorensis VU Y FRIM and KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea latifolia VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea myrtifolia VU N FRIM,JE
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea odorata VU N FRIM, JE, KBG,
PBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea pierrei VU N FRIM-Bidor RS
JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea polyalthioides EN Y JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea pubescens VU Y FRIM, JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea subalata EN Y FRIM, JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea atrinervosa EN N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea collina VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea dasyphylla VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea dealbata EN N JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea exelliptica VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea foxworthyi VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea gibbosa VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea gratissima EN N KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea hemsleyana subsp. CR N FRIM,
hemsleyana FRIM-Bidor RS,
JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea henryana EN N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea hypochra VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea inappendiculata CR N JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea johorensis EN N FRIM, JE
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea lumutensis CR Y FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea macrantha EN N FRIM, JE
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea materialis EN N FRIM, JE
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ochrophloia VU N FRIM
33

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea palembanica VU N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea peltata EN N FRIM, JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea platycarpa EN N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea scrobiculata VU N FRIM, JE
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea singkawang subsp. EN Y FRIM
scabrosa
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea teysmanniana CR N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea uliginosa EN N FRIM
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica abdulrahmaniana EN Y JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica flavida CR Y JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica havilandii EN N KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica lobata EN Y JE
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica mizaniana EN Y KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica scortechinii VU Y FRIM-Bidor RS,
KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica stapfiana VU N FRIM-Bidor RS,
JE, KBG
Dipterocarpaceae Vatica yeechongii CR Y FRIM, JE, KBG
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum kochummenii EN Y FRIM
Meliaceae Dysoxylum parasiticum CR N FRIM
Myristicaceae Knema pulchra EN N FRIM
Ochnaceae Ochna integerrima EN N LG and PBG
Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan subsp. EN N FRIM
longan var. longan
Tetrameristaceae Tetramerista glabra VU N FRIM
* Ex situ sites: FRIM–Forest Research Institute Malaysia campus, FRIM–Bidor RS–FRIM Bidor
Research Station, JE–Sime Darby Plantation at Jentar, KBG-Kepong Botanic Gardens,
LG–Lake Garden Kuala Lumpur and PBG–Penang Botanic Gardens.
34
RED LIST SUMMARIES
3.0 NEXT STEPS
3.1. Increase the rate of taxa assessment

Red List assessment is the first step towards identifying priorities for
conservation planning. Prioritization is essential to ensure effective
conservation management which is constrained by limited resources. To date,
less than 20% of the plant taxa in Peninsular had been assessed. There is a
need to speed up the assessment in order to achieve a comprehensive red
listing for plants in Peninsular Malaysia. Through the assessment, threatened
taxa are identified and appropriate conservation measures can be taken to
protect the populations and habitats from further decline. Ideally all plant
taxa in Peninsular Malaysia should be assessed to get a better estimate on the
proportion of threatened taxa in the peninsula. Comprehensive red listing also
provides important baseline information for effective integrated development
and conservation planning in the aim to achieve sustainable development.
Taxa assessment can be conducted through collaboration between research
institutes, universities and relevant stakeholders. This approach encourages
information exchange and more comprehensive data can be collated which
will eventually help speed up taxa assessments.
3.2. Ensure populations of threatened taxa are effectively conserved in situ

Populations of threatened taxa, in particular CR and EN taxa, should be
conserved at the population level in their natural habitats (in situ), through
establishing new protected areas and other effective area-based conservation
measures (OECM) such as Ramsar sites, Important Plant Areas (IPA), Genetic
Resource Areas (GRA) and High Conservation Value Areas (HCVA). Conservation
action plans and management plans should be developed to ensure that the
ecological integrity within the greater landscape of the target populations
is preserved thus safeguarding the effectiveness of habitat and species
protection.
3.3. Expand knowledge on threatened taxa

a. Research and long term monitoring are important to increase knowledge of
threatened taxa for a better understanding of the drivers of threats. Areas of
research that are relevant include demography, ecology, reproductive biology,
population genetics, germplasm preservation, potential impact or responses
of taxa to land degradation and climate change. Research on predicting taxa
extinction risk using predictive models is particularly useful in conservation
planning to ensure the long term effectiveness of conservation initiatives.
b. For many taxa, the accurate estimates of distribution is lacking thereby
resulting in an underestimation of the taxon’s range. This is of particular concern
since there is a significant reliance on range (Criterion B) in the assessment.
35
Increasing efforts in collections and inventory can further improve the degree
of rarity and understanding of habitat specialisation and population change.
Rivers et al. (2011) had suggested that for a Red List assessment at least ten
valid records are needed to carry out a range estimate of 90% accuracy.
3.4. Enhance the ex situ collection of threatened taxa

All threatened taxa, in particular CR and EN taxa, should be represented in ex
situ collections. Taxa that are only known from one location are a high priority.
Ex situ conservation programme should be developed for threatened taxa
that are not represented in current ex situ collection. Conservation of genetic
diversity should be incorporated into the ex situ conservation programme to
minimize the loss of genetic diversity.
3.5. Increase data collection on DD taxa

Taxa that are DD are of high conservation concern. Because data such as
phytogeographic distribution, taxonomic distinctiveness and population
attributes are scarce, extinction risk of these populations can be barely
deduced. Globally, DD taxa are not considered threatened and as such, they
do not appear in the conservation radar and are not acknowledged as species
of conservation priority. Although DD taxa are not considered threatened,
they still face a high degree of extinction risk. Prioritization of DD taxa,
especially endemic taxa, for research is necessary, for example, field studies
or taxonomical studies to gather information on population status (e.g.,
distribution, size and trend) and possible threat facing the taxa. In this respect,
the first priority should be for taxonomically validated endemic DD taxa that
are known from only one locality, typically the type locality.
3.6. Assessing the recovery of the threatened taxa

Monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of conservation measures that
had been implemented are necessary, especially for the purpose of adaptive
management. This is required to improve decision-making and address
emerging issues that arise in the course of implementation. The recovery of
the taxon’s population is measured through monitoring. The success of the
conservation measure should be taken into consideration when the taxon is
reassessed.
3.7. Increase capacity building and awareness

Increasing the capacity of resource managers to undertake conservation
initiatives for threatened populations and taxa is essential to ensure its
success. Regular training for all levels of personnel (e.g., forest managers
and field staff) needs to be conducted to increase their skills and capability
in implementing conservation measures. Awareness programmes on the
36
RED LIST SUMMARIES
importance of conservation of threatened plants should be directed towards

all stakeholders including decision makers, resource managers and the general
public. Targeted information sharing with specific stakeholders should be
regularly held via dialogues and seminars. In addition, research collaboration
should be strengthened in particular with implementing agencies.
Figure 7 illustrates the next steps that are necessary to mitigate the extinction
risk of plant taxa, in particular taxa that are threatened in Peninsular Malaysia.
Extinct (EX) & Regionally Ex situ Enhance the ex situ

collection in
Extinct (RE) conservation arboreta, botanical
Seed/wilding collection
gardens and other

Extinct in the Wild (EW) ex situ sites.
Increase capacity building
and awareness.
Increase threatened
plant population
Critically Endangered (CR) Ensure population of through
Endangered (EN) In situ threatened taxa is reintroduction.
Vulnerable (VU) conservation effectively conserved in
Extinction situ through:
risk i) establishment of new
assessment protected areas or
OECM sites. Assessing the
ii) development of recovery of
when new information is available conservation action threatened
Near Threatened
plans and taxa through
(NT) management. monitoring.
when new information is available Improve habitat quality

Least Concern (LC) through restoration
programmes.
Field studies to determine
Data Deficient (DD) population status and Expand knowledge on
threats. threatened taxa and the
drivers of threat through
research.
Figure 7. Overview of the general measures to mitigate the extinction risk of

plant taxa in Peninsular Malaysia.
37
38
4.0 SUMMARY OF RED LIST STATUS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIAN PLANTS
The distribution of each indigenous taxon within Peninsular Malaysia is summarized. Presence of respective taxon in each state
was indicated with ( / ). Distribution of non-indigenous taxa (listed as NA = Not Applicable) is not presented. The abbreviations for
each state are as followed: PS = Perlis; KD = Kedah; PN = Penang; KL = Kelantan; TG = Terengganu; PH = Pahang; PK = Perak; SL =
Selangor; NS = Negeri Sembilan; ML = Melaka; JH = Johor.
Taxa Family Peninsular Malaysia Endemic to States

Red List Status Peninsular Malaysia
(Y = Yes; N = No) PS KD PN KL TG PH PK SL NS ML JH
Acer laurinum Sapindaceae LC N / / / /

Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Acrosorus streptophyllus Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Acrostichum aureum Parkeriaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Acrostichum speciosum Parkeriaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Actinidia latifolia var. latifolia Actinidiaceae LC N / / / /
Actinostachys digitata Schizaeaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Actinostachys inopinata Schizaeaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Actinostachys wagneri Schizaeaceae NT B2a N / /
Adenia cordifolia Passifloraceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Adenia macrophylla var. macrophylla Passifloraceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Adenia macrophylla var. singaporeana Passifloraceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Adenia penangiana var. parvifolia Passifloraceae EN B2ab(i,iii) N / /
Adenia penangiana var. penangiana Passifloraceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Adiantum alleniae Adiantaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantaceae NA
Adiantum caudatum Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / /

Adiantum flabellulatum Adiantaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / / /
Adiantum latifolium Adiantaceae NA
Adiantum malesianum Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Adiantum philippense Adiantaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / /
Adiantum siamense Adiantaceae VU D2 N /
Adiantum soboliferum Adiantaceae EN B2ab(ii,iii) N / /
Adiantum stenochlamys Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Adiantum tenerum Adiantaceae NA
Adiantum trapeziforme Adiantaceae NA
Adiantum zollingeri Adiantaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / / /
Aganosma wallichii Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Agathis borneensis Araucariaceae NT A4cd N / / / / / / / /
Agathis flavescens Araucariaceae NT B1a+2a Y / /
Aglaia angustifolia Meliaceae LC N /
Aglaia argentea Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Aglaia coriacea Meliaceae LC N / / /
Aglaia crassinervia Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia cucullata Meliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Aglaia densitricha Meliaceae DD Y /
Aglaia edulis Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia elaeagnoidea Meliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
REGIONAL RED LIST STATUS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIAN PLANTS
39
40
Aglaia elliptica Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Aglaia erythrosperma Meliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Aglaia eximia Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Aglaia exstipulata Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia forbesii Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Aglaia foveolata Meliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Aglaia glabrata Meliaceae NT B2a N / / / /
Aglaia glabriflora Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Aglaia grandis Meliaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / / /
Aglaia hiernii Meliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Aglaia korthalsii Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Aglaia lawii subsp. oligocarpa Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Aglaia leptantha Meliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Aglaia leucophylla Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Aglaia macrocarpa Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia macrostigma Meliaceae LC Y / / / / / /
Aglaia malaccensis Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia meliosmoides Meliaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Aglaia membranifolia Meliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Aglaia monozyga Meliaceae DD N /
Aglaia multinervis Meliaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Aglaia odoratissima Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia oligophylla Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Aglaia pachyphylla Meliaceae LC N / / / / /
Aglaia palembanica Meliaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Aglaia perviridis Meliaceae DD N /
Aglaia rubiginosa Meliaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Aglaia rufibarbis Meliaceae NT B2ab(iii) Y / / / / /
Aglaia rufinervis Meliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Aglaia rugulosa Meliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Aglaia scortechinii Meliaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Aglaia sexipetala Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Aglaia silvestris Meliaceae LC N / / / /
Aglaia simplicifolia Meliaceae LC N / / / /
Aglaia soepadmoi Meliaceae DD N /
Aglaia speciosa Meliaceae NT B1a+2a N / / /
Aglaia spectabilis Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia squamulosa Meliaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / / /
Aglaia tenuicaulis Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia teysmanniana Meliaceae NT B2a N / / / /
Aglaia tomentosa subsp. cordata Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia tomentosa subsp. tomentosa Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Aglaia variisquama Meliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Aglaia yzermannii Meliaceae LC N / / /
41
42
Aleuritopteris anceps Sinopteridaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /

Allamanda cathartica Apocynaceae NA
Allophylus cobbe Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Alsomitra macrocarpa Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / /
Alstonia angustifolia Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Alstonia angustiloba Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Alstonia macrophylla Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Alstonia penangiana Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Alstonia pneumatophora Apocynaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / / /
Alstonia rostrata Apocynaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / /
Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / /
Alstonia spatulata Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Alyxia angustifolia Apocynaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / /
Alyxia ganophylla Apocynaceae LC N / / / / /
Alyxia oleifolia Apocynaceae LC N / / /
Alyxia pilosa Apocynaceae EN B1ab(i,ii,iv) N / / /
Alyxia reinwardtii Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Amesiodendron chinensis Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / /
Amphineurion marginatum Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Anacolosa frutescens Olacaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Ancistrocladus tectorius Ancistrocladaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Angelesia splendens Chrysobalanaceae LC N

/ / / / / / / / / / /
(syn = Licania splendens)
Angiopteris angustifolia Marattiaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N / / /
Angiopteris evecta Marattiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Aniseia martinicensis Convolvulaceae NA
Anisophyllea apetala Anisophylleaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Anisophyllea corneri Anisophylleaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Anisophyllea curtisii Anisophylleaceae DD N / / / /
Anisophyllea disticha Anisophylleaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Anisophyllea grandis Anisophylleaceae EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / /
Anisophyllea griffithii Anisophylleaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / / / /
Anisophyllea reticulata Anisophylleaceae DD Y /
Anisophyllea scortechinii Anisophylleaceae LC N / / / / / /
Anisophyllea sessiliflora Anisophylleaceae DD N /
Anisoptera costata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / /
Anisoptera curtisii Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Anisoptera laevis Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Anisoptera marginata Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(ii); C1 N / / /
Anisoptera megistocarpa Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / / / /
Anisoptera scaphula Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(iv) N / / / / / /
Anodendron axillare Apocynaceae DD N /
Anodendron candolleanum Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / / / / /
43
44
Anodendron coriaceum Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /

Anodendron gracile Apocynaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / /
Anodendron nervosum Apocynaceae NA
Anodendron parviflorum Apocynaceae DD N
/
(syn = Anodendron paniculatum)
Anodendron pauciflorum Apocynaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Anodendron tubulosum Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Anodendron wrayi Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / /
Antrophyum callifolium Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Antrophyum latifolium Adiantaceae VU B1ab(i,iv) N / / /
Antrophyum parvulum Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Antrophyum semicostatum Adiantaceae LC N / / / /

Aphanamixis polystachya Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aphanamixis sumatrana Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Aralidium pinnatifidum Torricelliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Argyreia adpressa Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / /
Argyreia capitiformis Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Argyreia corneri Convolvulaceae EN B2ab(i,iii) Y /
Argyreia kunstleri Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / /
Argyreia lamii Convolvulaceae VU B2ab(i,ii,iii) Y / /
Argyreia linggaensis Convolvulaceae DD N /
Argyreia maingayi Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Argyreia mollis Convolvulaceae VU B2ab(i,iii) N / /

Argyreia ooststroomii Convolvulaceae LC N / / /
Argyreia penangiana Convolvulaceae NT B1b(iii) N / / / /
Argyreia reticulata var. microcalyx Convolvulaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / /
Argyreia reticulata var. reticulata Convolvulaceae NT B2a Y / /
Argyreia ridleyi Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / /
Argyreia roseopurpurea Convolvulaceae DD N /
Argyreia rubicunda Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Argyreia scortechinii Convolvulaceae LC Y / /
Argyreia sphaerocephala Convolvulaceae NT B2a N / / /
Aristolochia acuminata Aristolochiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aristolochia curtisii Aristolochiaceae DD N / /
Aristolochia foveolata Aristolochiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Aristolochia jackii Aristolochiaceae DD N / /
Aristolochia minutiflora Aristolochiaceae LC N / / / /
Arivela viscosa var. deglabrata Cleomaceae DD N /
Arivela viscosa var. viscosa Cleomaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Arytera litoralis Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Aspidopterys concava Malpighiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Aspidopterys tomentosa Malpighiaceae DD N /
Asplenium affine Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / /
Asplenium batuense Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
45
46
Asplenium borneense Aspleniaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /

Asplenium longissimum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Asplenium macrophyllum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Asplenium merapohense Aspleniaceae EN B2ab(ii,iv) Y / /
Asplenium nidus var. musifolium Aspleniaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Asplenium nidus var. nidus Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Asplenium nitidum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Asplenium normale Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Asplenium obscurum Aspleniaceae EN A4c N /
Asplenium oxyphyllum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Asplenium pellucidum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Asplenium perakense Aspleniaceae LC N / / / /

Asplenium phyllitidis subsp. Aspleniaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / /
malesicum
Asplenium robustum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / /
Asplenium salignum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Asplenium scalare Aspleniaceae LC N / / /
Asplenium scolopendrioides Aspleniaceae NT B1a+2a N / /
Asplenium scortechinii Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Asplenium tenerum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Asplenium thunbergii Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / /
Asplenium truncatum Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Asplenium unilaterale Aspleniaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Asplenium vittaeforme Aspleniaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Atuna excelsa subsp. excelsa Chrysobalanaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
(syn = Atuna racemosa subsp. excelsa)
Atuna excelsa subsp. racemosa Chrysobalanaceae VU B2ab(iii) N
(syn = Atuna racemosa subsp. / / /
racemosa)
Atuna latifrons Chrysobalanaceae DD Y /
Atuna nannodes Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / /
Atuna penangiana Chrysobalanaceae LC Y / / / / / / / /
Austroblechnum melanocaulon subsp. Blechnaceae CR B2ab(ii,iii) N
/
pallens
Axinandra beccariana Crypteroniaceae DD N /
Azadirachta excelsa Meliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Balanophora abbreviata Balanophoraceae CR B1ab(iii) N / / /
Balanophora fungosa subsp. indica Balanophoraceae LC N
/ / / / / /
var. indica
Balanophora hansenii Balanophoraceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Balanophora latisepala Balanophoraceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Balanophora papuana Balanophoraceae LC N / / / / / /
Balanophora reflexa Balanophoraceae CR A4c N / /
Barclaya longifolia Nymphaeaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Barclaya motleyi Nymphaeaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Barclaya rotundifolia Nymphaeaceae LC N / / / /
47
48
Barringtonia acutangula subsp. Lecythidaceae LC N

/ / / / /
acutangula
Barringtonia acutangula subsp. Lecythidaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / /
spicata
Barringtonia asiatica Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / /
Barringtonia augusta Lecythidaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / /
Barringtonia chaniana Lecythidaceae NT B2b(iii) Y / / / /
Barringtonia conoidea Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Barringtonia corneri Lecythidaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / /
Barringtonia filirachis Lecythidaceae EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / /
Barringtonia fusiformis Lecythidaceae LC Y / / / / / / / /
Barringtonia glomerata Lecythidaceae DD Y /

Barringtonia latiffiana Lecythidaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Barringtonia longipes Lecythidaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Barringtonia macrocarpa Lecythidaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Barringtonia macrostachya Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Barringtonia maxwelliana Lecythidaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Barringtonia norshamiae Lecythidaceae LC Y / /
Barringtonia pauciflora Lecythidaceae DD N /
Barringtonia payensiana Lecythidaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Barringtonia pendula Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Barringtonia racemosa Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Barringtonia reticulata Lecythidaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Barringtonia rimata Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /

Barringtonia schmidtii Lecythidaceae VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N
/ / /
(syn = Barringtonia badia)
Barringtonia scortechinii Lecythidaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Barringtonia terengganuensis Lecythidaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Barringtonia zainudiniana Lecythidaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Bayabusua clarkei Cucurbitaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Y / / / /
Beaumontia murtonii Apocynaceae EN A4c N / /
Blechnopsis finlaysoniana Blechnaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Blechnopsis orientalis Blechnaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Boerhavia erecta Nyctaginaceae NA
Bonamia semidigyna Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Brachylophon curtisii Malpighiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Brackenridgea hookeri Ochnaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Brackenridgea palustris subsp. Ochnaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
palustris
Brainea insignis Blechnaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N / / /
Buxus cochinchinensis var. Buxaceae CR B2ab(iii) N
/
holttumiana
Buxus malayana Buxaceae NT B2b(iii) Y / / / /
Buxus rupicola Buxaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y /
Cabomba aquatica Cabombaceae NA
49
50
Cabomba furcata Cabombaceae NA

Calciphilopteris alleniae Sinopteridaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / /
Calciphilopteris ludens Sinopteridaceae NT B2b(iii) N / /
Calymmodon asiaticus Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Calymmodon conduplicatus Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Calymmodon cucullatus Polypodiaceae DD N /
Calymmodon curtus Polypodiaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Calymmodon gracilis Polypodiaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Camonea umbellata Convolvulaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / / /
(syn = Merremia umbellata)
Camonea vitifolia Convolvulaceae LC N
/ / / / / /
(syn = Merremia vitifolia)

Campylospermum serratum Ochnaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Cansjera rheedei Opiliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Cardamine flexuosa Cruciferae NA
Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae NA
Careya arborea Lecythidaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae NA
Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae NA
Ceratopteris thalictroides Parkeriaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Cerbera manghas Apocynaceae NT A2c N / / / / / / / / /
Cerbera odollam Apocynaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / / /
Champereia manillana var. manillana Opiliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /

Cheilanthes belangeri Sinopteridaceae VU B2ab(ii) N / /
Cheilanthes tenuifolia Sinopteridaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Cheiropleuria bicuspis Dipteridaceae LC N / / / / /
Chilocarpus costatus Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Chilocarpus decipiens Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Chilocarpus denudatus Apocynaceae EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) N / / / / /
Chilocarpus obtusifolius Apocynaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N /
Chilocarpus rostratus Apocynaceae NT B1a+2a N /
Chilocarpus vernicosus Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Chisocheton amabilis Meliaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Chisocheton ceramicus Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Chisocheton erythrocarpus Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Chisocheton macrophyllus subsp. Meliaceae LC N
/ / / /
fulvescens
Chisocheton macrophyllus subsp. Meliaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
macrophyllus
Chisocheton patens Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Chisocheton pauciflorus Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Chisocheton penduliflorus Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Chisocheton pentandrus subsp. Meliaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
paucijugus
51
52
Chisocheton pentandrus subsp. Meliaceae CR B1ab(ii,iii) N

/
pentandrus +2ab(ii,iii)
Chisocheton perakensis Meliaceae VU D2 Y /
Chisocheton sarawakanus Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Chisocheton tomentosus Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Chloranthus erectus Chloranthaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Chonemorpha fragrans Apocynaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Chonemorpha verrucosa Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Christensenia aesculifolia Marattiaceae NT B2b(ii,iii) N / / / / / /
Chrysogrammitis glandulosa Polypodiaceae DD N /
Chrysogrammitis musgraviana Polypodiaceae DD N /
Chukrasia tabularis Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /

Cibotium barometz Cibotiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Cipadessa baccifera Meliaceae DD N /
Cleghornia malaccensis Apocynaceae EN B1ab(iii) N / / /
Cleome rutidosperma Cleomaceae NA
Clethra hendersonii Clethraceae LC Y / / /
Clethra symingtonii Clethraceae DD Y /
Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / /
Combretocarpus rotundatus Anisophylleaceae DD N /
Commicarpus chinensis subsp. Nyctaginaceae NA
chinensis
Coniogramme fraxinea Cryptogrammaceae NT B2b(ii) N / /
Cotylelobium lanceolatum Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c; B2ab(iii) N / / /

Cotylelobium melanoxylon Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Crypteronia griffithii Crypteroniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Crypteronia paniculata var. affinis Crypteroniaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / /
Crypteronia paniculata var. paniculata Crypteroniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Ctenolophon parvifolius Ctenolophonaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Ctenopterella blechnoides Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Ctenopterella khaoluangensis Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Cuscuta australis Convolvulaceae LC N / /
Cuscuta campestris Convolvulaceae NA
Cyathea alleniae Cyatheaceae CR A3c Y /
Cyathea alternans Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Cyathea borneensis Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / /
Cyathea bunnemeijeri Cyatheaceae DD N /
Cyathea contaminans Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Cyathea excavata Cyatheaceae NT B2ab(iii,iv) Y /
Cyathea gigantea Cyatheaceae VU B2ab(ii,iv) N / / /
Cyathea glabra Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Cyathea hymenodes Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / /
Cyathea incisoserrata Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / /
Cyathea latebrosa Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Cyathea lurida Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / /
53
54
Cyathea moluccana Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Cyathea obscura Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Cyathea oosora Cyatheaceae DD N /
Cyathea polypoda Cyatheaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / /
Cyathea recommutata Cyatheaceae LC N / / / /
Cyathea squamulata Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Cyathea sumatrana Cyatheaceae VU B2ab(ii,iv) N / / /
Cyathea trichodesma Cyatheaceae LC N / / / / / /
Cyathea tripinnata Cyatheaceae NT B2ab(ii,iv) N / /
Cycas cantafolia Cycadaceae CR A3c; B2ab(iii); C1 Y /
Cycas clivicola subsp. clivicola Cycadaceae EN A4cd N / / /
Cycas edentata Cycadaceae EN A4c N / / / / / /

Cycas macrocarpa Cycadaceae VU B1b(iii)c(iv) N / / / / /
Cyclopeltis crenata Lomariopsidaceae LC N / / / / /
Dacrycarpus imbricatus Podocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Dacrydium beccarii Podocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Dacrydium comosum Podocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Dacrydium elatum Podocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Dacrydium medium Podocarpaceae LC N / / / /
Daphniphyllum glaucescens var. Daphniphyllaceae LC Y
/ / / / /
lancifolium
Daphniphyllum laurinum Daphniphyllaceae LC N / / / / /
Daphniphyllum scortechinii Daphniphyllaceae LC Y / / / /

Dasygrammitis brevivenosa Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Dasygrammitis fuscata Polypodiaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / / /
Dasygrammitis malaccana Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Dasygrammitis mollicoma Polypodiaceae EN B1ab(iii) N / / /
Davallia angustata Davalliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Davallia corniculata Davalliaceae LC N / / / /
Davallia denticulata var. denticulata Davalliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Davallia dimorpha Davalliaceae VU B1ab(iii,v) N /
Davallia divaricata Davalliaceae LC N / / / / /
Davallia heterophylla Davalliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Davallia hymenophylloides Davalliaceae LC N / / / / /
Davallia parvula Davalliaceae NA
Davallia pectinata Davalliaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / / / /
Davallia repens Davalliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Davallia solida var. solida Davalliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Davallia trichomanoides var. lorrainii Davalliaceae VU B2ab(iii,iv) N / / /
Davallia trichomanoides var. Davalliaceae LC N
/ / /
trichomanoides
Davallia triphylla Davalliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Decalobanthus borneensis Convolvulaceae NT B1a+2a N
/ /
(syn = Merremia borneensis)
55
56
Decalobanthus peltatus Convolvulaceae LC N

/ / / / / /
(syn = Merremia peltata)
Didymochlaena truncatula Hypodematiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Dimocarpus fumatus subsp. fumatus Sapindaceae NT B1ab(iii) N / / /
Dimocarpus longan subsp. longan var. Sapindaceae EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) N
/ /
longan
Dimocarpus longan subsp. Sapindaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
malesianus var. malesianus
Diphasiastrum platyrhizoma Lycopodiaceae LC N / / /
Diploblechnum fraseri Blechnaceae EN B2ab(ii,iii) N /
Dipteris conjugata Dipteridaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Dipteris lobbiana Dipteridaceae LC N / / / /
Dipterocarpus acutangulus Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /

Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpaceae VU D2 N /
Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus chartaceus Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus concavus Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus condorensis subsp. Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N
penangianus
/ / / / / / /
(syn = Dipterocarpus caudatus subsp.
penangianus)
Dipterocarpus coriaceus Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N /
Dipterocarpus cornutus Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus costulatus Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /

Dipterocarpus crinitus Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus dyeri Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c; B2ab(iii) N /
Dipterocarpus elongatus Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / /
Dipterocarpus eurynchus Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / /
Dipterocarpus fagineus Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpaceae VU A4cd N / / / / /
Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus kunstleri Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus lowii Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / /
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius var. Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N
/ /
subnudus
Dipterocarpus palembanicus subsp. Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N
/ / / / /
palembanicus
Dipterocarpaceae EN B1ab(iii,v)+ Y
Dipterocarpus perakensis / /
2ab(iii,v)
Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / /
Dipterocarpus rigidus Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / /
Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N /
57
58
Dipterocarpus semivestitus Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c; C1 N /

Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Dipterocarpus tempehes Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Distimake dissectus Convolvulaceae NA
(syn = Merremia dissecta)
Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / /
Drosera burmanii Droseraceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Drosera indica Droseraceae DD N / /
Drosera spatulata var. spatulata Droseraceae CR B2b(iii)c(iv) N / /
Drynaria bonii Polypodiaceae LC N / / /
Drynaria coronans Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N

/
(syn = Aglaomorpha coronans)
Drynaria drynarioides Polypodiaceae LC N
/ / /
(syn = Aglaomorpha drynarioides)
Drynaria heracleum Polypodiaceae LC N
/ / / / /
(syn = Aglaomorpha heraclea)
Drynaria quercifolia Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Drynaria rigidula Polypodiaceae NT B2a N / / /
Drynaria sparsisora Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Drynaria speciosa Polypodiaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
(syn = Aglaomorpha acuminata)
Drynaria tricuspis Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N
/
(syn = Christiopteris tricuspis)
Dryobalanops aromatica Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / /

Dryobalanops beccarii Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Dryobalanops oblongifolia subsp. Dipterocarpaceae LC N
/ / / / / /
occidentalis
Dyera costulata Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum acutangulum subsp. Meliaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
acutangulum
Dysoxylum alliaceum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum angustifolium Meliaceae LC Y / / / /
Dysoxylum arborescens Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum carolinae Meliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Dysoxylum cauliflorum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum densiflorum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum dumosum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum excelsum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum flavescens Meliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Dysoxylum grande Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Dysoxylum macrocarpum Meliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Dysoxylum magnificum Meliaceae DD N /
Dysoxylum mollissimum subsp. Meliaceae LC N
/ / / / / /
mollissimum
Dysoxylum papillosum Meliaceae NT B2a N / / / /
59
60
Dysoxylum parasiticum Meliaceae CR B2ab(iii,v); D N /

Dysoxylum rigidum Meliaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Dysoxylum rugulosum Meliaceae NT B2a N / / / /
Elaeocarpus acmosepalus Elaeocarpaceae EN A4c N / / /
Elaeocarpus acronodia subsp. Elaeocarpaceae LC N
/ / / /
sumatranus
Elaeocarpus angustifolius Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus cruciatus Elaeocarpaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / /
Elaeocarpus cupreus Elaeocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Elaeocarpus eriobotryoides Elaeocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / / /
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus subsp. Elaeocarpaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / /
ferrugineus
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus subsp. Elaeocarpaceae LC Y
/ / / / / / / /
glabrescens
Elaeocarpus floribundus Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus fraseri Elaeocarpaceae NT B2a; D2 Y /
Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Elaeocarpaceae NT B1a+2a N / / /
Elaeocarpus griffithii Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus knuthii subsp. cuspidatus Elaeocarpaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / / / /
Elaeocarpus kunstleri Elaeocarpaceae CR A2c Y / /
Elaeocarpus macrocerus subsp. Elaeocarpaceae NT A4c N
/ / / / / /
macrocerus
Elaeocarpus mastersii Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus nanus subsp. nanus Elaeocarpaceae LC Y / / /

Elaeocarpus ngii subsp. curtisii Elaeocarpaceae DD Y /
Elaeocarpus ngii subsp. ngii Elaeocarpaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Y / / / /
Elaeocarpus nitidus var. nitidus Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus nitidus var. velutinus Elaeocarpaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / / / /
Elaeocarpus obtusus subsp. Elaeocarpaceae LC N
/ / / /
apiculatus
Elaeocarpus obtusus subsp. krukovii Elaeocarpaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / /
Elaeocarpus palembanicus Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus petiolatus Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus polystachyus Elaeocarpaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus pseudopaniculatus Elaeocarpaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Elaeocarpus reticosus Elaeocarpaceae LC Y / / /
Elaeocarpus robustus var. collinus Elaeocarpaceae VU D2 Y /
Elaeocarpus robustus var. Elaeocarpaceae NT B2b(iii) N
/ / / / / / / /
megacarpus
Elaeocarpus robustus var. robustus Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Elaeocarpus salicifolius Elaeocarpaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / /
Elaeocarpus sallehianus Elaeocarpaceae NT B1a+2a Y / /
Elaeocarpus serratus Elaeocarpaceae NA
Elaeocarpus stipularis var. latifolius Elaeocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / /
Elaeocarpus stipularis var. stipularis Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
61
62
Elaeocarpus submonoceras subsp. Elaeocarpaceae DD N

/
submonoceras
Elaeocarpus symingtonii Elaeocarpaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Elaeocarpus tahanensis Elaeocarpaceae VU D2 N /
Elaeocarpus valetonii var. valetonii Elaeocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / /
Elaeocarpus wrayi Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / /
Endocomia canarioides Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Endocomia macrocoma subsp. prainii Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Engelhardtia apoensis Juglandaceae LC N / / / / /
Engelhardtia roxburghiana Juglandaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Engelhardtia serrata Juglandaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Engelhardtia spicata var. spicata Juglandaceae EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) N / / /

Epigynum auritum Apocynaceae NT B2ab(iii)c(iii) N / / /
Epigynum griffithianum Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Epigynum ridleyi Apocynaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Epilobium ciliatum subsp. ciliatum Onagraceae NA
Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. Equisetaceae LC N
/ / /
debile
Erycibe aenea Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / /
Erycibe albida Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Erycibe citriniflora Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Erycibe expansa Convolvulaceae DD N /
Erycibe festiva Convolvulaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Erycibe griffithii Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / /

Erycibe leucoxyloides Convolvulaceae VU A2c N / /
Erycibe magnifica Convolvulaceae DD Y /
Erycibe maingayi Convolvulaceae LC N / / /
Erycibe malaccensis Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Erycibe praecipua subsp. praecipua Convolvulaceae VU A2c Y / / /
Erycibe rheedii Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / /
Erycibe sapotacea Convolvulaceae EN A4c Y /
Erycibe stapfiana Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Erycibe strigosa Convolvulaceae DD Y /
Erycibe tomentosa var. hirsuta Convolvulaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Erycibe tomentosa var. tomentosa Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Erythropalum scandens Olacaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Erythroxylum cuneatum f. cuneatum Erythroxylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Erythroxylum kochummenii Erythroxylaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Eucorymbia alba Apocynaceae EN B1ab(iii) N /
Euthemis leucocarpa Ochnaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Euthemis minor Ochnaceae NT D2 N /
Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae NA
Evolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae NA
Falcatifolium falciforme Podocarpaceae LC N / / /
Galearia aristifera Pandaceae DD N / /
63
64
Galearia fulva Pandaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /

Galearia maingayi Pandaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Ganophyllum falcatum Sapindaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Glenniea penangensis Sapindaceae LC Y / / / / / / / / / /
Goniophlebium korthalsii Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Goniophlebium percussum Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Goniophlebium persicifolium Polypodiaceae LC N / /
Goniophlebium prainii Polypodiaceae LC N /
Goniophlebium subauriculatum Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Guioa bijuga Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Guioa diplopetala Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Guioa pleuropteris Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Guioa pubescens Sapindaceae VU A2c N / /
Gymnacranthera bancana Myristicaceae LC N / / /
Gymnacranthera farquhariana var. Myristicaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / / /
eugeniifolia
/ / / / / /
farquhariana
/ / / / / / / /
zippeliana
Gymnacranthera forbesii var. forbesii Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Gynandropsis gynandra Cleomaceae NA
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / /
Haplopteris angustifolia Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / /

Haplopteris angustissima Adiantaceae VU B2ab(ii,iii) Y / /
Haplopteris dareicarpa Adiantaceae EN A2c; B2ab(ii,iii) N / /
Haplopteris elongata Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Haplopteris ensiformis Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Haplopteris flexuosa Adiantaceae VU B2ab(ii,iii) N / /
Haplopteris hirta Adiantaceae EN B2ab(ii,iii) N /
Haplopteris malayensis Adiantaceae NT B2ab(ii,iii) N /
Haplopteris scolopendrina Adiantaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Haplopteris sessilifrons Adiantaceae LC N / / / /
Harmandia mekongensis Olacaceae LC N / / / / / /
Harpullia arborea Sapindaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Harpullia cupanioides Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / /
Helosis ruficeps Balanophoraceae EN B1ab(iii) Y / / /
Hewittia malabarica Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Heynea trijuga Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Hiptage benghalensis var. Malpighiaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
benghalensis
Hiptage burkilliana Malpighiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Hiptage sericea Malpighiaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Hodgsonia macrocarpa Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Holarrhena curtisii Apocynaceae LC N / /
65
66
Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae NA

Hopea apiculata Dipterocarpaceae EN B1ab(iii,v) Y / / /
Hopea auriculata Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c Y / / /
Hopea beccariana Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Hopea bilitonensis Dipterocarpaceae CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N /
Hopea bracteata var. penangiana Dipterocarpaceae CR B1b(iii)c(iii) Y /
Hopea bracteata var. perakensis Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Hopea coriacea Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(iii) N / / /
Hopea dryobalanoides Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Hopea dyeri Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Hopea ferrea Dipterocarpaceae NT B2b(iii) N / /
Hopea ferruginea Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /

Hopea glaucescens Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c Y / / / / /
Hopea griffithii Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / /
Hopea helferi Dipterocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Hopea johorensis Dipterocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y /
Hopea kerangasensis Dipterocarpaceae EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / /
Hopea latifolia Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / / /
Hopea mengarawan Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Hopea montana Dipterocarpaceae NT B1a+2a N / /
Hopea myrtifolia Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / / /
Hopea nervosa Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / /
Hopea nutans Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / /

Hopea odorata Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / /
Hopea pachycarpa Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(ii) N / /
Hopea pedicellata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / /
Hopea pierrei Dipterocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Hopea polyalthioides Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Hopea pubescens Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c Y / / / / /
Hopea sangal Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Hopea semicuneata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Hopea subalata Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y /
Hopea sublanceolata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / /
Hopea sulcata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c Y / / / / / /
Horsfieldia brachiata Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Horsfieldia crassifolia Myristicaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / / /
Horsfieldia elongata Myristicaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Horsfieldia flocculosa Myristicaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Horsfieldia fulva Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Horsfieldia grandis Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / /
Horsfieldia irya Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Horsfieldia macilenta Myristicaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Horsfieldia majuscula Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / /
67
68
Horsfieldia penangiana subsp. Myristicaceae NT B2a N

/ / /
penangiana
Horsfieldia polyspherula var. Myristicaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / /
polyspherula
Horsfieldia polyspherula var. Myristicaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
sumatrana
Horsfieldia pulcherrima Myristicaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Horsfieldia punctata Myristicaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / /
Horsfieldia punctatifolia Myristicaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / / /
Horsfieldia ridleyana Myristicaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Horsfieldia sparsa Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Horsfieldia subalpina subsp. Myristicaceae NT B1a+2a Y
/ /
subalpina
Horsfieldia sucosa subsp. sucosa Myristicaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / /
Horsfieldia superba Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Horsfieldia tomentosa Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Horsfieldia wallichii Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Hunteria zeylanica Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Huperzia serrata Lycopodiaceae VU A2c; B2ab(iii) N / / /
Hypodematium glabrius Hypodematiaceae CR B2b(ii)c(iii) N /
Ichnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Illicium peninsulare Illiciaceae LC N / / / /
Illicium ridleyanum Illiciaceae LC Y / / / / / / / /
Illicium tenuifolium Illiciaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea cairica Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea campanulata Convolvulaceae LC N / /
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea eriocarpa Convolvulaceae DD N /
Ipomoea hederifolia Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea imperati Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Ipomoea indica Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea littoralis Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Ipomoea mauritiana Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea obscura Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Ipomoea pes-caprae Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Ipomoea pes-tigridis Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / /
Ipomoea pileata Convolvulaceae DD N /
Ipomoea quamoclit Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea sagittifolia Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / /
Ipomoea sumatrana Convolvulaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / / /
Ipomoea triloba Convolvulaceae NA
Ipomoea violacea Convolvulaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / /
69
70
Isotrema vallisicola Aristolochiaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y

/
(syn = Aristolochia vallisicola)
Jacquemontia paniculata Convolvulaceae VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / /
Kadsura heteroclita Schisandraceae LC N / /
Kadsura lanceolata Schisandraceae NT B2a N / /
Kadsura scandens Schisandraceae LC N / / / / / / /
Kadsura verrucosa Schisandraceae LC N / / / / / / /
Kedrostis monosperma Cucurbitaceae NT D2 Y /
Kibara coriacea Monimiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Kibatalia arborea Apocynaceae LC N / /
Kibatalia laurifolia Apocynaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Kibatalia maingayi Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Kibatalia villosa Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Knema andamanica subsp. nicobarica Myristicaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Knema communis Myristicaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Knema conferta Myristicaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Knema curtisii var. curtisii Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Knema curtisii var. paludosa Myristicaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Knema furfuracea Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Knema glauca var. glauca Myristicaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Knema glaucescens Myristicaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Knema globularia Myristicaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Knema hookeriana Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Knema intermedia Myristicaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / / /
Knema kunstleri subsp. kunstleri Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Knema lamellaria Myristicaceae NT D2 Y / / /
Knema latericia subsp. ridleyi Myristicaceae LC N / / / /
Knema laurina var. heteropilis Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Knema laurina var. laurina Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Knema malayana Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Knema mandaharan Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / /
Knema oblongifolia var. monticola Myristicaceae LC Y / / / /
Knema oblongifolia var. oblongifolia Myristicaceae LC Y / / / /
Knema patentinervia Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Knema plumulosa Myristicaceae NT B2b(iii) Y / / / /
Knema pseudolaurina Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Knema pulchra Myristicaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Knema retusa Myristicaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Knema rigidifolia subsp. camerona Myristicaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y /
Knema rigidifolia subsp. rigidifolia Myristicaceae LC Y / /
Knema rubens Myristicaceae LC N / / / / /
Knema scortechinii Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Knema stenophylla subsp. stenophylla Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Knema sumatrana Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / /
71
72
Kopsia arborea Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N / /

Kopsia deverrei Apocynaceae CR B1b(iii)c(i) Y /
Kopsia grandifolia Apocynaceae EN B1ab(iii) N /
Kopsia griffithii var. griffithii Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / / /
Kopsia griffithii var. pubescens Apocynaceae CR A4c Y / /
Kopsia larutensis Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / /
Kopsia macrophylla Apocynaceae NT B2b(iii) Y / / / / /
Kopsia pauciflora var. pauciflora Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / /
Kopsia profunda Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / /
Kopsia rosea Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Kopsia singapurensis Apocynaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Kopsia teoi Apocynaceae EN B1ab(iii) Y /

Korthalsella dacrydii Viscaceae NT D2 N /
Korthalsella geminata Viscaceae NT B1a+2a N /
Korthalsella japonica Viscaceae NT D2 N / / /
Kostermanthus heteropetalus Chrysobalanaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Kostermanthus malayanus Chrysobalanaceae DD Y /
Lansium domesticum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Lecanopteris crustacea Polypodiaceae VU B2ab(iii,iv) N / /
Lecanopteris pumila Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Lecanopteris sinuosa Polypodiaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Lemmaphyllum accedens Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Lepionurus sylvestris Opiliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /

Lepisanthes alata Sapindaceae DD N /
Lepisanthes amoena Sapindaceae LC N / / / /
Lepisanthes ferruginea Sapindaceae EN B2ac(iii) N / /
Lepisanthes fruticosa Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Lepisanthes rubiginosa Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Lepisanthes senegalensis Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Lepisanthes tetraphylla Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Lepisorus annamensis Polypodiaceae DD N
/
(syn = Belvisia annamensis)
Lepisorus longifolius Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Lepisorus mucronatus Polypodiaceae LC N
(syn = Belvisia mucronata var. / / / / / / / /
mucronata)
Lepisorus spicatus Polypodiaceae LC N
/ / / / /
(syn = Belvisia spicata)
Lepisorus validinervis Polypodiaceae DD N
/
(syn = Belvisia validinervis)
Lepistemon binectariferum Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Leptochilus axillaris Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Leptochilus decurrens Polypodiaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Leptochilus macrophyllus var. Polypodiaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
macrophyllus
73
74
Leptochilus macrophyllus var. Polypodiaceae LC N

/ / / / /
pedunculatus
Leuconotis anceps Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Leuconotis eugeniifolia Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Leuconotis griffithii Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Leucostegia immersa Hypodematiaceae NT B2ab(iii) N /
Leucostegia pallida Hypodematiaceae DD N /
Lijndenia laurina Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Litchi chinensis subsp. chinensis Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Lomariopsis lineata Lomariopsidaceae NT B2b(ii) N / / / / / / /
Loxogramme avenia Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Loxogramme centicola Polypodiaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /

Loxogramme scolopendrioides Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Loxogramme subecostata Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Loxogramme wallichiana Polypodiaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Ludwigia adscendens Onagraceae NA
Ludwigia hyssopifolia Onagraceae NA
Ludwigia octovalvis Onagraceae NA
Ludwigia perennis Onagraceae NA
Ludwigia peruviana Onagraceae NA
Ludwigia prostrata Onagraceae NA
Luffa aegyptiaca Cucurbitaceae NA
Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / /
Lygodium auriculatum Lygodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Lygodium borneense Lygodiaceae LC N / / /
Lygodium circinnatum Lygodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Lygodium flexuosum Lygodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Lygodium longifolium Lygodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Lygodium microphyllum Lygodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Lygodium polystachyum Lygodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Lygodium salicifolium Lygodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Magnolia betongensis Magnoliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Magnolia bintuluensis Magnoliaceae DD N /
Magnolia champaca var. champaca Magnoliaceae NA
Magnolia champaca var. pubinervia Magnoliaceae EN A4c N /
Magnolia elegans Magnoliaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Magnolia koordersiana Magnoliaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / /
Magnolia liliifera Magnoliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Magnolia macklottii var. beccariana Magnoliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Magnolia montana Magnoliaceae NT B2a N / / /
Magnolia pahangensis Magnoliaceae EN A2ac Y / /
Magnolia praecalva Magnoliaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Magnolia scortechinii Magnoliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
75
76
Magnolia siamensis Magnoliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /

Magnolia singapurensis Magnoliaceae DD N /
Magnolia utilis Magnoliaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / /
Magnolia villosa Magnoliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Maranthes corymbosa Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Mastixia cuspidata Nyssaceae LC N / / / / / /
Mastixia pentandra subsp. chinensis Nyssaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Mastixia pentandra subsp. Nyssaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
scortechinii
Mastixia rostrata subsp. caudatifolia Nyssaceae EN B2ab(iii) N /
Mastixia trichotoma var. clarkeana Nyssaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Mastixia trichotoma var. maingayi Nyssaceae LC N / / / / / / /

Matonia foxworthyi Matoniaceae EN A4c; B2ab(iii) N / /
Matonia pectinata Matoniaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Matthaea sancta Monimiaceae LC N / / / / /
Melientha suavis Opiliaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / / /
Melodinus cochinchinensis Apocynaceae DD N / / /
Melodinus orientalis Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / /
Melothria pendula Cucurbitaceae NA
Memecylon acuminatissimum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / /
Memecylon acuminatum var. Memecylaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
acuminatum
Memecylon acuminatum var. Memecylaceae EN B1ab(ii) Y

/ / /
flavescens
Memecylon amplexicaule Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon campanulatum Memecylaceae VU A4c; B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Memecylon cantleyi Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon coeruleum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon corticosum var. Memecylaceae LC N
/ / / /
corticosum
Memecylon corticosum var. kratense Memecylaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Memecylon dichotomum var. Memecylaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / /
dichotomum
Memecylon dichotomum var. Memecylaceae DD N
/
rotundatum
Memecylon durum Memecylaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Memecylon edule Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon excelsum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Memecylon floridum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / /
Memecylon fruticosum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / /
Memecylon garcinioides Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Memecylon hullettii Memecylaceae LC Y /
Memecylon intermedium Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Memecylon kunstleri Memecylaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Memecylon lanceolatum Memecylaceae DD N / /
77
78
Memecylon lancifolium Memecylaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /

Memecylon lilacinum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon malaccense Memecylaceae DD Y /
Memecylon minutiflorum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon oleifolium Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Memecylon ovatum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Memecylon paniculatum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon pauciflorum Memecylaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Memecylon perplexum Memecylaceae DD N /
Memecylon pseudomegacarpum Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon pubescens Memecylaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Memecylon ruptile Memecylaceae NT B2a N / /

Memecylon scutellatum var. Memecylaceae NT B2ab(iii) N
/ / /
brevifolium
Memecylon wallichii Memecylaceae LC N / / /
Merremia gemella Convolvulaceae NT B1a+2a N / / / /
Merremia hederacea Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Merremia hirta Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Micrechites lancifolia Apocynaceae NT B2b(iii) N
/ / / / /
(syn = Vallariopsis lancifolia)
Micrechites polyanthus Apocynaceae LC N / / / /
Micrechites serpyllifolius Apocynaceae LC N / / / / /
Microdesmis caseariifolia Pandaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Microsorum congregatifolium Polypodiaceae DD N /

Microsorum fortunei Polypodiaceae DD N /
Microsorum heterocarpum Polypodiaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Microsorum insigne Polypodiaceae LC N / / /
Microsorum lucidum Polypodiaceae DD N /
Microsorum membranifolium Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Microsorum normale Polypodiaceae DD N /
Microsorum pteropus Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Microsorum punctatum Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Microsorum rubidum Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Microsorum sarawakense Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Microsorum scolopendria Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Microsorum superficiale Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Microsorum zippelii Polypodiaceae NT B2a N / / / /
Mischocarpus pentapetalus Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Mischocarpus sundaicus Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Momordica charantia f. abbreviata Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / /
Momordica clarkeana Cucurbitaceae VU B2ab(ii,iii) Y / /
Momordica cochinchinensis Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Momordica denticulata Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / /
Momordica subangulata subsp. Cucurbitaceae DD N
/
subangulata
79
80
Morella esculenta Myricaceae LC N / / / / / / / /

Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae VU B2ab(ii,iii) N / /
Munronia breviflora Meliaceae DD N / /
Munronia pinnata Meliaceae DD N /
Myristica cinnamomea Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Myristica crassa Myristicaceae NT A3c N / / / / /
Myristica depressa Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / /
Myristica elliptica Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Myristica gigantea Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Myristica guatteriifolia Myristicaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Myristica iners Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Myristica lowiana Myristicaceae NT A3c N / / / / /

Myristica maingayi Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Myristica malaccensis subsp. Myristicaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N
/ / / / /
malaccensis
Myristica maxima Myristicaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Myristica wyatt-smithii Myristicaceae NT B2ab(iii) Y / / / /
Nageia motleyi Podocarpaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Nageia wallichiana Podocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae NA
Neoachmandra indica Cucurbitaceae LC N / /
Neoalsomitra clavigera Cucurbitaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / / /
Neobalanocarpus heimii Dipterocarpaceae NT A4cd N / / / / / / /

Nepenthes albomarginata Nepenthaceae LC N / / / /
Nepenthes ampullaria Nepenthaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Nepenthes benstonei Nepenthaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Nepenthes gracilis Nepenthaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Nepenthes gracillima Nepenthaceae LC Y / /
Nepenthes macfarlanei Nepenthaceae LC Y / / / /
Nepenthes mirabilis Nepenthaceae LC N / / / / / /
Nepenthes rafflesiana Nepenthaceae LC N / / / /
Nepenthes ramispina Nepenthaceae LC Y / / /
Nepenthes sanguinea Nepenthaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Nephelium costatum Sapindaceae LC Y / / / / / / /
Nephelium cuspidatum var. Sapindaceae LC N
/ / / / / /
cuspidatum subvar. dasyneurum
Nephelium cuspidatum var. Sapindaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / /
eriopetalum
Nephelium cuspidatum var. ophiodes Sapindaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
subvar. ophiodes
Nephelium hamulatum Sapindaceae LC Y / / / / / / /
Nephelium juglandifolium Sapindaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Nephelium lappaceum var. lappaceum Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Nephelium lappaceum var. pallens Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Nephelium laurinum Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / /
81
82
Nephelium maingayi Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Nephelium melliferum Sapindaceae VU B2ab(iii,iv) N / / / /
Nephelium ramboutan-ake Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Nephelium subfalcatum Sapindaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / / /
Nephelium uncinatum Sapindaceae VU A2c N / / / /
Nephrolepis abrupta Nephrolepidaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Nephrolepis acutifolia Nephrolepidaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Nephrolepis biserrata Nephrolepidaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Nephrolepis brownii Nephrolepidaceae LC N / / /
Nephrolepis cordifolia var. cordifolia Nephrolepidaceae LC N / / /
Nephrolepis davallioides Nephrolepidaceae LC N / / / /
Nephrolepis falciformis Nephrolepidaceae LC N / / / /

Nephrolepis hirsutula Nephrolepidaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / /
Nephrolepis radicans Nephrolepidaceae DD N /
Neuropeltis maingayi var. maingayi Convolvulaceae LC Y / / / / / / /
Neuropeltis maingayi var. tomentosa Convolvulaceae DD Y / /
Neuropeltis racemosa Convolvulaceae LC N / /
Notothixos malayanus Viscaceae CR B2ab(i,iii) N /
Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Nymphaea pubescens Nymphaeaceae LC N / / / /
Nyssa javanica Nyssaceae LC N / /
Ochanostachys amentacea Olacaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Ochna integerrima Ochnaceae EN B1ab(iii) N / /

Ochrosia oppositifolia Apocynaceae LC N / / / / /
Olax imbricata Olacaceae NT B2a N / / / / /
Olax scandens Olacaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Oleandra cumingii Oleandraceae LC N / / / /
Oleandra neriiformis Oleandraceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Operculina riedeliana Convolvulaceae LC N / / / /
Operculina turpethum Convolvulaceae NA
Oreogrammitis adspersa Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Oreogrammitis caespitosa Polypodiaceae DD N /
Oreogrammitis congener Polypodiaceae LC N / /
Oreogrammitis crispatula Polypodiaceae EX Y /
Oreogrammitis jeraiensis Polypodiaceae VU D2 Y /
Oreogrammitis knutsfordiana Polypodiaceae VU D2 N /
Oreogrammitis kunstleri Polypodiaceae EX Y /
Oreogrammitis malayensis Polypodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Oreogrammitis reinwardtii Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Oreogrammitis rivularis Polypodiaceae DD N /
Oreogrammitis setulifera Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N / /
Oreogrammitis universa Polypodiaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / /
Oreogrammitis vittariifolia Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Osmunda javanica Osmundaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
83
84
Osmunda vachellii Osmundaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / / /

Palhinhaea cernua Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Parablechnum vestitum Blechnaceae LC N / /
Parahemionitis cordata Sinopteridaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / /
Paranephelium macrophyllum Sapindaceae LC N / / /
Paranephelium spirei Sapindaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Paranephelium xestophyllum Sapindaceae NT B1a+2a N / / / /
Parashorea densiflora Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c Y / / / / / /
Parashorea globosa Dipterocarpaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Parashorea stellata Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Parastemon urophyllus Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Parinari costata subsp. costata Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Parinari costata subsp. polyneura Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Parinari costata subsp. rubiginosa Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / /
Parinari elmeri Chrysobalanaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Parinari oblongifolia Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Parinari parva Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / /
Parinari rigida Chrysobalanaceae LC N / / / / /
Paropsia vareciformis Passifloraceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Parsonsia alboflavescens Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / /
Parsonsia celebica Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Parsonsia curvisepala Apocynaceae DD N /
Parsonsia penangiana Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /

Parsonsia philippinensis Apocynaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae NA
Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae NA
Passiflora perakensis Passifloraceae VU B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / /
Passiflora suberosa Passifloraceae NA
Pentaphylax euryoides Pentaphylacaceae LC N / / / / / /
Phlegmariurus carinatus Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Phlegmariurus coralium Lycopodiaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Phlegmariurus dalhousieanus Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Phlegmariurus goebelii Lycopodiaceae DD N / /
Phlegmariurus iminii Lycopodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Phlegmariurus monticola Lycopodiaceae NT B1a+2a Y / / / /
Phlegmariurus nummulariifolius Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Phlegmariurus phlegmaria Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Phlegmariurus phyllanthus Lycopodiaceae EN B2ab(iii,iv) N / / / / /
Phlegmariurus pinifolius Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Phlegmariurus salvinioides Lycopodiaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Phlegmariurus squarrosus Lycopodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Phlegmariurus tetrastichus Lycopodiaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae NA
Pilogyne bodinieri Cucurbitaceae LC N /
85
86
Pisonia aculeata Nyctaginaceae NT B2a N / / /

Pisonia grandis Nyctaginaceae RE N / /
Pisonia umbellifera Nyctaginaceae NT B2a N / / / /
Pittosporum reticosum Pittosporaceae LC Y / / / /
Pittosporum ridleyi Pittosporaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
(syn = Pittosporum ferrugineum)
Plagiogyria adnata Plagiogyriaceae VU D2 N /
Plagiogyria egenolfioides var. Plagiogyriaceae LC N
/ / /
sumatrana
Planchonia grandis Lecythidaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Planchonia valida Lecythidaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Platycerium coronarium Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /

Platycerium holttumii Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Platycerium ridleyi Polypodiaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Ploiarium alternifolium Bonnetiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Podocarpus deflexus Podocarpaceae VU D2 N /
Podocarpus neriifolius Podocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Podocarpus polystachyus Podocarpaceae LC N / / / /
Podocarpus ridleyi Podocarpaceae LC Y / / / /
Podocarpus rumphii Podocarpaceae NT B1a+2a N / / /
Podocarpus spathoides Podocarpaceae DD N /
Podocarpus teysmannii Podocarpaceae NT B2a N / / / / /
Pometia pinnata Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Pometia ridleyi Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae NA
Portulaca pilosa subsp. pilosa Portulacaceae NA
Portulaca quadrifida Portulacaceae NA
Pottsia laxiflora Apocynaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Prosaptia alata Polypodiaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / / /
Prosaptia barathrophylla Polypodiaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Prosaptia celebica Polypodiaceae NT D2 N / / / /
Prosaptia contigua Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Prosaptia davalliacea Polypodiaceae DD N /
Prosaptia nutans Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Prosaptia obliquata Polypodiaceae LC N / / /
Prosaptia pectinata Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Pseudoclausena chrysogyne Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Pseudodiphasium volubile Lycopodiaceae CR B1ab(iii) N / /
Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana Lycopodiaceae VU D2 N / / /
Psilotum complanatum Psilotaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Psilotum nudum Psilotaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Pteleocarpa lamponga Gelsemiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Ptisana pellucida Marattiaceae CR D N /
Pyrrosia angustata Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Pyrrosia lanceolata Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
87
88
Pyrrosia longifolia Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Pyrrosia nummulariifolia Polypodiaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Pyrrosia penangiana Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Pyrrosia piloselloides Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Pyrrosia rasamalae Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Pyrrosia stigmosa Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Radiogrammitis holttumii Polypodiaceae EN B1ab(iii) N /
Radiogrammitis multifolia Polypodiaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Radiogrammitis peninsularis Polypodiaceae VU D2 Y /
Radiogrammitis pseudoxiphopteris Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Radiogrammitis subpinnatifida Polypodiaceae DD N / /
Rauvolfia sumatrana Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /

Rauvolfia verticillata Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Reinwardtiodendron cinereum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Reinwardtiodendron humile Meliaceae LC N / / / /
Rivina humilis Phytolaccaceae NA
Rorippa heterophylla Cruciferae NA
Sandoricum beccarianum Meliaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Sandoricum koetjape Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Sarcandra glabra subsp. Chloranthaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
brachystachys var. brachystachys
Saurauia fragrans Actinidiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Saurauia leprosa Actinidiaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / /

Saurauia mahmudii Actinidiaceae LC Y /
Saurauia malayana Actinidiaceae LC Y /
Saurauia napaulensis Actinidiaceae NA
Saurauia nudiflora Actinidiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Saurauia pentapetala Actinidiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Saurauia roxburghii Actinidiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Saurauia rubens Actinidiaceae LC Y / / /
Saurauia vulcani Actinidiaceae LC N / /
Sauvagesia serrata Ochnaceae LC N / / / /
Scaevola taccada Goodeniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Schizaea dichotoma Schizaeaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Schizaea fistulosa Schizaeaceae VU D2 N /
Schizaea malaccana var. malaccana Schizaeaceae LC N / / / / / /
Schizaea malaccana var. robustior Schizaeaceae NT D2 N /
Scleroglossum debile Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Scleroglossum pusillum Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Scleroglossum sulcatum Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Scopellaria marginata var. marginata Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Scopellaria marginata var. Cucurbitaceae LC N
/ / / /
penangense
Scorodocarpus borneensis Olacaceae LC N / / / / / / /
89
90
Selaginella alutacia Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / /

Selaginella argentea Selaginellaceae LC N / / / /
Selaginella caulescens Selaginellaceae DD N / /
Selaginella ciliaris Selaginellaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / / /
Selaginella cuprea Selaginellaceae LC Y / / / / /
Selaginella curtisii Selaginellaceae DD Y /
Selaginella delicatula Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / /
Selaginella frondosa Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / /
Selaginella griffithii Selaginellaceae VU A4c N /
Selaginella intermedia var. Selaginellaceae LC Y
/ / / / /
dolichocentrus
Selaginella intermedia var. intermedia Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /

Selaginella longiaristata Selaginellaceae DD N /
Selaginella mayeri Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / /
Selaginella minutifolia Selaginellaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Selaginella morganii Selaginellaceae NT B1a+2a Y / /
Selaginella ornata Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Selaginella padangensis Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / /
Selaginella plana Selaginellaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Selaginella polita Selaginellaceae NT B2ab(iii) Y / / / / /
Selaginella pubescens Selaginellaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Selaginella repanda Selaginellaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /
Selaginella ridleyi Selaginellaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / / /

Selaginella rivalis Selaginellaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Selaginella roxburghii var. roxburghii Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Selaginella roxburghii var. strigosa Selaginellaceae NT B2a Y / / / /
Selaginella scabrida Selaginellaceae VU D2 Y /
Selaginella selangorensis var. ciliata Selaginellaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / /
Selaginella selangorensis var. Selaginellaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y
/ / /
selangorensis
Selaginella stipulata Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Selaginella strigosa Selaginellaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Selaginella wallichii Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Selaginella willdenowii Selaginellaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Selliguea albido-squamata Polypodiaceae DD N /
Selliguea ceratophylla Polypodiaceae NT B1a+2a N / /
Selliguea enervis Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Selliguea heterocarpa Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Selliguea laciniata Polypodiaceae LC N / / / /
Selliguea lateritia Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Selliguea metacoela Polypodiaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Selliguea platyphylla Polypodiaceae NT B1b(iii)+2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Selliguea stenophylla Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Selliguea subsparsa Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
91
92
Selliguea taeniata Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / /

Selliguea triloba Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae NA
Sesamum radiatum Pedaliaceae NA
Shorea acuminata Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Shorea assamica subsp. globifera Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / /
Shorea atrinervosa Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c N / /
Shorea balanocarpoides Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Shorea bentongensis Dipterocarpaceae VU A4cd Y / / /
Shorea blumutensis Dipterocarpaceae EN B1b(iii)c(iii) N / /
Shorea bracteolata Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea ciliata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c Y / / / / / / / /

Shorea collina Dipterocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / /
Shorea curtisii subsp. curtisii Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea curtisii subsp. grandis Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y /
Shorea dasyphylla Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / / / / /
Shorea dealbata Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(ii) N / /
Shorea exelliptica Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / /
Shorea faguetiana Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / /
Shorea falcifera Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c N / /
Shorea farinosa Dipterocarpaceae DD N /
Shorea foxworthyi Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / / /
Shorea gibbosa Dipterocarpaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /

Shorea glauca Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Shorea gratissima Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Shorea guiso Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea hemsleyana subsp. Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N
/
hemsleyana
Shorea henryana Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(iii) N / /
Shorea hopeifolia Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / /
Shorea hypochra Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / / /
Shorea inappendiculata Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N /
Shorea johorensis Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c N /
Shorea kuantanensis Dipterocarpaceae DD Y / /
Shorea kunstleri Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / /
Shorea laevis Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Shorea lamellata Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N /
Shorea lepidota Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / /
Shorea leprosula Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea longisperma Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / /
Shorea lumutensis Dipterocarpaceae CR A4cd; B1b(iii)c(iv) Y /
Shorea macrantha Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii,iii) N / / / /
Shorea macroptera subsp. Dipterocarpaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / /
macroptera
Shorea materialis Dipterocarpaceae EN A4cd; B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / /
93
94
Shorea maxima Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c Y / / / / / / /

Shorea maxwelliana Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea multiflora Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea ochrophloia Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(iii) N / / / / / / / / /
Shorea ovalis subsp. ovalis Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea ovata Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Shorea palembanica Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / /
Shorea parvifolia subsp. parvifolia Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea parvifolia subsp. velutinata Dipterocarpaceae DD N /
Shorea pauciflora Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Shorea peltata Dipterocarpaceae EN B1ab(iii) N /
Shorea platycarpa Dipterocarpaceae EN A4cd N / / / / / /

Shorea platyclados Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Shorea resinosa Dipterocarpaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / / /
Shorea roxburghii Dipterocarpaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / /
Shorea scrobiculata Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / / / /
Shorea siamensis Dipterocarpaceae LC N / /
Shorea singkawang subsp. scabrosa Dipterocarpaceae EN B2b(iii)c(ii) Y / / /
Shorea singkawang subsp. Dipterocarpaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / /
singkawang
Shorea submontana Dipterocarpaceae NT B2ab(iii) Y / / / / / /
Shorea sumatrana Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / /
Shorea teysmanniana Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c; B1b(iii)c(iii) N / /

Shorea uliginosa Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c; B1ab(iii)+ N
/ /
2ab(iii)
Siraitia siamensis var. siamensis Cucurbitaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Sisyrolepis muricata Sapindaceae DD N /
Sloanea javanica Elaeocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Sloanea malayana Elaeocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / / /
Sloanea sigun Elaeocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Solena heterophylla subsp. Cucurbitaceae VU B1ab(iii) N
/ / /
heterophylla
Spirolobium cambodianum Apocynaceae EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) N / / /
Stenochlaena palustris Blechnaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Stictocardia tiliifolia Convolvulaceae LC N /
Strombosia ceylanica var. ceylanica Olacaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Strombosia ceylanica var. macrophylla Olacaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Strombosia javanica Olacaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Strophanthus caudatus Apocynaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / /
Strophanthus perakensis Apocynaceae DD N /
Strophanthus singaporianus Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Strophanthus wallichii Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Symplocos adenophylla var. Symplocaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / /
adenophylla
Symplocos anomala Symplocaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / / / / /
95
96
Symplocos barringtoniifolia Symplocaceae LC N / / / / / /

Symplocos calycodactylos Symplocaceae VU D2 Y / /
Symplocos celastrifolia Symplocaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / / /
Symplocos cerasifolia var. cerasifolia Symplocaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / / / / /
Symplocos cochinchinensis subsp. Symplocaceae NT B2a N
/ / / / / / /
cochinchinensis var. cochinchinensis
Symplocos cochinchinensis subsp. Symplocaceae NT B2b(iii) N
/ / / / / / /
laurina var. laurina
Symplocos crassipes var. brandiana Symplocaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Symplocos crassipes var. crassipes Symplocaceae DD Y /
Symplocos crassipes var. curtisii Symplocaceae NT B2a N / / / / /
Symplocos crassipes var. ernae Symplocaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /

Symplocos crassipes var. penangiana Symplocaceae NT B2a N / / /
Symplocos fasciculata Symplocaceae NT B2a N / / / /
Symplocos glomerata Symplocaceae VU D2 N /
Symplocos henschelii var. henschelii Symplocaceae NT B2a N / / /
Symplocos henschelii var. maingayi Symplocaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / /
Symplocos laeterividis var. laeterividis Symplocaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Symplocos nivea Symplocaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Symplocos odoratissima var. Symplocaceae EN B1ab(iii) N
/ /
odoratissima
Symplocos ophirensis subsp. Symplocaceae VU B2ab(iii) N
/
ophirensis var. densireticulata
Symplocos ophirensis subsp. Symplocaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Y

/ / / /
ophirensis var. ophirensis
Symplocos ophirensis subsp. Symplocaceae VU B2ab(iii) N
/ /
perakensis var. perakensis
Symplocos pendula var. hirtistylis Symplocaceae NT B2a N / / /
Symplocos pendula var. pendula Symplocaceae LC N / / / / /
Symplocos pyriflora Symplocaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Y / /
Symplocos rubiginosa Symplocaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Symplocos sumuntia Symplocaceae NT B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) N / /
Symplocos theifolia Symplocaceae NA
Symplocos tricoccata Symplocaceae VU B2ab(iii) N /
Symplocos wikstroemiifolia Symplocaceae LC N / /
Tabernaemontana corymbosa Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / /
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Apocynaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Tabernaemontana pauciflora Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Tabernaemontana peduncularis Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Tabernaemontana polyneura Apocynaceae LC Y / / / / / /
Tabernaemontana rostrata Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Telmatoblechnum indicum Blechnaceae VU A2c; B2ab(ii,iii) N / / / / / / /
Terniopsis malayana Podostemaceae LC N / /
Tetrameles nudiflora Datiscaceae LC N / / / / /
Tetramerista glabra Tetrameristaceae VU A4c N / / / / / /
97
98
Themelium tenuisectum Polypodiaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /

Thottea anthonysamyi Aristolochiaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y /
Thottea dependens Aristolochiaceae LC Y / / / / / /
Thottea grandiflora Aristolochiaceae LC N / / / / / /
Thottea kamarudiniana Aristolochiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Thottea longipedunculata Aristolochiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Thottea papilionis Aristolochiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Thottea parviflora Aristolochiaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Thottea piperiformis Aristolochiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Thottea piscodora Aristolochiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Thottea praetermissa Aristolochiaceae VU D2 N / /
Thottea reflexa Aristolochiaceae VU D2 Y /

Thottea ruthiae Aristolochiaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Thottea sumatrana Aristolochiaceae NT B1a+2a N / / /
Thottea terengganuensis Aristolochiaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y /
Thottea tomentosa Aristolochiaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Thottea tricornis Aristolochiaceae LC Y / / / /
Thylacopteris papillosa Polypodiaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / /
Tomophyllum callophyllum Polypodiaceae EN B1ab(iii) N / / /
Tomophyllum inconspicuum Polypodiaceae VU D2 N /
Tomophyllum subminutum Polypodiaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Toona ciliata Meliaceae NT B2ab(iii) N / / /
Toona sinensis Meliaceae LC N / /

Toona sureni Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Trachelospermum asiaticum Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / /
Trichosanthes borneensis Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / /
Trichosanthes costata Cucurbitaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
(syn = Gymnopetalum chinense)
Trichosanthes elmeri Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Trichosanthes emarginata Cucurbitaceae DD N /
Trichosanthes pilosa Cucurbitaceae LC N / /
Trichosanthes quinquangulata Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Trichosanthes scabra Cucurbitaceae LC N
/ / / /
(syn = Gymnopetalum scabrum)
Trichosanthes tricuspidata subsp. Cucurbitaceae LC N
/ / / / / / /
javanica
Trichosanthes wawrae Cucurbitaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Tridynamia megalantha Convolvulaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Trigonachras acuta Sapindaceae VU A2c N / / / /
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Trigoniaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Tristellateia australasiae Malpighiaceae LC N / / / / /
Turnera subulata Turneraceae NA
Turnera ulmifolia Turneraceae NA
Urceola brachysepala Apocynaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
99
100
Urceola densiflora Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) N

/
(syn = Parameria densiflora)
Urceola elastica Apocynaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Urceola laevigata Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N
/ / / / / /
(syn = Parameria laevigata)
Urceola lucida Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / /
Urceola malayana Apocynaceae CR B2ab(iii) Y /
Urceola micrantha Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / /
Urceola polyneura Apocynaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / / / /
(syn = Parameria polyneura)
Urceola rosea Apocynaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
Urceola torulosa Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Vaginularia trichoidea Adiantaceae NT B2ab(ii,iv) N / / / /

Vatica abdulrahmaniana Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y /
Vatica acrocarpa Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / /
Vatica bella Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Vatica cuneata Dipterocarpaceae DD Y /
Vatica cuspidata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / /
Vatica flavida Dipterocarpaceae CR A2bc; B1ab(iii); D Y /
Vatica harmandiana Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N
/ / / / /
(syn = Vatica cinerea)
Vatica havilandii Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c; B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / /
Vatica heteroptera Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c; B2ab(iii) Y / / / /
Vatica hullettii Dipterocarpaceae VU B1ab(iii) Y / / / /

Vatica kanthanensis Dipterocarpaceae CR B2ab(iii); D Y /
Vatica lobata Dipterocarpaceae EN A4c; B2b(iii)c(ii) Y / / / /
Vatica lowii Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Vatica maingayi Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c; B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / / / / / / /
Vatica mangachapoi subsp. Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N
/ / / /
mangachapoi
Vatica mizaniana Dipterocarpaceae EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Y /
Vatica najibiana Dipterocarpaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / /
Vatica nitens Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / / /
Vatica odorata subsp. odorata Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / / / /
Vatica pallida Dipterocarpaceae EN A2c; Y
/ /
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Vatica pauciflora Dipterocarpaceae NT A4c N / / / / / / / /
Vatica perakensis Dipterocarpaceae VU A4c N / / /
Vatica rassak Dipterocarpaceae NE N /
Vatica ridleyana Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c N /
Vatica sarawakensis Dipterocarpaceae DD N /
Vatica scortechinii Dipterocarpaceae VU B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Vatica spatulata Dipterocarpaceae DD Y /
Vatica stapfiana Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(iii) N / / / / / / / /
Vatica umbonata subsp. umbonata Dipterocarpaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Vatica venulosa subsp. venulosa Dipterocarpaceae VU B2b(iii)c(ii) N / / / /
101
102
Vatica yeechongii Dipterocarpaceae CR A4c; D Y / /

Viscum articulatum Viscaceae LC N / / /
Viscum nepalense Viscaceae LC N / / / /
Viscum ovalifolium Viscaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Viscum wrayi Viscaceae LC N / / / / /
Walsura pinnata Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Walsura robusta Meliaceae NT D2 N /
Willughbeia angustifolia Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Willughbeia coriacea Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / /
Willughbeia edulis Apocynaceae LC N / / / / /
Willughbeia flavescens Apocynaceae NT B1a+2a N / / /
Willughbeia grandiflora Apocynaceae EN B2ab(iii) N / / /

Willughbeia oblonga Apocynaceae EN B2ab(iii) Y / / /
Willughbeia tenuiflora Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / / /
Woodwardia auriculata Blechnaceae EN B2ab(ii,iii) N /
Wrightia dubia Apocynaceae LC N / / / / /
Wrightia laevis Apocynaceae LC N / / / / / / /
Wrightia pubescens subsp. lanitii Apocynaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / /
Wrightia religiosa Apocynaceae LC N / / /
Xenostegia tridentata Convolvulaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /
Xerospermum laevigatum subsp. Sapindaceae LC N
/ / / / / / / /
laevigatum
Xerospermum noronhianum Sapindaceae LC N / / / / / / / / / / /

Ximenia americana var. americana Olacaceae VU B2ab(iii) N / / / / / / / /
Xiphopterella govidjoaense Polypodiaceae CR B2ab(iii) N /
Xiphopterella gracilis Polypodiaceae VU D2 Y /
Xiphopterella hieronymusii Polypodiaceae LC N / / / / /
Xiphopterella sparsipilosa Polypodiaceae LC Y / / /
Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae LC N / / / / / / / / /
Xylocarpus moluccensis Meliaceae NT B2b(iii) N / / / / / /
Xylocarpus rumphii Meliaceae LC N / / / / / /
Zanonia indica subsp. orientalis Cucurbitaceae VU B1ab(iii) N / / / /
103
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Peninsula: In Peng, C.I. & Lowryii, P.P. (eds.), Rare, threatened, and endangered floras
of Asia and the Pacific Rim. Academia Sinica Monograph Series No. 16: 139–169.
Wyatt-Smith, J. (1963). Manual of Malayan Silviculture of Inland Forest. Malayan
Forest Records No. 23. Vol. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
105
GLOSSARY
Location “The term ‘location’ defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area

in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the
taxon present. The size of the location depends on the area covered by the
threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations.
Where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event, location
should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat.”(IUCN,
2012a).
Population “The term ‘population’ is used in a specific sense in the Red List Criteria that
is different to its common biological usage. Population is here defined as the
total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily
owing to differences between life forms, population size is measured as
numbers of mature individuals only. In the case of taxa obligately dependent
on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values
for the host taxon should be used.” (IUCN, 2012a). A population includes all
individuals of any life stages of the taxon throughout its distribution (IUCN,
2012b).
Subpopulation “Subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups

in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic
exchange (typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or
less).” (IUCN, 2012a).
Population size “There are two important aspects of the definition of population size. First,
population size is measured only in terms of mature individuals. Thus, the
interpretation of this definition depends critically on an understanding of
the definition of ‘mature individuals’, which is given and discussed below in
section 4.3. Second, population size is defined as the total number of mature
individuals in all areas. Even if some of the taxon exists in subpopulations
that might be seen as distinct populations in a general biological sense, for
the purposes of the criteria, the total number of mature individuals in all
areas (or all subpopulations) is used to measure the “population size” of the
taxon.” (IUCN, 2012b).
106
APPENDIX: Summary of the five criteria (A–E) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in
a threatened category (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) (available
from the IUCN website (http://www.iucn.org).
107
MALAYSIA RED LIST
Plants of Peninsular Malaysia
Volume 1, Part I
Malaysia Red List: Plant of Peninsular Malaysia, Vol. 1 listed 1,353 taxa
from 90 families, 308 genera comprising 1293 indigenous taxa and 60
non-indigenous taxa from Peninsular Malaysia. This publication consists
of two parts, Part I and Part II. Part I contains Introduction, summary
and analysis of the conservation status of all assessed taxa, and
recommendations. A full list of taxa and their IUCN Peninsular Malaysia
Red List status is also provided for quick reference. Part II includes
taxon assessment information for 1293 indigenous taxa. This Red List
contributes to Target 9 of the National Policy on Biological Diversity 2016–
2025 which aims to prevent the extinction of known threatened species
and to improve their conservation status by 2025.
e ISBN 978-967-2810-02-5

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RESEARCH PAMPHLET NO.

100°30'E 102°0'E 103°30'E

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

All enquiries should be forwarded to:

Tel: +60 3-6279 7000

MS ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Editors: Chua, L.S.L. and Lau, K.H.

Layout: Siti-Nur Fatinah, K. & Yasmin-Sarah, A.M.

Table 1. Summary of the assessed taxa in each Red List category.

Figure 1. Threats faced by taxa assessed in Peninsular Malaysia.

O ur country is blessed with high biodiversity and is recognized globally as

Dr. Khali Aziz B. Hamzah

W e acknowledge the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia for

(Aristolochiaceae), Chilocarpus denudatus (Apocynaceae), Cycas edentata

Several recommendations are proposed to reduce the extinction risk in

Thottea terengganuensis (Vulnerable, VU). A, habit and inflorescences from procumbent

Figure 1. Threats faced by taxa assessed in Peninsular Malaysia. Threats were

Some of the most threatened vegetation in Peninsular Malaysia include those

Chikus Forest Reserve (about 2,107 ha); likewise Dipterocarpus semivestitus in

1.2 Sources of Information

1.3 Assessment Method

of subspecies or variety (infraspecific) such as forma, subvarieties and varieties

Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT),

In order to assess whether a taxon belongs to a threatened category (CR,

1.4 Red List Report Format

2.0 RED LIST SUMMARIES

Table 1. Summary of the assessed taxa in each Red List category.

Category No. taxa (%) Endemic

Extinct (EX) 2 (0.15) 2

Vatica rassak was published as new record to Peninsular Malaysia in 2012

Box 1. Shorea kuantanensis (Dipterocarpaceae)

Box 2. Erycibe expansa (Convolvulaceae)

Erycibe expansa which was previously

(Picture: Herbarium specimen. Image courtesy

Dipterocarpaceae has the highest number of threatened taxa with 91

Apocynaceae Chilocarpus denudatus EN NT N

Family Taxa New Previous Reason

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea uliginosa EN VU G

Apocynaceae Willughbeia tenuiflora LC NT G

Family EX RE CR EN VU NT LC DD NA NE TOTAL Best estimate of percentage of threatened

Figure 3. Distribution of IUCN categories according to families.

Table 4. List of DD taxa that are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

Most of 370 threatened taxa have restricted distribution—174 taxa (47.03%)

Table 5: List of threatened taxa with restricted distribution in Peninsular

Threatened Number of Family Species

Threatened Number of Family Species

Threatened Number of Family Species

Threatened Number of Family Species

Threatened Number of Family Species

Threatened Number of Family Species

Figure 6. Distribution of taxa under each IUCN category according to state.

Kelantan 1,510,462 810,415 0 0 5 16 35 75 418 4 0 553 56 (10.13)

Table 7. List of CR taxa occurring in a single location according to state.

States Family Taxa

With regards to ex situ collections, about 79 out of 370 (21.35%) threatened

Table 8. List of threatened taxa in selected ex situ sites.

Family Taxa Category Endemic Ex situ site

Family Taxa Category Endemic Ex situ site

3.0 NEXT STEPS

3.1. Increase the rate of taxa assessment

3.2. Ensure populations of threatened taxa are effectively conserved in situ

3.3. Expand knowledge on threatened taxa