ZSL Practical Toolkit Oil Palm

The
Zoological Society of London

Biodiversity & Oil Palm Project

VERSION 1, SEPTEMBER

Edited by

Imanuddin
Sophie Persey
Dolly Priatna
Laura D’Arcy
Lili Sadikin
Michal Zrust

The Zoological Society of London

Biodiversity & il Palm Project

This document was compiled by the Zoological Society of London’s Conservation

Programme in Indonesia as part of the Biodiversity & Oil Palm Project, in
collaboration with the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Between October
2009 and September 2011 this project was funded by a grant from the
Biodiversity & Agricultural Commodities Programme, with match funding from
Wilmar International.
BACP

BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL

COMMODITIES PROGRAM
LIPI

Table of Contents i

Table of Contents

List of Tables ........................................................................................................... iii
List of Boxes ............................................................................................................ iv
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... iv
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................. v

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT .................................................................................... 3

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES (HCV 1.2, 1.3 & 1.4)
AND THEIR HABITATS AS PART OF AN HCV ASSESSMENT IN OIL
PALM ...................................................................................................................... 7

MONITORING BIODIVERSITY TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF
HCV MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................. 12

RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT AND LONG
TERM MONITORING .............................................................................................. 14

COMMUNITY INTERVIEWS ..................................................................................... 14

MAMMALS ............................................................................................................ 17

Methods Suitable for All Mammals ................................................................. 17

1. Reconnaissance transects (Recce walk) ................................................... 17
2. Line Transect Sampling ........................................................................... 18
Methods Suitable for Medium & Large Mammals ........................................... 22
1. Occupancy surveys .................................................................................. 22
2. Camera trapping ..................................................................................... 23
Methods Suitable for Primates ........................................................................ 27
1. Nest counts (Distance Sampling) ............................................................. 27

ii Table of Contents

Methods Suitable for Small Terrestrial Mammals ................................ 31
1. Box Traps .................................................................................... 31
Methods Suitable for Bats ................................................................... 33
2. Mist netting ................................................................................ 33
3. Harp traps ................................................................................... 35

BIRDS ......................................................................................................... 40

1. Species inventory ............................................................................ 40
2. MacKinnon Lists .............................................................................. 41
3. Line Transect Sampling ................................................................... 43
4. Point Transect Sampling .................................................................. 45
5. Mist netting ..................................................................................... 47

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ...................................................................... 52

1. Visual Encounter Surveys with timed searches ............................... 52
2. Line Transects with Visual Encounter Surveys ................................. 53
3. Quadrat/Patch Sampling ................................................................. 55

FISH .......................................................................................................... 59
1. Live Capture .................................................................................... 59

VEGETATION .............................................................................................. 64

1. Quadrat Method ............................................................................. 64
2. Distance Methods (Plot-‐less) .......................................................... 65

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES ....................................................................... 69

ANNEX 1 .................................................................................................... 72
ANNEX 2 .................................................................................................... 73

List of Tables iii
List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of all the methods of primary data collection described
in this toolkit ............................................................................................ 10

Table 2 Examples of habitat variables .................................................................... 13

Table 3. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and

monitoring of all mammals ...................................................................... 21

Table 4. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of
medium-‐large mammals .......................................................................... 26

Table 5. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of
primates ................................................................................................... 29

Table 6. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of
small mammals ........................................................................................ 37

birds ......................................................................................................... 49

Reptiles and Amphibians .......................................................................... 57

Table 9. List of trap/net can be used for biodiversity assessment
and monitoring .......................................................................................... 60

Table 10. Summary of equipment used for rapid assessment and
monitoring of fish ..................................................................................... 62

Table 11. Summary of methods used for rapid assessments and
monitoring of vegetation .......................................................................... 67

iv List of Boxes/List of Figures
List of Boxes

Box 1. The RSPO Principles and Criteria relating to biodiversity (Based on
the National Interpretation for Indonesia) .................................................. 1

Box 2. HCV Criteria for Indonesia ........................................................................... 2

Box 3. Defining ‘High Conservation Value’ species in Indonesia ............................. 4

List of Figures

Figure 1. Flow chart highlighting how each section of this toolkit can
assist planning and carrying out a biodiversity assessment ......................... 11

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms v
Table of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abbreviation Full Name
Africa African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Convention Resources
ARTS Adaptive reccee transect sampling
ASL Above sea level
AEWA African-‐Eurasian Waterbird Agreement
CARPE Central Africa Regional Programme for the Environment
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora
CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals
ECWAS Economic Community of West African States
EIA Environmental impact assessment
FPIC Free, prior, informed consent
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
GIS Global information systems
GISP Global Invasive Species Programme
GPS Global positioning system
HCV High conservation value
HCVN High conservation value network
HCVMA High conservation value management area
HWC Human-‐wildlife conflict

vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
IAIA International Association for Impact Assessment
IUCN World Conservation Union (International Union for the

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)
KPI Key performance indicator
UN United Nations
UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
IAIA United Nations Environment Programme
IDR Republic of Indonesia Rupiah
LIPI Indonesian Insitute of Science
MOU Memorandum of understanding
MVP Minimum viable population
NGO Non-‐governmental organisation
NTFP Non-‐timber forest products
P & C Principles and Criteria
PT Indonesian Limited Company (Perseroan Terbatas)
RSPO Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil
SLIMFs Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests
SOP Standard operating procedure
USD United states of America Dollar
WCS Wildlife Conservation Society
ZSL Zoological Society of London

INTRODUCTION 1
INTRODUCTION
T

he expansion of palm oil industry in Africa comes amid the
announcement by the World Bank of an estimated 50% increase of
worldwide demand by 2020. In Indonesia and Malaysia, over the past 30
years rapid oil palm expansion has resulted in the loss and fragmentation
of biodiverse tropical lowland forests. This has had serious consequences for
biodiversity, as the majority of forest species are unable to adapt to survive within
oil palm monocultures. In an effort to reduce the negative environmental and
social impacts of palm oil production, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil has
established a set of Principles and Criteria (RSPO P&C) that define a standard for
more responsible palm oil production. If a palm oil producer wishes to say that
the palm oil they produce is sustainable, they must first undergo an independent
audit to certify that they comply with the RSPO standard.

The main provision in the RSPO P&C to mitigate impacts on biodiversity is
the requirement to identify, maintain and enhance High Conservation Values
(HCVs) which could be affected by either existing oil palm concessions or areas
proposed for oil palm expansion (Box 1). To achieve this, it is necessary for
be carried out to identify which of the six HCVs are present (Box 2), and in
turn the management actions required to ensure these values are maintained

Box 1. The RSPO Principles and Criteria relating to biodiversity
(Based on the National Interpretation for Indonesia)

Criterion 2.1. There is compliance with all applicable local, national
and ratified international laws and regulations.

Criterion 5.2. The status of rare, threatened or endangered species and
high conservation value habitats, if any, that exist in the plantation or
that could be affected by plantation or mill management, shall be
identified and their conservation taken into account in management
plans and operations.

Criterion 7.3. New plantings since November 2005, have not replaced
primary forest or any area required to maintain or enhance one or more
High Conservation Values*.

*Where the HCV status of land developed between November 2005-‐2007 is
unknown, this can be excluded from the RSPO certification programme until
an acceptable solution for HCV compensation has been developed.

2 INTRODUCTION
or enhanced. In many cases, this Box 2. HCV Criteria

involves designating areas of
natural habitat that support HCVs HCV 1. Areas with Important Levels of
which must not be converted to oil Biodiversity
palm or where certain actions 1.1. Areas that Contain or Provide
must be taken in order to avoid Biodiversity Support Function to
negative impacts. These areas Protection or Conservation Areas
are known as HCV management 1.2. Critically Endangered Species
areas. The quality of the data 1.3. Areas that Contain Habitat for Viable
used to inform such decisions is Populations of Endangered, Restricted
critical to determining the impact Range or Protected Species
that palm oil production has on 1.4. Areas that Contain Habitat of Temporary
biodiversity, particularly in areas Use by Species or Congregations of
where development is planned. It Species
is therefore essential that effective
HCV 2. Natural Landscapes & Dynamics

methods for assessing the
presence and status of species 2.1. Large Natural Landscapes with Capacity
and natural habitats that could to Maintain Natural Ecological
be affected by either existing Processes and Dynamics
or new oil palm concessions 2.2. Areas that Contain Two or More
are employed during HCV Contiguous
assessments. In order to Ecosyste s
determine whether the actions 2.3.Areas that Contain Representative
taken to maintain and enhance Populations of Most Naturally
the HCVs identified are effective, Occurring Species

it is necessary to monitor and HCV 3. Rare or Endangered Ecosystems

evaluate changes in these values
HCV 4. Environmental Services
over time.
4.1. Areas or Ecosystems Important for the
Provision of Water and Prevention of
Floods for Downstream communities
4.2. Areas Important for the Prevention of
Erosion and Sedimentation
4.3. Areas that Function as Natural Barriers
to the Spread of Forest or Ground Fire

HCV 5. Natural Areas Critical for Meeting

the Basic Needs of Local People

HCV 6. Areas Critical for Maintaining

the C ultural Identity of Local
Communities

HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT 3
HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT
T

he aim of this toolkit is to assist HCV assessors in conducting scientifically
sound biodiversity assessments within and around oil palm concessions,
as one component of an HCV assessment. It will also serve as a useful
resource for RSPO, Conservation or HCV managers from palm oil
companies who are tasked with developing and implementing protocols for
monitoring HCV species and habitats that may be affected by an area of palm oil
production.

This toolkit is designed to assist practitioners to plan and implement biodiversity
assessments accurately and efficiently, in order to obtain high quality and useful
primary data concerning the presence, distribution and status of HCV species in
and around oil palm concessions (Box 3). Included in Annex 2 is a table which lists
all mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish and tree species found in Cameroon,
Ghana and Gabon listed as Critically endangered (potentially as HCV 1.2),
Endangered or Vulnerable (potentially as HCV 1.3) on IUCN Red List. This table
includes information regarding the conservation status of each species, their
ecology and habitat requirements, as well as recommended methods for
conducting either a rapid assessment or longer term monitoring of each species.
This information has been provided as guidance only for protected species as
there is often no clear country specific HCV species list. In country information
needs to be obtained from the relevant authorities. For each method listed, there
is a section within the toolkit which provides a detailed description of the protocol,
the resources required to implement it, the biodiversity data that can be
generated, guidance on how this data can be analysed, and a review of the overall
strengths and weaknesses of each method.

• The range of methods suitable for collecting primary biodiversity data as
part of an HCV assessment will vary depending on;
•
• Size and location of the concession,

•
• Types of habitats that persist within and around the concession,
•
• Season,
•
• Quality of the secondary data available for the region,

•
• Time available to the assessor,

•
• Experience and level of expertise of the assessor.

4 HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT
In some cases, several different methods may be equally suitable for obtaining the
data required. However, ensuring that the assessor has the necessary expertise to
implement the methods used is critical to the quality of the data collected and
should therefore be one of the key factors considered when deciding which
methods to use.

The information contained in this toolkit is based on ZSL’s experience of
conducting biodiversity assessments on oil palm concessions in Indonesia and
globally in the context of other land use types, as well as a review of existing
literature. It also incorporates the outputs from a workshop organized by ZSL and
the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), which aimed to ‘Determine effective
methods for rapid biodiversity assessments in oil palm landscapes’. This
workshop was held on the 20th July 2011 in Bogor, Indonesia and was attended
by 47 scientists, NGO representatives, HCV assessors and conservation managers
from palm oil companies with experience of conducting biodiversity assessments in
oil palm concessions.

Box 3: Defining ‘High Conservation Value’ species

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org)

HCV 1.2. Species that are listed as Critically Endangered,
Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, listed on
Apendix 1 and 2 under the Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or protected
under national laws

HCV 1.3. Species that have ranges that are restricted
to a single region

The IUCN Red List prioritises species for conservation
attention based on its risk of extinction, which is determined
using a scientifically rigorous approach. This list is regularly
updated so it is important to refer to the latest version. Species
categorised as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable
are all considered to be threatened. (Detailed information about
the criteria for each of these categories can be found at the
following link: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-‐
documents/categories-‐and-‐criteria/2001-‐categories-‐criteria).
..........Continued

HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT 5

Continued..........

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (www.cites.org)

This is an international agreement between 175 governments
which aims to ensure that the international trade of plants and
animals does not result in certain species being exploited to the
extent that this becomes a threat to their survival. CITES categorises
species into 3 lists, known as Appendix 1, 2 and 3, depending on the
level of protection they require. Appendix 1 species are threatened
with extinction, so international trade (import and export) of these
species and derived parts are prohibited except in exceptional
circumstances. Trade in Appendix 2 species is strictly controlled by
a quota system to avoid unsustainable exploitation. Appendix 3
species are listed at the request of a member country to assist in
controlling international trade in a species that is protected by
national laws. To date, over 5000 animals and 28000 plants are
listed by CITES, details of which can be found on the CITES website.

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resource
The convention was adopted on the 15th September 1968, in
Algers, Algeria and was revised in 2003 in Maputo, Mozambique.
This convention represents the commitment by African countries
to promote and support the conservation and sustainable
management of the environment and their natural resources. Since
the convention was adopted, 42 countries are signatories, of which
30 ratified it.

Protected by national governments

Legal status of species may vary from one country to the next. You
should contact the local wildlife authorities for a country specific
exhaustive list of nationally protected species as this may include
species not necessarily listed on the IUCN Red data list (see
information below for the relevant authorities to contact in
Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Lberia and DRC).

Cameroon: MINFOF (Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife)
(http://www.minfof.cm/), MINADER (Minitry of Agriculture and
Rural Development) (http://www.minader.cm/)
Gabon: Ministry of Water and Forestry (http://www.eaux-‐
forets.gouv.ga/), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and
Rural Development (http://www.agriculture.gouv.ga/)

6 HOW TO USE THIS TOOLKIT

Ghana: Forestry Commission of Ghana, Wildlife Division
(http://www.fcghana.org), Ministry of Environment,
Science and Technology (http://173.1.128.235/), Ministry
of Land and Natural Resources, Wildlife Department
(http://www.ghana.gov.gh/)
Liberia: Forestry Development Authority
(http://www.fda.gov.lr/), Ministry of Agriculture
(http://www.moa.gov.lr/)
DRC: MENCT (Ministry of Environment, Nature
Conservation and Tourism) (http://www.mecnt.gouv.cd/),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
(http://www.rdc-‐agriculture.com/)

Endemic

Endemic species are those whose distribution is restricted
to a geographically isolated area, such as a single island or
part of that island.

Restricted Range
Restricted range species are those whose historical
range is less than 50.000 km2.

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES 7
PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING

HCV SPECIES (HCV 1.2, 1.3 & 1.4)
AND THEIR HABITATS
AS PART OF AN HCV ASSESSMENT

IN OIL PALM
In this section we will highlight how this toolkit can assist in the process of
planning and implementing the biodiversity component of an HCV assessment
(see Fig 1). This is in line with the recommended process for conducting an
HCV assessment, as described in part 3 ‘Identifying and managing High
Conservation Values Forests: a guide for forest managers’ of the ‘High
Conservation Value Forest Toolkit’, December 2003.

Step 1: Secondary Data Collection

It is essential that as much background information as possible, about the
species and habitats present in the area where the HCV assessment will take
place, is collected from pre-‐existing sources. This includes information
regarding habitat type, cover and quality, as well as the distribution and
conservation status of species, all of which assist the assessor to determine the
biodiversity that is likely to be identified during the assessment. This is the first
step in designing an efficient and effective field assessment to verify the
presence of HCV species and determine the area of natural habitat required to
maintain and enhance viable populations of these species the HCV
Management Areas (HCVMA). As with any secondary data, the source and types
of data must be considered carefully, due to potential bias, low capacity or lack
of impartiality of the source.

Examples of sources of secondary biodiversity data include:
• Information from the company: The company may be able to provide
maps or aerial images of the concession concession or the area
planned for development. If the area is already an active concession of
some kind, workers who spend large amounts of time in the field may
also be a useful source of information about the presence and
distribution of species within the concession.
• Information from previous research carried out in the area: It is worth
contacting universities, research institutions and NGOs working in the
region of the concession as they may have valuable information about
the species present and their status.

8 PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES
• Information from local people: People living in and around the oil palm
concession can provide valuable information about the presence,
distribution and abundance of species in the area. This can be extremely
helpful in identifying areas where biodiversity assessments should be
targeted and the HCV species that are likely to be recorded. However,
this information should be interpreted with caution as it may not be
based on firsthand experience and can therefore be unreliable. Please
see the section on Community Interviews for further information.
• Websites: There are a number of websites that provide valuable
information regarding land cover and species distribution, particularly
for threatened species. Please see the list of links at the back of the
toolkit for further information.
• List of HCV species: Appendix 2 of this toolkit lists the potential
mammal, bird, amphibian, reptile, fish and tree species found in
Cameroon, Gabon, DRC, Liberia, Congo and Ghana that are categorised
as Critically Endangered (potentially as HCV 1.2), Endangered or
Vulnerable (potentially as HCV 1.3)on the IUCN Red List. This
information has been provided as guidance only for protected species
and therefore country specific information needs to be obtained from
the relevant authorities.
• National Interpretation of HCV Toolkit: Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, DRC and
Cameroon have all shown some adherence to the HCV concept and all,
with the exception of Cameroon, have drafted their National
Interpretation. These include a comprehensive list of secondary data
relating to all of the HCVs
(http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/national-‐hcv-‐interpretations).

Step 2: Determining suitable methods of primary data collection

Practitioners conducting HCV assessments often have a very limited amount of
time on the concession to collect primary data. In order to maximise the time
spent on the concession, it is important that a field assessment is well planned
and has clear objectives. This includes defining the range of habitats and taxa
that must be sampled to ensure that all important habitats and HCV species
that may be impacted by palm oil production in the area are identified. It
should be recognised that the data obtained during a rapid assessment is likely
to be limited to a species inventory, often limited to more conspicuous and
abundant species, basic information about species distribution, indicators of
the diversity of certain habitats and possibly estimates of the relative
abundance of key species. In order to obtain accurate estimations of the size,
range and viability of the population of HCV species, targeted biodiversity
assessments repeated on a regular basis will be required. Annex 2 of this
toolkit provides information regarding the ecology and habitat of protected

species, as well as recommended methods for conducting rapid assessments

of each species. This will assist the assessor in determining the range of
methods that can be employed and the habitats to target in order to verify the
presence of HCV species indicated to be in the area by the secondary data
obtained in Step 1.

Step 3: F ield Data Collection

It is important that the protocols that will be used to collect the primary data,
as well as the expertise, equipment and sampling effort required are decided
well in advance of heading into the field. This toolkit provides a detailed
description of the protocols for the methods most commonly used for
conducting biodiversity assessments of mammals, birds, reptiles & amphibians,
fish and vegetation. These methods are listed in Table 1. This includes
information regarding the equipment and skills required to implement each
protocol, as well as an indication of the approximate level of sampling effort
necessary to meet the objectives of the assessment (e.g. species inventory or
estimate of population size). However, these are only guidelines and the
protocols described may need to be adjusted depending on the habitat and
field conditions in the area being assessed.

Step 4: Data Analysis

Often one of the most difficult aspects of conducting an HCV assessment is
analysing and interpreting the data collected. This toolkit contains guidance on
how the data collected should be treated in order to obtain certain
information (e.g. relative abundance vs. absolute population density). Further
information about freely available software to analyse the data collected is
included in the useful resources/links section. The digital version of this toolkit
also includes templates of excel spreadsheets that can be used to tabulate the
data collected prior to analysis.

10 PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING HCV SPECIES
Table 1. Summary of all the methods of primary data collection
described in this toolkit

Taxa
Method/Equipment Target
species Page
Reconnaissance
All mammals transects All species, including primates 17

Line transect sampling All species, including primates 19
Medium-‐large Occupancy surveys Mammals in general 22
mammals
Camera traps Elusive, low density mammals 23
Primates Nest counts Chimpanzee/Gorilla 27

Small
terrestrial Box traps Rats and terrestrial mammals 32
mammals
Mist nets Fruit bats 35
Bats
Harp traps Insectivorous bats 37
Species inventory All species 42
MacKinnon lists All species 43
Bird Line transect sampling Mobile, conspicuous birds 45
Point transect sampling Cryptic, skulking birds 46
Mist nets Small, elusive birds 48
Visual encounter survey
All terrestrial amphibians and
(VES) with timed 54
reptiles
searches
Reptiles and
Line transect with
Amphibians Terrestrial amphibians and
visual encounter survey 55
reptiles except canopy species
(VES)
Quadrat/patch sampling Terrestrial frogs and reptiles 57
Different nets and traps can be
Live capture 61
used to survey different habitats
Fish
Quadrat method 66
Distance method 67


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previous$research Step%1.%Secondary% Indonesia
data%collection
List$of$HCV Information$from$
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HCV$species$&$
habitats$likely$
to$be$present$in$
List$of$HCV
Step%1.%Secondary% species$(Annex
data%collection 2),$section$on$
assessment$methods
Proposed$
methods$for$
biodiversity
Figure 1. Flow chart List$of$HCV

highlighting how each Step%3.%Field%data% species$(Annex
collection 2),$section$on$
section of this toolkit assessment$methods
can assist planning
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biodiversity
Sections$on$data$
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analysis of$analysis$for
each$taxa

12 MONITORING BIODIVERSITY

MONITORING BIODIVERSITY
TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF
HCV MANAGEMENT

The purpose of monitoring biodiversity is to determine whether the management
interventions designed and implemented to maintain and enhance species and
habitats of High Conservation Value are effective. If not, the information gained as
a result of this monitoring should provide insight into how these management
interventions need to be adapted and improved in order to conserve these values.

Biodiversity monitoring involves conducting repeated assessments over time to
identify trends in the status of species or habitats that are the focus of
management interventions. Due to limitations of time and resources, it is not
possible to monitor the changes in status of all of the species present within or
around a concession. It is therefore important to identify measurable indicators
that show whether the efforts to maintain and enhance biodiversity within the
concession are having the desired impact. A variety of different species are suitable
indicator species for long term monitoring.

Good indicators should be relatively cheap and simple to measure, provide useful
information about whether management objectives are being met and ideally
provide quantitative results. Species that make the best indicators are sensitive to
changes in their environment, respond to changes in a similar way to other species
groups, and have different responses to natural or anthropogenic stresses (Sewell
& Griffiths, 2009; Lindenmayer et al 2000). Often short lived species groups such
as butterflies, birds and insectivorous bats provide suitable indicators of the
quality of HCV areas being maintained within oil palm concessions.

An alternative to using indicator species is to monitor changes in umbrella or
keystone species, which are species that are highly dependent on particular
attributes of a landscape. This includes species with large home ranges, species
reliant on a common food source such as fruit, or those dependent on cavities in
large trees for nesting or roosting. As these species are highly dependent on the
characteristics of an intact natural ecosystem, their presence suggests a wide range
of other species with similar habitat requirements may also be able to persist in
that landscape. Examples of umbrella and keystone species found in West and
Central Africa include African elephant, western gorilla, common chimpanzee and
pygmy hippopotamus. However, the indicator or umbrella species selected for
monitoring programmes need to be closely linked to the HCVs present and the

MONITORING BIODIVERSITY 13
measures adopted to maintain and enhance them. A range of species that

could provide suitable indicators are highlighted in Appendix 2, however it is
recommended to contact in country experts (e.g. Academic/science insitutuions,
NGOs) to get advice on the indicator species chosen.

Finally the type, cover and quality of habitats and the vegetation that it comprises
of are important factors in determining the biodiversity that the habitat is able to
support. There are a large number of different habitat variables, so it is important
to assess and monitor those that are most relevant to the management objectives.
Examples of these habitat variables are listed in table 2.

Table 2. Examples of habitat variables
No Element Variables
Species composition, tree density, tree dbh (diameter at breast
height), tree height, tree architecture, canopy cover, canopy
1 Vegetation
connectivity, biomass, forest health and productivity (Leaf litter/
phenology)
2 Aquatic All species, including primates
3 Physical Slope, aspect, soil depth, soil type

References

Lawton, JH & Gaston, KJ .2001. Indicator Species in Encyclopedia of
Biodiversity vol 3. Ed S.A. Levin. Academic Press. New York

Lindenmayer DB. 1999. Future directions for biodiversity conservation in
managed forests: indicator species, impact studies and monitoring programs.
Forest Ecology and Management 115: 277-‐287.

Menge BA & TL Freidenburg. 2001. Keystone Species in Encyclopedia of
Biodiversity vol 3. Ed SA Levin. Academic Press. New York

Newton AC. 2007. Forest Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University
Press. New York

14 RECOMMENDED METHODS

RECOMMENDED METHODS
FOR RAPID ASSESSMENT AND LONG

TERM MONITORING
COMMUNITY INTERVIEWS
Community interviews regularly form a major component of HCV assessments in oil
palm concessions. Often people living in and around areas of forest are relatively
aware of the biodiversity around them and so are considered to be a good source
of information about the biodiversity value of these habitats. Key informants for
community interviews include local hunters and fishermen, who are usually very
knowledgeable about the species present in the area and can provide information
about the extent to which different species are exploited. Obtaining such
information from these people can be a quick and valuable way to find out which
species are likely to be present in the area, their distribution and the threats
they face, particularly as a result of human activities.

In some circumstances, surveys of local communities can provide valuable insights
into the population status of certain species, such as a study into the extent of
mammals’ densities in tropical rainforests of Cameroon (van der Hoeven et al.
2004). The process of interviewing communities can also help raise awareness
about the importance of conserving biodiversity amongst people whose
activities may threaten HCV species and habitats.

When carrying out interviews it is vital to use visual aids, ideally photographs, to
make sure that the person conducting the interview and the respondent are talking
about the same species, particularly when there are local names for species.
Pictorial guides of species that may be present within or around the survey location
can be made by scanning or downloading royalty free pictures or using existing
field guides if available (e.g. Primates of West Africa, Kingdon Field Guide to
African mammals, Birds of West Africa). However, pictorial guides must be used
with caution to ensure that they do not encourage the respondent to positively
identify a species that they have little or no information about in order to please
the interviewer.

The following methods can be used to conduct community interviews:

1. Semi structured interviews
This method involves carrying out informal interviews which aim to cover certain
topics but are not guided by a pre-‐prepared questionnaire. However, it is
important to standardise the way in which the information obtained from the

RECOMMENDED METHODS 15
interview is recorded to facilitate analysis. This method allows the interviewer

greater flexibility to interact with the respondents depending on the answers
received, which lends itself to being used to interview large groups of people.
However, as the majority of the data produced is often qualitative, interpretation
of the results can be time consuming and subject to bias.

2. Questionnaires
This method involves preparing a set of specific questions, which either form the
structure of an interview or respondents can be given to complete independently if
they have the ability to do so. The lifestyle and type of interaction with wildlife of
the group that you wish to target should be taken into account when designing the
questionnaire. It is important that the questions asked are concise (to encourage
participation) and self explanatory (to reduce bias). This method can be used to
produce quantitative results. However, inaccuracies in the data produced may arise
from the respondents feeling obliged to answer all the questions even if they do
not know the answer. Therefore, questionnaires should ideally be combined with
semi-‐ structured interviews to gain good quality results.

Whilst it can be very useful, the information obtained through community
interviews should be used with caution to guide decision making as this knowledge
is often not based on firsthand accounts and so may be exaggerated or mixed with
myth. It should not be considered a substitute to conducting a field assessment in
order to obtain scientific primary data regarding the presence, distribution and
status of HCV species within and around the concession being assessed.
Reference

Babbie, E. R. 2005. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Thomson/
Wadsworth. p. 174.

Kapila S & F Lyon. 2006. Expedition field technique: people oriented research.
Second edition. Royal Geographic Society. London

Van der Hoeven, C.A., de Boer, W.F. and Prins H.H.T 2004. Pooling local expert
opinions for estimating mammal densities in tropical rainforests. Journal for
Nature Conservation, 12(4): 193–204.


MAMMALS

MAMMALS
Methods Suitable for All Mammals

1. Reconnaissance Transects (Recce Walk)

Equipment
• Binoculars
• Field guide of mammals (see references)
• GPS
• Spot lights/head torches if at night
• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil

Description of protocol
This method involves the observer moving through a habitat in a specified
direction, but unlike line transects they are not restricted to following a specific
route and are free to take the path of least resistance. Recce transects can be
carried out on foot, or by using boats or cars to move slowly along rivers or
roads that pass through or alongside habitats of interest.

The time and GPS position should be recorded for the start and finish of each
transect. Both direct and indirect observations, such as dung, nests or sign, can be
recorded. For each direct or indirect species observation, the species name, type of
observation (direct sighting, sign etc), location and time of observation should be
recorded.

Transects should be carried out when the target species groups are most likely to
be active , which would be early morning or late afternoon for diurnal mammals,
but after sunset for nocturnal species.

If the aim of the survey is to produce a comprehensive species inventory, then it is
important that the areas sampled are representative of the range of habitat types
present. If the aim is to compare species richness between different habitats then
the sampling effort in each habitat type should be standardised.

1
2


Data produced and method of analysis

MAMMALS
[ √ ] Species list and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type

sampled to determine the proportion of the species present in the habitat
(species richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced
by plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each
recce walk against sampling effort (length of transect or number of hours
of observations). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species
richness for that habitat.

[ √ ] Relative abundance

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated by
dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort in that habitat
type.

[ X ] Absolute density

[ √ ] Habitat use and distribution

If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present and
the GPS location of each species is recorded then these points can be
plotted to produce a species distribution map.

Strengths Weaknesses
• Can be used to quickly and easily • Results may be biased towards
cover large areas species that favour open
habitats. Species that live in
• More f lexible and less labour dense vegetation are rarely
intensive than l ine transects recorded using this method
• Causes less disturbance to the
area being surveyed than line
transects as transects follow
existing paths or trails
•

2. Line Transect Sampling

MAMMALS
Equipment
• Binoculars
• GPS
• Spot lights/head torches if at night
• Tape measurer or laser sighter

Description of Protocol
Line transect sampling involves recording all species seen or heard along a pre-‐
defined linear route. Ideally, a path along the transect should be cleared in advance
of walking the transect to ensure that any disturbance caused does not affect the
results. Transects should be sufficiently far apart to ensure that the same individual
is unlikely to be recorded on two adjacent transects. The minimum distance
between transects will vary depending on the species, but should be no less than
250m. Transects are usually between 1km-‐2km in length, depending on the terrain.

The time and GPS position should be recorded for the start and finish of each
transect. Both direct and indirect observations, including chimpanzee nests, tracks
or dung, can be recorded. For each direct or indirect species observation, the
species name, type of observation (direct sighting, sign etc), location and time of
observation should be recorded. For direct sightings, the sex and age class of the
individual should also be recorded. If the objective is to estimate population
density then the perpendicular distance and height above the ground of the species
on first sighting should also be recorded.

Transects should be carried out when the target species group is likely to be most
active, which would be early morning or late afternoon for diurnal mammals, but
after sunset for nocturnal species. Observers should aim to walk at a slow and
consistent pace (approx 1 km/hour).

Ideally, transects should be positioned randomly to avoid bias but this is not always
practical. However, it is important to ensure that transects are placed in locations
that are representative of the range of habitats being surveyed.

1
2



MAMMALS
[ √ ] Species inventory and richness

Species accumulation curves can be produced for each habitat type to

determine the proportion of the species present in the habitat (species
richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by
plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each
transect against sampling effort (length of transect or number of hours
of observations). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species


The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated

by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort in that habitat
type.

[ √ ] Absolute density

Distance software can be used to estimate population density. The results
can be compared between locations or over time to measure trends in
population density.


If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present
and the GPS location of each species is recorded then these points can
be plotted to produce a species distribution map.

• Suitable for surveying a wide • The encounter rate for elusive

range of mammal species. and rare species may not be
Conspicuous and bold species can sufficient to estimate
be surveyed using direct population size. Inactive
observations whereas indirect species are rarely detected
observations can be used to survey
elusive or nocturnal species
•
• This method can be used to

estimate absolute density and is an
efficient way of monitoring
changes in the population of a
target species over time

Table 3. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of all mammals
RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for
species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment long term
group required monitoring
Reconnaissance All species All habitat Species inventory, N/A
Suitable Suitable
Transect (Recce except rats types relative
walk) abundance
Line Transect Low density Habitats with Absolute density At least 40 Suitable Suitable
Sampling wide ranging consistent, sightings of a
conspicuous easy terrain, single species are
mammals, each transect needed, though
including should be 60-‐80 gives
primates confined to a better precision.
single habitat Need at least 20
type transects in each
habitat type

21
MAMMALS


Methods Suitable for Medium & Large
Mammals
MAMMALS

1. Occupancy surveys

Equipment
• GPS
• Map of survey location
• Field guide of mammal (see references)

This method involves dividing the area to be surveyed into 1km x 1km grids, then
randomly selecting grids that account for at least 30% of the total area of interest.
Each grid selected should be searched for 6 man hours, recording the GPS position
and species name for all wildlife sign and direct observations. Each grid should
be surveyed on three consecutive days to avoid bias created by weather conditions
or other disturbances.




determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species
plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling
effort (number of man hours searching). The point where the curve
plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.

[ X ] Relative abundance


The presence or absence of each species within each grid can be used to
determine the habitat usage by each species. The percentage habitat usage
can be estimated using Presence software.

1
2
MAMMALS
• Cheap, easy and suitable for • Labour intensive

identifying elusive species
(indirectly)
• Does not require high levels of skill
• Provides information about

habitat u se
•
2. Camera Trapping

Equipment

• Camera traps
• GPS
• Memory cards
• Security boxes & locks
• Silica Gel

Description of protocol
Cameras should be checked prior to use to ensure they are in good working order
(sensor, time and date settings). Each camera trap should also be given a unique
code in permanent marker in order to simplify identification of the location at
which pictures were taken during analysis. Memory cards should also be labelled
with the ID number of the camera trap they belong to. Including sachets of silica gel
inside the cameras can help to reduce the risk of breakage due to moisture.

The placement of the camera traps depends on the purpose of the survey. If the
aim of the survey is to produce a species inventory, cameras should be placed on
paths or forest trails that are likely to be used by medium and large mammals. Bias
towards a particular species can be avoided by placing the cameras within 1km x
1km grids, to ensure they are evenly spaced throughout the habitat being surveyed.
If the purpose is to determine the presence of a target species in an area, such as
the pygmy hippopotamus, then the area should be surveyed for signs and cameras
placed in locations suspected to be used by this species in order to increase the
likelihood of capturing an individual of this species. If the aim of the survey is to


estimate the density of a species which can be identified to the level of the
individual, such as leopards or golden cats, cameras should ideally be placed in pairs
MAMMALS
on either side of the path so that each side of the individual is photographed to assist
in identification.

Once the location for each camera trap has been selected, the camera trap should
be attached to a tree about 1-‐2m from the path and 30-‐70cm above the ground.
Cameras should be angled to face towards the path. Understory vegetation that
surrounds the camera should be cleared to prevent it from triggering the camera.
For each camera set, the GPS location, ID number, time and date it was set, as well
as features of the surrounding habitat (micro and macro) should be recorded.

Camera traps should be checked every 1 to 2 weeks to ensure that they are still
functioning effectively (batteries remain charged, space available on the memory
card etc). It is useful to have a two memory cards for each camera so that these can
be switched to allow data to be periodically transferred to a computer. For each
picture taken it is necessary to record the date and time it was taken, the species
visible in the photo, the number of individuals and if possible the sex and age of
each individual. Camera base is a free software application that can be used to
manage the pictures captured and the associated data.

1
2

MAMMALS



effort (number of trap nights). The point where the curve plateaus
indicates the species richness for that habitat.


dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (trap nights) in that
habitat.

CAPTURE software can be used to estimate the density of species that can
be identified to individual level from photos (e.g. leopard). More recent
methods include Spatially Explicit Capture Recapture, and both require
training in analysis techniques.


If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present then
the GPS locations of each camera where a certain species was recorded can
be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

• Highly suitable for confirming the • The equipment is expensive

presence of species for which (USD $200 -‐ $500 per unit)
direct observations are very rare
• This method can only be used
(most large mammals)
to estimate population size for
• Causes very little disturbance the very limited number of
to wildlife species where individuals can
be identified from photos
• Ability to collect large amounts of
data with limited human resources

MAMMALS

26
Table 4. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of medium-‐large mammals

RECOMMENDED METHODS
Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for long
species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise rapid assessment term monitoring
group required
Patch Low density, All habitat Species Grids searched Ability to Highly Highly
occupancy wide ranging, types, except inventory should cover identify suitable suitable
elusive large wetland areas and richness, 30% of the species by
mammals habitat use area of indirect and
and interest direct
distribution sightings
Camera Trap All species All habitat Species list, 350 trap Ability to Suitable Highly
RECOMMENDED METHODS
types relative nights per identify suitable
abundance, 100km2 species by
absolute indirect and
density direct
sightings,
experience of
using the
equipment

Methods Suitable for Primates

MAMMALS
1. Nest counts (Distance sampling)

Equipment
• Binoculars
• GPS
• Tape measure or laser sighter
• Clinometer

Counts of chimpanzee/gorilla nests are carried out along a pre-‐defined linear
transects. These transects should be no less than 500m apart and are usually
between 1-‐2km in length, depending on the terrain and size of the area. Ideally, a
path along each transect should be cleared in advance of walking the transect to
ensure that any disturbance caused does not affect the results. If the transects will
be used for periodic monitoring they should also be marked.

Transects should be walked during the day. Observers should aim to walk at a slow
and consistent pace (approx. 1 km/hour). The time and GPS position at the
beginning and end of the transect should be recorded. For every
chimpanzee/gorilla nest that is visible from the transect, the perpendicular
distance of the nest from the transect, as well as the height of the nest in the tree
should be recorded (GPS). It is also necessary to quantify the age of each nest
observed, based on the level of decay (see Mathewson et al. 2008 or Johnson et al.
2005), as well as the height and species name of the tree that the nest is built in.

As with all of the transect methods the location of the transects must be
representative of the range of habitats being surveyed. Several transects should be
surveyed in each area sampled to obtain an accurate estimate of the nest density
and, therefore, the size of the population.


[ X ] Species list and richness

[ X ] Relative abundance

1
2


MAMMALS
Distance software can be used to estimate nest density, but this should
take into account the rate of decay of the nests. The results can be
compared between locations or over time to measure trends in population
density.


the GPS locations of each nest or individual recorded can be plotted to
produce a distribution map.

• Does not rely on observing the • Estimates of absolute density
chimpanzee/gorilla directly from indirect signs can be
inaccurate due to
• This method can be used to uncertainties in decay rates.
estimate absolute density and is an For example, nest decay rates
efficient way of comparing changes can vary between different
in the size of an chimpanzee/gorilla habitats and geographical
population over time Ability to regions
collect large amounts of data with
limited human resources use

RECOMMENDED METHODS
Table 5. Summary of methods of rapid assessment and monitoring of primates

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of
species habitat type produced sampling Effort expertise
group required

Line transect All species Wide range of Species inventory 20 km transects Ability to
sampling habitat and richness, per habitat; identify
relative stratified primates,
abundance, sampling ability to
absolute density estimate
distance
Nest Counts Chimpanzees/ Wide range of Absolute density 20 km transects/ Knowledge of
Gorillas habitat habitat; stratified Chimpanzees/
sampling Gorillas
ecology and
tree species

29
MAMMALS


References

MAMMALS
Barnett A. 1995. Expedition Field technique: Primates. Royal Geographic

Society. London.

Kingdon J. 2003. The Kindgon Field Guide to African Mammals. Bloomsbury
Publishing Plc. London.

Blom, A., Almaši, A., Heitkönig, I. M. A., Kpanou, J.-‐B. and Prins, H. H. T. 2001. A
survey of the apes in the Dzanga-‐Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic:
a comparison between the census and survey methods of estimating the
gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nest group
density. African Journal of Ecology, 39: 98–105.

Furuichi, T., Inagaki, H. and Angoue-‐Ovono, S. 1997. Population Density of
Chimpanzees and Gorillas in the Petit Loango Reserve, Gabon: Employing a
New Method to Distinguishiing Between Nests of the Two Species.
International Journal of Primatology 18(6): 1029-‐1046.

Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Tashiro, Y. 2001. Extended Application of a
Market-‐Nest Census Method to Examine Seasonal Changes in Habitat Use by
Chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology 22(6): 913-‐928.

Oates JF. 2011. Primates of West Africa: A Field Guide and Natural History.
Conservation International. US.

Krebs C. 2006. Mammals, in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed.
Cambridge University Press. New York.

Plumptre, A.J. and Reynolds, V. 1996. Censusing chimpanzees in the Budong
Forest, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 17(1): 85-‐89.

Gessner, J., Buchwald, R. and Wittemyer, G. 2013. Assessing species
occurrence and species-‐specific use patterns of bais (forest clearings) in
Central Africa with camera traps. African Journal of Ecology.

Methods Suitable for Small Terrestrial Mammals

MAMMALS
1. Box Traps

Equipment
• Either Sherman traps or locally made wire traps of
dimension 25cm x 10cm x 10cm (Kasmin traps)
• GPS
• Gloves for handling mammals
• Marking material/scissors if using mark and recapture technique

Traps should be placed either in lines or within a grid, at least 10m apart. Ideally, at
least 100 traps should be set for 3 or 4 days in each habitat type for a rapid
assessment. Each trap should be numbered and secured, and the position
should be recorded (GPS) and marked so that it can be easily located and checked.
Wherever possible, traps should be placed along fallen logs, habitat edges or
potential runs to improve trapping success. Traps must be baited each time they
are set. Suitable baits include peanut butter mixed with shrimp paste and oats,
salted fish, roasted coconut or banana.

The type of bait used will affect the species trapped so a wide variety of bait should
be used over the course of a survey in a particular habitat if the aim is to produce
a species inventory. However, if the aim is to assess or monitor the population of
a certain species the bait used in each survey should be standardized. Traps should
be checked early each morning and re-‐baited and washed if an animal was
captured. For each individual trapped, the species name and trap number should be
recorded. If the objective of the survey is to estimate species density then each
individual trapped should be marked, and recaptured individuals recorded. A larger
sampling effort will be necessary in order to obtain sufficient data to estimate
absolute density.

1
2


MAMMALS


effort (number of trap nights). The point where the curve plateaus
indicates the species richness for that habitat.


dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (trap nights) in that
habitat.


If the capture-‐mark-‐recapture method has been used the data can be

analysed using CAPTURE or MARK software to estimate density. This can be
used to compare population size over time or between locations.


the GPS locations of each box trap where a certain species was captured
can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species

• This method can be used to • Labour intensive

estimate absolute density if
• There is a risk of small
capture–mark-‐recapture methods
mammals dying in the traps if
are used and the data is analysed
they are captured for too long
using distance software
in poor weather conditions

• Small mammals must be
handled with care as they carry
diseases that can be
transmitted to humans

Methods Suitable for Bats

MAMMALS
1. Mist netting

Equipment
• Mist nets (12.6m x 2.1m and 12.0 x 2.7m)
• with 30mm fine mesh and 4 pockets
• GPS
• Cotton bags
• Head torch

Mist nets should be opened before dusk and closed when the capture rate starts to
decrease. They should then be opened again before dawn. Ideally, mist nets should
be manned constantly, but at the very least they should be checked every 20
minutes. They should not be left unmanned for long periods of time as there is a
high risk of bats becoming overly stressed or entangled and dying in the nets. The
nets should be closed during the day to prevent birds from being caught in them.
For each bat captured, the species name, sex, age, and breeding stage should be
recorded. All bats captured should be released at the site where they were trapped
as soon as possible.




plotting the cumulative number of new species recorded after each night
of trapping against sampling effort (number of mist net hours). The point
where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness for that habitat.


dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (mist net hours).

1
2

MAMMALS
If the wings of bats captured are marked and surveys repeated at regular
intervals the data can potentially be analysed using MARK or CAPTURE
software to estimate population size. This can be used to monitor trends in
population size over time.


the GPS locations of each mist net where a certain species was captured
can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species

• Mist nets are light weight and easy • Mist nets often require a
to set up license from a scientific
authority and special
• Suitable for surveying open areas permission to use. Please refer
where it is usually difficult to to local wildlife authorities for
capture bats more information
• The most suitable technique for • Mist nets are expensive and
sampling fruit bats can quickly be destroyed if
non target taxa such as birds
become entangled

• Requires a high level of skill to

release bats entangled in the
mist net and handle them
safely

• Risk of bat mortality if the nets

are not checked frequently
enough
• Note that this technique is not

2. Harp traps

MAMMALS
Equipment

• Harp traps
• GPS
• Cloth bags
• Head torch


Harp traps are most effective when they are set up across potential flight paths of
bats, including forest trails, the entrance of caves or small rivers. Ideally, there
should be dense vegetation above and on either side of the site chosen to set up the
harp trap, otherwise bats will likely fly around the trap. Experience has shown that
positioning harp traps randomly usually results in very low capture rates. Traps
should be placed approximately 50m apart. In order to improve the efficacy of the
trap, vegetation can be used to block gaps beneath or to the sides of the traps that
may otherwise allow the bats using these flight paths to avoid the traps. Traps
should be set up before dusk and checked 2-‐3 hours after sunset and in the morning
at dawn. If capture rate is high harp traps should be checked every 20-‐30 minutes
until the capture rate starts to decrease. When conducting a rapid assessment traps
should be moved to a new location every day, as bats quickly learn the trap
positions. All bats captured should be transferred to individual cloth bags for
identification. For each bat captured, the species name, age, sex, and breeding stage
should be recorded. Bats should be released as quickly as possible at the site where
they were captured to avoid undue stress to the animals.




richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting
the cumulative number of new species recorded against the total sampling
effort (number of trap nights). The point where the curve plateaus indicates
the species richness for that habitat.

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be estimated
by dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort (trap nights) in
that habitat.

1
2

MAMMALS
If the wings of bats captured are marked and surveys repeated at regular
intervals the data can be analysis using MARK or CAPTURE software to
estimate population size. This can be used to monitor trends in population
size over time

the GPS locations of each harp trap where a certain species was captured
can be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species.

Strengths • ·∙This method is very effective

for capturing insectivorous
• This method can be used to
bats
estimate absolute density if
capture-‐mark-‐recapture Weaknesses
methods are used and the
• Harp traps can be difficult to
data is analysed using distance
obtain and are cumbersome to
software Suitable for
transport between survey sites
surveying open areas where it
is usually difficult to capture • Harp traps are not effective
bats for surveying open areas,
including oil palm
monoculture

Table 6. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of small mammal
RECOMMENDED METHODS

group required
Box trap Small All habitat Species inventory 300-‐400 trap nights Ability to Suitable Suitable
terrestrial types and richness, in every habitat identify species,
mammals relative type experience of
abundance, using the
absolute density equipment
Mist netting Fruit bats All habitat Species inventory Using 3 mist nets Ability to Suitable Suitable
types, but and richness, for 4 nights, in identify species,
most effective relative every habitat type experience of
in forested abundance, using the
habitats, caves absolute density equipment
Harp trap Insectivorous Forest/scrub, Species inventory 16 trap nights (4 Ability to Suitable Suitable
bats not effective in and richness, days in every identify species,
open habitats relative habitat type using experience of
abundance, 4 harp traps) using the
absolute density equipment
37
MAMMALS

MAMMALS

38

group required
Reconnaissance Squirrels, All habitat Species inventory N/A Ability to Suitable Suitable
transect Otters types and richness identify species
(Recce walk)
Line Transect Squirrels, Habitats with Species inventory, At least 40 Ability to Suitable in some Suitable
Sampling Otters (close consistent, easy Relative sightings of a identify species, circumstances
to water) terrain, each abundance, single species ability to
transect should absolute density are needed to estimate
be confined to a calculate distance
single habitat absolute density,
RECOMMENDED METHODS
type though 60-‐80
gives better
precision. Need
at least 20
transects in each
habitat type


MAMMALS
References

Aplin KP, Brown PR, Jacob J, Krebs CJ & R. Singleton. 2003. Field methods for
rodent studies in Asia and Indo Pacific. CSIRO. Canberra.

Barlow K. 1999. Expedition Field Techniques: Bat. Royal Geographic Society
London.

Barnet A & J Dutton. 1995. Expedition field techniques: small mammals.
Royal Geographic Society. London.

Kingdon J. 2003. The Kindgon Field Guide to African Mammals. Bloomsbury
Publishing Plc. London.

Berry N., O’Connor W., Holderied M.W. and Jones G. 2004. Detection and
avoidance of harp traps by echolocating bats. Acta Chiropterologica 6(2): 335-‐346.

Struebig M & R Sujarno. 2006. Forest Bat Survey using harp-‐traps: a practical
manual and identification key for the bats of Kalimantan Indonesia. Kalimantan
Bat Conservation project.


BIRD
1. Species inventory

Equipment
• Binoculars
• Field guide for species identification
• (see references)
• GPS
• Sound recorder (optional)
BIRDS

A simple inventory of the species present within and around the concession can be
produced by recording all bird species identified by sound or visual observation.
Observations do not need to be confined to a specific sampling area or time period
unless the objective is to compare the biodiversity value of different habitats.



A simple inventory of the species present within and around the concession
can be produced by recording all bird species identified by sound or visual
observation. Observations do not need to be confined to a specific
sampling area or time period unless the objective is to compare the
biodiversity value of different habitats.


The relative abundance of species in certain habitat can be produced by

dividing the encounter rate of each species by the total sampling effort.



the GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to
produce a distribution map for that species

1
2

• Simple methodology • Data obtained is limited to

species presence/absence
• Suitable for surveying any unless sampling effort is
habitat type standardized

• Difficult to use this method to
compare the biodiversity value
BIRDS

of different habitats

• ·∙Cryptic and elusive bird
species are rarely recorded

2. MacKinnon Lists

Equipment
• Binoculars
• GPS

The observer walks slowly around the study area over an unlimited period of time,
recording each new bird species encountered until a fixed number of species have
been recorded. The length of each list can be adjusted depending on the bird
species richness of the study area. A limit of 20 species is usually appropriate for
good quality habitats and 10 species in poor quality habitats. Once the limit for a
list has been reached, this process should be repeated until at least 15 lists have
been produced. Each species can only be recorded once in each list, however, it
can be recorded on more than one list. Ideally, each list should be composed of
encounters from within a single habitat type, rather than a mixture of habitat types.
This will allow the species richness or relative abundance of a particular bird species
within a specific habitat type to be compared with other habitat types or over time.

1
2




A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative

number of new species recorded in each list. This curve will reach a plateau
when the majority of the species present in a habitat have been
recorded. This can be used to compare the species richness between
different habitats.

BIRDS

The relative abundance of each species can be calculated by dividing the

number of lists a particular species appears in by the total number of lists
from a particular habitat type e.g. a species appears in 6 out of 10 lists
made in a particular habitat type so the relative abundance of that species
is 6/10 or 0.6.



produce a distribution map for that species.

• Simple methodology ·∙ • Data obtained is limited to

species presence/absence
• Rapid method for comparing unless sampling effort is
species richness of different standardized
habitats
• Difficult to use this method to

compare the biodiversity value
of different habitats
• Cryptic and elusive bird

species are rarely recorded

3. Line transect sampling

Equipment
• Binoculars
• GPS
BIRDS

Line transect sampling involves recording all species seen or heard along a pre-‐
defined route. Ideally, transects would be positioned randomly to avoid bias but this
is not always practical. However, it is important to ensure that transects are placed in
locations that are representative of the habitat being surveyed. Transects should be
no less than 200-‐250m apart and should be around 1-‐2 km in length.

The time and GPS position of the start and finish of each transect should be recorded.
The optimal time for walking transects is between half an hour before sunrise and
9am, or late afternoon. Observers should aim to walk at a slow and consistent pace
(approx 1 km/hour). For each species seen or heard, the species name, number of
individuals and time of observation should be recorded. If the objective is to estimate
population density then the perpendicular distance of the bird from the transect on
first sighting should be recorded. Transects can be either variable distance, where the
exact distance of the bird from the transect is estimated, or fixed width, where the
birds are assigned to the most appropriate distance band (e.g. 0-‐5m, 5-‐10m etc) from
the transect. Birds flying over the transect should be recorded separately


[ √ Species inventory and richness
A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative
number of new species recorded against the sampling effort (e.g. number
of transects). This curve will reach a plateau when the majority of the
species present in a habitat have been recorded. This can be used to
compare the species richness between different habitats.

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be calculated by
dividing the encounter rate for each species by the total sampling effort in
that habitat type.

1
2


Distance software can be used to estimate absolute density. This can be
compared over time to monitor trends if surveys of the same habitat are
repeated and sampling effort is kept constant.


BIRDS
• Can be adapted to almost any • Errors in distance estimation
habitat type ·∙ can result in unreliable
estimates of population
• Highly suitable for rapid density
assessments of large areas
• Can be challenging to follow a
• Can be used to estimate transect line in habitats where
absolute density the terrain is difficult

4. Point Transect Sampling

Equipment
• Binoculars
• GPS

BIRDS
Point Transect Sampling involves recording all the bird species seen and heard when
the observer stands at a fixed point for a fixed period of time. If the aim is to
estimate population density then only species observed within a circle of a fixed
radius from the point should be recorded. The points sampled may be positioned at
regular intervals along a transect or randomly within the habitat being surveyed.
Each point should be at least 200m apart. 10 minutes is suggested as an appropriate
length of time to carry out observations at each point.

The time at which each point count is started and its position (GPS) should be
recorded. For each bird seen or heard, the species name, number of individuals and
time of observation should be recorded. If distance sampling is being used, then
either the actual distance of the bird from the observer should be recorded, or the
area surrounding the point should be divided into concentric circles and each bird
observed assigned to the circle of appropriate radius. An effort should be made not
to record the same individual twice. The optimal time for walking transects is
between half an hour before sunrise and 9am, or late afternoon.



A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative number of new
species recorded against sampling effort (e.g. number of points). This curve will
reach a plateau when the majority of the species present in a habitat have been
recorded. This can be used to compare the species richness between different
habitats.


The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be calculated by dividing
the encounter rate for each species by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.

1
2



Distance software can be used to estimate absolute density. This can be compared
over time to monitor trends if surveys of the same habitat are repeated and
sampling effort is kept constant.


The presence and absence of species at each of the points can be used as a source
of data about the habitat use of this species. This data can be analysed using
Presence software to estimate the percentage habitat use. For further detail please
BIRDS
see the description of the patch occupancy method in the section on medium and
large mammals.

• Can be adapted to almost any • Risk of double counting
habitat type individuals
• Highly suitable for rapid • Not effective for detecting

assessments of large areas birds that live in open areas
• Can be used to estimate • The observation period is

absolute density reduced by the time spent
moving between points
• Better suited to patchy
habitats with difficult terrain
and limited access than line
transects
• Suitable for detecting inactive

birds

5. Mist netting

Equipment
• Mist nets (mesh size 25 – 30mm)
(see references)
• GPS
• Cloth bags
• If capture-‐mark-‐recapture methods are being
BIRDS
used banding pliers and unique numbered
bands issued by the relevant country scientific
authority will also be required
• Camera (optional)

For best results, mist nets should be set up close to fruiting/flowering trees or in
gaps in the forest. The most effective time to operate mist nets is between half an
hour before sunrise and around 9am, as well as 3 hours before sunset, as this is
when birds are most active. Ideally, mist nets should be manned constantly. If this is
not possible each net must be checked at least every hour to ensure that birds do
not become entangled in the nets, which may result in death. Captured birds should
be transferred into cloth bags to be identified and banded (if applicable). The
species name, age, sex and breeding stage should be recorded. Birds should be
released as quickly as possible close to the location where they were trapped. Birds
that cannot be released before sunset should be released the next morning to avoid
disorientation. In order to estimate population size and trends over time, it is
essential to standardise sampling effort by using the same number, length and mesh
size of mist nets in each habitat type and ensuring that they are operated for the
same period of time.



A species accumulation can be produced by plotting the cumulative number
of species recorded against sampling effort (number of mist net hours). This
curve will reach a plateau when the majority of the species present in a
habitat have been recorded. This can be used to compare the species
richness between different habitats.


The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be calculated by

1
2


dividing the encounter rate for each species by the total sampling effort in
that habitat type (mist net hours).


MARK or CAPTURE software can be used to estimate absolute density. This
can be compared over time to monitor trends.


BIRDS
the GPS locations of the mist net where a certain species was captured can
be plotted to produce a distribution map for that species

• Less reliant on the ability of • Mist nets often require a
the observer to identify birds license from a scientific
quickly from a distance or by authority and special
call as individuals are permission to use. Please refer
captured, allowing photos to to local wildlife authorities for
be taken for later more information
identification if necessary
• Requires a high level of skill to
• Ability to capture forest ensure that birds are captured
canopy or ground dwelling and handled safely
species that are rarely
• Time consuming as the net
recorded using methods that
must be manned constantly
rely on seeing or hearing the
whilst it is open
birds present These data
collected can be used to • Mist nets are relatively
estimate population size expensive
• The data collected can be used • This is not a reliable method
to estimate population size for surveying aerial birds

Table 7. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of birds
RECOMMENDED METHODS

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of expertise Suitability for Suitability for
species habitat type produced sampling Effort required rapid assessment long term
group monitoring
Species All species Wide variety of Species inventory, N/A Ability to identify Highly Suitable
inventory habitats absolute density species sighted suitable
from a distance or
by sound
MacKinnon All species Wide variety of Species inventory, At least 15 lists Ability to identify Highly Suitable
List habitats relative abundance per habitat species sighted suitable
from a distance or
by sound
Line transect Mobile , Habitats with Species inventory, At least 40 Ability to identify Suitable Highly
sampling conspicuous consistent, easy absolute density sightings of a species sighted suitable
birds terrain, each single species from a distance or
transect should though 60-‐80 by sound, ability to
be confined to a gives better estimate distance,
single habitat precision ability to use
type distance software

49
BIRDS

BIRDS

50

Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of expertise Suitability for Suitability for
species habitat type produced sampling Effort required rapid assessment long term
group monitoring
Point transect Cryptic, Wide variety Species inventory, 50 points per Ability to identify Suitable Highly
sampling skulking birds of habitats, but Relative abundance habitat, or 80-‐ species sighted suitable
most effective in 100 encounters from a distance or
dense habitats per species by sound, or by
such as forest sound, ability to
estimate distance,
ability to use
distance software
RECOMMENDED METHODS
Mist netting Small, elusive, Wide variety of Relative 7,200 net hours Ability to identify Not suitable Highly
bird species habitats abundance, per habitat species based on suitable
absolute density, morphology, license
breeding condition to use mist net from
scientific


References

Bibby C, Jones M & S Marsden. 1998. Field Expedition technique: Birds.
Royal Geographic Society. London.

Sinclair, I. and Ryan, P. 2003. Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. Struik, Cape
Town.

BIRDS
Borrow, N. and Demey, R. 2004. Birds of Western Africa. Helm Field Guides.
Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd, London.

Gibbons DW & RD Gregory. 2006. Birds in Ecological Cencus Technique.
Shutterland, Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Lee DC & S Marsden. 2008. Adjusting sound period strategies to improve the
accuracy of forest bird abundance estimates from pont transect distance sampling
survey. Ibis: 1-‐11


REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

1. Visual Encounter Surveys with
timed searches

Equipment
• Torches
(see references)
• GPS
• Sound recorder (if available)

The observer is free to search any environment or structure that may provide suitable
habitats for amphibians or reptiles, such as streams, pools of standing water, holes or
AMPHIBIANS
& REPTILES
underneath decaying logs or large stones. For each species observed and heard the
name of the species, time observed, number of individuals and the type of habitat
where it was found should be recorded. Care should be taken not to record the same
individual twice. If individuals are captured in order to identify them, they should be
released as soon as possible at the same site. Although searches do not need to be
confined to a specific area, the length of time spent searching a particular site should
be standardised (number of person hours) if the aim is to compare the relative
abundance of a certain species between sites or over time. Searches can be carried
out during the day or night, depending on when the species targeted are most active.


determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness)
that are likely to be identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative
number of new species recorded after each search against sampling effort
(person hours). The point where the curve plateaus is the species richness
for that habitat.

Relative abundance species in certain habitat can be produce by dividing
species encounter rate by total of effort.

1
2


The GPS locations where a certain species was recorded can be plotted to


• A rapid, effective and cheap • Fossorial and canopy species

way of surveying a large area are rarely detected using this
method
• Requires little equipment

2. Line Transects with Visual
AMPHIBIANS
& REPTILES
Encounter Surveys

Equipment
• Torches
(see references)
• GPS
• Sound recorder (if available)

Identify the site to be surveyed and mark the transect, ideally during the day, using a
rope marked every 10m by flags labelled with consecutive numbers. It is
recommended that transects are at least 200m in length. The area, 20m either site of
transect, is slowly and systematically searched. The amount of time spent searching
each transect should be limited (for example to 1 hour) in order to standardize
sampling effort. If the transect follows a stream or river, at least one observer should
walk in the river, with another observer on each bank. For each frog, lizard or snake
observed record the species name, the number of the closest transect marker, the
distance of the individual from the transect line (water edge) and the substrate it was
found on (for example, on rock, on leaf or shrub, etc.).

1
2


determine the proportion of species present in the habitat (species richness)
that are likely to be identified. This is produced by plotting the cumulative
number of new species recorded after each transect against sampling effort
(length of transects, number of man hours spent searching or number of
transects). The point where the curve plateaus indicates the species richness
for that habitat.

The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be produce by
dividing the encounter rate of a particular species by total sampling effort.

AMPHIBIANS
& REPTILES
Distance software can be used to estimate absolute population density. This
can be compared over time to monitor trends if surveys of the same habitat
are repeated and sampling effort is kept constant.



• A cheap, simple and easy • This method may not be
method to assess a large area suitable to cover the whole
range of amphibian and reptile

habitats

• Very active species may not be

recorded

3. Quadrat/Patch Sampling

Equipment
(see references)
• GPS
• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil.

Quadrats should be laid out either at regular intervals
along a transect or randomly within the study site, ideally using brightly coloured
rope so that the boundaries are highly visible. 10m x 10m is considered to be a
practical size of quadrat to position and search for amphibians and reptiles in tropical
forests. The lack of leaf litter and placement of palm fronds make this method
impractical for surveying oil palm monoculture. Quadrats should be searched
systematically from the edges inwards by removing the leaf litter and turning over
AMPHIBIANS
& REPTILES
logs and stones. For every amphibian or reptile encountered, the species name and
the habitat it was found on (e.g. under dead leaves, on log etc) should be recorded.
For each quadrat surveyed, the slope, % canopy cover, % leaf litter cover, %
herbaceous plants, diameter of trees > 10cm, and the presence of dead logs and
climbers should be recorded. Ideally, 25-‐30 quadrats should be searched in each
habitat type.




richness) that are likely to be identified. This is produced by plotting the
cumulative number of new species recorded after each quadrat against
sampling effort (number of quadrat). The point where the curve plateaus is
the species richness for that habitat.


The relative abundance of species in a certain habitat can be produce by

dividing the encounter rate for a particular species by the total sampling
effort.


Absolute density can be estimated by dividing the number o f individual

of a certain species by the total size of quadrat.

1
2


The species inventory from each location sampled can be used to infer
habitat use. Data can be analysed using Presence software to estimate
percentage of habitat use. For further information, please see the guidance
on data analysis for the patch occupancy method in the section on
medium-‐large mammals.


• Very effective for detecting • Labour intensive Very active
leaf litter species species may not be recorded

• Only suitable for leaf litter
species

AMPHIBIANS

& REPTILES

Table 8. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and monitoring of Reptiles and Amphibians
RECOMMENDED METHODS
Method Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for
Visual All terrestrial Terrestrial, Species A two hour Ability to Suitable Suitable
Encounter amphibians riparian, inventory and search per day identify
Surveys (with and reptiles ponds, forest richness, for 4-‐6 days in species
time search) relative each habitat
abundance type
Line transect All terrestrial Terrestrial, Absolute 15-‐20 transects Ability to Highly suitable Highly
with VES amphibians riparian, density in each habitat identify suitable
and reptiles ponds, forest type species
except canopy
species
Quadrat/ Litter frogs and Leaf litter on Species list and 25-‐30 quadrats Ability to Not suitable Suitable
Patch reptiles forest floors richness, in each habitat identify
sampling absolute type fossorial
density species

57
AMPHIBIANS
& REPTILES


Reference

Bennet D. 1999. Expedition field techniques: Reptiles and amphibian. Royal
Geographic Society. London.

Crump, M.A. and N.J. Scott Jr., 1994. Visual Encounter Surveys. In: Heyer, W.R.,
M.A. Donnelly, R.W. McDiarmid, L.C. Hayek and M.S. Foster (Eds). Measuring and
monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian
Institution Press. Washington

Halliday T. 2006. Amphibian in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed.

Channing, A. 2001. Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa (Comstock books).
Cornell University Press, New York.

AMPHIBIANS
& REPTILES
Frétey, T., Dewynter, M. and Blanc, C.P. 2012. Amphibiens d'Afrique centrale et
d'Angola. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Amiet, J.-‐L. 2012. Les Rainettes du Cameroun (Amphibiens Anoures). Chimaira
Edition, Germany.

Chirio, L. and LeBreton, M. 2011. Atlas des Reptiles du Cameroun. IRD Institut RE,
Montpellier.

FISH

1. Live Capture

Equipment
• Appropriate nets or traps (see table 9)
(see references)
• GPS
• Water bucket

Live capture is the most common method used for surveying fish biodiversity. If the
purpose of the assessment is to produce a species inventory then a variety of
different nets and traps should be used in order to effectively survey the range of
habitats present. The most appropriate tool to use in each location depends on the
characteristics of the body of water being surveyed. The best nets and traps to use
may be those being used by the local fisherman in the area.

If the purpose of the survey is to compare the species richness of different habitats or
monitor changes in relative abundance over time it is essential to standardise the
survey effort with each tool in each sampling location (the number of nets, the length
of time they were active for).
FISH


Table 9. Summary of nets and traps that can be used to assess and monitor fish
Name of Characteristics of Protocol

net/ trap water bodies suitable
for surveying
Scoop nets Vegetated habitats along Use the net to disturb vegetation and rocks.
the edges of streams and Scoop up the water in the area disturbed and
rivers, rocky and muddy transfer any fish captured to a bucket for
substrates on the bottom identification.
of streams
Cast nets Large fast flowing rivers These nets are pyramid shaped and operated by
throwing them into open areas of water.
Gill nets Relatively large, deep The gill net is deployed by attaching one side to a
bodies of water with slow fixed point, stretching it out across the body of
currents water that will be surveyed, and then securing it
to another fixed point. The buoys should be at the
top of the net and the lead weights on the
bottom. The weight can be varied to adjust the
vertical position of the net in the water. The nets
should be checked on a regular basis (every few
hours or overnight) to prevent fish from
becoming entangled and dying.
Locally made traps Standing pools of water, Traps should be baited (oil palm is a suitable bait),
FISH
swampy areas and secured and left overnight. If used in streams, the
relatively small but deep opening of the trap should face upstream
streams


richness) that are likely to have been identified. This is produced by plotting
the cumulative number of new species recorded against sampling effort
(e.g. number of man hours spent sampling or length of time a net or trap
was left in place). The point where the curve plateaus is the species

dividing the encounter rate by the total sampling effort in that habitat type.



If the sites sampled are representative of all the habitat types present and
then the GPS locations where a certain species was captured can be plotted
to produce a distribution map for that species.

Name of net/Trap Strengths Weaknesses

Scoop nets Cheap & easy Efficiency and selectivity of
this method is unknown
Cast nets Highly portable Requires skill to use
effectively, not suitable for
water bodies with lots of
debris or natural
obstructions
Gill nets Relatively cheap; very Effective only for lake and
selective as the size of the river with little current and
mesh determines the body the species very mobile
size of fish that it will
capture
Locally made traps Cheap & easy Efficiency and selectivity of
FISH
this method is unknown

FISH

62

Table 10. Summary of equipment used for rapid assessment and monitoring of fish
RECOMMENDED METHODS
Equipment Target Target Type of data Minimum Type of Suitability for Suitability for
Scoop net Small fish Shallow Species inventory, 10 scoops per Ability to
water relative abundance site sampled identify
species
Cast net All species Deep water Species inventory, 10 casts of the Ability to
with lack relative abundance net per site identify

natural sampled species Suitable,
Suitable,
obstruction on however a
however the
the bottom range of different
RECOMMENDED
equipment
equipment should

Gill net Mobile fish Deep water, Species inventory, 1 day per site Ability to best suited to
be used to survey
calm or slow relative abundance sampled identify capturing the
the
moving species focal species
full range of
or species group
Seine net Demersal or Shallow water Species inventory, 10 scoops per Ability to habitats present
should be used
pelagic fish with lack of relative abundance site sampled identify

natural species
obstruction
METHODS
Electro fishing All species All type of Species inventory, 1 hour per site Ability to
shallow water relative abundance sampled identify
species

62

References

Coad W. 1998. Expedition Field Techniques: Fishes. Royal Geographic
Society. London.

Cote IM and MR Perrow. 2006. Fish, in Ecological Census Method.
Shutterland, Ed. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Paugy, D., Leveque, C. and Teugels, G.G. 2003. Poissons d'eaux Douces et
Saumatres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of West
Africa. IRD Institut RE, Montpellier.

FISH


VEGETATION

1. Quadrat Method

Equipment
• Tape measure (>20 m)
• GPS
• Rope to mark out quadrats
• Range finder (optional)
• Chalk (for marking trees)
• Data sheets, clipboard and pencil.

Quadrats can either be positioned randomly within the target habitat or regularly
along a transect. Alternately between placing the quadrat on the left and right hand
side of the transect is an effective way of distributing the quadrats. The size of the
quadrats sampled depends on the type of vegetation being assessed. Appropriate
sizes are 20m x 20m for trees (>20cm dbh), 10m x 10m for poles (>10cm dbh), 5m x
5m for saplings (>1 m high and <10cm dbh) and 1m x 1m for seedlings (<1 m high).
Density is measured by counting the number of individuals within each vegetation
category that fall within the quadrat. For every adult tree and pole present, record
the species name, the diameter at breast height (dbh) and the height. For saplings
and seedlings it is only necessary to record the species name and height. A process
for determining whether trees that fall on the edge of the quadrat should be counted
must be decided before sampling begins.

Different formulas should be used to obtain different types of data:

# individual of a Species
VEGETATION
Relative Density = X 100

Total # of individual (all species)

Number of tree
Total Density =
Sampling area

Relative density of a species × Density (all species)
Species Density =
100

Dominance = Density of a species × Average Basal Area For species

1
2


Dominance
Relative Dominance = X 100
Total dominance of all species

Number of plot at which species occurs
Frequency =
Number all plot X 100


• Relatively easy methodology • Labour intensive

• Difficult to carry out in areas
with rough terrain

2. Distance Methods (Plot-‐less)

Equipment
• Tape measure (>20m)
• GPS
• Range finder (optional)
• Chalk (for marking trees)

A. Point centered quarter method
Points within the habitat being sampled are selected either randomly or
systematically, for example at regular intervals along a transect. Divide the area
around each point into four quadrats. This can be done by drawing a perpendicular
VEGETATION
line to the transect, or using a compass bearing. In each quadrat, measure the
distance to the nearest tree. For each tree, record the species name, diameter at
breast height (dbh) and height.

B. Nearest individual method
This is a simplified version of the point centered quarter method which involves
measuring the nearest tree to the sampling point, without dividing the are

1
2


Data produced and analysis
Different formulas should be used to obtain different types of data:

# individual of a Species
Relative Density = X 100
Total # of individual (all species)

1
Total Density =
(Mean point -‐ to – plant distance) 2

Relative density of a species × Density (all spec ies)
Species Density =
100

Density of a species × Average Basal Area for species
Dominance =

Relative Dominance Dominance
X 100
= Total dominance of all speci es

Number of plot at which species occurs
Frequency = Number all plot X 100


• Less time consuming and • Not suitable for habitats with
labour intensive than quadrats sparse vegetation

• Suitable for rapid assessments • Not possible to combine
of large areas surveys of different growth
stages e.g. Trees, saplings etc
VEGETATION

Table 11. Summary of methods used for rapid assessments and monitoring of vegetation
RECOMMENDED METHODS
Method Vegetation Target Minimum Type of data Type of Suitability for Suitability for
variable habitat type sampling effort produced expertise rapid assessment long term
required monitoring
Quadrat Tree density, Forest in Quadrats Absolute Species Suitable Highly
method species general should ideally density, identification suitable
richness cover 10% of the species
area of interest richness
Distance Tree density Forest in 50 points minimum Absolute Species Suitable Suitable
method general, but per habitat type density, identification
(plotless) not suitable for species
open woodland richness

67
VEGETATION


References

Bullocks JM. 2006. Plants, in Ecological Census Method. Shutterland, Ed.

Elzinga CL, Salzer DW, Wiloughby JW and JP Gibbs. 2001. Monitoring animal and
plant population. Blackwell Science. Oxford.

Hill D, Fashaw M, Tucker G, Shewry M, and P. Shaw. 2005. Handbook of
Biodiversity Method, Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge.

Newton AC. 2007. Forest Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University
Press. New York.

General References

Shutterlands WJ. 2006. Ecological Census Techniques: a Handbook. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge.

McCullough, J. (ed.). 2004. A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Forêt Classée du
Pic de Fon, Simandou Range, Southeastern Republic of Guinea. Une Evaluation
Biologique Rapide de la Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Chaîne du Simandou, Guinée.
RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 35. Conservation International, Washington,
DC.
(http://www.conservation.org/Documents/RAP_Reports/RAP35_Simandou_Guin
ea_Nov-‐2002.pdf).

Jennings, S., Nussbaum, R., Judd, N. and Evans, T. 2003. The High Conservation
Value Forest Toolkit. Proforest, Oxford.
(http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/global-‐hcv-‐toolkits).
VEGETATION

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES 69

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES

Topic Website URL Description of
information available
Species http://www.cites.org/ Provides valuable information
Conservation regarding species listed in CITES
Status Appendix

http://www.iucn.org/ Provides valuable information
regarding threatened status and
ecology of many species
http://www.arkive.org/ Contains general information
regarding many species worldwide
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.e Contains general information
du/ regarding many species world
Mammals http://www.atrium-‐biodiversity.org/ Is a biodiversity information system
designed to help manage and
facilitate analysis of the large
amounts of data generated including
data from camera trap
http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/ Provides valuable data on apes
status, threats and conservation,
using a mapping software
http://www.bats.org.uk Official website of Bat Conservation
Trust, contain some information
regarding bats
http://www.iucnbsg.org/ Global network of bat specialists,
contain useful information such as
publications and local groups
contacts
http://www.africanbats.org/ Contains extensive information on
policy, current research and
publications on bats in Africa
Birds http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/spe Provides information regarding
cies/ current birds conservation status
worldwide including Africa
http://www.africanbirdclub.org/ African birdwatcher group which
provides information per countries
such as checklist, photographs and
bird sounds

70 USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES

Birds http://www.birdlist.org/waf/west_afri Provides valuable information
ca.htm regarding species listed in CITES
Appendix
http://www.birdexplorers.com/afbid/ Database of bird photos for Africa
classified by species and countries

Reptiles & https://www.amphibians.org/ Official website of the amphibian
Amphibians specialist group. Contains up to date
information regarding frog species
and their conservation worldwide.
http://amphibiaweb.org/ Provides information on amphibian
declines, natural history,
conservation, and taxonomy

http://www.iucnbsg.org/ Official website of tortoise and
freshwater turtle specialist group.
Contains up to date information
regarding conservation status of
tortoise and freshwater turtle of the
world
http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csl.html Contains extensive info about all the
crocodilians species worldwide,
hosted by the crcodile specialist
group
Fish http://www.freshwaterbiodiversity.eu Contains information regarding fresh
/index.php/ water fish and their distribution
http://www.fishbase.org Search engine regarding fish in
general
Methods of http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu Free software to analyze species
data analysis richness and species diversity
http://www.ruwpa.st-‐ Distance website, good and free
and.ac.uk/Research/DistanceSampling software to estimate density and
/ population wide range of species
http://137.227.242.23/software/ Presence software official website

USEFUL LINKS/RESOURCES 71

Methods of http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Publica Official website of Royal Geographic
data tions/EAC+publications/Field+Techniq Society contain information
analysis ue+Manualss.htm regarding
survey technique for several taxa in
Pdf
http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/~gwhi Mark computer program’s website
te/mark/
HCV http://www.hcvnetwork.org/ HCV Resource Network
Approach (international) –
HCV Toolkit

72 ANNEX 1

CONTRIBUTORS

Name* Organisation
Adek Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Dedi Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Desman Alfajri Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Hariyo T Wibisono Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program, Bogor
Haryono Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor
Hellen Kurniati Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor
Hidayat Ashari Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor
Keith Hamer Leeds University, UK
Maharadatunkamsi Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor
Matthew Struebig Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, UK
Oktawira Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Rifo Hardian Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Renny Kurnia Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor
Rudiyanto Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Sri Suci Utami Atmoko Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta
Surya Purnama Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Sugeng Wahyudi Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Syahrial Anhar Zoological Society of London, Indonesia
Wilson Novarino FMIPA Biologi Universitas Andalas, Padang

ANNEX 2 73
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
Genus Species English
IUCN
Group Taxa Family French Name Local Name Countries Ecology & Habitat
Name Name Name
Aves Ardeidae Ardeola idae Madagascar Héron crabier EN -‐ 0 0 Burundi; Comoros; Congo, The Democratic Republic of It nests in trees and bushes in or near to marshes, lakes or ponds (del Hoyo et al. 1992;
Pond-‐heron blanc the; Kenya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mayotte; Mozambique; Kushlan and Hancock 2005).
Réunion; Rwanda; Seychelles; Tanzania, United Republic
of; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Angola; Somalia;
Yemen
Aves Gruidae Balearica regulorum Grey Crowned-‐ Grue royale EN -‐ 0 0 Angola; Botswana; Burundi; Congo, The Democratic The species inhabits wetlands such as marshes, pans and dams with tall emergent
crane Republic of the; Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; vegetation (Hockey et al. 2005), riverbanks (Meine and Archibald 1996), open riverine
Rwanda; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania, United woodland, shallowly flooded plains (Urban et al. 1986) and temporary pools (del Hoyo et
Republic of; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Lesotho al. 1996) with adjacent grasslands, open savannas, croplands (del Hoyo et al. 1996) (del
Hoyo et al. 1996, Meine and Archibald 1996), pastures, fallow fields and irrigated areas
(del Hoyo et al. 1996).
Aves Sylviidae Bradypterus graueri Grauer's Fauvette de EN -‐ 0 0 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Rwanda; It is found in a wide variety of montane marshes, usually dominated by grass or sedge
Swamp-‐warbler Grauer Uganda (Chapin 1953, Vande Weghe 1983, Dowsett-‐Lemaire 1990, Mwambu 1999).
Aves Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus prigoginei Itombwe Engoulevent de EN -‐ 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is possible that the species is restricted to transitional (between lowland and
Nightjar Prigogine montane) forest in which the type was found at 1,280 m (Louette 1990, Prigogine 1974).
Aves Pycnonotidae Chlorocichla prigoginei Prigogine's Bulbul de EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the The species occurs in forest patches, thickets and gallery forest along the upper courses
Greenbul Prigogine of rivers at intermediate elevations (1,300-‐1,800 m), where it inhabits the dense
understorey.
Aves Sylviidae Eremomela turneri Turner's Erémomèle de EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Kenya It is found in lowland and mid-‐altitude forest, mostly in the canopy of large trees
Eremomela Turner (Prigogine 1958, Kosgey 1998) but also along streams, at forest edges and in mature
trees remaining in cleared areas (Prigogine 1958).
Aves Phasianidae Francolinus camerunensis Mount Francolin du Mont EN -‐ 1 0 Cameroon It inhabits dense undergrowth in primary forest and clearings between 850-‐2,100 m.
Cameroon Cameroun
Francolin
Aves Phasianidae Francolinus nahani Nahan's Francolin de EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda It is found in lowland primary forest, preferring riverine or swampy areas (Dranzoa et al.
Francolin Nahan 1999; McGowan 1994).
Aves Accipitridae Gyps africanus White-‐backed Gyps africain, EN -‐ 0 0 Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Primarily a lowland species of open wooded savanna, particularly areas of Acacia.
Vulture Vautoir africain Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo, The
Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Eritrea;
Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-‐Bissau; Kenya;
Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger;
Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South
Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania, United
Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Vagrant:
Liberia
Aves Accipitridae Gyps rueppellii Rueppell's Vautour de EN -‐ 0 0 Algeria; Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central It frequents open areas of Acacia woodland, grassland and montane regions, and it is
Vulture Rüppell African Republic; Chad; Côte d'Ivoire; Djibouti; Eritrea; gregarious, congregating at carrion, soaring together in flocks and breeding mainly in
Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-‐Bissau; Kenya; colonies on cliff faces and escarpments at a broad range of elevations.
Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal;
Somalia; South Sudan; Spain; Sudan; Tanzania, United
Republic of; Togo; Uganda. Vagrant: Congo, The
Democratic Republic of the; Egypt; Portugal; Sierra Leone;
Zambia. Present: Saudi Arabia
Aves Timaliidae Kupeornis gilberti White-‐throated Timalie à gorge EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Nigeria It appears to be dependent on primary montane forest with high rainfall, but has also
Mountain-‐ blanche been seen in mature secondary growth, including 10 m tall, scrubby but mossy Maesa
babbler forest on the southern slopes of Mt Manenguba (Dowsett-‐Lemaire and Dowsett 1999c),
Aves Ploceidae Malimbus ballmanni Gola Malimbe Malimbe de Gola EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone It is found in lowland primary forest, lightly logged high forest and very old secondary
forest between 4-‐20 m (H. Rainey in litt. 2007), where it forages for insects (Gatter and
Gardner 1993).
Aves Accipitridae Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture Percnoptère brun EN -‐ 0 0 Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; The species is often associated with human settlements, but is also found in open
Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo, The grassland, forest edge, wooded savanna, desert and along coasts (Ferguson-‐Lees and
Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Djibouti; Christie 2001).
Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-‐Bissau;
Kenya; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique;
Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone;
Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Swaziland;
Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia;
Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Morocco

Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Aves Accipitridae Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vautour EN -‐ 0 0 Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Angola; Armenia; Typically nests on ledges or in caves on cliffs(Sarà and Di Vittorio 2003), crags and rocky
Vulture percnoptère Azerbaijan; Benin; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; outcrops, but occasionally also in large trees, buildings (mainly in India), electricity
Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Cape Verde; Central African pylons (Naoroji 2006) and exceptionally on the ground (Gangoso and Palacios 2005).
Republic; Chad; China; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus;
Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; France; Gambia;
Georgia; Ghana; Gibraltar; Greece; Guinea; Guinea-‐Bissau;
India; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan;
Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Libya;
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Mali; Malta;
Mauritania; Moldova; Montenegro; Morocco; Namibia;
Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian
Territory, Occupied; Portugal; Romania; Russian
Federation; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Somalia; South
Africa; South Sudan; Spain; Spain; Sudan; Syrian Arab
Republic; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo;
Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Ukraine; United
Arab Emirates; United States; Uzbekistan; Western
Sahara; Yemen; Zimbabwe. Vagrant: Austria; Bangladesh;
Belgium; Botswana; Congo, The Democratic Republic of
the; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Hungary;
Lesotho; Mongolia; Mozambique; Myanmar; Norway;
Poland; Qatar; Russian Federation; Slovakia; Slovenia; Sri
Lanka; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland;
United Kingdom
Aves Tytonidae Phodilus prigoginei Congo Bay-‐owl Phodile de EN II 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the The record in 1951 was at 2,430 m, in a grass clearing.
Prigogine
Aves Pycnonotidae Phyllastrephus leucolepis Liberian Bulbul ictérin CR -‐ 0 0 Liberia This is a rainforest species found in the transition zone between evergreen and semi-‐
Greenbul tacheté deciduous forest, where it joins mixed-‐species flocks and forages on branches near
trunks 4-‐8 m above ground.
Aves Platysteiridae Platysteira laticincta Banded Wattle-‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Cameroon It is found in montane forest, dominated by species such as Podocarpus, Schefflera and
eye Prunus, where it inhabits thick forest understorey and seems to favour streams or dry
stream courses (McKay 1994, McKay and Coulthard 1996).
Aves Ploceidae Ploceus aureonucha Golden-‐naped Tisserin à nuque EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the. Present: Uganda It is found in the canopy of lowland rainforest, with most records coming from dense
Weaver d'or primary forest, though it has been recorded from forest edge and old secondary growth
with many tall trees remaining.
Aves Ploceidae Ploceus batesi Bates's Weaver Tisserin de Bates EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It occurs in lowland rainforest, although all recent records come from secondary forest
and forest edge, particularly degraded forest around villages (R. Fotso in litt. 1999, F.
Dowsett-‐Lemaire in litt. 1999, 2000).
Aves Musophagidae Tauraco bannermani Bannerman's Touraco de EN II 1 0 Cameroon It is an arboreal frugivore of montane forest (McKay 1994).
Turaco Bannerman
Aves Malaconotidae Telophorus kupeensis Mount Kupe Gladiateur du EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It is found in primary forest and, on Mt Kupe, has only been observed in areas where the
Bush-‐shrike Mont Kupé understorey is relatively open.
Aves Turdidae Zoothera guttata Spotted Grive terrestre de EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Kenya; Malawi; It occurs in deep shade in a variety of forest types with deep leaf-‐litter, from dry
Ground-‐thrush Fischer Mozambique; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan; Tanzania, Cynometra thicket in Arabuko-‐Sokoke at sea-‐level (non-‐breeding birds) to moist
United Republic of evergreen forest at 1,200-‐1,700 m in Malawi (Dowsett-‐Lemaire and Dowsett 1988).
Reptilia Gekkonidae Cnemaspis occidentalis Western Gecko -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone This gecko is confined to high relief, rocky areas of dense humid forest (Trape et al.
2012). It occurs on cliffs, in caves, and among scree, where it is found during the day on
rocks and tree trunks (Trape et al. 2012).
Reptilia Dermochelydae Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Tortue Luth CR -‐ 0 0 The Leatherback turtle has a worldwide distribution Nest on sandy beaches. The juveniles may remain in tropical waters warmer than 26°C,
except Israel near the coast, until they exceed 100 cm in curved carapace length. When adults, they
are pelagic and live in open ocean, sometimes in temperatures below 10°C.
Reptilia Scincidae Leptosiaphos pauliani Five-‐toed Skink -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Cameroon This species is found in dense humid grasslands and montane forest patches.
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Afrixalus lacteus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in montane forest (including secondary forest and forest edges), and raffia palm
swamps, and is often associated with streams in which it breeds (which is unusual for a
species in this genus).
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Alexteroon jynx -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It is associated with narrow streams in forests, over which there is a continuous canopy.
Amphibia Bufonidae Amietophrynus djohongensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in gallery forests in a landscape of montane grassland and wooded savannah, and
has been found breeding in streams.
Amphibia Bufonidae Amietophrynus villiersi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives along fast-‐flowing streams in montane grassland, sometimes with forest strips,
and hides in holes during the day. It breeds in slow-‐flowing streams bordered with trees.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Arlequinus krebsi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It has been found in dense forest where the eggs are placed above small pools with
stagnant or slowly flowing water, and the larvae develop in these pools.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis krokosua Krokosua -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Ghana The larger Krokosua Hills area is part of the northwest subtype of moist semi-‐deciduous
Squeaking Frog forest, but the slopes where this species is found are moist uphill evergreen forest, with
a thick leaf litter on a granitic outcrop (R. Ernst pers. comm. July 2010).
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis perreti Perret's -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Cameroon Perret's Squeaker Frog is a species of montane forest, where it is active during the day in
Squeaker Frog moist leaf litter (Blackburn et al. 2009).
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus fallax -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives and breeds in and near rivers and slow-‐flowing streams in lowland and hilly
closed-‐canopy forest. Males call from among dead leaves on the banks close to water.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus laurenti -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives and breeds in and near slow-‐flowing rivers and streams in lowland and hilly forest
in regions of high rainfall.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus nganhanus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is found along watercourses in a few narrow gallery forests, and in seepage
areas in nearby grassland. Tadpoles, almost certainly of this species, have been found in
rock pools in streams.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus perreti -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in or near flowing water in lower montane and submontane forest, often in very
steep, precipitous areas close to torrents.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus ranoides -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in grassy marshes, around lakes, and along streams and watercourses in montane
forest, montane shrubland, and montane grassland.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Astylosternus schioetzi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in and near flowing water in lowland forest, and can survive in tall, secondary
forest.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa alsco -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon, Nigeria It lives in montane gallery forest, and is associated with streams, in which it presumably
breeds by larval development.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa melanogaster -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in submontane and montane areas in forest and in dense secondary growth.
Males call from shady situations along streams. It is a stream-‐breeding species.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa oreas -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon It lives in montane forest, often in bamboo forest, and in degraded habitats with trees.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa pulchra -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon, Nigeria It lives in submontane and montane forest along fast-‐flowing streams and also at high
elevations along forest edges.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa schioetzi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon, Nigeria It lives in and around relict patches of montane forest, which are now fragmented, and
also in secondary vegetation in which no trees remain.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa trifasciata -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It has been found in and around a small stream running through dense secondary bush
and montane forest; it has not been recorded from primary forest, although it might
well occur there.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa venusta -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in submontane forests near fast-‐flowing streams in hilly country with high
rainfall.
Amphibia Conrauidae Conraua derooi Togo Slippery -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Ghana, Togo It is a forest-‐dependent species living in or near fast-‐flowing water.
Frog
Amphibia Conrauidae Conraua goliath Giant Slippery -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea It lives in or near fast-‐flowing rivers and streams in rainforest, preferring warmer, slower
Frog rivers than Conraua robusta, though faster rivers than C. crassipes. It can survive in
secondary habitats close to rivers, as well as in forest, but not in very heavily degraded
areas (farm bush).
Amphibia Bufonidae Didynamipus sjostedti Four-‐digit toad -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria It lives on forest edges and in clearings in moist forest from the lowlands to the
submontane zone.
Amphibia Ranidae Hylarana asperrima -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon, Nigeria This is a forest species known from hilly country in the foothills of the Cameroonian
mountains, and it does not survive in degraded habitats.
Amphibia Ranidae Hylarana occidentalis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia It inhabits lowland forest, and is known only from undisturbed primary forest.
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius bobirensis Bobiri Reed -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Ghana It is confined to lowland forest, where it is associated with temporary, stagnant pools in
Frog which it breeds.
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius dintelmanni -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon All specimens have been found on the outer margins of patches of primary forest.
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius leleupi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 DRC It is a species of high-‐altitude bamboo forests.
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius leucotaenius -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 DRC It is a species of transition forests, and its adaptability to altered habitats is not known.
Amphibia Hyperoliidae Hyperolius torrentis Ukami Reed -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Ghana, Togo It is a forest species that is restricted to an area where forest is severely degraded
Frog (though it does not occur in degraded habitats outside forest).
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo axillaris -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon The species lives in bamboo forest and, in the rainy season, grazed montane grasslands
n where it hides under rocks in seepage areas.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo erythrogaster -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It is found in submontane and lower montane forest, around springs and streams, living
n in holes, humus, gravel, root masses and dense undergrowth.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo mertensi Mertens' Egg -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in dense undergrowth in montane and lower montane forest, and in the dense
n Frog herbage of Raffia Palm beds along streams.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo ornatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This is not a true montane species, but occurs at low and medium altitudes in hilly areas,
n usually near mountains, in areas of high rainfall.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo perreti -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon This is mainly a species of the montane zone, but it also occurs in smaller numbers in the
n submontane zone down to 1,200m asl.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo stevarti -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea, Gabon It has been found only in primary forest under rocks along streams in deep, narrow
n valleys.
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptodactylodo wildi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in montane forest, often close to small streams.
n
Amphibia Arthroleptidae Leptopelis karissimbensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 DRC, Rwanda, Uganda It is known from montane meadows in steep forest on volcanic soils, and also from
highland savannahs and heathland.
Amphibia Bufonidae Nimbaphrynoid liberiensis -‐ -‐ CR I 0 0 Liberia It is apparently a species of forest and forest edge close to savannah.
es
Amphibia Petropedetidae Petropedetes palmipes -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon It lives in rocky areas in lowland forest, usually near flowing water, and cannot survive
significant modification of its forest habitat.
Amphibia Petropedetidae Petropedetes perreti -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It is found in submontane forest, including secondary growth, where it characteristically
sits on rocks in the middle of fast-‐flowing streams, or on vegetation near the streams.
Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu annulatus Ringed River -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia All specimens have been found in primary forest close to inselbergs in leaf-‐litter.
s Frog
Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu chukuchuku Spiny Puddle -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon This species occurs in highland grasslands near the summit of Mount Oku.
s Frog
Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu ghanensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana It is usually found on the floor of swampy primary rainforest, but it has also been found
s at the edge of small temporary pools in bamboo forest and close to forest edge.
Amphibia Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachu intermedius -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Ghana This species is known to occur in swampy areas within primary rainforests (Rödel et al.
s 2009).
Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria bambutensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It is found on flat rocks in fast-‐flowing streams at high elevations, typically in montane
forest patches.
Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria iboundji -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Gabon This species is known only from among rocks at the edge of a plunge pool at the base of
a large waterfall in lowland forest.
Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria mertensiana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It is associated with rocks in streams and waterfalls in forest and degraded secondary
habitats at the lower limit of the submontane zone, although it has also been found in
leaf-‐litter away from water.
Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria preussi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon t is associated with rocky streams and waterfalls in submontane forest and degraded
secondary habitats.
Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria submontana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon On Mount Kupe, this species was found in a transition zone between good quality
secondary forest and undisturbed primary forest.
Amphibia Bufonidae Werneria tandyi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives on the verges of fast-‐flowing streams in submontane forest and degraded
secondary habitats, where several individuals may cluster together on rocks in the
splash zone.
Amphibia Bufonidae Wolterstorffina chirioi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon It lives in Afro-‐Alpine vegetation and grassland at the summit of Mount Oku.
Amphibia Bufonidae Wolterstorffina mirei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon This is a species of montane grassland that retreats to areas near streams and small
watercourses in bamboo forest in the dry season.
Amphibia Pipidae Xenopus itombwensis Itombwe Massif -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 DRC This species was observed in standing water associated with mineral extraction in a
Clawed Frog region that was surrounded by mature forest and mixed use agricultural areas (Evans et
al. 2008).
Amphibia Pipidae Xenopus longipes Lake Oku -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is entirely water-‐dependent, quite inept on land, and is the main aquatic
Clawed Frog vertebrate in the lake, filling the ecological niche of a fish.
Insecta Calopterygidae Umma mesumbei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon The species occupies clear forest streams in pristine forest.
Insecta Calopterygidae Sapho puella -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Nigeria Rainforest streams.
Insecta Libellulidae Neodythemis takamandensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon Known from rainforest but the water type is unknown. Probably occurs in streams.
Insecta Megapodagrionidae Nesolestes nigeriensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Rainforest, probably in streams.
Nigeria
Insecta Platycnemididae Mesocnemis tisi Liberian -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Liberia Rainforest rivers, preferring shaded sections unlike the sympatric M. singularis, which
Riverjack perches in the sun.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Insecta Protoneuridae Chlorocnemis sp. nov. A -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Nigeria Small streams in montane rainforest.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Globonautes macropus Tree Hole Crab -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Guinea; Liberia The tree hole crab inhabits water-‐filled holes in trees in closed canopy rainforest in the
Upper Guinea forest of West Africa.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes grandbassa Grandbassa -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 Liberia Found in a small stream (Weeni Creek) in the rainforests of central Liberia.
River Crab
Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes lugbe Lugbe River -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 Liberia The specimens were captured in rainforest in Liberia by hand when the crabs were
Crab walking on land close to a stream.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes nanoides Dwarf River -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 Liberia Populations of L. nanoides are found only in the rocky parts of the fast-‐flowing waters of
Crab the St. Paul river, which during the rainy season was up to 100 m wide and 1-‐3 m deep
at the collecting station.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Liberonautes rubigimanus Lobster Claw -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Guinea; Liberia Liberonautes rubigimanus is found in fast-‐flowing mountain streams in Liberia (Mount
Crab Gibi) and Guinea (Mount Nimba), and at lower elevations in forest streams in Grand
Gedah County, Liberia.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Louisea balssi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon Unknown.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Louisea edeaensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon Unknown.
Crustacea Alpheidae Potamalpheops haugi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Gabon; Nigeria In Nigeria, the species is known to inhabit pure freshwater in larger rivers, where it lives
between roots of fallen trees and other submerged vegetation.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Potamonautes gonocristatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda This is a lake-‐living species.
Crustacea Potamonautidae Potamonautes idjiwiensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Unknown.
Gastropoda Paludomidae Bathanalia howesi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Tanzania, United This species is documented to thrive from approx. 45 meters -‐ 200 meters.
Republic of; Zambia
Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya contracta -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found in streams.
Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya crawshayi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia It is known from Lake Mweru, and sand and mud substrate.
Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya liberiana -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Liberia B. liberiana has been recorded on rocks in St. Paul's River, otherwise unknown.
Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya mweruensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia It is found in Lake Mweru. Juveniles live buried in sediment.
Gastropoda Viviparidae Bellamya pagodiformis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia It is found in Lake Mweru. Juveniles live buried in sediment.
Gastropoda Planorbidae Biomphalaria tchadiensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Chad; Nigeria This species probably acts as a host for Schistosomiasis.
Gastropoda Planorbidae Bulinus camerunensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon This species is known only from crater lakes, occurring down to 1 m depth (Brown 1994).
Gastropoda Paludomidae Cleopatra mweruensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia The species occurs throughout the lake; it is not restricted to the margins of the lake.
Gastropoda Paludomidae Cleopatra pilula -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species has been collected from open water rivers and standing waters.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Funduella incisa -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is only known from small streams and headwaters within the Congo basin (Mandahl-‐
Barth 1982, Brown 1994), with records from upper and lower tributaries, but not the
main river.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella candida -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda No information available.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella depressa -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 Cameroon This species can be found in rivers and lakes.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella matadina -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Only found within a water reservoir.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella neothaumaefor -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Chad This is a shore living species.
mis
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella spiralis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Likely to be found in water margins within aquatic vegetation.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Gabbiella tchadiensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Chad This species is found in plant and debris material in Lake Chad and Lake Léré. Also in
rivers.
Gastropoda Paludomidae Hirthia littorina -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; It is confined to rocky substrates at moderate depths, 5-‐20 m.
Tanzania, United Republic of; Zambia
Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobia plena -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found among rocks in swiftly flowing water at the Zaire rivers.
Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobia rheophila -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found among stones in swift current requiring highly oxygenated waters.
Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Hydrobia schoutedeni -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers, living on rocks with well oxygenated waters.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Gastropoda Ampullariidae Lanistes neritoides -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 Congo It is apparently adapted for a life at or above the surface of rapidly flowing water.
Gastropoda Bithyniidae Liminitesta sulcata -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is apparently adapted to living on stones in rapidly flowing water (Brown 1994).
Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides agglutinans -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found in crevices among rocks in swiftly flowing water.
Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides kinshassaensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers. It perhaps uses asexual reproduction (clonal lineages).
Gastropoda Thiaridae Melanoides wagenia -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species is recorded from tributary streams near Kisangani.
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma angulata -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon It is found in streams.
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma kadeii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species occurs in rivers, on large stones in shaded areas with hard bottom.
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma nyongensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species inhabits rivers. It is usually these species are found on hard bottoms.
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma ponthiervillensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma trochiformis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species inhabits rivers. These snails need tree cover for suitable habitat.
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma wansoni -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It is found in swiftly flowing water (rapids).
Gastropoda Pachychilidae Potadoma zenkeri -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon It is found in shaded rivers with hard bottoms with clear waters and gallery forest.
Gastropoda Paludomidae Pseudocleopatr bennikei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Potentially this species can adapt to a range of water flows, from faster flowing waters
a to slow rivers.
Gastropoda Paludomidae Pseudocleopatr dartevellei -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.
a
Gastropoda Assimneidae Pseudogibbula cara -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the No specific data on the ecology, but habitat is likely to be river.
Gastropoda Assimneidae Pseudogibbula duponti -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers. Brown (1992) reported it from rocks at the edge of rapids, so
species likes well oxygenated water.
Gastropoda Planorbidae Segmentorbis excavatus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the It inhabits rivers.
Gastropoda Assimneidae Septariellina congolensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.
Gastropoda Assimneidae Valvatorbis mauritii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This species inhabits rivers.
Actinopterygii Alestidae Alestopetersius nigropterus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This is a pelagic species.
Actinopterygii Amphilidae Amphilius caudosignatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon No information available.
Actinopterygii Amphilidae Amphilius korupi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon Amphilius korupi occurs in small streams, shallow water among leaf litter.
Actinopterygii Amphilidae Amphilius lamani -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Cameroon; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of Amphilius lamani is a demersal species.
the; Gabon
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion franzwerneri Goby Killi -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion franzwerneri is a benthopelagic, non-‐migratory; species.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion fulgens -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon Aphyosemion (Diapteron) fulgens occurs in small, mostly swampy brooks in the
rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion lugens -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion (Chromaphyosemion) lugens inhabits small forest streams.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion passaroi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon Aphyosemion passaroi is only known from small creeks.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion poliaki -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion (Chromaphyosemion) poliaki is found in small mountain brooks, usually
among overhanging vegetation.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion alpha -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon A. alpha occurs in clear creeks under forest cover, usually over a sandy soil, in the
coastal plain.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion amoenum Red-‐finned Killi -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion amoenum is found in rainforest brooks along coastal plains.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion bamilekorum Bamileke Killi -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion bamilekorum This species is occurs in the border region of fast flowing
brooks on the savannah highlands (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion bualanum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Cameroon; Central African Republic; Nigeria This is a killfish that grows to a maximum length of 5 cm.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion tirbaki -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Gabon Aphyosemion tirbaki is found in brooks and small streams in rainforest.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion volcanum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Aphyosemion (Chromaphyosemion) volcanum inhabits the swampy parts of brooks and
small streams in the rain forest, mainly on volcanic soils (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion jeanpoli Jeanpol's Killi -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Guinea; Liberia It is benthopelagic; non-‐migratory; pH range: 6.5 -‐ 7.2.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus aliciae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Guinea; Liberia This is a pelagic species fish.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus bawkuensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Burkina Faso; Ghana; Nigeria This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus boboi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 Liberia This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus bourdariei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon Barbus bourdariei is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus carcharhinoides -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 Liberia This is a pelagic species; Maximum size 8.1 cm SL
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus huguenyi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Guinea; Liberia This is a benthopelagic fish.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus lauzannei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Guinea; Liberia This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus liberiensis carps -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Liberia; Sierra Leone This is a benthopelagic species, potamodromous.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus melanotaenia -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Liberia This is a benthopelagic fish.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus nigroluteus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo Barbus nigroluteus is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus stauchi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo Barbus stauchi is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus subinensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Ghana This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Barbus thysi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis riomuniensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea This species is demersal.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis conjunctus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis finleyi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This is a benthopelagic species with a pH range from 4.8 to 7.0 and a dH range from 1 to
7.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis nigrodorsalis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Benitochromis nigrodorsalis is a benthopelagic, non-‐migratory species with a pH range
from 6.0 to 7.0 and a dH range from 3 to 10.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Benitochromis ufermanni -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.
Actinopterygii Alestidae Brycinus bartoni -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Gabon This species is pelagic.
Actinopterygii Alestidae Brycinus jacksonii Victoria Robber -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Found in shallow inshore areas of lakes and quiet parts of rivers.
Tanzania, United Republic of; Uganda
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Chromidotilapia linkei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon No information available.
Actinopterygii Claroteidae Chrysichthys teugelsi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Liberia This is a demersal fish of 15.0 cm SL maximum size.
Actinopterygii Claroteidae Chrysichthys walkeri -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Ghana This species occurs in brackish waters to the upper parts of rivers where there is pure
freshwater.
Actinopterygii Clariidae Clarias maclareni -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Clarias maclareni is a demersal species.
Actinopterygii Epinephelidae Epinephelus itajara Atlantic Goliath Mérou Géant CR -‐ 0 0 Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Found from inshore to about 100 m in reef, mangrove, seagrass, and estuarine habitats
Grouper Barbados; Belize; Benin; Brazil; Cameroon; Cayman (Sadovy and Eklund 1999).
Islands; Colombia; Congo; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba;
Curaçao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Equatorial
Guinea; French Guiana; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Grenada;
Guadeloupe; Guinea; Guinea-‐Bissau; Guyana; Haiti;
Honduras; Jamaica; Liberia; Mauritania; Mexico;
Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao); Nicaragua;
Nigeria; Panama; Puerto Rico; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint
Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Senegal; Sierra
Leone; Suriname; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and
Caicos Islands; United States (Florida); United States
Minor Outlying Islands; Venezuela; Virgin Islands, British;
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Actinopterygii Epinephelidae Epinephelus marginatus Dusky Grouper Merou Brun EN -‐ 0 0 Albania; Algeria; Angola (Angola); Benin; Brazil; E. marginatus inhabits rocky reefs from 8–300 m.
Cameroon; Cape Verde; Congo; Congo, The Democratic
Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Egypt;
Equatorial Guinea; France; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana;
Gibraltar; Greece (East Aegean Is., Kriti); Guinea; Guinea-‐
Bissau; Israel; Italy (Sardegna, Sicilia); Lebanon; Liberia;
Libya; Malta; Mauritania; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco;
Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Portugal (Azores,
Madeira); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Slovenia; South Africa;
Spain (Baleares, Canary Is.); Syrian Arab Republic; Togo;
Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; Western Sahara
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Epiplatys coccinatus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 Liberia This species occurs in small brooks. It is not a seasonal killifish.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Epiplatys roloffi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Guinea; Liberia This species occurs in brooks, swamps and small streams.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Epiplatys ruhkopfi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Liberia This is a non seasonal killifish that occurs in small brooks.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax amieti Amiet's Lyretail -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Paraphyosemion) amieti occurs in the swampy parts of brooks in the
rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax cinnamomeus Cinnamon Killi -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Paraphyosemion) cinnamomeus is a benthopelagic, non-‐migratory
species.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax fallax Kribi killi -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Fundulopanchax) fallax is found in swamps and swampy parts of
brooks in the humid coastal rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax marmoratus Marbled killifish -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Pauciradius) marmoratus is found in swamps and the swampy parts of
brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Fundulopanchax rubrolabialis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Fundulopanchax (Paludopanchax) rubrolabialis is found in temporary pools, raffia
swamps and swampy parts of slow-‐flowing brooks in the humid coastal rainforest
(Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Gobiocichla ethelwynnae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Gobiocichla ethylwynnae occurs near river banks, primarily in small caves and cracks in
stones, in flowing water with high turbulence and water speed.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Gobiocichla ethelwynnae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Gobiocichla ethylwynnae occurs near river banks, primarily in small caves and cracks in
stones, in flowing water with high turbulence and water speed.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Hemichromis cerasogaster -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Schilbeidae Irvineia voltae Butterfish -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Ghana No available data.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Konia dikume Dikume -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Trewavas et al. (1972) noted that Konia dikume spends much of its time at depths of 20
m or more.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Konia eisentrauti Konye -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Konia eisentrauti It feeds on algae, small insects and fish eggs (Lamboj 2004).
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeo alluaudi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Liberia No information available.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeo curriei -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Liberia This is a benthopelagic fish.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeobarbus mbami -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Labeobarbus species have spawning migrations.
Actinopterygii Cyprinidae Labeobarbus mungoensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Labeobarbus species have spawning migrations.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Lamprologus tumbanus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the This is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Latidae Lates angustifrons Tanganyika -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Adults inhabit the bentho-‐pelagic and littoral zones of the lake whereas juveniles are
Lates Tanzania, United Republic of; Zambia only found in the littoral zone, marginal macrophyte beds and river deltas. Piscivorous.
Actinopterygii Latidae Lates macrophthalmus Albert Lates -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Uganda Said to be confined to waters deeper than 60 feet deep.
Actinopterygii Latidae Lates microlepis Forktail Lates -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Adults strictly pelagic. Juveniles found in lake's littoral zone among marginal macrophyte
Tanzania, United Republic of; Zambia beds and river deltas. Piscivorous.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Limbochromis robertsi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Ghana This is a demersal species. Maximum TL was recorded at 10.0 cm.
Actinopterygii Malapteruridae Malapterurus murrayi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Ghana Largest specimen observed is 204 mm SL.
Actinopterygii Mormyridae Mormyrus subundulatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana This is a demersal species. Electrobiology -‐ weakly discharging.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Myaka myaka Myaka Myaka -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Myaka myaka prefers open water regions at greater depths, but ventures into the more
shallow areas of the lake to spawn.
Actinopterygii Distichodontidae Nannocharax altus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Congo This is a pelagic species.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Actinopterygii Clupeidae Nannothrissa stewarti Mai-‐ndombe -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Nannothrissa stewarti is a pelagic, lacustrine species that is found in acid waters (pH 4).
dwarf sprat
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Nanochromis transvestitus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Nanochromis transvestitus is a demersal species.
Actinopterygii Distichodontidae Neolebias kerguennae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon Neolebias kerguennae is a pelagic species.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Nothobranchius polli -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia Nothobranchius polli is a benthopelagic, non-‐migratory species that occurs in temporary
pools, swamps, ditches in floodplains etc. (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Nothobranchius rosenstocki -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia Nothobranchius rosenstocki is a pelagic species.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Nothobranchius symoensi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Zambia N. symoensi is a benthopelagic, non-‐migratory species that occurs in temporary pools
and river drainages (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Oreochromis lepidurus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Angola (Angola); Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Oreochromis lepidurus is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Sparidae Pagrus pagrus Common Pagre Commun EN -‐ 0 0 Albania; Algeria; Argentina; Aruba; Belize; Brazil; Cape -‐
Seabream Verde; Colombia; Costa Rica; Croatia; Curaçao; Cyprus;
Egypt; France; French Guiana; Gabon; Gibraltar; Greece;
Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Israel; Italy; Lebanon;
Libya; Malta; Mexico; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco;
Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao); Nicaragua; Panama;
Portugal (Madeira); Sao Tomé and Principe; Senegal;
Slovenia; Spain (Canary Is.); Suriname; Syrian Arab
Republic; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; United Kingdom;
United States; Uruguay; Venezuela
Actinopterygii Amphilidae Paramphilius firestonei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 Liberia This is a demersal fish of 6.1 cm SL maximum size
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Parananochromi axelrodi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon Parananochromis axelrodi is collected in small forest creeks and streams (Lamboj and
s Stiassny 2003). It is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Parananochromi ornatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon This species is demersal.
s
Actinopterygii Claroteidae Parauchenoglani longiceps -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon No information available.
s
Actinopterygii Poeciliidae Plataplochilus chalcopyrus Flame lampeye -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Plataplochilus chalcopyrus is found in forest brooks, usually in schools in faster flowing
sections over sandy substrates. It is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Poeciliidae Plataplochilus terveri Terver's -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon Plataplochilus terveri is usually found in small rivers and brooks (Wildekamp et al. 1986).
lampeye
Actinopterygii Poeciliidae Poropanchax myersi Hummingbird -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Poropanchax myersi is a benthopelagic, non-‐migratory species.
lampeye
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Pungu maclareni Pungu -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 Cameroon P. maclareni is a demersal fish that inhabits the shallow water of the lake shore, (less
than 4 m deep).
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon caroli Fissi -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon The young of Sarotherodon caroli are more carnivorous than the adults; the latter feed
predominantly on phytoplankton (Trewavas 1983). This species is demersal.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon linnellii Blackbelly -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Sarotherodon linnellii occasionally forms schools; is mainly diurnal.
Tilapia
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon lohbergeri Keppi, Leka -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Sarotherodon lohbergeri usually forms schools at the surface.
Keppe
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Sarotherodon steinbachi Kululu -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon Sarotherodon steinbachi occurs in schools at the surface.
Actinopterygii Nothobranchiidae Scriptaphyosemi brueningi Bruening's killi -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Liberia; Sierra Leone This is a benthopelagic species.
on
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Stomatepia mariae Alkali Cichlid -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic. It is an omnivorous species (Axelrod 1991).
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Stomatepia mongo Mongo -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This is a benthopelgic species.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Stomatepia pindu Pindu -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This is a demersal species.
Actinopterygii Mormyridae Stomatorhinus ivindoensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Gabon Stomatorhinus ivindoensis is known from the Ivindo River margins or from small forest
streams flowing into the Ivindo River in root tangles. It is a demersal species.
Actinopterygii Mochokidae Synodontis dorsomaculatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Synodontis dorsomaculatus is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Mochokidae Synodontis pardalis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Cameroon Synodontis pardalis is a benthopelagic species.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Teleogramma brichardi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Teleogramma brichardi is a demersal species with a maximum recorded TL of 11.0 cm
(Snoecks and De Boeck 1991).
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia bakossiorum -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia bemini -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia bythobates -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelagic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia coffea -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 Liberia This is a demersal fish.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia deckerti -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is demersal.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia flava -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon T. flava is a benthopelagic species.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia gutturosa -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia imbriferna -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia kottae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia snyderae -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia spongotroktis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tilapia thysi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Cameroon This species is benthopelgic.
Actinopterygii Cichlidae Tylochromis microdon -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Tylochromis microdon is a benthopelagic species which is restricted in its distribution to
the lake proper and absent from the surrounding swamps and inundated forest (Stiassny
1989).
Polypodiopsida Pteridaceae Actiniopteris kornasii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 -‐ This plant is strictly endemic to copper-‐rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).
Liliopsida Burmanniaceae Afrothismia pachyantha -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; ca. 700 m alt.
Liliopsida Burmanniaceae Afrothismia winkleri -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; 0–700 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Droseraceae Aldrovanda vesiculosa Common -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, This species is a perennial, free-‐floating, rootless aquatic herbaceous plant, with a
Aldrovanda Queensland, Western Australia); Botswana; Bulgaria; simple or sparsely branched stem possessing successive whorls of bristled, prey-‐catching
Greece (Greece (mainland)); Hungary; Lithuania; Poland; leaves.
Romania; Serbia (Serbia, Serbia); South Africa (Limpopo
Province, Mpumalanga); Ukraine (Ukraine (main part)).
Regionally extinct: Austria; Bangladesh; Belarus; Burundi;
Cameroon; Chad; China (Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol);
Croatia; Czech Republic; France (France (mainland));
Germany; Ghana; India (Manipur, West Bengal); Italy (Italy
(mainland)); Japan (Honshu); Kazakhstan; Korea,
Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of;
Malawi; Montenegro; Mozambique; Rwanda; Slovakia;
Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Timor-‐Leste; Togo;
Turkey (Turkey-‐in-‐Europe); Uganda; Uzbekistan; Zambia
Magnoliopsida Melastomataceae Amphiblemma amoenum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Lowland to submontane forest, sometimes on rocks near streams; 850 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Angraecum sanfordii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ An epiphyte occuring in submontane and montane forest; 800–2,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Anthonotha leptorrhachis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon This distinctive tree occurs in lowland coastal evergreen forest, particularly near rivers.
Liliopsida Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton bogneri -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Aponogeton bogneri is an annual aquatic plant, living in deep and fast rivers in sunny
areas.
Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia etindensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Collections have been made from lowland/submontane forest at circa. 600 m altitude.
Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia koupensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs at mid-‐altitude to submontane closed canopy forest understorey, occasionally
secondary forest; 650–1,250 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia oligantha -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The habitat of the species is unrecorded, but is probably montane or submontane forest.
Magnoliopsida Myrsinaceae Ardisia schlechteri -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The habitat of the species is presumably lowland evergreen forest, near sea-‐level.
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Aubregrinia taiensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire A large tree found scattered in moist semi-‐deciduous forest.
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Autranella congolensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Cameroon; Congo; Gabon; Nigeria Rainforest.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Magnoliopsida Begoniaceae Begonia pelargoniiflora -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Found in forest, 1,000–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Lauraceae Beilschmiedia preussii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Belonophora ongensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ Occurs in lowland evergreen forest, 200–500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Bikinia breynei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ B. breynei is a tree 15-‐45 m high which grows in forest around lakes, in the Western
Congolian forest-‐savanna mosaic ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001), in association with
Gilletiodendron (Wieringa 1999).
Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Boutiquea platypetala -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Brachystephanu kupeensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in submontane forest and secondary regrowth forest, 900–1,100 m alt.
s
Magnoliopsida Scytopetalaceae Brazzeia longipedicellata -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Uganda Terrestrial
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum filiforme -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria This is a species of lowland evergreen forest, where it occurs as an epiphyte.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum kupense -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Phorophyte: Mangifera indica (cultivated) at 830 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum modicum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon An epiphytic species from montane forest (900-‐1,200 m).
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum pandanetorum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland or submontane forest; ca. 200–950 m alt.
Liliopsida Cyperaceae Bulbostylis fusiformis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 1 -‐ This plant is strictly endemic to copper-‐rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).
Magnoliopsida Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea acuminata -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in lowland to mid-‐altitude rainforest, particularly along watercourses, including
periodically flooded forest; 450–1,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Chassalia laikomensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Grows in the understorey of montane evergreen forest at 1,650–2,000(-‐2,400) m alt.
Liliopsida Anthericaceae Chlorophytum petrophilum -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum azaguieanum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire This species is strictly confined to wet evergreen forest where it is an understorey tree.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Coffea bakossii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in evergreen lowland to submontane forest at 700–900 m.
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola boxiana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Confined to upland evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola cecidiifolia -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ A much-‐branched shrub of lowland evergreen rainforest; 0-‐100 m altitude.
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola lourougnonis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Moist semi-‐deciduous forest.
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola metallica -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ A branched shrub of lowland evergreen rainforest, at an elevational range of 50–700 m.
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola nigerica -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Cola praeacuta -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland evergreen forest, 0–400 m alt.
Liliopsida Commelinaceae Commelina mwatayamvoan -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ This plant is strictly endemic to copper-‐rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).
a
Liliopsida Commelinaceae Commelina zigzag -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ This plant is strictly endemic to copper-‐rich soil (i.e., it is an absolute metallophyte).
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Crotalaria mentiens -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ The main habitats of this species are probably grassland areas and forest edges at about
1,000-‐2,200 m altitude.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Crotalaria oxyphylloides -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Crotalaria oxyphylloides is a perennial erect herb up to 80 cm high which grows in
Brachystegia microphylla and Manguesia forest, on rocky hill.
Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Crotonogyne impedita -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in the understorey of semi-‐deciduous and evergreen forest; to 400 m alt
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Crudia bibundina -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ A lowland or possibly submontane species found in evergreen forest.
Liliopsida Cyperaceae Cyperus microcristatus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ This species most closely resembles the sympatric C. densicaespitosus Mattf. and Kük.,
differing in the more perennial habit, and the smaller spikelets and glumes which are
more prominently winged.
Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia cinerea -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Lowland rainforest
Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia hirsuta -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Wet evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia johnstonei -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in forested valley slopes, 950–1,600 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Dactyladenia mannii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea Terrestrial
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Dalbergia oligophylla -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found insubmontane and montane forest edge; (900–)1,500–2,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Dalbergia setifera -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Rocky dry forest.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Dialium excelsum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Uganda Terrestrial
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Diaphananthe bueae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ The species occurs in submontane forest as an epiphyte.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Dicraeanthus zehnderi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ Annual aquatic herb, submerged in fast water of rapids and torrents, fixed by a thalllus
on rocks or any hard object.
Magnoliopsida Campanulaceae Dielsantha galeopsoides -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko); Nigeria Occurs in lowland evergreen forest, 650–1,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Ebenaceae Diospyros crassiflora Ebony -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Central African Republic; Nigeria Lowland rainforest.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Disperis kamerunensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon A terrestrial species occurring in montane and submontane forest, at 1,100-‐1,800 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Disperis nitida -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Grows on lower branches or leaning trunks of trees, rarely terrestrial, in densely
canopied areas of montane forests at 1,800–2,800 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Sterculiaceae Dombeya ledermannii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria It has been recorded from woodland areas at 1,220-‐1,980 m altitude.
Magnoliopsida Moraceae Dorstenia astyanactis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Grows as a hemi-‐epiphyte, usually growing in evergreen submontane forest on tree
trunks or branches; 600–1,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Droseraceae Drosera insolita -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ The ecology of this helophyte in unknown. Only known from the type collected in 1911
in humus-‐rich soil in savanna.
Magnoliopsida Droseraceae Drosera katangensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ This perennial helophyte is found in seasonal wetlands, it was found in a grassy swamp
in 1912.
Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Drypetes magnistipula -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in lowland evergreen forest; 800–1,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Drypetes tessmanniana -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial
Liliopsida Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon stipantepalum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 -‐ Probably perennial herb, growing at the margins of small pools and flooded depressions
in grassland, on iron-‐rich ground; 1,250 m above sea level.
Magnoliopsida Myrtaceae Eugenia gilgii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria This species is known from lower montane forest areas, often at edges of the forest
(1,500-‐2,000 m altitude).
Magnoliopsida Myrtaceae Eugenia kameruniana -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Probably grew in lowland evergreen rainforestat c. 200 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Eulophia fernandeziana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ This species is a pseudobulb geophyte which occurs in forests and has been found
growing on sandy soil.
Liliopsida Commelinaceae Floscopa mannii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in lowland swamp forest; ca. 700 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Gastrodia africana -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Unknown, but presumably lowland forest.
Magnoliopsida Lentibulariaceae Genlisea angolensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Angola (Angola) Wet meadows, usually in shady stagnating waters.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Genyorchis micropetala -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Occurs in forested areas at ca. 1,330–1,800 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Genyorchis platybulbon -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ An epihyte in lowland evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Gossweileroden balsamiferum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Angola (Angola); Cameroon; Congo; Congo, The It grows in mature little-‐disturbed lowland rainforest.
dron Democratic Republic of the; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon;
Nigeria
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Habenaria batesii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ A terrestrial herb of dense lowland and submontane forest; ca. 200–900 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Habenaria maitlandii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Grows in rocky grassland at 1,860 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Connaraceae Hemandradenia chevalieri -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Occurring in wet evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Hexalobus salicifolius -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Swampy areas within remaining forest patches (Côte d'Ivoire).
Magnoliopsida Flacourtiaceae Homalium hypolasium -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea Found in lowland and submontane evergreen forest, to 1,100 m alt
Magnoliopsida Hoplestigmataceae Hoplestigma pierreanum -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The species occurs in lowland evergreen coastal forest at or near sea-‐level.
Magnoliopsida Apocynaceae Hunteria ghanensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ It is confined to extreme dry forest.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Hymenostegia gracilipes -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Wet evergreen forest.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Liliopsida Cyperaceae Hypolytrum pseudomapanioi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 -‐ Occurs in montane forest undergrowth; 1,470–1,500 m alt.
des
Liliopsida Cyperaceae Hypolytrum subcompositus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 -‐ Occurs in montane forest undergrowth; 1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Balsaminaceae Impatiens frithii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ First described in 2002 (Cheek and Csiba 2002), the slender, hairpin-‐shaped flowers of
this epiphytic species are flame-‐red.
Magnoliopsida Balsaminaceae Impatiens letouzeyi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ This robust, epiphytic herb has the largest flowers of all Cameroonian, and perhaps
African, Impatiens.
Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Justicia leucoxiphos -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Occurs in closed canopy forest understorey, rarely secondary forest, 900–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Keetia bakossii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in submontane evergreen forest; 1,400–1,500 m alt.
Liliopsida Asphodelaceae Kniphofia reflexa -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ It has been recorded from swamps or stream edges at 1,750-‐2,900 m altitude.
Magnoliopsida Vochysiaceae Korupodendron songweanum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ A tree that has been recorded on the rocky lower slopes of Mt. Juahan in lowland
evergreen forest.
Liliopsida Triuridaceae Kupea martinetugei -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ This herb occurs in lowland to submontane evergreen forest; 720 m.
Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Lecaniodiscus punctatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ It is usually found near stream banks in moist semi-‐deciduous forest.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella annithomae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Annual aquatic herb, submerged, fixed on rocks in fast water of waterfalls and rapids.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella batangensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Small annual aquatic herb, submerged, fixed on rocks in the fast water of a waterfall.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella bosii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Annual aquatic herb submerged or not in fast water of waterfalls, fixed by a thallus on
rocks or any other hard object.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella keayi -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ Rocks at water-‐level in small streams; steep granite cliff-‐face under dripping water, on
basalt boulders in clear, turbulent running water in full sunlight.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella letouzeyi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs on vertical rock faces in waterfalls in submontane forest; 750–1,350 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella linearifolia -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Small aquatic herb, submerged or not in waterfall's water, fixed with thallus on rocks.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella onanae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Aquatic herb, annual, submerged growing on rocks in river beds or on rocks at the uphill
of waterfalls.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella pusilla -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Small aquatic herb, annual, growing on rocks in waterfalls.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella sanagaensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ Small aquatic herb, annual, submerged or not, growing on rocks in waterfalls.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella thalloidea -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 -‐ Small aquatic herb, annual, growing on rocks in waterfalls.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Ledermanniella variabilis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 -‐ Small aquatic herb, annual, living on rocks in waterfalls.
Magnoliopsida Umbelliferae Lefebvrea camerunensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ This species has been recorded from rocky montane grassland areas at 2,300-‐2,800 m
altitude.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Leiothylax quangensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Angola (Angola) Submerged freshwater plant, living attached to rocks' surface or any hard materials in
rapids.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Liparis goodyeroides -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Terrestrial in evergreen forest usually of foothills.
Magnoliopsida Meliaceae Lovoa swynnertonii Brown -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Kenya; Mozambique; Tanzania, United Republic of; This timber species occurs sparsely in small patches of remaining wet evergreen forest.
Mahogany Uganda; Zimbabwe
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Macropodiella pellucida -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 1 -‐ Flat aquatic herb, submerged, annual, oblate on rocks in flooded rivers.
Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Magnistipula conrauana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in submontane forest, 1,000–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Chrysobalanaceae Magnistipula cuneatifolia -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Terrestrial
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Manniella cypripedioides -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) A terrestrial herb along streams in primary submontane forest; 950–1,350 m alt.
Liliopsida Marantaceae Marantochloa mildbraedii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland forest; 200–600 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Asclepiadaceae Marsdenia exellii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Guinea; Malawi; Sao Tomé and Principe (Sâo Tomé); In coastal Guinea Marsdenia exellii is restricted to the edge of forest, on thin soils over
Tanzania, United Republic of solid granite rock.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Microberlinia bisulcata -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 1 0 -‐ This valuable timber species occurs in lowland rainforest areas, usually on sandy soils in
flat areas. The species has ectomycorrhizal properties.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Millettia laurentii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea A species of central African semi-‐deciduous, sometimes swampy, forest.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Mitrostigma barteri -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Found in undisturbed lowland evergreen forest; 0–450 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Monocyclanthus vignei -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ It occurs, but rarely, in wet evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Monopetalanth hedinii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Terrestrial

us
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Neolemonniera clitandrifolia -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Nigeria; Sierra Leone Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Asclepiadaceae Neoschumannia kamerunensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Central African Republic; Côte d'Ivoire Occurs in lowland to submontane forest, withstanding and perhaps benefiting from
some disturbance (sea-‐level to 1,000 m altitude).
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Newtonia camerunensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Recorded from montane forest with Albizia gummifera, Carapa grandiflora, Syzygium
staudtii, and Prunus africana (1,600-‐1,800 m altitude).
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Ormocarpum klainei -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ The species has been collected from lowland forest at circa. 450 m altitude.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Ossiculum aurantiacum -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ An epiphyte in lowland evergreen rainforest; 200 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Oxyanthus okuensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in the understorey of montane evergreen forest (1,800-‐2,200 m altitude).
Liliopsida Burmanniaceae Oxygyne triandra -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Aristolochiaceae Pararistolochia preussii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Specimens were collected from disturbed lowland forest areas.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta brachycalyx -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 300–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta kupensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in montane forest; ca. 2000 m alt. (But one collection was made at ca. 400 m alt.).
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta muiriana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 400–1,780 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Pavetta rubentifolia -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in submontane forest; 800–1,600 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Piperaceae Peperomia kamerunana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) An epiphytic species found in submontane and montane forest at an altitude of 1,400–
2,300 m.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Pericopsis elata African Teak, -‐ EN -‐ 1 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Nigeria It is a gregarious species, restricted to the drier parts of semi-‐deciduous forests.
Afrormosia
Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus caesiifolius -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in undisturbed submontane forest at 1,000–1,275 m.
Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus nyale -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in submontane forest at 1,000 m.
Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Placodiscus attenuatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Moist evergreen or riverine forest.
Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Placodiscus caudatus -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Central African Republic Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; ca. 300 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Sapindaceae Placodiscus pseudostipularis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Sierra Leone Like P. attenuatus, this species occurs in remnants of coastal forest.
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Plagiosiphon longitubus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Labiatae Plectranthus dissitiflorus -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Possibly extinct: Cameroon The species was collected from submontane forest at 940 m altitude.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya cooperi -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in submontane and montane forest and woodland; 1,400–1,700 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya farinosa -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Sao Tomé and Principe (Sâo Tomé) An epiphyte of dense montane forest; 1,450–1,650 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya geniculata -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ An epilith on seasonally wet rocks, or terrestrial in marshy grassland; 200–1,850 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya kupensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ An epiphyte in submontane forest, growing on Coffea sp.; 1,050 m alt.
Liliopsida Orchidaceae Polystachya victoriae -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ An epiphytic species growing in lowland evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria bimbiensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ Large shrub or small tree of disturbed evergreen forest on old volcanic soils.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria densinervia -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; up to 1,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria minimicalyx -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland evergreen forest; ca. 300 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria moliwensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ A shrub of evergreen forest on old volcanic soils.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psychotria moseskemei -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria A shrub or small tree that can be found in the understorey of lower montane evergreen
forest at 1,700-‐2,060 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Psydrax bridsoniana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland to submontane evergreen forest; 800–1,100 m alt.
Restricted
Protected
Endemic
Range
CITES
IUCN
Name Name Name
Magnoliopsida Combretaceae Pteleopsis habeensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Mali; Nigeria In Yankari it grows on rocky hills, in dense stands. In Bui it is found in dry forests.
Magnoliopsida Icacinaceae Pyrenacantha cordicula -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea An understorey climber in dense humid forest or secondary forest; ca. 750 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Violaceae Rinorea fausteana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in dense submontane evergreen forest; 1,100–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Lythraceae Rotala robynsiana -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ It is found on rocky river borders.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Rothmannia ebamutensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ occurs in submontane forest; 1,100–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Sabicea xanthotricha -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Nigeria Occurs in lowland and submontane evergreen forest; 0–1,400 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Celastraceae Salacia fimbrisepala -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Was said to be found in a "flowing stream", presumably in submontane forest at an
altitude of 1,000 m.
Liliopsida Marantaceae Sarcophrynium villosum -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in submontane forest; 1,000–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Saxicolella marginalis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Nigeria It has been recorded on exposed basalt boulders below a high waterfall (c.30 m) at
1,400 m altitude above sea level.
Liliopsida Cyperaceae Scleria afroreflexa -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in montane grassland and grassland patches in submontane forest; 1,450–1,550
m alt.
Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Sclerochiton preussii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Nigeria An understorey shrub of closed canopy submontane and montane forest, 1,100–1,400
m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Sericanthe toupetou -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Wet evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Stelechantha arcuata -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ This blue-‐flowered cauliflorous treelet or shrub grows in the understorey of lowland
evergreen, primary and secondary forest; 200–950 m altitude.
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Synsepalum brenanii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 Possibly extinct: Cameroon Terrestrial
Magnoliopsida Leguminosae Talbotiella gentii -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ This evergreen tree occurs in tiny stands in rocky areas of dry forest.
Magnoliopsida Ochnaceae Testulea gabonensis -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Equatorial Guinea Izombé is a timber species occurring in areas of primary forest and transitional
formations.
Magnoliopsida Euphorbiaceae Thecacoris annobonae -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 1 Equatorial Guinea (Annobón) Found in lowland evergreen forest; to 400 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Tieghemella africana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Sierra Leone Lowland rainforest.
Magnoliopsida Sapotaceae Tieghemella heckelii Cherry -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire; Nigeria; Sierra Leone An important timber species found mainly in wet evergreen rainforest.
Mahogany
Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Tiliacora lehmbachii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 0–1,000 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Rubiaceae Tricalysia lejolyana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in evergreen lowland rain forest, 200–300 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Triclisia lanceolata -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 0–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Triclisia macrophylla -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 Equatorial Guinea (Bioko); Sierra Leone Occurs in lowland and submontane forest; 0–1,500 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Uvariopsis submontana -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Occurs in submontane evergreen forest, 840–1,200 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Uvariopsis vanderystii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in lowland and submontane evergreen forest.
Magnoliopsida Rutaceae Vepris heterophylla -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 Mali A small tree of montane dry forest.
Magnoliopsida Verbenaceae Vitex lehmbachii -‐ -‐ EN -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in mid-‐elevation evergreen forest; 150–1,330 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Verbenaceae Vitex yaundensis -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Found in low-‐ to mid-‐elevation evergreen forest; 150–800 m alt.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Winklerella dichotoma -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 1 -‐ Small annual aquatic herb, submerged or not, growing on the rocks in waterfalls and
rapids.
Liliopsida Xyridaceae Xyris exigua -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ This species is found in seasonal streams. It is an hemicryptophyte.
Magnoliopsida Podostemaceae Zehnderia microgyna -‐ -‐ CR -‐ 0 0 -‐ Submerged freshwater plant, attached on rock surface or hard objects in rapids.

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The

Zoological Society of London

VERSION 1, SEPTEMBER

The Zoological Society of London

This document was compiled by the Zoological Society of London’s Conservation

BIODIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL

Table of Contents

Methods Suitable for All Mammals ................................................................. 17

ii Table of Contents

BIRDS ......................................................................................................... 40

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ...................................................................... 52

VEGETATION .............................................................................................. 64

List of Tables iii

List of Tables

Table 2 Examples of habitat variables .................................................................... 13

Table 3. Summary of methods for rapid assessment and

iv List of Boxes/List of Figures

List of Boxes

Box 2. HCV Criteria for Indonesia ........................................................................... 2

List of Figures

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms v

Table of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation Full Name

ARTS Adaptive reccee transect sampling

ASL Above sea level

AEWA African-­‐Eurasian Waterbird Agreement

CARPE Central Africa Regional Programme for the Environment

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of

ECWAS Economic Community of West African States

EIA Environmental impact assessment

FPIC Free, prior, informed consent

FSC Forest Stewardship Council

GIS Global information systems

GISP Global Invasive Species Programme

GPS Global positioning system

HCV High conservation value

HCVN High conservation value network

HCVMA High conservation value management area

HWC Human-­‐wildlife conflict

vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

IAIA International Association for Impact Assessment

IUCN World Conservation Union (International Union for the

KPI Key performance indicator

UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

IAIA United Nations Environment Programme

IDR Republic of Indonesia Rupiah

LIPI Indonesian Insitute of Science

MOU Memorandum of understanding

MVP Minimum viable population

NGO Non-­‐governmental organisation

NTFP Non-­‐timber forest products

P & C Principles and Criteria

PT Indonesian Limited Company (Perseroan Terbatas)

RSPO Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil

SLIMFs Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests

SOP Standard operating procedure

USD United states of America Dollar

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

ZSL Zoological Society of London

or enhanced. In many cases, this Box 2. HCV Criteria

HCV 2. Natural Landscapes & Dynamics

HCV 5. Natural Areas Critical for Meeting

AEWA African-‐Eurasian Waterbird Agreement

HWC Human-‐wildlife conflict

NGO Non-‐governmental organisation

NTFP Non-‐timber forest products

If the capture-‐mark-‐recapture method has been used the data can be