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The World List of Threatened Trees
Compiled by
1998
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre, based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint venture between three
partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for the Earth: lUCN - The World
Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF - World Wide Fund for
Nature. The Centre provides information services on the conservation and sustainable use of species and
ecosystems and supports others in the development of their own information systems.
Founded in 1948, The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse
range of non-governmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 895 members in all, spread
across some 137 countries.
As a Union, lUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the
integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically
sustainable.
The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners toenhance
their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global
levels.
WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE
lUCN
The World Conservation Union
ISBN: 1 899628 10 X
Copyright: © 1998 World Conservation Monitoring Centre and International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Printed by: Unwin Brothers, Martins Printing Group, Old Woking, Surrey
FOREWORD 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
INTRODUCTION 7
REFERENCES 23
SPECIES SUMMARIES 25
I welcome this publication from WCMC of The World List of Threatened Trees. The importance of
this unique document is reflected in the comprehensive collection and methodological analysis of
information of the conservation status of tree species worldwide. The preparation of this work,
which documents the threatened status of around ten percent of the world's tree species, is an
impressive task, made possible through a collaborative and networking approach. has WCMC
worked closely with the Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union and has
successfully diawn together herbarium taxonomists, field botanists, forest genetic resources
specialists, foresters and conservation biologists to pool their collective expertise on the world's
trees in a remarkably short space of time.
Through forest genetic resources programmes initiated in 1991, IPGRI has forged linkages with
its
WCMC on this work, particularly in the process of the collection of information through
workshops in collaboration with and for the benefit of national programmes. Some elements of
IPGRI's activities on forest genetic resources which will benefit from the information in this
pubhcation are:
ecosystems.
• In situ conservation: methodologies for assessing impacts of anthropogenic pressures in
forest ecosystems and trees.
• Ex situ conservation: practical procedures for seed handling, storage and germination of
species of high economic value in tropical forest ecosystems.
• Regional collaboration: networking and training activities in forest genetic resources.
Given the range and scale of threats to global forest biodiversity, the scope of forest conservation is
clearly broad and activities that focus on conservation of ecosystems, species and intraspecific
genetic diversity are all required. Within this broad approach, realistic targets are needed through
focusing on priority species, priority populations and the level and extent of genotypic variation. In
the location and assessment of diversity in forest ecosystems, IPGRI is looking at patterns of
genetic diversityand levels of genetic erosion. These vary according to the nature of different
forest ecosystems in different geographic regions and find their expression in the diversity of tree
species. We need systematic decision making for forest conservation and the collection of species
information is of great relevance in setting forest conservation priorities.
Information needed on the kinds of species, threats and levels of threat, conservation status of
is
and ex situ conservation activities and requirements. Economic data are also
species, in situ
needed. WCMC
has made major strides forward in locating this information on tree species and
encouraging others to develop more detailed national information.
I hope that the information contained in this publication and the supporting data management
resources developed by WCMC will make an important contribution to the planning and
implementation of forest conservation and sustainable management worldwide. We need to go
further in refining and developing the information but with this impressive start and working in
partnership with all key organisations we can give tree conservation the importance it deserves in
the twenty first century.
Abdou-Salam Ouedraogo
Forest Genetic Resources,EPGRI
Chairman, African Tree Specialist Group
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The World List of Threatened Trees is the principal report from a three year project entitled the
Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, generously funded by the Government of the
Netherlands. We are most grateful for this financial support, and would like to express our thanks in
particular to Ton van der Zon, Gerrie Willems and Felix Hoogveld of the Netherlands Ministry of
International Affairs.
The Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project has been undertaken by a team
working at WCMC in collaboration with SSC Groups and other experts worldwide. The WCMC
team consisted of Sara Oldfield, Project Leader; Charlotte Lusty, Data Management Officer;
Martin Sneary, Information Analyst; Amy MacKinven, Research Assistant and Julie Reay, Project
Administrator. Many other staff members at WCMC have supported the development of the project
and particular thanks are due to Tim Johnson who supervised the project and to Harriet Gillett,
Manager of the Threatened Plants Database. Sam Kanyamibwa and Javier Beltran have assisted
with translation and communication with experts involved in the project in French and Spanish
speaking countries. In addition the following volunteers, temporary staff and students have worked
on the project at WCMC: Harriet Bison, Alejandro Flamenco-Sandoval, Kevin Holohan, Bill
Oates, Liz Porter, Gemma Smith and Simon Reeve.
Charlotte Lusty has compiled the majority of species entries contained within this book and has
reviewed the species data received from experts. She designed the standard data collection form
incorporating ideas from David Hunt, Susan Iremonger, Valerie Kapos and others at WCMC.
Martin Sneary has been responsible for the design and development of the Tree Conservation
Database from which the species summaries have been produced as direct outputs, with support
from Cardinal Consultants. Julie Reay has undertaken the formatting of this document for
publication. The species summaries were proof-read by Margaret Deith.
Fifteen consultants, either institutions or individuals, have been involved in the Conservation and
Sustainable Management of Trees and reviewing tree species data under
project, evaluating
contract to WCMC. We are grateful for all their work on the project. Joaquina Pires-O'Brien
played an important role in coordinating input from experts on the Brazilian flora. Dennis Johnson
coordinated the collection of data on palm species drawing on an extensive network of contacts.
Collaborative contracts with various national institutions proved to be successful in ensuring
linkages with the development of national biodiversity datasets. The contribution from experts in a
voluntary capacity has, in addition, been of major significance with, for example, many herbarium
botanists generously contributing their time to this tree conservation initiative.
SSC Groups have been closely involved in implementation of the project. Members of the Conifer
Specialist Group, Charied by Aljos Farjon, have held a series of meetings in the UK funded by the
project. They have used the standard data collection form to compile information on about 300 conifer
species and have decided to continue this procedure for futiu-e updating. Members of the Temperate
Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group, Chaired by Vicomte Philippe de Spoelberch, have provided data
on selected genera and species and have prepared detailed species case studies for publication in
Broadleaves, the Group's newsletter. Wendy Strahm has provided liaison between the project and the
plant conservation activities of lUCN and we are grateful for her support.
Craig Hilton-Taylor, of the National Botanical (NBI) of South Africa has coordinated the
Institute
assessment of Southern African trees. To do this he has drawn on the responses of
1 1 amateur and
professional botanists and combined this with information from NBI's Southern African Threatened
Plants Database (SARARES) and literature references. This conuibution is gratefully appreciated.
The World List of Threatened Trees
The experts listed below have ail made invaluable contributions to the project and we are most grateful
for the information and expertise they have provided. For the provision of moral support, guidance and
encouragement throughout the project we would like to express our particular gratitude to Peter
Ashton, Aljos Faijon, William Hawthorne, David Hunt, Jon Lovett, Adrian Newton and Abdou Salam
Ouedraogo.
The Forest Resources Division of FAO has been supportive of the project and a Memorandum of
Agreement has been developed between WCMC and FAO covering tree species conservation data
exchange. The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGIII) has also been involved in the
development of the project and we are grateful for the support of these two organisations.
The Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) project has been an invaluable source of
information particularly on the uses of tree species. We are grateful for the cooperation with this
project particularly through its office at Wageningen Agricultural University in the Netherlands.
The Center for Plant Conservation has generously provided information and advice with regard to
trees of North America. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) kindly provided a dataset of rare
trees of California for inclusion in The World List of Threatened Trees.
Information compiled by WCMC for the 7997 lUCN Red List of Threatened Plants formed an
important starting point for the World List of Threatened Trees. Harriet Gillett and Kerry Walter,
the editors of the Red List are thanked for their help with the Conservation and Sustainable
Management of Trees Project. The lUCN Red List was compiled in partnership with the following
organisations: Nature Conservancy (TNC); National Botanical Institute (NBI), South Africa;
Smithsonian Institution; Environment Australia Royal Botanic Garden; Royal Botanic Gardens,
;
For their help in preparing The World List of Threatened Trees, we thank in particular all the
following experts who have participated in workshops, provided information and carried out
assessments of the conservation status of trees around the world: Tony Abbott, Dennis Adams,
Frits Adema, Javed Ahmed, Tania Ammour, Nguyen Hoang Anh, Robert Archer, Alberto Areces-
Mallea, Peter Ashton, Ake Assi, Lucia d'Avila, M
Tekin Babac, C.R. Babu, Kevin Balkwill,
Nguyen Tien Ban, Ninh Khac Ban, Angel Baiiares Baudet, Salomao Bandeira, G.M. Barroso,
Auriol Batten, David Baum, John Beaman, Henk Beentje, Peter Bellingham, John Benson, Keith
Bennett, Dr van der Berg, R. Bemal, Jurgen Blaser, Lynn Bohs, Wolfgang Bopp, Adam
Boratynski, F. Borchsenius, Philippe Bouchet, Loutfy Boulos, F.J. Breteler, Alvarez Brito, E. M.
Lammerts van Bueren, Ximena Buitron, Daniel Burke, John Burrows, P. Burrov/s, Fred Burton,
Eduardo Calderon Saenz, Bruce Campbell, A. Carlstrom, Eduardo Carque Alamo, Susan Carter-
Holmes, Freire de Carvalho, T.B. Cavalcanti, Jan Cerovsky, Andre Chanderbali, Miguel Chazaro,
Lillian Chua, R.C.K. Chung, Philip Clarke, Margarita Clemente-Muiioz, Elize Cloete, Allen J.
Coombes, Luis Corrales, Helen Corrigan, Patricia Craven, Quentin Cronk, Le Trcng Cue, Myriam
Cukier, Cristina M.C. Curi Silva, Eduardo Dalcin, Barbara van Dam, Doam Diem, Bob
Drummond, Tony Dold, Ali A. Donmez, J.L. Dowl, Pham Hoai Due, David Dupuy, Vu Van
Dzung, Arthur Ebgret, Sue Edwards, Peter Eddowes, F.B. Essig, Barry Evans, R. Evans, Peter
Evers, Aljos Faijon, Estrela Figueiredo, Jon Fjeldsa, Bryan Finnegan, Gennady Firsov, Jacques
Florence, S. Fontinha, Enrique Forero, D. Forman, Steve Fourie, M.P. Frankis, David Frodin, D.
Fuller, Fuh-Juinn Pan, Washington Galiano-Sanchez, Flavio Bertin Gandara-Mendes, Martin
Gardner, Giuseppe Garfi, Demetno Gaudagnin, C. Gemmill, Justin Geriach, Coert Geldenhuys,
Acknowledgements
We record with great sadness that Salmon Okelo Achieng' was tragically killed during the time he
was endemic trees of Kenya. He was an enthusiastic
collecting data on the conservation status of
field worker and contributed considerably to the discussions at the regional workshop for the
project held in Harare in July, 1996, the first time he travelled out of his home country. We will
remember Salmon with gratitude for his contribution to African tree conservation.
Tony Miller kindly supplied the cover photograph used in the cover design.
Additional financial support for publication of this book by the Owen Family Trust is gratefully
acknowledged.
INTRODUCTION
The conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable management are internationally recognised as vital
global concerns. Identification of the components of biodiversity and the threats they face are
important steps in planning for conservation action. Tree species are ecologically, culturally and
economically valuable components of biodiversity and their conservation is essential to the well-being
of people in all countries of the world. With increasing general pressures on ecosystems and selective
pressures on species, it has become apparent that many tree species are threatened with extinction.
Information on the degree and extent of threat has, however, previously been scattered and scarce. The
World List of Threatened Trees presents the results of the first survey of the conservation status of
trees species worldwide.
Assessment of the conservation status of the world's tree species is a major task given the overall
number of trees believed to exist. The world's tree flora is estimated to total around 100,000 species. It
is not yet possible to give a precise figure because definitions of the term "tree" vary as do species
concepts. One definition of "tree" which is commonly followed in temperate regions is a woody plant
growing on a single stem usually to a height of over two metres. This definition has been adopted by
the lUCN/SSC Temperate Broadleaved Tree Specialist Group. The Group recently compiled a Hst of
temperate woody plant genera and estimated the number of tree species within these genera. This was
undertaken to establish the scale of the task of conservation evaluation for temperate tree species. The
tentative result was that there are 21,000 species in plant genera which are predominantiy woody and
temperate in distribution (Hunt, 1996). The richness of the world's tropical tree flora is much
certainly
greater and is we can only make an informed
also in greater need of taxonomic attention. In reality
guess at the number of tree species. Nevertheless there is an urgency to document all available
total
information on the growing number of tree species which are of conservation concern.
In evaluating the global conservation status of tree species the new lUCN Red List categories and
criteria have been followed. The general aim of the new FUCN system of categorising threat is "to
provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of species according to their extinction
risk" (lUCN, 1994). The lUCN categories and criteria have been applied to a broad selection of
restricted range and exploited tree species as part of a major collaborative information gathering and
evaluation exercise. In pre-selecting tree species for conservation evaluation, species from all parts of
the world and most taxonomic groups were considered. Certain taxonomic groups were, however,
excluded for pragmatic reasons. These include tree ferns in the families Cyatheaceae and
Dicksoniaceae, tree species in the cycad families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae, and arborescent
members of the Cactaceae family. It was anticipated that the conservation status of species m these
fannilies would be evaluated in parallel exercises by the appropriate SSC Plant Speciahst Groups.
As part of the conservation evaluation, the taxonomy and nomenclature of each of the tree species
categorised as globally threatened have been checked, wherever possible, against current literature or
by appropriate experts. Supporting information has been collected on the distribution, threats,
conservation measures, the habitat type of the species, the uses of the species, level of use and
more detailed information is available in electronic form in the Tree
ecological information. This
Conservation Database supplementing the summary information on individual species provided in
The World List of Threatened Trees.
Over 7300 tree species are documented as globally threatened in this publication (see Table 2), based
on the 1994 lUCN categories and criteria. In addition, in the Appendices, supplementary lists of
globally threatened trees are given. Appendix 1 is a list of Australian globally threatened trees prepared
for this pubUcationby Lyn Meredith, Threatened Species and Communities Section, Environment
Australia.Appendix 2 provides a list of Japanese tree species taken from the 1997 Red List of
Japanese Vascular Plants compiled by tiie Threatened Species Conmiittee, Japan Society of Plant
Taxonomists (Yahara, T. 1997). Unfortunately this publication was not available in time to prepare
The World List of Threatened Trees
Taking all this information together, nearly nine percent of the world's tree flora is documented as
globally threatened with extinction. Given the economic and local value of tree species and their role
in defining ecosystems, this represents a profound diminution of the world's biodiversity. The
time of consolidated tree species conservation information should have a
availability, for the first
significant impact on international conservation policy and planning. It is hoped that this book will
highlight the need for sustained efforts to conserve maximum tree species diversity for the benefit
of people worldwide.
only been possible through collaboration with a wide range of experts and institutions with local
knowledge of tree biodiversity. A full list of contributors is given in the acknowledgements section and
the assessors of the conservation status of individual tree species are noted with the species summaries.
The identification of a network of botanists willing to contribute their expertise to the conservation of
tree species is in itself an important factor in the promotion of global biodiversity conservation.
biodiversity below the ecosystem level, the lack of consistent and comparable information for most
groups of organisms and the need to make rapid progress in biodiversity assessment for conservation
action. Species information can, however, when organised in a coherent manner, following accepted
information standards, reinforce ecosystem information and provide a crucial link with information on
the component genetic resources. Various recent initiatives (SBSTTA, 1996; Van Bueren and
Duivendoom, 1996) have recognised that tree species diversity in particular can be used as a surrogate
good availability of tree species
for overall species diversity in forest ecosystems given the relatively
information. Information on the distributions and convergences of restricted range species can be used
to determine patterns of biodiversity.
Information on the threat status of species is essential in planning for conservation and sustainable
management of individual species and also for use as an indication of ecosystem status. Information on
threatened species is becoming increasingly available, at least for selected taxonomic groups. For
plants in general, many national lists of threatened species and plant Red Data Books have been
produced and recently the first international Red List of plants was pubhshed by lUCN (Walter and
Gillett, 1998). This global list represents many years of effort to record and collate the names,
conservation status and distribution of rare and declining plants. The database firom which the global
listwas produced and national Red Lists and databases vary in the extent to which they record habit.
Information on the habit, in other words whether the plant is a tree, shrub or herb, can provide an
important indication of the ecological role of the species. Information on tree species has been seen as
a particular requirement to support forest conservation policy but has not, until now, been readily
available at an international level.
Introduction
Box 1. Biodiversity information for conservation and vtise use of tropical forests
Land use planning for conservation and sustainable use of forest land
The starting point for the collection of information on the conservation status of trees has been data
holdings in the Threatened Plants Database maintained by WCMC. This records information on the
distribution, global and national conservation status of plant species worldwide and has been used to
produce the 1997 lUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Important sources of conservation status
information within this database include the lUCN/SSC Plant Specialist Groups, individual experts,
national redlists and Red Data Books and, of major importance, the parmer organisations listed in the
Information on the conservation status of trees included in the Threatened Plants Database was
derived from various studies in addition to the general information sources referred to above. The
conservation status of temperate tree species was, for example, reviewed by WCMC
in collaboration
with the International Dendrological Society (IDS) and a Threatened Temperate Tree List was
pubbshed in 1990 (Lear, 1990). This was updated for an IDS Symposium held in 1994 (Lear and
Hunt, 1996). Information on the conservation stanis of conifer species has been developed by the SSC
Conifer Group (Faijon, Page and Schevellis, 1993, Faijon, 1996) and made available for incorporation
in the Threatened Plants Database. Information on the conservation status of tropical timbers in trade
was collected for the International Tropical Timber Organisation with data collection concentrating on
timber species of Southeast Asia and Africa (Oldfield, 1991). Collection of data on trees of Latin
America was subsequently undertaken by WCMC
with support from the Govemment. UK
When the tree species conservation survey was initiated, the Threatened Plants Database maintained
by WCMC contained records of about 5000 tree species, 4,000 of which are tropical and 1,000
temperate in distribution. Over 600 of these species were recorded as globally threatened using the old
lUCN categories of threat. Initial tasks in preparation for The World List of Threatened Trees were to
significant number of
identify and flag tree species in the Threatened Plants Database and to add a
tree species name and from various parts of the world. Main geographical areas for
distribution records
which tree name and were added initially include Ghana, Nigeria, East Africa,
distribution records
Madagascar and Indonesia. Additional tree species name and distribution records were added through
the electronic data merges in preparation for the 7997 lUCN Red Ust of Threatened
Plants. In the first
The World List of Threatened Trees
year of data collection, tree species records were increased from 5000 to 14,000. A list of 3200 tree
species recorded as globally threatened according to the old lUCN categories of threat was prepared
for review at a Technical Workshop held in Wageningen in November 1995.
Following the Technical Workshop, a data collection form was designed for experts to provide updates
to existing data holdings on tree species in the Threatened Plants Database, and to record new
information on species of conservation concern. This is reproduced in Appendix 5. Species were
selected for review if they were beUeved to be single country endemics, threatened in significant parts
of their distribution ranges or known to be widely exploited.
Standard data collection forms were sent to over 300 botanists or foresters with expertise in a particular
geographical area or taxonomic group of trees. In addition a series of meetings, workshops and
interviews was held to discuss the conservation status of tree species and to assign the lUCN
categories. Four international workshops were held. The first was the Technical Woricshop held in
Wageningen which was successful in refining the scope, objectives and methodology for data
collection. Three regional workshops have subsequently been held in Zimbabwe, July 1996; Costa
Rica, November 1996 and Viet Nam in August 1997. These workshops provided an opportunity for
participants to present and discuss national case studies on the conservation status of trees, to discuss
conservation status in relation to sustainability issues and to work on species conservation assessments
in small working groups. Training in the appUcation of the lUCN categories and criteria was provided.
The conservation assessments focussed on relatively widespread, exploited species which are difficult
to evaluate without information from a significant proportion of the species' range. The evaluations
were based on preliminary species profiles prepared by WCMC.
At the regional workshop held in Zimbabwe a draft list of globally threatened tree species occurring in
Africa was reviewed. A follow-up meeting was held during the AETFAT Congress in February 1997
to review African data collection and hold an inaugural meeting of the SSC African Tree Specialist
Group. Also following the Zimbabwe regional workshop, assessment of the conservation status of
trees of Southern Africa was coordinated by Craig Hilton-Taylor of the South African National
Botanical Institute. Data sheets for all tree species considered to be threatened in southern Africa
were sent to 23 amateur and professional botanists situated in Namibia, South Africa and
Swaziland. Documentation explaining how to fill in the data sheets and how to use the new lUCN
Red and Categories was provided. Each person was asked to fill in data sheets for
List Criteria
those species which they were familiar with in the field. Eleven people responded. Information
from the replies was combined with information from the National Botanical Institute's southern
African Threatened Plants Database (SARARES) and information from the literature to obtain an
overall assessment.
Discussions held with botanistsat the Rijksherbarium, Leiden and Missouri Botanic Garden have also
enhanced the tree conservation evaluation process. Botanists at the Rijksherbarium provided
information on the taxonomy and conservation status of trees in Southeast Asia. Assistance provided
by Missouri included information from various major checklist projects notably for Peru (Brako and
Zarucchi, 1996) and Ecuador (Jorgensen and Leon, in prep.) and the facilitation of contacts with
botanists working in many Latin American countries.
Collection of tree conservation information was also facilitated by collaborative arrangements with
national agencies. These have both provided information for the global tree conservation dataset and
stimulated the collection of data for national use. Examples include:
Production of A Draft Red List of Woody Plants of Uganda through a contract with Makere
University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Uganda.
Support for the collection of information on endemic trees of Kenya by the Plant Conservation
Programme, National Museums of Kenya.
Collection of data on endemic tree species of Peninsular Malaysia through a contract with Dr
Lillian Chua, Forest Research Instimte of Malaysia.
10
Introduction
Compilation of data on the endemic and indigenous tree species of the Seychelles by the
Conservation Section of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Planning and Environment,
Seychelles.
Provision of information from a Mexican tree specimen database and conservation evaluation
by Dr Mario Gonzalez-Espinosa and Neptali Ramuez-Marcial, ECOSUR, Chiapas following
agreement with CONABIO.
Preparation of a list of rare and threatened trees of Suriname by Marga Werkhoven, National
herbarium of Suriname, updating the Rare and Endemic Plant Species in Suriname from the
Conservation Action Plan for Suriname (1990) and subsequent 1997 hst of Rare and Endemic
Plant Species in Suriname.
Provision of information on threatened trees of Viet Nam at the regional woricshop and
decision by Vietnamese botanists represented to adopt the new lUCN categories of threat and
apply them through the continuation of a national working group.
The SSC Plant Specialist Groups have been a major source of information and conservation
evaluations for The World List of Threatened Trees. Members of the Conifer Specialist Group have
used the standard data collection form to compile information on about 300 conifer species and have
adopted this procedure for future updating of conservation status information. Members of the
Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist Group have provided data on selected genera and have
prepared detailed species case studies for publication in Broadleaves, the Group's newsletter. In
addition over 300 palm species, identified as trees from an initial list of threatened palms, have
been evaluated using the standard data collection form by members of the Palm Specialist Group,
coordinated by Dr Dennis Johnson.
In order to supplement the information provided by experts, WCMC has reviewed a wide variety of
data sources including electronic databases, pubhshed Floras and Monographs, Red Data Books and
grey Uterature. On the basis of this information, conservation evaluations have been undertaken by
WCMC for species apparently of significant conservation concern. Wherever possible these have been
sent out for expert review. Compilers at WCMC also recorded supplementary information on ecology
and uses of species, drawing heavily for Southeast Asian species on the excellent PROSEA
Lemmens,1993; Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995).
publications (Soerianegara and
STORING INFORMATION
Following the Technical Workshop in Wageningen, a new database was designed to record tree
species conservation information, resulting from the completed standard data collection forms.
Amendments to the species and distribution records were initially recorded in the Threatened
Plants Database maintained by WCMC,to ensure consistency with the broader global plant
conservation dataset. Subsequently tree species scientific and common names, distribution records
and in some cases use records were transferred electronically to a new Tree Conservation
Database. The design of the Tree Conservation Database took into account a user needs survey of
500 organisations carried out prior to the Wageningen Technical Workshop, and discussions with
FAQ and IPGRI concerning tree conservation data management. The potential for harmonised data
management with the following datamanagement systems was an important consideration.
REFORGEN database system, developed by the Forest Resources Division of FAQ, is a global
database system designed to house information related to the worid's forest genetic resources.
11
The World List of Threatened Trees
A further key consideration was the requirement for a distributed database which could be made
widely available in support of tree conservation initiatives. The database has been implemented using
the latest generation of Microsoft Windows based
software. It is designed to be simple to use and
conforming to recognised Windows standards. The choice of
intuitive in operation, as well as
software tool was further influenced by the abiUty to link with other applications, including
mapping tools. In addition, a Windows-style searchable help system has been developed. The
system is implemented in Microsoft® Visual Basic and Access.
The species suimnaries recorded in The World List of Threatened Trees have been derived directly
from the Tree Conservation Database which also records a considerable amount of supplementary
information on each tree species.
lUCN categories of threat have been in use for over thirty years and are widely recognised as a
standard for indicating the conservation status of individual species. The revised categories and criteria
pubUshed in 1994 (lUCN, 1994) were developed to make the threat categories more quantitative,
objective and equally applicable to all higher taxa of plants and animals. Under the new system, a
category can only be assigned to a species if one or more of five criteria apply. Thus in order to qualify
as CriticaUy Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable, evidence is needed to demonstrate that a species
is experiencing, to various degrees, at least one of the following:
The use of criteria helps both to guide the assessor and to give transparency to the evaluation process.
The mles for applying the lUCN categories and criteria are set out with explanatory notes in Appendix
4. Various criteria can be apphed to any one species. The extent to which different criteria have been
used in the tree species evaluations is summarised in Table 1. The use of Criterion E has been
negligible for trees.
Criterion
Introduction
for the majority of tree species. Furthermore it soon became apparent that the longevity of tree species
poses a particular problem in application of the categories, with regard to interpretation of rates of
decUne. Guidelines were prepared by Charlotte Lusty to assist expert evaluations for tree species and
to help ensure consistency in application of the categories by different assessors, especially those
working in isolation. The guidelines for trees were developed from recommendations made by
WiUiam Hawthome, following a detailed review of the application of the categories to Ghanaian tree
species, and incorporated suggestions from other botanists using the categories for trees. The
guidelines provide both assistance with interpretation of the criteria through suggested supplementary
definitions of terms relevant to tree species and suggestions as to how different sources of information
can be used to aid the evaluation process.
In order to qualify as globally threatened based on population reduction (A Criterion), the population
of a species should have an observed, estimated inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20 percent
over the last 10 years or three generations. The expression of generation time as specified by lUCN,
1994 is the average age of parents in the population. Defining the generation time of a tree species is
very difficult given that the capability of reproduction in tree species varies widely according to the
age/size class of individuals. For evaluation purposes, the guidelines for trees suggest that where no
information is available the generation time should be taken as 50 years for most tree species, 10-20
for pioneer species or small trees, 100 years or more for slow-growing trees. Following this estimation
very many tree species potentially fall within at least the Vulnerable category given the rates of
deforestation, and therefore implied population decline, or the rates of exploitation of mature timber
trees, over the past 150 years.
Linking tree species distribution data with knowledge of the extent and decline of the ecosystem in
which the species occurs has been the means by which the lUCN categories have been most
commonly applied to trees. Criterion B and D are appropriately used for such cases where the threat
status is based on the geographical restriction of species.
GIS (Geographical Information System) analysis of species distribution information has proved to be a
very useful tool in applying Criterion B and Criterion D, Where species point localities, ideally based
on verified specimen data, can be stored in a GIS, data can be very successfully manipulated to assess
whether their AOO (Area of Occupancy) or EOO (Extent of Occurrence) are within the limits set by
the Criteria B and D. David DuPuy and Jonathan Hughes have evaluated the conservation status of a
subset of Madagascan leguminous trees in this way, combining species distribution data with
vegetation and substrate data in a GIS application.
The guidelines encourage evaluators to use all available sources of secondary information to assess the
situation faced by a particular species. In ideal circumstances information from verified herbarium
specimens and field survey of populations would be combined with general knowledge of vegetation
types and decline throughout the range of a tree species, together with information on levels of
exploitation through time where appropriate. Where such information is not available, however, it has
been possible, by examining geographical and altitudinal ranges, and habitat requirements of the
species, to make preliminary evaluations of the conservation status.
In general the categories have not been applied using fully quantifiable information. This is fully
compatible with the guidance provided by lUCN, 1994 which states that, the absence of high quality
data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and
projection are emphasised to be acceptable throughout. Furthermore, given that data are rarely
available for the whole range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropriate to use the
information that is available to make intelligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in
question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is found, it is legitimate to apply the
precautionary principle and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads to listing in the
category of highest risk.
Although the new lUCN Red List Categories are much more objective than their predecessors,
there is inevitably considerable scope for subjectivity. Different expert assessors have applied the
categories with differing levels of confidence with regard to available information and different
13
The World List of Threatened Trees
degrees of optimism regarding future trends. This has even applied when different assessors looked
at the same species, where some, for example, have used Data Deficient and others have applied
Critically Endangered. Some assessors have felt that they should use Data Deficient unless there
have been recent field assessments of the species. This approach may be more appropriate where
there are active conservation monitoring programmes but generally a greater degree of inference
has been necessary. In such cases of divergent views the compilers have acted as referees and
applied the category which appeared more appropriate in consultation with the assessors.
The use of the Lower Risk categories has also varied according to the opinion of different
assessors. It is not always clear how much inference is appropriate to decide whether a species is
Lower Risk or Vulnerable, particularly with regard to Criterion A. The category Lower Risk:
conservation dependent should only be used for those species where a species-specific conservation
measure ensures that the species does not qualify for Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically
Endangered. Inclusion in a protected area is considered to be a sufficiently secure conservation
measure to prevent a species being in a higher risk category by some assessors but there has not
been uniformity of opinion on this issue.
Some assessors have probably followed the lUCN rules more rigidly than others. After careful
consideration, the compilers decided not to apply a blanket standardisation of the categories and
criteria across all tree species following the application by experts, although in some cases
adjustments to particular species have been made through consultation. The compilers do not have
the intrinsic knowledge of species in particular geographic regions and taxonomic groups which
may have contributed to the expert evaluations. The listing of species should be seen as a fluid
process, with scope for re-evaluations of species as more information becomes available, and as
further debate on the categorisation process takes place.
Particular mention needs to be made concerning the dipterocarp trees of southeast Asia. Over 250
of these species have been listed in the most threatened category of Critically Endangered, using
Criterion A. The basis for this assessment is the very rapid rates of forest loss in southeast Asia.
Criterion A measures decline rates for long-lived species, such as trees, over a period of three
generations. This amounts to at least 150 years for the dipterocarp species. Thus over 250 species
of dipterocarp are believed to have lost over 80 percent of their forest habitat over the last three
generations and are therefore listed as Critically Endangered. These listings might seem somewhat
out of place alongside most other species listed as Critically Endangered, which tend to occur in
tiny populations, sometimes of only a small number of individual trees. However, it is very
important to be clear that extinction times scale with a species' generation time, and not with
absolute time. All other things being the same, a long-lived species takes longer to go extinct than a
short-lived species. If one considers a time window that is short relative to the lifetime of the
species,one might miss the fact that it is in trouble, even if it is heading inexorably to extinction.
To take a simple example, if one counts the numbers of a short-lived species with four generations
per year and declining at 50 percent per generation, the population will have declined to 6.25
percent of the starting number one year. Conversely, a species with a long generation time
after
(say 100 50 percent per generation will exhibit almost no detectable
years), but also declining at
decline as measured over a one-year period. The listing of the dipterocarps is therefore more logical
and appropriate than appears at first sight.
Nevertheless, there is controversy concerning the use of Criterion A in this manner, and this is
being studied as part of the SSC's ongoing review of the Red List Criteria. Three areas are currently
being considered for possible revision of Criterion A: a) whether or not there should be a maximum
time-limit set for estimates of generation-time, to make inference and projection more restricted in
time for long-lived species and therefore more reliable; (b) the extent to which listing should
incorporate information on whether or not the decline is controlled or managed, and therefore how
likely it is to continue into the future; and (c) whether or not the current decline rates specified in
the criteria are appropriate.
14
Introduction
GAPS IN INFORMATION
The three year time period for preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees has allowed for rapid
assembly and review of currently available information on the conservation status of trees. There are,
however, clear information gaps. These result from lack of identified expertise on particular taxa or
geographical areas or lack of time for information to be compiled where experts were contacted in the
later stages of the data collection process. For some parts of the world and certain taxonomic families
information is not yet available on which to base sound conservation assessments. The design of the
data management system, the involvement of a wide network of experts and the further coordinated
development of the SSC Plant Specialist Groups, with capacity to manage their own decentralised
data, will allow continual updating of the global Tree Conservation Database.
Taxonomic uncertainty
In some cases it has been very difficult to apply categories because of taxonomic uncertainty. This is
the case for example with the genus Ardisia in the family Myrsinaceae. In Panama, alone, about 1 10
species have been described mainly on the basis of original collections which often did not have
flowers or fruiting material. There is a need for taxonomic revision taking into account the wealth of
unverified herbarium specimens. The situation is similar for many other genera of trees.
Papua New Guinea provides an example of a biodiversity rich country which remains pooriy explored.
As outlined by Frodin (1997) a relatively intense phase of biological study took place within the
country from 1946 through the 1980s. This generated various major pubhcations on vegetation,
biogeography and ecology but there has subsequently been a general decline in new research work and
particularly in botanical exploration in Papua New Guinea (Conn, 1994). Frodin (1997) notes that at
the present time, there is no crticial and effective study of trees for Papua New Guinea and little
prospect of one without substantial outside support. Given the low current exploration rate and the
serious research and documentation backlog in general the conservation status of tree species is one of
"data deficiency". Enough known, however, about certain timber species to apply the
is lUCN
categories and criteria and species summaries are included in the book for such species.
Scientiflc reluctance
In general there has been overwhelming support from the botanical community for the preparation
of The World List of Threatened Trees. There have, however, been instances where botanists were
reluctant to share unpublished information. This has resulted in some cases from a sense of
frustration with the difficulty of securing resources for the publication of taxonomic work and
equally with concerns about incorporating new species names which have not been previously
validly published in the scientific literature. In other cases herbarium botanists did not feel they had
sufficient field knowledge to make conservation evaluations.
Time constraints
Locating and compiling information on the conservation status of trees has proceeded rapidly in
preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees but unfortunately it has not proved possible to
develop or incorporate all the information located. More comprehensive evaluation of the conservation
status of tree species for many countries would add significant numbers of species to the list of
globally threatened tree species. Coujitries for which very little new information has been compiled
include Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Guatemala, Haiti, Korea, the Philippines and Thailand.
In some cases this was because of lack of time to establish contacts within the countries.
Information on African tree species, compiled in the early stages of data collection, has been subject to
a more extensive period of review. Less time was available to incorporate and review the more
extensive tree data for other tropical regions. Examples of countries for which data has only been
15
The World List of Threatened Trees
partially processed for this publication include Bolivia, Costa Rica, Japan, Mexico, Peru and Viet
Nam. To provide one specific example, the specimen database provided by ECOSUR provided a very
rich source of data. This database contains data from 14000 herbarium specimens for Mexican tree
species, with information on vegetation type, associated genera, and altitude. For each tree species
recorded in the database the new lUCN category was added by experts at ECOSUR and, with approval
from CONABIO, this data was provided to WCMC. Information has been added to the Tree
Conservation Database for endemic trees of Mexico but there has been no time to seek information on
the wider distribution and conservation status for non-endemic trees.
The threatened tree species included are those which have been evaluated as Critically Endangered,
Endangered and Vulnerable. Species which have been evaluated as Lower Risk: near threatened and
Lower Risk: conservation dependent are also included because, in most cases, the supporting
information suggests that these trees are of equal conservation concern to species in the Vulnerable
category. Furthermore summaries are also included for species evaluated as Data Deficient where it is
apparent that the species are in a precarious situation even though some needed of the
verification is
taxonomic status or further field investigation is desirable. Frequently these species have been referred
to as threatened elsewhere in the literature.
Botanical family name The standard followed for family and generic names is Brummitt,
1992.
lUCN Red List category and criteria These are reproduced in full with the explanatory
notes in Appendix 4.
Assessor This is either the expert whom, or organisation or regional workshop which, has
assigned the lUCN category and criteria.
References The references relate either to botanical literature linked to the taxonomy,
nomenclature and distribution of the species or to the source of conservation information
including the conservation assessment.
16
Introduction
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Table 2. Summary of the number of tree species assessed according to the 1994 lUCN threat
categories for inclusion in The World List of Threatened Trees.
information has been collected. The relative importance of diiferent threats implied by the above table
should therefore be read with a degree of caution. It is interesting to note, however, the perceived
impact of felling as a major threat to tree species. This threat includes both clear felling and selective
felling. The fact that over 1000 tree species are considered to be globally threatened as a result of
felling reinforces the need for timber harvesting regimes to be managed on a sustainable basis taking
into account the impact on non-commercial species.
USES
Information on use and level of use of tree species is recorded in the Tree Conservation Database. The
information collated on globally threatened tree species illustrates that 25 percent have at least one
recorded use. The use data remains incomplete but nevertheless Table 4 indicates the utility value of
the tree species which are threatened with extinction.
Use
Introduction
infoimation is recorded in the Tree Conservation Database. It is apparent, however, that the majority
of globally threatened species are not subject to any specific conservation measures.
It is also apparent that many more tree species will be evaluated and recorded as globally threatened as
more information becomes available. The preparation of botanical checklists is a very important step
in the evaluation of conservation status. There is also a great need for more field data on the
conservation status and distribution of tree species.
Major efforts are needed to prevent tree species extinctions. The primary focus for action needs to be
at a national level through the actions of government agencies, NGOs and local resource managers.
International conservation instruments should reinforce these efforts and provide a broader policy
context for activities on the ground.
International policy for the conservation and sustainable use of forest biodiversity has generally
concentrated on ecosystem prioritisation and action. In order to prevent the loss of tree species
diversity there is a need to shift the emphasis towards a complementary species-based approach.
The World List of Threatened Trees and Tree Conservation Database provide the information
resource to start doing so. The information now available can be used to refine implementation of
policy through, for example, the selection of conservation sites based on tree species diversity and
threat, the development of species indicators of ecosystem condition and the development of
sustainable use initiatives for economically valuable components of forest biological diversity.
The objectives of CBD are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its
components and the and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of
fair
genetic resources. Biological diversity, as defined by this Convention, includes diversity within
species, between species and of ecosystems. Forest biodiversity is recognised as a current priority.
Forests are the most biologically diverse terrestrial ecosystems. Although still rich in absolute and
relative terms, the biological diversity of all types offorests has been diminished by the impacts of
human societies. Those impacts are greater now than at any time in human and they are
history
still increasing. They are eroding contemporary forest biological diversity and challenging the
processes which maintain it in forest communities and their constituent populations. (SBSTTA,
1997).
Parties to the Convention have agreed that the ecosystem approach to the conservation of forest
biodiversity should be the primary framework of action to be taken under the Convention. Within
this framework priority activities relating to tree species include:
More broadly, Article 7 of the Convention calls for the identification by Parties of components of
biodiversity important for conservation and sustainable use having regard to:
Species and communities which are: threatened; wild relatives of domesticated or cultivated
species; of medicinal, agricultural or other economic value; or social, scientific or cultural
importance; or importance for research into the conservation and sustainable use of biological
diversity, such as indicator species.
19
The World List of Threatened Trees
Article 17 of the Convention calls for the facilitation of the exchange of information, from all
publicly available sources, relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity,
taking into account the special needs of developing countries.
Actions to be taken to conserve biological diversity, in accordance with the provisions of CBD,
include the development of national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity (Article 6); establishment of protected area systems where
special measures need to be taken to conserve biodiversity (Article 8); adopt measures for the ex
situ conservation of components of biodiversity, preferably in the country of origin (Article 9);
promote and encourage public awareness and education on the importance and measures required
for biodiversity conservation.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
The main objective of CITES is to protect species of wild fauna and flora against overexploitation
through international trade, by means of international cooperation. Species which are covered by the
provisions of the Convention are included in appendices. To qualify for Appendix I, taxa must be
"threatened by extinction" and "are or may be threatened by trade". Species included in Appendix II
are those which " although not necessarily now threatened with extinction, may become so unless trade
in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utihsation incompatible
with their survival".
In 1994, the Parties adopted new criteria for amendment of Appendices I and II, and specified
information requirements for amendment proposals (Wijnstekers, 1995). The CITES listing criteria
were developed at the same time as the development of the 1994 lUCN Red List Categories and are
loosely related to them.
The CITES appendices include around twenty tree species which are traded internationally as timber.
They also include other tree species which yield medicinal products or which are in genera listed
because of the threat from commercial horticultural collection, for example succulent Euphorbia spp.
and Aloe spp. The provisions of the Convention and subsequent guidance on species listing do not
generally distinguish between different species groups in their application. There has, however, been
Convention as a tool to help conserve particular species
international debate about the suitability of the
groups. Increased interest in the use of CITES
for timber species over recent years has contributed to
this debate. Various amendment proposals have been submitted to CITES for timber species and have
been considered by the Parties at the Eighth and Ninth Conferences, prior to the adoption of the 1994
amendment criteria.
The CITES Timber Working Group (TWO) was formed at the Ninth Conference of the Parties to
review implementation issues relating to timber species, notably the control of parts and derivatives of
listed species, and relationships with other international organisations dealing with the conservation
and sustainable use of timber. The final report of TWO was endorsed by the Tenth Conference of the
Parties in Harare, June 1997.
Consequently the TWG recommended that: The range states should pay particular attention to
internationally traded timber species within their territories for which knowledge of biological
status and silvicultural requirements indicates concern.
20
Introduction
The preamble of the ITTA, 1994 which came into force on 1 January 1997 notes the commitment
of members, made in Bali, Indonesia, in May 1990, to achieve exports of tropical timber
all
products from sustainably managed sources by the year 2000. One of the objectives of the
Agreement is: To encourage members to develop national policies aimed at sustairuible utilization
and conservation of timber producing forests and their genetic resources and at maintaining the
ecological balance in the regions concerned, in the context of tropical timber trade.
With regard and coordination with other organisations. Article 14 of the Agreement
to cooperation
Council (ITTC) shall make arrangements for consultation and cooperation with the
states that the
United Nations and its organs, intergovernmental organizations including CITES and NGOs. The
Organization (11 lO) shall, to the maximum extent possible, utilize the facilities, services and
expertise of existing intergovernmental, governmental or non-governmental organizations, in order
to avoid duplication of efforts in achieving the objectives of the Agreement.
At an international level, mechanisms for promoting the consei'vation of individual tree species and
areas of maximum tree species richness and diversity within forest ecosytems, need to be
developed. The CBD is currently the most appropriate policy instrument given the commitment of
parties to the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair
and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. Furthermore
CITES can be used to ensure that commercially valuable globally threatened trees are traded
internationally at sustainable levels and ITTA can be used to ensure that sustainable forest
management and trade in forest products promotes the conservation of tree species.
The emphasis on implementation of CBD, CITES species selection and ITTA policy development
and projects is at a national level with international exchange of information, financial support and
technical expertise where appropriate. Subsets of information from the Tree Conservation
Database will be made available as tools for the development of national threatened tree lists on
which to base national policy and action. Convergence of national and international systems for
collection of information and categorisation of threat needs to be considered further identifying, for
example, which data elements are common requirements and guidelines for rapid collection of such
data.There is a need for flexibility and incremental development of conservation information systems
based on available knowledge.
Scientific
The sharing of information between scientific and conservation institutions is important to build on
the resultsof the tree species conservation assessments and fill in current gaps on tree species
information as new scientific data becomes available. Baseline field survey is urgentiy required for
many areas and the collection of additional distribution data for species known or suspected to be
of concern. The spatial accuracy of current data can be significantly improved, and the application
of the lUCN threat categories reinforced, by the use of GIS linking herbarium, species inventory
and forest cover data. Enhanced use of distribution data will be particularly valuable in planning in
situ conservation measures for trees.
Research is urgently needed on the population biology and autecology of globally threatened tree
species. For practical application, research and information exchange are also needed on aspects of
sustainability relating to tree species utilisation, particularly for those species categorised as
Vulnerable. Silvicultural research and exchange of information on silvicultural techniques should
21
The World List of Threatened Trees
be components of this. The links between forest certification initiatives and the sustainability of
tree species should also be considered further.
Networking
Collaboration with international, regional and national agencies is essential in collecting information
on the conservation status of trees. The preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees has
fostered good links with international and national organisations, lUCN/SSC Specialist Groups and
individual experts. Further collaboration with IPGRI and FAO in relation to information systems for
tree species and their genetic resources (in turn linking with ICRAF and CIFOR) will be very valuable.
National herbaria are an essential source of primary information on the conservation of tree
biodiversity. Networking of information and expertise needs to be maintained and developed.
A strong message to emerge from the preparation of The World List of Threatened Trees is that tree
species are threatened with extinction throughout the world. Numerically more species are threatened
in tropical regions reflecting the greater tree species richness in these regions. Nevertheless, the
potential for tree species loss is a universal problem and needs to be tackled in all countries and at all
levels. Information products are needed to convey the information in this book to a wide audience
including the managers of natural resources in rural communities. Local people may not always
appreciate that a species they harvest has a narrow geographic distribution and is wholly dependent on
local wise use for its conservation.
Conservation action
Above The World List of Threatened Trees should be used to develop conservation
all
extinction for Critically Endangered and Endangered tree species. Attention is also
needed to prevent Vulnerable species moving into the higher categories of threat In
some instances ex situ measures may provide important back up. In situ mechanisms
are generally the most appropriate way to conserve tree species either within
designated conservation areas or through sustainable use initiatives in the wider
environment
The threats to tree species are increasing and conservation actions must consequentiy
be intensified. As Dallmeier, 1998, points out.
The loss of even one species diminishes the earth's store of biological diversity, for once
elinUnated, a species cannot be recovered or regenerated All possibilities the species had
for bettering life are gone, including its potential to provide the basis of life-saving
medicines or new or improved foodstuffs to feed a burgeoning human population.
Species losses are also felt at the genetic, community and landscape levels. When a
species is gone so is its genetic heritage.
22
Introduction
REFERENCES
Brako, L. and Zarucchi, J.L. 1996. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru.
Missouri Botanical Garden.
Brummitt, R.K. (comp.) 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. A listing of the genera of
vascular plants of the world according to their families, as recognised in the Kew Herbarium,
with an analysis of relationships of the flowering plant families according to eight systems of
classification. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
van Bueren, E.L. and Duivenvoorden, J.F. 1996. Towards priorities of biodiversity research in
support of policy and management of tropical rain forests. The Tropenbos Foundation,
Wageningen.
Conn, B.J. 1994. Documentation of the flora of New Guinea. In: C.-I. Peng and C.-H. Chou, eds..
Biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystems: 123-156. Academia Sinica, Taipei (Institute of Botany,
Monograph Series 14).
Dallmeier, F. 1998. Measuring and monitoring forest biodiversity: the SI/MAB model. In:
Bachmann, P., Kohl, M. and Pai'vinen, R. (eds.) Assessment of biodiversity for improved forest
planning. Proceedings of the Conference on Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Forest
Planning, 7-1 1 October 1996, held in Monte Verita, Switzerland. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht
Faijon, A. 1996. A world list of threatened conifers: How much do we know? In: Hunt, D.R. (ed)
Temperate trees under threat. Proceedings of an IDS Symposium on the Conservation Status of
Temperate Trees. University of Bonn 30 September - 1 October 1994. Intemational
Dendrological Society, Morpeth
Faijon, A. Page, C.N. and Schevellis, N. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa.
Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326.
Frodin, D. 1997. State of knowledge of tree species in Papua New Guinea. In: Report of the Third
Regional Workshop, Hanoi, 18-21 August, Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees
Project, WCMC, Cambridge.
Mollis, S. and Brummitt, R.K. (eds). 1992. World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant
Distributions. Plant Taxonomic Database Standards No. 2. Hunt Institute for Botanical
Documentation, Pittsburgh.
Hunt, D.R. 1996. The genera of temperate broadleaved trees. Broadleaves 2:4-5
IUCN.1994. lUCN Red List Categories. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Jorgensen, P.M. and S. Leon Y (in prep.) Catalogue of vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst.
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
Lear, M.1990. The threatened temperate tree list. Intemational Dendrology Society Yearbook 1990:
130-152.
Lear, M. and Hunt, D. 1996. Updating the Threatened Temperate Tree List. In: Hunt, D.R. (ed)
Temperate trees under threat. Proceedings of an IDS Symposium on the Conservation Status of
Temperate Trees. University of Bonn 30 September - 1 October 1994. Intemational
Dendrological Society, Morpeth
Lemmens, R.H.M.J. Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia
(PROSEA) 5(2) Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers,
Wageningen
Oldfield, S.F.(Compiler). 1991. Pre-project study on the conservation status of tropical timbers in
trade. Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre under contract to the
Intemational Tropical Timer Organisation.
SBSTTA.1996. Biological diversity in forests. Note by the Secretariat. Convention on Biological
Diversity. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/2yi 1
SBSTTA.1997. Scientific, technical and technological advice on forest biological diversity, taking
account of research and technical priorities previously identified. Draft programme of work for
forest biological diversity. Note by the Executive Secretary. Convention on Biological Diversity.
UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/3/5
Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA)
5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen
23
The World List of Threatened Trees
Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. (eds.) 1998. 7997 lUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by
the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. lUCN - The World Conservation Union,
Gland,
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Wijnstekers, W. 1995. The evolution of CITES. A reference to the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. A" Edition. CITES Secretariat, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Yahara, T. etal. 1997. Red List of Japanese Plants. Japanese Agency of Environment.
24
Species Summaries
25
The World List of Threatened Trees
Known only from a single collection dating from 1964, Confined to mountain ridges, the species is now known
this treeoccurs in mixed montane forest in the to be more widespread in the Santa Lucia Mountains
Cordillera Guajiquiro, south-west Honduras. than originally thought. Fire is a threat but the area is
Turrialba in Cartago and Villa Quesada in Alajuela. The species is known to occur on Cephalonia, Euboea
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Peloponnesos.
Refs: 5994 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 13041
Abarema turbinata
Leguminosae VU Bl+2c Abies chengii
Brazil (Bahia) Pinaceae DD
A species restricted to the remnants of Atlantic coastal China? (Yunnan?)
forest and *restinga along the coast of Bahia between The populations in the wild remain unknown. The
14°andl6°S. species was described from a specimen in cultivation at
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Hilliers, UK. Repeated attempts to discover the
26
Species Summaries
There is disputable evidence that the remaining stands in Endemic to Sicily, the species is known from a small
Guatemala extend no more than 3ha. Isolated stands population containing less than 20 individuals. Only a
continue to be exploited heavily by local inhabitants and fraction of them appear to be reproductively capable. A
the deep fertile soils, on which the tree grows, are propagation programme is under way.
attractive to agriculturaldevelopment. Cone crops are Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
irregular and germination is poor. Programmes to Refs: 374, 4506, 7222, 19021
improve its status are being run by CAMCORE. Felling
is prohibited in some countries and the species is listed Abies nordmanniana ssp. equi-trojani
in *CITES Appendix I. Pinaceae LR/nt
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Turkey
Re/i; 374,3951, 13041 This taxon presently includes ssp. bommuelleriana,
which stands as a separate taxon in Turkey. Populations
27
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group occurs in the Sierra Santa Catarina, in a single locality
Refs: 374, 13041 that probably extends less than 100km'.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Abies pinsapo vsar. pinsapo Re/i:374, 6879, 13041
Pinaceae VU D2
Spain Abies yuanbaoshanensis
Three healthy populations are known. One in Grazelema Pinaceae CRBl+2c, C2b
National Park consists of a few thousand trees. China (Guangxi)
Overgrazing by goats, droughts and the threat of fire A relatively recently discovered species confined to
of all three populations.
affect the survival Yuanbao Mountain., which is outside the general range
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group of fir species. There are in the region of 100 individuals
Refs: 10625, 13041 mostly over 100 years old. Young trees are very rare and
regeneration is hampered by long coning intervals, seed
Abies pinsapo var. tazaotana predation by squirrels and competition with
Pinaceae VU D2 Sinarundinaria species. Effective protection of the
This variety is locally common, perhaps numbering Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
2500 individuals, but restricted to between 1600 and Re/r; 374, 1818, 11847
2000m on Mount Tazaot.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Abies ziyuanensis
Refs: 374 Pinaceae CRBl+2ce
China (Guangxi, Hunan)
Abies recurvata var. recurvata An endemic of the Nanling range, where the species
Pinaceae VU D2 occurs in middle elevation mixed forest on Mount
China (Sichuan) Yinzhulao, Mount Shunhuang and Mount Erbaoding. As
A rare variety with a very restricted range confined to with A. yuanbaoshanensis, the distribution lies outside
Songpan. Var. emestii appears to be more widespread in the general range of fir species. Population density is
the west of Sichuan Province. low and regeneration is poor because of the long coning
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group intervaland competition with other plants.
«e/i; 374, 13041 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
/fe/i;374, 1818, 11847
Abies sibirica ssp. semenovii
Pinaceae VU D2 Abutilon sachetianum
China, Kyrgyzstan Malvaceae VUBl+2c
The known populations are confined to Talasskij Ala French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.)
Tau but they are suspected to extend into China. The Only recorded from the Marquesas, the species is found
species as a whole is considered threatened in China. in small populations on the islands of Eiao, Hatutaa,
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Hiva Oa, Mohotani and Nuku Hiva. Those on Eiao and
Re/i; 374, 13041,18751 Hatutaa are in a notably critical state. The species has
been propagated at the Museum of Natural History in
Washington, D.C. in the USA.
Assessor: Horence, J.
Refs: 14513
28
Species Summaries
destruction have reduced the number of mature Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea
individuals and, if not halted, will render the species as a A tree of savanna woodland, monsoon forest and
whole vulnerable. More information is needed on gallery-type forest at altitudes of between 10 and 30m
populations in eastern and northern Australia. restricted to the Western Province, Papua New Guinea,
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. and Queensland, Australia. Logging
to is occurring and
Refs: 19114 the timber is actively sought-after.
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Acacia belairioides Refs: 191 14
Leguminosae CRBl+2c
Cuba Acacia daemon
A very rare tree up to 7m tall, confined to the serpentine Leguminosae ENBl+2c
outcrop of Holguin Cuba. The habitat is
in north-eastern Cuba
severely degraded in most places, mainly due to grazing A fairiy uncommon tree, up to 5m tall, confined to the
and urbanisation. rocky serpentine of
Habana, Matanzas,
hillsides
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Villaclara and Camaguey Provinces. These areas are
Refs: 9522, 16327, 19149 under constant pressure from cutting and clearing.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Acacia bucheri /Je/i;9522, 11403, 19149
Leguminosae ENBl+2c
Cuba Acacia densispina
An uncommon tree up to 8m in height occurring in Leguminosae VUBl+2c
woodlands and dry forests over limestone and serpentine Somalia
bedrocks in the provinces of Guantinamo, Baracoa and Known only from central Somalia, this small tree is
Holgui'n. restricted to Acacia-Commiphora bushland in limestone
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. areas. Large-scale charcoal production is causing the
/Je/j.-9522, 11403, 19149 loss and degradation of the habitat.
Assessor: Thulin, M.
Acacia campbelUi Refs: 8697, 18665
Leguminosae VUAlcd
India (Andhra Pradesh) Acacia dolichostachya
A small tree distributed throughout much of Andra Leguminosae LR/nt
Pradesh in deciduous forest or thorny scrub, often on Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo,
black cotton soils. It has been heavily collected as a Yucat^)
fiielwood and its habitat has also declined in extent. Endemic to the Yucatto Peninsula, this rainforest tree is
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre an important component of the canopy. The habitat is
29
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 19122
Acacia montis-usti
Acacia ferruginea Leguminosae LR/nt
Leguminosae VUAlc Namibia
Sri Lanka A graceful tree, often branching from the base. It occurs
This tree was commonly found in the dry zone of Sri on granite outcrops, ridges and inselbergs from the
Lanka but it is now very rare. The wood is used for its Brandberg to southern Kaokoveld. Trees in the
medicinal properties. Twyfelfontein area are infested with insects, which may
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre have some effect on recruitment and population size and
Refs: 18796,19110 structure. Many mature trees died during the severe
drought in the 1980s. However, healthy levels of
Only known from the type collection of 1947, the Acacia pennivenia
species was found in dense thickets on the summit ridge Leguminosae VU D2
of Moimt Numbuiloa, east of Lambasa, Vanua Levu. Yemen (Socotra)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A tree ofsubmontane dry woodland. The population is
30
Species Summaries
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el al. is locally abundant in areas of dry scrub. None of the
Refs: 689, 7401, 7550. 19218 populations are protected and, in places, they are
susceptible to increasing settlement and cultivation of
Acacia roigii the land.
Leguminosae CRBl+2c Assessor: Pan, F.J.
Cuba /?c/i.- 3295, 7933. 19050
Very restricted in range, this endemic tree, up to 8m tall,
Refs: 14513
Acacia sarcophylla
Leguminosae LR/nt Acalypha raivavensis
Somalia, Yemen (Socotra) Euphorbiaceae CR BI-k2c
A species found in northern Somalia and also on the French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.)
island of Socotra. Habitat degradation largely from A shrub or shrubby tree recorded from Raivavae and
overcutting and charcoal production is a threat. Tubuai.
Assessor: Thulin, M. Assessor: Florence, J.
31
The World List of Threatened Trees
32
Species Summaries
33
The World List of Threatened Trees
1800m. The main concentration of populations occur to 2500m. Populations have also been recorded from
along the Agastyamalai range. A collection has also outlying areas, mainly at high altitudes, from South
been made in an outlying area in the Elamalai. Kanara in Kamataka and the Anamalai range. The
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19144
34
Species Summaries
35
The World List of Threatened Trees
reduced by the increasing settlement of the area. and lower montane forest up to 1200m. In Papua New
Assessor: Mitre, M. Guinea, the population has suffered from logging
Refs: 16772 activities over recent years in the Oriomo River area.
Western Province, where the species was once fairly
Adenanthera bicolor common.
Leguminosae VU Ale Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Sri Lanka Refs: 19114
An endemic tree restricted lowland wet evergreen
to the
forests of south-west Sri Lanka. It was discovered in 25 Adinandra griffUhU
forests during the recent National Conservation Review, Theaceae EN A 1 c, B I +2c
including the Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. India (Meghalaya)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A small tree confmed to Cherrapunji and ShongpUng
*e/j; 15431, 17195, 19112 forests.At Cherrapunji a cement factory has caused the
loss of habitat. The species has not been recorded since
Adenanthera intermedia 1938 and has clearly suffered from habitat declines.
Leguminosae VUAlcd Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Philippines Refs: 2538
A timber tree, endemic to the Philippines. Rates of
habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation Adinandra integerrima
have led to considerable population declines. Theaceae LR/cd
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
«e/i; 2072, 4919, 18088 Occurring in lowland, submontane and hill rainforests of
Kedah, Perak, Penang, Pahang, Johore and Singapore,
Adenium obesum ssp. socotranum this species can be found in state parks.
Apocynaceae VU D2 Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Yemen (Socotra) Refs: 5550, 9199, 1 1647, 19073
A succulent tree whichis widespread on the plains,
36
Species Summaries
An endemic tree of Ecuador, inhabiting montane cloud strong pressure on the reserve because of the demand for
forest at altitudes between 2200 and 3000m in Cotopaxi land. The Tanzanian Catchment Forest Project employs
and Bolfvar. two forest guards to prevent illegal activities. This
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre species is the only member of the genus.
Refs: 19119, 19120 Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 16796
Aegiphila panamensis
Verbenaceae VUAlc Aesculus wangii
Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hippocastanaceae VUAIa,Bl+2a,Cl+2a
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama China (Yunnan), Viet Nam
Although widespread, the species is never abundant, Populations areknown from south Yunnan and L4o Chi
occurring in remaining areas of lowland rainforest and Province in north Viet Nam. Trees occur singly or in
thickets, often in marshy places. groves in remaining areas of semi-evergreen
Assessor: Nelson, C. broadleaved forest on limestone mountains. The present
Refs: 13995 knowledge of the species distribution is not complete but
significant habitat declines are occurring in the areas
Aegiphila purpurascens where the species is known, largely because of
Verbenaceae VU B 1 +2c encroaching agriculture but also logging for timber.
Ecuador Assessor: Rushforth, K.
This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest at Refs: 1818,6163, 11847, 19055
altitudes between 2440 and 2950m. It is currently known
only from Azuay Province. Aextoxicon punctatum
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Aextoxicaceae DD
Refs: 19119,19120 Argentina (Chubut), Chile
A taxonomically interesting species, the only member of
Aegiphila rimbachU the family. Occurring in broadleaved evergreen montane
Verbenaceae VU B 1 +2c forest, its distribution is restricted in Argentina to the
Ecuador north-west of Chubut in Lago Puelo, probably in the
This endemic tree of Ecuador inhabits cloud forest at protected area of that name. Data are not yet available
2600m altitude in the High Andean areas of BoUvar on the status and distribution of the species in Chile.
37
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group are scarce and hard to find.
Re/i; 374, 4391, 13041 Assessor: Nghia, N.H.
Refs: 848, 6646, 11530, 14573
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus
Huaceae VUAlc, Bl+2c Agathis atropurpurea
Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana Araucariaceae LR/nt
The species is rare, with a disjunct distribution. Australia (Queensland)
Populations are confined to areas of wet evergreen forest A timber species scattered in montane rainforest.
contained within Subri and Cape Three Points Forest Wherever logging is allowed exploitation has been very
Reserve in Ghana, in parts of the South West Province heavy and populations have declined. A large percentage
inCameroon and in Gabon in an area to the north and in of the forests is now protected.
Lop6 Forest Reserve. The forest has been converted into Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
a commercial plantation in Subri and in Cape Three Refs: 101, 3092, 13041, 17200
Points mining has destroyed areas of forest.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Agathis corbassonii
Refs: rm, 7142, 8854, 12061, 19043 Araucariaceae VU B 1 +2c
New Caledonia
Afielia africana Endemic to northern New Caledonia, this species is
A widespread rainforest species. It is heavily exploited Kalimantan. Exploitation continues to be heavy and
throughout its range for its valuable timber. In some regeneration in residual stands is insufficient to replace
areas there are reported to be few seed trees remaining. lost populations. In the past the tree has also been
Assessor: African Regional Workshop destructively exploited for copal. Plantations are now
Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 14667, 17408 established.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Afzelia pachyloba Refs: 6845, 10938, 13041, 14573
Leguminosae VU Aid
Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Agathis endertii
Congo, Gabon, Nigeria Araucariaceae LR/nt
A rainforest species which is heavily exploited for its Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
commercial timber. Relatively few seed trees remain Although the species is widespread, it occurs in isolated
throughout its range. populations in moist lowland forest associated with
Assessor: African Regional Workshop sandstone *kerangas. The timber is heavily exploited.
Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Rc/i.- 374,6851
Afzelia rhomboidea
Leguminosae VU A 1 cd Agathis flavescens
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Araucariaceae VU D2
Philippines Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A slow-growing species scattered on low hills and ridges Less than 10,000 individuals are likely to exist in three
and temporarily inundated sites. The timber is regarded separate populations, occurring in moist montane forest.
as very valuable locally and, in the past, exploitation has Individuals frequently display yellowing leaves
been considerable in the Philippines. suggestive of poor nutrient conditions. The species
Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
Refs: 4919, 5550, 12937, 14573, 19057
38
Species Summaries
39
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Found between 50 and 1075m, this primary forest tree is
«e/i;6509, 11145, 19129 endemic to Fiji. Habitat loss is a threat to this species.
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Aglaia ahemiana Refs: 6509, 19129
Meliaceae VU Ale
Philippines Aglaia bourdillonii
A endemic to the Philippines. The species
tree is Meliaceae VUBl+2c
threatened by habitat destruction. India
Assessor: Pannell, CM. This species is restricted to the Agastyamalai Hills in
Refs: 6509, 19129 southern India, where large areas have been exposed to
fires, grazing, the estabhshment of commercial
Aglaia amplexicaulis plantations and cutting for fuelwood but about lOOOkm'
Meliaceae VU D2 of forest are protected within sanctuaries.
Fiji Assessor: Pannell, CM.
A Fijian endemic of dense forest, known only from three Refs: 6509, 19129
collections.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Aglaia brassU
Refs: 6509, 19129 Meliaceae VU Ale
Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua
Aglaia angustifolia New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea),
Meliaceae VUAlc Solomon Islands (South Solomon)
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia This understorey tree is fairly common in lowland
(Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines primary and secondary forest up to 500m. The main
A tree of primary forest and swamp forest up to 1450m, threat to the species is loss of habitat.
suffering from habitat loss. Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Assessor: Paimell, CM. Refs: 6509, 17200. 19129
/?e/i.-6509, 17140, 19129
Aglaia brownii
Aglaia apiocarpa Meliaceae VU Ale
Meliaceae VUAlc Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), Indonesia
India, Sri Lanka (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
This species is found in wet evergreen forest, primary A small tree mainly found in coastal forest. Habitat
and secondary forest in southern India and Sri Lanka. It destruction is the main threat to the species.
is threatened by habitat destruction. Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. /?e/j.- 6509, 19129
Refs: 6509, 19129
Aglaia ceramica
Aglaia archiboldiana Meliaceae VU D2
Meliaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Moluccas)
Fiji A small tree endemic to primary forest in the Moluccas;
A forest tree known only from three localities on Viti it is apparently confined to four localities.
Levu. Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Refs: 6509, 19129
Refs: 6509, 19129
Aglaia chittagonga
Aglaia australiensis Meliaceae VU Ale
Meliaceae VU D2 Bangladesh, Taiwan, Thailand
Australia (Queensland) A small tree of lowland forest found along rivers and
This small tree occurs in lowland rainforest, coastal near beaches. It is named after the type location in
rainforest and complex mesophyll forest in the Cook Chittagong, Bangladesh. Habitat destruction is the main
District, Queensland. However, more information is threat to the species.
needed on the status of the forest in this region. Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Refs: 6509, 7933, 19053, 19129
/Je/js; 6509, 19129
40
Species Summaries
A species of primary, secondary and gallery forest up to A forest shrub or tree conflned to the Mount Evans
range of north-west Viti Levu.
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Refs: 6509
41
The World List of Threatened Trees
Thailand, Viet Nam A small slender tree only known from two forest
This tree is quite common in the primary and secondary localities on Viti Levu.
forests of Peninsular Malaysia. It is potentially Assessor: Pannell, CM.
threatened by habitat loss. /?e/i.- 6509, 19129
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Refs: 6509, 9199, 11145, 19129 Aglaia grandis
Meliaceae LR/nt
Aglaia flavescens Indonesia (Sulawesi), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia),
Meliaceae VU D2 Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea A tree apparently confined to primary forest, a habitat
A small tree confined to the island of New Guinea. So type which is being destroyed. A. perfulva may be
far it is known from only four localities. synonymous or possibly a subspecies of this taxon.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Refs: 6509, 19129 /?c/i;6509, 11145, 19129
Meliaceae LR/nt Papua New Guinea. So far it is known from only four
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular localities.
Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Occurring in lowland forest and swamp forest up to /fe/i.- 6509, 19129
1000m, this tree could be threatened by habitat loss.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Aglaia korthalsU
«e/i;6509, 11145, 19129 Meliaceae LR/nt
Bhutan, Brunei, India (Assam), Indonesia (Kalimantan,
Aglaia fragilis Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia
Meliaceae VU D2 (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines,
Fiji Thailand
A forest tree endemic to Fiji. It appears to be confined to Found up to 1700m, this tree grows in primary and
a single locality, but may be extinct. secondary forest as well as peat swamp forest. Habitat
Assessor: Pannell, CM. loss could pose a threat to this species. The arillate seeds
Refs: 6509, 19129 of this species are dispersed by primates.
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Aglaia glabrata «e/j; 6509, 7087, 19129
Meliaceae LR/nt
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan,
Moluccas, Sumatra), Aglaia lancilimba
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Meliaceae LR/nt
A fairly common tree of forest and *kerangas, possibly Indonesia (Bali, Lesser Sunda Is., Sulawesi), Malaysia
threatened in the future by habitat loss. (Sabah), Philippines
Assessor: Pannell, CM. A tree found in forest, including swamp forests in the
Re/i; 6509, 7087, 19129 Philippines, Bumbun Island of Sabah, Bali, Sumbawa,
Flores and Sulawesi of Indonesia. The species might be
at risk in the near future from habitat loss.
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
;je/i; 6509, 19129
42
Species Summaries
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea apart. The enormous seeds are dispersed by cassowaries.
Fairly widespread but rare, this understorey forest Assessor: Pannell, CM.
species is restricted to New
Guinea where there is a Refs: 7510, 19129, 19139
potential threat from logging and forest conversion.
Assessor: Paimell, CM. Aglaia macrocarpa
Refs: 6509, 19129 Meliaceae LR/nt
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas?,
Aglaia lepiorrhachis Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia,
Meliaceae VUAlc Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines?, Singapore, Thailand,
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Viet Nam
A small tree endemic to the lowland and hill forests of A species of lowland, hill and ridge forest up to 1740m,
New Guinea. Habitat destruction poses a threat to this potentially threatened by habitat destruction.
species. Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Refs: 6509, 7087, 8865, 9199, 11145, 19129
Refs: 6509, 19129
Aglaia macrostigma
Aglaia leptantha Meliaceae VU D2
Meliaceae LR/nt Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatra), Malaysia This species is restricted to primary forest in Peninsular
(Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia. It is known from only four localities.
Viet Nam? Assessor: Pannell, CM.
A tree occurring in many forest habitats and in seasonal Refs: 6509, 19129
swamps; habitat loss is the main threat to this species.
The wood of this widespread tree is used for furniture Aglaia malabarica
and house construction. Meliaceae CRDl
Assessor: Patmell, CM. India (Kerala)
/?c/j; 4919, 6509, 9199, 10547, 11145, 19129 A fairly common tree where it occurs, restricted to the
type locality in evergreen forest in northern Kerala.
Aglaia leucoclada There is also a second field record of an occurrence
Meliaceae VUAlc further north in Wayanad.
Papua New Guinea Assessor: Pannell, CM.
An understorey tree endemic to Papua New Guinea. Refs: 6509, 19129, 19144
Habitat destruction is the main threat to this species.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Aglaia malaccensis
Refs: 6509, 19129 Meliaceae LR/nt
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
Aglaia leucophylla Malaysia), Philippines
Meliaceae LR/nt A timber tree of primary and secondary forest threatened
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), by habitat destruction.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Philippines, Thailand Refs: 6509, 8865, 10547, 11145, 18327, 19129
This species, usually found in secondary forest, is
43
The World List of Threatened Trees
44
Species Summaries
45
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 6509, 7087, 1 1 145, 19129 Malaysia. Habitat loss is the main threat to this tree.
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Aglaia simplicifolia We/i.- 6509, 9199, 19129
Meliaceae LR/nt
Brunei, India, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Aglaia teysmanniana
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Meliaceae LR/nt
Thailand China, Indonesia (Irian Kalimantan,
Jaya?, Java,
A widepread species found in the understorey of many Moluccas?, Sulawesi), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea?,
different forest types. Habitat loss could pose a threat. Philippines, Thailand
Assessor: Pannell, CM. A widespread tree of primary and secondary forest up to
Refs: 6509,10$!, 19129 1670m. Declines in habitat could pose a threat to this
species. Collections from the Moluccas and New Guinea
Aglaia smithii may represent a distinct species.
Meliaceae VU Ale Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Refs: 6509, 19129
Sulawesi), Philippines
A small, locally common tree found in lowland primary Aglaia unifolia
and coastal forests. Habitat destruction poses a threat to Meliaceae CR Dl
the species. It is used for poles in Irian Jaya and for Fiji
temporary construction in the Philippines. A known only from the type collection taken
small tree
Assessor: Pannell, CM. in 1947 from a forest on the ridge between Mount
Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 Nanggaranambuluta and Mount Namama, Viti Levu. It
is possibly extinct.
Aglaia speciosa Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Meliaceae VUAlc Refs: 6509, 19129
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia
(Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) Aglaia variisquama
Found between 5 and 2200m, this tree of primary and Mehaceae VU Ale
secondary forest is threatened by habitat destruction. Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia,
Assessor: Pannell, CM. Sabah, Sarawak)
Refs: 6509, 11145, 19129 A tree scattered throughout primary and secondary
forest, *kerangas, swamps and along rivers between 2(X)
Aglaia squamulosa and 430m. Habitat loss is the main threat to the species.
Assessor: Pannell, CM. This endemic species is found in both secondary and
Refs: 6509, 19129 primary forests. Loss of habitat is a potential threat to
the species.
Aglaia subcuprea Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Meliaceae LR/nt Refs: 6509, 19129
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea (Bismarck
Archipelago, Papua New Guinea) Aglaia yzermannii
A tree of primary and secondary forest up to 2570m, Meliaceae VU D2
often in periodically inundated areas. The main potential Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
threat to the species is habitat destruction. The Solomon A small rheophyte, locally common but confined to
Islands specimen might be a new undescribed species. riverine forest on granite soils, especially next to the
Assessor: Pannell, CM. deeper areas of fast-flowing stony rivers. It is known
«e/i:6509, 11145, 19129 from only three localites.
Assessor: Pannell, CM.
Refs: 6509, 19129
46
Species Summaries
Lauraceae VUBl+2c from two localities and one historical record. At least
Brazil (Sao Paulo) one of these populations has suffered from a severe
Known only from Sao Paulo, this species is confined to reduction in numbers from fire and felling. The species
gallery forest within the *cerrado. is expected to occur in more inaccessible areas of south-
47
The World List of Threatened Trees
Alangium circulare west ParanS and west Santa Catarina in the basins of Rfo
Alangiaceae VU D2 Igua9U and Ri'o Uruguai.
Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small forest tree, apparently a component of Refs: 5994
*kerangas forest, known only from Bukit Siol, Sempadi
Forest Reserve and Gunung Pueh, 1st Division. Albizia carrii
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Leguminosae VUBI+2c
Refs: 19017 Papua New Guinea
This endemic tree is so far known only from areas of
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
This lowland tree is relatively common but restricted to Refs: 19140
remaining peat swamp forest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Albizia edwarllii
Refs: 18327, 19017 Leguminosae VUBI+2c
Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Parana, Santa Catarina,
Alangium longiflorum Sao Paulo)
Alangiaceae VUAlc This species is restricted to Atlantic forest in the
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Atlantic-Uruguay River watershed, occurring in
eastern and central Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola. Refs: 4492, 10351, 12630
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Refs: 19149 Albizia leonardii
Leguminosae VUBI+2c
Albizia buntingii Haiti
Leguminosae VU D2 A small tree, localised in dry thickets in the north-west
Venezuela of Haiti.
A small tree known only from the type locality in the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Maracaibo basin. Refs: 5994
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5994 Albizia malacophylla var. malacophylla
Leguminosae VU Alc+2c
Albizia burkartiana Eritrea, Ethiopia
Leguminosae VUB1-k2c Restricted to wooded grasslands in the western
Brazil (Parang, Santa Catarina) highlands of Eritrea, Tigray and Welo, this variety
A species of Araucaria woodland, foimd only in south-
48
Species Summaries
continues to lose large parts of its habitat to agriculture, Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis
human settlement and overcutting for fiielwood. Sapindaceae CR Dl
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre USA (Hawaii)
Refs: 1330, 18523 A variety confined to East Maui, where it once occurred
in various forest types in Auwahi and Kanaio Districts
Albizia muUiflora var. sagasteguU between 790 to 1070m. The population size was
Leguminosae VU D2 reported to be large in the first half of the century bjt
Peru has subsequently declined to about nine individuals
A tree known only from the type collection, near San within 29ha of private and state-owned ranchland. Trees
Benito, in Cajamarca. are protected from damage by cattle but the population
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre suffers from an infestation of the black twig borer. The
Refs: 5994 species as a whole is protected by the US Endangered
Species Act.
Albizia obbiadensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae Vl)Bl+2c Refs: 3372, 19087
Somalia
A distinct species of uncertain affinity. It is conflned to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
the coast, where it occurs in bushland on sand. Habitat Sapindaceae EN C2a
degradation is a threat. USA (Hawaii)
Assessor: Thulin, M. This variety has been recorded from various lowland
/Je/S.- 7550, 8697, 18665 forest types in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on
Oahu, in Waimea Canyon and Na Pali Coast State Park
Albizia plurijuga on Kauai, on Molokai and on the Honokowai Ditch Trail
Leguminosae ENBl+2c on West Maui. Oahu holds the largest populations,
Mexico totalling about 400 plants. Fewer than 100 plants exist
Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzilez-Espinosa on Kauai and only a very few plants are known from the
Refs: 12985, 17165 other islands.It has disappeared from parts of its former
49
The World List of Threatened Trees
A cloud forest species found in good numbers in the islands making up Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo and
Astove. is a constituent of inland mixed scrub.
North Udzungwa, Nguru Mountains and Uluguru It
A species occurring disjunctly, with populations in suggesting that extremely rare or possibly extinct.
it is
Mexico and Honduras. The species is found in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
deciduous forest in the Caribbean lowlands in Honduras. Rf/i.-9176, 17195, 19112
Assessor: Nelson, C.
Rc/i; 4974, 13995 Allophylus marquesensis
Sapindaceae DD
AUexis cauttflora French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.)
Violaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c A shrub or small tree recorded from Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa,
Ghana, Nigeria Tahuata and Ua Huka.
A small tree with a disjunct, Guinea-wide distribution. It Assessor: Florence, J.
known from the contiguous forest area covered by the Allophylus rapensis
Oban Division of the Cross River National Park in Sapindaceae DD
Nigeria and Korup National Park in Cameroon. Areas French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.)
outside the parks have been heavily deforested and This species is endemic to Rapa Iti.
50
Species Summaries
is expected that the population across the border into Assessor: Thulin, M.
Irian Jaya is similarly threatened. Refs: 18665
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Refs: 19114, 19147 Aloe helenae
Aloaceae CR Dl
AUuaudia procera Madagascar
Didiereaceae LR/nt An arborescent aloe, endemic to southern Madagascar,
Madagascar where two or three populations are known to occur in
A major component of dry scrub and forest in the thorny bush on sandy shores in the Fort Dauphin region.
extreme south of Madagascar, beyond the Tropic of Each population consists of less than 10 adult
Capricorn. The habitat type has been replaced by individuals. No regeneration has been observed. The
grassland over much of its range. The wood is useful species is listed in Appendix I of *CrrES.
and the species is a focus of silvicultural studies. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19205
Refs: 4628, 5651, 6161, 14208
51
77ie World List of Threatened Trees
the stems in up to a third of the population. The impact Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
of goats, donkeys and plant collectors may also be Refs:ll&], 19073
detrimental. It has been suggested that this species,
along with A. dichotoma and Pachypodium Alseodaphne dura
namaquanum, represents a keystone in the ecosystem, Lauraceae LR/cd
being one of the few perennial plants able to tolerate the Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
conditions and provide an important source of shelter, A lowland forest tree confined to the states of
nectar, food and moisture, especially to the avifauna. It Terengganu and Pahang. It is known only from a few
is listed in *CITES Appendix I. herbarium specimens, but there is hope that the species
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. receives a degree of protection within the permanent
/^e/i; 689, 19141,19218 forest estate. It could be a species of Dehaasia.
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Aloe ramosissima Refs: 8464, 19073
Aloaceae VU C2a, D2
Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape) Alseodaphne garciniaecarpa
A bushy aloe which is doubtfully distinct from A. Lauraceae LR/cd
dichotoma, except that the main stem rarely exceeds Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
60cm. It is confined to desert mountainsides and arid Confined to the lowland forests of Perak, the species
ravines in the Richtersveld of the Northern Cape and may receive a degree of protection within the permanent
southern Namibia. Some localities are affected by forest estate.
mining activities and overgrazing by Uvestock. Limited Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
field experience suggests there are few signs of Refs: 8464, 19073
regeneration. The species is listed in *CrrES Appendix
I. Alseodaphne hainanensis
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Lauraceae VUAIcd
Refs: 689, 19218 China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam
An important timber tree with a distribution restricted to
Aloe suzannae submontane rainforest on the mountains of southern
Aloaceae CR Dl Hainan Island and on Bu Kep Mountain in northern Viet
Madagascar Nam. It is a slow-growing tree which produces high-
An arborescent aloe confined to thorny bush on sandy quality wood, susceptible to overexploitation.
shores in the Amboasary region and Itampolo in south Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
and south-west Madagascar. Only a few adult Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357
individuals are known in each population and there isno
evidence of regeneration. The species has been Alseodaphne micrantha
cultivated from wild seed, but fewer than six reared Lauraceae VUBl+2c
plants exist in nurserys in Madagascar. The species is Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
listed in *CITES Appendix I. A scattered tree confined to lowland forest in Johore.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Most of the lowland forest has been cleared for
Refs: 19205 agriculture in this region, but the species may receive a
degree of protection within permanent forest reserves.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Refs: 8464, 19073, 19182
52
Species Summaries
Alstonia annamensis the centre of the island, where it occurs in dry open
Apocynaceae EN B 1 +2c forest at 1 100m. The area is given no protection and is
Viet Nam somewhat threatened by increasing settlement.
To date this tree has been collected only three times Regeneration appears to be poor.
from a single locality of dry montane forest. Assessor: Lu. S.Y. & F.J. Pan
Assessor: Sidiyasa, K. Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19051
Refs: 17692, 19046
Amanoa bracteosa
Ahtonia beatricis Euphorbiaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c
Apocynaceae VU D2 Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone
Indonesia (Irian Jaya) A species found in swamp forest or along stream banks
Known only from the type locality, this small tree is in wet evergreen forest. It occurs in Ankasa Game
found in open woodland on Waigeo Island, where it is Production Reserve, along with A, strobilacea, in
locally common. Ghana, but is too rare to be recorded in forest
Assessor: Sidiyasa, K. inventories. Although it is common on parts of Mount
Refs: 14811,19046 Nimba in Liberia, the forest has been cleared extensively
by mining operations and by the effects of an increasing
Alstonia brevUoba population requiring land for farming.
Apocynaceae VU Bl+2c Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Papua New Guinea Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061
Collected only three times, the species occurs in
secondary and primary montane forest. Amanoa strobilacea
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Euphorbiaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c
Refs: 17692, 19046 Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia
This species is restricted largely to swampy areas within
lowland evergreen rainforest. The general loss of its
habitat, because of commercial forestry activities and
mining, has continued at a considerable rate.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
«e/i: 2773, 8369, 12061
53
The World List of Threatened Trees
has been heavily exploited for its wood, used for making Assessor: Pan, F.J.
luxury furniture. In Rondonia the number of sawmills, Refs: 2106, 6469, 13041, 19050
which principally process A. acreana, increased
eightfold between 1975 and 1982. The species is now on Amentotaxus poilanei
the official list of threatened species compiled by Taxaceae VU Al c, B 1 +2c
*IBAMA in 1992. The taxonomic status of the genus is Viet Nam
not consolidated, there being confusion between this and A montane species, only known from Kon Turn
A. cearensis. Province in Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve.
Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 4870, 8815, 15478, 15539, 16123 Re/j.- 848, 1491, 11191
logging. Small trees grow around granite outcrops Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
where they are safe from commercial exploitation. Refs: 848, 1739, 1818, 11847, 13041, 15357
Regeneration appears to be poor where adequate
management is not in place. The taxonomic status of the Amesiodendron chinense
genus is not consolidated, there being confiision between Sapindaceae LR/nt
this speciesand A. acreana. China, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular
Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Malaysia), Viet Nam
Refs: 1262, 11936, 12268, 12837, 13295, 13947, 19170, A genus, probably monotypic, which is widely occurring
19179 in primary rainforest. In Viet Nam, it is a dominant
component of some forest localities and has been
Amentotaxus argotaenia observed to regenerate well, although population
Taxaceae VUAlc reductions have occurred. In China the species,
China (Fujian?, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, recognised under the synonym A. tienlinensis, is
Hunan, Jiangsu?, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Zhejiang?), restricted to limestone areas in the Dayao Mountains,
Viet Nam Tianlin and Leye Counties in Guangxi and Luodian,
The status of this widely occurring forest species is Wangmo and Zhenfeng Counties in Guizhou. A valuable
affected by slow growth rates, infrequent regeneration, timber is harvested from the tree and in some places is
poor seed dispersal and predation by rats. Forest clearing overexploited.
and habitat modification have also contributed to Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
population declines. Refs: 848,7673, 11847, 15357, 18389
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs:31i. 11191 Amoora dasyclada
Meliaceae VU Ale
Amentotaxus argotaenia var. brevifoUa China (Guangdong Hainan, Yunnan), Viet Nam
-
54
Species Summaries
Costa Rica populations are also largely confined to Che Anacolosa densiflora
Pacific side. Most parts of the range are experiencing Olacaceae ENBl+2c
moderate to high human impact. India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Assessor: Mitr6, M. A large tree, collected three times from separate
Refs: 7980, 16772 localitiesof lowland evergreen rainforest at the southern
end of the Western Ghats.
Amphitecna moUitae Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Bignoniaceae EN CI Refs: 19144
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
A cloud forest tree, occurring in a habitat which is Anaxagorea coslaricensis
rapidly declining through deforestation. Annonaceae EN CI
Assessor: Nelson, C. Costa Rica, Honduras
Refs: 730, 3917, 7980, 13316, 13995, 16973 A rare species of wet lowland forest.
Assessor: Nelson, C.
Amphitecna sessilifoUtis Refs: 13995
Bignoniaceae VU CI
Costa Rica, Panama Andira galeottiana
A cloud forest tree, distributed widely from mid to high Leguminosae VU Ale
elevations in Costa Rica but only in a restricted area of Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz)
high forest in Chiriquf and Bocas del Toro in Panama A canopy tree of remnant rainforest in the Gulf region of
near the Costa Rica border. Populations are relatively Mexico.
sparse, with few juvenile individuals. Most of the high- Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
altitude localities are contained within protected areas, Refs: 5993, 15791, 19124
but outside these populations are highly susceptible to
clearing and encroaching agriculture. Angylocalyx braunii
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Leguminosae VUBl+2b
Refs: 7980, 16772 Kenya, Tanzania
A species restricted to patches of riverine forest and
Amphitecna spathiealyx moist forest. Populations occur in the Tana River area
Bignoniaceae CRBl+2b and Kwale in south-east Kenya and in eastern Tanzania.
Panama Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
A single population is known. It occurs within lowland Rc/i: 3356, 6396, 10961
evergreen forest between 800 and 900m in the Altos de
Campana National Park. Attempts to locate it outside of Anibaferrea
the park have been unsuccessful. Lauraceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: Mitr^, M. Brazil (Amazonas)
Refs: 5335, 7980, 13316, 16772 Restricted to high non-flooded forest, this tree is
55
The World List of Threatened Trees
Suriname
A species only recorded from the type collection, Anisophyllea chartacea
gathered at Tafelberg. Anisophylleaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia (Sarawak)
Refs: 7950, 7980, 19196 A tree known only from the type specimen collected in
lowland mixed dipterocarp forest from UIu Balleh in the
Aniba rosaeodora Kapit District.
Lauraceae EN A 1 d+2d Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Brazil (AmapS, Amazonas, Paii), Colombia, Ecuador, Refs: 19017
French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Populations throughout the species range have seriously Anisophyllea cinnamomoides
declined because of rosewood oil extraction. Substantial Anisophylleaceae VU Ale
wild stands are believed to exist still which are
in areas Sri Lanka
unlikely to be exploited, but where there has been A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of
exploitation the population is devoid of mature trees and south-west Sri Lanka.
significant signs of regeneration are absent. Trees of all Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
sizes are harvested indiscriminately, the whole tree and Refs: 15431, 17195
its roots being destroyed. The sole producer at present is
Brazil, although the species was wiped out through Anisophyllea curtisii
exploitation over large areas in French Guiana between Anisophylleaceae VU Bl-t-2a
1910 and 1930. Harvesting is costly and is taking place Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
in more and more remote locations concentrated around Occurring in rainforest up to 260m, the most prominent
Amazon tributaries, principally in Amazonas and Pari. threat to this species is the expansion of settlements.
Mobile distillation factories have also moved deep into Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
the forest and trees. Levels of exploitation have Refs: 19073
significantly declined with increased use of synthetic
oils, the current world market resting at about 100 Anisophyllea ferruginea
tonnes pa. Silvicultural studies are being carried out by Anisophylleaceae VU A led
*FCAP with the assistance of UK institutions. Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak)
Assessor: Varty, N. A generally uncommon tree, occurring in mixed
Refs: 4506, 7950, 8815, 12109, 15539, 15714, 19069, dipterocarp forest up to 600m. It is locally abundant in
19077, 19095, 19179 places.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Aniba santalodora Refs: 19017
Lauraceae VU D2
Brazil (Amazonas) Anisophyllea globosa
This species is restricted to a small area of high Amazon Anisophylleaceae VU D2
forest and secondary growth. Malaysia (Sabah)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A open secondary vegetation known only from
tree of
Refs: 7950, 7980 its at the edge of a steep gully in Bengkoka
type locality
in the Kudat District.
Aniba vaupesiana Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Lauraceae VU D2 Refs: 19017
Colombia
Known only from the type specimen, this species is Anisophyllea grandis
confined to Vaup6s. Anisophylleaceae VUBI+2a
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Refs: 7950, 7980 A species of lowland and hill rainforest up to 700m,
threatened mainly by the expansion of settlements.
Anisophyllea apetala Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Anisophylleaceae VUBl+2a Refs: 19073
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A tree of moist lowland and hill forest. Anisophyllea impressinervia
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Anisophylleaceae VU D2
Refs: 19073 Malaysia (Sabah)
Known only from the type collection from Bengkoka in
56
Species Summaries
the Kudat District, this tree occurs in secondary lowland Anisoptera Uteris
forest atan altitude of 50m. Dipterocarpaceae ENAlcd+2cd
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah,
Refs: 19017 Sarawak), Singapore
A timber tree which is widespread and recorded in a
Anisophyllea nitida number of proposed reserve sites. The conservation
Anisophylleaceae VU D2 status of the tree results from land conversion and
Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) destruction over the past century.
This species is highly localised and known only from Assessor: Ashton, P.
Kuala Penyu in south-west Sabah and the Niah area of Refs: 7673, 7875, 9169, 9199, 13857
north-east Sarawak, where it grows in lowland
secondary or disturbed mixed dipterocarp forest on Anisoptera marginata
sandy soils. Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd-t-2cd
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Refs: 19017 A species of mixed peat-swamp forest and heath
forest.The timber is used for house construction.
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, north-west Guangxi, south-east Guizhou, south-east
Sarawak) Yunnan in China, and from a few localised populations
A lowland dipterocarp forest species found growing on in north and west Viet Nam. In China the species has
sandy clay soils. Its timber is often used for plywood. been difficult to locate at recorded localities and the
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 11295. 13857,14573
57
The World List of Threatened Trees
58
Species Summaries
Refs: 7980, 10686, 14717, 16772 low altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere
reserve.
Anthodiscus montanus Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Caryocaraceae EN B 1 +2c Refs: 4986
Colombia
An endemic to BoyacS. Antidesma pyrifolium
Assessor: Calderon, E. Euphorbiaceae VU Ale
Re/s.- 4217, 7980, 19069 Sri Lanka
A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of
Anthonotha lebrunii south-west Sri Lanka.
Leguminosae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Democratic Republic of Congo /?e/j; 9176, 17195
Known only from one locality, this species occurs in
part of the Forestier Centra] at Bumbuli. Pressures exist Antidesma subolivaceum
from overcutting and agricultural expansion. Euphorbiaceae VUBI+2c
Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Philippines
*e/i;7550, 17185, 17951 Endemic to Palawan, the species is found in primary
forests atlow altitude.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 4986
59
The World List of Threatened Trees
of Cuba and in the province of Pinar del Rio, and also have led to considerable population declines.
Hispaniola. The habitat of this species is under threat Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
from felling. Re/j; 2072, 4919, 18088
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Refs: 19149 Apiopetalum velutinum
Araliaceae LR/cd
Antirhea sintenisU New Caledonia
Rubiaceae VU Bl+2c Assessor: JaffrS, T. el al.
60
Species Summaries
Aporosa fusiformis Viet Nam, where it is very rare and restricted to Tay
Euphorbiaceae CRBl+2c Qu^g Nam in Da Nang.
Sri Lanka Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
During the extensive National Conservation Review Refs: 848
forest surveys, only two individuals were found at a
single locality in the lowland rainforest of Kegalle Aquilaria beccariana
District. Thymelaeaceae VUAld
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia
Refs: 19112 This species occurs in primary and secondary forest,
sometimes in swamp forest, up to 800m. The fiingi-
Euphorbiaceae ENBl+2c genus, has high commercial value for making incense,
India (Kamataka, Kerala) perfume and traditional medicine. Numerous trees are
A poorly collected species, reported from a few cut down, many uninfected, to harvest just a few
scattered locations in lowland rainforest. kilogrammes of the diseased wood. The increase in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre levels of trade over the past decade has resulted in
Refs: 19144 overexploitation throughout its range.
Assessor:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Aporusa cardiosperma R^s: 1766, 19059
Euphorbiaceae VU Ale
Sri Lanka Aquilaria crassna
A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of Thymelaeaceae CR Alcd
south-west Sri Lanka. Cambodia. Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre The red list category is largely based on the situation in
Apterosperma oblata
Theaceae VUBl+2c Aquilaria hirta
Thymelaeaceae VUAld
China (Guangdong, Guangxi)
Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore
First discovered in the 1960s, the species is thought to
have become extinct in its original location on Mount A small tree occurring in lowland forest on hill slopes.
Hewei, which has been cleared of forest. Further The fiingi-infected heartwood, characteristic of all
61
The World List of Threatened Trees
The species is considered critically endangered in India Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
and export has been prohibited. It is included in Refs: 19098, 19100
Appendix llof *C1TES.
Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Araucaria angustifolia
Refs: 1086, 5550, 5626, 6646, 8865, 9199. 9328, 10471, Araucariaceae VUAIcd+2cd
12959, 14490, 17140, 19058. 19059, 19209 Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parana. Rio
de Janeiro?. Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao
Aquilaria microcarpa Paulo), Paraguay
Thymelaeaceae VU Aid Parana pine is the most important timber species in
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Singapore Brazil. Although an abundant species, it has undergone
This species grows in lowland forest up to 200m continuous decline in the extent of its occurrence
altitude. The fungi-infected heartwood, charactenstic of through logging. The original extent of Araucaria forest,
all members of the genus, has high commercial value in estimated at 200,000km'. is believed to have declined by
the production of perfume and traditional
incense, more than 80% in the last Rio Grande do
century. In
medicine. Numerous trees are cut down, many which was
Sul, for instance, the forest area, over half of
uninfected, to harvest just a few kilogrammes of the made up o( Araucaria, has plummetted from 40% land
diseased wood. The increase in levels of trade over the cover to 3% today. Araucaria forest in Sao Paulo
past decade has resulted in overexploitation throughout covers 4.3% of its original area. In addition, 3,400 tons
its range. per annum of fruit and seeds are collected for human
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre consumption. The Paraguay population is small and
Refs:9\99, 16104, 19059 confined to Alto Parana. Seeding trees are scarce. Small
relict populations, covering less than lOOOha, in north-
Aquilaria rostrata east Misiones, Argentina, are all that remain of the forest
Thymelaeaceae DD that in I960 covered 2IO,OOOha. The species is included
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) on the compiled by *IBAMA of threatened
official list
A rare submontane rainforest species, found only in Brazilian plants.
Pahang, at Wray's camp on Gunung Tahan in Taman Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin
Negara National Park. The species taxonomic status is Refs: 4506, 5112, 7980, 8815, 11374, 13041, 13947,
doubtful. It is similar to A. malaccensis but the specimen 15539, 16595, 19124, 19179
material is too poor to verify the floral characters.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Araucaria araucana
«e/i; 8464, 8865, 19073 Araucariaceae VUAlcd
Argentina (Neuquen), Chile
Aquilaria sinensis Known widely as the Monkey Puzzle tree, this species
Thymelaeaceae VUBl+2cde ranges from the Coastal Cordillera of Chile to the Andes
China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan, Guangxi, in Argentina. The populations on the coast are restricted
Yunnan) and highly threatened. Andean populations are severely
An important source of medicine, the species is fragmented. Chile holds the largest populations, most of
restricted to Jinghong in Yunnan, Guangdong, including which are being illegally felled in and outside national
Hainan Island and Guangxi. It is mainly found in semi- park boundaries. The Chilean populations are listed in
evergreen monsoon forest up to altitudes of 400m. There *CITES Appendix I and the Argentinian in Appendix II.
is concern over the rates of exploitation and the damage Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
to trees incurred during the harvesting of the medicinal Refs: 5112. 7980, 1 1 1 47, 1 6328
balm. Habitat loss and clearance are also frequent.
Assessor: Sun, W. Araucaria bemieri
Refs: 1818,11847,19055 Araucariaceae LR/cd
New Caledonia
Aralia javanica Confined to areas of moist evergreen forest in the south,
Araliaceae VU Bl+2c this valued timber species is under some pressure from
Indonesia (Java) logging. It is well represented in protected areas
The species is synonymous with A. dasyphylla.
possibly including Rivifere Bleue Provincial Park and Montagne
It occurs in montane forests between 2000 and 3000m des Sources Nature Reserve, where it is safe from being
on Mount Papandayan, Malabar and Dieng. felled.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 9078 Refs: 10351,12630
62
Species Summaries
Refs: 12630, 13041 ultramafic massifs in the north-west, the species has
experienced severe population declines because of
Araucaria hunsteinU nickel mining activities. Mining is now more strictly
Araucariaceae LR/nt controlled and there have been good results from
Papua New Guinea attempts to recolonise the mine spoil. However, this
Recorded to be the tallest tree in Malesia, reaching 90m species appears to regenerate poorly and grow slowly.
mainly in Fagaceae forest
in height, the species occurs None of the populations is protected.
between 520 and 2100m. It has been reduced to Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
scattered stands because of heavy exploitation of the Refs: 10351, 12630
good-quality timber. The species habitat is also
threatened by shifting agriculture, fire and damage Araucaria schmidii
caused by Small plantations of SOOOha exist
feral pigs. Araucariaceae VU D2
in Papua New Guinea and it has been introduced to New Caledonia
Australia, Fiji and Peninsular Malaysia on an A well -protected species confined to montane cloud
experimental scale. The export of Araucaria logs has foreston Mont Pani£. The area is inaccessible and not
been banned in Papua New Guinea. under threat. However, the species is confined to an area
Assessor: Conifer Specialist Group
SSC considerably less than 100km'.
Refs: 707,4506, 13041, 13204, 14573, 19147 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 12630, 13041
Araucaria laubenfelsii
Araucariaceae LR/cd Araucaria scopulorum
New Caledonia Araucariaceae ENBI+2c
A species scattered on the southern ultramafic massifs. It New Caledonia
is uncommon and confined to a few localities of Small populations occur in maquis shrubland on
submontane forest where wildfires can be a hazard. ultramafic soil in two or three sites on the north-east
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group coast. They are completely unprotected in a well-
New Caledonia
Small populations are confined fewer than five coastal
to Araiicaria subulata
of the island. None Araucariaceae LR/cd
sites on ultramafic soils in the south
of the populations is protected and in places, e.g. Plum, New Caledonia
Endemic to New Caledonia, the species is scattered in
63
.
64
Species Summaries
the border with Costa Rica. The habitat is declining Ardisia colonensis
under increasing human activities, logging, agriculture Myrsinaceae ENBl+2bd
and farming. Panama
Assessor: Miti6, M. A scarce species of lowland moist open forest, known
Refs: 16772 only from a few collections in the region of Santa Rita in
Col6n Province. The area is relatively well studied. It is
Ardisia amplexicaulis also unprotected and has experienced an influx of people
Myrsinaceae ENBl+2c over recent years, resulting in the loss of a large part of
India (Kerala) the forest.
A poorly known species, occurring as a small tree in Assessor: Miu€, M.
submontane evergreen forest in the Western Ghats. Only Refs: 16772
two imprecise collections exist, one from the
Agastyamalai Hills and the other from the Wayanad Ardisia darienensis
area. Myrsinaceae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Panama
Refs: 19144 Collections have been made only in Darien, the type
collection coming from Darien National Park.
Ardisia antonensis Assessor: Mitre, M.
Myrsinaceae DD Refs: 16772
Panama
The species has been collected only once from the Ardisia dukei
province of Cocl^. No further records have beenmade, Myrsinaceae EN Bl+2c
but many more collections from the family await Panama
identification. The species has been found only in DariSn Province,
Assessor: M\u€, M. where it is present in reasonable numbers in Cerro Pirre
Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 within Darien National Park.
Assessor: Mitre, M.
Ardisia blatteri Refs: 7980, 16772
Myrsinaceae EN B I +2c
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Ardisia eugenioides
Known from just two collections, the species occurs in Myrsinaceae ENBl+2c
submontane evergreen forest at the southern end of the Panama
Western Ghats. Known under the genus Ardisia in Panama, this species
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre isconfined to cloud forest between 2000 and 2600m in
Refs: 19144 Fortuna Forest Reserve and its vicinity in Gualaca,
Chiriquf Province. It is known only from a few
Ardisia brittonii collections and appears to be particularly sparse outside
The species is known from a single locality in Peckham 19(X)m, including areas opened up by ranching. It is a
Woods, Clarendon, where it occurs on a rocky limestone common plant within a restricted area of
relatively
Corcovado National Park in Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
hilltop at about 760m.
Assessor: Kelly, D.L. This is the only population which is protected.
Ardisia chiriquiana
Myrsinaceae DD Ardisia geniculata
Panama Myrsinaceae DD
Only two records of the species have been made since Panama
the type specimen was collected from Cerro Pate Macho Known only from the type specimen dated 1940, the
may not be appropriate given that the species described Assessor: Mitre, M.
by Lundell are frequently identified as synonyms. Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772
Assessor: Mitr^, M.
Refs: 16772
65
The World List of Threatened Trees
Ardisia glomerata small area of forest between 800 and 100m. The area is
1
66
Species Summaries
has only been collected from scattered localities of located near river banks, on slopes or in open areas. It is
submontane forest in the Anamalai Hills. A single known occur in the Entiman-Lanjak Wildlife
to
occurrence is also recorded further south nearer the Sanctuary, and is in cultivation at Semengoh Arboretum
Travancore range. near Kuching, Sarawak. Forest management activities
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre are affecting some areas within the species range.
Refs: 19144 Assessor: Dransfield, J.
Refs: 19118
Ardisia squamulosa
Myrsinaceae VUAlcd Areca concinna
Philippines Palmae EN Ale
An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat Sri Lanka
loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to Endemic to Sri Lanka, this small clustering palm tree is
Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro. It occurs in Volc4n Bani lowland Although it is likely to be threatened by
forest.
National Park and a small part in the south-east of La increasing agriculture and forest management activities,
Amistad National Park. more fieldwork is needed to assign a category.
Assessor: Mitre, M. Assessor: Johnson, D.
Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772 Refs: 19118
Myrsinaceae LR/cd
Ecuador Areca hutchinsoniana
locally common in Palmae LR/nt
This small understorey tree is
Maquipucuna Forest Reserve. A pooriy known species found in only a few localities of
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre primary forest at low altitude in Mindanao.
Assessor: Madulid, D.
Refs: 2909
Refs: 19118
67
The World List of Threatened Trees
68
Species Summaries
woodland up to 1300m. Population numbers have Panama border. Although the entire population is
declined because of overexploitation and habitat loss. contained within protected areas, it is restricted in range
Assessor: Sun, W. and numbers, particularly of larger individuals.
Refs: 1818, 19055 Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772
Artocarpus nobilis
Moraceae VUAlc
Sri Lanka Aspidosperma megalocarpon
A tree restricted to lowland rainforest Apocynaceae LR/nt
in south-west Sri
Lanka. Belize, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname,
Refs: 15431, 17195
Venezuela
A common canopy tree of lowland seasonal rainforest.
Artocarpus rubrovenus The timber is exploited on a small scale. General habitat
losses have been considerable in the last 50 years.
Moraceae VUAld
Populations are considered threatened at a national level
Philippines
in Ecuador, Mexico and throughout Central America.
A lowland forest species which yields keledang timber
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
used for light construction.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3917,7140, 11449, 15037, 19161
69
The World List of Threatened Trees
Asterogyne yaracuyense A small tree known only from the type collection, which
Palmae CR Ale, Bl+2c, CI was gathered in 1927 from the south-eastern slope of
Venezuela Moimt Korombamba on Viti Levu.
A small palm, up to 5m tall, on
restricted to cloud forest Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
the mountain ridge of Santa Man'a and on La Chapa /?e/i.- 5515, 6053, 18818
ridge in Yaracuy state. Two years ago, a team from the
Herbario Nacional de Venezuela visited this area and Astronidium inflatum
foimd a massive deterioration of the habitat mainly due Melastomataceae CR Dl
to agriculture and logging. This tree was not found in Fiji
any of the neighbouring cloud forests and is presumed to Known only from Vanua Levu, the species occurs in
have a very restricted distribution. dense forest or thickets on crests or open hillsides
Assessor: Stauffer, F. between 700 and 1030m. Only a few sites are known,
Refs: 19118 each containing about 12 plants.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Asterophorum mennegae «e/i; 5515, 6053, 18818
Tiliaceae VU D2
Suriname Astronidium kasiense
This small tree of evergreen seasonal forest is known Melastomataceae CR Dl
from two
just collections. The type specimen was Fiji
gathered from a forest island in the Sipaliwini Savanna. The single collection known was gathered in 1934 on
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mount Kasi in dense forest between 300 and 430m. The
Refs: 1951 area has been exposed to mineral exploitation and the
species may now be extinct.
Astrocaryum alatum Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Palmae LR/nt /fe/i; 5515, 6053, 18818
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
A small palm tree common in the fragmented lowland Astronidium lepidotum
rainforest found along the Atlantic coast. The main Melastomataceae CR Dl
threat is the expansion of human habitation. It is Fiji
possibly conspecific with A. alatum. A poorly known from the same
species, collected twice
Assessor: Henderson, A. below 200m near the copper mine at
locality in forest
Refs: 19118 Waimaro River, Viti Levu. It has not been seen since
1964.
Astrocaryum minus Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Palmae CR Dl /fe/i; 5372, 5515, 6053, 18818
Brazil (Amazonas), French Guiana
An extremely rare single-stemmed palm of 2-5m height. Astronidium macranthum
The species occurs in the western Amazon basin and Melastomataceae LR/nt
more recently two individuals were discovered on the Fiji
Mont Grand Maroury, near Cayenne, French Guiana. Known from Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, the species
The principal threats to remaining individuals are fire occurs dry forest or forest edges up to 900m.
and logging. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: de Granville, J.J /Jc/i.- 5515, 6053, 18818
Refs: 19118
Astronidium ovalifolium
Astrocaryum triandrum Melastomataceae DD
Palmae ENBl+2c French Polynesia (Society Is.)
70
Species Summaries
widely in *cerrado. It is commercially overexploited for the southern slopes of the Escambray mountain range in
the decay-resistant dense wood. Large natural stands central Cuba. The habitat is degraded in places and
have become scarce in places. All size classes are felling or forest clearance is a constant threat.
exploited for a variety of uses; small trees for fencing Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
and larger trees for railroad ties, posts and other Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149
construction work. Some taxonomists still refer to the
species under the small genus Myracrodruon. Ateramnus glandulosus
Assessor: Prado, D. Euphorbiaceae VU BI+2c
Refs: 1262, 4506, 5112, 11936, 12837, 13686, 14291, Cuba, Jamaica
15539, 19170 In Cuba this small tree is confined to the deeply eroded
haystack mountain ranges of Pinar del Rio Province and
Attdaya capensis the Isla de Pinos.
Sapindaceae LR/cd Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
South Africa (Eastern Cape) Refs: 19118,19149
A small tree found in forest and bush, often on steep
wooded hill slopes, in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth and Ateramnus integer
supposedly further eastwards in the Transkei, although Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
there are no records to confirm this. It has been recorded Jamaica
from several localities, at least two of which are now An uncommon species confined to remaining areas of
contained within protected areas. The extent of thickets and woodlands on limestone in the central and
occurrence and number of mature trees have declined as
a result of habitat loss through the invasion of
71
The World List of Threatened Trees
western parishes. General habitat declines have been at the Fairchild Tropical Garden, but the mature palms
considerable, mostly caused by increasing agriculture. do not flower.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Johnson, D.
Refs: 6057, 7980 Refs: 19118,19166
72
Species Summaries
range. It was noted to be scarce at the turn of the century the south and south-east. It occurs in a number of
and few, if any, more recent records have been made, protected areas.
despite the area being relatively well surveyed. Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19098, 19103
Refs:6M\, 14276, 19144
Austrobuxus cracens
Aubregrinia taiensis Euphorbiaceae VU DI
Sapotaceae CRBl+2c New Caledonia
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana Assessor: Jalft6, T. et at.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre for the timber is the main cause of its decline. The seeds
Refs: 2724 are used locally and traded as rattles for dancers.
Assessor: African Regional Workshop
A ureliana fascicuUUa Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408
Solanaceae LR/cd
Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Avicennia lanata
Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) Avicenniaceae VUBI+2c
A frequent species of Atlantic coastal vegetation types in Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Found throughout Peninsular Malaysia, this species
73
The World List of Threatened Trees
grows in open clusters in moist coastal forest. Tourism Ayenia laevigata var. laevigata
and housing developments are this species' greatest Sterculiaceae VUBl+2c
threats. Jamaica
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. The type variety of a shrubby endemic, which is
Refs: 5550, 11647, 17214, 19073 confmed to remnants of dry lowland thicket and
woodland on limestone in St Andrew and St Thomas
Parishes. Almost all forest areas have been deforested or
Axinaea merianiae severely degraded.
Melastomataceae VUBl+2c Assessor: Bellingham, P.
Ecuador
/?e/i.- 401, 7980, 19116
An endemic of the High Andes in Ecuador, inhabiting
cloud forest between 2200m and 3715m in the provinces
Baccaurea glabrifolia
of Pichincha, Morona-Santiago, Gaidar, Azuay and Loja.
Euphorbiaceae VU B 1 +2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Philippines
/?e/i. 19119, 19120
An endemic tree of Palawan, found on forested slopes at
low altitude. The main island is declared a biosphere
74
1
Species Summaries
between 300 and 750m. The species can survive forest Badula platyphylta
degradation and destruction and is reputed to grow in Myrsinaceae EX
pastures. Mauritius
Assessor: Johnson, D. A cloud forest tree once known from the Savanne and
Refs: 19118 Mount Cocotte range. Recent searches for the species
throughout its known range have failed to uncover any
individuals.
Bactris longiseta
Assessor: Page, W.
Palmae VU A2c Refs: 1411,9120,16426
Costa Rica
A small palm tree of lowland rainforest, occurring up to
Badula reticulata
1000m in Alajuela, Heredia and Lim6n. The species is
Myrsinaceae CR DI
scarce and threatened by habitat destruction and
Mauritius
disturbance.
Just five individuals appear to remain of this cloud forest
Assessor: Johnson, D.
treelet, three Savanne range, where an 8ha
in the
Refs: 19118
conservation area has now been
designated, and single
plants have been recently discovered at Macchabe and
building work and plantation agriculture near the coast. the Matumbi Namakutwa and Tong'omba
Hills, within
The species does not survive outside the rainforest. Forest Reserves (46km' and 25km' respectively). The
Assessor: Noblick, L. former is a productive reserve: forest on the plateau
continues to be cleared for agriculture and illegal
Refs: 19118
logging has been occurring in the more riverine areas.
The latter also experiences some agricultural
Bactris setulosa encroachment but its boundaries are being cleared,
Palmae LR/nt which will help to prevent further declines.
Colombia, Ecuador, Pern, Trinidad and Tobago, Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Venezuela Refs: 2459, 16796
A widely occurring palm tree of rainforest up to 1700m.
It occurs in many areas which have been subject to Baikiaea plurijuga
habitat clearance. Leguminosae LR/nt
Assessor: Henderson, A. Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe
*e/i; 19118 The dominant species of lowland tropical forest on
Kalahari sands. Its timber is known as Zambezi teak.
75
The World List of Threatened Trees
76
Species Summaries
77
The World List of Threatened Trees
78
Species Summaries
Beilschmiedia giorgii
Beauprea crassifoUa
Lauraceae VU D2
Proteaceae VU D2 Democratic Republic of Congo
New Caledonia A species which seems to be rare and known from a
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el al.
single locality in closed * terra firme forest north of the
Refs: 10351
Forestier Centrale at Likimi. There are some threats of
overcutting and encroaching agriculture. The leaves are
Beccariella brevipedicellata
popular locally for greasing the skin.
Sapotaceae ENBl+2c Assessor: Ndjele, M.B.
New Caledonia Ife/i.- 17185, 17951
The genus has been moved to Pouteria.
Assessor: JaffrS, T. et al.
Refs: 10351,10781
79
The World List of Threatened Trees
80
Species Summaries
81
The World List of Threatened Trees
from specimens in a botanic garden. The hybrid occurs occurs in the wild in several central European countries,
at forestedges and in birch groves wherever the two the parent species evidently do not still coexist in the
parent species have met in the past. In Poland the wild.
number of localities known has halved and the total Assessor: Boratynski, A.
population is now estimated to number 350 individuals. y??/i.' 2915, 4839
Regeneration is generally poor but has been observed in
certain places. Betula uber
Assessor: Boratynski, A. Betulaceae CR Dl
Refs: 2915, 5226, 5287, 7222 USA (Virginia)
Described in 1918 and subsequently thought to have
become extinct, the species was rediscovered along the
Betula pendula ssp.fontgueri
banks of Cressy Creek in 1975. The population is found
Betulaceae EN B 1 +2c, C2a in highly disturbed second-growth forest along a 1km
Morocco, Spain
stretch of the river owned by private and federal
A species of dry montane woodland occurring in three government parties. The number of individuals has been
mountain systems in Spain, the Sistema Central, Sierra
reduced from 41 to 1 1. Protective measures are in place
Nevada and Sierra de Cazorla and possibly also the and a large-scale replanting programme has resulted in
Sierra Moreno, and in the Rif Mountains in Morocco.
the establishment of 20 populations of subadult trees.
The populations are small and dispersed. The spread of The species is interfertile with B. lenta and introduced
housing developments, as well as decline in water
populations contain hybrids. It is protected by the US
availability, fires, and tourism, pose serious
cutting
Endangered Species Act.
threats. A reintroduction proganmie is being developed
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
at Cordoba Botanic Garden.
Refs: 6013, 19167
Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al.
Refs: 1141
Bhesa ceylanica
Celastraceae VUAlc
Betula pendula var. parvibracteata Sri Lanka
Betulaceae EN B 1 +2c, C2a A fairly common species occurring in the lowland wet
Spain evergreen forests of south-west Sri Lanka.
A taxon restricted to areas of lowland dry forest along Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Ri'o Estena in Monies de Toledo and to the Sierra de Rio Refs: 17195
Frio in the Sierra Morena. Some populations are
protected, others are exposed to housing and tourist Bhesa nitidissima
developments, declines in water availability and fires. Celastraceae CRBl+2c
Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et at. Sri Lanka
Refs: 11 A\ A rare species restricted to lowland wet evergreen forest
in south-west Sri Lanka. During the extensive National
Conservation Review forest surveys, only one individual
Betula raddeana was found in a single forest reserve.
Betulaceae LR/nt Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Georgia, Russia /?e/i; 3181, 17195, 19112
Scattered throughout pine, mixed or beech forest in the
subalpine belt of the central Caucasus range, this Bhesa sinica
widespread species is represented by relatively large Celastraceae CR Dl
population numbers but occupies a range which is China (Guangxi)
declining. The main threats to the species are grazing A relatively recendy discovered monoecious species
and cutting for timber and firewood. It is listed as rare known only from a single tree which apparently has
(Status 3) in the Red Data Book of Russia and USSR flowered and set seed, although seldom. It grows on a
and occurs in several reserves.
50m in Nankan near the
hillside at an altitude of coast.
Assessor: Firsov, G.A. As known, the tree is given no protection.
far as is
Refs: 1956, 19056 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 11847
Betula recurvata
Betulaceae LR/nt Bicuiba oleifera
Turkey Myristicaceae EN Ale
A endemic to Hatila National Park. Brazil
Assessor: Guner, A. & J. Zielinski This monotypic genus is quite widespread but restricted
Refs: 3489, 19165 to the threatened Atlantic coastal forests of south-east
Brazil.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Betula szaferi
Refs: 18187
Betulaceae EW
Poland
No wild populations are presently known, but there is a
Bidens hendersonensis var. hendersonensis
specimen planted in Krakow Botanical Garden. It is also Compositae VU D2
thought to be possible to reconstruct the taxon from the Pitcaim Islands
natural hybrid, B. oycoviensis, produced when B. szaferi
A caulescent shrub or tree endemic to Henderson Island
and B. pendula are crossed. Although the hybrid still and occurring with var. subspathulata in gaps in the
plateau forest. The population of both varieties together
is calculated to be about 40,(XX) individuals.
82
Species Summaries
Regeneration appears to be good, although the species •TROPICOS records the species from Honduras but
appears to be monocarpic. Henderson Island is a World nothing more is known about this occurrence.
Heritage Site. Assessor: Mitr^, M.
Assessor: Waldren, S. Refs: 3913, 7272, 7980, 16772
Refs: 12900, 13604, 16427
Bikkia kaalaensis
Blepharidium guatemalense
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c Rubiaceae EN C2a
New Caledonia
Guatemala, Honduras
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et at.
A rare tree of the Atlantic rainforest. In Honduras, the
Refs: 10351
species is known only from a single collection.
Assessor: Nelson, C.
Bikkia lenormancUi
Refs: 3977, 4491, 4974, 13995
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
New Caledonia
Assessor: Jaffre, T. et at. Blepharis dhofarensis
Refs: 10351 Acanthaceae VUBl+2c
Oman, Yemen
Bikkia pachyphylla A species restricted to escarpment woodland in Dhofar,
Rubiaceae LR/cd Oman, extending into Hauf and Ras Fartak in southern
New Caledonia Yemen. In Oman, there has been a sharp population rise
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et at. in the areaand a subsequent increase in grazing pressure
Refs: 10351 and the cutting of wood for domestic use. The leaves
and fruiting heads of this species are used for animal
Biviniajalbertii fodder.
Flacourtiaceae LR/nt Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A.
Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Refs: 16380
A tree of the evergreen forest, known from restricted
localities in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It is a little
Blepharispermum hirtum
more widespread in Kenya in Diani, Mrima and Witu.
Compositae VUAlcd
The Madagascan material could be genetically different.
Oman, Yemen
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small sometimes dominant, in areas of
tree,
Refs: 6396, 19172
escarpment woodland in Dhofar, Oman, and
neighbouring south-east Yemen. In some areas,
Blakea brunnea
particularly in Oman, where there has been dramatic
Melastomataceae EN C2a vulnerable to overcutting
population increase, the tree is
Honduras, Panama
for domestic use.
In Panama the species occurs in cloud forest in the high
Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A.
mountains of Chiriquf, Bocas del Toro and Veraguas
Refs: 16380
Provinces, occurring between 1500 and 2300m. It
appears to be more or less common but the area is
83
The World List of Threatened Trees
84
A
Species Summaries
83
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 19118 only from the type locality near Webi Schebele River in
Ethiopia. It is confined to a small but relatively
mountains in Dhofar, Oman, and neighbouring south- flowers or sets seed. Trees appear to be dying and
86
Species Summaries
87
The World List ofThreatened Trees
88
Species Summaries
higher aJtitudes. Populations once known on Round and Brosimum utile ssp. magdalenense
Long Island are now extinct. These declines are Moraceae ENBl+2c
probably attributable to historical deforestation. Colombia
Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Endemic to Colombia, this subspecies is restricted to
Refs: 10610, 19025 BoyacS.
Assessor: Calderon, E.
Bridelia kurzii Refs: 7980, 19069
Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c
India(Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is., Brownea santanderensis
Andaman and Nicobar Is. Nicobar Is.) -
Leguminosae ENBI+2c
A forest tree with populations on Kamorta Island in the Colombia
Nicobars and also on the Andaman Islands. Large-scale An endemic to Santander.
logging and conversion of the forest for agriculture have Assessor: Calderon, E.
caused the loss of the species habitat from much of the Refs: 19069
Andamans.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Browneopsis excelsa
/?e/i; 4799, 7147 Leguminosae VU CI
Colombia, Panama, Peru
Bridelia moonii At present, the species is known from three isolated
Euphorbiaceae VU Ale localities in Darien in Panama, and from localities in
Sri Lanka Colombia and Peru. It occurs, occasionally commonly,
A tree confined to the lowland wet evergreen forests of in lowland semi-deciduous rainforest up to 600m. A
south-west Sri Lanka. small part of the Panamanian population is found in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Darien National Park. Elsewhere the habitat is exposed
Refs: 9176. 17195 to increasing agriculture and settlement.
Assessor: Mitr^, M.
Bridelia whitmorei Re/>. 7272,7980, 16772
Euphorbiaceae VU D2
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Brownlowia kleinhovioidea
Known only from the type collection, the species is Tiliaceae VU D2
found in lowland rainforest in Ulu Tembeling in Pahang. Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
The area falls within a permanent forest reserve. Known from a single collection, this tree was found in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre lowland rainforest on Gunung Bubu, Perak.
Refs: 8464, 19073 Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
Refs: 19073
Brongniartikentia lanuginosa
Palmae LR/cd Brownlowia velutina
New Caledonia Tiliaceae ENBl+2c
A species of wet forests on schists and siliceous soils, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
confined to the north-east. A very rare tree of lowland moist forest known only
Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et at. from Kuala, Terengganu.
Refs: 10351,19118 Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
Refs: 8464, 19073
Brosimum glaziovii
Moraceae ENBl+2bc Brucea macrocarpa
Brazil (Parani, Rio de Janeiro Santa Catarina, Sao Simaroubaceae ENBl+2c
Paulo) Kenya
The habitat of this species continues to be rapidly This shrub or small tree is endemic to central Kenya,
destroyed. Populations are now very restricted and where it is confined to areas of riverine or swamp forest,
largely confined to the Serra do Mar. It occurs in Tijuca such as Kamiti, Thika Falls, Rojwero and Swamp
National Park and on the official list of threatened Kiambu. Population numbers are small and the habitat is
Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. under pressure from increasing agricultural and
Assessor: Varty, N. settlement of the area. The Plant Conservation
Rf/j. 8815, 15539, 16123 Programme in Kenya maintains living and seed
collections.
Brosimum utile ssp. darienense Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Moraceae VUBl+2c Refs: 6396, 17859
Panama
The Panamanian form of a widely distributed species. It Brugmansia aurea
occurs relatively commonly in Kunayala Indigenous Solanaceae VUBl+2c
Reserve, including Puerto Obaldfa on the border with Ecuador
Colombia. Other collections from Coldn, Bocas del Toro This endemic of Ecuador inhabits the montane cloud
and Darien have not been identified down to the forest of the High Andes. Currently it is known to occur
subspecies level. in Imbabura, Pichincha and Tungurahua.
Assessor: Mitre, M. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1980, 12584,16772 Refs: 19119, 19120
89
The World List of Threatened Trees
Brunellia elliptica
Bruttellia acostae Brunelliaceae ENBl+2c
Bmnelliaceae VU Bl+2c Colombia
Ecuador An endemic to Norte de Santander.
A tree species endemic to the Ecuadorean Andes. Assessor: Calderon, E.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 19069
«e/i. 7980, 19119, 19120
Brunellia farallonensis
Brunelliaceae LR/cd
Brunellia almaguerensis
Brunelliaceae EN B 1 +2c Colombia
Although restricted to a small area near Cali, the species
Colombia
An endemic to Narino.
is not threatened. The area is steeply sloping and
Assessor: Calderon, E. unsuitable for agriculture or other uses. It is also
AIM, 7980, 8869, 19069 protected within Farallones de Cali National Park.
Refs:
Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 7980
Brunellia antioquensis
Brunelliaceae VUBl+2c Brunellia grandiflora ssp. grandiflora
Colombia Brunelliaceae LR/nt
An endemic to Antioquia. Peru
Assessor: Calderon, E. Relatively widespread, this subspecies occurs on the
Refs: 7980, 19069 eastern slopes of the Andes up to 2000m altitude in
disturbed areas and *terrafirme forest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Brunellia boqueronensis
Refs: 1984
Brunelliaceae VUBl+2c
Colombia
Brunellia inermis var. inermis
An endemic to Antioquia.
Brunelliaceae LR/nt
Assessor: Calderon, E.
Peru
Refs: 7980, 19069
A variety of middle elevation forest currently restricted
to the departments of Cuzco, Hu^uco and Pasco.
Brunellia cayambensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Brunelliaceae VUBl+2c Refs: 1984
Ecuador
A tree species endemic to the upper montane forest zone Brunellia Uttlei ssp. caucana
of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Brunelliaceae EN Bl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Colombia
^e/i;7980, 19119, 19120 An endemic to Cauca.
Assessor: Calderon, E.
Brunellia comocladifolia ssp. boyacensis Refs: 7980, 19069
BruneUiaceae ENBl+2c
Colombia Brunellia macrophylla
An endemic BoyacS.
to Brunelliaceae VU B 1 +2c
Assessor: Calderon, E. Colombia
Refs: 7980, 19069 A Colombian endemic, occurring only in Caquet^ and
Huila.
Assessor: Calderon, E.
Brunellia darienensis
Refs: 7980, 19069
Brunelliaceae EN C2a
Colombia, Panama
Brunellia morii
The few collections known have come from the
Brunelliaceae EN C2a
Cordillera del Dari6n in Panama, and only recently from
Panama
Colombia. The species is scarce and highly restricted in
A cloud forest species, which is considered to be
distribution, occurring in evergreen rainforest between
endemic to Panama but possibly also exists in Costa
1000 and 1500m. Although the species range is entirely
Rica. Only a few collections are known from areas of
contained within a national park, there is still some risk
forest between 1000 and 2500m in the Central
of deforestation.
Cordillera. There are no protective measures in place
Assessor: Mitre, M.
and the habitat is somewhat exposed to clearing for
Refs: 7980, 16772
settlements and agriculture.
Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Refs: 7980, 16772
90
. 1
Species Summaries
91
The World List of Threatened Trees
scrubby vegetation in Santa Izabel, the species is poorly wood. One of the and also the largest unexploited
last
known. Only two additional collections are recorded, populations is newly established
said to occur in the
from earlier dates, one of unknown origin and the other Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park, which covers
from Miguel Arcanjo. 34,410km', in south-east Bolivia.
Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19105 Refs: 11140, 11936, 19136, 19170
/ff/i.- 7655, 9173, 19105 latter. Small populations are protected in Dari6n
National Park. It is also suspected to be in Kimayala
Buchenavia pabstii Indigenous Reserve and perhaps also Colombia.
Combretaceae EN B 1 +2c Occurrences outside protected areas are exposed to
Brazil (Sao Paulo) habitat clearance.
Known only from the Linares Forest Reserve, the Assessor: Mitre, M.
species is extremely rare and has not been collected Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772
since 1982.
Assessor: Silva, N.M.F. Bunchosia hartwegiana
Refs: 19105 Malpighiaceae DD
Colombia, Panama
Buchenavia rabelloana In Colombia the species is known from the Choc6 and
Combretaceae ENBl+2c Antioquia, appearing uncommon in both places. In
Brazil (Espfrito Santo, Sao Paulo) Panama, all of the collections are identified under the
Populations have been recorded at Boraceia Biological variety brevisurcularis, which is considered threatened.
Station, Salen6polis in Sao Paulo and Linhares Forest Further work is needed to consolidate whether the
Reserve in Espfrito Santo. It was last collected in 1985. separation into different varieties is valid.
92
Species Summaries
93
The World List of Threatened Trees
than 20,(X)0km^. It is not known if population or habitat where the forest is also much reduced by illegal
declines have taken place. activities and encroaching agriculture.
Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
India /?c/i; 5651, 7058, 17610
Refs: 19209
Butia eriospatha
Buxus obtusifolia
Refs: 19118
Refs: 3356, 581 1, 6396, 12067
Sucre, where it appears to be rare. The larger Byrsonima nemoralis ssp. dressleri
Venezuelan population is recorded under the genus Malpighiaceae CRBl+2c
Tricera. There are further suggestions of conspecific Panama
taxa occurring in the Caribbean. Although the species is known from various sites in
Assessor: Mitre, M. Panama and north Colombia, this subspecies is
*e/i; 3156, 7272, 16772 considered endemic to the Cordillera de Cerro Jefe, to
the north-east ofPanamS city. It is uncommon and in
Buxus colchica Cerro Azul has experienced considerable habitat loss
Buxaceae LR/nt through urban and industrial development. Most of the
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Turkey populations in Cerro Jefe are protected within Chagres
This understorey tree is a common species in ravinine National Park.
moist forest. It is in decline because of forest clearance Assessor: Mitr^, M.
and environmental changes. Refs: 7272, 16772
Assessor: Firsov, G.A.
Refs: 1956, 19056
Byrsonima ophiticola
Buxus nyasica
Malpighiaceae DD
Puerto Rico
Buxaceae EN B 1 +2ac As with B. homeana the species is rare and scattered on
Malawi
moist slopes in western Puerto Rico.
A Malawi endemic known from two forest reserves
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
70km apart. Near Blantyre the species occurs on Mount
Refs: 3786, 5988, 7931, 17124
Soche in a forest that has been reduced to 1.5km' and
continues to suffer from illegal logging. A population
also occurs on Mount Chese in the Mulanje Massif,
94
Species Summaries
specimen collected in 1896 from the edges of moist confined to Porto Murtinho. In Bolivia the species is
semi-deciduous forest. well represented in herbarium collections. Throughout
Assessor: Assi, A. its range it is exploited as a popular source of timber, but
Refs: 12822 the most serious threat is habitat loss.
Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop
Cabralea canjerana ssp. polytricha Refs: 1262,5112, 11936, 13661, 15377, 19170, 19179
Meliaceae LR/nt
Brazil (Goi^, Minas Gerais) Calaiola columbiana
The taxon is confined to a small area of submontane Icacinaceae ENBl+2c
*cerrado, where it is relatively safe from threat. Colombia
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. A poorly known species, thought to occur in Valle.
«e/i. 5942, 7980, 12281 Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 7980, 19069
Caesalpinia echinata
Leguminosae ENAlacd Calliandra comosa
Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espfrito Santo, Minas Gerais, Leguminosae VU D2
Paraiba, Pemambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Jamaica
Norte, Sergipe) Known only from Manchester and Trelawny, the species
The exploitation of this species as a dyewood dates back is found on jagged limestone cliffs. The somewhat
to 1501. The original collectors of the dyewood were inaccessible distribution of the species habitat is likely to
called brasileiros, after whom the country is now have impeded excessive clearing.
named. Synthetic dyes only became available in 1875, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
by which time dramatic population declines had already Refs: 6057, 7980
taken place and continued to occur until the 1920s.
Natural stands were almost completely destroyed but Calliandra decrescens
some populations remained in a few areas on the coastal Leguminosae VU D2
plain, where they have since suffered from deforestation. Peru
The species is recorded in reserves in Bahia and A species known only from the type collection taken
Pemambuco. There is also a reinfroduction programme from lowland Amazonian forest in Loreto.
at Linareas Reserve and the species is listed on the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
official list of threatened Brazilian plants by *IBAMA. Refs: 1984
Assessor: Varty, N.
Refs: 8815, 15539, 16123. 19212 Calliandra paniculata
Leguminosae VU B I +2c
Caesalpinia kavaiensis Jamaica
Leguminosae CR Dl A species of scrub and woodland on arid rocky
USA (Hawaii) limestone, occurring in low-lying parts of Manchester
Currently fewer than 50 individuals are known. They are and Clarendon Parishes. The woodland has been
found in dry and moist forest in
restricted to populations extensively destroyed in this area since 1980, mainly for
the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, Hualalai on Hawaii the production of charcoal.
and on Lanai. Populations on Maui and Kauai are now Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
apparently extinct. Various factors have contributed to Refs: 5653, 19085
the decline, from overexploitation and habitat clearance
95
The World List of Threatened Trees
96
Species Summaries
excision of the Shume-Magamba Forest Reserve for restricted to areas being extensively logged and
local cultivation. therefore is threatened by felling and habitat loss.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Qarke Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Refs: 3356, 10961 Refs: 19031, 19113, 19114
found on ridges in coUine forest. The fragile ecosystem species is a focus of silvicultural studies.
of Rossel Island is possibly threatened by logging and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
mining for copper and gold. Refs: 6161
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
97
The World List of Threatened Trees
98
Species Summaries
99
The World List of Threatened Trees
100
Species Summaries
101
The World List of Threatened Trees
except in cultivation. In the British Virgin Islands there grows in forested valleys between 150 and 480m. There
is thought to be a population of at least 100 individuals are constant threats of cutting or habitat clearance.
on Gorda Peak. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1818,11847
/?c/i.- 5988, 7980, 17124
Camellia fleuryi
Calyptranthes umbelUformis Theaceae VU D2
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c Viet Nam
Jamaica A small tree which appears to be confmed to a single
The distribution of the species is disjunct, with locality between 800 and 1 000m at Dien Khanh in
populations - possibly representing different taxa - Khanh Hoa Province.
occurring in St James in the west and Portland in the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
east. The species is confmed to moist wooded Umestone Re/j.- 848, 11530
hills.
102
Species Summaries
western and central Yunnan, where they are in decline. Campomanesia hirsuta
The demand from the horticultural industry is causing Myrtaceae EN B t +2c
significant depletion of plants in the wild. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Assessor: Sun, W. Restricted to the mountains of Rio de Janeiro near
Re/i.l818, 11847, 19055 Petr6polis and Terez(5polis, this tree was last collected in
1968. It IS not known whether the species is still extant.
Camellia tunghinensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Theaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2 Refs: 5435, 7980
China (Guangxi)
A shrub or small tree confined to Fangcheng in southern Campomanesia laurifolia
Guangxi, where it occurs in forest between 180 and M yrtaceae EN B 1 +2c
440m. There are constant threats of cutting or habitat Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
clearance. A forest tree apparently restricted to the mountains
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre around Rio de Janeiro. The most recent collection is
y?e/j; 1818, 11847 dated 1961.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cameraria microphylla Refs: 5435, 7980
Apocynaceae ENBl+2c
Cuba Campomanesia lundiana
A small tree, up to 5m tall, occurring in evergreen Myrtaceae EX
thorny shrubwoods on serpentine-derived soils in the Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
lowlands of Camaguey and Ciego de Avila Provinces. This species is known only from the type collection,
The species' habitat has been severely degraded and which supposedly came from Rio de Janeiro in 1825.
transformed into savanna by burning and grazing. Although this area has since been well studied, the
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. species has not been found again.
Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5435, 7980
Campnosperma seycheUarum
Anacardiaceae ENBl+2c Campomanesia nerUflora
Seychelles Myrtaceae VUBl+2c
A tree scattered as isolated individuals or small groups Brazil (Parana, Sao Paulo)
in moist forest on Mah£. A single individual is also A tree confined to the remaining patches of coastal
known near Vallee de Mai on Praslin. Historical records forest in Sao Paulo and Parana. Large-scale destruction
indicate populations were once large but have declined of these forests has taken place over several centuries.
through heavy exploitation for fuelwood and timber Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
used in boat and house building. Natural regeneration is Refs: 5435, 7980
now rare and seriously hampered by the invasion of
Cinnamomum verum. The entire species range lies Campomanesia phaea
largely within Mome Seychellois National Park. Myrtaceae VUBl+2c
Propagation from seeds is now being attempted. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo)
Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles A small tree known only from sites near Sao Paulo city
Refs: 9859, 17229, 19023, 19025 and Serra dos Orgaos National Park near Teresdpolis in
Rio de Janeiro. It is also cultivated on a small scale for
Campnosperma zeylanicum its much appreciated edible fruits which are shaped like
Anacardiaceae VUAlc Indian clay pots, or cambuci, from which it derives its
Sri Lanka vernacular name.
A tree restricted to the lowland evergreen rainforests of Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
south-west Sri Lanka. Refs: 5435, 7980
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 15431, 17195 Campomanesia proslhecesepala
Myrtaceae DD
Campomanesia aromatica Brazil (Minas Gerais)
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c The species is known only from made in the
a collection
Brazil last century at a location called Rio Manso in Minas
Restricted to Atlantic coastal forest in the south-east, the Gerais. There is more than one Rio Manso in the state
species has suffered from extensive reductions in and the species has not been found again.
habitat. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 5435, 7980
Refs: 19097
Campomanesia reitziana
Campomanesia espiritosanlensis Myrtaceae LR/nt
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c Brazil (Santa Catarina)
Brazil Although common where it occurs, this small tree is
Restricted to Atlantic coastal forest in the south-east, the confined to a small area of coastal forest in Santa
species has suffered from extensive reductions in Catarina. The declines in this habitat over centuries have
habitat. been dramatic.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Assessor: Barroso, G.M.
Refs: 19097 Refs: 5435, 7906, 7980, 19097
103
The World List of Threatened Trees
Brazil (Sao Paulo) forest on Mount Salak and near Pelabuhan Ratu. Both
According to current knowledge, two collections from areas, close to Bogor city, appear to be without official
the last century and one more recent collection, this protection and are susceptible to encroachment and
variety is confined to coastal forests in Sao Paulo and cutting.
Rio de Janeiro. The other varieties appear to be more Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
commonly collected and located in the interior. Refs: 9078
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5435, 7980 Canarium liguliferum
Burseraceae DD
Campomanesia speciosa Solomon Islands (South Solomon)
Myrtaceae LR/nt A lowland rainforest species known only from the
Peru Solomon Islands.
A small tree which has a relatively wide range on the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes. Recent collections Refs: 16292, 16612
have been few.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Canarium luzonicum
Refs: 1984 Burseraceae VU A led
Philippines
Campomanesia viatoris Endemic to the Philippines, this tree occurs in primary
Mynaceae ENBl+2c forest at low to medium altitudes. The kedondong timber
Brazil (Alagoas) is used for light construction, a valuable oil is tapped
Apparently collected only twice, this rare species is from the tree and the seeds are edible.
poorly known but believed to be distributed in forest on Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
the banks of Rio Sao Francisco in coastal Alagoas. Refs: ICni, 1 1 145
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5435, 7980 Canarium ovatum
Burseraceae VUAlcd
Camptolepis ramiflora Philippines
Sapindaceae VUBI+2c A lowland primary forest tree, endemic to the
Kenya, Madagascar?, Somalia, Tanzania Philippines, valued for its kedondong timber and the
An evergreen tree of riverine forest.It occurs from commercially traded seeds called pilinuts. It is
southern Somalia along the lower Jubba River into commonly planted.
eastern Kenya and Tanzania. Although the range appears Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
extensive, populations are localised and confined to /?e/i.- 4919, 7673, 11145
disappearing habitat. Information on the possible
occurrence in Madagascar may alter the current status of Canarium paniculatum
the species. Burseraceae EN Alcde+2ce
Assessor: Thulin, M. Mauritius
Refs: 1308, 2361, 6396, 8697, 18665 Assessor: Strahm, W.
^c/jt; 9120, 16426, 19208
Campylospermum scheffleri
Ochnaceae VUBl+2b Canarium perlisanum
Tanzania Burseraceae VU D2
A species restricted to the East Usambara Mountains Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
within moist evergreen forest in upland areas. A small tree known from a single collection in moist
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke scrub on a limestone hill. Perils (Kaki Bukit).
Ke/i; 3356,8814, 11631 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 8464, 19073
104
Species Summaries
105
The World List of Threatened Trees
106
Species Summaries
A small tree, known from very few collections taken Refs: 1833,4492,10351
from a small area of lowland semi-deciduous rainforest
to the north-east of the Panama Canal. The area has CaraipajaramiUoi
suffered much deforestation, although forest is protected Gutti ferae LR/nt
within the national parks of Chagres and Portobelo. Peru
Occurrences are evidently rare, but it is possible further A species of *terra firme forest occurring in the
exploration will uncover additional localities. departments of Loreto, Madre de Dios and Pasco.
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1212. mo. 16772 Refs: 1984
All collections of this species come from a small area of forest margins in central provinces and mountain areas.
lowland evergreen rainforest to the north-east of Panama Natural regeneration is reported to be good here.
City. The populations are small and strongly affected by Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
logging and other activities. There is a possibility that Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19060
there are further populations occur in Chagres National
Park in south-east Col6n and around the Canal. Carallia euryoides
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Rhizophoraceae LR/nt
Refs: 1370,7980, 16772, 18416 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A species of lowland and hill forest, rarely reaching an
Capparis sprucei altitude of 900m, occasionally found on quartz ridges.
Capparaceae VU D2 Populations are recorded in Selangor, Pahang and
Peru Johore, where it is protected in Taman Negara National
A species known only from the type collection from San Park.
Martin. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073
Refs: 1984
107
The World List of Threatened Trees
Cariniana ianeirensis
Cariniana penduUflora
Lecythidaceae EN Bl+2c
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Lecythidaceae CR Bl+2c
Brazil (Rondonia)
A species known only from four collections in the
Atlantic forests of Tijuca and Itaocara. Its proximity to
A species of savanna or open woodland, known only
from MutumparanS. Much of the natural vegetation has
Rio de Janeiro places it under serious pressure from
been lost to agricultural encroachment.
urban encroachment and recent intensive fieldwork in
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
the area has failed to find living specimens. Much of
Refs: 1503,3791,7980,9632
Tijuca forest is protected. The species is included in the
official list of threatened Brazilian plants compiled by
*IBAMA. Cariniana pyriformis
Assessor: Varty, N. Lecythidaceae LR/nt
/fe/i; 7980, 8815, 16123 Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, 'Venezuela
A relatively wide ranging species of primary forest. It is
Cariniana integrifoUa threatened at a national level in Colombia and is causing
Lecythidaceae VU B 1 +2c some concern in Venezuela. The wood has been
Brazil (Amazonas) commercially expoited but is considered hard to work. It
Confined to non-flooded forest of central Amazonia, has been cultivated outside its natural range in Jamaica,
near Manaus, the species is under threat from increasing Trinidad and Singapore.
land settlement and fires. It occurs in the Ducke Forest Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Reserve. Refs: 1503, 5942, 7980, 9632, 12109, 19069
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
A savanna tree, known only from the type collection confined to its type locality in Imeri.
from Campos dos Urupa's. There is a serious threat of Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
habitat loss through increasing land settlement. Refs: 1503, 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
de 01iven9a. It is known only from the type collection. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847
Refs: 1503, 3791 , 7980, 9632
108
Species Summaries
109
The World List of Threatened Trees
confined to the mountains of the Nipe-Baracoa Massif in There have been no recent botanical surveys of the
eastern Cuba. island.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19&0. 19149 Refs: 2724
110
Species Summaries
unprotected, with the exception of the newly established Re/i. 689, 19218
national park at Lx)p^, and largely under concession to
logging companies. Cassipourea hiotou
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Rhizophoraceae VUAlc, Bl+2c
Refs: 2773, 12822 Cote d'lvoire, Ghana
A tree which can be common where it occurs but is
Cassia fikifiki strictly confined to wet evergreen forests. In Cote
Leguminosae ENBl+2c d'lvoire it is restricted to the south-west, mainly in Tai
Cote d'lvoire National Park. This type of forest has reduced in extent
A species endemic to lowland forest in south-west Cote significantly because of logging and mining and also the
d'lvoire, between the rivers Sassandra and Cavally. establishment of industrial plantations.
Severe deforestation in the area has resulted in there Assessor: Assi, A.
being little forest outside Tai National Park. Re/t. 8369, 12061, 12822
Assessor: Assi, A.
Refs: 12822 Cassipourea obovata
Rhizophoraceae DD
Cassine koordersii Mozambique
Celastraceae CRBl+2c Assessor: Bandeira, S.
Indonesia (Java) Refs:5\n,\S965
It is known whether the species is still extant in the
not
wild. The only known location, which was situated in a Cassipourea subcordata
seasonally dry area in Pugur in the Lampesan Valley and Rhizophoraceae CR B 1 +2c
Watangan Hills, is now deforested. Intense population Jamaica
pressure has been the main cause of habitat loss. A small tree known only from an area of marsh and one
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre other site along a brook in limestone hills in Trelawny.
Refs: 9078 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/?e/i; 401, 5653, 7980
Cassipourea brittoniana
Rhizophoraceae EN Bl+2c Cassipourea subsessilis
Jamaica Rhizophoraceae CR B 1 +2c
An uncommon tree confined to areas of woodland on Jamaica
limestone hills in Trelawny. A very uncommon tree endemic to Dolphin Head, where
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre it is confined to areas of woodland on limestone in the
111
The World List of Threatened Trees
timber, which is used in construction work. cleared of forest. The Colombian population is
Regeneration, at least in Viet Nam, is reported to be considered to be endangered. In Panama, the largest
poor and limited to forest edges. populations are found in the Canal area and in Dari^n. It
Assessor: SSC Temperate Broadleaved Trees Specialist is one of the few trees often left uncut after forest
Group clearance because its large size makes handling difficult.
Refs: 1818,6469, 11847, 15357 Solitary individuals and scattered populations are
distributed throughout the rest of Panama, and in
Fagaceae VUBl+2c Populations are small and dispersed and there are few
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) young individuals. A small part of the species range is
A rare tree occurring in the hill forests of Perak and
112
Species Summaries
contained within protected areas. More information is Panama. The timber is considered inferior to C. odorata,
needed on the population status in Colombia. but is sold with the latter in mixed batches.
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop
/?e/i; 7272, 7980, 16772 Refs: 4506, 5112, 7272, 7906, 9173, 11374,
1262,
11936, 12281, 14873, 19170, 19179, 19195, 19213
Ctcropia maxonii
Cedrela lilloi
Cecropiaceae DD Meliaceae EN A 1 a-t-2cd
Panama
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Santa Catarina), Paraguay,
Occurring in Boquete in the province of Chiriquf, the
Peru
species has been collected only twice, although the area
A commercial timber species of montane forest,
has been relatively well studied. There is not enough
occurring between 8(X) and 3400m. Colonising land after
information to categorise the species as extinct and it is
substantial disturbances, the species occurs in large,
possible that more recent collections have been
almost monodominant stands. In many areas these have
identified under a different species name.
been drastically reduced, the largest now remaining in
Assessor: Mitr6, M.
regions of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
«<fj; 7272, 7980, 16772 Assessor: Llamozas, S.
Refs: 1262, 7980, 12281, 14040, 19121, 19170
Ctcropia muttiflora
Cecropiaceae LR/nt Cedrela odorata
Peru Meliaceae VU Alcd-K2cd
A lowland forest species restricted to the departments of Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize,
Amazonas, Cuzco and Juni'n. Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Refs: 1984 Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico
Cecropia tubulosa (Quintana Roo), Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru,
Cecropiaceae VU D2 St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Suriname, Venezuela
113
The World List of Threatened Trees
Panama, and in the Choc6 in Colombia and Alajuela in introduced weeds. More detailed information on the
Costa Rica. Throughout the species range, there is species should become available to confirm this
evidence of medium to high human disturbance. In evaluation. The islands are designated as a national paik
Chiriqui, Panama, the population is affected by annual and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by
burning. *CONAF to save the native plants. The genus contains
Assessor: Mitre, M. three species, endemic to Juan Fernandez.
Refs: 7980, 16772 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 324\, 14140
Celtis batansae
Ulmaceae VUBl+2c Centrolobium yavizanum
New Caledonia Leguminosae VU CI
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el at. Colombia, Panama
Refs: 10351 Known only from the province of Dari^n, the species is
uncommon and restricted to small groups of trees,
hypoleuca
Celtis principally occurring in open woodlands at river edges.
Ulmaceae ENBl+2c Populations in Dari6n National Park appear to be
New Caledonia slightly more common and well protected. Also recorded
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et at. in Colombia, the species occurs equally infrequently in
Refs: 10351 the Valle del Cauca and the Choc6.
Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Celtis jamaicensis Refs: 3156, 7272, 7980, 16772
Ulmaceae LR/nt
Jamaica Centronia brachycera
A species found occasionally in woodland on steep Melastomataceae VU Bl+2c
limestone hillsides in the central and eastern parishes. Colombia
General habitat declines have been considerable, mostly Endemic to Colombia, the species has been recorded
caused by increasing agriculture. from Cundinamarca, Huila and Santander.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 6057. 7980 Refs: 19069
114
1
Species Summaries
Cephaiosphaera usambarensis often only occur in low densities and in remote areas.
Myristicaceae VUBl+2b Parts of the Indian population are sometimes referred to
Kenya, Tanzania as C. griffithii.
A monotypic genus restricted to small areas of upper Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
moist evergreen forest in the Usambara Mountains, Refs: 374, 1818, 11 191, 1 1530, 1 1847, 13041
Southern Nguru Mountains, Uluguru Mountains and
Udzungwa Mountains. A population also occurs in the Cephalotaxus oliveri
Shimba Kenya. The timber, used for veneer, has
Hills in Cephalotaxaceae VUAld
been overexploited in the recent past and habitat China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,
degradation has also caused population declines. The Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), India, Laos, Thailand, Viet
nearest relative is a small genus, Brochoneura, in Nam
Madagascar. Populations of this relict species are being rapidly
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke depleted through logging and clearing of the lowland
/fe/i: 3356, 11631,19181 moist forest habitat. The plant has strong sprouting
capacity but regeneration by sexual reproduction appears
Cephalotaxus fortunei to be slow, possibly because of its dioecious nature. It is
Cephalotaxaceae LR/nt also a rich source of the anti-cancer extracts
China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, cephalotaxine and harringtonine, but exploitation does
Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, not appear to be large-scale.
Zhejiang), Myanmar, Viet Nam Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374, 1818, 11530, 11847, 13041, 15357
V?e/t; 374, 6190, 11191, 11530, 13041, 17186, 18751
Cephalotaxus wilsoniana
Cephalotaxus hainanensis Cephalotaxaceae EN C2a
Cephalotaxaceae EN A2d Taiwan
China (Guangdong - Hainan) Widely distributed but locally very scarce, the species
This species has previously been included in C. mannii occurs in areas of forest above 18(X)m which have been
and has likewise suffered population declines because of subject to extensive conversion into agricultural crops,
logging and more recently exploitation of bark and commercial plantations and settlements. There are
leaves which contain the valuable medicinal extracts, protected populations within Yushan and Taroko
cephalotaxine and harringtonine. It is endemic to, and National Parks.
widespread in, lowland forest on Hainan Island. As with Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan
other members of the genus, the maturation rate of the Refs: 374, 2106, 13041, 19050
seed is slow and regeneration is relatively infrequent.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Ceratonia oreothauma ssp. oreothauma
Re/i; 848, 11191, 11847, 13041, 17186 Leguminosae VUAlcd
Oman, Yemen
Cephalotaxus haningtonia var. drupacea The main distribution of this species lies in the eastern
Cephalotaxaceae LR/nt Hajar Mountains in northern Oman in wadis and at the
China, Japan summit above 1500m. An isolated population is
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group recorded from Hadramaut in South Yemen. The eastern
*e/i.- 374, 13041,17186 part of the Hajar population is contained within Wadi
Siren Nature Reserve. In the north-west the population is
lis
The World List of Threatened Trees
and exported in small quantities. Ongoing exploitation severe pressure from increasing agriculture. Adult trees,
will result in population decline and habitat destruction. although protected by law, are removed for ornamental
More information is needed on the population status in use. The leaves, too, are collected in large quantities for
Australia. use in religious festivals, although there is now
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. mounting pressure to halt overcollection.
Refs: 19114 Assessor: Bemal, R.
Refs: 19069, 19118
Cerberiopsis nerUfoUa
Apocynaceae ENBl+2c Ceroxylon sasaimae
New Caledonia Palmae CRBl+2c
The species is uncommon and confined to a small area Colombia
in the south-east of Grand Terre encompassing parts of A palm tree of montane rainforest, principally foimd in
the Ouinn6 valley and along the Coniboue River. the Cordillera Oriental. Trees survive in coffee
Assessor: iaiUi, T. et al. plantations. leaves are used in religious festivals.
Refs: 10351,12630 Assessor: Bemal, R.
Refs: 19069, 19118
Cerberiopsis obtusifotia
Apocynaceae VU B 1 +2c Cestrum chimborazinum
New Caledonia Solanaceae VU Bl+2c
A relatively widely occurring species confined to Ecuador
remnant patches of sclerophyllous forest along the An endemic of Ecuador currenUy known from the upper
northern half of the west coast. The habitat is montane cloud forest of Chimborazo in the High Andes.
fragmented and reduced in extent. Fires, grazing and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
encroaching agriculture are continuing threats. Refs: 19119, 19120
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
116
Species Summaries
117
1
of introduced grasses increasing the likelihood of serious occurring in rainforest between 1525 and 1550m just
fires have all contributed to the decline in this habitat. below the summit of Mount Waialeale.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cheirodendron forbesii
Chamaesyce rockii Araliaceae VU D2
Euphorbiaceae EN C2a USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii) A tree known from three locations on Kauai Island. It is
Usually a compact shrub but sometimes a tree, the restricted to rainforest up to 890m on Mount Kahili,
species is confined to the Koolau Mountains on Oahu, Makaleha Mountains and the Powerllne Trail.
where it is scattered in rainforest, primarily along Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
cloudswept ridges up to 830m. Between 200 and 400 Refs: 3372
plants are estimated to exist in 1 1 populations, the
majority of which lie in the Kawailoa Training Area. Chelyocarpus dianeurus
The vegetation isbe damaged or degraded by
liable to Palmae LR/nt
feral goats, invasive plants and military activities. The Colombia
species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. A single-stemmed palm of rainforest, occurring on well-
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre drained soils In the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. In
Refs: 3372, 12359, 19168 some undisturbed areas, the species occurs in abundance
and Is under little threat at present. Leaf sheath fibre is
Chamaesyce sachetiana used locally for pillow stuffing.
Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Refs: 19118
The species is endemic to the Marquesas, occurring as a
herb, shrub or small tree in Eiao, Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Chiangiodendron mexicanum
Ua Pou in the northern group and Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa Flacourtiaceae EN Ale
and Mohotani in the south. It is a strictly littoral species, Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz)
occurring from sea level to 450m on rocky beaches, This monotypic genus Is confined to the remnant
cliffs and rarely in secondary forest and abandoned
rainforest of the Gulf region of Mexico, only occurring
pasturage. In abundance In Uxpanapa. It is the only New World
Assessor: Florence, J.
member of Its tribe.
Refs: 19169 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
i?e/i. 5651,5993,7980
118
Species Summaries
Chionanthus adamsii
A species with a very local distribution. It was once well
collected, probably because of proximity to the city
its
Oleaceae ENBl+2c
of Rio de Janeiro. It does not appear to have been
Jamaica
collected this century.
Known only from Trelawny, the species is uncommon
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
and restricted to areas of woodland on limestone
Refs: 1030
hilltops.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/fe/r; 401, 5653, 7980 Chionanthus jamaicensis
Oleaceae VUBl+2c
Chionanthus avUensis Jamaica
Oleaceae VU D2 This species is found only in areas of woodland in St
Venezuela Andrew Parish. Almost all forested areas in this parish
An evergreen tree, apparently restricted to a single are completely cleared or severely degraded.
location in forest on Cerro Avila in north Venezuela. Assessor: Bellingham, P.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre /?s/i.- 401, 5653, 7980, 19116
Refs: 1030
119
The World List of Threatened Trees
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) is also found occasionally in other forest types. A large
A very rare tree confined to one locality in Selangor. part of the total population is confined to Guyana. The
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre species is found in low densities in western Venezuela
Refs: 19073 and only in a small concentration along Maratakka River
in Suriname. The production of greenheart timber has
Chionanthus subsessilis declined significantly over the past 50 years. It is not
Oleaceae CRBI+2c known whether this represents falling supplies or just a
Brazil (Minas Gerais) greater interest in the plywood market. Regeneration in
Presumed to be an evergreen tree, this species was natural stands is very slow and poor germination success
collected only once, over a century ago, from Minas is inhibiting the establishment of plantations.
Gerais. Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5672, 10263, 13947, 17854, 19159, 19179, 19196
Refs: 1030
Chloroleucon chacoense
Chionanthus tenuis Leguminosae VU A2c, B 1 +2ac
Oleaceae CRBl+2c Argentina Paraguay
(Salta), Bolivia,
50 years ago, from remnant forest in Rio de Janeiro. possibly extending into Bolivia. It is a notably
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre uncommon tree within a habitat which is unprotected
Refs: 1030 and under constant decline with logging, encroaching
agriculture and pastoralism.
Chionanthus wurdackii Assessor: Prado, D.
Oleaceae VU D2 Refs: 1262,5994,7980
Peru
A tree known only from one location along Rio Chloroleucon eurycyclum
Maraiidn in the Amazonas region of Peru. Its wood has Leguminosae VU D2
been described as extremely hard. Venezuela
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre This species is known only from the type locality, in the
120
Species Summaries
A shrubby tree restricted to *resiinga and thickets on Refs: 1983, 7980, 8816
sandy soils along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre ChrysophyUum albipilum
Refs: 5994 Sapotaceae VU D2
Peru
Chloroxylon swietenia Apparently the species has not been recorded since it
Rutaceae VU Ale was first collected in the first half of the century from
India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), San Martin, where it occurred in lowland rainforest
Madagascar, Sri Lanka between 400 and 800m.
East Indian satinwood occurs in dry mixed evergreen Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
forest. It is a slow-growing species which has become «e/i; 7980, 8816
very scarce in most areas because of timber exploitation.
Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop ChrysophyUum arenarium
Refs: 6431, 8483, 15431, 17759. 18796, 19057 Sapotaceae LR/nt
Brazil (Ceaii, Maranh^o, Pemambuco)
Chodanthus monteciUensis Widely scattered in dry open forest locations, the species
Bignoniaceae CR C2a is relatively well collected aiid does not appear to be
Salicaceae VUAIc Carillo and Santa Ana National Parks in Costa Rica.
China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), Former USSR Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(Russia North, Sakhalin), Japan, North Korea Refs: 8816
Although occurring over a wide range, the species is
confined to lowland forest and is in severe decline ChrysophyUum claraense
because of loss and degradation of this habitat. Sapotaceae CRBI+2c
Regeneration is poor. The genus 's monotypic. Cuba
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A shrub or small tree known from coastal scrub and
Refs: 1818,9957, 11847, 13143, 16250 forest in Casilda, Sancti-Spiritus Province. The habitat
in this area has become severely degraded by urban
ChrysophyUum acreanum expansion and tourism. Another unconfirmed record of
Sapotaceae VU Bl+2c this species has been made from Pinar del Rio.
Brazil (Acre, Amazonas) Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
A timber species recorded from *vdrzjea and non- Refs: 16327, 18485, 19149
121
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. border area between Acre in Brazil and Beni in Bolivia.
/?e/i; 1983, 7980, 8816 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/?£/;. 7980,8816
Chrysophyllum hirsutum
Sapotaceae LR/nt Chrysophyllum paranaense
Costa Rica, Panama Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2
A montane or cloud forest species recorded from a Brazil (Parand, Sao Paulo)
number of sites in Alajuela in Costa Rica and Cocl€, A tree confined to lowland evergreen coastal forest in an
Col6n and Panama Provinces in Panama. area where increasing development and settlement are
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre causing serious habitat declines.
Refs: 8816 Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
Refs: 1983,7980,8816
Chrysophyllum imperiale
Sapotaceae ENBl+2c Chrysophyllum parvulum
Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) Sapotaceae LR/nt
A large tree known from several sites of lowland Colombia, Venezuela
rainforest, one being a plantation, on the Atlantic coast. A tree which is currently known from two widely
The natural habitat of the species has been greatly separated areas, occurring in several sites in lowland
reduced in recent decades. evergreen rainforest in Carabobo and Lara in northern
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Venezuela and in a small endangered population in
Refs: 1983,7980,8816 montane forest at 2CX)0m in Valle in Colombia.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Chrysophyllum inomatum /fe/i. 7980,8816, 19069
Sapotaceae LR/cd
Brazil (ParanS, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina) Chrysophyllum pauciflorum
A small tree of coastal rainforest. The known range of Sapotaceae VUBl+2c
this species has increased. It also occurs in Ilha do Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (US)
Cordoso State Park in Sao Paulo. A tree of semi-deciduous dry forest and thickets on hills
122
Species Summaries
are edible and traded locally. Trees must be planted if Cinnamomum capparu-coronde
the resource is to be harvested sustainably over the long Lauraceae VU A 1 c, B +2c
1
123
The World List of Threatened Trees
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) have also had an extensive impact on the habitat.
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan
A tree of submontane forest, known from three or four
collections from scattered localities at the southern end Refs: 19050, 19051
Cinnamomum kanahirae
A timber species of lowland and hill forest, the bark of
which yields cinnamon. \
Lauraceae ENAlacd
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Taiwan
Refs: 2072,4919
A tree of low to mid-elevation broadleaved forest.
Populations are scattered over a relatively wide range.
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Cinnamomum micranthum
Lauraceae LR/cd
Refs: 6469, 19051
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi,
Zhejiang), Taiwan, Viet Nam
Cinnamomum kotoense Although relatively widespread in lowland rainforest,
Lauraceae CR C2a the species has experienced considerable habitat
Taiwan declines, largely because of conversion to agriculture.
A beautiful tree restricted to a few small populations in Remaining populations are believed to be well protected
lowland broadleaved forest on Lanyu Island. Although, in nature reserves.
there are up to 200 or more mature trees, only a small Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
fraction of that number set seed. The species is of local Refs: 1818,6469, 11847
importance as an ornamental and as a source of
medicine. Cinnamomum osmophloeum
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Lauraceae VU A 1 acd, B 1 +2a
Refs: 3295, 7933, 19050, 19051 Taiwan
An important source of medicine and spice. The species
is widespread in lowland broadleaved forest.
124
Species Summaries
Citropsis gabunensis
Cinnamomum riparium Rutaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c
Lauraceae VU B 1 +2c Ghana
India (Kamataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) A tree confmed to wet evergreen forest in an area which
Few collections of this riverine tree exist. It occurs in has experienced significant declines in this habitat
lowland to medium elevation forest along the coast and because of logging, mining and the commercial planting
Western Ghats. of exotics.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
/?e/j.- 6431, 8483, 19144 Refs: 6121, 12061,15251
125
The World List of Threatened Trees
Claoxylon ooumuense the plant are harvested for use, including the timber. It is
Refs: 14513
Cleidion lemurum
Claoxylon ttntense
Euphorbiaceae CR Dl
New Caledonia
Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
Once known from the Caves of Hienghfene, the species
French Polynesia (Society Is.)
has not been foimd since 1871. It is questionable
Populations are recorded from Moorea, Raiatea, Tahaa
whether it should not now be considered extinct
and Tahiti.
Assessor: Jaffr^, T. el al.
Assessor: Florence, J.
/fc/i; 4492, 10351
Refs: 14513
Peru
A forest species, found between 2000 and 2500m only in Cleidion veillonii
the department of Cajamarca in the Peruvian Andes.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Euphorbiaceae VU D2
New Caledonia
Refs: 1984
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el al.
Refs: 10351
Clavija longifoUa
Theophrastaceae LR/nt
Cleistanthus bracteosus
Peru
Endemic
Euphorbiaceae VU D2
to Peru, thefound in lowland
species is
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
rainforest in the departments of Hulnuco, Loreto, Madre
Confined to Perak, the species is recorded from just two
de Dios and San Martin.
localities of lowland rainforest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984
Refs: 8464, 19073
CUidiocarpon cavaleriei
Euphorbiaceae VU B 1 +2c Cleistanthus coltinus
China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Myanmar, Viet Euphorbiaceae VU Aid
Nam SriLanka
This multi-purpose tree occurs in small populations in The endemic status of this tree is uncertain. In Sri
broadleaved forest on limestone over a relatively wide Lanka, this forest species is possibly extinct due to
range, covering parts of southern China, Son La, Lao overexploitation. It was not found in the recent National
Kai and Yen Bai in north Vietnam and northern Conservation Review forest survey indicating that the
Myanmar. In China, particularly over the past 10 years, species is either extremely rare or extinct. The
trees have been cut for timber at unsustainable levels. In conservation category is inferred from the situation in
Viet Nam the timber is said to be more rarely used Sri Lanka.
because of its susceptibility to insect and termite attack. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Seeds contain up to 30% edible oil. The genus contains Refs: 18796,19112
just two species.
Assessor: Sun, W.
Refs: 1818, 11847,19055 Cleistanthus evrardii
Euphorbiaceae VU D2
CUidiocarpon laurinum Democratic Republic of Congo
Euphorbiaceae EN B l+2c, C2a The species is restricted to a single locality in the
Myanmar, Viet Nam Maringa valley, where it occurs in dense swamp forest
There is some dispute over often associated with Gilheniodendron dewevrei. The
the wild origins of this
species, but
habitat is threatened by logging and agriculture.
it is generally believed to be the more
Assessor: Ndjele, M.B.
restricted in range of thetwo members of the genus.
Wild populations are recorded in Son La in Viet Nam Refs: 17185,17951
126
1
Species Summaries
Terengganu. Its continued existence is somewhat in occurs in montane rainforest. It has been estimated that
doubt since the area has been under development of as much as 90% of the habitat has been logged and
various kinds and much of the forest has been cleared. converted into pastureland. Remaining areas are affected
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre by grazing feral pigs. The genus is endemic to the
127
1
A survey in 1995 identified 200 individuals in five protected area of montane wet forest. There still exist
different populations.The area is state-owned and the areas of rainforest on East Maui where a population may
only site to harbour this unique habitat. The major yet be discovered. Attempts at propagation have so far
threats come from ditch management, invasive plants, failed.The taxon is protected by the US Endangered
feral pigs and rats. The species is protected by the US Species Act.
Endangered Species Act. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372, 19087
Refs: 3372, 19037
population has been estimated to lie between 225 and on Oahu. It is recorded from both the Koolau
rainforest
325 individuals. The major threats to the species are and Waianae Mountains, more commonly from the
invading alien plants, grazing and damage caused by latter.
domesticated animals and the feral pig. The species is Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
protected by the US Endangered Species Act. Refs: 3372
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372, 19039
Clermontia pyrularia
128
Species Summaries
coastal dry evergreen forests of western Cuba. Habitat from a small area of cloud forest around Cerro Colorado
declines have been great in the past decades; overcutting in Chiriquf. There is much activity in the area,
and clearing for urbanisation continue to be threats. particularly copper and gold mining.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Refs: 19149 Refs: 6067, 16772
local level. Populations are stable at present. given a degree of protection within the permanent forest
Assessor: Miller, A.G. estate.
Refs: 2354, 19083 Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Refs: 8464, 19073
CUrodendrum glabrum ssp. minutiflorum
Verbenaceae VU D2 CUthra Javanica
Seychelles (Aldabra) Clethraceae VUAlc, D2
A small tree or shrub of inland scrub communities on the Indonesia (Java)
islands of Malabar, Polymnie, Picard, Grand Terre, The species is known only from a forested area near the
Assumption, Cosmoledo and Astove. It provides an lake at Taman Hidup in Dataran Tinggi Yang or the
important food for tortoises. The Aldabran Islands are Yang Plateau. The area is relatively isolated, although
under protection within a Strict Nature Reserve. Some logging has occurred in the past and commercial
disturbance has occurred on Assumption because of plantations have been established. Proposals to give the
strip-mining for phosphate or guano, and on Cosmoledo area national park status have failed. A variety may
and Astove, where areas have been cleared for the possibly occur on Lombok.
establishment of coconut and Casuarina plantations. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1011,9078
Refs: 19027, 19062
CUthra paralUlinervia
CUrodendrum Uucophloeum Clethraceae VUBl+2c
Verbenaceae VU D2 Ecuador
Yemen (Socotra) An endemic of Ecuador, found only in the provinces of
A small tree or shrub which is scattered in woodland Loja and Azuay where it occurs in montane and upper
areas throughout the island. Its timber is exploited at a montane cloud forest.
local level. Populations are stable at present. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 19119, 19120
Refs: 2354, 19083
CUthra tutensis
CUthra dUxandri Clethraceae DD
Clethraceae LR/nt Panama
Jamaica The species is known only from the type specimen
This species appears to be common to abundant, collected in 1975 from Cerro Tute in Verguas. It is not
especially above 1800m. The largest population occurs known whether the species still exists and the area is
in forest on the Grand Ridge, also in forest margins and little explored.
gaps. Hybridisation takes place between this species and Assessor: Mitre, M.
C. occidentalis. The lower altitudes has suffered
forest at Refs: 6067, 16772
more serious degradation because of logging and the
ensuing soil erosion and invasion of aggressive exotic Cleyera bolUana
plants. Theaceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Dominican Republic, Haiti
/?e/i.- 6057, 7980, 12564 A cloud forest species which has been collected from
only six localities in Hispaniola. The two collections
from Haiti from the Massif de la Selle date back over 50
years. There is considerable pressure exerted on these
129
The World List of Threatened Trees
moyobambensis
Clitoria
CUdemia crossosepala var. adamsU
Melastomataceae ENBl+2c
Leguminosae VU D2
Peru
Jamaica
Known only from the type, the species occurs in lowland
This variety occurs very locally in thickets on limestone,
rainforest inSan Martin Department.
only in Trelawny at about 680m.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
Refs: 1984
Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085
130
Species Summaries
extending into Colombia, to the border with Costa Rica, forest. The area is not well explored but available
possibly extending over that border as well. In places it information suggests the species is uncommon. A small
is relatively common but never abundant. Some population in Santa Rita, Col6n, is in grave danger of
populations are protected in national parks, but being cut down.
elsewhere the species is under pressure from mining for Assessor: Mitr6, M.
copper and gold, as in Cerro Colorado, and from Refs: 1212. mo, 16772
increasing settlement of the land in Cocl6. The only
known Colombian population is restricted to a very Clusia osseocarpa
small area. Guttiferae VU CI
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Colombia, Panama
Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 Occurring in rainforest from low elevation to 1500m, the
species ranges from the Canal region in Panama to an
Clusia cupulata area just over the border with Colombia in the Choc6.
Guttiferae VU Ale Population numbers are not large but several of the
Panama localities are within protected areas. Increasing
Principally known from the centre-north of Panama, the agriculture, settlement and logging threaten areas of
species continues to be in found new sites, increasing its unprotected forest.
range so that it almost stretches from the border with Assessor: Mitre, M.
Costa Rica to the border with Colombia. No record of Refs: 1212.19^0, 16772
the species has been made in either of the latter countries
so far. It occurs almost exclusively in undisturbed Clusia portlandiana
up to 1200m. There are small populations in
rainforest Guttiferae VUBl-l-2c
Volcdn Baru and Chagres National Parks and Kunayaia Jamaica
Indigenous Reserve. Outside these areas the habitat is An epiphytic tree or shrub confined to mossy forest on
frequently threatened by settlement, logging and limestone in Portland between 450 and 750m.
extensive agriculture. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Mitti, M. /?c/i.- 401, 5653, 7980
/fe/i; 7272, 7980, 16772
Clusia pseudomangle
Clusia dukei Guttiferae VU D2
Guttiferae VU Ale Peru
Panama A cloud forest species which is endemic to the Peruvian
Largely growing epiphytically, the species is scattered Andes and has been collected only once, from the
diffusely in areas of moist forest from low elevation to department of San Martin.
1800m. It is recorded from localities throughout Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Panama. Some populations are protected in national Refs: 1984
parks, others are seriously exposed to increasing habitat
clearance for settlement and agriculture.
Assessor: Mitre, M.
Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772
131
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132
Species Summaries
ecosystem which being rapidly replaced by limestone soils in coastal areas. Little information is
agricultural systems. available on its conservation status.
Assessor: Prado, D. Assessor: Johnson, D.
Refs: 19122 Refs: 19118
133
The World List of Threatened Trees
Coffea mufindiensis ssp. mufindiensis scale mining continue to put pressure on the species
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b could prove to be more threatened after
habitat. Its status
Tanzania necessary survey work.
A Tanzania endemic, this subspecies is restricted to Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
moist montane forests in the Kiboriani and Udzungwa /?(f/i: 6127, 8369, 12061
Mountains.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Qarke Cola bracteata
/?«/[. 3356,8814 StercuHaceae VUBl+2c
Uganda
Coffea pocsii An endemic to Uganda, occurring relatively commonly
Rubiaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2 in Kalinzu and Malamagambo Forest Reserve but scarce
Tanzania in Itwara Forest Reserve and elsewhere.
Described in 1994, this small tree is confined to dry Assessor: *MUIENR
evergreen forest, characterised by the frequency of Refs: 5654, 9605, 9837, 14667
Euphorbia and Encephalartos, in Kitulanghalo Forest
Reserve in the Morogoro region. Cola clavata
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Sterculiaceae DD
Refs: 17153 Mozambique
Assessor: Bandeira, S.
Coffea pseudozanguebariae Refs:5\\l, 18965
Rubiaceae VU Bl+2b
Kenya, Tanzania Cola duparquetiana
A shrubby tree which is known from remnant dry forest Sterculiaceae VU D2
patches occurring in the Taita Hills in Kenya, and Gabon
further south in Tanzania and Zanzibar. This species has been collected only from Lastoursville,
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke where logging has been intensive and the forest is
Refs: 3356, 10961 degraded. The species may be found to be more
widespread in the country's relatively unexplored
Coffea togoensis forests, which, although extensive, are largely under
Rubiaceae VU Ale concession to logging companies.
Ghana, Togo Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small tree which is common but restricted to the Refs: 14958, 15790
southern dry forests of Ghana, from Tain II Forest
Reserve to the Volta region and extending into Togo. Colagigas
Dry forests have suffered the most serious losses of all Sterculiaceae VUBl+2c
the forest types in this area. They continue to decline Nigeria
because of fire, felling and agricultural expansion. Only recorded in south-eastern Nigeria, the largest, if
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. not only, population of this species occurs in the Oban
Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 Division of the Cross River National Park. The areas
outside the park have been largely deforested and
Coffea zanguebariae planted with commercial or subsistence crops.
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mozambique, Tanzania Refs: 2773, 4977, 1 1504
Ranging in a relatively unexplored area from southern
Tanzania in the Kilwa District to northern Mozambique, Cola glabra
this species is confined to patches of dry coastal forest. StercuHaceae VUBl+2c
The species is possibly cultivated in Madagascar. Nigeria
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke A small tree confined to the few remaining forested
Refs: 1308, 3356, 8814 areas in south-west Nigeria. Large-scale logging,
encroaching agriculture and the planting of commercial
Cola attiensis crops have resulted in large declines in the habitat.
Sterculiaceae EN A 1 c, B 1 +2c Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cote d'lvoire Refs:im. 11504
At one time widespread, this species has become rare
because of the extent of deforestation in the country. It Cola hypochrysea
occurs in remaining moist semi-deciduous forest, the Sterculiaceae VU Ale
large part of which now exists only in protected areas. Cameroon, Nigeria
Assessor: Assi, A. A species with a scattered occurrence in lowland
Refs: 2773, 12822 rainforest, especially in swampy areas or along river
banks. Its range extends from south-eastern Nigeria,
Cola boxiana (although itdoes not appear to occur in Cross River
Sterculiaceae EN Bl+2c National Park), to Cameroon, whereit has been recorded
134
Species Summaries
yjefi; 2773, 4977, 11504 evergreen forest. Declines in this habitat type because of
mining, logging and commercial forestry activities have
Cola octoloboides been significant in the last few decades.
Sterculiaceae ENBl+2c Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Kenya V?e/i; 2773, 8369, 12061
A shrub or small tree, confined to a few forest patches or
shady crevices, including localities in Cha Simba, Cola usambarensis
Gongoni, Muhaka and Dzombo. Sterculiaceae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Tanzania
Refs: 6396, 9198 Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
/?e/S; 3356, 8814
135
The World List of Threatened Trees
136
Species Summaries
60km of the coast. Plants have been recorded from helped get rid of infestations of the homopteran pest,
Mkuze Game Reserve and the species may also occur Onhezia insignis. The genus consists of four species, all
within Ndumu and Kosi Bay cnservation areas. Sand endemic to St Helena.
forest is under threat from cutting for firewood and Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B.
timber. The area is also increasingly threatened by Refs: 11891, 19071, 19081
settlement and agricultural activities. There is some
debate over the specific status of the taxon. Commidendrum rotundifolium
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Compositae EW
Refs: 689, 19218 St Helena
Formerly one of the common gumwoods occurring in
Combretum petrophibim dry areas. By the end of the 1 8th century stands were
Combretaceae LR/nt reduced to a few isolated localities and the species was
South Africa (Mpumalanga, Northern Province) considered extinct at the end of the 19' century. A tree
The species occurs on north-western or southern slopes was rediscovered on an inaccessible cliff at the southern
in mixed savanna. Specimens are often found growing edge of Horse Pasture in 1982 but by 1986 it had blown
between rocks, in fissures or along ledges in hilly and down in a gale. Some trees have been planted at
mountainous terrain. Populations are recorded from a Pounceys. The genus consists of four species, all
number of localities, some of which are protected areas. endemic to St Helena.
Outside protected areas, the species is showing some Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B.
decline because of wood-cutting activities. Refs: 995'i, 11891, 19081
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al.
/?e/i.- 689, 15561,19218 Commidendrum rugosum
Compositae VU DI
Combretum rochetianum St Helena
Combretaceae VUAlc-t-2c A low-domed shrub of the crown wastes. At one time it
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan became entirely confined to cliff localities. Since the
Reportedto be often common, this species is confined to extirpation of goats, population numbers are believed to
Combretum-Terminalia woodland in a relatively small be expanding. The total population size exceeds 1000
range covering west Eritrea, north-west Ethiopia and individuals, but most subpopulations are very small and
adjacent areas of Sudan. Agricultural expansion and restricted geographically, making them vulnerable to
human activities are causing declines in the extent of stochastic events. The species is able to tolerate severe
this habitat in the area. drought and saline conditions. There is evidence of
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre hybridisation. The genus consists of four species, all
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre ones at Mount Vesey and one fenced individual on a
/fe/i.-6396,9198 ridge between Cason's Gate and Oaklands. The species
has been brought into cultivation. In the past, fees were
Commidendrum robustum ssp. gummiferum recorded as growing on the tops of the highest
Compositae EX mountains. The wood was used chiefly as a source of
St Helena fuel. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to
Although it is doubtfiil whether any pure material of this St Helena.
subspecies still exists, its characters are frequently seen Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B.
in hybrid populations at Peak Dale. The taxon was at Refs: 995A. 11891, 19081
one time distributed on the central ridge between 400
and 700m. There is also a tree of questionable identity Commiphora alata
found in Deep Valley. The genus consists of four Burseraceae VU D2
species, all endemic to St Helena. Somalia
Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B. This species is confined to bushland on sand over
Refs: 19081 limestone in a small area in the south-west of Somalia.
The habita' is under pressure from degradation and
Commidendrum robustum ssp. robustum overcutting for charcoal production.
Compositae EN B 1 k2c Assessor: Thulin, M.
St Helena y?e/i.- 7620, 18665
Gumwood woodland covered over 60% of St Helena in
the I6th century. Extensive cutting of trees for their fine Commiphora albiflora
timber in the following centuries led to their reduction to Burseraceae LR/nt
a few small stands. Only two viable populations now Ethiopia, Somalia
remain in Peak Dale and Deep Valley, accounting for Occurring in Acacia-Commiphora bushland on
less than 2500 trees. Recent evidence indicates that limestone substrate, this small tree is known from
sheep grazing and competition with introduced plants scattered localities from northern and south-central
may be a problem. Biological control appears to have Somalia to Sidamo, southern Ethiopia. Habitat is being
137
The World List of Threatened Trees
sandy soil. The habitat is under threat of degradation species in the genus.
from overgrazing and overcutting for charcoal Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
production. Refs: 1330, 13058, 18523
Assessor: Thulin, M.
Refs: 6396, 7620, 12067, 13058, 18665 Commiphora obovata
Burseraceae LR/nt
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
Commiphora ciliata A small tree with a fragmented range restricted to parts
Burseraceae LR/nt of the Ogaden in Ethiopia, central and northern Somalia
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and eastern Kenya. The habitat has been degraded in
Known from central and southern Somalia, parts of the places because of farming activities and overcutting for
Ogaden in Ethiopia and two localities in north-east charcoal production.
Kenya in Acacia-Commiphora woodland, this species is Assessor: Thulin, M.
restricted in rangeand rare. In places, the habitat is Refs: 1330,7620, 10961, 18665
degraded because of farming activities and overcutting
for charcoal production.
Commiphora omifoUa
Assessor: Thulin, M. Burseraceae VU D2
Refs: 1330,6396,7620, 12067, 13058, 18665 Yemen (Socotra)
Although widespread on coastal plains and foothills, the
Commiphora corrugata populations are generally scattered and small. Leaves are
Burseraceae LR/nt used as fodder for livestock. Increasing goat numbers
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia could cause the species to become more seriously
An unusual species on account of the characteristics of threatened.
its bark, leaves and stamens. Only a few localities are Assessor: Miller, A.G.
known in central and southern Somalia, in the Ogaden in Refs: 2354, 19083
Ethiopia and a small area in north-east Kenya. The
Acacia-Commiphora bushland habitat is vulnerable to Commiphora planifrons
overcutting for charcoal production and the expansion of
Burseraceae VU D2
agricultural activities.
Yemen (Socotra)
Assessor: Thulin, M. Collected only a few times, the species has a very
Refs: 1330,7620,18665 scattered distribution in moist woodland on limestone
and granite There are no immediate threats.
hills.
Commiphora guidottU Assessor: Miller, A.G.
Burseraceae LR/nt Refs: 2354, 19083
Ethiopia, Somalia
A species which widespread in Somalia and also
is fairly
Commiphora pseudopaolU
in adjacent parts of the Ogaden in Ethiopia.
It is found in
Burseraceae LR/nt
Acacia-Commiphora bushland, always on gypsum soils. Kenya, Somalia
Habitat is being degraded in places where there is
A spreading tree known from central and southern
overcutting for charcoal production and also an Somalia and from central Kenya in open bushland, often
expansion of agricultural activities.
on alluvium soils. Overcutting and grazing of this
Assessor: Thulin, M. habitat are threats.
Refs: 1330,7620 Assessor: Thulin, M.
Refs: 6396, 7620, 13058, 18665
138
Species Summaries
139
The World List of Threatened Trees
140
Species Summaries
Haiti
individuals of flowering size were seen in 1997, and
Restricted to north-west Haiti, this palm tree occurs in these are mostly well scattered in the eastern half of the
lowland scrub on rocky shores near the sea. In 1996, a island in degraded areas of forest. Evidence of natural
Refs: 14513
Coprosma cookei
Rubiaceae DD Coprosma taitensis var. raiateensis
French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.)
Rubiaceae DD
An endemic to Rapa. French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Assessor: Florence, J.
As with var. glabrata, the taxon is confined to the island
Refs: 14513
of Raiatea.
Assessor: Florence, J.
Coprosma esulcata Refs: 14513
Rubiaceae DD
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.)
Coprosma wallU
Populations are recorded on Nuku Hiva and Ua Pou. Rubiaceae VUBI+2c, D2
Assessor: Florence, J.
New Zealand (North Is., South Is.)
Refs: 14513
A small tree with divaricating branches, found in
lowland *kahikatea/matai forest, frost flats and
Coprosma oliveri
clearings. In the North Island only three localities are
Rubiaceae VU D2 known and occurrences have been recorded from
Chile (Juan Fernandez Is)
Nelson, Westland and Canterbury in the South Island.
A characteristic species of lower montane forest, a good There is evidence suggesting the species to be a poor
example of which is found at (Juebrada Villagra. competitor, suffering from the lack of periodic
Preliminary data indicate the species is confined to less disturbance and sites available for recolonisation.
than 100km*. More detailed information on the species Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
should become available to confirm this evaluation. The *c/j.-9800, 19133, 19134
islands are designated as a national park and biosphere
reserve and work is being carried out by *CONAF to
save the native plants. Cordeauxia edulis
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Leguminosae VU A2cd
Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 Ethiopia, Somalia
An important shrub or small tree species confined to
Coprosma pyrifolia semi-desert bushland from eastern Ogaden to central
141
The World List of Threatened Trees
142
Species Summaries
143
The World List of Threatened Trees
144
Species Summaries
145
1
146
Species Summaries
Viet Nam
Endemic to central Viet Nam, this large tree is scattered Craterispermum montanum
sparsely or found in dominant stands in dense evergreen Rubiaceae VU B I +2c, D2
broadleaved and mixed forest in Gia Lai, Kon Turn, Phu Sao Tom6 & IMncipe (Principe, Sao Tom6)
Yen and Khanh Hoa Provinces. The wood is used in A small tree, which was relatively well collected on
construction work and fiimiture-making. expeditions at the turn of the century and before. In the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre present day it number of
appears to be localised to a
/ee/i;848, 15357, 19060 primary forest sites at high altitudes (>IOOOm). The bark
is an important ingredient in a fortifying drink for
This species has been found at only a single locality in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Langping, growing in forest on limestone hills at 1400m. Refs: 2724, 10080, 19042, 19111
147
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 1984 although some of these areas are being actively logged.
The Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya has raised
Cremastosperma panamense seedlings.
Armonaceae DD Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Panama /?c/i. 6396,9198, 17859
Although reported fix)m Panama, there is no information
in the literature or in herbaria in Panama to indicate Croton aubrevillei
where the species is located. Euphorbiaceae VU A 1 c, B +2c
1
Cremastosperma peruvianum over the last few decades, have been significant.
Armonaceae VU D2 Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Peru Refs: 4108, 8369, 1 1530, 12061
A genus endemic to the Andes. This species is known
only from the type, which was collected in Loreto. Croton cordatulus
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Euphorbiaceae ENBl+2c
Refs: 1984 New Caledonia
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre occurs within dry montane forest. It has a close affinity
Refs: 19119,19120 with C. sylvaticus.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Critoniopsis sodiroi «e/5.- 2074, 3356, 11631
Compositae VUBl+2c
Ecuador Croton jatrophoides
A which is endemic to the montane
tree or shrub forest Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2b
zone of the Ecuadorean High Andes. Tanzania
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A dry coastal forest species from eastern Tanzania, also
Refs: 19119,19120 said to occur in south-east Kenya.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Crossopetalum parviflorum Refs: 3356, 10961
Celastraceae LR/nt
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Croton kelantanicus
A widely distributed species in Costa Rica, Nicaragua Euphorbiaceae VU D2
and Guatemala, also reporied from Mexico, and in small Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
populations in the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Panama A small tree of primary evergreen rainforest, collected
and the Canal zone Panama. Scattered in lowland
in only a single time from Kelantan.
semi-deciduous forest, the species is found in areas Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
which are experiencing high rates of settlement and Refs: 8464, 19073
human population growth.
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Croton laurinus
Refs: 15037, 16772 Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
Jamaica
Crotalaria exattata Populations are confined to areas of woodland on craggy
Leguminosae LR/nt limestone.
Ethiopia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
From the Kefa, Shewa, Bale and Sidamo regions this Refs: 6057, 7980
small tree occurs in the margins of upland forest or
148
Species Summaries
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3356, 5654, 6396, 8697, 9198, 12067, 18665 Refs:S48, 11530
in areas of moist submontane woodland. There are no relatively wide-ranging from Ghana to Gabon. Mining,
immediate threats. logging and other forestry activities, particularly in
149
The World List of Threatened Trees
Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, have caused the general Crudia zeylanica
decline and degradation of these forests. Leguminosae EX
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Sri Lanka
Refs: 450, 2773, 12061, 12597, 15251, 19043 A endemic to Sri Lanka.
large tree of the wet lowlands
The species been considered on the verge of
has
Crudia balachandrae extinction for over a decade, and as it was not found in
Leguminosae VU D2 the recent National Conservation Review forest survey it
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) is likely to be extinct. A single tree was supposed to
This is the only species of the genus in India. It is rare exist in the Peradeniya Botanical Garden. However, it
Bay. There is evidence of insect damage on the flowers. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8203, 12129, 18796
Refs: 2609
Cryosophila bartleltii
Refs: 8464. 19073 is protected within Chagres National Park. The fibre is
locally traded.
Peninsular Thailand, inhabiting primary hill rainforest. Logging, increasing settlements and decline in
Refs: 8464, 19073 contributed to losses. The palm heart is eaten locally for
medicinal purposes. A few plants are protected in Tortu
150
Species Summaries
Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan
Nayarit, Sinaloa) Refs: 6469, 7933, 19050, 19051
Occurring on the Pacific coast, the species is found in
areas of dry deciduous forest, often pine-oak woodland, Cryptocarya ferrarsii
up to 1700m. Much of the original dry forest along the Lauraceae CRBl+2c
coast is cleared or greatly altered as a result of logging India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.)
and conversion to agriculture and settlements. A small forest tree, known o.ily from the type collection
Populations have become scarce or have completely on Middle Andaman Island. The forests here have
disappeared at lower elevations. In relatively declined significantly through large-scale logging. Intact
undisturbed areas in upper altitudinal limits, the species forest remains in Jarwa Reserve, which is unexplored
can be common. and may harbour further populations of the species.
Assessor: Evans, R. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19118 /?e/i: 4799, 7147
151
The World List of Threatened Trees
1S2
Species Summaries
153
The World List of Threatened Trees
National Forest. There is a lack of agreement over the widely distributed, especially along a historic trade route
variety's taxonomic status, it commonly being to Sikkim. These trees may have been planted.
considered to hold species status. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 374
Refs: 374, 3786, 6972, 1 1886, 13041, 19193
Cupressus dupreziana
Cupressus atlantica Cupressaceae CR A2c, CI
Cupressaceae EN Alabc, Bl+2b, Cl+2a, Dl Algeria
Morocco Three populations, containing 153 individuals and
One or two small groves remain in dry woodland on covering 200sq.km, are thought to exist. The main
steep scree slopes in Oued n'Fiss Valley south of concentration is in Tassili N'Ajjer National Park, which
Marakech Mountains. Estimates of the area
in the Atlas has been designated a World Heritage Site. There is no
of occupancy have declined from 5500ha in 1950 to regeneration in the wild. It is believed that the water
1460ha in 1986, largely because of habitat degradation, table has sunk to an extent that impedes regeneration.
overgrazing and to some extent exploitation. The species has been successfully established in
Observations during a visit to the site in 1997 indicated a cultivation.
complete absence of natural regeneration. One Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
subpopulation fenced and attempts are being made to
is Refs: 374, 12567
replant the species but the rates of success are very low.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Cupressus gigantea
/?e/i; 374, 4506, 13041,19191 Cupressaceae VU Aid
China (Xizang)
Cupressus bakeri Confined to eastern Tibet, the species forms sparse pure
Cupressaceae VUBl+2bd stands along rivers on sheltered dry slopes. The largest
USA Oregon)
(California, individuals are said to be in a cemetery. Little
This species is known from nine scattered sites in north regeneration is apparent except in the Yarlungzangbo
California and the extreme south of Oregon. Only one of River basin but the tree coppices well.
them extends as far as two miles in length. Locations Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
once known have been lost. Although fire-adapted, it is Refs: 1818.11847, 13041
vulnerable to intense fires, which break out when the
fuel load has built up. Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Cupressaceae EN C2a
Refs: 13041, 18751, 19193 USA (California)
Commonly recognised as A. abramsiana, this variety is
Cupressus cashmeriana rare and confined to fewer than 10 groves in the Santa
Cupressaceae VU Bl+2c Cruz Mountains. Each population is thought to have
Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh) fewer than 100 individuals. There are threats from
The natural distribution of the species is probably residential and agricultural developments, alteration of
confined to west central Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh fire regimes and introgression of conifer species, which
154
Species Summaries
Cupressus guadalup ensis var. guadalupensis the habitat have been cleared for agriculture, settlement
Cupressaceae CR CI and industrial development, possibly resulting in the
Mexico (Guadalupe Is.) species becoming fragmented and the subpopulations
A population of 200 is thought to exist in two small becoming isolated. Any developments at the type
stands. Regeneration is seriously hampered by goats. locality could seriously affect the species.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al.
Refs: 374 Refs: 689, 19218
155
The World List of Threatened Trees
The type subspecies is endemic to Maui. than 20 individuals in three populations near Keauhou,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Kohae and on Puuwaawaa. Another 46 individuals have
Refs: 3372 been planted in exclosures at Puuwaawaa and Kau
156
Species Summaries
Forest Reserve. Cattle grazing and trampling are major Cyclobalanopsis repandifoUa
causes for the species decline. It is protected by the US Fagaceae CR B 1 +2b, C2a
Endangered Species Act. Taiwan
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A tree with a scarce distribution in areas of lowland
Refs: 19039 broadleaved forest in Chinshuiying on the Hengchun
Peninsula. In the few populations known, regeneration is
Cyanea superba ssp. regina poor, seed crops appear to be frequently decimated by
Campanulaceae EX squirrels and other animals. No protection or
USA (Hawaii) conservation measures are in place.
A subspecies recorded from the Southern Koolau Assessor: Pan, F.J.
Mountains on Oahu, where it was last found in 1932 in Refs: 3295, 19050
lowland rainforest. It is protected by the US Endangered
Species Act. Cyclobalanopsis rex
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Fagaceae DD
Refs: 3372 China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar
In China the main populations are found at Mengla and
Cyanea superba ssp. superba Tengchong. They are extremely small and largely made
Campanulaceae CR C2a, Dl up of senescing trees in areas of monsoon forest on
USA (Hawaii) limestone hills. Regeneration is poor and the habitat
This subspecies is still extant, as opposed to ssp. regina. degraded. Information is needed on the populations in
It is known from two small populations, totalling fewer Laos and Myanmar.
than 10 plants, in the Waianae Mountains, one on Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
federal property in Kahanahaiki valley and the other on Refs: 1818,11847, 19055
state land inPahole Gulch. Habitat degradation by the
spread of introduced plants is the most serious threat to Cyclophyllum tenuipes
remaining populations. Protective measures and planting Rubiaceae VU Dl
are being carried out at Pahole. The taxon is protected New Caledonia
by the US Endangered Species Act. Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
157
The World List of Threatened Trees
158
1 1
Species Summaries
Cynometra webberi to the islandof Ngau in Loma-i Viti, where it has been
Leguminosae VU B 1 +2b collected only twice from lowland forest in the hills
Kenya, Tanzania around Herald Bay.
A shrubby tree occurring in dry coastal forest patches Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
within an area ranging from Kwale and KiUfi Districts in Refs: 18818
Kenya into Tanzania. In some forest types it forms the
dominant canopy element. Soils with impeded drainage Cyrtandra elbertii
and unpredictable water supply are especially favoured Gesneriaceae VUBl+2c, D2
by the species. Indonesia (Java)
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke The only known location of this species is on Mount
/?e/i; 3356, 6396, 10961 Lawu, where it occurs in an area of forest from 1500 to
1700m. An area of 60km' on Mount Lawu is being
Cyphophoenix elegans proposed as a nature reserve. Pressures of encroachment
Palmae VU BI+2c and cutting are severe.
New Caledonia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
This species is localised to the north-east on low-lying Refs: 9078
areas of schistose rocks.
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el al. Cyrtandra feaniana
Refs: 10351,19118 Gesneriaceae LR/nt
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.)
Cyphophoenix nucele A shrub or small tree known from occurrences on Fatu
Palmae CRBI+2c Hiva, Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tauhata and Ua Huka.
New Caledonia Assessor: Florence, J.
159
The World List of Threatened Trees
Cyrtandra nalewaensis where lower slopes have been cleared in places for
Gesneriaceae VU D2 agriculture. Populations in New Guinea are thought to
Fiji be widespread.
A shrub or small which occurs infrequently in
tree, Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
dense forest between 400 and 820m. It is rarely collected Refs: 374, 6851, 13041, 18751
and, so far, known only from eastern Vanua Levu and a
site in Taveuni. Dacrydium comosum
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Podocarpaceae ENBI+2c
Refs: 18818 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A relatively rarely collected shrub or small tree, which
Cyrtandra spathacea grows on exposed ridges in stunted mossy montane
Gesneriaceae VU D2 forest. Populations occurring on the Gunung Tahan
Fiji Massif are protected within a national park. In the
A scarce but distinct tree species of dense forest between southern part of the species range, however, the habitat
500 and 750m. It has been collected just twice, once in is threatened by infrastructural development.
1933 on the slopes of Mount Mbuke Levu, on the island Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
of Kandavu, and once from near Lautoka, Mba, on Viti Refs: 6851, 13041, 15966. 19073, 19192
Levu.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Dacrydium comwalliana
Refs: 18818 Podocarpaceae DD
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Cyrtandra tavinunensis The species grows in some abundance in confined
Gesneriaceae VU D2 patches of cloud forest or mossy heath forest above
Fiji 1430m. Collections are few, largely because the area is
A shrub or tree which is endemic to the island of poorly explored.
Taveuni. Collections have been made from the regions Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
of Wairiki and Somosomo in dense forest between 700 /?e/i/ 374, 6851
and 850m altitude.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Dacrydium ericioides
Refs: 18818 Podocarpaceae VU D2
Malaysia (Sarawak)
Cyrtandra tempestii A locally abundant tree of primary mossy forest,
Gesneriaceae VU D2 occurring on exposed ridges in two locations on Mount
Fiji Dulit and Meruong Plateau. It appears to be confmed to
An uncommon species restricted to Taveuni in dense The area could possibly come under the
ultrabasic soils.
forest 900m.
up to heavy logging regimes which have occured throughout
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre the country.
Refs: 18818 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
/?e/r. 374,6851,19192
Cyrtostachys kisu
Palmae DD Dacrydium gibbsiae
Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Podocarpaceae LR/cd
A palm endemic to the islands of Choiseul and Baga, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
where it is scattered in lowland to submontane A shrub or small tree, known only from Mount Kinabalu
rainforest. and the summit ridge on Mount Murud in Sarawak. In
Assessor: Dowl, J.L. the former location the species appears to be common at
Refs: 19118 high elevations, particularly on ultramafic substrates.
The population here is protected within the national
Dacrycarpus kinabaluensis park.
Podocarpaceae LR/cd Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Malaysia (Sabah) /fe/s; 374, 6851, 12121, 19125
A shrub or small tree, which is known only from
elevations above 2100m on Mount Kinabalu. Dacrydium gracilis
Populations are protected within the national park. The Podocarpaceae VU D2
species is thought to be susceptible to periodic droughts, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
but populations appear to have successfully survived A large tree with a distribution which appears to be
recent dry spells. highly localised within a narrow altitudinal range on
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Mount Kinabalu, the Crocker range and adjacent parts of
Refs: 6851, 13041, 19125 Sarawak. It is an integral part of the lower montane oak-
laurel forest. Trees are hard to distinguish from other
Dacrycarpus steupii Dacrydium species and so are likely to be cut wherever
Podocarpaceae LR/nt accessible for construction timber. Populations on
Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Sulawesi) Mount Kinabalu are almost entirely contained within the
A tree of submontane swamp or disturbed forest, where national park and so are relatively well protected.
it can form pure stands. In Kalimantan it was known Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
from a now extinct population near Balikpapan. In Re/t; 374, 6851, 12121, 19125
Sulawesi it is confmed to the Latimodjong Mountains,
160
Species Summaries
Refs: 19073
161
The World List of Threatened Trees
Pehang in Jerantut, this rare species occurs in moist pollination.There is some debate about the taxonomic
forest at60m. placement of this species, it is maintained here as a
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre monotypic genus.
Refs: 8464, 19073 Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el al.
Refs: 689, 19218
Dacryodes puherula
Burseraceae VUBl+2a Dalbergia abrahamii
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Leguminosae ENBl-t-2abcd
A tree of moist forest up to 1000m altitude in the states Madagascar
of Perak, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. A tree known only froma few localities around
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Autsiranana Ankarana Massif in areas of
and the
Refs: 8464, 19073 limestone outcrops. Populations are fragmented and
much of the range is decreasing through forest
Dactyladenia dinklagei destruction. The main threat comes from selective
Chrysobalanaceae VU Ale, Bl+2c felling for timber and charcoal. Some localities are
Ghana protected in Ankarana Reserve.
An uncommon species restricted to wet evergreen forest Assessor: Du Puy, D.
in Upper Guinea. General losses to this habitat have Refs: 12353,19115
been caused by mining activities, logging and
commercial planting. Dalbergia acariiantha
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Leguminosae VU Bl+2b
Refs: 8369, 12061 Tanzania
This species is restricted to dry coastal forest patches in
east and south-east Tanzania.
Dactyladenia hirsula
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Chrysobalanaceae ENBl+2c Refs: 2459, 3356, 7550
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana
Rare and confmed to remaining areas of wet evergreen
Dalbergia albiflora ssp. echinocarpa
forest in Ghana and largely confined to Tai National
Leguminosae VU B 1 +2c
Park in south-west Cote d'lvoire, this species has
Nigeria
suffered extensive logging of its habitat, the effects of
A subspecies endemic to forest areas in southern
mining and the establishment of commercial plantations.
Nigeria. The extent of the habitat has unquestionably
Assessor: Assi, A.
declined as there has been large-scale deforestation in
/fc/s; 8369, 12061.12822
the last three decades.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Dactyladenia laevis Refs: 2773, 5651, 7550, 1 1504
Chrysobalanaceae VU D2
Gabon Dalbergia andapensis
A small tree found only in the vicinity of Libreville. Leguminosae ENBI+2abc
Logging has taken place in the area and nearly all the Madagascar
remaining forest is under concession to logging A species confmed to north-east Madagascar in humid,
companies. It is possible, with further exploration, that broadleaved evergreen forest between the altitudes of
the species may be found to be more widespread. 400 and 5(X)m. This rare species is poorly known,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre apparently having a restricted distribution in an area of
Refs: 19043 declining forest.
Assessor: Du Puy, D.
Refs: 19115
Dahlgrenodendron natalense
Lauraceae EN B I +2ae, C2a, Dl Dalbergia annamensis
South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal) Leguminosae EN Alcd
A palaeoendemic usually found on forest margins, both Viet Nam
next to and away from stream banks. A few individuals Endemic to Viet Nam, this small tree is scattered in
have been recorded from within climax forest, but these lowland dry open forest in Phu Yen and Kh^h H6a
were invariably very old and senescent. The species is Provinces. This endangered
species is by
known from a number of localities; it has not been found overexploitation for its valuable wood.
again at Ngoye forest, despite several searches and it is Assessor: Nghia, N.H.
probably extinct at this locality; there are at leasttwo Refs: 848, 19091
plants in the Nqutu area; a single large tree, which is
dying of old age, is in Umdoni Park; the largest number Dalbergia aurea
of trees are found in the renmant forest patches between Leguminosae VU D2
the Msikaba and Umtamvuna Rivers. The total number Madagascar
of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 200. A submontane, rainforest tree which has been collected
Regeneration from seed has not been recorded and only once from an area between the Marivorahona
plants in fruit are seldom recorded. This may be the
Massif north of the Tsaratanana Massif. This restricted
result of the synchronised dichogamy, where male and
area is little known but is suffering from a decline in
female flowers are produced at different times. Their natural vegetation.
isolated occurrence then provides Uttle chance of Assessor: Du Puy, D.
Refs: 19115
162
Species Summaries
Daibergia balansae 1000 and 1500m. Currently the only population known
Leguminosae VUAlcd can be found north of Lake Aloatra in a region with only
China, Viet Nam a few patchy forest remnants; these remnants are still in
Scattered in northern Viet Nam and China, this pioneer decline. This species is traded locally and nationally as
species grows in lowland and submontane moist forest. fuel and timber.
Its distribution has been reduced by shifting cultivation. Assessor: Du Puy, D.
Natural regeneration is strong on fallow land. It is Refs: 19115
grown on a small scale in mixed plantations as a host
plant for lac insects. Daibergia bracteolata
Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Leguminosae LR/nt
*e/i.- 6125, 19091 Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania
A lowland tree or scandent shrub, occurring in
Daibergia bariensis deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland. It is
163
1
164
Species Summaries
165
The World List of Threatened Trees
Dalbergia odorifera
Dalbergia mollis Leguminosae VU Aid
Leguminosae China (Guangdong - Hainan)
LR/nt
Madagascar Confmed to Hainan Island, the species is known only
This widely distributed tree inhabits lowland, deciduous from stands of coppiced individuals in secondary forest
forest and woodland in western Madagascar. It occurs in
and scrub up to 600m altitude. Trees have been heavily
regions of rapidly declining fragmented forest. harvested for the timber and scented wood.
It is also
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
selectively felled for the high-quality rosewood timber.
Some populations within Refs: 1660,1818,11847
lie the boundaries of
Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Reserve.
Assessor: Du Puy, D. Dalbergia oliveri
Refs: 19115 Legu mi nosae EN A 1 cd
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Scattered in dense evergreen and semi-deciduous forest
up to 1200m, the species occurs within a restricted
166
Species Summaries
167
The World List of Threatened Trees
distinct distribution. Selective felling in fragmented rosewood, but the stems are very sought-after locally for
vegetation is causing a reduction in the total population. construction and tool making. The vegetation in this area
Assessor: Du Puy, D. isvery fragmented.
Refs: 19115 Assessor: Du Puy, D.
Refs: 12353,19115
Dalbergia tsaratananensis
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2abcde Daniellia klainei
Madagascar Leguminosae LR/nt
Few populations are known and all are confined to Cameroon, Gabon
broadleaved, submontane, moist forest in the Populations in Cameroon have become reduced with
Tsaratanana Massif in Madagascar. Trees are selectively increasing exploitation of the timber. There are intact
felled and the habitat is in rapid decline because of stands in Gabon, where large tracts of forest have
increasing cultivation. remained undisturbed. This trend, however, is rapidly
Assessor: Du Puy, D. changing as almost all forest areas in Gabon are now
Refs: 19115 under concession to timber companies.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Dalbergia tsiandalana Refs: 14958, 19132
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2abcde
Madagascar Daniellia oblonga
Very restricted, this poorly known species occurs around Leguminosae VU Ale
Soalala and Mahajanga in western Madagascar. The Benin, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Nigeria
coastal, lowland, moist forest habitat of this species is A large tree from Atlantic forest. Populations have been
very reduced and fragmented. This good-quality recorded in Benin, on the Nigerian border at Oueme, in
rosewood is selectively felled. Ikom in Nigeria, extending into Cameroon and Bioko.
Assessor: Du Puy, D. Although information on the extent of the species range
Refs: 19115 and its status is incomplete, the habitat is known to have
decUned severely.
Dalbergia urschii Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae ENBI+2abcde /?e/i.- 2773,7111, 11504
Madagascar
A tree known from only one locality in lowland, Daphnopsis calcicola
deciduous, seasonally dry forest near Antsiranana. This Thymelaeaceae VU D2
rare species is easily accessible, selectively felled and in Cuba
an area of forest degradation and clearance. A small, endemic tree locally restricted to the deeply
Assessor: Du Puy, D. eroded limestone mountains called the mogotes complex
Refs: 19115 in Vitiales, Pinar del Rio Province.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Dalbergia vacciniifolia Refs: 11403,18485,19149
Leguminosae VUBI+2b
Kenya, Tanzania Daphnopsis macrophyUa
A relatively wide-ranging species which occurs as a Thymelaeaceae VUBl+2c
scandent shrub in places. It is known from patches of Ecuador
dry coastal forest in south-east Kenya, at unusually high A tree of montane and upper montane cloud forest in the
altitudes in the Shimba Hills and at Taru. The range Ecuadorean High Andes.
extends south through coastal Tanzania to Zanzibar Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Island. Refs: 19119,19120
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 3356, 6396, 7550 Daphnopsis pavonii
Thymelaeaceae VU 02
Dalbergia viguieri Peru
Leguminosae VUAlcd+2cd Known only from the type collected in the department of
Madagascar Juni'n, the species occurs in forest between 2500 and
A poorly known rosewood broadleaved
tree, restricted to 3000m.
Madagascar. The species is
transition forest in north-east Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
known from only three rapidly diminishing sites, all of Refs: 1984
which are fragmented and isolated.
Assessor: Du Puy, D. Dasylepis Integra
Refs: 19115 Flacourtiaceae VUBl+2b
Kenya, Tanzania
Dalbergia xerophila An upland moist forest species known from the Taita
Leguminosae ENBl+2abcde Hills in Kenya, the West Usambara Mountains and Pare
Madagascar Mountains in Tanzania. There is also an unusual record
This species has a very restricted distribution in of occurrence at Nou in Mbulu based on a single
woodland and scrubland on sand, in south-east collection.
Madagascar. A shrubby species, not of export-quality Assessor: Lovett, J. &G.P. Clarke
/ee/i. 3356, 6396, 8814
168
Species Summaries
is a valuable ornamental tree and seed collecting coupled An endemic family of just two species. This species is
with high levels of habitat destruction, have caused the endemic to Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. It is
species to disappear from parts of its range. relatively abundant but being logged extensively.
Assessor: Sun, W. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1818,11847,19055 /?«/s. 5515,6053, 18818
169
The World List of Threatened Trees
species has experienced general losses in habitat caused immediate threat from grazing, fire and also from
by mining, logging and the establishment of commercial invasive plants. Seeds have been propagated and planted
plantations. out in the area, increasing the population to
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. approximately 50 plants. The species is protected by the
Refs: 12061 US Endangered Species Act.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
DeinboUia nyasica Refs: 19034, 19039
Sapindaceae EN B 1 +2ac
Malawi
Delonix baccal
A large tree, apparently known only from the type
Leguminosae LR/nt
locality near Mboma stream in the Thyolo region. Most
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia
of the original forest in this area has been supplanted by
Occurring in Acacia-Commiphora bushland or riverine
tea estates and Eucalyptus plantations. In more recent
woodland, often on limestone, the species is confined to
years remaining forest areas have been steadily
an area extending from central and southern Somalia to
encroached upon for farming.
north-east Kenya and the Ogaden in Ethiopia. It is not
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 7058, 18965
common and, in places, the habitat is severely degraded
by encroaching agriculture and overcutting for charcoal
production.
DeinboUia rambaensis
Sapindaceae VU D2 Assessor: Thulin, M.
Refs: 1308, 1330, 6396, 8697, 10961, 13072, 18665
Gabon
Apparently known only from Ramba, the species may be
found to be more widespread as large areas have yet to Delonix boiviniana
be explored. The future of Gabon's forest is uncertain as Leguminosae LR/nt
now almost completely under concession to logging
it is
Madagascar
companies. The taxonomic status of the genus is held in A deciduous woodland and forest species that occurs
question. throughout north, south and west regions of Madagascar.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre It is locally common and exists within protected areas
Refs: 15790, 19043 that are not imminently threatened.
Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al.
DeinboUia saligna Refs: 13856
Sapindaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c
Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria
An understorey species, a borderiine shrub or tree. It Delonix brachycarpa
occurs in rocky streamside forest in a few localities in Leguminosae LR/nt
Nigeria and Cameroon and is recently recorded in Madagascar
Ghana. Populations in unprotected forest have been This deciduous woodland species has a scattered and
exposed to extensive logging and clearing for widespread distribution across west, south-west and
agriculture. south-east areas of Madagascar. Its distribution is similar
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre to that of D. boiviniana and indeed it may not qualify as
/fe/i.- 450, 8369, 11504 a separate species.
Assessor: Du Puy, D. et al.
170
Species Summaries
171
The World List of Threatened Trees
172
Species Summaries
173
The World List of Threatened Trees
habitat is most vulnerable to agricultural expansion and is found uncommonly in small populations in a few
the effects of high population growth and fires. localities in Uganda. General threats of mining,
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. overcutting for charcoal production and expansive
«e/i:8369, 11504, 12061 agriculture affect unprotected parts of the range.
Assessor: *MUIENR
Desmopsis dolichopetala Refs: 7550, 9605, 9837, 14667
Annonaceae CRC2a
Honduras Dialium hoUzii
Assessor: Nelson, C. Leguminosae VUBl+2b
Refs: 13995 Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania
A moist forest species which can occur in wetter or
riverine areas of dry forests. found in remaining
It is
174
Species Summaries
175
The World List of Threatened Trees
176
Species Summaries
177
The World List of Threatened Trees
Mauritius have been felled for the ebony wood, except perhaps in
A relatively common species of upland and mid the most remote parts of its range.
elevation forest in the south-west and occasionally in the Assessor: African Regional Workshop
east and northern ranges. The spread of invasive species Refs: 2362, 2773, 6718, 17408
and habitat degradation are causing considerable
concern. The species responds poorly to disturbance and Diospyros crumenata
appears to be regenerating insufficiently. Ebenaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: Page, W. Sri Lanka
Refs: 1411,9120, 16426 This species was discovered in only two forest localities
during the extensive surveys conducted for the National
Diospyros capricomuta Conservation Review.
Ebenaceae DD Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Tanzania Refs: 15431,19112
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 556, 3356 Diospyros daemona
Ebenaceae VU D2
Diospyros celebica Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Ebenaceae VUAlcd A lowland forest tree, known from four collections from
Indonesia (Sulawesi) northern Peninsular Malaysia. Populations may be
Occurring in lowland rainforest, the species is found conserved in the permanent forest reserves of Kedah,
only in central and northern Sulawesi. It has been Kelantan and north Pahang.
heavily exploited for its fine streaked ebony timber Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
which used for carving, inlay, furniture and musical
is Refs: 19073
instruments. The number of mature trees has declined
and large parts of the habitat have been converted to Diospyros ebenoides
crops. Felling of the species is now only allowed by Ebenaceae ENBl+2c
quota but continues illegally. Sri Lanka
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre In the extensive surveys conducted for the National
Refs: 4329, 11 145, 12937, 19048, 19065 Conservation Review, this tree was found in only three
forest localities in Kandy and Ratnapura Districts.
178
Species Summaries
179
The World List of Threatened Trees
An endemic to Lanyu Island off the south-east coast of Assessor: Jaffre, T. et al.
Taiwan. It occurs in lowland broadleaved forest and has Refs: 10351, 12630
attracted considerable attention as an ornamental tree.
The populations are unprotected and under some threat Diospyros melanida
from encroaching settlements and agriculture. Ebenaceae VUBl+2cde
Assessor: Pan, F.J. Mauritius
Refs: 3295, 19050 A likely timber of past centuries this species is
open hillside forest at Usino near the Bigei River in Refs: 19114
Madang Province. The population may no longer exist.
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Diospyros moonii
Refs: 19114 Ebenaceae CRBl+2c
Sri Lanka
Diospyros macrocarpa Apparently restricted to a small conservation forest
Ebenaceae LR/cd reserve in Matara District, only a single tree was found
New Caledonia in the comprehensive forest surveys for the National
Relatively widespread on the Grand Terre and also Conservation Review.
occurring on He des Pins, the species has been found in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
diverse habitats including humid forest and degraded Refs: 15431,18796,19112
maquis on ultramafic or schist substrates.
Assessor: Jaffre, T. et al. Diospyros mun
Refs: 10351, 12630 Ebenaceae CR Alcd
Laos, Viet Nam
Diospyros magogoana A small, slow-growing tree endemic to Viet Nam,
Ebenaceae EN B 1 +2bc although there are reports of occurrences in Laos. Stands
Tanzania are found in the northern provinces of Ha Giang, Tuyen
The range of the species now appears be confined to to Quang, Lang Son, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh and Quang Binh,
undisturbed areas within the Rondo
Reserve Forest where the species occurs on limestone mountains below
(140km'). Activities in the past resulting from logging 800m, and in the south in Cam Thinh Dong and Cam
and planting commercial timbers, shifting cultivation Thinh Tay communes. The glossy black timber is highly
and wood collection have caused extensive damage to valued and has been in great demand. Export is now
180
Species Summaries
banned. Populations in the wild are much reduced, but west Sri Lanka. Until recently, it was knovim only from
some are protected in areas, such as Cue Phuong Hinidumkanda Biosphere Reserve. Single collections
National Park. were made in both Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve and in
Assessor: Nghia, N.H. Kanneliya Forest Reserve.The forest on the south-
Rs/i.- 848, 11530 eastern slopes of Hinidumkanda is threatened by
encroaching slash-and-bum cultivation and illegal
especially in the north. The species has not yet become Diospyros pterocalyx
established in ex situ collections. Ebenaceae VUBI+2cde
Assessor: Page, W. Mauritius
Refs: 1411,9120,16426 An occasional species of upland moist evergreen forest
found mainly in the south-west, but also in the eastern
Diospyros nummulariifolia and northern ranges. As field surveys are carried out, the
Ebenaceae EN B 1 +2c species continues to be found in new locations.
Sri Lanka Regeneration is not good and is hampered, especially in
A dry zone tree found in only five forest localities the north, by invasive plants.
during the extensive forest surveys for the National Assessor: Page, W.
Conservation Review. Refs: 1411,9120, 16426
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19112 Diospyros pulgarensis
Ebenaceae VUBl+2c
Diospyros oblongifoUa Philippines
Ebenaceae VU A 1 c A species of primary lowland forest in Palawan,
Sri Lanka ascending to 500m The main island is declared a
A found in 12 forest
tree localities during the National biosphere reserve.
Conservation Review. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre /?e/i. 4986,5651
Refs: 15431, 19112
Diospyros pustulata
Diospyros occulata Ebenaceae VUBl+2c
Ebenaceae DD New Caledonia
Tanzania A species restricted to sclerophyllous forest on the west
This species is almost indistinguishable from the West coast of Grand Terre. The habitat is fragmented and
African species D. troupinii. massively reduced in extent because of the effects of
Assessor: Lovett, J. &
G.P. Clarke fires,grazing and encroaching agriculture. It is a
Refs: 556, 3356 conspicous species and derives its names from blisters
on its leaves.
Diospyros oppositifolia Assessor: Jaffre, T. et al.
181
The World List of Threatened Trees
species is threatened by overexploitation of its valuable exists in numerous small populations in forest on
variegated timber and by poor regeneration. In addition, exposed rocky outcrops or in well-drained places.
the heartwood is used medicinally to heal wounds. It Regeneration appears to be fairly good and some
was found at 25 forest sites during the National populations are protected in national parks. Branches are
Conservaton Review forest surveys. frequently cut for the leaves and flowers, which have a
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre medicinal value.
R^s: 15431, 17195, 19110, 19112 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 9859, 16212, 17229, 19023
Diospyros revaughtmU
Ebenaceae VU Bl+2cde Diospyros shimbaensis
Mauritius Ebenaceae ENBl+2c
Generally found on exposed ridges and plateaux, the Kenya, Tanzania
species is relatively common where it occurs in the In Kenya this small tree occurs in moist semi-deciduous
south-west, less so in the northern ranges. Although the forest in the Shimba Hills National Reserve, Gongoni
trees fruit regularly and in abundance, regeneration Forest Reserve and Buda Mafisini Forest Reserve.
appears to be poor and populations are declining where Habitat loss and degradation has caused population
the habitat is susceptible to degradation. declines. More information is needed on the populations
Assessor: Page, W. in Zaraninge forest in Bagamoyo and in Mrora forest on
A lowland forest tree exploited as an important source of out for the Sri Lankan National Conservation Review.
black and streaked ebony. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop Refs: 1065, 15431, 17195, 19112
/Je/i; 4734, 11145
Diospyros trisulca
Diospyros selangorensis Ebenaceae VU Dl
Ebenaceae VU D2 New Caledonia
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Only a single location is known where the species
Found in montane forest on Gunong Ulu Semongkok in occurs in dense forest on Mont Mandjdlia at 600m. Of
Selangor, this tree has been collected only once. the New Caledonian taxa in the genus, this species is
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. noted for its unique flower form.
Refs: 19073 Assessor: JaffrS, T. et al.
/?e/i;4492, 10351, 12630
182
1
Species Summaries
183
The World List of Threatened Trees
Dipterocarpaceae EN A 1 cd+2cd, B 1 +2c upper dipterocarp forest. Natural hybrids are formed
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, with D. obtusifolius in Thailand and with D. gracilis in
Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Populations are
A lowland subspecies found on well-drained land in found within reserves.
humid areas. The strong timber is utilised for heavy Assessor: Ashton, P.
construction and the wood-oil once had commercial Refs: 3998, 7673, 9169, 10013, 13857, 15754, 16925
value.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpus costulatus
«e/i; 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd-(-2cd, Bl+2c
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
Dipterocarpus chartaceus Malaysia, Sarawak)
Dipterocarpaceae CR A 1 cd+2cd, B 1 (-2c A large tree exploited for the keruing timber. The
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand conservation status is based upon the rate of habitat loss.
A large tree of lowland dipterocarp forest or semi- Assessor: Ashton, P.
swamp forest. Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 6206, 6646, 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpus crinitus
Dipterocarpaceae ENAlcd-(-2cd
Dipterocarpus cinereus Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand
Dipterocarpaceae EX A large tree of mixed dipterocarp forest, important as a
Indonesia (Sumatra) source of keruing timber and also for various other uses.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Conservation status of the species is based upon the rate
/?eA: 7673, 9169, 13857 of habitat loss and conversion. Populations are foimd
within forest reserves.
Dipterocarpus concavus Assessor: Ashton, P.
Dipterocarpaceae CR A 1 cd-i-2cd, B 1 -h2c Refs: 11295,13857
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpus cuspidatus
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd+2cd,BI+2c
Malaysia (Sarawak)
Dipterocarpus conformis ssp. bomeensis Assessor: Ashton, P.
Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd, Bl+2c /fe/i; 7673, 9169, 13857
184
Species Summaries
Schima/bamboo forest. The conservation status is based A large tree found in lowland semi-evergreen and
on rates of habitat loss. evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is one of the important
Assessor: Ashton, P. sources of keruing timber in Indo-China and is often
Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 10013, 13857 used as a commercial grade plywood. The conservation
status isbased on rates of habitat loss. Some populations
Dipterocarpus elongatus are knownto occur in forest reserves.
Dipterocarpaceae CR A 1 cd+2cd, B 1 +2c Assessor: Ashton, P.
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Petiinsular Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 15754
Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore
A large tree of secondary and primary forest and Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
freshwater swamp forest. The conservation status is Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd+2cd
based on rates of habitat loss. India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.),
Assessor: Ashton, P. Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia,
Refs: 7673,9169, 13857, 18243 Sabah), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Viet Nam
Dipterocarpus eurynchus A of the Pleistocene Sundaland, occurring
relict species
185
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140, 19093 Assessor: Ashton, P.
/fc/i; 7673, 9169, 13857
Dipterocarpus kunstleri
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd+2cd Dipterocarpus rotundifolius
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd+2cd,Bl+2c
The conservation status is based on rates of habitat loss. Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Ashton, P. A large tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia and found
/?</i.- 7673, 9169, 13857 on coastal hills.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Dipterocarpus lamellatus Refs: 5550. 11647, 13857
Dipterocarpaceae CR Al cd+2cd, B 1 +2c, CI Dl ,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Meghalaya, Tripura), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet
«c/i; 7673, 9169, 13857 Nam
A large tree found in mixed deciduous, evergreen and
Dipterocarpus retusus semi-evergreen exploited for the manufacture
forest. It is
Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd+2cd, Bl+2c of commercial -grade plywood. The conservation status
China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, is based on the rate of habitat loss. Some populations are
186
Species Summaries
187
The World List of Threatened Trees
The largest species in the genus, attaining a height of Refs: 7228, 13121, 19022, 19131, 19199
3.7m. The trunks are succulent and in drought years the
whole plant is cut and pulped as fodder for goats. During Dracaena Jloribunda
years of average rainfall populations are largely Dracaenaceae EN Alce-K2ce
untouched and unthreatened as they are confined to Mauritius
vertical cliff faces and areas inaccessible to grazing Assessor: Strahm, W.
goats. The species is found only on the Haggier Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208
Mountains. It is of great horticultural interest and could
potentially come under risk from overcollection by Dracaena ombet
enthusiasts. Dracaenaceae EN Alcd
Assessor: Miller, A.G. Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi
Somalia, Arabia,
Refs: 2354, 19083 Sudan, Uganda
A once widespread and abundant species known as the
DovyaUs xanthocarpa Nubian dragon tree, it has experienced population
Flacourtiaceae VU B 1 +2b declines throughout its range. Scattered individuals
Tanzania remain in inaccessible areas. The populations on the Red
A species, endemic to Tanzania, occurring in lowland Sea Hills and Jebel Elba in Sudan and Egypt are
dry forest in northern and central eastern areas. particularly threatened. Overgrazing, overcutting and
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke droughts have contributed to these declines.
Refs: 3356, 5020 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 2361,5165,6988, 16021
Dracaena cinnabari
Dracaenaceae ENBl+2c Dracaena serrulata
Yemen (Socotra) Dracaenaceae EN A 1 abed
The dragon of Socotra. Occurring only at altitudes
tree Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
above 500m in the centre and east of the island, the This taxon represents the populations of the dragon tree
species is widespread and dominant in areas of in the southern escarpments of the Arabian Peninsula.
woodland. Regeneration is very limited and generally The species, however, is likely to be taxonomically
confined tocliffs and boulders. Of its various uses it is indistinct from D. ombet. The Arabian populations are
most famously known as a commercial source of restricted to high altitudes in drier areas. In Oman trees
dragon's blood. Current exploitation is small-scale but on Jabal Samhan have been severely damaged in the last
there is potential for more harmful exploitation to take 10 years because of the cutting of leaves for camel
place. fodder. No regeneration is apparent anywhere within its
Assessor: Miller, A.G. distribution in Oman.
Refs: 2354, 19083 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 16380, 19083
Dracaena concinna
Dracaenaceae EN Alee Dracaena umbraculifera
Mauritius Dracaenaceae EX
The remaining populations of this species are now Mauritius
managed in reserves, which should halt previous It is possible there are complications in the taxonomy of
declines in numbers. The populations are very small and the species.
confined to a few tiny islands. Assessor: Strahm, W.
Assessor: Strahm, W. Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208
Refs: 9120, 16426, 19208
Drimys confertifolia
Dracaena draco Winteraceae VU D2
Dracaenaceae VUAlabcde Chile (Juan Fem^dez Is)
Cape Verde, Morocco, Portugal (Madeira), Spain A dominant species of lowland dry forest and lower
(Canary Is.) montane forest on Masatierra and Masafuera Islands.
The wild populations of the dragon tree have been in The extent of the forest has declined through the effects
decline for a long time. The species is present in five of of grazing by feral animals, spread of introduced weeds
the seven islands in the Canaries and the total population and soil erosion. Trees were cut in large numbers for
is reduced to a few hundred trees. In Madeira and Porto lumt)er in the past. Preliminary data indicate the species
Santo, it was once an important component of the is confined to less than l(X)km'. More detailed
vegetation in more arid areas but is reduced today to two information on the species should become available to
individuals in the wild. A survey in 1996 revealed new confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a
188
Species Summaries
national park and biosphere reserve and work is being inimdated areas or along streams. In Brunei the wood is
carried out by *CONAF to
save the native plants. considered to be the best-quality kapur timber.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Ashton, P.
Re/r; 3241, 5651, 14140 «e/r; 7673, 13857
189
The World List of Threatened Trees
species is still unknown. One locality in UIu Endau is threatened by localised habitat degradation. The type
protected withinEndau Rompin National Park and the variety occurs from Sudan to KwaZulu-Natal and differs
other inGunung Panti is also a conserved area. in having hairy fruit.
190
Species Summaries
191
The World List of Threatened Trees
the Anaimalai range. Only a few collections are known. Duguetia schulzii
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Annonaceae VU D2
Refs: 19144 Suriname
Endemic to Jodensavanna, the species is rare and
Dubautia arborea confined to areas of rainforest or savanna forest.
Compositae EN Alee Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
USA (Hawaii) /fc/s.- 942, 6493, 19196
A shrub or small tree of subalpine shrubland, woodland
and also alpine desert on Hawaii. It was once common Dulacia crassa
around the flanks of Mauna Kea but the impact of Olacaceae VU D2
grazing feral animals has severely restricted its Guyana
distribution. It remains locally abundant above Puulaau. This species is known from only two collections: one
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre from on the slopes of Mount Roraima and the
forest
Refs: 3372 other from Kaieteur Savaima.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Dubautia knudsenii ssp.filiformis Refs: 7980, 19158
Compositae ENBl+2c
USA (Hawaii) Duranta armata
One of three subspecies confined to Kauai. This one Verbenaceae LR/nt
appears to be the rarest, known from just two Peru
collections. Relatively widely ranging, the species occurs in forest
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre up to 4000m in the Peruvian Andes.
Refs: 3372 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984
Dubautia knudsenii ssp. knudsenii
Compositae EN Alee Durio acutifolius
USA (Hawaii) Bombacaceae VUAlc
One of three subspecies confined to Kauai. Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre This understorey tree occurs on poor sandy and clay-rich
Refs: 3372 yellow soils, often in periodically inundated areas in
lowland rainforest. Wild specimens flower annually and
Dubautia knudsenii ssp. nagatae could contribute significantly to the development of a
Compositae EN Alee reliably flowering durian cultivar.
USA (Hawaii) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
One of threesubspecies confined to Kauai Island. Refs: 11145,18327
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372 Durio dulcis
Bombacaceae VUAlc
Dubautia microcephala Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
Compositae ENAlce, C2a A large tree found scattered in lowland mixed
USA (Hawaii) dipterocarp forest. The fruit is sold in local and urban
Confined to Kauai Island, this shrub or small tree is markets, but the species is rarely planted because of its
infrequently collected and scattered in small numbers in short fruiting period. The wood
probably one of the
is
moist forest between 825 and 1275m. most important sources of durian timber in Sarawak.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Forest clearance and degradation because of agriculture
Refs: ZZll and logging are major threats to the habitat. In addition
from some genetic erosion.
this species is suffering
Dubautia reticulata Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Compositae VUAIce Refs: 11145, 18327
USA (Hawaii)
A montane rainforest species confined to Maui Island. It Durio grandiflorus
appears to have been eliminated from the vicinity of Bombacaceae VUAlc
Puunianiau but remains locally abundant on the east side Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
of Koolau Gap. Restricted to the lowlandmixed dipterocarp rainforests
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre of northem Borneo, this species has edible fruits which
Refs: 3372 are collected for consumption. It is only occasionally
cultivated e.g. in Brunei. The species is suffering from
Duguetia peruviana some genetic erosion.
Annonaceae DD Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Peru Refs: 11145,18327
A pooriy known species. It has been collected just once
from an unspecified location. Durio kutejensis
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Bombacaceae VU Ale
Refs: 1984 Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah,
Sarawak)
Wild trees are confined to mixed dipterocarp forest on
the foothills of the mountains in central Borneo. The
natural habitat of this species is threatened by forest
degradation due to logging and shifting agriculture and
192
Species Summaries
193
The World List of Threatened Trees
194
Species Summaries
forest near streams or on rocky sites between 1400 and Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
2000m. Cultivation of the palm remains small-scale and Refs: 19118
the species is listed in 'CITES Appendix II.
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Dypsis intermedia
Refs: 18986, 19118 Palmae CR Dl
Madagascar
Dypsis dransfieldii Fewer than 50 individuals are confined to a single
Palmae EN C2b locality of steadily dwindling lowland rainforest in
Madagascar Manombo in Madagascar.
This species inhabits a single site of littoral forest on Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
coastal white sand on the western side of Masoala Refs: 18986, 19118
Peninsula in north-east Madagascar. The habitat is
fragile and prone to grazing and clearance for agriculmre Dypsis interrupta
or settlements. Palmae CRBl+2c
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Madagascar
Refs: 18986,19118 An ornamental palm of hill forest undergrowth,
currently known only from a single collection in the
south-east of Madagascar around Ifanadiana and
Dypsis faneva
Ambinanindrano. The forests of Ambinanindrano are
Palmae EN Ale, CI gradually being destroyed by shifting cultivation.
Madagascar
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
An endemic species confined to areas of littoral forest or
Refs: 18986,19118
lowland moist forest in Maroantsetra, Mananara and
near Fenoarivo. The lowland rainforest in these areas is
Dypsis lanceolata
not well protected. Fewer than 50 individuals are
Palmae VU D2
estimated to exist in total.
Comoros
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
This species is restricted to Grande Comore and Moheli
/fe/i. 18986, 19118
in the Comoro Islands. It inhabits rainforestbetween 500
and 1000m. Information is lacking on the current
Dypsis fasciculata population status and the species may be more seriously
195
The World List of Threatened Trees
196
Species Summaries
form of protection. The status will become critical in the Dypsis utilis
next few years if forest clearance continues. Palmae VU Alcd
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Madagascar
Refs: 18986, 19118 This gregarious palm is restricted to eastern Madagascar,
where it is restricted to only a few streamside sites of
Dypsis saintelucei swamp or moist forest between 950 and 1000m.
Palmae CR Dl Numbers are thought to be small.
Madagascar Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Confined to a single site in Sainte-Luce forest, the Refs: 18986, 19118
species is known from a total population of 50
197
The World List of Threatened Trees
198
Species Summaries
199
The World List of Threatened Trees
Elaeocarpus cordifolius
Elaeocarpaceae LR/cd Elaeocarpus gigantifolius
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
Occurring in open shrubland, this small tree is recorded Philippines
in Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak and one A tree definitely known from the 1909 type
only
location in Kalimantan. from steep sloping forest on Mount Apo on
collection
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mindanao. The mountain has been relatively well-
Refs: 4074 visited. It also has national park status, although shifting
cultivation and illegal logging continue to take place.
Elaeocarpus coriaceus Other specimens from Leyte Island are similar but more
Elaeocarpaceae ENBl+2c material is needed to confirm they are same species.
Sri Lanka Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
During the extensive National Conservation Review Refs: 4074
forest surveys, this species was found in only two sites:
Horton Plains National Park and the Peak Wilderness Elaeocarpus glabrescens
Sanctuary. Elaeocarpaceae LR/cd
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Refs: 191 12 A species found between 450 and 1830m within a range
extending from the Cameron Highlands to Gunung
Elaeocarpus cruciatus Angsi and Gunung Panti in Johore. It is locally common
Elaeocarpaceae LR/cd on Gunung Inas and Gunung Jerai in Kedah. Some areas
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) receive a degree of protection within the permanent
Occurring in montane and submontane rainforest, this forest estate.
uncommon species is found in Gunung Padang, Gunung Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Mandi Angin in Terengganu and Eraser's Hill, Gunung Refs: 8464, 19073
Ulu and the Kali/Genting Highlands in Pahang. It
receives protection within a national park and the Elaeocarpus glandulifer
permanent forest estate. Elaeocarpaceae VU Ale
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Sri Lanka
Refs: 8464, 19073 A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of
south-west Sri Lanka.
Elaeocarpus dinagatensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Elaeocarpaceae VU D2 Refs: 9\16, 17195, 17759
Philippines
Little is known about the present status of this lowland Elaeocarpus homalioides
species. was collected in 1919 from two small islands,
It Elaeocarpaceae DD
Bucas Grande and Dinagrat, off the north-east tip of Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Mindanao. A New Guinea endemic recorded from a few locations.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Ithas not been collected in recent years.
Refs: 4074 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 4074
200
Species Summaries
201
The World List of Threatened Trees
EUuocarpus submonoceras ssp. coUinus Highlands, Gimung Berebun. Protected populations are
Elaeocaipaceae LR/cd foimd within Taman Negara National Park and the
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) permanent forest estate.
A montane forest tree found in Kalimantan and the Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Mount Kinabalu region in Sabah. Refs: 8464, 19073
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 4074 EUuocarpus teysmannii ssp. domatifena
Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
EUuocarpus submonoceras ssp.Jusicarpus Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Elaeocaipaceae VUAlc, Bl+2c Recently found and described, this tree is known only
Philippines from lower montane forest in Dumoga Bone National
A tree that is found in damp montane forest habitats in Park.
Mindoro, Negros and Mindanao. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074
Refs: 4074
EUuocarpus teysmannii ssp. moluccensis
EUuocarpus submonoceras ssp. ottganthus Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
Elaeocarpaceae CRBl+2c Indonesia (Moluccas)
Philippines A variant known only from the type locality in the
This subspecies is known only from its type locality in Moluccas. It is said to be common where it occurs in
Zamboanga Mindanao, from where it was
District in thinned-out forest at the sides of a river.
collected at the beginning of the century. The monsoon Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
forest here has been almost completely degraded. Refs: 4074
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 4074 EUuocarpus teysmannii ssp. morowalensis
Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
EUuocarpus submonoceras ssp. oxypyren Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Elaeocarpaceae VU B 1 +2c A lowland tree known only from a relatively recent
Indonesia (Bali, Java) collection made on a ridge top in Morowali in north-east
A forest tree restricted to a few locations in Java and Sulawesi.
Bali. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074
Refs: 4074
EUuocarpus teysmannii ssp. rhizophorus
EUuocarpus submonoceras ssp. procerus Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
Elaeocarpaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Phihppines A tree known only from one collection from Minahasa,
A subspecies known only from the type locality in the north Sulawesi. There are reports from the early part of
Cuemos Mountains, from where it was collected in the century that it was plant^ and protected as a sacred
1908. New information may indicate that the species is tree. New information may indicate that a more serious
extinct or that a more serious threat category is threat category is appropriate.
appropriate. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 4074
Refs: 4074
EUuocarpus teysmannii ssp. teysmannii
EUuocarpus submonoceras ssp. submonoceras Elaeocarpaceae VU D2
Elaeocarpaceae VUBl+2c Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A Sulawesi endemic known only from Minahasa.
A tree known from primary forest Sumatra and
in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Peninsular Malaysia, where it has not been collected Refs: 4074
since 1929.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre EUuocarpus venustus
Refs: 4074 Elaeocarpaceae VUBI+2c
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
EUuocarpus subviUosus A large tree of submontane evergreen forest. It is
Elaeocarpaceae VUAlc narrowly distributed in the southern end of the Western
Sri Lanka Ghats, occurring in Chimunji and Muthukuzhivayal and
A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of nearby areas, where the forest has been extensively
south-west Sri Lanka. cleared for a hydroelectric project.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/fc/i;9176, 17195, 18515 Refs: 10733, 14276, 19144
202
Species Summaries
planted in gardens and within its native range as part of EUipanthus beccari var. beccarii
a conservation initiative. Connaraceae VUBl+2c
Assessor. World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak)
Refs: 19143 A small dioecious tree which occurs in mixed
dipterocarp forest on leached yellow soils in western
Elaeobima crispa Borneo. In Sarawak, the only known occurrence is in the
A shrub or small tree, representing a monotypic genus, in extent because of the effects of fire, grazing and
endemic to the Three Kings Islands. The 1981 Red Data encroaching agriculture.
Book of New Zealand records a colony of about 12 Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
203
The World List of Threatened Trees
from Eraser's Hill, Pahang. The area is under threat from Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
rapid development as a tourist resort. It is hoped that the Refs: 3356, 3925, 7550
species will survive in remnant forest.
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Enicosanthum acuminata
Refs: 19073 Annonaceae VU Ale
Sri Lanka
204
Species Summaries
One of the major sources of African mahogany. The A species known from Tenerife, Gomera and Hierro,
species is widespread and heavily exploited throughout where it occurs in areas of woodland from low to
its range. Population densities are comparatively low medium elevation. It is listed in government legislation
205
The World List of Threatened Trees
Eriotheca pent viana forestson the southern slopes of the Guamuhaya Massif
Bombacaceae VU D2 of Escambray in Cienfuegos Province. Its habitat has
Peru declined through logging and cutting.
Known only from the type collection, the species occurs Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
in lowland forest in the department of La Libertad. Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984 Erythrina euodiphylla
Leguminosae VU D2
Erithalis harrisii Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is.)
Known from the central parishes, the species is locally occurs in savanna areas in east Java and was once
common in woodland margins on rough limestone. collected on Timor in 1968. The Bali specimen is now
General habitat declines have been considerable. thought to belong to E. variegala. The species is
206
Species Summaries
Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, the species is restricted to been collected five times within an area of 2500km'.
pockets of dry coastal forest. Although the habitat is affected by overgrazing and
Assessor: Loven, J. & G.P. Clarke agricultural activities in some places, the area is not
Refs: 3356, 6396, 10961 obviously threatened.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Erythrina schliebenU Refs: 1330,4505,18523
Leguminosae EX
Tanzania
Repeated searches for this species at its type locality Erythroxylum acranthum
have failed to rediscover it. It was collected in the 1930s Erythroxylaceae vU D2
in an area of forest on the sides of Lake Lutamba, which Seychelles (Aldabra)
has since been cleared. A frequent constituent of inland mixed scrub occurring
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke on the islands of Malabar, Polymnie, Picard, Grande
Refs: 2459, 16796 Terre, Michel, Assumption and Menai. The Aldabran
Islands are under protection within a Strict Nature
Refs: 14513
Erythroxylum echinodendron
Erythrina tuxtlana
Erythroxylaceae EW
Leguminosae VU Ale Cuba
Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A tree of high precipitation rainforest, occurring in the
Refs: 11403,18485
regions of Los Tuxtlas, Tuxtepec and Uxpanapa-
Chimalapa.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Erythroxylum incrassatum
Refs: 5993, 19124 Erythroxylaceae VUBl+2c
Jamaica
Erythrococca columnaris An uncommon tree confined to woodland on limestone
Euphorbiaceae VU Dl+2 in Manchester and St Ann.
Sao Tom6 & Pn'ncipe (Pn'ncipe) Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
A tree which is known from a single collection. More /?e/i; 401, 5653, 7980
Assessor: Nghia, N.H. south-west Sri Lanka. This species was found at 10
localities during the extensive National Conservation
Refs: 1818, 5054, 1 1530, 1 1847
Review forest surveys.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Erythrophysa septentrionalis
^e/i.-9176, 17195, 19112
Sapindaceae LR/nt
Ethiopia
A species of dry Acacia-Commiphora bushland with a
rich shrub and forb layer in the eastern Ogaden. It has
207
The World List of Threatened Trees
Erythroxylum pacificum cloud forest, occurring between 1700 and 2100m in the
Erythroxylaceae VU D2 department of Amazonas.
Peru Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A species from the coast in the department of Tumbes. It /?eA; 3791, 7980
is known only from the type collection.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Eschweilera beebei
Refs: 1984 Lecythidaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2
Venezuela
Erythroxylum sechellarum Known only from Henri Pittier National Park, this cloud
Erythroxylaceae VU D2 forest species has been collected about three times, each
Seychelles specimen probably from the same tree.
A species with a widespread distribution within the Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Seychelles, occurring in rainforest on Mah£, Praslin, La /Je/j; 3791, 7980
from Valle del Cauca in Colombia has also been Refs: 3791 , 5942, 7980, 9632
included in this species.
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Eschweilera cyathiformis
/?e/i; 3791, 7980, 16772 Lecythidaceae LR/cd
Brazil (Amazonas)
Eschweilera atropetiolata A canopy tree of non-flooded forest, known only from
Lecythidaceae LR/cd the vicinity of Manaus, including occurrences in INPA
Brazil(Amazonas) Biological Reserve and Ducke Forest Reserve.
Although the species is restricted in range, occurring in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
non-flooded forest in the vicinity of Manaus, it is known Rc/j; 3791, 7980, 9632
from many localities, including the Ducke Forest
Reserve. Eschweilera fanshawei
Assessor: Hres O'Brien, J. Lecythidaceae VU D2
/Jc/j; 3791, 7980, 9632 Guyana
This tree has been collected only once, in 1947, from an
Eschweilera baguensis area of lowland non-flooded rainforest along the
Lecythidaceae VU D2 Bartica-Potaro road.
Peru Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
A medium-sized tree, relatively newly described. It is /?s/i; 3791, 7980
known only from the type locality of lower montane
208
Species Summaries
Currently known only from one location on the Beldm- Re/i; 3791, 7980, 9632
Brasilia highway, this tree of periodically flooded forest
has experienced serious habitat loss over the last two Eschweilera rodriguesiana
decades. Lecythidaceae VU 02
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Brazil (Amazonas)
/ee/i; 3791, 7980, 9632 A species of non-flooded forest known only from the
vicinity of Manaus. It occurs in the Ducke Forest
Reserve.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
209
The World List of Threatened Trees
Eucalyptopsis papuana
Eschweilera subcordata Myrtaceae LR/nt
Lecythidaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea
Brazil (Par4) This tree is locally common, sometimes forming pure
The species has been collected twice from forest margin stands, in scattered areas of rainforest up to 15(X)in. It
and savanna areas on Marajd Island. It is not known occurs in a small patch on Woodlark Island, in the
elsewhere. headwaters of the Watut River in the Morobe Province
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. and in lower montane forest in the Western and East
*e/j: 3791, 7980, 9632 Sepik Provinces. The species has been logged and
exported from Woodlark Island and occurs in areas
Eschweilera tetrapetala subject to further exploitation.
Lecythidaceae VU D2 Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Brazil (Bahia) Refs: 19114
So far the species is known from three populations in
non-flooded forests and roadsides in southern Bahia. Eucalyptus morrisbyi
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Myrtaceae ENBl+2ce
Refs: 3791, 5942, 7980, 9632 Australia (Tasmania)
Only four stands survive, all in southern Tasmania,
Eschweilera venezuelica largely on private land. Calverts Hill harbours the largest
Lecythidaceae VUBl+2c population of 2000 trees. East Risdon Nature Reserve
Venezuela has fewer than 20 trees and the other populations are
A small tree, restricted to the lowland forest on the small and near roads. Agricultural expansion is the main
Caribbean slopes of the mountains of north-central reason for the species' decline.
Venezuela, from where it has been collected about four Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
times. Refs: 17200
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
J?e/i; 3791, 7980 Eucalyptus recurva
Myrtaceae CR Dl
Esenbeckia alata Australia (New South Wales)
Rutaceae ENBl+2c A shrub known only from two localities near
Colombia Mongarlowe in New South Wales. Apparently six
Endemic to Colombia, the species is restricted to individuals remain and are genetically very similar. The
Cundinamarca, Tolima and Valle. species has proved very difficult to cultivate.
Assessor: Calderon, E. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19069 Refs: 17200
210
Species Summaries
of Sierra de Los Organos, Pinar del Rio Province. recent collection was taken in 1965 from an area of
Assessor: Areces-Mailea, A.E. damp thicket at the base of a wooded limestone hill.
211
The World List of Threatened Trees
of Mount Cocotte. They are being closely monitored. remaining rainforest, ranging as far north as northern
Assessor: Page, W. Veracruz.
Refs: 1411,9120,16426 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5993
Eugenia brachythrix
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c Eugenia conglomerata
Jamaica Myrtaceae VU D2
A submontane forest in the western
tree confined to Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Blue Mountains. It has been reported from the A rare tree of lowland rainforest known only from three
headwaters of the Mabess River and also, very rarely, collections from Selangor, Malacca and Johore. The
from the Grand Ridge. species is threatened by increasing settlement and
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre agriculture. Asian Eugenia are now included in
Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 12564 Syzygium.
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Eugenia brownei «e/jt.-9199, 11647, 19073
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c
Jamaica Eugenia cordifoliolata
Only known from the parish of St Elizabeth, the species Myrtaceae VU D2
is very localised along riverbanks at sea level. Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Kelly, D.L. A tree known only from the type locality in Perak. The
Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 exact location has not been recorded. Asian Eugenia are
now included in Syzygium.
Eugenia burkiUiana Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myrtaceae VU D2 Refs: 8464, 19073
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Confined to the lowland forests of Perak, this tree is
known only from a few collections in an area which is
212
Species Summaries
Refs:6i9. 19218
Eugenia cyrtophylloides
Myrtaceae VU D2 Eugenia excisa
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Myrtaceae EN Bl+2c
Although the species is known only from a single Cuba
collection in Gunong Tahan in Pahang, it is expected to A small tree confined to the karstic hill complex of
be locally frequent at the type locality within Taman Sierra de Nipe on the border of Santiago de Cuba and
Negara National Park. Asian Eugenia are now included Holguin Provinces. Habitat degradation has occurred in
in Syzygium. the accessible areas.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Refs: 8464, 19073 Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149
213
The World List of Threatened Trees
214
Species Summaries
might be extinct. Asian Eugenia are now included in extant populations are now restricted to Oahu, the
Syzygium. Molokai populations being replaced by fields of
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre pineapples. Fewer than 220 individuals now remain in
Refs. 17195. 191 12 eight populations in the Koolau Mountains, where they
are threatened mainly by the destructive activities of
Eugenia isosticta feral pigs and by invasions of introduced plants. The
Myrtaceae LR/nt species is US Endangered Species Act.
protected by the
Jamaica Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
This is an uncommon species found on lowland wooded Refs: 3312, 19041, 19168
limestone hillsides.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Eugenia lamprophylla
Refs: 6057, 7980 Myrtaceae VUBl+2c
Jamaica
Eugenia johorensis Confined to areas of woodland on rocky hillsides along
Myrtaceae EN B 1 +2c the base of limestone cliffs, this tree is uncommon in a
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) habitat that is constantly vulnerable to cutting.
A very rare tree known from a single collection from Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
moist submontane forest on Gunong Pulai. This area is /Je/t; 401, 5653, 7980
being developed into a holiday resort. Asian Eugenia are
now included in Syzygium. Eugenia lancetiUae
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Myrtaceae CR C2b
Refs: 8464, 19073 Honduras
Endemic to the wet Atlantic lowlands of Honduras, the
Eugenia jutiapensis species has a rare occurrence in Lancetilla Biological
Myrtaceae DD Reserve.
El Salvador, Guatemala Assessor: Nelson, C.
Restricted to the Pacific coast, the species occurs in Refs: 4974, 13995
lowland forest. recorded in El Imposible National
It is
Park in El Salvador. The habitat has been widely logged Eugenia laurae
and also affected by tourism and industrial Myrtaceae EN B I +2c
developments in places. More information is needed on Jamaica
the Guatemalan populations. A Cockpit Country endemic, known from localities in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Trelawny and Clarendon Parishes. The woodland in
/Je/i; 4862, 4974, 19030 Warsop, where the type specimen was collected, has
been severely degraded and attempts to find the species
Eugenia kaalensis have failed.
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
New Caledonia /fe/i.- 401, 5653, 7980
Asian Eugenia are now contained within Syzygium.
Assessor: Jaffr^, T. el at. Eugenia linocieroidea
Refs: 10351 Myrtaceae LR/nt
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Eugenia kellyana The collection localities of this lowland rainforest tree
Myrtaceae CRBl+2c are being developed for agriculture and settlement. It is
Jamaica expected the species will be found in the nearby
The species has been reported in recent years from two production forest reserves in Perak and Selangor. Asian
locations, Hog House Hill and Holland Mountain, in Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
submontane forest on limestone in the John Crow Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Mountains. Refs: 9199, 19073
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/?e/i; 401, 5653, 7980 Eugenia longicuspis
Myrtaceae VU D2
Eugenia klossii Peru
Myrtaceae CRBl+2c An Amazon forest species known only from the type
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) collection taken from the department of Loreto.
A tree known from a single collection from lowland Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
rainforest in Rantau Panjang in Selangor. The present Refs: 1984
existence of the collection locality is doubtful and the
species may be extinct. Asian Eugenia are now included Eugenia mabaeoides ssp. mabaeoides
in Syzygium. Myrtaceae EN B 1 +2c
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Sri Lanka
Refs: 8464, 19073 The species as a whole was found in only five forest
sites auring the extensive surveys carried out for the
Eugenia koolauensis National Conservation Review. Asian Eugenia are now
Myrtaceae EN C2a, Dl included in Syzygium.
USA (Hawaii) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small tree which, been collected from
in the past, has Refs: 15431, 17759, 19112
lowland dry forest in the north of the Koolau Mountains
on Oahu and from Maunaloa on Molokai. The only
215
The World List of Threatened Trees
uncommon and confined to woodland on limestone. locality has not been specified. Asian Eugenia are now
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre included in Syzygium.
Refs: 6057, 7980 Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Refs: 8464, 19073
Eugenia marchiana
Myrtaceae LR/nt Eugenia ngadimaniana
Jamaica Myrtaceae VUBl+2c
In the westernBlue Mountains, the species is scattered Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
but moderately common in submontane rainforest, A tree confmed to freshwater swamp and lowland forest
especially on steep slopes in the relatively extensive in Kelantan and Johore. The species' localities are
forests of the northern catchments. vulnerable to development, especially the swamp forests
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre of Johore which are being rapidly settled. It is possible a
/?e/5.- 7980, 19116 population exists in the productive forest reserves in
Kelantan. Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
Eugenia mexicana Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Myrtaceae VU Ale Re/i;9199, 19073, 19182
Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz)
Endemic to the Gulf region, the species occurs in Eugenia nicholsii
remaining rainforest, ranging as far north as northern Myrtaceae ENBl+2c
Veracruz. Jamaica
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A poorly known species of Portland and St Andrews
Refs: 3467, 5993 Parishes. Populations are foimd at an altitude of about
1500m, where they are largely safe from high levels of
Eugenia micranthoides disturbance and human activity.
216
Species Summaries
217
The World List of Threatened Trees
Confined to a single locality, this species was found in During the extensive National Conservation Review
Larut in Maxwell's Hills, Perak. This area, although forest surveys, this species was found in seven sites.
protected as a nature reserve and water catchment, is Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
under development as a resort. Asian Eugenia are now Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
included in Syzygium. Refs: 15431,17759,19112
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 17140, 19073 Eugenia rufo-fulva
Myrtaceae VU Ale
Eugenia rendlei Sri Lanka
Myrtaceae CRBl+2c During the extensive National Conservation Review
Jamaica forest surveys, this species was found in 14 localities.
Confined to parts of the John Crow Mountains =n St Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
Thomas Parish, the species is uncommon and restricted Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
to remaining areas of moist forest at about 500m. Refs: 15431,18796,19112
Almost all of the forest in this parish have been
destroyed or severely degraded. Eugenia sachetae
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Myrtaceae ENBl+2c
Re/i. 401,5653,7980, 19116 Jamaica
Occurring only in Trelawny, the species is known from
Eugenia rheophytica populations found on wooded limestone hills, between
Myrtaceae CRBl+2c 450 and 600m.
Sri Lanka Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
During the extensive National Conservation Review Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085
forest surveys, only one individual was foimd in a single
forest site in Ratnapura District. Asian Eugenia are now Eugenia salamancana
included in Syzygium. Myrtaceae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Panama
Refs: 19112 Known from the type collection of 1938, the
only
species remains poorly known. Other taxa of the same
Eugenia rhotnboidea genus have been collected in the same area.
Myrtaceae VU D2 Assessor: Mitr^, M.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Refs: 1212,19m, 16772
This tree is known from a single collection from Gunung
Mengkueng in Selangor; it was found in moist montane Eugenia salamensis
forest at 1300m. The locality is within a protected forest. Myrtaceae EN C2a
Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A species of moist wooded ravines or rocky hills and
Refs: 8464, 19073 dense wet mixed forest at medium to high altitudes. It
218
Species Summaries
Eugenia schunkei few decades the effects of logging have been extensive.
Myrtaceae VU D2 An influx of people into the area also threatens the
Peru integrity of the forest.
Known only from the type collection, the species occurs Assessor: Assi, A.
in Amazon forest in the department of Loreto. Refs: 2113, 12822
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984 Eugenia tahanensis
Myrtaceae LR/cd
Eugenia setosa Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Myrtaceae VU B +2c 1 A tree confined to montane forest in Gunung Tahan in
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Pehang. The area is protected within Taman Negara
Confined to Perak and Selangor, this tree occurs in peal- National Park. Asian Eugenia are now included in
swamp forest and sometimes in freshwater swamps. Syzygium.
Since the peat-swamp forests are no longer being Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
converted for agriculture, the species is considered to be Refs: 8464, 19073
less threatened than in the past. Asian Eugenia are now
included in Syzygium. Eugenia taipingensis
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Myrtaceae ENBl-^2c
Refs: 17140, 19073, 19182 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Found in lowland forest in Taiping, the only known
Eugenia singampattiana locality of this species has probably been cleared for
Myrtaceae CRAlc agriculture and human habitation. Asian Eugenia are
India (Tamil Nadu) now included in Syzygium.
The only collections of the species were made over 100 Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
years ago in the Singampatti and Papanasam Hills. Dam Refs: 8464, 19073
construction at the latter locality and clearing for tea and
other plantations at the formermay have destroyed both Eugenia tecta
populations. The species may now be
Asian extinct. Myrtaceae LR/cd
Eugenia are now placed within the genus Syzygium. Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mainly occurring in the mountain forests of Perak and
Refs: 2538, 19144 Pahang, the exact range of this species is uncertain as it
is poorly represented in herbarium collections. However,
Eugenia sripadaense the mountain forests are considered protected. Asian
Myrtaceae EN B 1 +2c Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
Sri Lanka Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
During the extensive National Conservation Review Refs: 8464, 19073
forest surveys, only five individuals were found in the
Peak Wilderness Wildlife Sanctuary. Asian Eugenia ate Eugenia tekuensis
now included in Syzygium. Myrtaceae LR/cd
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Refs: 19112 This lowland forest tree is known only from Kuala Teku
in Pahang, where it is contained within a national park.
Eugenia sulcivenia Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
Myrtaceae ENBl+2c Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Jamaica Refs: 8464, 19073
This small tree was known to occur in montane forests at
about 1200m in St Andrew Parish. Almost all the forest Eugenia terpnophylla
below 1400m has been cleared or severely degraded. M y rtaceae EN B I +2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Sri Lanka
Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 191 16 A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in south-west Sri
Lanka. During the extensive National Conservation
Eugenia swettenhamiana Review was found at three
forest surveys, this species
Myrtaceae VU D2 Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium.
localities.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A single herbarium specimen of this species exists, Refs: 15431, 17195, 19112
collected from lowland forest in Gunung Pondok, Perak.
Asian Eugenia are now included in Syzygium. Eugenia tiumanensis
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Myrtaceae VUBl-t-2c
Refs: 8464, 19073 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
The species is known only from two collections from
Eugenia tabouensis Pulau Tioman. The island is developing rapidly into a
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c tourist resort. Asian Eugenia are now included in
Cote d'lvoire Syzygium.
An endemic to lowland evergreen forests of Cote Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
d'lvoire. It is known solely from remaining forested Refs: M64, 19073, 19182
areas between the rivers of Sassandra and Cavally,
largely contained within Tai National Park. Over the last
219
The World List of Threatened Trees
220
Species Summaries
in the Nilgiri Hills and apparently also from two submontane evergreen forest at two widely separated
locations in southern Kamataka. It is thought to have localities.
disappeared from a number of sites, mainly because of Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
habitat conversion and possibly also fires. Refs: 19144
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 2538, 19144 Euonymus serratifalius
Celastraceae ENBl+2c
Euonymus assamicus India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Celastraceae ENBl+2c A small understorey tree, recorded only three times:
India (Assam) once from an imprecisely recorded site in the
Recorded from the Delei Valley in north Assam in 1928, Agastyamalai Hills and elsewhere from isolated
the species occurred in thickets on a steep rocky slope localities in the Wyanad area.
but has not been found since. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 2538, 19144
Kefs: 2538
Euonymus thwaitesii
Euonymus glandulosus Celastraceae ENBl+2c
Celastraceae LR/cd Sri Lanka
Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A species found twice only in the extensive forest
A small tree found in hill and montane forest in northern surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the
Borneo and the Philippines. It is widely distributed in National Conservation Review.
Sarawak, but restricted to Mount Kinabalu National Park Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
in Sabah. Re/5;8203, 18796, 19112
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19017 Euonymus walkeri
Celastraceae VU Ale
Euonymus lanceifolia Sri Lanka
Celastraceae VUBl+2c A species occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests
China (Yunnan) of south-west Sri Lanka.
The taxonomic status of the species is not resolved; it Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
may represent a variety of E. hamiltonianus. It is Refs: 17195
confmed to Mengzi in the where it is
south-east,
scattered in areas of semi-deciduous forest between Euphorbia abdelkuri
2100 and 3CX)0m. In places the habitat has become Euphorbiaceae ENDl
degraded in the last few years and population numbers Yemen (Socotra)
are reported to be declining. Approximately 15 small populations, each of about 10
Assessor: Sun, W. mature individuals, are known, all confined to Jebel
Refs: 19055 Saleh on the western side of Abd al Kuri, an island to
the west of Socotra. They occur in dry semi-desert and
Euonymus morrisonensis are unthreatened at present. The species is subject to
Celastraceae VUDl+2 *CITES Appendix II controls.
Taiwan Assessor: Miller, A.G.
A species which is restricted to a narrow altitudinal Refs: 19083, 19197
range, occurring in open rocky habitats between 27(X3
and 2900m. Populations are found at distant localities, in Euphorbia ammak
Tatachia, Nengkaoyueh and Tienchin. There is little sign Euphorbiaceae VU Ale
of regeneration. Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan A succulent tree, once an important component of the
Refs: 3295,6469, 19050, 19051 succulent shrubland between 1000 and 1500m. It has
now become scarce, particularly in Saudi Arabia and
Euonymus pallidifolia South Yemen, although it remains common in places in
Celastraceae CR A 1 a-^2d North Yemen.The species is subject to *CITES
Taiwan Appendix II controls.
A potentially valuable ornamental shrub, which is Assessor: Miller, A.G.
restricted to areas of evergreen forest on raised coral reef Refs: 19083, 19197
in the Hengchun Peninsula at the southern tip of Taiwan.
Populations are very small and suffering from poor Euphorbia apurimacensis
regeneration. The entire species' range is contained Euphorbiaceae VU B 1 +2c
within Renting National Park. Peru
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Apparently confined to the department of Apurimac, the
Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19051 species occurs in forest roughly between 1500 and
2000m.
Euonymus paniculatus Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Celastraceae ENB1+2C Refs: 1984
India (Tamil Nadu)
A small tree, so far only collected twice from
221
The World List of Threatened Trees
controls.
Euphorbia doloensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Euphorbiaceae VU D2 Refs: 19029, 19197
Ethiopia
This species is known only from the type collection Euphorbia meuleniana
which occurs in open Commiphora-Boswellia bushland Euphorbiaceae VU D2
on steep rocky slopes in the Sidamo region. Yemen
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Known only from the Mahra region of South Yemen, the
Refs: 594\, 18523 species is scarce and scattered in a few dry valleys.
Further fieldwork is needed to estimate population sizes.
Euphorbia epiphylloides Assessor: Miller, A.G.
Euphorbiaceae EN C2a, Dl Refs: 19083
(Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.)
India
An unarmed succulent tree which was recorded, up to Euphorbia nigrispinioides
1977, as locally common in several localities. Recent Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
surveys have been less successful in locating the species. Ethiopia
In total no more than 250 plants exist around Saddle A species which is locally common on lava flows in
Peak on North Andaman, representing a serious decline open deciduous woodland. It is known from Shewa but
from original population numbers. There are no known its distribution may extend into Harerge and possibly
reasons for the decline as the area is relatively isolated Somalia.The species is subject to *CITES Appendix II
and unthreatened. controls.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19029 Re/j; 5941, 18523, 19197
222
1
Species Summaries
Euphorbia obcordata area is legally protected, civil insecurity has led to a lack
as protected.Any changes in land use could have some Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
impact. None of the localities are contained within Refs: 19029, 19197
conservation areas. The species is subject to *CITES
Appendix II controls. Euphorbia wakefieldii
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Euphorbiaceae EN B 1 +2c
Refs: 689, 14002, 19218 Kenya, Tanzania?
A succulent known from a population confmed
tree, best
Euphorbia smithii and limestone outcrops in the Mombassa-
to coral cliffs
Euphorbiaceae LR/nt Kilifi area in Kenya. There is also a record of an
Oman, Yemen occurrence in the South Pare Mountains in Tanzania.
Endemic to the escarpment mountains from Dhofar in The speciesis subject to *CITES Appendix II controls.
Oman to neighbouring south-east Yemen, this species is Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
a common component of woodlands at lower altitudes. Refs: 1546,6396
There has been an influx of people into the area in Oman
since 1975 and a subsequent rise in grazing pressure and Euphorbia zoutpansbergensis
cutting of wood. Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. South Africa (Northern Provine)
Refs: 16380 A small spiny succulent tree restricted to the
Zoutpansberg and Blouberg mountain ranges, where it
Euphorbia socotrana grows in sandy soils on rocky, sandstone slopes of
Euphorbiaceae VU D2 ridges and hills with a north and north-east aspect in
Yemen (Socotra) mixed savanna vegetation. Apart from slight pressure
Populations appear to be scattered and relatively rare in from succulent-collectors, no immediate threats exist.
areas of dry woodland and shrubland on granite and Any change in land use, however, would have a serious
limestone. They are under no immediate threat. impact because of the species' restricted range. The
Assessor: Miller, A.G. species is listed as protected, but it is not recorded from
Refs: 19083 any conservation areas. It is also subject to *CITES
Appendix II controls.
Euphorbia tanaensis Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el at.
223
The World List of Threatened Trees
Euplassa isemii Borneo, the decline of which was first noted in 1955.
Proteaceae VU D2 Population reduction caused by overexploitation and
Peru shifting agriculture has been noted in the following
This species is known only from its type collection taken regions: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak and the
from the department of Jum'n. Philippines. Indonesia has banned the export of belian
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Sarawak has placed restrictionson export; Sabah
Refs: 1984 and Kalimantan continue to export it. Regeneration in
logged-over forests is Umited. So far the species is only
Euroschinus aoupiniensis planted on a small scale because the supply of seeds and
Anacardiaceae VUB1+2C seedlings is inadequate.
New Caledonia Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et at. Refs: 898, 3122, 7087, 7461, 12937, 13395, 14573,
Refs: 10351 17235, 19026
forested ridges between 450 and 1600m on Kauai, Oahu, Exocarpos gaudichaudii
Molokai, Maui and Hawaii. Santalaceae EN Alee
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre USA (Hawaii)
Refs: 3372 This species is uncommon and scattered primarily on
forested ridges or in shrubland at medium elevations on
Eurycorymbus cavaleriei all main islands except Kauai.
the
Sapindaceae LR/nt Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Refs: 3372
Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan), Taiwan
A wide-ranging tree, and important fuelwood, of Exostema brachycarpum
lowland semi-deciduous forest, occurring up to 1600m. Rubiaceae LR/nt
Habitat declines have been extensive throughout the Jamaica
range. Some populations exist within protected forest. Occurring in central and western parishes, this tree has a
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre local distribution confined to remaining areas of
Refs: 1818.11847,19055 woodland on limestone. General declines in the habitat
have been considerable.
Euryodendron excelsum Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Theaceae CRDl Refs: 6057, 7980
China (Guangdong, Guangxi)
The species has been reduced to two localities, Exostema orbiculaXum
Yangchong in Guangdong and Pingnan in Guangxi, and Rubiaceae CRBl+2c
very few individuals which are found in open forest on Jamaica
hilly slopes between 50 and 150m. The remaining trees An uncommon species confined to Crown Lands in
do not appear to be protected and are close to villages, Troy in Trelawny.
where they are susceptible to cutting. The genus is Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
monospecific. /?e/i; 401, 5653, 7980
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1818, 11847 Exostema triflorum
Rubi aceae VU B 1 +2c
Eusideroxylon zwageri Jamaica
Lauraceae VUAlcd+2cd A tree known only from St Ann and Portland Parishes,
Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), where it is restricted to sheltered moist woodland on
Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines
Generally a species of lowland primary forest. Belian or
ironwood is one of the most renowned timbers of
224
Species Summaries
limestone at about 450m. Many areas have been logged Fagus hayatae
or taken over by commercial plantations. Fagaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Taiwan
JJefj; 401, 5653, 7980 The Taiwan beech found in broadleaved submontane
is
225
The World List of Threatened Trees
the latter subpopulation is non-existent, despite trees been effectively protected since 1994. Many forest
fruiting plentifiilly and the seed being viable. At one patches are under threat from people collecting firewood
time trees were harvested for their timber, but this is and timber and expanding settlements.
now strictly controlled. It is aprotected species over Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et at.
much of its range and efforts are being made to improve Refs: 6S9, \92\S
the potential of recruitment. More research is needed to
establish the relationship between this species and other Ficus hlepharophyUa
Faurea species in East Africa, Madagascar and Moraceae EN Bl+2bc
Zimbabwe. Brazil (Roraima)
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el al. Assessor: Pereira, J.P. et al.
Refs: 2562
Ficus aguaraguensis
Moraceae VUBl+2ac Ficus chlamydocarpa ssp.femandesiana
Bolivia Moraceae VU D2
Endemic to the piedmont forest in Bolivia, the species is Sao Tom6 & Principe (Sao Tom6)
confined to an unprotected ecosystem which is being A tree of secondary forest, occurring up to 1000m. It has
rapidly replaced by agricultural systems. been collected from four locations, S. Vicente, Jou, a
Assessor: Prado, D. site between Nova Moka and Bom Sucesso and also
Refs: 19122 Monte Caf6.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Ficus andamanica Re/i.- 2421, 2724, 10080
Moraceae ENBl+2c
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.) Ficus cotinifolia var. hondurensis
A fig tree endemic to South Andaman Island where it is Moraceae EN C2a
sparsely distributed in remaining areas of evergreen Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
forest.Large declines in extent of the forest have been This variety occurs in mixed forest types of varying
caused by logging. humidity.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Nelson, C.
Refs: 4799, 7147 Refs: 2652, 13995
226
Species Summaries
227
The World List of Threatened Trees
228
Species Summaries
twig borer {Xylosandrus compactus). The species is Graciosa and Corvo, in laurel-juniper forest up to
protected by the US Endangered Species Act. l(X)Om. appears to be a vigorous species which is
It little
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre affectedby habitat degradation.
Refs: iYll Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5281.1222, 19131
Fokienia hodginsii
Cupressaceae LR/nt Franklinia alatamaha
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Theaceae EW
Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Laos, Viet Nam USA (Georgia)
A common species with a wide range, although the exact A multi-stemmed shrub or small tree which has not been
extent of the truly wild populations is obscured by those seen in the wild since 1803. Originally occurring along
which have been planted. Large-scale logging has the banks of Alatahama River in Mcintosh County on
resulted in the species disappearing or becoming scarce the coastal plain of Georgia, the only known colony
in parts of its range, notably in northern Viet Nam
and occurred in acidic bogs heads of sand-hill
at the
southern China. Regeneration is fire-dependent and branches and was thought to have been brought to
appears to be good. The genus is monospecific. extinction largely through overcoUection by nurserymen.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Numerous expeditions to relocate the plant have failed.
Refs: 374, 848, 1818, 1 1847, 16925 It is now a popular garden plant.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Fordia incredibiUs Refs: 2276, 19200
Leguminosae VUBl+2c
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Fraxinus caroUniana ssp. cubensis
Confined to the state of Johore, this small tree occurs in Oleaceae VU D2
lowland forest up to 240m. Increasing agriculture and Cuba
settlement are causing habitat declines. A subspecies restricted to fenwoods and swamp forests
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. on peat on the Zapata Peninsula in Matanzas Province.
Refs: 19073
229
The World List of Threatened Trees
The habitat has been degraded by logging and charcoal Cuzco, Peru. Of the six Bolivian collections four were
production. made in 1866. expansion and local
Agricultural
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. exploitation and burning of forested areas have caused a
Refs: 19149 decline in the habitat.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Fraxinus hondurensis Refs: 5070
Oleaceae CR C2b
Honduras Freziera campanulata
A rarely collected tree, found in groves near river banks Theaceae VU D2
and on forested plains at medium elevation. Ecuador, Peru
Assessor: Nelson, C. A montane or known only from two
*elfin forest species
Refs: 13995 localities: Hu^uco Peru and Loja-Zamora, Ecuador.
in
The Ecuadorean population is located within Podocarpus
Freycinetia auricuUUa National Park but the Peruvian one is unprotected and
Pandanaceae VUBl+2c vulnerable to habitat degradation.
Philippines Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
This tree an endemic of Palawan, found in forests at
is Refs: 5070, 13574
low or medium altitudes. The main island is a biosphere
reserve. Freziera ciliata
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Theaceae VUBl+2c,D2
Refs: 4986 Peru
A cloud forest species known only from two localities in
Freziera alata Tumango in Hu^uco and Oxapampa in Pasco.
Theaceae VUBl+2c,D2 Collections have been few, illustrating that the species
Boh via may be very rare.
Records of three localities have been made within a Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
small area of cloud forest in the department of La Paz. Refs: 5070, 13574
Two of these are over 100 years old. The extent of the
forest in this area has declined because of widespread Freziera cordata
fires, encroaching farming activities and cutting for Theaceae VU B I +3abcd, D2
wood and charcoal production. Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Known from only three localities, this species is found
Refs: 5070 in montane forests near volcanic summits. Populations
occur on Mome Anglais in Dominica, on Mount Pelde in
Freziera angulosa Martinique and Guanacaste in Rinc6n de la Vieja
Theaceae VUBl+2b National Park in Costa Rica. Although it has been
Bolivia expected to become extinct at more than one of its
A river orsubmontane forest species known from seven localities after volcanic eruptions, it continues to
localities in Beni and La Paz. Forests in the area have recover.
declined because of encroaching farming activities and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
cutting for wood and charcoal production. Refs: 5070, 10754, 14883
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5070, 13661 Freziera dudleyi
Theaceae ENBl+2cd
Freziera biserrata Bolivia, Peru
Theaceae VU D2 A known from only two localities:
cloud forest species
Costa Rica CordilleraVilcabamba in Peru and Sandillani in Bolivia.
An *elfin forest species known only from a single There have been no collections from Bolivia since 1866
collection made in 1984, from the Cordillera de and the original populations may now be extinct.
Talamanca. Agricultural expansion, cutting for wood and charcoal
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre production and fires have caused extensive degradation
Refs: 5070, 13574 and loss of this forest habitat.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Freziera caesariata Refs: 5070, 13574
Theaceae VUBl+2c
Bolivia Freziera echinata
A cloud forest species confined to a small number of Theaceae VU D2
from the La Paz region, where the extent of
localities, all Colombia
forest has been reduced by increasing fires, encroaching Known oiJy from the type specimen, this
farming activities and cutting for wood and charcoal morphologically distinctive species occurs within cloud
production. forest in Munchique National Park.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5070 Refs: 5070, 13574
230
Species Summaries
A relatively common species occurring in cloud forest Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
on Mount Mombacho and Ometepe Nicaragua and
in Refs: 5070
various localities in Costa Rica. In parts of its range,
especially in Costa Rica its habitat has declined and Freziera parva
populations are threatened. Theaceae VUBl+2c,D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Peru
Refs: 5070, 8100 An known from only two localities
*elfin forest species
in Peru; Bongari in the Amazonas region (collected in
Freziera glabrescens 1915) and the Cordillera Vilcabamba in Cuzco. The
Theaceae VUBl+2bc forest in these areas has suffered from the encroachment
A species known from a single locality near Mapiri in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
La Paz, most recently collected in 1939. Fieldwork is Refs: 5070
needed whether it is now extinct.
to ascertain
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Freziera retinveria
Refs: 5070, 13661 Theaceae VU D2
Colombia
Freziera incana A poorly known species recorded only from the type
Theaceae VU D2 specimen, which was collected in Alto de Santo In6s in
Peru 1941.
An *elfin or cloud forest species known from three Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
localities: Vilcabamba in Cuzco, Pan de
Cordillera /?e/i; 5070, 13574
AziScar and Tumango. Encroachment of farming
activities, burning and overcutting for wood and Freziera revolula
charcoal production are causing widespread degradation Theaceae EN Bl+2c
of forested areas. Bolivia, Peru
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A tree of primary cloud forest. It has been
large
231
The World List of Threatened Trees
232
Species Summaries
233
The World List of Threatened Trees
The distribution is disjunct, with occurrences in A small tree of evergreen rainforest endemic to the
Clarendon, and Portland Parishes. The
Manchester Andaman Islands. Very little is known about the species
species is confined to damp shady woodlands on as has not been collected since it was first discovered.
it
limestone. The habitat has been severely degraded and Deforestation has been carried out on a large scale and
converted into coimnercial plantations in many places. few intact tracts of forest now remain.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 6057, 7980 Refs: 4799, 7147
234
Species Summaries
within the Udzungwa Mountains. The latter occurrence during the extensive surveys conducted for the
localities
is strange for its high elevation and may be a distinct National Conservation Review.
taxon. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 15431,19112
Refs: 3356, 5204, 11631, 15251
Gardenia anapetes
Garcinia staudtii Rubiaceae CR Dl
Guttiferae VUAlc,Bl+2c Fiji
During the extensive forest surveys by the National Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Conservation Review, this species was found in only Re/i. 5515,6053, 18818
five localities.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Gardenia gordonii
«e/i; 15431, 19112 Rubiaceae LR/nt
Fiji
235
The World List of Threatened Trees
236
Species Summaries
Gastonia sechettamm var. sechellarum but it is not known how this population has been
Araliaceae VUAlc,D2 affected.
Seychelles Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
An understorey tree confined to remnant populations in Refs: 2909, 6362
moist forest on the islands of Mah6, Praslin, Silhouette
and Felicite. Most populations are contained within Geissanthus ecuadorensis
areas which are protected. However, poor recruitment Myrsinaceae VU Bl-i-2c
and the continuing marginalisation and degradation of Ecuador
the habitat continue to cause declines. Work is being An endemic tree of Ecuador, currently only known to
carried out to consolidate the taxonomic status of the occur in cloud forest between 2200 and 2600m in
three varieties, although material for var. curiosae is Bolivar and Loja Provinces.
insufficient Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Carlstrom, A. Refs: 19119, 19120
Refs: 17229, 19023, 19025
Geissanthus pichinchae
Gaussia attenuata Myrsinaceae VU B I +2c
Palmae VU Bl+2c Ecuador
Puerto Rico Endemic to Ecuador, the species is currently known only
A palm tree confined to steep-sided, extremely well- from areas of cloud forest between 2700 and 3400m in
drained limestone hills in Puerto Rico. Napo, Pichincha and Cotopaxi Provinces.
Assessor: Henderson, A. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19118 Refs: 19119, 19120
Assessor: Quero, H.J. A small sturdy tree, usually foimd in dense forest
Refs: 19118 between 500 and 900m, only in northern Viti Leva,
principally in the vicinity of Nandarivatu. A single
Gaussia spirituana collection has also been taken from the Nausori
Palmae EN C2a, DI Highlands. Each locality harbours about 40-50
Cuba individuals, the total population probably not exceeding
An endemic to Jatibonico, a limestone plateau in central 200 individuals.
Cuba. Fewer than 150 mature trees remain in five Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
populations. yje/i: 5515, 6053, 18818
Assessor: Moya, C.
Refs:]9\\i Geissois stipularis
Cunoniaceae EN Dl
Geijera salicifolia Fiji
Rutaceae LR/nt Known only with certainty from Viti Levu, the species is
Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), New restricted to a few localities of dense, open or dry forest,
Caledonia, Papua New Guinea each containing 30-40 plants.
A timber species, which in New Guinea is mainly Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
confined to the BuloloAVau region of Morobe Province. /?e/i.- 5515, 6053, 18818
This region was once heavily exploited, logged and
converted into Araucaria plantations. It is not known Geissois superba
exactly how many mature specimens remain here and Cunoniaceae VU Dl
this subpopulation is considered to be critically Fiji
very restricted area of lower montane forest. The This small gnarled tree is known from the two major
province has experienced considerable forest destruction Fijian islands. It occurs in dense forest and thickets on
237
The World List of Threatened Trees
exposed ridges and open slopes at comparatively high the six islandswhere it is known in Fiji. It may be more
elevations. Three or four populations are known, abundant on Tonga.
containing 50 plants each. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Re/i; 5515, 6053, 18818
Rc/i; 5515, 6053, 18818
Geniostoma rupestre var. rouffaeranum
Geissois temata var. serrata Loganiaceae VU D2
Cunoniaceae CR Dl Papua New Guinea
Fiji This variety is known from a single site, where it occurs
The only known collection was made in 1937 from commonly, on the banks of the Rouffaer River in
Waya Island, Yasawas. It was said to be locally common Jayapura District.
and used in house-building, but no additional material Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
has been gathered. Refs: 19031
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/?e/r; 5515, 6053, 18818 Geniostoma stipulare
Loganiaceae EN Dl
Geniostoma astylum Fiji
Loganiaceae LR/nt Known only from four localities, this slender tree or
French Polynesia (Society Is.) shrub is confined to areas of undisturbed dense forest on
Populations occur on Moorea and Tahiti. Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Each site harbours about 20-
Assessor: Florence, J. 30 plants.
Refs: 14513 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Re/t; 5515, 6053, 18818
Geniostoma clavigerum
Loganiaceae CRDl Geniostoma umbeltatum
Fiji Loganiaceae VU D2
So far known only from north-west Viti Levu, the Papua New Guinea (North Solomons)
species occurs in dense wet forest between 800 and A small semi-erect tree found only once on Guadalcanal
1190m on Mount Evans and Mount Lomalagi. Each in hillside secondary forest on well-drained soil.
population consists of between 12 and 20 individuals. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19031
Re/i.- 5515,6053, 18818
Gentlea molinae
Geniostoma gagneae Myrsinaceae CR C2b
Loganiaceae DD Honduras
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) A species of submontane forest.
An endemic to Fatu Hiva. Assessor: Nelson, C.
Assessor: Florence, J. Re/s; 8553, 13995
Refs: 14513
Gentlea vatteri
Geniostoma hallei yar.fatuivense Myrsinaceae DD
Loganiaceae DD El Salvador, Guatemala
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) In El Salvador the species is confined to cloud forest,
An endemic to Fatu Hiva. where it ranges from 1500 to 3000m. Threats are posed
Assessor: Florence, J. mainly by fires and tourism. More information is
Refs: 14513 required on the population status in Guatemala.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Geniostoma hallei var. hallei Refs: 19030
Loganiaceae DD
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Geoffroea decorticans var. snbtropicalis
An endemic to Tahuata. Leguminosae VUBl+2ac
Assessor: Florence, J. Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia
Refs: 14513 Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina
and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected
Geniostoma hallei var. hivaoense ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by
Loganiaceae DD agricultural systems.
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Assessor: Prado, D.
An endemic to Hiva Oa. Refs: 19122
Assessor: Florence, J.
238
Species Summaries
Gesneria calycosa within the 3300km' of Tai National Park, outside which
Gesneriaceae LR/nt deforestation and habitat degradation have been severe
Jamaica in the past three decades.
A small tree or shrub with populations occurring Assessor: Assi, A.
occasionally in western parishes in shaded gullies and on Refs: 2173. 12822
sheltered banks.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre GUbertiodendron splendidum
Refs: 6057, 7980 Leguminosae VU A 1 c, B +2c
1
239
The World List of Threatened Trees
small populations, all of which are contained within Pitcaim Island, whereit is widespread in disturbed scrub
Renting National Park. Local people frequently collect and open There are relatively few large
forest.
wood for charcoal production. The habitat is also individuals, but many shrubby specimens which appear
believed be declining
to because of encroaching to have reached flowering age. Probably 500-lOCX)
settlements and grazing. mature individuals exist. The timber was heavily
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan exploited in the past for making into joists in
Refs: 3295, 9379, 19050, 19053 construction. There has also been considerable habitat
loss and degradation with the spread of exotic plants.
Gleditsia vestita Assessor: Waldren, S. & N. Kingston
Leguminosae CR Dl Refs: 13604, 19154
China (Himan)
A species reduced to two surviving individuals on the Glochidion eUipticum var. ralphii
south-east slopes of Mount Hengshan, where it reaches Euphorbiaceae ENBl+2c
the lower limit of mixed forest. The two trees are India (Kerala)
protected and attempts to propagate the species are Known from two collections, this variety appears to be
under way. endemic to the Travancore range, occurring in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre submontane evergreen forest.
Refs: 1818,11847 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19144
Glenniea penangensis
Sapindaceae VU Bl+2c Glochidion grantii
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c
A species which occurs throughout Peninsular Malaysia French Polynesia (Society Is.)
in lowland and hill forests up to 900m. Occurring in the same lagoon on the sister islands of
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Tahaa and Raiatea, the species is localised on the
Refs: 8464, 19073 summital crest of Mount Ohiri on the former and
scattered on the plateaux of Temehani Rahi and
Glenniea unijuga Temehani Ute Ute on the latter. The populations are
Sapindaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c fragmented and reduced in extent.
Sri Lanka Assessor: Florence, J.
/fe/i;9176, 17195, 19112 has been collected only once from primary forest in
Penang. Most of the forest in the area has been cleared
Glionnetia sericea for development.
Rubiaceae VU D2 Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Seychelles Refs: 8464, 19073
Endemic to the Seychelles, the species occurs within a
very restricted area (<1000ha) on Mahfi and Silhouette. Glochidion johnstonei
Populations are healthy and stable. Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles India (Goa, Kerala)
Refs: 16212, 17229 Although relatively wide-ranging, the species is known
from only a few collections taken from areas of
Glochidion bourdillonii submontane evergreen forest.
Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
India (Kerala) Refs: 19144
A rarely collected species of forest margins, occurring
from low to medium altitudes at the southern end of the Glochidion manono
Western Ghats. Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Refs: 19144 Populations occur on Moorea and Tahiti, where the
species is most seriously threatened.
Glochidion carrickii Assessor: Florence, J.
240
Species Summaries
241
The World List of Threatened Trees
Gluta travancorica
Glyphaea tomentosa
Anacardiaceae LR/nt
Tiliaceae DD
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Mozambique
A well-collected species, endemic to submontane forest The range of this species is small and confined to central
running the length of the Agastyamalai Hills.
Mozambique. Information is too limited to evaluate the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
species.
Refs: 19144
Assessor: Bandeira, S.
/fe/i.- 5117, 18965
Glycosmis chlorosperma var. bidiensis
Rutaceae VU D2 Glyptopetalum lawsonU
Malaysia (Sarawak) Celastraceae VU Bl+2c
Known only from the type locality, this variety is found India (Tamil Nadu)
on limestone near the Bidi Cave, Kuching. Confined to the Western Ghats within an area stretching
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre from the Nilgiri Hills to a site at the north of Shencottah,
Refs: 19017 this understorey tree has been rarely collected from
scattered sites within submontane evergreen forest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Glycosmis crassifoUa Refs: 19144
Rutaceae CRBl+2c
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Glyptopetalum palawanense
Confined to the state of Malacca this very rare tree of Celastraceae VU B I -h2c
lowland rainforest is under threat from increasing Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines
settlement of the area. This small tree is known only from primary forest in
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Palawan in the Philippines and a single sterile collection
/?e/i; 8464, 14541,19073 from a coastal limestone ridge on Balambangan Island,
Sabah. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere
Glycosmis decipiens reserve.
Rutaceae LR/cd Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) «e/s; 4986, 19017
A species of rainforest and swamp forest, distributed in
the states of Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Glyptostrobus pensilis
Johore. A protected population is found in Taman Taxodiaceae DD
Negara National Park. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan,
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yuiman), Viet Nam
/fe/i; 8464, 14541,19073 The only extant species of a genus which was species-
rich in the Tertiary period. It is a prime timber tree,
Glycosmis longisepata scattered in south and south-east China in areas which
Rutaceae VU D2 are densely populated. Primary localities exist in the
Malaysia (Sarawak) Zhujiang Delta and the lower reaches of the Minjiang
A small forest tree known only from Mount Pueh. River. Populations in Viet Nam were once common but
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre are now reduced to fewer than 100 individuals in a few
Refs: 19017 sites of swamp forest in Dae Lac Province (CR Alcd).
The population in Krong Bak Nature Reserve is
Glycosmis monticola protected, but regeneration is reported to be non-
Rutaceae EN Dl existent.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
A shrub or small tree confined to hill forest on Mount Refs: 374,848,2901, 11191, 11530, 11847, 15357
Oplur in Johore State.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Gmelina hainanensis
Refs: 8464, 19073 Verbenaceae VU B U2c
China (Guangdong - Hainan), Viet Nam
In China the species is known only from rainforest in the
Glycosmis perakensis
mountain ranges of the south and west of Hainan Island.
Rutaceae VU D2
In Viet Nam it is recorded from (Juanh Ninh Province,
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
where it occurs in lowland evergreen monsoon forest.
A small tree of hill forest, confined to Bubu Forest
Although parts of the range are designated nature
Reserve, Perak.
reserves, the habitat is generally subject to logging and
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
clearance.
Refs: 14541,19073
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1818, 11530, 11847, 15357
242
Species Summaries
243
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre ramin timber species and the heartwood is used as
Refs: 7673, 14448, 14573, 17140, 19202
244
Species Summaries
245
The World List of Threatened Trees
Greyia flanaganii
Greenwayodendron suaveolens ssp. usambaricum Greyiaceae DD
Annonaceae VUBl+2b South Africa (Eastern Cape)
Tanzania A shrub or small tree which grows on rocky, grassy
A distinct form of a tropical African taxon, this hillsides in only a few restricted localities, all on private
subspecies occurs rarely within a 1 00m altitudinal belt land. No information is available on the size of the
of moist submontane forest on the East Usambara populations or degree of threat. The roots are reportedly
Mountains. Although forest loss and disturbance have used for traditional medicinal and magical purposes.
been severe and the surrounding area is densely Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. elal.
populated, an active conservation programme is now in Refs: 689, 17410, 19218
place.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 3356, 5204, 9302
246
I
Species Summaries
247
The World List of Threatened Trees
the Andes, occurring at the type locality in Valle, Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
small tree is confined to the Peruvian Amazon at Re/i; 5942, 7980, 12281
Yurimaguas in the department of Loreto.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Guarea humaitensis
^e/i; 7980, 12281 Meliaceae VUBl+2c
Brazil (Amazonas)
Guarea caulobotrys The species is confined to non-flooded forest in south-
Endemic to Colombia, the species is known only from a Rf/i; 5942. 7980. 12281
few collections from the department of Valle on the
Pacific coast, probably occurring in rainforest. Guarea jamaicensis
Assessor: Calderon, E. Meliaceae VUBl+2c
/?e/i. 7980, 12281,19069 Jamaica
Known only from disjunct limestone localities in St
Guarea cedrata Andrew and St James, the species is uncommon and,
Meliaceae VU Ale particularly in St Andrew, has experienced almost
Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Democratic Republic complete destruction or degradation of its habitat.
248
Species Summaries
249
The World List of Threatened Trees
250
Species Summaries
251
The World List of Threatened Trees
Known only from two collections from the early 1900s, is known from a total of seven collections from the
this small found in the rainforest/savanna
tree is islands of Ambon, Buru, Ceram and Obi.
transition zone on steep ground and in old secondary Assessor: van Welzen, P.C.
forest. Refs: 18389
Assessor: van Welzen, P.C.
Refs: 18389
252
Species Summaries
253
The World List of Threatened Trees
254
Species Summaries
Gustavia speciosa ssp. occidentalis settlement. Agricultural activities upstream have also
Lecythidaceae VU B 1 +2c caused habitat loss through the siltation of rivers.
A large tree, confined to the type locality on the Pacific Refs: 19218, 19220
slopes of Valle.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Gymnostemon zaizou
Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 8869 Simaroubaceae VU Bl+2c
Cote d'lvoire
Gustavia verticiUata A Cote d'lvoire endemic, confined to remaining patches
Lecythidaceae VUBl+2c of forest between Cavally and Sassandra Rivers. The
Colombia, Panama largest and most stable forest is contained within Tai
The species has been collected relatively rarely from National Park. Lx)gging and the influx of people have
localities of lowland non-flooded rainforest in caused the rapid decline and degradation of forests
Cundinamarca and Tolima in Colombia and parts of elsewhere.
neighbouring Panama in Dari6n Province. Assessor: Assi, A.
Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 2773, 12822
Refs: 1503, 3791, 7980, 19069
Gynoxys azuayensis
Cyminda orbicularis Compositae VUBl+2c
Celastraceae VUBl+2c Ecuador
Cuba A tree species endemic to montane forest of the
A shrub which sometimes attains the size of a small tree Ecuadorean High Andes.
up to 5m tall. It is very restricted in the dry shrubwoods Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
and shrublands on limestone terraces near the coast Refs: 19119, 19120
between Cajobabo and Jauco in Guantinamo Province.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Gynoxys chimborazensis
Refs: 11403,18485,19149 Compositae VUBl+2c
Ecuador
Gymnacranthera canarica A species which is endemic to the High Andes of
Myristicaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2 Ecuador.
India (Kamataka, Kerala) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A large tree found in the lowland moist dense forests of Refs: 19119,19120
Kerala, just extending into South Kanara in Kamataka.
Collected from widely scattered locations in the 19th Gynoxys colanensis
century, the species had not been collected for almost a Compositae VU D2
century and was suspected of being extinct until Peru
recently. Remaining populations appear to be extremely Known only from the type collection, the species is
rare and restricted. Further detailed information may found in *lerra firme forest above 2000m in the
indicate a more serious threat category is
that department of Amazonas.
appropriate.The seeds have been mistaken for nutmeg. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984
«e/i;8295, 12114, 19144
Gynoxys cuicochensis
Gymnacranthera maliliensis Compositae VUBI+2c
Myristicaceae LR/nt Ecuador
Indonesia (Sulawesi) A tree or shrub species which is endemic to the High
This tree is restricted to primary and degraded forest on Andes of Ecuador.
ultrabasic soils in central Sulawesi, east of Malili. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Sulawesi has the largest tract of forest on ultrabasic rock Refs: 191 19. 19120
in the tropics. It is, at least relatively, secure from
conversion to agriculture because of the ultramafic Gynoxys dielsiana
nature of the soil. Compositae VUBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Ecuador
Refs: 4329, 8295 A tree or shrub species which is endemic to the High
Andes of Ecuador.
Gymnosporia bachmannii Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Celastraceae VU A2c /?e/j. 19119, 19120
255
The World List of Threatened Trees
Zhejiang)
A tree with a scattered occurrence in south-east China. It
Hampea breedlovei
is found in remaining areas of mid-elevation
Malvaceae VUBl+2c
broadleaved forest on slopes and valleys. Throughout its Mexico
range the species has been exposed to severe rates of Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonz^ez-Espinosa
habitat clearance and logging. Re/i; 4105, 6308
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1818, 11847 Hampea dukei
Malvaceae DD
Panama
Halfordia papuana Known only from Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, the
Rutaceae CR C2a species has not been collected since the type collection
Papua New Guinea was made in 1966. However, H. punctulata. a very
This tree is submontane and montane
scattered in similar species, has been collected in the surrounding
rainforest between 1200 and 2700m, mostly confined to area and other parts of Panama.
the BuloloAVau region in Morobe Province. The region Assessor: Mitr6, M.
has been heavily exploited, logged and converted into Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772
Araucaria plantations. It is not certain how many mature
specimens remain but it is certainly less than 250. Hampea micrantha
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Malvaceae VUBl+2d
Refs: 19114 Panama
Recorded from the provinces of Col6n and Panama, the
species occurs in rainforest to 1000m, mainly in the
256
I
Species Summaries
central region of Panama and slightly to the east. The Haplocoelum trigonocarpum
major part of the range is contained within protected Sapindaceae LR/nt
areas, outside which the species occurs very rarely and is Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania
under severe threat from habitat clearance. A rare species with disparate populations confined to
Assessor: Mitrfi, M. pockets of forest, especially coastal forest. In Kenya it is
Refs: 7980, 13315, 16772 confmed to the Taita Hills. In neighbouring Tanzania the
species is thought to be less rare than originally
Hampea montebellensis suspected. The population in Mozambique is very poorly
Malvaceae EN B 1 +2c known.
Mexico Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonzaez-Espinosa Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067, 18665
/fe/j; 6308, 12985
Haplolobus beccarii
Hampea reynae Burseraceae VU D2
Malvaceae VU D2 Malaysia (Sarawak)
El Salvador Endemic to Sarawak, this tree is known only from the
A rarely collected species, endemic to El Salvador
and type specimen collected in lowland forest on Mount
confinoJ to cloud forest in Monte Cristo, Metap^, Santa Matang.
Ana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18327
*e/t; 4105, 6150, 19030
Haplolobus bintuluensis
Hampea sphaerocarpa Burseraceae VU D2
Malvaceae EN C2a Malaysia (Sarawak)
Guatemala, Honduras Endemic to Sarawak, this small tree has only been
A tree confmed wet Atlantic lowlands, where it
to the collected once in a site of mixed dipterocarp forest in the
has experienced gradual habitat loss to encroaching Nyabau catchment area, Bintulu.
agriculture. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Nelson, C. Refs: 19017
Refs: 13995
Haplolobus inaequifolius
Hampea thespesioides Burseraceae VU D2
Malvaceae CRBl+2c Malaysia (Sarawak)
Colombia Known only from the type collection, this tree was
Possibly now extinct, the species was known from a found in Sabal Forest Reserve in hill forest at an altitude
locality in Tolima. of 360m.
Assessor: Calderon, E. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19069 Refs: 19017
257
The World List of Threatened Trees
Once a significant component of forests in the Chatham Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Islands, this small tree is now reduced to four Refs: I916I
populations and scattered isolated individuals. The
species is severely browsed by livestock and more Hedyosmum purpurascens
recently by possums. Chloranthaceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Ecuador
Refs: 902, 5563, 17637, 19133, 19134 An Ecuadorean endemic, currently known only from the
High Andes in Loja Province. The altitudinal range of
Heberdenia excelsa the species extends between 2300 and 2900m.
Myrsinaceae VU CI Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) Refs: 6724, 7980, 8999, 19119
An uncommon species of *laurisilva and, at higher
altitudes, cloud forest. Past exploitation of its habitat has Hedyscepe canterburyana
resulted in the reduction and fragmentation of Palmae VU D2
populations. *Laurisilva in Madeira is now said to be Australia (New South Wales - Lord Howe Is.)
increasing in extent, although areas close to habitations Endemic to Lord Howe Island, this palm tree dominates
are still under the threat of fire. The species occurs in palm forest on the slopes of Mount Glower and Mount
protected areas and regional legislation. Lidgbird. Lord Howe Island is a Worid Heritage Site,
Assessor: Baiiares, A. el al. most of which is a permanent park reserve.
Refs: 19022, 19131 Assessor: Johnson, D.
Refs: 19118
Hederopsis maingayi
Araliaceae VUBl+2a Heinsenia dierviUeiodes ssp. mufindiensis
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
A tree of lowland and hills up to 6I0m in the states of Tanzania
Pahang, Kelantan, Kedah, Perak and Selangor. A moist montane forest tree, occurring at elevations
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. exceeding 1500m in three localities: Nyumbanitu,
Refs: 8464, 19073 Lulanda and west Mufmdi.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Hederopsis major /f«A 3356,8814
Araliaceae VU D2
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This rare species, known only from a single collection,
is confmed to rainforest in Kelantan.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 8464, 19073
2S8
Species Summaries
renders it vulnerable. The status of this species in habitat is threatened by logging and the increasing
Northern Australia has not been considered in this threat settlement.
category. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, this small tomedium- small tree found is known only from Milne Bay District.
sized tree is known only from Ba Vi, a number of Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
localities in Hoa Binh and Cue Phuong in Ninh Binh. Refs: 19031
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 848, 15357 Helicia rostrata
Proteaceae VU D2
HeUcia insularis Papua New Guinea
Proteaceae ENBI+2abcde A known only from lower montane
small tree, so far
Papua New Guinea foreston Mount Dayman, occurring between 20(X) and
A small tree found in mossy forest on ridge crests at 800 2200m.
to 950m on Normanby and Fergusson Islands of the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
D'Entrecasteaux Group. Refs: 19031
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Refs: 19031,19114
259
The World List of Threatened Trees
2150m. The extensive loss of habitat caused by logging Refs: 7980, 15717
and conversion to agriculture has incurred losses in
population numbers and brought the species into serious Helietta glaucescens
risk of extinction. Rutaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: Sun, W. Cuba
/fc/i; 1818,11847 A small tree restricted to the karstic block mountains
and limestone cliffs in the northern Sierra Maestra
Helicia subcordata mountain range, province of Santiago de Cuba.
Proteaceae CRBl+2abcde Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Papua New Guinea Refs: 11403,18485,19149
A tall tree found only once in mid-montane open forest
at 1350m near Wagau in the Morobe Province. Hemandradenia chevalieri
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J. Connaraceae ENBl+2c
Refs: 19031,19114 Cote d'lvoire, Ghana
Occurring in wet evergreen forest, this species is known
Heliciopsis cockbumii from few localities in coastal Cote d'lvoire and Ghana.
Proteaceae VU B 1 +2c In these areas, the forest has severely declined in extent
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) through logging, commercial forestry and mining
A rare tree scattered in lowland and hill forest. So far it activities.
is known only from Keledang Saiong Forest Reserve in Assessor: Assi, A.
Perak, and Gunung Tapis in Pahang. Refs: 2773, 12061, 12822, 14719
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
Refs: 19073 Hemandradenia mannii
Connaraceae LR/nt
Heliciopsis lanceolata Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote
Proteaceae ENBl+2c d'lvoire. Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria
A species distributed in remnant hill forests in the A small tree which is very rare in places but ranges
vicinity of Bogor. It is unknown how much of the widely from Cote d'lvoire to DR Congo in moist
original population remains but the extent of habitat evergreen or semi-deciduous forest.
clearance and cutting has been extremely high. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8369, 12822, 14719
Refs: 1766, 15417
Henriettea granularis
Heliciopsis montana Melastomataceae CRBl+2c
Proteaceae LR/cd Cuba
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) An imperfectly known species found in semi-deciduous
A montane forest tree confined to Gunung Korbu, the forests on acid mainly along rivers and creeks.
substrate,
Cameron Highlands and Fraser's Hill. This region is Degradation of the habitat has resulted in soil erosion
threatened by the expansion of human habitation and and the invasion of exotic species.
tourism. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Re/i;9522, 11403, 19149
Refs: 19073
Henriettea membranifolia
Heliciopsis rufidula Melastomataceae CR A2c, DI
Proteaceae VU Bl+2c Puerto Rico
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A small tree of wet montane forest, with questionable
A species of seasonal lowland and montane forest records dating back to the 1960s from two sites in the
known only from Perak, Selangor, Trennganu and Cordillera Central. The populations have not been
Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia. A single collection has recently located.
been made from mixed dipterocarp forest near Belaga, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Sarawak. /fe/i.- 3786, 7980, 17124
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
Refs: 19073 Henriettea punctata
Melastomataceae VU D2
Heliciopsis whitmorei Cuba
Proteaceae LR/cd A shrub, less often a small tree, locally confined to the
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) karstic limestone range of Monteverde in the Nipe-
Rarely found, this forest species is known only from Yateras area of eastern Cuba.
Gunung Mandi Angin, Ulu Sungai Terengganu and Ulu Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Bendong Kemaman in Terengganu. Refs: 11403,18485, 19149
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
Refs: 19073
260
Species Summaries
Henriettea squamata the rales of decline of the habitat have been considerable
Melastomataceae VU D2 and the species has disappeared from parts of its range.
Cuba Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
An uncommon tree, up to 10m tall, restricted to the Moa Refs: 1818,11847
mountain group in eastern Cuba where it grows in
montane rainforest on serpentine-derived soils between Heritiera percoriacea
400 and 900m. Sterculiaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Indonesia (Java)
Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149 This species is known only from Ujung Kulon and
Sukawayana, a remnant of forest near Pelabuhan Ratu.
Henriettella goudotiana The former population occurs in a national park but
Melastomataceae ENBI+2c continues to be threatened by illegal logging, ftielwood
Colombia collection and agricultural encroachment. The latter is
Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded from unprotected and under intense pressure.
Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta and Tolima. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Calderon, E. Refs: 9078
Refs: 19069
Heritiera utilis
A prized ornamental occurring in two main areas. It has 1972, the species occurs on cultivated or abandoned
not been found recently in the westernmost site in plantations. The original forest habitat was extensively
Xingshan, Hubei. In the east it is found in small numbers felled and cleared for agriculture in the first half of the
in woodlands or on the edge of evergreen broadleaved century.
forest. Population declines through indiscriminate Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
cutting have been recorded. It is the only member of the Refs: 2724, 10080
genus.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Hemandia catalpifolia
Refs: 1818, 11847 Hemandiaceae VUBI+2c
Jamaica
Heritiera longipetiolata A tree which is locally common in the parishes of
Sterculiaceae VU D2 Portland and St Thomas by streams and in damp ravines
Federated States of Micronesia?, Guam, Northern in submontane woodland. Deforestation has almost
Marianas completely removed the habitat in the latter parish, areas
A medium-sized tree of moist forest on limestone cliffs in ravines probably representing the only lemaining
and coastal windblown sites. The species is known from fragments.
occurrences on Guam, Tinian, Saipan and Rota in the Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mariana Islands, and also possibly on Pohnpei in the Refs: 6057, 7980
Caroline Islands. There are about 1000 trees on Guam,
several hundred on Tinian and fewer than 100 on Hemandia cubensis
Saipan. The Rota population has not been found Hemandiaceae CR Bl+2c
recently. There is strong evidence to suggest that the Cuba
species is not regenerating. Seedlings and seeds are Known only from forests near the conical karst complex
predated by ungulates and crabs. The species is listed as of Monteverde in Guant^amo Province, this rare tree
endangered by the Guam government and two has not been collected recently. Disturbance has been
populations are effectively protected within military heavy where logging and agricultural encroachment
bases. have occurred.
Assessor: Wiles, G. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Refs: 2474,2627, 15533, 16676, 19175 Refs: 11403,18485,19149
261
I
262
Species Summaries
Ridge in 1981. It has since died. Seeds were collected site of discovery in Kalalau Valley in Napali Coast State
but none have germinated. The genus is endemic to the Park on Kauai. Only four trees have been found growing
Hawaiian Islands and is known from either extinct or on cliff walls in montane rainforest. The main threats to
critically endangered species. the population come from feral goats and pigs and
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre invasive plants. The species is protected by the US
Refs: 3372 Endangered Species Act. The genus is endemic to the
Hawaiian Islands and is only known from species which
Hibiscadelphus distans are extinct oi critically endangered.
Malvaceae CR Dl Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
USA (Hawaii) Refs: 19036, 19086
Occurring as a shrub or small tree, the species is known
from a single population of fewer than 20 individuals in Hibiscus amottianus ssp. immaculatus
a dry forest patch on the bluff above Koaie Stream in Malvaceae ENBl+2c,C2a,DI
Waimea Canyon on Kauai. It is protected by the US USA (Hawaii)
Endangered Species Act. The genus is endemic to the Formerly ranging from Waihanau Valley to Papalaua
Hawaiian Islands and is known from species which are Valley on East Molokai, the taxon is now reduced to an
either extinct or critically endangered. area stretching for 5km on the northern coast, where
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre three populations occur along the steep cliffs. There are
Refs: 3372 no more than 100 individuals in the area. Feral goats are
263
1
a major cause of damage to the habitat. The taxon is population consists of between SO and 100 plants. The
protected by the US Endangered Species Act. lowland rainforest habitat is frequently damaged by feral
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre pigs and invaded by introduced plants. The species is
Refs: 3372, 19040 protected by the US Endangered Species Act.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei Refs: 3372, 19036, 19086
Malvaceae EN C2a
USA (Hawaii) Hibiscus waimeae ssp. waimeae
A sprawling to erect shrub or tree known from small Malvaceae LR/nt
populations restricted to dry forest and shrubland up to USA (Hawaii)
350m on Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. This subspecies is distributed from Waimea Canyon to
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre the ocean-facing valleys in the west and south-west on
Refs: 3372 Kauai.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus Refs: 3372
Malvaceae ENBl+2c, C2a
USA (Hawaii) Hieronima crassistipula
A tree of dry forest and shrubland known from three Euphorbiaceae CR Bl-t-2c
localised two on Kauai at Lihue and
populations, Cuba
Olokele Canyon, and in the Waianae Mountains between A very rare tree of natural pine forest along ravines and
Kawaihapai and Puupane on Oahu. creeks in Pinar del Rio Province and on Isla de Pinos.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Population numbers are probably too low to ensure the
Refs: 3312 species' survival without intervention.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Hibiscus clayi Refs: 11403, 18485, 19149
Malvaceae CR Dl
USA (Hawaii)
Occurring as a shrub or tree, the species is endemic to Hieronima macrocarpa
Kauai where it has been recorded from a number of Euphorbiaceae VU B I +2c
locations in dry forest up to 350m. A group of four trees
Colombia, Ecuador
Assessor: Calderon, E.
in the Nounou Mountains appears to be the only
Refs: 4211. 19069
remaining population. The damage caused by cattle was
realised in 1928 when the species was first brought into
cultivation.That threat has been removed but the habitat Hildegardia cubensis
continues to be steadily degraded by the spread of
Sterculiaceae VUBl+2c
invasive plants, by feral pigs and potentially recreational
Cuba
activities. A small number of individuals have been A found in lowland semi-deciduous forest on rocky
tree
planted to augment the population in the wild. The limestone soils in eastern Cuba. Populations have
species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act. declined substantially in the past decades through habitat
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
clearance and burning for logging, grazing and
Refs: 3372, 19038 agricultural encroachment.
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio Refs: 19149
Malvaceae VUAlce
USA (Hawaii)
A variable subspecies known from scattered populations Hildegardia giUettii
in dry to moist forest up to 800m on Kauai, Oahu, Sterculiaceae EN C2b, Dl
Molokai and Maui. It is also presumed to be present on Somalia
Hawaii. fewer than 10 individuals have been
In the last 10 years
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre found, most of them in the vicinity of El Elian. Although
Refs: 3372 the true population size is likely to be greater, the tree
and its habitat are direatened with overcutting and
Hibiscus kokio ssp. sdntjohnianus grazing. The population is unprotected but local
Malvaceae EN C2a inhabitants are aware of its uniqueness.
USA (Hawaii) Assessor: Thulin, M.
This subspecies is confined to forest in north-west Kaui, Refs: 18665
occurring up to 1 100m.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Hildegardia popuUfoUa
Refs: 3372
Sterculiaceae CR Dl
India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae
Endemic to the Eastern Ghats in Andra Pradesh and
Malvaceae EN B 1 +2c, C2a, D Tamil Nadu, the species is believed to have disappeared
USA (Hawaii) from all its recorded localities except for one on the
A rainforest tree confined to Kauai, where two
forested eastern slopes of the Kalrayans Hills, where
remaining populations occur in adjacent valleys,
about 20 trees survive.
Limahuli and Hanakapiai, on the north coast. An
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
additional population in Kalihiwai appears to be extinct
Refs: 4799
and after Hurricane Iniki the population in Hanakapiai
Valley was halved to about 25 plants. The second
264
1
Species Summaries
Hirtella enneandra
Chrysobalanaceae ENBl+2c Homalium gracilipes
Colombia Flacouniaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2
An endemic to Valle. Tanzania
Assessor: Calderon, E. Known only from the type collection in Liwiri-Kiteza
/Jc/j; 5970, 7980, 19069 forest at Songea, southern Tanzania, the species occurs
in moist semi-deciduous montane forest.
separate, although morphological differences are not Regeneration is reported to be good. The wood is used
substantial. In the West Usambaras a population is as a construction timber.
known in Shagai and in the Udzungwas there are Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
occurrences in Mwanihana and Nyumbanitu. Refs: 2724, 10080, 19042, 19111
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 1308,3356,11631 Homalium jainii
Racourtiaceae ENBl+2c
Holarrhena pubescens India (Tamil Nadu)
Apocynaceae EX Known only from the type collection, this canopy tree
Pakistan occurs in a restricted area of submontane forest in the
A small tree, once occurring in Nurpur, Tret, Murree Agastyamalai Large areas have been exposed to
Hills.
Refs: 10351
265
1
266
Species Summaries
267
1
268
Species Summaries
Hopeajacobi
Dipterocarpaceae CRBl+2c,Cl,Dl
India (Kamataka)
A relatively small dipterocarp found only once in
269
1
270
Species Summaries
Hopea parviflora most popular timbers for heavy construction work in the
Indonesia (Sumatra)
This species is possibly extinct. Hopea ponga
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd+2cd,Bl+2c
*e/f.- 7673,9169, 13857 India (Goa, Kamataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu)
Hopea pedicellata A gregarious tree, widely occurring in low to medium
Dipterocarpaceae EN A c+2c
1 altitude evergreen forest, especially along riversides.
Cambodia, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia Assessor: Ashton, P.
(Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand Refs: 8483, 13857, 15754, 19144
A tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest. It is contained
within productive and protected forests in Peninsular Hopea pterygota
Malaysia. Dipterocarpaceae VUAlc+2c,BI+2c,CI,DI
Assessor: Ashton, P. Malaysia (Sarawak)
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857, 18243 Locally common
in Perak forests, populations are also
known occur in forest reserves.
to
271
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140 Assessor: Ashton, P.
/fe/j; 7673, 9169, 13857
Hopea scabra
Dipterocarpaceae DD Hopea thorelii
Papua New Guinea Dipterocarpaceae CRAlc, Bl+2c
Assessor: Ashton, P. Laos, Thailand
/fe/i. 7673,9169, 13857 Assessor: Ashton, P.
/ee/i; 13857
Hopea semicuneata
Dipterocarpaceae CR A I cd, B 1 +2c Hopea ultima
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Dipterocarpaceae DD
Malaysia) Papua New Guinea
A tree of lowland dipterocarp forest on clay-rich There is a possibility that this dipterocarp is extinct in
alluvium. It is cut for its giam timber. the wild.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857
272
Species Summaries
273
The World List of Threatened Trees
collection inAndulau Forest Reserve and from another Horsfieldia hellwigii var. brachycarpa
specimen from Kuala Belait District. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Papua New Guinea
Refs: 1766,3597 This variety is known from only four collections from
northern Papua New
Guinea.
Horsfieldia elongata Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae VU D2 Refs: 18674
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A small tree known only from the type collection from Horsfieldia hirtiflora
Eraser's Hill. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Sumatra)
Refs: 8148 A small tree which is known from just three collections
from Tapanuli and the east coast.
Horsfieldia flocculosa Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae VU Bl+2c Refs: 3597, 10547
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, this tree is known only Horsfieldia iriana
from lowland and
rainforest swamp forest in Selangor, Myristicaceae VU D2
Negri Sembilan, Pahang and Johore. No recent Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
collections have been made of this species and it is This tree is known only from the type collection, which
threatened by expanding settlements and logging was gathered from a site in south-west New Guinea.
activities. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 18674
Refs: 319, 19073, 19078
Horsfieldia iryaghedhi
Horsfieldia fragillima Myristicaceae CRBI+2c
Myristicaceae VUAlc SriLanka
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan) Malaysia (Sabah, Endemic to Sri Lanka, this tree occurs in lowland wet
Sarawak) evergreen forest and disturbed forest. It is cultivated in
This tree is restricted to primary lowland dipterocarp Singapore, Penang and Java. This species was not found
forest and riverine forests. during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre National Conservation Review, indicating that it is either
Refs: 1766,3597 extremely rare or possibly extinct.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Horsfieldia fulva Refs: 15919, 17195, 19112
Myristicaceae VUAlc
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Horsfieldia lancifolia
A rare tree occurring in lowland rainforest up to 200m in Myristicaceae LR/nt
Jambi Province, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia. In Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Peninsular Malaysia the species is threatened by urban A endemic to forest areas on ultrabasic soils in
tree
expansion and logging activities. central and south Sulawesi. Sulawesi has the largest tract
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. of forest over ultrabasic soils in the tropics. The nature
Refs: 319, 11647, 19073, 19078 of the soil renders it unattractive to agriculture.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Horsfieldia glabra var.javanica Refs: 10148, 18674
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Java) Horsfieldia leptantha
This variety is known from only two collections. Myristicaceae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Refs: 3597 This tree is known from six or seven collections from
primary and secondary forest areas in Vogelkop in Irian
Horsfieldia glabra var. oviflora Jaya and West Sepik in Papua New Guinea.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Indonesia (Java) Refs: 18674
Restricted to west and central Java, this variety has been
collected just five times from submontane forest. Horsfieldia longiflora
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Myristicaceae VU D2
Refs: 3597 Viet Nam
Collected only five times, the species appears to be
Horsfieldia gracilis restricted to submontane evergreen forests in Annam.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak) Refs: 15919
A small tree found only once in primary lowland forest
in Sarawak. In addition, three slightly different Horsfieldia macilenta
collections have been identified as this species. They Myristicaceae VU Ale
may represent intermediates between H. paucinervis and Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia,
H. gracilis. Sabah, Sarawak)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A rare tree found growing in lowland primary mixed
Ue/i; 319,2147 dipterocarp forest and swamp forest. There are eight
274
Species Summaries
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and found only on the Palau Islands.
is
275
The World List of Threatened Trees
Horsjieldia pallidicaula var. paUidicaula It is known from five collections from Pahang and
Myristicaceae VU Ale Johore and from a single sterile collection from Jambi,
Indonesia? (Kalimantan?), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Sumatra.
A variety found in primary lowland and lower montane Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
forests in Sarawak and west Sabah. The collection from Refs:3\9
West Kalimantan is doubtful.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Horsfieldia punctata
Refs: 3\9 Myristicaceae VU D2
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Horsfieldia pandurifolia This species is apparently endemic to the Cameron
Myristicaceae ENBl+2c Highlands, from where it has been collected three times
China (Yimnan) in areas of lower montane forest on granite and in ridge
Endemic to southern Yunnan, occurring in Mangling, forest.
Xishuangbanna and Gengma, the species is scattered Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
sparsely in lowland monsoon forest. Most of the range is Refs: 3597, 15919
contained within nature reserves. Overcollection of the
seeds, which provide a commercial oil, and of the timber Horsfieldia reticulata
have caused declines in population numbers, particularly Myristicaceae LR/nt
in the number of fertile female trees. Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak)
Assessor: Sun, W. This lowland forest tree occurs throughout much of
Refs: 1818, 1 1847, 19005, 19055 Borneo, although it has not yet been collected in Sabah.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Horsfieldia paucinervis Refs:3\9. 1766
Myristicaceae VU D2
Malaysia (Sarawak) Horsfieldia rufo-lanata
A small slender tree apparently endemic to Sarawak and Myristicaceae VU D2
known from just four collections. It grows in coastal Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
*kerangas and secondary forest on eroded white sand. Found in upper dipterocarp forest, the species has been
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre collected just four times from Sarawak and Sabah.
Refs: 319, 1766 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/ee/j. 319, 1766
Horsfieldia penangiarta ssp. obtusifolia
Myristicaceae VU D2 Horsfieldia sabulosa
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Myristicaceae VU D2
This subspecies is known from four collections from Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
Borneo. It is found in forest on hills and ridges. A tall tree found in lowland mixed forest, Agalhis forest
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and ridge forest with a restricted distribution. No recent
Refs: 2147 collections have been made.
Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O.
Horsfieldia penangiana ssp. penangiana Refs: 3\9, 1766, 19078
Myristicaceae VUAlc
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Horsfieldia samarensis
A found in primary dry montane forest. It is known
tree Myristicaceae VU D2
from seven collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Philippines
Sumatra. This small treeis known only from the type, which was
276
Species Summaries
277
I
The World List of Threatened Trees
278
Species Summaries
end of the Western Ghats. There do not appear to be any Hunga guitlauminii
more recent records and there is concern that extensive Chrysobalanaceae VUBl+2c
forest clearance and the spreading cultivation of New Caledonia
cardamom have caused serious declines in population Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el al.
279
The World List of Threatened Trees
lowland open quaitzite forest in Lanit, Perak, and Klang Hydrochorea marginata var. scheryi
Gates, Selangor. Leguminosae LR/nt
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Venezuela
Refs: S464, 19073 A small tree or shrub so far found only along the
Orinoco River between Pto Ayacucho and Sanariapo,
Hydnocarpus kurzU Amazonas.
Flacourtiaceae DD Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
India, Myanmar Refs: 5994
Information from India indicates the species has
declined by 50% numbers in the last 10
in population Hyeronima clusioides
years. Fewer 20 locations are known in
than Euphorbiaceae DD
northeastern India, where the species is found in areas of Puerto Rico
evergreen forest between 200 and 800m. Oil is harvested A species of moist hills and mountain forests in central
from the fruits and traded locally. More information is and western Puerto Rica. The wood is good quality and
needed on the population status in Myanmar. used as lumber.
Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
India /?e/5.- 7931,7980
Refs: 19209
Hyeronima jamaicensis
Hydnocarpus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa Euphorbiaceae VUBl-h2c
Flacourtiaceae VUBI+2c Jamaica
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) An uncommon tree, confined to moist woodlands on
The main concentration of populations occurs near limestone between 700 and 900m in St Andrew,
Muthukuzhivayal in evergreen hill forest. Large areas of Clarendon, St Ann and Portland Parishes. The loss of
forest have been destroyed for the Kodayar habitat has been particularly severe in St Andrew.
Hydroelectric Project and also for the establishment of Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
plantation crops. Outlying populations exist further /?e/t.- 6057, 7980, 19116
north towards Anamalai. Fruits have been overcollected.
Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in Hymenaea lorrei
India Leguminosae VU BI+2c
/?e/i.- 561, 4799, 5651, 19144 Cuba
A tall shrub or tree restricted to the dry evergreen forests
Hydnocarpus nana and dry lowland shrubwoods of eastern Cuba. Habitat
Flacourtiaceae LR/nt declines have been considerable in both communities;
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) logging activities, agriculture and urban development
A shrub or small tree of lowland and hill rainforest. are resulting in land clearance and habitat degradation.
Populations are found in Selangor and Terengganu, Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
where they are protected within the boundaries of Refs: 9522, 11403,19149
Taman Negara National Park.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Hymenostegia aubreviUei
Refs: 8464, 19073 Leguminosae VU Ale, BI-t-2c
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria
Hydnocarpus octandra In Ghana this species occurs in the region of the
Flacourtiaceae VUAlc Krokosua Hills. It is also known in upland evergreen
Sri Lanka forest on the other side of the Dahomey Gap and in Cote
A lowland wet evergreen forests of
tree occurring in the d'lvoire. Farming, fire, forest management and mining
south-west Sri Lanka. are causes of habitat decline.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Refs: 8203, 17195 /fe/i.- 2773, 8369, 12061
280
Species Summaries
extent because of mining, logging and commercial also a threat of hybridisation with the introduced H.
forestry activities. lagenicaulis. The species is of commercial interest as an
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. ornamental.
/?s/i. 2773, 8369, 12061 Assessor: Johnson, D.
Refs: 19118
Hymenostegia talbotii
Leguminosae CR B 1 +2c Hyperbaena allenii
Nigeria Menispermaceae VU C2a
A little-known species, which has been recorded only Costa Rica, Panama
from Eket in south-east Nigeria. Oil exploration A lowland rainforest tree, occurring fairly commonly in
operations in this area have caused the destruction of the Valle de Ant6n area in Cocld and in populations of
most if not all the forest habitat. just a few individuals from Daridn Province, close to the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Colombian border in Panama, and in Puntarenas in
Refs: 450,2113, 11504 Costa Rica. Although it is possible larger populations
will be discovered, the species is poorly known in the
Hyophorbe amaricaulis lattertwo areas and under threat of habitat loss.
Palmae CRDl Assessor: Mitrd, M.
Mauritius Refs: 1212. 19S0, 16772
Only a single individual remains in Curepipe, south-west
central Mauritius, where it is now contained within a Hyperbaena jalcomulcensis
botanical garden. It is unlikely further individuals exist Menispermaceae VUBl+2c
in the wild. The
monitored regularly. Attempts at
tree is Mexico (Veracruz)
propagation have been unsuccessful. There is some Occurring in a range of forest types from evergreen
likelihood of hybridisation with other Hyophorbe rainforest to more deciduous forest, the species is
species native to the Mascarenes, which are grown in the confined to the central region of Jalcomulco, Rinconada,
area. Plan del Rfo and Sierra oe Manuel Diaz on karst
Assessor: Page, W. topography. The fragmented and widely
forest
is
sporadic in situ, but is increasing since rabbits and goats is thought to be endemic.
were eradicated from the island. The island is a managed Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
reserve. Refs: 6057, 7980
Assessor: Page, W.
Refs:\<)\\% Hypericum balfourii
Guttiferae VU D2
Hyophorbe vaughanii Yemen (Socotra)
Palmae CRDl A in low montane shrubland
shrub or small tree found
Mauritius and dwarfHypericum-Crotonopsis shrubland. The
A tree of submontane evergreen forest. Only three wild populations are believed to be stable and under no
individuals known from Mare Longue Plateau,
are immediate threat.
Fixon, south-west Mauritius. The seed from wild Assessor: Miller, A.G.
specimens have produced numerous plants, which have Refs: 2354, 19083
been re-introduced into a managed forest.
Assessor: Page, W. Hypericum gnidiifolium
Refs: 19118 Guttiferae VU D2
Ethiopia
Hyophorbe verschqffeltii A bushy tree known only from two disjunct localities
Palmae CR C2a beside streams, one in Wogera, on the Maye-Borhha
Mauritius (Rodrigues) Plateau in Tigray, and another in Choa in Shewa. It has
Fewer than 60 individuals remain in the wild, occurring not been collected recently.
in limestone areas of Grand Montagne, Anse Quitor and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Ravine de la Cascade, St Louis. There is no evidence of Refs: 5941
regeneration and grazing pressures are strong. There is
281
The World List of Threatened Trees
The species is so far known from two disjunct Occurring sporadically in local abundance, the
but
populations both occurring in upper montane forest, one species is found mainly lower altitudes in scrub and
at
on Cerro Marahuaka and the second further south on the *laurisilva. The latter habitat type may be increasing in
border with Brazil on the Sierra de la Neblina. Both Madeira, but throughout much of the range there are
areas are contained within national parks. pressures, particularly from grazing and fires.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Populations occur within protected areas.
Refs: 19128 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19131
Ilex aUiplana
Aquifoliaceae LR/nt Ilex caniensis
Venezuela Aquifoliaceae VU D2
Endemic Gran Sabana within Canaima National
to the Peru
Park, the species is found in riparian forest on sandstone A is known only from the type collection
species which
plateaux. The tourist industry is rapidly growing, with found department of HuSnuco.
in the
some damaging consequences. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984
Refs: 19128
Ilex ciliolata
Ilex anonoides Aquifoliaceae LR/nt
Aquifoliaceae VU D2 Venezuela
Peru The species is endemic to Bolivar, where it occurs in
This species is known only from the type collection semi-deciduous to evergreen submontane forest in an
from the department of Puno. area stretching from El Paujf to Uaipani near
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Kavanay6n.
Refs: 1984 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19128
Ilex aracamuniana
Aquifoliaceae VU D2 Ilex cookii
Venezuela Aquifoliaceae CR C2a, Dl
A tree so far only known from a restricted zone of semi- Puerto Rico
open montane forest on Cerro Aracamuni in Amazonas. A small tree of cloud forest, known from a single tree
The area is protected within a national park. with four root sprouts on Cerro de Punta and a few small
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre plants and seedlings scattered along ridge tops on Monte
Refs: 19128 Jayuya in Toro Negro State Forest. The construction of
communication towers is likely to have destroyed a large
Ilex arisanensis part of the original population on Cerro de Punta.
Aquifoliaceae ENBl+2b Further development, road building and trampling
Taiwan threaten remaining plants. The species is thought to be
The species is restricted to the Arishan area, where it is dioecious, although male flowers have never been
scattered in mixed evergreen between 1500 and
forest observed. It is protected by the US Endangered Species
2200m. Populations are unprotected and the area Act.
susceptible to forest management activities and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
expanding settlement. Refs: 17124, 19167
Assessor: Pan, F.J.
/Je/i. 3295,6469, 19050
282
Species Summaries
283
The World List of Threatened Trees
284
.
Species Summaries
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama the dominant components of remaining laurel forest on
A species of high-altitude cloud forest, occurring all the islands, except Graciosa. On Corvo only one
between 2000 and 3000m or higher. Populations are rare specimen has been reported and the population on Santa
and isolated. Regeneration appears to be good and large Maria is under threat.
fruit crops are reported. Most of the areas which the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
species occupies are under protection within national Refs: 7222. 19131
parks. However, there are increasing threats of habitat
clearance for agriculture and logging. Ilex perado ssp. iberica
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Aquifoliaceae CRBl+2de
Refs: 7272, 14487, 16772 Portugal, Spain
A species occurring within a restricted area of the
Hex paraguariensis Sierras de Algeciras in the south of Spain, where it is
Aquifoliaceae LR/nt largely confined to forest patches in humid ravines and
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa inaccessible places. It is possibly also found in Portugal.
Catarina), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay Of the various threats to the remaining plants, fire
An understorey tree of mixed Araucaria forest, appears to be the most significant. The Cordoba Botanic
occurring in the subtropical and temperate regions of Garden is carrying out work on the wild populations in
South America. For centuries the leaves have been used order to determine their status and to establish the
to make a tonic and stimulant drink. The rates of species in cultivation.
exploitation, in some areas, are believed to have caused Assessor: Vivero, J.L. el al.
apparently, greater than the supply from cultivated Ilex perado ssp. lopezlilloi
stands. Aquifoliaceae CR C2a, DI
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Spain (Canary Is.)
Refs: 4506, 7906, 9173, 1 1374, 1 1936 This species is restricted to just two populations in cloud
montane forests between 1600 and 1700m on Cerro Refs: 8716, 19022
Guaiquinima in Bolivar State. It is similar to and may be
conspecific with /. sleyermarkii. Ilex perado ssp. perado
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Aquifoliaceae LR/nt
Refs: 19128 Portugal (Madeira)
Endemic to Madeira, this is a common tree of *laurisilva
Ilex patens and forest at higher altitudes. There is evidence to
Aquifoliaceae LRycd suggest that *laurisilva is expanding. The taxon occurs
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) within protected areas and is also covered by regional
A small tree of montane and submontane rainforest in legislation.
Pahang, Kedah and Selangor. It is protected in Taman Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Negara National Park and within the permanent forest Refs: 7222. 19131
estate.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Ilex perado ssp. platyphylla
Refs: 8464, 19073 Aquifoliaceae VU C2a
Spain (Canary Is.)
A cloud forest species confined to parts of Tenerife and
285
1 .
286
Species Summaries
Gran Sabana and Toron6-tepui in Macizo del Chimanti. destroyed and the species has not been collected again
Much of the range is contained within a national park. despite thorough searches.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Refs: 19128 Refs: 11403,12801,19149
287
The World List of Threatened Trees
Ilex vomitoria ssp. chiapensis high mountains in north Viet Nam: Son La, Tuan Giao
Aquifoliaceae VUBl+2c and Dien Bien.
Mexico (Chiapas) Assessor:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A medicinal plant, found scattered in dry montane forest Re/i;848, 11530, 15357
above 1500m in the high areas of Chiapas. The
taxonomic status of the subspecies may need Indigofera rothii
confirmation. The species is widespread in eastern North Leguminosae VU Ale
America. Ethiopia
Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonz^ez-Espinosa An Indigofera species which reaches the stature of a
«e/j; 9312, 19161 small tree. It is conflned to upland scrub and forest
areas which receive some level of protection. scattered relatively sparsely in areas of submontane and
Populations within Panama are also entirely contained montane woodland.
within national parks or reserves. Despite this level of Assessor: Miller, A.G.
apparent protection, there still remain potential threats Refs: 2354, 19083
from logging and habitat clearance.
Assessor: Mitre, M. Inga allenii
Refs: 7272, 14487, 16772 Leguminosae VU A2c
Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
Ilex williamsii In Panama, a large number of the original species'
Aquifoliaceae CR C2b localities have been converted into fields, especially
Honduras banana plantations, ranches and farms. A few collections
A seldom-collected species of cloud forest. are known from Cocl^ and some more doubtful ones
Assessor: Nelson, C. from Darien. In Costa Rica the species is fairly common
Refs: 8805, 13995 in the south-east and there are small populations in La
Selva and Lim6n. Recently the species has been
Illicium kinabaluensis recorded in Valle del Cauca, (Colombia.
Illiciaceae VU D2 Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Malaysia (Sabah) Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772, 19123
A small tree restricted to Mount Kinabalu, where it is
288
Species Summaries
289
The World List of Threatened Trees
deforestation, this area is perhaps less susceptible to montane forest on Dominica has largely escaped
development and clearance because of the difficulty of deforestation.
working on the karst substrate. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7424, 19123, 19124
Ue/S; 19123,19124
Inga dwyeri
Inga canonegrensis Leguminosae VUBl+2c
Leguminosae VU D2 Panama
Costa Rica A small tree of wet lowland and montane forest up to
A small tree known only from the type locality. It grows 900m, known only from central Panama.
on poorly drained flat land in rainforest near sea level in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Alajuela. Refs: 19123
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123 Inga enterolobioides
Leguminosae CR Bl+2c
Inga caudata Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Leguminosae VU D2 Known only from the type collection from Rio de
Brazil (Amazonas) Janeiro, this tree is likely to have occurred in rainforest
A species known only from
the type collection from Rio but its status and location, if it is still
present in
Maturac^ Amazonas.
in unknown.
existence, are
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123 Refs: 19123
290
1
Species Summaries
a small area of Amazonian Peru near Iquitos. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123
Refs: 19123
Inga ismaelis
Inga golfodulcensis Leguminosae VU A 1 c, B +2c
1
Costa Rica, populations are restricted to the Osa grows on deep soils on limestone outcrops below 200m.
Peninsula and it is also apparently reported from The forest at Uxpanapa has been severely reduced
Colombia. through clearance for a government relocation scheme.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123 ^e/i; 5651, 5993, 19123
291
The World List of Threatened Trees
Sao Paulo, the tree is found in rainforest on hills and Inga martinicensis
along riversides up to 1000m. Leguminosae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring CenU-e Martinique
Refs: 19123 A shrub or small tree restricted to a small area of
rainforest between 600 and 700m.
Inga lentiscifoUa Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VU Ale Refs: 19123
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina)
Apparently restricted to Santa Caterina and Rio Grande Inga megalobotrys
do Sul, this species occurs in cloud forest and Araucaria Leguminosae LR/cd
forestbetween 900 and lOOOm. Peru
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Confmed to flood plain forest between 350 and 400m,
Refs: 19123 this treelet, up to 3.5m tall, is known only from Manu
National Park in Madre de Dios.
Inga leptantha Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VUAlc Refs: 19123
Brazil (Bahia, Espfrito Santo, Rio de Janeiro)
A tree, reaching 6m in height, found in disturbed Inga mendoncaei
lowland wet forest from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Leguminosae ENBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Refs: 19123 A small tree of coastal forest between 500 and 1000m,
restricted to the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Inga leptingoides Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VU D2 Refs: 19123
Suriname
Restricted Tafelberg Mountain, this small tree is
to Inga microcalyx
known from few locations of low bush or Ctusia bush.
a Leguminosae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Brazil (Par5)
Refs: 19123, 19196 A small tree up to 8m tall, found only along the flooded
banks of the Amazon River in Pari.
Inga lUoralis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae ENBl+2c Refs: 19123
Costa Rica
Endemic to the Pacific drainage region of Costa Rica, Inga mortoniana
occurs in semi-deciduous forest extending into
this tree Leguminosae ENBl+2c
evergreen forest near the Pacific coast. Costa Rica
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A small tree, endemic to Costa Rica, confined to wet
Refs: 19123 montane forest between 900 and 1750m. An estimated
total of 1037km* montane forest remain in Costa Rica.
Inga macarenensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VU D2 Refs: 19123, 19124
Colombia
A small tree known only from the type collection found Inga mucuna
at 1700m in dense mossy forest in Sierra de la Macarena Leguminosae VU Ale
Natiu^ National Park. Colombia, Panama
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Populations occur in lowland semi -deciduous rainforest,
Refs: 19123 rarely in secondary forest, throughout Panama and in
Choc6 and Antioquia in Colombia. The species is
Inga macrantha generally scarce except in the Canal area and in Dari^n
Leguminosae VU D2 National Park, Panama. Much of the unprotected forest
Venezuela at these low altitudes is exposed to increasing
This small tree is restricted to Isia Margarita off the settlement, farming and agriculture.
north of Venezuela. It grows in windswept
coast Assessor: Mitrd, M.
evergreen cloud forest between 400 and 850m. Refs: 7980, 16772
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123 Inga multijuga ssp. aestuariorum
Leguminosae ENBl+2c
Inga maritima Costa Rica, Panama
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2c A dry forest tree found along rivers and the Pacific coast
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul?) at low altitudes.
A shrub or small tree confmed to *restinga, mainly in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Rio de Janeiro, but also from Rio Grande do Sul, where Refs: 19123
a single collection has been made and provisionally
included in this species. Inga neblinensis
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Leguminosae VU D2
Refs: 19123 Venezuela
This small tree is known from two localities on
periodically flooded gravel bars and in swamp forest up
292
Species Summaries
to 800m on the lower slopes of Cerro Neblina. from Cuzco and Manu National Park and Rfo Sotileja in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Madre de Dios.
Refs: 19123 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123
Inga pallida
Leguminosae VU D2 Inga poTtobeUensis
Bolivia Leguminosae VUBl+2c
Information on the species somewhat limited. It is
is Panama
thought to be a tree of montane forest and is currently Confined Panama, this tree occurs in gallery
to central
known only from the type collection from eastern and sandbars below 100m.
forest along rivers
Bolivia. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19123
Refs: 19123
Inga praegnans
Inga pauciflora Leguminosae VUBI+2c
Leguminosae VUAlc Brazil (Sao Paulo)
Panama Restricted to the state of Sao Paulo, this treelet occurs in
So far the species has been found only in Panama. It lowland rainforest.
occurs, nowhere abundance, in lowland rainforest
in Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
throughout the country. The larger part of its distribution Refs: 19123
coincides with areas experiencing an influx of people
and increasing agricultural and farming activities. It is Inga saffordiana
most common in the Canal area, where it occurs in a Leguminosae VU Ale
number of protected areas. Colombia, Panama
Assessor: Mitr6, M. In Panama, the species is known from a few forest
Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772, 19123 localities in Dari6n, incluaing Dari^n National Park.
Recent reports indicate the species also exists in the
Inga pedunculata Choc6 and Antioquia in Colombia. It doesn't appear to
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2c be common at any of these sites and where the habitat is
Brazil (Bahia) unprotected it suffers increasing encroachment.
A treelet known from only two collections, one gathered Assessor: Mitr^, M.
from *restinga and the other from disturbed wet lowland Refs: 7272, 7980, 16772, 19123
forest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Inga salicifoliola
Refs: 19123 Leguminosae VU D2
Brazil (Amazonas)
Ingaplatyptera Known only from the type collection, the species is
Leguminosae ENBl+2c locally common in forest on the lower slopes of the
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Cerro Neblina near the Brazilian Venezuelan border.
A tree known from several collections from Rio de Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Janeiro, where it occurs in rainforest on hills at Refs: 19123
approximately 1200m.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Inga saltensis
Refs: 19123 Leguminosae VUBl+2c
Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia
Inga pleiogyna Endemic to piedmont forest of north-west Argentina and
Leguminosae VUBI+2c Bolivia, the species occurs in an unprotected ecosystem,
Brazil (Bahia) which is rapidly being replaced by agricultural systems.
Apparently endemic to Bahia, this treelet is confmed to Assessor: Prado, D.
*restinga over white sand at sea level. Refs: 19122, 19123
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123 Inga santaremnensis
Leguminosae VU D2
Inga pluricarpellata Brazil (Par5)
Leguminosae VU D2 Apparently confined to the state of Pari, only a few
Peru collections of this small tree have been found in
A small tree known only from two collections from disturbed rainforest on non-flooded sites.
eastern Peru. It occurs in wet forest between 200 and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
300m. Refs: 19123
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123 Inga seUowiana
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2c
IngapoTcata Brazil (Sao Paulo)
Leguminosae LR/cd A shrub or small tree up to 2.Sm in height, found on
Peru sand dunes and in beach scrub, apparently only in Sao
Found between 350 and 400m in lowland flood plain Paulo.
forest, this recently described species is known only Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19123
293
The World List of Threatened Trees
294
Species Summaries
295
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 14513
296
Species Summaries
297
The World List of Threatened Trees
298
Species Summaries
Juglans neotropica recovery, but the development of the island ensures that
Juglandaceae ENAlacd-f2cd the species will never take up its former range.
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
A highland species, with a scattered distribution on the Refs: 374, 4506, 9836
periphery of the Andes and in inter-Andean valleys,
often as isolated individuals in agricultural land. Juniperus blancoi
Declines in habitat have been considerable and the Cupressaceae VU D2
species continues to be exploited for its timber, which is Mexico (Durango, Mexico State, Sonora)
often used for decorative purposes. Its presence in the Very similar to J. scopulorum, this species is known
international timber trade is thought to be increasing. No from three locations, generally along streamsides in
commercial plantations have been established. The seeds montane pine-oak forest. It is locally common in
are also edible and marketed locally. Durango.
Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 3014, 4217, 4870, 12109, 16093, 18432, 19069, Refs: 13041, 13205
19179, 19183
299
The World Ust of Threatened Trees
300
Species Summaries
Juniperus standleyi
Juniperus martinezU Cupressaceae EN B 1 +2bc
Cupressaceae LR/nt Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas)
Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco) An uncommon tree or prostrate shrub, occurring in
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group forest above 3000m. Less than a third of the original
/f«/i.- 431 1,6541, 13041 700km' extent of occurrence remains. The wood is
heavily exploited for local construction work and fuel,
Juniperus pingii and the scarcity of the tree has now led to municipal
Cupressaceae LR/nt boundary disputes. Trees are legally protected but the
China (Sichuan, Yunnan) law is not well respected. In the rainy season grazing by
A very rare species but apparently not under threat of sheep is heavy.
extinction. Deforestation is taking place extensively in Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
north-west Yunnan. There are some taxonomic queries Refs: 374, 536, 4974, 13205
about the boundary between this species and other
Chinese junipers. Juniperus urbaniana
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Cupressaceae EN B 1 +2c
/fe/i; 374, 13041 Haiti
Viable populations were recorded in 1984 in Pic la Selle.
Juniperus procera Since then attempts to find this shrubby species have
Cupressaceae LR/nt failed. It appears to be reduced to inaccessible areas.
Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Much of its habitat has been destroyed.
Kenya, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen (Former North Yemen), Refs: 374, 9836
Zimbabwe
Widespread from Arabia to Zimbabwe, this large tree is Kageneckia lanceolata
found in mountainous areas on rocky ground, mostly Rosaceae VU Alcd
between 1750 and 2500m. Existing populations in the Bolivia, Peru
Arabian Peninsula represent a small fragment of the This species located at elevations in the dry
is Andean
woodlands that once existed. At lower elevations valleys and transition zones to the *pima, where
populations appear to be regenerating extremely pooriy, agriculturalactivity is most intense. Grazing, habitat
possibly because of climatic changes. Trees continue to clearing and collection as a fuelwood is affecting
be cut for fuelwood and timber at a local level, and in remaining populations. In areas where it was once noted
some places also for export. Changing land-use patterns, as abundant, the species is almost extinct. The hard
browsing, particularly by buffalo and elephants, and the wood is also popular for making ploughs, etc.
increase in plantations of fast-growing exotic species are Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
also contributing to the species' decline. Outlying Refs: 19180
301
The World List of Threatened Trees
Keetia koritschaneri trees are scarce, and serious genetic erosion is believed
Rubiaceae VU Bl+2b, D2 to have occurred. This species is commonly confused
Tanzania with K. grandifoliola. There are protected populations,
A dry forest species confined to the Mombo Forest log export bans and felling limits in various countries.
Reserve, Makuyuni. Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Refs: 2773, 6128, 6725, 10961, 12061, 13250, 13370,
Refs: 3356, 10961 16021, 16822, 17408
302
Species Summaries
30 years, although large seed crops appear only at three apparently endemic to Davao Province of Mindanao
to four year intervals. Log export bans and legal Island.
protection exist in various countries. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: African Regional Workshop Refs: 18388
Refs: 2113, 6128, 6718, 8785, 12061, 13250
KibataUa macgregori
Khaya madagascariensis Apocynaceae VU D2
Meliaceae EN A led Philippines
Comoros, Madagascar Apparantly endemic to Sibuyan Island, this tree has been
In the north-west, the species occurs in Mahajanga, Port- collected only once in montane forest.
Berg6, Mitsinjo, Ambilobe and also on the Comoros; Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
further east on the mainland in Voh^mas, Ambila and Refs: 18388
Mananjary. Populations are found in rainforest, along
rivers, salt-water marshes and also in degraded forest. KibataUa merriUiana
Both habitat and trees have been heavily exploited. Apocynaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Philippines
Refs: 6161 A small tree endemic to the Philippines, so far found
only on Samar and Leyte Islands.
Khaya senegalensis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Meliaceae VUAIcd Refs: 18388
Benin, Burkina Cameroon, Central African
Faso,
Republic, Chad, Cote d'lvoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, KibataUa puberula
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Apocynaceae ENBl+2c
Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda Philippines
A mahogany species, widespread in high-rainfall Restricted to Samar Island, this small evergreen tree
savanna woodland. Logging and local exploitation are occurs in dipterocarp forest on river banks between
largely uncontrolled and poorly monitored. In northern altitudes of 100 and 250m. It has been collected only
parts of the range exploitation may be leading to genetic three times.
erosion. Natural regeneration from the seed is poor but Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
does occur from suckers. Legal protection exists in Refs: 18388
various countries. Many uses of the tree, particularly the
medicinal properties of the bark, are documented. KibataUa stenopetala
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Apocynaceae ENBl+2c
Refs: 2036, 2773, 4506, 5003, 1 1504, 14667 Philippines
Found in forest in the foothills of mountains in Luzon
KibataUa bomeensis and Mindanao, this tree is known only from three
Apocynaceae EN Ale herbarium specimens.
Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small tree or shrub foimd in swamp forest and heath Refs: 18388
forest near Kuching, Sarawak. The vegetation
surrounding Kuching is extremely threatened by urban KibataUa viUosa
encroachment. Apocynaceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia,
Refs: 18327, 18388 Sarawak)
An evergreen tree of swamp and montane forest, found
KibataUa elmeri in Johore in Peninsular Malaysia, Kalong and Marundi
Apocynaceae VU D2 in Sarawak and in west, east and south Kalimantan.
Philippines Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A montaneforest species known only from a single Refs: 18388
locality.Mount Bulusan on Luzon.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre KibataUa wigmani
R^s: 18388 Apocynaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Sulawesi)
KibataUa gUingensis Endemic to north-east Sulawesi, the species has been
Apocynaceae VU A I c, B I +2c collected several times from evergreen forest on
Philippines volcanic soils.
A tree of hill forest between
150 and 52Sm, found on the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
islands of Catanduances, Luzon, Leyte and Surigao. /fe/i; 4329, 18388
Trees are cut for timber.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Kielmeyera peruviana
Refs: 18388 Guttiferae VU D2
Peru
KibataUa longifolia Known only from the type collection, this species occurs
Apocynaceae CRBl+2c in *terrafirme forest over 1000m in the department of
Philippines San Martin.
A tree, known only from the type collection, found in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
forest on deep rich soils at an altitude of 40m. It is Refs: 1984
303
The World List of Threatened Trees
304
Species Summaries
Knema curtisu var. amoena has been collected only twice in recent years.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: de Wilde. W.J.J.O.
Brunei Refs: 9199, 10460, 17140
Very localised, this variety is known only from the type
collected from lowland forest in Brunei. Knema kinabaluensis
Assessor: de Wilde. W.J.J.O. Myristicaceae LR/cd
Refs: 10460, 19078 Malaysia (Sabah)
A montane species locally common and endemic to
Knema curtisu var. arenosa Mount Kinabalu and the surrounding area.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Indonesia (Kalimantan). Malaysia (Sabah. Sarawak) Refs: 1766, 10460
Endemic to Borneo, this uncommon variety is restricted
to sandy ridges. It has not been collected recently. Knema korthalsii ssp. rimosa
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Myristicaceae VUBl+2c
Refs: 10460. 19078 Malaysia (Sabah)
A small tree of lowland primary dipterocarp forest
Knema curtisii var. paludosa endemic to east Sabah.
Myristicaceae VUAlc Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Indonesia (Sumatra). Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia. Refs: 19082
Sarawak). Singapore
A variety found predominantly in freshwater swamp Knema kostermansiana
forest, where it has been collected only infrequently. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Kalimantan). Malaysia (Sabah)
Refs: 9199, 10460 A tree found in logged forest and riverine forest; it is
known from two from Sabah. a single
collections
Knema emmae collection from Sarawak and another from north-east
Myristicaceae VU D2 Kalimantan.
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small tree of hillside forest, recently described and Refs:S15. 1766. 10460
known only from three collections from Bukit Tawau
and Keningau in Sabah and Gunung Maeru Tagal in Knema krusemaniana
north-east Kalimantan. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Kalimantan)
Refs: 2147 A recently described small tree, which has been
collected four times in the upper reaches of Katingan
Knema glauca var. riparia and Kahayan Rivers. It is locally common in secondary
Myristicaceae VU Ale forest.
305
The World List of Threatened Trees
306
I
Species Summaries
307
The World List of Threatened Trees
and Selangor. The known localities are under pressure Knema stellata ssp. stellata
from infrastructural development. Some populations are Myristicaceae VU D2
contained within a wildlife sanctuary and protected Philippines
forests within the permanent forest estate. This subspecies is known from only five collections on
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. the Samar Islands.
308
Species Summaries
lowland dipterocarp forests of the First LHvision, scattered in submontane rainforest. The locality is a
Sarawak. A collection from Brunei possibly belongs to conserved area.
it. Assessor: Kochummen. K.M.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 5550, 11647. 19073
Refs: 10460. 19082
Kokia cookei
Knema tridactyla ssp. tridactyla Malvaceae EW
Myristicaceae VU Ale USA (Hawaii)
Brunei. Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) When first discovered in the 1860s, only three small
This subspecies occurs in the Forth Division in Sarawak. trees were found in relicmal dryland forest near Mahana
Brunei and west Sabah. in western Molokai. The site was central to a sheep tun
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and the population wasdirectly affected by browsing
Refs: 10460, 19082 and trampling domestic and feral stock. By 1918 all the
specimens in the wild had died. Some years after, the
Knema uliginosa only known cultivated tree died without producing
Myristicaceae VU D2 viable offspring and the species was thought extinct.
Indonesia (Kalimantan). Malaysia (Sarawak) However, living material has been obtained from the
This species appears to be restricted to Sarawak and branch of a cultivated specimen discovered in 1970, and
west Kalimantan. It is known only from three grafted onto K. kauaiensis. The genus consists of four
collections. species, all endemic to Hawaii and either extinct or
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre critically endangered. The species is protected by the US
309
The World List of Threatened Trees
recent collection from Niah Cave National Park, Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
Sarawak. Trees of this genus are cut for mata ulat timber Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573, 17214, 19026, 19072
which is used locally. The species is threatened by the
large-scale clearance of the forest. Koompassia grandiflora
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Leguminosae VU Alcd+2cd
Refs: 5550, 11145, 11647, 19017, 19073 Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
A primary rainforest tree occurring on coastal plain
Kokoona leucoclada and stony low hills in Vogelkop, Irian Jaya and
foothills
forest. Trees of the genus are cut for mata ulat timber, and is heavily exploited in areas subject to logging. As it
which is used locally. The species is threatened by the occurs in primary forest and in readily accessible areas,
large-scale clearance of the forest. the species is considered highly vulnerable.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre below 150 m. It is a useful timber species
forest, usually
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand? Refs: 19117
One of the tallest rainforest trees ever reported, reaching
up to 85m, found along rivers and in valleys in lowland Kopsia scortechinii
primary forest and often in secondary growth. The trees Apocynaceae DD
are protected from cutting in Kalimantan because wild Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
bees often build nests in the branches. It is also protected A medium-sized tree of rainforest in Perak. It has been
310
I
1
Species Summaries
collected only once in 1878. The taxonomy of this genus Kraussia speciosa
is in need of revision. Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Kenya, Tanzania
/?e/i. 8464, 19073, 19117 A species confined to areas of moist coastal forest from
the Shimba Hills, Dzombo and Witu in Kenya to eastern
Kopsia singaporensis Tanzania.
Af)ocynaceae VU B 1 +2c Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814
A tree of up to 5m height, occurring in lowland
rainforests and swamp forests of Perak, Selangor, Krokia pihtoana
Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johore and Myrtaceae VU D2
Singapore. The main threat is encroaching settlements. Cuba
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Very rare, this small tree is locally confined to parts of
Refs: 8464,9199, 17140, 19073 the Sierra de Nipe mountain range in Holguin and
Santiago de Cuba Provinces.
Kopsia sleesiana Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Apocynaceae VU D2 Refs: 18485, 19149
Malaysia (Sarawak)
This speciesis known from the type collection only. Labordia hirtella
However, the taxonomy of this genus is in need of Loganiaceae LR/nt
revision. USA (Hawaii)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A species which is highly variable. Scattered individuals
Rtfs:l9\n are found in various forest types up to 1830m on eastern
Kauai, the Koolau Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Kopsia tenuis Maui and Hawaii.
Apocynaceae VU D2 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Malaysia (Sarawak) Refs: 3372
A species known from the type
only collection.
However, the taxonomy of this genus is in need of Labordia kaalae
revision. Loganiaceae EN C2a
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre USA (Hawaii)
A shrub or small tree restricted to the Waianae
Kostermansia malayana Mountains on Oahu, where it is found in diverse forest
Bombacaceae VUBl+2c types at altitudes between 450 and 950m.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
This species occurs in areas of swampy hill forest. Refs: 3372
Habitat reductions have resulted from logging and
increasing agriculture and settlement. Labordia lydgatei
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Loganiaceae EN C2a
Refs: 17140, 19073 USA (Hawaii)
Known from few collections, the species is restricted to
Kostermanthus malayus the Wahiawa Mountains on Kauai. It is protected by the
Chrysobalanaceae ENBl+2c US Endangered Species Act.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Confined to a single locality on the Kedah-Perak border, Refs: 3372
this species occurs in lowland rainforest, where it is
under pressure from increasing settlement of the area. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Loganiaceae EN C2a
Refs: 19073 USA (Hawaii)
One of three varieties. Populations are known from
Kotchuhaea monlana rainforest on Lanai and from Mapulehu Valley on
Rubiaceae VU D2 Molokai.
Peru Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
This forest species is recorded only from the type Refs: 3372
collection below 2000m in the department of San
Martin. There is some question about whether it is Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis
synonymous with K. semisericea. Loganiaceae CR B 1 +2c, C2ab, D
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre USA (Hawaii)
Refs: 1984 The total population is restricted to private land along
forested streamsides in theWahiawa drainage on Kauai.
Kotschya platyphyUa Once estimated to contain 100 plants, only 20 or 30
Leguminosae VU B 1 +2b plants survived Hurricane Iniki. Feral pigs and invasive
Tanzania plants are the primary threats to the habitat. The species
A gregarious species,occurring in forest or grassland on is protected by the US Endangered Species Act.
upland exposed ridges in the vicinties of Udzungwa and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Njombe in east Tanzania. Refs: 19036, 19086
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 1308,3356
311
The World List of Threatened Trees
the two taxa in Sao Paulo poses such difficulty that it is lowland semi -evergreen rainforest ruiming the length of
possible they may be considered taxonomically the same the province of Dari^n. A large part of the population
species. This taxon is recorded in Ilha do Cardosa State runs close to the border with, and is likely to extend into,
Park in Sao Paulo. Colombia. The species is uncommon but utilised locally
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre as a source of fuel and edible fruit. All known
Refs: 7980, 19099 populations are within Dari^n National Park, where they
are officially protected but under some threat from gold
Lacunaria panamensis mining and localised logging.
Quiinaceae EN C2a Assessor: Mitre, M.
Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama «e/i. 7272.7980, 16772
Assessor: Nelson, C.
Refs: 7272, 7980, 13995, 14873 Lafoensia repUcata
Lythraceae VUAlac+2d
Ladenbergia aculifolia Brazil (Bahia, Brazilia Distrito Federal, Goi^, Minas
Rubiaceae VU D2 Gerais, Sao Paulo)
Peru A rainforest species with sparse distribution. Populations
A species which known only from
is the type collected in Atlantic forest have declined extensively, especially
in the department of Hu^uco. in Bahia, as the habitat has been cleared and logged.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Cavalcanti, T.B.
Refs: 1984 Refs: 19096
312
Species Summaries
313
The World List of Threatened Trees
forests.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Lasianthus varians
Refs: 19112 Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
Sri Lanka
Lasianthus grandifolius During the extensive forest surveys conducted between
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b, D2 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation Review,
Tanzania this species was found in three forest localities including
The only population known occurs at 2050m elevation the Peak Wilderness Wildlife Sanctuary.
in moist evergreen forest on the North Udzungwa Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mountains at Bandwa Refs: 19112
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 3356, 8814 Lasianthus waUacei
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
Lasianthus kilimandscharicus ssp. laxinervis Tanzania
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b An endemic of the Uluguru Mountains, occurring in
Tanzania moist evergreen montane forest.
Confined to the Uluguru Mountains, this subspecies Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
occurs in moist evergreen montane forest. It is not, in Refs: 3356, 8814
fact, thought to descend from L kilimandscharicus and
may attain full species status. Lasiochlamys hurlimannii
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Flacourtiaceae ENBl+2c
/?e/i.- 3356, 8814 New Caledonia
Assessor: Jaffre, T. et al.
314
Species Summaries
315
The World List of Threatened Trees
Lecointea ovalifolia Manaus, this species is under some pressure from urban
Leguminosae VU D2 expansion. It is known to occur in the Ducke Forest
Peru Reserve.
Recorded only from the type collection, the species Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
occurs in lowland Amazon forest in the department of /fe/r; 3791, 7980, 9632
San Martin.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Lecythis retusa
Refs: 1984 Lecythidaceae LR/nt
Brazil(Amazonas)
LecomUdoxa nogo A canopy tree confined to non-flooded forest in central
Sapotaceae VU D2 Amazonia. It is found in the Ducke Forest Reserve and
Gabon INPA Experimental Reserve.
A species so far collected only from Feman Vaz. Forests Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
in Gabon have not been well explored botanically and it /?e/i; 3791, 7980, 9632
is possible the species is more widespread. Most areas,
however, are under concession to logging companies. Lecythis schomburgkii
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Lecythidaceae VUBl+2c
Refs: 14958, 15790 Brazil (Roraima), Guyana
A small savanna tree, rarely collected and restricted to
Lecythis bamebyi Roraima territory in Brazil and adjacent Guyana.
Lecythidaceae VU D2 Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
316
Species Summaries
and 450m. This species is used as an ornament for minor Leplostylis gatopensis
international, national and local trade. Sapotaceae EN B 1 +2c
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H J. Beentje New Caledonia
Refs: 18986, 19118 Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
Refs: 10351
Lennea viridijlora
Leguminosae VU A2c Leplostylis goroensis
Costa Rica, EI Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Sapotaceae CR Dl
The distribution of this species apparently extends the New Caledonia
length of Central America from the border with Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
Colombia to Mexico. The species occurs in lowland Refs: 10351
rainforest and is generally scarce outside protected areas.
Logging, encroaching agriculture and settlements have Leptoslylis multiflora
caused the habitat to decline. S apotaceae VU B I +2c
Assessor: MitrS, M. New Caledonia
Refs: 2965, 7980, 15037, 16772 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 10351
Lepidothamrtus fonkii
Podocarpaceae VUBl+2c Leplostylis petiolata
Argentina (Chubut, Neuqu^n, Rio Negro), Chile (Ais^n, Sapotaceae VUBl+2c
Los Lagos, Magallanes) New Caledonia
A dwarf conifer and the only member of the genus on Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
the continent. Its nearest relatives are in New Zealand. It Refs: 10351
occurs as a pioneer in upland scrub in acidic bogs, often
with Fitzroya and Pilgerodendron. The area is Lettowianthus stellatus
vulnerable to fires and habitat degradation. Annonaceae VUBl+2b
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Kenya, Tanzania
Refs: 278, 374, 5112, 8032. 15415 A monotypic genus, known from the Shimba Hills and
Miongoni in Kenya and areas of dry coastal forest in
Lepinia tcdtensis eastern Tanzania. The taxonomy of the Kenyan
Apocynaceae CR B 1 +2c population is not confirmed.
French Polynesia (Society Is.) Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
An endemic to Tahiti and Moorea. Refs: 3356, 9198, 9302
Assessor: Florence, J.
317
The World List of Threatened Trees
individuals, occurring within an area of 20km' (*MX>). generally reduced to inaccessible areas because of the
The species is threatened in the eastern parts of its range pressures of constant grazing.
by agricultural activities, particularly the planting of Assessor: Hughes, C.
fruit orchards. Frequent fires could also be a problem, as Refs: 10207
they may not allow the species sufficient time to
regenerate from seed. The only form of protection Leucaena involucrata
received is within private nature reserves. Leguminosae EN Bl-<-2c
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. ei al. Mexico (Sonora)
Refs: 689, 19218 This species is poorly known but seemingly very
restricted in range. During the last 50 years it has been
Leucadendron strobilinum recorded from a single site in central Sonora.
Proteaceae LR/cd Assessor: Hughes, C.
South Africa (Western Cape) Refs: 10207
A shrub or small tree confined to the Cape Peninsula,
where it occurs from Table Mountain to Kommetjie. It Leucaena lempirana
grows on south-facing, damp, rocky slopes in mountain Leguminosae VU Bl+2c
*fynbos. The larger dense subpopulations occur mainly Honduras
on the Table Mountain and Constantiaberg ranges, with A highly localised species confined to northern
the southern Peninsula subpopulations being small and Honduras in areas of degraded forest. The protection
scattered. The area of occupancy is only about 150 km' afforded the species within traditional agroforestry
and the estimated population is 5000 mature plants. systems mitigates the threats to remaining stands.
More than 50% of the subpopulations are protected in Assessor: Hughes, C.
nature reserves and there is no evidence for decline. Refs: 10207
Invasive alien species could pose a threat as scattered
pine trees have been recorded from a number of Leucaena leucocephala ssp. ixtahuacana
localities. Frequent fires could also be a problem, as they Leguminosae LR/cd
may not allow the species sufficient time to regenerate Guatemala
from seed. This subspecies is uncommon and confined to a habitat
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el al. which is restricted in extent and severely degraded.
Refs: 689, 19218 However, trees are protected and also cultivated in local
agroforestry systems for the production of pods bearing
Leucaena confertiflora var. adenotheloidea edible seeds.
Leguminosae ENB1-h2c Assessor: Hughes, C.
Mexico Refs: 10207
The more restricted in range of the two varieties of this
Mexican endemic. Few wild populations are known and Leucaena magnifica
there are strong pressures from grazing and collection of Leguminosae ENBl+2c,Cl+2a
the pods for their edible seeds. Trees are occasionally Guatemala
cultivated for the production of pods. The total population is restricted to fewer than 400
Assessor: Hughes, C. individuals, occupying an area of less than 400km' in
318
Species Summaries
319
The World List of Threatened Trees
320
Species Summaries
the CeiTo de Pampa Bola. Regeneration is reasonable central regions, both the species and the habitat are
but there is a potential threat of colonization by Lantana uncommon. The pressures on remaining forest patches
camara and Psidium guajava. are very high, especially at elevations below 1400m,
Assessor:Mauchamp, A. el al. where the forest is almost completely cleared.
Refs: 9651, 14556, 18411, 19155, 19204 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
321
The World List of Threatened Trees
habitat has been almost completely cleared and mountain valleys between 800 and II 00m. There have
remaining patches are under extremely severe pressure been reports of population declines caused by large-
from the activities of local populations. scale logging and habitat degradation.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1818, 11847
LUhocarpus kunstleri
Fagaceae LR/cd LUsea beddomei
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Lauraceae EN B 1 t-2c
A tree of primary and secondary forest, and also India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
swamps, up to an altitude of 300m. This species is The species has been collected twice from forest
recorded in Kedah, Kelantan, Perak, Selangor, Negeri between 1200 and 1350m, only in the Agastyamalai
Sembilan and Johore. Some localities are protected Hills. Large areas have been exposed to fires, grazing,
within Taman Negara National Park. the establishment of commercial plantations and cutting
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. for fuelwood, but almost 1000km' of forest are now
Refs: 8464, 17140, 19073 under protection within sanctuaries.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
LUhocarpus maingayi Refs: 19144
Fagaceae VUBl+2c
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) LUsea claviflora
A hill forest tree species from Kedah, Selangor, Negeri Lauraceae VU D2
Sembilan, Malacca and Johore. Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Known only by a single collection from Perak, the
Refs: 8464, 19073 species was found in lowland forest in Taiping, Perak.
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
LUhocarpus neorobinsonU Refs: 8464, 19073
Fagaceae LR/nt
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) LUsea dilleniifolia
A tree of moist submontane and hill forest. Most Lauraceae EN B 1 +2ce
localities are in protected forests within the permanent China (Yunnan)
forest estate. Endemic to south and south-west Yunnan, the species
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. occurs in dense monsoon forest in mountain valleys
Refs: 19073 below 800m. It is relatively uncommon and large trees
322
Species Summaries
323
The World List of Threatened Trees
324
Species Summaries
and other human activities. The species is more common Lonchocarpus phlebophyUus
in Costa Rica in the Cordillera de Tilar^ in Alajuela, Leguminosae EN C2a
where it less affected by external pressures and protected Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
by law. A tree of rocky dry hillsides in lowland regions.
Assessor: Mitrfi, M. Assessor: Nelson, C.
/fe/t; 7272, 7980. 16772 Refs: 4974, 13995
325
\
The World Ust of Threatened Trees
326
Species Summaries
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2ab, C2a in the past, but recent tree plots suggest it is rare. The
327
The World List of Threatened Trees
loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to Machaerium chambersU
considerable population declines. Leguminosae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Panama
Re/S: 2072, 4919, 5651 The species is known from a collection taken from the
328
Species Summaries
*kerangas forest and secondary forest. uncommon and under some pressure of habitat loss,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre although the area remains relatively under developed.
Refs: 19017 Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Refs: 3969, 7272, 7980, 16772
Maclurodendron pubescens
Rutaceae VU D2 Macrolobium stenopetalum
Malaysia (Sabah) Leguminosae VU D2
Endenuc to Sabah, this tree is found in primary forest on Suriname
ridges and hillsides up to 140ni. It is found in Sandakan, This species is known only from the type locality at
Keningau and Lamag Districts. Tafelberg.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 10348, 19017 Refs: 19196
forest, 1000 to 1400m, in St Andrew and Portland recorded from forest department of Hu4nuco.
in the
Parishes. Forest areas, in the former parish in particular, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
have been extensively destroyed or severely degraded. Refs: 1984
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/ee/jt; 6057, 7980, 19116 Macropanax concinnus
Araliaceae VUBl+2c
Macrocnemum cinchonoides Indonesia (Java)
Rubiaceae VU D2 A widespread but uncommon species of damp montane
Peru forests above 400m. At lower elevation the species
Known only from the type specimen, this forest species habitat has been almost completely cleared.
was collected from Puno. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984 Macrosamanea macrocalyx
Leguminosae VU D2
Macrocnemum jamaicense Brazil (Pari)
Rubiaceae LR/nt A shrub or small tree, known only from Rio Xingu, near
Jamaica Altamira, growing on the margins of flooded forest.
This species occurs in rocky rainforest and in pasture Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
margins mostly in the north-central and eastern parishes. Refs: 5994
It is not common and habitat degradation has been
severe in places. Macrosamanea prancei
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Leguminosae VU D2
Refs: 6057, 7980 Brazil (Amazonas)
Only know from sites along the Rio Araci in north
Macrocnemum pilosinervium Amazonas, this shrubby tree is found growing on
Rubiaceae VU D2 seasonally inundated white sand savanna and on sandy
Peru riverbanks.
This species is known only from the type collection Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
which was taken from a site in the department of Refs: 5994
Amazonas. It possibly represents a variety of M. roseum.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Madhuca aristulata
Refs: 1984 Sapotaceae VU D2
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Macrolobium amplexans A small tree of rainforest, known from two collections:
Leguminosae VU D2 one from Perak and the other from Kedah.
Suriname Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
The species is known from the type locality on forested Refs: 8464, 19073
slopes in central Suriname and the Nassau Mountains.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Madhuca betis
Refs: 19196 Sapotaceae VU A led
Indonesia (Sulawesi), Philippines
Macrolobium pittieri This primary lowland forest species is a source of bitis
Leguminosae EN C2a timber and also medicinal extracts. In the Philippines
Colombia, Panama stands have been depleted by logging and shifting
Originally known only from a few records, all from agriculture.
Kunayala Indigenous Reserve, in recent years the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
species has also been found in the Choco, Valle del /ee/i.-4919, 12937, 14573
Cauca and Antioquia in Colombia. There is a possibility
that there are populations in similar forest in Darien Madhuca boerlageana
Province, Panama. Where it is known, the species is Sapotaceae CR Alcd, C2ab, Dl
Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas), Papua New Guinea
A tree of primary lowland forest in New Guinea and the
329
The World List of Threatened Trees
Madhuca obovatifoUa
Madhuca hainanensis Sapotaceae VU Aid
Sapotaceae VUBI+2cde Philippines
China (Guangdong - Hainan) A species of primary lowland forest on Luzon. The
A canopy tree of rainforest on the upper part of timber is used as bitis but is very limited in supply.
mountain slopes usually above 600m on Hainan Island Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
and in Quang Ninh Province in Viet Nam where it is Refs: 12937, 14573
found in forest below 1000 to 1200m. It provides a
useful timber and overexploitation of both the tree and
its habitat has caused considerable population declines.
330
Species Summaries
331
The World List of Threatened Trees
332
I
Species Summaries
333
The World List of Threatened Trees
334
Species Summaries
335
The World List of Threatened Trees
from Perak and Penang. This species inhabits primary been collected only once from primary areas of lowland
rainforest up to 960m. evergreen rainforest in Perak.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 15251,19073 Refs: 8464, 19073
336
Species Summaries
337
The World List of Threatened Trees
338
Species Summaries
deciduous forests.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mangifera macrocarpa
Refs: 11278 Anacardiaceae VU Ale
Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra),Malaysia
Mangifera dewildei (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore, Thailand
Anacardiaceae VU D2 A large tree, extremely scattered and localised within
Indonesia (Sumatra) lowland wet evergreen rainforest. The species is rarely
Found in lowland rainforest, this massive tree is known found in cultivation as it flowers and fruits infrequently
only from the type locality in North Sumatra Leuser and the fruit is rarely, if ever, eaten. It is possibly extinct
Nature Reserve at 400m. in Java. The lowland rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Borneo are threatened by conversion to agriculture
Refs: 1 1278 and forest degradation through logging.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mangifera dongnaiensis Refs: 7215, 9199, 9328. 9570, 1 1479
Anacardiaceae EN Ale
Viet Nam Mangifera minutifolia
A small tree, endemic to southern Viet Nam, restricted Anacardiaceae VU D2
to the diminishing submontane wet evergreen forests. Viet Nam
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre So far this species is known only from the type specimen
Refs: 9570 collected near Nhatrang, Armam.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mangifera flava Refs: 9570
Anacardiaceae VU B 1 +2c
Cambodia, Viet Nam Mangifera monandra
A rare species of mid-elevation wet evergreen forest, dry Anacardiaceae EN A led
deciduous forest and bamboo thicket, occurring in Philippines
Thailand and southern Viet Nam. Only a single A very scattered and uncommon tree found in wet
collection from 1918 is known from Cambodia. evergreen lowland forest on the islands of Luzon,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Samar, Lete, Ticae and Quimaras. The fruit has little
Refs: 9570 flesh and is eaten unripe. The timber is used for interior
finish and making furniture.
Mangifera hiematis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Anacardiaceae DD Refs: 9570
China (Guangxi)
This evergreen tree is so far only known from a region Mangifera nicobarica
in south-west Guangxi Province. Anacardiaceae ENBl-h2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre India (Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.)
Refs: 9570 A scarce species which is known only from the type
locality in lowland mixed dense rainforest on the island
Mangifera indica of Great Nicobar.
Anacardiaceae DD Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
India Refs: 11278
The common mango has been cultivated for thousands
of years and now has a pantropical distribution. Wild Mangifera odorata
populations can be found in Assam, India and Myanmar, Anacardiaceae DD
especially the Assam-Chittagong There is a
Hills. Thailand?, Viet Nam?
protected population in the biosphere reserve on the This species has never been found in the wild and its
Mysore Plateau, India. The timber is also traded as origin remains a mystery. The fruit is popular and trees
machang. are commonly cultivated in eastern Asia in areas of high
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre rainfall, especially where M. indica can't be grown.
Refs: 4919, 5550, 9570, 11479, 12937, 15431, 16121, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
17759, 18327 Refs: 4377, 5054, 5550, 9199, 9570, 1 1278, 12937
339
The World List of Threatened Trees
Borneo, this tree is rare within its natural habitat type. and is best grown in areas without a pronounced dry
The only area where it is conunon
on the west coast is season.
plains of Sabah. It is found both wild and cultivated in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centi-e
Dayak gardens in the north-east and west of Kalimantan, Refs: 11278
but it is very rarely found in the south. It has not yet
been cultivated widely outside its natural range, Mangifera rufocostata
although, given the economic value and quality of the Anacardiaceae VU Ale
fruit, there is potential for more widespread cultivation Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
in South East Asia. It may hybridise with M.foetida. Malaysia, Sabah)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre One of the tallest trees in the genus, reaching 53m in
/fe/s; 7215, 8969, 9199, 9570 height, it is found scattered
lowland wet evergreen
in
forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. The
Mangifera paludosa species produces a sour-tasting fruit after a long dry
Anacardiaceae ENAlc+2c spell when other food is scarce.
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Singapore Re/i.- 4377, 8969, 11278
A tree found in freshwater marshy areas and mangrove
swamp in southern Peninsular Malaysia, Riau Islands, Mangifera simiUs
Bangka Islands,Jambi and Palembang, Sumatra. It is Anacardiaceae VUAlc
thought to be extinct in Singapore because of the Indonesia (Sumatra)
destruction of mangrove areas for urban growth. Restricted to south Kalimantan and Palembang in
Elsewhere it is suspected to be in real danger of Sumatra, this rare tree is found in lowland rainforests. It
extinction. An occurrence is recorded in Berbak Nature was introduced to Java, where it is now cultivated. The
Reserve in Sumatra. specimen from Sumatra is slightly different.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Rtfs: 4377, 16394 Refs: 15991
340
Species Summaries
341
The y/orld List of Threatened Trees
Sapotaceae EN B 1 +2c tree, has been overexploited for its valuable timber.
it
A shrub or small tree of forest on rocky limestone hills Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
up to 400m. Collections have been made from two sites /?£/i; 7980, 8816, 19149
in Haiti and two from the Dominican Republic. There
are also unconfirmed reports of an occurrence in Puerto Manilkara muMJida
Rico. The timber is exploited locally but the destruction Sapotaceae EN Bl+2c
of the habitat is the main cause of concern. Brazil (Bahia)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre The species has only been foimd once at Belmonte
Refs: 8816 Experimental Station in 1970.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
342
I
Species Summaries
scanered single individuals on sandy soils among rocks lowland rainforest, also in Ilha do Cardosa Forest
on forest margins or streambanks. The few remaining Reserve in Sao Paulo.
patches of forest are under threat from cutting for Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
firewood and timber, agricultural activities and coastal Refs: 1983, 7906, 7980, 8816
development. This species is used as firewood and for
stickmaking. There are populations in two provincial ManUkara valenzuelana
nature reserves and a local authority reserve in Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c
KwaZulu-Natal, also in a game reserve and a few Cuba, Dominican RepubUc, Rico?
Haiti, Puerto
demarcated forest areas in the Transkei. Populations of this tall shrub or tree are found in areas of
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el al. coastal and subcoastal semi-deciduous forest in Pinar del
^e/j. 689, 19218 Rio and Oriente in Cuba. Two localities are recorded in
both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. There are also
ManUkara paraensis unconfirmed reports of occurrences in Puerto Rico.
Sapotaceae LR/cd Declines in the habitat have been large-scale because of
Brazil (Maranh^o, Mato Grosso, Par^) logging, charcoal production and increasing settlement.
The range of non-flooded
this species is restricted to Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
forest. Much of its range has been affected by large- Re/i;7980, 8816, 19149
scale deforestation. The species occurs in the Caxiuan^
National Forest. Manilloa schefferi var. peekela
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Leguminosae VU Alcd+2cd, C2a
Refs: 1983,7980,8816 Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New
Guinea)
ManUkara pleeana Restricted to East Sepik Province, New Britain and New
Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago, this tree grows in
Puerto Rico lowland rainforest mainly in areas under siege from
A shrub or small tree of coastal woodlands on Umestone intensive logging activities. Its long-term survival is
only in Puerto Rico. A record of the species from St highly questionable.
John in the US Virgin Islands requires confirmation. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19114
Refs: 7980, 8816, 16898
Maniltoa vestita
ManUkara pubicarpa Leguminosae LR/nt
Sapotaceae VU D2 Fiji
Guyana A forest tree of rocky slopes, occurring relatively
A tall tree, known solely from the type collection, infrequently on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.
gathered 50 years ago from rainforest in the Kanuku Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mountains. Refs: 18818
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 7980, 8816 Mansonia altissima var. altissima
Sterculiaceae ENAlcd
ManUkara ntfula Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria
Sapotaceae LR/nt A moderately exploited timber tree. It occurs
Brazil (Bahia, Cear^, Paraiba, Pemambuco, Piauf, particurlarly in disturbed areas or light gaps in lowland
Sergipe) moist forest. Regeneration is good after disturbance.
Populations of this submontane forest species are Assessor: African Regional Workshop
numerous. However, recent collections have suggested a Refs: 2773, 6718, 71 1 1, 17408
decline in the numbers of individuals.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Mappia racemosa
Refs: 1983,7980,8816 Icacinaceae VU A led
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica,
ManUkara spectabilis Panama, Puerto Rico
Sapotaceae CRBl+2c A relatively widespread tree of semi-deciduous forest. It
Costa Rica has been overexploited for its valuable timber in the
Recorded only from a single site, the species occurs in West Indies and is now reduced to very small
Atlantic coastal forest near Lim6n. The area was once populations on most islands: one tree on Jamaica, five
covered with lowland rainforest but is now largely trees on Puerto Rico. Logging and habitat destruction
disturbed. continue to pose a serious threat. More information is
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre needed on the Central American populations.
/?e/i.- 7980, 8816 Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Refs: 17124, 19149
ManUkara subsericea
Sapotaceae LR/cd MargarUaria anomala var. cheloniphorbe
Brazil (Parani Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Euphorbiaceae VU D2
Paulo) Seychelles (Aldabra)
The extent of occurrence of this species is relatively Occurring in inland scrub, this small tree or shrub is
wide. It is found in both *restinga vegetation and found on most of the Aldabran islands and also Menai
and Astove. The fruits are eaten and the seeds dispersed
by the blue pigeon. The Aldabras are protected within a
Strict Nature Reserve. Areas of Cosmoledo and Astove
343
The World List of Threatened Trees
have been cleared for the establishment of coconut and ultramafic soils. The number of individuals in all known
Casuarina plantations. sites is low.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Dransfleld, J. & H.J. Beentje
Refs: 19027, 19062 Refs: 18986, 19118
Refs: 3786, 7931, 7980, 17124, 17540 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19112
Marojejya darianti
Palmae CRBl+2c, C2b Mastixia nimali
Madagascar Comaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c
This sohtary species isknown only from a single site Sri Lanka
near Maroantsetra, in upland swamp in a valley bottom A lowland rainforests of south-west
tree confined to the
between 400m and 450m. Sri Lanka. This species was found in only 10 localities
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje during the comprehensive forest surveys conducted for
Refs: 18986, 19118 the recent National Conservation Review.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Marojejya insignis Refs: 17195,19112
Palmae VU C2a
Madagascar Mastixia tetrandra
An endemic palm of Madagascar, inhabiting rainforest Comaceae VUAlc
on ridge tops or steep slopes. Despite its wide Sri Lanka
distribution, ranging from Marojejy to Andohahela, the A tree occurring in the lowland rainforests of south-west
size of individual populations is small. The total number Sri Lanka.
of individuals is estimated at less than 2000. Harvesting Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
of the palm heart continues. Refs: 9176, 17195
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Refs: 18986,19118 Mastixiodendron plectocarpum
Rubiaceae LR/nt
Masoala kona Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Palmae EN Ale Confined to south-west Papua New Guinea and south-
Madagascar east Irian Jaya, this large tree grows in lowland seasonal
A newly described known only from
species, currently moist forest. This species occurs in a large forest logging
the Ifanandiana area, where it inhabits rainforest on concession area of Papua New Guinea which is subject
sandy/quartz soils between 450 and 550m. The forest to ongoing exploitation for log exports; continued
and the populations in this small area are steadily exploitation will render it vulnerable.
disappearing because of shifting cultivation. Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje /ee/s; 19114,19147
Refs: 18986, 19118
Mastixiodendron stoddardii
Masoala madagascariensis Rubiaceae VU A 1 cd+2cd, B 1 +2abcde
Palmae VU Ale Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North
Madagascar Solomons), Solomon Islands (South Solomon)
This endemic palm is known only from Marojejy, A large timber tree of primary lowland rainforest,
Masoala and Mananara, inhabiting lowland rainforest on restricted to New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago
dry hillside or swampy valley bottoms, occasionally on and the Solomon Islands. New Britain is one of the most
344
1
Species Summaries
345
The World List of Threatened Trees
Yemen. It is quite common but at risk from overcutting Refs: 689, I92I8
for domestic use, especially in Oman, where there has
been a sharp rise in the population since 1975. Maytenus ponceana
Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Celastraceae VUBl+2c
Refs: 16380 Pueno Rico
A small tree of moist areas near Rorida amd Rfo
Maytenus harenensis Portugu6s, north of Ponce. The habitat is degraded and
Celastraceae VU D2 destroyed in places.
Ethiopia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small tree endemic to Harena forest, an Afromontane Refs: 5988, 7931, 7980, 17124
remnant of forest on the Bale Mountain. The forest is
disturbed by logging activities and the building of Maytenus stipitata
sawmills in the area has made the activity more intense. Celastraceae VUB1+2C
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mexico ((Chiapas)
Refs: 1330, 18523 Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. GonzSlez-Espinosa
Refs: 642
Maytenus harrisU
Celastraceae CR B 1 +2c, C2b
Jamaica
This small tree is known only from the type specimen,
which was collected in montane woodland in St Ann.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
«e/i; 401, 5653, 7980
346
1
Species Summaries
347
The World List of Threatened Trees
species is uncommon and restricted to rainforest and 2400m in a single locality in the Nilgiris.
between 910 and 220m from Puukaua to Mount Kaala.
1 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: ^199, 19144
Refs: 3372
MeUcope jugosa
MeUcope cinerea Rutaceae VUBl+2c
Rutaceae EN C2a Malaysia (Sabah)
USA (Hawaii) Confined to forest between 2250 and 2400m, this shrub
The main population occurs in the Waianae Mountains or tree is endemic to Sabah.
in lowland rainforest. There are also collections from Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Manoa and Palolo Valleys in the Koolau Mountains and Refs: 19017
a tentative specimen from Maui.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Melicope kaalaensis
Refs: 3372 Rutaceae VUAlce
USA (Hawaii)
Melicope cruciata The species is endemic Waianae Mountains on
to the
Rutaceae EX Oahu, where it has been from lowland
collected
USA (Hawaii) rainforest in an area extending from Puukaua to Piko
A small tree known only from a few collections, thought Trail.
to be taken from boggy rainforest above 1000m, in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Kaholuamanu and Mount Waialeale on Kauai. It is now Refs: 3372
probably extinct.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Melicope knudsenii
Refs: 3372 Rutaceae CR C2a, Dl
USA (Hawaii)
Melicope fatuhivensis On Kauai a total of four isolated individuals are known
Rutaceae CRBl+2c from Olokele Valley and Waimea. On Maui, at one time
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) locally common, the species has been reduced to 20 or
The species is known only from Fatu Hiva in the 30 plants in two populations at Auwahi and Kanaio. The
Marquesas. The leaves are highly esteemed for their habitat has been steadily degraded by grazing and the
fragrance. invasion of introduced plants. The species is protected
Assessor: Florence, J. by the US Endangered Species Act.
Refs: 14513 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372, 19038
Melicope haleakalae
Rutaceae EX Melicope macropus
USA (Hawaii) Rutaceae ENBl+2c
A small tree or shrub last seen in 1919 at Ukuele, on USA (Hawaii)
Maui, where it was found in rainforest at 1220m. Endemic known from just a few
to Kauai, the species is
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre collections fromtwo localities, the Robinson's summer
Refs: 3372 house and Kaholuamanu.
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Melicope haupuensis Refs: 3372
Rutaceae CR B 1 +2c, C2b
USA (Hawaii) Melicope makahae
Originally known only from the type locality on the Rutaceae EN C2a
north side of Haupu, on Kauai, the species has now been USA (Hawaii)
found in Waimea Canyon. The first population no longer is endemic to Oahu, where it occurs in
This shrubby tree
exists and at the second site there are two trees 1.6km up to an altitude of 1220m in the Waianae
rainforest
apart. The habitat is frequently degraded by feral goats Mountains from Palawai to Makaha Valley.
and the invasion of alien plants. The species is protected Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
by the US Endangered Species Act. Refs: 3372
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372, 19038 Melicope mucronulata
Rutaceae CR Bl+2c, C2b, Dl
Melicope hawaiensis USA (Hawaii)
Rutaceae VUAlce A small tree forest, known from three
of dryland
USA (Hawaii) collections taken in 1920 from the southern slope of
A variable species of dry, and occasionally moist, forest Haleakala on East Maui, and from a single collection of
up to 1220m on Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The 1985 from Kupaia Gulch on Molokai. The Maui
habitat is extensively degraded because of the impact of population is likely to be extinct. The population on
cattle, feral herbivores and introduced plants. Molokai consists of just three individuals. Goats are
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre evidently browsing the trees and there is an immediate
Refs: 3372 threat of invasion by molasses grass. It is protected by
the US Endangered Species Act.
Melicope indica Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Rutaceae EN Bl+2c Refs: 3372, 19087
India (Tamil Nadu)
A small tree of montane forest, occurring between 1800
348
Species Summaries
also prevalent in the area. It is protected by the US Waianae Mountains and from Kahana Iki to Waimalu in
Endangered Species Act. the Kooiau Mountains.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372, 19087 Refs: 3372
Refs: 14513
Melicope puberula
Rutaceae ENBl+2c Melicope waialealae
USA (Hawaii) Rutaceae EN C2a
A shrub or small tree reported to be scarce and restricted USA (Hawaii)
A many-branched shrub or tree which occurs in open
349
The World List of Threatened Trees
bogs and bog hummocks, including Wahiawa Bog and Meliosma youngii
an area ranging from Alakai Swamp to Mount Waialeale Meliosmaceae VU D2
on Kauai. Peru
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Known only from the type collection, the species occurs
Refs: 3372 in forest in the department of San Martin.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Melicope wawraeana Refs: 1984
Rutaceae VU D2
USA (Hawaii) Memecylon acuminatum var. acuminatum
A small forest tree known primarily from occurrences in Melastomataceae LR/cd
the Koolau Mountains and an occasional appearance in Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. A single collection has A primary hill forest species, which is not restricted in
also been made from Wahiawa Bog on Kauai. range and occurs in protective forest within the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre permanent forest estate.
Refs: 3372 Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Re/i. 9199, 11647, 19073
Melicope zahlbruckneri
Rutaceae CRB1+2C, C2ab, Dl Memecylon amottianum
USA (Hawaii) Melastomataceae CRBl+2c
To date the species has been found in three locations on Sri Lanka
Hawaii. Only one of them, a fenced site at Kipuka A tree occurring in lowland wet evergreen forest in
Pualu, harbours an extant population, containing 30
still south-west Sri Lanka. In the past it has been found in
to 35 individuals. Regeneration appears to be taking Kottawa, Hinidumkanda and Kanneliya Forest Reserves
place. There are threats of leafhopper infestations, and in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. The recent forest
invasive plants and rat damage. The species is protected surveys conducted for the National Conservation
by the US Endangered Species Act. Review failed to find these or any other populations.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372, 19037 Re/j;9176, 17195, 19112
350
Species Summaries
351
The World List of Threatened Trees
352
Species Summaries
lOOOkirf of forest are now under protection within but affected to some extent by tourism.
sanctuaries. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre /fe/i. 5651,9867
Refs: 19144
Meriania cuneifolia ssp. cuneifolia
Memecylon sylvaticum Melastomataceae VUBl+2c
Melastomataceae VU Ale Ecuador
Sri Lanka This subspecies is endemic to Ecuador, where it inhabits
A tree occurring in the lowland wet evergreen forests of cloud forest between 1100 and 2200m in Zamora-
south-west Sri Lanka. Chinchipe.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Aisessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 17195 Re/i; 2989, 6596, 19119
353
The World List of Threatened Trees
Panama of fewer than six adult plants in tall forest on the north-
Up to tlie present, the species has been found only in west beach. Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site.
Chiriquf around Volc4n Bani, where it occurs in the Assessor: Florence, J.
highest part of the country in cloud forest between 1 800 Refs: 13604, 14513
and 3300m. There are tourism and agricultural
developments in the area which may affect certain Meryta choristantha
populations. Only part of the total population is Araliaceae VU D2
contained within Baru National Park. French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.)
Assessor: Mitrfi, M. An endemic to Rapa Iti.
Refs: 14513
Meriania peltata
Melastomataceae ENBl+2c Meryta drakeana
Colombia Araliaceae DD
Endemic to Colombia, the species is recorded to French Polynesia (Society Is.)
354
1
Species Summaries
Mesua rosea A large tree, first discovered in 1975 near Cape Reinga.
Guttiferae LR/cd At present, the entire known population comprises 30
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) trees at three sites. The species is associated with
A lowland forest species, known from only a few streamsides or wetlands, a distribution which probably
localities in south-east Johore. Lowland areas in this reflects land clearance patterns rather than a genuine
state have been converted to agriculture.
largely preference. It favours dense forest, where
germinates it
Protected populations are found in Gunong Panti Forest In the the crowns of canopy trees such as Vitex lucens
Reserve and Gunung Belumut. TTie genus is currently and Beilschmiedia taraire. Further occurrences are
undergoing revision. expected to be discovered and recovery work Is under
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. way to ensure the survival of known populations. There
Refs: 17140, 19073 is from browsing pigs, possums and
particular pressure
livestock. Although widely cultivated, most ex situ
Mesua stylosa plantings are derived from a single tree.
Guttiferae CR A 1 c, B 1 -h2c, D Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
Sri Lanka Refs: 902,9800, 19133, 19134
Restricted to swamp forest in the western lowlands of
355
The World List of Threatened Trees
west South America. This species is recorded from Scattered occurrences are known from Hainan Island,
Cundinamarca. southern Yunnan and south-west Guangxi. They are
Assessor: Calderon, E. restricted toremaining areas of lowland monsoon forest,
Refs: 19069 which have been severely reduced by high rates of
habitat clearance and logging. The species has some
Metteniusa edulis value as a source of medicine and condiment.
Icacinaceae VU Bl+2c Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Colombia Refs: 1818,9274, 11847
Metteniusa is a small genus of trees, endemic to north-
west South America This species is recorded from
Guajira.
Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 19069
356
Species Summaries
357
The World List of Threatened Trees
358
Species Summaries
\ 359
The World List of Threatened Trees
360
1
Species Summaries
which appears to be scattered sparsely from southern but the populations appear to be highly fragmented.
Venezuela to central Brazilian Amazonia in non-flooded Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
forest, so far known only from the Manaus to Porto Refs: 1983,7980,8816
Velho road where the type was collected.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. MicrophoUs humboUUiana
/fc/j; 1983,7980, 8816 Sapotaceae LR/nt
Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela
MicrophoUs compta A species of *igap6 forest and periodically flooded
Sapotaceae VUBl+2c savanna from the lower Rio Negro in Amazonas.
Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro) Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
A tree known from a few scattered sites of coastal /Jc/i; 7980, 8816
rainforest.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. MicrophoUs macrophyUa
Refs: 1983,7980,8816 Sapotaceae CRBl+2c
Peru
MicrophoUs crassipedicellata The type, which was collected in the first part of the
Sapotaceae LR/cd century from an altitude of 1200m in Loreto, is the only
Brazil (Bahia, Espi'rito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) record of this species.
A coastal forest species, ranging from Bahia southwards Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
to Sao Paulo. The species habitat has suffered greatly /fe/i;7980,8816
from intensive logging. A population occurs in Linhares
Forest Reserve. MicrophoUs madeirensis
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Sapotaceae LR/nt
Refs: 1983,7980,8816 Brazil (Amazonas), Peru
A lowland rainforest species distributed in central and
MicrophoUs cyUndrocarpa western Amazonian Brazil and in Loreto in Peru.
Sapotaceae LR/nt Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Brazil (Amazonas), Peru /?e/i; 7980, 8816
Ranging from western Brazilian Amazonia to Loreto in
Peru the species occurs in lowland forest, usually in MicrophoUs maguirei
areas which are not flooded. Sapotaceae LR/nt
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela
/?eA; 7980, 8816 Occurring in non-flooded lowland rainforest, the species
is confined to a small area of southern Amazonas in
MicrophoUs emarginala Venezuela and neighbouring Brazil.
361
The World List of Threatened Trees
362
Species Summaries
A variety known from the type collection only. export large quantities of it. Some populations suffer
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre from gall attacks, especially in plantations, and its seed
Refs: 19017 loses viability quickly. Treer are often left standing after
land clearance and natural regeneration is good in open
Microtropis keningauensis places.
Celastraceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Malaysia (Sabah) Refs: 2036, 2361, 4506, 6127, 6244, 6396, 6718, 7791,
This uncommon shrub or small tree is known only from 9605, 15251, 16021, 17335, 17408, 19172
the lowland forest of Lanas, Keningau.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Milicia regia
Refs: 19017 Moraceae VUAIcd
Benin, Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire, Gambia, Ghana.
Microtropis rigida Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal
Celastraceae VU D2 Logging companies do not distinguish this species from
Malaysia (Sarawak) M. excelsa. The rates of timber exploitation have a more
Endemic to Sarawak, this small tree of lowland and serious impact on this species, with its narrower
submontane known only from Bako National
forest is distribution within a region which has experienced
Park, Gunung Santubong and Mulu National Park. large-scale forest destruction.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: African Regional Workshop
Refs: 19017 Ue/s; 2773, 12061,15251
Microtropis tenuis limestone hills. These areas are rapidly being developed
Celastraceae VU D2 and destroyed by urban expansion.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Known from only a single collection, this small tree is Refs: 19073
confined to hill forest in Mount Tapis in the state of
Pahang. Miliusa zeylanica
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Annonaceae VUAIc
Refs: 8464, 19073 Sri Lanka
Until recently this endemic tree had gone uncollected for
363
The World List of Threatened Trees
over a century. This species turned up in 13 forest sites Catchment Forest Project. The other is restricted to low
during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the elevations in the Udzungwa Mountains.
National Conservation Review. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1308,3356,5204
Refs: 15431, 16943, 18796, 19112
MUlettia eriocarpa
MiUettia aurea Leguminosae VUBl+2b
Leguminosae EN Ale Tanzania
Madagascar A species of dry coastal forest endemic to south-east
A deciduous woodland species that is restricted and Tanzania.
uncommon. Its range extends 40, 000 km^ (*EC)0) but is Assessor: Lovett, J. &
G.P. Clarke
highly fragmented as a result of agriculmre and burning. /?c/i.- 3356, 5204, 10961
Recent cotton plantations have had a strong impact and
it is likely that at least 50% of the forest has been cleared MiUettia gaUiflagrans
or degraded in the last 100 years. This decline is Leguminosae VUBl+2c
continuing although this species is included within Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Ankarafantsika Reserve. A tree of lowland moist areas, confined to the Kluang
Assessor: Du Puy, D. H. Labat & Forest Reserve in the state of Johore. The principal
Refs: 12353 threat to remaining populations is logging.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Millettia bussei Refs: 8464, 19073
Leguminosae VUBl+2b
Mozambique, Tanzania Millettia hitsika
This species is restricted to areas of dry coastal forest in Leguminosae EN B 1 +2abc
Niassa Province, Mozambique, and south-east and east Madagascar
Tanzania. Recorded from only two sites, this eastern coastal forest
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke species confined to a forest remnant at Ambila-
is
Refs: 3356, 10961 Lemaitsu which extends less than 5(X) km' (*A(X>) and
suffers continual degradation.
MiUettia capuronii Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat
Leguminosae VU D2 Refs: 12353
Madagascar
Known from only three localities, this coastal forest Millettia lacus-alberti
species is confined to eastern Madagascar. Its range is Legumi nosae VU B 1 +2c
estimated to between 500 and 1000 km' (*AC)0), but
lie Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda
it is uncommon and the habitat is almost entirely An endemic to the Albertine Rift, confined to upland
destroyed, with only small vestiges remaining. forest margins along the Waki River in Uganda and
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Lake Albert in DR Congo.
Refs: 12353 Assessor: *MUIENR
Refs: 1308, 9605, 10961, 16021
Millettia conraui
Leguminosae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c Millettia laurentii
Cameroon, Nigeria Leguminosae EN A led
A small forest tree, similar to M. macrophylla, with a Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo,
range extending from south-east Nigeria into Cameroon. Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
Unprotected forest has been heavily logged and cleared A species of Central African semi-deciduous, sometimes
for agriculture. swampy, forest. In much of its range it is threatened with
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre overexploitation for its decorative timber.
Refs: 11504 Assessor: African Regional Workshop
Refs: 7142, 11449, 12509, 17408
MiUettia decipiens
Leguminosae VU D2 Millettia macrophylla
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Leguminosae VU Ale, Bl+2c
This lowland rainforest species is known from only two Cameroon, Nigeria
collections from Kuala Dipong, Perak. The area is under A small forest tree which occurs in areas of remaining
increasing conversion to agriculture. forest, ranging from south-east Nigeria to Cameroon.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Unprotected forest has been heavily logged and cleared
Refs: 17140, 19073 for agriculture.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Millettia elongistyla Refs: 11504
Leguminosae VUBl+2b
Tanzania micans
Millettia
Two populationsknown. One is restricted to
are Leguminosae VUBl-^2b
Kimboza Forest Reserve, which covers 4km' of moist Tanzania
semi-deciduous coastal forest within a densely populated A small tree restricted to remaining areas of dry coastal
area. The demand for land and wood is high but the forest and open woodland in east and south-east
forest is protected by two forest guards, employed in the Tanzania.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 1308,3356
364
Species Summaries
MiUettia mossambicensis southern population extends less than 500 kirf (*AOO)
Leguminosae DD and is threatened by mining.
Mozambique Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat
A poorly known species of Zanzibar-Inhambane Refs: 12353
woodland.
Assessor: Bandeira, S. MiUettia pterocarpa
/fe/j;5117.7550 Leguminosae VU D2
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
MiUettia nathaliae A tree of primary lowland forest, confined to the state of
Leguminosae ENBl+2abc Perak, from where it has been collected three times.
Madagascar Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A deciduous woodland species known only from two Refs: 8464, 19073
localities restricted to the Ankarana-Analamerana
Massif of north Madagascar. It is uncommon, covering MiUettia sacleuxU
an estimated area of 500 km' (*ACX)), within which the Leguminosae VUBl+2b
forests are declining. It is included within Ankarana and Tanzania
Analamerana Reserves. A species that occurs in the lowland forests in the East
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat Usambara and south Nguru Mountains.
Refs: 12353 Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 1308, 3356, 5204, 10961
MiUettia oblata ssp. intermedia
Leguminosae VU Bl+2b MiUettia schliebenii
Tanzania Legununosae VUBl +2b
A montane taxon confined to moist forests on the West Tanzania
Usambara Mountains. Uluguru Mountains and at A species endemic to south-east Tanzania, where it is
1400 and 1500m on Mount Rungwe and along Mkenja Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
River. It is also apparently cultivated in Zambia. Refs: 1308,3356,5204,10961
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 1308,3356,5204 MiUettia taolanaroensis
Leguminosae ENBl+2abc
MiUettia oblata ssp. teitensis Madagascar
Leguminosae VU B 1 +2bcd, D2 A transitional forest species between dry and humid
Kenya vegetation, it is confined to an area of less than 500 km'
This subspecies is known only from the Taita Hills, (•AOO) in south-eastMadagascar. The area is under
occurring in remnants of moist evergreen forest. The threat from development, exploitation and mining, and
tree has many local uses and illegal exploitation of the the remaining forest is already highly fragmented.
wood continues. The habitat is also reduced through Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat
encroaching agriculture, settlement, the planting of Refs: 12353
commercial species and road building. Seed and living
stocks are maintained under the Plant Conservation MiUettia unifoUata
Programme in Kenya. Leguminosae VUBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Refs: 1308,6396,17859 A lowland rainforest species, confined to the state of
Perak, where it is principally threatened by encroaching
MiUettia orientalis settlements, agriculture and logging activities.
Leguminosae EN B 1 +2abc Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Madagascar Refs: 8464, 19073
A coastal forest species known only from two restricted
sites: Nosy Mangabe & Antongil and Taolanaro. The
365
The World List of Threatened Trees
366
A
Species Summaries
intensively harvested for local use, notably in Brazil and have led to considerable population declines.
Colombia. Seed-producing trees are sometimes low in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
numbers but regeneration does not appear to be Re/r; 2072, 4919, 5651
inadequate. The timber is scarce in international trade.
Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Mkilua fragrans
Refs: 730, 6317, 9867, 14717, 15037, 15478, 19069, Annonaceae VUBl+2b
19158, 19179 Kenya, Tanzania
A species from a monotypic genus, commercially
Mitranthes clarendonensis important for the fragrance of its flowers. The historical
Myrtaceae VUBl+2c interestand trade in the species may have caused its
Jamaica range to be artificially expanded. In Kenya it occurs in
Occurring in areas of wooded rocky limestone at about evergreen forest in two separate localities along the
760m, the species appears to be scarce and confmed to coast. Populations also occur in north-east Tanzania and
Clarendon Parish. Zanzibar and Pemba Islands.
Assessor: Kelly, D.L. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 401, 5653, 7980, 19085 Refs: 2418, 3356, 6396, 8814
367
The World List of Threatened Trees
protected area and the species is included in the official populations. The species is on the official list of
listof threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA. threatened Brazilian plants compiled by *IBAMA.
Assessor: Varty, N. Assessor: Varty, N.
Refs: 8815, 16123, 19102 Refs: 8815, 16123
368
Species Summaries
369
The World List of Threatened Trees
370
Species Summaries
in the past. Preliminary data indicate the species is Refs: 7980, 19097
confmed to less than 100km'. More detailed information
on the species should become available to confirm this Myrceugenia schulzei
evaluation. The islands are designated as a national park Myrtaceae VU D2
and biosphere reserve and work is being carried out by Chile (Juan FemSndez Is)
*CONAF to save the native plants. A dominant species of lowland dry forest on Masafiiera
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Island. The extent of the forest has declined through the
/Je/i.- 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140 effects of grazing by feral animals, spread of introduced
weeds and Preliminary data indicate the
soil erosion.
Myrceugenia franciscensis species is confined to less than 100km'. More detailed
Myrtaceae VU Bl+2acd information on the species should become available to
Brazil confirm this evaluation. The islands are designated as a
The main centre of distribution of the genus is in Chile national park and biosphere reserve and work is being
and Argentina. The Brazilian species are localised, carried out by *CONAF to save the native plants.
1000km further north, in the south-eastern states, where Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
their occurrence is scarce. yje/s; 3241, 5651, 14140
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
371
The World List of Threatened Trees
apparent. Both sites are on private land. Attempts at Refs: 19097, 19098
cultivation have been unsuccessful.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Myrciaria silveirana
Refs: 3786, 7980, 17124, 17540 Myrtaceae VU B 1 +2acd
Brazil
Myrcia pentagona A rare species of Brazilian Atlantic forest.
Myrtaceae VU D2 Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
372
I
Species Summaries
Palma, Gomera and Hierro. The total population size is collected from Basilan Island in 1912.
small and regeneration is poor. There is also evidence of Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
hybridisation occurring with M. faya. The species is Refs: 18022
listed in government legislation of 1991.
Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al. Myristica beddomei ssp. sphaerocarpa
/fcA- 451. 16500, 19022 Myristicaceae ENBl+2c
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Myristica agusanensis ssp. squamulosa A small tree restricted to the eastern slopes of the
Myristicaceae VU D2 Western Ghats in the Tinnevelly
District. This
Philippines subspecies has been collected only twice, in areas of wet
This subspecies is newly described, based on three evergreen forest.
herbarium specimens. It is found in lower montane Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
forest on the islands of Luzon and Sibuyan. Refs: 10148, 18022
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 18022 Myristica beddomei ssp. ustulata
Myristicaceae EN BI-i-2c
Myristica alba India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Myristicaceae VU D2 This tree is found in montane wet and
relatively dry
Indonesia (Moluccas) evergreen forest in Kerala and East Madras. Only five
A small tree, found on limestone from four collections in collections are known.
Bacan, Obi and Buru Islands. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 18022
Refs: SOU
Myristica bifurcata ssp. bifurcata
Myristica ampUata Myristicaceae LR/nt
Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas)
Australia (Queensland) This subspecies is locally common in forest on Morotai
Known only from four collections, this small tree is Island of the Moluccas and is also known from the
found locally in the lowland rainforest of the Mission Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya. It has been collected
Beach area of north-east Queensland. five times. The wood of the species is likely to be traded
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre as penarahan.
Refs: 10378 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: son. 11145
Myristica andamanica
Myristicaceae VUBl+2c Myristica bifurcata ssp. sulaica
India (Andaman and Nicobar Is.- Andaman Is., Myristicaceae LR/nt
Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Nicobar Is.) Indonesia (Moluccas)
The only species in the genus to be found in the This subspecies is locally common in lowland well-
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A handsome tree of drained forest on the northern Moluccan Islands (Sula,
evergreen hill forest, rainforest or mixed forest, it has Halmaheira and Obi). The wood of the species is likely
been collected a total of eight times, three times in the to be traded as penarahan.
19 century. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: SOU. 11145
R^s: 18022
Myristica brachypoda
Myristica arfakensis Myristicaceae VU D2
Myristicaceae VU D2 Papua New Guinea
Indonesia (Irian Jaya) The type species was gathered in 1955 in logged-over
A small montane forest tree known only from two forest near the Seribi River in the Gulf Province. It is the
collections from the Arfak Mountains in north-east only known collection of the species.
Vogelkop Peninsula. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493
Refs: 1493
Myristica brevistipes
Myristica atresens Myristicaceae VU D2
Myristicaceae VU D2 Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea A small tree collected only on one occasion in tall
The type specimen is the only known collection of the foothill forest in the Central Province.
tree. It was gathered from lowland forest near the border Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
of Papua New Guinea in south-eastern Irian Jaya. Refs: 1493
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1493 Myristica buchneriana
Myristicaceae VUAld
Myristica basilanica Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Myristicaceae VU D2 Frequently found on ridge tops between 3CX) and 1300m,
Philippines this tree is an important source of penarahan timber.
A newly described tree known only from the type Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1493, 11145
373
I
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 18022 Refs: 18022
until further material becomes available. So far its this tree has been collected three times from the area
distribution is restricted to primary forest in the north of Lake Matano.
Vogelkop Peninsula. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 18022
Refs: 1493
Myristica duplopunctata ssp. duplopunctata
Myristica corticata Myristicaceae VU D2
Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah) A primary forest subspecies, known only from three
A tree of lowland primary forest and logged-over forest, collections from the coastal mountains of northern Irian
known only from a single collection from Brunei and Jaya.
four collections from Sabah. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493
Refs: 18022
Myristica duplopunctata ssp. versteeghii
Myristica crassa Myristicaceae VU D2
Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular A tree of primary montane forest, occurring on the
Malaysia), Singapore northern side of the main range. It is known from four
This species is uncommon in lowland and hill forest. collections.
The wood has been used as penarahan timber. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493
Refs: 9\99, 11145, 11647, 17140, 18022, 19073, 19078
Myristica extensa
Myristica crassipes ssp. marronia Myristicaceae VU Ale
Myristicaceae VU D2 Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak)
Papua New Guinea A species of lowland primary forest. Five collections
This subspecies is foundin open montane Araucaria have been gathered from Sarawak, a single collection is
374
1
Species Summaries
known from Brunei and two collections have come from Myristica fugax ssp. septentrionalis
central and east Kalimantan. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Papua New Guinea
Refs: 18022 A tree occurring in foothill and montane forest in East
Sepik, Gulf and Madang Provinces, known only from
Afyristica fasciculata four collections.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Papua New Guinea Refs: 1493
Collected three times, this species is locally common in
primary and secondary forest in the upper Sepik River Myristica fusiformis ssp.fusiformis
region of Sepik Province. Myristicaceae VU 02
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
Refs: 1493, 19084 A small tree found only once in Nothofagus forest in
west Irian Jaya.
MyristicafiUpes Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae DD Refs: 1493
Papua New Guinea
This tree is locally endemic to the Buso River area of the Myristica fusiformis ssp. pseudostipitala
Morobe Province. It has been collected six times in Myristicaceae VU D2
coastal swamp forest, river flat forest and lowland Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
secondary forest. This subspecies is known only from the type specimen,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre collected from the lower Lorentz River in south-west
Refs: 1493 Irian Jaya.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristica fissurata Refs: 1493
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Moluccas) Myristica gigantea
A lowland forest tree, known only from three collections Myristicaceae LR/nt
from Bacan Island. Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak)
Refs: 8013 A on flat land and hillsides up to 700m
large tree found
The wood is used as penarahan timber.
altitude.
Myristica Jlavovirens Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae VU D2 Refs: 11145
Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
This tree, found in old primary forest, is known only Myristica globosa
from the type collection taken from the Kebar Valley in Myristicaceae LR/nt
the Vogelkop Peninsula. Papua New Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Guinea), Solomon Islands
Refs: 1493 Confined evergreen rainforest up to 1200m, this tree
to
is cut forpenarahan timber.
its
375
The World List of Threatened Trees
very poor soils, which is possibly threatened by gold and Myristica lancifolia ssp. kutubuensis
copper mining and logging. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Papua New Guinea
Refs: 1493, 19032 A tentative new subspecies described from one
specimen. It occurs in primary forest over limestone in
Myristica inundata Southern Highlands Province.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
PapuaNew Guinea Refs: 1493
Known only from the type specimen, this species occurs
in seasonally inundated swamp forest in Kiunga, Myristica lasiocarpa
Western Province. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Papua New Guinea
Refs: 1493 A subcanopy species, occurring as solitary trees in
Noihofagus forest. It has only been collected only twice
Myristica kajewski ssp. kajewski from the Kuper range area of the Morobe Province.
Myristicaceae LR/nt Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Solomon Islands (South Solomon) Refs: 1493
A tree locally common in well-drained forest, restricted
to Guadalcanal and San Crist6bal. Myristica lepidota ssp. lepidota
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Myristicaceae DD
Refs: 18252 Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Moluccas)
This subspecies, known from five collections, is found
Myristica kajewski ssp. robusta in lowland rainforest in south-west New Guinea and in
Myristicaceae VU D2 rarely found on dry land. Trees are cut for penarahan
Philippines timber.
This subspecies known from only two
is collections Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
from forest on Mount Sohoton, Samar Island. Refs: 9199, 11145, 12937, 18022
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 18022 Myristica magnifica
Myristicaceae ENBl+2c
Myristica lancifolia ssp. australiana India (Kamataka, Kerala)
Myristicaceae VU D2 A large tree and dominant component of a restricted area
Australia (Northern Territory) of lowland evergreen swamp forest in the Agastyamalai
A locally common subspecies, described recently, found Hills. There are also two records of the species occurring
in lowland rainforest, monsoon forest and riparian in northern Kerala and North Kanara in Kamataka. Very
evergreen vine forest of the north-west Northern little of the habitat remains.
Territory, including Melville Island. Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 10148, 18022. 19144
Refs: 18251
Myristica maingayi
Myristicaceae LR/nt
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
This lowland species is found on hillsides and crests in
376
Species Summaries
Peninsular Malaysia up to 300m. Trees are cut for endemic to forest in the Central and Milne Bay
penarahan timber. There is also a single deviating Provinces.
collection from Sumatra. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1493
/?e/i.-9l99, 11145, 17140
Myristica olivacea
Myristica malabarica Myristicaceae VU D2
Myristicaceae VU B 1 +2c Papua New Guinea
India (Kamataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) An understorey rainforest tree known only from four
A tree of swamp and other lowland forest types,
forest collections from near Amazon Bay, Central Province.
occurring in scattered localities in the Western Ghats. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
The swamp habitat has been extensively drained for Refs: 1493
agriculture. There is additional evidence of low seed
viability because of unfavourable soil conditions and Myristica omata
pollination difficulties.The seed was once used as an Myristicaceae VU D2
adulterant of nutmeg and the plant is often grown as an PapuaNew Guinea
ornamental. Known only from the type specimen, the tree was
Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in discovered in lowland rainforest in the Kiunga area.
India Western Province.
Refs: 561, 18022, 18325, 19144 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1493
Myristica malaccensis ssp. papUlosa
Myristicaceae VU D2 Myristica ovicarpa
Malaysia (Sarawak) Myristicaceae VU D2
A newly described subspecies, known only from three Papua New Guinea
collections from Sarawak. This tree is known only from
the type collection. It was
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre found in lowland on Mount Don of Rossel
hill forest
Refs: 11145, 18022 Island. Rossel Island has quite a fragile ecosystem with
very poor soils; possible threats include mining and
Myristica mediovibex var. kosteriana logging.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea Refs: 1493, 19032
A varietyknown from two collections, occurring in
primary forest along the Bodem River, Irian Jaya and Myristica pachycarpidia
East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Papua New Guinea
Refs: 1493 A tree known only from the type locality in oak forest
on Mount Dayman, Milne Bay Province.
Myristica mediovibex var. mediovibex Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae VU D2 Refs: 1493
Indonesia (Irian Jaya)
A single locality exists on mainland Irian Jaya and three Myristica papillatifolia
collections come from Japen Island. The species is Myristicaceae VU D2
reported to be locally common in primary forest. Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre A small tree found only once in valley forest near
Refs: 1493 Ingambit in the Western Province, near the border with
Irian Jaya.
Myristica mediterranea Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae VU D2 Refs: 1493
Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea
Known only from three collections from the southern Myristica perlaevis
border between Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea, this Myristicaceae VU D2
small tree occurs in disturbed forest or semi-swamp in Indonesia (Moluccas)
valley forest. Discovered in 1990, this tree is known only from the
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre type collection found in the Ruwa catchment area of
Refs: 1493 Ceram.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristica millepunctata Refs: 18022
Myristicaceae VU D2
Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Myristica petiolata
A large tree known from two collections from montane Myristicaceae VU D2
forest in south-east Irian Jaya. Solomon Solomon)
Islands (South
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre A forest tree known only from two collections; Santa
Refs: 1493 Ysabel and Big Nggela Island.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristica nana Refs: 18252
Myristicaceae VU D2
Papua New Guinea
A small tree, known from four collections, locally
377
The World List of Threatened Trees
i
378
Species Summaries
peninsula. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Moluccas)
Refs: 3641 A solitary species, known from a single collection from
lowland forest on Bacan Island.
Myristica succadanea Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myristicaceae LR/nt Refs: 18022
Indonesia (Moluccas)
A small tree of lowland and montane primary forest, Myristica ultrabasica
found on the islands of Temate, Tidore and Bacan. Myristicaceae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Refs: 8013, 17232 A tree restricted to forest over ultrabasic (nickel) soils of
379
The World List of Threatened Trees
central Sulawesi. It has been collected four times. Paraguay and northern Argentina. The expansion of
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre agriculture has caused severe habitat loss in Argentina.
Refs: 18022 Assessor: Prado, D.
Refs: 1262, 5112, 7906, 9173, 12837
Myrislica velutina ssp. breviflora
Myristicaceae VU D2 Myrrhinium atropurpureum var. atropurpureum
Papua New Guinea Myrtaceae CRBl+2c
This subspecies is restricted to the West Sepik and Brazil
Western Provinces, where it has been collected five A monotypic genus which is divided into two varieties.
times in montane forest. This variety is restricted to *resiinga vegetation in Rio
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre de Janeiro. It does not appear to have been collected
Refs: 1493 recently. This habitat is in serious danger of
disappearing. The other variety is widespread in
Myristica verruculosa temperate and subtropical South America.
Myristicaceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Refs: 5435, 7980
Known from five collections, this tree occurs in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Little is known about the population on Tubuai, but the
Refs: 1493 species is critically threatened on the island of Raivavae.
Assessor: Florence, J.
of these localities and approximately 20 trees have been Puukeahiakahoe and Kawai Nui on the summit of
recorded in remaining populations. They appear to be Koolau Mountains.
unhealthy and rarely set seed. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 3372
Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055
Myrsine diazii
Myrocarpus frondosus Myrsinaceae VU D2
Leguminosae DD Peru
Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Known only from the type collection, this cloud forest
Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa species occurs in the department of Amazonas.
Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A good-quality commercial timber tree, which is widely Refs: 1984
occurring within an area of seasonally dry forest
extending from the south-east coast of Brazil to
380
Species Summaries
known from populations in cloudswept forest along the The species is known only from Raiatea.
crest of the Koolau Mountains from the south-eastern Assessor: Florence, J.
they are ripe, by doves. Ex situ germination tests have occurs within the altitudinal range of 2500 to 4000m.
failed so far as many seeds appear to lack embryos. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Henderson Island is a World Heritage Site. Refs: 1984
Assessor: Waldren, S.
Refs: 12900, 13604 Myrsine petiolata
Myrsinaceae EN C2a
Myrsine knudsenii USA (Hawaii)
Myrsinaceae EN C2a Normally a shrub but occasionally a small tree the
USA (Hawaii) species mainly occurs in boggy shrubland and forest in
Endemic to Kauai, the species occurs in rainforest the eastern half of Kauai and along Alakai Swamp Trail.
between 1060 and 1220m in altitude in Kokee and Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Hanapepe Valley. Refs: 3372
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372 Myrsine raiateensis
Myrsinaceae DD
Myrsine longifoUa French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Refs: 14513
381
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group A large tree collected from Middle and South Andaman
/fe/i; 374, 2226, 6851, 19192 Islands in the 19* cenmry. No record of the species has
been made since and little is known of its present status,
Nageia nagi if it still exists.
382
I
Species Summaries
383
The World List of Threatened Trees
384
Species Summaries
been caused by gold mining, and pressures also exist corridor of forest now surrounded by pastureland and
from the influx of people. crops. More material is needed to confirm the species'
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre occurrence in the Sirena Field Station in Puntarenas.
Refs: 7980, 9262 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 7980, 9262
Nectandra gracilis
Lauraceae LR/nt Nectandra impressa
Ecuador, Peru Lauraceae DD
A newly described Amazon tree species, occurring in Brazil
seasonally inundated forest. The number of sites where This species is known only from the type specimen
it is found continues to increase. collected in the last century. It has not been foimd since
Assessor: Rohwer, J.G. and its locality in the wild remains unknown.
/?eA.- 7980, 9262, 12663 Assessor: Rohwer, J.G.
*e/i: 7980, 9262, 12663
Nectandra grisea
Lauraceae VU D2 Nectandra japurensis
(Amazonas)
Brazil Lauraceae DD
Known only from one locality on the banks of Rio Brazil (Amazonas), Peru
Japur^, this species occurs in *vdrzea forest. The complete distribution of the species is not
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre consolidated. It occurs for certain in lowland forest sites
Refs: 7980, 9262 in the western Amazon. In Peru populations have been
recorded in Ipan'a in HuSnuco National Forest, near
Nectandra guadaripo Vitoc in Juni'n, and in three locations near rivers in
Lauraceae VU D2 Loreto. A population
occurs along Rio Japurd in
Colombia, Ecuador Amazonas Specimens with some similarities
in Brazil.
A tall tree of primary lowland rainforest, recorded from have been collected in two locations in the Peruvian
three localities along the western part of the Andes.
Colombian/Ecuadorean border. The species is Assessor: Rohwer, J.G.
considered threatened by *INEFAN. Refs: 9262, 12663
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
*e/i: 7980, 9262, 19135 Nectandra krugii
Lauraceae EN A 1 cd+2c, B 1 +2cd
Nectandra herrerae Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Lauraceae EN B 1 •t-2c Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto
Peru Rico
A small tree discovered near Aguas Calientes train This Caribbean forest tree ranges from Dominica (and
station in Machupicchu Historical Sanctuary. The cloud possibly Martinique) to western Dominican Republic.
forest extends c.3260 km^ and is heavily visited by The forest most of these areas has been heavily
in
tourists on foot and by train. Aguas Calientes is exploited. The was noted in 1896 as becoming
species
expanding rapidly as a tourist town. However, regular rare as a result of excessive exploitation and in the last
burning of the forest, including a very serious fire in 70 years it has only been collected in Puerto Rico.
1997, remains the greatest threat to the area. Assessor: Rohwer. J.G.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 197, 7424, 7980, 9262, 12663
Refs: 7980, 9262
Nectandra latissima
Nectandra heterotricha Lauraceae VU D2
Lauraceae VU D2 Bolivia
Peru Occurring as a small tree or shrub, this species is
A tree species conflned to a small area of forest in the confined to islands of forest in savanna in the province
Iquitos region. of Beni.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 7980, 9262 Refs: 7980, 9262
385
The World lust of Threatened Trees
rainforest and the cocoa plantations which have taken Nectandra parviflora
the place of forest. With more up-to-date information a Lauraceae VU D2
more serious threat category might apply. Ecuador, Peru?
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre This is a primary forest species, which is largely known
Refs: 7980, 9262 from the region of Ri'o Pastaza. Another slightly
different collection has been made in Loreto. Despite
Nectandra microcarpa intensive collecting in Ecuador the species has not been
Lauraceae LR/nt found to be more widespread.
Colombia, Peru Assessor: Rohwer, J.G.
Occurring in lowland rainforest often along rivers, this /Je/i; 7980, 9262, 12663
shrubby tree is known from the edges of Rio Huallaga in
Peru and from a more doubtful collection in Colombia. Nectandra psammophila
A record which may be erroneous has also been made in Lauraceae EN Ale
Argentina. Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Janeiro)
/?e/j; 7134, 7980, 9262 The *restinga vegetation to which the species is
386
Species Summaries
past century and the demand for land to cultivate this treemay now have been found in Panama. It occurs
continues to put pressure on remaining areas. in submontane forest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/?e/i.- 197,7980,9262 Refs: 7980, 9262
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre known from only two locations and has not been
Refs: 7980, 9262 collected again for some years, which may indicate that
there has been a serious decline in the population. It
387
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre thesummit of Mont Ti^baghi and the other from an
Refs: 7980, 9262 unknown locality labelled Wagap on the east coast. Both
sites are unprotected and exposed to fires and
Neea acuminatissima encroaching activities.
Nyctaginaceae EN C2a Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et al.
Guatemala, Honduras Refs: 10351, 12630
Confined to the wet Caribbean lowlands, the species is
scattered in sparse populations, including a rare Neisosperma thiollierei
occurrence in Lancetilla Biological Reserve. Apocynaceae CRBl+2c
Assessor: Nelson, C. New Caledonia
Refs: 13995 Found only in a small area of forest on Mont Koghi in
the south-west of Grand Terre the species is unprotected
Neea amplexicaulis and exposed to various threats, including tourist
Nyctaginaceae EN C2a activities.
Panama Assessor: Jaffr^, T. el al.
Known only from a few records, the species is endemic Refs: 10351, 12630
to areas of lowland rainforest in Dari6n Province. It
appears to be uncommon and only in Dari6n National Neobalanocarpus heimii
Park is it relatively well protected. Elsewhere the threats Dipterocarpaceae VUAlc.d
of habitat clearance are great. There are no recent Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore (ex),
records of the species but much of the forest remains Thailand (ex?)
under-studied. A large tree now only extant in Peninsular Malaysia.
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Populations in the southernmost part of Thailand and
/?eA;7980, 14453, 16772 Singapore are believed to be extinct. Chengal is a
The export of logs has been
valuable timber species.
Neea darienensis banned. The species is found in numerous protected
Nyctaginaceae VU A2c areas.
Panama Assessor: Chua. L.S.L.
Originally known from just Dari€n Province, the species Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140
now appears to have a sparse occurrence in lowland
rainforest, ranging from Dari6n National Park up to the Neoboutonia mannii
Canal area. Its distribution extends very close to the Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
border with Colombia. Most populations are contained Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria
within protected areas, outside which habitat loss has The species ranges from south-east Nigeria to Equatorial
been extensive. Guinea. Although habitat clearance and logging have
Assessor: Mitr6, M. caused declines in the extent of lowland forest
Refs: 7980, 14453, 16772 throughout its range, the species appears to be abundant
in secondary and disturbed forest.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 11504,12597
388
Species Summaries
389
The World List of Threatened Trees
attains the stature of a tree. Populations are found in endemic syrphid fly, which is also known to visit other
rainforest up to an altitude of 1160m on Kauai, Oahu, endemic trees. The genus is monotypic.
and in Olowalu and Lao Valley on Maui. A single Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B.
collection was also taken from Olokui Plateau on Refs: 5556, 11891, 16700, 19081
Molokai.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372
390
Species Summaries
391
The World List of Threatened Trees
Silhouette, Curieuse and Felicite Islands. It occurs in Maui. The genus consists of four species, all endemic to
Mome Seychelloise National Park and seedlings are the Hawaiian Islands.
being used in a reforestation programme. The timber is Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
of high quality and diverse use. The main threat to Refs: 3372
populations comes from the pervasive spread of
introduced plants. The genus is monotypic. Nothocestrum longifoUum
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Solanaceae LR/nt
Refs: 9859, 16212, 17229, 19023 USA (Hawaii)
A small tree or commonest in the genus,
shrub, the
Nostolachtna crassifolia occurring in rainforest up to 1620m on all the main
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe. The genus
India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) consists of four species, all endemic to the Hawaiian
A small tree of submontane forest, known only from a Islands.
few collections and field records in the Anamalai Hills Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
and an imprecisely recorded location in the Refs: 3372
Agastyamalai Hills.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Nothocestrum peltatum
Refs: 19144 Solanaceae CR C2a, Dl
USA (Hawaii)
Nothaphoebe condensa A species of montane rainforest endemic to Kauai,
Lauraceae VUBl+2c where itknown from seven populations located at
is
Nothaphoebe pahangensis growth from stump sprouts and between 1983 and 1991
Lauraceae LR/cd their extent of occurrence was reduced by almost 60% as
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) a result of the establishment of plantations of Pinus
A montane forest species confined to the Cameron radiata. About 13% of the species range is covered by
Highlands in Pahang. Mountain forests are protected protected areas. It is recognised as a very primitive
forests in Peninsular Malaysia. member of the genus.
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Assessor: GonzSlez, M.
Refs: 8464, 19073 Refs: 4893, 11147, 16328, 19153
392
Species Summaries
lower montane forest near the Tauri River Gulf in the been heavily logged everywhere. It is the sole member
Province, which is outside the general range of of the genus.
Notkofagus in New Guinea. A future taxonomic revision Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
may change the status of this species. Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061, 12590
Assessor: Eddowes, P.J.
/fe/i; 5300, 19114 Notkotsuga longibracteata
Pinaceae EN Ale
Notkofagus stylosa China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan,
Fagaceae VU D2 Jiangxi)
Indonesia (Irian Jaya) Although the species is widespread, it appears to be very
A species known from a single locality in the central rare and poorly collected. Deforestation is a threat in
mountain range of Irian Jaya. most of its range.
Assessor:World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
^e/t; 5300, 7154 Refs: 374, 1818, 11242, 13041, 18751
393
The World List of Threatened Trees
394
1
Species Summaries
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre timber. Essential oil is also harvested from the bark for
Refs: 3372, 19039 the perfume industry. Its habitat also continues to to
decline, although several localities are protected within
Ochrosia nukuhivensis state parks and biological reserves. The species is
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) threatened Brazilian plants. There is also a suggestion
The species has been recorded only from Nuku Hiva. that populations exist in Misiones in Argentina and in
Assessor: Florence, J. Paraguay.
Refs: 14513 Assessor: Varty, N. & D.L. Guadagnin
Refs: 8815, 15539, 16123
Ochrosia tahitensis
Apocynaceae EX Ocotea clarkei
French Polynesia (Society Is.) Lauraceae LR/cd
The species has been recorded only from Tahiti. Mexico ((Thiapas)
Assessor: Florence, J. Assessor: Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonz^ez-Espinosa
Refs: 14513 Refs: 8553
395
The World List of Threatened Trees
396
Species Summaries
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre extent of occurrence is only about 500 km'. Although
/fe/j; 5651, 5993, 7980 there are threats from invasive alien species, especially
no
*wattles, and agricultural activities in places, there is
Ocotea viridiflora evidence of population declines.Most of the
Lauraceae VU D2 subpopulations occur on privately owned farms. Some
Costa Rica?, Panama plants are found in a national park and a few provincial
Confined to the Chiriquf Highlands in cloud forest, this and private nature reserves.
species is poorly understood. Undetermined specimens Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al.
from Costa Rica may also represent this taxon. Refs: 689, 19218
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/ee/i; 7144, 7980, 13228
397
The World List of Threatened Trees
A species known only from the Chimanimani Mountains A tree restricted to a population of about 500 trees in
on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. It occurs fairly lowland beech forest in Nelson.
commonly on quartzite soils within a well-protected area Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
of600km2. Refs: 902, 9800
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 18965 Olearia traversii
Compositae LR/nt
Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis New Zealand (Chatham Is.)
Oleaceae LR/nt Once one of the major components of forest on the
Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) Chatham Islands. Complete destruction of the forest type
This taxon now includes subspecies from both the has led to the species becoming rare and largely
Canary Islands and Madeira, the latter previously being confined to paddocks. There is evidence of some
known as ssp. maderensis. It is relatively abundant at regeneration.
low and medium elevation in dry woodland on most Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
Canary Islands, on the south coast and some areas of Refs: 902, 5563, 19133, 19134
north Madeira and on Desertas and Porto Santo Islands,
where it is rare. The species is covered in regional Omalanthus stokesii
legislation and occurs in protected areas, but the habitat Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
continues to experience general degradation and declines French Polynesia (Tubuai Is.)
398
Species Summaries
of moist and wet evergreen forest. Little is known of the taxonomic status and it is not included in the Flora of
regenerative capacity of the species, althoughit does not Peru.
appear to be strong. The timber is not heavily exploited, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
although it is traded to some extent domestically. The Refs: 1984
species is listed in Appendix II of *ClltS.
Assessor: Americas Regional Workshop Oreopanax lempiranus
Refs: 7980, 14487, 14717, 19179, 19185, 19186 Araliaceae CR C2b
Honduras
Oreopanax arcanus Endemic to Honduras, the species is, so far, known only
Araliaceae VU Ale from an area of wet montane forest in Celaque National
Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) Park.
Occurring in montane forest oak and mesophyllous
in Assessor: Nelson, C.
formations, the species is found in the Chiapas Refs: 2935, 10147
Highlands in Mexico, between 2000 and 2300m, and in
399
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 7272, 14487, 15037, 16772 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 12597
Oreopanax peltatus
Araliaceae VUAlc Ormocarpopsis aspera
Guatemala, Mexico Leguminosae LR/nt
Occurring from the Gulf region of Mexico to Madagascar
Guatemala, the species is found in areas of moist Widespread in central and west Madagascar, this
seasonal forest from medium to high elevations. lowland or submontane woodland species is uncommon
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and the remaining native vegetation is very fragmented
Refs: 5993, 19161 and continuing to decline.
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat
Oreopanax raimondii Refs: 12353
Araliaceae VU D2
Peru Ormocarpopsis calcicola
Recorded only from the type collection, the species Leguminosae ENBl+2abc
occurs in forest above 2500m in the department of La Madagascar
Libertad. A deciduous woodland species restricted to limestone
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre outcrops in the Ankara Plateau of west Madagascar.
Refs: 1984 Although it occurs within the protected Namoroka
Reserve its range is restricted to an estimated 400 km*
Oreopanax sanderianus (*AOO) and areas outside the reserve are declining. It
400
Species Summaries
Andohahela Reserve (Parcelle 2). All vegetation in this state of Terengganu, in Peninsular Malaysia. It has been
area is fragmented and declining. collected only once and little is known about its
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat altitudinal range. The area is under some pressure from
Kefs: 12353 increasing settlement.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Ormocarpopsis tulearensis Refs: 19073
Leguminosae ENBI-i-2abc
Madagascar Ormosia hosiei
This scrubland species is confined to the Mahafaly Leguminosae LR/nt
Plateau between the Manombo River and Itambono China (Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Corridor, with an estimated range of 5000 km' (*EOO). Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)
The vegetation is fragmented, often disturbed and Populations are wide-ranging, but large individuals are
declining as a result of felling for charcoal and grazing. reduced to areas around temples and houses. The natural
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat habitat of this species is in low-elevation broadleaved
Refs: 12353 forest. Habitat conversion to agriculture and
overexploitation of the species for its timber are the
Ormocarpum caerulum main causes of population declines.
Leguminosae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Yemen (Socotra) Refs: 1818,11847
A small tree or shrub which is relatively common in
lowland and submontane woodland. It is an important Ormosia howii
cattle browse. Leguminosae EX
Assessor: Miller, A.G. China (Guangdong, Guangdong - Hainan)
Refs: 19083 Despite extensive searches the species has not been
found again in the two localities where it has been
Ormocarpum dhofarense recorded, in Dialuo Mount Forest Region on Hainan
Leguminosae VU B I +2c Island and Yangchun County in Guangdong. It was
Oman, Yemen known to be restricted to montane rainforest, exposed to
A regional endemic from a small area of escarpment various threats of cutting and encroaching agriculture.
woodlands in Dhofar, Oman, and neighbouring Mahra, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
southern Yemen. Since 1975 the area in Oman has seen Refs: 1818, 11725, 11847
an influx of people and their livestock. There has been a
subsequent rapid increase in the cutting of wood and Ormosia jamaicensis
grazing. Trees are also browsed by livestock. Leguminosae ENBI+2c
Assessor: Ghazanfar, S.A. Jamaica
Refs: 16380, 17281 The species is known from a small range in Hanover in
woodland on limestone hillsides.
Ormocarpum sennodes ssp. zanzibaricum Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VUBl+2b «e/i; 401, 5653, 7980
Kenya, Tanzania
A small tree found only in areas of dry coastal forest Ormosia polita
from the vicinity of the Shimba Hills in south-east Leguminosae VU B 1 +2c
Kenya, through eastern Tanzania to Zanzibar Island. Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke An endemic tree of Peninsular Malaysia, inhabiting
«e/i; 3356, 6396, 8814 primary lowland rainforest.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Ormosia cruenta Refs: 19073
Leguminosae DD
Panama Orophea palawanensis
Collected only twice from the provinces of Chiriqui and Annonaceae VU B 1 +2c
Cocl6, the species and its status are very poorly known. Philippines
Assessor: Miti€, M. is endemic to Palawan, found in forests at low
This tree
Refs: 7272, 7980, 14630, 16772 and medium altitudes. The main island is a biosphere
reserve.
Ormosia gracilis Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae LR/cd Refs: 4986
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
A species of submontane primary rainforest, occurring Orophea submaculata
up to 2000m. Some parts of the range are affected by Annonaceae VUBI+2c
increasing settlement and agriculture, but a sufficient Philippines
part of the total population is believed to be contained in A lowland forest species, confined to Palawan between
protective forests within the permanent forest estate. 2(X) and 450m. The main island is a biosphere reserve.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19073 Refs: 4986, 5651
401
The World List of Threatened Trees
402
Species Summaries
known populations are not large and the habitat is Ouratea patelliformis
greatly threatened. Ochnaceae DD
Assessor: Mitrfi, M. Panama
/?e/S.-7980, 15037, 16772 Known only from Pacora, in PanamS Province, the
species has not been collected since it was first
Otophora unilocularis discovered, despite the area being relatively well
Sapindaceae EX explored. A revision of the genus suggests that the taxon
China (Guangdong - Hainan) is just a form of O. lucens.
The species is now presumed to be extinct from its only Assessor: Mitr6, M.
known location in thorny scrub on the seashore in Foluo, >?f/i.- 7272, 7980, 16772
Ledong County, south-west Hainan. It was last seen in
1935. Ouratea quintasU
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Ochnaceae vU D2
Refs: 1818,4246, 11847 Sao Tom6 & Prfncipe (Sao Tom6)
This small tree is known from coastal areas in Angolares
Ouratea amplectens and Diogo Vaz. The island remains unexplored in
Ochnaceae VU Ale, Bl+2c places, although most of the forest below 1500m was
Ghana, Liberia cleared in the first half of the century.
A species which occurs commonly but only within a Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
restricted and reduced area of wet evergreen forest. This Refs: 2724
habitat has
experienced significant pressure from
mining, logging and commercial forestry activities. Ouratea schusteri
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Ochnaceae VU B 1 +2c
/fe/j; 2773, 8369, 12061 Kenya, Tanzania
A species of moist forest with populations in the Taita
Ouratea cocleensis Hills, Kasigau, the Usambara and Uluguru Mountains.
Ochnaceae VU C2a Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Costa Rica, Panama Refs: 6396, 12067
A species of mid-elevation rainforest, which has been
collected from Valle de Antdn in Cocl^ and more Ouratea tumacoensis
recently from the province of Panami, including Altos Ochnaceae VUBl+2c
de Campana National Park, where the population is well Colombia
protected. Further investigation may reveal the species An endemic of Nariiio.
tobe more widespread. There are several undetermined Assessor: Calderon, E.
herbarium specimens, which may, prove identifiable to Refs: 19069
this species and a new record from Puntarenas indicates
the species range extends into Costa Rica. Oxandra leucodermis
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Annonaceae LR/nt
*e/i.- 7272, 7980, 16772 Venezuela
Occurring in seasonally flooded evergreen forest, the
Ouratea elegans species has been found in localities along Rio Casiquiare
Ochnaceae CR Dl and Rio Negro in Amazonas.
Jamaica Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
A single individual,which has not been satisfactorily Refs: 19128
identified, is the only currently known specimen of the
species. It is found in Copse Woods which is conserved Oxanthera aurantium
by the landowners. Disturbance has been limited to Rutaceae VUB1+2C
hurricane damage. New Caledonia
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: JaffrS, T. et al.
Re/i; 401, 5653, 7980 Refs: 10351
Refs: 10351
403
The World List of Threatened Trees
within a 50m altitudinal belt in moist montane forest in the past, mainly through timber exploitation and also
Kigogo. fires, but there is now some degree of protection. The
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke conservation of remaining resources and prevention of
Refs: 3356, 8814 illegal activities are now a high priority.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. brevitubus Rf/i; 5651, 15477, 18965
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
Kenya, Tanzania Pachyanthus pedicellatus
In Kenya this taxon is recorded from dry forest on Emali Melastomataceae LR/nt
and the Mutito Hills at medium elevations. It is also Cuba
known from a similiar habitat in northern Tanzania. Occurring in montane rainforest especially along creeks,
Assessor: Lovett, J. G.P. Clarke& thisendemic shrub or tree is restricted to the Sierra
Re/i; 6396, 10351, 12067 Maestra mountain range in eastern Cuba. It is still fairly
common although in many places the species is
Oxyanthus pyriformis ssp. tanganyikensis parts of the range have suffered large-scale declines in
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b its habitat because of logging and the demand for land
A shrub or small tree from eastand south-east Tanzania, Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
restricted to moist forest or open woodland ranging from /??/!• 4108, 11504
low to medium elevations.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 8814, 10351
404
Species Summaries
Pachypodium namaquanum fuel wood, but almost 1000km' of forest are now under
Apocynaceae LR/nt protection within sanctuaries.
Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A spiny succulent tree recorded in •karroid shrubland «e/i; 5651, 14276, 19144
along both sides of the lower Orange River Valley from
the Tantalite Valley and Pella mountain range in the east Palaquium canalkulatum
to the Richtersveld, Huib-Hoch and Huns Mountains in Sapotaceae ENBI+2cd
the west. It has been recorded from more than 50 Sri Lanka
localities within an extent of occurrence of A lowland wet evergreen forest in
rare tree restricted to
approximately 15000 km^. The subpopulations on the south-west Sri Only three localities were
Lanka.
Namibian side of the Orange River are inaccessible and identified during the extensive forest surveys conducted
therefore generally secure. They are fairly large, with an for the National Conservation Review.
average density of between 625 and 1 100 individuals per Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
hectare. Similar densities, with a range of ages, are also Refs: 17195,19112
found on Pella Mountain. The species has been
subjected to much illegal collecting, especially in the Palaquium grande
Richtersveld. as plants are highly sought-after on both Sapotaceae VUAlc
the domestic and international markets. Artificially Sri Lanka
propagated plants are now widely available and the A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of
demand for wild-collected plants has effectively been south-west Sri Lanka.
reduced. There are further threats from mining activities Assessor: Wortd Conservation Monitoring Centre
in Namibia and intense grazing and trampling of the Refs: 17195
surrounding vegetation by domestic livestock in the
Richtersveld, although this subpopulation is contained Palaquium impressinervium
within a national park and provincial nature reserve. Sapotaceae VUBl+2a
There are also low levels of recruitment in the latter Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand
subpopulation, apparently because of insect parasitism A very large tree of moist lowland and hill forest . The
of the seeds. The species is also protected by law in both timber traded internationally, but the greatest threat to
is
South Africa and Namibia and it is listed in *CITES the species is from the expansion of settlements.
Appendix II. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. el al. Refs: 8464, 19073
/fe/i; 689. 19141,19218
Palaquium laevifoUum
Pachystela subverticillata Sapotaceae CRBl+2cd
Sapotaceae VUBl+2c Sri Lanka
Kenya A species confined to lowland wet evergreen forest in
A coastal shrub or small tree up to 8m, confined to a few south-west Sri Lanka. Only three trees were found in a
isolated areas of moist or riverine forest and dense single proposed for reserve status, during the
site,
bushl and/woodland. extensive surveys conducted for the recent
forest
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre National Conservation Review.
Refs: 1308.6396 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 17195, 19112
Pachystigma loranthifolium ssp. loranthifolium
Rubiaceae VU BU2b Palaquium luzoniense
Kenya, Tanzania Sapotaceae VUAld
Ranging from south-east Kenya to north-east Tanzania, Philippines
this small tree or shrub is confined to patches of dry This primary forest tree is a source of red nato timber
coastal forest. and formerly provided gutta-percha for trade.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/fe/i.- 3356, 6396, 8814 Refs: 4919
405
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 10351
Palaquium zeylanicum
Sapotaceae VU D2 Pancheria multijuga
Sri Lanka Cunoniaceae LR/cd
A newly described species from lowland dipterocarp New Caledonia
forest in Morapitiya and Kanneliya Forest Reserves. In Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et al.
Refs: 10351
406
Species Summaries
observed. The species has not been successfully brought A species known from just two locations in Fiji, on
into cultivation. Mount Korobamba on Viti Levu and on Koro Island,
Assessor: Page, W. both at moderately high altitudes.
Refs: 1411,2026,9120 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 18818
Pandanus clandestinus
Pandanaceae LR/cd Pandanus kajui
New Caledonia Pandanaceae VUBI+2c
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al. Kenya
Refs: 10351 A tree with prop roots, endemic to central Kenya.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Pandanus decastigma «e/r. 6396, 9151
Pandanaceae VU B 1 +2c
New Caledonia Pandanus lacuum
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al. Pandanaceae ENBl+2c
Refs: 10351 New Caledonia
Assessor: Jaffre, T. et al.
407
The World List of Threatened Trees
Petrin. Isolated individuals also occur on river courses of An important tree for various uses: a source of fibre,
Mare aus Vacoas ('Lake of Pandanus'). Fewer than 20 thatch, wood and also a famine food.
individuals have been counted. No regeneration is Assessor: Florence, J.
observed and the plant has not been successfully brought Refs: 424, 14513
into cultivation.
Assessor: Page, W. Pandanus teuszU
Refs: 1411,2026,9120 Pandanaceae DD
Gabon
Pandanus papenooensis The population in the wild is unknown. The species is
408
1
Species Summaries
County on Hainan Island. Scattered singly or in small important commercial timber of northern Borneo. This
stands, have become scarcer because of
individuals threatened species is located in a proposed reserve site.
cutting and habitat clearance. Remaining stands do not Assessor: Ashton, P.
appear to be protected in any way. Z^e/i.- 7673, 9169, 13857
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1818, 11847 Parashorea stellata
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd, Bl+2c
Parashorea aptera Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand,
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd Viet Nam
Indonesia (Sumatra) This slow-growing tree is found in seasonal lowland and
Found below 70m in eastern Sumatra, this tree grows on evergreen dipterocarp hill forest.
sandy on low hills.
soils Assessor: Ashton, P.
Assessor: Ashton. P. /?«/5. 7673, 13857, 19093
/fe/i; 7673, 9169, 13857
ParasUaxus ustus
Parashorea chinensis Podocarpaceae LR/nt
Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd, C2a, Dl New Caledonia
China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Viet Nam A small shrub which parasitises the roots of
An emergent tree, reaching heights of 80m, in primary Falcatifolium laxoides. Although populations are small,
forest areas within Mengla, Maguan and Hekou in the species is widely dispersed in cloud forest and under
Yunnan, parts of south-west Guangxi and the northern effective protection in Rivifere Bleue Provincial Park.
provinces of Viet Nam. In China only a few large trees There are threats of mining in Mont Dzumac and Mont
are left, the Yunnan population being restricted to an Paeoua.
area of 20km'. Insect attacks, resulting in premature Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
fruit-fall, are frequent. In Viet Nam the species is Refs: 12630, 13041
sometimes found in pure stands. Populations have been
overexploited for their timber in both countries. Parathesis amplifolia
Assessor: Ashton, P. Myrsinaceae VU C2a
Refs: 848, 1818, 11847, 13857, 15357, 15754, 19055 Panama
Occurring in moist evergreen forest between 700 and
Parashorea densiflora 1500m, the species is known from two main areas, from
Dipterocarpaceae EN A 1 cd, B +2c
1 Cerro Jefe in Chagres National Park and from Kunayala
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Indigenous Reserve. There are few collections but the
A tree scattered throughout the lowland dipterocarp forest is relatively extensive and well protected.
forest of Peninsular Malaysia, which is cut for gerutu Occurrences are also recorded in Fortuna Forest Reserve
timber. in Chiriqui and Valle de Ant6n in Cocl^.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Assessor: Mitrd, M.
Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Refs: 7272, 7980, 14873, 16772
409
TTie World List of Threatened Trees
It is found in montane pine-oak forest, where it is from which the specimen was collected is not
locality
widely exposed to threats of logging, agriculture and known. The family in Panama is in need of taxonomic
pastoralism. revision.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Refs: 19030 Refs: 16772
Costa Rica. No record has been made of the species since the type
Assessor: Mitr6, M. collection, which was gathered in 1878 from Mbua
Refs: 16772 Province, Vanua Levu. At the time of the collection the
timber of the species was used for various purposes.
Parathesis tenuifolia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Myrsinaceae DD Refs: 6835, 18818
Panama
The species was described in 1971 on the basis of a Parkia parvifoliola
single collection from Bocas del Toro in 1928. The exact Leguminosae VU 02
Palau
A primary forest tree, which is known only from the
410
Species Summaries
island of Babeldaop in the Republic of Palau. It does not ecosystem, which is rapidly being replaced by
appear to have been collected in the last 50 years. agricultural systems.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Prado, D.
Refs: 6835 Refs: 19122
411
\
The World List of Threatened Trees
the establishment of commercial plantations and the Pavetta kyimbilensis var. iringensis
influx of people into these areas have caused large-scale Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
destruction of the habitat. Malawi, Tanzania
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. A shrub or small tree of moist montane forests, above
Refs: 2773, 4509, 8369, 12061 1800m. The variety is known from the Udzungwa
Mountains, Njombe and Rungwe Mountains in
Pavetta abyssinica var. usambarica Tanzania, also occurring in Malawi. The type variety is
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b more restricted in range.
Tanzania Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
A variety endemic to the West Usambara Mountains, y?e/i; 3356, 8814
where it is found in moist semi-deciduous forest at
Tanzania and further south in Malawi. restricted to remaining areas of dry coastal forest.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 1308,3356,8814 /?c/i.- 3356, 6396, 12067
412
Species Summaries
413
The World List of Threatened Trees
be common, this small understorey tree is found on both known only from Lanit Hills, Perak, where it is
sides of the Dahomey Gap. There has been significant threatened by tourism and expanding settlements.
loss of this forest in all countries because of mining, Assessor: Chung, R.C.K.
logging and commercial forestry activities. It is a slow- Refs: 19073
growing species from a monotypic genus.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Pentace strychnoidea
Refs: 8369, 12061, 12597, 19043 Tiliaceae LR/cd
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Pennantia baylisiana An endemic tree most common in hill forest.
414
Species Summaries
Yushan National Park; others are under pressure from Pericopsis mooniana
encroaching housing developments. Leguminosae VUAlcd
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. &
F.J. Pan Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya,
Refs: 3295, 6469. 19050, 19051 Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra),
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Palau, Papua
Pentapanax henyri New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka
Araliaceae LR/cd A fairly large tree mainly found scattered within coastal
China (Yunnan) forests. The species has been heavily exploited for its
Endemic of north-west and south-east Yunnan,
to parts beautiful timber, which is in great demand and realises
the species occurs in subtropical monsoon forest high prices. Supplies are limited and trade and export are
between 1200 and 2600m. Its bark is widely used, and in minimal. It is threatened further by poor natural
some instances overexploited, for its medicinal regeneration and lack of replanting. Very few stands
properties. There are several occurrences within nature remain in Sulawesi, it is thought to be almost extinct in
reserves. Sabah, and it is considered to be rare or vulnerable in
Assessor: Sun, W. Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sri Lanka. In
Refs: 19055 Papua New
Guinea, this species is restricted to the
heavily logged Oriomo River in the Western Province,
Pentaspadon motleyi where it is possibly now extinct.
Anacardiaceae DD Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia Refs: 1517, 4329, 5550, 8203, 8865, 12779. 12937,
(Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New 13395. 14573. 17991. 18796. 19026. 19112, 19114
Guinea (North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Solomon
Islands (South Solomon) Peritassa killipii
In Papua New Guinea, this species occurs mainly in Celastraceae VU D2
primary forest on the banks of streams and rivers in the Peru
Gulf and Madang Provinces and Bougainville in the Known only from the type collection, the species occurs
North Solomons. It is under great threat from habitat in lowland Amazon forest in the department of Loreto.
destructionin these areas and is considered to be Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
endangered (EN C2a). The situation is likely to be Refs: 1984
similar elsewhere.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Perrottetia excelsa
Refs: 5550,9328, 11145, 12937, 17140, 19114 Celastraceae VU 02
Panama
Pera aperta There have been no records of the species since 1980.
Euphorbiaceae DD The two collections known are from the same site.
Panama Fieldwork is needed in order to ascertain wether the
Known only from the type specimen, it is uncertain species still exists.
whether the species is extinct or whether it has been Assessor: Mitr6, M.
incorrectly described as a separate taxon from P. Refs: 15991. 16772
arborea, which also occurs in the area. No specimens
have been collected since 1941. Perrottetia muUiflora
Assessor: Mitre, M. Celastraceae LR/nt
Re/s; 7272, 7980, 16772 Costa Rica. Panama, Venezuela
A cloud forest species which, in Panama, occurs in small
Perebea glabrifolia populations only in Chiriqui and Darien. In Costa Rica
Moraceae CR B 1 +2bc populations appear to be larger and scattered throughout
Brazil (Amazonas) the country at elevations above 1000m. Records also
There exists only one collection, made in 1932 from Sao exist from Venezuela and it is likely that the species will
Paulo de Olivensa. be found Colombia. Most parts of the range are
in
Assessor: Pereira, J. P. et al. protected, although extensive agriculture
is beginning to
Refs: 19S0, 15717 affect some high-altitude areas in Panama and Costa
Rica.
Pericopsis elata Assessor: Mitre, M.
Leguminosae EN A 1 cd Re/5; 7272, 15991,16772
Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire. Democratic Republic
of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria Persea alpigena var. harrisii
A timber species, also known as Afrormosia, which Lauraceae LR/nt
provides an important alternative to teak. It is a Jamaica
gregarious species, restricted to the drier parts of semi- This variety is hard to distinguish from the type variety.
deciduous forests in Central and West Africa. Since Both are endemic to the Blue Mountains, this form
1948 trade in the timber has soared. Levels of apparently being locally common in montane thickets on
exploitation have been unsustainable in all countries and shale above 750m.
the species' habitat has declined. Regeneration is Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
insufficient to replace lost populations. The species is Re/j.- 6057, 7980, 12564
415
The World List of Threatened Trees
416
Species Summaries
substantial areas are now protected. frequently occurs as a dominant component. The species
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre has been overexploited for its timber in most of its range
Refs: 4799, 19144 and the habitat has deteriorated in many places.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Phellodendron amurense var. wilsonii Refs: 1818,11847
Rutaceae DD
Taiwan Phoebe nanmu
A mixed submontane forest in the the
tree scattered in Lauraceae ENBl-^2ce
north-east. The bark has been a popular consliment of China (Xizang, Yunnan)
medicinal products for a long time. The present status of In Yunnan the species is known mainly from
the species requires further investigation. Forest populations in monsoon forest in the south and west. It
clearance and overexploitation of the bark are the main is only recorded from Meitus in south-east Tibet
causes for concern. (Xizang). During the last 10 years populations have been
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre declining because of overcutting. 'The timber is excellent
Refs: 3295, 19050 for building construction and fiimiture. Some areas of
forest are protected.
Phialanlhus jamaicensis Assessor: Sun, W.
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c Refs: 1818, 11847,19055
Jamaica
This species is uncommon and confined to a nanow Phoebe poilanei
altitudinal range, between 240 and 270m, in dry thickets Lauraceae VU D2
on limestone in St Andrew and St Ehzabeth. Populations Viet Nam
have been recorded from the southern side of Lx>ng Apparently endemic to Viet Nam, the species is located
Mountain and Great Pedro Bluff close to the Chinese border in Phong The, Lai Chau
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Province, between 1 600 and 1 700m.
/fc/s; 401, 5653, 7980 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 848
Phialanthus revolutus
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c Phoebe scortechinii
Jamaica Lauraceae LR/cd
Confined to coastal thickets, the species is very rare and Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
recorded only from St Catherine, Clarendon and Recorded only from Maxwell's Hill in Perak, this tree is
Manchester Parishes. scattered in montane forest. Maxwell's Hill is a protected
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre area.
*e/i; 401. 5653. 7980 Assessor: Kochummen, K.M.
Refs: 8464, 19073
Philippic nyassana
Ericaceae VU D2 Phoebe zhennan
Malawi Lauraceae VU Aid
Known from Mount Mulanje, this species is
only China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan)
scattered at the edges of montane forest and in the A valuable timber. Populations have been reduced in
adjoining grasslands. There are threats of fire and in extent and are now mainly confined to semi-natural
places encroaching agriculture and illegal collection of forest. Large individuals are left around temples, paries
wood. The area is protected and the conservation of and villages.
remaining natural resources and the control of Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
exploitative activities are now a high priority. Refs: 1818, 11847
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5651, 18965 Phoenicophorium borsigianum
Palmae LR/nt
Seychelles
A forest palm tree endemic to the Seychelles. This
417
The World List of Threatened Trees
species is locally abundant and easily colonises bare Photinia serratifolia var. tomentosa
eroded lands. Rosaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: Munigaiyan, P. India (Tamil Nadu)
Refs: 19118 An endemic to the Nilgiris, occurring in montane forest
above 1900m.
Phoenix rupicola Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Palmae LR/nt Refs: 19144
India (Aiunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim)
A small palm tree of rocky slopes, occurring in the Phragmotheca rubriflora
lower Himalaya Mountains up to 4S0m. Increasing Bombacaceae VUBI+2c
settlement of the area is the main threat. Colombia
Assessor: Johnson, D. An endemic to Antioquia.
Refs: 19118 Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 19069
Phoenix theophrasti
Palmae LR/nt Phylica polifolia
Greece (Crete), Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe) Rhamnaceae CR C2a
A palm tree found in the sandy beds of temporary St Helena
streams up to 250m. On Crete, there are eight Occurring now
only as a low straggling bush, the last
populations; the largest contains a few thousand tree formspecimen died recently at Blue Hill.
individuals and is protected under Greek law. Four Populations have been reduced to dry locations on cliffs,
populations are known in Turkey. e.g. High Hill, Lot, between Distant Cottage and Asses'
Assessor: Johnson, D. Ears. Although there may be up to 100 plants, their
Refs: 19118 distribution is fragmented and they are vulnerable to
competition from introduced plants.
PhoUdocarpus kingianus Assessor: Cronk, Q.C.B.
Palmae VUBl+2c Refs: 5556, 19081
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Restricted to swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, this Phyllanthus arbuscula
palm tree is threatened by rapid habitat conversion for Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
agriculture and urbanisation. Jamaica
Assessor: Saw, L.G. A variable species with distinctive populations in
Refs: \9US middle-elevation and montane woodlands on limestone.
In the western Blue Mountains, the population is
PhoUdocarpus macrocarpus restricted to a small area north of the Grand Ridge at the
Palmae VUBl+2c headwaters of the Mabess River.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A palm tree of swamp forest up to 500m, restricted to /?e/i; 6057, 7980, 12564
Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand. Most of
the swamp forests are subject to forest conversion and Phyllanthus axiUaris
forestry activities. Euphorbiaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: Saw, L.G. Jamaica
Refs:\9US Known only from Trelawny, the species occurs very
locally in dry scrubby woodland on rocky hillsides.
Photinia lasiogyna There is a constant threat of overcutting and encroaching
Rosaceae VU A led agriculture.
China (Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
Zhejiang) Refs: 5653, 19085
A relatively widespread species, occurring in
broadleaved or mixed forest above 20(X)m. Habitat Phyllanthus cauUflorus
declines and degradation have reduced population sizes. Euphorbiaceae VU B 1 +2c
Assessor: Sun, W. Jamaica
Refs: 19055 Populations are known from Westmoreland and
Hanover, where the species occurs locally in thickets
Photinia lasiopetala and woodlands on limestone rocks.
Rosaceae VUDl+2 Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Taiwan /?e/i; 401, 5653, 7980
Occurring in broadleaved evergreen forest above 800m,
the species is confined to a few populations in central Phyllanthus cladanthus
Taiwan. Part of the range is covered by Taroko National Euphorbiaceae LR/nt
Park. Other areas are susceptible to increasing housing Jamaica
developments. An uncommon slender tree, occurring in thickets and
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan woodlands on limestone, especially in wet areas.
Refs: 19050, 19053 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 6057, 7980
\
418
Species Summaries
Euphorbiaceae VUAlc, Bl+2c estimated 10,000 km' (*AOO) but occurs within
Ghana, Guinea, Liberia extremely fragmented and decreasing patches of
A species confined to the restricted areas where wet vegetation. This species is selectively and intensively
evergreen forest remains in parts of the Upper Guinea felled for its construction properties and for fuel. A rapid
region. This habitat has been lost from the sites where decline is expected. It is found within some reserves
mining, logging and commercial forestry have occurred. such as Ankarafantsika, Bemaraha and Namoroka.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Assessor: Du Puy, D. H. Labat &
Refs: rm, 12061 Refs: 12353
419
The World List of Threatened Trees
Solomon Islands (South Solomon) The species has a fragmented distribution but still
A palm tree found in gullies and on lower hill slopes in appears to be relatively frequent in areas of cloud forest
damp shaded forests between 200 and 700m. above 1000m on the Canaries. It is rare and scattered
Assessor: Dowl, J.L. over a slightly wider altitudinal range in *laurisilva on
Refs: 191 18 Madeira. In the past it was exploited for its timber but is
Small populations exist on mountain summits, such as Picea alcoquiana var. reflexa
Mount Kambalau, Mount Mariko, Mount Seatura and Pinaceae VU D2
Mount Son on Vanua Levu. There are also a few plants Japan
on Taveuni. Regeneration is apparent. Some areas are A few (<5) small populations in scattered locations are
affected by logging. confined to the volcanic Akaishi range of central
Assessor: Fuller, D. Honshu. They occur in mixed montane forest.
/Je/i; 6053. 19118 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
/?e/i; 374, 6879, 13206
420
Species Summaries
A widespread species valued highly for its timber. It Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
occurs in montane coniferous forest, which is Re/i; 374,3812, 13041
experiencing increasing rates of logging and
deforestation throughout the species' range. Population Picea koraiensis \ar. pungsanensis
declines are not documented but are believed to be Pinaceae VU D2
considerable. North Korea
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group A useful timber tree which is restricted to a few
/?e/j.-374, 1818, 11847 localities of upland coniferous forest along the coast at
Keizanchin, Mount Pungsan and Hamnam. There are no
Picea brachytyla var. complanata known measures to protect tlie species.
Pinaceae VU Alcd Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
China (Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh), Re/j. 374, 11117
Myanmar
A valuable timber tree, widespread but suffering from Picea koyamae
overexploitation and loss of the montane forest habitat to Pinaceae EN Dl
logging and clearing. Japan
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group An endemic to the Yatsugadake Mountains in central
Refs: 314. 6S19, 11847 Honshu. Fewer than 250 individuals have been recorded,
in small groves. It has been the case that after typhoons
Picea breweriana the timber is harvested and the area is replanted with
Pinaceae LR/nt commercial species.
USA (California, Oregon) Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
A species of conservation concern because of its Refs: 314. 13206
restricted range in the Siskiyou Mountains of south-west
Oregon and north-west California. It is limited to areas Picea likiangensis var. hirtella
of mixed conifer forest mostly on glacial moraines. It is Pinaceae VUBl+2c
too rare to be exploited for its timber but it is cultivated China (Sichuan, Xizang)
on a small scale as an ornamental plant. Part of the range This variety is restricted to high-altitude coniferous
is also managed as a wilderness area in the Siskiyou forests in the mountains Sichuan and
of west
National Forest. neighbouring Tibet. The tree provides a useful timber
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group and levels of exploitation of both it and the forest in
Refs: 13041 general have caused serious habitat fragmentation and
population declines.
Picea chihuahuana Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Pinaceae ENBU2e Refs: 374, 6879
Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo Ledn)
A species known from about 25 sites, containing a few Picea likiangensis var. montigena
to several hundred trees, often in canyons or on moist Pinaceae ENBl+2a
north-facing scree slopes. Regeneration is poor and China (Sichuan)
inadequate. A continued decline in the population, A useful timber tree restricted to a small area of high-
especially of seeding trees, is expected. altitude coniferous forest in south-west Sichuan. Levels
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group of exploitation of both the tree and the forest in general
Refs: 374, 1539, 14683, 17554 have caused population declines. There are no signs of
the pressure easing and no protection measures are
Picea engelmannii ssp. mexicana enforced.
Pinaceae EN AIa,Bl+2abc Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo Le6n) Refs: 374, 18751
The main population of this subspecies occurs at the
type locality in coniferous montane forest in the Sierra Picea martinezii
de la Marta where it was nearly exterminated by a forest Pinaceae CRB1-k2c
fire in 1975. There are possibly less threatened small Mexico (Nuevo Le6n)
This species has been treated as a synonym of P.
chihuahuana. It is a timber tree confined to just two sites
of montane forest near streams in Nuevo Le6n. Timber
421
The World List of Threatened Trees
has been extracted in recent years in the larger of the of Kangding in south-west Sichuan. Levels of
two populations. The other population has fewer than 15 exploitation of the old growth coniferous forests are
individuals. Fire is the main threat. substantial and threatening the integrity of all
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group populations.
Refs: 17554 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 314. 11191
Picea maximowiczii var. maximowiczii
Pinaceae VUBl+2c Picramnia buUata
Japan Simaroubaceae VU D2
Two varieties are in the same situation of being confined Peru
to small and scattered populations in degraded montane Known only from the type collection, the species occurs
woodland on Fuji-San and Yatsugatake Mountains. Both in * terra firme forest in the
department of Loreto.
the habitat and the tree have been overexploited. Much Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
of the habitat remains degraded and regeneration is poor. Refs: 1984, 17398
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
^e/j.- 374, 13041,13206 Picrasma excelsa
Simaroubaceae VU Alcd
Picea maximowiczii var. senanensis Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Januiica, Puerto Rico,
Pinaceae VUBl+2c St Vincent, Venezuela
Japan A single population, now thought to be extinct, was once
As with var. maximowiczii this taxon is confined to recorded from El Sabalo in Pinar del Rio Province,
small and scattered populations in degraded montane Cuba, where the habitat has largely been deforested.
woodland on Fuji-San and Yatsugatake Moimtains. Elsewhere in the Greater Antilles, the species and
Overexploitation of the tree and the habitat has occurred habitat have also suffered from overcutting. A record
in the past. Much of the habitat remains degraded and exists from northern Venezuela.
regeneration is poor. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 19149
^e/i; 374, 13041,13206
Pierreodendron kerstingii
Picea morrisonicola Simaroubaceae VUBl-t-2c
Pinaceae VUAlac Benin, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Togo
Taiwan Occurring from Cote divoire to Beiun, this is an
One of the most important timber species in Taiwan. It uncommon species from a heavily exploited semi-
is usually associated with Tsuga chinensis in areas of deciduous forest habitat. The only other species in the
montane coniferous forest. Populations have declined genus, although apparently ecologically distinct,is very
because of overexploitation. There are records of the similar. If the two were
be taxonomically merged the
to
species in Yushan and Shueipa National Parks. species would be wide-ranging and at lower risk.
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Refs: 374, 2106, 6469, 19050, 19051 Refs: 2773, 7111, 8369, 12061
cloud forest along the Yalong River and north and west
422
Species Summaries
423
The World List of Threatened Trees
Pimenta racemosa var. terebinthina Mexican states in coniferous montane forest. The
Myrtaceae ENBl+2c population is concentrated aroimd Mexico city and must
Dominican Republic be under great pressure from urban and other
Known only from the vicinity of Peninsular SamanS, developments. The timber is highly sought-after. More
this variety occurs in areas of forest on limestone. The information may indicate that a threat category is
forest has been dramatically reduced in extent and appropriate.
continues to be threatened by grazing, agricultural Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
encroachment and logging. Refs: 7980
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 5435, 7980 Pinus balfouriana ssp. austrina
Pinaceae LR/cd
Pimenta richardii USA (California)
Myrtaceae ENBl+2c A number of isolated populations occur within protected
Jamaica areas in the Sierra Nevada at subalpine levels. The trees
A Jamaican endemic, known from just two locations of are extremely slow-growing and recruitment may be
upland forest in Cockpit Country. insufficient. Fire and grazing by wildlife are also
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre problems. Populations are being monitored and
/eeA; 401, 5435, 5653, 7980 protected against fire hazards.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Pinus albicauUs Refs: 314, 13041
Pinaceae VUAlc
Canada (Alberta, British Columbia), USA Pinus balfouriana ssp. balfouriana
A widespread species of subalpine and alpine
woodlands Pinaceae LR/cd
in the Cascades, Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains in USA (California)
the USA and parts of Canada. Infestations of the A few isolated populations occur at subalpine altitudes
introduced rust, Cronartium ribicola, have caused on the Klamath Mountains within USDA National
population reductions of 80 to 90%, especially in the Forest lands. The trees are extremely slow-growing and
northern wetter parts of the range. In addition, populations may be susceptible to fire and the grazing of
populations in national parks are adversely affected by wildlife. Old trees are protected from being cut or
fire-suppression regimes and predation by damaged.
Dendrococtonus ponderosae. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 13041
Refs: 13041
Pinus brutia var. eldarica
Pinus amamiana Pinaceae DD
Pinaceae VU D2 Afghanistan?, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran?
Japan The only certain population occurs on the Azerbaijan-
This species is known from scattered populations in Georgia border.
lowland coniferous woodland on Yakushima and Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Tanegashima Islands. It was formerly exploited and Refs: 314. 13041, 18751
seems slow to regenerate where conditions have become
exposed. Pinus caribaea var. caribaea
Assessor: SSCConifer Specialist Group Pinaceae VU Alc+2c
/?e/j; 374, 4506, 11191 Cuba
A heavily exploited taxon of lowland and hill pine forest
Pinus aristata and mixed oak-pine forests on slatey rocks, occurring in
Pinaceae LR/nt Pinar del Rio and Isla de Pinos. Burning and logging of
USA (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico) large areas of pine forest have transformed the habitat
A slow-growing species, usually occurring in open into savanna. Frequent fires also prevent regrowth of the
stands on high rocky slopes in the Rocky Mountains. species in favour of P. tropicalis.
Regeneration may be impeded by grazing hvestock. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Climatic changes may also be a factor. Most stands are Refs: 314, 8646, 13041, 19149
protected from cutting or damage.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Pinus cembroides ssp. lagunae
Refs: 7222, 13041 Pinaceae VU Ale
Mexico (Baja California Sur)
Pinus armandii var. mastersiana Although this taxon is not a valuable timber tree, it is the
Pinaceae EN Ale only pine in this remote region and is low
exploited at a
Taiwan level. It occurs in open stands in meadows or with oak
A timber tree endemic to Taiwan. Levels of exploitation above 1600m, mosdy in La Laguna, covering a range of
and the degradation of its montane forest habitat have about lOOkm^. The area is not protected and, although
caused substantial declines in the population. not easily accessible, it is susceptible to fire and
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group overgrazing.
Refs: 374 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 374, 6004, 8475, 18751
Pinus ayacahuite var. veitchU
Pinaceae LR/nt
Mexico
An important timber tree. It is scattered thinly in nine
424
1
Species Summaries
425
The World List of Threatened Trees
conditions. Most areas where the species occurs are Pinus nelsoni
protected and cutting or gathering wood is prohibited. Pinaceae VU C2a
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Le(3n, San Luis Potosf,
Refs: 314, 13041, 19193 Tamaulipas)
A unique species widely scattered in small populations
Pinus luchuensis on mesas and in high valleys in the Sierra Madre
Pinaceae LR/nt Oriental. Populations are not larger than several
hundred
Japan (Ryukyu Is.) mature trees and are restricted to limestone sites.
Confined to Luchu in the Ryukyu Islands, stands occur Overgrazing may pose a threat. None of the populations
frequently near sea-water. During and after the Second is protected.
World War trees were heavily harvested. The present Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
poor form of the remaining trees precludes further Refs: 374, 6004, 7980
exploitation. Plantations have been established.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica
Refs: 374, 448 Pinaceae VU Bl-i-2c
Croatia
Pinus massoniana var. hainanensis Known only from Brae, Hvar, Korcula and Pelijesac
Pinaceae ENBl+2b Islands on the Dalmatian coast, this subspecies occurs in
China (Guangdong - Hainan) stands above the Aleppo pine forest. There is evidence
A variety confined to two main locations in the Yajia that thisform hybridises with the mainland subspecies.
range on Hainan Island. It occurs individually or in Threats come from overgrazing and habitat degradation.
small clumps on the margins of tropical montane Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
rainforest and mossy summit woodland. There is a Refs: 5194, 5287, 6004, 7222, 13041
danger that the area will be taken over for commercial
forestry management. Pinus peuce
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Pinaceae LR/nt
«e/j.-374, 1818, 11847 Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Pinus maximartinezii Refs: 374, 4506, 7222, 13041, 13573
Pinaceae ENBl+2bc
Mexico (Zacatecas) Pinus pinceana
A total population of fewer than 10,000 trees exists, Pinaceae LR/nt
within an area of approximately lOkm^, in montane dry Mexico (Coahuila, Hidalgo, QuerStaro, San Luis Potosf,
forest on inaccessible summit ridges and eastern slopes Zacatecas)
of the Sierra de Morone near Juchipila. Regeneration is Trees are scattered in disjunct and small populations in
poor, possibly because the seeds are collected in submontane woodland or scrubland. The species is not
considerable numbers for food. Cattle grazing and fires under any protection anywhere but it occurs widely
also pose threats. The land is privately owned but formal outside areas where woodland resources are being
protection measures are being considered. exploited.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
/?f/i: 81, 374, 7980, 9300 Refs: 374, 6004, 7980, 13041
426
Species Summaries
Pinus squamata trees insuburban areas north of San Diego. Most of the
Pinaceae CR Dl population is protected within Torrey Pines State Park
China (Yunnan) but trees on unprotected land are highly vulnerable to
Discovered in moist montane woodland in Qiaojiaxian fire, recreation activities and urban development. There
in 1991 and described a year later, the species is so far has been a recent serious infestation of five-spined ips
known from a total population of 20 trees. More bark beetle in the park, but it is now apparently
fieldwork is needed to establish the health and status of contained.
this population and whether there are any more Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
subpopulations in the vicinity. The closest relative of the Refs: 13041, 19193
taxon is P. bungeana, which occurs 500km to the south.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Pinus wangii
Kefs: 13041 Pinaceae ENBl+2bd
China (Yunnan), Viet Nam
Pinus strobus var. chiapensis Highly restricted in range and population numbers, the
Pinaceae VUBl+2b species is confined to evergreen submontane forest on
Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebia, limestone mountains in Xicho and Malipo, south-east
Veracruz) Yunnan. There is a threat of continued logging. It is also
A valuable timber tree, now restricted to small remnant recorded in Viet Nam but the population there is poorly
populations in mixed or broadleaf montane forests. known.
Overexploitation and the subsequent degradation and Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
changes in the forest vegetation have caused the decline. Re/i. 374, 1818, 11847, 19044
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 3951, 6004, 7980, 13041, 18751 Piper amalago var. variifoUum
Piperaceae CR C2b
Pinus labuliformis var. henryi Jamaica
Pinaceae LR/nt This variety is known only from the type, which was
China (Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan) collected in Manchester. The species is endemic to
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Jamaica.
/?s/s.- 374, 11191,13041 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/fe/i.- 401, 5653, 7980
Pinus laiwanensis var. damingshanensis
Pinaceae LR/nt Piper augustum var. cocleanum
China (Guangxi, Guizhou) Piperaceae LR/nt
An endemic to the Damingshan. Panama
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Although the species ranges from Costa Rica to northern
Refs: 374, 13041 South America, this variant is thought to t>e endemic to
Panama, where it occurs in a number of provinces,
Pinus tecunumanii mainly in undisturbed rainforest up to 13(X)m. It is
Pinaceae VU A2c The taxon's range closely
scarce outside protected areas.
Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico approaches both national borders and possibly extends
(Chiapas, Oaxaca), Nicaragua, Panama into Costa Rica and Colombia, but is recognised there
A tree increasingly exploited for its quality timber. only at the species level.
Although the exact limits of its range are imperfectly Assessor: Mitr£, M.
known, the species is found in upland valleys and Refs: 7980. 16772
plateaux, often growing on deep rich fertile soil,
sometimes forming pure stands. These areas are Piper cordulatum
frequently cleared and replaced by secondary shrubland, Piperaceae LR/nt
with P. oocarpa. Trees are large with a notably straight Costa Rica, Panama
bole. The timber is highly valued in construction work. A lowland rainforest species, well distributed in
Plantations have been established but no conservation Panama, particularly in the Canal area and in a number
measures are in place. of national parks. In recent years it has also been
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group reported from Costa Rica in Corcovado National Park,
/?e/i.- 7980, 13041,16772 where it appears to be common.
Assessor: Mitr6, M.
Re/i; 7272, 7980, 16772
427
3
altitudes, but ranging from sea level to 2200m. There are The species occurs on Moorea and Tahiti.
a number of occurrences in protected and
areas Assessor: Florence, J.
Piper lucigaudens var. aUeni Populations are found on the islands of Fatu Hiva, Hiva
Piperaceae DD Oa and Tahuata. The species occurs between 330 and
Panama 780m in humid or riverine areas of forest or
A doubtful variant of the species, which is known only mesophyllous forest, and also in open dry rocky areas
from a type specimen collected from Dari^n Province. It and basalt cliffs. It is relatively scarce and distributed in
is the only record of the species in the province. areas sensitive to degradation.
Assessor: MitrS, M. Assessor: Florence, J.
428
Species Summaries
429
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 10351
PUtosporum coUinum
Pittosporaceae VU B 1 +2c PUtosporum linearifoUum
New Caledonia Pittosporaceae VU D2
Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et al. Malaysia (Sabah)
Refs: 10351 Restricted to the Bukit Ampuan area in Ranau, this tree
is found in hill forest up to 1200m.
PUtosporum coriaceum Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Pittosporaceae CR Dl Refs: 19017
Portugal (Madeira)
Few individuals are known in the wild, growing in deep PUtosporum muricatum
ravines in the *laurisilva. A new population has recently Pittosporaceae ENBl+2c
been discovered, but total population numbers do not New Caledonia
greatly exceed 30 trees. The entire range is contained Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et al.
within the National Park of Madeira, but there are still Refs: 10351
potential threats from fire and grazing. There is no
observed natural seed germination, the only regeneration PUtosporum napaliense
being vegetative. Efforts are being made to propagate Pittosporaceae EN C2a
the species, with limited success. USA (Hawaii)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A small tree scattered in disturbed *hala forest and
Refs: 19080, 19131 wetter vegetation up to 550m within an area stretching
from Limahuli to Hanakoa Valley in north-western
PUtosporum dalUi Kauai. The invasion of alien plant species has affected
Pittosporaceae VU B 1 +2c the habitat in many areas.
New Zealand (South Is.) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A small tree confined to montane beech forest in the Refs: 3372
Tasman Mountains in north-west Nelson. Browsing by
deer and possum is heavy. PUtosporum obcordatum
Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Pinosporaceae LR/nt
Refs: 902,9800, 17637, 19133, 19134 New Zealand (North Is., South Is.)
Occurring on both islands in lowland *kahikatea/maiai
PUtosporum eriocarpum forest, populations are scarce and small. In the 1981 Red
Pittosporaceae ENBl+2c Data Book of New Zealand there were estimated to be
India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh) fewer than 50 individuals in total. Regeneration is
A shrub or small tree recorded from Dehra Dun, reported to be good in places.
Musoorie and Sahastradhara, where it has become so Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
scarce that specific searches for it have failed to locate a Refs: 902.9800, 17637, 19133, 19134
430
Species Summaries
Refs:U92. 10351
Pittosporum paniense
Pinosporaceae VU D2 Pittosporum terminalioides
New Caledonia Pittosporaceae VUAlce
Assessor: Jaffre, T. et al. USA (Hawaii)
Refs: 10351 A species scattered in dry to moist forest extending over
a wide altitudinal range. Populations are recorded on
Pittosporum patulum Lanai, Maui and from Kilauea around the leeward side
Pittosporaceae EN Dl to the Kohala Mountains on Hawaii.
New Zealand (South Is.) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Recorded as a small tree, the species is known from very Refs: 3372
few adult plants, occurring in beech forest. Seedlings
and saplings are heavily browsed by deer and possums. Pittosporum tumeri
Assessor: de Lange, P.J. Pittosporaceae LR/cd
Refs: 9800, 19133, 19134 New Zealand (North Is.)
A small tree growing on frost flats and in clearings in
Pittosporum pauciflorum montane forest. Browsing possums are causing damage
Pittosporaceae VUBl+2c to this species.
China (Yunnan) Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
The species is confined to areas of mixed montane forest Refs: 9S00. 19133, 19134
in Sichuan and north-west Yunnan. Extensive habitat
losses and the popularity of the species in traditional Pittosporum virgatum
medicine have caused the populations in the wild to Pittosporaceae LR/nt
decline. New Zealand (North Is.)
Assessor: Sun, W. The species has been recorded from the Auckland area,
Refs: 19055 the Coromandel Peninsula and Great Barrier Island.
Several hundred trees remain in the wild along forest
Pittosporum raivavaeense margins, in scrubland and regenerating 'kauri forest. It
Refs: 10351
431
The World List of Threatened Trees
is also found in areas of less disturbed wet evergreen or Refs: 10351, 10781, 12630
riverine forest but only in the Upper Guinea region.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Planchonella kaalaensis
Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061 Sapotaceae ENBl-i-2c
New Caledonia
Placopoda virgala The genus is no longer considered valid according to
Rubiaceae LR/nt Pennington.
Yemen (Socotra) Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el al.
432
Species Summaries
Refs: 10351
Platydesma remyi
Rutaceae EN C2a Pleioceras orientale
USA (Hawaii) Apocynaceae VU D2
A shrubby tree found only rarely in rainforest up to Mozambique
1080m in theHamakua-Kohala area on Hawaii. Only two localities are known, where the species occurs
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre in lowland dry evergreen forest and deciduous coastal
Refs: 3372 forest on sand. One is within 200m of a new railway
line.
Platymenia foliolosa Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VUAlcd Refs: 18965
Brazil (Bahia, Ceari, Espfrito Santo, Minas Gerais,
Pemambuco) Pleiomeris canariensis
A widespread species found in diverse habitats and Myrsinaceae VU C2a
climates, ranging from lowland rainforest to *cerrado. Spain (Canary Is.)
Selective exploitation of the timber, coupled with poor Known only from Gran Canaria and Tenerife, the
regeneration, causing population declines, especially
is species exists in fragmented populations in inaccessible
in the coastal areas of Espfrito Santo. areas of dry woodland. It is listed in government
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre legislation of 1991.
Refs: 4506 Assessor: Baiiares, A. et al.
Refs: 19022
Platymiscium albertinae
Leguminosae CR C2b Pleiospermium longisepalum
Honduras Rutaceae VUBl+2c
Of somewhat dubious nomenclature, the species is rarely Malaysia (Sabah)
collected and confined to dry forest along creeks. The Endemic to Sabah, the species is found in primary and
population at the type locality has disappeared because secondary inland forest up to an elevation of 1 3(K) m. It
of urban development. is located in the foothills and low mountainous regions
433
The World List of Threatened Trees
Pleomele forbesii between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation
Dracaenaceae EN C2a Review.
USA (Hawaii) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
The main population is found in various lowland forest Refs: 17195, 19112
types in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. There are
occasional occurrences also in the Kolau Mountains. Podocarpus acuminatus
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Podocarpaceae DD
Refs: 3372 Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela
The species occurs in the Sierra de la Neblina, on both
Pleomele hatapepe the Brazilianand Venezuelan sides, and on Chimant^
Dracaenaceae VUAlce and south-west Amuri-tepui. All areas are contained
USA (Hawaii) within effective national parks.
This is a striking species which rarely flowers. It is Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
and other lowland forest types on Oahu.
restricted to dry Refs: 13041
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3372 Podocarpus angustifolius
Podocarpaceae CRBl+2c
Pleomele hawaUensis Cuba
Dracaenaceae EN C2a A very rare tree, up to 10m high, occurring in montane
USA (Hawaii) rainforestsof Pinar del Rio Province and in the
A species of lowland dry forest on lava fields. It is mountain ranges of south-central Cuba. Its habitat is
currently recorded from six to eight populations in degraded in places and the species seems particularly
Puuwaawaa, the Kaloko/Kaloao area, the Kapua/Kahuku vulnerable to ecological impact.
area and on Holei Pali. Population estimates lie between Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
300 and 400 individuals. The habitat is threatened with Refs: 2479, 16327, 19149
conversion for residential or recreational use. Grazers,
invasive plants and fire are also problems. The species is Podocarpus annamiensis
protected by the US
Endangered Species Act. Podocarpaceae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre China (Guangdong - Hainan), Myanmar, Viet Nam
Refs: 3372, 19037 A tree scattered in forest areas on hillsides and ridges at
medium altitudes. Populations confined to the mountains
Pleurothyrium hexaglandulosum of southern Hainan Island in China are constantly
Lauraceae VU D2 subject to exploitation and have declined. Populations
Costa Rica, Panama elsewhere are also subject to heavy logging.
Two collections have been made of this understorey Assessor:SSC Conifer Specialist Group
tree. It occurs in lowland wet evergreen forest in Refs:31A. 1739,1818,5054, 11191, 11530
Puntarenas Province in Costa Rica and in Colon in
Panama. Podocarpus atjehensis
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Podocarpaceae DD
Refs: 12587, 15719 Indonesia (Sumatra), Papua New
Guinea
The species occurs in the Gajo Lands in northern
Pleurothyrium roberto-andinoi Sumatra and the Wissel Lakes in Papua New Guinea.
Lauraceae CR C2a Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Honduras /?e/>: 374, 6851, 13041
This species occurs in areas of riverine forest at medium
elevations. Podocarpus bomeensis
Assessor: Nelson, C. Podocarpaceae DD
Re/i.- 7534, 13995 Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah)
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Re/j; 374, 1766,6851,13041
434
Species Summaries
435
The World List of Threatened Trees
broadleaved evergreen forest up to 1000m, where they low- to medium-altitude forest in the central Andes and
are under threat from increasing settlement, forest Coastal Cordillera, extending from Maule to Los Lagos
management and agricultural activities. (Regions VII-X). The habitat has been extensively
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan logged and replanted with eucalypts and Monterey pine.
Refs: 374, 2106, 6469, 1 1 191, 19050, 19051 Several botanical visits to the area have failed to find a
single large mature individual.
Podocarpus nubigenus Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Podocarpaceae LR/nt Refs: 4522, 13041, 16328
Argentina (Neuqu^n), Chile (Ais6n, Los Lagos,
Magallanes) Podocarpus sellowii
A common species of low- to medium-altitude forest. Podocarpaceae DD
Where it occurs in southern Chile there is the constant Brazil (ParanS, Sao Paulo)
threat of logging and commercial forestry activities, e.g. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
planting eucalypts and Monterey pine. Refs: 374, 16525, 16884, 19127
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 4665, 5 1 1 2, 1 3041 , 1 5384 Podocarpus smithii
Podocarpaceae LR/cd
Podocarpus pallidus Australia (Queensland)
Podocarpaceae DD The entire population is contained within the State
Tonga Forest Reserve on Mount Lewis near Mossman, where
An endemic to the east Tongan Islands. the species is scattered in montane rainforest in sununit
SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Assessor: localities. Felling is illegal without permission.
/fe/i; 374, 9695. 13041 Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 374, 3404, 7891, 13041
Podocarpus parlatorei
Podocarpaceae DD Podocarpus spathoides
Argentina, Bolivia, Peru Podocarpaceae DD
A cloud forest species threatened mainly by loss of Indonesia (Moluccas), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia),
habitat, although also an important commercial timber. Papua NewGuinea, Solomon Islands (South Solomon)
Populations in Argentina are very small and scattered. The is known from occurrences on Mount Ophir
species
Their exact locations are kept undisclosed for better in Peninsular Malaysia, Morotai in the north Moluccas,
protection. The species is listed in Appendix I of Rossel Island in the Louisiade Archipelago of Papua
CITES. New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 374, 12453, 14040, 19127, 19179, 19185 Rc/i. 374,6851,13041,16612
436
Species Summaries
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. where it occurs in small stands totalling no more than a
Refs: 19073 few tens of square kilometres between 3(X)0 and 4100m.
Burning activities, combined with overgrazing, soil
Polyalthia hirtifolia erosion and firewood collection, continue to have a
Annonaceae CR B 1 +2c serious impact on remaining populations.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A lowland forest species, known only from a single «e/i;3104, 19020, 19067
collection from Pulau Betong Reserve in Penang. The
area is threatened by increasing settlement and it is not Polylepis besseri ssp. incarum
certain whether this species still exists. Rosaceae VUBl+2c
Assessor: Kochummen, K.M. Bolivia, Peru
Refs: 19073 A small tree growing in large stands on limestone hills,
437
The World List of Threatened Trees
438
Species Summaries
PolyUpis racemosa ssp. lanata but their present status appears to be stable.
Rosaceae VU B I +2c, D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Bolivia Refs: 3104, 6802, 7980, 19020, 19067
This subspecies intergrades and hybridises with ssp.
triacontandra. It is known only from the wetter parts of PolyUpis tomentella ssp. incanoides
the Cordillera Tunari in Cochabamba, where it can form Rosaceae VU B I +2c, D2
a dominant element of the vegetation. The continual Bolivia
burning of vegetation is clearly causing the decline in A common tree, usually dominating, in a small area of
the extent of the forest. forest, totalling about 20km^ between 250O and 3400m
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre in the Cochabamba area. Burning activities are a major
/fe/i; 3104, 19067 threat to the habitat.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
PolyUpis racemosa ssp. triacontandra Refs: 3\04. 19067
Rosaceae VU B 1 +2c. D2
Bolivia PolyUpis tomentella ssp. nana
This subspecies intergrades and hybridises with ssp. Rosaceae CR B I +2c, C2b
lanata. It occurs within a small range above 3600m, at Bolivia
the upper limit of the humid montane forest in the A tiny shrub found in a very restricted mountainous
Cordillera de Apolobamba. It is a fast-growing and locality, south-east of Cochabamba in northern central
frequently planted tree. Continual burning, as well as Bolivia. It occurs in degraded woodland, covering an
cutting for firewood and charcoal production, are area of just 75ha, where it is affected by firewood
causing declines in the extent of the forest. collection and domestic grazing.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 3104, 19067 Refs: 3\04, 19020
439
The World List of Threatened Trees
Falls and Piton du Fouge Ridge Forest. These areas are scarce and confined to cloud forest at Shume-Mugamba
heavily invaded by exotic plants and animals. in the West Usambara Mountains. The area has been
Regeneration is poor and the number of adult trees is extensively converted to agriculture.
estimated to be less than 20. The species has been Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
propagated and reintroduced into Mondrain Nature Refs: 3356, 5204, 8221
Reserve.
Assessor: Page, W. Polyscias stuhlmannii var. stuhlmannii
Refs: 1411,9120,16426 Araliaceae VUBl+2b
Kenya, Tanzania
Polyscias kikuyuensis This species occurs in the west Usambara and Uluguru
Araliaceae VUBl+2c Mountains and Teita. Threats exist from localised
Kenya habitat degradation and changes in land use and
Scattered in distribution but confined to wet upland management. The Usambara Mountains are the focus of
forest in central Kenya, this species is highly valued at a a conservation programme. The split into two varieties
national level for its timber. Exploitation and habitat loss may not be warranted.
have led to the species becoming rarer. The Kenyan Assessor: Lx)vett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Forestry authorities maintain plantations of it and also Refs: 3356, 6396, 12067
sell the seed. Populations in Mount Kenya National
Park and other forest reserves are legally protected. Polyscias tahitensis
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre Araliaceae CR Bl+2c
Refs: 1308,6396,17859 French Polynesia (Society Is.)
An endemic of Raiatea and Tahiti.
Polyscias mauritiarta Assessor: Florence, J.
Petrin is fenced and weeded of exotic plants. A small tree occurring sparsely in the North Island.
Assessor: Page, W. Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
Refs: 1411,9120,16426 Refs: 902. \9\33
440
Species Summaries
441
The World List of Threatened Trees
Mondrain Nature Reserve. A few plants are grown in a known only from upland dry forest in Amap^.
nursery and elsewhere on He aux Aigrettes. Information Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
trees are beheved to exist. Browsing of the seedlings by Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
exotic deer is limiting regeneration. Refs: 8816
Assessor: Page, W.
Refs: 1411,9120,16426 Pouteria andarahiensis
Sapotaceae ENBl+2b
Pourouma hirsutipetiolaia ssp. hirsutipetiolata Brazil (Bahia)
Cecropi aceae VU B 1 +2c At present, the Mucuge region of Bahia is the only site
Colombia where this species is known. Logging is the most serious
Assessor: Calderon, E. threat to its dry forest habitat.
Refs: 7980, 19069 Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
Re/i.- 1983,7980,8816
Pourouma melinonii ssp. glabrata
Cecropiaceae VU Bl+2c Pouteria anteridata
Colombia, Panama Sapotaceae LR/nt
Assessor: Calderon, E. Venezuela
Refs: 7980, 19069 A newly described species of northern Venezuela.
Collections have been made from several localities of
Pourouma oraria lowland rainforest in Barinas, Falc6n, Yaracuy and
Cecropiaceae VU CI Zulia.
Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra area on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda in Cesar. It is restricted to montane rainforest between
Occurring in drier areas of semi-deciduous forest, this 1 300 and 2300m.
timber species is widespread throughout the African Assessor: Calderon, E.
tropics. The species provides a general-purpose timber Refs: 7980, 8816, 19069
Pouteria amapaensis provinces of Pinar del Rio, Habana and Oriente and an
ENBl+2b unconfirmed report suggests it is also present in Las
Sapotaceae
Brazil (AmapS)
A treelet newly described as a species and, at present.
442
J
Species Summaries
harvested locally.
Pouteria honneriana Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
443
The World List of Threatened Trees
forest between southern Bahia and Espfrito Santo. It is Much of the vegetation in the area is under threat from
harvested locally for thefruit, oil and wood. burning and clearance. The current status of the species,
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. if it is still extant, is unknown.
*c/5; 1983,7980,8816 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 7980, 8816
Pouteria calistophytta
Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c Pouteria coelomatica
Costa Rica, Panama Sapotaceae EN Bl+2c
Occurring in remnants of lowland forest, the species is Brazil (Bahia)
scattered in several localities in Costa Rica and Panama. The type collection occurs in a farming area and is the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre only known occurrence of this species.
Refs: 8816 Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
Refs: 1983,7980,8816
Pouteria cemmmaensis
Sapotaceae LR/nt Pouteria collina
Venezuela Sapotaceae VU D2
A shrub or small which is known from a few sites
tree, Colombia, Ecuador
of shrub savanna and periodically flooded areas in A Pacific coast tree with two populations, occurring in
Bolfvar. lowland rainforest in the Valle del Cauca in Colombia
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre and from submontane rainforest in Alto Tambo in
Kefs: 7980, 8816 Esmeraldas in Ecuador.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Pouteria capacifoUa Refs: 7980, 8816
Sapotaceae LR/nt
Ecuador Pouteria congestifolia
Confined of lowland rainforest up to 700m, the
to areas Sapotaceae VUBl+2c
species is found in a small area of Pacific Ecuador in Costa Rica, Panama
Los Rfos, where it is recorded from Rfo Palenque Occurring in montane rainforest, the species is found
Biological Station, and Pichincha. sometimes very
It is along the continental divide of Costa Rica and Panama.
common in pasture, where it is protected as a shade tree. Collections have been made from more than five
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre localities in Alajuela, Cartago and Heredia in Costa Rica
*e/i; 7980, 8816 and in Chiriquf and Cocl£ in Panama.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Pouteria chiricana /fe/i.- 7980,8816
Sapotaceae VU D2
Panama Pouteria crassiflora
Information on this species may not be complete. Sapotaceae VU B l+2c, D2
Collections have been made from the provinces of Brazil (Amapii)
Chiriqui and the Canal Zone from remaining areas of A species which is known only from Amapci in non-
wet lowland forest. There is a possibly erroneous record flooded forests. The most serious threat to the species is
from Costa Rica in the Flora of Panama checklist. logging.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
444
i
Species Summaries
infrequently in remaining areas of lowland semi- collections from non-flooded lowland forest in the Rio
deciduous forest over limestone. The tree has been Solimoes area in Amazonas.
overexploited for its valuable timber and a great part of Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
seasonal semi-evergreen forest up to 600m. Collections Nuevo in San Martin in 1972. The population was found
have been made from Cartago, Puntarenas and San Jose in rainforest between 700 and 800m.
Provinces in Costa Rica and Cocl^, Col6n and Barro Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Colorado Island in Panama. /?c/>. 7980, 8816
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 8816 Pouteria grandiflora
Sapotaceae LR/nt
Pouteria foveolata Brazil (Bahia, Pemambuco, Rio de Janeiro)
Sapotaceae VU D2 A species distributed in *resiinga, ranging over an area
Costa Rica, Nicaragua greater than 20,000 km^, assuming that populations still
A buttressed tree, newly described as a species. It is exist in the collection sites. Habitat clearance has been
confined to two main areas, in Chontales, Nicaragua, extensive and further evidence may reveal that the
and in Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica. Both species has been lost from some of these sites.
445
The World List of Threatened Trees
at about 12(X)m in the Massif de la Hotte in Haiti and in recorded in two or three widely separated sites, one in
Maricao Insular forest in Puerto Rico. San Martin in Peru, the others in La Paz in Bolivia.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
7?e/j; 7931, 8816 /fe/i.- 7980, 8816
A newly described species. At present it is known from poorly known and has been rarely collected.
only two sites in Amap^, in mixed lowland forest. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. Re/j; 7980, 8816, 19149
Refs: 1983,7980,8816
Pouteria microstrigosa
Pouteria leptopedicellata Sapotaceae VUBl+2c
Sapotaceae VU D2 Brazil (Bahia, Espfrito Santo, Mato Grosso)
Costa Rica, Panama A newly described species with a restricted distribution
Confined to lowland and submontane rainforest, the in lowland rainforest, ranging from Bahia to Espfrito
species has been recorded in just two isolated sites: one Santo. The habitat has been extensively logged and
in Heredia in Costa Rica and the other from the Santa cleared.
Rita Ridge in Panama. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
446
Species Summaries
threatened most seriously by increasing habitat clearance may be other collections from
the type collection, there
and settlement of the area. the Amazon which belong to this taxon. The type
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. specimen was gathered from rainforest in the Cerms
Refs: 1983,7980,8816 Campanquiz in Loreto.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Pouteria pachycalyx V?c/!; 7980.8816
Sapotaceae CR B 1 +2d
Brazil (Espirito Santo) Pouteria petiolata
A newly described species. Resent information suggests Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c. D2
that it is confmed to lowland rainforest on sandy soils in Brazil(Amazonas. Par5)
Linhares Forest Reserve. A newly described species, confined to two localities of
Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J. non-flooded forests, including one in Ducke Forest
Refs: 1983.7980.8816 Reserve. The most serious threat comes from continuing
logging.
Pouteria pachyphylta Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
447
The World List of Threatened Trees
448
Species Summaries
A lowland rainforest species, known from scattered hill forest of Rio de Janeiro. Although the area has been
collections from the south of Panama in Dari6n Province visited numerous times by botanists, no recent record of
and from single sites in Amazonian Ecuador and the species has been made.
Colombia. Assessor: Pires O'Brien, J.
449
The World List of Threatened Trees
sites in the San Ram6n Forest Reserve, near Ciudad Refs: 1983,7980,8816
Quesada and east of Rfo Sarapiquf in Heredia Province.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Pradosia montana
*e/i.- 2514, 7980, 12587 Sapotaceae VU D2
Ecuador
Pradosia argentea A newly described species of deciduous forest recorded
Sapotaceae EX from a small area on the dry Pacific slopes.
Peru Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
This species is known only from the type collection /Je/i.- 7980, 8816
450
Species Summaries
451
1 1
on Kauai Island. Only 30 individuals are known in the feral pigs and goats out of the immediate area. The
wild and regeneration is limited. species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act.
Assessor: Gemmill, C. Assessor: Gemmill, C.
Refs.\9\\S Refs: 19118
predation by rats and goats. The species is protected by within an enclosure but the fence is not secure. The
the US Endangered Species Act. species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act.
Assessor: Gemmill, C. Assessor: Gemmill, C.
Refs: 19118,19168 Refs: 19118
boggy plateau between 10(X) and 2000m. Populations species is proposed for inclusion in the US Endangered
are in decline and there is limited regeneration. Habitat Species Act.
degradation caused by pigs is the major threat to the Assessor: Gemmill, C.
species. Refs: 19118
Assessor: Gemmill, C.
Refs: 19118 Pritchardia schattaueri
Palmae CR A 1 ce+2ce, B 1 +2abcde, D
Pritchardia limahuliensis USA (Hawaii)
Palmae CR A 1 ce+2ce, B 1 +2abcde, C Only 12 individuals in three populations remain in the
USA (Hawaii) wild in areas of lowland moist forest between 600 and
Fewer than 1(X) individuals of this palm tree are known 800m on Hawaii. The remaining trees are threatened by
from Limuhuli Valley, Kauai, in lowland moist forest. seed predation, grazing and agriculture.
Regeneration is limited, mainly because of seed Assessor: Gemmill, C.
predation by rats and pigs. Refs:\9\\S
Assessor: Gemmill, C.
Refs: 19118 Pritchardia thurstonU
Palmae LR/nt
Pritchardia lowreyana Fiji
Species Summaries
serpentine soils at 200m. an important local source of timber and fuel, and is even
Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et al. cultivated on a small scale. Attempts to plant the species
Refs: 10351, 19118 within the area of its natural distribution have been
successful.
Prosopis abbreviata Assessor: Gonzalez, M.
Leguminosae VUBl+2c We/j.-4893, 16328, 17523
Argentina (Catamarca, Cdrdoba, San Juan, San Luis,
Santiago del Estero) Protea aurea ssp.potbergensis
A scrubland species restricted to semi-arid and arid areas Proteaceae VU D2
of central-west Argentina. Its distribution is highly South Africa (Western Cape)
fragmented within an area that has had a long history of This subspecies has a very restricted distribution,
human colonisation and pastoralism. confined to Potberg Mountain in De Hoop Nature
Assessor: Prado, D. Reserve in the southern Cape. It grows on the lower
Refs: 1262,5112,11140 slopes and flats at the base of the mountain in *fynbos in
both sparse and dense isolated stands. An estimated
Prosopis affinis 2000 plants exist within an area of 15 km' (*AOO).
Leguminosae DD There is no evidence of a population decline, but
Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cfirdoba, Corrientes, Entre frequent fires in the past may have had some impact.
Ri'os, Formosa, Santa F^), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), The area is protected but being invaded by alien pine
Paraguay, Uruguay trees and *hakeas. Frequent fires could still pose a
Occurring in savanna and *campo, the species' range is threat, as they may not allow sufficient time for plants to
large but declining in the face of increasing agriculture regenerate.
and cattle ranching, as well as other activities. Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al.
453
The World List of Threatened Trees
owned conservation area, where fire management and a single collection from Sempoma,
Philippines
measures are in place, and also in a privately owned Sabah. The main island of Palawan is a biosphere
Natural Heritage Site. reserve.
Assessor: Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/fe/i; 689, 3344, 19218 /?e/j.- 4986, 19017
454
Species Summaries
Protium tenuifolium ssp. sessiliflorum island, the vegetation is threatened by timber thieves
Burseraceae VU A2c who are removing timber regardless of the armed guard
Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama patrol.
In Panama, the species is widely distributed, especially Assessor: Kalkman, C.
in areas of lowland evergreen rainforest on the Pacific Refs: 563. 9078, 19045
side, the largest populations being in the Canal and
Dari£n regions. Regeneration appears to be healthy here. Prunus africana
Elsewhere in the Panama and Costa Rica, populations Rosaceae VUAlcd
are sparse, showing little recruitment, and imminently Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of
threatened with deforestation in places. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Ethiopia, Kenya,
Assessor: Mitr^, M. Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tom£ &
Refs: 7980, 16772 Prfncipe (Sao Tom6), South Africa (Eastern Cape,
Guateng. KwaZulu-Natal. Mpumalanga, Northern
PrumnopUys andina Province). Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda,
Podocarpaceae VU A led, C2a 2^ambia, Zimbabwe
Chile (La Araucania, Los Lagos, Maule) Also commonly known under the name Pygeum
A timber tree with a fragmented distribution in low- to africanum, this species widespread from the African
is
medium-altitude forest in the central Andean range. tropics to Madagascar and South Africa. Throughout
Populations are small, containing not more than a few much of its range, most notably Cameroon and
hundred individuals, and exploitation is at a high level Madagascar, the unsustainable exploitation of its bark
throughout the species' range, largely for the woodchip and to a lesser degree its timber have caused rapid
industry. population declines. It is some countries to be
too rare in
Assessor: Gonz^ez, M. of commercial use and is most commonly exploited for
Refs: 7980. 8136, 13041, 16328 the local market. An important element in the
ecosystem, it is reported to regenerate well. It is listed in
Pnunnopitys exigua •CITES Appendix II and protected in various protected
Podocarpaceae DD
Bolivia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 2361. 2773, 6396. 6718. 9605. 14778. 16021,
Refs: 13041 16730
Rosaceae EN A 1 c. B +2c
1
Assessor: Kalkman, C.
Indonesia (Java) Refs: 563, 19045
A small tree which confined to a few locations in the
is
455
The World List of Threatened Trees
Prunus grisea var. tomentosa forest management activities, as well as a decline in the
Rosaceae VU Aid availabilityof water.
Philippines Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et aL
An endemic variety to the Philippines. Rates of habitat Refs: 7741
loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to
considerable population declines. Prunus mirabilis
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Rosaceae VU D2
Refs: 4986 Malaysia (Sabah)
This tree is endemic to Mount Kinabalu, where it is
Prunus Unabaluensis found in mossy forest. It has been collected just four
Rosaceae LR/cd times, the most recent collection dating to 1964. This
Malaysia (Sabah), Philippines species is protected in Mount Kinabalu National Park.
This tree is found on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, and has Assessor: Kalkman, C.
recently been discovered on Luzon in the Philippines. Refs: 563, 1766, 19045
The population within Mount Kinabalu National Park is
protected. Prunus odorata
Assessor: Kalkman, C. Rosaceae DD
Refs: 563, 1766, 19045 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
This species is confined to moist forest in the Cameron
Prunus laxinervis Highlands, of Pahang. Information on the
in die state
Rosaceae VU D2 taxonomy and conservation of the species is insufficient.
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah) The area is experiencing increasing settlement and
This shrub or small tree is found in primary forest on tourism. Populations are thought to receive some
Mount Kinabalu and in West Kalimantan. On Mount protection within the permanent forest estate.
Kinabalu, this species has not been collected since 1930, Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
although the area is well explored. The only specimen Refs: 563, $464, 19073
from West Kalimantan was collected in 1989.
Assessor: Kalkman, C. Prunus pulgarensis
Refs: 563, 1766, 19045 Rosaceae EN Ale
Philippines
Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica A small forest tree known ftom only four collections
Rosaceae ENBl+2ce from mountains on Palawan and Luzon. Both islands
Portugal (Azores) have suffered from massive deforestation. No new
A low-growing tree which is found in deep narrow material of this species has been collected since 1965,
ravines and in stands of undisturbed laurel-juniper even though there have been collecting expeditions to
forest. Occurrences have been recorded from the islands Palawan since.
of Sao Miguel, Terceira, Sao Jorge and Pico but in Assessor: Kalkman, C.
recent years only a few specimens have been found on Refs: 563, 4986, 19045
Pico da Vara and Lombadas on Sao Miguel and on Pico.
Clearing of the habitat for agriculture and plantations, Prunus ramburii
and the invasion of introduced plants and animals, are Rosaceae VUBl+2c
the most serious problems. Spain
Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre A species endemic to the Andalusian Sierras, occurring
Refs: 19131 in drymontane scrub, where populations are affected by
tourism and lack of pollinators. It is used locally to
fire,
Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa make an alcohohc drink. A conservation plan for the
Rosaceae VU D2 species is being developed by Cordoba Botanic
Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is.) Garden.
In Madeira, the species is known only from a single Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al.
location on the north coast in a small area of the Refs: 5287, 7222, 7741
laurisilva within the National Park of Madeira. There is
no regeneration by seed and only one stand of planted Prunus rubiginosa
specimens has produced seed crops. Only a few Rosaceae EN Ale
populations exist in the *laurisilva of the central Canary Philippines
Islands. A very rare forest tree known from only five collections
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre from Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan and Mindanao Islands.
Refs: 19131 Assessor: Kalkman, C.
Refs: 563
Prunus lusitanica ssp. lusitanica
Rosaceae EN A2c Prunus subglabra
France, Morocco, Portugal, Spain Rosaceae VU D2
Widely scattered in moist forest enclaves in the Iberian Philippines
Peninsula and in humid ravines in the north of the Rif A small tree restricted to forest on Mount Pulog and
Mountains in Morocco, the species represents a relict Mount Tabayog on Luzon. Despite Mount Pulog being
component of a Tertiary ecosystem which has retreated relatively well explored, the
species remains poorly
with the drying of the climate. Remaining populations known and has been collected only three times, most
are isolated and threatened with fire, overcutting and recently in 1968.
Assessor: Kalkman, C.
Refs: 563, 19045
I
456
Species Summaries
Refs: 19069
Pseudolmedia hirtula
Prunus walkeri Moraceae EN B 1 +2bc
Rosaceae VU Ale Brazil
Sri Lanka A forest species known only from the coastal region
A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of between Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina.
south-west Sri Lanka. Assessor: Carauta, J. P.P.
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko, Equatorial A small tree with a local occurrence.
Guinea), Ghana, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Assessor: de Lange, P.J.
vegetation in forested valleys. An anomalous occurrence Thorough surveys have found this species to be
is known in Ghana, where it is highly localised but widespread. It occurs as a small tree or shrub in
common in evergreen rainforest along a river bank. regenerating *kauri forest and coastal shrubland in north
General threats from mining, logging and commercial Auckland. Regeneration is good and the species is often
forestry can affect these areas. This is the only species in planted as an ornamental.
the genus. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 902,9800, 17637, 19134
Refs: 2773, 8369, 8854, 11504, 12061
457
The World List of Threatened Trees
458
I
Species Summaries
northern parts of the main mountain range, where the Psidium cinereum
forest is being extensively cleared for apple and peach Myrtaceae LR/nt
orchards. The timber is extracted extensively throughout Brazil
the species' range but most thoroughly in accessible Assessor: Barroso, G.M.
areas. Refs: 19097, 19098
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 374, 1818, 2802, 19050, 19127 Psidium dumetorum
Myrtaceae EX
Pseudoxandra wiUiamsU Jamaica
Annonaceae VU D2 Once known from a restricted area of streamside thicket
Peru in Clarendon, the species has not been collected since
Known only from the type collection, the species occurs 1976 and is now presumed extinct. The habitat in the
in the departmentof Loreto. area has been completely cleared.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
Refs: 1984 Refs: 5653, 19085
459
The World List of Threatened Trees
Rubiaceae DD
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.) Psychotria congesta
The species has been collected only from Ua Pou from Rubiaceae DD
the Pepehitoua valley at about 760m. Jamaica
Assessor: Florence, J. There are no recent records of this obscure species. It is
Refs: 14513 believed to be endemic and is evidently very
uncommon. There is a possibility that it is conspecific
Psychotria alsophila with P. dolphinensis.
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Kenya, Tanzania Re/i.- 401, 5653
Known only from Ngangao forest in the Taita Hills in
Kenya and a slightly larger area in Tanzania, this shrub Psychotria cookei
or small tree is restricted to patches of dry forest at Rubiaceae DD
medium to high altitude. French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke The species is known only from Raiatea.
/?</i. 3356,6396,8814 Assessor: Florence, J.
Refs: 14513
Psychotria atricaulis
Rubiaceae LR/nt Psychotria crassipetala
French Polynesia (Society Is.) Rubiaceae VU Bl+2c
The species is known only from Huahine. Kenya
Assessor: Florence, J. A shrub or tree to 1 2m, endemic to submontane forest in
Refs: 14513 the Taita Hills.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Psychotria beddomei Refs: 1308,6396,13072
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
India (Kerala) Psychotria cyathicalyx
Known only from the type collection, this small tree is Rubiaceae VU BI+2b
recorded from a restricted area of forest at medium Tanzania
elevation, in the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areashave A moist montane forest tree locally common in the West
been exposed to fires, grazing, the establishment of Usambara Mountains, the Uluguru Mountains and also
commercial plantations and cutting for fiielwood, but Mount Kilimanjaro.
almost ICXWkm^ of forest are now under protection Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
within sanctuaries. /fe/i; 3356, 8814
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Re/i. 5651,19144 Psychotria danceri
Rubiaceae CRBl+2c
Psychotria bryonicola Jamaica
Rubiaceae CR C2b Previously the species was known only from the type
Jamaica specimen with no definite locality. In 1992 a population
There is very little information on this species. It was found in submontane rainforest on Holland
evidently occurs very rarely in Portland at 750m. Mountain.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Re/i: 401, 5653, 7980 Refs: 5653
460
Species Summaries
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre forest between 950 and 1650m.
^e/i; 9176, 17195 Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Re/i; 3356, 8814
Psychotria elachistantha
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b, D2 Psychotria grandiflora
Tanzania Rubiaceae EN C2a
Endemic to the Uluguru Mountains, this species is USA (Hawaii)
confined to high elevations in moist evergreen forest. Endemic to Kauai Island, the species occurs in rainforest
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke between altitudes of 1040 and 1230m in Kokee and
/?e/j.- 3356, 8814 Alakai Swamp.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Psychotria foetens Refs: 3372
Rubiaceae VUBl+2c
Jamaica Psychotria grantii
An uncommon tree known only from localities in St Rubiaceae CRBI+2c
Elizabeth and St Mary. French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre The species is known only from Tahiti.
/fe/i; 401, 5653, 7980 Assessor: Florence, J.
Refs: 14513
Psychotria franchetiana
Rubiaceae DD Psychotria greenwetliae
French Polynesia (Society Is.) Rubiaceae VU D2
Populations are recorded from Moorea and Tahiti. USA (Hawaii)
Assessor: Rorence, J. A rainforest species known only in the vicinity of
Refs: 14513 Kokee.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Psychotria gardneri Refs: 3372
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
Sri Lanka Psychotria guerkeana
A rare species found in only five localities during the Rubiaceae VU D2
extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Sao Tom6 & Principe (Sao Tom6)
Conservation Review. A shrub or small tree collected several times, recently
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre mostly from Pico.
Refs: 19112 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 2724
Psychotria glanduUfera
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c Psychotria hanoverensis
Sri Lanka Rubiaceae CR C2b
A tree restricted to the lowland wet evergreen forests of Jamaica
south-west Sri Lanka. It was found in only five forests in Confined to Hanover, the species is very uncommon and
the Ramapura and Matara Districts during the extensive littleknown.
forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Review. /fe/i; 401, 5653, 7980
461
The World List of Threatened Trees
462
Species Summaries
Refs: 10351
Psychotria trichocalyx
Rubiaceae CRB1+2C Pteleopsis barbosae
French Polynesia (Society Is.) Combretaceae DD
An endemic to Tahiti. Mozambique
Assessor: Florence, J. Assessor: Bandeira, S.
Refs: 14513 «e/i; 5117, 18965
463
The World List of Threatened Trees
Pteleopsis habeensis most parts of the range there is no control over the rate
Combretaceae EN A 1 c, B 1 +2c of harvesting. Large individuals are repotted to be
Ghana, Mali, Nigeria suffering from fungal attack. Regeneration is sufficient
Three localities, which account for little more than a few but may be episodic, depending on fire or high rainfall.
square kilometres, are known: the Bandiagara scarps in Individuals are reproductively mature at 15-20 years
Mali, Yankari Game Reserve in Nigeria and the dry old.
forests of Bui and Akosombo in Ghana. In Yankari it Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
grows on rocky hills, in dense stands in an area that is Refs: 3344, 6723, 7550, 9090, 13370, 17335, 19172,
under pressure from encroachment. In Ghana the 19218
establishment of a plantation and the influx of people
into the area have caused declines in the species' habitat. Pterocarpus daWergioides
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Leguminosae DD
Refs: 6127, 7439, 8369, 12061 India(Andaman and Nicobar Is. - Andaman Is.)
Endemic to the Andaman Islands, this tree is found in
Pteleopsis tetraptera deciduous and semi-moist deciduous forests up to 100m.
Combretaceae LR/nt Trees are cut for narra timber.
Kenya, Tanzania Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
A species of coastal forest or scrub, occurring in a small ^c/i; 5651, 9090, 14573
area which is densely populated and much modified by
human activities. Pterocarpus indicus
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Leguminosae VU Aid
Refs: 6396,9198, 17787, 18829 Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Java,
Kalimantan. Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Sulawesi,
Pteralyxia kauaiensis Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah),
Apocynaceae EN C2a Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago,
USA (Hawaii) North Solomons, Papua New Guinea), Philippines,
This species grows on slopes and ridges in various Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan,
lowland moist forest types. It is known from nine Thailand, Vanuatu, Viet Nam (ex)
populations, consisting of between 500 and 1000 A widespread tree found in lowland primary and some
individuals in total. The habitat continues to be degraded secondary forest, mainly along tidal creeks and rocky
by feral goats, pigs and invasive plants. The species is shores. Populations have declined because of
protected by the US Endangered Species Act. overexploitation, sometimes illegal exploitation, of the
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre narra timber, as well as from increasing general habitat
Refs: 3372, 19038 loss. The Viet Nam population has been extinct for some
300 years. An extensive forest survey in Sri Lanka has
Pteralyxia macrocarpa failed to find the species and information on populations
Apocynaceae VU C2a in India, Indonesia and the Philippines indicate the
USA (Hawaii) species is seriously threatened. Exploitation of the few
An endemic to Oahu Island, where the species is known stands in Peninsular Malaysia may have caused
scattered sparsely in moist forest up to 730m in the its extinction there and what are believed to be the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains. largest remaining populations, in New Guinea, are being
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre heavily exploited. Cultivated populations are widely
Refs: 3372 distributed throughout the tropics.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Pterandra isthmica Refs: 4919, 5550, 6125, 6156, 6426, 8058, 9328, 10013,
Malpighiaceae EN C2b 10571, 12779, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19057, 19112,
Panama 19147
The species is known only from populations in the
proximity of the Cerro Azul to the north-east of the city Pterocarpus marsupium
of Panami. It occurs sparsely in semi-deciduous Leguminosae VU A led
rainforestbetween 600 and 900m. The population in Sri Lanka
Chagres National Park is well protected. This dry zone tree is declining in Sri Lanka, as it is
Assessor: MitrS, M. exploited for its timber and its medicinal bark and latex.
Refs: 7980, 15037, 16772 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1833,19110
Pterocarpus angolensis
Leguminosae LR/nt Pterocarpus mildbraedii ssp. usambarensis
Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Leguminosae VUBI+2b
Mozambique, Natnibia, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Tanzania
Mpumalanga, Northern Province), Swaziland, Tanzania, The species is widespread, extending across the African
Zambia, Zimbabwe continent. This is a distinct subspecies, confined to moist
A key timber species throughout its distribution in lowland forest in eastern Tanzania.
woodland areas of East and Southern Africa. Large Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
stands are known to still occur in places, particularly in Refs: 1308,3356,7550,11631
protected areas in South Africa, Botswana and Namibia.
In most regions, however, the species has become less Pterocarpus santalinus
frequent, especially where it is heavily used by local Leguminosae ENBl+2de
populations. There are attempts to exploit remaining India
stands sustainably or at least in a regulated way, but in Red sandalwood is restricted to the southern parts of the
464
Species Summaries
Eastern Ghats, where it occurs in dry deciduous forest. inaccessible on limestone cliffs and summit ridges.
The commercially valuable for its timber and for
tree is There are few mature individuals and regeneration is
the extraction of dye. medicine and cosmetics. It has poor.
been overexploited in the past. International trade is now Assessor: Sun, W.
monitored through a *CITES Appendix II listing and Refs: 1818,11847,19055
plantations are being established.
Assessor: CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants in Pterostyrax psilophylla
India Styracaceae VUAIcd
Refs: 561, 1228, 6508, 18325, 19074 China (Guangxi. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan,
Yunnan)
Pterogyne nitens Relatively widespread, the species is found through a
Leguminosae LR/nt range of altitudes and in various forest types. It is,
Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, however, not common and believed to be becoming
Misiones, Salta, Tucum^), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay scarcer because of habitat declines and degradation.
The species' distibution is contained within an area of Assessor: Sun, W.
seasonally dry forest, extending from northern Argentina Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055
into Paraguay and Boliva. The habitat is
Brazil,
unprotected and in decline because of logging and Plerygota bequaertii
encroaching agriculture and pastoralism. The species is Sterculiaceae VU A led
sought-after as a source of timber. In Bolivia it is one of Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire. Democratic Republic of
several species, native to semi-deciduous forest in Congo. Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria
eastern Santa Cruz, which are experiencing increased A timber species occurring in forest areas in West and
logging pressure. Central Africa. It is much rarer than, but commonly
Assessor: Prado, D. confused with, P. macrocarpa. The species appears to
Refs: 1262,4506, 11936, 19170 be suffering declines becajse of levels of exploitation
through most of its range.
Pterospermum kingtungense Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Sterculiaceae CR B 1 +2c, C2a Refs: 2773, 6127, 6128, 6718, 12061
China (Yunnan)
Confmed to Babianjiang in Yunnan, the species grows Pterygota macrocarpa
in forested valleys on limestone between 1400 and Sterculiaceae VU A led
1500m. There are very few adult individuals left, Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
although the trees which have been cut are resprouting. A common tree of dry forests. Exploitation for the
The area is not protected and is susceptible to cutting timber occurs at high levels throughout
range and its is
and disturbance. likely to be causing population declines. Regeneration is
Assessor: Sun, W. reported to be abundant in areas of logging damage.
Refs: 1818,11847,19055 Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 12061
Pterospermum menglunense
Sterculiaceae CR B I +2c, C2a Ptilochaeta nudipes
China (Yunnan) Malpighiaceae VU Bl+2ac
A species confmed monsoon forest
to a single locality of Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia
on limestone hills in Menglun, Mengla County. The Endemic to the piedmont forest of north-west Argentina
population contained within Xishuangbanna Nature
is and Bolivia, the species is confined to an unprotected
Reserve and should be protected, although illegal cutting ecosystem which is being rapidly replaced by
is known to take place. agricultural systems.
Assessor: Sun, W. Assessor: Prado, D.
Refs: 1818,11847,19055 Refs: 19122
465
The World List of Threatened Trees
1
466
Species Summaries
467
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 1984 appears to have become extinct in the areas from which
it was known. There is, however, a possibility that it
1
468
Species Summaries
Refs: 7538, 9653 agricultural and industrial developments. Only one tree
remains on Santa Catalina Isla.nd in California but part
Quercus convallata of the population on Santa Rosa is protected in the Santa
Fagaceae DD Rosa Plateau Reserve.
Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit) Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
The taxonomic status of this species is dubious. «e/s; 7538, 9653, 19193
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
range. Population sizes and declines are not Refs: 7538, 9653
documented. The US locality is vulnerable but
protected. Quercus georgiana
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Fagaceae ENBl+2ce
Refs: 7538, 9653, 10353, 1 1715 USA (Alabama, Georgia, South CaroUna)
Small isolated populations are restricted to granite
Quercus devia outcrops, occupying an area less than 500km'. The
Fagaceae VU D2 impact of tourism is considerable on Stone Mountain.
Mexico (Baja California) Drought; poor regeneration, soil erosion and compaction
Two or three populations occur in dry montane forest, are all weakening the status of the species.
where grazing pressure is high. The mainland Mexican Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
species, Q. viminea, may be synonymous, in which case Refs: 3786, 7538, 9653
the species would qualify for a status of lower risk.
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Quercus germana
Refs: 7538, 9653, 1 1715, 12945 Fagaceae VUAlc
Mexico
A species of submontane seasonal dry forest, which has
469
The World List of Threatened Trees
experienced dramatic declines over the last few decades. taking into account the altitudinal range of the species.
Forest has been converted for agricultural use, especially Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
coffee plantations. The trees are often decked with an Refs: 4934, 7538, 9653
array of densely packed epiphytes.
Assessor: Nixon, K. el al. Quercus ilex ssp. ballola
*e/j.- 7538,9653, 11715 Fagaceae LR/nt
Portugal, Spain
Quercus gracUiformis This species is present in a large part of the Iberian
Fagaceae CR C2b Peninsula within areas of lowland dry forest up to
USA (Texas) 2000m. It is locally abundant, forming extensive
One small isolated population exists in riparian oak woodlands in places. Populationsexposed toare
woodland in the Chisos Mountains. The locality is overcutting, fires, expanding agriculture and declining
threatened by the activities of tourists from a nearby water availability, but trees are legally protected
camping ground and by occasional drought. Previous throughout the range.
records from Mexico are erroneous. Assessor: Vivero, J.L. ei al.
Assessor: Nixon, K. el al. Refs: 7741
Refs: 9653, 10353
Quercus invaginata
Quercus guUelmi-treleasei Fagaceae DD
Fagaceae DD Mexico (Coahuila)
Costa Rica, Panama It is suspected that the species will prove to be
The taxonomic status of the species is uncertain. It is threatened when the area of occupancy is calculated
confmed to Chiriqui in Costa Rica and Cartago in taking into account its altitudinal range.
Panama in wet montane forests. Assessor: Nixon, K. el al.
Assessor: Nixon, K. el al. /?e/>; 7538,9653, 1 1715
Refs: 7980, 9653
Quercus x macdonaldii
Quercus hinckleyi Fagaceae VU D2
Fagaceae CR A2b, B 1 +2cd USA (California)
Mexico?, USA (Texas) The species is restricted to a few scrubby localities in
A shrub with holly-like leaves, known from 1 1 isolated Santa Rosa, Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz Islands.
populations, nine of which are in the Big Bend Ranch Control of grazing and the removal of sheep have helped
State Natural Area. Most populations consist of fewer oak regeneration on Santa Cruz Island.
than ICK) individuals and cover an area less than five Assessor: Nixon, K. el al.
acres. Historical climate change is thought to be the Refs: 9653, 10353
main factor that has caused the species to become rare.
Hybridisation with other Quercus species, roadway Quercus macdougallii
construction, collecting by horticulwrists, drought and Fagaceae VU D2
grazing are threats today. Although acorn yields are Mexico (Oaxaca)
good, all reproduction appears to be vegetative. The A distinctive species known only from the type locality
species is protected by the US Endangered Species Act in the dry montane forests of Oaxaca. It has not been
and a recovery plan was devised in 1992. collected recently and it is biologically poorly known.
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Assessor: Nixon, K. el al.
Refs: 7538, 9653, 10353, 1 1683 Refs: 1538.9653, \\1\5
470
Species Summaries
Occurring in moist forest up to altitudes of 1800m, the Refs: 7538, 9653, 1 1715, 19161
species is abundant over a relatively wide range. It is
also legally protected in Spain. Quercus skutchii
Assessor: Vivero, J.L. et al. Fagaceae DD
Refs: 7741 Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas)
Assessor: Nixon, K. el al.
Quercus praineana /fe/t; 7538,9653, 11715
Fagaceae DD
Mexico (Jalisco, Sinaloa) Quercus subspathulata
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Fagaceae VU Ale
/fefj; 7538, 9653, 17165 Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa)
A forest species which has suffered extensive
Quercus purulhana destruction of its habitat.
Fagaceae VUAlc Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas), Refs: 7538, 8470, 9653, 14250
Nicaragua
A montane forest species, abundant in areas, but subject Quercus x tardifolia
to general declines in habitat. Fagaceae CR Dl
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. USA (Texas)
Refs: 4974, 9653, 1 1715, 19161 It is thought no more than five trees exist in dry montane
woodlands in the Chisos Mountains. The hybrid is a
Quercus rapurahuensis product of Q. hypoxantha and Q. gravesii. One of the
Fagaceae VU Ale parents is now absent from the area.
Costa Rica, Panama Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
A moist forest species which has been subject to the Refs: 9653, 10353
general forest declines in this area. Further investigation
may show that the species is more seriously threatened. Quercus tomentetta
Assessor: Nixon, K. et al. Fagaceae VUBl+2ce
Refs: 7272,9653, 11715, 14487 Mexico (Guadalupe Is.), USA (California)
The regeneration of the species is hampered by
Quercus robur ssp. imeretina overgrazing in the dry forest areas to which it is
Fagaceae VUBl+2c restricted on the chaimel islands of California and
Georgia, Russia Guadelupe Island of Mexico. Populations on Guadelupe
A rare tree endemic to Kokhida in western Georgia, with Island, in particular, have declined dramatically in recent
a small part of the range extending into Russia along the years.
Black Sea coast. The population is declining through Assessor: Nixon, K. et al.
471
The World List of Threatened Trees
472
Species Summaries
South Africa (Eastern Cape) Populations are known from Hiva Oa and Nuku Hiva.
A shrub or small tree which occurs in coastal forest and Assessor: Florence, J.
occurring along river valleys, as far as Inhambane. The restricted to east MadagascarMananara between
plants flower once, after about 30 years, and then die Avaratra and Vangaindran. The population numbers are
after setting fruit. They can form very dense groves and very low; fewer than 50 trees have been counted. The
in some places they have naturalised after planting, e.g. more southern localities, where most of the trees are
at Mtunzini on the Zululand coast, which is now a found, are rapidly being destroyed.
national monument. The plants at Kosi Bay are not Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
under threat and are contained within a conservation Refs: 18986,19118
area, although local use of the plants is allowed. The 12
ha Bobole Special Reserve 40 km north of Maputo, is
supposedly the most southerly occurrence of this species
473
The World List of Threatened Trees
forest on slight mid-slopes or ridge crests. Several of Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
these sites are being rapidly destroyed. The population at Refs: 18986,19118
Mantady consists of pruned rosettes as a result of the
harvesting of the young leaves for fibre. The two more Ravenea rivularis
southerly populations contain fewer than 20 trunked Palmae VU Ale
trees. Madagascar
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje An endemic palm of south-central Madagascar, confined
Refs: 18986,19118 to Mangoky and Onilahy River Valleys. Only two
populations are known, occurring in shallow standing
Ravenea latisecta water, river banks and swampy valley bottoms.
Palmae EN Dl Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Madagascar Refs: 19118
This speciesis known from a single population of four
Confined to Andasibe in Madagascar, this species Analamazaotra, but trees continue to be cut within the
inhabits moist forest on a steep slope near the crest reserves. If harvesting of palm heart and cutting for the
between 800m and 1000m. There are fewer than 25 timber continue at present rates, the status of the species
individuals with trunks and rejuvenation is minimal. The may become threatened.
population exists outside the protected area. Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje Refs: 18986, 19118
Refs: 18986, 19118
Ravenea sambiranensis
Ravenea madagascariensis Palmae VU Ale
Palmae LR/nt Madagascar
Madagascar Occurring in north-west, west and east Madagascar, the
An endemic of and east Madagascar, inhabiting
central species is found in various habitats, such as littoral forest
moist to dry hill forest on steep slopes or hill crests on white sand, dense moist forest, dry montane forest
between 25m and 1700m. The species is fairly and riverine forest remnants in the west. Although
widespread and in some areas locally common. One widespread, the populations are small and threatened by
population is protected in Mantady National Park. felliing, exploitation of the palm heart and increasing
Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje settlement.
Refs: 19118 Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Refs: 18986, 19118
Ravenea moorei
Palmae CR Dl Ravenea xerophila
Comoros Palmae EN Dl
Only two female palm trees are known from a patch of Madagascar
secondary submontane rainforest, last seen in October Known only from south Madagascar, between
1993. Ampanihy and Anpingaratra Mountains, the species
Assessor: Johnson, D. inhabits dry spiny bush or low dry forest on laterite or
Refs: 19118 gneiss. In recent studies two populations have been
located, consisting of 65 trunked trees and 80 seedlings.
Ravenea musicalis Overgrazing is destroying the Tranoroa site.
Palmae VU Dl+2 Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Madagascar Refs: 18986,19118
A true water palm, endemic to south Madagascar, where
474
Species Summaries
Ravenia biramosa var. peruviana said to have become more sporadic because of the
Rutaceae VU D2 extensive logging and clearing of the species habitat.
Peru The timber is used domestically.
A variety which is known only from the type collection Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
taken from Amazonian forest in Loreto. Refs: 1818, 11847, 15357, 19055
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984 Retrophyllum minor
Podocarpaceae EN CI (•2a
Ravenia swartziana New Caledonia
Rutaceae CRBl+2c Populations of this small rheophyte are very restricted in
Jamaica range, confmed to river banks and lake shores on the
This species is known only from the type, collected at Plaine des Lacs. Protection in the Chute de la Madeleine
the beginning of the century. Reserve is inadequate. There are threats from
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre fluctuations in the water table and exposure to fires.
/f«/S: 401, 5653, 7980 Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al.
475
The World List of Threatened Trees
RhamnUSum caloneurum native plants. There are two species in the genus, the
Rhamnaceae DD second being found on mainland Chile.
Panama Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
No new reports of the species have been made since the Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140
original collection was taken from Bocas del Toro. The
general area of collection has been little studied. Rhaptopetalum beUngense
Assessor: Mitr6, M. Scytopetalaceae VU D2
Re/i; 7272, 7980, 16772 Gabon
An endemic to the Belinga Mountains.
476
Species Summaries
Rhododendron dalhousiae var. rhabdotum collection. The area has been designated as a nature
Ericaceae VU Bl+2c reserve and the species is in cultivated as an ornamental.
Bhutan, China, India (Aninachal Pradesh) Assessor: Sun, W.
An epiphytic shrub or small tree collected in 1915 from Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055
Bhutan and subsequently from Kameng District in
Arunachal Pradesh and China. Road building and other Rhododendron rex
developmental projects are threatening the Indian Ericaceae LR/nt
population. It is a prize-winning ornamental. China (Sichuan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh),
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Myanmar
^e/S. 3013,7147 A relatively widely occurring species in the wild and a
famous ornamental in cultivation. The status of the
Rhododendron fictolacteum population in China is believed to be endangered
Ericaceae LR/cd because of its restriction to small areas of subalpine
China (Sichuan, Yunnan) evergreen forest, where fires and cutting have caused
A species of subalpine coniferous forest, occurring population declines in the past 10 years. A population is
between 2800 and 3900m, in north-west Yimnan and protected inMount Wuliang Nature Reserve.
Muli in south-west Sichuan. Some of the sites are Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
designated nature reserves but the effectiveness of their Refs: 1619,1818,11847, 19055
protection should be monitored. Trees, especially the
larger individuals, have been heavily cut for fuelwood in Rhododendron subansiriense
places. Ericaceae VU D2
Assessor: Sun, W. India (Arunachal Pradesh)
/fe/S.18I8, 11847, 19055 This species is known only from the type specimen,
Indonesia (Java)
Rhododendron kanehirai This species has been found only once at 1350m near the
Ericaceae EW crater on Mount Salak. It may be a natural hybrid of R.
Taiwan javanicum and R. malayanum.
A beautiful ornamental shrub, which became extinct in Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
1984 during the construction of a dam and the flooding Refs: 9078
of its only known locality in the wild at Feitsui. For
several centuries it has been in cultivation and is widely Rhodognaphalon breviscupe
planted in gardens around the country. Bombacaceae VU A led
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire. Democratic Republic
Refs: 19050, 19051 of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
A timber species of West and Central Africa. It occurs in
Rhododendron loerdngii various forest types, particularly secondary forest.
under severe pressure from the activities and demands of Rhodognaphalon mossambicense
the surrounding human populations. Bombacaceae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Mozambique
Refs: 9078 Assessor: Bandeira, S.
Refs:5m
Rhododendron protistum var. giganteum
Ericaceae CR C2b Rhoiplelea chiliantha
China (Yunnan) Rhoipteleaceae VU B I +2c
Fewer than 100 trees are thought to exist in an area of China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Viet Nam
submontane evergreen broadleaved forest in Occurring as a canopy tree in montane forest, the species
Gaoligongshan in south-west Yunnan. This population is largely confined to southern China, with restricted
was rediscovered in 1981, 62 years after its first populations in Lao Cai and Yen Bai just over the border
into northern Viet Nam. Trees generally occur singly or
in small groups. The species is a dominant element
477
The World List of Threatened Trees
478
Species Summaries
exist as islands surrounded by semi-desert vegetation, in forests of the Ri'o Magdalena valley and the other near
Marsabit and Mathews. The habitat is not greatly Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
threatened at present. Assessor: Calderon, E.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 7980, 16331, 19069
Refs: 1308,6396,17859
Rinorea keayi
Rinorea cordata Violaceae LR/nt
Violaceae ENBl+2c Cameroon, Nigeria
Colombia The Nigerian population of this tree appears to be
A distinctive species which is known only from the type restricted to forested valleys on the Obudu Plateau, the
location in rainforest in the northern part of the valley of northern division of Cross River National Park. Parts of
Rio Magdalena in north-west Colombia. the forest are showing signs of fire damage and there is
Assessor: Calderon, E. growing pressure to convert areas into commercial
/Je/j; 7980, 16331,19069 plantations, especially for growing bananas. The species
also appears to grow in dense populations in various
479
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
^c/i; 7980, 16331 Refs: 2724, 10080
480
Species Summaries
Robinsonetta samaricarpa the type collection made in 1933 at the mouth of Rio
Malvaceae VUAlc Macauhan.
Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz) Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A large tree of high precipitation rainforest, occurring Refs: 4624, 6728, 7980
largely in the Uxpanapa-Chimalapa region.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre RoUinia centrantha
Refs: 5993 Annonaceae DD
Ecuador, Peru?
Robynsia glabrata The species is known from two disjunct locations in the
Rubiaceae VU Ale Amazon. The range may be found to be more extensive
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria after further collections have been fiilly determined. The
A species which is uncommon and located in the flower structure is the only feature that distinguishes this
severely degraded dry forests of southern Cote d'lvoire, species from R. cuspidata.
Ghana and Nigeria. These areas are vulnerable to the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
effects of population growth and associated activities. Refs: 6728, 7980
Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
/f«/i: 2773, 8369, 12061 RoUinia chrysocarpa
Annonaceae VU D2
Rochefortia acrantha Ecuador? (Ecuador?), Peru
Boraginaceae VU Bl-t-2c A distinctive species, known only from the type
Jamaica collection, within a 50m altitudinal belt in the Peruvian
A small tree or shrub, which is restricted to areas of Amazon. Similar, but undetermined, specimens occur in
woodland on rocky limestone in Trelawny and Napo, in Ecuador.
Westmoreland. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 349, 6728, 7980
/?e/jr.- 401, 5653, 7980
Rolttnia ecuadorensis
RoVinia amazoniea Annonaceae VUBl+2c
Annonaceae VU D2 Ecuador
Colombia A tree species with a range covering less than 20,000
This is a rare species restricted to low altitudes in km', confined to lowland rainforest in Napo. It is found
Trap&io Amazonico. in the Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 2228, 6507, 6728, 7980 Refs: 2228, 6728, 7980, 18190
481
The World List of Threatened Trees
482
Species Summaries
483
The World List of Threatened Trees
recent declines in numbers are thought to have been landscapes between 350 and 420m. This species is
caused by shading from other species. Past dechnes on difficult to distinguish from the common R. regia.
other islands are probably attributable to widespread Assessor: Zona, S.
forest clearance. Parasitism by the mealy bug (Icerya Refs: 19118
seychellarum), although often stated as a contributing
factor, has little effect on the health and reproductive Roystonea princeps
capacity of individuals. Aride Island is a Special Palmae LR/nt
Reserve. Jamaica
Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles An early pioneer which occurs in wetland areas below
Refs: 10610, 11417, 17229, 19025. 19062 10m in the Great Morass region of western Jamaica.
Two main populations exist, covering an area of less
Rothmannia macrosiphon than 400km*. The total population size is unknown but
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b estimated at between 5000 and 10,000 individuals.
Kenya, Tanzania Increasing settlement and the decline in soil water
A sometimes scrambling shrub or small tree. It ranges content are the main threats.
from moist coastal forests in Buda, Marenge, Shimba, Assessor: Zona, S.
Arabuko and Mangea in Kenya to areas of east and Refs: 19118
south-east Tanzania.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Roystonea regia var. hondurensis
Refs: 3356, 10961 Palmae CR C2a
Honduras
Roupala brachybotrys This variety appears to be endemic to Honduras and
Proteaceae VUBl+2c confmed to a small area of humid forest in the Atlantic
Ecuador lowlands. The timber is exploited for construction work.
This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits cloud forest between Assessor: Nelson, C.
2600 and 2700m in the province of Azuay. Refs: 7645, 13995
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19119,19120 Roystonea stellata
Palmae EN Dl
Roupala loxensis Cuba
Proteaceae VUBl+2c Confined to Yagiuma Terrace in the Maisf region of
Ecuador Cuba, this palm tree occurs in lowland open forest. For
This Ecuadorean endemic inhabits montane cloud forest the last four decades, its preferred habitat has been
in Loja Province. converted to coffee plantations. No trees were found in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1990 during a search of the area.
Refs: 19119, 19120 Assessor: Zona, S.
Refs: 19118
Roupala pinnata
Proteaceae VUBl+2c Ruagea microphylla
Peru Meliaceae VUBI+2c
This species is known from submontane forest up to Ecuador
about 3500m in Hu^uco. This endemic tree of the Ecuadorean High Andes
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre inhabits cloud forest between 2200m and 2650m in Lx>ja
Refs: 1984 Province.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Roupala sphenophyllum Refs: 19119,19120
Proteaceae VU D2
Peru Ruagea ovalis
A species which known only from
is the type collection Meliaceae VU D2
taken from Amazon forest in Loreto. Bolivia
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A rarely collected species confined to the eastern slopes
Refs: 1984 of the Andes in BoUvia.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Roystonea dunlapiana Refs: 19S0, 12281
Palmae ENBl+2c
Honduras, Mexico Rudgea microcarpa
In Honduras, the species occurs in humid forest in the Rubiaceae VU D2
Atlantic lowIands.The population is considered to be Peru
Critically Endangered (CR C2a). The wood is used for Known only from the type collection, the species occurs
construction. The only other occurrence is recorded in in submontane forest in the department of Hu^uco.
south-east Mexico. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 1984
Refs: 7645, 12985, 13995, 16980
Rudgea obesiflora
Roystonea lenis Rubiaceae VU D2
Palmae VU Dl+2 Peru
Cuba Known only from the type collection, this lowland forest
Confmed to Guant^amo Province, this early pioneer
palm tree occurs in lowland open forest and anthropic
484
Species Summaries
species was collected from the Amazon in Loreto. Rytigynia adenodonta var. reticulata
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
Refs: 1984 Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia
This variant, as with the type variety, occurs in dry
Rudgea stenophylla montane forest in the Nyika Plateau and parts of
Rubiaceae VU D2 Tanzania. It is restricted to lower altitudes, from 1800 to
Peru 1950m.
Known only from the type collection, the species occurs Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
in lowland forest in the department of San Martin. Refs: 1308,3356,8814
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984 Rytigynia binata
Rubiaceae VU Bl+2b
Ruellia insignis Tanzania
Acanthaceae VU D2 A dry coastal species endemic to east and south-east
Yemen (Socotra) Tanzania.
A small tree or shrub which is scattered, occasionally Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
common, in areas of moist submontane woodland. There /?e/i. 3356,8814
are no immediate threats.
Assessor: Miller, A.G. Rytigynia bugoyensis ssp. glabriflora
Refs: 19083 Rubiaceae VUBI+2b
Malawi, Tanzania
Ruprechtia apetala A shrub or small tree confined to areas of moist montane
Polygonaceae LR/nt forest in four localities, including Ukaguru, Rungwe and
Argentina (Catamarca, C6rdoba, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Songea in Tanzania.
San Luis, Santiago del Estero, Tucum^), Bolivia Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
A species of scrubland and woodland. Although Refs: 1308,3356,8814
occurring widely, it is found in areas which are heavily
degraded and overgrazed by goats, sheep and cattle. It is Rytigynia caudatissima
unknown whether the species is regenerating. Rubiaceae VU B 1 +2b, D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Tanzania
R^s: 1262,5112, 19170 An endemic of the Udzungwa Mountains, restricted to
an area of moist montane forest at Sanje.
Ryania speciosa var. mutisU Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Flacourtiaceae EX Refs: 3356, 10961
Colombia
A Colombian form of a widespread South American Rytigynia celastroides var. nuda
species. It is believed to have occurred in Tolima and/or Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
Cundinamarca. Tanzania
Assessor: Calderon, E. A variety confined to dry coastal forest areas in east and
Refs: 7980, 19069 south-east Tanzania and on 2^zibar Island.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Ryparosa fasciculata y?e/t; 3356, 8814
Flacourtiaceae VUBl+2a
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Rytigynia eickU
A small tree of Malacca and Pahang, inhabiting lowland Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
secondary forest up to 300m. Kenya, Tanzania
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. A shrub or small tree ranging from the forest fringes and
Refs: 8464, 19073 rocky bushland in the Taita Hills to areas of moist forest
at medium elevation in eastern Tanzania.
Ryparosa scortechinii Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Flacourtiaceae LR/cd Re/5.- 3356, 6396, 8814
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Inhabiting rainforest up to 900m, this small tree ranges Rytigynia hirsutiflora
from Penang and Kelantan southwards. Part of the range Rubiaceae VU Bl+2b
is contained within Taman Negara National Park. Tanzania
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. An endemic of the North Udzungwa Mountains, the
Refs: 8464, 9199, 17140, 19073 species is known from areas of moist montane forest at
Sanje and Udekwa.
Rytigynia adenodonta var. adenodonta Assessor: Lovett, J. &
G.P. Clarke
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b Refs: 3356, SSH
Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia
The higher altitude variant of the species. Populations Rytigynia indula
are known from the Nyika Plateau within Malawi and Rubiaceae VUBI+2b
Zambia and further north in parts of Tanzania, where Ke:iya, Tanzania
there is dry montane forest. A shrub or small tree confined to a few areas of forest or
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke thicket in Kenya and to dry montane forest in Loliondo
Refs: 1308,3356,8814 and Ufiomi in Tanzania.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Qarke
Rc/j; 3356, 6396, 12067
485
The World List of Threatened Trees
Rytigynia ttchenoxenos ssp. glabrituba low elevations. It is used locally as a source of timber,
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b food, fibre and thatching.
Tanzania Assessor: Quero, H.J.
One of the subspecies of a Tanzanian endemic. It is Refs: 19118
found in moist montane forest at Mufmdi in the
Udzungwa Mountains and at Nditima along the upper Sabal pumos
Ruhudje River. Palmae VU Ale
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Mexico
Refs: 3356, 8814 An endemic palm of Mexico confmed to the Balsas
Valley, where it is found on sandy soils in the transition
Rytigynia ttchenoxenos ssp. ttchenoxenos zone between tropical deciduous forest and oak forest.
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b Increasing agriculture is causing habitat loss.
Tanzania Assessor: Quero, H.J.
Endemic to the South Uluguru Mountains, this Rffs: 19118
subspecies is restricted to high-altitude moist evergreen
forest. Sabal uresana
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Palmae VU Ale
Refs: 3356, 8814 Mexico
An endemic palm of Mexico, confmed to the Sierra
Rytigynia longipedicellata Madre Occidental, where it is scattered in thorn forest
Rubiaceae EN Bl+2bc and oak forest along watercourses.
Tanzania Assessor: Quero, H.J.
A species which appears now to be confmed to the Refs: 19118
remaining areas of undisturbed coastal forest in the
Rondo Forest Reserve (MOkm^). The forest has been Saccopetalum prottficum
severely disturbed by logging, shifting cultivation, wood Annonaceae VUAlcd
collection and plantation establishment in the past. The China (Guangdong - Hainan)
presence of forest management staff activities is helping An endemic of Hainan Island, confmed to remaining
to discourage local exploitation. areas of semi-deciduous monsoon and rainforest in
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke valleys below 500m. The species can occur commonly
Refs: 3356, 16796 and regenerates well, but it is cut for its timber and has
experienced rapid rates of decline in its habitat because
Rytigynia nodulosa of logging and the increase in the amount of land
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b coming under cultivation.
Tanzania Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
An endemic of the cloud forests in the North Uluguru Refs: 1818, 11847
Mountains.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Sageraea grandiflora
Re/i.- 3356, 8814 Annonaceae ENBl+2c
India (Kerala)
Rytigynia pseudolongicaudata For a long time the species was known only from
Rubiaceae VU Bl+2b collections taken in the 19th century from Konni forest
Tanzania in Quilon District, a large part of which has been logged
A shrub or small tree occurring in moist montane forest and replaced with commercial crops. The species now
areas in the Ukaguru Mountains, South Uluguru appears to be sparsely distributed in a few additional
Mountains and at Mwanihana in the Udzungwa localities of lowland forest in the area.
Mountains. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Lovett, J. &
G.P. Clarke Refs: 2538, 19144
y?e/i.- 3356,8814
Sageraea laurifolia
Sabal bermudana Annonaceae LR/nt
Palmae ENBI+2cd India (Kamataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Bermuda Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
An endemic species confined to the few remaining Refs: 19144
patches of lowland dry or marshy scrub. The largest
population is in Paget Marsh. This ornamental palm tree Sageraea thwaitesu
is widely cultivated and traded internationally. Natural Annonaceae ENBI+2c
stands are protected under the Tree Preservation Orders Sri Lanka
and the Woodland Preservation Orders. A rare species found in wet and dry forest. During the
Assessor: Johnson, D. extensive surveys conducted for the National
Refs: 19118 Conservation Review, populations were found in single
localities in Ratnapura District and Anuradapura
Sabal gretheriae District.
Palmae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Mexico (Yucat^) Refs: 15431,17195,19112
A palm confmed to the Yucat&i Peninsula, inhabiting
open disturbed herbaceous vegetation on sandy soils at
486
Species Summaries
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat which the species may now be extinct.
Refs: 12353 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 9254
Sakoanala villosa ssp. villosa
Leguminosae EN Bl-f2abc Salix kusanoi
Madagascar Salicaceae EN C2a
A deciduous woodland subspecies confined to the
rare Taiwan
Ankarana Massif and around Antsiranana at the northern A shrub or small tree which occurs in two widely
tip of Madagascar, on limestone. Covering an estimated separated localities, one in the north-east and the other in
250km' (*AC)0), most of the area is very fragmented the southern tip of Taiwan. Populations are small and
and declining rapidly. The Ankarana population is isolated, occurring in wetland areas or of
at the side
protected within the Ankarana Reserve. rivers or ponds. A large part of the habitat has been
Assessor: Du Puy, D. & H. Labat converted into paddy fields, fishing ponds and houses.
Refs: 12353 No protection or conservation measures are in place.
Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan
Salacia lehmbachii var. manus-lacertae Refs: 3295, 6469, 19050, 19053
Celastraceae VU D2
Gabon Salix magnifica
An endemic of the Belinga Mountains. The vegetation in Salicaceae VU A led
some areas is degraded by agricultural encroachment. China (Sichuan)
Several other restricted-range variants of this species Confined to scattered localities in western Sichuan, the
exist because of the tendency for variable characteristics species is found in montane broadleaved evergreen
to stabihse when populations become isolated. forest in valleys by streams. Individuals are apparently
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre becoming scarcer in places because of the destruction of
Refs: 12323 the habitat. Populations on Mount Wolong are
undisturbed as this is one of the sites where the giant
Salacia lehmbachii yar.pes-ranulae panda occurs.
Celastraceae VU Bl+2c Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cameroon, Nigeria Refs: 1818,11847
This variety is localised in the remaining protected
forests in the Oban Hills, extending into south-east SaUx tarraconensis
d'Ebolowa in Cameroon. Forests outside these areas Salicaceae CRBl+2c
have been extensively felled and cleared for agriculture. Spain
Several restricted range variants of this species exist A small shrubby tree, known from dispersed
because of the tendency for variable characteristics to populations, generally consisting of between 10 and 40
stabilisewhen populations become isolated. individuals, within areas of sclerophyllous submontane
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre scrub in the coastal cordillera between Castell6n and
Refs: 4977, 12323 Tarragona. The opening up of forestry roads has caused
some habitat loss. Part of the range is protected within a
Salacia lehmbachii var. uregaensis national reserve.
Refs: 12323 Gomera, Gran Canaria and La Palma. It has a very poor
regenerative capacity and the few remaining populations
are threatened to a degree by fire, grazing and
487
The World List of Threatened Trees
Refs: 8716, 10862, 16500, 19022 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/Je/i; 3241, 5651
Sambttcus tigranU
Caprifoliaceae VU D2 Santalum freycinetiamun var. lanaiense
Fomer USSR Santalaceae VU Alee
A shrub reaching 3m in height, restricted to dry, stony USA (Hawaii)
slopes in the resort of Arzni, Mount Aragaz, and the A relatively common species with three morphologically
Ervard Ravine, Armenia. It is a promising species for overlapping varieties. This variant is known from Lanai
forestry. and Maui, where it occurs in a unique dry forest type
Assessor: Firsov, G.A. which has steadily declined under the influence of
Refs: 19056 grazing deer and spreading alien plant species.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Samyda glabrata Refs: 3372
Flacourtiaceae VU Bl+2c
Jamaica Santalum haleakalae
There is little distinction between this species and 5. Santalaceae VU D2
villosa. Both are uncommon, small trees. This species is USA (Hawaii)
known from St Thomas and Portland, where it is Known only from Haleakala on East Maui,
this small
restricted to thickets on limestone in wet areas between shrubland on dry slopes up to
tree is scattered in alpine
altitudes of 250 and 900m. 2700m, especially in fogswept areas.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Motiitoring Centre
Refs: 6057, 7980 Refs: 3372
scattered in dry
deciduous forests. Regeneration is Refs: 14513
mostly vegetative by wood suckers or coppicing and is
very successful in places. Viable seeds are produced Santalum insulare var. marchionense
after five years and dispersed by birds. Fire, grazing and Santalaceae VU B 1 +2c
most importantly exploitation of the wood for fine French Polynesia (Marquesas Is.)
furniture and carving and also oil are threatening the One of the numerous varieties of a variable species. This
species. Export of the timber is banned from India but taxon was once abundant in areas of humid forest and
smuggling has assumed alarming proportions. was the main source of wood for early European
Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop colonists. Overexploitation led to extensive deforestation
Refs: 6426, 6431, 8483, 9328, 12937, 13285, 19075, and the reduction of the taxon to small remnants of its
19076, 19077 former population.
Assessor: Florence, J.
488
1
Species Summaries
Refs: 19017
489
The World List of Threatened Trees
490
Species Summaries
throughout its range. A palm tree endemic to Ishigaki Island and Iriomote
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. Island in the southern Ryukyus. A reserve has been set
/fc/j; 9522, 11403, 19149 up to protect the populations on Ishigaki Island.
Assessor: Johnson, D.
Sarcotheca laxa var. brigittae Refs: 19118
Oxalidaceae VU B 1 +2c
Indonesia (Sumatra) Satranala decussilvae
Confmed to Aceh, Sumatra, this variety occurs in Palmae EN DI
lowland rainforest. Madagascar
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Endemic to Manara Biosphere Reserve, the species
Refs: 19073 inhabits moist forest on shallow soils, overlying
ultramafic rock. A single population is known,
Sarcotheca laxa var. hirsula consisting of 30 trunked trees, 40 immature mdividuals
Oxalidaceae VUBl+2c and many seedlings.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Dransfield, J. & H.J. Beentje
Scattered in lowland rainforest, this variety is confmed Refs: 18986,19118
to Johore.
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Saurauia aequatoriensis
Refs: 19073 Actinidiaceae LR/cd
Ecuador
Sarcotheca laxa var. laxa A tree species which is endemic to the Ecuadorean High
Oxalidaceae VUBl+2c Andes. It is confmed to the area of the Sangay National
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Park, where it is characteristic of dense cloud forest and
A variety confmed to north-west Peninsular Malaysia, subAndean forest. The development of a road through
where it is scattered in lowland moist forest. the park is a major threat to the integrity of these
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. protected habitats.
Refs: 19073 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/fe/i; 5651, 19120
Sarcotheca laxa var. sericea
Oxalidaceae VUBl+2c Saurauia bogoriensis
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Actinidiaceae CR B 1 +2c
This variety is confmed to east Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Java)
where it occurs in lowland rainforest. Endemic to west Java, the species is known only from a
Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. 1975 collection made in the Ciapus Gorge on Mount
Refs: 9199, 19073 Salak near Bogor city. More information is needed on its
present status.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 9078
491
The World List of Threatened Trees
492
Species Summaries
Reserve in Selangor, despite intense botanical work in Scalesia baurii ssp. baurU
the area. Compositae VU D2
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Ecuador (Galapagos)
Refs: 8464. 19073 Restricted to Pinz6n Island, the subspecies occurs in
areas of open woodland and scrub which are free of
Saxegothaea conspicua introduced herbivores. As long as goats and other
Podocarpaceae LR/nt grazing animals are denied access to the island, the
Argentina (Chubut, Neuqu^n, Rio Negro), Chile populations are likely to remain stable.
A relatively common tree occurring in medium altitude Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving
deciduous forest. The habitat is extensively logged. The Refs: 19146, 19156
wood of this species is exploited but the associated
broadleaved species are more heavily harvested. Scalesia baurii ssp. hopkinsU
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Compositae VU D2
/Jefj." 727, 5112, 13041, 13295, 15415 Ecuador (GalSpagos)
Endemic to the islands of Pinta and Wolf, this shrub or
Scaevola chanii small tree forms part of the open imderstorey in dry
Goodeniaceae VU D2 deciduous steppe forest. The population on Wolf is not
Malaysia (Sabah) suffering from grazing damage. On Pinta, the species is
So far this small tree or shrub is known only from the relatively common but subject to damage by introduced
upper montane forests of Mount Kinabalu between the goats. Severe declines in this population were recorded
altitudes of 2500 and 3000m. in the 1970s. Since the goats have been more effectively
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre managed, a rapid recovery in population numbers has
Refs: 19017 been observed and the species is now believed to be
stable.
Scaevola muluensi Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving
Goodeniaceae VU D2 Refs: 5101, 14556, 19146, 19156
Malaysia (Sarawak)
The shrub up to Im high, is found on exposed ridges and Scalesia cordata
cliff faces of limestone. Only two collections are known Compositae ENBl +2c
from Gunong Api in the Gunong Mulu National Park. Ecuador (Galapagos)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A small tree which formerly made up extensive
Refs: 19017 woodland on the slopes of two volcanoes. Sierra Negra
and Cerra Azul on Isabela Island. A continuing decline
Scaevola verticUlata in the extent of the woodland is evident. Damage is
Goodeniaceae VU D2 being caused by introduced herbivores, invasive weeds
Malaysia (Sarawak) are causing habitat degradation and areas are being
Probably endemic, this very small tree or shrub is cleared by local inhabitants. There is also the constant
recorded only from Mount Tambuyukon in stunted threat of volcanic eruption.
subalpine vegetation on ultramafic soils at an elevation Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving
of 2500m. Refs: 5101, 14556, 19146, 19156
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19017 Scalesia crockeri
Compositae VU D2
Scalesia aspera Ecuador (Galapagos)
Compositae VU D2 Most typically a bush, the species is confmed to areas of
Ecuador (Galapagos) lowland scrub on three of the GalSpagos Islands. There
A bushy species, restricted to two small populations, is a single population on North Seymour, two on Baltra
occurring in lowland scrub in north-west Santa Cruz and and several small populations on the north and east
Eden Islet. The former population is subject to grazing coasts of Santa Cruz. There is no firm evidence of
by introduced goats, but there is no firm evidence of decline, despite the damage caused by introduced
decline. herbivores on Santa Cruz.
Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving Assessor: Tye, A. & J. Loving
Refs: 19146, 19156, 19157 Refs: 19146, 19156
493
The World List of Threatened Trees
494
Species Summaries
This lowland forest species is known from two This localised tree is known from two mountain tops:
collections from Johore, Peninsular Malaysia, and two Tomauivi (Victoria Peak) and the west slopes of
disjunct, slightly differing populations in Sarawak. The Taveuni. It is confined to small areas of rainforest over
population in western Sarawak was rediscovered 62 900m. Its restricted distribution renders the species
years after it was found near Kuching, an area
first susceptible to stochastic events, but there are no direct
extremely threatened by urban expansion. A specimen threats at the present time.
collected in the late 1800s from Lingga Island is similar Assessor: Frodin, D.
to this species. Refs: 18818, 19079
Assessor: Frodin, D.
Refs: 17140, 19079
49S
The World List of Threatened Trees
Schefflera curranii known only from a few collections, the last of which is
Araliaceae ENAlc, Bl+2c dated 1974.
Philippines Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
A montane forest species found on ultramafic soils in Refs: 1984
central Palawan. It is known from only three herbarium
specimens and was last seen in the 1970s-'80s. Schefflera kontumenm
Assessor: Frodin, D. Araliaceae EN Bl+2c
Refs: 4986, 19079 Viet Nam
Very localised in the central highlands of Viet Nam, this
Schefflera diplodactyla small tree is known from a single collection. The area is
of Juni'n in the Peruvian Andes. Mountains, the west Usambara Mountains and south
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Nguru. Changes to land use and local habitat
Refs: 1984 degradation represent a threat. The Uluguru Mountains
are the focus of a conservation programme.
Schefflera euthytricha Assessor: Lovett, J. &
G.P. Clarke
Araliaceae DD «e/i; 5204, 8221, 11631
Fiji
A small tree found in the lowlands of Viti Levu. Schefflera multifoliolata
Assessor: Frodin, D. Araliaceae ENBl-t-2c
Refs: 18818, 19079 Indonesia (Sumatra)
A montane forest tree restricted to Gunung Sibajak,
Schefflera fastigiata Sibalangit and Banda Baru of northern Sumatra. The
Araliaceae ENAlc,Bl+2c species' description was based on eight specimens, the
Indonesia (Java) most recent of which was collected in 1983. The
This species is found in forest remnants on Nusa population on Gunung Sibajak is close to a popular
Kambangan and possibly Ujung Kulon. It was last tourist destination near Medan. The habitat is also
collected in 1970. Nusa Kambangan
an island is threatened by shifting cultivation.
controlled by the Prison Service, with very limited Assessor: Frodin, D.
access. However, the vegetation of the island is Refs: 10547, 19079
threatened by timber thieves, who are removing timber
regardless of the armed guard patrol. Schefflera nanocephala
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Araliaceae LR/cd
Refs: 9078, 15417 Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Last collected in 1970, this small epiphytic tree occurs in
Schefflera gleasonii montane forest and forest edges north of the Genting
Araliaceae VU D2 Highlands Casino complex and the Cameron Highlands.
Puerto Rico Populations receive a degree of protection within the
A montane forest tree confined to ultramafic soils in the permanent forest estate.
central Punta range of Puerto Rico. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 8464, 19073, 19079
Refs: 7980
Schefflera nervosa
Schefflera harmsii Araliaceae VU D2
Araliaceae DD Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Peru This species is known from three distinct forms, which
A shrub or small tree of lowland forest on white sand. could possibly be described as separate species. All are
highly localised. The first form is confmed to the
Cameron Highlands; it has been collected twice from an
isolated area, most recently in 1938. The second form.
496
Species Summaries
last seen in 1977, is from the Genting Highlands resort Schefflera troyana
complex. The third form occurs locally in Terengganu, Araliaceae VU B I +2c
where is known from five collections, the most recent Jamaica
dating from the 1960s. A Cockpit Country endemic, found in low densities in
Assessor: Frodin, D. woodland and woodland margins on rocky limestone In
Refs: 8464, 19073, 19079 the central and west<entral parishes. The habitat is
under the constant threat of being cut or cleared for
Schefflera palawanensis agricultural expansion, e.g. at Peckham Woods.
Araliaceae EN Ale Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Philippines Refs: 5653, 7980
This suberect shrub or small tree reaches about 4m in
height. It is restricted to the north of Palawan, where it Schefflera urbaniana
occurs in forest on limestone. Habitat loss is a threat. Araliaceae VU D2
Assessor: Frodin, D. Martinique
Refs: 4986, 19079 A large tree, rare within dense humid forest, endemic to
Martinique. It is known from only four collections from
Schefflera palmiformis before the 1940s.
Araliaceae ENBl+2c Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Viet Nam Refs: 10754
This endemic tree is known from only a few collections
in an area experiencing extensive habitat decline. Schefflera veitchii
Assessor: Frodin, D. Araliaceae EN Bl+2c
/fe/j:5054, 11530, 19079 New Caledonia
This tree is lowland forest below 100m in
restricted to
Schefflera procumbens the coastal semi-dry region around Noumea and Anse
Araliaceae VU D2 Vata in south-east New Caledonia. A lot of urban
Seychelles development has taken place in this region. Anse Vata is
The species is confined to Silhouette Island, having a fully developed beach resort area and the species was
become extinct on Mah^ largely through the degradation last collected there in 1925. Itwas collected in 1926 in
of its habitat. The six remaining populations are stable the Montravel Reserve. It was introduced into
and confined to the main mountain ridges within an area cultivation in the 1860s in the UK, where it became a
of lOOha, which is under the protection of the Nature popular table pot plant. It may be
still in cultivation. The
Protection Trust of Seychelles. Attempts to bring the specimens from Bourail are most likely to be S.
species into cultivation have failed. apioidea.
Assessor: Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et at.
Refs: 17229, 19025 Refs: 10351, 19079
497
The World List of Threatened Trees
498
Species Summaries
Sclerolobium densiflorum
Leguminosae LR/nt Sebastiania alpina
Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Pemambuco) Euphorbiaceae VUBl+2c
Known only from a restricted distribution in Atlantic Jamaica
forest, the species has suffered dramatic habitat declines A montane rainforest species found unconunonly in the
and levels of exploitation. western highlands above 750m.
Assessor: Vaz, A.M.S. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19098, 19100 ^c/S; 401, 5653, 7980
499
The World List of Threatened Trees
500
Species Summaries
SOI
The World List of Threatened Trees
prevention policy, causing a build-up of undergrowth, lowland rainforest and maquis formations on ultramafic
may have hampered regeneration in the past. Schemes to soil. Populations are believed to be effectively protected
improve management and to plant trees on cleared land in Rivifere Bleue Provincial Park.
A species which can be divided into two varieties, both Rurutu the species is in a critical state.
endertiic to New Caledonia. It occurs in lowland areas of Assessor: Florence, J.
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. et al. Known only with certainty from Vanua Levu, the
/fe/s: 4492, 10351, 12630 species has been collected from forest near creeks on the
lower slopes of mountains in Mathuata Province.
Serianthes margaretae Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Leguminosae VU C2a Refs: 18818
New Caledonia
A species which appears to have two disjunct Sericanthe odoratissima var. odoratissima
populations. Both occur in littoral maquis on ultramafic Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
soils, one near Koumac in the north-west and the other Tanzania
further south on the east coast. The distribution of this small tree is not consolidated.
Assessor: Jaffrd, T. et al. There is a population at Amani and possibly another at
Refs: 10351,12630 Ambangula at medium elevations in moist evergreen
forest.
An inadequately known tree, similar to the type variety Sericanthe odoratissima var. ulugurensis
and collected only once from Rewa Province, Viti Levu. Rubiaceae VUBl+2b
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Malawi, Tanzania
Refs: 18818 This variant is more widespread than the type variety
and is restricted to montane forest at higher altitudes.
Serianthes myriadenia Populations are known from the Uluguru Mountains,
Leguminosae LR/nt Mount Rungwe in Tanzania and also from Malawi.
French Polynesia (Marquesas Is., Society Is.) Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
In the Marquesas the species is confined to Nuku Hiva. Refs: 1308,3356,8814
In the Society Islands, populations are recorded from
Moorea, Raiatea and Tahiti. The Raiatea population is Sericanthe toupetou
critically endangered. Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: Florence, J. Cote d'lvoire, Ghana
Refs: 14513 The range of this species is restricted to wet evergreen
forest in Cote d'lvoire and neighbouring Ghana. It is
502
Species Summaries
uncommon and has suffered from the significant meranti timber. There are populations also in forest
declines in its habitat caused by logging, mining and reserves.
expansion of commercial plantations. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. /?e/i; 7673, 9169, 13857
y?e^j: 6127, 12061,15251
503
The World List of Threatened Trees
Assessor: Ashton, P. currently being exploited for its yellow meranti timber.
/fe/t; 7673, 9169, 13857 The species occurs in some forest reserves.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Shorea assamica ssp. philippinensis Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857
Dipterocarpaceae CRAIcd, C2a
Philippines Shorea bracteolata
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd-t-2cd
/fe/s. 7673, 9169, 13857 Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia),
Singapore
Shorea astylosa Found mostly on well-drained lowland coastal hills, this
Dipterocarpaceae CR A led, C2a tree is heavily exploited for white meranti timber,
Philippines especially in Peninsular Malaysia.
An endemic tree species of the disappearing lowland Assessor: Ashton, P.
primary evergreen dipterocarp forests of the Philippines. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857, 17140
The balau timber is used for good-quality construction.
504
Species Summaries
505
The World List of Threatened Trees
506
Species Summaries
Refs: 9169, 12937, 13857 heath and mixed dipterocarp forest. Forest degradation
and logging have brought the species close to extinction.
Its slow growth makes it particularly vulnerable to the
507
The World List of Threatened Trees
for its valued red balau or red meranti timber. Some the forests surveyed for the National Conservation
populations of the species occur in forest reserves. Review.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Rs/i; 7673, 9169, 13857 Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112
508
Species Summaries
Some trees are also found in forest reserves in this area. Shorea malibato
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpaceae CR A I cd, C2a
Refs: 5550. 7673, 9169, 13857 Philippines
This species occurs in non-seasonal evergreen forest in
Shorea lunduensis the Philippines. It is now very nearly extinct because of
Dipterocarpaceae CR A 1 cd, C2a habitat loss.
Malaysia (Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P.
A tree confined to the diminishing mixed dipterocarp >?e/i.- 7673, 9169, 13857
forests of Sarawak.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Shorea materiaUs
«e/i: 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd, C2a
Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
Shorea macrantha Malaysia. Sarawak)
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd.C2a A tree of remaining patchy 'kerangas vegetation on
Indonesia (Sumatra) Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, podzols and sandstone cuestas. It is cut for balau timber.
Sarawak) The population in Peninsular Malaysia has declined
This species occurs in the declining mixed peat-swamp because of overexploitation.
forests. The tree is exploited for its light or dark red Assessor: Ashton, P.
meranti timber and its edible illipe nuts. Refs: 5550. 7673. 9169, 13857, 17140
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673, 9169, 13857, 17140 Shorea maxima
Di pterocarpaceae EN A 1 c
Shorea macrobalanos Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd, C2a A relatively small tree that is scattered on hills and
Malaysia (Sarawak) undulating land. The timber is used as yellow meranti,
Endemic in Sarawak and eastern Kalimantan, this rare but its export has been banned.
tree is foimd on clay-rich soils on hill ridges. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857
/fe/j; 7673, 9169, 13857
Shorea maxwelUana
Shorea macrophylla Dipterocarpaceae EN Ale
Dipterocarpaceae VUAlcd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Malaysia (Sarawak) One of the main balau timber trees, occurring locally in
This lowland tree is one of the fastest growing species of some abundance on low ridges. Some trees are found in
the genus. It is found frequently along rivers and in areas forest reserves.
which are periodically inundated. The tree is cut for its Assessor: Ashton, P.
light red meranti timber, but more importantly it is the Re/j.- 7673. 9169, 13857
major source of illipe nuts, which ensures its protection
under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill (1990). Shorea megistophyUa
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd
Refs: 13857, 17214 Sri Lanka
An emergent tree, usually found by rivers and streams,
Shorea macroptera ssp. baillonii confined to the remaining 1422km' of lowland wet
Dipterocarpaceae EN A 1 cd evergreen forest in Sri Lanka. Trees have been
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) selectively logged in Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve. The
Some populations of this tree occur in forest reserves. species was not found during the extensive forest
Assessor: Ashton, P. surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the
*e/i; 7673. 9169, 13857 National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is
509
The World List of Threatened Trees
Shorea mujongensis conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is
Malaysia (Sarawak) either extremely rare or possibly extinct.
A magnificent yellow meranti timber species endemic to Assessor: Ashton, P.
the fertile volcanic soils of the Hose Mountains in Refs:l3S51. 15431, 17195, 19112
Sarawak.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Shorea ovaUs ssp. ovalis
yee/t; 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd
Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
Shorea myrionerva Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore
Dipterocarpaceae CR A led, C2a A widespread subspecies that is found in lowland mixed
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, dipterocarp forest.
Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P.
A tree that is found on moist hillsides and along rivers. It Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 13857
is also found in some forest reserves.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Shorea ovalis ssp. sarawakensis
«e/i; 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd
Shorea negrosensis Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd Endemic to northern Borneo, this species is restricted to
Philippines lowland tnixed dipterocarp forest. Some populations are
A large, often gregarious, tree that occurs in the known to occur in primary forest reserves.
remaining lowland seasonal and evergreen dipterocarp Assessor: Ashton, P.
forest of the Philippines. The timber is used as red «e/i. 7673,9169, 13857
meranti.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Shorea ovalis ssp. sericea
/?e/i.- 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd
Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Shorea oblongifoUa This subspecies occurs in lowland mixed dipterocarp
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd forest.
Sri Lanka Assessor: Ashton, P.
This tree occurs mainly on hillsides and river banks in «e/s; 7673, 9169, 13857
remaining fragments of lowland wet evergreen forests.
Regeneration is somewhat sparse. Some populations Shorea ovata
occur in forest reserves. Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd
Assessor: Ashton, P. Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines
Refs: 12129, 13857, 15431, 17195 A widespread species which is cut for its dark red
meranti timber. The tree occurs in some primary forest
Shorea obovoidea reserves.
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd, C2a Assessor: Ashton, P.
Malaysia (Sarawak) Refs: 1613, 13857
This tree is found only in the threatened mixed
dipterocarp forests of western Sarawak. Shorea pachyphylla
Assessor: Ashton, P. Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a
/Je/i; 7673, 9169, 13857 Brunei, Malaysia (Sarawak)
A valuable dark red meranti timber species that is
Shorea obscura restricted to the highly threatened mixed peat-swamp
Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd forest, usually near the coast of north-west Borneo. It is
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, particularly threatened by logging operations because it
510
Species Summaries
the current cutting cycles.It was not found during the Shorea platycarpa
extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd
1996 for the National Conservation Review, suggesting Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia),
that it is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. Singapore
Assessor: Ashton, P. A timber tree specific to mixed peat-swamp forest.
Refs:\i%51, 15431, 17195, 19112 Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: IdTi, 9199, 13857, 17140
Shorea palUdifoUa
Dipterocarpaceae CR A 1 cd, C2a Shorea platyclados
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd
A treeof remaining fragments of heath forest in Indonesia (Sumatra)
Sarawak. It is mainly threatened by habitat degradation. A species found in hilly and mountainous areas on deep
Some populations occur in forest reserves. fertile soils. It produces a fine dark red meranti timber.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Some populations are found in primary forest reserves.
/fe/i; 7673, 9169, 13857 Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 7673. 9169, 13857
Shorea palosapis
Dipterocarpaceae CR A led Shorea polyandra
Philippines Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd
A large tree that is found throughout the Philippines on Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
well-drained soils in what Is left of the evergreen mixed An immense tree, endemic to Borneo, where it is locally
diptercarp forest. It is cut for its light red meranti timber. common on fertile clay-rich soil.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Ife/j; 7673, 9169, 13857 /?s/i;7673, 9169, 13857
511
The World List of Threatened Trees
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a is exploited for its valuable red meranti timber.
Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P.
A tree endemic to fragments of heath forest in northern /ee/i; 7673, 9169, 13857
Borneo.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Shorea seminis
/f«/i; 7673, 9169, 13857 Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd
Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines
Shorea richetia A fairly large riverine tree, often occurring in patches in
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd, C2a lowland areas. The tree provides balau timber and illipe
Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sarawak) nuts, and is protected under the Sarawak's Wildlife
This treeis endemic to the threatened mixed dipterocarp Protection Bill (1990).
forests and heath forests of western Borneo. Some Assessor: Ashton, P.
populations occur in primary forest reserves. Refs: 7673,9169, 13857, 17214
Assessor: Ashton, P.
/fe/i. 7673,9169, 13857 Shorea singkawang
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd
Shorea rotundifoUa Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia),
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Thailand
Malaysia (Sarawak) A dark red meranti timber species, usually found near
Endemic to Sarawak, this tree is found in mixed lowland streams. The illipe nuts are collected.
dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Re/i; 9501, 13857
«e/i.- 7673, 9169, 13857
Shorea singkawang ssp. scabrosa
Shorea roxburghii Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd
Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia)
Cambodia, India (Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala, This subspecies is restricted to coastal Pahang and
Tamil Nadu), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Terengganu, where it grows in forest on low hills.
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Assessor: Ashton, P.
A widespread dipterocarp, unusual for its adaptation to Refs: 950\, 13857
withstand adverse climatic conditions and soil types. It
occurs in dry evergreen or deciduous forest and bamboo Shorea slootenii
forest, often on sandy soils. In India, there are healthy Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a
regenerating populations in the south. Some populations Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah,
are recorded in forest reserves. Sarawak)
Assessor: Ashton, P. This species is found on coastal hills, and in some
Refs: 3998, 7673, 8483, 9169, 13857 primary forest reserves.
Assessor: Ashton, P.
Shorea rubella «e/j.- 7673, 9169, 13857
Dipterocarpaceae CR A 1 cd, C2a
Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Shorea smithiana
A species found on lowland coastal hills, sometimes Dipterocarpaceae CRAlcd
within primary forest reserves. Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
Assessor: Ashton, P. A large tree of lowland areas, threatened by rates of
Rc/s; 7673, 9169, 13857 exploitation. It is the major source of light red meranti
timber for north-east Borneo. Populations are found in
Shorea rugosa some forest reserves.
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd, C2a Assessor: Ashton, P.
Indonesia (Kalimantan) «e/i.- 7673, 9169, 13857
A large tree of mixed dipterocarp and heath forest, that
also occurs in some primary forest reserves. The timber Shorea splendida
is used as dark red meranti. Dipterocarpaceae EN Alcd
Assessor: Ashton, P. Malaysia (Sarawak)
Re/j; 7673, 9169, 13857 A relatively small dipterocarp which occurs in river
forest. The tree provides a light red meranti timber and
Shorea sagittata is the one of the main sources of illipe nuts. It is
512
Species Summaries
in Peninsular Malaysia. It is cut for balau timber. where selective logging is taking place. No populations
Assessor: Ashton, P. were found during the extensive forest surveys
/fe/S;5550, 11647, 13857 conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the National
Conservation Review, suggesting that the species is
Shorea sumatrana either extremely rare or possibly extinct.
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Assessor: Ashton, P.
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 18515, 19112
This tree can be found along the banks of slow-flowing
rivers. The population in south-east Peninsular Thailand Shorea tumbuggaia
appears to be extinct. It is exploited for its balau timber Dipterocarpaceae DD
and the illipe nuts are collected locally. India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
Assessor: Ashton, P. A small tree which occurs gregariously on slopes and
Refs: 13857, 17140 peaks in dry savanna forest and dry mixed decidous
forest. The habitat is threatened with conversion to
Shorea superba agriculture. The wood is used for construction.
Dipterocarpaceae CR Alcd Assessor: Ashton, P.
Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) Refs: 13857
A species of mixed dipterocarp which is the main
forest,
source of balau timber for Sabah. Logging poses a Shorea uliginosa
severe threat because the trees are unable to reach Dipterocarpaceae VU Alcd
reproductive maturity between cutting cycles. The Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular
species is known to occur in some primary forest Malaysia, Sarawak)
reserves. Locally abundant in mixed peat-swamp forest, this
Assessor: Ashton, P. species cut for its dark red meranti timber.
is
513
The World List of Threatened Trees
514
Species Summaries
seasonal woodland within a restricted range below where it occurs within restricted areas of forest between
1000m. There are no immediate threats to the area. More 600 and 760m.
fieldworlc is needed to estimate population numbers. Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
Assessor: Miller, A.G. Refs: 6057, 7980, 19085
Refs: 2354, 19083
Sideroxylon hirtiantherum
Sideroxylon dominicanum Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2
Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c, D2 Guatemala
Dominican Republic This species is known from a single locality at La
A small treelet recorded, up to now, only twice from Cumbre, Pet^n, where it is confined to lowland
forest on limestone. rainforest dominated by Manilkara zapola.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: Wortd Conservation Monitoring Centre
«e/i.- 7980, 8816 Refs: 7980, 8816
515
The World List of Threatened Trees
along stream beds and gullies in the southern tip of Baja Sindora beccariana
California. Leguminosae DD
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)
««/j; 7980, 8816 Scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest, this imcommon
species, as well as others in the genus, may be seriously
Sideroxylon persimUe ssp. subsessiUflorum threatened by large-scale exploitation of forest.
Sapotaceae LR/nt Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
Mexico (Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Sinaloa) Refs: 662, 1766, 12937, 14573
This is the more localised subspecies of a widely
occurring Central American tree. Populations are found Sindora inermis
along watercourses in dwarf deciduous forest up to Leguminosae VU Aid
1200m, covering a range from Chihuahua to Jalisco and Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines
Colima. The timber of this lowland forest species is used as
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre sepetir. The supply is very limited.
/??/j; 7980, 8816 Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
Refs: 2072,4919, 12937, 14573
Sideroxylon retinerve
Sapotaceae CR C2a Sindora javanica
Honduras Leguminosae VUBI+2c
A small tree, confined to an area of submontane pine- Indonesia (Java)
oak woodland and rocky thickets in central Honduras. A rare tree restricted to the lowland forests of Preanger
Assessor: Nelson, C. and Banjumas.
/fe/i; 7980, 8816, 13995 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 12937, 14573
Sideroxylon rotundifolium
Sapotaceae LR/nt Sindora supa
Jamaica Leguminosae VU Aid
This species is actually quite common where it occurs in Philippines
areas of woodland and thicket on limestone in central The timber of this species, found in Luzon and Mindoro,
and western parishes. is locally important and the wood-oil also has a variety
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre of uses.
Refs: 6057, 7980 Assessor: Asian Regional Workshop
/?e/i;4919, 12888, 14573
Sideroxylon rubiginosum
Sapotaceae CR C2a Sindora tonkinensis
Dominican Republic Leguminosae DD
A very poorly known species. The type and only Cambodia, Viet Nam
collection was taken from a hilltop in Santo Domingo in A slow-growing tree, sparsely but widely distributed in
the early part of the century. It has not been recorded remaining areas of primary and slightly disturbed forest
since. In Viet Nam, the species produces one of the best woods
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre in the coimtry and is becoming increasingly scarce.
«e/i; 7980, 8816 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs:S4S. 12563
Sideroxylon socorrense
Sapotaceae VU D2 Sinojackia doUchocarpa
Mexico Gigedo Is)
(Revilla Styracaceae VU D2
A tree known only from Socorro Island and the Revilla China (Hunan)
Gigedo Islands in humid forest up to 900m. A relatively newly discovered species, known only from
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre populations on Huping Mountain and Tienping
«e/i. 7980,8816 Mountain, where it occurs in forest areas between 400
and 800m. The former location is designated a native
516
Species Summaries
517
1 1
I 11
fruits aresweet and edible and are now being cultivated Solanum exiguum
in New Zealandas a possible commercial fruit crop. Solanaceae VUBI+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre BoHvia
Refs: 7980, 9880, 11 906, 1761 A diminutive tree or shiub restricted to the valleys of
Rfo Beni and Rfo Chapare, where it is uncommon.
Solanum cinnamomeum Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Solanaceae LR/cd Refs: 7980, 9880, 1 1906, 1761
Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo)
The species appears to occur in isolated populations, Solanum fallax
including some in protected areas. Solanaceae LR/nt
Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F. Colombia, Ecuador
Refs: 19098, 19103 An unusual species restricted to ravines and forest
pockets in Jauneche forest in western Ecuador. It
Solanum circinatum ssp. ramosa endures a more severe dry season than other species in
Solanaceae VU B 1 +2c this section of the genus.
Colombia Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Ranging relatively widely, the subspecies occurs in /fe/i; 7980, 9880, 17611
rainforest and cloud forest, in the valleys of Magdalena,
Cauca and Patfa Rivers. It is geographically isolated Solanum fortunense
from the more widespread type species. Solanaceae VU D2
Assessor: Calderon, E. Costa Rica, Panama
Refs: 7980, 9880, 1 1906, 1761 1, 19069 Panama may contain the only extant populations of this
rare species.The taxon is restricted to montane or cloud
Solanum corymbiflora ssp. mortoniana forest between 900 and 1800m. Further fieldwork may
Solanaceae VU D2 indicate that a more serious threat category is
Brazil (Parana, Santa Catarina) appropriate.
Two known, one in Parang, south-east of
localities are Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Curitiba, and one around Sao Joaquim. It occurs within Refs: 7980, 9880, 1 1906, 1761
an area of 10,000km', in clearings, thickets and waste
places in the dwarf montane forest. Solanum granulosum-leprosum
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Solanaceae LR/cd
/fe/j;9880, 11906, 17611 Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo)
Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F.
Solanum diploconos Refs: 19098, 19103
Solanaceae LR/nt
Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parang, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Solanum inaequale
Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo) Solanaceae LR/cd
This species has long been known under the name Brazil (Mato Grosso do Minas Gerais, Parani, Rio
Sul,
Cyphomandra fragrans. It is found
clearings and in de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo)
and Araucaria
forest edges in Atlantic coastal rainforest A widespread species of montane forest.
forest, both of which have suffered heavy declines over Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F.
the past centuries. The fruit are edible and are being Refs: 7980, 19098, 19103
tried in New Zealand as a potential commercial crop.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Solanum latiflorum
Refs:9%ZQ, 11906, 17611 Solanaceae LR/nt
Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo)
Solanum diversifolium ssp. diversifolium Quite well collected and widespread, this small tree is
Solanaceae LR/nt confined to the remaining areas of Adantic coastal
Venezuela rainforest in the south-east of Brazil. This habitat has
Distributed in a restricted area of coastal Venezuela, this suffered large-scale destruction over the past centuries.
small tree colonises disturbed areas and light gaps in Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
cloud forest over 500m. Refs: 9880, I76I
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/Je/i; 7980, 9880, 17611 Solanum leucodendron
Solanaceae LR/cd
Solanum drymophilum Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro)
Solanaceae CR C2b Assessor: Carvalho, L.d'A.F.
Puerto Rico Refs: 19103
A spiny shrub or tree up to 10ft. It occurs in thickets at
the edge of pastureland, where it is vulnerable to cutting, Solanum melissarum
burning and development. A total of between 50 and 150 Solanaceae LR/nt
individuals are known from a single site. If allowed to, it Brazil (Bahia, Espfrito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parafba,
has the potential to become a weed in disturbed areas. Parang, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, S3o Paulo)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A relatively widespread species of primary or secondary
Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 forest, often in Araucaria groves, on the Atlantic coast.
Declines in this habitat have been dramatic.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 9880, 1761
518
1 1 1
Species Summaries
cloud forest and Araucaria forest. Destruction of these should become available to confirm this evaluation. The
forests has been extensive. islands are designated as a national park and biosphere
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre reserve and work is being carried out by 'CONAF to
/?e/i;9880, 11906, 17611 save the native plants.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Solanum roseum Refs: 3241, 5651, 7980, 14140
Solanaceae VUBl+2c
Bolivia Sophora mangarevaensis
A cloud forest species which is restricted to a small area Leguminosae EN Bl-t-2c
in the department of La Paz, although it may appear in French Polynesia (Tuamotu Is.)
519
1
520
Species Summaries
under S. porrigentiformis. About 250 trees exist in total, sites. Thespecies is an apomictic product of a cross
the majority of which are in the Avon Gorge, where they between aucuparia and S. rupicola.
5.
are under some degree of protection and constructive Assessor: Wigginton, M.J.
management. The species is apomictic. There appears to Re/i.- 7222, 7801, 19148
be significant variation between populations and further
studies are required to elucidate their exact origins. Sorbus maderensis
Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Rosaceae CR Dl
Ue/i; 7222, 7801,19148 Portugal (Madeira)
Endemic to Madeira, the species is reduced to a single
Sorbusfranconica population of about 30 trees in a small area of montane
Rosaceae VU D2 woodland at 1500m. Recent grazing control has helped
Germany to improve the prospects of regeneration. There are still
A small tree or shrub, occurring in beech forest, pine potential threats from burning and collectors.
plantation on limestone and at forest edges in three small Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
areas in the state of Bayem, northern Bavaria. The Refs: 16500, 19080, 19131
species, an apomictic member of the S. latifolia
complex, is thought to have originated from a Sorbus muUicrenata
hybridisation event between S. pannonica or S. aria and Rosaceae EN Dl
S. torminalis. Germany
Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Restricted to a single locality on the southern slope of a
Refs: 1719,7222, 15608 hill in Greifenstein near Blakenburg in the state of
Thuringia, this species occurs within an area of 100 km*.
Sorbus heitingensis It belongs to the 5. latifolia complex, originating from
Rosaceae VU D2 hybridisation between 5. aria and 5. torminalis.
Germany Assessor: Schmidt, P.A.
Confined to the limestone area between the villages of Refs: 1719,7222, 15608
Heilingen and Reinstadt of Thuringia, this
in the state
large tree has an extent of occurrence of less than Sorbus parumlobata
1 00km'. It is an apomictic species of the S. latifolia Rosaceae CR Dl
complex, originating from a cross between S. aria and 5. Germany
torminalis. This tree is restricted to the limestone slopes south of
Assessor: Schmidt, P.A. Amstadt in Thuringia. There are fewer than 50
Refs: 1719,7222,15608 individuals. It belongs to the S. latifolia complex,
originating from a cross between S. aria and 5.
Sorbus lancastriensis torminalis.
Rosaceae LR/nt Assessor: Schmidt, P.A.
United Kingdom (Great Britain) Refs: 1719,7222, 15608
A small tree of open woodland or woodland edges,
occurring on Carboniferous limestone in a number of Sorbus pseudofennica
sites within a 30km radius of Morecambe Bay. Most Rosaceae VU D2
sites are protected or inaccessible. The species is United Kingdom (Great Britain)
apomictic, originating from a cross between 5. aria and A small tree known from Glen Diomhan in Arran, where
S. rupicola. it occurs in scrub on steep granite crags and in remnant
Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. woodland on a stream bank. The area is remote and
/fe/i; 7222, 7801, 19148 designated as a nature reserve. Signs of regeneration are
evident but they are exceeded in rate by the natural loss
Sorbus leptophylla of old trees. Attempts at supplementing the existing
Rosaceae CR Dl population of about 500 individuals by planting young
United Kingdom (Great Britain) trees has met with limited success. The parent species
A sprawling tree known only from populations on shady are believed tobe 5. arranensis and 5. aucuparia.
crags of Carboniferous limestone at two sites in Assessor: Wigginton, M.J.
Breconshire, both of which are given some form of Refs: 1719,7222,7801,19148
protection.The population is stable and inaccessible to
grazing animals. The latest count uncovered 44 trees. A Sorbus pseudothuringiaca
small population of very similar trees found at Craig
is Rosaceae VUDl+2
Breidden in Montgomery. Further studies are needed to Germany
consolidate whether it belongs to this species. A shrub to medium-sized tree, confined to an area of
/fc/i; 7222, 7801, 19148 Alb in the state of Bavaria. It is an apomictic species of
the 5. hybrida complex, originating from a cross
Sorbus leyana between S. aria and 5. aucuparia.
Rosaceae CR Dl Assessor: Schmidt, P.A.
United Kingdom (Great Britain) Refs: 1719,7222,15608
About 20 trees are known in total from two sites on
Carboniferous limestone cliffs in southern Breconshire. Sorbus subcordata
Both locations are given limited protection as Sites of Rosaceae VU Dl
Special Scientific Interest and a small number of plants Germany
raised from seed have been incorporated into the Endemic to the state of Thuringia, this apomict is found
population. Quarrying has destroyed some of the former in a population of about 1(X)0 individuals, on the
521
The World List of Threatened Trees
limestone slopes south of Amstadt. It belongs to the S. extensively logged and cleared for cultivation.
latifolia complex, originating from a cross between S. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
aria and 5. torminalis. /?e/S.- 4977, 11504
Assessor: Schmidt, P.A.
Refs: 1719,7222,15608 Sorocea guiUeminiana
Moraceae VUAlc
Sorbus subcuneata Brazil
Rosaceae VU Dl An Atlantic forest species widely occurring in north,
United Kingdom (Great Britain) north-east and south-east Brazil. Populations have
Occurring in oak woodlands, this apomictic species is declined because of habitat loss and degradation and
confined to a small area along the Devon and Somerset poor regeneration.
coasts. Most of the small populations are stable, with Assessor: Carauta, J.P.P.
the one noted exception being the potentially threatened Refs: 15717, 19101
population above High Town in Minehead.
Assessor: Wigginton, M.J. Soulamea terminaUoides
/fe/i- 7222, 7801, 19148 Simaroubaceae VU 02
Seychelles
Sorbus velebitica Endemic to the Seychelles, the species qualifies as
Rosaceae DD threatened by virtue of its restricted distribution.
Croatia Populations are healthy and stable.
Taxonomically and nomenclaturally doubtful, the Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
species is in need of further investigation. Refs: 9859, 17229
Assessor: Nikolic, T.
Refs: nil, 15608, 19070 Soyauxia talbotii
Medusandraceae ENBl+2c
Sorbus vexans Nigeria
Rosaceae VU Dl+2 A small tree which is recorded only in south-east
United Kingdom (Great Britain) Nigeria. Unprotected forest has been extensively logged
A small tree, often multi-stemmed from the base. and cleared for cultivation. The family is endemic to
Populations occur in a small corridor of coast between West Africa.
Culbone in Somerset and an area just west of Trentishoe Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
in Devon, where the species grows mainly in oak Zfe/i.- 2773, 11504
522
1
Species Summaries
523
The World List of Threatened Trees
A tree restricted to lower montane forest. During the forest surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996 for the
comprehensive National Conservation Review forest National Conservation Review, suggesting that it is
surveys, this species was found in only three localities in either extremely rare or possibly extinct.
Kegalle and Ratnapura. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857,19112
Refs: 13857,19112
Stemonoporus gracilis
Stemonoporus buUatus Dipterocarpaceae CR Ale, Dl
Dipterocarpaceae EN Ale Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka This species is known only from an area of river bank on
This dipterocarp was known from wet evergreen forest a tributary of the Kelani River. It was not found during
in Kanneliya and Hinidumkande, however it was not the extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991
found during the extensive National Conservation and 1996 for the National Conservation Review,
Review forest surveys, indicating that it is extremely suggesting that the species is either extremely rare or
rare or possibly extinct. Its taxonomic characteristics are possibly extinct.
doubtfully distinct from S. canaliculatus. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Assessor: Ashton, P. /fe/i; 13857, 19112
/Jc/i.- 13857,19112
Stemonoporus kanneliyensis
Stemonoporus canaliculatus Dipterocarpaceae ENAlc, C2a
Dipterocarpaceae CRAlc Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka This species was found only once in Haycock Biosphere
An understorey tree with a clumped distribution in Reserve during the extensive forest surveys conducted
remaining lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west between 1991 and 1996 for the National Conservation
Sri Lanka. This species was found in 1 1 forest sites Review, suggesting that the species is either extremely
during the extensive National Conservation Review rare or possibly extinct. The taxon is doubtfully distinct
forest surveys. from 5. reticulatus.
Assessor: Ashton, P. Assessor: Ashton, P.
Refs: 13857, 15431, 17195, 19112 Refs: 13857,19112
524
Species Summaries
525
The World List of Threatened Trees
526
Species Summaries
This species has been found in only six forest sites Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the Refs: 1308, 4506, 6396, 12067, 16796
National Conservation Review.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Stylogyne darienensis
Refs: 19112 Myrsinaceae DD
Panama
Strychnos chromatoxylon Collected only once, the species is restricted to a region
Loganiaceae DD which has been poorly explored until now. Stylogyne is
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Cote d'lvoire known from several collections in Dari6n, identified as
This species is severely restricted in the Upper Guinea other species.
part of its range, where it was found once in riverine Assessor: Mitr6, M.
forest in Bafmg, between Biankouma and Touba in Cote Refs: 16772
d'lvoire. In Cameroon and the Central African Republic
its status is not yet known. Styrax argyrophyllus
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Styracaceae VU D2
Refs: 12590, 12822 Peru
This species appears to be confined to the department of
Strychnos mellodora Cajamarca in the Andes, where it is known only from
Loganiaceae VUBl+2bc the type locality in submontane shrubland.
Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Although the species ranges from Kenya to Zimbabwe, Refs: 1984
it exists in small and restricted pockets of moist forest,
which have declined in extent over the past few decades. Styrax crotonoides
It has been found only once in the Shimba Hills in Styracaceae VU B 1 +2c
Kenya. In Tanzania it occurs in the East Usambara Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore
Mountains, the North Udzungwa Mountains, where it is This species inhabits both closed and open lowland
very scarce, and the Ngurdota Crater on Mount Meru. rainforest and swamp or disturbed forests. Many such
The species is confined to Chirinda forest in Zimbabwe, have undergone conversion,
forests in the state of Johore
where there is a well-protected healthy population. It has particularly for housing developments.
also been recorded from Garuso forest in central Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Mozambique. /fe/i;9199, 17140, 19073
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 3356, 6396, 6725, 8814, 16232 Styrax ferax
Styracaceae VU D2
Strychnos millepunctata Peru
Logani aceae VU B 1 +2c So far known only from the type locality, the species
Cote d'lvoire occurs in lowland forest in the department of Junfn.
Represented by few known collections, this endemic of Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cote d'lvoire is scattered throughout the country in Refs: 1984
primary forest. Extensive logging has severely reduced
the extent of forest in the country in the last three Styrax foveolaria
decades. Styracaceae VU D2
Assessor: Assi, A. Peru
Refs: 12822 This species is known only from the type collection
from the department of Hudnuco.
Strychnos tetragona Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Loganiaceae CRBl+2c Refs: 1984
Sri Lanka
A tree confined to areas of lowland wet evergreen forest
in south-west Sri Lanka. Only a single individual was
found in Knuckles State Forest during the extensive
forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation
527
The World List of Threatened Trees
Styrax fraserensis also the North Udzungwa Mountains. All these localities
Styracaceae VU D2 are in densely populated areas but are relatively well
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) protected by guards or active conservation programmes.
A rare species occurring at 1300m on Erasers Hill, Assessor: Lx)vett, J. & G.P. Qarke
Pahang. The prime threat to this species is tourism. Refs: 3356, 8814
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L.
Refs: 8464, 19073 Swaitdafistuloides
Leguminosae EN Alcd
Styrax Utseoides Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'lvoire.
Styracaceae VU D2 Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea,
Viet Nam Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria
A species apparently endemic to Viet Nam, where it is Although widespread in closed forests in West and
known only from Phu Loc in Lang Co in the centre of Central Africa, the species is not common. It is exploited
the country. at a moderate level as a decorative timber. There is also
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre evidence that regeneration may be hampered in places
Refs: 848 by the absence of its seed disperser, the elephant.
Assessor: African Regional Workshop
Styrax mathewsU Refs: 2773, 6128, 6718, 8369, 17408
Styracaceae VU D2
Peru Swartzia macrophyUa
Recorded only from the type collection, the species Leguminosae EX
occurs in submontane forest in the department of Colombia
Amazonas. Believed to be extinct, the species was recorded from an
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre unspecified locality, probably in Antioquia.
Refs: 1984 Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 7980, 8869, 17690, 19069
Styrax peruvianum
Styracaceae VU D2 Swartzianuda
Peru Leguminosae ENBl+2c
This Andean species appears to be confined to Panama
Cajamarca, where it has been recorded only from the A species which is known only from two localities, Isia
type collection taken from submontane shrubland. Col6n and Valle del Agua, in Bocas del Toro, where it
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre occurs, fairly commonly, in lowland evergreen to semi-
Refs: 1984 evergreen rainforest. There are some threats from
logging and encroaching settlements and agriculture.
Styrax portoricensis Assessor: Mitr^, M.
Styracaceae CR Dl Refs: 7980. 16772, 17690
Puerto Rico
A total of four individuals are known from a single site Swartzia oraria
of upper montane wet forest in the Caribbean National Leguminosae CRBl+2c
Forest. Colombia
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre An endemic to Valle.
Refs: 7980, 17124, 17540 Assessor: Calderon, E.
Refs: 7980, 19069
Styrax socialis
Styracaceae VU D2 Swartzia rediviva
Peru Leguminosae VU D2
A shrubland species, known only from the type Suriname
collection in scrub occurring below 1500m in Cuzco An endemic species known only from the type locality
Department. along the Left Coppename River.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1984 Refs: 19196
528
Species Summaries
level of exploitation has led to the exhaustion of supplies particularly rare in Espi'rito Santo. Trees are so sparsely
particularly in the northern parts of its range. The scattered that outcrossing may be seriously limited. No
ecology of northern populations is relatively well large populations are known.
understood whereas virtually nothing is known about Assessor: Noblick, L.
Amazonian populations. Basic inventories are lacking Refs: 19118
for most of its range. Good stands apparently still remain
in parts of Brazil and Bolivia. Regeneration of the Syagrus stratincola
species is stochastic, depending on large-scale
in nature Palmae VUBl+2c
disturbance. This ecological strategy makes mahogany French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
vulnerable to logging regimes. Harvesting and A palm tree that occurs in fewer than 10 localities on
processing are generally only 50 percent efficient. granite outcrops in low transitional moist forest in the
There is, at present, little economic incentive to manage Guianas. In French Guiana one of these sites is in Las
natural stands sustainably. International trade in timber Neuragus Nature Reserve. Fire and poor regeneration
of the species is subject to the provisions of Appendix are the principal threats.
niof*CITES. Assessor: de Granville, J.J
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs: 19118
Refs: 1957, 4147, 4217, 4974, 5124, 6602, 9076, 12109,
12268, 12281, 14717, 14873, 15539, 16123, 19170 Sympetalandra schmutzU
Leguminosae VU 02
Swietenia mahagoni Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is.)
Meliaceae EN Alcd A large tree endemic to Flores Is.
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cayman Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Refs: 1011
Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe (Guadeloupe, St
Martin-St Barthelemy), Jamaica, Martinique, Symphonia globuUfera var. angustifolia
Montsertat, St Kitts and Nevis. St Lucia, St Vincent, Guttiferae DD
Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, USA Panama
(Florida), Venezuela Assessor: Mitr6, M.
The Caribbean mahogany is found on the Caribbean Refs: 15309, 16772, 17397
islands and also in south Florida in dry or moist forest,
often on limestone. Its natural distribution is hard to Symphyochlamys erlangeri
ascertain as it has been widely cultivated. It was the first Malvaceae LR/nt
mahogany to appear in themarket five
European Somalia
centuries ago. Natural stands are extensively exhausted A tree from a monotypic genus. It is confined to
and the species exhibits high levels of genetic erosion. southern Somalia where the habitat is extensively
529
The World List of Threatened Trees
530
Species Summaries
531
1
Symplocos pulchra ssp. coriacea Mountain in the south. Trees are scattered sparsely in
Symplocaceae ENBl+2c mixed forest between 1800 and 2100m. Regeneration is
India (Tamil Nadu) noted to be poor and no conservation or protection
A small tree, known from the type specimen
only measures are in place.
collected from a submontane forest in
restricted area of Assessor: Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan
the Agastyamalai Hills. Large areas have been exposed Refs: 19050, 19053
to fires, grazing, the establishment of commercial
plantations and cutting for fuelwood, but almost Symplocos tubulifera
1000km' of forest are now under protection within Symplocaceae VUBl+2c
sanctuaries. Jamaica
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre An uncommon tree restricted to St Catherine and St
Refs: 19144 Ann Parishes.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Symplocos pyriflora *e/t; 401, 5653, 7980
Symplocaceae LR/cd
Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Symplocos versicolor
A shrub or small tree of moist submontane rainforest up Symplocaceae CRBl+2cd
to 1450m. This species is found in Taman Negara Sri Lanka
National Park and in protective forest within the A species of lowland wet evergreen forest in south-west
permanent forest estate. Sri It has been recorded from several sites in
Lanka.
Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Sinharaja Biosphere Reserve, but not during the
Refs: 8464, 19073 extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and
1996 for the National Conservation Review.
Symplocos rimbachii Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Symplocaceae VUBl+2c Refs: 17195,19112
Ecuador
An Ecuadorean endemic, inhabiting cloud forest at Synadenium compactum var. compactum
2600m in the High Andean areas of Bolivar. Euphorbiaceae VUBI+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Kenya
Refs: 19119,19120 Endemic to central Kenya, this variety occurs in riverine
or rocky sites in dry bushland. The habitat is threatened
Symplocos shilanensis by encroaching agriculture and land settlement in the
Symplocaceae EN B 1 +2ab, C area. The Conservation Programme in Kenya
Plant
Taiwan maintains living stocks for ex situ conservation.
Known only from the Nanjenshan area in the Hengchun Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Peninsula, the species occurs in very small and isolated /?c/i; 6396, 10961,17859
populations in lowland forest. Little regeneration is
evident and the expansion of housing developments has Synapsis ilicifolia
caused declines in the habitat. The Kenting National Bignoniaceae ENBl+2c
Park covers the entire range. Cuba
Assessor: Pan, F.J. A rare shrub or tree, up to 15m in height, locally
Refs: 3295, 19050, 19053 confmed to small areas of karstic semi-deciduous forest
on Umestone cliff in Santiago de Cuba Province.
Symplocos sousae Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Symplocaceae DD Refs: 11403,18485,19149
Costa Rica, Mexico (Jalisco, Oaxaca)
A small tree of montane mesophyllous forest, between Synsepalum aubreviUei
2500 and 2700m. In Mexico it occurs only in the Sierra Sapotaceae VU A 1 c, B 1 +2c
de ManantlSn. More information is needed on its Cote d'lvoire, Ghana
distribution elsewhere. A small rare tree confined to wet evergreen forests in
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Ghana and neighbouring Cote d'lvoire. Significant parts
Refs: 7980, 12985, 13361, 19068 of this forest have been lost to mining, logging and
commercial forestry activities.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
Refs: 2773, 8369, 12061
532
Species Summaries
Synsepaliun glycydonim only from the type collections. There have been large
Sapotaceae VUBl+2c declines in the extent of the forest habitat because of
Nigeria logging. It is not known whether the species is now
A small tree, apparently confined to the Oban Hills in extinct.
Cross River National Park. Surrounding areas have been Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
extensively logged and cleared for cultivation. Refs: ill, 4799
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
/?e/i; 2773, 4977, 11504 Syzygium assimile var. acuminata
Myrtaceae EN B 1 +2c
Synsepalum kassneri Sri Lanka
Sapotaceae VU B 1 +2c The species was found in only three localities during the
Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe extensive forest surveys conducted between 1991 and
Widely known imder the genus Afrosersalisia, this 1996 for the National Conservation Review. No
species is known from populations in the Shimba Hills information is available at the variety level.
in Kenya, coastal forest in Tanzania, Makunipini Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
National Park (1.5km') in Zimbabwe and the lower Refs: 15431,17759,19112
slopes of the Chimanimani Mountains in Mozambique.
It occurs in some abundance in some areas, especially Syzygium beddomei
towards the drier regions of forest, but it is being M yrtaceae EN B 1 +2c
actively cut in places (e.g. Mangea in Kenya). India (Tamil Nadu)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre A relatively large tree of submontane evergreen forest,
Refs: 5654, 6396, 6725, 10781 known from a single collection in the Agastyamalai
Hills and from a less precisely located record in the
Synsepalum subverticillata Anaimalai range.
Sapotaceae EN B 1 +2c Assessor: Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre
Kenya, Tanzania? Refs: 19144
A small tree of moist semi-deciduous lowland forest or
dense bushland. There are populations in Witu Forest Syzygium benthamianum
Reserve, Gongoni Forest Reserve and the Shimba Hills Myrtaceae VUBl+2c
National Reserve. It is also thought to extend into India (Kerala, TamilNadu)
Tanzania. The entire species range is contained within A small tree of montane forest, occurring in the Nilgiris,
protected areas, although there is no enforcement of the Agastyamalai Hills and a few scattered localities in
protective measures. between.
Assessor: CAMP Workshop in Kenya Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19181 Refs: 19144
533
The World List of Threatened Trees
534
Species Summaries
535
The World List of Threatened Trees
536
Species Summaries
537
The World List of Threatened Trees
538
Species Summaries
again had failed until a healthy population of about 250 Tapirira bethanniana
trees was recently discovered in the Anjahanaribe-Sud Anacardiaceae VU D2
Special Reserve in the north-east, 150km from the French Guiana
original locality. A newly described species of primary rainforest,
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre endemic to French Guiana and principally found in the
Refs: 19107, 19190 vicinity of La Fumde.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
TalbotieUa eketensis Refs: 7980
Leguminosae ENBl+2c
Nigeria Tapirira chimalapana
A swamp forest foimd only in south-east
species, Anacardiaceae VUAlc
Nigeria. In Eket the habitat appears to have been almost Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz)
completely destroyed because of oil exploration A common canopy tree, endemic to the Uxpanapa-
operations. Elsewhere levels of logging and clearing are Chimalapa area.
high outside protected areas. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Refs:5(>5\
^e/S; 450, 2773, 7550, 11504
Tapiscia sinensis
TalbotieUa gentii Staphyleaceae VUAlc
Leguminosae CR A 1 c, B +2c
1 China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,
Ghana Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)
Endemic to Ghana, evergreen tree occurs in tiny
this A widely occurring species sparsely distributed in the
stands inrocky areas of dry forest. Records from Yangtze River basin in moist forest, usually at
Cameroon appear to be erroneous. The original area of streamsides, on mountain slopes between 400 and
dry forest has been extensively destroyed by incursions 1600m. There is a long interval between fruiting
of people and subsequent exploitation of forested areas. seasons, which leads to naturally poor regeneration.
This species is very slow-growing and does not seem to Extensive disturbance, clearance and logging of the
have a dispersal mechanism. It is considered to be the habitat have caused population declines over most of the
species with the highest conservation priority within species' range.
Ghana. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Re/i; 1818, 11847
Refs: 2173. %S54, 12061
Tapura arachnoidea
Tannodia swynnertonii Dichapetalaceae VU D2
Euphorbiaceae VU B 1 +2bc, D2 Gabon
Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe A small forest tree, which is known only from a small
A number of small isolated populations exist. The area near Lastoursville. The area is under exploitation
Tanzanian population is confined to Mwanihana in the and there is a serious likelihood that the species' habitat
Udzungwa Mountains. In Zimbabwe, the species occurs is already lost.
in Chirinda forest, where it is a common understorey Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
tree, and in the Vumba Mountains, near Mutare, where Refs: 19043
one or two individuals have been recorded. Poorly
collected areas in Mozambique are expected to harbour Tapura carinata
additional populations. Dichapetalaceae VU D2
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Congo, Gabon
Refs: 3356, 5108, 6725, 10961 A species with a distinctive floral structure, known only
from two collections from areas of closed forest. Further
Tapeinosperma campanula collecting may extend the distribution. There is concern
Myrsinaceae VU Dl about logging and the extent to which forest areas are
New Caledonia now under concession to logging companies.
Assessor: Jaffr6, T. el at. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 10351 Refs: 7359, 14958
been banned. There is some pressure from pole and Assessor: Hawthorne, W.
fuelwood collection inside the southern perimeter and Refs: 8369, 8854, 12061
also generally from the demand for land for the
cultivation of cash crops in the surrounding area. Tapura letestui
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Dichapetalaceae VU D2
Refs: 10961, 16796 Congo, Gabon
A species of semi-deciduous forests, known only from
two collections. It is possible that further collecting may
extend the distribution. There is concern over logging
539
The World List of Threatened Trees
and the extent to which forest areas are now under Tarenna monosperma
concession to logging companies. Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Refs: 7359, 14958 Poorly known, this shrubby species has been collected
just three times from the Nilgiris, the Anamalai Hills and
Tapura neglecta the Agastyamalai Hills.
Dichapetalaceae VU D2 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Gabon Refs: 427, 19144
A small forest tree or shrub, which, at present, is known
only from the two collections from Mandji and Ndjol6. Tarenna nilagirica
It is possible that the species may be found to be more Rubiaceae VUBl+2c
widespread. There is concern over logging and the India (Kamataka, Kerala)
extent to which forest areas are now under concession to A small tree of submontane forest, known from only a
logging companies. few collections, mainly from the Nilgiris but also from
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre scattered localities extending into southern Kamataka.
Kefs: 7359, 15790, 19043 Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 19144
Tapura orbicularis
Dichapetalaceae VUBl+2c Tarenna quadrangularis
Cuba Rubiaceae VUBl-t-2b
Known from the montane edaphic climax
only Tanzania
shrubwoods and forests of Sierra de Nipe in Holgui'n An endemic from the Uluguru Mountains, restricted to
Province, this rare tree is suffering from habitat upper moist evergreen forest.
destruction resulting from logging and mining activities. Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E. /?eA; 3356, 8814
Refs: 7980, 11403, 18485, 19149
Taxodium mucronatum
Taraktogenos annamensis Taxodiaceae DD
Flacourtiaceae VU A led Guatemala, Mexico, USA (Texas)
China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Laos, Viet Nam Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Populations in China are localised, occurring in Mengla, Refs: 374, 4974, 7395, 13041
Jiangchen, Hekou and Pingbian in south
Jingping,
Yunnan and Longzhou in south-west Guangxi. The Taxus brevifolia
species is said to be relatively common in central and Taxaceae LR/nt
northern Viet Nam. No information is available on the Canada (Alberta, Columbia),
British USA (Idaho,
populations in Laos. The lowland forest habitat has Montana, Oregon, Washington)
suffered large-scale clearance and conversion to Native populations have been under considerable
agriculture. Medicine and oil are harvested from the pressure from the scale of exploitation of the bark by
seeds. pharmaceutical companies. Plantation sources are now
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre available. The species occurs in various national parks in
Refs: 1818, 11847, 19055, 19061 the north-west.
Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Tarenna agumbensis Re/i; 374, 13041,18751
Rubiaceae ENBl+2c
India (Kamataka) Taxus floridana
A small tree, collected fourfrom separate
times Taxaceae CRB1-h2c
localities of evergreen forest in southern Kamataka. USA (Rorida)
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Populations are unhealthy and highly restricted,
Refs: 14276, 19144 occupying an area of less than lOkm^. They occur along
the Appalachian River on steep rocky bluffs. A lowering
Tarenna drummondii of the water table in this hmestone area may be
Rubiaceae VUBl+2b responsible for significant levels of stress and the
Kenya, Tanzania lowering of immunity to fimgal diseases in the members
A small tree or shrub known from areas of coastal forest of the population.
at Shimba, Mrima, Marenje and Miongoni in Kenya and Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
further south in east and north-east Tanzania. Refs: 374, 13041
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Refs: 3356, 6396, 8814 Taxus globosa
Taxaceae LR/nt
Tarenna luhomeroensis Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chihuahua)
Rubiaceae VU D2 In north-east Mexico the species is locally common.
Tanzania Some interest has been shown by pharmaceutical
Known only from the type, this tree occurs at Luhomero companies in its medicinal properties. There is no
in moist forest at 1750m. evidence of active exploitation.
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group
Refs: 3356, 10961 Refs: 374, 1539,4974,5470, 10217, 13041
540
Species Summaries
573
The World List of Threatened Trees
574
1
Species Summaries
in wet evergreen forest. The rate of decline of in the ungulates and spreading invasive plants. The species is
extent of these forests has been severe in the last few protected by the US Endangered Species Act.
decades, largely because of logging. Remaining forested Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
areas are small and generally conflned to protected Refs: 3372, 19037
areas, especially Tai National Park.
Assessor: Assi, A. Zanthoxylum fagara ssp. aguilarii
Refs: 12822 Rutaceae EN C2a
Guatemala, Honduras
Zanthoxylum belizense A species of moist forest or thickets in ravines or
Rutaceae ENAlc, C2a sometimes dry hillsides.
Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Assessor: Nelson, C.
Nicaragua, Panama Refs: 13995
A tree of wet forest and thickets in the Atlantic
lowlands. Zanthoxylum ferrugineum
Assessor: Nelson, C. Rutaceae EN C2a
Refs: 13995 Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama
Zanthoxylum brieyi A species of dry to humid pine forest, at middle
Rutaceae VU D2 elevations.
Democratic Republic of Congo Assessor: Nelson, C.
Little is known about the population of this species other Refs: 13995, 14487, 18416
than that it occurs in Luki Reserve in Mayombe. The
surrounding areas are heavily populated and pressures Zanthoxylum flavum
caused by logging, charcoal production and agricultural Rutaceae VU Ale
encroachment are severe. Anguilla, Bahamas, Bermuda, Brazil (Amazonas), Cuba,
Assessor: Ndjele, M.B. Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico,
Refs: 17951 St Lucia, USA (Florida)
A shrub or tree up to 15m tall, occurring in thickets and
Zanthoxylum chevalieri woodland on rocky limestone. In Central America the
Rutaceae VU A 1 c, B +2c
1 species is represented by a single collection from Swan
Ghana Island, Honduras. The species has been heavily
Not commonly recorded, this species occurs in exploited for its timber over a long period on all the
evergreen forest in rocky or upland areas in the Upper West Indian islands. Stands are now largely depleted of
Guinea region. The habitat has suffered from the effects mature trees and the timber is extremely rare in
of farming, fire, certain forestry management systems international trade.
and large-scale mining. Assessor: Areces-Mallea, A.E.
Assessor: Hawthorne, W. Refs: 3786, 6057, 13947, 13995, 19149, 19188
Refs: 8369, 12061
Zanthoxylum gentlei
Zanthoxylum deremense Rutaceae EN C2a
Rutaceae VUBl+2b Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
Malawi, Tanzania A species, of somewhat dubious nomenclature,
A species of moist forest of medium to high elevations. occurring in humid forest in the Atlantic lowlands.
There are populations in parts of eastern Tanzania and Assessor: Nelson, C.
Malawi. /?e/j; 4974, 13995
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
/?e/j; 3356, 8814 Zanthoxylum hanisii
Rutaceae VUBl+2c
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dipetalum Jamaica
Rutaceae LR/nt Until now, the species has been found only in low
USA (Hawaii) numbers in an area of humid woodland at 1060m in
The commoner variety of the two which are recognised. Portland Parish. Observations in the 1980s also indicated
Populations are found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and that it may occur in Clarendon Parish.
Hawaii in dry to moist forest from low to medium Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
elevation. Its wood was of great value in the past for Refs: 401, 3932, 5653, 19085
resonant kapa logs which were beaten for the purpose of
long-distance communication. Zanthoxylum hartii
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre Rutaceae VUBl+2c
Refs: 3372 Jamaica
A species restricted to John Crow Peak, where it can be
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum common or locally dominant on karst limestone near the
Rutaceae CR B 1 +2c, C2ab, D summit. A few individuals were found on shale close to
USA (Hawaii) the limestone bluffs of the peak.
This variety is considerably rarer than the type variety. It Assessor: Kelly, D.L.
is known from approximately 24 individuals scattered Refs: 401, 3932, 4089, 5653, 19085
on lava fields at Puuwaawaa in North Kona District on
Hawaii. There are persistent threats from grazing
575
The World List of Threatened Trees
576
Species Summaries
whether the extent of the species' occurrence is These forests have declined heavily in the past because
regressing or not. There is no doubt that grazing goats of the increasing clearing of land for agiculture.
have a strong impact in places, but it has lessened over Continuing declines are prevented by the presence of
the past 80 years and the trees regenerate well by forest guards and active conservation programmes.
suckering. All shepherds' crooks in west Crete are made Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
from the wood. Refs: 3356, 5204, 10961, 1 1631
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1890, 5287, 7222, 16500, 19018, 19019 ZenkereUa perplexa
Leguminosae VUBI+2c
ZeUcova carpinifotia Tanzania
Ulmaceae LR/nt Known from only two sites this tree occurs in the
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey Uluguru Mountains and Malundwe in areas of moist
Assessor: Giiner. A. & J. Zielinski evergreen forest at medium elevations.
Refs: 1956,3489,19165 Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke
Re/i; 3356, 8814, 11631
Zelkova sicula
Ulmaceae CR C2b, Dl Zeyheria tuberculosa
Italy (Sicily) Bignoniaceae VUAlcd
Between 200 and 250 individuals exist in a single Brazil (Espi'rito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro,
remote population extending 200m along the banks of a Sao Paulo)
stream on the northern slopes of the Iblei Mountains. This pioneer species is found in rainforest, dry forest and
The areanow fenced to prevent grazing and any other
is "cerrado in south-east Brazil. This region is threatened
damage. Few flowering individuals have been seen in by encroaching agriculture, ranching and charcoal
the last six years and the fruit produced appears to be production, which is causing a decline in this species.
sterile. Reproduction is largely vegetative. Assessor: World ConservEtion Monitoring Centre
Assessor: Garfi, G. Refs: 4506
/?e/i. 6510, 19150, 19I5I
Zieria chevatieri
Z^nia insignis Rutaceae VUBI+2c
Leguminosae LR/nt New Caledonia
China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Assessor: Jaffr^, T. et al.
East and West Usambara Mountains. appropriate. Natural regeneration is not evident. The
Assessor: Lovett, J. & G.P. Clarke Plant Conservation Programme in Kenya is monitoring
Refs: 3356, 5204, 8814 the species.
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
ZenkereUa egregia Refs: 6396, 17859
Leguminosae VUBl+2b
Tanzania
A lowland forest species, restricted to the remaining
forested areas at the foot of the East Usambara
Mountains, Kimboza Forest Reserve at the foot of the
Uluguru Mountains and possibly also in South Nguru.
577
The World List of Threatened Trees
ceUUa
Ziziphtts Zollingeria dongnaiensis
Rhamnaceae VU Dl Sapindaceae DD
USA (Florida) Thailand, Viet Nam
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre In Viet Nam, the species is known from only two
Refs: 19164 localities, one on the mainland inBien Hoa and the other
on the island of Con Son.
Zidphus hutchinsonii Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Rhamnaceae VUAld Refs: 848
Philippines
An endemic species to the Philippines. Rates of habitat Zygia lehmannii
loss through logging and shifting cultivation have led to Leguminosae ENBl+2c
considerable population declines. Colombia
Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre The species is known from Cauca according to
«e/i.- 2072, 4919 confirmed records and from Valle from less definite
records.
Ziziphus mistol Assessor: Calderon, E.
Rhamnaceae DD Refs: 19069
Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco,
C6rdoba, Corrientes,
Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santa ?t, Santiago del Zygia oriunda
Estero, TucumSn), Bolivia, Paraguay Leguminosae VU D2
Widespread and widely used, the species occurs within Peru
an area of considerable human disturbance in dry Known only from the type collection, the species occurs
subtropical forest in the Chaco. in lowland Amazon forest in Loreto.
Assessor: Prado, D. Assessor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Refs: 1262,7980 Refs: 1984
578
Species Summaries
579
The World List of Threatened Trees
195 Boulos, Loutfy. 1996. Comments on North 434 Brown, F.B.H. & E.D.W. Brown. 1931. Hora
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17759 Wemer, Wolfgang. 1995. Annotations to 18243 Smitinand, T. & T. Santisuk. 1981.
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19027 Fosberg, F.R. & Renvoize, S.A. 1980. The
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19034 US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996.
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endangered status for the plant Delissea celebica in Appendix II of CITES.
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19035 US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Brunei, including Shorea albida, Agathis
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determination of endangered and threatened
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53124.
19051 Lu, S.Y. & F.J. Pan. 1996. Rare and
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Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants;
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status for nineteen plant species from the and endangered plants in Taiwan II.
island of Kauai, Hawaii. US Federal Register
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Fagus hayalae Palib. Broadleaves, Newsletter
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Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Trees Specialist Group 4: 5-6.
determination of endangered status for thirteen
plants from the islands of Hawaii, State of 19055 Sun, W. 1997. Completed data coUection
Hawaii. US Federal Register 61(198): 53137- forms for trees of Yunnan.
53153.
19056 Firsov, G.A. 1997. Completed data coUection
19038 US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Recovery forms for Russian trees.
plan for the Kaua'i plant cluster. Portland,
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working groups at the Conservation and
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plan for the Big Island plant cluster. Portland, held in Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Oregon: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 176 pp.
19058 Anonymous. 1997. Inclusion of Aquilaria
19040 US Fish and WildUfe Service. 1996. Recovery malaccensis in Appendix II of CITES - India,
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19059 Soehartono, T. 1997. The overview of trade in
19041 US Fish and WildUfe Service. 1996. Recovery Gaharu in Indonesia, (unpublished).
plan for Koolau Mountain plant cluster.
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Service. 124 pp. summary report. 1 pp.
19042 Rosseel, J. 1997. Email message to Charlotte 19061 Dzung. el al. 1997. Conversation vrith
Jenkins concerning endemic trees to Sao Charlotte Jenkins concerning tree species in
T01116. Viet Nam also found in Yunnan.
19043 Breteler, F.J. 1997. Letter to Charlotte Jenkins 19062 Geriach, J. 1997. CommenU on the trees of the
containing annotations to the draft species Seychelles and their evaluation according to
summaries for Gabonese trees. 1994 lUCN red list categories. 2 pp.
19044 Loc, Phan Ke. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield 19063 Phengklai, C. 1989. Personal conununication
containing a list of the threatened from C. Phengklai.
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le-.Diospyros celehica, Inisia bijuga and Intsia notes on Knema and Myristica
palembanica. (Myristicaceae).
19066 Madulid, D.A. 1996. Letter to A. MacKinven 19083 Miller, A.G. 1997. Completed data collection
dated 11th July, 1996 re; Diospyros forms and comments concerning the
pilosanthera and Diospyros philippinensis. threatened trees of Socotra and Yemen.
19067 Fjeldsi J. 1997. Comments on Polylepis 19084 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1997. The myrmecophilous
species and their evaluation. species of Myristica (Myristicaceae) of New
Guinea, (unpublished).
19068 Ch^izaro Bas^ez, M., J. Guerrero-Nuno & G.
Arcelia L<5pez-Coronado. 1993. 19085 Kelly, D.L. 1997. List of threatened U-ees in
Conserideraciones preliminares sobre las the Jamaican flora, not in 'Draft species
plantas end£micas, raras, vulnerables o en summaries; Jamaica' WCMC 24/04/97.
peligro de extinci6n de Jalisco, Mexico. (unpublished).
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19086 US Fish and WildUfe Service. 1997. Draft
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Colombianas en peligro. July 1997 Version. the Kauai plant cluster. Portland, Oregon: US
Instituto de Investigacino de Recursos Fish and Wildlife Service. 80 pp.
Biologicas Alexander von Humboldt,
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plan for the Maui plant cluster (Hawaii).
19070 Nikolic, T. 1997. Completed data collection Portland, Oregon; US Fish and Wildlife
forms on Croatian trees. Service. 130 pp.
19071 Smith, D. 1997. The progress and problems of 19089 US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Draft
the 'Endemic Section' of St. Helena Island. recovery plan for Kokia cookei. Portland,
OryjT 3 1(3); 218-224. Oregon; US Fish and Wildlife Service. 57 pp.
19072 Hou, D. 1996. Caesalpinioideae. Flora 19090 Kessler, P. 1997. Data collection forms for
Malesiana. Leiden; Flora Malesiana Malesian Annonaceae.
Foundation.
19091 Nghia, N.H. 1997. Completed data collection
19073 Chua, L. et at. 1997. Completed data forms for Vietnamese Dalbergia spp.
collection forms for endemic trees of
Peninsular Malaysia. 19092 Peguy, T. 1997. Comments from Thchouto
Peguy on the draft species summaries for
19074 Anonymous. 1997. Proposal in include Cameroon.
Plerocarpus santalinus in Appendix II of
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Dr.Nghia regarding threatened Vietnamese
19075 USDA. 1990. Proceedings of the symposium trees.
on Sandalwood in the Pacific. April 9-11,
1990. Honolulu, Hawaii 19095 Pires O' Brien. 1997. Additional information
on Brazilian tree species.
19076 Monk, K.A. et al. 1997. The ecology of Nusa
Tenggara and Maluku. Oxford: Oxford 19096 Cavalcanti, T.B. 1997. Completed data
University Press. collection forms for Lythraceae species in
Brazil.
19077 Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Flavours and fragrances
of plant origin. Rome; FAO. 19097 Barroso, G.M. 1997. Letter to Joaquina Pires
O'Brien containing information on species of
19078 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1997. Annotations to draft Myrtaceae in Brazil.
species summaries for Myristicaceae.
19098 Varty, N. & Guadagnin, D.L. 1996. Annex 10;
19079 Frodin, D. 1997. Conversation with Amy Arboreal species of the Atlantic forests (from
MacKinven, regarding the conservation status Base de Dados Tropical of the Funfatao
of Schefflera. Tropical de Pesquisas e Tecnologia 'AndrS
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19080 Femandes, F. 1997. Restoration programme biology, conservation and trade of tree species
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19081 Cronk, Q.C.B. 1997. The endemic flora of St 19099 Torres, R.B. 1997. Completed data collection
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Flacourtiaceae in Brazil.
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The World List of Threatened Trees
19100 Vaz, A.M.S. 1997. Completed data collection 191 19 Jorgensen, P.M. & C. Ulloa Ulloa. 1994. Seed
forms for species in the subfamily plants of the High Andes of Ecuador - a
Caesalpinoideae in Brazil. checklist. Denmark: Department of Systematic
Botany, University of Aarhus & Departamento
19101 Carauta, J.P.P. 1997. Completed data de Ciencias Biol6gicas, Pontificia Universidad
collection forms for species of Moraceae in Cat61ica del Ecuador. 443 pp.
Brazil.
19120 Jorgensen, P.M. & S. Le<5n In Prep.. 1997.
19102 Peixoto, A.L. 1997. Completed data collection Catalogue of vascular of Ecuador.
plants
forms for species of Monnimiaceae in Brazil. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
19103 Carvalho, L.d'A.F. 1997. Completed data 19121 Llamozas, S. 1996. Completed data collection
collection forms for species of Solanaceae in forms for tree species of Argentina.
Brazil.
19122 Prado, D.E. 1995. Selva
pedemontana:
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lista florfstica
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Grau (eds.). Investigaci6n, conservaci6n y
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19106 Werner, W.L. 1982. The upper montane rain 19123 Pennington, T.D. 1997. The genus Inga.
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conservation atlas of tropical forests: The
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Conocarpus lanciifolius and WendUmdia
arabica. 1 pp. 19125 Beaman, J.H. 1997. Completed data collection
forms for conifers of Mount Kinabalu, Sabah.
19110 Hamilton, A. 1990. Provisional list of
endangered medicinal plants, (unpublished). 1 9 1 26 Molloy, B.P.J. 1997. Completed data
collection forms for conifers of New Zealand.
19111 Cukier, M. 1997. Technical report on the
status of a number of endemics to Sao Tom6. 19127 Gardner, M. 1997. Completed data collection
(unpublished). forms for South American conifers.
19112 Green, M.J.B. and E.R. N. Gunawardena 19128 Steyermark, J.A., P.E. Berry Hoist, B.K. &
(comps.). Designing an optimum
1997. 1996. Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana. Vol 2.
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World Conservation Union and the World
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United Nations.
19130 Sandiford,M. 1997. Completed data collection
191 13 Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of form on Bombacopsis quinata.
draft species summaries for New Guinea for
the Conservation and Sustainable Management 19131 Femandes, F. et al. 1997. Completed data
of Trees project. collection forms for the trees of Madeira.
19114 Eddowes, P.J. 1 997. Completed data collection 19132 Satabia, B. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield listing
forms for New Guinea. Cameroonian timber trees rendered vulnerable
through exploitation.
19115 Du Puy, D. 1997. Completed data collection
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candidate listings from the New Zealand
19116 Bellingham, P. 1997. Comments on tree Botanical Region, (unpublished).
species in the Blue Mountains.
19134 Gates, M.R. & P.J. de Langes. 1996. The
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David Middleton and Amy MacKinven Zealand. In Hunt, D. (ed.). Temperate trees
regarding the threat status of Apocynaceae under threat. Proceedings of an IDS
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19118 Johnson, D. et at. 1997. Completed data
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community-based management. Oryx 31(3): trees and shrubs of Pitcaim Island: update
189-198. October 1997. (unpublished).
19137 Burton, F. 1996. Completed data collection 19155 Tye, A. 1997. Amendments to the species
forms for tree species of the Cayman Islands. summaries of threatened trees of the
Galapagos.
19138 Frodin. D.G. & R. Govaerts. 1996. World
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plants.XIV. The genus Scalesia Am. Opera
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19157 Arsiniegas, M. 1996. Caracterizaci6n,
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PNG Press. de extinci6n en las islas Galapagos:
Calandrinia galapagosa, Lecocarpus darwinii,
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of tree succulents (Aloe and Pachypodium) in (unpublished). Tesis de Ing. Forestal, Univ.
the arid western Cape: decline of keystone T6c. 'Luis Torres', Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
species. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 869-
876. 19158 Hiepko, P. 1993. Olacaceae. Flora of the
Guianas. Koenigstein: Fed. Rep. of Germany:
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19159 Chanderbali, A. 1997. Completed data
19143 Phillips, B.A. Data 1981.
sheet for collection form for Chlorocardium rodiei.
Etaeodendron laneanum A.H. Moore.
19160 Carter-Holmes, S. 1997. Completed data
19144 Ramesh, B.R. & J.-P. Pascal. 1997. Atlas of collection forms for 2 Tanzanian Monadenium
endemics of the Western Ghats (India). species.
Distribution of tree species in the evergreen
and semi -evergreen forests. Institut Fran^ais 19161 Ramirez-Marcial, N. & M. Gonz^ez-
de Pondich^ry. 403 pp. Espinosa. 1997. Completed data collection
forms of threatened tree species in Chiapas.
19145 Hess, W.J. 1996. Completed data collection
forms for Quercus acerifotia, Q. x 19162 Hawthorne, W. & C. E. Hughes. 1997.
basaseachicensis, Q. boytonii and Q. gravesii. Bioquality of the forests of Quintana Roo.
ODA Mexico: Quintana Roo Forest
19146 Tye, A. & J. Loving. 1997. Completed data Management Project. Biological Component
collection forms for Scalesia species on the Phase I . (unpublished).
Galapagos.
19163 Flora of North America Editorial Committee.
19147 Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Letter to Sara Oldfield 1997. Flora of North America. Volume 3.
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1997. Draft recovery plan for Oahu plants. listing timber species in Appendices I, II and
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19169 Florence, J. 1996. Gallicae Polynesiae florae
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dans les Euphorbiaceae, Piperaceae et peligro de extinction en Costa Rica. San Jos£,
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19171 Dieringer, G. J.E. &
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19189 van Welzen, P.C. 1997. Comments on trees of
19172 Burrows, J. 1997. Comments and completed Sapindaceae in New Guinea.
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Regional Workshop of the Conservation and 19191 Farjon, A. & A. Griffiths. 1998. Completed
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(unpublished).
19192 de Laubenfels, D.J. 1998. Completed data
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19193 Tibor, D. (comp.). 1998. Threatened tree
19177 Burger, W. & M. Huft. 1995. Euphorbiaceae. information from the California Native Plant
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19178 Carrington, S. 1993. Wild plants of Barbados. 19194 van de Hoek, R. 1997. Email to Amy
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19179 WCMC. (comp.). 1996. Report of the Second
Regional Workshop, held at CATIE, Tunialba, 19195 Buitr6n, X. 1996. List of endangered and
Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996. possibly endangered species of Ecuador
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19180 Ibisch, P.L. & I. Vargas. 1997. Comments on
the species summaries for Bolivia. 19196 Werkhoven, M.C.M. 1997. Threatened trees of
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(CAMP) Workshop for selected species of the
Kenya coastal forests, (unpublished). National 19197 Carter, S. & U. EggU. 1997. The CITES
Museums of Kenya - Darwin course: Plant checklist of succulent Euphorbia taxa
conservation techniques for East Africa. 20-25 (Euphorbiaceae). German Federal Agency for
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19182 Chua, L.S.L. 1997. Fax to Sara Oldfield 19198 Rodrigues, W.A. 1997. Information on
concerning the status of certain Malaysian tree Brazilian species of Myristicaceae.
species.
19199 Anon. 1998. Mascarene survivor cloned. Plant
19183 Wickens, G.E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-wood Talk: 15.
Forest Products 5. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. 197 pp.
614
Data Sources
19200 Spongberg, S.A. 1997. Franklinia alatamaha 19210 Atkin, J. 1998. Comments on tree species from
Marshall. Extinct in the wild: an early Paraguay.
example. Broadleaves. Newsletter of the
lUCN-SSC Temperate Broadleaved Trees 19211 Clement, C.R. 1991. Amazonian fruits: a
Specialist Group 5: 7-9. neglected and threatened, but potentially rich
resource. Diversity Magazine
19202 Clemente, M. (ed.). 1997. Actas de la Septima
Reunion del Comile de Flora, San Jos6, Costa 19212 Green, C.L. 1995. Natural colourants and
Rica 11-15 Noviembre 1996. 1 1 1 pp. dyestuffs. A review of production and
development potential. Non-Wood Forest
19203 Gonzilez-Espinosa, M. 1997. ECOSUR baso Products 4. Rome: Food and Agriculture
de datos. Organization of the United Nations.
19204 Mauchamp, A., I. Aldaz, E. Ortiz H. & 19213 Phillips, O., A. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin,
Valdebenito. 1998. Threatened species, a re- C. Galvez-Durand. 1993. Table of the useful
evaluation of the status of eight endemic plants woody plot species at Tambopata, Madre de
of the Galapagos. Biodiversity and Dios, Peru, from a paper entitled "Quantitative
Conservation 7: 97-107. ethnobotany and conservation" submitted to
Conservation Biology, (unpublished).
19205 Anon. 1994. Proposal to transfer Aloe helenae
and A. suzannae from Appendix II to 19214 Golle, W. 1996. Exploitation and conservation
Appendix I of CITES. Ninth Conference of the of Fitzroya cupressoides in southern Chile, tn
Parties to CITES, Fort Lauderdale, USA. Hunt, D. (ed.). Temperate trees under threat.
19208 Strahm, W. 1998. Correspondence with 19218 Hilton-Taylor, C. (comp.). 1998. Assessment
Charlotte Lusty containing preliminary of Southern African Trees for WCMC.
evaluations for tree species of Reunion,
Rodrigues and Mauritius. 19219 Stirton, C.H. 1989. A revision of Otholobium
C.H. Stirton (Papilionoideae, Leguminosae).
19209 Molur, S. & S. Walker (eds.). 1998. Report on Ph.D. thesis. University of Cape Town,
selected medicinal plants of Northern, (unpublished).
Northeastern and Central India resulting from
a Conservation Assessment and Management 19220 Jordaan,M. 1995. A taxonomic revision of the
Plan (CAMP) workshop, held in the Forest spiny members of the subfamily Celastroideae
Department of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 21-25 (Celastraceae) in southern Africa. M.Sc.
January 1997. Zoo Outreach Organisation. thesis, University of Pretoria, (unpublished).
615
APPENDIX 1
This list of globally threatened trees species of Australia has been prepared by Lyn Meredith,
Threatened Species and Communities Section, Environment Australia. The species included are
those which have a conservation rating which equate with the pre 1994 lUCN categories of E
(Endangered) and V (Vulnerable). The species list is derived from Briggs, J. and Leigh, J. (1996)
Rare or threatened Australian plants. CSIRO, Melbourne. 466pp. This national listing, ROTAP,
includes approximately 5,000 taxa of Australian native plants. ROTAP uses a binary coding system
for categorising threat developed and refined over several years but based on the lUCN categories.
Species in the supporting ROTAP database have been flagged as tr^es for inclusion in this
Appendix to The World List of Threatened Trees. Environment Australia has commenced
compiling a list of nationally threatened Australian plants according to the 1994 lUCN categories
and criteria, in cooperation with Australia's state conservation agencies.
617
Tke World List of Threatened Trees
618
APPENDIX 2
This list comprises tree species taken from the 1997 Red List of Japanese Vascular Plants
compiled by the Threatened Species Committee, Japan Society of Plant Taxonomists; Yahara, T.,
Kato, T., Inoue, K., Yokota, M., Kadono, Y., Serizawa, S., Takahashi, H., Kawakubo, N.,
Nagamasu, H., Suzuki, K., Ueda, K. and Kadota, Y. The species have been evaluated as globally
threatened (EW, CR, EN or VU) according to the 1994 lUCN Red List Categories.
619
The World List of Threatened Trees
620
APPENDIX 3
NOT EVALUATED
GLOBALLY THREATENED TREE SPECIES
The 1997 1 UCN Red List of Threatened Plants, published this year, includes tree species which are
categorised as threatened according to the pre 1994 lUCN Red List Categories. Although the list
was used as a basis for the work to compile The World List of Threatened Trees, not all of the tree
taxa included were evaluated for various reasons which are outlined in the introduction. The
following taxa represent those trees categorised as E (Endangered) or V (Vulnerable) in the 7997
lUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, which are believed to be taxonomically valid but which have
not been evaluated for the present publication.
621
The World List of Threatened Trees
622
Appendix 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species
Dracaenaceae
The World List of Threatened Trees
624
Appendix 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species
625
The World List of Threatened Trees
626
Appendix 3 Not Evaluated Globally Threatened Tree Species
627
i
APPENDIX 4
Prepared by the
rUCN Species Survival Corrunission
As approved by the
40th Meeting of the lUCN Council
Gland, Switzerland
30 November 1994
629
The World List of Threatened Trees
1 INTRODUCTION
The threatened species categories now used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place,
with some modification, for almost 30 years. Since their introduction these categories have
become widely recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications
and listings, produced by lUCN as well as by numerous governmental and non-governmental
organisations. The Red Data Book categories provide an easily and widely understood method for
highlighting those species under higher extinction risk, so as to focus attention on conservation
measures designed to protect them.
The need to revise the categories has been recognised for some time. In 1984, the SSC held a
symposium, 'The Road to Extinction' (Fitter & Fitter 1987), which examined the issues in some
detail, and at which a number of options were considered for the revised system. However, no
single proposal resulted. The current phase of development began in 1989 with a request from the
SSC Steering Committee to develop a new approach that would provide the conservation
community with useful information for action pleinning.
In this document, proposals for new definitions for Red List categories are presented. The general
aim of the new system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of
species according to their extinction risk.
to improve the objectivity by providing those using the criteria with clear guidance on how
to evaluate different factors which affect risk of extinction;
to provide a system which will facilitate comparisons across widely different taxa;
to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual
species were classified.
The proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting,
consultation and validation. It was number of draft proposals
clear that the production of a large
led to some confusion, especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species
for conservation purposes. To clarify matters, and to open the way for modifications as and when
they became necessary, a system for version numbering was applied as follows:
630
Appendix 4 lUCN Red List Categories
Final Version
This final document, which incorporates changes as a result of comments from lUCN
members, was adopted by the lUCN Council in December 1994.
All future taxon lists including categorisations should be based on this version, and not the
previous ones.
In the rest of this document the proposed system is outlined in several sections. The Preamble
presents some basic information
about the context and structure of the proposal, and the
procedures that are to be followed in applying the definitions to species. This is followed by a
section giving definitions of terms used. Finally the definitions are presented, followed by the
quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories. It is important for the
effective functioning of the new system that all sections are read and understood, and the
guidelines followed.
REFERENCES
and M. Fitter, ed. (1987) The Road to Extinction. Gland, Switzerland: lUCN.
Fitter, R.,
lUCN. (1993) Draft lUCN Red List Categories. Gland, Switzerland: lUCN.
Mace, G. M. et al. (1992) "The development of new criteria for listing species on the lUCN Red
List" Species 19: 16-22.
Mace, G. M., and R. Lande. (1991) "Assessing extinction threats: toward a reevaluation of lUCN
threatened species categories." Conserv. Biol. 5.2:148-157.
Mace, G. M. & S. N. Stuart. (1994) "Draft lUCN Red List Categories, Version 2.2". Species 21-
22: 13-24.
2 PREAMBLE
The following points present important information on the use and interpretation of the categories
(= Critically Endangered, Endangered, etc.), criteria (= A to E), and sub-criteria (= a,b etc., i,ii
etc.):
The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or below the species level. The term 'taxon' in
the following notes, definitions and criteria is used for convenience, and may represent species or
lower taxonomic levels, including forms that are not yet formally described. There is a sufficient
range among the different criteria to enable the appropriate listing of taxa from the complete
taxonomic spectrum, with the exception of micro-organisms. The criteria may also be applied
within any specified geographical or political area although in such cases special notice should be
taken of point 1 1 below. In presenting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic unit and
area under consideration should be made explicit. The categorisation process should only be
applied to wild populations inside their natural range, and to populations resulting from benign
introductions (defined in the draft lUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions as "..an attempt to
631
The World List of Threatened Trees
establish a species, for the purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, but within an
appropriate habitat and eco-geographical area").
All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as
Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are described as 'threatened'. The
threatened species categories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be possible to place all taxa
into one of the categories (see Figure 1).
Crffd^ EfidmQmd
LaMI Oonoiln
species should be evaluated against all the criteria, and any criterion met should be listed.
632
Appendix 4 lUCN Red List Categories
The quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were
developed through wide consultation and they are set at what are generally judged to be
appropriate levels, even if no formal justification for these values exists. The levels for different
criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard. Some broad
consistency between them was sought. However, a given taxon should not be expected to meet all
criteria (A-E) in a category; meeting any one criterion is sufficient for listing.
Implications of listing
Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data Deficient indicates that no assessment of
extinction risk has been made, though for different reasons. Until such time as an assessment is
made, species listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non-threatened, and it
may be appropriate (especially for Data Deficient forms) to give them the same degree of
protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be evaluated.
Extinction is assumed here to be a chance process. Thus, a listing in a higher extinction risk
category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time-frames specified more taxa
listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than in a lower one (without effective
conservation action). However, the persistence of some taxa in high risk categories does not
necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate.
The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, the absence of high quality data should
not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and
projection are emphasised to be acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be based on
extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future (including their rate of change), or of
factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so
long as these can reasonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in either the recent past,
present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be
specified.
Taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences
(catastrophes) should be identified by the criteria (e.g. small distributions, few locations). Some
threats need to be identified particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because their eftects
Uncertainty
The criteria should be applied on the basis of the available evidence on taxon numbers, trend and
distribution,making due allowance for statistical and other uncertainties. Given that data are rarely
available for the whole range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropriate to use the
information that is available to make intelligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in
question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is found, it is legitimate to apply the
precautionary principle and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads to listing in the
Where data are insufficient to assign a category (including Lower Risk), the category of 'Data
Deficient' may be assigned. However, it is important to recognise that this category indicates that
data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not necessarily that the
taxon is pooriy known. In cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for example,
deterioration of its only known habitat, it is important to attempt threatened listing, even though
633
The World List of Threatened Trees
there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself. The category
'Data Deficient' is not a threatened category, although it indicates a need to obtain more
information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing.
The criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of
conservation action affecting it. In cases where only conservation action that prevents the
it is
taxon from meeting the threatened criteria, the designation of 'Conservation Dependent' is
appropriate. It is important to emphasise here that a taxon require conservation action even if it is
Documentation
All taxon lists including categorisation resulting from these criteria should state the criteria and
sub-criteria thatwere met. No listing can be accepted as valid unless at least one criterion is
given. more than one criterion or sub-criterion was met, then each should be listed. However,
If
failure to mention a criterion should not necessarily imply that it was not met. Therefore, if a re-
evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met, this should not result in
automatic down-listing. Instead, the taxon should be re-evaluated with respect to all criteria to
indicate its status. The factors responsible for triggering the criteria, especially where inference
and projection are used, should at least be logged by the evaluator, even if they cannot be included
in published lists.
The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action.
The category of threat simply provides an assessment of the likelihood of extinction under current
circumstances, whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other
factors concerning conservation action such as costs, logistics, chances of success, and even
perhaps the taxonomic distinctiveness of the subject.
The most appropriately applied to whole taxa at a global scale, rather than to those
criteria are
by regional or national boundaries. Regionally or nationally based threat categories,
units defined
which are aimed at including taxa that are threatened at regional or national levels (but not
necessarily throughout their global ranges), are best used with two key pieces of information: the
global status category for the taxon, and the proportion of the global population or range that
occurs within the region or nation. However, if applied at regional or national level it must be
recognised that a global category of threat may not be the same as a regional or national category
for a particular taxon. For example, taxa classified as Vulnerable on the basis of their global
declines in numbers or range might be Lower Risk within a particular region where their
populations are stable. Conversely, taxa classified as Lower Risk globally might be Critically
Endangered within a particular region where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only
because they are at the margins of their global range. lUCN is still in the process of developing
guidelines for the use of national red list categories.
Re-evaluation
Evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals. This is
especially important for taxa listed under Near Threatened, or Conservation Dependent, and for
threatened species whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating.
634
Appendix 4 lUCN Red List Categories
There are rules to govern the movement of taxa between categories. These are as follows: (A) A
taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the
criteria of the higher category has been met for 5 years or more. (B) If the original classification is
found to have been erroneous, the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed
from the threatened categories altogether, without delay. (C) Transfer from categories of lower to
higher risk should be made without delay.
Problems of scale
Classification basedon the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy is
complicated by problems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which the distributions or habitats
of taxa are mapped, the smaller will be the area that they are found to occupy. Mapping at finer
scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is unrecorded. It is impossible to provide any strict
but general rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appropriate scale will depend on the taxa
in question, and the origin and comprehensiveness of the distributional data. However, the
thresholds for some criteria (e.g. Critically Endangered) necessitate mapping at a fine scale.
3 DEFINITIONS
Population
Subpopulations
Mature individuals
The number of mature individuals is defined as the number of individuals known, estimated or
inferred to be capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity the following points should
be borne in mind:
Where the population is characterised by natural fluctuations the minimum number should
be used.
This measure is intended to count individuals capable of reproduction and should therefore
In the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios it is appropriate to use
lower estimates for the number of mature individuals which take this into account (e.g. the
635
The World List of Threatened Trees
In the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some
point in their life cycle, the estimate should be made at the appropriate time, when
mature individuals are available for breeding.
Generation
Generation may be measured as the average age of parents in the population. This is greater than
the age at first breeding, except in taxa where individuals breed only once.
Continuing decline
A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected future decline whose causes are not known or
not adequately controlled and so is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken. Natural
fluctuations will not normally count as a continuing decline, but an observed decline should not be
considered to be part of a natural fluctuation unless there is evidence for this.
Reduction
A reduction (criterion A) is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount
(%) stated over the time period (years) specified, although the decline need not still be continuing.
A reduction should not be interpreted as part of a natural fluctuation unless there is good evidence
for this. Downward trends that are part of natural fluctuations will not normally count as a
reduction.
Extreme fluctuations
Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where population size or distribution area varies
widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i.e.,
a tenfold increase or decrease).
Severely fragmented
Severely fragmented is refers to the situation where increased extinction risks to the taxon result
from the most individuals within a taxon are found in small and relatively isolated
fact that
subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of
recolonisation.
Extent of occurrence
Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary
boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present
occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. This measure may exclude discontinuities or
disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa (e.g., large areas of obviously unsuitable
habitat) (but see 'area of occupancy'). Extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum
convex polygon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which
contains all the sites of occurrence).
636
Appendix 4 lUCN Red List Categories
Area of occupancy
Area of CKCupancy is defined as the area within its 'extent of occurrence' (see definition) which is
occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon will
not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may, for example, contain
unsuitable habitats. The area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the
survival of existing populations of a taxon (e.g. colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory
taxa). The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of the scale at which it is measured,
and should be at a scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon. The criteria
include values in km , and thus to avoid errors in classification, the area of occupancy should be
measured on grid squares (or equivalents) which are sufficiently small (see Figure 2).
Location
Location defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single event (e.g.
pollution) will soon affect all individuals of the taxon present. A location usually, but not always,
contains all or part of a subpopulation of the taxon, and is typically a small proportion of the
taxon's total distribution.
Quantitative analysis
A quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of population viability analysis (PVA), or
any other quantitative form of analysis, which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon or
population based on the known life history and specified management or non-management
options. In presenting the results of quantitative analyses the structural equations and the data
should be explicit.
637
The World List of Threatened Trees
.• • V
••• •
• •
. '
4 THE CATEGORIES
EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a
naturalised population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed extinct in
the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,
seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should
be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.
A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
in the immediate by any of the criteria (A to E).
future, as defined
ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to E).
VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk
of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to D).
1 Conservation Dependent (cd). Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific
or habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the
cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened
categories above within a period of five years.
2. Near Threatened (nt). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but
which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
3. Least Concern (Ic). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near
Threatened.
Note: As in previous lUCN categories, the abbreviation of each category (in parenthesis) follows the
English denominations when translated into other languages.
639
The World List of Threatened Trees
and/or distribution is lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat or Lower Risk.
Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the
possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is
important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be
exercised in choosing between DD and threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be
relatively circumscribed, if a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the
taxon, threatened status may well be justified.
A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
in the immediate future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E):
a) direct observation
b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of
habitat
d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants,
competitors or parasites.
a) extent of occurrence
b) area of occupancy
c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
d) number of locations or subpopulations
640
Appendix 4 lUCN Red List Categories
a) extent of occurrence
b) area of occupancy
c) number of locations or subpopulations
d) number of mature individuals.
C) Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and either:
E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50%
within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer.
ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E):
a) direct observation
b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of
habitat
d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants,
competitors or parasites.
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The World List of Threatened Trees
a) extent of occurrence
b) area of occupancy
c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
d) number of locations or subpopulations
e) number of mature individuals.
a) extent of occurrence
b) area of occupancy
c) number of locations or subpopulations
d) number of mature individuals.
C) Population estimated to number less than 2500 mature individuals and either:
E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20%
within 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer.
VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk
of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A
toE):
a) direct observation
b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of
habitat
d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants,
competitors or parasites.
642
Appendix 4 lUCN Red List Categories
a) extent of occurrence
b) area of occupancy
c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
d) number of locations or subpopulations
e) number of mature individuals.
a) extent of occurrence
b) area of occupancy
c) number of locations or subpopulations
d) number of mature individuals.
C) Population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and either:
E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10%
within 100 years.
643
APPENDIX 5
The data collection form was designed specifically to provide a framework for experts to review
existing data as well as provide new data on threatened tree species. Several thousand forms have
been completed by over 300 experts and their contents entered directly into the Tree Conservation
Database.
Section 1 of the form was pre-fiUed with information from the Threatened Plants Database on
taxonomy, distribution and conservation status together with common names and uses where known.
Experts were asked to verify information in this section. Section 2 of the form was designed to record
the 1994 lUCN category and criteria and to record summary notes on the conservation status of the
species. Section 3 allows for the provision of supplementary information on uses, ecology and
bibliographic references.
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The World List of Threatened Trees
AETFAT Association for the Taxonomic Study of the Flora of Tropical Africa.
AOO Area of Occupancy, a term which is used in the application of the lUCN
Red List Categories. It is defined in Appendix 4.
Caatinga Xerophytic scrubland in areas of alternating flood and drought, found in
South America.
Campo An open formation, largely composed of shrubs and grasses, found in
South America.
Campo cerrado Savanna with trees, found in South America.
Campo rupestre An open formation on rocky soil in South America.
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
Cerrado A shrubby savanna-like vegetation, found in South America.
CIFOR. Center for International Forestry Research
CUES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora.
CNPS California Native Plant Society.
CONABIO Mexican Commission on Conservation and Use of Biodiversity (Mexico).
CONAF Corporacion Nacional Forestal (Chile)
csmo Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (Australia).
ECOSUR Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Mexico).
EOO Extent of Occurrence, a term which is used in the application of the lUCN
Red List Categories. It is defined in Appendix 4.
Elfin forest Forest with a canopy about 5m high, gnarled growth; the highest of the
montane vegetation formations.
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
FCAP Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias do Para (Brazil).
FTEA Flora of Tropical East Africa.
Fynbos A term which refers to a flora and vegetation type unique to the South
African Cape; evergreen sclerophyllous shrubland.
GIS Geographic Information System.
Granodiorite Coarsely crystalline acid igneous rock.
Hakeas Members of the Proteaceae family.
Hala forest Coastal forest dominated by Pandanus tectorius, found in Hawaii.
Igapo An Amazonian forest or woodland type flooded by black waters.
IBAMA Institute Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturals Renovaveis
(Brazil).
IDS International Dendrological Society.
INEFAN Institute Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Areas Naturales y Vilda Silvestre
(Ecuador).
ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agriculture
IPGRI International Plant Genetic ResoLces Institute.
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77ie World List of Threatened Trees
Karroid shrubland Arid shrubland, dominated by succulent species, found in the Karoo, a vast
arid plain in the South African Cape.
Kauriforest A forest type dominated by Agathis in South-East Asia and the Pacific.
Kerangas Heath forest of invariably low stature, lacking emergents and confined to
organic white sand and podsol soils. It occurs mainly on raised beach
terraces or on sandstone ridges and plateaux in South-East Asia.
Kloofs An Afrikaans word for a gully, ravine or valley, usually with steeply
inclined or rocky sides.
6S0
ii
WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE