RL 548 7 003 PDF

The 2007 Red List of Threatened
Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka
This publication has been jointly prepared by The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Sri Lanka and
the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The preparation and printing of this document
was carried out with the financial assistance of the Protected Area Management and
Wildlife Conservation Project and Royal Netherlands Embassy in Sri Lanka.
i
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this
publication do not necessarily reflect those of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources.
This publication has been jointly prepared by The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka and the
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The preparation and publication of this document was
undertaken with financial assistance from the Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project
and the Royal Netherlands Government.
Published by: The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Copyright: © 2007, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. Reproduction of this
publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without
prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully
acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial
purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007)
The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
xiii+148pp.
ISBN: 978 - 955 - 8177 - 63 - 1
Cover photograph: Poppy’s Shrub Frog (Philautus poppie)

Morning side, Sinharaja Forest © Vimukthi Weeratunga
Produced by: The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources
Printed by: Karunaratne & Sons Ltd.

67, UDA Industrial Estate
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Available from: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

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The World Conservation Union (IUCN)

Sri Lanka Country Office
53, Horton Place
Colombo 7, Sri Lanka
ii
CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... v
Red Listing Team ..................................................................................................................................... vi
Expert Reviewers .................................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. x
Message from the Minister of Environment and Natural Resources ......................................................... xi
Message from the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources ........................................ xii
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. xiii
Biodiversity of Sri Lanka: A Brief Overview ............................................................................................. 2
The Process of Preparing the 2007 National Red List ............................................................................. 11
Analysis of Species Conservation Status ............................................................................................... 18

The Conservation Status of Fauna ................................................................................................ 18
The Conservation Status of Flora .................................................................................................. 21
Geographical Distribution of Threatened Species in Sri Lanka ................................................................. 80
An Overview of Threats to Biodiversity ................................................................................................... 84
Potential Applications of the National Red List and the Way Forward ....................................................... 95
Annexes
Annex 1: Understanding the IUCN categories, concepts and definitions .................................................. 101
Annex 2: Summary of the criteria used for evaluation of threatened species ........................................... 103
Annex 3: Data sources ............................................................................................................................ 105
Annex 4: Vertebrate fauna listed under the near threatened (NT) category ............................................... 126
Annex 5: Invertebrate fauna listed under the near threatened (NT) category ............................................ 131
Annex 6: Vertebrate fauna listed under the data deficient (DD) category .................................................. 135
Annex 7: Invertebrate fauna listed under the data deficient (DD) category ............................................... 139
Annex 8: Species of flora listed under the near threatened (NT) category ................................................ 145
Annex 9: Species of flora listed under the data deficient (DD) category ................................................... 147
iii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
List of Figures
Figure 1 - Bioclimatic zones of Sri Lanka 4

Figure 2 - 25 km2 grid map of Sri Lanka, with vegetation cover and district boundaries 13
Figure 3 - Distribution of threatened flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka 81
Figure 4 - Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in the administrative 82
districts of Sri Lanka
Figure 5 - Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in relation to forest cover 87
Figure 6 - Distribution of threatened plant species in relation to forest cover 88
Figure 7 - Distribution of threatened freshwater fish species in river basins 90
List of tables
Table 1 - Diversity of inland natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka 2

Table 2 - Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka 3
Table 3 - Species richness of flora in Sri Lanka 3
Table 4 - Summary of threatened inland indigenous vertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka 18
Table 5 - Summary of threatened inland indigenous invertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka 19
Table 6 - List of extinct amphibian fauna in Sri Lanka 23
Table 7 - List of threatened vertebrate fauna 24
Table 8 - List of threatened invertebrate fauna 40
Table 9 - Globally threatened marine vertebrate fauna inhabiting the territorial waters of Sri Lanka 49
Table 10 - Globally threatened migratory birds that visit Sri Lanka 51
Table 11 - Summary of the status of flora 52
Table 12 - List of extinct plant species in Sri Lanka 55
Table 13 - List of Threatened plant species in Sri Lanka 58
Table 14 - Unaccessed plant species in Sri Lanka listed as globally threatened 77
Table 15 - Distribution of threatened fauna and flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka 80
Table 16 - Statistics on the human population density, forest cover, threatened vertebrates and
threatened plants in the administrative districts in Sri Lanka 85
iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank

BDS Biodiversity Secretariat
CCD Coast Conservation Department
CEA Central Environmental Authority
DA Department of Agriculture
DNBG Department of National Botanical Gardens
DC Department of Customs
DF Department of Fisheries
DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation
DZG Department of Zoological Gardens
E English vernacular name/s
FD Forest Department
GIS Global Information System
IAS Invasive Alien Species
ID Irrigation Department
IUCN The World Conservation Union
MOENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NEC-BD National Experts Committee on Biodiversity
NSCAG National Species Conservation Advisory Group
NSD National Species Database
NSF National Science Foundation
PA Protected Area
PGIS Post Graduate Institute of Science
S Sinhala vernacular name/s
SCU Species Conservation Unit
SSC Species Survival Commission
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
WHT Wildlife Heritage Trust
YZA Young Zoologists’ Association
v
RED LISTING TEAM
Technical Supervision and Guidance

Dr. Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN)
Dr. Devaka Weerakoon (University of Colombo)
Project Managers
Mr. Gamini Gamage (MoENR)
Mr. Vimukthi Weeratunga (IUCN)
Project Coordinators
Mr. Sarath Ekanayake (IUCN)
Mr. Bhathiya Kekulandala (IUCN)
Ms. Dakshini Perera (MoENR)
Ms. Hasula Wickramasinghe (MoENR)
Database Specialist/Designer
Mr. Janaka Heenkenda
Mapping Specialist and GIS Analyst

Mr. V. A. P. Samarawickrama (IUCN)
Data Compilors
Mr. Samantha Suranjan Fernando (IUCN)
Mr. Sampath de Alwis Goonatilake (IUCN)
Mr. W. P. Naalin Perera (IUCN)
Mr. Dilup Chandranimal (IUCN)
Mr. Sameera Karunarathna (IUCN)
Compilation and Editing of Publication

Dr. Channa Bambaradeniya (IUCN)
Dr. Devaka Weerakoon (University of Colombo)
vi
EXPERT REVIEWERS
Freshwater Fishes
Mr. Jagath Gunawardena
Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi Wildlife Heritage Trust
Mr. Madura Anusha De Silva Wildlife & Nature Protection Society,
Wildlife Conservation Society-Galle
Ms. Ramani Shirantha University of Kelaniya
Mr. R. H.S. Suranjan Fernando IUCN & PGIS, Peradeniya
Mr. Rohan Pethiyagoda Wildlife Heritage Trust
Prof. Ruchira Cumaranatunga University of Ruhuna
Mr. Sajeewa Chamikara Environmental Foundation Limited
Mr. Samantha Gunasekara Department of Customs
Mr. Sampath Goonatilake IUCN
Mr. W. P. Naalin Perera IUCN
Amphibians
Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Aarachchi Wildlife Heritage Trust
Mr. Madhava Meegaskumbura Wildlife Heritage Trust
Reptiles
Mr. Anslem De Silva Amphibia & Reptile Research Organization
Dr. Channa Bambaradeniya IUCN
Dr. Devaka Weerakoon University of Colombo
Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi Wildlife Heritage Trust
Mr. Mendis Wickramasinghe IUCN
Mr. R. H. S. Suranjan Fernando IUCN & PGIS, Peradeniya
Mr. Ruchira Somaweera University of Peradeniya
Mr. Sameera Karunarathna IUCN
Mr. V. A. M. P. K. Samarawickrama IUCN
Birds
Mr. Deepal Warakagoda Ceylon Bird Club
Mr. Gehan De Silva Wijeyeratne Jetwing Eco Holidays (Pvt) Ltd.
Mr. Lester Perera Ceylon Bird Club
Mr. Nanda Senanayake Ceylon Bird Club
Mr. Udaya Siriwardana Ceylon Bird Club
Mr. Uditha Hettige Ceylon Bird Club
Mr. Upali Ekanayake Ceylon Bird Club
vii
Mammals
Dr. Devaka Weerakoon University of Colombo
Dr. Jinie Dela
Dr. Mayuri Wijesinghe University of Colombo
Dr. P. M.C. Bandara Digana University of Colombo
Dr. Sriyani Miththapala IUCN
Dr. Yasantha Mapatuna Department of National Museums
Dr. Wipula Yapa University of Colombo
Butterflies
Mr. Dhammithra Samarasinghe
Mr. Gehan De Silva Wijeyeratne Jetwing Eco Holidays (Pvt) Ltd.
Dr. Michael van der Poorten
Dr. Nirmalie Pallewatta University of Colombo
Mr. V. A. P. Samarawickrama IUCN
Mr. W. P. Naalin Perera IUCN
Land Snails
Mr. K. B. Ranawana University of Peradeniya
Mr. Lalith Kariyawasam Department of National Museums
Mygalomorph Spiders
Mr. Bhathiya Kekulandala IUCN
Dragonflies
Dr. Matjaz Bledjanic IUCN SSC Odonata Specialist Group
Freshwater crabs
Mr. Mohomed Bahir Wildlife Heritage Trust
viii
Angiosperm Flora
Mr. Ajantha Palihawadena Rain Forest Rescue International
Dr. Anoma Perera University of Peradeniya
Dr. Deepthi Yakandawala University of Peradeniya
Mr. D.H.P. Peramunegama National Herbarium, Peradeniya
Mr. Dilup Chandranimal IUCN
Dr. Hashendra Kathriarachchi University of Colombo
Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya Environmental Management Limited
Dr. Malik Fernando Wildlife & Nature Protection Society
Prof. Nimal Gunatilleke University of Peradeniya
Prof. Savitri Gunatilleke University of Peradeniya
Mr. Samantha Suranjan Fernando IUCN & PGIS, Peradeniya
Mr. Sarath Ekanayake IUCN
Dr. Siril Wijesundara Department of Botanical Gardens
Mr. Sisira Ediriweera University of Uva Wellassa
Prof. Tissa R. Herath Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 2007 National Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora was produced with the assistance of numerous
personnel and institutions. We wish to thank Mr. Dayananda Kariyawasam, former Director General of
Department of Wildlife Conservation, and Mr. Sarath Fernando, Conservator General of Forest, for granting
permission for IUCN to carry out field biodiversity assessments during the past decade, which enabled us to
gather valuable primary information. We also acknowledge the advice provided by Mr. Ananda Wijesooriya,
Director General of the Department of Wildlife Conservation.
We acknowledge the support provided by Dr. Nanda Wickremasinghe, Director, National Museum, and
other staff members for gathering information related to specimens deposited in the National Museum.
Mr. D.H.P. Peramunegama, Curator of the National Herbarium and other staff members are gratefully
acknowledged, for assisting with herbarium records. Dr. Siril Wijesundara, Director General of the Department
of National Botanical Gardens and staff members of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya assisted us
to organize expert workshops on flora at the National Herbarium.
We sincerely acknowledge the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society, Wildlife Heritage Trust, Ceylon Bird
Club, Field Ornithology Group, Young Zoologists’ Association, and the Society for Environmental Education,
for providing valuable data to facilitate the compilation and analysis.
We wish to thank the librarians attached to the Forest Department, National Aquatic Resources, Research
and Development Agency, Science Faculty of the University of Peradeniya, Royal Asiatic Society, Wildlife
and Nature Protection Society, Central Environmental Authority, Science Faculty of the University of
Colombo, and the National Science Foundation, for assisting us to gather references.
The expert reviewers did a commendable service in evaluating the draft lists of threatened species. We are
extremely grateful to Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya and Dr. Siril Wijesundera for reviewing the draft final list of
threatened flora. Dr. Sriyanie Miththapala is gratefully acknowledged for reviewing this document.
We wish to thank Ms. V. D. N. Ayoni, Ms. Praveeni Algama, Mr. Thasun Amarasinghe, Mr. Gayan Wijethunga,
and Ms. Chamali Seneviratne for assisting with data entry.
This activity was jointly funded by the ADB through the Protected Area Management & Wildlife Conservation
Project and the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Sri Lanka. We greatly appreciate the encouragement and
support rendered by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, the Director of the
Biodiversity Secretariat and the Country Representative of IUCN Sri Lanka.
Red Listing Team

October 2007
x
MESSAGE FROM THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
As Arahath Mahinda thero said to the King Devanampiyathissa, all life forms including the birds, wild animals
and citizens have rights to live in the earth wherever they want. Although ancient Sri Lankans lived in
harmony with their surroundings, this right has been neglected today with the development activities
disturbing the environment. With the increasing population and rising demand for resources the species have
to fight against habitat loss, climate change and over exploitation. This has caused many species to face
the threat of extinction. It has been observed by the scientists that globally the rate of extinction has
increased up to one species per hour.
As the mission of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources is to provide leadership to manage the
environment in order to ensure national commitments for sustainable development for present and future
generations, the conservation of plants and animals is of high priority.
One of the main objectives of conservation should be to minimize the rate of extinction. In order to achieve
this goal, first step is to identify the threatened species and how they are threatened. Using this information,
short term and long term plans should be prepared and implemented to recover such species.
Together with the IUCN Sri Lanka, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources has taken the lead
role in the preparation of the 2007 Red List and a digital database of threatened plants and animals of the
country. This process has laid a solid foundation for conservation and sustainable development of plants and
animals.
I wish to thank The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka, the Director and the Staff of the Biodiversity
Secretariat of my Ministry, Resource Persons and all the scientists who contributed towards the success of
this activity. My special thanks are due to the Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project
of the ADB and the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Sri Lanka for their financial contribution to make this
important national process a reality.
Patali Champika Ranawaka

Minister of Environment and Natural Resources
October 2007
xi
MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
There has been a growing recognition in recent years, of the importance of periodic analysis and
assessment of the country’s conservation status of Flora and Fauna. This has been also emphasized in the
Convention on Biological Diversity and other related International Conservation Instruments.
Since there was no proper government endorsement and recognition for the country’s species conservation
status the National Species Conservation Advisory Group (NSCAG) was formulated in 2001 under the
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources to obtain advice on species Conservation issues.
With the technical assistance and approval of the National Experts Committee on Biodiversity and NSCAG
the updating of the National Red List and the development of the database on species conservation was
initiated in 2004 in collaboration with The World Conservation Union (IUCN). To ensure the transparency and
accuracy, eleven expert groups were appointed by the NSCAG to evaluate the threatened species according
to the global Red List criteria.
The significance of this process is the establishment of the Species Conservation Unit in the Biodiversity
Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources which will house the database and the
literature collection of the Red List. The trained officers of this unit will update the Red List annually with the
technical support of IUCN and the experts appointed by NSCAG. This Species Conservation Unit will provide
necessary inputs to the decision makers and all others seeking information on flora and fauna.
I wish to thank all the taxonomists, naturalists, researchers and other resource persons who contributed to
evaluate the status of fauna and flora of the country and the Red Listing team for their effort. I also wish to
thank the Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project and the Royal Netherlands
Embassy in Sri Lanka for their financial contribution to make this process a success.
I am confident that this publication and the database would contribute towards the sustainable utilization of
Biodiversity.
M. A.R.D. Jayathilake
Secretary
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
October 2007
xii
FOREWORD
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has collaborated with the Ministry of Environment & Natural
Resources (MOENR) in promoting species conservation activities in Sri Lanka during the last two decades.
In 2001, IUCN facilitated the MOENR to institutionalize species conservation activities, through the
establishment of a National Species Conservation Advisory Group (NSCAG) under the Biodiversity
Secretariat. The NSCAG requested the services of IUCN to establish a digital database related to species,
and to update the 1999 national list of threatened plants and animals. A team of dedicated technical staff
from IUCN was involved in implementing this extremely important national task. The work spanned across
several years, and involved a comprehensive literature survey of fauna and flora in Sri Lanka, data
compilation and analysis of the status of species using IUCN global red list criteria and preparation of the
digital database on the species assessed. Although the team faced several constraints in attending to this
task, they were able to address these issues with the active support of the experts who assisted in
reviewing the draft lists of threatened fauna and flora.
The findings of the assessment are alarming, when considering the fact that 33% (223 species) of inland
vertebrate fauna and 61% (675 species) of the evaluated flora were found to be nationally threatened. The
threatened fauna and flora include many endemic species. 21 species of endemic amphibians and 72
species of plants seem to have disappeared from the island (extinct) during the past century. These findings
would serve as the baseline for the development and implementation of suitable policies and actions to
conserve the threatened species for the future. The last section of this publication has provided a framework
for action to facilitate the conservation of threatened species in Sri Lanka.
Shiranee Yasaratne
Country Representative
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Sri Lanka
October 2007
xiii
© Vimukthi Weeratunga
Lowland tropical rain forests in the wet zone of Sri Lanka are home to 90% of the endemic woody plants and
75% of the endemic animals of the island.
1
BIODIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
Sri Lanka is a tropical island located in the Indian Ocean off the southern tip of peninsular India, between
latitudes 5° 55’ - 9° 51’ North and longitudes 79° 41’ - 81° 54’ East. The island is 65,610 km2 in extent and
consists of three peneplains; lowland (up to 300m above sea level), upland (300-900m above sea level) and
highland (> 900m above sea level). According to distribution of rainfall, three major climatic zones are
recognised; the dry zone (with an annual rainfall < 1900mm), wet zone (annual rainfall > 2500mm), and the
intermediate zone (annual rainfall 1900-2500mm). The island also contains three distinct mountain ranges;
the Central hill massif, the Rakwana range towards the South-west and the Knuckles range towards the
North of the Central massif (Figure 1).Based on climate (temperature and rainfall), Mueller-Dombois (1968)
described seven vegetation zones in Sri Lanka, while Ashton and Gunatilleke (1987) elaborated further, and
designated 15 floristic regions in the island, based on the distribution of plant species in the wild.
The geo-climatic diversity in the island is reflected clearly in the variety of inland natural ecosystems and
habitats (Table 1). Forest types range from dry monsoon forest in the dry coastal lowlands and closed-canopy
rainforest in the South-western aseasonal lowland wet zone quarter to tropical montane cloud forest reaching
a maximum altitude of 2,524m in the central highlands. In turn, these ecosystems contain a high degree of
species diversity among different groups of fauna (Table 2) and flora (Table 3), including a high proportion of
endemic species. Among the indigenous inland vertebrate fauna and flowering plants documented to date,
nearly 40% and 30% respectively are endemic to the island (Bambaradeniya, 2004). Much of this diversity
and endemism is found in the South-west wet zone, which occupies one-third of the country.
Table 1. Diversity of inland natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka
Major types Categories

Forests Tropical lowland rainforests
Tropical lower-montane forests
Tropical upper-montane forests
Lowland dry monsoon forests
Lowland semi-evergreen forests
Arid Zone scrublands
Riverine forests
Grasslands Wet Patana Grasslands
Savannahs
Dry Patana Grasslands
Freshwater wetlands Rivers and streams
Villus
Marshes
Swamp forest
Brackish water wetlands Salt marshes
Mangroves
Lagoons and estuaries
2
Table 2. Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.
Invertebrate Fauna (Taxonomic group) Total number of Species Number of endemics

Bees 148 21
Dragonflies 120 57
Aphids 84 2
Ants 181
Butterflies 243 20
Ticks 27
Spiders 501
Freshwater Crabs 51 51
Land Snails 246 204
Vertebrate Fauna
Freshwater Fish 82 44
Amphibians 106+ 90+
Reptiles 171 101
Birds 482 33
Mammals 91 16
Marine Fauna
Echinoderms 213
Marine Molluscs 228
Sharks 61
Rays 31
Marine Reptiles 18
Marine Mammals 28
(Source: Bambaradeniya, 2006 – supplemented with subsequent species descriptions)
Table 3. Species richness of flora in Sri Lanka.
Group No. of Species Number of endemics Source

Angiospermae 3771 926 Dassanayake and Fosberg
(Flowering plants) (1980–2004)
Pterydophyta (Ferns) 348 48 Sledge (1982); Dassanayake (2006)
Mosses 566 63 O’Shea (2002,2003); Tan, 2005
Liverworts 222 Onraedt (1981); Abeywickrama and
Jensen (1978)
Lichens 661 Brunnbauer (1984-1986); Orang et al.
(2001)
3
Figure 1: Bioclimatic zones of Sri Lanka (Adapted from Wijesinghe et al., 1993)
4
Since the 1990s, there has been a tremendous surge of taxonomic research on the faunal groups of Sri
Lanka. This has lead to the discovery and scientific description of several new species of invertebrate and
vertebrate fauna. For example, the number of amphibian species recognised by Kirtisinghe (1957) has
undergone a three-fold increase (from 34 to 106 species at present), as a result of the work carried out
during the past decade by Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi (1996); Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda
(1998); Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda (2005); Meegaskumbura and Manamendra-Arachchi (2005).
Several species of reptiles were described during the past decade (Pethiyagoda and Manamendra-Arachchi,
1998; Batuwita and Bahir, 2005; Bahir and Silva, 2005; Bahir and Maduwage, 2005; Samarawickrama et al.,
2005; Samarawickrama, et al., 2006; Wickramasinghe, 2006; Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa, 2007).
Similarly, a swell of research on Sri Lanka’s freshwater crabs has resulted in the discovery of more than 40
new species (Ng, 1994, 1995a, b; Bahir, 1998, 1999; Ng and Tay, 2001; Bahir and Ng, 2005; Bahir and Yeo,
2005). It is interesting to note the discovery of new species even among popular groups of vertebrates such
as birds (Warakagoda and Rasmussen, 2004) and mammals (Groves and Meijaard, 2005; Nekaris and
Jayawardena, 2004), after a lapse of more than 100 years. A few researchers have begun to focus on lesser-
known invertebrates such as insects, spiders and land snails in the island, leading to the discovery of new
species (Karunaratne, 2004; Wijesinghe, 1991a, 1991b; Benjamin, 2000; Benjamin and Jocqué, 2000;
Benjamin, 2001; Naggs et al., 2005).
This recent research (especially molecular

investigations) also highlights a higher
degree of endemism than hitherto estimated
among most groups of fauna in the island.
Among the inland indigenous vertebrate
species (i.e., excluding marine forms and
migratory birds) described currently, 43%
are endemic to Sri Lanka. A higher
percentage of endemism is evident among
the freshwater crabs (100%), amphibians
(85%), and land snails (83%), with many of
them being point endemics. Most of this
endemic fauna are restricted to the wet zone
of the island. Even though Sri Lanka has
The survival of a large number of endemic and threatened species
depend on the upper montane and lower montane forests, which
experienced prolonged and repeated land
occupies less than 1% of the total land area in Sri Lanka. connections with India during much of the
Pleistocene period, recent molecular
investigations have revealed a unique endemic insular radiation, especially among the less mobile faunal
groups such as tree-frogs (Meegaskumbura et al., 2002), agamid lizards (Macey et al., 2000; Schulte et al.,
2002) and skinks (Austin et al., 2004).
The angiosperm flora of Sri Lanka has also been revised during the past two and a half decades
(Dassanayake and Fosberg, 1980–2004). Knowledge about the island’s non-angiosperm floras is
comparatively poor. Research conducted since the 1980’s shows that both diversity and endemism among
ferns, bryophytes and fungi are significantly higher than thought previously (e.g. Hale, 1981; Pegler, 1986;
Sledge, 1982; O’Shea, 2002, 2003; Tan, 2005).
Recent estimates of closed-canopy forest cover in the island range from 22% (Anonymous, 2004) to 25.7%
(Ratnayake et al., 2002) of the total land area. The protected area (PA) network under the jurisdiction of the
Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), extends over approximately 13% of the island’s land area, under
several management categories, from the strictest level of protection in strict natural reserves to national
parks where entry is monitored, to sanctuaries which contain both private and state land. The Forest
Department (FD) manages a total extent of 10,670 km2 of natural habitats (17% of the island’s land area)
(Anonymous, 2004).
5
The existing protected areas include three internationally important wetland sites (Bundala National Park,
Anawilundawa Sanctuary, and Maduganga Sanctuary) declared under the Ramsar Convention on wetlands
of International Importance, and four International Man and Biosphere reserves (Sinharaja, Hurulu, Kanneliya
and Bundala) declared under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.
The region including the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka is considered as one of 34 biodiversity ‘hot spots’
identified in the world (Mittermeier et al., 2005). These hotspots are areas that harbour an exceptionally high
concentration of endemic species, but have already lost more than 75% of the primary vegetation. Of all the
hotspots, the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka hotspot has the highest human population density (Cincotta et
al., 2000). While population density in Sri Lanka’s dry zone is 170 km-2, density in the biodiversity-rich south-
western wet zone is 650 km-2. A burgeoning human population in the island has propelled the loss of
biodiversity, because of anthropogenic factors such as habitat degradation/modification, over-exploitation of
species, spread of invasive alien species and pollution. Later in this publication, the implications of these
threats to Sri Lanka’s fauna and flora are detailed with specific examples.
REFERENCES
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Sri Lanka, Colombo, pp. 1-10.
Anonymous 2004. Sri Lanka ecosystem component of the Western-Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot (Critical
Ecosystem Partnership Fund - Ecosystem Profile Data Sheet – Unpublished).
Ashton, P.S. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1987. New light on the plant geography of Ceylon, I: Historical plant geography.
J. Biogeogr.,14: 249-285.
Austin, C.C., Das, I. and De Silva, A. 2004. Higher-level molecular phylogenetic relationships of the endemic genus
Lankascincus from Sri Lanka based on nuclear DNA sequences. Lyriocephalus 5(1&2): 11-22.
Bahir, M. M. 1998. Three new species of montane crabs of the genus Perbrinckia (Crustacea: Parathelphusidae) from
the central mountains of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History 3(2): 197–212.
Bahir, M. M. 1999. Description of three new species of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae:
Ceylonthelphusa) from the south-western rain forests of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History
4(2): 117–132.
Bahir, M. M. and Ng, P. K. L. 2005. Description of ten new species of freshwater crabs (Parathelphusidae:
Ceylonthelphusa, Mahatha, Perbrinckia) from Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds),
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9
The Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) is critically endangered in Sri Lanka, where less than
20 individuals are restricted to the coastal lagoons in the south-eastern dry zone of the island.
10
THE PROCESS OF PREPARING THE 2007 NATIONAL RED LIST
BACKGROUND
In the past, there were several attempts to compile lists of Sri Lanka’s threatened species. The first list of
nationally threatened plants was compiled by Abeywickrama in 1987. This list was reproduced in the
publication compiled by Wijesinghe et al (1989), which included a list of nationally threatened fauna. The lists
in the latter publication were updated and included in Wijesinghe et al (1993), using data obtained from the
National Conservation Review that assessed the biodiversity of natural forests of Sri Lanka. These initial
lists of nationally threatened fauna and flora were used widely and served to focus attention on the serious
nature of threats facing the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. However, a major drawback of these lists was the fact
that they were provisional, with an element of subjectivity introduced due to the reliance on personal
judgements to assign a species as threatened, without the use of scientific criteria to assess the risk of
extinction of a particular species.
In the latter part of 1990’s, it was strongly felt that a new list of nationally threatened species of Sri Lanka
should be formulated by the application of objectively and scientifically defined criteria rather than being
based on individual perceptions of threat in order that there would be acceptability among all stakeholders,.
This resulted in the formulation of a set of national criteria to identify threatened species, which then were
used by IUCN, with the technical inputs of several stakeholders, to prepare the 1999 list of threatened fauna
and flora of Sri Lanka (IUCN Sri Lanka, 2000). The information generated from the 1999 list of nationally
threatened species resulted in the promotion of awareness among different stakeholders related to biodiversity
conservation, including the general public, researchers, protected area managers and policy makers.
In 2001, IUCN supported the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources under its Biodiversity
Secretariat, to institutionalise species conservation activities in Sri Lanka, through the establishment of a
National Species Conservation Advisory Group (NSCAG). In 2004, the NSCAG (through the Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources) requested the services of IUCN to establish a digital database related
to species, and to update the 1999 national list of threatened plants and animals. The proposal submitted by
IUCN was approved by the NSCAG as well as the National Experts Committee on Biodiversity (NEC-
Biodiversity) and the project was initiated in mid 2004, with funding from the Asian Development Bank, and
the Royal Netherlands Embassy. A team of personnel was appointed by IUCN and the Ministry of Environment
and Natural Resources to implement this project, under the technical supervision and guidance of Dr. Channa
Bambaradeniya and Dr. Devaka Weerakoon. The Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and
Natural Resources appointed expert groups under different taxa, to review the draft lists of threatened species.
METHODOLOGY
The nationally threatened species were evaluated using the IUCN Global Red List categories and criteria
(version 3.1, IUCN 2001; http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RLcats2001booklet.htm), adapted at a
regional level (version 3.0, IUCN 2003; http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/regionalguidelines.htm). The
Red List categories and criteria are elaborated in Annex 1 and Annex 2 respectively. A national workshop
was held in mid 2004 for the expert groups, in order to explain the IUCN red list categories and criteria, and
the process of preparing the 2006 national red list. Of the five IUCN Global Red List Criteria, only the first
four (A - Population reduction; B – Restricted geographic range; C – Small population size and decline; D –
Very small or restricted population) were used to evaluate the status of species during the current exercise.
Most species were evaluated using criterion B (Geographic range – Extent of Occurrence and Area of
Occupancy). A species was considered as nationally threatened, when it was evaluated to be either Critically
Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), or Vulnerable (VU).
11
Initially, in 2004, a series of national workshops on fauna and flora were organised by the MOENR and IUCN
to upgrade the species lists under different taxonomic groups. Researchers working on different taxonomic
groups were invited to present papers at these national workshops, and the updated faunal lists were
published (Bambaradeniya, 2006). Only inland indigenous species of fauna and flora in Sri Lanka were
evaluated. The status of all exotic animals and plants, migratory birds and marine fauna were not assessed
during the current exercise. However, names of globally threatened marine vertebrates that inhabit the
territorial waters of Sri Lanka, and globally threatened birds that migrate to Sri Lanka were extracted from
the 2006 IUCN Global Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2006), and presented separately.
Among the fauna, freshwater fish, reptiles, birds and mammals were evaluated. Because a list of threatened
Sri Lankan amphibians had already been identified by the Global Amphibian Assessment
(www.globalamphibians.org), these lists were supplemented by the work of Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-
Arachchi, (2005) and Meegaskumubura et al (2007). The recently described ranid species (Fernando et al,
2007) was evaluated during this study. Among invertebrate fauna, butterflies, theraphosid spiders, and land
snails were evaluated. Threatened odonates identified by Bedjanic (2005) and threatened freshwater crabs
identified by Bahir et al (2005) were included in the current list.
Among plants, only selected angiosperm taxa were evaluated. The selection of plants for evaluation was
based on families that had a higher number of species (and endemic species), commercially exploited
species, point endemic species and species that have not been recorded for more than 50 years. Apart from
the species that were evaluated, other unevaluated plant species of Sri Lanka that are considered to be
globally threatened were extracted from the 2006 IUCN Global Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2006),
and presented separately.
Initially, distribution data on the above taxonomic groups selected for evaluation were compiled, using
published papers, articles, unpublished technical reports and checklists, museum records and herbarium
records (see Annex 3 for list of data sources used for the 2007 red list). The structure of the digital database
was drafted and finalised, to facilitate the application of red list criteria and also to facilitate the revision, on
a regular basis, of the national red list. Species information compiled from secondary sources were fed into
the digital database, and the distribution of each species was plotted in a 5 x 5 km2 grid map using GIS
technology (see Figure 2 for the grid map). This grid map allowed for the calculation of the Extent of
Occurrence (EOO) and Area of occupancy (AOO) for each species, and for the application of red list criteria.
The draft lists of threatened taxa were reviewed and validated by experts during a series of expert
workshops conducted during the latter half of 2006.
The nomenclature of fauna in the 2007 list of nationally threatened species follows the checklists in
Bambaradeniya (2006) and other species described subsequently (Fernando et al, 2007; Meegaskumbura et
al., 2007; Samarawickrama et al., 2006; Wickramasinghe, 2006; Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa, 2007;
Bauer et al., 2007), while the nomenclature of flora is based on Senaratne (2001), the Angiosperm
Phylogenetic Group (APG) system of classification (www.mobot.org/mobot/ research/ apweb), and other
species described subsequently, using the International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org) and the World
Checklist of Monocotyledons (www.kew.org/wcsp/monocots).
WHAT THE LIST DOES NOT IMPLY
No inference on the risk of extinction of Data Deficient species can be made from the present analysis due
to the paucity of information. It is possible that many of these species are threatened and are in need of
conservation action, especially as the lack of recorded observations could mean that they are rare.
Similarly, no assessment of the risk of extinction can be made for indigenous species that have not been
evaluated.
12
For species that have been listed as extinct, it is important to note that there is always a possibility to
rediscover an isolated population from a previously unexplored locality in Sri Lanka.
Figure 2: 25km2 grid map of Sri Lanka, with vegetation cover and district boundaries
13
LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
The team faced several limitations and constraints during this study. Some of the constraints were related to
availability of data, while others were related to application of the IUCN Global Red List Criteria adapted for a
regional scale.
These limitations and constraints are detailed below.
• Among the total indigenous plant species in Sri Lanka, only about 30% could be evaluated, mainly due
to financial, time and resource constraints. Compared to fauna, the knowledge on the distribution of
plants in Sri Lanka is relatively poor. Even among available information on plants, data are restricted
specific taxa. Lower plants were not evaluated because there was a dearth of published information on
species occurrence and distribution. Inadequate herbarium collections of plant species were a
constraint to confirmation of the occurrence of species that were included in several publications.
• Lack of access to recent source material for authentication of taxa was also a constraint. This included
inadequate access to recent taxonomic revisions and new distribution records, especially in relation to
certain taxa which were hitherto known to be endemic and /or point endemics. Certain taxa that are
being subjected currently to taxonomic revisions had to be transferred to the data deficient category.
The evaluation of some species that were recently split into two or more species based on taxonomic
revisions was constrained by the inability to assign or confirm previous location data.
• Because the digital database on species was a first time initiative in Sri Lanka, time was spent to on
refining its structure, in relation to applying the red-listing criteria. At the initial stages, this involved
time and effort to convert published information into the required database format in order to facilitate
analysis for identification of threatened species. There is further provision for future adjustments to the
database, so that useful outputs may be generated generate to facilitate biodiversity conservation in
Sri Lanka. Future adjustments will require additional inputs, in terms of financial resources, analysis by
experts, and the development of user guides and manuals.
• The majority of the taxa in Sri Lanka lack data on population status nor are there clear statistics related
to the change of natural habitats. Therefore, more than 95% of the taxa in this study were evaluated
using criterion B (Restricted geographical range).
• Lack of consistency in the availability of published information on species, especially during the first
two to three post colonial decades, was a constraint for determining changes in the distribution of taxa
in relation to land use changes. There is a gap in research from 1950’s until the mid 1980’s for most
faunal and floral species. Conversely, there is a surge in information during the last two decades.
• There were several problems in relation to location of species. Most publications indicated locations
that referred to a wide area such as provinces, districts, major roads, or particular rivers, without
specifying exact localities. Only a few papers (mostly the recent ones) had specific localities (i.e., listed
geo-coordinates). Lack of an updated central gazetteer for place names made clarification of exact
locations difficult. Another layer of difficulty was added by the lack of updated and accurate base maps
on Sri Lanka.
• Some of the species occurrences and distribution data indicated in published material were doubtful.
These doubts were clarified by experts, during review meetings.
• The grid size (25 km2) of the map adopted during this study made application of CR criteria (B1) difficult.
14
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Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Schneider, C.J. and Pethiyagoda, R. 2007. New species amongst
Sri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus). Zootaxa 1397: 1-15.
Samarawickrama, V.A.M.P.K., Ranawana, K.B., Rajapaksha, D.R.N.S., Ananjeva, N.B., Orlov, N.L., Ranasinghe,
J.M.A.S. and Samarawickrama, V.A.P. 2006. A new species of the genus Cophotis (Squamata: Agamidae)
from Sri Lanka. Russian Journal of Herpetology 13 (3): 207-214.
Senaratna, L.K. 2001. A checklist of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 451pp.
Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Version 8, June 2007 [and more or less continuously
updated since]. <http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/>, Downloaded on 20 May 2006.
The International Plant Names (2004). Plant Name Query Index <http://www.ipni.org > Downloaded on 20 May 2006
The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2002 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-syn.html. [accessed 30 December 2006]
Wickramasinghe, L.J.M. 2006. A new species of Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1369: 19-33.
Wickramasinghe L.J.M and Munindradasa D.A.I. 2007. Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria:
Gekkonidae) in Sri Lanka with the description of five new species, Zootaxa 1490: 1-63.
Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1989.
Biological Conservation in Sri Lanka: A National Status Report. NARESA, Sri Lanka.
Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de SGunatilleke, ., I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1993.
Biological Conservation in Sri Lanka: A National Status Report. IUCN, Sri Lanka.
16
The flagship mammal in Sri Lanka - the Elephant (Elephas maximus) is threatened due to rapid loss of
habitats for expansion of agriculture and human settlements.
17
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS
THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF FAUNA
Among the total inland indigenous vertebrate

species recorded to date in Sri Lanka, 223
(33%) species were evaluated to be
Nationally Threatened (Table 4). Among the
threatened vertebrate species, 138 (62%)
are endemic to Sri Lanka. Twenty one
species of endemic amphibians have not
been recorded in Sri Lanka during the past
100 years, and these should be considered
© Naalin Perera
The Vulnerable Dusky-striped jungle squirrel (Funambulus sublineatus)
restricted to montane and lowland rain forests in the wet zone.
as Extinct. Of the surviving inland vertebrates, 57 species

are Critically Endangered: i.e., one in every 12 species of
inland indigenous vertebrates of Sri Lanka is currently
facing an immediate and extremely high risk of extinction
(CR) in the wild. Among the total endemic vertebrate
species, 34 (12%) are Critically Endangered, 68 (25%) are
Endangered and 36 (14%) are Vulnerable.
Among the vertebrate fauna, the highest number of

threatened species was recorded among reptiles (56 or
25%), followed by amphibians, birds, mammals and
freshwater fish. One in every two species of mammals and
amphibians, one in every three species of reptiles and
© Vimukthi Weeratunga freshwater fish, and one in every five species of birds in
the island are currently facing the risk of becoming extinct.
The recently discovered Serendib Scops Owl (Otus
thilohofmanni) is restricted to a few patches of lowland
rainforests. It is threatened by the fragmentation of
prime forest habitats in the wet zone.
Table 4: Summary of threatened inland indigenous vertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka
Taxon Total Species CR EN VU Total Threatened

Mammals 91 (16) 9 (2) 20 (8) 12 (4) 41 (14)
Birds 227 (33) 10 15 (6) 21 (10) 46 (16)
Reptiles 171 (101) 16 (12) 23 (16) 17 (9) 56 (37)
Amphibians 106 (90) 12 (12) 34 (34) 6 (5) 52 (51)
Freshwater Fishes 82 (44) 10 (8) 7 (4) 11 (8) 28 (20)
Total 677 (284) 57 (34) 99 (68) 67 (36) 223 (138)
(Note: The total species number under different taxa excludes marine forms, and migratory species whose breeding populations
have not been recorded in Sri Lanka. The numbers of endemic species is in parenthesis)
18
Among the selected groups of inland invertebrate
fauna evaluated, the highest number of threatened
species was recorded among the butterflies (66),
followed by freshwater crabs, land snails,
dragonflies and theraphosid spiders (Table 5).
However, within a single group of invertebrates
evaluated, the highest proportion of threatened
species was recorded among the freshwater crabs
(72.5% of total crab species recorded to date),
where one in every two species in Sri Lanka is
currently facing an immediate and extremely high
© Mendis Wickremasinghe risk of extinction (CR) in the wild.
The Endangered Barnes’s cat snake ( Boiga barnesi ) is
distributed in the forest habitats in wet and intermediate zones
© Mendis Wickremasinghe © Mendis Wickremasinghe

The Endangered Round snout pygmy tree frog (Philautus The Endangered Rough horn Lizard (Ceratophora aspera) is
femoralis) is restricted to Horton plains – patches of montane restricted to lowland rain forests of the wet zone
forest surrounded by wet patana grasslands in the central
highlands
Table 5: Summary of threatened inland indigenous invertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka
Taxon Total Species CR EN VU Total

Butterflies 243 (20) 21 (2) 29 (9) 16 (2) 66 (13)
Dragonflies 120 (57) 13 (13) 5 (5) 2 (2) 20 (20)
Freshwater Crabs 51 (51) 23 (23) 8 (8) 6 (6) 37 (37)
Theraphosid spiders 7 (5) 0 0 1 (1) 1 (1)
Land Snails 246 (204) 16 (15) 12 (12) 5 (5) 33 (32)
(Note: The numbers of endemic species in parenthesis).
The list of extinct vertebrate fauna is presented in Table 6, while the lists of nationally threatened vertebrate
fauna and invertebrate fauna are presented in Table 7 and Table 8, respectively.
Among the marine vertebrates that have been recorded from the territorial waters of Sri Lanka, 27 species
are listed as globally threatened (IUCN, 2006). These include 12 species of cartilaginous fish, four species
of bony fish, five species of reptiles, one off-shore bird and five marine mammals (see Table 9). Among the
migratory birds that visit Sri Lanka, six species are listed as globally threatened, including the Critically
Endangered Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarious) (see Table 10).
19
Although ants were not evaluated during the present
study, the endemic and relict Aneuretus simoni is
listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Global
Red List.
Of the ver tebrate species evaluated, seven

freshwater fish, five amphibians, 25 reptiles, 40
birds and seven mammals were assessed as Near
Threatened (NT) (See Annex 4). Similarly, among
the evaluated invertebrate species, two theraphosid
spiders, 53 butterflies, eight freshwater crabs and © Naalin Perera
11 land snails were evaluated as Near Threatened The endemic and endangered Blotched Filamented Barb
(See Annex 5). (Puntius srilankensis) is restricted to Amban and Kalu rivers
that originate from the Knuckles forest. Its habitat is
threatened by irrigation development activities.
Among the inland vertebrate species evaluated,
seven freshwater fish, three amphibians, 46
reptiles, six birds and seven mammals were included in the Data Deficient category (See Annex 6). Among
the invertebrate species assessed, two theraphosid spiders, 31 butterflies and 184 land snails had to be
included in the Data Deficient category (See Annex
7), because they lacked sufficient distribution data
within Sri Lanka.
Among the Data Deficient freshwater fish species,

the taxonomic status of Mystus keletius, Chela
labuca, Devario aequipinnatus, Garra phillipsi,
Oryzias melastigma and Puntius amphibius in Sri
Lanka needs to be verified. Among the other Data
Deficient fish, the distribution of
Amblypharyngodon grandisquammis and Mystus
cavasius in Sri Lanka needs to be determined. Of
the three amphibians listed as Data Deficient, the
© Vimukthi Weeratunga occurrence of Hoplobatrachus tigerinus in Sri Lanka
The Cornelian ( Deudorix epijarbas ) was known to be a also needs to be verified. There is a large number
common butterfly about 5-6 decades ago. It is rare and
threatened at present, due to degradation of habitats.
of reptiles listed as Data Deficient, but species

under families Scincidae, Typhlopidae and
Uropeltidae are currently under taxonomic revision,
and their distribution records need verification after
these revisions are completed. The Data Deficient
birds includes species known to have migratory as
well as breeding populations in the island, but
where data on the distribution of breeding
populations are scarce. The distribution data on the
recently rediscovered resident bird (Marshall’s Iora
– Aegithina nigrolutea) are also inadequate. All the
Data Deficient mammals are small mammals that
Naalin Perera © IUCN
lack sufficient data on their distribution.
The Endangered Spiralothelphusa fernandoi is restricted to
few locations in the North Western dry zone.
20
Although the Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) and the Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)
are listed as globally threatened, they are not found to be threatened at the national level. Although
P. philippensis is distributed widely in Sri Lanka, only a few breeding sites have been recorded thus far.
Therefore, the population of this species should be closely monitored, because of its global threat status.
The genetic status of wild populations of Bubalus arnee needs assessment, in order to identify hybridisation
with the domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF FLORA
The conservation status of about 35% of the indigenous angiosperm flora, belonging to 68 families was
assessed during the current exercise. Of the total plant species evaluated (1099), 72 species (6.5%) were
assessed as Extinct (EX), while 675 species (61%) were found to be threatened (Table 11). Among the total
threatened plant species, 412 species (61%) are endemic to Sri Lanka. Among the extinct plant species,
nearly 60% are endemic to the island. Of the total extinct species, one species (Alphonsea hortensis H.
Huber) was categorised as ‘Extinct in the wild’
(EW), because it is found in the National Botanical
Gardens at Peradeniya. About 37% of the
threatened plants are Critically Endangered (CR).
They are under considerable risk of extinction in
the near future, especially if habitat degradation is
not reversed. The Family Orchidaceae had the
highest number of threatened species (122, 18%),
followed by Rubiaceae (99, 14.6%), Acanthaceae
(51, 7.5%), Dipterocarpaceae (42, 6.2%) and
Phyllanthaceae (31, 4.6%). These five families
harbour more than 50% of the threatened species
identified during this present study.
© Samantha Gunasekara
The wild populations of orchids such as Habenaria crinifera
are declining rapidly due to over-exploitation and habitat
destruction.
69 species (6%) of the total plants evaluated were

Near Threatened (NT) (See Annex 8), and these
could move into a threatened category in the near
future, if threats affecting their populations are not
removed. Nearly 5% of the evaluated plant species
were listed under the Data Deficient (DD) category © Naalin Perera
(See Annex 9), due to lack of adequate information The Critically Endangered Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea is
on their distribution and population status in restricted to Mangrove forests of North Western Sri Lanka.
different localities. It could also mean that some of

these species are rare at present, and may well be that, with additional data, they could be assessed, in a
future revision as threatened.
21
The total list of extinct plant species is presented in Table 12, while the total list of threatened plant species
is presented in Table 13. Apart from the plant species that were evaluated and found to be threatened during
the present exercise, a total of 81 additional species of plants under 30 families have been listed as globally
threatened (source: www.redlist.org). These include 17 Critically Endangered, 14 Endangered and 50
Vulnerable species (Table 14).
© Dilup Chandranimal © Suranjan Fernando

The Critically Endangered Impatiens repens is a runner that The threatened semi-parasitic Taxillus sclerophyllus is
grows in wet rock surfaces in the wet zone forests. restricted to sub montane forests.
22
Table 6 : List of Extinct Amphibian Fauna in Sri Lanka
(Source: Global Amphibian Assessment www.globalamphibians.org; Meegaskumbura et al., 2007)
(Note: *Endemic Species)
CLASS: AMPHIBIA (FROGS, TOADS)

EXTINT (EX)
FAMILY / SPECIES
Family: Bufonidae
Adenomus kandianus (Günther, 1872)*
E - Kandiyan dwarf toad, S - Mahanuwara kuru gemba
Family: Ranidae
Nannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882*
E - Guenther’s rock frog, S - Guntherge galpara diya madiya
Philautus adspersus (Günther, 1872)*
E - Thwaite’s Shrub Frog, S - Thawaitesge panduru madiya
Philautus dimbullae (Shreve, 1940)*
E - Dimbula Shrub Frog, S - Dimbula panduru madiya
Philautus eximius (Shreve, 1940)*
E - Queenwood Shrub Frog, S - Queenwood panduru madiya
Philautus extirpo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*
E - Blunt snout Shrub Frog, S - Mota hombu panduru madiya
Philautus halyi (Boulenger, 1904)*
E - Pattipola Shrub Frog, S - Pattipola panduru madiya
Philautus hypomelas (Günther, 1876)*
E - Webless pygmy tree frog, S - Patala rahitha panduru madiya
Philautus leucorhinus (Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856)*
E - White nosed tree frog, S - Sudu nasethi panduru madiya
Philautus maia Meegaskumbura et al., 2007*
Philautus malcolmsmithi (Ahl, 1927)*
E - Malcomsmith’s Shrub Frog, S - Malcomsmithge panduru madiya
Philautus nanus (Günther, 1869)*
E - Southern Shrub Frog, S - Dakunudiga panduru madiya
Philautus nasutus (Günther, 1869)*
E - Pointed snout Shrub Frog, S - Ul hombu panduru madiya
Philautus oxyrhynchus (Günther, 1872)*
E - Sharp snout Shrub Frog, S - Thiunu hombu panduru madiya
Philautus pardus Meegaskumbura et al., 2007*
E - Leopard Shrub Frog
Philautus rugatus (Ahl, 1927)*
E - Farnland Shrub Frog, S - Farnland panduru madiya
Philautus stellatus (Kelaart, 1853)*
E - Spotted Shrub Frog, S - Pulli sahitha panduru madiya
Philautus temporalis (Günther, 1864)*
E - Striped snout Shrub Frog, S - Hombu thirathi panduru madiya
Philautus variabilis (Günther, 1859)*
E - Guenther’s Shrub Frog, S - Guentherge panduru madiya
Philautus zal Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*
E - White bloched Shrub Frog, S - Sudu pulli athi panduru madiya
Philautus zimmeri (Ahl, 1927)*
E - Rumassala Shrub Frog, S - Rumassala panduru madiya
23
Table 7: List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna
(Note: * Endemic Species)
CLASS: ACTINOPTERIGII (FRESHWATER FISH)

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
FAMILY / SPECIES CRITERIA
Family: Cyprinidae
Devario pathirana (Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1990)* B1ab(ii,iii)
E - Barred danio, S - Pathirana salaya
Labeo fisheri Jordan & Starks,1917* B1ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Green Labeo, S - Gadeya
Labeo lankae (Heckel, 1838)* A2ac
E - Orange fin labeo, S - Thambalaya
Puntius asoka Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1989* B1ab(ii,iii)
E - Asoka barb, S - Asoka pethiya, Ranmanissa
Puntius bandula Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1991* Azb, B1ab(ii,iii)
E - Bandula barb, S - Bandula pethiya, Jayanthiya
Puntius martenstyni Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1991* B1ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Martenstyn’s barb, S - Dumbara pethiya
Family: Gobiidae
Stiphodon martenstyni Watson,1998* B1 ab(ii,iii)
E - Martenstyn’s goby, S - Martenstynige weligouwa
Family: Mastacembelidae
Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) A2ac
E - Lesser spiny eel, S - Bata kola theliya
Family: Synbranchidae
Ophisternon bengalense Mc Clelland, 1844 B1ab(ii,iii)
E - Swamp eel, S - Potta aandha
Monopterus desilvai Bailey & Gans, 1998* B1ab(ii,iii)
E - Desilva’s blind eel, S - Desilvage Potta aandha
ENDANGERED (EN)
Family: Cyprinidae
Rasboroides vaterifloris (Deraniyagala,1930)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
E - Vateria flower rasbora, S - Hal mal dandiya
Rasbora wilpita Kottelat & Pethiyagoda, 1991* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Wilpita Rasbora, S - Wilpita dandiya
Puntius srilankensis (Senanayake,1985)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Blotched filamented barb, S - Dan kudu pethiya
Family: Cobitidae
Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi (Deraniyagala,1956)* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Jonklaas’s loach, S - Pulli ahirawa
24
Family: Gobiidae
Sicyopterus griseus Day,1878 B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Stone goby, S - Gal weligouwa
Sicyopterus halei (Day,1888) B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Red-tailed goby, S - Maha gal weligouwa
Schismatogobius deraniyagalai B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Red-neck goby, S - Kate rathu weligouwa
VULNERABLE (VU)
Puntius cumingii (Gunther, 1868)* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Cuming’s barb, S - Depulliya
Puntius nigrofasciatus (Gunther, 1868)* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Black ruby barb, S - Bulath hapaya
Puntius pleurotaenia (Bleeker,1863)* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Black lined barb, S - Heeta massa
Puntius titteya Deraniyagala, 1929* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Cherry barb, S - Le titteya
Family: Balitoridae
Acanthocobitis urophthalmus (Gunther, 1868)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
E - Tiger loach, S - Pol ahirawa, Viran ahirawa
Family: Siluridae
Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) A2ac
E - Shark catfish, S - Walaya
Family: Belontidae
Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala, 1937* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Ornate paradisefish, S - Malpulutta
Family: Gobiidae
Sicyopus jonklaasi Klausewitz & Henrich,1986 B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
E - Lipstick goby, S - Thol rathu weligouwa
Family: Aplocheilidae
Aplocheilus werneri Meinken, 1966* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
E - Werner’s killifish, S - Iri handeya
Family: Anguillidae
Anguilla nebulosa Mc Clelland, 1844 A2ac
E - Long finned eel, S - Pol mal aandha
Family: Channidae
Channa ara (Deraniyagala,1945)* A2ac
E - Giant snakehead, S - Gan ara
25
CLASS: AMPHIBIA
(Source: Global Amphibian Assessment www.globalamphibians.org; Meegaskumbura et al., 2005)
Famiy: Bufonidae
Adenomus dasi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Das’s dwarf toad, S - Dasge kuru gemba
Family: Microhylidae
Microhyla karunaratnei Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996* B1ab(iii)
E - Karunaratne’s narrowmouth frog, S - Karunarathnage muva patu madiya
Familya: Ranidae
Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946* B1ab(iii)
E - Marbled rock frog, S - Dumbara galpara diya madiya
Nannophrys naeyakai Fernando et al, 2007* B2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka Tribal Rock-frog
Philautus limbus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)
E - Haycock shrub frog, S - Haycock panduru madiya
Philautus lunatus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Handapanella shrub frog, S - Handapanella panduru madiya
Philautus macropus (Günther, 1869)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Bigfoot shrub frog, S - Vishala padethi panduru madiya
Philautus nemus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Whistling shrub frog, S - Uruhanbana panduru madiya
Philautus papillosus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Papilated shrub frog, S - Dive gatithathi panduru madiya
Philautus procax Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Cheeky shrub frog, S - Kammule pallamathi panduru madiya
Philautus simba Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sinharaja shrub frog, S - Sinharaja panduru madiya
Polypedates fastigo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001* B1ab(iii)
E - Morningside tree frog, S - Ensalwatta gas madiya
ENDANGERED (EN)
Famiy: Bufonidae
Bufo kotagamai Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Kotagama’s dwarf toad, S - Kotagamage kuru gemba
Bufo noellerti Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998* B1ab(iii)
E - Noellert’s toad, S - Nollertge gemba
Microhyla zeylanica Parker & Hill, 1949* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka narrow mouth frog, S - Lanka Muva patu madiya
Ramanella palmata (Parker, 1934)* B1ab(iii)
E - Half- webbed Pug snout frog, S - Parkage mota hombu madiya
26
Fejervarya greenii (Boulenger, 1904)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka Pddy field frog, S - Lanka kandukara madiya
Philautus alto Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Horton plains shrub frog, S - Mahaeliya panduru madiya
Philautus asankai Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Asanka’s shrub frog, S - Asankage panduru madiya
Philautus auratus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Golden shrub frog, S - Ranwan panduru madiya
Philautus caeruleus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Blue thigh shrub frog, S - Nil kalawathi panduru madiya
Philautus cavirostris (Günther, 1869)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Hollow snout shrub frog, S - Hirigadu panduru madiya
Philautus cuspis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sharp snout shrub frog, S - Thiynu hombu panduru madiya
Philautus decoris Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 * B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Eligant shrub frog, S - Bushana panduru madiya
Philautus femoralis (Günther, 1864)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Round snout pygmy shrub frog, S - Pala panduru madiya
Philautus folicola Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Leaf dwelling shrub frog, S - Wakutu kola panduru madiya
Philautus frankenbergi Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Frankenberg’s shrub frog, S - Frankenberge panduru madiya
Philautus fulvus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Knuckles shrub frog, S - Dumbara panduru madiya
Philautus hoffmanni Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Hoffmann’s shrub frog, S - Hoffmannge panduru madiya
Philautus microtympanum (Günther, 1859)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Small eared shrub frog, S - Kudakan panduru madiya
Philautus mittermeieri Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)
E - Mittermeieri shrub frog, S - Mittermeierge panduru madiya
Philautus mooreorum Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Moore’s shrub frog, S - Moorege panduru madiya
Philautus ocularis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Golden eyed shrub frog, S - Ranwan-as athi panduru madiya
Philautus pleurotaenia (Boulenger, 1904)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Side striped shrub frog, S - Pathi thirathi panduru madiya
Philautus poppiae Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Poppy’s shrub frog, S - Poppyge panduru madiya
Philautus reticulatus (Günther, 1864)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Reticulated thigh shrub frog, S - Jalaba panduru madiya
Philautus sarasinorum (Müller, 1887)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Muller’s shrub frog, S - Mullerge panduru madiya
Philautus schmarda (Kelaart, 1854)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Schmarda’s shrub frog, S - Gorahandi panduru madiya
Philautus silus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Pugnosed shrub frog, S - Mukkan hombu athi panduru madiya
Philautus silvaticus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Forest shrub frog, S - Kela panduru madiya
27
Philautus steineri Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Steiner’s shrub frog, S - Steinerge panduru madiya
Philautus stuarti Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Stuart’s shrub frog, S - Stuartge panduru madiya
Philautus viridis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Dull green shrub frog, S - Anduru kola panduru madiya
Philautus zorro Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Gannoruva shrub frog, S - Gannoruwa panduru madiya
Polypedates eques Günther, 1858* B1ab(iii)
E - Mountain hourglass tree frog, S - Kandukara gas madiya
Polypedates longinasus (Ahl, 1931)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Long snout tree frog, S - Dik hombu gas madiya
VULNERABLE (VU)
Ramanella nagaoi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001* D2
E - Nagao’s ramanella, S - Nagaoge mota hombu madiya
Familya: Ranidae
Nannophrys ceylonensis (Günther, 1868)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka rock frog, S - Lanka galpara diya madiya
Rana aurantiaca Boulenger, 1904 B1ab(iii)
E - Small Wood frog, S - Ranwan diya madiya
Philautus hallidayi Megaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005* B1ab(iii)
E - Halliday’s shrub frog, S - Hallidayge panduru madiya
Family: Ichthyophiidae
Ichthyophis orthoplicatus Taylor, 1965* B1ab(iii)
E - Pattipola cecillian, S - Dumburu hiridanda
Ichthyophis pseudangularis Taylor, 1965* B1ab(iii)
E - Lesser yellowbanded cecillian, S - Kuda kaha hiridanda
28
CLASS: REPTILIA
Family: Agamidae
Calotes desilvai Bahir & Maduwage, 2005* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Maculate lizard, S - Lapawan katussa
Ceratophora erdeleni Pethiyagoda & Manamendra-Arachchi, 1998* B2ab(i,ii.)
E - Erdelen’s horn lizard, S - Erdelenige angkatussa
Ceratophora karu Pethiyagoda & Manamendra-Arachchi, 1998* B2ab(i,ii.)
E - Karunaratne’s horn lizard, S - Karunarathnage angkatussa
Cophotis dumbara Samarawickrema et al., 2006* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Dumbara pygmy lizard, S - Dumbara kurukatussa
Family: Gekkonidae
Cyrtodactylus edwardtaylori Batuwita & Bahir, 2005* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Taylors forest gecko, S - Namunukula vakaniya huna
Cyrtodactylus ramboda Batuwita & Bahir, 2005* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Ramboda forest gecko, S - Ramboda vakaniya huna
Cyrtodactylus subsolanus Batuwita & Bahir, 2005* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Rakwana forest gecko, S - Dolahera vakaniya huna
Cyrtodactylus cracens Batuwita & Bahir, 2005* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Narrow headed forest gecko, S - Sinharaja vakaniya huna
Cyrtodactylus fraenatus (Günther, 1864)* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Great forest gecko, S - Maha kalae huna
Cnemaspis ranwellai Wickramasinghe, 2006* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Ranwella’s Day Gecko, S - Ranwellage diva huna
Family: Scincidae
Chalcidoseps thwaitesii (Günther, 1872)* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Fourtoe snakeskink, S - Caturanguli sarpiyahikanala
Nessia hickanala Deraniyagala, 1940* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Sharkhead snakeskink, S - Morahis sarpahiraluva
Family: Colubridae
Aspidura deraniyagalae Gans & Fetcho, 1982* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Deraniyagala’s roughside, S - Kandu madilla
Aspidura drummondhayi Boulenger, 1904* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Guenther’s Drummond – Hay’s roughside, S - Ketiwalmadilla
Boiga ranawanei Samarawickrama et al., 2006* B1ab(i,ii)+2ab(i,ii)
E - Ranawanei’s Golden cat snake, S - Ranawanage ran mapila
Gerarda prevostianus (Eydoux & Gervais, 1837) B2ab(i,ii)
E - Gerard’s water snake, S - Prevostge diyabariya
29
ENDANGERED (EN)
Family: Agamidae
Calotes liocephalus Günther, 1872* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Crestless lizard, S - Kondu datirahita katussa
Ceratophora aspera Günther, 1864* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Rough horn lizard, S - Raluang katussa
Ceratophora stoddartii Gray, 1835* B1ab(i,ii)
E - Rhinohorn lizard, S - Kagamuva angkatussa
Ceratophora tennentii Günther & Gray, 1861* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Leafnose lizard, S - Pethi angkatussa
Cophotis ceylanica Peters, 1861* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Pygmy lizard, S - Kandukara kurukatussa
Family: Gekkonidae
Calodactylodes illingworthorum Deraniyagala, 1953* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Lankan golden gecko, S - Maha galhuna
Cnemaspis podihuna Deraniyagala, 1944* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Dwarf day gecko, S - Podi galhuna
Cnemaspis samanalensis Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Samanala day gecko, S - Samanala kandu diva huna
Cnemaspis tropidogaster (Boulenger, 1885) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Roughbelly day gecko, S - Ralodara divasarihuna
Cyrtodactylus soba Batuwita & Bahir, 2005* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Knuckles forest gecko, S - Dumbara vakniya huna
Hemiphyllodactylus typus Bleeker, 1860 B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Slender gecko, S - Sihin Huna
Hemidactylus lugubris (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Scaly-finger gecko, S - Salkapa huna
Family: Scincidae
Lankascincus deignani (Taylor, 1950)* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Deignan’s lankaskink, S - Deignange lakhiraluva
Lankascincus deraniyagalae Greer, 1991* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Deraniyagal’s lankaskink, S - Deraniyagalage lakhiraluva
Mabuya beddomii (Jerdon, 1870) B2ab(i,ii)
E - Beddome’s stripe skink, S - Vairan hikanala
Mabuya bibronii (Gray, 1838) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Bibron’s sand skink, S - Vali hikanala
Nessia bipes Smith, 1935* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Smith’s snakeskink, S - Smithge sarpahiraluva
Nessia didactylus (Deraniyagala, 1934)* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Two toe snakeskink, S - Drayanguli sarpahiraluva
Nessia layardi (Kelaart, 1854)* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Layard’s snakeskink, S - Leyardge sarpahiraluva
Nessia monodactylus (Gray, 1839)* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Toeless snakeskink, S - Ananguli sarpahiraluva
30
Nessia sarasinorum (Müller, 1889)* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Sarasin’s snakeskink, S - Sarasinge sarpahiraluva
Family: Acrochordidae
Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider, 1799) B2ab(i,ii)
E - Wart snake, S - Diya goya
Family: Viperidae
Hypnale walli (Gloyd, 1977)* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Gloyd’s Hump-nosed viper, S - Kuda mukalan thelissa
VULNERABLE (VU)
Family: Testudinidae
Geochelone elegans (Schoepff, 1795) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Indian Star Tortoise, S - Taraka Ibba
Family: Trionychidae
Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre, 1789) B2ab(i,ii)
E - Flapshell Turtle, S - Kiri Ibba
Family: Agamidae
Calotes ceylonensis Müller, 1887* B2ab(i,ii)
E - Painted lip lizard, S - Thola-visituru katussa
Calotes liolepis Boulenger, 1885* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Whistling lizard, S - Sivuruhandalana katussa
Calotes nigrilabris Peters, 1860* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Black cheek lizard, S - Kalu kopul katussa
Family: Lacertidae
Ophisops leschenaultii Milne- Edwards, 1829 B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Leschenault’s Snake eye Lizard, S - Panduru sarpakshi katussa
Family: Scincidae
Lankascincus taylori Greer, 1991* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Taylor’s lanka skink, S - Taylorge lakhiraluva
Mabuya floweri Taylor, 1950* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Taylor’s skink, S - Taylorge hikanala
Family: Boidae
Gongylophis conica (Schneider, 1796) B2ab(i,ii)
E - Sand boa, S - Vali pimbura
Family: Colubridae
Cerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799) B1ab(i,ii)
E - Dog-faced water snake, S - Kuna diya kaluwa
31
Balanophis ceylonensis (Günther, 1858)* B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Sri Lanka keelback, S - Nihaluwa
Dendrelaphis caudolineolatus (Günther, 1869) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Gunther’s bronze back, S - Viri haldanda
Cercaspis carinata (Kuhl, 1820) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - The Sri Lanka wolf snake, S - Dhara radanakaya
Liopeltis calamaria (Günther, 1858) B2ab(i,ii)
E - Reed snake, S - Punbariya
Oligodon calamarius (Linnaeus, 1758) B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Templeton’s kukri snake, S - Kabara dath ketiya
Chrysopelea taprobanica Smith, 1943 B1ab(i,ii)+2 ab(i,ii)
E - Striped flying snake, S - Dangara danda
Family: Viperidae
Echis carinatus (Schneider, 1801) B1ab(i,ii)
E - Saw scale viper, S - Vali polonga
32
CLASS: AVES
Family: Phasianidae
Francolinus pictus (Jardine & Selby, 1828) B1ab(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii)
E - Painted Francolin, S - Tith watu-kukula
Perdicula asiatica (Latham, 1790) B1ab(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii)
E - Jungle Bush-quail, S - Wana panduru-watuwa
Family: Anatidae
Anas poecilorhyncha Forster, 1781 B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Spot-billed Duck, S - Thith-hota seruwa
Family: Alcedinidae
Alcedo meninting Horsfield, 1821 B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Blue-eared Kingfisher, S - Nilkan pilihuduwa
Family: Columbidae
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 B1ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Rock Pigeon, S - Podu Paraviya
Treron phoenicoptera (Latham, 1790) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Yellow-footed Green-pigeon, S - Seepadu Batagoya
Family: Glareolidae
Cursorius coromandelicus (Gmelin, 1789) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Indian Courser, S - Indu Javalihiniya
Family: Laridae
Sterna saundersi Hume, 1877 B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Saunders’s Tern, S - Saunders Muhudulihiniya
Family: Accipitridae
Aviceda jerdoni (Blyth, 1842) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Jerdon’s Baza, S - Jerdon saratakussa
Family: Ciconiidae
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Black-necked Stork, S - Ali-manawa
ENDANGERED (EN)
Family: Coraciidae
Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Dollarbird, S - Dumkawa
Family: Apodidae
Hirundapus giganteus (Temminck, 1825) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Brown Needletail, S - Pitabora kutupenda-thurithaya
33
Tachymarptis melba (Linnaeus, 1758) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Alpine Swift, S - Alpine - thurithaya
Family: Phodilinae
Phodilus badius (Horsfield, 1821) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Oriental Bay Owl, S - Peradigu Gurubassa
Family: Strigidae
Otus thilohofmanni Warakagoda & Rassmusan, 2004* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Serendib Scops Owl, S - Panduwan Kanbassa
Family: Rallidae
Porzana fusca (Linnaeus, 1766) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Ruddy-breasted Crake, S - Laya rathu wil-keraliya
Family: Glareolidae
Glareola maldivarum Forster, 1795 B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Oriental Pratincole, S - Perodigu Javasariya
Family: Muscicapidae
Myophonus blighi (Holdsworth, 1872)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Whistling Thrush, S - Sri Lanka Uruwan-thirasikaya
Zoothera dauma (Latham, 1790)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Scaly Thrush, S - Kayuru Thirasikaya
Turdus merula Linnaeus 1758 B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Eurasian Blackbird, S - Urasia Kalu Bimsariya
Saxicola caprata (Linnaeus, 1766) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Pied Bushchat, S - Gomera sitibichcha
Family : Sturnidae
Sturnus albofrontatus Gray, 1844* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka White-faced Starling, S - Sri Lanka wathasudu sharikawa
Family: Hirundinidae
Hirundo tahitica Gmelin, 1789 B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Pacific Swallow, S - Sethkara Wahilihiniya
Family: Sylviidae
Bradypterus palliseri (Blyth, 1851)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Bush Warbler, S - Sri Lanka Wanaraviya
Garrulax cinereifrons Blyth, 1851* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Ashy-headed Laughing–thrush, S - Sri Lanka Alu-demalichcha
34
VULNERABLE (VU)
Family: Picidae
Dendrocopos mahrattensis (Latham, 1802) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Yellow-crowned Woodpecker, S - Kaha-silu Gomera-karala
Picus xanthopygaeus (Gray & Gray, 1846) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Streaked-throated Woodpecker, S - Punchi Kawuru karala
Chrysocolaptes festivus (Boddaert, 1783) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - White-naped Woodpecker, S - Kahapita Maha-karala
Family: Cuculidae
Surniculus lugubris (Horsfield, 1821) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Drongo Cuckoo, S - Kawudukoha
Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus (Pennant, 1769)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Red-faced Malkoha, S - Sri Lanka watha-ratu Malkoha
Family: Centropodidae
Centropus chlororhynchus Blyth, 1849* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Green-billed Coucal, S - Sri Lanka Bata Ati-kukula
Family: Strigidae
Glaucidium castanonotum (Blyth, 1852)* B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Chestnut-backed Owlet, S - Sri Lanka Pita-thambala upbassa
Family: Cololumbidae
Columba torringtoni Bonaparte, 1854* B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Wood Pigeon, S - Sri Lanka Mayila Paraviya
Family: Glareolidae
Glareola lactea Temminck, 1820 B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Small Pratincole, S - Punchi Javasariya
Accipiter trivirgatus (Temminck, 1824) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Crested Goshawk, S - Silu Ukussa
Accipiter virgatus (Temminck, 1822) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Besra, S - Besra Ukussa
Spizaetus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Mountain Hawk Eagle, S - Hela Kondakussa
Family: Falconidae
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Shaheen Falcon, S - Shahin Kurulugoya
Family: Ciconiidae
Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Lesser Adjutant, S - Heen Bahuru-manawa
35
Family: Corvidae
Urocissa ornata (Wagler, 1829)* B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Blue Magpie, S - Sri Lanka Kehibella
Eumyias sordida (Walden, 1870)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Dull Blue Flycatcher, S - Sri Lanka Neelan-Masimara
Family: Sturnidae
Gracula ptilogenysb Blyth, 1846* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Myna, S - Sri Lanka Salalihiniya
Family: Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Yellow-eared Bulbul, S - Sri Lanka kahakan kondaya
Family: Sylviidae
Turdoides rufescens (Sclater, 1872)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Orange-billed Babbler, S - Sri Lanka Rathu Demalichcha
Family: Nectariniidae
Dicaeum vincens (Tickell, 1833)* B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Sri Lanka Legge’s Flowerpecker, S - Sri Lanka Pililichcha
Family: Passeridae
Lonchura kelaarti (Jerdon, 1863) B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Black-throated Munia, S - Gelakalu Weekurulla
36
CLASS: MAMMALIA
Family: Molossidae
Chaerephon plicatus (Buchanan, 1800) B1ab (iii)
E - Common wrinkled-lip bat, S - Podu Rallithol-vaula
Family: Vespertillionidae
Kerivoula hardwickii (Horsefield, 1824) B1ab (iii)
E - Malpas’s bat, S - Rathbora kehel-vavula
Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1819) B1ab (iii)
E - Long-winged bat, S - Dickpiya-vavula
Myotis hasseltii (Temminck, 1840) B1ab (iii)
E - Brown bat, S - Bora-vavula
Murina cyclotis Dobson, 1872 B1ab (iii)
E - Tube-nosed bat, S - Nalaneha-vavula
Scotophilus heathii (Horsefield, 1831) B1ab (iii)
E - Great yellow bat, S - Maha Kaha-vavula
Family: Muridae
Mus fernandoni (Phillips, 1932)* B1ab (iii)
E - Sri Lanka spiny mouse, S - Sri Lanka Katu Heen-miya
Vandeleuria nolthenii Phillips, 1929* B1ab (iii)
E - Sri lanka long-tailed tree mouse, S - Sri Lanka Gas-miya
Family: Peromyidae
Petinomys fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847) B1ab (iii)
E - Small flying squirrel, S - Heen-hambawa
ENDANGERED (EN)
Family: Soricidae
Crocidura horsfieldi (Tomes, 1856) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Horsfield’s shrew, S - Kunuhik-miya
Crocidura miya Phillips, 1929* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka long-tailed shrew, S - Sri Lanka Kunuhik-miya
Feroculus feroculus (Kelaart, 1850) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Kelaart’s long-clawed shrew, S - Pirihik-miya
Solisorex pearsoni Thomas, 1924* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Pearson’s long-clawed shrew, S - Sri Lanka Mahik-miya
Suncus fellowes-gordoni Phillips,1932* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka pigmy shrew, S - Sri Lanka Podihik-miya
Suncus montanus (Kelaart, 1850) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Highland shrew, S - Kandu Hik-miya
Suncus zeylanicus Phillips, 1928* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka jungle shrew, S - Sri Lanka Kele Hik-miya
37
Family: Hipposideridae
Hipposideros fulvus Gray, 1838 B2ab(iii)
E - Fulvous-leaf nosed bat, S - Malekaha Pathnehe-vavula
Hipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846 B2ab(iii)
E - Dekhan leaf-nosed bat, S - Kesdiga Pathnehe-vavula
Family: Pteropodidae
Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller, 1838) B2ab(iii)
E - Lesser Short-nosed fruit bat, S - Heen Thala-vavula
Family: Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus beddomei Anderson, 1905 B2ab(iii)
E - Great horse-shoe bat, S - Maha Ashladan-vavula
Kerivoula picta (Pallas, 1767) B2ab(iii)
E - Painted bat, S - Visithuru Kehel-vavula
Pipistrellus ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1852) B2ab(iii)
E - Kelaart’s pipistrel, S - Rathbora kosela-vavula
Family: Lorisidae
Loris tardigradus (Linnaeus, 1758)* B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Sri Lanka red slender loris, S - Sri Lanka Rath Unahapuluwa
Family: Felidae
Prionailurus rubiginosus (Geoffroy, 1831) B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Rusty-spotted cat, S - Kola Diviya
Family: Ursidae
Melursus ursinus (Show & Nodder, 1791) B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Sloth bear, S - Walaha
Family: Cervidae
Axis porcinus (Zimmermann, 1777) B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Hog deer, S - Gona Muva
Family: Muridae
Rattus montanus Phillips, 1932* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Nelu rat, S - Sri Lanka Nelu Miya
Srilankamys ohiensis (Phillips, 1929)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka bicolored rat, S - Sri Lanka Depehe-miya
Family: Peromyidae
Petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Giant flying squirrel, S - Ma-hambawa
38
VULNERABLE (VU)
Family: Cercopithecidae
Semnopithecus vetulus (Erxleben, 1777)* B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Purple-faced leaf monkey, S - Sri Lanka Kalu-wandura
Family: Felidae
Felis chaus Gueldenstaedt, 1776 B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Jungle cat, S - Wal Balala
Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) B2ab(i,ii,iii)
E - Leopard, S - Kotiya
Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Fishing cat, S - Handun Diviya
Family: Mustelidae
Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Otter, S - Diya-balla
Family: Viverridae
Paradoxurus zeylonensis (Pallas, 1778)* B2b(i,ii,iii)c(iii)
E - Sri Lanka golden palm cat, S - Sri Lanka Ran Kalawedda
Family: Elephantidae
Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 B2b(i,ii,iii)c(i, iii, iv)
E - Elephant, S - Aliya
Family: Bovidae
Bubalus arnee (Kerr, 1792) B1b(iii)c(iii,iv)+2b(iii)c(iii,iv)
E - Wild buffalo, S - Kulu Haraka
Family: Muridae
Mus mayori (Thomas, 1915)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
E - Sri Lanka spiny rat, S - Sri Lanka Depahe Katu Heen-miya
Family: Sciuridae
Funambulus layardi (Blyth, 1849)* B1b(iii)c(iii)+2b(iii)c(iii)
E - Sri Lanka flame-striped jungle squirrel, S - Sri Lanka Mukalan Leena
Funambulus sublineatus (Waterhouse, 1838) B1b(iii)c(iii)+2b(iii)c(iii)
E - Dusky-striped jungle squirrel, S - Punchi Leena
Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769) B1b(iii)c(iii)+2b(iii)c(iii)
E - Giant squirrel, S - Dandu-leena
39
Table 8: List of Threatened Invertebrate Fauna
(Note: * Endemic species; ** Endemic Genus)
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA (Land Snails)

FAMILY/SPECIES CRITERIA
Family: Charopidae
Thysanota elegans Preston 1909* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Family: Ariophantidae
Euplecta binoyaensis Godwin-Austen 1899* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta colletti Sykes 1897* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta gardeneri (Pfeiffer 1846)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta isabellina (Pfeiffer 1854)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta prestoni (Godwin-Austen 1897)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Ratnadvipia karu Naggs and Raheem 2006** B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Ravana politissima (Pfeiffer 1854)** B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Macrochlamys nepas (Pfeiffer 1855)* B1a,b (i,ii.iii)
Macrochlamys woodiana (Pfeiffer 1853) B1a,b (i,ii.iii)
Family: Glessulidae
Glessula veruina (Benson 1853)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Family: Corillidae (=Plectopylidae?)

Corilla beddomeae (Hanley 1875)* B1a,b (i,ii.iii)
Family: Cyclophoridae
Japonia vesca (Sykes 1899)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Leptopomoides poecilus (Pfeiffer 1855)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Family: Pupinidae
Tortulosa decora (Benson 1853)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
Tortulosa marginata (PfeifFer 1854)* B1a,b (i,ii,iii)
ENDANGERED (EN)
Family: Buliminidae
Mirus stalix (Benson 1863)* B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta hyphasma (Pfeiffer 1854)* B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta layardi (Pfeiffer 1853)* B2a,b (i,ii,iii)
Euplecta scobinoides Sykes 1897* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Family: Subulinidae
Allopeas layardi (Benson 1863)* B1,B2a,b (i,ii,iii)
40
Family: Acavidae
Oligospira waltoni (Reeve 1842)** B2a,b (i,ii.iii)
Family: Corillidae (=Plectopylidae?)

Corilla carabinata (Ferussac 1821)* B2a,b (i,ii.iii)
Theobaldius layardi (H. Adams 1868)* B2a,b (i,ii,iii)
Theobaldius parma (Benson 1856)* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Theobaldius subplicatulus (Beddome 1875)* B2a,b (i,ii,iii)
Family: Pupinidae
Tortulosa haemastoma (Pfeiffer 1857)* B2a,b (i,ii,iii)
Tortulosa pyramidata (Pfeiffer 1852)* B2a,b (i,ii,iii)
VULNERABLE (VU)
Family: Pupillidae
Pupisoma longstaffae Godwin-Austen 1910* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Superfamily: Corillidoidea (=Plectopylidoidea?)
Corilla adamsi Gude 1914* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)

Corilla colletti Sykes 1897* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Corilla erronea (Albers 1853)* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
Family: Pupinidae
Tortulosa nevilli (Sykes 1898)* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)
41
CLASS: INSECTA
ORDER: LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies)
Family: Pieridae
Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852 B1bciii
E - Lesser Gull, S - Heen Punduru-Sudana
Appias indra Moore, 1857 B1bciii
E - Plain Puffin, S - Dumbra Sudana
Family: Nymphalidae
Phalanta alcippe Cramer, 1780 B1bciii
E - Small Leopard, S - Punchi Thith-thambiliya
Libythea celtis Laicharting, 1782 B1bciii
E - Beak, S - Dumburu-thuduwa
Mycalesis visala Moore, 1857 B1bciii
E - Tamil Bush Brown, S - Damila Panduru-dumburuwa
Family: Lycaenidae
Arhopala abseus Hewistson, 1862 B1bciii
E - Aberrant Bushblue, S - Kela Gas-Nilaya
Catapaecilma major Druce, 1895 B1bciii
E - Common Tinsel, S - Visithuru Gas-Nilaya
Tajuria arida Riley, 1923 B1bciii
E - Ceylon Indigo Royal, S - Lanka Raja-nilaya
Tajuria jehana Moore,1883 B1bciii
E - Plains Blue Royal, S - Podu Raja-nilaya
Pratapa deva Moore, 1857 B1bciii
E - White Royal, S - Sudu Raja-nilaya
Virachola perse Hewitson, 1863 B1bciii
E - Large Guava Blue, S - Maha Pera-nilaya
Tarucus nara Kollar, 1848 B1bciii
E - Striped Pierrot, S - Thith-iri Mal-nilaya
Azanus ubaldus Stoll, 1782 B1bciii
E - Bright Babul Blue, S - Punchi neelaya
Udara singalensis Felder B1bciii
E - Singalese Hedge Blue, S - Sinha Udara-neelaya
Family: Hesperiidae
Bibasis oedipodea Watson B1bciii
E - Branded Orange Awlet
Bibasis sena Moore B1bciii
E - Orange-tail Awl
Hasora badra Evans B1bciii
E - Ceylon Banded Awl
Tapena thwaitesi Moore B1bciii
E - Black Angle
42
Caprona alida Evans B1bciii
E - Ceylon Golden Angle
Gomalia elma Moore B1bciii
E - African Marbled Skipper
Halpe decorata Moore* B1bciii
E - Decorated Ace
Baoris penicillata Moore B1bciii
E - Paintbrush swift
ENDANGERED (EN)
SPECIES CRITERIA
Family: Papilionidae
Pachliopta jophon Gray, 1852* B1bciii
E - Ceylon Rose, S - Lanka rosa papilla
Pathysa antiphates Cramer, 1775 B1bciii
E - Five bar Swordtail, F - Pancha Iri kaga-waligaya
Family: Pieridae
Prioneris sita Felder,1865 B1bciii
E - Painted Saw-tooth, S - Vichitra Maha-sudda
Eurema andersoni Moore, 1886 B2 bc iii
E - One-spot Grass Yellow, S - Kela kahakolaya
Family: Nymphalidae
Junonia orithya Linnaeus, 1758 B2bciii
E - Blue Pansy, S - Nil Alankarikya
Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer, 1777 B2bciii
E - Autumn Leaf, S- Yoda Kela-kolaya
Symphaedra nais Forster, 1771 B1bciii
E - Baronet, S - Punchi Achchilaya
Euthalia lubentina Cramer, 1779 B1bciii
E - Gaudy Baron, S - Kela Achchilaya
Discophora lepida Moore, 1857 B1bciii
E - Southern Duffer, S - Dumburu Kewattaya
Lethe dynaste Hewitson, 1868* B1bciii
E - Ceylon Forester, S - Kela Gas-dumburuwa
Lethe drypetis Hewitson, 1868 B1bciii
E - Tamil Treebrown, S - Maha Gas-Dumburuwa
Lethe daretis Hewitson, 1868* B1bciii
E - Ceylon Treebrown, S - Lanka Gas-dumburuwa
Mycalesis rama Moore, 1892* B1bciii
E - Cingalese Bushbrown, S - Lanka Panduru-dumburuwa
Ypthima singala Felder, 1868* B1bciii
E - Jewel Four-ring, S - Ran Heen-dumburuwa
Elymnias singala Moore,1875* B1bciii
E - Ceylon Palmfly, S - Lanka Thal-dumburuwa
43
Family: Lycaenidae
Iraota timoleon Stoll, 1790 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Silverstreak Blue, S - Redee Gas-Nilaya
Cheritra freja Fabricius, 1793 B2 bc iii
E - Common Imperial, S - Digu-penda Gas-Nilaya
Spindasis lohita Horsfield,1829 B2 bc iii
E - Long -banded Silverline, S - Digu-iri Ridee-nilaya
Bindahara phocides Fabricius, 1793 B2 bc iii
E - Plane, S - Visituru Digu-penda Nilaya
Rapala lankana Moore, 1879 B2 bc iii
E - Malabar Flash, S - Kala Kiranaya
Prosotas noreia Felder, 1868* B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - White-tipped Lineblue, S - Sudu Nil-iriya
Jamides coruscans Moore,1877* B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Ceylon Cerulean, S - Lanka Seru-nilaya
Udara lanka Moore* B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Ceylon Hedge Blue, S - Lanka Udara-neelaya
Family: Hesperiidae
Halpe ceylonica Moore B2bciii
E - Ceylon Ace
Udaspes folus Cramer B1bciii
E - Grass Demon
Hyaroitis adrastus Moore B2bciii
E - Tree Flitter
Pelopidas conjuncta Fruhstorfer B2bciii
E - Conjoined Swift
Cattoris kumara Evans B2bciii
E - Blanck Swift
Suastus minuta Moore B2bciii
E - Ceylon Palm Bob
VULNERABLE (VU)
Family: Pieridae
Colotis fausta Olivier, 1807 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Large Salmon Arab, S - Maha Rosa Sudana
Colotis aurora Cramer, 1780 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Plain Orange Tip, S - Podu Tembiliwan Sudana
Family: Nymphalidae
Parantica taprobana Felder,1865* B1bciii
E - Ceylon Tiger, S - Lanka Nil-Kotithiya
Kallima philarchus Westwood, 1848* B1bc iii
E - Blue Oakleaf, S - Nil Kela-kolaya
44
Family: Lycaenidae
Hypolycaena nilgirica Moore,1883 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Nilgiri Tit, S - Nilgiri Nilaya
Rapala manea Hewitson, 1863 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Slate Flash, S - Anduru Kiranaya
Deudorix epijarbas Moore,1857 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Cornelian, S - Podu Kirana-nilaya
Anthene lycaenina Felder, 1868 B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Pointed Ciliate Blue, S - Ul Kirana-nilaya
Chilades parrhasius Fabricius, 1798 B1 bc iii
E - Small Cupid, S - Punchi Panu-nilaya
Family: Hesperiidae
Tagiades litigiosa Evans B2 bc iii
E - Water Snaw Flat
Badamia exclamationis Fabricius B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Brown Awl
Hasora chromus Cramer B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Common Banded Awl
Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Black flat
Notocrypta curvifascia B1ab (iii)+2ab (iii)
E - Restricted Demon
Telicota ancilla B1bciii
E - Dark Palm Dart
45
CLASS: INSECTA
ORDER: ODONATA (Dragonflies and Damselflies)
Family: Lestidae
Sinhalestes orientalis (Hagen, 1862)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Family: Platystictidae
Drepanosticta adami (Fraser, 1933)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Drepanosticta austeni Lieftinck, 1940* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Drepanosticta hilaris (Hagen 1860)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Drepanosticta montana (Hagen 1860)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Drepanosticta submontana (Fraser, 1933)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Family: Protoneuridae
Disparoneura ramajana Lieftinck, 1971* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Elattoneura leucostigma (Fraser, 1933)* B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)
Family: Gomphidae
Anisogomphus solitaris Lieftinck, 1971* B1ab(iii)+2ab
Heliogomphus ceylonicus (Selys, 1878)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Heliogomphus lyratus Fraser, 1933* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Heliogomphus nietneri (Selys, 1878)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Family: Corduliidae
Macromia flinti Lieftinck, 1977* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
ENDANGERED (EN)
Family: Protoneuridae
Elattoneura caesia (Hagen, 1860)* B2ab(ii,iii)
Family: Gomphidae
Gomphidia pearsoni Fraser, 1933* B2ab(iii)
Microgomphus wijaya Lieftinck, 1940* B2ab(iii)
Family: Libellulidae
Hylaeothemis fruhstorferi (Karsch, 1889)* B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Tetrathemis yerburii Kirby, 1894* B2ab(iii)
VULNERABLE (VU)
SPECIES CRITERIA
Family: Gomphidae
Cyclogomphus gynostylus Fraser, 1926* B1ab(iii)+2ab
Macrogomphus lankanensis Fraser, 1933* B1ab(iii)+2ab
46
CLASS: CRUSTACEA
ORDER: DECAPODA (Freshwater Crabs)
Family: Parathelphusidae
Note: All crab species listed below are endemic
Ceylonthelphusa callista (Ng, 1995) B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa diva Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa durrelli Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa kotagama (Bahir, 1998) B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa nata Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa orthos Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa sanguinea (Ng, 1995) B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa savitriae Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Clinothelphusa kakoota Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Mahatha helaya Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Mahatha iora Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Mahatha lacuna Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Mahatha regina Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Oziothelphusa intuta Bahir & Yeo, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Oziothelphusa kodagoda Bahir & Yeo, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia cracens Ng, 1995 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia enodis (Kingsley, 1880) B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia fido Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia morayensis Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia punctata Ng, 1995 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia quadratus Ng & Tay, 2002 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia rosae Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Perbrinckia scitula Ng, 1995 B1ab(iii).C(iii)
ENDANGERED (EN)
Ceylonthelphusa alpina Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Ceylonthelphusa armata (Ng, 1995) B1ab(iii)
Oziothelphusa dakuna Bahir & Yeo, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Oziothelphusa gallicola Bahir & Yeo, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Oziothelphusa populosa Bahir & Yeo, 2005 B1ab(iii)
Pastilla ruhuna Ng & Tay, 2001 B1ab(iii)
Spiralothelphusa fernandoni Ng, 1994 B1ab(iii)
Spiralothelphusa parvula (Fernando, 1961) B1ab(iii)
VULNERABLE (VU)
Ceylonthelphusa cavatrix (Bahir, 1998) B1ab(iii),D2
Oziothelphusa ritigala Bahir & Yeo, 2005 B1ab(iii),D2
Perbrinckia fenestra Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii),D2
Perbrinckia gabadage Bahir & Ng, 2005 B1ab(iii),D2
Perbrinckia glabra Ng, 1995 B1ab(iii),D2
Perbrinckia uva Bahir, 1998 B1ab(iii),D2
47
CLASS: ARACHNIDA
ORDER: Araneae
GROUP: Mygalomorphs (‘Bird-eating Spiders’)
Family: Theraphosidae
VULNERABLE (VU)
Poecilotheria smithi B1bc(iv)
48
Table 9: Globally threatened marine vertebrate fauna inhabiting the territorial waters of Sri Lanka
(Source: IUCN, 2006 <www.iucnredlist.org>).
CLASS: CHONDRICHTHYES (Sharks, Skates and Rays)

FAMILY / SPECIES CATEGORY AND CRITERIA
Family: Pristidae
Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794) CR A2bcd+3cd+4bcd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Knifetooth sawfish
Pristis microdon Latham, 1794 CR A2bcd+3cd+4bcd ver3.1 (2001)
E - Largetooth sawfish
Pristis zijsron Bleeker, 1851 CR A2bCd+3cd+4bcd ver3.1 (2001)
E - Narrowsnout sawfish
Family: Rhinobatidae
Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider, 1801 VU A2bd+3bd+4bd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Bowmouth guitarfish
Rhinobatus granulatus Cuvier, 1829 VU A2bd+3d+4d ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Sharpnose guitarfish
Family: Myliobatididae
Aetomylaeus maculatus (Grey, 1832) EN A2d+3d+4d ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Mottled eagle ray
Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) VU A2d+3d+4d ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Banded eagle ray
Family: Dasyatididae
Taeniura meyeni Muller & Henle, 1841 VU A2ad+3d+4ad ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Black-blotched stingray
Family: Rhinopteridae
Rhinoptera javanica Muller & Henle, 1841 VU A2d+3cd+4cd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Flapnose ray
Family: Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) VU A2ad+3d+4ad ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Oceanic whitetip shark
Family: Rhiniodontidae
Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 VU A1bd+2d ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Whale shark
Family: Stegostomatidae
Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) VU A2abcd+3cd+4abcd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Leopard shark
CLASS: ACTINOPTERYGII (Bony Fishes)

Family: Labridae
Cheilinus undulatus Ruppell, 1835 EN A2bd+3bd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Giant wrasse
Family: Scombridae
Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) VU A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Bigeye tuna
49
Family: Serranidae
Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) VU A2d ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Brindle bass
Family: Sygnathidae
Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 VU A4cd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Hedgehog seahorse
CLASS: REPTILIA
Family: Dermochelidae
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) CR A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Leatherback turtle
Family: Cheloniidae
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) CR A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Hawksbill turtle
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Loggerhead turtle
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A2bd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Green turtle
Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) EN A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Olive ridley turtle
CLASS: AVES (Off-shore birds)

Family: Fregatidae
Fregata andrewsi Mathews, 1914 CR B2ab(ii,iii,v) ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Christmas island frigatebird
CLASS: MAMMALIA
Family: Dugongidae
Dugong dugon (Muller, 1776) VU A2bcd ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Dugong
Family: Balaenopteridae
Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) VU A1ad ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Hump whale
Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Blue whale
Balaenoptera physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1abd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Common rorqual
Family: Physeteridae
Physeter macrocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1bd ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Sperm whale
50
Table 10 : Globally threatened migratory birds that visit Sri Lanka
(Source: IUCN, 2006 <www.iucnredlist.org>).

Family: Scolopacidae
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus EN C1+2a(ii) ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Spoon-billed sandpiper
Tringa guttifer EN C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Spotted greenshank
Gallinago nemoricola VU C1 ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Wood snipe
Family: Falconidae
Falco naumanni VU A2bce+3bce ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Lesser kestrel
Ficedula subrubra VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Kashmir flycatcher
Family: Charadriidae
Vanellus gregarius CR A3bc ver 3.1 (2001)
E - Sociable lapwing
51
Table 11: Summary of the Status of Flora
(Note: Number of endemic species in parenthesis)
Evaluated Category of Evaluated Species Category of Endemic Species Total Threatened

Family Species EX EW CR EN VU NT DD EX EW CR EN VU NT DD Species
Acanthaceae 101 (43) 4 0 20 17 14 4 9 4 0 15 8 8 3 4 51 (31)
Amaranthaceae 3 (1) 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Anacardiaceae 19 (15) 0 0 3 2 6 0 0 0 0 3 1 6 0 0 11 (10)
Annonaceae 39 (18) 3 1 1 4 12 4 0 1 1 1 3 7 2 0 17 (11)
Apiaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Apocynaceae 2 (2) 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 (2)
Aquifoliaceae 1 (1) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 (1)
Araceae 34 (21) 0 0 12 10 6 1 1 0 0 9 6 4 1 1 28 (19)
Arecaceae 15 (10) 0 0 2 7 5 0 0 0 0 2 5 3 0 0 14 (10)
Asclepidaceae 9 (2) 1 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 5 (2)
Asteraceae 10 (5) 3 0 5 1 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 1 6 (3)
Balanophoraceae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
52
Balsaminaceae 23 (16) 1 0 7 2 8 0 0 1 0 6 2 5 0 0 17 (13)
Boraginaceae 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Burmanniaceae 2 (1) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Campanulaceae 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Caryophyllaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Celastraceae 2 (1) 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Clusiaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Convolvulaceae 4 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Cornaceae 3 (2) 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 (2)
Cryptoreniacea 1 (1) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 (1)
Cucurbitaceae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Cyperaceae 10 (2) 1 0 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 7 (2)
Dilleniaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Dipterocarpaceae 58 (58) 1 0 18 9 15 6 0 1 0 18 9 15 6 0 42 (42)
Ebanaceae 32 (19) 0 0 6 7 9 2 1 0 0 5 5 5 0 1 22 (16)
Ericaulaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Euphorbiaceae 69 (16) 4 0 7 5 12 15 6 2 0 2 3 4 4 0 24 (9)
Fabaceae 33 (5) 10 0 16 0 0 0 6 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 16 (3)
Gentianaceae 2 (1) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 (1)
Gesneriaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Lamiaceae 3 (1) 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 (1)
Lauraceae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Lemnaceae 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loganiaceae 1 (1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loranthaceae 21 (12) 1 0 5 1 9 0 0 1 0 5 1 3 0 0 16 (9)
Malvaceae 1 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Melastomataceae 38 (30) 6 0 12 7 7 1 0 6 0 12 4 5 1 0 26 (21)
Memycylaceae 32 (27) 0 0 8 9 9 3 0 0 0 6 8 8 3 0 26 (22)
Mischodendraceae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
53
Monimiaceae 1 (1) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 (1)
Moraceae 2 (1) 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 (1)
Myrsinaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Myrtaceae 40 (23) 0 0 5 2 11 0 0 0 0 4 2 7 0 0 18 (13)
Orchidaceae 181 (60) 4 0 22 47 53 23 7 2 0 13 25 15 7 0 122 (53)
Orobanchaceae 10 (3) 0 0 5 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 8 (2)
Phylanthaceae 63 (28) 3 0 8 9 14 8 2 2 0 6 6 5 5 1 31 (17)
Piperaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Poaceae 9 (7) 0 0 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 9 (7)
Podostemaceae 2 (1) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 (1)
Polygalaceae 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Putranjavaceae 6 (3) 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 (2)
Rhamnaceae 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1)
Rosaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Rubiacae 168 (96) 17 0 25 36 38 2 6 15 0 18 24 24 0 1 99 (66)
Rutaceae 1 (1) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 (1)
Santalaceae 9 (2) 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 (2)
Scrophulariaceae 3 (1) 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 (1)
Stylidiaceae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Surianaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Symphoremaceae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Thymelaeaceae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Tiliaceae 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Triuridaceae 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Urticaceae 3 (1) 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Verbenaceae 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zingiberaceae 6 (5) 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 6 (5)
Total 1099 (553) 71 1 251 186 238 69 55 42 1 163 118 130 32 15 675 (412)
54
Table 12: List of extinct plant species in Sri Lanka
(Note: * Endemic species)
Family/Species
Family-Acanthaceae
Ptyssiglottis sanguinolenta (Vahl) B. Hansen*
Strobilanthes caudata T. Anders*
Strobilanthes nigrescens T. Anders*
Strobilanthes thwaitesii T. Anders*
Family-Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes bidentata Blume
Family – Annonaceae
Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray
Orophea zeylanica Hook. f. & Thoms
Polyalthia moonii Thw.*
Family-Asclepiadaceae
Cynanchum alatum Wight & Arn. ex Wight
Family-Asteraceae
Blumea angustifolia Thw*
Blumea crinita Arn.*
Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) Alston
Family-Balsaminaceae
Impatiens subcordata Arn.*
Family-Celastraceae
Maytenus fruticosa (Thw.) Loes.*
Family-Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
Family-Cyperaceae
Rhynchospora gracillima Thw.
Family-Dipterocarpaceae
Doona ovalifolia Thw.*
Family-Euphorbiaceae
Adenochlaena zeylanica (Baill.) Thw.*
Croton zeylanicus Muell. Arg.
Euphorbia atoto Forst.
Trigonostemon diplopetalus Thw.*
55
Family-Fabaceae
Crotalaria mysorensis Roth
Crotalaria willdenowiana DC.
Crudia zeylanica (Thw.) Benth.*
Dioclea javanica Benth.
Eleiotis monophyllos (Burm.f.) DC.
Indigofera parviflora Heyne ex Wight & Arn.
Mucuna monosperma (Roxb.) DC.
Rhynchosia densiflora (Roth) DC.
Rhynchosia nummularia (L.) DC.
Sophora zeylanica Trim.*
Family-Lemnaceae
Lemna gibba L.
Family-Loganiaceae
Strychnos coriaceaThw.*
Family-Loranthaceae
Helixanthera ensifolia (Thw.) Danser*
Family-Melastomataceae
Osbeckia moonii Thw.*
Sonerila cordifolia Cogn.*
Sonerila firma (Thw. ex Clarke in Hook. f.) Lundin*
Sonerila gardneri Thw.*
Sonerila harveyi Thw.*
Sonerila tomentella Thw.*
Family-Orchidaceae
Diplocentrum recurvum Lindley
Goodyera stelidifera Ormerod.*
Liparis brachyglottis Reichb.f. ex Trimen*
Vanda thwaitesii Hook.f.
Family-Phyllanthaceae
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume
Glochidion gardneri Thw.*
Phyllanthus hakgalensis Thw. ex Trimen*
Family-Podostemaceae
Zeylanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engler
Family-Polygalaceae
Polygala longifolia Poir
56
Family-Rubiaceae
Canthium macrocarpum Thw.*
Gaertnera gardneri Thw.*
Hedyotis cinereo-viridis Thw.*
Hedyotis cyanescens Thw.*
Hedyotis macraei Hook.f.*
Hedyotis quinquenervia Thw.*
Hedyotis srilankensis Deb & Dutta*
Lasianthus protractus (Thw.) Thw.
Lasianthus rhizophyllus (Thw.) Thw.*
Lasianthus thwaitesii Hook.f.*
Neanotis quadrilocularis (Thw.) W.H.Lewis
Ophiorrhiza pallida Thw.*
Pavetta gardneri Bremek.*
Pavetta glomerata Bremek.*
Psychotria moonii (Thw.) Hook.f.*
Psydrax grandifolius (Thw.) Ridsd.*
Scyphostachys pedunculatus Thw.*
Family-Scrophulariaceae
Lindernia viscosa (Hornem.) Boldingh
Family-Tiliaceae
Corchorus trilocularis L.
Family-Urticaceae
Elatostema acuminatum (Poir.) Brongn.
Elatostema walkerae Hook.f.*
Family-Verbenaceae
Chascanum hyderobadense (Walp.) Moldenke
EXTINCT IN THE WILD(EW)
Family – Annonaceae
Alphonsea hortensis H. Huber*
57
Table 13: List of Threatened Plant Species in Sri Lanka
(Note: * Endemic Species)
(A) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

Family-Acanthaceae
Andrographis macrobotrys Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Barleria nitida Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Barleria strigosa Willd. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Brillantaisia thwaitesii (T. Anders.) Cramer* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Gymnostachyum ceylanicum Arn. & Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lepidagathis hyalina Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Pseuderanthemum angustifolium Ridley B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes arnottiana Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes deflexa T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes exserta C. B. Clarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes gardneriana (Nees) T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes habracanthoides J. R. I. Wood* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes hypericoides J. R. I. Wood* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes laxa T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes pentandra J. R. I. Wood* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes rhamnifolia (Nees) T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes rhytisperma C. B. Clarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes stenodon Clarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes zeylanica T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthus willisii M. A. Canine* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cyathula ceylanica Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Anacardiaceae
Mangifera pseudoindica Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus obovata Moon* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus pseudo-emarginata Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Annonaceae
Polyalthia persicaefolia (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Apiaceae
Peucedanum ceylanicum Gardner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Apocynaceae
Wrightia flavido-rosea Trim.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Wrightia puberula (Thw.) Ngan* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Araceae
Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Schott B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Arisaema constrictum Barnes* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
58
Cryptocoryne alba de Wit* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne bogneri Rataj* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne parva de Wit* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne undulata Wendt* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne walkeri Schott* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne x willisii Reitz* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra bogneri de Wit* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra lancifolia (Schott) Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Arecaceae
Areca concinna Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus pachystemonus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Brachystelma lankana Dassanayake & Jayasuriya* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ceropegia thwaitesii Hook. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Gymnema rotundatum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Tylophora zeylanica Decne. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Asteraceae
Anaphalis thwaitesii C.B. Clarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Gynura hispida Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Notonia walkeri (Wight) C.B. Clarke B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Senecio gardneri (Thw.) C.B. Clarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Balanophoraceae
Balanophora fungosa J.R. & G. Forst. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens grandis Heyne ex Wall. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens janthina Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens leucantha Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens repens Moon* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens taprobanica Hiern* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens thwaitesii Hook.f. ex Grey-Wilson* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens walkeri Hook.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Boraginaceae
Cordia subcordata Lam. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Heliotropium supinum L. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Campanulaceae
Asyneuma fulgens (Wall.) Briq. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Campanula benthamii Wall.ex Kitam. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
59
Family-Celastraceae
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Clusiaceae
Mesua stylosa (Rhw.) Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Argyreia splendens (Roxb.) Sweet B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hall.f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Cornaceae
Mastixia congylos Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Cucurbitaceae
Mukia leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Cyperaceae
Eleocharis confervoides (Poir.) T.Koyama B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Eleocharis lankana T.Koyama* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Mapania immersa (Thw.) Benth.ex Ckarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Pycreus stramineus (Nees) Clarke B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Trichophorum subcapitatum (Thw. & Hook.) D.A.Simpson B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Tricostularia undulata (Thw.) Kern B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Dilleniaceae
Acrotrema thwaitesii Hook.f. & Thoms.ex Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Balanocarpus kitulgallensis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus affinis Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus bullatus Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus gilimalensis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus gracilis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus kanneliyensis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus laevifolius Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus latisepalum Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus marginalis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus moonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus nitidus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus petiolaris Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus revolutus Trimen ex Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus rigidus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus scalarinervis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus scaphifolius Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Vatica lewisiana (Trimen ex Hook. f.) Livera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Vatica paludosa Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
60
Family-Ebenaceae
Diospyros atrata Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2
Diospyros crumenata Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2
Diospyros koenigii Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2
Diospyros oppositifolia Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)+D2
Diospyros pemadasai Jayasuriya* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)+D2
Diospyros rheophytica Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D2
Family-Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon subglaucum Ruhland* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cleidion nitidum (Muell. Arg.) Thw. ex Kurz B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Croton caudatus Geisel B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Croton moonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Croton nigroviridis Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Dalechampia indica Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Euphorbia granulata Forssk. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Tragia muelleriana Pax & Hoffm. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Fabaceae
Albizia lankaensis Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Crotalaria linifolia L.f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Crotalaria triquetra Dalz. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Crotalaria wightiana Graham ex Wight & Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cynometra iripa Kostel. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Desmodium jucundum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Desmodium zonatum Miq. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urban B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Indigofera constricta (Thw.) Trim. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Indigofera wightii Grah.ex Wight & Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Rhynchosia acutissima Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Rhynchosia suaveolens (L.f.) DC. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sesbania sericea (Willd.) Link B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sophora violacea Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Tephrosia spinosa (L.f.) Pers. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Gentianaceae
Exacum sessile L. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Gesneriaceae
Didymocarpus floccosus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Lamiaceae
Isodon capillipes (Benth.) H.Hara* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Leucas longifolia Benth. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Plectranthus glabratus (Benth.) Alston B1ab(I,ii,iii)
61
Family-Lauraceae
Cassytha capillaris Meissn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Loranthaceae
Barathranthus mabaeoides (Trimen) Danser* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Barathranthus nodiflorus (Thw.) Tieghem* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Dendrophthoe lonchiphyllus (Thw.) Danser.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Macrosolen albicaulis Wiens* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Macrosolen barlowii Wiens* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Medinilla maculata Gardner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Osbeckia rheedii Gardner ex Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila glaberrima Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila glabricaulis (Thw. ex Clarke in Hook. f.) Lundin* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila guneratnei Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila hirsutula Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila hookeriana Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila lanceolata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila pedunculosa Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila pilosula Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila robusta Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila wightiana Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Memecylaceae
Memecylon gracillimum Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon leucanthemum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon macrocarpum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)+D1
Memecylon macrophyllum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon orbiculare Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon phyllanthifolium Thw. ex Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon sessile Benth. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon wightii Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Moraceae
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Myrsinaceae
Ardisia wightiana (Wall.ex.A.DC.)Mez* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Myrtaceae
Eugenia cotinifolia Jacq. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Eugenia glabra Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eugenia sripadaens Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium lewisii Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium sclerophyllum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
62
Family-Orchidaceae
Arundina minor Lindl.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum tricarinatum Petch* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Coelogyne zeylanica Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1
Didymoplexis seidenfadenii Sathish & Ormerod. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1
Dienia ophrydis (J.König) Seidenf. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eria tricolor Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Gastrodia zeylanica Schlechter* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1
Goodyera fumata Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria dichopetala Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria dolichostachya Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria pterocarpa Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Nervilia juliana (Roxb.) Schlechter B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia dolabrata Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia fornicata Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia wallie-silvae Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia weragamaensis Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phalaenopsis mysorensis Sadanha B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Schoenorchis tortifolia (Jayaweera) Garay* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sirhookera latifolia (Wight) Kuntze B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Tainia bicornis (Lindley) Reichb. f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Trimen B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Orobanchaceae
Aeginetia pedunculata Wall. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Campbellia cytinoides (Reuter)Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Christisonia albida Thw. Ex Benth.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Christisonia lawii Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Legocia aurantiaca (Wight) Livera B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cleistanthus acuminatus (Thw.) Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Glochidion acutifolium Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus heyneanus Muell. Arg. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus oreophilus Muell. Arg. * B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus zeylanicus Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sauropus assimilis Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Muell. Arg. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sauropus retroversus Wight* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Piperaceae
Peperomia wightiana Miq (P. species 6) B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Poaceae
Arundinaria scandens Soderstrom & Ellis.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Arundinella thwaitesii Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
63
Garnotia fuscata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Garnotia panicoides Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ischaemum polystachyum J.& C.Pres. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oplismenus thwaitesii Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Zenkeria obtusiflora (Thw.)Benth.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Putranjiavaceae
Drypetes lanceolata (Thw.) Pax & Hoffm.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & Hoffm. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus lucida Moon ex Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Rubiaceae
Hedyotis evenia Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis gardneri Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis gartmorensis Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis inamoena Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis marginata (Thw.ex Trimen) Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis membranacea Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis neolessertiana Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis obscura Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis rhinophylla Thw.ex Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis subverticillata Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis trichoneura Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis tridentata Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus varians (Thw.) Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Mitragyna tubulosa (Arn.)Havil. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Neanotis richardiana (Arn)W.H.Lewis B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Neurocalyx gardneri Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ophiorrhiza glechomifolia Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ophiorrhiza nemorosa Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oxyceros rugulosus (Thw.) Tirv. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta macraei Bremek.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Psilanthus wightianus (Wight & Arn.) Leroy B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria longipetiolata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psydrax pergracilis (Bourd.) Ridsd. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Saprosma scabridum (Thw.) Beddome* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Santalaceae
Notothixos floccosus (Thw.) Oliver* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ginalloa spathulifolia (Thw.) Oliver* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Viscum ramosissimum Roxb. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Scrophulariaceae
Adenosma subrepens (Thw.) Benth.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau B1ab(I,ii,iii)
64
Family-Stylidiaceae
Stylidium uliginosum Sw. ex Willd. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Symphoremaceae
Symphorema involucratum Roxb. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Thymelaeaceae
Phaleria capitata Jack B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Triuridaceae
Sciaphila secundiflora Thw.ex Benth. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sciaphila tenella Blume B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Zingiberaceae
Alpinia rufescens (Thw.) Schum.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Amomum acuminatum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Amomum benthamianum Trim.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Amomum hypoleucum Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Amomum nemorale (Thw.)Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
(B) ENDANGERED (EN)

Family-Acanthaceae
Barleria arnottiana Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Barleria involucrate Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Barleria tomentosa Roth B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Barleria vestita T.Anders. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dicliptera zeylanica Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Gymnostachyum hirsutum T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Gymnostachyum paniculatum T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Justicia prostrata (Clarke) Gamble B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lepidagathis walkeriana Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Monothecium aristatum (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Rhinacanthus polonnaruwensis Cramer* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes nockii Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes punctata Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes vestita Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes walkeri Arn. ex Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Thunbergia laevis Wall.ex Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus moonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Annonaceae
Goniothalamus salicina Hook. f. & Thoms* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
65
Miliusa zeylanica Gardner ex Hook. f. & Thoms* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phoenicanthus coriacea (Thw.) H. Huber* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Aquifoliaceae
Ilex knucklesensis Philcox* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Araceae
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne beckettii Trimen* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne nevillii Trimen ex Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne thwaitesii Schott* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra koenigii (Schott) Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra ovata (L.) Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra thwaitesii Engl.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pothos parvispadix Nicolson* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Arecaceae
Calamus delicatulus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus ovoideus Thw. ex Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus radiatus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus zeylanicus Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Loxococcus rupicola (Thw.) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Nypa fruticans Wurmb B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Asteraceae
Blepharispermum petiolare DC. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens arnottii Thw. * B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens linearis Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Burmanniaceae
Burmannia championii Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Balanocarpus brevipetiolaris (Thw.) Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Hopea cordifolia (Thw.) Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus acuminatus (Thw.) Beddome* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus angustisepalum Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus cordifolius (Thw.) Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus lanceolatus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus lancifolius (Thw.) Ashton* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus reticulatus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus wightii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
66
Family-Ebenaceae
Diospyros acuta Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros attenuata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros chaetocarpa Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros ebenum Koenig A1bcd+B2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Ebony
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros moonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros quaesita Thw.* A1bcd+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Calamander
Chaetocarpus ferrugineus Philcox* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Chaetocarpus pubescens (Thw.) Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Croton persimilis Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Tragia plukenetii Radcliffe-Smith. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Gentianaceae
Crawfurdia championii (Gardn.) Trim.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Loranthaceae
Tolypanthus gardneri (Thw.) Tieghem* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Kendrickia walkeri (Wight ex Gardner) Triana B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Medinilla cuneata (Thw.) Bremer & Lundin* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Osbeckia buxifolia Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Osbeckia walkeri Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Osbeckia zeylanica L. f. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila crassicaulis Lundin* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila rhombifolia Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Memeycylaceae
Memecylon cuneatum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon discolor Cogn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon ellipticum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon fuscescens Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon giganteum Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon grande Retz.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon hookeri Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon procerum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon rhinophyllum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Monimiaceae
Hortonia ovalifolia Wight* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
67
Family-Myrtaceae
Eugenia amoena Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Eugenia rivulorum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Orchidaceae
Acanthephippium bicolor Lindley B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aerangis hologlottis (Schltr.) Schltr.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Apostasia wallichii R. Br. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bromheadia srilankensis Kruizinga & de Vogel.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum crassifolium Thw. ex Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum macraei Reichb. f.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum maskeliyense Livera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum purpureum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cheirostylis flabellate (A.Rich.) Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Chrysoglossum ornatum Blume. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptostylis arachnites (Blume) Hassk. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dendrobium haemoglossum Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dendrobium diodon Reichb. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dendrobium maccarthiae Thw.* A2(a,c,d)+A3(a,c,d)+B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Didymoplexis pallens Griff B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eria articulata Lindl.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eria thwaitesii Trimen* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria barbata Wight ex Hook.f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria macrostachya Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria rhynchocarpa (Thw.) Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria roxburghii Nicolson B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Hetaeria oblongifolia Blume B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Ipsea speciosa Lindley* A2+A3(a,c,d)
E - Daffodil orchid
Liparis atropurpurea Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Liparis barbata Lindl.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Malaxis densiflora (A.Rich.) Kuntze. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia claviloba Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia forcipata Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia quadrilateral Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia scyllae Lindl.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia tenuis Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia truncata Lindl.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Peristylus aristatus Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Peristylus trimenii (Hook.f.) Abeywick.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phaius luridus Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phreatia elegans Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Phreatia jayaweerae Ormerod. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Robiquetia gracilis (Lindley) Garay B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Taeniophyllum gilimalense Jayaweera* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Tropidia bambusifolia (Thw) Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+D1
68
Tropidia thwaitesii Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Vanilla moonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Zeuxine blatteri C.E.C. Fischer. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Zeuxine regia (Lindl.) Trimen* A3+A4(c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Christisonia bicolor Gardner B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Christisonia subacaulis (Benth.) Gardner B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aporusa fusiformis Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cleistanthus robustus Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Glochidion montanum Thw.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Glochidion pachycarpum Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus baillonianus Muell. Arg. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus dealbatus Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Muell. Arg.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus wheeleri G. L. Webster* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Poaceae
Arundinaria densifolia Munro B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Podostemaceae
Farmeria metzgerioides (Trimen) Willis ex Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Putranjiva zeylanica (Thw.) Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Rubiaceae
Canthium campanulatum Thw.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Canthium puberulum Thw.ex Hook.f.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Canthium rheedii DC. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirv. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Diyaminauclea zeylanica (Hook.f.) Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Galium asperifolium Wall. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis coprosmoides Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis neesiana Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis nodulosa Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis thwaitesii Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Knoxia spicata (Thw. Ex Trimen) Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus chrysocaulis Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus gardneri (Thw.) Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus neolanceolatus Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lucocodon reticulatum Gardner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Neanotis nummulariformis (Arn.) W.H.Lewis*
Neurocalyx calycinus (R.Br.ex Benn.) Robinson B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
69
Neurocalyx championii Benth.ex Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Neurocalyx zeylanicus Hook.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oldenlandia stricta L. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ophiorrhiza radicans Gardner ex Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta agrostiphylla Bremek* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta badullensis Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta zeylanica (Hook. f.) Gamble B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pleiocraterium plantaginifolium (Arn.) Bremek.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psilanthus tranvancorensis (Wight & Arn.) Leroy B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria glandulifera Thw. ex.Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria plurivenia Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria sohmeri Kiehn B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria stenophylla (Thw.) Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psydrax montanus (Thw.) Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Rubia cordifolia L. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Saprosma glomeratum (Gardner) Beddome B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Scyphostachys coffaeoides Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirv. & Sastre B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum caudatum Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Santalaceae
Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) Engler B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
(C) VULNERABLE (VU)

Family-Acanthaceae
Andrographis paniculata (Bunn. f.) Wall. ex Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Dyschoriste depressa Nees B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Gymnostachyum sanguinolentum (Vahl) T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Justicia ceylanica (Nees) T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Justicia glabra Koenig ex Roxb. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Justicia royeniana (Nees) Clarke* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Rungia longifolia Nees B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stenosiphonium cordifolium (Vahl) Alston B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes adenophora Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes calycina Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes helicoides (Nees) T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes hookeri Nees* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes lupulina Nees B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Strobilanthes pulcherrima T. Anders.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus acuminata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus coriacea Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus marginata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
70
Semecarpus parvifolia Thw.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus pubescens Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Semecarpus subpeltata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Annonaceae
Alphonsea zeylanica Hook. f. & Thoms. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Desmos zeylanica (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Safford* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Enicosanthum acuminata (Thw.) Airy Shaw* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Goniothalamus gardneri Hook. f. & Thoms.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Goniothalamus hookeri Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Goniothalamus thomsonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phoenicanthus oblique (Hook.f.Thoms.)Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thw. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sageraea thwaitesii Hook. f. & Thoms.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Araceae
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Arisaema leschenaultii Blume B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cryptocoryne wendtii de Wit* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra jacobsenii de Wit* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lagenandra praetermissa de Wit* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Pothos remotiflorus Hook.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Arecaceae
Calamus digitatus Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus pseudotenuis Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus rivalis Thw. Ex Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Calamus rotang L. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oncosperma fasciculatum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens acaulis Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens ciliifolia Grey-Wilson* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens cornigera Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens elongata Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens flaccida Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens henslowiana Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens macrophylla Gardner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Impatiens truncata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Cornaceae
Mastixia nimalii Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Crypteroniaceae
Axinandra zeylanica Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
71
Dipterocarpus glandulosus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Doona gardneri Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Red Doon
Doona zeylanica Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Shorea dyeri Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Shorea hulanidda Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Shorea lissophylla Thw.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Shorea pallescens Ashton* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Shorea stipularis Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus canaliculatus Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus elegans (Thw.) Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus gardneri Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stemonoporus oblongifolius Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sunaptea scabriuscula (Thw.) Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Vatica affinis Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Vatica obscura Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Ebenaceae
Diospyros acuminata (Thw.) Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros affinis Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros albiflora Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros ebenoides Kosterm.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros oblongifolia (Thw.) Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros oocarpa Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros racemosa Roxb. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros trichophylla Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diospyros walkeri (Wight) Guerke B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Bastard Ebony
Agrostistachys hookeri (Thw.) Benth.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Agrostistachys intramarginalis Philcox* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Euphorbia rosea Retz. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Excoecaria oppositifolia Griffith B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Homonoia riparia Lour. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Macaranga digyna (Wight) Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Micrococca oligandra (Muell. Arg.) Prain B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Ptychopyxis thwaitesii (Baill.) Croizat* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sapium indicum Willd. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Trewia nudiflora L. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Fever Tree
Trigonostemon nemoralis Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Loranthaceae
Dendrophthoe ligulata (Thw.) Tieghem* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dendrophthoe suborbicularis (Thw.) Danser B,ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)
72
Macrosolen capitellatus (Wight & Arn.) Danser B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Scurrula cordifolia (Wall.) G. Don. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Taxillus cuneatus (Roth) Danser B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Taxillus incanus (Trimen) Wiens* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Taxillus sclerophyllus (Thw.) Danser B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lijndenia gardneri (Thw.) Bremer* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Medinilla fuchsioides Gardner B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Osbeckia lanata Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila affinis Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila arnottiana Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila pumila Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sonerila zeylanica Wight & Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Memecylaceae
Memecylon angustifolium Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Blue Mist
Memecylon clarkeanum Cogn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon ovoideum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon parvifolium Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon petiolatum Trimen ex Alston* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon revolutum Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon rivulare Bremer* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon rotundatum (Thw.) Cogn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Memecylon urceolatum Cogn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Moraceae
Broussonetia zeylanica (Thw.) Corner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Myrtaceae
Eugenia fulva Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eugenia rotundata Trimen* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eugenia rufo-fulva Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eugenia terpnophylla Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium batadamba Kosterm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium cylindricum (Wight) Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium fergusoni Gamble B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium hemisphericum (Walp.) Alston B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium makul Gaertn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Syzygium turbinatum Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Orchidaceae
Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Adrorhizon purpurascens (Thw.)Hook.f.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aerides ringens (Lindley) C.E.C.Fischer B2ab(I,ii,iii)
73
Agrostophyllum zeylanicum Hook. f. * B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Anoectochilus regalis Blume* A3+A4(c,d)+B 2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aphyllorchis montana Reichb. f. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum elegans Gardner ex Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum petiolare Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum thwaitesii Reichb. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum trimenii (Hook. f.) J. J. Sm.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Bulbophyllum wightii Reichb. F. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Chiloschista fasciata (F.v. Mull.) Seidenf. & Ormerod. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Cottonia peduncularis (Lindley) Rchb.f. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Bee orchid
Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindley B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Primrose Orchid
Disperis neilgherrensis Wight B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Stichorkis disticha (Thouars) Pfitzer. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Erythrodes latiloba Ormerod. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eulophia graminea Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eulophia pulchra (Thouars) Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Eulophia zollingeri (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Flickingeria macraei (Lindley) Seidenf. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. B1,a,b(ii,iii)
Goodyera procera (Ker-Gawl.) Hook. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Habenaria crinifera Lindl. A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Liparis cespitosa (Lam.)Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Liparis elliptica Wight. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Liparis walkeriae R. Graham B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Liparis wightiana Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Luisia birchea Blume Rumphia. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Malaxis discolor (Lindl.) Kuntze* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Malaxis thwaitesii Bennet.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia longibracteata Lindl.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia recurva Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia thwaitesii Hook. f. * B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Oberonia zeylanica Hook.f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Papilionanthe cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Peristylus gardneri (Hook. f) Kraenzlin* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phaius wallichii Lindl. A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Star Orchid
Peristylus spiralis A. Rich. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Podochilus falcatum Lindl. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pomatocalpa decipiens (Lindley) J. J. Sm. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Rhynchostylis retusa Blume A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Batticaloa Orchid, Fox-tail Orchid
Seidenfadeniella filiformis (Rchb.f.) E.A. Christinson & Ormerod. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Taeniophyllum alwisii Lindley B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
74
Taprobanea spathulata (L.) Christenson. A2+A3(a,c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Thrixspermum walkeri Seidenf. & Ormerod. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Trichoglottis tenera (Lindley) Reichb. f. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
E - Anuradhapura Orchid, Gray Orchid
Vanilla walkerae Wight B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Zeuxine reginaesilvae Ormerod.* A3+A4,(c,d)+B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Christisonia tricolor Gardner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Muell. Arg. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Antidesma alexiteria L. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Antidesma walkeri (Tul.) Pax & Hoffm.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aporusa acuminata Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aporusa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aporusa lindleyana (Wight) Baill. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Glochidion moonii Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Glochidion nemorale Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Margaritaria indicus (Dalz.) Airy Shaw B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Meineckia parvifolia (Wight) G. L. Webster B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus cinereus Muell. Arg.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus emblica L. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Phyllanthus rheedii Wight B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Sauropus rigidus Thw.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Poaceae
Heteropholis nigrescens (Thw.)C.E.Hubb.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Rubiaceae
Acranthera ceylanica Arn.ex Meissner* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Aidia gardneri (Thw.)Tirv.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.)A.Rich.ex Walp. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Byrsophyllum ellipticum (Thw.) Hook.f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Chassalia curviflora (Wall.)Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Dichilanthe zeylanica Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Diplospora erythrospora (Thw.)Hook.f.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Exallage auricularia (L.)Bremek. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Gaertnera divaricata (Thw.)Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Gaertnera ternifolia Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Gardenia crameri Tirv.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Gardenia fosbergii Tirv.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Geophila repens (L.)Johnston B1ab(I,ii,iii)
75
Guettarda speciosa L. B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.)Ridsd. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis cyanantha Kurz B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Hedyotis fumata Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ixora calycina Thw. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Ixora jucunda Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Knoxia hirsuta Arn.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.)DC. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Knoxia zeylanica L.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus foetulentus Ridsd.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus moonii Wight* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus oliganthus (Thw.) Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Lasianthus strigosus Wight* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)Korth. B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Nargedia macrocarpa (Thw.) Beddome* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Ophiorrhiza pectinata Arn. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta blanda Bremek. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta gleniei Thw. ex Hook. f.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
Pavetta involucrata Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria dubia (Wight) Alston* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria gardneri (Thw.) Hook.f.* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria sordida Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Psychotria waasii Sohmer* B2ab(I,ii,iii)
Saprosma foetens (Wight) Schumann B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Tarenna flava Alston B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Santalaceae
Viscum capitellatum Smith B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Viscum heyneanum DC. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. B1ab(I,ii,iii)+2ab(I,ii,iii)
Family-Zingiberaceae
Amomum graminifolium Thw.* B1ab(I,ii,iii)
76
Table 14. Unassessed plant species of Sri Lanka listed as globally threatened *
(Source: IUCN, 2006 <www.iucnredlist.org>)
(A) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

Family Species Name Criteria
Apocynaceae Anodendron rhinosporum Thw. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Celastraceae Bhesa nitidissima Kosterm. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Dilleniaceae Dillenia triquetra (Rottb.) Gilg CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Dilleniaceae Schumacheria alnifolia Hook.f. & Thoms CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Icacinaceae Stemonurus apicalis (Thw.) Miers CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Cinnamomum rivulorum Kosterm. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Loganiaceae Strychnos tetragona A. W. Hill CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Meliaceae Dysoxylum peerisi CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Meliaceae Walsura gardneri Thw. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Monimiaceae Hortonia angustifolia (Thw.)Trimen CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Myristicaceae Horsfieldia iryaghedhi (Gaertn.)Warb. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Myrsinaceae Rapanea ceylanica CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Ochnaceae Ochna jabotapita L. CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Oleaceae Chionanthus albidiflora Thw. CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapindaceae Allophylus zeylanicus L. CR B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium laevifolium (Thw.) Engl. CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Urticaceae Debregeasia wallichiana (Wedd.)Wedd CR B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
(B) ENDANGERED (EN)
Celastraceae Euonymus thwaitesii Lawson EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Clusiaceae Garcinia thwaitesii Pierre EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Clusiaceae Garcinia zeylanica Roxb. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus coriaceus Hook. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus zeylanicus (Arn.)Masters EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Beilschmiedia zeylanica (Thw.)Trimen EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Cinnamomum citriodorum Thw. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Cryptocarya membranacea Thw. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Litsea glaberrima (Thw.)Trimen EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Litsea nemoralis (Thw.)Trimen EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Rosaceae Prunus ceylanica (Wight)Miq. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Madhuca microphylla (Hook.)Alston EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Madhuca neriifolia (Thw.)H.J.Lam. EN B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium canaliculatum (Thw.)Engl. EN B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
(C ) VULNERABLE (VU)
Apocynaceae Willughbeia cirrhifera Abeywick. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Bombacaceae Cullenia ceylanica (Gardner) K.Schum. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Burseraceae Canarium zeylanicum (Retz.)Blume VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Celastraceae Bhesa ceylanica (Arn.ex Thw.)Ding Hou. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Celastraceae Euonymus walkeri Wight VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Clusiaceae Garcinia quaesita Pierre VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Combretaceae Terminalia zeylanica van Heurck & Muell. Arg. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Cornaceae Mastixia macrophylla (Thw.)Kosterm. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
77
Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook.)Masters VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus subvillosus Arn. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum obtusifolium (Wight.)Hook.f. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Abarema bigemina (L.)Kosterm. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Acacia ferruginea DC. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Adenanthera bicolor Moon VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Humboldtia laurifolia (Vahl)Vahl VU A1c, B1+2cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Pericopsis mooniana (Thw.)Thw. VU A1cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. VU A1d ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. VU A1cd ver 2.3 (1994)
Fabaceae Saraca asoca (Roxb.)de wild. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus octandra Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Flacourtiaceae Trichadenia zeylanica Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Actinodaphne albifrons Kosterm. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Cinnamomum capparu-coronde Blume VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Cinnamomum litseifolium Thw. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Cryptocarya wightiana Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Litsea gardneri (Thw.)Meissner VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Litsea iteodaphne (Nees)Hook.f. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Lauraceae Litsea longifolia (Nees)Trimen VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Loganiaceae Strychnos benthami C.B.Clarke VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Meliaceae Aglaia apiocarpa (Thw.)Hiern VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Meliaceae Dysoxylum championii Hook.f. & Thoms. ex Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Moraceae Artocarpus nobilis Thw. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Myristicaceae Myristica ceylanica A. DC. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Nepanthaceae Nepenthes distillatoria L. VU B1+2d ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Pitcher Plant
Rhizophoracraceae Anisophyllea cinnamomoides VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
(Gardner & Champion) Alston
Rhizophoracraceae Carallia calycina Benth. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Rosaceae Prunus walkeri (Wight)Kalkman VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Rutaceae Chloroxylon swietenia DC. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
E - Satinwood
Sapindaceae Allophylus zeylanicus L. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapindaceae Glenniea unijuga (Thw.) Radlk. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Madhuca fulva (Thw.)Macbride VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Madhuca moonii (Thw.)H.J. Lam. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium grande (Thw.)Engl. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium pauciflorum (Thw.)Engl. VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium rubiginosum (Thw.)Engl. VU A1c, B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium thwaitesii Trimen VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
Sapotaceae Palaquium zeylanicum Verdc. VU D2 ver 2.3 (1994)
Symplocaceae Symplocos bractealis Thw. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Symplocaceae Symplocos cordifolia Thw. VU B1+2c ver 2.3 (1994)
Symplocaceae Symplocos pulchra Wight VU A1c ver 2.3 (1994)
* Note: The status of these plant species could not be evaluated for the 2007 National Redlist
78
Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) - the largest terrestrial carnivore in Sri Lanka is threatened by
poaching and habitat loss
79
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THREATENED SPECIES IN SRI LANKA
An analysis on the geographical distribution of threatened butterflies, vertebrate fauna and flora in the
different administrative districts in the island (Table 15) revealed that districts in the lowland wet zone (ie.,
Galle, Matara, Ratnapura, Kalutara, Kegalle) and the central highlands (Kandy, Matale, Nuwara-Eliya,
Badulla) harbour a higher number of threatened taxa. According to information compiled during this study,
the highest number of threatened butterflies and vertebrate fauna occur in the Ratnapura District, and the
highest number of threatened plants occurs in the Kandy District. The analyses also show clearly that
districts in the Northern Province (Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, Vavuniya) and the Eastern Province
(Ampara, Batticaloa and Trincomalee) lack sufficient distribution data, compared to other areas of the island
(see Figure 3 and 4 for details).
Table 15: Distribution of threatened fauna and flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka
District Number of Threatened Species

Butterflies FW Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Flora
Ampara 0 3 1 8 5 1 15
Anuradhapura 1 2 0 8 3 12 68
Badulla 7 5 9 9 20 24 90
Batticaloa 0 0 0 1 0 1 9
Colombo 3 10 2 3 5 8 22
Galle 6 16 14 14 18 14 187
Gampaha 1 9 2 4 3 8 10
Hambantota 5 2 0 10 14 12 32
1
Jaffna 0 1 0 3 2 2 7
Kalutara 14 16 2 10 16 15 126
Kandy 10 5 7 21 27 30 310
Kegalle 3 12 5 5 20 9 98
Kurunegala 3 4 2 3 3 9 44
Mannar 4 3 0 1 1 1 5
Matale 3 3 9 11 11 23 71
Matara 3 8 4 7 11 7 101
Monaragala 5 3 2 9 11 10 56
Mullaitivu 0 3 0 2 0 3 0
Nuwara Eliya 5 0 16 11 22 30 150
Polonnaruwa 0 5 0 4 4 2 26
Puttalam 8 4 0 4 1 6 21
Ratnapura 38 14 23 22 30 17 264
Trincomalee 1 3 0 0 2 6 10
Vavuniya 0 5 0 0 1 3 1
1
Includes Kilinochchi
80
Figure 3: Distribution of threatened flora in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka
81
Figure 4: Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in the administrative districts of Sri Lanka
82
Shifting cultivations (chenaland) has resulted in the degradation of forests mainly in

the dry and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka
83
AN OVERVIEW OF THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR THREATS
A combination of adverse human actions poses a major threat to the future survival of threatened species in
Sri Lanka. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) identified many drivers of biodiversity loss at a
global scale, among which the primary drivers were: habitat change, overexploitation of species, invasive
alien species, pollution and climate change. The following section of this publication summarises the status
of the relevant primary drivers of biodiversity change in Sri Lanka, and their implications on species. Specific
examples of species, whose populations are threatened as a result, will be highlighted.
Habitat loss, modification and fragmentation
According to information compiled under the present study, the loss of natural habitats, including their
alteration and fragmentation is, by far, the most serious threat to a majority of the threatened species in the
island. A growing human population in Sri Lanka - currently nearly 20 million - , has caused the clearance of
natural habitats for human settlements, agricultural land, industrial areas and related infrastructure such as
road networks. The island has lost approximately half the area of forests it had just over half a century ago,
in the 1950s (Wijesinghe, 2000), and currently retains only about 23.5% of forest cover. The loss of forest
cover over the past five decades has averaged over 30,000 ha per year (MOENR, 2003). Most of the
remaining forests are fragmented and small with contiguous large tracts remaining only in the dry zone. The
per capita land resource allocation in Sri Lanka (0.35 ha) is among the lowest in Asia, and the situation is
even worse in the wet zone watershed areas, where the population density far exceeds the national average
(MOENR, 2003). The wet zone districts that harbour more than 50 species of threatened vertebrates and
plants, respectively, have a relatively low forest cover (see Table 16, and Figures 5 and 6). Near-primary
forest cover in the wet zone accounts a little less than 5% of the total land area, what remains are small
(less than a km2), isolated patches in a sea of human development. Even the existing protected forests in
the wet zone, which harbour a high biodiversity, continue to be degraded due to illegal encroachment, and
suffer further fragmentation. Typical examples of such forests include the Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve,
Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya Forest Reserves, Gilimale-Eratne Forest
Reserve and the Sinharaja World Heritage Site. The implication of habitat loss, especially in the wet zone of
the island, is clearly evident by the fact that 21 species of amphibians and 72 species of plants have
become extinct during the past two centuries.
© Naalin Perera © Sarath Ekanayake
Illegal expansion of tea cultivations in the forest fringes is a major threat to tropical rainforests in the wet zone, which harbour a
vast number of endemic and threatened species
84
Recent studies on the plant biogeography in south-western hill forests by Gunatilleke et al. (2005) clearly
highlights the conservation significance of these remaining forest patches in the island, where it was
revealed that each of them are distinct floristic/bioclimatological forest communities, with ecologically
distinct plant species assemblages occurring in the ridges, slopes and valleys within each forest. The current
assessment revealed that a higher number of endemic trees belonging to the Family Dipterocarpaceae are
threatened, and these species occupy the canopy and sub-canopy of the above forests. The future survival
of the large number of threatened endemic epiphytic orchids also depends on these forest patches in the
wet zone.
Table 16: Statistics on the human population density, forest cover, threatened vertebrates and
threatened plants in the administrative districts in Sri Lanka
District Area Human Population % Forest Threatened Threatened

(Km2) Density (per Km2)1 Cover2 Vertebrates Plants
Ampara 4318 143 37.50% 18 15
Anuradhapura 7034 111 35% 25 68
Badulla 2803 294 19% 67 90
Batticaloa 2686 204 21% 2 9
Colombo 656 3631 2.80% 28 22
Galle 1635 629 13% 76 187
Gampaha 1386 1523 0.30% 26 10
Hambantota 2579 210 20.50% 38 32
Jaffna3 2218 337 1.10% 8 7
Kalutara 1588 688 13% 59 126
Kandy 1906 704 17% 90 310
Kegalle 1693 468 9.50% 51 98
Kurunegala 4813 311 5% 21 44
Mannar 1985 50 60% 6 5
Matale 1993 233 40.50% 57 71
Matara 1282 620 16% 37 101
Monaragala 5545 75 40.50% 35 56
Mullaitivu 2517 56 60% 8 0
Nuwara Eliya 1720 423 24.50% 79 150
Polonnaruwa 3224 117 38% 15 26
Puttalam 3013 245 25% 15 21
Ratnapura 3255 325 20% 116 264
Trincomalee 2631 147 48% 11 10
Vavuniya 1967 74 51% 9 1
Sri Lanka 65,610 314 23.50% 223 675
1
Estimated mid year population density in year 2004: Source: Department of Census and Statistics
2
Estimated from year 1998 RS images (Includes secondary vegetation, but excludes plantation forests)
3
Includes Kilinochchi
85
According to experts who provided information for the present assessment, several species of endemic
fauna and flora in the wet zone have already undergone local extinctions during the last three decades, due
to loss of natural habitats. For instance, among the threatened mammals, isolated populations of three
arboreal endemic mammals - the Purple-faced Leaf Monkey (Semnopithecus vetulus), the Golden Palm Civet
(Paradoxurus zeylonensis) and the Red Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus), have disappeared from several
localities in the Western Province, due to loss of tree cover. Among the threatened endemic birds, the
Orange-billed Babbler (Turdoides rufescens) has apparently undergone local extinction from some degraded
and fragmented forest patches (ie., Nambapana) in the south-western region. Similarly, the endemic Whistling
Thrush (Myophonus blighi) is threatened due to extensive clearance and degradation of montane forests
through conversion to timber plantations and agriculture.
The current threatened list of mammals includes 10 species of endemic small mammals (6 rodents and 4
shrews). Wijesinghe (2006) has stated that several ecological traits of endemic small mammals render them
more susceptible to anthropogenic habitat destruction than the widespread species. A study carried out in
Sinharaja rainforest across habitats representing varying levels of disturbance has clearly demonstrated that
endemic rodents and shrews are incapable of utilizing disturbed areas surrounding the natural forest
(Wijesinghe, 2001). The latter survey clearly highlights the importance of undisturbed natural forests in the
wet zone of Sri Lanka, to sustain the populations of threatened endemic small mammals.
Several studies have highlighted the pressures of deforestation and forest fragmentation, on the unique and
threatened shrub frogs (Philautus spp.) restricted to the wet zone of Sri Lanka (Bahir et al., 2005;
Meegaskumbura et al., 2007; Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda, 2005).
© Channa Bambaradeniya
Illegal encroachment in montane forests
86
Figure 5: Distribution of threatened reptiles, birds and mammals in relation to forest cover
87
Figure 6: Distribution of threatened plant species in relation to forest cover
88
The status of most aquatic ecosystems in Sri Lanka has deteriorated over the last three decades, as a
result of reclamation, deforestation, hydrological alterations, over extraction of fresh water, improper land
use practices, mining of mineral resources, agro-chemical run-off and industrial effluents (Kotagama and
Bambaradeniya, 2006).
Threatened endemic freshwater fish such as Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi, Acanthocobitis urophthalmus,

Rasbora wilpita, Puntius pleurotaenia, and P. nigrofasciatus prefer shaded streams with riparian forest cover
(Pethiyagoda 1991; Senanayake and Moyle, 1982), and these species could be adversely affected by
deforestation (Amarasinghe et al., 2006). Deforestation, improper cultivation practices in upper catchment
areas of drainage basins of rivers and gem mining leads to heavy siltation in streams and rivers. According
to a study by Hewawasam et al. (2003) in the upper Mahaweli catchment, the local rates of soil loss from
agricultural plots on hill slopes in Sri Lanka are as high as 7000 t·km–2·yr–1, suggesting extremely high level
of erosion from these lands, degrading habitats and increasing silt loads in streams and rivers. Researchers
have predicted that siltation of rivers and streams could lead to population declines of threatened endemic
fish such Puntius nigrofasciatus, Sicyopterus halei, Devario pathirana, Malpulutta kretseri and Rasboroides
vaterifloris which prefer habitats with unsilted clear water (Pethiyagoda 1991; Pethiyagoda, 1994; Senanayake
and Moyle, 1982). Given that a majority half of the threatened endemic freshwater crab species are restricted
to the montane and sub-montane habitats, poor sloping-land management and unwise land-use change in
the highlands continues to be a serious problem for their future survival (Hewawasam et al., 2003). Many
parathelphusids are extremely sensitive to polluted or silted waters, and will not survive when exposed to
these factors (Bahir et al, 2005).
A majority of the threatened freshwater fish species are concentrated in the major river basins of the wet
zone (ie., Kelani, Kalu, Nilwala and Gin) (see Figure 7) and the water quality of these rivers and their
tributaries are adversely affected by gem mining, sand mining, and agro-chemical residues. The lower
reaches of the Kelani river basin in particular is also affected by harmful industrial effluents, and salinity
intrusion, as a result of over-extraction of water for human use, and sand mining.
Naalin Perera © IUCN © Channa Bambaradeniya
Excessive use of agrochemicals leads to accumulation of chemical residues in aquatic habitats which is a serious threat to
aquatic organisms
89
Figure 7: Distribution of threatened freshwater fish species in river basins
90
Uncontrolled and excessive use of agro-chemicals (pesticides, chemical fertilizers) is a serious concern
given that these substances are freely and widely used in Sri Lanka. Regulation presently addresses only
human safety issues, and no pesticides have been tested in Sri Lanka for toxicity to non-target organisms.
Sri Lanka has the highest fertilizer consumption (101.5 kg/ha) in the South Asia region. About 100 active
ingredients of pesticides have been registered in the country. The most commonly used herbicides include
Propanil and MCPA, while the popular fungicides include Sulphur and Copper salts and Dithiocarbamate.
Carbamates are the most widely used insecticide (Mubarak, 2000). According to Pethiyagoda (2000), more
than 1.5 million kg of insecticides, 2 million kg of herbicides and 800,000 kg of fungicides are used annually
in Sri Lanka. Harmful residues of agrichemicals could lead to further population declines among threatened
aquatic taxa (ie., fish, ranid amphibians, crabs and dragonflies), particularly among the endemic forms which
are sensitive to pollution.
Hydrological alterations (dams, diversions etc.) have also resulted in the loss and/or displacement of several
endemic and threatened freshwater fish species. For instance, the breeding habitat of P. asoka affected by
mini-hydro development (Perera, 2005), while the habitat of the Green Labeo (Labeo fisheri) has been
displaced due to the construction of large dams across river Mahaweli (Senanayake and Moyle, 1982;
Pethiyagoda, 1994). The distribution of the Blotched filamented barb (Puntius srilankensis), and Martenstyn’s
Barb (P. martenstyni) have been reduced by the Elahera anicut, and the ongoing major irrigation
development in this region will result in further loss of habitats of these two species. The populations of the
Lesser Spiny Eel (Macrognathus aral) and the Orange Fin Labeo (Labeo lankae), which were once
considered as common and widely distributed (Senanayake, 1980), had declined drastically within a decade,
and virtually disappeared from many of their original localities in a mysterious manner (Pethiyagoda, 1994).
At present, the habitats of most threatened endemic freshwater fish are located outside protected areas. For
instance, the critically endangered Bandula Barb (Puntius bandula) is restricted to a single locality in a
stream in Galapitamada, which is surrounded by agricultural land (Gunawardena, 1998).
Reclamation of lowland marshes and swamps especially in the Western Province has led to local extinction
and drastic reduction of the populations of two species of blind eels (Monopterus desilvai and Ophisternon
bengalense). These species were once known to be common and widely distributed in lowland marshes in
the western part of Sri Lanka (Deraniyagala, 1952). Among the threatened mammals, the Fishing Cat
(Prionailurus viverrinus) and the Otter (Lutra lutra) have also been subjected to local extinctions, due to loss
of lowland marshes. The latter two species of threatened mammals are also subjected to frequent road
accidents, due to access roads built across marshes and paddy fields.
Poaching and over-exploitation of species
Several species of threatened animals in Sri Lanka are subjected to poaching. A two year field research
conducted by Kittle and Watson (2002) has enabled to document 26 skins of the threatened Leopard
(Panthera pardus kotiya) near National Parks. This top carnivore in Sri Lanka is also affected by wire snares
purportedly set for wild boar and deer; poisoning of cattle carcasses on which they feed; shooting and
spearing (Jayewardene, 2002; Kittle & Watson, 2002).
The threatened wild Elephant (Elephas maximus) in Sri Lanka is on the verge of becoming locally extinct
from the wet zone of the island. According to recent records of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, a
death of a wild elephant is reported every two days, mostly as a result of gunshot injuries.
The threatened endemic fish species such as Rasboroides vaterifloris , Puntius titteya , Puntius
nigrofasciatus, P. cumingii, Acanthocobitis uropthalmus , Aplocheilus werneri and Schismatogobius
deraniyagali and are over-exploited from wild habitats for the export ornamental fish trade. The collectors
mainly target the most colourful varieties of the above species, resulting in local extinction of their
populations from several habitats (Gunasekara, 1996).
91
All species of threatened endemic aquatic plants (ie., Cryptocoryne spp., Lagenandra spp.) have been
adversely affected as a result of over-exploitation from wild habitats for export ornamental trade, and most
of these species have disappeared from several localities where they used to be common earlier.
Threatened edible and/or medicinal plants such as Brachistelma lankana (“Pathan ala”) have declined in
abundance due to over-exploitation (Ekanayake, 1994). The populations of several other threatened plant
species are adversely affected by over-exploitation. For instance, a study by Ekanayake et al. (2005) in
Kanneliya forest revealed that frequency of occurrence of plants under exploitation pressure, such as
Coscinium fenestratum (“Weniwelgeta”), Dipterocarpus glandulosus (“Dorana”) and Enicosanthum
accuminata (“Wal waraka”), was low in sites located in the buffer zone of the forest which is frequently
exploited by local communities, in comparison to interior undisturbed areas. The sustainability of the
populations of these species was also affected by detrimental methods of exploitation.
Spread of invasive alien species
The introduction and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is a growing concern in Sri Lanka, with several
species of exotic fauna and flora having established well in wild habitats, and threatening native biodiversity
(Bambaradeniya, 2002).
The alien invasive Clown Knife Fish (Chitala ornata) was introduced to Sri Lanka as an ornamental aquarium
fish, and soon escaped into wild habitats. Today, this voraceous carnivore has established breeding
populations in streams and reservoirs in the wet zone, which harbour several species of threatened endemic
freshwater fish. It has been reported that the populations of many species of endemic fish have been
reduced subsequent to the introduction and spread of C. ornata (Gunawardane, 2002).
The spread of invasive alien plants such as

Annona glabra, Dillenia suffruticosa and
Eichhornia crassipes has resulted in further
degradation of the remaining marshy
habitats of the threatened blind eels
(Monopterus desilvai and Ophisternon
bengalense) in the western part of Sri Lanka.
In most instances, invasive alien function as

superior competitors for resources. For
instance, Wijesinghe (2001) had recorded
negative abundance relationships between
endemic (ie., Srilankamys ohiensis) and
non-endemic (ie., Rattus rattus) rat species
in study sites within Sinharaja rainforest
© Channa Bambaradeniya
suggesting that these species are
competing. Dillenia suffruticosa - an invasive alien plant spreading in the
lowland wetzone
Large herds of feral domestic buffalo

(Bubalus bubalis) are widespread in many protected areas in Sri Lanka (Bambaradeniya, 2002), where it has
hybridized with the threatened wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), resulting in the local extinction of
genetically pure populations of the latter species in locations such as the Wilpattu National Park
(Deraniyagala, 1964).
92
Other imminent threats
Although a few researches have been conducted on potential impacts of global climate change on forest
distribution in Sri Lanka (Somaratne and Dhanapala, 1996), there is no knowledge on the effect of climate
change on inland species. However, as experienced in other parts of the world, local climate change and
acidification of rainwater could pose a major threat to the survival of threatened endemic herpetofauna and
land snails, which have a restricted distribution. Meegaskumbura et al. (2007) suspect that recent climatic
changes may have stressed the endemic shrub-frog populations in the island, leading to the extinction of
some species. A pioneering study on reproduction and development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Bahir et al.,
2005) clearly highlights the critical humidity dependence of Philautus eggs, making them extremely
vulnerable to global warming. Forest die-back in the montane region, perhaps a result of air pollution and
acid rain, is a potential threat to many species of threatened endemic shrub frogs, reptiles and land snails
which are restricted to this region.
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fishes of Sri Lanka. In: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.), Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and
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Conference on Dipterocarps, 15–17 November 2005, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 21(2), 64-69.
Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., and Dilhaan, M.A.A.B. 2005. Plant biogeography and conservation of the
south-western hill forests of Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, D. C. J., Ng, P. K. L. and Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to
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Gunawardane, J. 2002 Occurrence of Chitala chitala (Syn. Notopterus chitala) in native freshwater habitats.
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rates in tropical highlands constrained by cosmogenic nuclides. Geology 31: 597–600.
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of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Pethiyagoda, R. (eds), Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles
Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12: 163–303.
Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Schneider, C.J and Pethiyagoda, R. 2007. New species amongst
Sri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus). Zootaxa 1397: 1-15.
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Perera R.N. 2005 Estimate of the present population and ecological parameters of Puntius asoka in Sitawake river.
B. Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Open University of Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. 39pp.
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Pethiyagoda, R. 1994. Threats to the indigenous freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka and remarks on their
conservation. Hydrobiologia 285: 189–201.
Pethiyagoda, R. 2000. Fishes in trouble - the decline and fall of Sri Lanka’s freshwater fish fauna. Loris, Journal of
the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 22 (2), 56-64.
Senanayake, F.R. 1980. The biogeography and ecology of the inland fishes of Sri Lanka. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology, University of California, Davis.
Senanayake, F.R. and Moyle, P.B. 1982. Conservation of freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Biological Conservation 22:
181-195.
Somaratne, S. and Dhanapala, A.H. 1996. Potential impacts of global climate change on forest distribution in Sri
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Wijesinghe, M. R. 2001. Habitat selection of endemic and non-endemic vertebrates in Sinharaja, a rainforest in
Sri Lanka. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Cambridge University, U.K.
Wijesinghe, M. R. 2006. Ecological Traits of Endemic Small Mammals in Rainforests of Sri Lanka, and Their
Implications for Conservation. In: Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.), Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy,
Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Government of Sri
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Science Foundation, Colombo. pp 153-165.
94
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL RED LIST AND THE WAY FORWARD
A national red list provides the conservation status of the assessed species in a given country at that
particular time. Identifying species at risk is only the first step in species conservation.
A red list
• Provides baseline information necessary for the preparation of species profiles of threatened species,
a basis for prioritising conservation efforts and information necessary for the preparation and
implementation of recovery plans;
• Indicates information gaps regarding specific taxa and geographic areas;
• Provides a scientific base for the development of a country’s research agenda on biodiversity;
• Allows for objective prioritisation of funding for conservation-oriented research;
• Indicates priority areas for the conservation of species;
• Provides a scientific basis for the formulation and revision of legislation related to biodiversity
conservation;
• Provides a scientific framework for new policies and regulations related to biodiversity conservation;
• Provides information for the creation of awareness and conservation education among different
stakeholders;
• Provides a sound decision-making platform for regional and local administration bodies (i.e., at
provincial and town level planning ) for formulation of local development plans; and
• Provides a framework from which monitor the spatial and temporal changes in biodiversity can be
monitored and trends objectively assessed.
The aim of this chapter is to propose a set of actions that are needed along with detailed action plans in
order to achieve effective biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka. The following actions are proposed to
ensure the future sustenance of the redlisting process, and facilitate its use towards the conservation of
threatened species in Sri Lanka. Some of the proposed activities would also facilitate the conservation of
threatened species in Sri Lanka.
1. Establishing a sustainable mechanism for future redlisting:
All species are subjected to dynamic changes driven by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Therefore the
conservation status of a species changes with time. Therefore it is essential that the assessment of the
conservation status of species is a continuing process. Even though redlisting of Sri Lankan biodiversity
has been carried out at least four times over the past two decades, there has been a lack of continuity
between each of these events. Thus, a sustainable mechanism that allows for constant monitoring and
regular updating of the conservation status of species is urgently needed to ensure continuity and
consistency of the redlisting process. Further, it must be ensured that redlisting process is based on
objective and careful scientific evaluation of all available data on species. Finally, the responsibility of the
redlisting process should lie with a government institute to ensure transparency and reliability of the final
outcome. Therefore, the following set of actions is proposed to ensure that all these concerns are
addressed adequately.
95
A. Establishment of a Species Conservation Unit (SCU)
The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources is (MOE) should be the focal point for the redlisting
process in Sri Lanka. Within the MOENR, the responsibility of dealing with issues related to threatened
species should be vested upon the Biodiversity Secretariat (BDS) which is the most suitable agency to
handle such matters. As this would entail a great deal of work, it is essential that a dedicated Species
Conservation Unit (SCU) be established within the BDS to coordinate all activities related to
conservation of threatened species. The responsibilities of this unit should include constant monitoring
and collection of all research publications related to fauna and flora of Sri Lanka, expanding, constant
updating, management and administration of the species database, coordinating species recovery
actions and periodic updating of the national and global lists of threatened species in collaboration with
National Expert groups on different taxonomic groups appointed by the Biodiversity Secretariat. The
personnel to be hired for this unit should include a database administrator, a GIS expert, technical
support staff and an overall coordinator. These staff should be given a comprehensive training in order
to develop their capacity to perform efficiently the duties listed above.
Area of focus Responsible Technical support Time Frame

Institution/s
Prepare TOR of SCU MOENR - BDS NASCAG, NEC-BD June 2007
Establish infra-structure MOENR - BDS December 2008
Hire personnel MOENR - BDS December 2008
Source funding to sustain the SCU MOENR - BDS December 2008
Develop capacity of staff MOENR - BDS December 2011
NASCAG: National Species Conservation Advisory Group, NEC-BD: National Experts Committee on Biodiversity
B. Maintenance of the species database and regular updating of national red lists
Evaluation of the conservation status of species is based on an objective process that requires great
deal of information on species. In order to facilitate collection and analysis of such data, a National
Species Database (NSD) has been established in the BDS. However, this database at present contains
information on only a select group of taxa. Therefore, the database has to be expanded in order to
accommodate as many species as possible. Further, the information on available species has to be
updated as new information becomes. Thus, the NSD should be maintained and updated on a regular
basis, by the SCU, with inputs from individual researchers and other institutions. In order to ensure
wider use of NSD, it should be made available to researchers and students through the Internet.
However, this should be made possible only after ensuring data safety and integrity as well as a
detailed set of guidelines for users. Researchers should be encouraged to use the database for non-
commercial purposes, analyse it to identify trends and also contribute to update it with their research
findings. Such a process could be facilitated through a formal agreement between the Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources and the individual researcher and/or research institute. A MOU
should be developed to facilitate such information exchange. Further an incentive/ a rewarding
mechanism should be established to encourage individual researchers to deposit publications (research
papers, articles, books, monographs, thesis etc.) in the SCU library. As a part of this exercise, a virtual
library containing all published information on Sri Lankan biodiversity should be established in the BDS.
As a part of their terms of reference, the SCU should prepare quarterly catalogues on new research
outputs related to biodiversity, and forward it to researchers. Further, the national red list should be
updated annually based on new data that becomes available on species. The NSD should be integrated
with other relevant databases (ie., the national wetland database) after formulation of necessary
guidelines for data sharing.
96
Institution/s
Expansion of the database to BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG, Individual Ongoing process
include taxa that are not currently researchers
available
Collection of new information on BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG, Individual Ongoing process
taxa that are already listed in the researchers
database
Evaluation or reevaluation of species BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG, Individual Ongoing process
based on new information researchers
Updating and publication of the BDS (SCU) IUCN, NASCAG January 2008 and
National redlist annually thereafter
Propose revisions to the IUCN SCU IUCN, researchers January 2008 and
global redlist annually thereafter
Ensure data safety and integrity BDS (SCU) NEC-BD
Prepare guidelines to use the database BDS (SCU) NASCAG, NEC-BD June 2007
Host the database in the Worldwide Web BDS (SCU) IUCN December 2007
Establish a network of researchers BDS (SCU) NASCAG December 2007
that can contribute to the redlist
Publish a quarterly catalogue on SCU, NSF NASCAG December 2007
research outputs related to and annually
Biodiversity of Sri Lanka thereafter
Establish a virtual library on Sri Lankan BDS (SCU) NASCAG, IUCN Ongoing process
Biodiversity at the Biodiversity
Secretariat
Formulate guidelines for sharing and BDS (SCU) NASCAG June 2007
integrating the NSD with other relevant
databases
Integrate NSD with other relevant BDS (SCU) NASCAG December 2007
databases
2. Linking the red list with ongoing cross-sectoral initiatives
Although three National red lists were published during the last two decades, these lists have not been
adequately integrated to National Policy nor have they been included into other ongoing national
conservation actions. Because of this, previous red lists have failed to make a significant impact on
overall conservation of species in Sri Lanka. This may be because there was a lack of awareness among
relevant line agencies about the different purposes, significance and relevance of the National Red list
and the need to integrate it into their planning processes. It could also be a result of lack of ownership of
the red list as being a truly national tool for conservation. Therefore, as a follow on action it is essential
that awareness is created among relevant line agencies in order to develop a framework in each of the
line agencies so that they integrate the results of the red list into their ongoing activities. Some of the key
conservation-related activities that should be considered and the corresponding line agencies are listed
below. It is proposed that a two day residential workshop be held with the participation of at least one
high-ranking representative from each of these line agencies with the specific aim of drafting a document
including the activities to be undertaken by each of the line agencies to implement various facets of the
red list and to develop mechanisms through which these outcomes are achieved. This activity should to
be completed by July 2007.
97
Area of focus Responsible Institution/s
Protected area gap analysis MOENR, DWC, and FD
Habitat mapping and biodiversity baseline surveys in DWC
selected protected areas of DWC
National Species Conservation Strategy MOENR, IUCN
Protected area management plan preparation DWC, FD, CEA
Revision of fauna and flora protection ordinance DWC
Revision of other conservation-related legislation DWC, FD, CCD, DF., DC, CEA, ID etc.
Regulation of species subjected to export trade DWC, FD, DC, DF
Conservation of crop wild relatives DA
Funding and conducting biodiversity related research NSF, Universities, Research Institutes Non
Governmental Organizations
Conservation of medicinal species Ministry of indigenous medicine
Ex situ conservation of species DBG, DZG, etc.,
National policy and planning Department of physical planning
MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC: Department of Wildlife Conservation, FD: Forest Department, CEA:
Central Environmental Authority, CCD: Coast Conservation Department, DC: Department of Customs, DF:
Department of Fisheries, ID: Irrigation Department, DA: Department of Agriculture, NSF: National Science
Foundation, DBG: Department of National Botanical Gardens, DZG: Department of Zoological Gardens
3. Prepare local level biodiversity profiles
The NSD contains a wealth of information that can be used to prepare regional biodiversity profiles to
assist decision-making at a regional level. However, awareness about the red list and its implications to
local developmental planning should also be created among local government bodies. A series of district
level workshops should be held with the participation of representatives from local government bodies
with the aim of formulating a set of local level actions to implement various facets of the red list results.
The Biodiversity Secretariat (BDS) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MOENR)
should organise these workshops, between the period of June to December 2007.
4. Implement programmes to recover populations of threatened species
The primary aim of assessing the conservation status of species to identify conservation actions needed
to protect these species so that natural populations can recover to a point where they can be down-listed
or de-listed after a period of time. However, a simple comparison of the red lists published to date
indicates that the status of most threatened species has remained unchanged or has worsened with time
and this is therefore a very serious issue. This may be because necessary conservation measures have
not been taken despite red list data. Therefore, it is proposed that the proposed species conservation
strategy be completed as an essential and immediate follow-up action of the red list. As a part of the
species conservation strategy, a set of single or multi species recovery plans should be identified and
developed, and a mechanism should be devised to implement these plans, in order that as many of the
species that are listed are recovered.
98
Area of focus (links) Responsible Technical support Time Frame
Institution/s
Complete the species conservation BDS (NSCAG) IUCN BDS, selected stakeholders June 2007
strategy
Identify a set of single and multi BDS (NASCAG) Selected stakeholders June 2007
species recovery plans
Prepare recovery plans Teams identified by BDS (NASCAG) December 2007
the BDS
Seek funds for the implementation MOENR-BDS, NSF, BDS (NASCAG) June 2008
of recovery plans Other sources of
funding
Implement recovery plans Relevant line Teams involved in June 2008
agencies preparation of recovery
plans
5. Initiatives to conserve point endemics occurring outside PA’s
According to the NSD, a number of endemic species in Sri Lanka have highly restricted distribution
patterns, where they are known to exist only in one or a few locations. The NSD also reveals that many
such point endemics exist outside the protected area network. Therefore, these species are at a high risk
of extinction if appropriate conservation measures are not taken. In many of these cases simply
integrating these locations into the existing protected area network may not be possible. Therefore, it will
be desirable to develop other conservation models - such as community-based conservation actions
where local communities and civil society can play an major role in conserving these species. The NSD
provides a platform to identify such point endemics. Therefore, it is proposed that such point endemics
who need immediate conservation action should be identified and management plans prepared for their
conservation.
Area of focus (links) Responsible Technical support Time Frame

Institution/s
Identify point endemics that occur MOENR-BDS NASCAG, IUCN June 2007
outside the PA network
Prepare management plans to DWC, FD NASCAG, IUCN December 2007
conserve these point endemics
Implementation of these DWC, FD, NGO’s NASCAG, IUCN January 2008
management plans
6. Develop a research agenda for threatened species and initiate island-wide surveys on biodiversity
One of the major constraints during the redlisting process was lack of data - except for their distribution -
on most of the evaluated taxa. Basic biological and ecological data are not available from most species.
Even baseline data – particularly for invertebrates – is not available for several key ecosystems in Sri
Lanka. National expertise for many invertebrate and lower plant groups may be scarce. Therefore, it is
essential that a research agenda is developed to fill these gaps, including capacity building in areas where
expertise is lacking or weak.
Another constraint was that temporal changes could not be assessed for most species as data had not
been gathered using standard procedures. The following set of activities is proposed to overcome these
limitations.
99
Institution/s
Develop a research agenda for National Science NASCAG June 2007
biodiversity -related work Foundation
Award research contracts to NSF, DW, FD NASCAG June 2007
implement the research agenda
Develop guidelines for a standard, NSF, MOENR-BDS NASCAG June 2007
methodological approach for
conducting biodiversity-related
research
Conduct a series of workshops to NSF, MOENR-BDS NASCAG June 2007
create awareness about research
gaps as well as use of standard
methods for data collection
Conduct a series of workshops to MOENR-BDS and NASCAG December 2007
develop capacity for research on National Science
lower taxa Foundation
Initiate baseline biodiversity surveys NSF, DW, FD NASCAG January 2008
in selected sites
7. Assess status of infra-species variations for useful species
Even though the species is considered as the unit of conservation, there are number of taxa that show much
infra species variation. In such cases, it may be prudent to plan conservation action at an infra species level
in order to ensure conservation of genetic diversity. Therefore, an attempt should be made to document
the diversity below the species level, especially for agro-biodiversity, given that that several indigenous
crops and livestock varieties and their wild relatives have lost their genetic variability in the recent past.

Institution/s
Prepare checklists of crop varieties Department of Crop Wild Relatives Project June 2007
and their wild relatives Agriculture
Prepare checklists of livestock Department of Indigenous Livestock Project June 2007
varieties and their wild relatives Livestock
Identify indigenous species that show MOENR-BDS Individual experts on December 2007
appreciable infra species variability such taxa
Identify a set of actions needed to MOENR-BDS Individual experts on December 2007
conserve such infra species variation such taxa
These actions are necessary to ensure long term conservation of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity. The SCU based at
the biodiversity secretariat will act as the coordinating body to initiate these actions. However, as can be
seen, successful completion of these tasks will require great deal of inter-agency cooperation without which
conservation of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka will indubitably fail.
The future of the species diversity of Sri Lanka lies in gathering solid scientific baseline data, analysing
these data using the best possible methods, identifying gaps and priorities based on these scientific
foundations and developing conservation action plans from the information gathered. It is essential that
these efforts are buttressed by conservation education that creates awareness not only about the threats
facing species and their current status, but also about the role each stakeholder can play in the conservation
of Sri Lanka’s flora and fauna. It is only when such a holistic and scientifically-based effort is made that
engages and involves all stakeholders that conservation will move from being rhetoric to effective action. In
such an effort, redlisting is pivotal as a scientific tool that facilitates conservation.
100
ANNEX 1
UNDERSTANDING THE IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

(source: www.redlist.org)
Taxa are listed in the IUCN Red List under categories that indicate the varying degrees of their probability of
extinction. There are nine clearly-defined IUCN categories under which every species (or lower taxonomic
unit) in the world can be classified (figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1. The IUCN Red List Categories
NOTE: Technical definitions of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are given in the IUCN Red
List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 booklet and the Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria.
Extinct (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed
Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal,
annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame
appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized
population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when
exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual),
101
101
throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame
appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Critically Endangered (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria
A to E for Critically Endangered, and is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction
in the wild.
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Endangered, and is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Vulnerable, and is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Near Threatened (NT)
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically
Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is very close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a
threatened category in the near future.
Least Concern (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically
Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this
category.
Data Deficient (DD)
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of
its risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status. A taxon in this category may be well
studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. DD is
therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category is only justified after ensuring that
maximum use has been made of the available data.
Not Evaluated (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
102
ANNEX 2
SUMMARY OF THE FIVE CRITERIA (A-E) USED TO EVALUATE IF A SPECIES BELONGS IN A

CATEGORY OF THREAT
(CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED OR VULNERABLE)
(source: www.redlist.org)
Use any of the criteria A-B Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable

A. Population reduction Declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations
A1 ≥ 90% ≥ 70% ≥ 50%
A2, A3 & A4 ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30%
Al. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the
reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the
following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in AOO, EOO and/or habitat quality
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or
parasites.
A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of
reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to
(e) under Al
A3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years)
based on (b) to (e) under Al.
A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100
years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes of
reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to
(e) under Al.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent or occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area or occupancy)
B1. Extent of occurrence < 100 km² < 5,000 km² < 20,000 km²
B2. Area of occupancy < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km²
AND at least 2 of the following:
(a) Severely fragmented =1 ≤5 ≤ 10
or # locations
(b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or
quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of
locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals
103
C. Small population size and decline
Number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000
AND either C1 or C2:
C1. An estimated 25% in 3 years or 20% in 5 years or 10% in 10 years or
continuing decline 1 generation 2 generations 3 generations
of at least:
(up to a maximum of 100 years)
C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b):
a (i) # mature individuals in < 50 < 250 < 1,000
each subpopulation:
a (ii) or % individuals in one 90% 95% 100%
sub-population at least
(b) extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals
D. Very small or restricted population
Either:
(1) number of mature ≤ 50 ≤ 250 ≤ 1,000
individuals
AND/OR
(2) restricted area Na na AOO < 20 km² or
of occupancy # locations ≤5
E. Quantitative Analysis
Indicating the probability ≥ 50% in 10 years or ≥ 20% in 20 years or ≥ 10% in 100 years
of extinction in the 3 generations 5 generations
wild to be: (100 years max) (100 years max)
104
ANNEX 3
DATA SOURCES
(A) Published papers and articles
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lake in Sri Lanka, using gillnets. Journal of National Aquatic Research Agency of Sri Lanka 32: 11-23.
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Wickramasinghe, L. J. M. 2006. A new species of Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa
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Wickramasinghe, L.J.M. and Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. 2004. Composition and distribution of reptiles in the
Walawe River Basin of Sri Lanka. News letter of the South Asian Reptile Network. Reptile Rap. 6: 9
Wickramasinghe, M and Somaweera, R. 2003. Distribution and current status of the endemic geckos of Sri
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Wickramasinghe, L.J.M. and Munindradasa, D.A.I. 2007. Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887
(Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Sri Lanka with the description of five new species, Zootaxa 1490: 63pp.
122
Wickramasinghe, L.J.M., Rodrigo R., Dayawansa N. and Jayantha U.L.D. 2007 Two new species of
Lankascincus (Squamata:Scincidae) from Sripada Sanctuary (Peak Wilderness), in Sri Lanka, Zootaxa
1612: 1-24.
Wickramasinghe, S. 1984. Our readers write. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of
Sri Lanka. 16(5): 268.
Wickramatilake, P. 2003. Freshwater Fishes of the Udugama Stream. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature
Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 23(3&4):19-21.
Wijesinghe, R. 2001. Uda Walawe; where man meets elephants. Sri Lanka Nature 3 (2): 41-15.
Wijeyamohan, S., Baheerathi, T., Luxmy, S., Prabha, k., Sajithran, T.M., Sivagini, S., Sivagnanam, V.,
Theeban, S., Wijesundara, C. and Santiapillai, C. 2002. Diversity of Birds in the Giant’s Tank Wanni
region, Sri Lanka. Tigerpaper 29 (4): 11-14.
Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. and Costa, H.H. 1992. Resource partitioning of two commercially important cichlid
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Aquaculture 21: 131-140.
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Naturalist 2(3): 21.
Wisumperuma, D. 2001. The Indian Chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus Laurenti). Loris, Journal of the
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123
(B) Unpublished technical documents
Bambaradeniya C.N.B., Ekanayake S.P., Perera M.S.J., Perera W.P.N., Wickramasinghe L.J.M.,
Samarawickrama V.M.P. and Perera, D.C.K. 2005. Report on the Status of Biodiversity in Kandakuliya
- Kalpitiya CRMP/SAM Site. Unpublished Technical Report of IUCN Sri Lanka.
Bedjanic, M. 2005. Globally Endangered Dragonflies of Sri Lanka. Datasheets for assessing species for the
IUCN Global Red List of Threatened Animals, Prepared for the IUCN SSC Odonata Specialist Group
(Unpublished).
Chamikara, S.S. 2002. The diversity of freshwater fishes and current status. The Society for Environmental
Education. Unpublished report.
Chamikara, S.S. 2003. Fish diversity and present status of wt forests in Pahiyangala, Weligalpotta and
Horanekanda. The Society for Environmental studies. Unpublished report. 38pp.
Dilhan, M.A.A.B. 2005. Vegetation structure and floristic composition in the irrigation extension area of the
lower Walawe Basin Sri Lanka. M.Phil dissertation, University of Peradeniya. (unpublished) 156pp.
Ekanayake, S.P. 2003. Operational guidelines on sustainable utilization of non timber forest products in
demonstration plots at Pitadeniya (Sinharaja) and Kanneliya forest, Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. 80pp.
Ekanayake, S.P. 1994. A phyto-sociological study of semi-evergreen forests of Knuckles and Uda Walawe,
Sri Lanka. M.Phil Dissertation, Department of Botany,Faculty of Science,University of Peradeniya.
(unpublished). 180pp.
Goonatilake, W.L.P.T. de A. 1997. A preliminary study of freshwater stream fishes in selected streams at
Eratne. B.Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Open University of Sri Lanka. Unpublished. 66pp.
Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Dassanayake, M.D., Gunatilleke, C.V.S., Wijesundara, S. and Amarasingha, A.A.L.
1882. Phytsociological studies at Hinidumkanda (Haycock). a lowland rainforest In Sri Lanka and Its
endemic tree flora. Unpublished report. 16pp.
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cultivation in the Sigiriya area of Sri Lanka. Unpublished report. 25pp.
Perera, R.N. (2005) Estimate of the present population and ecological parameters of Puntius asoka in
Sitawake river. B. Sc. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, Open University of Sri Lanka. Unpublished
report. VI-39pp.
Perera, B.M.K. (ed.) 2002. Biological Diversity and Conservation Strategy, Kurulukele Area of the Kegalle
Sanctuary. Sri Lanka Environment Exploration Society. Unpublished Report.
Senanayake, F.R. 1980. The Biogeography and Ecology of the Inland Fishes of the Sri Lanka. Ph.D.
dissertation (Unpublished), Department of Wildlife and Fishes biology ; University of California, Davis.
421pp.
Shirantha, R.R.A.R., Wijeyaratne M.J.S. and Amarasinghe, U.S. 2006. Current status of ecology and
population dynamics of Golden Rasbora (Rasbora vaterifloris Deraniyagala) Endemic to Sri Lanka:
Remarks on Conservation Management. Unpublished report. 25pp.
Wickramasinghe, L.J.M. 2006. Reptile Fauna of Lower Walawa Irrigation Extension Area. IUCN Sri Lanka /
IWMI (Unpublished checklist)
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World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka.
124
(C ) Fauna and flora repositories
National Museum (Natural History Section)

National Herbarium
Wildlife Heritage Trust (Agra arboretum)
(D) Researchers who provided unpublished distribution data
Birds: Mr. Deepal Warakagoda, Mr. Upali Ekanayake, Mr. Lester Perera, Mr.Udaya Siriwardana, Mr. Uditha
Hettige, Mr.Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne
Butterflies: Dr. Michael van der Poorten, Mr. W.P. Naalin Perera, Mr. Dhammithra Samarasinghe, Mr. Prasanna
Samarawickrama
Flora: Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya, Dr. Siril Wijesundera, Prof. Nimal Gunatilleke, Prof. Savithri Gunatilleke, Mr.
Suranjan Fernando, Mr. Sisira Ediriweera, Mr. Sarath Ekanayake, Mr. Ajantha Palihawadane, Dr. Anoma
Perera, Dr. Deepthi Yakandawala, Dr. H. Kathriarachchi, Dr. Malik Fernando, Mr. Dilup Chandranimal
Freshwater fish: Prof. P.R.T.,Cumaranatunga, Mr. Rohan Pethiyagoda, Mr, Samantha Gunasekera, Mr. Anusha
M. De Silva, Mr. Jagath Gunawardena, Ms. Ramani Shirantha, Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Mr. W.P.
Naalin Perera, Mr. Pradeep Samarawickrama
Land Snails: Mr. Kithsiri Ranawana, Mr. Pradeep Samarawickrama, Mr. Lalith Kariyawasam
Mammals: Dr. W.B. Yapa, Dr. P.M.C.B. Digana, Mr. Sampath Goonetilake, Dr. Mayuri Wijesinghe
Reptiles: Mr. Anslem De Silva, Mr. Ruchira Somaweera, Mr. Mendis Wickramasinghe, Mr. D.M.S.S.
Karunarathna, Mr. W.P. Naalin Perera, Mr. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi
125
ANNEX 4:
VERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE NEAR THREATENED (NT) CATEGORY

(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)
CLASS:ACTINOPTERIGII (Freshwater Fish)

Family- Cyprinidae
Rasboroides atukorali (Deraniyagala, 1943)
E - Horadandia, S - Horadandia
Family – Balitoridae
Schistura notostigma (Bleeker,1863)*
E - Banded mountain loach, S - Puwak badilla
Family – Aplocheilidae
Aplocheilus dayi (Steindachner, 1892)*
E - Day’s killifish, S - Uda handeya
Family – Belonnidae
Xenentodon cancila Hamilton, 1822
E - Freshwater garfish, S - Yonna
Family –Belontidae
Belontia signata (Gunther 1861)*
E - Combtail, S - Thalkossa
Family Channidae
Channa orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)*
E - Smooth-breasted snakehead, S - Kola kanaya
Family – Anguillidae
Anguilla bicolor Mc Clelland, 1844
E - Level finned eel , S - Kalu aanda
CLASS: AMPHIBIA
Ramanella obscura (Günther, 1864)*
E - Obscure ramanella, S - Dumburu mota hombu madiya
Family: Ranidae
Rana temporalis (Günther, 1864)*
E - Bronzed frog, S - Thambawan diya madiya
Philautus rus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*
E - Kandian shrub frog, S - Nuwara panduru madiya
Philautus sordidus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*
E - Grubby shrub frog, S - Anduru lapawan panduru madiya
Philautus stictomerus (Günther, 1876)*
E - Orange canthal shrub frog, S - Thambili-hombu thirathi panduru madiya
CLASS: REPTILIA
Family: Crocodylidae
Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801
E - Estuarine crocodile, S - Gata Kimbula
126
Family: Bataguridae
Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger, 1814)
E - Parker’s Black Turtle, S - Gal Ibba
Family: Agamidae
Lyriocephalus scutatus (Linnaeus, 1758)*
E - Lyre head lizard/ Hump snout Lizard, S - Karamal bodiliya
Otocryptis wiegmanni Wagler, 1830*
E - Sri Lankan kangaroo lizard, S - Pinum katussa
Family: Chameleonidae
Chamaeleo zeylanicus Laurenti, 1768
E - Sri Lankan Chameleon, S - Bodilima
Family: Gekkonidae
Geckoella triedrus (Günther, 1864)*
E - Spotted bowfinger gecko, S - Pulli vakaniyahuna
Hemidactylus maculatus Duméril & Bibron 1836
E - Spotted giantgecko / Rock gecko, S - Davanta tit huna
Cnemaspis molligodai Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa 2007
E - Molligoda’s day gecko, S - Molligodage diva huna
Family: Scincidae
Dasia halianus (Haly & Nevill et Nevill, 1887).
E - Haly’s treeskink, S - Halige rukhiraluwa
Lankascincus gansi Greer, 1991*
E - Gans’s lankaskink, S - Gansge lakhiraluwa
Lankascincus taprobanensis (Kelaart, 1854) *
E - Smoth Lanka skink, S - Sumudu lakhiraluwa
Mabuya madaraszi Méhely, 1897*
E - Spotted skink, S - Pulli hikanala
Nessia burtonii Gray, 1839*
E - Threetoe Snakeskink, S - Triyanguli sarpahiraluwa
Family - Cylindrophidae
Cylindrophis maculata (Linnaeus, 1758)
E - Pipe snake, S - Depath naya
Family – Colubridae
Ahaetulla pulverulenta (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
E - Brown vine snake, S - Henakandaya
Aspidura brachyorrhos (Boie, 1827)
E - Boie’s roughside, S - Le madilla
Aspidura guentheri Ferguson, 1876
E - Ferguson’s roughside, S - Kudamadilla
Aspidura trachyprocta Cope, 1860
E - Common roughside, S - Dalawa madilla
Boiga barnesii (Günther, 1869)
E - Barnes’s cat snake, S - Panduru mapila
Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802)
E - Ornate flying snake, S - Malsara
Dryocalamus nympha (Daudin, 1803)
E - Bridal snakeGeta, S - Radanakaya/ Geta karawala
Macropisthodon plumbicolor (Cantor, 1839)
127
E - The green keelback, S - Palabariya
Family – Elapidae
Bungarus ceylonicus Günther, 1864
E - Sri Lanka krait, S - Mudu karawala/ Hath karawala
Calliophis melanurus (Shaw, 1802)
E - Sri Lanka coral snake, S - Depath kaluwa
Family – Viperidae
Hypnale nepa (Laurenti, 1768).
E - Merrem’s hump-nosed viper, S - Mukalan thelissa
CLASS: AVES
Family: Phasianidae
Galloperdix bicalcarata (Forster, 1781)*
E - Sri Lanka Spurfowl, S - Sri Lanka Haban-kukula
Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789)
E - Grey Francolin, S - Alu Watu-kukula
Family: Picidae
Dendrocopus nanus (Gmelin, 1788)
E - Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker, S - Bora Esasi Gomera-Karela
Celeus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818)
E - Rufous Woodpecker, S - Borath koda karela
Picus chlorolophus (Vieillot, 1818)
E - Lesser Yellow-naped Woodpecker, S - Heen kaha-gelasi karela
Chrysocolaptes lucidus (Scopoli, 1786)**
E - Greater Flameback, S - Lepita Maha-karela
Family: Bucerotidae
Anthracoceros coronatus (Boddaert, 1783)
E - Malabar Pied Hornbill, S - Poru-kandaththa
Family: Upupidae
Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758
E - Common Hoopoe, S - Podu Poroluwa
Family: Trogonidae
Harpactes fasciatus (Pennant, 1769)
E - Malabar Trogon, S - Lohawannichchiya
Family: Alcedinidae
Ceyx erithacus (Linnaeus, 1758)
E - Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher, S - Peradiga Ran-pilihuduwa
Family: Cuculidae
Hierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797)
E - Common Hawk Cuckoo, S - Ukusukoha
Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii (Lesson, 1830)
E - Southern Sirkeer, S - Patan Malkoha
Family: Psittacidae
Psittacula calthropae(Blyth, 1849)*
E - Sri Lanka Layard’s Parakeet, S - Sri Lanka Alu girawa
Family: Apodidae
Collocalia unicolor (Jerdon, 1840)
E - Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet, S - Indu Upa-thurithaya
128
Family: Tytonidae
Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)
E - Barn Owl, S - Atu Wesbassa
Family: Strigidae
Bubo nipalensis Hodgson, 1836
E - Spot-bellied Eagle Owl, S - Ulama
Strix leptogrammica Temminck, 1832
E - Brown Wood Owl, S - Bora Wana-bakamoona
Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell, 1833)
E - Jungle Owlet, S - Wana upabassa
Family: Batrachostomidae
Batrachostomus moniliger Blyth, 1849
E - Frogmouth, S - Madi-muhuna
Family: Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgus indicus Latham, 1790
E - Highland Nightjar, S - Alu Bimbassa
Family: Rallidae
Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin, 1789)
E - Watercock, S - Kora
Family: Burhinidae
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)
E - Eurasian Thick-knee, S - Eurasia Golukiraluwa
Esacus recurvirostris (Cuvier, 1829)
E - Great Thick-knee, S - Maha Golukiraluwa
Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789)
E - Black-shouldered Kite, S - Uris-kalu Pathannkussa
Hieraaetus kienerii (Geoffroy, 1835)
E - Rufous-bellied Eagle, S - Kusarath Rajaliya
Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758)
E - Great Cormorant, S - Maha Diyakawa
Family: Ciconiidae
Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783)
E - Woolly-necked Stork, S - Padili Manawa
Family: Corvidae
Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766)
E - Great Racket-tailed Drongo, S - Maha Kawuda
Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820)
E - Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher, S - Aluhis Kaha-masimara
Zoothera spiloptera (Blyth, 1847)*
E - Sri Lanka Spot-winged Thrush, S - Sri Lanka Thithpiya Thirasikaya
Family: Sittidae
Sitta frontalis Swainson, 1820
E - Velvet-fronted Nuthatch, S - Villuda Nalal Yatikuriththa
Family: Hirundinidae
Hirundo daurica Linnaeus, 1771
129
E - Red-rumped Swallow, S - Nithamba rathu Wahilihiniya
Family: Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789)
E - Black-crested Bulbul, S - Kalu Hisasi Kondaya
Iole indica (Jerdon, 1839)
E - Yellow-browed Bulbul, S - Bamakaha Guluguduwa
Family: Zosteropidae
Zosterops ceylonensis Holdsworth, 1872*
E - Sri Lanka White-eye, S - Sri Lanka Sithasiya
Family: Sylviidae
Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
E - Great Reed Warbler, S - Gosa panraviya
Pellorneum fuscocapillum (Blyth, 1849)*
E - Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler, S - Sri Lanka Boraga-demalichcha
Pomatorhinus horsfieldii Sykes 1832*
E - Scimitar Babbler, S - Da-demalichcha
Dumetia hyperythra (Franklin, 1831)
E - Tawny-bellied Babbler, S - Kusakaha Landu-demalichcha
Family: Passeridae
Ploceus manyar (Horsfield, 1821)
E - Streaked Weaver, S - Pan Wadukurulla
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766)
E - Baya Weaver, S - Ruk Wadukurulla
CLASS: MAMMALIA
Family: Manidae
Manis crassicaudata Gray, 1827
E - Pangolin, S - Kaballewa
Family: Hipposideridae
Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, 1850
E - Great leaf-nosed bat, S - Maha Pathnehe-vavula
Family: Megadermatidae
Megaderma lyra Geoffroy, 1810
E - False vampire bat, S - Boru Ley-vavula
Megaderma spasma (Linnaeus, 1758)
E - Long-eared vampire bat, S - Kandiga Boru Ley-vavula
Family: Cercopithecidae
Semnopithecus priam Blyth, 1844
E - Grey langur, S - Eli-wandura
Macaca sinica (Linnaeus, 1771)*
E - Sri Lanka toque monkey, S - Rilava
Family: Lorisidae
Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, 1908
E - Sri Lanka grey slender loris, S - Alu Unahapuluwa
Family: Tragulidae
Moschiola kathygre Groves & Meijaard, 2005*
E - Sri Lanka pigmy mouse-deer, S - Sri Lanka Kuru Meminna
130
ANNEX 5:
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE NEAR THREATENED (NT) CATEGORY

(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)
CLASS/FAMILY/SPECIES
CLASS: ARACHNIDA
Poecilotheria ornata
Poecilotheria subfusca
CLASS: INSECTA (Order Lepidoptera)

Family - Papilionidae
Troides darsius Gray, 1852*
E - Ceylon Birdwing, S - Maha Kurulu Piya Papiliya
Chilasa clytia Linnaeus, 1758
E - Mime, S - Rawana Papilia
Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758
E - Red Helen, S - Maha Kela Papilia
Pathysa nomius Esper, 1784
E - Spot Swordtail, S - Thith kaga-waligaya
Family - Pieridae
Appias libythea Fabricius, 1798
E - Striped Albatross, S - Iri Sudana
Appias lyncida Cramer, 1779
E - Chocolate Albatross, S - Dumburuwan Sudana
Colotis amata Fabricius, 1775
E - Small Salmon Arab, S - Punchi Rosa Sudana
Colotis danae Fabricius, 1775
E - Crimson Tip, S - Rathu-thudu Sudda
Colotis etrida Boisduval, 1836
E - Little Orange Tip, S - Heen Sudana
Family - Nymphalidae
Idea iasonia Westwood, 1848
E - Tree Nymph, S - Pawenna
Ideopsis similis Linnaeus, 1764
E - Blue Glassy Tiger, S - Maha Nil-Kotithiya
Tirumala septentrionis Butler, 1865
E - Dark Blue Tiger, S - Anduruwan Nil-Kotithiya
Euploea sylvester Fabricius, 1793
E - Double- banded Crow, S - De-iri Kaka-Kotithiya
Euploea phaenareta Schaller, 1758
E - King Crow, S - Yoda Kaka-Kotithiya
Euploea klugii Moore,1888
131
E - Brown King Crow, S - Raja Kaka-Kotithiya
Ariadne merione Cramer, 1777
E - Common Castor, S - Podu Pathan-Sariya
Byblia ilithyia Drury, 1773
E - Joker, S - Kawataya
Cupha erymanthis Drury, 1773
E - Rustic, S - Raththiya
Vindula erota Fabricius, 1793
E - Cruiser Yoda, S - Thambiliya
Cirrochroa thais, Fabricius, 1787
E - Tamil Yeoman, S - Kela Raththiya
Cethosia nietneri Felder, 1867
E - Ceylon Lace Wing, S - Lanka Seda-Piyapatha
Argynnis hyperbius Linnaeus, 1763
E - Indian Fritillary, S - Indiyanu Alankarikya
Vanessa indica Herbst, 1794
E - Indian Red Admiral, S - Rathu seneviya
Vanessa cardui Linnaeus,1761
E - Painted Lady, S - Vichitra Alankarikya
Kaniska canace Linnaeus, 1763
E - Blue Admiral, S - Nil Seneviya
Pantoporia hordonia Stoll, 1790
E - Common Lasker, S - Kaha Selaruwa
Moduza procris Cramer, 1777
E - Commander, S - Maha Selaruwa
Parthenos sylvia Cramer, 1775
E - Clipper, S - Yoda Kela Selaruwa
Rohana parisatis Westwood,1850
E - Black Prince, S - Kalu Kumaraya
Polyura athamas Drury, 1770
E - Nawab, S - Kaha Kumaraya
Charaxes psaphon, Westwood,1848
E - Tawny Rajah, S - Maha kumaraya
Charaxes solon Fabricius, 1793
E - Black Rajah, S - Kalu Raja-Kumaraya
Libythea myrrha Godart, 1819
E - Club Beak, S - Dandu Dumburu-thuduwa
Lethe rohria Fabricius, 1787
E - Common Tree Brown, S - Podu Gas-dumburuwa
Family - Lycaenidae
Arhopala pseudocentaurus Doubleday, 1847
E - Centaur Oakblue, S - Surya Gas-Nilaya
Surendra vivarna Horsfield, 1829
E - Common Acacia, S - Blue Podu Gas-Nilaya
Amblypodia anita Hewitson, 1862
E - Purple Leafblue, S - Dam Gas-Nilaya
Spindasis ictis Hewitson, 1862
132
E - Ceylon Silverline, S - Lanka Ridee-nilaya
Jamides lacteata de Niceville, 1895
E - Milky Cerulean, S - Sudu Seru-nilaya
Jamides alecto Felder,1860
E - Metallic Cerulean, S - Dilisena Seru-nilaya
Tarucus callinara Butler,1886
E - Butler’s Spotted Pierrot, S - Thith Mal-nilaya
Actyolepis puspa Toxopeus
E - Common Hedge Blue, S - Mal Panduru-nilaya
Neopithicops zalmora Butler
E - Quaker, S - Maha thith Dumburu-nilaya
Hasora taminatus Hub.
E - White banded Awl
Sarangesa dasahara Moore
E - Common Small Flat
Baracus vittatus Felder
E - Hedge Hopper
Borbo cinnara Wallace
E - Wallace’s Swift
Choaspes benjaminii Guerin-Meneville
E - Indian Awl king
Gangara thyrsis Herrich-Schaeffer
E - Giant Red eye
Coladenia indranii Moore
E - Tricolour Pied Flat
Hyaroitis adrastus Moore
E - Tree Flitter
Notocrypta paralysos Evans
E - Common Banded Demon
Potanthus pallida Evans
E - Indian Dart
133
CLASS: CRUSTACEA (Order Decapoda)
Family: Parathelphusidae
Ceylonthelphusa kandambyi Bahir, 1999
Ceylonthelphusa venusta (Ng, 1995)
Mahatha adonis Ng & Tay, 2001
Oziothelphusa ceylonensis (Fernando, 1960)
Oziothelphusa hippocastanum (Muller, 1887)
Oziothelphusa stricta Ng & Tay, 2001
Perbrinckia integra Ng, 1995
Perbrinckia nana (Bahir, 1999)
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
Family: Euconulidae
Eurychlamys regulata* (Benson 1860)
Cryptozona ceraria* (Benson 1853)
Cryptozona chenui* (Pfeiffer 1847)
Euplecta partita* (Pfeiffer 1854)
Euplecta semidecussata (Pfeiffer 1853)
Family: Streptaxidae
Indoartemon layardianus* (Benson 1853)
Family: Acavidae
Acavus haemastoma** (Linnaeus 1758)
Cyclophorus ceylanicus* (Pfeiffer 1849)
Cyc!ophorus menkeanus* (Philippi 1848)
Theobaldius bairdi* (Pfeiffer 1854)
Pterocyclus cumingi (Pfeiffer 1851)
134
ANNEX 6:
VERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE DATA DEFICIENT (DD) CATEGORY

(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)
Class: Actinopterigii (Freshwater Fish)
Family: Cyprinidae
Amblypharyngodon grandisquammis Jordan & Starks, 1917*
Chela laubuca (Hamilton, 1822)
E - Blue laubuca, S - Kara edaya
Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839)
Garra phillipsi (Deraniyagala, 1933)
E - Phillip’s garra, S - Dumbara gal pandiya
Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes, 1842)
E - Scarlet banded barb, S - Mada ipilla
Family- Bagridae
Mystus cavasius (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)
E - Gangetic mystus
Mystus keletius (Valenciennes, 1839)
E - Yellow catfish, S - Path ankutta
Family – Gobiidae
Oligolepis acutipennis (Valenciennes, 1837)
E - Sharptail goby
Stenogobius malabaricus (Day, 1865)
Family- Oryziidae
Oryzias melastigma (McClelland, 1839)
E - Blue eye, S - Hande titteya
CLASS: AMPHIBIA
Family: Ranidae
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802)
E - Indian bull frog, S - Indiya diya madiya
Philautus regius Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005*
E - Polonnaruwa shrub frog, S - Rajarata panduru madiya
Philautus semiruber (Annandale, 1913)*
E - Annandale’s shrub frog, S - Annadelge panduru madiya
CLASS: REPTILIA
Family: Gekkonidae
Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider, 1792).
E - Frilltail Gecko, S - Nagutavakrali huna
Cyrtodactylus collegalensis (Beddome, 1870).
E - Collegal rockgecko, S - Collegalge vakaniya huna
Hemidactylus scabriceps (Annandale, 1906)
E - Scaly gecko, S - Korapotu huna
135
Cnemaspis alwisi Wickramasinhe and Munindradasa 2007*
E - Alwis’s day gecko, S - Alwisge diva huna
Cnemaspis scalpensis (Ferguson, 1877)*
E - Ferguson’s day gecko, S - Fergusonge divasari huna
Cnemaspis kandiana (Kelaart, 1853 “1852”)*
E - Kandyan day gecko, S - Kandukara divasari huna
Cnemaspis gemunu Bauer, de Silva, Greenbaum and Jackman 2007*
E - Gemunu’s day gecko
Cnemaspis kumarasinghei Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa 2007*
E - Kumarasinghe’s day gecko, S - Kumarasinhage diva huna
Cnemaspis retigalensis Wickramasinghe and Munindradasa 2007*
E - Ritigala day gecko, S - Retigala diva huna
Family: Scincidae
Lankasincus munindradasai Wickramasinghe et.al*
E - Munindradasa’s Lanka skink, S - Munindradasage lakhekanala
Lankasincus sripadensis Wickramasinghe et.al*
E - Sripada forest skink, S - Sripakandu duburu hekanala
Lygosoma singha (Taylor, 1950)*
E - Taylor’s skink, S - Taylorge hiraluhikanala
Nessia deraniyagalai Taylor, 1950*
E - Deraniyagala’s snakeskink, S - Deraniyagalage sarpahiraluwa
Sphenomorphus dorsicatenatus Deraniyagala, 1953*
E - Catenated litter skink, S - Damval singitihikanala
Sphenomorphus dussumieri (Duméril & Bibron, 1839)*
E - Dussumier’s litter skink, S - Salkabahita singitihikanala
Sphenomorphus megalops (Annandale, 1906)*
E - Annandale’s litter skink, S - Annandalege singitihikanala
Family: Lacertidae
Ophisops minor (Deraniyagala, 1971)
E - Lesser snake eye lizard, S - Kuda sarpakshi katussa
Family - Colubridae
Argyrogena fasciolata (Shaw, 1802)
E - Banded racer, S - Wal gerandiya
Aspidura copei Günther, 1864
E - Cope’s roughside, S - Kalumedilla
Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909).
E - Beddoms cat snake, S - Kaha mapila
Dendrelaphis oliveri (Taylor, 1950).
E - Oliver’s bronze back, S - Oliverge haldanda
Dryocalamus gracilis ( Günther, 1864).
E - The scarce bridal, S - Megata radanakaya
Haplocercus ceylonensis Günther, 1858
E - The black spine snake/ Mould snake, S - Kurunkarawala
Family - Typhlopidae
Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)
E - Common blind snake, S - Dumutu kanaulla
Typhlops ceylonicus Smith, 1943
E - Smith’s blind snake, S - Smithge kanaulla
136
Typhlops lankaensis Taylor, 1947.
E - Lanka blind snake, S - Lak kanaulla
Typhlops leucomelas Boulenger, 1890
E - Pied typhlops, S - Dewarna kanaulla
Typhlops malcolmi Taylor, 1947.
E - Malcolm’s blind snake, S - Malcomge kanaulla
Typhlops mirus Jan in: Jan and Sordelli, 1860
E - Jan’s blind snake, S - Heen kanaulla
Typhlops porrectus Stoliczka, 1871
E - Stoliczka’s blind snake, S - Stoliczkge kanaulla
Typhlops tenebrarum Taylor, 1947
E - Taylor’s blind snake, S - Taylorge Kanaulla
Typhlops veddae Taylor, 1947
E - Veddha’s blind snake, S - Veddhage Kanaulla
Typhlops violaceus Taylor, 1947
E - Violet blind snake, S - Dan kanaulla
Family - Uropeltidae
Platyplectrurus madurensis Beddome 1877
Pseudotyphlops philippinus Schlegel, 1839
E - Large shield tail, S - Maha bimulla
Rhinophis blythii Kelaart, 1853
E - Blyth’s earth snake, S - Gomara thudulla
Rhinophis dorsimaculatus Deraniyagala, 1941
E - Orange shield tail, S - Thambapani walga ebaya
Rhinophis drummondhayi Wall, 1921
E - Drummond-Hay’s earth snake, S - Thapothudulla
Rhinophis homolepis Hemprich, 1820
E - Kelaarts earth snake, S - Depaththudulla
Rhinophis oxyrynchus (Schneider, 1801)
E - Schneider’s earth snake, S - Ulthudulla
Rhinophis philippinus (Cuvier, 1829).
E - Cuvier’s earth snake, S - Cuvierge walga ebaya
Rhinophis porrectus Wall, 1921
E - Willey’s earth snake, S - Digthudulla
Rhinophis punctatus Müller, 1832
E - Muller’s earth snake, S - Ticthudulla
Rhinophis tricoloratus Deraniyagala, 1975.
E - Deraniyagala’s shield tail, S - Deraniyagalage walga ebaya
Uropeltis melanogaster (Gray, 1858).
E - Black shield tail, S - Kaluwakatulla
Uropeltis phillipsi (Nicholls, 1929).
E - Phillips’s shield tail, S - Iriwakatulla
Uropeltis ruhunae Deraniyagala, 1954
137
CLASS: AVES
Family: Anatidae
Sarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant, 1769)
E - Comb duck, S - Kabaliththiya
Family: Meropidae
Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1766
E - Blue-tailed Bee-eater, S - Nilpenda Binguharaya
Family: Laridae
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758
E - Common Tern, S - Podu Muhudulihiniya
Sterna anaethetus Scopoli, 1786
E - Bridled Tern, S - Kadiyalam Muhudulihiniya
Milvus migrans (Bonddaert, 1783)
E - Black Kite, S - Bora Parakussa
Family: Falconidae
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758
E - Common Kestrel, S - Podu Kurulugoya
Family: Corvidae
Aegithina nigrolutea (Marshall, 1876)
E - Marshall’s Iora, S - Marchallge Iorawa
CLASS: MAMMALIA
Family: Soricidae
Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822)
E - Pigmy shrew, S - Podi Hik-miya
Family: Emballonuridae
Taphozous longimanus Hardwicke, 1825
E - Long-armed sheath-tailed bat, S - Dikba Kepulum-vavula
Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck, 1838)
E - Pouch-bearing sheath-tailed bat, S - Maha Kepulum-vavula
Family: Molossidae
Tadarida aegyptiaca (Geoffroy, 1818)
E - Continental wrinkled-lip bat, S - Mahadive Rallithol-vavula
Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth, 1851)
E - Tickle’s bat, S - Awara-vavula
Falsistrellus affinis (Dobson, 1871)
E - Chocolate bat, S - Bora Koseta-vavula
Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821
E - Lesser yellow bat, S - Heen Kaha-vavula
138
ANNEX 7:
INVERTEBRATE FAUNA LISTED UNDER THE DATA DEFICIENT (DD) CATEGORY

(* ENDEMIC SPECIES)
CLASS: ARACHNIDA
Chilobrachys nitelinus* Karsch, 1891
Plesiophrictus tenuipes* Pocock, 1899
CLASS: INSECTA (Order Lepidoptera)

Family: Pieridae
Eurema laeta Boisduval,1836
E - Spotless Grass Yellow, S - Thithnathi Kahakolaya
Junonia hierta Fabricius, 1793
E - Yellow Pansy, S - Kaha Alankarikya
Family: Lycaenidae
Arhopala ormistoni* Riley, 1920
E - Ormiston’s Oakblue, S - Lanka Gas-Nilaya
Arhopala bazaloides Hewitson, 1878
E - Tamil Oakblue, S - Anduru Gas-Nilaya
Horaga onyx Moore,1857
E - Blue Onyx Podu, S - Visithuru-Neelaya
Horaga albimaculata Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1881
E - Brown Onyx, S - Dumburu Visithuru-Neelaya
Spindasis schistacea Moore,1881
E - Plumbeous Silverline, S - Kela Ridee-nilaya
Spindasis lunulifera Moore, 1979
E - Scarce Shot Silverline, S - Punchi Ridee-nilaya
Spindasis nubilus Moore, 1883*
E - Clouded Silverline, S - Anduruwan Ridee-nilaya
Rapala iarbus Fabricius, 1787
E - Indian Red Flash, S - Rathu Kiranaya
Rapala varuna Horsfield, 1829
E - Indigo Flash, S - Dam Kiranaya
Nacaduba sinhala Ormiston, 1924*
E - Pale Ceylon 6-Lineblue, S - Lanka Haya-iriya
Nacaduba ollyetti Corbet, 1947*
E - Woodhouse’s 4-Lineblue, S - Kala Hathara-iriya
Nacaduba berenice Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869
E - Rounded 6-Lineblue, S - Raum Haya-iriya
Nacaduba calauria Felder, 1860
E - Dark Ceylon 6-Lineblue, S - Anduruwan Haya-iriya
Nacaduba pactolus Felder,1860
E - Large 4-Lineblue, S - Maha hathara-iriya
139
Nacaduba hermus Felder,1860
E - Pale 4-lineblue, S - Anduru hathara-iriya
Nacaduba kurava Moore, 1857
E - Transparent 6-Lineblue, S - Sudu Haya-iriya
Nacaduba beroe Felder, 1865
E - Opaque 6-Lineblue, S - Kela Haya-iriya
Petrelaea dana de Niceville, 1883
E - Dingy Lineblue, S - Punchi Nil-iriya
Prosotas dubiosa Semper, 1879
E - Tailless Lineblue, S - Pendanathi Nil-iriya
Ionolyce helicon Felder, 1860
E - Pointed Lineblue, S - Ul Nil-iriya
Catochrysops panormus Felder, 1860
E - Silver Forget-me-not, S - Redee Mal-nilaya
Actyolepis lilacea Toxopeus
E - Hampson’s Hedge Blue, S - Sudu Panduru-nilaya
Celastrina lavendularis Moore
E - Plain Hedge Blue, S - Maha Panduru-nilaya
Udara akasa Fruhstorfer
E - White Hedge Blue, S - Ahas Udara-neelaya
Family - Hesperiidae
Gangara lebadea Moore
E - Banded Redeye
Halpe egena* Felder
E - Rare Ace
Cattoris philippina Moore
E - Philippine Swift
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
Family - Pupilloidea
Microstele muscerda (Benson 1853)
Pupoides coenopictus Hutton 1834
Family - Vertiginiclae
Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) mimula (Benson 1853)*
Nesopupa (Indopupa) cinghalensis (Gude 1914)*
Pupisoma miccyla (Benson 1860)*
Family - Pyramidulidae
Pyramidula halyi (Jousseaume 1894)*
Family - Bulimininae
Mirus panos (Benson 1853)*
Mirus proletaria (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Family - Cerastuidae
Rachis punctatus (Anton 1839)
Rhachistia adumhratus (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Rhachistia pulcher (Gray 1825)
Family - Endodontidae
Philalanka circumsculpta Sykes 1897*
Philalanka depressa (Preston 1909)*
140
Philalanka edithae (Preston 1909)*
Philalanka lamcabensis Jousseaume 1894*
Philalanka liratula (Pfeiffer 1860)*
Philalanka mononema (Benson 1853)*
Philalanka secessa Godwin-Austen 1898*
Philalanka sinhila (Godwin-Austen 1897)*
Philalanka thwaitesi (Pfeiffer 1854)*
Philalanka trifilosa (Pfeiffer 1854)*
Family - Charopidae
Ruthvenia biciliata (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Ruthvenia caliginosa (Sykes 1898)*
Ruthvenia clathratula (Pfeiffer 1850)*
Thysanota eumita Sykes 1898*
Thysanota hispida Sykes1898*
Family - Clausilidae
Phaedusa ceylanica (Benson 1863)*
Family - Gastrodontidae
Zonitoides arboreus (Say 1816)
Family - Euconulidae
Eurychlamys layardi (Benson manuscript name)*
Eurychltiniys winifredae (Preston 1909)
Family - Helicarionidae
Kaliella barrakporensis (Pfeiffer 1853)
Kaliella colletti Sykes 1899*
Kaliella delectabilis Sykes 1898*
Kaliella leithiana Godwin-Austen 1883*
Kaliella salicensis Godwin-Austen 1897*
Sivella galerus (Benson 1856)*
Sivella hyptiucyclos (Benson 1863)*
Family - Ariophantidae
Cryptozona juliana (Gray 1834)*
Cryptozona novella (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Cryptozona semirugata (Beck 1837)
Euplecta acuducta (Benson 1850)
Euplecta albnonata (Dohm 1858)
Euplecta concavospir (Pfeiffer 1854)*
Euplectu emiliana (Pfeiffer 1853)*
Euplecta laevis Blanford 1901*
Euplecta lankaensis Preston 1909*
Euplecta neglecta (Pfeiffer 1854)*
Euplecta phidias (Hanley & Theobald 1876)*
Euplecta rosamonda (Benson 1860)
Euplecta subopaca (Pfeiffer 1854)*
Euplecta trimeni (Jousseaume 1894)*
Euplecta turritella (Adams 1869)
Euplecta verrucula (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Ratnadvipia edgariana (Benson 1853)*
Mariaella dussumieri Gray 1855
141
Macrochlamys mdica Godwin-Austen 1883
Macrochlamys kandiensis Godwin-Austen 1883*
Macrochlamys perfucata (Benson 1853)*
Macrochlamys tratanensis (Jousseaume 1894)*
Macrachlamys umbrina (Pfeiffer 1859)*
Macrachlamy vilipensa (Benson 1853)
Microcystina bintennensis Godwin-Auten 1899*
Microcystina lita Sykes 1898*
Family - Glessulidae
Glessula capillacea (Pfeiffer 1855)
Glessula ceylanica (Pfeiffer 1845)*
Glessula collettae Sykes 1898*
Glessula deshayesi (Pfeiffer 1853)
Glessula fulgens (Pfeiffer 1858)*
Glessula inornata (Pfeiffer 1853)*
Glessula lankana Pilsbry 1908*
Glessula layardi Pilsbry 1908*
Glessula nitens (Gray 1825)*
Glessula pachycheila (Benson 1853)*
Glessula pullens Beddome 1906*
Glessula panaethu (Benson 1860)*
Glessula pwahilis (Benson 1856)*
Glessula prestoni Ciude 1914*
Glessula punctogallana (Pfeiffer 1852)*
Glessula pusilla Beddome 1906
Glessula reynelli Gude 1914*
Glessula sattaraensis (Hanley & Theobald 1874)
Glessula serena (Benson 1860)*
Glessula simony (Jousseaume 1894)*
Glessula sinhila Preston 1909*
Family - Subulinidae
Subulina octona (Bruguiere 1789)
Allopeas layardi (Benson 1863)*
Allopeas marine (Jousseaume 1894)*
Allopeas prestoni (Sykes 1898)*
Allopeas pussilus (Adams 1867)*
Allopeas sykesi (Pilsbry 1906)*
Paropeas achatinaceum (Pfeiffer 1846)
Zootecus insularis (Ehrenberg 1831)
Family - Streptaxidae
Indoartemon cingalensis (Benson 1853)*
Indoartemon gracilis (Collet 1898)*
Perrottetia peroteti (Petit de la Saussaye 1841)
Perrottetia ravanae Blanford 1899*
Gulella bicolor (Hutton 1834)
Sinoennea planguncula (Benson 1863)
142
Family - Acavidae
Acavus superbus (Pfeiffer 1850)*
Oligospira skinneri (Reeve 1854)*
Family - Corillidae
Corilla fryae Gude 1896*
Corilla giidei Gude 1896*
Corilla humberti Sykes 1897*
Corilla lesleyae (Brot 1864)*
Corilla odontophora Barnacle 1959*
Family - Camaenidae
Beddomea ceylanicus (Pfeiffer 1846)*
Beddomea intermedius (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Trachia fallaciosa (Ferussac 1821)
Trachia vittata (Muller 1774)
Landouria radleyi (Jousseaume 1894)*
Family - Bradybaenidae
Bradybaena similaris (Femssac 1822)
Succinea ceylanica Pfeiffer 1855
Family - Cyclophoridae
Cyclophorus alabastrimis (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Cyclophorus involvulus (Muller 1774)
Aulopoma grande (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Aulopoma helicinum (Chemnitz 1786)*
Aulopoma itieri (Guerin 1847)*
Aulopoma sphaeroideum Dohrn 1857*
Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) album Beddome 1875
Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) artatum Sykes 1897*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) ceylanicum Beddome 1875*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) colletti Sykes 1898*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) conoideum Sykes 1898*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) innocens Sykes 1899*
Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) leptomita Sykes 1898*
Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) mariae Jousseaume 1894*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) ogdenianum Preston 1909*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) perconoideum Preston 1909*
Cyathopoma (Cyathopoma) prestoni Sykes 1897*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) serendibense Preston 1903*
Cyathopoma {Jerdonia) turbinatum Sykes 1897*
Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) uvaense Preston 1909*
Japonia binoyae (Sykes 1899)*
Japonia occulta Sykes 1899*
Leptopoma apicatum Benson 1856*
Leptopoma elatum Pfeiffer 1852*
Leptopoma semiclausum (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Leptopomoides conulus (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Leptopomoides flammeus (Pfeiffer 1855)*
Leptopomoides halophilus (Benson 1851)*
Leptopomoides orophilus (Benson 1853)*
143
Leptopomoides taprobanensis (Preston 1909)*
Micraulax coeloconus (Benson 1851)
Scabrina brounae (Sykes 1898)*
Scabrina liratula (Preston 1909)*
Theobaldius cadiscus (Benson 1860)*
Theobaldius cratera (Benson 1856)*
Theobaldius cytopoma (Benson 1860)*
Theobaldius liliputianus (Preston 1909)*
Theobaldius loxostoma (Pfeiffer 1854)*
Theobaldius parapsis (Benson 1853)*
Theobaldius thwaitesi (PfeifFer 1855)*
Pterocyclus bifrons PfeifFer 1855*
Pterocyclus bilabialus Sowerby 1835
Pterocyclus cingalensis Benson 1853*
Pterocyclus troscheli Benson 1851*
Family - Diplomatinidae
Nicida catathymia (Sykes 1898)*
Nicida ceylamca (Beddome 1875)*
Nicida delectabilis (Preston 1905)*
Nicida lankaensis (Preston 1905)*
Nicida pedronis (Beddome 1875)*
Nicida prestomi (Sykes 1897)*
Family - Pupinidae
Tortulosa aurea (PfeifFer 1855)*
Tortulosa austeniana (Benson 1853)*
Tortulosa barnaclei Tomlin 1928*
Tortulosa blanfordi (Dohrn 1862)*
Tortulosa colletti (Sykes 1898)*
Tortulosa congener (Fulton 1903)*
Tortulosa connectens (Fulton 1903)*
Tortulosa cumingi (PfeifFer 1857)*
Tortulosa duplicate (PfeifFer 1855)*
Tortulosa eurytrema (PfeifFer 1852)*
Tortulosa greeni (Sykes 1899)*
Tortulosa hartleyi Tomlin 1928*
Tortulosa layardi (PfeifFer 1851)*
Tortulosa leucocheilus (Adams & Sowerby 1866)*
Tortulosa metneri (Nevill 1871)*
Tortulosa prestoni (Sykes 1905)*
Tortulosa rugosa (Fulton 1904)*
Tortulosa smithi (Sykes 1905)*
Tortulosa sykesi (Fulton 1904)*
Tortulosa templemani (Pfeiffer 1852)*
Tortulosa thwaitesi (Pfeiffer 1852)*
Family - Truncatellidae
Truncatella ceylanica Pfeiffsr 1856*
144
ANNEX 8:
SPECIES OF FLORA LISTED UNDER THE ‘NEAR THREATENED’ (NT) CATEGORY

(*ENDEMIC SPECIES)
Family-Acanthaceae
Dicliptera neesii (Trimen) Cramer*
Justicia hookeriana (Nees) T. Anders.*
Pseuderanthemum latifolium (Vahl) Hansen
Strobilanthes diandra (Nees) Alston*
Family-Annonaceae
Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thw.
Desmos elegans (Thw.) Safford*
Mitrephora heyneana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Thw.
Xylopia nigricans Hook. f. & Thoms.*
Family-Araceae
Pothos hookeri Schott*
Dipterocarpus hispidus Thw.*
Dipterocarpus insignis Thw.*
Doona macrophylla Thw.*
Doona venulosa Thw.*
Hopea discolor Thw.*
Shorea oblongifolia Thw.*
Family-Ebenaceae
Diospyros montana Roxb.
Diospyros sylvatica Roxb.
Agrostistachys coriacea Alston*
Blachia umbellata (Willd.) Baill.
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thw.
Chaetocarpus coriaceus Thw.*
Euphorbia rothiana Spreng.
Euphorbia trigona Haw.
Fahrenheitia minor (Thw.) Airy Shaw*
Fahrenheitia zeylanica (Thw.) Airy Shaw
Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem.
Homalanthus populifolius Graham
Mallotus fuscescens (Thw.) Muell. Arg.*
Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell. Arg.
Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr.
145
Suregada angustifolia (Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw
Tragia hispida Willd.
Sonerila silvatica Lundin*
Family-Memeycylaceae
Memecylon royenii Blume*
Memecylon sylvaticum Thw.*
Memecylon varians Thw.*
Family-Orchidaceae
Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex J.E.Smith) P.F. Hunt
Angraecum zeylanicum Lindley*
Calanthe triplicatis (Willemet) Ames.
Cheirostylis parvifolia Lindl.
Crepidium purpureum (Lindl.) Szlach.
Dendrobium panduratum Lindl.
Diploprora championi Hook. f.
Eulophia epidendraea (Koenig ex Retz.) Fisch.
Gastrochilus acaulis (Lindley) Kuntze
Habenaria acuminata (Thw.) Trimen
Habenaria plantaginea Lindl.
Habenaria viridiflora Spreng.
Liparis viridiflora Lindl.
Octarrhena parvula Thw.
Peristylus brevilobus Thw.*
Peristylus cubitalis (L.) Kraenzlin
Phalaenopsis deliciosa Rchb.f.
Podochilus malabaricum Wight
Podochilus saxatile Lindl.*
Pomatocalpa maculosum (Lindley) J. J. Sm.*
Robiquetia rosea (Lindl.) Garay*
Robiquetia virescens (Gard. ex Lindl.) Jayaweera*
Thrixspermum pugionifolium (Hook.f.) Schlechter*
Antidesma bunius (L.)Spreng.
Antidesma pyrifolium Muell. Arg.*
Bridelia moonii Thw.*
Cleistanthus ferrugineus (Thw.) Muell. Arg.*
Glochidion coriaceum Thw.*
Glochidion pycnocarpum (Muell. Arg.) Beddome*
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.
Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baillon
Family-Rubiaceae
Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall.
Schizostigma hirsutum Arn.
146
ANNEX 9:
SPECIES OF FLORA LISTED UNDER THE ‘DATA DEFICIENT’ (DD) CATEGORY

(*ENDEMIC SPECIES)
Family-Acanthaceae
Barleria nutans Nees*
Barleria lanceata(Forssk.) C. Chr.
Gymnostachyum thwaitesii T. Anders.*
Hygrophila helodes Heine
Justicia capitata (T. Anders. ex Hook. f.) Cramer*
Lepidagathis ceylanica Nees*
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet
Rungia apiculata Beddome
Staurogyne zeylanica (Nees) Kuntze
Centrostachys aquatica (R. Br.) Wall. ex Moq.
Family-Araceae
Lagenandra erosa de Wit*
Ceropegia parviflora Trim.*
Dischidia nummularia R. Br.
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon
Family-Asteraceae
Anaphalis fruticosa Hook.f.*
Family-Burmanniaceae
Thismia gardneriana Hook.f. ex Thw.*
Family-Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria pauciflora Zoll. & Mor.
Argyreia choisyana Wight ex Clarke
Family-Cyperaceae
Cyperus articulatus L.
Scleria pilosa Boeckeler*
Family-Ebenaceae
Diospyros opaca Clarke*
Acalypha ciliata Forssk.
Acalypha supera Forssk.
Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss ex Spreng.
Euphorbia cristata Heyne ex Roth
147
Mallotus distans Muell. Arg.
Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth.
Family-Fabaceae
Caesalpinia digyna Rottl.
E - Tari pods
Cassia italica (Mill.) Spreng.
E - Italian Senna
Crotalaria berteroana DC.
Crotalaria montana Roth
Indigofera trifoliata L.
Strongylodon siderospermus Cordemoy
Family-Malvaceae
Dicellostyles axillaris (Thw.) Benth.*
Family-Orchidaceae
Anoectochilus elatus Lindl.
Cyclopogon obliqua (J.J.Sm.) Szlach.
Cyrtosia javanica Blume
Geodorum recurvum (Roxb.) Alston.
Peristylus densus (Lindl.) Santapau & Kapadia.
Peristylus plantagineus (Lindl.) Lindl.
Pteroceras viridiflorum (Thw.) Holttum
Aeginetia indica L.
Christisonia thwaitesii Trimen*
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt
Margaritaria cyanospermus (Gaertn.) Airy Shaw*
Family-Rosaceae
Sanguisorba indicum (Gardn.) Tirv.*
Family-Rubiaceae
Fergusonia tetracocca (Thw.) Baill.
Ixora thwaitesii Hook.f.
Neanotis tubulosa(G.Don)Mabb.
Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) Schumann
Pseudaidia speciosa (Beddome) Tirv.
Psychotria meeboldii Deb & M. G. Gangop.*
Family-Surianaceae
Suriana maritima L.
Family-Triuridaceae
Hyalisma janthina Champ.
Family-Urticaceae
Lecanthus peduncularis (Wall. ex Royle) Wedd.
148

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The 2007 Red List of Threatened

Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka

ISBN: 978 - 955 - 8177 - 63 - 1

Cover photograph: Poppy’s Shrub Frog (Philautus poppie)

Printed by: Karunaratne & Sons Ltd.

Available from: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

The World Conservation Union (IUCN)

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... v

Red Listing Team ..................................................................................................................................... vi

Expert Reviewers .................................................................................................................................... vii

Message from the Minister of Environment and Natural Resources ......................................................... xi

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. xiii

Biodiversity of Sri Lanka: A Brief Overview ............................................................................................. 2

The Process of Preparing the 2007 National Red List ............................................................................. 11

Analysis of Species Conservation Status ............................................................................................... 18

Geographical Distribution of Threatened Species in Sri Lanka ................................................................. 80

An Overview of Threats to Biodiversity ................................................................................................... 84

Annex 3: Data sources ............................................................................................................................ 105

Figure 1 - Bioclimatic zones of Sri Lanka 4

Table 1 - Diversity of inland natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka 2

ADB Asian Development Bank

Technical Supervision and Guidance

Mapping Specialist and GIS Analyst

Compilation and Editing of Publication

Red Listing Team

Patali Champika Ranawaka

Table 1. Diversity of inland natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka

Major types Categories

Invertebrate Fauna (Taxonomic group) Total number of Species Number of endemics

Table 3. Species richness of flora in Sri Lanka.

Group No. of Species Number of endemics Source

This recent research (especially molecular

WHAT THE LIST DOES NOT IMPLY

These limitations and constraints are detailed below.

IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF FAUNA

Among the total inland indigenous vertebrate

as Extinct. Of the surviving inland vertebrates, 57 species

Among the vertebrate fauna, the highest number of

Table 4: Summary of threatened inland indigenous vertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka

Taxon Total Species CR EN VU Total Threatened

© Mendis Wickremasinghe © Mendis Wickremasinghe

Table 5: Summary of threatened inland indigenous invertebrate fauna in Sri Lanka

Taxon Total Species CR EN VU Total

Of the ver tebrate species evaluated, seven

Among the Data Deficient freshwater fish species,

of reptiles listed as Data Deficient, but species

THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF FLORA

69 species (6%) of the total plants evaluated were

different localities. It could also mean that some of

© Dilup Chandranimal © Suranjan Fernando

CLASS: AMPHIBIA (FROGS, TOADS)

CLASS: ACTINOPTERIGII (FRESHWATER FISH)

PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA (Land Snails)

Family: Corillidae (=Plectopylidae?)

Family: Corillidae (=Plectopylidae?)

Superfamily: Corillidoidea (=Plectopylidoidea?)

Corilla adamsi Gude 1914* B1,B2 a,b (i,ii,iii)

CLASS: CHONDRICHTHYES (Sharks, Skates and Rays)

CLASS: ACTINOPTERYGII (Bony Fishes)

CLASS: AVES (Off-shore birds)

FAMILY / SPECIES CATEGORY AND CRITERIA

Evaluated Category of Evaluated Species Category of Endemic Species Total Threatened