Rosmarinic Acid Present in Lepechinia floribunda and Lepechinia meyenii as a Potent Inhibitor of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Plants from Central Argentina as Inhibitors of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia
2.2. Effect of Rosmarinic Acid (3) on the Activity of gNC1
2.3. Molecular Modeling
2.4. Experimental Corroboration for the Mechanism of Action of Rosmarinic Acid (3)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials, Reagents and Equipment
3.2. Plant Material and Extract Preparation
3.3. Quantification of Rosmarinic Acid (3) in Lepechinia Floribunda
3.4. Expression and Enrichment of gNC1 Catalytic Domain
3.5. Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitory Assays
3.6. cAMP Radiobinding Protein (RBP) Assay
3.7. Determination of the Half-Maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50)
3.8. Kinetic Behavior of Rosmarinic Acid (3)
3.9. cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) Purification
3.10. Protein Structure and Energy Minimization
3.11. Docking
3.12. Molecular Dynamics
3.13. Structural Mobility
3.14. Binding Free Energies and Residue Decomposition Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Plant Species | Family | Status a | Common Name | Yield (%) b | Voucher UCCOR Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. | Asteraceae | N | marcela hembra | 4.5 | 140 |
Baccharis coridifolia DC. | Asteraceae | N | mio-mio | 2.2 | 147 |
Calceolaria parviflora Benth. | Calceolariaceae | E | zapatito | 6.1 | 451 |
Dimerostemma aspilioides (Griseb.) M.D. Moraes | Asteraceae | E | - | 5.5 | 246 |
Flourensia oolepis S.F. Blake | Asteraceae | E | chilca | 23.0 | 135 |
Gaillardia megapotamica (Spreng.) Baker | Asteraceae | E | topasaire | 13.76 | 127 |
Lepechinia floribunda (Benth.) Epling | Lamiaceae | N | salvia blanca | 3.7 | 195 |
Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling | Lamiaceae | N | - | 3.8 | 233 |
Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. (parasitizing Vachellia sp.) | Loranthaceae | N | liga | 4.4 | 518 |
Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. | Anacardiaceae | N | molle | 10.9 | 183 |
Melia azedarach L | Meliaceae | Nat | paraíso | 8.7 | 229 c |
Prosopis alba Griseb. | Fabaceae | N | algarrobo blanco | 8.5 | 255 |
Senecio viravira Hieron | Asteraceae | N | viravira | 3.9 | 181 |
Solanum atriplicifolium Gillies ex Nees | Solanaceae | N | - | 18.08 | 528 |
Plant Extract | IC50 (µg/mL) a |
---|---|
Achyrocline satureioides | 51.7 ± 2.5 |
Baccharis coridifolia | 35.1 ± 6.4 |
Lepechinia floribunda | 9.4 ± 0.8 |
Lepechinia meyenii | 31.3 ± 3.2 |
Lithrea molleoides | 67.0 ± 4.8 |
Hydrogen Bond (Acceptor ||| Donor) | Fraction | Average Distance (Å) |
---|---|---|
Compound 3(site 1)@O1 ||| THR56@OG1HG1 | 0.6746 | 2.7662 |
ASP 16@OD2 ||| compound 3(site 1)@O4H13 | 0.6384 | 2.6005 |
ASP 16@OD2 ||| compound 3(site 1)@O3H12 | 0.6326 | 2.5826 |
ASP 244@OD1 ||| compound 3(site 1)@O2H11 | 0.5018 | 2.6209 |
ALA 126@O ||| compound 3(site 1)@O1H10 | 0.3572 | 2.7751 |
compound 3(site 1)@O6 ||| ASN 132@ND2HD21 | 0.104 | 2.8439 |
ASP 244@OD2 ||| compound 3(site 1)@O2H11 | 0.0934 | 2.6451 |
SER 312@O ||| compound 3(site 2)@O2H11 | 0.6446 | 2.8028 |
Compound 3(site 2) @O3 ||| SER 319@OGHG | 0.2506 | 2.7949 |
Compound 3(site 2)@O7 ||| THR 21@OG1HG1 | 0.1232 | 2.7127 |
Compound 3(site 2)@O1 ||| SER 312@NH | 0.1078 | 2.9284 |
SER 319@OG ||| compound 3(site 2)@O3H12 | 0.0904 | 2.8027 |
Rosmarinic Acid (3) | K0.5 | Vmax (pmol/min/mg Total Protein) | Hill Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|
0 (DMSO control) | 17.0 ± 1.9 | 1249 ± 48 | 1.64 ± 0.32 |
5 µM | 47.0 ± 8.9 | 1300 ± 100 | 1.10 ± 0.08 |
10 µM | 150.0 ± 16.9 | 1283 ± 93 | 1.04 ± 0.04 |
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Zurita, A.; Vega Hissi, E.; Cianci Romero, A.; Luján, A.M.; Salido, S.; Yaneff, A.; Davio, C.; Cobo, J.; Carpinella, M.C.; Enriz, R.D. Rosmarinic Acid Present in Lepechinia floribunda and Lepechinia meyenii as a Potent Inhibitor of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia. Plants 2024, 13, 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050646
Zurita A, Vega Hissi E, Cianci Romero A, Luján AM, Salido S, Yaneff A, Davio C, Cobo J, Carpinella MC, Enriz RD. Rosmarinic Acid Present in Lepechinia floribunda and Lepechinia meyenii as a Potent Inhibitor of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia. Plants. 2024; 13(5):646. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050646
Chicago/Turabian StyleZurita, Adolfo, Esteban Vega Hissi, Agostina Cianci Romero, Adela María Luján, Sofía Salido, Agustín Yaneff, Carlos Davio, Justo Cobo, María Cecilia Carpinella, and Ricardo Daniel Enriz. 2024. "Rosmarinic Acid Present in Lepechinia floribunda and Lepechinia meyenii as a Potent Inhibitor of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia" Plants 13, no. 5: 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050646