Ophrys sphegodes

Appearance

Plant height varies with latitude. In the UK the maximum height is around 20 cm, but around the Mediterranean a height of 70 cm may be reached. Flowers March–May. Each shoot may carry between 2 and 18 flowers.
The flowers have yellow-green sepals and a velvety red-brown labellum with a distinctive silvery-blue H marking so that the flowers much resemble an arthropod and especially a spider.

Similar to "Ophrys fuciflora" and "Ophrys apifera" but flowers differ in that late spider orchid and bee orchid have much smaller petals than sepals; in early spider orchid petals and sepals are a similar size. They are also distinguished by patches of colour on the labellum; late spider orchid has a yellow point at the centre of the distal end of the labellum, while bee orchid has a red patch at the proximal end of the labellum.

Naming

Many subspecific and varietal names have been proposed. At the present time, the following are recognized, one of them apparently originating as a hybrid between two of the others:

⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" nothosubsp. "jeanpertii" Del Prete & Conte - France, Spain, Balkans "
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "aesculapii" Soó ex J.J.Wood - Greece
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "araneola" M.Laínz - Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "atrata" A.Bolòs - from Portugal to Serbia
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "aveyronensis" J.J.Wood - France, Spain
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "catalcana" Kreutz - European Turkey
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "cretensis" H.Baumann & Künkele - Crete and other Greek islands
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "epirotica" Gölz & H.R.Reinhard - Albania, Greece
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "gortynia" H.Baumann & Künkele - Crete and other Greek islands
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "helenae" Soó & D.M.Moore - Albania, Greece
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "mammosa" Soó ex E.Nelson - from the Balkans to Turkmenistan
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "melitensis" E.Nelson - the Maltese islands
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "passionis" Sanz & Nuet - France, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, mainland Italy
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "sipontensis" H.A.Pedersen & Faurh. - Puglia
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "sphegodes" - from Britain and Spain to Hungary and the Balkans
⤷ "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "spruneri" E.Nelson - Crete and other Greek islands

Distribution

Found on unimproved alkaline meadows, woodland edges, as well as slopes, banks and waste land. It is widespread across most of Europe and the middle East from Britain south to Portugal and east to Iran.

In Britain, it is restricted to parts of Dorset, Hampshire, Kent and Sussex and is regarded as rare although where it is found it may be in stands of many hundreds of plants. It is classified as a British Red Data Book plant. Despite its apparent vulnerability, it has very successfully colonised the chalk spoil dumping grounds created near Dover at Samphire Hoe from the excavations of the Channel Tunnel. Worldwide, the IUCN conservation status of this species is least concern as of 2018.

Habitat

Found on unimproved alkaline meadows, woodland edges, as well as slopes, banks and waste land. It is widespread across most of Europe and the middle East from Britain south to Portugal and east to Iran.

In Britain, it is restricted to parts of Dorset, Hampshire, Kent and Sussex and is regarded as rare although where it is found it may be in stands of many hundreds of plants. It is classified as a British Red Data Book plant. Despite its apparent vulnerability, it has very successfully colonised the chalk spoil dumping grounds created near Dover at Samphire Hoe from the excavations of the Channel Tunnel. Worldwide, the IUCN conservation status of this species is least concern as of 2018.In the UK "Ophrys sphegodes" is pollinated by the miner bee "Andrena nigroaenea", a polylectic pollinator, a bee species which requires dry sandy soils. Different subspecies have evolved to attract different pollinators.

This orchid species is able to form symbiotic relationships with a range of species of mycorrhizal fungi.