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Synonyms: Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Cinchonaceae Batsch; Coffeaceae Batsch; Galiaceae Lindl.; Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Lippayaceae Meisn.; Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Naucleaceae Wernham; Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb
Common name: Madder Family.
Number of genera 620. Number of species 10700.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple, or compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united, or carpels nearly separate to base. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium (rarely); simple, or schizocarp, or compound; berry, or carcerulus, or capsule, or drupe; coccarium, or baccarium; bibacca (Mitchella repens L. & Spjut 3 families: Caprifoliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Rubiaceae), or achenosum (Spjut 4 families: Platanaceae, Rubiaceae, Sparganiaceae, Urticaceae); ceratium capsule, or loculicidal capsule, or septicidal capsule, or denticidal capsule, or pyxidium capsule (Mitracarpus & not Spjut); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; simple, or compound, or schizocarp; diclesium, or pseudosamara; polachenarium; sorosus; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s), or within accessory organ(s); persistent; 1-seeded, or more than 1 but less than 10-seeded, or 10 to less than 25-seeded, or 25 to less than 50-seeded, or many-seeded; 1–100-seeded (to many); 2(–10)-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; without sterile carpels; in transection terete; apex not beaked; indehiscent, or dehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent passively; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs short; hairs scattered; hairs not glandular; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin, or hard, or woody, or leathery, or fibrous; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent, or present (rarely in Goldberg). Seed larger than minute; less than 1 mm long, or 1 to less than 5 mm long, or 5 to less than 10 mm long; 0.8–5 mm long; oval, or oblong, or elliptic, or circular, or square; in transection terete, or compressed, or flattened; not bowl shaped, or bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s), or with caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves (Guettardioideae), or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present, or absent; adhering to endocarp (Richardia scabra L.); without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; without markedly different marginal tissue, or with markedly different marginal tissue; marginal tissue winglike; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface 1- grooved; surface papillate; surface reticulate, or rugose, or striate; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings, or with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing encompassing seed; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo, or surrounding food reserve. Endosperm development nuclear, or cellular (rarely); copious; fleshy-soft, or fleshy, or fleshy-firm, or hard, or cartilaginous; smooth, or corrugated (rarely); with starch, or without starch; with hemicellulose; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve), or completely filling testa (no food reserve); 0.2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or conical; with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons; straight, or arcuate, or U-shaped; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed, or moderately developed; 0.1–0.9 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle, or as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1–4 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous, or not foliaceous; thin; flat, or convoluted; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire, or cordate; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed, or moderately developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Eriksson & Bremer (1991) used a simplified fruit classification with just 5 fruit types: capsule, nut, berry, drupe, and Gardenia type. Most capsule have many abiotally dispersed small seeds. All fruits with dry hard nondehiscing pericarp - a nut. Three fleshy types: drupe with fleshy mesocarp and hard endocarp. Berry fleshy mesocarp with thin or membranous endocarp. Gardenia fruit with seeds embedded in juicy or fleshy pulp while the endocarp and mesocarp are more or less leather, fibrous, or woody.
Weed information
1 or more USA Federal noxious weeds, 1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA Federal noxious weeds: -- Spermacoce alata Aubl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: FL●, MA●, NC●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), California (CA), Connecticut (CT), Florida (FL), Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), New York (NY), North Carolina (NC), Oregon (OR), Pennsylvania (PA), Puerto Rico (PR), Vermont (VT), Washington (WA).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. (=Spermacoce alata Aubl.): USA state noxious weed: FL●, PR●. -- Cephalanthus occidentalis L.: USA state noxious weed: PRª●. -- Diodia virginiana L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Galium spp.: USA state noxious weed: CT°, MA°, NH°, NY°, PA°, VT°, WA°. -- Galium tricornutum Dandy: USA state noxious weed: OR°. -- Paederia cruddasiana Prain: USA state noxious weed: FL●. -- Paederia foetida L.: USA state noxious weed: AL●, FL●. -- Spermacoce alata Aubl.: USA Federal Noxious Weed●; USA state noxious weed: MA●, NC●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Asperula odorata L. = Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. -- Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. = Spermacoce alata Aubl. -- Cephalanthus occidentalis L. -- Diodia teres Walter -- Diodia virginiana L. -- Galium aparine L. -- Galium asprellum Michx. -- Galium boreale L. -- Galium mollugo L. -- Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. -- Galium L. spp. -- Galium spurium L. -- Galium tricorne Stokes, pro parte = Galium tricornutum Dandy -- Galium tricornutum Dandy -- Houstonia purpurea L. -- Hedyotis purpurea (L.) Torr. & A. Gray = Houstonia purpurea L. -- Richardia scabra L. -- Sherardia arvensis L. -- Spermacoce alata Aubl. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Brandis = Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale -- Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. = Spermacoce alata Aubl. -- Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC.-- Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson-- Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) Tussac = Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson-- Cinchona calisaya Wedd. -- Cinchona officinalis auct. mult., non L. = Cinchona calisaya Wedd. -- Cinchona pitayensis (Wedd.) Wedd. -- Cinchona pubescens Vahlw -- Coffea arabica L. -- Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner -- Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Bremek. = Hemidiodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum.w -- Galium aparine L.w -- Galium asprellum Michx. -- Galium mollugo L.w -- Galium spurium L.-- Galium verum L.w -- Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis -- Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale -- Hemidiodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum. -- Mitragyna ciliata Aubrev. & Pellegr. -- Nertera depressa Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. = Nertera granadensis (Mutis ex L. f.) Druce -- Nertera granadensis (Mutis ex L. f.) Druce -- Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes = Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson-- Rubia tinctorum L. -- Sherardia arvensis L.w -- Spermacoce alata Aubl.w -- Spermacoce articularis L. f.-- Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav. -- Spermacoce hispida auct. = Spermacoce articularis L. f.-- Spermacoce laevis auct., non Lam. = Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pav. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn., nom. cons. -- Acrobotrys K. Schum. & K. Krause -- Acunaeanthus Borhidi et al. -- Adenorandia Vermoesen -- Adina Salisb. -- Adinauclea Ridsdale -- Agathisanthemum Klotzsch -- Aidia Lour. -- Aidiopsis Tirveng. -- Airosperma Lauterb. & K. Schum. -- Aitchisonia Hemsl. ex Aitch. -- Alberta E. Mey. -- Aleisanthia Ridl. -- Alibertia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Allaeophania Thwaites -- Alleizettella Pit. -- Allenanthus Standl. -- Alseis Schott -- Amaioua Aubl. -- Amaracarpus Blume -- Amphiasma Bremek. -- Amphidasya Standl. -- Ancylanthos Desf. -- Anomanthodia Hook. f. -- Antherostele Bremek. -- Anthorrhiza C. R. Huxley & Jebb -- Anthospermopsis (K. Schum.) J. H. Kirkbr. -- Anthospermum L. -- Antirhea Comm. ex Juss. -- Aoranthe Somers -- Aphaenandra Miq. -- Aphanocarpus Steyerm. -- Appunettia R. D. Good -- Appunia Hook. f. -- Arcytophyllum Willd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. -- Argocoffeopsis Lebrun -- Argostemma Wall. -- Asemnantha Hook. f. -- Asperula L., nom. cons. -- Astiella Jovet -- Atractocarpus Schltr. & K. Krause -- Atractogyne Pierre -- Augusta Pohl, nom. cons. -- Aulacocalyx Hook. f. -- Badusa A. Gray -- Balmea Martínez -- Bataprine Nieuwl. -- Bathysa C. Presl -- Batopedina Verdc. -- Belonophora Hook. f. -- Benkara Adans. -- Benzonia Schumach. -- Berghesia Nees -- Bertiera Aubl. -- Bikkia Reinw., nom. cons. -- Blepharidium Standl. -- Bobea Gaudich. -- Boholia Merr. -- Borojoa Cuatrec. -- Bothriospora Hook. f. -- Botryarrhena Ducke -- Bouvardia Salisb. -- Brachytome Hook. f. -- Bradea Standl. ex Brade -- Brenania Keay -- Breonadia Ridsdale -- Breonia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Burchellia R. Br. -- Burttdavya moyle -- Byrsophyllum Hook. f. -- Caelospermum Blume -- Calanda K. Schum. -- Callipeltis Steven -- Calochone Keay -- Calycophyllum DC. -- Calycosia A. Gray -- Calycosiphonia Pierre ex Robbr. -- Canephora Juss. -- Canthium Lam. -- Capirona Spruce -- Captaincookia N. Hallé -- Carpacoce Sond. -- Carphalea Juss. -- Carterella Terrell -- Casasia A. Rich. -- Catesbaea L. -- Catunaregam Wolf -- Cephalanthus L. -- Cephalodendron Steyerm. -- Ceratopyxis Hook. f. -- Ceriscoides (Hook. f.) Tirveng. -- Ceuthocarpus Aiello -- Chaetostachydium Airy Shaw -- Chalepophyllum Hook. f. -- Chamaepentas Bremek. -- Chapelieria A. Rich. ex DC. -- Chassalia Comm. ex Poir. -- Chazaliella E. M. A. Petit & Verdc. -- Chimarrhis Jacq. -- Chiococca P. Browne -- Chione DC. -- Chlorochorion Puff & Robbr. -- Chomelia Jacq., nom. cons. -- Choulettia Pomel -- Chytropsia Bremek. -- Cigarrilla Aiello -- Cinchona L. -- Cinchonopsis L. Andersson -- Cladoceras Bremek. -- Clarkella Hook. f. -- Coccochondra Rauschert -- Coccocypselum P. Browne, nom. cons. -- Coddia Verdc. -- Coelopyrena Valeton -- Coffea L. -- Coleactina N. Hallé -- Colletoecema E. M. A. Petit -- Commitheca Bremek. -- Condaminea DC. -- Conostomium (Stapf) Cufod. -- Coprosma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Coptophyllum Korth., nom. cons. -- Coptosapelta Korth. -- Corynanthe Welw. -- Coryphothamnus Steyerm. -- Cosmibuena Ruiz & Pav., nom. cons. -- Cosmocalyx Standl. -- Coursiana Homolle -- Coussarea Aubl. -- Coutaportla Urb. -- Coutarea Aubl. -- Cowiea Wernham -- Craterispermum Benth. -- Cremaspora Benth. -- Cremocarpon Baill. -- Crobylanthe Bremek. -- Crocyllis E. Mey. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Crossopteryx Fenzl -- Crucianella L. -- Cruciata Mill. -- Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn., nom. cons. -- Crusea Cham. & Schltdl. -- Cuatrecasasiodendron Standl. & Steyerm. -- Cubanola Aiello -- Cuviera DC., nom. cons. -- Cyclophyllum Hook. f. -- Damnacanthus C. F. Gaertn. -- Danais Comm. ex Vent. -- Deccania Tirveng. -- Declieuxia Kunth -- Dendrosipanea Ducke -- Dentella J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Deppea Cham. & Schltdl. -- Diacrodon Sprague -- Dibrachionostylus Bremek. -- Dichilanthe Thwaites -- Dictyandra Welw. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Didymaea Hook. f. -- Didymochlamys Hook. f. -- Didymopogon Bremek. -- Didymosalpinx Keay -- Diodella (Torr. & A. Gray) Small -- Diodia L. -- Dioecrescis Tirveng. -- Dioicodendron Steyerm. -- Diplospora DC. -- Discospermum Dalzell -- Diyaminauclea Ridsdale -- Dolianthus C. H. Wright -- Dolichodelphys K. Schum. & K. Krause -- Dolicholobium A. Gray -- Dolichometra K. Schum. -- Doricera Verdc. -- Duidania Standl. -- Dunnia Tutcher -- Duperrea Pierre ex Pit. -- Duroia L. f., nom. cons. -- Durringtonia R. J. F. Hend. & Guymer -- Ecpoma K. Schum. -- Eizia Standl. -- Elaeagia Wedd. -- Emmenopterys Oliv. -- Emmeorhiza Pohl ex Endl. -- Eosanthe Urb. -- Eriosemopsis Robyns -- Erithalis P. Browne -- Ernodea Sw. -- Etericius Desv. ex Ham., nom. dub. -- Euclinia Salisb. -- Exallage Bremek. -- Exostema (Pers.) Rich. ex Bonpl. -- Fadogia Schweinf. -- Fadogiella Robyns -- Fagerlindia Tirveng. -- Faramea Aubl. -- Ferdinandusa Pohl -- Feretia Delile -- Fergusonia Hook. f. -- Fernelia Comm. ex Lam. -- Flagenium Baill. -- Flexanthera Rusby -- Gaertnera Lam., nom. cons. -- Gaillonia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Galiniera Delile -- Galium L., nom. cons. prop. -- Gallienia Dubard & Dop -- Galopina Thunb. -- Gamotopea Bremek. -- Gardenia J. Ellis, nom. cons. -- Gardeniopsis Miq. -- Genipa L. -- Gentingia J. T. Johanss. & K. M. Wong -- Geophila D. Don, nom. cons. -- Gillespiea A. C. Sm. -- Gleasonia Standl. -- Glionnetia Tirveng. -- Glossostipula Lorence -- Gomphocalyx Baker -- Gonzalagunia Ruiz & Pav. -- Gouldia A. Gray -- Greenea Wight & Arn. -- Greeniopsis Merr. -- Guettarda L. -- Gynochtodes Blume -- Gyrostipula J.-F. Leroy -- Habroneuron Standl. -- Haldina Ridsdale -- Hallea J.-F. Leroy -- Hamelia Jacq. -- Hayataella Masam. -- Hedstromia A. C. Sm. -- Hedyotis L., nom. cons. prop. -- Hedythyrsus Bremek. -- Heinsenia K. Schum. -- Heinsia DC. -- Hekistocarpa Hook. f. -- Henriquezia Spruce ex Benth. -- Heterophyllaea Hook. f. -- Hillia Jacq. -- Himalrandia T. Yamaz. -- Hindsia Benth. ex Lindl. -- Hintonia Bullock -- Hippotis Ruiz & Pav. -- Hitoa Nadeaud -- Hodgkinsonia F. Muell. -- Hoffmannia Sw. -- Holstianthus Steyerm. -- Homollea Arènes -- Homolliella Arènes -- Houstonia L. -- Hutchinsonia Robyns -- Hydnophytum Jack -- Hydrophylax L. f. -- Hymenocnemis Hook. f. -- Hymenocoleus Robbr. -- Hymenodictyon Wall., nom. cons. -- Hyperacanthus E. Mey. ex Bridson -- Hypobathrum Blume -- Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. -- Ibetralia Bremek. -- Indopolysolenia Bennet -- Isertia Schreb. -- Isidorea A. Rich. ex DC. -- Ixora L. -- Jackiopsis Ridsdale -- Janotia J.-F. Leroy -- Jaubertia Guill. -- Joosia H. Karst. -- Jovetia Guédès -- Kailarsenia Tirveng. -- Kajewskiella Merr. & L. M. Perry -- Keenania Hook. f. -- Keetia E. Phillips -- Kelloggia Torr. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Kerianthera J. H. Kirkbr. -- Khasiaclunea Ridsdale -- Klossia Ridl. -- Knoxia L. -- Kochummenia K. M. Wong -- Kohautia Cham. & Schltdl., nom. cons. -- Kraussia Harv. -- Kutchubaea Fisch. ex DC. -- Ladenbergia Klotzsch -- Lagynias E. Mey. ex Robyns -- Lamprothamnus Hiern -- Lasianthus Jack, nom. cons. -- Lathraeocarpa Bremek. -- Lecananthus Jack -- Lecanosperma Rusby -- Lecariocalyx Bremek. -- Lelya Bremek. -- Lemyrea (A. Chev.) A. Chev. & Beille -- Lepidostoma Bremek. -- Leptactina Hook. f. -- Leptodermis Wall. -- Leptomischus Drake -- Leptoscela Hook. f. -- Leptostigma Arn. -- Lerchea L., nom. cons. -- Leucocodon Gardner -- Leucolophus Bremek. -- Limnosipanea Hook. f. -- Lucinaea DC. -- Luculia Sweet -- Lucya DC., nom. cons. -- Ludekia Ridsdale -- Macbrideina Standl. -- Machaonia Bonpl. -- Macrocnemum P. Browne -- Macrosphyra Hook. f. -- Maguireocharis Steyerm. -- Maguireothamnus Steyerm. -- Malanea Aubl. -- Manettia Mutis ex L., nom. cons. -- Manostachya Bremek. -- Mantalania Capuron ex J.-F. Leroy -- Margaritopsis C. Wright -- Maschalocorymbus Bremek. -- Maschalodesme Lauterb. & K. Schum. -- Massularia (K. Schum.) moyle -- Mastixiodendron Melch. -- Mazaea Krug & Urb. -- Melanopsidium Colla -- Mericarpaea Boiss. -- Merumea Steyerm. -- Metadina Bakh. f. -- Meyna Roxb. ex Link -- Micrasepalum Urb. -- Microphysa Schrenk -- Mitchella L. -- Mitracarpus Zucc. ex Schult. & Schult. f. -- Mitragyna Korth., nom. cons. -- Mitrasacmopsis Jovet -- Mitriostigma Hochst. -- Molopanthera Turcz. -- Monosalpinx N. Hallé -- Montamans Dwyer -- Morelia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Morierina Vieill. -- Morinda L. -- Morindopsis Hook. f. -- Motleyia J. T. Johanss. -- Mouretia Pit. -- Multidentia Gilli -- Mussaenda L. -- Mussaendopsis Baill. -- Mycetia Reinw. -- Myonima Comm. ex Juss. -- Myrioneuron R. Br. ex Benth. & Hook. f. -- Myrmecodia Jack -- Myrmeconauclea Merr. -- Myrmephytum Becc. -- Naletonia Bremek. -- Nargedia Bedd. -- Nauclea L. -- Neanotis W. H. Lewis -- Neblinathamnus Steyerm. -- Nematostylis Hook. f. -- Nenax Gaertn. -- Neobertiera Wernham -- Neoblakea Standl. -- Neofranciella Guillaumin -- Neohymenopogon Bennet -- Neolamarckia Bosser -- Neolaugeria Nicolson -- Neomussaenda Tange -- Neonauclea Merr. -- Neopentanisia Verdc. -- Nernstia Urb. -- Nertera Banks ex Gaertn., nom. cons. -- Nesohedyotis (Hook. f.) Bremek. -- Neurocalyx Hook. -- Nichallea Bridson -- Nodocarpaea A. Gray -- Nonatelia Aubl. -- Normandia Hook. f. -- Nostolachma T. Durand -- Notopleura (Benth. & Hook. f.) Bremek. -- Ochreinauclea Ridsdale & Bakh. f. -- Octotropis Bedd. -- Oldenlandia L. -- Oldenlandiopsis Terrell & W. H. Lewis -- Oligocodon Keay -- Omiltemia Standl. -- Opercularia Gaertn. -- Ophiorrhiza L. -- Ophryococcus Oerst. -- Oregandra Standl. -- Oreopolus Schltdl. -- Osa Aiello -- Otiophora Zucc. -- Otocalyx Brandegee -- Otomeria Benth. -- Ottoschmidtia Urb. -- Oxyanthus DC. -- Oxyceros Lour. -- Pachystigma Hochst. -- Pachystylus K. Schum. -- Paederia L., nom. cons. -- Pagamea Aubl. -- Pagameopsis Steyerm. -- Palicourea Aubl. -- Pamplethantha Bremek. -- Paracephaelis Baill. -- Parachimarrhis Ducke -- Paracorynanthe Capuron -- Paragenipa Baill. -- Paraknoxia Bremek. -- Parapentas Bremek. -- Paratriaina Bremek. -- Pauridiantha Hook. f. -- Pausinystalia Pierre ex Beille -- Pavetta L. -- Payera Baill., nom. cons. -- Pelagodendron Seem. -- Pentagonia Benth., nom. cons. -- Pentaloncha Hook. f. -- Pentanisia Harv. -- Pentanopsis Rendle -- Pentas Benth. -- Pentodon Hochst. -- Peponidium (Baill.) Arènes -- Perakanthus Robyns -- Perama Aubl. -- Peripeplus Pierre -- Pertusadina Ridsdale -- Petagomoa Bremek. -- Petitiocodon Robbr. -- Phellocalyx Bridson -- Phialanthus Griseb. -- Phitopis Hook. f. -- Phuopsis (Griseb.) Hook. f. -- Phyllacanthus Hook. f. -- Phyllis L. -- Phyllocrater Wernham -- Phyllomelia Griseb. -- Phylohydrax Puff -- Picardaea Urb. -- Pimentelia Wedd. -- Pinarophyllon Brandegee -- Pinckneya Michx. -- Pittoniotis Griseb. -- Placocarpa Hook. f. -- Placopoda Balf. f. -- Platycarpum Bonpl. -- Plectroniella Robyns -- Pleiocarpidia K. Schum. -- Pleiocoryne Rauschert -- Pleiocraterium Bremek. -- Plocama Aiton -- Poecilocalyx Bremek. -- Pogonolobus F. Muell. -- Pogonopus Klotzsch -- Polysphaeria Hook. f. -- Polyura Hook. f. -- Pomax Sol. ex DC. -- Porterandia Ridl. -- Portlandia P. Browne -- Posoqueria Aubl. -- Pouchetia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Praravinia Korth. -- Pravinaria Bremek. -- Preussiodora Keay -- Prismatomeris Thwaites -- Proscephaleium Korth. -- Psathura Comm. ex Juss. -- Pseudaidia Tirveng. -- Pseudogaillonia Lincz. -- Pseudohamelia Wernham -- Pseudomantalania J.-F. Leroy -- Pseudomussaenda Wernham -- Pseudonesohedyotis Tennant -- Pseudopyxis Miq. -- Pseudosabicea N. Hallé -- Psilanthus Hook. f., nom. cons. -- Psychotria L., nom. cons. -- Psydrax Gaertn. -- Psyllocarpus Mart. & Zucc. -- Pteridocalyx Wernham -- Pterogaillonia Lincz. -- Pubistylus Thoth. -- Putoria Pers. -- Pygmaeothamnus Robyns -- Pyragra Bremek. -- Pyrostria Comm. ex Juss. -- Rachicallis DC. -- Ramosmania Tirveng. & Verdc. -- Randia L. -- Raritebe Wernham -- Readea Gillespie -- Remijia DC. -- Rennellia Korth. -- Retiniphyllum Bonpl. -- Rhadinopus S. Moore -- Rhaphidura Bremek. -- Rhipidantha Bremek. -- Rhopalobrachium Schltr. & K. Krause -- Rhyssocarpus Endl. -- Richardia L. -- Riodocea Delprete -- Riqueuria Ruiz & Pav. -- Robynsia Hutch., nom. cons. -- Roigella Borhidi & Z. M. Fernández -- Ronabea Aubl. -- Rondeletia L. -- Rosenbergiodendron Fagerl. -- Rothmannia Thunb. -- Rubia L. -- Rudgea Salisb. -- Rustia Klotzsch -- Rutidea DC. -- Rytigynia Blume -- Sabicea Aubl. -- Sacosperma G. Taylor -- Saldinia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Salzmannia DC. -- Saprosma Blume -- Sarcocephalus Afzel. ex Sabine -- Sarcopygme Setch. & Christoph. -- Schachtia H. Karst. -- Schismatoclada Baker -- Schizenterospermum Homolle ex Arènes -- Schizocolea Bremek. -- Schizomussaenda H. W. Li -- Schizostigma Arn. ex Meisn. -- Schmidtottia Urb. -- Schradera Vahl, nom. cons. -- Schumanniophyton Harms -- Schwendenera K. Schum. -- Scolosanthus Vahl -- Scyphiphora C. F. Gaertn. -- Scyphochlamys Balf. f. -- Scyphostachys Thwaites -- Sericanthe Robbr. -- Serissa Comm. ex Juss. -- Shaferocharis Urb. -- Sherardia L. -- Sherbournia G. Don -- Siemensia Urb. -- Simira Aubl. -- Sinoadina Ridsdale -- Sipanea Aubl. -- Sipaneopsis Steyerm. -- Siphonandrium K. Schum. -- Sommera Schltdl. -- Spathichlamys R. Parker -- Spermacoce L. -- Spermadictyon Roxb. -- Sphinctanthus Benth. -- Spiradiclis Blume -- Squamellaria Becc. -- Stachyarrhena Hook. f. -- Stachyococcus Standl. -- Staelia Cham. & Schltdl. -- Standleya Brade -- Steenisia Bakh. f. -- Stelechantha Bremek. -- Stenaria Terrell -- Stenosepala C. Perss. -- Stephanococcus Bremek. -- Stevensia Poit. -- Steyermarkia Standl. -- Stichianthus Valeton -- Stilpnophyllum Hook. f. -- Stipularia P. Beauv. -- Streblosa Korth. -- Streblosiopsis Valeton -- Strempelia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Strumpfia Jacq. -- Stylosiphonia Brandegee -- Suberanthus Borhidi & Z. M. Fernández -- Sukunia A. C. Sm. -- Sulitia Merr. -- Synaptantha Hook. f. -- Syringantha Standl. -- Tamilnadia Tirveng. & Sastre -- Tammsia H. Karst., nom. cons. -- Tapiphyllum Robyns -- Tarenna Gaertn. -- Tarennoidea Tirveng. & Sastre -- Temnocalyx Robyns -- Temnopteryx Hook. f. -- Tennantia Verdc. -- Thecorchus Bremek. -- Thogsennia Aiello -- Thyridocalyx Bremek. -- Timonius DC., nom. cons. -- Tobagoa Urb. -- Tocoyena Aubl. -- Tortuella Urb. -- Trailliaedoxa W. W. Sm. & Forrest -- Tresanthera H. Karst. -- Triainolepis Hook. f. -- Tricalysia A. Rich. ex DC. -- Trichostachys Hook. f., nom. cons. -- Trigonopyren Bremek. -- Trukia Kaneh. -- Tsiangia But et al. -- Uncaria Schreb., nom. cons. -- Urophyllum Wall. -- Valantia L. -- Vangueria Juss. -- Vangueriella Verdc. -- Vangueriopsis Robyns -- Versteegia Valeton -- Villaria Rolfe, nom. cons. -- Virectaria Bremek. -- Warburgina Eig -- Warszewiczia Klotzsch -- Wendlandia Bartl. ex DC., nom. cons. -- Wittmackanthus Kuntze -- Xanthophytum Reinw. ex Blume -- Xantonnea Pierre ex Pit. -- Xantonneopsis Pit. -- Xerococcus Oerst. -- Yutajea Steyerm. -- Zuccarinia Blume, nom. cons.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 995. Chaw, S.-M. & V.V. Sivarajan. 1989. Seed coat micromorphology of some Asiatic Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae). Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 30:15–24; Eriksson, O. & B. Bremer. 1991. Fruit characteristics, life forms, and species richness in the plant family Rubiaceae. Am. Nat. 138:751–761.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Gaertner, Engler & Prantl, Baillon, LeMaout & Decaisne, Roosmalen, Schopmeyer, Wood, Jr. Seed illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, Baillon, LeMaout & Decaisne, Schopmeyer, Chaw & Sivarajan (1989). Embryo illustration(s): Engler & Prantl, Baillon, LeMaout & Decaisne, Schopmeyer, Wood, Jr., Martin.
• Seed. 1 of 39. Cinchona pubescens Vahl: seeds. • Fruit. 2 of 39. Coffea arabica L.: fruit. • Seed. 3 of 39. Coffea arabica L.: seeds. • Fruit. 4 of 39. Diodia apiculata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum.: fruit. • Seed. 5 of 39. Diodia apiculata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum.: seeds. • Seed. 6 of 39. Galium mollugo L.: fruits. • Fruit. 7 of 39. Hedyotis acuminata (Cham. & Schlechtend.) Steud.: fruit with peduncle and calyx. • Seed. 8 of 39. Hedyotis acuminata (Cham. & Schlechtend.) Steud.: seeds. • Seed. 9 of 39. Morinda jasminoides A. Cunn. ex Hook.: seeds. • Fruit. 10 of 39. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.: fruit. • Seed. 11 of 39. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.: seeds. • Fruit. 12 of 39. Paederia linearis Hook. F.: fruit on branch. • Seed. 13 of 39. Paederia linearis Hook. F.: seeds. • Fruit. 14 of 39. Pausinystalia talbotii Wernham: fruit. • Seed. 15 of 39. Pausinystalia talbotii Wernham: seeds. • Fruit. 16 of 39. Nauclea diderrichii (DeWild.) Merr.: entire fruit and cross sectioned fruit. • Seed. 17 of 39. Nauclea diderrichii (DeWild.) Merr.: seeds. • Fruit. 18 of 39. Sherardia arvensis L.: fruiting head. • Seed. 19 of 39. Sherardia arvensis L.: fruits. • Seed. 20 of 39. Spermacoce hispida L.: seeds. • Fruit. 21 of 39. Genipa americana L.: fruit. • Seed. 22 of 39. Genipa americana L.: seeds. • Seed. 23 of 39. Genipa americana L.: seed. • Fruit. 24 of 39. Henriquezia nitida Spruce ex Benth. var. nitida: fruit. • Seed. 25 of 39. Henriquezia nitida Spruce ex Benth. var. nitida: seed. • Fruit. 26 of 39. Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir.: fruits. • Seed. 27 of 39. Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir.: seeds. • Embryo. 28 of 39. Spermacoce alata Aubl.: embryo. • Embryo. 29 of 39. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f.: embryo. • Embryo. 30 of 39. Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc.: embryo. • Embryo. 32 of 39. Psychotria ruelliifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Mull. Arg.: embryo. • Embryo. 33 of 39. Dentella repens Forster & G. Forster: embryo. • Embryo. 34 of 39. Galium spurium L.: embryo. • Embryo. 35 of 39. Hedyotis auricularia L.: embryo. • Embryo. 36 of 39. Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Bremek.: embryo. • Embryo. 37 of 39. Mitracarpus scaber Zucc.: embryo. • Embryo. 38 of 39. Oldenlandia capensis L. f.: embryo. • Embryo. 39 of 39. Paederia foetida L.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
