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Synonyms: Triphyophyllaceae Emb., nom. inval.
Common name: Dioncophyllaceae Family.
Number of genera 3. Number of species 3.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule; loculicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; few; 2–5-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; without sterile carpels; apex not beaked; dehiscent (opening well before maturation). Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; smooth; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus long (elongated & thickened); short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); persisting in fruit after seed shed (elongated, thickened, rigid & long-exerted).
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; 5 to less than 10 mm long to 50+ mm long; 70–120 mm long; circular; in transection compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface striate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; pubescent; without glandular pubescence; with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing encompassing seed; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s) similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; thick; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Endosperm development nuclear (assumed); copious; opaque (assumed); smooth; with starch; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.7 width of endosperm; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous (assumed); smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed (assumed); straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Old World. Africa (tropical rain forest).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Dioncophyllum Baill. -- Habropetalum Airy Shaw -- Triphyophyllum Airy Shaw
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 407. Airy Shaw, H.K. 1951. On the Dioncophyllaceae, a remarkable new family of flowering plants. Kew Bull. 1951:327–347.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and no seed illustrations. Cronquist has no illustration. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Airy Shaw (1951). Embryo illustration(s): Airy Shaw (1951).
• Fruit. 1 of 4. Dioncophyllum thollonii Baill.: fruit. • Fruit. 2 of 4. Dioncophyllum thollonii Baill.: fruit with wing removed. • Seed. 3 of 4. Dioncophyllum thollonii Baill.: seed. • Embryo. 4 of 4. Dioncophyllum thollonii Baill.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
