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Queensland: Making Terra Nullius

Life on land

"If the old Aboriginal people were able to come back to this land, the land they once called sacred and named, there would be nothing left for them, no bush food, plant or animal, no shelter, waterholes drained or trampled".

Peter Hylands, Andrea Hylands

July 28, 2023

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How we think about the land that we live on, what we know about the ecosystems we live in, which are as important in sustaining us as they are all other species, tells us about how well we belong in a place. This story was written in 2014 during an extensive trip across Queensland.

Queensland and its species

The extinct, threatened and vulnerable species in Queensland provide a powerful description of a journey from the once sacred and sung lands of Aboriginal Australia, to a place described in the minds of at least some of its new inhabitants, as useless scrub, a falsehood that allows for its pointless and vast scale destruction.

“Regional extinctions are also commonplace as the range (distribution) of a species contracts and fragments. This self-deception means that conservation status listing of Australian species is not keeping up with the rapid decline of the species that live on the Australian Continent. The politics involved in listing species includes influencing outcomes, this is particularly evident when it comes to Kangaroo, Possum and Parrot species”. Peter and Andrea Hylands

‍

Lesser Sooty Owl — Lesser Sooty Owl Tyto multipunctata

Queensland and its species

queensland-and-its-species

Humans first

Queensland August 2014 population: 4,742,368;
Queensland size square kms: 1,730,648;
Queensland persons per square km: 2.75 people (less than three);
England size square km: 130,373 (England fits13.25 times into Queensland); and
Singapore persons per square km: 7,301 people (less than 7,500).

humans-first

Invertebrates

NOTE: Invertebrates: Information in Queensland Government listings in relating to invertebrates is poor and the list, if it existed for invertebrates, would be extensive. Many species that will have been exterminated to date will not have been described. The matter can be demonstrated by providing the estimated number species in Australia:

Beetle species: 80,000 with 22,000 described;
Fly species: 30,000 with 7,500 described;
Wasps, bees and ants (Hymenoptera) 44,000 species;
Moths: 22,000 species with 11,000 described;
Butterflies: 416 species; and
In total that is an estimated 176,416 species listed above, of which just over 30 per cent have been described

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invertebrates

The knowledge

As at 2014, in some instances the Queensland Government listings contradict the status of the IUCN red list, or indeed that of Australia’s Federal Government. For example, while the Northern Gastric Brooding Frog Rheobatrachus vitellinus is listed by the Australian Federal Government as extinct, as it is in the IUCN global list, the Queensland Government have listed the animal as endangered. Another example and there are many, Allan’s Lerista Leristaallanae, a skink, is listed by the IUCN as critically endangered while the Queensland Government list the species as endangered. The Queensland Government’s classification strategies of these species is likely to distort the true situation for many of the plants and animals living in the state.

Even animals with the word Common in their name are in trouble.

the-knowledge

States, Territories and borders

Species also do not respect borders and many species may exist in more than one Australian state or territory. All Australian states and territories have many issues with the conservation of species, so Queensland should not be regarded as the only state with an appalling record of species conservation.

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Queensland Koala

States, Territories and borders

states-territories-and-borders

Koala

The iconic Koala Phascolarctos cinereus is in big trouble in Queensland because of land clearing. The Australian Federal Government (April 2012) added the Koala to the threatened species list as vulnerable in Queensland, New South Wales and the ACT, as at 2014, this appears not to have happened in Queensland’s own listings (other than a regionally vulnerable listing in SEQ, otherwise within Queensland the Koala is considered as common, which it is not). No doubt the Queensland non-listing is to ensure the Koala does not get in the way of further deforestation efforts. The Koala is an indicator to the attitudes of the Queensland Government and its departments.

And so to 2022, the Koala was listed as endangered by Australia's Federal Government in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory on 11 February 2022, while the Victorian Government pretends it has too many Koalas. Needless to say, in Queensland and elsewhere, Koala habitat continues to be bulldozed, all too often along with the Koalas.

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koala

The same old same

In the last century or so, what has been done to the environment in Queensland, including extensive clearing of all vegetation types and ecosystems, including tropical rainforests, has created a situation where there are now very significant environmental issues both on the land and in the oceans. Whether it is the disregard for the ecology of the Great Barrier Reef or the health of the Great Artesian Basin and fresh water systems, or deforestation and species decline and extinction, management of introduced species, all are poorly judged and their implications concealed from a tolerant population. Today, the only answer for economic development of the state is just more of the same old same.

The same old same

the-same-old-same

Extinct in the wild

This first section lists species now extinct in the wild, many are extinct and the species has no captive populations. There are numerous regional extinctions across this vast state.

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Bramble Cay Melomys Melomys rubicola. Photo courtesy Rebecca Diete, Luke Leung, UQ

Extinct in the wild

extinct-in-the-wild

Mammals

Bramble Cay Melomys Melomys rubicola‍
Dusky Flying-fox Pteropus brunneus‍
Eastern Bettong Bettongia gaimardi gaimardi‍
Desert Rat-kangaroo Caloprymnus campestris‍
White-footed Tree-rat Conilurus albipes‍
Western Quoll Dasyurus geoffroii geoffroii‍
Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Notomys mordax‍
Blue-gray Mouse Pseudomys glaucus

mammals

Birds

Paradise Parrot Psephotus pulcherrimus

birds

Plants

plants

Amphibians

Southern Gastric-brooding Frog Rheobatrachus silus ‍
The Northern Gastric-brooding Frog Rheobatrachus vitellinus‍
Sharp-snouted Day Frog, Sharp-snouted Torrent Frog Taudactylus acutirostris‍
Southern Day Frog, Mt Glorious Torrent Frog Taudactylus diurnus

NOTE: Extinct (in the wild wildlife) - reptiles, fish and invertebrates not listed, amphibians partly listed

amphibians

Endangered

This section provides an indication of the range of species that are endangered in Queensland.

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Spectacled Flying Fox Pteropus conspicillatus — Spectacled Flying Fox Pteropus conspicillatus

endangered-2

Mammals

Proserpine Rock-wallaby Petrogale persephone‍
Sharman’s Rock-wallaby Petrogale sharmani‍
Northern Bettong Bettongia tropica‍
Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurusmaculatus gracilis‍
Semon’s leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros semoni‍
Northern hairy-nosed Wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii‍
Bilby Macrotis lagotis‍
Dusky Hopping-mouse Notomys fuscus‍
Bridled Nailtail Wallaby Onychogalea fraenata‍
Mahogany Glider Petaurus gracilis‍
Plains Rat Pseudomys australis‍
Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus philippinensis‍
Bare-rumped Sheathtail Bat Saccolaimus saccolaimus nudicluniatus‍
Julia Creek Dunnart Sminthopsis douglasi
Spectacled Flying Fox Pteropus conspicillatus

mammals-2

Birds

Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia‍
Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii‍
Double-eyed Fig-parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni‍
Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus‍
Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea macgregori‍
Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus‍
Gouldian finch Erythrura gouldiae‍
Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor‍
Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus‍
Crimson Finch (white-bellied subspecies) Neochmia phaeton evangelinae‍
Star Finch (eastern subspecies) Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda‍
Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis‍
Black-throated Finch (white-rumped subspecies) Poephila cincta cincta‍
Golden-shouldered Parrot Psephotus chrysopterygius‍
Herald Petrel Pterodroma heraldica‍
Little Tern Sternula albifrons

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Reptiles

Long-legged Worm Skink Anomalopus mackayi‍
Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta‍
Leathery Turtle Dermochelys coriacea‍
Mary River Tortoise Elusor macrurus‍
Grey Snake Hemiaspis damelii‍
Pacific Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea‍
Allan’s Lerista Lerista allanae‍
Nangur Skink Nangura spinosa‍
Gulbaru Gecko Phyllurus gulbaru‍
Oakview Leaf-tailed Gecko Phyllurus kabikabi‍
Darling Downs Earless Dragon Tympanocryptis cf. tetraporophora

reptiles

Amphibians

Little Waterfall Frog Litoria lorica‍
Torrent Tree Frog Litoria nannotis‍
Mountain Mist Frog Litoria nyakalensis‍
Common Mist Frog Litoria rheocola‍
Fleay’s Barred Frog Mixophyes fleayi‍
Giant Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus‍
Australian Lacelid Nyctimystes dayi‍
Southern Gastric Brooding Frog Rheobatrachussilus‍
Northern Gastric BroodingFrog Rheobatrachus vitellinus
Sharp-snouted Torrent Frog Taudactylus acutirostris
Mount Glorious Torrent Frog Taudactylus diurnus
Eungella Torrent Frog Taudactylus eungellensis
Kroombit Tinker Frog Taudactylus pleione
Northern Tinker Frog Taudactylus rheophilus
Cascade Tree Frog Litoria pearsoniana

amphibians-2

Fish

Grey Nurse Shark Carcharias taurus‍
Elizabeth Springs Goby Chlamydogobius micropterus‍
Edgbaston Goby Chlamydogobius squamigenus‍
Red-finned Blue-eye Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis

fish

Invertebrates

Australian Fritillary Butterfly Argyreus hyperbius inconstans‍
Bulloak Jewel Butterfly Hypochrysops piceata

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Plants

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Vulnerable

This is typical of what happens to species, this time the Australian Lungfish, Ceratodus. Here is an extract from an article by Harry Frauca, February 1964.

“By the time it had become known to science the Ceratodus’ habitat had been reduced to the Burnett and Mary Rivers in Queensland. From an ecological standpoint it could be regarded as a species that very nearly became extinct before scientists had a chance to study it. Now it has been introduced into various other Queensland rivers, where it is said to be doing well and in its home waters it seems to be not uncommon and as both rivers flow through sparsely populated farm and bush country. It is safe for the present from industrial pollution. The term living fossil was coined by Charles Darwin when he wrote in his Origin of the Species and in fresh water we find some of the most anomalous forms now known in the world”.

Things have clearly changed since 1964 and today the Lungfish is a protected species and may not be caught without a special permit. The species is however not listed as threatened or endangered as it did not meet the criteria for listing. It is included on the list of vulnerable species and was added to the CITES list in 1977.

vulnerable

Mammals

Dugong Dugong dugon‍
Subantarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus tropicalis
Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri
Mulgara Dasycercus cristicauda
Kowari Dasyuroides byrnei
Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus maculatus
Fawn Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros cervinus
Northern Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros stenotis
Coastal Sheathtail Bat Taphozous australis
Orange Leaf-nosed Bat Rhinonicteris aurantia
Ghost bat Macroderma gigas
Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae
Tube-nosed Insect Bat Murina florium
Northern Hopping-mouse Notomys aquilo
Eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus timoriensis
Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis unnamed subsp. (northern subspecies)
Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata
Purple-necked Rock-wallaby Petrogale purpureicollis
Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus tridactylus
Hastings River Mouse Pseudomys oralis
False Water-rat Xeromys myoides

mammals-3

Birds

Rufous Scrub-bird Atrichornis rufescens‍
Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami‍
Southern Cassowary (northern population) Casuarius casuarius johnsonii‍
Double-eyed Fig-parrot (Macleay’s) Cyclopsitta diophthalma macleayana‍
Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis‍
Gibson’s Albatross Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni‍
Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans‍
Eclectus Parrot (Australian subspecies) Eclectus roratus macgillivrayi‍
Yellow Chat (Gulf) Epthianura crocea crocea‍
Beach Stone-curlew Esacus magnirostris‍
Squatter Pigeon (southern subspecies) Geophapsscripta scripta‍
Painted Honeyeater Grantiella picta‍
Major Mitchell’s Cockatoo Lophochroa leadbeateri‍
Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli‍
Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Malurus coronatus‍
Rufous Owl (southern subspecies) Ninox rufa queenslandica‍
Powerful Owl Ninox strenua‍
Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus‍
Wallicus Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus‍
Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda‍
Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca‍
Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus plumiferus‍
Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis‍
Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus‍
Buller’s Albatross Thalassarche bulleri‍
Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri‍
Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta‍
Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma‍
White-capped Albatross Thalassarche steadi‍
Black-breasted Button-quail Turnix melanogaster‍
Buff-breasted Button-quail Turnix olivii‍
Masked Owl (northern subspecies) Tyto novaehollandiae kimberli

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Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus, Photo Mat Gilfedder

birds-3

Reptiles

Black Mountain Rainbow Skink Carlia scirtetis‍
Green Turtle Chelonia mydas‍
Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus‍
Striped-tailed Delma Delma labialis‍
Collared Delma Delma torquata‍
Ornamental Snake Denisonia maculata
Yakka Skink Egernia rugosa‍
Gulf Snapping Turtle Elseya lavarackorum‍
Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata‍
Bartle Frere Barsided Skink Eulamprus frerei‍
Orange-speckled Forest Skink Eulamprus luteilateralis‍
Dunmall’s snake Furina dunmalli‍
Limbless Fine-lined Slider Lerista ameles‍
Ingram’s Lerista Lerista ingrami‍
Mount Cooper Striped Lerista Lerista vittata‍
Magnetic Island Dwarf Skink Menetia sadlieri‍
Black Mountain Gecko Nactus galgajuga‍
Flatback Turtle Natator depressus‍
McIlwraith Leaf-tailed Gecko Orraya occultus‍
Brigalow Scaly-foot Paradelma orientalis‍
Ringed Thin-tailed Gecko Phyllurus caudiannulatus‍
Mount Jukes Broad-tailed Gecko Phyllurus isis‍
Fitzroy Tortoise Rheodytes leukops
Bartle Frere Cool-skink Techmarscincus jigurru

reptiles-2

Amphibians

Tusked Frog Adelotus brevis‍
Beautiful Nursery Frog Cophixalus concinnus‍
Northern Nursery Frog Cophixalus crepitans‍
Dainty Nursery Frog Cophixalus exiguus‍
Mt Elliot Nursery Frog Cophixalus mcdonaldi‍
Mountain Nursery Frog Cophixalus monticola‍
Bellenden Ker Nursery Frog Cophixalus neglectus‍
Cape York Nursery Frog Cophixalus peninsularis‍
Black Mountain Nursery Frog Cophixalus saxatilis‍
Cape Melville Boulder Frog Cophixalus zweifeli‍
Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula‍
Cascade Tree Frog Litoria pearsoniana‍
Melville Range Tree Frog Litoria andiirrmalin‍
Freycinet’s Frog Litoria freycineti‍
Wallum Sedge Frog Litoria olongburensis‍
New England Tree Frog Litoria subglandulosa‍
Magnificent Brood Frog Pseudophryne covacevichae

amphibians-3

Fish

Pygmy Perch Nannoperca oxleyana oxleyan‍
Honey Blue-eye Pseudomugil mellis

fish-2

Invertebrates

Illidge’s Ant-blue Butterfly Acrodipsas illidgei‍
Apollo Jewel Butterfly Hypochrysops apollo apollo‍
Pale Imperial Hairstreak Jalmenus eubulus‍
Bold Blue-line Butterfly Nacaduba pactolus cela‍
Richmond Birdwing Butterfly Ornithoptera richmondia

invertebrates-3

Plants

plants-3

Near threatened

If you want to be really angry about what is happening to wildlife populations around the world, Queensland is a very good place to start. Apart from anything else, the so called humane killing of Kangaroos promoted by the Queensland Government, is in reality brutal, sometimes engaging young children in the extreme violence towards native animals, violence that is sometimes sexualised by adults, both male and female. This is not only awful for the animals who often die terrible deaths, but for the people engaged in the killing and the culture that has to live with it.

At the time of writing, no listings for fish species or insects in 'Near threatened' were found.

Near threatened

near-threatened

Mammals

Atherton Antechinus Antechinus godmani‍
Cinnamon Antechinus Antechinus leo‍
Little Pied Bat Chalinolobus picatus‍
Bennett’s Tree-kangaroo Dendrolagus bennettianus‍
Lumholtz’s Tree-kangaroo Dendrolagus lumholtzi‍
Bare-backed Fruit Bat Dobsonia moluccensis‍
Lemuroid Ringtail Possum Hemibelideus lemuroides‍
Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros diadema reginae‍
Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis‍
Torresian Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimene cephalotes‍
Pygmy Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus walkeri‍
Australian Snubfin Dolphin Orcaella heinsohni‍
Cape York Rock Wallaby Petrogale coenensis‍
Mareeba Rock Wallaby Petrogale mareeba‍
Southern Common Cuscus Phalanger mimicus‍
Green Ringtail Possum Pseudochirops archeri‍
Daintree River Ringtail Possum Pseudochirulus cinereus ‍
Herbert River Ringtail Possum Pseudochirulus herbertensis‍
Papuan Sheathtail Bat Saccolaimus mixtus ‍
Chestnut Dunnart Sminthopsis archeri‍
White-footed Dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus ‍
Indo-pacific Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis‍
Common Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus maculatus‍
Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus

mammals-4

Birds

Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae‍
Australian Swiftlet Aerodramus terraereginae‍
Grey Grass Wren Amytornis barbatus‍
Carpentarian Grass Wren Amytornis dorotheae‍
Striated Grass Wren Amytornis striatus‍
Streaked Fantail Warbler Cisticola juncidis normani (Normanton subspecies)
Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops‍
Double-eyed Fig Parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma marshalli‍
Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus‍
Blue-faced Parrot-finch Erythrura trichroa‍
Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos‍
Sooty Oyster Catcher Haematopus fuliginosus‍
Pictorella Mannikin Heteromunia pectoralis ‍
Lewin’s Rail Lewinia pectoralis‍
Eungella Honeyeater Lichenostomus hindwoodi‍
Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura‍
Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis‍
Albert’s Lyrebird Menura alberti‍
Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae‍
Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella‍
Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus‍
Rufous Owl (Cape York subspecies) Ninox rufa meesi‍
Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis‍
Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus‍
Redthroat Pyrrholaemus brunneus‍
Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa‍
Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah‍
Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa tenebricosa

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Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah — Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah

birds-4

Reptiles

Common Death Adder Acanthophisantarcticus‍
Cape York Worm Skink Anomalopus pluto‍
Bilby Snake Aspidites ramsayi‍
Thornton Peak Skink Calyptotis thorntonensis‍
Chillagoe Litter Skink Carlia rococo‍
Endeavour River Litter Skink Carlia tanneri‍
Limbless Snake-tooth Skink Coeranoscincus frontalis‍
Three-toed Snake-toothed Skink Coeranoscincusr eticulatus‍
Fuhn’s Snake-eyed Skink Cryptoblepharus fuhni‍
Oorida Ctenotus Ctenotus aphrodite‍
Ariadna's Ctenotus Ctenotus ariadnae‍
Capricorn Ctenotus Ctenotus capricorni‍
Cape Heath Ctenotus Ctenotusr awlinsoni‍
Black-soil Rises Ctenotus Ctenotus schevilli‍
Gravel-downs Ctenotus Ctenotus serotinus‍
“Venture Creek Ctenotus” Ctenotus zebrilla‍
Atherton Delma Delma mitella‍
Mangrove Skink Emoia atrocostata‍
Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle Emydura subglobosa‍
Elf Skink Eroticoscincus graciloides‍
Lemon-barred Forest-skink Eulamprus amplus‍
Yellow-blotched Forest-skink Eulamprus tigrinus‍
Yellow-naped Snake Furina barnardi‍
Atherton Tableland Mulch Skink Glaphyromorphus mjobergi‍
Rainforest Cool-skink Harrisoniascincus zia‍
Bunya Sunskink Lampropholis colossus‍
Saxicoline Sunskink Lampropholis mirabilis‍
Grey-bellied Sunskink Lampropholis robertsi‍
Slender Chained Gecko Lepidodactylus pumilus‍
Vine-thicket Fine-lined Slider Lerista cinerea‍
Karl's Lerista Lerista karlschmidti‍
Chillagoe Fine-lined Slider Lerista storri‍
Two-toed fine-lined slider Lerista wilkinsi‍
Green Python Morelia viridis‍
Border Thick-tailed Gecko Nephrurus sphyrurus‍
Cooloola Snake-skink Ophioscincus cooloolensis‍
Western Taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus‍
Collett’s Snake Pseudechis colletti‍
Faint-striped Blind Snake Ramphotyphlops broomi‍
Great Sandy Blind Snake Ramphotyphlops silvia‍
Pink Snake Rhinoplocephalus incredibilis‍
Orange-tailed Shadeskink Saproscincus rosei‍
Pale-lipped Shade Skink Saproscincus spectabilis‍
Robust Burrowing Snake Simoselaps warro‍
Golden-tailed Gecko Strophurus taenicauda‍
Emerald Monitor Varanus prasinus

reptiles-3

Amphibians

Pouched Frog Assa darlingtoni‍
Tapping Nursery Frog Cophixalus aenigma‍
Rattling Nursery Frog Cophixalus hosmeri
Rough Collared Frog Cyclorana verrucosa‍
Red and Yellow Mountain Frog Kyarranus kundagungan‍
Masked Mountain Frog Kyarranus loveridgei‍
Green-thighed Frog Litoria brevipalmata‍
Cooloola Sedge Frog Litoria cooloolensis‍
Tapping Green-eyed Frog Litoria genimaculata‍
Long Snouted Tree Frog Litoria longirostris‍
Whirring Tree Frog Litoria revelata‍
Eungella Tinker Frog Taudactylus liemi

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amphibians-4

Plants

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plants-4