Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
www.iiste.org
Diversity, Regeneration, Structure and Uses of Some Woody
Species in Borana Forests of Southern Ethiopia: The Case of
Yaballo and Arero Forests
Teshome Soromessa
Center for Environmental Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Email:
teshome.soromessa@aau.edu.et
Abstract
Studies on diversity, regeneration, structural and uses of some woody species in the Borana Forests, one of the
Afromontane forests of Ethiopia, were made. In order to gather vegetation and environmental data from the
study forest, a 900 m2 (30 m x 30 m) quadrat was laid following the homogeneity of vegetation. Investigation of
the seedling density and regeneration of target species has been carried out using the same quadrat size, 30 m x
30 m. In each of these quadrats, the numbers of all seedlings that are up to the height of 150 cm were recorded.
Individuals attaining 150 cm and above in height but less than 10 cm thick were considered as sapling and
counted. Interview was conducted for the investigation of the various pressures exerted on different species. A
total of 355 plant species belonging to 78 families and three divisions were recorded from the Borana Forests. Of
these 2 were gymnosperms and 9 were pteridophyta, while the remaining were angiosperms. Structural and
regeneration studies of some woody species indicated that there are species that require urgent conservation
measures. To provide a better management and monitoring as well as to maintain the biodiversity, cultural and
economic values of the forest unsustainable utility of the forest would be controlled with the various
conservation activities in place.
Keywords: Arero Forest, Borana Forests, Endemism, Regeneration, Structure, Yaballo Forest
INTRODUCTION
In many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries, natural forest vegetation cover is diminishing at
an alarming rate. This, on its part, is resulting in an unprecedented loss of biological diversity. In addition, basic
information on the extent, distribution, species diversity and the rate of deforestation in Ethiopia is very limited.
According to Logan (1946), a wide spread deforestation had already devastated most of the forest areas and
consequently, the remaining total extent of montane type of forest vegetation cover in the mid-1950s was not
more than 16% (i.e. about 17 mill. ha) of the country’s total land area. Such a devastating trend of deforestation
continued unchallenged over the five decades that followed, and in the event, the remaining natural high forest
vegetation suffered an ever more drastic loss (EFAP, 1994) to the extent that only 2.3–2.7% of the country’s total
land area (i.e. about 2.5mil. ha) was left with forest cover at the turn of the last century, though the land cover of
the country is now on the increase. The need for fuel wood, arable land and grazing areas are the main causes of
forest degradation, frequently leading to loss of forest cover and biodiversity, erosion, desertification and
reduced water resources. Several studies focussing on forests or vegetation of specific regions in Ethiopia
(Hedberg, 1957; Mooney, 1963; Gilbert, 1970; Coetzee, 1978; Friis et al., 1982; Zerihun, 1985; Sebsebe, 1988;
Uhlig, 1988; Zerihun et al., 1989; Uhlig & Uhlig, 1990; Zerihun & Backeus, 1991; Haugen, 1992; Mesfin, 1992;
Miehe & Miehe, 1994; Menassie and Masresha, 1996; Zerihun and Sileshi, 1998; Demel, 2000; Fayera and
Demel, 2003; Kumelachew and Taye, 2003; Teshome and Sebsebe, 2002; Teshome et. al., 2004; ) have been
carried out. Moreover, the vegetation resources of Ethiopia, including forests, woodlands and bush lands, have
been studied by several scholars (Woldemichael, 1979; Logan, 1946; Pichi-Sermolli, 1957; von Breitenbach,
1961, 1963; Westphal, 1975; Chaffey, 1979; Tewolde, 1986, 1988; Friis, 1986, 1992; Friis and Mesfin, 1990;
EFAP, 1994; Ensermu and Teshome, 2008; Teshome et al., 2011; Fekadu et al., 2011 & 2012; Adugna et. al.,
2013; Teshome, 2013; Teshome and Ensermu, 2013a & 2013b; Teshome and Ensermu, 2014; Mohammed et. al.,
2014) who have employed different methods of vegetation classification. Almost all the aforementioned studies
have made a pencil note about the intractable loss of this natural resource. In Ethiopia at the moment, owing to
the current climate change scenario, there has been growing realisation of the severity of resource degradation
both by the public and the government. In line with the realisation of forest degradation, the government of
Ethiopia disclosed its support for the development of National Conservation Strategy (NCS) under which the
first sectorial development program for the Ethiopia Forestry Action Program was prepared (EFAP, 1994).
Despite, such commitment and awareness, not enough is being done to avert the situation, and there remains a
wide gap at government level between problem awareness and the action to combat the problem. It is therefore,
imperative and urgent to study the biodiversity, ecological status and regeneration potentials of the various
forests in general and that of Borana in particular so as to device management systems thereby mitigating this
alarming situation. In view of the aforementioned facts, the present study aims at assessing the status,
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Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
www.iiste.org
regeneration and diversity of woody species in Borana Forests of southern Ethiopia.
Location of the study area
The Borana Forests are found in the present Guji and Borana Zones of Oromia Regional State (see Fig. 1). The
specific forest site is a Regional Forest Priority Area called Yaballo-Arero Forest Priority Area. These forests are
within what is called the Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism of White (1983). Borana Forests are
located on the southern parts of the country occupying certain patches in Yaballo and Arero areas ranging from
1300 -2250 m a.s.l. Most of these forest areas lie between 1400 to 2200 m a.s.l. The native people in the forested
areas are the Oromos with some settlers residing in the towns adjacent to the forests. According to Daniel
Gammachu (1977), the southern parts of the country belong to Type II rainfall regime that experience two rainy
seasons characterised as bimodal pattern. Yaballo belong to this class having the highest rain in April and
October.
Fig. 1 Location of the study area
With regard to soil, a generalised account on the Nature and Management of Ethiopian Soils was in Mesfin
(1998), with particular references to their genesis, classification, distribution and sound management aimed at
their sustainable utilisation. Others like Logan (1946), Murphy (1958), Westphal (1975), and EMA (1988) also
made descriptions and surveys of Ethiopian soils. Based on that, in Sidamo-Borana psammitic schists and
hardened sandstone are predominant in the Basement complexes between the Magado Forest and Mega, with the
large exposures of such rocks at Yaballo and Gara Fulli. From 2 km east of Dawa River, east wards to the
Mesozoic escarpment at Nagelle, isoclinally folded rocks are predominantly formed of chlorite schist, mica
schist, concretionary limestone and phyllite (Mohr, 1971). Furthermore, Mohr (1971) reported the occurrences of
carbonatite north of Yaballo and gneiss north of Nagelle.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling Design
Initially, the survey crew made reconnaissance survey of the separate forests so as to obtain an impression and
visual description of the general vegetation physiognomy and hypothesize vegetation-environment relationships
such as altitude, slope and aspect. Discussion germane to forest resources was conducted with the local people
(particularly the beneficiaries of the forests) and responsible personnel from the representatives of Farm-Africa,
SOS-Sahel in the respective study areas. Both the staff of Farm-Africa and SOS-Sahel officials had already
delineated their respective forests into different Forest patches which made the sampling easier. In Yaballo Forest
the visited forest patches were Yubdo Qaqerramso Forest Block, Gombo Guddo Forest Block and Nyaro Forest
Block, while in Arero Guto Hirmaye, Oblo-Cafa, Bobella-Guto and Haro Dimtu-Mata Gafarsa were visitied.
Vegetation and Environmental Data
In order to gather vegetation and environmental data from the study forests, a 900 m2 (30 m x 30 m) quadrat was
laid following the homogeneity of vegetation. Sample plots were selected through preferential means in such a
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Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
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way that the various conditions encountered represented in the study forest. Woody species were counted.
Additional tree and shrub species within 10-m distance from the plot boundaries were recorded as present.
Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height of all woody species that are above 150 cm high and more than 10
cm thick were recorded. DBH was measured using a meter tape and height of individuals was measured using
Clinometer. Investigation of the seedling density and regeneration of target species has been carried out using the
same quadrat size, 30 m x 30 m. Partitions were made within the big quadrat so as to make seedling counts
easier. In each of these quadrats, the numbers of all seedlings that are up to the height of 150 cm were recorded.
Individuals attaining 150 cm and above in height but less than 10 cm thick were considered as sapling and
counted.
Interview was conducted for the investigation of the various pressures exerted on different species.
The local people particularly the elders who are more likely to know plant vernacular names and their detailed
uses were interviewed. The information on vernacular names and the various uses of species were gathered from
the informants via repeated field interviews as described in Maundu (1995); Kamatenesi-Mugisha et al. (2002)
and Kakudidi et al. (2002). Plant specimens were identified at the National Herbarium and in the field. All
voucher specimens that were in flowering and/or fruiting stages were brought to the National Herbarium of
Addis Ababa University and deposited. Nomenclature of plant taxa follows Hedberg and Edwards (1989, 1995)
and Edwards et al. (1995, 1997 and 2000).
Data Analysis
The vegetation and environmental data gathered from the field were fed into a computer for the subsequent
analysis of the data. The vertical structure of the forests were described following the International Union for
Forestry Research Organisation (IUFRO) classification scheme (Lamprecht, 1989) that categorise the vertical
structure as upper, middle and lower storeys. The population structures of some selected species were analysed
for the interpretation of the pattern of population dynamics in the forest.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Biodiversity (Phytodiversity) of the Study Forests
Analysis of the diversity of plant species occurring in Borana Forests indicated that there are a total of 355
species belonging to 78 families. Of these diverse species only two Gymnosperm species were recorded, namely
the elegant Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus. The remaining 9 species belong to pteridophyta and the
other 345 species belong to the angiosperms as indicated in Figure 2 below.
Number of individuals
Borana
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Height class
Fig. 2 Proportions of angiosperm, gymnosperms and pteridophytes in Borana Forests.
As indicated above the total families of plants recorded from Borana Forests make up 78 all together. Of these
families, family Fabaceae is the most dominant family and is represented by 42 species making 11.8 % of the
total species in the list. The second dominant is Asteraceae, which is represented by 27 species. Families Poaceae
and Rubiaceae are represented by 19 species each. A complete list of the species recorded from Borana Forests is
found in Appendix 1.
Floristic
The vegetation in Borana belongs to the Dry-single dominant Afromontane Forest type. Juniper is, for example,
found in all the Forest blocks with different degrees of abundance, threat and regeneration potentials. In Yubdo
Qaqeramso Forest Block (Yaballo Forest), the following species could be encountered: Croton macrostachyus,
Calpurnea aurea, Psydrax schimperiana, Acacia tortilis, A. seyal, A. senegal, Combretum molle, Podocarpus
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Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
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falcatus, Olea europaea, Teclea simplicifolia, Gardenia ternifolia, Faurea speciosa, Olinia rochetiana,
Maytenus arbutifolia, Schrebera alata, Osyris quadripartita, Myrsine africana, Ficus vasta, Dichrostachys
cinerea, Bersama abyssinica, Phoenix reclinata, Justicia heterocarpa, Scadoxus multiflorus, Hypoestes
forsskaolii, Hyparrhenia hirta are among others. At 2200 m above sea level around Dhaga Koba,
Tarchonanthus camphoratus seems to dominate as a shrub and with some sedge in the field layer. Gombo
Guddo Forest block has more or less similar species composition but with better land cover when compared to
Yubdo Qaqeramso and Nyaro blocks. One interesting observation in Gombo Guddo block was that, the east
facing sample plots showed the predominance of the forest by Juniperus procera in the upper layer and the west
facing sampling stands showed the predominance of Podocarpus falcatus in the upper layer of the forest. Such
aspect-based predominance might be due to the direction of the in coming rain. Other species in Gombo Guddo
block include the widely distributed Scolopia theifolia, Teclea simplicifolia, Commiphora africana, Olea
europaea, Psydrax schimperiana, Euclea divinorum, Acokanthera schimperi, Rhus natalensis, Nuxia congesta,
Myrsine africana, Olyra latifolia, Pentas lanceolata, Achyranthus aspera, Scadoxus multiflorus, Solanum
incanum, Commelina africana, Hypoestes forsskaolii and Commelina latifolia.In Nyaro Forest block, Juniper is
still the species seen on the upper layer. However, Nyaro block is the block closer to Yaballo town (about 7 km)
that experienced intense extraction of Juniperus procera, particularly for the purposes of timber, construction
and hive making. Other species in this block includes Scherebera alata, Scolopia theifolia, Tarchonanthus
camphoratus, Psydrax schimperiana, Euclea divinorum, Dodonea angustifolia, Rhus vulgaris, Olea europaea,
Acacia brevispica, Myrsine africana, Teclea simplicifolia, Acokanthera schimperi, Calpurnea aurea,
Achyranthes aspera, Ruttya fruticosa, Olyra latifolia, Hypoestes forsskaolii and Commelina africana are among
others. Of all the forests in Borana, the Arero Forest is the forest in a better land cover with the exception of one
of its patches, Haro-Dimtu Meta Gefersa. This patch is closer to the Arero town and experienced intense
exploitation similar to Nyaro block of Yaballo Forest. This vividly entails that more degradation is prevalent in
patches closer to towns that are accessible to dwellers. In Guto and Guto Hirmaye Forest Block (Arero Forest),
the floristic is almost similar. Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus always occupy the upper layer in both
blocks. Some other species of these blocks include Teclea simplicifolia, Olea europaea, O. capensis, Scolopia
theifolia, Psydrax schimperiana, Prunus africana, Olinia rochetiana, Acokanthera schimperi, Canthium
lactescens, C. pseudosetiflorum, Calpurnea aurea, Scherebera alata, Ficus vasta, F. thonningii, Acacia
brevispica, Zanthoxylum usambarense, Commiphora terebinthina, Cluttia abyssinica, Olyra latifolia, Asparagus
africana, Commelina africana, Hypoestes forsskaolii, Galium spurium and Pentas lanceolata. On the other hand,
in Haro-Dimtu Meta Gefersa Forest block Juniper still occupy the top layer. Some other species of this forest
block include Olea europaea, Acokanthera schimperi, Rhus natalensis, Acacia brevispica, Osyris quadripartita,
Combretum molle, Acacia tortilis, Dichrostachys cinerea, Scherebera alata, Pappea capensis, Steganotaenia
araliacea, Commiphora terebinthina, C. africana, Lannea rivae, Terminalia brownii, Ozoroa insignis, Psydrax
schimperiana, Grewia bicolor, Ocimum urticifolium, Justicia diclipteroides, J. heterocarpa and Barleria
eranthemoides having some characteristic species of Combretum-Terminalia woodland.
Vertical Structure
The vertical structure of the woody species occurring in the Borana Forests was analyzed using the IUFRO
classification scheme as cited in (Lamprecht, 1989). The scheme classifies the storey into upper, where the tree
height is greater than 2/3 of the top height; middle, where the tree height is in between 1/3 and 2/3 of the top
height and the lower storey where the tree height is less than 1/3 of the top height. The top height here is
considered as 45 m.
In Borana Forests, the upper storey of the forests is either Juniperus or Podocarpus or predominated
by both emergent species. In most of these forests, the middle storey is dominated by species like Olea
europaea, O. capensis, Scolopia theifolia and Allophylus abyssinicus. The lower storey of the forests is largely
composed of small trees and shrubs such as Myrsine africana, Teclea nobilis and Bersama abyssinica.
Density
Density of a given species is expressed as number of stems per hectare. With regards to density, the highest
density of species in Borana Forests was recorded for Scolopia theifolia (197.2 individuals per hectare) followed
by Haplocoelum foliolosum (142.8 individuals per hectare) and Teclea simplicifolia (71.6 individuals per
hectare). The least density was recorded for species like Ficus thonningii and F. vasta both accounting less than
an individual per hectare.
DBH and Height Profile
Summary of information on the frequency distribution of individuals in the various diameter and height classes
of Borana Forests is presented in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. It can be seen from these Figures that with an
increase in the DBH class size there is a decrease in the number of individuals. The highest proportion of
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Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
www.iiste.org
individuals in the second DBH class has been contributed by Scolopia theifolia. As seen from these Figures,
about 89% of the number of individuals was contributed by DBH classes 1, 2, and 3. This shows that the
individuals belonging to this proportion are between 10-80 cm thick in size. More over, the data suggested that
the forest is dominated by small sized individuals.
Number of species used
25
20
15
10
5
Cultural values
Use categories
Hive hanging
Bee forage
Medicinal
Charcoal
Firewood
Farm
implemets
Construction
Timber
0
Fig. 3 DBH classes versus number of individuals in Borana Forests.
Legend: 1=10-20 cm, 2=20.1-50 cm, 3=50.1-80 cm, 4=80.1-110 cm, 5=110.1-140 cm, 6= > 140 cm.
On the other hand, the frequency distribution of height classes of trees and shrubs in Borana Forests revealed a
trend where the distribution of individuals decreased from the small height classes to the bigger height classes
(see Fig. 4).
Borana
Number of individuals
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Height class
8
9
10
Fig. 4 Height classes versus number of individuals in Borana Forests.
Legend: 1=1.5-6 m, 2=6.1-9 m, 3=9.1-12 m, 4=12.1-15 m, 5=15.1-18 m, 6=18.1-21 m, 7=21.1-24 m, 8=24.1-27
m, 9=27.1-30 m, 10= > 30m.
Most trees and shrubs of the Borana Forests belong to lower height classes. As seen from the Figure, about
96.5% of the individuals investigated for height are below 18 m, while the remaining 3.5% are above 18 m tall.
Population Structure of Some Species
The population structure of 37 trees and shrub species occurring in Borana Forests was investigated. The
population structure of these species revealed four general patterns. The first pattern (Fig. 5a) is formed with a
species entailing a more or less even frequency distribution in the respective DBH classes. Scherebera alata
belongs to this group. This pattern is similar to the first pattern identified in Borana Forests and the pattern could
be explained in similar interpretation thereof.
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Fig. 5 a-e Five representative patterns of woody species over the DBH classes in Borana Forests.
The second pattern (Fig. 5b) is formed by species with the highest frequencies in the lower DBH classes. Prunus
africana, Pavetta abyssinica, Oncoba routledgeii, Maytenus arbutifolia and Rhus natalensis belong to this
pattern. The third pattern (Fig. 5 c) is formed by Juniperus procera where more individuals are found in the
higher DBH classes. In a better land cover as in Arero Forest where disturbances have been relatively low,
younger Juniperus procera individuals were not encountered. It seems likely that this particular species require
a cleared space or an open canopy to reproduce and recruit it self in the forest. Furthermore, the older mother
trees might not be reproductively active. The fourth pattern (Fig. 5d) is formed where the frequencies of
individuals of a species is lower in the lowest DBH class, followed by increment of individuals in subsequent
classes and then decreases gradually towards the higher classes. Psydrax schimperiana and Apodytes dimidiata
belong to this pattern. The last pattern (Fig. 5e) is formed by individuals of a species represented in certain
classes and absent in others. Besides Ficus vasta, F. thonningii and Fagaropsis hildebrandtii belong to such
pattern.
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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
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Regeneration Status of Some Woody Species
The regeneration status of thirty-seven woody species occurring in Borana Forests was analyzed. From the
information in the figure below, the seedling, sapling and tree/shrub status of some selected species was
presented in as Figure 6. As seen from the result some species were not represented in the seedling stage. These
include Euclea divinorum, Teclea nobilis, Ficus thonningii, F. vasta, Acacia brevispica, Canthium lactescens,
Combretum collinum, Rhus natalensis, Fagaropsis hildebrandtii and Olinia rochetiana. Others like Podocarpus
falcatus and Oncoba routledgei were not represented by the sapling stage. Different patterns of seedling, sapling
and tree/shrub distribution could be exhibited by different species depending on several factors among others,
the ability of a species to reproduce in a forest and the extent of pressure on that particular species that could
threaten it. With different parameters in mind some species are highly represented by their seedlings, while
others take the contrary position. The highest number of seedling was recorded for Haplocoelum foliolosum
followed by Scolopia theifolia. However, the highest number of seedling recorded for Haplocoelum foliolosum
was not a general trend in the forest; rather it was a record from certain blocks only. The highest number of
sapling was recorded for Scolopia theifolia followed by Teclea simplicifolia. The highest tree/shrub was
recorded again for Scolopia theifolia followed by Teclea simplicifolia. This may suggest that Scolopia theifolia
is a species that perform well under the existing conditions.
Fig. 6 Seedlings, saplings and tree/shrub distribution of some selected species occurring in Borana Forests.
Use Values of Some Selected Species
An interview on the uses of some major plant species was made so as to deduce the extent of pressure on a
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Number of species used
particular species. The participants have pointed out the major uses of wood products and non-wood products
extracted from the forest. The use of plants by the local people can be grouped into a number of non-restrictive
categories. For the purposes of simplicity, the following use categories of the plants were considered here:
timber, construction, farm implements, firewood, charcoal, spices, medicinal, bee forage, cultural values and for
hive hanging purposes. Of the 39 species included in the interview, 30 species are used for firewood, 27 species
for bee keeping purposes, 20 species for construction, 11 species for cultural purposes, 13 species for farm
implements, 12 species for charcoal production and 12 species are used for medicinal purposes (see Figure 7). It
is important to note here that many species could serve different purposes and seem to be over exploited.
25
20
15
10
5
Cultural values
Hive hanging
Bee forage
Medicinal
Charcoal
Firewood
Farm implemets
Construction
Timber
0
Use categories
Fig. 7 Use categories and the number of species used in Borana Forests
Endemism
There are a number of flowering plant species in the forests investigated that are endemic to one of the forests.
Information on the endemic flowering plant species of Ethiopia and the levels of threat to them has been
published in Ensermu et al. (1992), and Vivero et al. (2005). Based on the published Flora volumes and the lists
of species in the three forests, the endemic species and the levels of threat on each taxon are given in Table 1,
below.
Table 1 Endemic species occurring in Borana Forests
No.
Scientific name
1
Aloe yavellana
2
Asystasia ammophila
3
Bidens zavattari
4
Ceropegia convolvuloides
5
Conyza abyssinica
6
Conyza megaensis
7
Cyphostemma niveum
8
Dombeya aethiopica
9
Gladiolus negeliensis
10
Justicia diclipteroides subsp. megaensis
11
Leucas abyssinica
12
Melhania beguinotii
13
Melhania zavattari
14
Thunbergia mauginii
15
Tinnea somalensis
Status
EN
VU
EN
NT
LC
CR
LC
LC
CR
CR
LC
EN
VU
EN
LC
Family
Aloaceae
Acanthaceae
Asteraceae
Ascepiadaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Vitaceae
Sterculiaceae
Iridaceae
Acanthaceae
Lamiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Acanthaceae
Lamiaceae
Table 1 show that 15 endemic species have been recorded from Borana Forests. Based on the IUCN Criteria of
level of threat, 3 species are critically endangered (CR), 4 are endangered (EN) and 2 species have been
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evaluated as vulnerable (VU). The three critically endangered taxa are restricted to the most threatened forests
calling utmost attention for conservation of these species. The remaining one species has been under near
threatened (NT) while five species were found to be categorized as species of least concern (LC).
Status of Some Selected Species
Some woody species of the Borana Forests are used for many purposes. Moreover, these species are not
represented (if represented by few individual) by the various stages of development. It is then pretty clear that
such species that have been over utilized and lack replacement would eventually disappear from the forest. For
example, Ficus vasta and Combretum collinum (see Table 2) are not represented by either seedling or sapling
stages, showing that these species are those that need immediate conservation measures. Contrary to this fact,
some species though over utilized are represented by better individuals (e.g., Scolopia theifolia) at different
stages. Species that are used for various purposes and yet bearing pattern I type of population structure are those
that have good reproduction and recruitment. Such species are those that don’t need urgent conservation
attention.
Table 2 Status of some selected species of the Borana Forests. Note that the structure of these species is the one
discussed under population structure previously.
Species
SE
SA
T/Sh
Number of uses
Acacia brevispica
1
4
Acocanthera schimperi
310
22
89
4
Canthium lactescence
4
1
Combretum collinum
1
1
Dodonea angustifolia
62
4
12
5
Eculea divinorum
27
6
Juniperus procera
46
50
129
6
Maerua triphylla
3
1
Olea capensis
1
101
2
Olea europea
162
91
150
5
Podocarpus falcatus
25
23
6
Psydrax schimperiana
205
130
136
5
Scherebera alata
13
10
10
1
Scolopia theifolia
933
457
385
3
Strychnos mitis
157
56
141
4
Teclea simplicifolia
393
251
312
4
Trimeria grandifolia
7
3
Zanthoxylum usambarense
11
3
4
2
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study has revealed that the forests in Borana are at different levels of status and utilisation. They also have
different combinations of factors – both climatic and socio-economic factors. However, combinations of the
different factors are forcing the inhabitants of all the forests to move into the forest areas and encroachments on
the forests come from both the inhabitants and those living in nearby urban centres. In the Borana Forests, there
are also differences in the health status of the forests at Yaballo and Arero. Arero forest is at a better level of
utilisation and shows a better healthy status as compared to that of Yaballo. However, there are also tangible
differences even among forest blocks and forest patches, within the same forest area. For example, a healthy
situation has been observed in Gombo Gudo Forest Block where the highest number of woody and herbaceous
plant species was recorded. Nyaro forest block is the closest block to Yaballo town and it shows the least healthy
situation where the diversity of both woody and herbaceous flora has been under sever situation. The dominant
tree species, Juniperus procera has been seriously affected; the wood being extracted for firewood and
construction and the bark for the construction of hats and beehives. Timber extraction has also affected the
survival of the species throughout Yaballo Forest, with Nyaro forest block the most affected one in the area. In
Arero Forest, except for the highly affected Mata Gefersa Forest Block, which is situated close to Arero town,
the other forest blocks have a better relatively healthy status. However, felling of mature Juniperus procera trees
just for the collection of wild honey and peeling off the bark for the construction of beehives and hats have been
observed. In general the following points could be taken into consideration.
Yaballo Forest
Enrichment plantation of species like Juniperus procera, Euphorbia adjurana, Olea europaea in Nyaro and
Yudbo Qaqerramso (also Podocarpus falcatus for this block),
17
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Vol.5, No.11, 2015
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Enhance controlled Eucalyptus plantation around Yaballo town for reducing pressure on the forest species,
particularly Juniperus procera that is used for construction and fuelwood heavily,
Rotational grazing pattern that is practised in Arero and Gombo Guddo will also be adopted,
Assist in the propagation and the distribution of seedlings of plants whose uses are already wide spread in
the area and which are threatened, e.g. Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Euphorbia adjurana, Olea
capensis etc.
Teach modern animal husbandry so as to reduce the number of livestock that pose pressure on the forest
resources and introduce modern beehives in the area.
Arero Forest
• Although there are relatively better concentrations of Juniperus procera in Arero forest, there is a strong
pressure on the existing individuals from felling for wild honey collection, peeling barks for hives and hat
construction. Thus peeling of barks for such purposes should be avoided as much as possible,
• Remove dead-standing trees of Juniperus procera and (other tree species) and other canopy disliking
species,
•
Assist in the propagation and the distribution of seedlings of plants whose uses are already wide spread
in the area and which are threatened, e.g. Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Prunus africana, Olea
capensis, etc.
• In Meta Gefersa, introduce enrichment plantation of Juniperus procera and other important indigenous
trees like Olea europaea and also introduce controlled Eucalyptus plantation for reducing pressure on the
remnant indigenous trees and for income generation,
• Introduce modern beehives,
• Teach modern animal husbandry and encourage rotational grazing.
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Appendix 1: A complete list of species collected from Borana Forests
Scientific name
Abutilon figarianum Webb
Acacia albida Del.
Acacia brevispica Harms
Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Sjostedt
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
Acacia seyal Del.
Acacia sieberiana DC.
Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne
Acalypha volkensii Pax
Achyranthes aspera L.
Acokanthera schimperi (A.DC.) Schweinf.
Actiniopteris dimorpha Pichi-Serm.
Adiantum incisum Forssk.
Adiantum pedatum L.
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Albuca abyssinica Jacq.
Aloe yavellana Reynolds
Amaranthus caudatus L.
Amarathus hybridus L.
Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pichi-Serm.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Androcymbium striatum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Aneilema hockii De Wild.
Aneilema johnstonii K. Schum.
Anthospermum herbaceum L.f.
Aristida adscensionis L.
Asparagus africanus Lam.
Asparagus racemosa Willd.
Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech.
Asplenium theciferum (Knuth) Mett.
Asystasia ammophila Ensermu
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.
Barleria eranthemoides R.Br. ex C.B. Clarke
Afaan Oromoo
Ambo
Hammarreessa
Fulleessa
Sabansa
Burquqqee
Bokossaa
Waaccuu
Dhaddacha
Qaraaruu
Hargeessa
Seerricha
Sariitii
Sariitii
Adaa
Arabdoo Teessa
Baddana
Qilxiphee/Mogoree
20
Family
Malvaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Amaranthaceae
Apocynaceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Amaranthaceae
Asteraceae
Hyacinthaceae
Aloaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Araceae
Primulaceae
Colchicaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Rubiaceae
Poaceae
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae
Asteraceae
Aspleniaceae
Aspleniaceae
Acanthaceae
Balanitaceae
Acanthaceae
Habit
Shrub
Tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Shrub
Herb
Shrub/tree
Fern
Fern
Fern
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Grass
Climber
Shrub
Shrub
Fern
Fern
Herb
Tree
Shrub
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Vol.5, No.11, 2015
Scientific name
Barleria hildebrandtiiS. Moore
Barleria spinisepala E.A. Bruce
Bersama abyssinica Fresen.
Bidens pilosa L.
Bidens zavattari Cuf.
Blepharis maderspatensis (L.) Roth
Bulbine abyssinica A.Rich.
Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.
Canthium lactescensHiern
Capparis tomentosaLam.
Carissa spinarum L.
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.
Caucanthus auriculatus (Radlk.) Niedenzu
Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen.) Ficsh. & Mey.
Centrus ciliaris L.
Ceropegia convolvuloides A.Rich.
Ceropegia cufodontis Chiov.
Chaemacrista hildebrandtii Vatke
Chascanum gillettii Mold.
Chaschanum hildebrandtii (Vatke) Gillett
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chenopodium schraderianum Schult.
Cissus petiolata Hook.f.
Cleome gynandra L.
Cleome hirta (Kl.) Oliv.
Cleome monophylla L.
Cleome usambarica Pax
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke
Clutia abyssinica jaub. & Spach.
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Combretum collinum Fresen.
Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don
Commelina africana L.
Commelina benghalensis L.
Commelina foliacea Chiov.
Commelina latifoliaHochst. ex A.Rich.
Commelina petersiiHassk.
Commelina reptans Brenan
Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl.
Commiphora habessinica (Berg) Engl.
Commiphora serrulata Engl.
Commiphora terebinthinaVollesen
Conyza abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Ait.
Conyza hochstetteri SCh. Bip.
Conyza megaensis F.G. Davies
Conyza pedunculata (Oliv.) H. Wild
Conyza pyrrhopappa Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza schimperi Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.
Conyza stricta Willd.
Cordia africana Lam.
Cordia gharaf (Forssk.) Aschers.
Crabbea velutina S. Moore
Crassula alsinoides (Hook.f.) Engl.
Crassula schimperi Fisch. & Mey.
Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh.
Craterostigma smithiiS. Moore
Crinum abyssinicum Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Crossandra mucronata Lindau
Crotalaria cylindrica A.Rich.
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Afaan Oromoo
Dhallaa
Qilxiphee
Gaddaa
Ceekkata
Korboo
Ogoraa Gaalaa
Dhagamsa
Jimaa
Aramaa
Araayyee
Onnonnuu
Obeessa
Halakoo Ajoo
Harcummee Mormaa
Burii
Lu'oo
Rukkeessa
Qaayyoo
Hammeessa Dhiiroo
Callaanqaa
Hammeessa
Sangaa Igguu
Waddeessa
Kubdhaa
Buttee Waraabessaa
Sayisa
21
Family
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Melianthaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Acanthaceae
Asphodelaceae
Fabaceae
Rubiaceae
Capparidaceae
Apocynaceae
Celastraceae
Malpighiaceae
Resedaceae
Poaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Fabaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Vitaceae
Capparidaceae
Capparidaceae
Capparidaceae
Capparidaceae
Lamiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Acanthaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Acanthaceae
Fabaceae
Habit
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub
Climber/shrub
Tree/shrub
Climber
Herb
Grass
Climber
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Climber
Tree
Tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Tree
Herb/shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb/shrub
Herb
Herb
Tree
Tree/shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
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Vol.5, No.11, 2015
Scientific name
Crotalaria fascicularis Polhill
Crotalaria laburnifolia L.
Crotalaria lachnocarpoides Engl.
Crotalaria oligosperma Polhill
Crotalaria succulata Chiov.
Croton macrostachyus Del.
Croton schimperiana Muell. Arg.
Cucumis aculeatus Cogn.
Cucumis prophetarum L.
Cussonia holstii Harms ex Engl.
Cyanotis barbata D.Don
Cyathula cylindrica Moq.
Cycnium erectum Rendle
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cyperus comosipes Mattf. & Kuk
Cyperus dubius Rott.
Cyperus rubicundus Vahl
Cyphia glandulifera Hochst. ex A.Rch.
Cyphostemma adenocaule (A.Rich.) Wild & Drummond
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum (Fresen.) Wild & Drummond
Cyphostemma niveum (Hochsat. ex Schweinf.) Desc.
Cyphostemma serpens (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Desc.
Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) O. kuntze
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
Dioscorea quartiniana A. Rich.
Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern)F. White
Diplolophium africanum Turcz.
Dodonaea angustifolia L.f.
Dolichos luticola Verdc.
Dolichos sericeus E.Mey
Dolichos trilobus L.
Dombeya aethiopica Gilli
Dorstenia barnimiana Schweinf.
Dregea schimperi (Decne) Bullock
Drimia altissima (L.f.) Ker-Gwal.
Dyschoriste multicaulis (A. Rich.) O. Kuntze
Dyschoriste radicans Nees
Echinops angustifolius S. Moore
Echinops hispidus Fresen.
Echiochilon lithospermoides (S.Moore) I.M. Johnston
Ehretia cymosa Thonn.
Eleusine floccifolia Spreng.
Eleusine intermedia (Chiov.) S.M. Phillips
Eragrostis capitulifera Chiov.
Eragrostis olivacea K.Schum.
Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh.
Eriosema nutans Schinz
Erythrococca abyssinica Pax
Euclea divinorum Hiern
Euphorbia adjurana Bally & Carter
Euphorbia crotonoides Boiss.
Euphorbia depauperata A.Rich.
Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond.
Euphorbia lophiosperma S. Carter
Euphorbia nubica N.E. Br.
Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milne-Redh.
Faurea speciosa Welw.
Ficus thonningii Blume
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Afaan Oromoo
Makkanniisa
Burii
Abrattuu
Cophii
Cophii
Jirimee
Baroodaa
Lookoo
Dhittacha
Daannisaa/Sililaacha
Rarii
Miirtuu
Raphachoo
Bursii
Ulaagaa
Coqorsa
Lolloqaa
Adda Kaarroo
Hirqaaqamuu
Mi'eessaa
Adaammaa
Angayyaa
Gaddaa
Daansee
Danbii
22
Family
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Araliaceae
Commelinaceae
Amaranthaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Poaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Lobeliacae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Ebenaceae
Apiaceae
Sapindaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Sterculiaceae
Moraceae
Asclepiadaceae
Hyacinthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Loranthaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Ebenaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Rutaceae
Proteaceae
Moraceae
Habit
Herb/shrub
Herb
Herb/shrub
Shrub
Herb
Tree/shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Grass
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Herb
Shrub/tree
Climber
Tree
Herb
Shrub/tree
Herb
Climber
Climber
Tree
Herb
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Semi-parasite
Herb
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Shrub/tree
Tree
Tree
Tree/shrub
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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
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Scientific name
Ficus vasta Forssk.
Galium spurium L.
Gardenia ternifolia K. Schum. & Thonn.
Gladiolus candidus (Rendle) Goldblatt
Gladiolus negeliensis Goldblatt
Gloriosa superba L.
Gnidia somalensis (Franch.) Gilg.
Gnidia stenophylla Gilg.
Gomphocarpus stenophyllus Oliv.
Gomphrena celosiodes Mart.
Grewia kakothmnos K.Schum.
Grewia similis K.Schum.
Grewia trichocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Grewia villosa Willd.
Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov.
Haplocoelum foliolosum (Hiern) Bullock
Harpachne schimperi Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Helichrysum gerebrifolium (Sch.Bip.) A.Rich.
Helichrysum glumaceum DC.
Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Scult.
Hibiscus aponeurus Sprague & Hutch.
Hibiscus crassinerius A.Rich.
Hibiscus flavifolius Ulbr.
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke
Hibiscus vitifolius L.
Hippocratea goetzei Loes.
Hyparrhenia anamesia W.D.Clayton
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Hypericum annulatum Moris
Hypericum quartinianum A.Rich.
Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.
Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R.Br.
Hypoxis angustifolia Lam.
Hypoxis villosa L.f.
Indigofera amorphoides Jaub. & Spach.
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Indigofera brevicalyx Bak.f.
Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Spach.
Indigofera spicata Forssk.
Indigofera stipulosa Chiov.
Indigofera volkensii Taub.
Ipomoea sinensis (Desc.) Choisy
Isoglossa somalensis Lindau
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC.
Juniperus procera Endl.
Justicia calyculata Deflers
Justicia diclipteroidesL. subsp. megaensis Hedren
Justicia diclipteroidesLindau subsp. nierensis (Mildbr.)
Hedren
Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl
Justicia heterocarpa T.Anders.
Justicia striata (Kl.) Bullock
Kalanchoe citrina Schweinf.
Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC.
Kleinia grantii (Oliv.& Hiern) Hook.f.
Kleinia odora (Forssk.) DC.
Laggera alata (D. Don) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv.
Lannea rivae (Chiov.) Sacl.
Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.) Engl.
Afaan Oromoo
Qilxaa
Gambella
Qorsa Bofaa
Hoomaa
Aarsaa
Aarsaa
Dheekkaa/Xoqonuu
Bungaala
Harooressa
Canaa
Hancabbii
Tamboo Beeraa
Aliyaanquu
Luuccolee/Gaaguroo
Qorsa Bofaa
Agaggaroo Harree
Obbee
Qalamii
Hindheessa
Bosoqqee
Bosoqqee
Ol Gabbis
Andaraka Baddaa
23
Family
Moraceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Colchicaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Amaranthaceae
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae
Asteraceae
Sapindaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Celastraceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Convolvulaceae
Acanthaceae
Oleaceae
Cupressaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Habit
Tree
Herb
Tree
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb/shrub
Herb/shrub
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub
Herb
Tree
Grass
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Grass
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Grass
Grass
Herb
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub/herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Climber
Tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Shrub/tree
Tree
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
Scientific name
Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl.
Lantana camara L.
Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl
Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauv.
Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop
Leucas abyssinica (Benth.) Briq.
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br.
Lobelia holstii Engl.
Maerua triphylla A. Rich.
Maytenus arbutifolia(A.Rich.) Wilczek
Maytenus buchananii (Loes.) Wilczek
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell
Melhania beguinotii Cuf.
Melhania zavattari Cuf.
Mimusops kummel A.DC.
Momordica foetida K.Schum.
Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees
Monsonia longipes Knuth
Myrsine africana L.
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes.
Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gartn.
Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen.
Ocimum urticifolium Roth
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.
Olea capensis L. subsp. macrocarpa (C.A. Wright) Verdc.
Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.
Olinia rochetiana A. Juss.
Oncoba routledgei Sprague
Oncocalyx glabratus (Engl.) M. Gilbert
Oncocalyx schimperi (A. Rich.) M. Gilbert
Opuntia ficus-indica(L.) Miller
Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl.
Osyris quadripartita Decne
Oxalis anthelmintica A.Rich.
Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalis obliquifolia A.Rich.
Oxygonum sinuatum (Meisn.) Dammer
Ozoroa insignis Del.
Pachycarpus petherickianus (Oliv.) Goyder
Panicum ruspolii Chiov.
Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.
Pavetta abyssinica Fresen.
Pavetta oliveriana Hiern
Pavonia gallaensis Ulbr.
Pelargonium multibracteatum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Pellaea calomelanos (Schwartz) Link
Pellaea doniana Hook.
Pellaea longipilosum Bonap.
Pellaea viridis (Forssk.) Prantl
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.
Pentanisia auranogyne S.Moore
Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers
Peucedanum harmsianum Wolff
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
Phyllanthus rotundifolius Willd.
Phyllanthus sepialis Muell.Arg.
Pimpinella schimperi Abebe
Pistacia aethiopica Kokwaro
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims
www.iiste.org
Afaan Oromoo
Family
Anacardiaceae
Midhaan Durbaa
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Quba Itti-dhayi
Asteraceae
Hyacinthaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lobeliaceae
Dhumasoo
Capparidaceae
Fonkolcha
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Celastraceae
Sterculiaceae
Ibiddoo
Sterculiaceae
Qolaatii
Sapotaceae
Gaarmalee
Cucurbitaceae
Acanthaceae
Geraniaceae
Qacama
Myrsinaceae
Celastraceae
Solanaceae
Muka Daalacha
Loganaceae
Urgoo Loonii
Lamiaceae
Saattuu
Rubiaceae
Gagamaa
Oleaceae
Ejersa
Oleaceae
Daaluu
Guddoo/Ejersa Oliniaceae
Darmii
Fullaasa
Flacourtiaceae
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae
Gamboora
Cactaceae
Buutiyyee
Fabaceae
Santalaceae
Xaaxayitoo
Oxalidaceae
Xaaxayitoo
Oxalidaceae
Oxalidaceae
Mogorree
Polygonaceae
Garrii
Anacardiaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Poaceae
Biiqqaa
Sapindaceae
Korkorree
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Malvaceae
Geraniaceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Buuyoo/Halaloo
Poaceae
Illamsa
Rubiaceae
Gaadalla
Rubiaceae
Apiaceae
Meexxii
Arecaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Dhirrii
Euphorbiaceae
Apiaceae
Jirirsa
Anacardiaceae
Raawwaa
Pittosporaceae
24
Habit
Tree
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Tree/shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Tree
Climber
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Herb
Tree/shrub
Herb
Herb
Tree
Tree
Tree
Shrub/tree
Semi-parasite
Semi-parasite
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Tree/shrub
Herb
Grass
Tree
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub
Herb
Fern
Fern
Fern
Fern
Grass
Herb
Herb/shrub
Herb
Tree
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Tree
Tree
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
Scientific name
Plectranthus xylopodum Lukhoba & Paton
Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Mirb.
Polygala sphenoptera Fresen.
Premna oligotricha Engl.
Premna schimperi Engl.
Protea gaguedi J.F.Gmel.
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm.
Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn.
Pseudognaphalium oligandrum (DC.) Hilliard & Burtt
Psychotrea kirkii Hiern
Psydrax parviflora (Afz.) Bridson
Psydrax schimperiana (A.Rich.) Bridson
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan
Pyrostria phyllanthoides (Baill.) Bridson
Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drummond
Rhus natalensis Krauss
Rhus ruspolii Engl.
Rhus tenuinervis Engl.
Rhus vulgaris Meikle
Rhynchosia densiflora (Roth) DC.
Rhynchosia malacophylla (Spreng.) Boj.
Ricinus communis L.
Rosa abyssinica Lindley
Ruellia prostrata Poir.
Ruttya fruticosa Lindau
Scadoxus multiflorus L.
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw.
Scolopia theifolia Gilg
Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv.
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.
Setaria trinervia Stapf & C.E. Hubb.
Sida ovata Forssk.
Sida schimperiana A.Rich.
Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) Penn.
Solanum denekense Dammer
Solanum incanum L.
Solanum lanzae Lebrun & Stork
Solanum nigrum L.
Spermacoce pusilla Wall.
Spermacoce senensis Klotsch
Sporobolus panicoides A.Rich.
Sporobolus pellucidus Hochst.
Sporobolus piliferus (Trin.) Kunth
Sporopbolus discosporus Nees
Stachys argillicola Sebsebe
Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. Ex A.Rich.
Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke
Struthiola thomsonii Oliv.
Strychnos mitis S.Moore
Tagetes minuta L.
Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.
Tapinanthus heteromorpha (A.Rich.) Dammer
Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.
Tarenna graveolens (S.Moore) Bremek.
Teclea simplicifolia (Engl.) Verdoorn
Tephrosia emeroides A.Rich.
Tephrosia hildebrandtii Vatke
Tephrosia holstii Taub.
Tephrosia interrupta Hochst. & Steud. ex Engl.
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Afaan Oromoo
Barbaarressa
Birbirsa
Muka Gurraacha
Gaallee
Qajimaa
Hoobane/Xaruu
Daboobessa Baddaa
Qobboo
Gaalee
Xuuxiyyee
Abraasaa
Dhamee
Muka Diimaa
Arxummee
Maxaaxee
Iddii Loonii
Hadhaawaa
Luqaanluqqee
Sunkii
Qincoo
Adaaddoo
Hadheessa
25
Family
Lamiaceae
Podocarpaceae
Polygalaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Proteaceae
Rosaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Fabaceae
Rubiaceae
Vitaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Rosaceae
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Oleaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Sapotaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Lamiaceae
Apiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Loganiaceae
Asteraceae
Portulacaceae
Loranthaceae
Asteraceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Habit
Herb
Tree
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Tree
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Climber
Shrub/tree
Climber/shrub
Shrub/(tree)
Shrub/(tree)
Shrub
Shrub/(tree)
Climber
Climber
Tree like herb
Climber/shrub
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Tree/shrub
Tree
Tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Grass
Herb/shrub
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Grass
Grass
Grass
Grass
Herb
Tree
Herb
Shrub
Tree
Herb
Herb
Semi-parasite
Shrub
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub/herb
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.5, No.11, 2015
Scientific name
Terminalia brownii Fresen.
Themeda triandra Forssk.
Thunbergia mauginii Chiov.
Tinnea somalensis Gurke
Tragia brevipes Pax.
Triumfetta flavescens Hochst.
Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.
Vangueria apiculata K.Schum.
Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel.
Vangueria volkensii K.Schum.
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.
Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm.
Vernonia popeana C. Jeffery
Vigna membranacea A.Rich.
Viscum tuberculatum A. Rich.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Xysmalobium heudelotianum Decne
Zanthoxylum usambarense (Engl.)Kokwaro
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.
Zornia apiculata Milne-Redh.
www.iiste.org
Afaan Oromoo
Birreessa
Doobboo
Gurbii Hoolaa
Gurra Harree
Dirroo
Iddii Xirooftuu
Gaddaa
Qurquraa
Mar'imaan
26
Family
Combretaceae
Poaceae
Acanthaceae
Lamiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Tiliaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Viscaceae
Solanaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Rutaceae
Rhamnaceae
Fabaceae
Habit
Tree
Grass
Climber
Shrub
Climber
Herb
Tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
Shrub
Herb
Climber
Semi-parasite
Herb
Herb
Tree
Shrub/tree
Herb
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