WFL Publisher Science and Technology Meri-Rastilantie 3 B, FI-00980 Helsinki, Finland e-mail: info@world-food.net Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (1): 738-744. 2013 www.world-food.net Sustainability of the Mediterranean landscape in the urban: The case study of Antalya-Konyaaltı region Hande Sanem Cinar 1, Reyhan Erdogan 2*, Hakan Altıncekic 1 and Ekin Oktay 1 2 2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Fourth Blok, 07070 Campus, Antalya, Turkey. *e-mail: reyhanerdogan@akdeniz.edu.tr, saneme@istanbul.edu.tr, hakana@istanbul.edu.tr, eoktay@akdeniz.edu.tr Received 2 October 2012, accepted 26 January 2013. Abstract Antalya has been the centre of culture, art, architecture and mythology throughout its history. With its nature made up of dark blue seas, spectacular Taurus mountains, fervent waterfalls and world known holiday villages is what makes Antalya the capital of Tourism. Human impact on natural landscapes through urbanization era is becoming more and more dramatic and is the cause of serious environmental problems. Urban vegetation increased property values improve privacy and provide many environmental benefits. They reduce heating and cooling costs, reduce pollution, take up carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, provide habitat for wildlife, hold water and reduce soil erosion, but the mature plants that grace our cities today are not easily replaced. This makes care of our existing mature vegetation very important. The classic vegetation structures in Mediterranean-type ecosystems are evergreen shrublands dominated by species with sclerophyllous leaves. These shrublands are termed maquis or garrigue in the Mediterreranean Basin. Arbutus andrachne, Myrtus communis, Witex agnus catus, Nerium oleander, Phillyrea latifolia, Calicotome villosa, etc. maquis species are resistant to summer droughts, have deep rooting systems and resprouting capacity. Unfortunately, it is really difficult to see mature vegetation which belongs to Mediterranean vegetation in Antalya down town. However, the areas that are represent of the Mediterranean vegetation are facing extinction because of rapid urbanization in Antalya Konyaalti region. The aim of this study was to determine the protecting principles to existing Mediterranean vegetation and to put some suggestions for landscape design principles to sustain Mediterranean landscape in the Antalya Konyaalti region. Key words: Mediterranean, vegetation, urbanization, maquis, natural vegetation, protection, land-use, landscape, urban parks, Antalya. Introduction In space design disciplines, the term of the city identity is used with the term space identity. In sociological and cultural meanings these terms are very important for the identifying of spaces. City identity is build with the elements of the city which are historical buildings, natural-archaelogical places, coastal areas and natural protection areas 1. There must be some important and unique elements that help to build a city identity. Lynch 2 has defined these elements as good designed space, planned environment that integrated with the nature, protection of the cultural and historical places and he avoided to define the city as a place that only public earn money or a place only selected activities done. In addition to these, public that lives in urban space should contribute to build of the city identity while they attend to the unique activities of the urban areas 3, 4. In these point people must aware some important elements of the city heritage as natural historical and cultural valued areas. In this sense, Mediterranean cities are different from other part of the world by the view of distinctness. Mediterranean basin has special significance because its unique evolutionary and cultural history makes it one of the richest biological regions outside the tropics 5. Urban landscape planning is the most important issue for the 738 protection of the unique city characteristic areas. Urban landscape planning has a positive effect to build the city identity. Planning and managing of urban open spaces help it which is place peace between urban infrastructural, structural green and natural green areas and to plan places to serve recreational activities and satisfy the need to recreation of public6. Urban Landscape Planning helps to make a sustainable environment by using of these tools; * To make an urban open and green area system (urban parks, neighborhood parks, kindergartens, green corridors, refuges, agricultural areas, * To protect the bio-diversity in the urban and urban periphery ecosystem. * To protect the natural water harvesting basin patterns in the urban environment. * To protect of urban identity and improve the quality. * To protect of visual landscape values of perception in urban environment. * To protect the soil and vegetation cover and avoid from hard surfaces. Protection and improving of the natural vegetation is a way of Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (1), January 2013 building a good place for sustaining a standard life quality. Urban green space and the related green elements of the urban environment have conventionally been associated with urban recreation 7, 8 and the visual quality of towns 9, 10: the social aspects of environmental quality 11. Improving of the environmental quality helps to the city image and builds powerful urban social connections. All organisms come with genetic apparatus that determines their traits. However, the extent to which those traits are expressed is directly related to the environment. For example, a tree given optimal levels of light, water, nutrients, appropriate temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide will grow to its full generic potential 12. Trees are mainly a part of the natural ecosystems which are mostly forest ecosystems. They usually have difficulty when they planted in the urban environment. For these reasons, they cannot achieve to the function which they should serve to help urban ecology. Especially, wrong plant species which are not suitable to the area conditions by the ecological needs are usually picture of a weak and non-functional planting design 13, 14. The need of the water is expanded when the right plant species are not used for the climate conditions. Global climate change must be considered in planting designs which are applied in urban areas as in detail scale. Especically, in Mediterrenean climate zone areas are very sensitive to the water conditions in summer times. For this reason plant species which are resistant to the drought and have familiar habitat needs with the Mediterranean climate zone should be selected for applications. Using of these species protect the water reservations and make green zones for balancing the temprature 15. The use of exotic plant species in urban green areas has a lot of handicaps. Protecting natural green areas with the native vegetation cover provides positive ecological benefits. One of the benefits of these areas is shelter for the natural living creatures. Urban biodiversity-conservation theory and practice generally assume that only native plants effectively support native animal biodiversity 16, 17. The biodiversity value of urban and suburban parts of cities has largely been ignored because these areas are dominated by exotic plants planted by people 18. Antalya is a Mediterrean city and needs an action plan to protect and sustain its Mediterrean characteristic. For this duty, there are plenty of responsibility to public, local administrations and planning and design disciplines like landscape architecture or urban planning. The aim of this study is to determine the protecting principles to existing Mediterranean vegetation and to put some suggest for planting design principles for sustaining Mediterranean landscape in the Antalya Konyaalti region. Municipality. It has developed too fast residence, turism and commercial sector in the last decade. Today Konyaalti has the most variable population in our country, so it was a town municipality together with Beldibi-Doyran by 5747 number low. Its beach is 25 km long and area is 46,717.85 hectares. Bogacay River, Olimpos-Bey Mountains National Park, Antalya harbor and Akdeniz University Campus are in the Konyaalti region 19, 20. Rapid urbanization and industrialization process changed the structure of cities to a great extent. Particularly, after the 1950s, a continuous immigration from rural areas to the cities, where the employment opportunities are higher, started. Urban population has almost tripled in the last 50 years. The effects of this population increase have been tremendous. Structural plans prepared for various cities became insufficient. Individual houses started to become multi-storey buildings. The suburbs were invaded by the squatter settlement of the poor newcomers. These developments have led to uncontrolled and awry urbanization in Turkish cities. Municipalities and local administrations were unable to control all these developments as they had many organizational, financial and personnel problems 21. Materials and Methods Study area: Antalya has become a world known city with the rapid development in the recent years. This rapid development brings a lot of problems like density of the population and building areas. Because of this rapid development, suburban and rural areas located near the city fringe have become urban areas such as Konyaalti district which is most significant town with its new buildings, urban open spaces and park areas. Konyaalti town (Fig. 1) which is known famous beach in the world is west of the Antalya city center. It was established by 2/9/ 1993 date and 504 numbers low as a sub-municipality in the Antalya Plant material: Maquis plant group includes many of the native species that are suitable for Mediterranean arid climate conditions. They are adapted to insufficient water conditions of the environment as well as possible and to exploit these conditions they developed deep-root systems and small hard leaves. Surface of these small leaves is usually covered by thick, hard, polished, resinous waxy layer to prevent water loss. The classic vegetation structures in Mediterranean-type ecosystems are evergreen shrublands dominated by species with sclerophyllous leaves. These shrublands are termed maquis or garrigue in the Mediterreranean Basin. Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), cork oak (Quercus suber), holm oak (Quercus ilex), mastic tree (Pistacia Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (1), January 2013 Figure 1. Location of Konyaaltí 22. 739 lentiscus), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and the fodder shrub (Medicago arborea) are resistant to summer droughts, have deep rooting systems and resprouting capacity 23. Anthropogenic effects have created maquis cover xerophilous trees and bushes with kermes oak (Quercus coccifera), olive (Olea europea), mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), laurel (Laurus nobilis), oleander (Nerium oleander), sage (Salvia fruticosa), myrtle (Myrtus communis), strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne), cistus (Cistus creticus, Cistus salvifolius), mock privet (Phillyrea latifolia), buckthorn (Rhamnus alternus), spiny broom (Calicotome villosa) and many other species 24-26 (Fig. 2). Akdeniz University campus in Antalya Konyaalti region is a habitat for the maquis formations. Researches held in campus area show that 6 different plant communities live in this area 27, 28. The name of these plant communities are I. Quercus coccifera community, II. Nerium oleander-Myrtus communis community, III. Sarcopoterium spinosum community, IV. Inula viscosa community, V. Verbascum sinuatum var. adenosepalum community, VI. Coridothymus capitatus community. The major community of the area is Quercus coccifera community and other communities are in small pieces in these community. The plant species which are the main characteristics of the landscape are: Quercus coccifera, Pistacia terebinthus, Olea europea L. var. sylvestris (Miller) Lehr., Myrtus communis, Nerium oleander and Phillyrea latifolia. The other perennial plant species which live with the maquis are given in the Table 1. In addition to these, 30 endemic species are found in campus area and 6 of them are only found in Antalya region. The main problem of Hyacinthella heldreichii (Boiss.) Chovalrd, Helichrysum pamphylicum Davis & Kopicha, Onopordum boissieri Willk and Isatis floribunda Boiss. ex Bornm. which grow only in Antalya region and areas of these species have been narrowed by the building areas and anthropogenic effects and because of these, these species are faced with the extinction danger. The same problem is affecting to the Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader, Celtis australis L., Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Seb.&Mauri var. crocea (Boiss.&Heldr) Baker species too. Because of these, rapid protection actions are required for these species. Method: This study is conducted to three steps. The maquis vegetation areas which will be held in the future as a park in the Konyaalti urban region are determined in the Googgle map (Fig. 3). The areas which are not open green areas on the development plan and belong to private ownership are eliminated. At second phase, three of the areas which have natural vegetation and will Figure 2. Maquis plants examples in the Akdeniz University Campus. 740 Figure 3. Urban green areas which have got maquis vegetation and will be park in the future. build a park has selected and has been made some investigations on the research area (Fig. 3). At the third phase, all the data about this have been investigated, detailed site analysis has been done and finally prospects for future have been determined and design ideas have been evaluated under these ideas. Results and Discussion In Turkey, most of the big cities have similar problems. The rise of the building sector affects all the planning actions all over the country. Because of this, in urban areas hard surface density is rising and by the conclusion of this process affects the life quality of the urban areas. Under these conditions, the identities of the cities are lost and decrease of the green areas affect life quality of the public. The main problem of this situation is that the managing of the city development or master plans cannot be applied as it should be. For instance, at the parks and recreational areas on a development plan, unless the requirements do not exist such as plant species which are determined by landscape architecture and proportion of hard surfaces, the construction density values of basic buildings which are able to exist in parks criterias of project designing will not be revealed 1. In the same vein, when development plans of Antalya-Konyaalti are overhauled opinions of landscape architecture discipline that has protection approach have a place in the level of taking decisions for protection of maquis areas. Within protection approaches it is needed to add natural maquis vegetation. Practicing of results of this study is depending mainly on these approaches. Konyaalti municipality is one of the admired municipalities by local people in the view of the making park and recreational area and they have got critical planning decisions for protecting the natural areas. In Turkey many of the municipalities cannot be realized the importance of the protection and they are under attack of the building sector which municipalities cannot resist on this pressure. The planning and application studies of the parks in the Konyaalti are important. The existing vegetation of these areas is cleared completely (Fig. 4) and then some exotic and routine plants are used in these park areas generally. These applications are not acceptable for city image, comfort and esthetic and landscape character of the city according to our planning and designing approach. Unfortunately, there are lot of examples about these parks in the Konyaalti region (Fig. 5). To degrees of the using plants material which is suitable to Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (1), January 2013 Table 1. Herb plants accompanied to Macchi vegetation in the Konyaalti region 28. Familia Papaveraceae Species Fumaria parviflora Lam. Papaver gracile Boiss. Brassicaceae Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thellung Camelina rumelica Vel. Capsella rubella Reuter Flower time and speciality April East Mediterranean Element (E.M.El.) April March March Mediterranean Element (M.El.) February E.M.El.April March M.El.February E.M.El.April March May April June June June May June M.El.. April M.El., April E.M.El.June April Primulaceae Enarthrocarpus arcuatus Labill. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Capsella rubella Reuter Enarthrocarpus arcuatus Labill. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Fumana arabica (L.) Spach. var. arabica Fumana thymifolia (L.) Verlot. var. thymifolia Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Miller Dianthus tripunctatus Sibth. & Sm. Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) Ball. & Heywood Silene colorata Poiret. Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra Lagoecia cuminioides L. Tordylium apulum L. Lamyropsis cynaroides (Lam.) Dittrich. Tragopogon longirostris Bisch ex Schultz var. longirostris Cyclamen graecum Link. Lamiaceae Olea europea L. var. sylvestris (Miller) Lehr. Salvia viridis L. M.El., July M.El., June Satureja thymbra L. E.M.El., May Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. lydium O. Schwarz. Teucrium divaricatum Sieber subsp. villosum (Célak) Rech. Teucrium polium L. Daphne gnidioides Jaup. & Spach Daphne sericea Vahl. Osyris alba L. Aristolochia parvifolia Sm. Andrachne telephioides L. Euphorbia characias L. subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe. ex W. Koch.) A.R. Smith Allium ampeloprasum Sensu Waldst & Kit. Allium junceum Sm. subsp. tridentatum Kollmann, Özhatay & Koyuncu Allium myrianthum Boiss. Allium sandrasicum Kollmann, N. Özhatay & Bothmer Allium trifoliatum Cyr. Asparagus acutifolius L. Asphodelus aestivus Brot. Muscari neglectum Guss. Ornithogalum montanum Cyr. Urginea maritima (L.) Baker E.M.El., June Cistaceae Caryophyllaceae Hypericaceae Apiaceae Asteraceae Thymelieaceae Santalaceae Aristolochiaceae Euphorbiaceae Liliaceae local climate at the city need chancing in the regulations of relation with these matters. The landscape projects are just addition of architects’ project in present regulations, but, the landscape projects should be essential. Hereby plantation projects should be controlled by Chamber of Landscape Architects 15. It is necessary that using of landscape inventory which determines the natural resources at the level of landscape in every scale of planning study. So it should be done another changing in the development regulations. Objective aims of urban landscape design 29 are as follows: * Designs would be flexible in time Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (1), January 2013 E.M.El.,September June July E.M.El., March E.M.El., March M.El., May E.M.El., March April E.M.El., April June Endemik, East Mediterranean El., July øran-Turan Element, June Endemik, E.M.El.., June M.El., May M.El., September Mediterranean El., March March E.M.El., March M.El., September * Suitable for the urban and local conditions * Will be integrity with the nearby environment and if there be with the historic patterns. * Solving problems within need of the car parking, weight of the new usages, traffic safety, and pedestrian access * Improving lively, suitable and high quality standards * Ecological units would be protected present and future time * At the environmental conditions would be considered natural sciences facts At design, establishing, actuation and management costs would be calculated truly and with the cost-benefit analyses. 741 Figure 4. The preparation study of a park in Konyaalti. Figure 5. The bigggest park in Konyaalti region. In the urban areas, protection of the green areas and natural vegetation is a conventional planning and design approach and natural or ecological design based on the protection of the natural vegetation. Natural vegetation areas are negatively affected by the building blocks but a proper design attitude, which keeps peace between buildings and vegetation, can give to the area an unique characteristic. With its surrounding designed green area, these natural vegetation areas have a role as an ecological corridor and this helps to improve bio-diversity. Rather than structural/ hard-surface based design approach, semi naturalistic or naturalistic design approaches can sustain natural vegetation and natural landscape characteristic of the areas. A previous study about recreational preferences of public in Konyaalti region showed that hard/surface based designs are the most preferred but natural and semi natural designs are the second preferred design approach 30. In this point in this study that was aimed for the protection of the natural areas passive recreational uses has been selected to build a suitable and sustainable design for this area, as maquis, that is under the danger of the instinction. From this point of view in this study, some design proposals are offered for green areas of Konyaalti development plants which has maquies. These design proposals consist of passive recreational areas to protect to maquies. It is primary matter to discuss the protecting natural areas like maquies which is under the threat of extinction in the city in the every kind of person in the community. This is the best possible way to occur common language for ecological means. Şahin 31 said that this common language is the success key of environment planning disciplines to the using, developing and management of ecological resources. This success is hands on experiences provided to social and 742 natural requirement in the sustainability. Water has become a key element and an important resource in last decade. Water conservation and saving for irrigation have become important factors in planting design applications. Because of them, for drought-afflicted areas, the principles of xeriscape design today have an ever broadening appeal. Xeriscape has several benefit for environment 32. For example, aplication of the xeriscape design can reduce landscape water use by 50–75%. Watering requirements are low, and can be met with simple irrigation systems. Using plants native to area will eliminate the need for chemical supplements. Use of native plants, shrubs and trees offer a familiar and varied habitat for local wildlife 32. Maquies are the best plant solution for usign natural vegetation. These plants species can be used in xeriscape designs. They can combine with ornamanetal plants so that large areas can be greened with natural maqies vegetation. To protect maquis vegetation and using maquis species in park areas can be a good planting design model for other Mediterranean cities. The east of the Akdeniz University Campus is protected to development for Botanical Garden. By the protecting of this area, many kinds of plant taxon can be protected, too, but it should be protected to some important valley and valley side travertine together with plants except this area. Sustainable design is not based on economic performance and gain profit. It is based on humanitarian and ecological values that walkable, human scale, diversity and exist service area are base facilities in the sustainable design. It is represented to local climate, ecosystems, materials, energy, water and resource flows. This kind of design can integrate people with natural landscape, support to minimal transport system, use resources more effectively and show up to image of areas. We can offer some transit area which has the characteristics of bridge among the urban land uses to protect the Mediterranean vegetation (Fig. 6). At the same time these transit areas have the characteristics of watching area and they can help perception of the panorama (Fig. 7). They can represent physical continuity and availability. Figure 6. Proposal walking and view bridge for protecting soil and maquis vegetation/section view. Figure 7. View terraces for recreational amenities to protect soil and maquis vegetation /Section view. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (1), January 2013 Another way to protect to macquis areas is to design it as art parks. We can do walking area which has some work of art surrounded to macquis as a buffer zone (Figs 8 and 9). Figure 8. Marja Hakala rearranges nature’s own materials in a new way in their own “territory”. Artist and photo: Marja Hakala33. are in good conditions so that a connection can be put in action between art and nature which can give the area a character and can create a space. Design of these areas should provocate some human senses such as curiosity, mystery, resting, excitement etc. With these feelings, public can be aware of natural beauty, natural protection and ecological living. Everything should be in everything. If we should not see a wall, just as a wall; a path is just a path; a building is just a building; a sculpture is just a sculpture or a bush just a bush, we could not achive continuity of a deep protection traditions, to save the rights of the future generations. Like the book of Calvino’s The Baron in the Trees “we should depend on our principle, though remain just one oak, we should keep and protect it regardless of what may happen. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thanks Research fund of Akdeniz University and Municipality of Konyaaltı Antalya for the partial support. References 1 Figure 9. The example of environmental art belongs to artist Lea Turto, photo Heimo Laukkanen 34. Urban space is bound strongly on the natural areas and general landscape, so that, we could not consider one of them without considering others. Conclusions Maquis vegetation has rich biodiversity characteristic, ecological functions and special visual values which are unique landscape spaces in Mediterranean eco-region. Maquis vegetation has varied scope of the diversity that is a part of Mediterranean landscape vegetation dynamics which needs careful remediation studies. In the planning phase of the new development sites of the Antalya, there is a strong need to investigate existing maquis vegetations. Maquis areas should be investigated by the principles of the formation conditions by old forest or Mediterranean settled shrub communities. Rare existing maquis vegetation which is a patch in the settled urban fabric should be necessarily protected and this protection should be considered with the future development demands which need wise design applications to teach the users about the area and to recreate city dwellers in an urban site which consists of green texture to heal them. Degraded or semi degraded maquis area should be remediated to their natural conditions in a planned public project. Land-art installations should be applied in the natural maquis areas which Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (1), January 2013 Karagüler, S. 2010. In the view of the urban landscape, interaction between architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture. 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