Journal of Phytology 2022, 14: 41-49 doi: 10.25081/jp.2022.v14.7444 https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/jp Review Article Chemical profiles and biological activities of essential oils of Arisaema and Homalomena species (Araceae) – A review ISSN: 2075-6240 Sao Mai Dam, Hong Thien Van* Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ABSTRACT Received: December 25, 2021 Revised: March 23, 2022 Accepted: March 24, 2022 Published: April 08, 2022 In this review, the chemical compositions and bioactivities of the essential oils isolated from Arisaema and Homalomena species, two large genera belonging to the Araceae family, have been reported for the first time. Accordingly, the essential oils isolated from the plants of two genera consisted of some chemical groups, including monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, etc. In addition, the essential oils and their major compounds isolated from Arisaema and Homalomena plants possessed biological activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiproliferative, larvicidal and anthelmintic activities. This review mainly provides information on the Arisaema and Homalomena oils which are able to use as a guide for the collection of the species with the best chemical composition and biological activities. *Corresponding author: Hong Thien Van E-mail: vanhongthien@iuh.edu.vn KEYWORDS: Essential oils, Arisaema, Homalomena, phytochemicals, bioactivities INTRODUCTION Araceae, a family belonging to the monocototyledons, is one of the most diverse families with over 120 genera and 3800 species. This family is widely distributed from Himalayas and throughout tropical and subtropical Asia as far east as New Guinea and Australia (Croat, 1983; Mayo et al., 1997; Croat, 1998; Coelho, 2000; Vargas, 2002; Boyce et al., 2012). More than 800 Araceae species possess economic values (Pedralli 2002). Members of Araceae are also well-known for their medicinal values which used to deal with headaches, liver disorders, stomach, splenomegaly, etc. (Leaman et al., 1995; Lahitte et al., 1998; Blair & Madrigal, 2005; Lekana-Douki et al., 2011; Kyei et al., 2012). Furthermore, the essential oils isolated from the different parts of the Araceae species additionally contained numerous medicinal compounds, together with terpenes, ketones, flavonoids and phytoestrogens (Todorova et al., 1998; Singh et al., 2000; Wong et al., 2006; Rana et al., 2009; Zeng et al., 2011; Policegoudra et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Le et al., 2017; Jia et al., 2018; Rozman et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2019; Van et al., 2020). Arisaema Martius and Homalomena Schott are the two large genera belonging to the Araceae family (Pham, 2000; Gusman & Gusman, 2006; Li et al., 2010; Boyce, 2012; Van, 2017). The first genus includes over 200 species whereas the later one has about 250 species which are widely distributed from the Himalayas, tropical Asia, New Guinea and Australia (Pham, 2000; Gusman & Gusman, 2006; Li et al., 2010; Boyce, 2012; Van, 2017). Both genera are extensively used for traditional medicine in many countries. For instance, the extracts of the rhizomes or tubers of some Arisaema species, including A. calcareum, A. serratum, A. asperatum, A. heterophyllum and A. amurense were used as analgesic, antitumor and pesticide agents in traditional Chinese medicine (Zhao et al., 2010). On the other hand, H. occulta and H. aromatica, two abundant species of Homalomena genus, have been used to treat many diseases such as stomach, skin infections, mosquito repellent, asthma, and liver diseases (Khan & Yadava, 2000; Delang, 2007; Rana et al., 2009). Furthermore, the phytochemical composition and the biological activities of the essential oils which are isolated from the different parts of the Arisaema and Homalomena species have been shown by many previous studies (Todorova et al., 1998; Singh et al., 2000; Wong et al., 2006; Rana et al., 2009; Zeng et al., 2011; Policegoudra et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Le et al., 2017; Jia et al., 2018; Rozman et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2019; Van et al., 2020). Thus, the present review aims to provide information regarding the chemical profiles and Copyright: © The authors. This article is open access and licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, or format for any purpose, even commercially provided the work is properly cited. Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 41 Dam and Van bioactivities of the essential oils isolated from the Arisaema and Homalomena plants. Botanical Description Arisaema is the deciduous or evergreen herbaceous plants and possess rhizomes or tubers. Leaves emerges with 1-3, the petiole and peduncle are usually sheathing into pseudostem at lower part, free above or this pseudostem sometime is absent. Leaf blade is trifoliolate with dark green above, pale green under side. The inflorescence emerges along with or after the leaves, solitary, monoecious or dioecious. Spathe of Arisaema species divides into two parts, including a spathe tube at the lower part and variously expanded above into a limb. Spadix is sessile, unisexual or bisexual. Infructescence grows upright or nodding. Berries is reddish and has several seeded (Figure 1). On the other hand, Homalomena genus is the evergreen herbaceous plants and possess rhizomes. The Homalomena species are the strong aromatic plants, especially rhizomes and leaves. Leaves are mostly spirally arranged and have long petiolate. Leaf blade is usually oblong, elliptic, lanceolate, deltoid or sagittate. The inflorescence is usually several together and emerges along with leaves. Spathe is persistent. Spadix is elongate shape; female flowers are usually each with an associated staminode; Male flowers are consisting of 2–6 stamens (Figure 1) (Pham, 2000; Gusman & Gusman, 2006; Li et al., 2010; Boyce et al., 2012; Van et al., 2015; Van et al., 2016a; Van et al., 2016b; Van et al., 2017; Van, 2017; Luu et al., 2020). Chemical Profiles of Homalomena Essential Oils Analysis of chemical profiles of the essential oils isolated from Homalomena species showed that the oils consisted of some chemical groups, including monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Studies focused on two plant materials such as rhizomes and leaves (Todorova et al., 1998; Singh et al., 2000; Policegoudra et al., 2012; Van et al., 2020). The major components identified in Homalomena essential oils from various origins were presented in Table 1. Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott. is the most common species of Homalomena genus throughout Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (Li et al., 2000). It is a rhizomatous perennial herb and can grow up to 0.4-0.5 meter. H. aromatica is considered an ethnomedicinal plant (Kehie et al., 2017). For instance, leaf and rhizome of H. aromatica are commonly used to treat skin infections, joint-pains, asthma, common cold in infants, stomach pain and diarrhea, jaundice stomach and kidney problems (Kar & Borthakur, 2008; Khan & Yadava, 2010). The chemical compositions of essential oils of H. aromatica have been reported by previous studies. Accordingly, linalool and terpene-4ol were the major components in the essential oils isolated from rhizomes of H. aromatica which collected from India, Bangladesh and Vietnam, followed by α-terpineol, α-pinene, δ-cadinene, t-muurolol, α-cadinol, viridiflorol (Todorova et al., 1998; Singh et al., 2000; Chowdhury et al., 2008; Rana et al., 2009; Policegoudra et al., 2012; Kehie et al., 2017). 42 Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott., another common species of Homalomena genus, has a wide distribution in several Asian countries, including China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam (Pham, 2000; Li et al., 2010; Boyce et al., 2012; Van, 2017). In traditional Chinese medicine, the rhizome of this plant has been used to cure several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and stomach. Moreover, this species was also used as tonics and anti-inflammatory agent (Liu et al., 2014). According to the previous reports, the major constituents of essential oil from the rhizome of H. occulta collected from Anguo, Hebei Province, China, e.g. linalool (47.7%), terpene-4-ol (16.5%), α-terpineol (11.2%), geraniol (3.7%) (Liu et al., 2014) were remarkably different compared to those in this species collected in Guangxi Province, China, e.g. epi-α-cadinol (14.81%), α-cadinol (14.77%), α-terpineol (13.77%), linalool (11.08%), terpinen-4-ol (4.92%), δ-cadinene (4.91%) (Zeng et al., 2011) or in Vietnam, e.g. α-bisabolol (22.8%), benzyl benzoate (11.4%), linalool (8.6%), benzyl salicylate (4.9%), α-terpinolen (4.6%) (Le et al., 2017). Note that, the chemical components of plant essential oils were found to vary depending on the geographical regions where they are collected (Hassiotis et al., 2010; Devkota et al., 2013). Homalomena pierreana Engl. is a rare species and endemic species in Vietnam. Engler and Krause discovered this species for the first time which the samples were collected from southern Vietnam (Engler & Krause, 1912). Recently, this species has been re-collected in Phu Quoc island, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (Van et al., 2018). To date, there were two publications reported the chemical composition of essential oils of this species collected from Nghe An and Kien Giang Province, Vietnam which had differences in the major components of the rhizome oils collected in different regions. Accordingly, α-bisabolol (20.9%), bicyclogermacren (12.8%), (E)-nerolidol (8.0%), δ-cadinen (5.8%), α-muurolen (3.9%), α-terpinolen (3.6%) and benzyl benzoate (3.6%) were the main compounds of H. pierreana oils collected in Nghe An Province (North-Central Vietnam) (Le et al., 2017). On the other hand, the rhizome essential oil of this species collected from Phu Quoc island (Southern Vietnam) was found to be rich in aromadendrene (44%), δ-selinene (18.5%), cycloundecatriene (7.5%) while aromadendrene (48%), δ-selinene (13.5%), trans-α-bisabolene (12%) were the major compounds in the leaf oil (Van et al., 2020). Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl. is a rare species and found in Southern China, Cambodia, Laos and Southern Vietnam. To date, only our previous publications reported the chemical composition and bioactivities of this species (Van et al., 2015; Van et al., 2021a; Van et al., 2021b). As a result, the essential oil isolated from the rhizome of H. cochinchinensis grown in Bu Gia Map National Park, Vietnam was characterized by the prominence of linalool (57.4%), terpinen-4-ol (10.6%), α-sabinene (4.2%) while the aerial part oil was found to be rich in myrcene (41.1%), sabinene (8.2%), D-limonene (9.1%) (Van et al., 2021a). Homalomena pineodora Sulaiman & P.C.Boyce has been described as a new species from Peninsular Malaysia by J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 Dam and Van a c b h f g e d i j Figure 1: Some Arisaema and Homalomena species. a: Arisaema langbiangense, b: A. roxburghii, c: A. liemana, d: A. condaoense, e: A. chauvanminhii, f: A. pierreanum, g: Homalomena vietnamensis, h: H. cochinchinensis, i: H. pierreana, j: H. H. occulta. Photos by Hong Thien Van Sulaiman and Boyce (2005) and one later study, Rozman et al. (2018) showed the chemical constituents of the essential oils isolated from the leaves of this species of which the major components were 2-octylcyclopentanone (53.8%), propyl decanoate (22.1%), 4-tridecanone (8.7%), 3-methyl-1-dodecyn3-ol (6.7%), 2-undecanone (2.9%). On the other hand, the investigation on the chemical constituents of the essential oils isolated from Homalomena sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott, another species collected in Malaysia, has been conducted by Wong et al. (2006). Accordingly, the major constituents from J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 the rhizome essential oil of H. sagittifolia were found to be rich in linalool (61.9%), nonan-2-one (3.7%), α-cadinol (3.4%), terpinen-4-ol (2.5%), T-cadinol (2.1%) whereas the leaves were characterized by the following main compounds, α-pinene (22.2%), β-pinene (17.2%), neointermedeo (6.5%), germacrene D (5.9%), α-selinene (4.1%), δ-cadinene (2.5%), α-humulene (3.9%) (Wong et al., 2006). Currently, three Homalomena species, including H. aromatica, H. cochinchinesis and H. occulta still have different opinions 43 Dam and Van Table 1: Major components identifed from Homalomena essential oils Species Locality Part Major compounds References H. aromatica Sonitpur, India Rhizome Policegoudra et al. (2012) Gopal Nagar, India Rhizome Jiribum, Indian Rhizome Uttar Pradesh, India Rhizome Bangladesh Rhizome Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Rhizome H. cochinchinensis Bu Gia Map National Park, Vietmam Rhizome H. occulta Hebei, China Aerial part Rhizome Hong Kong, China Rhizome Nghe An, Vietnam Rhizome H. pierreana Nghe An, Vietnam Rhizome H. pierreana Phu Quoc National park, Vietnam Leaves Linalool (62.5%), terpene‑4‑ol (7.08%), δ‑cadinene (5.57%), T‑muurolol (5.32%), α‑cadinol (3.71%), viridiflorol (3.69%) Linalool (62.1%), terpinen‑4‑ol (17.2%), α‑terpineol (2.4%), γ‑terpinene (1.9%) Linalool (58.3%), terpinen‑4‑ol (16.7%), a‑terpineol (1.8%). a‑eadinol (1.7%) Linalool (68.51%), terpinen‑4‑ol (8.26%), α‑pinene (3.16%), terpineol (2.24%) linalool (69.5%), terpinen‑4‑ol (7.6%), 2‑furanethanol‑5‑etheny Itetrahydro‑a.(1‑5‑tri methy I (5.7%). Linalool (71.2%), terpene‑4‑ol (4.6%), linalyl acetate (3.3%) Linalool (57.4%), terpinen‑4‑ol (10.6%), α‑sabinene (4.2%) Myrcene (41.1%), sabinene (8.2%), D‑limonene (9.1%) Linalool (47.7%), terpene‑4‑ol (16.5%), α‑terpineol (11.2%), geraniol (3.7%) Epi‑α‑cadinol (14.81%), α‑cadinol (14.77%), α‑terpineol (13.77%), linalool (11.08%), terpinen‑4‑ol (4.92%), δ‑cadinene (4.91%) α‑bisabolol (22.8%), benzyl benzoate (11.4%), linalool (8.6%), benzyl salicylate (4.9%), α‑terpinolen (4.6%) α‑bisabolol (20.9%), bicyclogermacren (12.8%), (E)‑nerolidol (8.0%), δ‑cadinen (5.8%), α‑muurolen (3.9%), α‑terpinolen (3.6%), benzyl benzoate (3.6%) Aromadendrene (48%), δ‑selinene (13.5%), trans‑α‑bisabolene (12%), α‑terpinolen (3.0%), limonene (1.6%) Aromadendrene (44%), δ‑selinene (18.5%), cycloundecatriene (7.5%), δ3‑carene (1.6%) 2‑Octylcyclopentanone (53.8%), propyl decanoate (22.1%), 4‑Tridecanone (8.7%), 3‑methyl‑1‑dodecyn‑3‑ol (6.7%) α‑Pinene (22.2%), β‑pinene (17.2%), neointermedeo (6.5%), germacrene D (5.9%), α‑selinene (4.1%) Linalool (61.9%), nonan‑2‑one (3.7%), α‑cadinol (3.4%), terpinen‑4‑ol (2.5%), T‑cadinol (2.1%) Rhizome H. pineodora Penang, Malaysia Leaves H. sagittifolia Kedah, Malaysia Leaves Rhizomes from botanists. For example, Hu (1968) and Li (1979) identified that H. cochinchinesis was a synonym of H. occulta, Nguyen (2017) had the same view as the two authors. However, Pham (2000) and Govaerts et al. (2002) showed that H. cochinchinesis and H. occulta were the two distinct species. Notably, based on the morphological and molecular data, Van (2017) demonstrated that H. cochinchinesis was a good species and obviously distinct from H. occulta. In addition, previous studies showed that H. aromatica and H. occulta were a unique species (Nguyen 2017). However, Van et al. (2019) provided that H. aromatica and H. occulta were the two distinct species based on the molecular data. The chemical compositions of rhizome essential oils of H. aromatica, H. cochinchinesis and H. occulta collected from different locations have been reported to be similar in terms of the major constituents. Accordingly, the major components of the rhizome oils of H. aromatica (from India, Bangladesh and Vietnam); H. cochinchinesis (Vietnam) and H. occulta (Hebei, China) were characterized by the prominence of linalool and terpene-4-ol (Todorova et al., 1988; Singh et al., 2000; Chowdhury et al., 2008; Policegoudra et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2014; Tiwari et al., 2021; Van et al., 2021a). This result again 44 Singh et al. (2000) Rana et al. (2009) Tiwari et al. (2021) Chowdhury et al. (2008) Todorova et al. (1988) Van et al. (2021a) Van et al. (2021a) Liu et al. (2014) Zeng et al. (2011) Le et al. (2017) Le et al. (2017) Van et al. (2020) Van et al. (2020) Rozman et al. (2018) Wong et al. (2006) Wong et al. (2006) reveals the close phylogenetic relationship among the 3 species, including H. aromatica, H. cochinchinesis and H. occulta. Chemical Profiles of Arisaema Essential Oils Table 2 presented the chemical compositions of essential oil isolated from Arisaema species. Accordingly, Li et al. (2019) investigated the chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from four parts of Arisaema amuremse, including tubers, petioles, leaves and fruits. The results showed that the tubers consisted of the following major compounds: 3-cyclohexyl1-phenyl propane (14.86%); 2-pentadecanone (8.9%); perhydrofarnesyl acetone (6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (7.15%); heneicosane (6.27%); 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (5.6%) and 2-furanmethanol (5.5%) whereas 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (7.9%); 14-methylpentadecanoic acid methyl ester (7.7%); 1-hexadecanol acetate (4.05%) were the main constituents in petiole oils. Furthermore, the leave oils were characterized by the prominence of 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (46.27%); hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (38.62%) and (Z) J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 Dam and Van Table 2: Major components identifed from Arisaema essential oils Species Locality Part Major compounds References A. amuremse Changbai, China Tubers 3‑cyclohexyl‑1‑phenyl propane (14.86%); 2‑pentadecanone (8.9%); perhydrofarnesyl acetone (6,10,14‑trimethyl‑2‑pentadecanone (7.15%); Heneicosane (6.27%); 9,12‑octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (5.6%); 2‑furanmethanol (5.5%) 7,9‑di‑tert‑butyl‑1‑oxaspiro (4,5) deca‑6,9‑diene‑2,8‑dione (7.9%); 14‑methylpentadecanoic acid methyl ester (7.7%); 1‑hexadecanol acetate (4.05%) 6,10,14‑trimethyl‑2‑pentadecanone (46.27%); hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (38.62%); (Z) 9‑octadecenoic acid methyl ester (12.27%) Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (53.45%); 13‑octadecenoate (7.82%); (Z, Z)‑9,12‑octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (5.4%) Asarone (11.08%), cubenol (8.43%), guaiol (4.73%), eugenol (3.46%), linalool (3.41%), α‑bisabolol (3.29%) Linalool (12.38%), carvacrol (8.27%), eugenol (5.21%), β‑selinene (5.36%);, β‑caryophylen (4.32%), limonene (4.16%) Linalool (8.89%); limonene (3.68%), β‑selinene (3.65%), α‑pinene (3.55%), caryophyllene oxide (3.43%), β‑caryophyllene (2.37%) Linalool (6.67%), limonene (4.28%), β‑caryophyllene (3.21), α‑pinene (2.68%), caryophyllene oxide (2.37%), β‑selinene (2.02%) Li et al. (2019) Petioles Leaves Fruits A. anurans Wu‑Tai, China Aerial parts A. fargesii Hubei, China Aerial parts A. franchetianum Yunnan, China whole plant A. lobatum Yunnan, China whole plant 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (12.27%) while the main constituents of the fruit oils were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (53.45%); 13-octadecenoate (7.82%); (Z, Z)-9,12octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (5.4%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (5.03%) (Li et al., 2019). Jia et al. (2018) investigated the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of A. anurans and showed that the major components of the aerial part oils were asarone (11.08%), cubenol (8.43%), guaiol (4.73%), eugenol (3.46%), linalool (3.41%) and α-bisabolol (3.29%) while the aerial part oils of A. fargesii were found be rich in linalool (12.38%), carvacrol (8.27%), eugenol (5.21%), β-selinene (5.36%), β-caryophylen (4.32%) and limonene (4.16%) (Huang et al., 2019). Zhu et al. (2013) investigated the chemical profiles of the essential oils isolated two endemic species in China, including A. franchetianum and A. lobatum. This study showed that A. franchetianum oils were linalool (8.89%), limonene (3.68%), β-selinene (3.65%), α-pinene (3.55%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.43%) as major constituents whereas the A. lobatum oils contained high presence of linalool (6.67%), limonene (4.28%), β-caryophyllene (3.21), α-pinene (2.68%), caryophyllene oxide (2.37%) and β-selinene (2.02%) (Zhu et al., 2013). Biological Activities of Homalomena Essential Oils Antimicrobial activity The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils isolated from different parts of the Homalomena plants have been documented in previous studies. For instance, Policegoudra et al. (2001) demonstrated that the essential oils extracted from H. aromatica rhizomes collected from Sonitpur, India J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 Li et al. (2019) Li et al. (2019) Li et al. (2019) Jia et al. (2018) Huang et al. (2019) Zhu et al. (2013) Zhu et al. (2013) had promising activity against six fungi, including Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum fulvum, M. gypseum, Trichosporon beigelii and Candida albicans with MIC values ranging from 8 to 16 μg/ml. Similarly, Laishram et al. (2006) show that the essential oils from the rhizomes of H. aromatica grown in Sonitpur, India could inhibit antibacterial activity against five bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. Singh et al. (2000) demonstrated that the rhizome oils of H. aromatica from Gopal Nagar, India showed good antifungal activity against four fungi, including Curvularia pallescens, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Fusarium graminearum. Rozman et al. (2018) reported that the essential oils of H. pineodora leaves exhibited significant inhibitory activity on 3 Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), 5 Gram negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Yersinia sp., Shigella boydii, Acinetobacter anitratus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 1 yeast (Candida albicans) with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 156.25 to 1250 μg/ml. Rozman et al. (2020) showed that H. pineodora essential oils loaded-chitosan nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on 13 oral microorganisms, including Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Yersinia sp., E. coli, Shigella boydii, Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and C. utilis with MIC values ranging from 9.75 to 78 μg/ml. Furthermore, the rhizome and leaf oils of H. pierreana from Vietnam showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Van 45 Dam and Van et al., 2020). Recently, Van et al. (2021a) demonstrated that the rhizome essential oil of H. cochinchinensis collected from Vietnam possessed strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium whereas the aerial part oil was found to be effective against five bacterial strains except for S. enteritidis (Van et al., 2021a). The antimicrobial activities of essential oils isolated from Homalomena species may be attributed to the chemical components present in the essential oils. For instance, terpinen4-ol had an inhibitory effect on human pathogenic yeast species such as Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, C. neoformans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Mondello et al., 2006). This compound was also found to be effective against many Staphylococcus aureus strains, including ATCC-13150, ATCC25923, LM-02, LM-45, LM-116, LM-232, LM-222, LM-297 and LM-314 (Cordeiro et al., 2020). In addition, linalool has been reported to possess strong antibacterial effects against many microorganisms, including Prevotella intermedia, Porphylomonas gingivalis, P. nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii, F. nucleatum subsp. fusiforme, F. nucleatum subsp. animalis, Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Park et al. 2012), Pasteurella multocida, Listeria monocytogenes (Gao et al., 2019), Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans (Herman et al., 2016). α-Pinene was found to be effective against many bacteria and fungi such as S. aureus, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, S. pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Cylindrocarpon mali, Aspergillus niger, Stereum purpureum, Cryptococcus neoformans and Rhizopus oryzae (Prudent et al., 1993; Leite et al., 2007; Rivas et al., 2012). Moreover, β-pinene has been reported to possess antibacterial and antifungal effects against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumonia, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Rhizopus oryzae (Leite et al., 2007; Rivas et al., 2012). β-myrcene had an inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius and S. sanguinis (Koziol et al., 2014). Insecticidal activity In 2000, Singh et al. reported that the essential oils isolated from the rhizomes of H. aromatica showed insecticidal behavior against white termite Odontotermes obesus Rhamb. This report showed that the oil was found to be 90% insecticidal behavior against O. obesus at 3 μl dose oil after 2 hours while the percentage of mortality of O. obesus was 100% after 5 hours. On the other hand, the oil has been found to be highly toxic (100% mortality) towards O. obesus at 6 μl dose oil after 2 hours (Singh et al., 2000). Hazarika et al. (2012) showed that the essential oils extracted from H. aromatica rhizomes could be repellent against the blackflies (Simulium sp.). According to this study, the oils showed protection from the blackflies bites 46 for more than 2 hours at 5% concentration and above 5 hours at 10% concentration (Hazarika et al., 2012). Furthermore, the insecticidal and repellency activity of the essential oil of H. occulta rhizomes against the red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) were also observed by Han et al. (2004). The chemical constituents of the essential oils extracted from the members of Homalomena genus could be the main factor contributing to their insecticidal activity. Accordingly, α-pinene and β-pinene have been reported to display insecticidal activity against Lasioderma serricorne, Rhodnius nasutus and Aedes aegypti (Santos et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2015; Souza et al., 2018). Furthermore, terpinen-4-ol was found to be effective against hematophagous insects such as Rhodnius nasutus (Souza et al., 2018). Nematicidal activity The nematicidal activity of the essential oils isolated from Homalomena species has been also reported. Accordingly, the rhizome oils of H. occulta collected from Anguo, Hebei Province, China, possessed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita with a LC50 value of 156.43 μg/ml. Also, linalool (47.7%), the most abundant component of H. occulta rhizomes, could inhibit against M. incognita with LC50 value of 180.36 μg/ml whereas the other major compounds, terpene-4-ol (16.5%) and α-terpineol (11.2%), were able to resist against M. incognita with LC50 values of 115.17 μg/ml and 103.41 μg/ml, respectively (Liu et al., 2014). Biological Activities of Arisaema Essential Oils Antiproliferative activity Li et al. (2019) demonstrated that the essential oils isolated from the tubers, petioles, leaves, and fruits of A. amuremse had strong antiproliferative activity on the cancer cell lines, including Hep2, HCT-116, A-549, SW-480, HepG-2 using MTT assay. Among four parts of this species, the essential oils extracted from tubers inhibited strong antiproliferative activity against HCT-116 cells (IC50 of 19.6 μg/ml), followed by HepG-2 (IC50 of 19.83 μg/ml), Hep2 (IC50 of 26.71 μg/ml), A-549 (IC50 of 27.44 μg/ml) and SW-480 (IC50 of 35.46 μg/ml). The petiole oils showed the highest antiproliferative activity against HepG-2 (IC50 of 17.6 μg/ml) whereas the IC50 values of HCT-116, A-549, HepG-2 and SW-480 were 19.52, 20.8, 32.6 and 27.72 μg/ml, respectively. The antiproliferative activity of the essential oils isolated from the leaves of A. amuremse showed the strongest inhibitory effect on HepG2 (23.8 μg/ml), HCT-116 (36.75 μg/ml), Hep2 (51.79 μg/ml), A-549 (52.52 μg/ml) and SW-480 (138.1 μg/ml). Finally, the fruit oils were the most sensitive to SW-480 cells (IC50 of 30.23 μg/ ml), followed by HepG-2 (40.14 μg/ml), Hep2 (50.47 μg/ml), HCT-116 (59.26 μg/ml), A-549 (105 μg/ml) (Li et al., 2019). Larvicidal activity Aedes mosquitoes, secondary vectors of dengue virus, is currently considered the most invasive mosquito species in the J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 Dam and Van world (Hira et al., 2018). The recent studies showed that the essential oil isolated from plant sources has emerged as good candidates for larvicides or insect growth regulators because of its economic tools in vector management as well as eco-friendly agents (Pavela, 2015; Sarma et al., 2019). Huang et al. (2019) demonstrated that the essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Arisaema fargesii had larvicidal activity against two Aedes mosquitoes, including Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The results showed that the essential oils could be larvicidal activity against the early 4th instar larvae of Ae. Aegypti with LC50 value of 40.49 mg/L whereas the oil also had larvicidal activity against the larvae of Ae. albopictus with LC50 value of 47.01 mg/L. The larvicidal activity of A. fargesii essential oil may be attributed to the major components present in the essential oil. For instance, the four major compounds of the essential oils extracted from A. fargesii, including linalool, carvacrol, β-selinene and eugenol also possessed larvicidal activity against two Aedes mosquitoes. Among four compounds, carvacrol showed the strongest inhibitory effect on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus with LC50 values of 32.78 and 39.08 mg/l, respectively, followed by eugenol (LC50 values of 56.34 and 52.07 mg/l), linalool (LC50 values of 70.56 and 82.34 mg/l) and β-Selinene (LC50 values of 136.03 and 151.74 mg/l) (Huang et al., 2019). Jia et al. (2018) demonstrated that the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Arisaema anurans and 2 major compounds, including asarone and cubenol exhibited evidence of acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus. The results showed that the essential oil, asarone and cubenol exhibited the oviposition reduction percentages of 36.3%, 44.2% and 17.7%, respectively whereas the hatching reduction percentages were 40.8%, 51.0% and 35.1%, respectively. The dose-dependent egg hatching test revealed that the oils, asarone and cubenol had promising activity against R. microplus with LC50 values (in w/v) of 0.174%, 0.180% and 0.381%, respectively. Finally, the oil, asarone and cubenol could inhibit the larval stage of R. microplus with LC50 values of 0.147%, 0.115% and 0.338%, respectively. Anthelmintic Activity Arisaema franchetianum and Arisaema lobatum, two endemic species in China, have been demonstrated that the essential oils extracted from the whole plants and one major constituent such as carvacrol had promising anthelmintic activity against three stages of Haemonchus contortus, including egg hatch, larval development and larval migration (Zhu et al., 2013). In the egg hatch stage, carvacrol inhibited the strongest ovicidal activity with the CE50 value of 0.32 mg/ml whereas the CE50 values of A. franchetianum and A. lobatum oils were 1.63 mg/ml and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. The larval development assay showed that A. franchetianum and A. lobatum oils possessed the anthelmintic activity with the CE50 values of 1.10 and 0.73 mg/ml, respectively while a lower a CE50 value (0.51 mg/ml) was recorded in carvacrol compound. In the larval migration stage, carvacrol showed the highest in anthelmintic activity with CE50 value of 0.30 mg/mL whereas the CE50 values of A. franchetianum and A. lobatum oils were 2.3 and 0.62 mg/mL, respectively (Zhu et al., 2013). J Phytol • 2022 • Vol 14 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE By using the various literature, the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils extracted from Arisaema and Homalomena species have been reviewed for the first time. A variety of phytochemicals isolated from the studied oils could be found to vary depending on the geographical regions where they are collected. Different essential oils and their major chemical components extracted from different parts of studied species have been found to produce dynamic biological activities, which include antimicrobial, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiproliferative, larvicidal and anthelmintic activities. The outcome of this review will provide more information for further application of the essential oils isolated from Arisaema and Homalomena plants. However, some studies on the chemical components of essential oils extracted from Arisaema and Homalomena plants have not calculated the retention indices by using n-alkane standard. As a result, it is not really accurate to describe the chemical composition of the essential oil of studied species. In addition, some studies did not verify the origin and the authentication of the studied sample. For example, a sample purchased in the market will not have a scientific basis to determine the exact origin and distribution of the studied species, so it will be unreliable when comparing the chemical composition of the essential oil of the studied species with the same species distributed in other locations. 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