Status of Forest Remnants In the Cordillera De La Costa and Adjacent Areas of Southwestern Ecuador

John L Carr

Ecuador's territory harbors a unique set of species and ecosystems, many of them endemic to the countries' territory and subject to different sources of threat of anthropogenic origin. Despite national and subnational conservation strategies developed in Ecuador to conserve its biodiversity in the long run, including the National System of Protected Areas (PANE) and the forest conservation incentive program SocioBosque (PSB), further actions are needed to mitigate and reverse the effects of threats for the persistence of biodiversity. This study was designed to identify the most important areas for biodiversity conservation in mainland Ecuador that can contribute to preserving key species (i.e. endemic, threatened) and ecosystems in the wider landscape, thus complementing current conservation efforts (i.e. PANE). Species distribution models and recent maps were used to identify a set of 744 species and 87 ecosystems as surrogates of the country's biodiversity. Marxan, a systematic reserve selection algorithm was used to identify important biodiversity areas that could represent between 10% and 20% of the remnant distribution of the surrogates. The optimized solution generated by Marxan included 24% (3.64 million ha) of Ecuador′s remnant vegetation, of which 35% is within the current national protected area system and 13% (456 000 ha) are included within SocioBosque communal and private conservation agreements. Major conservation shortfalls of the PANE were concentrated in the Southern Andes, Central Amazonia, and the Central and Southern portions of the Coastal plain. The incidence of complementary criteria to prioritize conservation strategies, related to climate change, ecosystem conversion, carbon and accessibility, and population density change in relation to the important biodiversity areas was heterogeneous among regions. This confirms the need to implement differentiated conservation and sustainable landscape management strategies. Fourteen priority landscapes were identified based on these important biodiversity areas, including remnant ecosystems considered critical for maintaining large-scale connectivity among regions and preservation of restricted range and threatened species. Further work is needed to expand base information about distribution patterns of biodiversity, improve the representation of endemic and threatened species in conservation strategies, and to fully integrate conservation priorities among a wider set of goals in land use planning exercises at different scales.

Rapid Assessment Program RAP Working Papers 2 Status of Forest Remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa and Adjacent Areas of Southwestern Ecuador CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL OCTOBER 1992 Conservation Priorities: The Role of RAP Our planet faces many serious environmental problems, among them global climate change, pollution, soil erosion, and toxic waste disposal. At Conservation International (CI), we believe that there is one problem that surpasses all others in terms of importance because of its irreversibility, the extinction of biological diversity. Conservation efforts still receive only a tiny fraction of the resources, both human and financial, needed to get the job done. As a result of this, we must use available resources efficiently, applying them to those places with the highest concentrations of diversity which are at most immediate risk of disappearing. CI uses a strategic, hierarchical approach for setting conservation investment priorities. At a global level, we have targeted the “hotspots,” 15 tropical areas that hold a third or more of all terrestrial diversity and are at great risk. Our global priorities also focus on major tropical wilderness areas and the “megadiversity” country concept, which highlights the importance of the national entities that harbor high biodiversity. We are now undertaking a series of priority-setting exercises for other major categories of ecosystems, among them marine systems, deserts, and dry forests. The next level of priority setting is the bio-regional workshop, a process where experts assemble their combined knowledge of an area to map regional conservation priorities using CI’s geographic information system (CISIG). We have also taken a taxon-based approach, working with the Species Survival Commission of IUCN to produce action plans for key groups of organisms. These priority-setting exercises provide the scientific underpinning for urgent conservation decisions in hotspot regions. Although the hotspots we have identified occupy less than 3-4 percent of the land surface of the planet, they still cover several million square kilometers, only small areas of which have been properly inventoried. To fill the gaps in our regional knowledge, CI created the Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) in 1989. RAP assembles teams of world-renowned experts and host country scientists to generate first-cut assessments of the biological value of poorly known areas. An area’s importance can be characterized by its total biodiversity, its degree of endemism, the uniqueness of an ecosystem, and the degree of risk of extinction. As a conservation tool, RAP precedes long-term scientific inventory. When satellite images of an area targeted for a RAP assessment are available, the team consults them prior to a trip to determine the extent of forest cover and likely areas for exploration. Once in-country, the scientists make overflights in small planes or helicopters to identify forest types and points for field transects. Ground travel often requires a combination of vehicles, boats, pack animals, and foot travel to get the team to remote sites where few, if any, roads exist. Trips last from two to eight weeks. On each trip, in-country scientists form a central part of the team. Local experts are especially critical to understanding areas where little exploration has been undertaken. Subsequent research and protection of habitats following a RAP trip depends on the initiatives of local scientists and conservationists. The RAP concept was born during a field trip by Murray Gell-Mann of the MacArthur Foundation, Spencer Beebe, one of CI’s founders, and Ted Parker, current leader of the RAP team. RAP has been generously funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s World Resources and Environment Program, headed by Dan Martin. RAP reports are available to the host governments of the countries being surveyed and to all interested conservationists, scientists, institutions, and organizations. We hope that these reports will catalyze the effective conservation action on behalf of our planet’s biological diversity, the legacy of life that is so critical to us all. Russell A. Mittermeier President Adrian Forsyth Director, Conservation Biology Heliconia latispatha in the Jauneche reserve, July 1991. Watercolor by Bonnie Mitsui. Rapid Assessment Program RAP Working Papers 2 Status of Forest Remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa and Adjacent Areas of Southwestern Ecuador Edited by Theodore A. Parker, III and John L. Carr The research presented in this report was conducted in collaboration with the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL OCTOBER 1992 RAP Working Papers are occasional reports published three to five times a year. For subscription information write to: Conservation International Publications 1015 18th Street, NW Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20036 U.S.A. Tel: 202/429-5660 Fax: 202/887-5188 Conservation International is a private, nonprofit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. © 1992 by Conservation International. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-73741 Suggested citation: Parker, T.A., III, and J.L. Carr, eds. 1992. Status of forest remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa and adjacent areas of southwestern Ecuador. Conservation International, RAP Working Papers 2. Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Table of Contents RAP Working Papers Two Participants 2 Appendices 66 Preface 3 1. Ecuador Trip Itineraries 67 Organizational Profiles 4 Codes for Avian Data 68 Acknowledgments 6 Overview 8 2. Preliminary List of the Birds of Cabeceras de Bilsa 69 Introduction 8 3. Preliminary List of the Landbirds of Parque Nacional Machalilla 76 4. Preliminary List of the Birds of Cerro Blanco 84 5. Preliminary List of the Birds of Jauneche 90 6. Preliminary List of the Birds of Manta Real 96 Summary 10 Conservation Opportunities 14 Technical Report 20 Introduction to the Sites 20 Cerro Mutiles 20 Cabeceras de Bilsa 24 Cerro Pata de Pájaro 29 Tabuga-Río Cuaque 32 Parque Nacional Machalilla 34 Cerro Blanco 42 Jauneche 45 Manta Real 49 Reserva Militar de Arenillas 54 Biogeographic Overviews 56 Phytogeography 56 Vegetation 58 Bird Fauna 59 Mammal Fauna 60 Herpetofauna Literature Cited 7. Preliminary List of the Birds of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas 103 8. Birds of Six Forests in Western Ecuador 108 9. Mammal List; January-February Trip 120 10. Mammal List; July Trip 124 11. Amphibian and Reptile List; January-February Trip 128 12. Amphibian and Reptile List; July Trip 131 13. Plant List: Cerro Mutiles 133 14. Plant List: Cabeceras de Bilsa 138 15. Plant List: Cerro Pata de Pájaro 145 16. Plant List: Tabuga - Río Cuaque 149 62 17. Plant List: Parque Nacional Machalilla 152 63 18. Plant List: Cerro Blanco 162 19. Plant List: Manta Real 165 October 1992 1 Participants SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL Carmen Josse (Jan-Feb) Theodore A. Parker, III Botanist EcoCiencia Ornithologist Conservation International Patricio Yanez (July) Robin B. Foster Plant Ecologist Conservation International Botanist Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Alfredo Luna (July) Louise H. Emmons (Jan-Feb) Mammalogist Conservation International Protected Area Specialist FEDIMA FIELD ASSISTANCE Alwyn H. Gentry (Jan-Feb) Botanist Conservation International Ramiro Barriga John L. Carr N. Lajones (Jan - Feb) Herpetologist Conservation International Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” Esmeraldas Luis Albuja V. Tomiche Quiñonez (Jan - Feb) Mammalogist Escuela Politécnica Nacional Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” Esmeraldas Escuela Politécnica Nacional Ana Almendáriz Herpetologist Escuela Politécnica Nacional 2 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Preface By the time this document is published, much of the forest that we saw during our travels through western Ecuador will have been destroyed. Indeed, the forests at Bilsa and near Pedernales were being felled faster than we could study them. It is our fervent hope that this report will serve to inform a wide audience concerning the grim conservation status of the varied forest types in this biologically priceless region. We further hope that the national and local governments, military authorities, private conservation organizations, and concerned citizens, will act quickly and decisively to preserve at least some of the forests described in this report. Failure to do so will result in the loss of countless species of plants and animals found nowhere else on earth. Once gone, the unique forests of the region will never be regrown. Tree plantations may one day at least partially meet the needs of the human population, but many valuable plant species adapted to the soils and climates of the region will have been lost forever. The extinction of such species— indeed of entire ecosystems—will severely limit the possibilities for long-term economic growth and prosperity in western Ecuador. We hope that this call for action will not go unheeded. RAP Working Papers Two RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 3 Organizational Profiles CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Conservation International (CI) is an international, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., whose mission is to conserve biological diversity and the ecological processes that support life on earth. CI employs a strategy of “ecosystem conservation” that seeks to integrate biological conservation with economic development for local populations. CI’s activities focus on developing scientific understanding, practicing ecosystem management, stimulating conservation-based development, and assisting with policy design. Conservation International 1015 18th St. NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20036 USA 202-429-5660 202-887-5188 (fax) DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL The Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional is a center for research in systematics, zoogeography and ecology of the vertebrates of Ecuador. With over 50 years of research and publication in vertebrate zoology, the department houses the most important research collections of freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in the country. The department’s research results serve as scientific support for 4 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL conservation activities and programs developed by governmental institutions and nongovernmental organizations. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Escuela Politécnica Nacional Calle Ladrón de Guevara s/n Casilla 17-01-2759 Quito - Ecuador 593-2-553-498, extension 207 593-2-567-848 (fax) FUNDACIÓN ECUATORIANA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y MANEJO AMBIENTAL The Fundación Ecuatoriana de Investigación y Manejo Ambiental (FEDIMA) is a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization whose principal objectives are the conservation of representative areas of Ecuadorian ecosystems, scientific investigation, suitable management of natural resources, and environmental education. FEDIMA was established in 1990 with official recognition by the government. FEDIMA Gaspar de Escalona 524 y Diguja Quito - Ecuador 593-2-441-495 Rapid Assessment Program ECOCIENCIA EcoCiencia is a private, nonprofit, scientific organization dedicated to research, education, and communication for the conservation of wildlife species and their habitats. The foundation was established in 1989 by a group of professional biologists interested in planning, management, and execution of multidisciplinary projects that permit rational and sustained use of natural resources. EcoCiencia Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca Edificio Mariana de Jesús, Of. 701 P.O. Box 257 (Suc. 12 de Octubre) Quito - Ecuador 593-2-502-409 HERBARIUM PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR The Herbarium of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador is a private, state-supported scientific center that is part of the Biology Department of the University. It was founded 22 years ago and now has a collection of 120,000 specimens, mainly of the flora of Ecuador. Taxonomic and ecological research is carried out by students and staff of the herbarium. RAP Working Papers Two Herbarium Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca Casilla 17-021184 Quito - Ecuador 593-2-529-250, 529-260 ext. 279 593-2-567-117 (fax) FUNDACIÓN NATURA—GUAYAQUIL CHAPTER The Guayaquil Chapter of Fundación Natura is part of a private, nonprofit, national conservation organization, with its own Board of Directors that deals with regional matters. Although the Guayaquil Chapter participates in several of the national programs of Fundación Natura, it also has programs and projects of its own, including environmental education campaigns, urban tree planting, and the Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco Project, a nature preserve with an environmental education center 15 kilometers from the city of Guayaquil. Fundación Natura – Guayaquil Chapter Dolores Sucre 401 P.O. Box 11327 Guayaquil - Ecuador 593-1-441-793, 341-500 593-1-444-909 (fax) October 1992 5 Acknowledgments Investigators from the Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN) were our national counterparts on both RAP trips to Ecuador. Their participation — and the use of Politécnica facilities and equipment — were made possible through an agreement between CI and EPN, and we extend our thanks to Ing. Alfonso Espinosa R., Rector of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, for his help in arranging this cooperative venture. The success of both trips was due in large measure to the expertise and experience of Luis Albuja and Ana Almendáriz, and to logistical support, information and encouragement provided by Alfredo Luna, Rosa Almendáriz and Ramiro Barriga. We also thank Sr. Danilo Silva of EcoCiencia for allowing Carmen Josse to participate on the first expedition, and Dr. Sergio Figueroa (of the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería) for arranging permits. Carmen Ulloa and Benjamin Ollgaard at the Herbarium of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador were also helpful in many ways. Many other people contributed in a wide variety of ways to the success of the two expeditions. We extend special thanks to Bonnie Mitsui for skillfully organizing and running the camp kitchen on the second trip; Power Foods of Berkeley, California, for their generous donation of Power Bars; the Universidad de Guayaquil for access to the Jauneche reserve. We thank Eduardo Aspiazu-Estrada (of Fundación Natura Guayaquil Chapter) for logistical support and for arranging overflights of the Cordillera de la Costa west of Guayaquil; the latter flights were generously provided by the Empresa Cemento Nacional, S.A., which also facilitated our fieldwork at Cerro Blanco. We also acknowledge the enthusiastic support and help of the following people at Cerro Blanco: Jimmy Andrade, Clarice Strang, and Peace Corps volunteer Walter Herzog. Eduardo Aspiazu and Ralph Jones, U.S. Consul in Guayaquil, kindly gave us tours of Cerro Blanco, and provided useful information on the birds, mammals, and vegetation of the reserve. 6 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program At Parque Nacional Machalilla our field efforts were aided greatly by Lcdo. Carlos Zambrano, Intendente of the park, and the Merchan family (Nestor, Samuel, and Cecilio). Others who provided assistance of one kind or another included Carmen and Angelita Altapuya, Antonio, Manuel and Wilson García, René, Fermín, Luis Zank, and Don Pedro at Bilsa; Lucas Goyes, Gustavo Holquin, and Pablo Loor at Jauneche; and Antonio, Manuel, and Peace Corps volunteer Karl Berg at Manta Real. We gratefully acknowledge information on prospective study sites provided by Nancy Hilgert (of the Corporación Ornitológica del Ecuador), Paul Greenfield (Quito), Fernando Ortiz Crespo (Quito), and Mark Robbins and Robert Ridgely (of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). We would like to thank Charles O. Handley, Jr. and Michael D. Carleton for checking the identifications of some bats and rodents, Linda Gordon for facilitating the mammal identifications (US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution), and Roy W. McDiarmid and Robert P. Reynolds for conferring on identifications and discussions of the Ecuadorian herpetofauna (US Fish and Wildlife Service). Tyana Wachter and Zenith Batista provided assistance at the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago). RAP Working Papers Two For assistance in the office, we would like to thank Ali Lankerani, Stephen Nash and Luci Betti for work on the illustrations, Lisa Famolare for document processing, and comments on the manuscript from Brent Bailey and Robin Bell, and Carlos Reynel (Missouri Botanical Garden). October 1992 7 Overview INTRODUCTION The forests of western Ecuador are among the most severely threatened of the world’s ecosystems (Dodson and Gentry 1991, Gentry 1977, 1979, Myers 1988). Primarily as a result of an alarming explosion in the human population of the country between 1960 and 1980 (from 4 to 10.2 million), more than 90 percent of the Pacific lowland and foothill forest below 900 m has been converted to agriculture — especially plantations of bananas, oil palms, soybeans, and rice — in addition to the more traditional cacao and coffee (Dodson and Gentry 1991). Dodson and Gentry (1991) estimate that the aboriginal forests of western Ecuador once covered nearly 80,000 km2. Of the three major lowland forest types in this relatively small area, less than 6 percent remains: tropical wet forest (0.8 percent), tropical dry forest (1 percent), and tropical moist forest (4 percent). There is one large area of forest north of the Río Guayllabamba in Esmeraldas, Imbabura and Carchi provinces. Included in this area are two forest reserves totalling about 280,000 ha (Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and Reserva Etnica y Forestal Awa). Otherwise, only scattered fragments of forest survive, most of which are less than 100 ha in size. Until the late 1970s, the largest wet and moist forest reserves south of Esmeraldas were the Río Palenque Science Center (100 ha) and the Jauneche reserve (138 ha). Larger areas of dry, moist, and wet forest are now protected by law in Parque Nacional Machalilla, Reserva Ecológica Manglares-Churute, Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, and Bosque Protector Molleturo (but see below). Another important area of coastal dry forest lies within the Reserva Militar de Arenillas. The coastal and foothill forests of western Ecuador are of great biological importance due to the large numbers of species and high levels of endemism they support. Dodson and Gentry (1991) estimated that as many as 6,300 species of vascular plants occur in western Ecuador (only 16,000 species are known from all of North America). Of that total, 8 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program about 1,200 species (or 20 percent) may be endemic, that is, they have geographic ranges smaller than 75,000 km2 (Gentry 1986b). In fact, many of these endemic plants are known only from one or a few small islands of suitable habitat such as isolated ridgetops along the base of the Andes, some of which are only a few square kilometers in size (Gentry 1986b). This extreme local endemism renders many of these species especially vulnerable to extinction. The vertebrates of western Ecuador are similarly diverse, and some groups (e.g., birds) show levels of endemism that approach those of plants. More than 800 bird species are known to occur in western Ecuador (Ortiz et al. 1990), including 40 species and 140 wellmarked subspecies that are restricted to the dry forests and scrub habitats of southwest Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru (Parker et al., MS), and 30 species confined to the humid evergreen forests to the north — the Chocoan forest that extends from extreme eastern Panama south into Ecuador (Cracraft 1985). Of approximately 142 lowland mammal species known from western Ecuador, 54 species (17 percent of the total Ecuadorian mammal fauna of 324 species) are not found elsewhere in Ecuador (Albuja 1991). Fifteen of these are endemic to coastal forests along the Pacific coasts of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. Regional endemism is highest among bats, with approximately 24 percent of Ecuador’s total bat fauna of 125 species being confined to the western lowlands (Albuja 1991). To date, 253 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded in western Ecuador below 2,000 m; about 60 percent of the frogs are endemic (Almendáriz 1991). As in the case of plants, many of these vertebrates are globally threatened due to habitat destruction within their small geographic ranges. The dire plight of the forests (and their flora and fauna) in western Ecuador has aroused much concern on the part of biolo- RAP Working Papers Two gists and conservationists worldwide (Dodson and Gentry 1991, Gentry 1979, Myers 1988). Attempts to identify and describe existing forests have been a high priority over the past decade, but relatively few studies have been published — two as yet unpublished surveys compiled by EcoCiencia and Fundación Natura will prove valuable when they are finally released (García et al. 1989, Mejía et al. 1990). Unfortunately, however, action to protect surviving forests from total destruction has been limited and largely ineffective. Without a concerted effort by the national and local governments, military authorities, conservation organizations, and concerned citizens, these biologically rich forests — as well as the huge numbers of plant and animal species they support — will disappear from the earth within 20 years. In keeping with the urgent need for better scientific inventories of the region, the Rapid Assessment Program team of Conservation International and biologists from the Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Quito) spent a total of six weeks (in January-February and July 1991) in the coastal hills and low mountains that parallel the Ecuadorian coast between Guayaquil and Esmeraldas, as well as in adjacent areas of southwest Ecuador. Our objectives were: 1) to undertake a rapid biological evaluation of the deciduous and evergreen forest types of the coastal region; 2) to inventory the flora and fauna of representative examples of these forest types, with emphasis on plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians; 3) to determine the conservation status of various endemic species of vertebrates and plants thought to be threatened with extinction, with emphasis on large mammals, birds, and tree species of economic importance; 4) to identify areas of forest that remain and to determine their relative biological importance with respect to levels of species diversity, species richness, endemism, and the presence of threatened forms; and 5) October 1992 Without a concerted effort by the national and local governments, military authorities, conservation organizations, and concerned citizens, these biologically rich forests …will disappear from the earth within 20 years. 9 The scientific results of our studies reflect to use the results of our studies to increase awareness of the potential biological (and economic) losses that Ecuador will suffer if these biotic communities and their species are not protected. In the following report we present the results of our fieldwork. the paucity of distributional and ecological data available for plants and animals of forests along the Pacific coast of Ecuador. 10 SUMMARY During six weeks of fieldwork at nine localities along the Pacific coast of Ecuador from Esmeraldas to Arenillas (Fig. 1), the Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) team of Conservation International inventoried plants, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. The results of these surveys confirm that while the region’s plant and animal communities are not as species-rich as similar communities in the upper Amazon Basin, levels of endemism in plants, birds, and frogs are unusually high. In contrast, most of the mammal fauna is widespread, but small numbers of endemic species do occur in the region. As previously reported by Dodson and Gentry (1991), we estimate that up to 20 percent of the plant species at most sites visited are endemic to western Ecuador and small areas of adjacent Colombia and Peru. Bird endemism ranged from ca. 10 percent in the wet forest at Bilsa to more than 40 percent in the dry forest and scrub vegetation at Arenillas. This underscores the conservation importance of the severely threatened dry forests in this region. As with other organisms studied, bird species richness declined dramatically from wet to dry forests, with ca. 160 species at Bilsa and only 70 species at Arenillas. Considering the accessibility of Pacific forests in Ecuador — even those of the coastal mountaintops — we were surprised by the large number of range extensions obtained for all groups, and by the discovery of plant taxa new to science. The scientific results of our studies reflect the paucity of distributional and ecologi- CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL cal data available for plants and animals of forests along the Pacific coast of Ecuador. Most of the tree species at Bilsa apparently constitute new records for Esmeraldas Province and others (e.g., Schlegelia dressleri and a Moutabea sp.) are new to Ecuador. Especially intriguing is our discovery at Bilsa of a genus new to science (Exarata, Gentry 1992) that is a large, locally common tree well known to local people. Indeed, we even ate our meals while sitting on sections of a trunk of this species. Several large tree species found at Bilsa were previously known only from the Río Palenque Science Center, including the rare Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia and Daphnopsis occulta. Other sites also yielded exciting botanical finds. At least two tree genera found at Cerro Mutiles, Ampelocera and Lecointea, are new to Ecuador. The latter had never been recorded west of the Andes. One of the most common trees at Cerro Mutiles is a subspecies of Pseudolmedia rigida, an endemic with a small geographic range. What may be the largest surviving population in the coastal range of the valuable hardwood Carapa guianensis was discovered on Cerro Pata de Pájaro near Pedernales; 95 percent of all canopy trees in the summit forest on this mountain were either Carapa or an Eschweilera sp. An unusual new species of Bauhinia was also found on the upper slopes of this mountain. The discovery of endemic plant species previously known only from the Río Palenque Science Center (e.g., Erythrina megistophylla) in upper elevation forests on Cerro Achi and at Machalilla indicates that these forests were once connected and that new populations of these species remain to be found in unexplored parts of the coastal cordillera. A large tree (Phytolacca sp.) found in the Machalilla moist forest (and once near Río Palenque) might represent an amazing disjunction of the Argentinian P. doica, of which there is one old record of a native plant Rapid Assessment Program Figure 1. Map of western Ecuador showing the study sites, road network travelled, and provinces visited in the course of our travels. The numbered study sites correspond with: (1) Cerro Mutiles, (2) Cabeceras de Bilsa, (3) Cerro Pata de Pájaro, (4) Tabuga-Río Cuaque, (5) Parque Nacional Machalilla, (6) Cerro Blanco, (7) Juaneche, (8) Manta Real, and (9) Reserva Militar de Arenillas. This and subsequent figures (unless otherwise noted) are based on maps produced by the Instituto Geográfico Militar, Quito. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 11 The most interesting result of ornithological surveys was our discovery on the highest ridges at Machalilla of a montane avifauna comprised of at least 17 species not previously known in Ecuador away from the Andes. 12 collected at an unknown locality in Peru. Another interesting large tree found at Machalilla is apparently a species of Simaroubaceae that is generically unknown to us, but may represent the same genus recently collected in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Several other plant species collected by us in moist forest at Machalilla may be new to science, including a pendant Heliconia with yellowish green, pubescent bracts, and several of the more than one dozen Bromeliaceae found on Cerro San Sebastián. Important botanical discoveries in the Machalilla dry forest include a Simira species (the third most common tree species in the Estero Perro Muerto transect) which is now virtually extinct locally and perhaps generally in western Ecuador, and a small number of adults and scattered saplings of Myroxylon balsamifera at Estero Manta Blanca may represent the only extant population of this tree species in the country. Other Machalilla trees of interest include a striking Capparis found at Estero Manta Blanca; this 25 m tall individual makes this species among the largest known for the genus. This and another largeleaved Capparis with banana-sized, striped fruits may be undescribed species. The Cerro Blanco reserve was found to be particularly important because it is apparently the only protected limestone flora in western Ecuador and it supports a great diversity of plants whose populations can recover with time. The Cerro Blanco flora also includes a prospective new species of Salacia, several other species only recently described from Ecuador, and a species of Rinorea (the only dry forest species in the genus) that was previously known only from the type collected in 1844. Manta Real, the southernmost locality inventoried for plants, also produced some surprising discoveries. In wet forest between 400 and 500 m, the most abundant tree is Metteniusa nucifera (Icacinaceae), a rarely CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL collected genus (and a species) unknown from western Ecuador. Below 400 m the forest is dominated by a large species of Browneopsis (Leguminosae) with extraordinary hanging inflorescences 2 m long, bearing very large, pink and white flowers. The most interesting result of ornithological surveys was our discovery on the highest ridges at Machalilla of a montane avifauna comprised of at least 17 species not previously known in Ecuador away from the Andes. Many of these (e.g., Anabacerthia variegaticeps, Grallaria guatimalensis, Mecocerculus calopterus, Catharus dryas, and Amaurospiza concolor) survive in very small numbers in the uppermost 100-200 m of humid forest along ridgetops that approach 800 m in elevation. These populations have undoubtedly been genetically isolated from Andean forms for an extremely long period of time. Genetic and morphological studies are badly needed to determine the degree to which they have differentiated. Also of zoogeographic interest was our discovery of Hylocryptus erythrocephalus and Grallaria watkinsi at Cerro San Sebastián. These species were previously known only from a small area of semideciduous forest in the Andes ca. 200 km to the southeast. Twelve additional dry and moist forest endemics were also found at Machalilla, most of which are considered globally threatened (by the International Council for Bird Preservation) due to massive deforestation within their small geographic ranges in SW Ecuador and NW Peru. Several moist forest species (e.g., Brotogeris pyyrhopterus, Lathrotriccus griseipectus, and Basileuterus fraseri) not previously known to occur regularly north of the Río Chone were found as far north as the Río Cuaque near Pedernales, where some large patches of suitable habitat survive. Others, including Ortalis erythroptera and Leucopternis occidentalis, were observed even farther Rapid Assessment Program north on Cerro Mutiles southeast of the city of Esmeraldas. The highest reported densities for the moist forest endemics Lathrotriccus griseipectus and Onychorhynchus occidentalis were noted in vine-rich forest at Jauneche. The latter species appears to be on the verge of extinction in most of its small range. The flycatcher Cnipodectes subbrunneus was also observed at Jauneche; there are only a few, widely scattered records of this species from west of the Andes over the past 100 years. Our sighting of a Spotted Rail (Pardirallus maculatus) at Jauneche, appears to be only the second record for the country. In dry forests at Cerro Blanco and in the Reserva Militar de Arenillas more than 30 percent of all bird species recorded are endemic, including at least 12 species that are globally threatened. Wet forests at Bilsa and Manta Real were found to support more diverse avifaunas (up to 160 spp.), but lower levels of endemism. A potentially important wintering population of Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) was discovered in moist forest at Cerro Mutiles and smaller numbers were noted as far south as Parque Nacional Machalilla. Other Neotropical migrants found to be wintering in small numbers in coastal and adjacent montane forests include Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis), Western Woodpewee (Contopus (sordidulus)), Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca), Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea), Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra) and American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). Although mammal diversity and endemism are relatively low in the forests of western Ecuador, 54 species, or 17 percent of the mammalian fauna of Ecuador, are found in the Pacific lowlands. We obtained evidence that most of the large mammal species known from the areas visited still survive, albeit in RAP Working Papers Two very small numbers. For example, we found small, vulnerable populations of two primate species (Alouatta palliata and Cebus albifrons) in most of the forests studied; of these, the endemic C. albifrons aequatorialis appears to be the most threatened due to its more restricted and isolated distribution. More fieldwork may reveal the presence of additional new or poorly known mammal species restricted to the coastal forests, particularly among bats and rodents. Our collections of amphibians and reptiles from the Cordillera de la Costa indicated the presence of a herpetofauna comparable to that already known from lowland, western Ecuador. However, the presence of species in the Cordillera de la Costa with Andean slope affinities and the prevalence of unidentifiable species (especially in the species-rich genus Eleutherodactylus) suggest the possibility of altitudinal zonation in the herpetofauna like that on the western Andean slopes and a herpetofaunal component restricted to the humid montane forest of the Cordillera. Among the significant records made during our trips in western Ecuador were new localities for poorly known species and rather large range extensions. At Bilsa, we obtained a specimen of the dendrobatid frog Epipedobates erythromos, previously known only from the type locality, and a caecilian (Oscaecilia equatorialis) previously known only from the type, and both endemic to western Ecuador. Also at Bilsa, were two species of the colubrid snake genus Tantilla, both of which were significant additions to the known range in Ecuador (one was previously known only from the type locality at San Lorenzo). We also collected only the second reported specimen of the treefrog Phrynohyas venulosa from western Ecuador (at Jauneche) and the first specimen of the bufonid Atelopus balios since the 1920s (at Manta Real). October 1992 13 CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES (T. PARKER) The following forested areas were visited by our group. They are among the few remaining islands of forest left in western Ecuador below 900 m, and are critically important reservoirs of biological diversity, especially the large numbers of plant and animal species found nowhere else on earth. Pedernales-El Carmen highway revealed only scattered, small (<10 ha) forest patches south of the Esmeraldas/Manabí border. We learned during our stay at Bilsa that this forest is rapidly being opened up from all sides. Without immediate intervention from the government or conservation organizations, this forest will deteriorate into numerous tiny fragments, or be gone altogether within five years. 3 Cerro Pata de Pájaro. This mountaintop, 1 Cerro Mutiles. The interesting tropical moist forest on Cerro Mutiles, a ridge behind the Jardín Tropical of the Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres (Esmeraldas), is an example of a once widespread forest type that is now confined to scattered, small fragments in western Ecuador. Although this is said to be a protected area, we were dismayed to find that many of the tall trees in the oldest, most diverse forest on the upper slopes of the ridge had recently been felled. Studies of the fauna were made difficult by the constant whine of chain saws being put to use in the forest, both inside and around the reserve. We hope that university officials will decide to place greater importance on the full protection of this reserve, and that they will continue to use it (and the Jardín Tropical) as an educational center which is so desperately needed in this part of the country. The addition to the reserve of surviving patches of forest farther along the ridge — or those on adjacent ridges — would greatly increase the biological value of the reserve. 2 Cabeceras de Bilsa. This region, near the headwaters of the Río Bilsa south of the city of Esmeraldas and east of Muisne, is near the northwestern margin of what is apparently the last large (to ca. 20,000 ha) block of wet forest remaining south of the Río Esmeraldas. We were not able to determine the southern limit of continuous forest in this region, although an overflight and fieldwork along the 14 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL isolated wet forest of ca. 800 ha is said (by local people) to be protected, but is obviously being cleared continuously around the entire lower periphery. The watershed importance of this forest to surrounding communities, especially to Pedernales, is obvious to us, but apparently not well understood by local residents. Protecting the watershed would be a useful and manageable project for a conservation group. 4 Río Cuaque drainage. The semideciduous and moist forests on low, coastal ridges south of Pedernales could perhaps be included in a conservation plan for Cerro Pata de Pájaro. Delimitation of the remaining forested area through overflights and terrestrial reconnaissance, as well as additional floral and faunal surveys, is urgently needed. 5 Parque Nacional Machalilla. This is the only national park in western Ecuador. The flora and fauna of this biologically important reserve are at risk due to timber harvest, small-scale agriculture, livestock grazing, and hunting by the human population living within and around its borders. Private land ownership within the park is a major problem. According to one source up to 75 percent of the surface area of the park is in private hands (Arriaga 1987); this contradicts earlier reports that 80 percent of the park belonged to the state (IUCN, 1982). Clearly, the acquisition of private lands within the park is essen- Rapid Assessment Program tial to the long-term protection and maintenance of this important area. All of the deciduous and evergreen forests of Parque Nacional Machalilla have been altered to some degree, and much of the damage is severe. The few families living on or at the base of Cerro San Sebastián continue to clear small areas of forest for agriculture, and their cattle and goats graze and trample the undergrowth throughout the entire area. We suggest that a core area, perhaps centered on Cerro San Sebastián (the most biologically diverse section of the park) be fully protected from these activities. The local residents need not be expelled, but rather employed as park guards or guides — or encouraged in nondestructive, sustainable practices such as the harvest of tagua palm nuts, which are abundant locally. We would hope that a protected core area would encompass as many habitats as possible, in particular, large tracts of the globally important deciduous and semideciduous forests at middle elevations (300-600 m) in the mountains and the small patches of fog forest remaining on the mountain peaks. Protection of smaller examples of other plant communities within the park is also recommended, perhaps through the use of fenced exclosures that would allow for the regeneration of native vegetation presently being devoured and trampled by goats and cattle. We also suggest that remnants of the fog forest on low hills along the coast just south of the Río Ayampe should be immediately considered for inclusion in the park. We understand that conservation organizations are attempting to educate the local communities concerning the need for alternative economic activities in this region, but wonder whether there will be much to conserve in the way of watersheds, economically valuable trees, or, in a broader sense, biological diversity, when these programs finally begin to make an impact. We sincerely hope that RAP Working Papers Two immediate steps are taken to preserve some of the last remnants of original vegetation in the park before they are further damaged or totally destroyed. Increased efforts should be made to promote awareness of park boundaries, both by the erection of signs at borders and by the posting of signs warning against hunting and lumbering. With regard to one potential source of income for the small communities that surround the park, we were surprised by the lack of accommodations and restaurants in what would appear to be a mecca for tourists. The scenic coastline and wide beaches, offshore islands including the Galapagos-like Isla de la Plata, and hiking trails to verdant forests such as those on Cerro San Sebastián, would surely attract large numbers of “ecotourists” if their basic needs could be met. Employees in the small but nice hotel in Machalilla acted as if we were the first tourists they had ever seen, and even finding any kind of food in the town was a challenge. There seems to be a tremendous untapped potential for tourism in the area. In summary, Parque Nacional Machalilla is of great biological value due to the presence of extensive dry and moist forests with large numbers of endemic plants and animals. Whether and how the ecosystems of the park can be saved from further degradation or outright destruction is another matter. In addition to convincing local people of the advantages of protecting watershed areas or source populations of valuable trees, a strong case could be made for all-out promotion of the park as a showcase for environmental tourism. Parque Nacional Machalilla is of great biological value due to the presence of extensive dry and moist forests with large numbers of endemic plants and animals. 6 Cerro Blanco reserve. This recently established reserve will hopefully become a model for how to manage a protected area in a densely populated region fraught with social, economic, and political problems. The di- October 1992 15 verse dry to moist limestone forest flora, and its highly endemic avifauna are well-protected in this 2,000 ha area. The newly constructed environmental center at Quebrada Canoa, only a few kilometers west of Guayaquil, will serve to educate the public concerning the local and global importance of forests such as those of Cerro Blanco and areas farther west and north in the coastal cordillera. We hope that Fundación Natura and the Empresa Cemento Nacional will be able to acquire or manage existing forests that lie adjacent to the present reserve boundaries, for every hectare of original forest vegetation is biologically priceless, and the addition of any large pieces of forested land to the north or south of the reserve would increase the survival prospects of larger vertebrates such as primates or parrots. Identification and acquisition of such areas should be given high priority by conservation organizations in Guayaquil. During an overflight of the Cordillera de Chongón-Colonche about 75-95 km west of Guayaquil, we located a large, rectangular area of what appears to be moist forest at low elevations along the northeast side of the Colonche. This forest is probably similar to that of Jauneche, but is potentially much more valuable because of its larger size and proximity to extensive (though degraded) drier forests of the Cordillera de Colonche. Rapid biological inventory and immediate conservation action in this area are urgently needed. On a positive note, our overflights of the Cordillera de la Costa between Guayaquil and Machalilla revealed the presence of extensive, albeit heavily impacted tracts of dry forest dominated by large trees of little economic value such as Cavanillesia platanifolia and Ceiba trichistandra, interspersed among lesser numbers of small individuals of valuable species such as Tabebuia chrysantha that have not yet been cut out. With some degree of protection, as well as reforestation of native species that were once numerous, these for- 16 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL ests would undoubtedly flourish and yield economic benefits far into the future. Abandonment of these forests will surely lead to the inexorable processes that have turned the Portoviejo region, for example, into a Sahel-like desert. 7 Jauneche. The history and conservation status of this reserve were discussed in detail by Dodson et al. (1985); a management plan has also been prepared (Valverde et al. 1990). Whereas the University of Guayaquil is to be commended for its protection and maintenance of the biological station and reserve, it is difficult to understand why such a small forest (138 ha) — and one of the only surviving examples of moist forest in lowland southwest Ecuador — needs to be “managed” at all. Total protection of the flora and fauna should be given very high priority. Such a small island in a densely settled sea of agricultural land cannot possibly serve as a viable source of plant or animal products for very long. The importance of Jauneche lies in its function as a reservoir of economically valuable trees, a few of which are known from nowhere else in the world. We heard from local people that trees are still being cut from time to time, and we encountered men with guns well inside the reserve. This is analogous to the situation we encountered at Cerro Mutiles near Esmeraldas; both reserves are managed by university personnel who are surely aware of the massive loss of biological resources in western Ecuador. We hope that both areas will be viewed primarily as educational centers rather than as a source of forest products. The local school at Jauneche is strategically situated at the entrance to the reserve, a perfect place for environmental education. The biological station could also be promoted as a research site for scientists from other national and international institutions in addition to the University of Guayaquil; this would create a greater constituency for Rapid Assessment Program the facility and would increase the likelihood that it will be maintained. Collaboration with the University of Guayaquil faculty and shortterm courses by visiting scientists would greatly benefit the mission of the station and the university. This sort of activity should be supported by visitors’ fees for researchers in residence as is the practice at present. The reserve is an ideal natural laboratory where extinction phenomena could be studied. A comprehensive survey of the natural vegetation and fauna in surrounding areas should be undertaken so that a variety of natural processes could be studied over time (i.e., gene flow to and from areas with modified vegetation, forest succession, use of surrounding areas by forest-dwelling vertebrates such as rodents, primates, and birds). The reserve offers the great advantage of having a well-known flora (Dodson et al. 1985), it is relatively small, and it has comfortable accommodations. 8 Manta Real. This magnificent and biologically rich forest apparently lies within or just north of the much larger (28,000 ha) Bosque Protector Cordillera de Molleturo, which extends from the Río Chacayacu south to the Río Jagua, and encompasses an elevational range of 200 to 2,000 m (García et al. 1989). Despite rapid encroachment from above and below, large areas of tall forest remain on steep slopes from the base of the mountains (ca. 300 m) up to about 1,500 m. In addition to having an almost intact and diverse flora, the forest at Manta Real still supports populations of the largest mammals, including jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Felis concolor), whitelipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), and mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), and birds (Tinamus major, Penelope spp.). About 10 percent of the avifauna is endemic to western Ecuador/NW Peru. The parakeet Pyrrhura orcesi is restricted to a small area of lower montane forest between Manta Real and Piñas RAP Working Papers Two (Ridgely and Robbins 1988), and numerous other poorly known taxa of plants and small vertebrates may share this distribution. Apart from their biological value, we have seldom seen forested watersheds that are so clearly crucial to the economy of a region or a nation. The banana and cacao industries generate a large percentage of the GNP of the country, and adequate supplies of water are crucial to their continued productivity. The fog forests on the lower slopes of the Andes adjacent to the densely cultivated coastal lands trap and recycle huge quantities of moisture from clouds that roll in off the ocean, even during the driest times of year. The destruction of the remaining forests in southwest Ecuador will — without any doubt — have a strongly adverse effect on the regional economy. This potentially huge problem should be viewed as a threat to the national security of the country. Regional climatic changes (e.g., the trend toward frequent and prolonged droughts) are almost certainly caused in large part by widespread deforestation. Lesser but still significant problems such as the destruction of highway bridges all along the Pacific coast are a consequence of increased runoff due to the removal of forest cover. Urgent and radical new measures are desperately needed if any of the Bosque Protector de Molleturo is to survive beyond the year 2000. Much of the forest above Manta Real and in the forested drainage of the upper Río Balao has been invaded by cooperatives that have already marked off large sections on even the steepest slopes to be cleared in the near future. Members of long-established cooperatives along the base of these mountains say that they are powerless to stop this intrusion, and most are fearful of the impact such activities will have on the lands below. Almost everyone we spoke with pointed out that government agencies such as IERAC still actively promote deforestation through land-tenure October 1992 …we have seldom seen forested watersheds that are so clearly crucial to the economy of a region or a nation. 17 We suggest that conservation organizations seek to forge new alliances with the military, government agencies,…local cooperatives, and large agribusinesses. 18 policies that require owners to clear forest from a large portion of any property in order to maintain rights to it. The destruction of the Bosque Protector de Molleturo is further hastened by the new road being constructed between Naranjal and Cuenca (“the Molleturo road”), which bisects the reserve. In addition to the environmental damage caused by the construction activity (e.g., unusually massive landslides and the destruction of hundreds of hectares of adjacent forest), this is an important new avenue for colonists who have already cleared all land within sight of the road surface above ca. 1,500 m. It is difficult to understand why the development agency(s) that funded this project did not take into consideration the effects that such a road would have on the Bosque Protector. Lateral colonization away from the roadway will ultimately lead to the destruction of a large percentage of the reserve. At the very least, steps could have been taken to control this colonization, such as the placement of guardposts at the base of the mountain and up around 1,500 m. The costs of maintaining a highway in such steep, erosionprone terrain will probably be astronomical. We suggest that conservation organizations seek to forge new alliances with the military, government agencies (such as the Ministry of Agriculture and IERAC), local cooperatives, and large agribusinesses (especially the banana-growers), in order to avert the total destruction of the Bosque Protector de Molleturo. The support of the military in this process is essential to its success, for there is little time to implement strategies (environmental education, support for fundamental changes in local economic activities) that might work well in sparsely settled areas east of the Andes. The forests of western Ecuador are gravely threatened. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL 9 Reserva Militar de Arenillas. Included in this military reserve of ca. 20,000 ha is the largest area of intact dry forest and thornscrub in southwest Ecuador. Although nearly all of the tall dry forest has been selectively logged, the reserve remains an important reservoir (seed bank) for a variety of economically valuable tree species, especially ébano (Zizyphus thyrsiflora), guayacán (Tabebuia chrysantha), and charan blanco (Pithecellobium sp.). The extensive mangrove forest that lies along the coast between Arenillas and Huaquillas represents one of the largest surviving examples of this important ecosystem within the country. Much of this habitat to the north and south has been destroyed for the aquaculture of shrimp. Ironically, the widespread degradation and outright destruction of the coastal estuarine habitats threaten the long-term survival of this important economic resource. We were relieved to see that the military is protecting the natural spawning grounds of shrimp in this area. Military authorities in Machala and at base headquarters in the reserve expressed great interest in finding ways to protect the integrity of the Arenillas dry forests. They have already begun a reforestation project in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture. Thousands of seedlings of three native tree species — ébano (Zizyphus thyrsiflora), guachapelí (Albizia guachapele), and algarrobo (Prosopis sp.) — are being raised at a tree nursery in Arenillas and replanted along forest edges in the interior of the military reserve. Initial results are discouraging, due in large part to a prolonged drought. We hope that the project will not be abandoned, but rather that military and ministry officials will seek outside technical and financial assistance that would result in success, and ultimately, more widespread acceptance and use of such projects. Rapid Assessment Program 10 Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and Reserva Etnica y Forestal Awa. Although we did not visit these reserves, primarily because the region has been the focus of numerous biological inventories in recent years (Albuja, pers. comm.), we feel that we should comment on the growing threats to the forests lying along the reserve boundaries (e.g., those just north of the Río Guayllabamba). As the largest block (at ca. 280,000 ha) of tropical forest left in western Ecuador, these two reserves harbor the largest Ecuadorian populations of many plant and animal species restricted to the Chocó region of endemism. It is sad to see the lines of logging trucks (all stacked with massive tree trunks) laboring up the mountain roads from Esmeraldas province into the highlands — and to know that in the very near future most of the economically valuable hardwoods will have been cut out — leaving ragged forests comprised of numerous “useless” species that will also be felled to make way for more viable (but often shortterm) economic activities. As in the Bosque Protector de Molleturo, the watershed importance of rain-drenched forests in the lowlands and foothills of the extreme northwest has apparently not been taken into account by government planners, to say little of the lack of value placed on preserving populations of economically valuable species, including even those that generate local income (e.g., Phytelephas aequatorialis, “tagua” palm nuts). Now that national governments worldwide are beginning to address the biodiversity issue, and to seek ways to protect their threatened ecosystems and to use their natural resources on a sustainable basis, it is hoped that the Ecuadorian government will realize the national and global importance of its Pacific forests, take steps in the immediate future to secure the boundaries of existing reserves, and protect — in some way — whatever else remains of this biologically rich region. We RAP Working Papers Two hope that all of the attention focussed on Amazonia does not distract national and international conservation organizations from the more immediate need to implement forest conservation strategies in the Pacific lowlands and on the lower slopes of the Andes in western Ecuador and Colombia. October 1992 19 Technical Report INTRODUCTION TO THE SITES The technical portion of this report consists of a series of accounts organized by site. Each account follows the same general format with the information organized into sections; the section topics fall in the order: site description and vegetation, birds, mammals, herpetofauna. All sites do not have an account containing all sections, and some accounts cover additional topics. The sites are organized geographically from north to south for the six sites within the Cordillera de la Costa, followed by the three other sites in order from north to south. Maps of the entire region and individual sites appear in Figs. 1-10. An itinerary for the trips appears in Appendix 1, followed by 18 other appendices detailing preliminary inventories of the flora and fauna of the sites. CERRO MUTILES (MOIST FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) Cerro Mutiles is a high hill (between 200 – 300 m) in back of the Jardín Tropical of the Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” of Esmeraldas, a few kilometers southeast of the city of Esmeraldas (Fig. 2). The forest covering part of its southern slope is maintained by the Jardín and is contiguous with it. Located at 0° 54' N, 79° 37' W, it is part of a range of low ridges parallel to the coast that is bisected by the Río Esmeraldas. This is the northern extension of the Cordillera de la Costa, which becomes considerably reduced north of the Río Esmeraldas until it is represented by only a few low hills in the basin of the Río SantiagoCayapas. As with many other ridges near the coast, the forest appears to be a fog forest at the top (but a relatively dry one) and a dry forest at the bottom, but the differences are not extreme. Although it probably is drier at the base, the dry deciduous appearance is largely due to tree cutting that has left a high proportion of deciduous second-growth species. Most of the slope appears to be covered with a fairly typical semideciduous moist forest. The soil appears to be fairly rich and nonacidic, with 960 ppm K, 15.8 ppm P and 6770 ppm N, and a pH of 7.1-7.2 (data from Gentry). 20 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program The most common canopy trees are Pseudolmedia rigida, Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae); Pouteria reticulata (Sapotaceae); Trichilia cf. pleeana (Meliaceae); and Virola riedii (Myristicaceae). On the lower slope, fast-growing trees such as Triplaris cumingiana (Polygonaceae), Erythrina poeppigii (Leguminosae), Castilla elastica (Moraceae), Cupania cf. latifolia (Sapindaceae), and Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) are all common. There are several species each of Ficus (Moraceae) and Inga (Leguminosae). Common smaller trees are Swartzia haughtii (Leguminosae), Sorocea sarcocarpa (Moraceae), and Trichilia pallida (Meliaceae). The most common shrubs include Psychotria horizontalis (Rubiaceae); Annona sp. (Annonaceae); Acalypha sp., Cleidion sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Piper laevigatum (Piperaceae); Picramnia latifolia (Simaroubaceae); Eugenia galalonensis (Myrtaceae); and a stout Dieffenbachia (Araceae). Lianas are frequent, including many Bignoniaceae. Despite the small size of the protected area we were able to visit, this was by far the most species-rich moist forest we saw in western Ecuador (Appendix 13). It included many more species in common with Central American and Amazonian moist forests than any of the similar forests to the south. This may be because it is less isolated from the Andes than the strip of moist forest along the coastal side of the Cordillera de la Costa that is south of Esmeraldas. Also, it is quite likely that a much larger area of moist forest previously existed in the hills and ridges south of Portoviejo — if I am interpreting the remnant scrub vegetation correctly. Finally, the terrain at Cerro Mutiles with its ridges and ravines is much more heterogeneous than that of the flat basin north of Guayaquil. The lower half or two thirds of the slope appears to have been subject to much selective tree-cutting over the last 50 years, but there is progressively less disturbance with RAP Working Papers Two increasing altitude. The upper third appears to be nearly intact very old forest (200 + years). We were dismayed to see that within the last two years there has been a renewal of tree-cutting within the reserve. Chain saws were active while we were there, and there were freshly cut logs of several large old Pouteria reticulata trees (among other species) right along the main trail to the top. Apparently, this logging is occurring with the approval and even at the behest of the university administration. Results of Plant Transect and General Observations (A. Gentry) The Cerro Mutiles forest, which unfortunately appears to have been much modified by foresters who have cleared the understory in many areas, has few hemiepiphytes and an unusual prevalence of lianas, especially Bignoniaceae. In parts it is similar to Jauneche, one of the most liana-dense forests known in the world (Dodson et al. 1985, Gentry 1988). The Cerro Mutiles forest is typical of western Ecuador moist forest in its relatively low diversity and the relative dominance of Moraceae. Coastal Ecuador is one of the few areas of lowland Latin America where Leguminosae is not the most diverse family. Not only was Moraceae the second most speciose family in the transect at Cerro Mutiles (after the dominant liana family Bignoniaceae), with nine sampled species, but it included 54 sampled individuals as compared to 17 individuals of Leguminosae, which was the third most species-rich family. Four of the six most common trees >10 cm dbh are Moraceae, including the most common, Pseudolmedia rigida, with eight individuals >10 cm diameter. Similarly, three of the seven most common large tree (>20 cm dbh) species are Moraceae, including the most prevalent large tree, Brosimum guianense. The most abundant understory species are October 1992 21 Figure 2. Map of the northern portion of the Pacific coastal region of western Ecuador showing towns, cities, and geographic features. Note that various portions of the Cordillera de la Costa are known by regional names. 22 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Figure 3. Map of the southern portion of the Pacific coastal region of western Ecuador. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 23 Faramea occidentalis and Trichilia pallida, with 35 and 25 individuals respectively >2.5 cm dbh. These two species, along with Pseudolmedia rigida, constitute fully one quarter of all the sampled individuals in the transect. Our discovery of a large Ampelocera (a genus new to western Ecuador) and Lecointea (a genus new to Ecuador and to the entire trans-Andean region of South America) in this forest illustrate how little we know of western Ecuadorian forests. Birds of Cerro Mutiles (T. Parker) This small reserve harbors an interesting moist forest avifauna more similar to those of Machalilla and Jauneche than to that of the closer wet forest at Bilsa. Among the ca. 140 forest species identified (see Appendix 8) were numerous taxa not found or rare at Bilsa (e.g., Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, Sittasomus griseicapillus, Dysithamnus mentalis, and Tolmomyias sulphurescens) that were common in this drier forest north of the Río Esmeraldas. This forest type may have once covered the now denuded slopes between Bilsa and the coast, but only scattered, small patches now remain in the region. There was also a distinct (though small) wet forest element in the avifauna at this site, including one species, the Blue Cotinga (Cotinga nattererii), not found at any locality to the south. Among other interesting discoveries made at Cerro Mutiles was a surprisingly large population of Rufous-headed Chachalaca (Ortalis erythroptera), up to eight pairs or families of which were heard counter-calling within a small area of ca. 2 km2. Gray-backed Hawks (Leucopternis occidentalis) were also observed in the taller ridgetop forest. We were surprised to find both of these threatened species so far north and so close to the city of Esmeraldas. These and other large birds (such as the extant Great Tinamou, 24 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Tinamus major) cannot possibly survive in this area if illegal hunting and tree-cutting are not curtailed in the near future. A potentially important wintering population of Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) was studied at this site. At least six territorial individuals were located within ca. 10 ha of disturbed forest with an abundance of vines at mid-height, and others were noted ca. 2 km away in similar habitat. The vine-rich forests of western Ecuador may be (or may have been) an important non-breeding habitat for this species. Summer Tanagers (Piranga rubra) were also common at Cerro Mutiles. Mammals of Cerro Mutiles (L. Emmons and L. Albuja) During part of a day walking along trails, we saw few signs of mammals (Appendix 9). Large species such as monkeys and deer appear to have been exterminated. Both the remaining large mammals and many of the plants seem to be under intense exploitation. Because of the small size of the forest and apparent state of its fauna, we think it unlikely that the majority of mammal species would recover even if protected. Nevertheless, immediate conservation action could prevent total extinction of the remaining species. CABECERAS DE BILSA (WET FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) The Montañas de Muisne is a complex system of ridges south of the city of Esmeraldas and primarily east of Muisne (Fig. 2). This ridge system gradually increases in altitude and steepness farther from the coast. The Cabeceras de Bilsa forest site is on a ridge in the middle and upper end of this gradient east of the small community of San José de Bilsa, near the headwaters of the Río Bilsa (0° 37'N, Rapid Assessment Program 79° 51'W)(Fig. 4). Perhaps because the extension of low mountains out into the ocean to the northwest serves to funnel the clouds into the southeast, and because the highest parts of these ridges form a barrier 600 to 800 m high, this forest appears to be extremely wet, equal if not surpassing the wetness of forest on the lower Andean slopes. This was especially surprising because vegetation maps of Ecuador had never indicated that such a habitat (and such an extensive one) even existed in the Cordillera de la Costa, and conservation groups had failed to take note of it. As in the Andes, the precipitation is apparently in the form of much heavy rainfall as well as cloud condensation on the trees. The soil is an extremely sticky red to yellow clay with obviously great water retention capability. It is acidic (pH 4.9-5.3) and especially low in potassium (>1-177 ppm) and phosphorous (1.1/ 3.1 ppm) (data from Gentry). There is no evidence of human disturbance to this area prior to the very recent colonization and logging. The presence of large trees of Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia (Lauraceae), an endemic species virtually exterminated throughout the rest of western Ecuador, is an indication of the “pristine” character of the forest. The forested area around Bilsa is now dotted with widely separated “claim stake” clearings of a few hectares each and a network of trails connecting them. Frequently, establishing these clearings involves cutting all the trees except the ones that are most valuable, such as the Carapa guianensis. Thus one encounters with surprise the exact reverse of normal selective removal of trees. However, with the advance of the logging roads, all the remaining large trees are taken out, though occasionally juveniles of valuable species are left behind in a welcome if half-hearted gesture at sustainable-yield forestry. The high moisture environment is reflected in the heavy load of trunk climbers and stem epiphytes on all the trees, something Figure 4. Map of the Cabeceras de Bilsa area. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 25 The diversity of freestanding woody plants here seems to be equal to or greater than on the wet slopes of the Andes east of Guayaquil… 26 usually not seen at this altitude. The forest canopy is mostly 30-40 m tall with a distinctive physiognomy caused by large numbers of trees with small monopodial crowns (i.e., like a Christmas tree; e.g., Virola, Quararibea, and Symphonia) in contrast to the large, branched, spreading crowns common in the canopy of other mature, lowland wet and moist forests. Even the few Ceiba pentandra (Bombacaceae) trees growing here had tight, constricted crowns rather than their normal, massive, spreading, umbrella shape. There are few very big trees and these are mostly Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) (Moraceae), the common strangler tree of western Ecuador. To explain this vegetation structure requires some speculation. In temperate regions, monopodial trees are much more vulnerable to death or damage by lightning strikes, and the same may be true in the tropics. While one could suppose that an absence of lightning in this area (for whatever reason) allows the monopodial trees to outcompete their sympodial neighbors, it is more likely to have something to do with the clay soil and the conducting system of the trees. Other unusual aspects of this forest are the extreme paucity of plants with wind-dispersed seeds, the low numbers of Leguminosae, Bignoniaceae (except the hemiepiphytic, bird-dispersed Schlegelia), Violaceae, and Ficus. These missing groups are most commonly associated with soils relatively rich in nutrients or cation-exchangecapacity, and some groups usually associated with poor soils, such as Eschweilera and Pourouma, are abundant here. The conclusion that these soils are very poor or acidic is not supported by the rest of the flora with its abundance of Heliconia, Calathea, Piper, Poulsenia, Sloanea, Quararibea, etc. In other words, it is an odd mix of taxonomic groups. The year-round moisture tends to eliminate the formation of separate communities on ridgetops, slopes, and ravine bottoms, a CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL separation that is pronounced in moist and dry forest. Most species can be found from top to bottom of this gradient and in similar abundance whether they are terrestrial gesneriads, ferns, or canopy trees. One exception to this rule is a species of Aspidosperma tree which seemed to occur only along steep ridgetops. Also, landslides are mostly associated with the lower slopes of these valleys and the successional species that grow up on such areas are restricted as a consequence and rarely encountered on the ridges. The diversity of freestanding woody plants here seems to be equal to or greater than on the wet slopes of the Andes east of Guayaquil, though perhaps not quite as great as on the Andean slopes east of Esmeraldas (Appendix 14). The trunk climbers and other hemiepiphytic or epiphytic species are certainly very diverse and probably the equal of any forest on the western slopes of the Andes. The most common canopy trees in the area are Virola dixonii, Otoba sp. (Myristicaceae); Quararibea soegenii, Quararibea sp. (Bombacaceae); Eschweilera sp. (Lecythidaceae); Cecropia sp., Coussapoa eggersii/ villosa, Pourouma bicolor (Moraceae); Astronium sp. (Anacardiaceae); Ocotea cf. whitei (Lauraceae); Protium sp. (Burseraceae); Sapium sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Sloanea sp. (Eleocarpaceae); and Symphonia globulifera (Guttiferae). The common understory trees and shrubs are Catoblastus sp. (Palmae); Calyptranthes sp. (Myrtaceae); Cephaelis sp., Coussarea sp., Pentagonia cf. macrophylla, Psychotria sp. 2 (Rubiaceae); Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae); Perebea cf. angustifolia (humilis) (Moraceae); Piper augustum, Piper sp. 2 (Piperaceae); and Tovomita sp. (Guttiferae). Terrestrial herbs and subshrubs that are frequent include Calathea sp. (Marantaceae), Costus sp. (Zingiberaceae), Cyclanthus bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae), Danaea cf. Rapid Assessment Program moritziana (Marattiaceae), Dieffenbachia sp. (Araceae), Episcia sp. (Gesneriaceae), Geonoma sp. (Palmae), Heliconia cf. longa (Musaceae), Triolena barbeyana (Melastomataceae), and Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae). The fern Neurolena lobata is a common, tall weed along the logging roads. Trunk climbers and epiphytes that are frequent include Rhodospatha (2 spp.), Anthurium dolichostachyum, numerous additional species of Anthurium and Philodendron (Araceae), Coussapoa sp. (Moraceae), Columnea sp. and numerous other Gesneriaceae, a climbing Piper sp. (Piperaceae), and two Schlegelia spp. (Bignoniaceae). Normal lianas are rare. Results of Plant Transects and General Observations (A. Gentry) At Bilsa, several unusual features of the vegetation, such as lack of wind-dispersed species and prevalence of hemiepiphytic climbers rather than free-climbing lianas, are shared with the Chocó flora (see Gentry 1986b), even though floristically the area seems distinctive at the species level. One unusual floristic feature at Bilsa is the sparse representation of Leguminosae (in transects), which are replaced by Rubiaceae (11-12 spp.) and Moraceae (8 spp.) as the most speciose families in the 0.1 ha sample. Similarly, hemiepiphytic climbers in the families Araceae, Guttiferae, and Piperaceae largely replace the standard bignon and legume lianas. Even the few bignons that are present mostly belong to the hemiepiphytic genus Schlegelia. The most common species in the transects is an Otoba (Myristicaceae) and the second most numerous is Perebea cf. angustifolia (humilis)(Moraceae). The prevalence of Otoba (17 trees or treelets in 0.1 ha) and numerous Moraceae is usually an indication of rich soils. At Bilsa, two palms tie as the eighth RAP Working Papers Two most common species, the same Catoblastus as at Río Palenque Science Center and a Prestoea. Indeed, this forest very nearly reproduces the otherwise highly distinctive Río Palenque forest (two thirds of the species in my sample are also at Río Palenque), a quite unexpected result. Most of the species at Bilsa apparently constitute new records for Esmeraldas Province and a number of others, such as Schlegelia dressleri and a Moutabea sp., are taxa new to Ecuador. Especially intriguing is a genus new to science (described as Exarata; Gentry 1992) that is a large, locally common tree well known to the local people (indeed we even ate our meals while sitting on sections of its trunk). A Rauvolfia tentatively identified as a species known only from the Panamanian type and several species previously known only from the Río Palenque Science Center (e.g., Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia and Daphnopsis occulta) are also indicative of how little we know of this flora. Birds of the Bilsa Area (T. Parker) This fairly pristine wet forest had the richest bird community of the eight sites surveyed (Appendix 2). Most of the 158 species found at Bilsa (along a ca. 2 km by 100 m transect through mature forest) occur widely in lowland forests of the Neotropics, but 16 (10 percent) are Chocó endemics, and a smaller component (e.g., Leucopternis occidentalis, Ortalis erythroptera, and Attila torridus) is confined primarily to moist forests farther south. The Bilsa avifauna is very like that of the best-known Ecuadorian wet forest site at the Río Palenque Science Center, ca. 150 km to the southeast. As in most other Neotropical evergreen forests, the most speciose families at Bilsa were Formicariidae (16 species), Tyrannidae (27 species), and Thraupinae (22 species). Other typical features include the presence of numerous understory mixed-spe- October 1992 Especially intriguing is a genus new to science that is a large, locally common tree well known to local people. 27 cies flocks (with Dysithamnus puncticeps, three Myrmotherula spp., Microrhopias quixensis, Xenops minutus, Thryothorus thoracicus and many others), and large canopy flocks dominated by tanagers, especially Tangara (5 spp.) and two species of Tachyphonus. Large frugivores, including pigeons (5 spp.), parrots (5 spp.), trogons (5 spp.), and toucans (3 spp.), seemed to be unusually abundant. Of conservation importance were large populations of several Chocó endemics, including Rose-faced Parrot (Pionopsitta pulchra), Dusky Pigeon (Columba goodsoni), and Chocó Toucan (Ramphastos brevis). Black-tipped Cotinga (Carpodectes hopkei) was noted in small numbers, and Long-wattled Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus penduliger) was seen twice. The latter species was unexpected so far west of the Andean foothills and lower montane forest. Other Chocó endemics observed at Bilsa include Trogon comptus, Sipia nigricauda, Tangara palmeri, and Heterospingus xanthopygius. As expected, wintering passerines from North America were more numerous here than at southerly sites. There was a small population of territorial Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) in the viny middlestory of the Bilsa forest. Unexpected was an Olivesided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis) and a male Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) — both rare away from the Andes — and at least two singing Bay-breasted Warblers (Dendroica castanea); the latter species was known in Ecuador from fewer than five records (P. Greenfield, pers. comm.). Mammals of the (L. Emmons and L. Albuja) Bilsa Area Bad weather and moonlight prevented us from adequately sampling this site and further work 28 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL is needed, but we can make preliminary comments (Appendix 9). Mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), listed as endangered on CITES Appendix 1, had a dense and healthy population at Bilsa, as shown by the many groups seen and heard calling. The monkeys were completely tame, evidence that they are not hunted locally for meat. Although few were caught, bats included some species typical only of undisturbed forest (Rhinophylla alethina, Mimon crenulatum). Small mammal trapping was unsuccessful, and we saw few signs of terrestrial mammals, but we cannot yet say whether this is a temporary or permanent condition of this forest. People frequently travelled through the area while we were there and hunting pressure may have reduced some populations of large mammals. The local mammals listed by informants included species said to be absent at Machalilla, such as Bradypus variegatus, Cabassous centralis, and Marmosa spp. (see Appendix 9). We expect that the mammal fauna at Bilsa will include more species than forests farther south, such as Machalilla. Herpetofauna of the (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) Bilsa Area At this site in the Muisne mountains, herpetofaunal sampling was successful due largely to a week of heavy rainfall that began the day we arrived. The conditions were particularly favorable for anurans, of which 17 species were found. The specimens obtained indicate that the herpetofauna of the site is typical of the Chocó lowlands of northwestern South America (Appendix 11). The environmental conditions permitted us to obtain various species of hylids (e.g., Smilisca phaeota), leptodactylids (Eleutherodactylus spp.), and Rapid Assessment Program dendrobatids (Colostethus spp.) that were initiating their reproductive cycle. Most anuran specimens were taken during nocturnal excursions. Among the interesting finds at this site was the collection of a specimen of Epipedobates erythromos, apparently the first since its description (Vigle and Miyata 1980), and only the second known locality for the species. We also obtained a caecilian, Oscaecilia equatorialis, which was previously known only from the type locality east of Santo Domingo de los Colorados (Frost 1985). Two species of Tantilla were collected, both represented by a single specimen. Tantilla equatoriana was previously known only from the type specimens collected near San Lorenzo in extreme northwestern Ecuador (Wilson 1987), and T. supracincta was previously known from only two other west Ecuadorian localities (Wilson et al. 1977; Wilson 1987), although there are many other collection lo- calities known in lower Central America. With so many interesting finds in such a short period, we feel that additional collections are needed from this region, including at higher altitudes in the same area. CERRO PATA DE PÁJARO (FOG/CLOUD FOREST, WET FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) The small (nearly 800 m) but conspicuous mountain of Cerro Pata de Pájaro stands by itself not far from the coast near the equator between Bahía de Caráquez and Muisne, just east of Pedernales (00°02' N, 79°58' W)(Fig. 5). It is apparently the highest mountain of the northern coastal range between Portoviejo and Esmeraldas. Most of the other ridgetops in this range do not top 400-500 m, and rarely pass 600 m. Figure 5. Map of the area around Cerro Pata de Pájaro, including the Tabuga-Río Cuaque study site. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 29 The new road from Pedernales to El Carmen passes over the north shoulder of this mountain, and the small village of Mariano on the northeastern flank is a convenient base of operations for obtaining guides and hiking up. The last third of the climb from 550 m to 750 m is very steep and slippery, prohibitive to mules and requiring the use of all four human limbs. The trail all along the crest of the semicircular mountain is better defined, and ranges from the eastern peak at 730 m down to a saddle at 650 m and up to the western peak at 800 m. There are several other access trails leading up from other sides of the mountain. Cerro Pato de Pájaro is enveloped in clouds most of the year, even through the dry season. The cloud layer usually hits the mountain at between 650 and 700 m and above. Precipitation is probably from fog condensation in the dry season and mixed with rainfall in the wet season. This results in a “cloud forest” 20-30 m tall at higher elevations, heavily laden with moss, epiphytes, and hemiepiphytes. Below the cloud layer the 30 m tall forest has fewer epiphytes and less moss, but nonetheless appears very wet, whether from rainfall, or the year-round combination of rainfall and high soil water-content draining from above as a result of the frequent low cloud cover. Cloud Forest An estimated 95 percent of the canopy trees in the cloud forest are of two species: Carapa guianensis (Meliaceae, “tangar” or “figueroa”) and an Eschweilera sp. (Lecythidaceae). Carapa is the larger tree and makes up most of the basal area and biomass. It is extraordinary to see such a large population of large trees of this valuable species, probably the largest — if not the only — stand remaining in the Cordillera de la Costa. At each site we visited in this mountain range, even if the rest of the forest remained intact, the mature trees of Carapa 30 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL have been removed by axe or chain saw — though juveniles have sensibly been left standing. The same is true on the wet western slopes of the Andes from Pichincha to Azuay and in the hills of the Río Santiago-Cayapas area of Esmeraldas. Possibly the only other area in western Ecuador where large stands of adults of Carapa still exist is in the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas in Esmeraldas (L. Albuja, pers. comm.). The dominance by these two species does not mean that many other canopy tree species do not occur here, only that others are all locally rare. For whatever reason, the westernmost peak and ridge of the mountain had more diversity and abundance of other canopy species than the eastern ridge. The largest tree seen was a Sloanea (Elaeocarpaceae) with a trunk diameter of about 1 m. The understory trees and tall shrubs are more diverse than those of the canopy, but with the possible exception of melastomes (2 species) and treeferns (probably all one species), most of these species had relatively small populations. Among the low shrubs and terrestrial herbs the most common are species of Peperomia (Piperaceae), Pseuderanthemum (Acanthaceae), Psychotria (Rubiaceae), Tournefortia (Boraginaceae), Spigelia (Loganiaceae), Triolena (Melastomataceae), Adiantum and Selaginella (Pteridophyta), and Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). Trunk climbers and trunk epiphytes occur in profusion. Among the most common are Polybotrya cf. and Elaphoglossum sp. (Pteridophyta); Columnea (3 spp., Gesneriaceae); Asplundia cf. (Cyclanthaceae); Macleania sp. (Ericaceae); Anthurium (8 spp.), Philodendron (5 spp.), and Stenospermation sp. (Araceae); Guzmania spp. (Bromeliaceae); and Schefflera (2 spp., Araliaceae). Palms are an occasional but not particularly conspicuous part of the vegetation. All of the species in the cloud forest appear to be more abundant in the wet forest farther down. Rapid Assessment Program Most abundant are an Aiphanes sp., Geonoma interrupta, and Catoblastus cf. velutinus. Occasional are Chamaedorea cf. polyclada, Geonoma cuneata, Bactris sp. 1 (tall but thin, clumped species common throughout western Ecuador), Bactris sp. 2 (small), and Jessenia bataua. At the top of the eastern ridge, a small clearing (ca. 20 by 10 m) was made some years ago, presumably for surveying purposes, and contains cement markers dated 1963 and 1982. Around this clearing are “gap” species rarely found in other parts of the forest such as a Bocconia sp. (Papaveraceae, disjunct from the west-Andean cloud forests); Inga (2 spp., Leguminosae); Ladenbergia pavonii, Rondeletia sp. and Posoqueria sp. (Rubiaceae). The cloud forest flora does not show any particular affinities to one region. Rather, it has a mixture of species known from the fog forests of the Chongón-Colonche mountains to the south, the wet forests of the Muisne mountains farther north, the low cloud forests of the western Andes, and a number of species we have not yet noted anywhere else (Appendix 15). Wet Forest Between 550 and 650 m on the side slopes and ridges of the mountain, the forest is considerably more diverse in all but its epiphytes. Although this forest was very little explored on this trip, it appeared to have a flora with considerable affinity to that of the lower western slopes of the Andes including the Río Palenque Science Center (Appendix 15). It contained such species as Calatola costaricensis, Brownea disepala, Heliconia curtispatha, Socratea excorrhiza, and a Syagrus sp. An unusual new species of Bauhinia with large, bright red flowers coming out of the trunk, was found in a small, monospecific grove on the ridge here, and nowhere else. Other species of Bauhinia with these charac- RAP Working Papers Two teristics are known only from Africa (R. Fortunato, pers. comm.). A one hectare clearing made within the next few years would wipe out the known population. Further investigation of the flora on these slopes is urgently needed. Disturbance Except for the tiny clearing on the eastern peak and an old boundary line cut on the western ridge, there is no indication of any tree-cutting in the cloud forest that covers the top of the mountain. We were informed that it is illegal to cut this forest, by order of the “ministry,” but further details were not available. However, it is not clear that the law would be enforced or respected, and it may be just a matter of time before the colonists on the lower slopes work their way up. On the side of Atahualpa, the clearings already extend up to 600-650 m along the trail, only a few hundred meters distance from the ridge crest at that point. We saw no evidence of logging activity, just clearings for bananas, coffee, cacao, and cattle. We did see or pass through several large patches of forest on the upper mountain flanks. Though interrupted by a few clearings, they represent a sizeable area of wet forest around the mountain top. By combining these wet forests with the approximately 2 km2 of cloud forest, the total area for a reserve of intact forest could be as much as 8 km2. Disturbance in the forest other than tree-cutting was also in evidence. As the guides insisted on carrying guns, it is likely that they have already shot out most of the larger game animals and are reduced to picking off squirrels. Apparently, colonists on the south side of the mountain have recently taken to driving their domestic pigs up into the forest at some times of year, probably to feed on all the large Carapa and Eschweilera nuts. This is causing damage to the ground vegetation and October 1992 An unusual new species of Bauhinia with large, bright red flowers coming out of the trunk, was found… on the ridge here… 31 increased erosion in these areas. Before hunting, this mountain would probably have been home to many wild mammals that feed on large nuts due to the dominance of these two tree species. A dog seen by itself on the ridgetop trail is an additional indication of domesticated animals in this forest. Birds of Cerro Pata de Pájaro (T. Parker) Although we did not survey birds at this site, this potentially interesting forest may well support some of the montane species found on the Cerros de Colonche to the south (see Appendix 8), as well as wet forest species at the southern limit of their ranges. Chapman (1926) reported southerly records of the antbirds Myrmeciza berlepschi and Dysithamnus puncticeps from this mountain, which suggests that a very unusual mixture of Chocó and Tumbesan endemics occurs together here. A bird survey is urgently needed, especially as it would eventually prove to be of great value as a test of species loss in a small forest island. Mammals of Cerro Pata de Pájaro (L. Albuja) The mammal fauna of the upper elevations of this mountain is typical of wet forests of the tropical zone in northwestern Ecuador, while the fauna at the base of the mountain has dry forest affinities. Our brief visit to the mountain did not allow for a mammal survey in the lower elevation forest. Twenty species of mammals were recorded in this area; of these, seven (35 percent) were non-flying species (Appendix 10). Two species of primates (Alouatta palliata and Cebus albifrons) were found on the forested lower slopes of the mountain at 550 - 650 m, none in the cloud forest. The howler monkeys were regularly heard from the mountaintop. The absence of both monkey species in the ridgetop forest is probably due 32 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL to a lack or scarcity of important food plants, such as Ficus spp. Thirteen species of bats were found at this site (65 percent of the total list), which is a large number for only one night of mistnetting. The species are typical of humid tropical forest; most are frugivores of the family Phyllostomidae (Artibeus jamaicencis, Vampyrops cf. infuscatus, Rhinophylla alethina, and Carollia perspicillata). Along the trails at the top of the mountain, we noted numerous tracks of peccaries, deer, agoutis, and armadillos. Only one species of squirrel (Sciurus granatensis) was found in the area. Herpetofauna of Cerro Pata de Pájaro (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) Although we did not get to visit this site, three other party members obtained a few specimens (Appendix 12). The most interesting of these was a toad, Bufo caeruleostictus, that is considered restricted in distribution to the western Andean slopes (Hoogmoed, 1989). This is but one indication of a relationship between the herpetofauna of the coastal cordillera and the Andean slopes. The other species from this site are more widespread in western Ecuador and occur in a fairly wide altitudinal range. TABUGA - RÍO CUAQUE (MOIST FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) Just south of Pedernales on the coast, the Río Cuaque and its tributary the Río San José form the north and eastern boundary of a series of ridges 200 to 600 m in altitude and covered with moist semideciduous forest. From the western boundary of this area — the main road up the coast between Tabuga and Cinco de Agosto on the Río Cuaque (Fig. 5) — one can see that much of this forest, on the Rapid Assessment Program ridgetops at least, is still mostly intact but going fast. South of the crossing of the Río Cuaque, the road angles toward the coast and crosses a small saddle shown on maps as Palmarcito. To the east of Palmarcito (00o 01' S, 80o 05' W) lies a ravine and 320 m ridge covered with goodlooking 20-30 m moist forest (Fig. 5). The ridgetop can be reached by a gradual trail from the Hacienda Cuaque at the north end near the river, or by bushwhacking straight up from the seasonally dry stream in the ravine below Palmarcito. The stream edge is characterized by the tree Brownea angustiflora (Leguminosae) with its small bunches of slim red flowers, but the remainder of the flora mixed with it appears to be a random assemblage of “weedy” trees and shrubs. The habitat seems highly unstable with frequent bank slides. Common colonists are Muntingia calabura (Elaeocarpaceae); Ochroma pyramidale (Bombacaceae); Guazuma pubescens (Sterculiaceae); Cochlospermum vitifolium (Bixaceae); Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae); Inga spp., Centrolobium ochroxylum (Leguminosae); Malvaviscus sp. (Malvaceae); and Ruellia aff. graecizans (Acanthaceae). The slopes are dominated by large trees of Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae), Alseis eggersii (Rubiaceae), Attalea colenda (Palmae), Pouteria sp. (Sapotaceae), Lonchocarpus sp. (Leguminosae), and occasional large individuals of Ficus trigonata and two other figs (Moraceae). Infrequent are Ampelocera sp., Celtis schippii (Ulmaceae); Clarisia racemosa, Coussapoa eggersii (Moraceae); Genipa americana (Rubiaceae); Pochota trinitensis, Pseudobombax millei, Quararibea asterolepis (Bombacaceae); and a couple of other unidentified trees. We did not see any Virola reidii (Myristicaceae), perhaps because this site is too dry for them or because they have already been cut out. There is a great diversity of shrubs and RAP Working Papers Two small trees on the slopes. The common ones are Morisonia sp. (Capparidaceae); Adelia triloba (Euphorbiaceae); Aiphanes sp., Clavija eggersii (Theophrastaceae); Faramea occidentalis, Guettarda sp., Randia sp., Rudgea sp. (Rubiaceae); Gustavia pubescens (Lecythidaceae); Eugenia galalonensis, Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae); Erythroxylum patens (Erythroxylaceae); Trichilia elegans (Meliaceae); Rhipidocladum sp. (Gramineae); and Zamia lindenii (Zamiaceae). The apparent absence of Capparis ecuadorica is surprising. Common terrestrial herbs include a variety of ferns (Cyclopeltis semicordata, Tectaria incisa, Adiantum sp.) and the grass Streptochaeta sp. Common vines and lianas are Lycoseris trinervis (Compositae), Malvaviscus sp. (Malvaceae), Acacia cf. polystachya (Leguminosae), and Pisonia aculeata (Nyctaginaceae). Trunk epiphytes are rare but a giant ‘bird-nest’ Anthurium is conspicuous. The top of the ridge seemed to be a slightly moister habitat. Numerous species not seen on the slopes are encountered here, but only a few of these are really abundant — for example, a Rinorea sp. (Violaceae) and Psychotria horizontalis (Rubiaceae). The flora as a whole is roughly intermediate between those of the moist forests at Cerro Mutiles and Jauneche, which is appropriate given the geographic position of this site, but the flora of course has its own peculiarities (Appendix 16). Fauna (R. Foster) Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) can frequently be heard from the road. In addition to the three troops of Alouatta encountered in fruiting Ficus and Brosimum, there were abundant feces and trails of small deer. During an earlier, brief stop along the highway in semideciduous forest just south of the Río Cuaque crossing, Parker saw or heard Brotogeris pyrrhopterus, Lathrotriccus gri- October 1992 33 seipectus, and Basileuterus fraseri, three dry forest endemic bird species not previously known north of the Río Chone. The forests of the Río Cuaque drainage may well be the northern limit for these and other endemics of this forest type. Farther south towards Bahía de Caráquez there were only a few small patches of good dry forest within sight of the road. PARQUE NACIONAL MACHALILLA (FOG FOREST, DRY FOREST, COASTAL SCRUB) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) Parque Nacional Machalilla is about 55,000 ha in size. It includes three separate parcels, Figure 6. Map of coastal Ecuador showing the three units of Parque Nacional Machalilla. The area of the rectangle is enlarged in Figure 7. 34 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program two on the mainland and the offshore island of Isla de la Plata (Fig. 6). The mainland portions of the park extend from the coast into the highest ridges of the Cordillera de la Costa near the middle of the range between Guayaquil and Bahía de Caráquez. The larger towns (i.e., Puerto López, Machalilla) are excluded from the park boundaries, but smaller settlements are included. Along parts of this coast, fog forest (or remnants of it) occurs on the hills right near the ocean. This type of fog forest is found just south of the park below the Río Ayampe in an area that should be immediately considered for inclusion in the park. In Machalilla, however, the more typical pattern of dry conditions on the hills near the coast exists, and fog forest is only found on the highest hills several kilometers inland. These different distributions probably reflect the patterns of airflow from the ocean onto land in response to different configurations of ridges, coastline, and Figure 7. Enlargement of a central portion of Parque Nacional Machalilla showing our campsite on Cerro San Sebastián and two dry forest transect sites. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 35 offshore islands. The cloud layer may be trapped low on the coast at times, but in most of the coastal area it gradually rises to where it skims only the tops of the high ridges. There are abrupt changes between different plant communities at Machalilla more than at any other sites we visited (Appendix 17). Here the fog forest of the ridgetops rapidly turns into dry forest on the middle and lower slopes, separated by only a very narrow band of transitional moist forest. Gentry’s San Sebastián transect was made where the fog forest grades into the moist forest. Fog Forest There are abrupt changes between different plant communities at Machalilla more than at any other sites we visited… 36 With every passing cloud that comes up against the ridge, this forest starts dripping heavily, very much as if it were raining. Stepping out into a clearing, however, one immediately finds that there is no rain at all. The tree stems are loaded with trunk climbers, vascular epiphytes, and bryophytes. The most common trees of the fog forest on Cerro San Sebastián (Fig. 7) and adjacent ridges varied considerably according to the extent of disturbance. The following species stand out, even if they are not abundant in all places: Grias peruviana (Lecythidaceae); Poulsenia armata, Ficus maxima, Ficus trigonata (Moraceae); Quararibea grandiflora (Bombacaceae); Sapium sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Tapirira sp. (Anacardiaceae); Triplaris cumiingiana (Polygonaceae); Cordia sp. (Boraginaceae); Turpinia occidentalis (Staphyleaceae); Matayba sp. (Sapindaceae); Aspidosperma sp. (Apocynaceae); Borojoa sp. (Rubiaceae); Cecropia sp. (Cecropiaceae); Chrysophyllum sp. (Sapotaceae); Heliocarpus americana (Tiliaceae); Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae); Tabebuia chrysantha (Bignoniaceae); Vitex gigantea (Verbenaceae); Dussia sp. and several species of Inga (Leguminoseae). Important shrubs are Acalypha diversifolia (Euphorbiaceae); Ardisia (2 spp., CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Myrsinaceae); Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae); Clavija sp. (Theophrastaceae), Chamaedorea sp., Geonoma sp. (Palmae); Cornutia sp. (Verbenaceae); Palicourea sp., Pentagonia sp. (Rubiaceae); Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae); Rauvolfia sp. (Apocynaceae); Siparuna sp. (Monimiaceae); Talisia sp. (Sapindaceae); Trichilia pallida (Meliaceae); and Witheringia sp. (Solanaceae). Common herbs include Calathea insignis, Maranta gibba (Marantaceae); Heliconia latispatha, Heliconia sp. (Musaceae); Dieffenbachia sp., Xanthosoma sp. (Araceae); Ossaea sp. (Melastomataceae); Begonia glabra, Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae); Burmeistra sp. (Campanulaceae); Asplundia sp. (Cyclanthaceae); Hoffmannia sp. (Rubiaceae); and Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae). Common epiphytes are Oncidium cf. obryzatum, Pleurothallis sp., Sobralia sp., Stelis sp. (Orchidaceae); Anthurium sp., Philodendron sp. (Araceae); Sphearospermum sp. (Ericaceae); Blakea sp. (Melastomataceae); Columnea spp. (Gesneriaceae); Nephrolepis sp. (Davalliaceae); Microgramma sp., Polypodium sp. (Polypodiaceae); Tillandsia usneoides, T. narthecoides, and Tillandsia (3 spp., Bromeliaceae). Additional Botanical Observations and Transect Data (A. Gentry) To our knowledge, the flora of the moist (i.e., fog) forest patches above 550 m in Parque Nacional Machalilla has not previously been studied (Appendix 17). This flora, now isolated, is so remarkably similar to that of Río Palenque Science Center (with two thirds of the species in my sample in common) as to indicate a former direct connection. A good example of a shared species with an otherwise very restricted distribution is Erythrina megistophylla, which is common at both localities. It is especially noteworthy that the flora is closer to that of Río Palenque than to Rapid Assessment Program that of geographically closer Jauneche, which probably has a more similar rainfall regime as well. Apparently, cloud-cover effects (shared by Cerro San Sebastián and Río Palenque) take precedence over absolute precipitation as a determinant of the vegetation. Physiognomically, this is reflected in the prevalence of hemiepiphytic climbers, which constitute a third of the scandent species in the sample. A few noteworthy species from the Machalilla moist forest that are not at Río Palenque include a large tree (Phytolacca sp.) not previously reported from western Ecuador (but which I collected once before in the vicinity of Río Palenque); this might be an amazing disjunction of the Argentinian P. dioica (of which there is one old record as a native plant from Peru — without locality). Another unusually interesting large tree is apparently a species of Simaroubaceae (because of its pinnately compound leaves and apocarpous indehiscent fruits) that is generically quite unknown to me. Especially intriguing is the fact that there is another recent collection of this same genus (whatever it may be) from the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Nor are these two collections conspecific. Several other species at San Sebastián that I had never seen before might be new, including a pendant Heliconia with yellowish-green, pubescent bracts, and several of the more than a dozen species of Bromeliaceae that we collected. The common Dieffenbachia is undescribed, as is at least one Anthurium (G72592). In the plant transects in mature forest at San Sebastián, palms were especially dominant, with Chamaedorea polyclada being the most common woody species (31 trees/0.1 ha). The endemic species Phytelephas aequatorialis was the most common tree (10 trees >10 cm dbh in 0.1 ha). Floristically, the sampled forest is unusual for lowland western Ecuador in the prevalence of Lauraceae, which tie with Le- RAP Working Papers Two guminosae as the most speciose family in our sample (six spp. each) and included three of the most common large tree (>20 cm dbh) species. Prevalence of Lauraceae is a common cloud forest phenomenon and may reflect the site’s cloud forest nature. As usual in lowland western Ecuador, Moraceae is also well represented, with Poulsenia armata the most common species and the third most common species >10 cm dbh. The second most common understory species (after Chamaedorea polyclada) is a Palicourea. Also noteworthy in the sampled plot were Quararibaea grandifolia, the third most common species (and second most common (8 individuals) species >10 cm dbh), Aegiphila alba the fourth most common species, and the hemiepiphytic Philodendron purpureoviride, the most common climber (16 individuals). Habitat Disturbance on Cerro San Sebastián (R. Foster) All of the fog (= moist) forest we visited had been disturbed to some degree. In the best cases, this habitat has only suffered removal of one or a few valuable tree species such as Carapa guianensis. At worst, it has been completely cleared to form pastures or to cultivate platanos. On average the forest has either suffered from severe cattle-grazing activity in the understory or has had most of the trees of any large size cut out for common use. Where the cutting has been most intense, there are usually dense stands of bamboo or large populations of young ivory nut palms, Phytelephas aequatorialis. These species rapidly take advantage of the high-light environment created by the tree-cutting. Normally these species would only be colonizing fresh landslides — not a frequent occurrence here. The palm regeneration is perhaps also encouraged for its useful leaves and fruits. There is a conservation advantage here to the colonization by bamboo: The thorny October 1992 37 Clearing of fog forest …has farreaching consequences …in greatly reducing the ground water available to and dense stems keep cattle out of the understory (though probably not goats). To the extent that juvenile plants have survived after harvesting of adult trees, they remain protected until the bamboo finally flowers and dies, at which point the other plants are hopefully large enough to avoid herbivory and trampling by the cattle. For herb species this may be only a very short-term protection. Many of the plant species we found in the fog forest were only found under these bamboo thickets. How well these thickets trap cloud moisture compared to the normal forest is not clear. Clearing of fog forest, in addition to eliminating species populations outright, immediately dries out the ground except for what little superficial moisture is trapped by the low herbs. This has far-reaching consequences, not only in altering the soil structure in a way that makes recolonization or reforestation difficult, but also in greatly reducing the ground water available to all the forests on the slopes and along the increasingly dry streams in the valley below. all the forests on the slopes and…in the valley below. 38 Dry Forest (A. Gentry) The Machalilla dry forest hardly exists as “forest” anymore. Worse, many important plant species are virtually extinct locally and perhaps generally in western Ecuador. Examples include a Simira sp., perhaps now occurring on only one hill near Estero Perro Muerto (where it was the third most common species in our transect). Similarly, the few large individuals and scattered saplings of M y roxylon balsamifera at Estero Manta Blanca may represent the only extant population in the country. We saw no trees of Cedrela, an important timber tree and the dominant species in the less-disturbed but otherwise equivalent dry forest near Tumbes, Peru, and suspect that it once occurred at Machalilla but CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL now may be locally extinct or nearly so. It is noteworthy that the species composition of the dry forest apparently varies greatly from place to place within Parque Nacional Machalilla. For example, 59 percent of the species in my (incomplete) Estero Manta Blanca sample were not represented in the equivalent sample from Estero Perro Muerto. In contrast, 75 percent of the species in my Cerro Amotape transect from northwestern Peru were observed at Machalilla, and 50 percent of them occurred in the Machalilla dry forest transects. One extremely interesting disjunct from the Amotape area of Peru that occurred in the Manta Blanca sample is Delostoma gracile, previously known only from the type from 900 m elevation in Tumbes. Not only is this the second collection ever of this rare species, but also by far the lowest altitude record for the entire genus, which otherwise occurs only in Andean forests. Although there are some local peculiarities, the dominant families in our dry forest sample from Estero Perro Muerto are Leguminosae and Bignoniaceae (7 spp. each), just as they are in essentially all Neotropical dry forests. A noteworthy family in this region is Capparidaceae, which mostly occurs in the very driest forests and may be more dominant here than anywhere else in the Neotropics. One striking Capparis (of which we found only a single tree) at Estero Manta Blanca is a large tree ca. 25 m tall, among the largest for this genus. Another interesting Capparis discovery is that the sometimes confused C. heterophylla and C. ecuadorica show strong ecological differentiation in areas where they are sympatric. I have not previously seen the large-leaved Capparis with edible bananasized, striped fruits that we found at Machalilla and it may be an undescribed species. An endemic plant genus of the western Ecuadorian dry forests, Macranthisiphon (Bignoniaceae), is the most common species along disturbed parts of the trail to Estero Manta Rapid Assessment Program Blanca in Machalilla National Park. A distinctive distributional pattern for plants (and to a lesser extent for birds), is the disjunct occurrence of dry forest taxa in dry areas of western Ecuador/northwest Peru and across the Andes in Bolivia; a plant example is Cydista decora. Coastal Scrub (R. Foster) The predominant vegetation along the coast is a thorny scrub forest or shrubland. However, there are obvious radical differences from place to place in the appearance and composition of this scrub. Some areas are dominated by columnar cacti, others by Jacquinia shrubs and small trees. Capparis trees and shrubs are especially prominent. From archeological excavations, we know that the coastal area of the park has a long history of human occupation. It is very likely that prior to human occupation, some kind of “normal” much taller dry forest covered the region. It is not clear now if the striking differences in plant communities in this coastal zone reflect differences in human land use — such as the differences now seen where goats are kept in or out — or differences in the underlying rock that assume a greater importance to the plants once the buffering effects of a soil layer has been stripped away by erosion and overgrazing. Gentry suggests that small, but critical differences in rainfall between different sites may be responsible for these plant community differences. Birds of Machalilla (T. Parker) Our six days of fieldwork in the park revealed the presence of 214 species of landbirds, 37 (17 percent) of which are endemic to western Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru (Appendix 3). The richest bird community in the park (with ca. 140 spp.) is that of evergreen forests on the upper slopes and ridgecrests of RAP Working Papers Two mountains such as Cerro San Sebastián. Many of the most numerous species in these forests (e.g., Sittasomus griseicapillus, Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Thryothorus paucimaculatus, and Basileuterus fraseri) are characteristic of moist forests farther south, but others occur mainly in wetter areas to the north. Deciduous (= dry) forests, where 64 resident species were found, occur from the lowlands up to ca. 500 m. A few species, such as Grallaria watkinsi, were found only in a narrow transitional zone (at 500-600 m) between almost leafless deciduous forest and more humid evergreen forest, but extensive logging and trampling of the undergrowth by cattle have severely altered this type of forest. In the uppermost evergreen (= fog) forest at 600-800 m on Cerro San Sebastián, we were surprised to discover 17 montane bird species not previously known in Ecuador away from the Andes, including seemingly small, vulnerable populations of Anabacerthia variegaticeps, Grallaria guatimalensis, Mecocerculus calopterus, Troglodytes solstitialis, Catharus dryas, and Amaurospiza concolor. We estimate that there are fewer than 500 individuals of most of these species in the park, and continued slash-and-burn agriculture and trampling of the undergrowth by cattle clearly threaten their long-term survival. Individuals of the Mountain Wren (Troglodytes solstitialis) appeared to be unusually gray and may represent an undescribed subspecies endemic to the coastal mountains. The degree to which all montane species of the coastal cordillera have differentiated from Andean populations should be investigated. Also of zoogeographic interest was our discovery of Hylocryptus erythrocephalus and Grallaria watkinsi on Cerro San Sebastián; these species were previously known only from a small area of semideciduous forest in the Andes ca. 200 km to the southeast. Other potentially threatened dry and moist forest endemics found on Cerro San Sebastián in- October 1992 39 clude Crypturellus transfasciatus, Leucopternis occidentalis, Ortalis erythroptera, Leptotila ochraceiventris, Aratinga erythrogenys, Acestrura bombus, Campephilus gayaquilensis, Pyriglena pacifica, Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Attila torridus, Onychorhynchus occidentalis, and Carduelis siemiradzkii. Another (but smaller) component of the moist forest avifauna in the park consists of wet forest species at or near the southern limits of their distribution; these include Lurocalis semitorquatus, Malacoptila panamensis, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Formicarius nigricapillus, Microcerculus marginatus, and Dacnis lineata. Of ecological interest was the apparent importance to nectarivorous birds of numerous flowering individuals of the small endemic tree Erythrina megistophylla. These trees were visited constantly by large numbers of hummingbirds, especially Thalurania colombica, Amazilia tzacatl, and Adelomyia melanogenys. These species (and Phaethornis superciliosus) were also frequently seen at flowers of Heliconia latispatha. Few other hummingbird flowers were conspicuous, except for those of several unidentified canopy vines. Despite continued hunting pressure and deforestation within the national park, a large population of Rufous-headed Chachalacas (Ortalis erythroptera) survives in the evergreen forests of Machalilla above 500 m. Based on counts of counter-calling pairs/families, we estimate the Cerro San Sebastián population to be ca. 25 individuals/km2. In contrast, the Machalilla population of Crested Guans (Penelope purpurascens) is very small — probably less than 200 individuals — and may be extirpated within a few years if steps are not taken to protect them. Perhaps also needing protection are several species of large raptors, such as Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) and Black Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus), that also occur in the more densely forested parts of the park. 40 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Small numbers of the following Nearctic migrants were apparently “wintering” in the evergreen forests above 500 m: Contopus (sordidulus), Empidonax virescens, Catharus ustulatus, Seiurus noveboracensis (along streams), Setophaga ruticilla, and Piranga rubra. All of these were near the southern limits of their non-breeding ranges west of the Andes. The lowland and foothill scrub avifauna of Machalilla is diverse (Appendix 3) and apparently resilient in the face of constant, severe overgrazing by goats and cattle. Populations of some bird (and mammal) species would no doubt increase dramatically if the impact of domestic livestock was lessened. During a short visit to the stunted evergreen forest on Cerro Achi (600 m), a ridge crossed by the Puerto Cayo-Jipijapa highway, we found a number of the montane bird species observed on the higher ridges in Parque Nacional Machalilla, including Adelomyia melanogenys, Cranioleuca erythrops, and Henicorhina leucophrys (see Appendix 8). Although this isolated patch of forest was small (<100 ha), it also supported at least one pair of Gray-backed Hawks (Leucopternis occidentalis) and at least two groups of Rufousheaded Chachalacas (Ortalis erythroptera). Watkins’ Antpitta was found at this site in March 1991 (P. Koopmans, pers. comm.). How long these species will persist in such (small) forest islands is unknown. Mammals of (L. Emmons and L. Albuja) Machalilla Thirty-three species of mammals were identified in the park. Our own data were supplemented by skins and skeletal remains found in the museum at Salango, the Centro de Interpretación Ambiental and Oficina del Parque, and in a house of residents in the park. The list is incomplete and more species of small mammals can be expected to occur here. Rapid Assessment Program Densities of native mammals were very low. Among larger species, only kinkajous (Potos flavus) and agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata) seemed to have good populations in the better forest fragments above 600 m on Cerro San Sebastián. The two monkey species (Alouatta palliata, Cebus albifrons) in the park are tame and apparently are not hunted for meat by park residents. Nonetheless, only a few groups of howler monkeys (ca. 3-4 of Alouatta palliata on Cerro San Sebastián and adjacent ridges) and Cebus seem to survive — all in the better fragments of higher elevation forest. Forest destruction is probably the direct cause of low primate numbers. Rodent and marsupial numbers were so low as to be virtually nonexistent at the time of our visit. This may have been a temporary situation caused by regional drought, and requires further study. The severe degradation of the forest understory by cattle is also likely to have negative effects on small mammal diversity. Bat populations were good on the higher, wetter ridges above 700 m, but the species were largely typical of disturbed forest (e.g., Artibeus spp. and Carollia spp.). At the foot of the mountain by the Río El Plátano, only a single vampire bat was caught, and there was a striking absence of bats seen flying about. Thirteen years ago, when the forest was in better condition, Albuja made a brief trip to Río Blanco and collected six species of bats near Río El Plátano. Habitat alteration since that time may have restricted the mammal fauna to the more humid mountaintops. Park rangers and residents of Machalilla state categorically that there are three species of deer in the park, White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus, cola blanca) in the drier lowlands, and two sympatric brocket deer in the wetter highlands, a large blackish form (encerrado) and a smaller pale brown form (colorado). In 1987, Albuja observed skins and skulls of both forms in the posses- RAP Working Papers Two sion of a local hunter. A skin and a skull of an encerrado are in the collections of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional. The blackish form may correspond to Mazama fuscata Allen 1915, and the smaller to Mazama americana. In recent years mammalogists have considered these forms to be conspecific and have recognized but one species of brocket deer in lowland Ecuador and Colombia. This question merits immediate attention to establish whether there are two species, what they are, and what their distributions are. There may be a species of deer endemic to western Ecuador that has recently been overlooked by science. It is likely to be highly endangered or threatened. Hunting and severe forest degradation have reduced the native mammals of Machalilla to small and fragmentary populations, but because many species still persist, the fauna would recover if forest vegetation was totally protected and allowed to regenerate. Hunting and severe forest degradation have reduced the native mammals of Machalilla to Herpetofauna of (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) Machalilla Following a brief visit along the Río Ayampe (at 70 m), we conducted more extensive fieldwork in the San Sebastián sector, near the highest and wettest part of the park. The primary study area was on Cerro San Sebastián, ca. 8.5 km southeast of Agua Blanca, and trips were made to the surrounding area, including the sites called La Pacharaca and Bola de Oro. Some material from lower elevation dry forest was obtained by Al Gentry and Carmen Josse in the course of their botanical collecting. Additional information was taken from the material located in the Interpretive Center of the park headquarters and in the Museo de Salango (Appendix 11). The very dry conditions at the sites sampled within the park were not favorable for collecting amphibians. We found anurans October 1992 small and fragmentary populations… 41 primarily near small springs and pools in a streambed and in the highest, wettest part of the forest (around 750 m). Only anurans of the genera Colostethus and Eleutherodactylus were collected. It is worth noting that in the microhabitats where it was possible to find anurans, they were relatively abundant. Snakes and lizards were scarce; the two species of snakes caught were very near two pools where anurans were common. One of them, Leptodeira septentrionalis, feeds primarily on frogs. Lizards of the genera Ameiva and Ophryoessoides were found primarily near disturbed sites, such as pastures and cultivated fields. The Colostethus within the park provide an indication of altitudinal variation in the herpetofauna coincident with the marked vegetation and precipitation gradients. One species was collected on a muddy, drying backwater pool of the Río Ayampe at about 70-80 m altitude, and the other was collected near the campsite along permanent pools at 550 m. The lowland species was later collected in July at Jauneche (see Appendix 12), another lowland site (50-70 m). One of the unidentified Eleutherodactylus species from Cerro San Sebastián is tentatively allied with E. phoxocephalus, a species known only from the western slopes of the Andes above 2,000 m (Frost, 1985). This is another indication of a relationship between the Cordillera de la Costa herpetofauna and that of the western Andean slopes. CERRO BLANCO (MOIST LIMESTONE FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) On the outskirts of Guayaquil, Cerro Blanco (2° 10' S, 80° 02' W) is near the southeastern end of the Cordillera de la Costa (Figs. 3,8). Cerro Blanco is the part of this narrowing 42 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL ridge system with a great exposure of white limestone rock. This limestone is used to produce the cement with which most of Guayaquil is now being built, hence there is a large mining industry operating along the front wall of this ridge system. In recent years, the security needed to protect the mine has helped preserve the forest nearby, mainly on the ridges and small valleys directly in back of the mining operation. This forest, in spite of its current protection, is not particularly old and much of it is very scrubby and not more than 5-10 m high. There are some fairly large patches of forest as much as 100 years old on sheltered slopes. The most common large tree in these patches is Brosimum alicastrum. The streambeds in the shallow ravines maintain pools of water throughout the dry season. The vegetation of this area reflects a moist forest climate over a porous limestone rock. As in other limestone areas, the lack of a high water table creates severe water-stress problems for plants in the dry season. This selects for deciduous plants with a very high tolerance for stress, or plants with roots capable of penetrating far enough down through the rock to reach water throughout the year. Before human disturbance eroded the soil and accentuated the extremes of drought, there was probably considerably less deciduousness than now. Nevertheless, large conspicuous deciduous trees such as Cavanillesia platanifolia were probably as abundant then as now on the ridges. The front slope of the ridge where the mining for cement is underway seems to be much drier than the top and back ridges and slopes. The front slope is dominated (visually) by Ceiba trichistandra and the back ridges by Cavanillesia platanifolia. From an overflight it is apparent that Cavanillesia dominates the entire eastern side of the Cerro Azul ridges for many kilometers to the northwest, and almost never overlaps with Ceiba trichistandra, which intermittently Rapid Assessment Program dominates many other dry habitats all the way north to near Pedernales. It is not clear whether this is strictly the result of a difference in soils and their water-holding capacity, their chemistry, or some very specific local climatic difference. A nearly evergreen forest is maintained along the streambeds, but in the one ravine studied in detail, Quebrada Canoa, the dominant species were large figs (mostly stranglers) and other fast-growing species of no current commercial value. It appears that all trees of even modest value had already been cut out and it was virtually impossible to reconstruct the composition of the original forest. Most likely it was a more typical moist forest community such as found at Jauneche. This does not mean that the forest is of no botanical interest; it is apparently the only protected limestone flora in western Ecuador and has a great diversity of species still present whose populations can recover with time (Appendix 18). Elsewhere, because limestone soils are productive for seasonal crops, the species restricted to this substrate will probably disappear. According to Gentry, the flora includes a prospective new species of Salacia, several other species he has only recently described from Ecuador, and a species of Rinorea (the only one from dry forest in the world) that was previously known only from the type collected in 1844. [Note: there is a recent overview of the phytosociology and plant resources of the Cordillera de Chongón-Colonche (Valverde 1991).] Birds of Cerro Blanco (T. Parker) During two brief visits to this recently established dry forest reserve of 2,000 ha, we found 143 bird species in tall, semideciduous forest in Quebrada Canoa and on adjacent ridges (Appendix 4). Thirty-seven (28 percent) of these species are endemic to southwest Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru. The Cerro Blanco avifauna is very similar to that of a Figure 8. Map of the Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco (map based on original from Fundación Natura). RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 43 …fieldwork confirmed our initial impression that mammal populations in the reserve remain in relatively good condition. 44 more pristine dry forest in the Bosque Nacional de Tumbes in northwest Peru, where ca. 90 resident species were found by Wiedenfeld et al. (1985; pers. obs.). Among the Cerro Blanco dry forest endemics were three poorly known species not previously reported from the area: Ochrebellied Dove (Leptotila ochraceiventris), Blackish-headed Spinetail (Synallaxis tithys), and Gray-breasted Flycatcher (Lathrotriccus griseipectus). At least three male Leptotila ochraceiventris called persistently from viny thickets in the undergrowth of Quebrada Canoa during our January visit, and a male was seen displaying before a female. Our local guide said that this rare dove occurs here only during the wet season (December-April), but the nondescript flycatcher may have been previously overlooked. Other species of interest due to their restricted distributions include Pale-browed Tinamou (Crypturellus transfasciatus), several of which were heard in January, a pair of Gray-backed Hawks (Leucopternis occidentalis) which were probably nesting in tall trees in Quebrada Canoa (in January), and large numbers of the potentially threatened Gray-cheeked Parakeet (Brotogeris pyrrhopterus) were observed in the tops of tall Ficus trees in the quebrada (ravine) bottom. Several groups of Saffron Siskins (Carduelis siemiradzkii), known from only a few localities in an area of ca. 10,000 km2 in southwest Ecuador and adjacent Tumbes, Peru, were also found in Quebrada Canoa. Interesting features of the reserve include the presence of an unusual diversity of raptors, including 15 species of hawks and kites, and 6 species of Falconidae. As in other Neotropical forests, the most speciose family is Tyrannidae with 23 species. Very southerly records of three Nearctic migrants were obtained in January: Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), and Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Our guide also informed us that he continues to observe a small group of Great Green Macaws (Ara ambigua), a remnant population that barely survives here and in the Cordillera de Colonche to the northwest (R. Jones, R. Ridgely, pers. comms.). The guide also mentioned that Crested Guans (Penelope purpurascens) have been locally extinct for more than 20 years (although E. Aspiazu reports having seen a pair within the past year). The presence of a diverse dry forest bird community so close to the city of Guayaquil is quite surprising. The Cerro Blanco reserve is one of only a few large tracts of dry forest left in western Ecuador, others lying within or near Parque Nacional Machalilla, the Reserva Militar de Arenillas, and the hills around and north of Bahía de Caráquez. [Note: a preliminary bird list for the reserve has also been prepared by Ralph Jones (MS), who accompanied Parker on his second visit to the area.] Mammals of Cerro Blanco (L. Albuja) Following a very brief visit to this reserve in January 1991 (Appendix 9), the RAP team returned in July and spent more than 30 hours over a period of four days obtaining additional information on mammals through direct observation, the trapping of smaller species such as rodents and bats, and examination of tracks and droppings of larger species (Appendix 10). This fieldwork confirmed our initial impression that mammal populations in the reserve remain in relatively good condition. The mammal fauna of the area is typical of dry tropical forest. Representative species include the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata) and White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), both of which prefer denser forest adjacent to the humid quebradas, two species of deer (Mazama americana and Rapid Assessment Program Odocoileus virginianus), peccaries (Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu), small cats (Felis pardalis, F. yagouaroundi), kinkajous (Potos flavus), coatimundis (Nasua narica), and crab-eating racoons (Procyon cancrivorus). Two species of squirrels were recorded in the reserve, Sciurus granatensis and S. stramineus; other common rodents include spiny rats (Proechimys decumanus) and porcupines (Coendu rothschildi). This suggests the presence of a rich rodent fauna in the reserve. Data obtained during visits in January and July indicate that pools of water that form during the dry season (August-November) in the middle and lower parts of quebradas are important to many species of mammals and other animals, especially those that frequent the quebradas in search of water and food; bats are particularly common in these areas. A great quantity of large mammal bones was found in the quebradas, including those of deer and peccaries; this indicates that jaguars (Panthera onca) still inhabit the area. Along the Ecuadorian coast this rare species occurs primarily in the southwest. During all walks in the forest made by the author and other members of the RAP team, a variety of mammal species was easily recorded. This shows that the area is a refuge for large numbers of mammals and that their protection is effective. Considering the conservation status of dry tropical forest remnants in western Ecuador, and taking into account the relatively large size of the Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, we feel strongly that it is necessary to support all efforts by the Empresa Cemento Nacional and Fundación Natura to maintain or improve the condition of this forest. Herpetofauna of Cerro (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) Blanco Following a brief reconnaissance of the re- RAP Working Papers Two serve in January, most of our field effort in July was concentrated in the upper part of Quebrada Canoa and near the trails at the lower end of the quebrada. As a result of dry conditions during both visits, the few anurans found were encountered near pools of water in the quebrada or on adjacent vegetation in areas where the forest canopy closed over the streambed. Colostethus infraguttatus was abundant near the pools in the streambed, and tadpoles near transformation were found in July. This species has been considered to have a Pacific Andean slope distribution between 500-1000 m (Frost, 1985). The Cerro Blanco record is the first from the Cordillera de la Costa, and at an elevation of only 100-200 m, although the species has previously been reported from Río Palenque Science Center at a similar altitude (Vigle and Miyata, 1980). Lizards of the genus Ameiva were very common on the forest floor in January but were much less obvious in July, although several blue-tailed juveniles were seen. The iguanid Ophryoessoides iridescens was also common on the forest floor and near clearings in both months, although in July most specimens seen were small juveniles. JAUNECHE (MOIST FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) The Jauneche forest — a biological station and forest reserve of the Universidad de Guayaquil known formally as the Estación Científica Pedro Franco Dávila — is the subject of a book on its flora (Dodson et al. 1985), and a management plan that includes much of what is known of its biology (Valverde et al. 1991)(Fig. 9). There is little point in repeating all of the botanical and ecological description here, except to summarize and add any different points of view and new observations. October 1992 45 Jauneche (1° 20' S, 79° 35' W) is part of a flat but dissected plain north of Guayaquil in the center of the great, flat valley between the Cordillera de la Costa and the western slopes of the Andes. Most of the terrain is only slightly undulating but there are significant erosion slopes near the main drainage channels. The rainfall of 1,855 mm per year is strongly seasonal, but the tree canopy is largely evergreen except for many “successional” species. Gentry considers the mature forest to be much more deciduous. It is difficult to interpret the highly disturbed forest near the station and margins of the plot, which makes up perhaps half of the area. It is a jumble of vine tangles, secondgrowth trees, occasional relict old-forest trees, palms, and patches of old-forest understory. The terrain breaks up into a series of ridges and ravines closer to the Estero Peñafiel, which is the main drainage channel. The ridges and slopes differ somewhat in their floral composition — mostly a matter of relative abundance of species rather than really different communities — the ridges probably having more of the drought-tolerant species. The most abundant understory woody plants appear to be Duguetia peruviana (Annonaceae), Capparis ecuadorica (Capparidaceae), Faramea occidentalis (Rubiaceae), and Erythroxylum patens (Erythroxylaceae). The unbranched stems and tight whorls of large leaves of Talisia setigera (Sapindaceae) and Gustavia angustifolia (Lecythidaceae) are conspicuous in the understory, and there are several species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae). It is not clear that any of the forest is in a “virgin” state. Most of the forest that has not been subject to recent intensive cutting is nevertheless dominated by large Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) (Moraceae), large strangler figs (Ficus), and other large species that are usually left behind and thrive when the more useful species are selectively cut. A large, valuable tree of the region, Anacardium 46 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Figure 9. Map of Juaneche reserve, formally know as the Estación Científica y Reserva “Pedro Franco Dávila,” with an emphasis on the location of primate groups within the reserve (map based on original from Valverde et al. 1991). Rapid Assessment Program excelsum (Anacardiaceae), has not been found in this piece of forest and was very likely cut out. Slopes of the deepest ravines have several fairly large Virola reidii (Myristicaceae) that may represent an older intact forest, but one that is subject to natural disturbance from landslides. However, the forest does not appear to have been cleared for agriculture for a very long time. This is important in terms of maintaining diversity because many plant species can hang on as juveniles for a long timein spite of tree-cutting, whereas clearing for agriculture is much more likely to eliminate them locally. Many of the “old forest” tree species in this forest seem to be represented only by juveniles, or by juveniles and a very few misshapen adults. The ravine bottoms are mostly open areas covered with large herbs and shrubs tolerant of poor drainage. It is not immediately obvious why there are not more trees growing in these strips along the minor drainage channels. The flooded forest, subject to long periods of complete inundation by the slow-moving estero, has a very limited but distinct flora and may indeed be the most threatened community of plants as Dodson et al. (1985) have suggested. The most common tree is a Pouteria sp. (Sapotaceae); the most common shrub is Turnera hindsiana (Turneraceae). The collections of Yanez and Foster on this two-day visit turned up several species not listed in the published flora of this forest (Dodson et al. 1985). This is not at all surprising. Virtually all tropical floras are incomplete. Until every growing stem in a forest is checked, there will never be a complete flora. Most of the species in a forest are rare or uncommon and new species will continue to turn up as long as people keep looking. Birds of Jauneche (T. Parker) The avifauna of this small (138 ha) but inter- RAP Working Papers Two esting reserve allows us a glimpse of what once occurred in the formerly extensive moist forests of southwestern Ecuador. Of 118 forest species found during our visit, 27 are endemic to the “Tumbesan” center of endemism (Appendix 5). Seventy-three species were reported from the reserve by Valverde et. al (1991); this total included six species not found by us. As pointed out by Dodson et al. (1985) for plants, the forest bird community is quite different from that of the wet forest at the Río Palenque Science Center, only 70 km to the north. Many of the most common species at Jauneche are either rare or absent at Río Palenque, including such endemics as Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Thryothorus paucimaculatus, and Basileuterus fraseri. Differences in forest structure or floristics no doubt account for most of the lack of bird similarity between the two sites. The Jauneche forest, for example, is characterized by an abundance of large, woody vines which are scarce at Río Palenque (Dodson et al. 1985); a number of moist forest species, such as Cercomacra nigricans and Thryothorus paucimaculatus, are confined to vine tangles. In terms of community composition, the Jauneche avifauna is more like that of Cerro San Sebastián in Parque Nacional Machalilla, or even of Cerro Mutiles far to the north. Although the Jauneche reserve supports the most intact moist forest avifauna surviving in southwest Ecuador, at least four species (Tinamus major, Penelope purpurascens, Odontophorus erythrops, and Ara ambigua) disappeared prior to 1970 (fide local residents), presumably as a result of over-hunting. Additional species, especially some of the larger raptors, may soon follow. Even the most numerous species in the reserve (e.g., Manacus manacus, Basileuterus fraseri) are probably represented by fewer than 500 individuals, and as many as 20 species (24 percent of the avifauna) are barely surviving — i.e., October 1992 …the forest bird community is quite different from that of the wet forest at the Río Palenque Science Center, only 70 km to the north. 47 The Jauneche reserve is a natural laboratory where the extinction process can be well documented. there are fewer than 20 individuals — examples include Leucopternis occidentalis and L. plumbea, Spizaetus tyrannus, Ortalis erythroptera, Amazona autumnalis, Amazona farinosa, Ciccaba virgata, Campephilus gayaquilensis, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, and Cnipodectes subbrunneus. Due to the small size and isolation of the reserve, many of these species will ultimately disappear regardless of steps taken to protect them. The Jauneche reserve is a natural laboratory where the extinction process can be well documented. It will be instructive to determine how long the small but important populations of globally threatened taxa such as Ortalis erythroptera, Onychorhynchus occidentalis, and Lathrotriccus griseipectus can persist here. At Jauneche we found the highest densities yet reported for two endemic bird species, the vine-dwelling flycatcher Lathrotriccus griseipectus (up to 3 pairs/ha) and Onychorhynchus occidentalis (up to 5 individuals noted/day). These are probably the best indicator species of “good” moist forest in SW Ecuador/NW Peru. Among our other noteworthy bird observations at Jauneche was a sighting — by Parker at Estero Peñafiel — of a Spotted Rail (Pardirallus maculatus), apparently the second record of this species for Ecuador. Also of interest was our discovery of a small population of Brownish Flycatcher (Cnipodectes subbrunneus) in the understory of tall forest in the reserve. Although widespread east of the Andes, this species is known from only a few widely scattered localities in western Ecuador, and there are few records during the past 100 years (R. Ridgely, pers. comm.). Mammals of Jauneche (L. Albuja) In four days of fieldwork at Jauneche we recorded 21 species of mammals. Of these, 67 percent were non-flying species and 33 percent were bats (Appendix 10). 48 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL The most characteristic mammals of the area are two primates, Alouatta palliata and Cebus albifrons, known by the common names “aullador” and “mico,” respectively. Observations by the author and other RAP members indicate that the area is inhabited by five or six groups of Alouatta, with a total population of 28-30 individuals (Fig. 9). Four groups of Cebus albifrons comprising a total of 37 individuals were found in the reserve; group size ranged from 5-18 individuals. The estimated density is 0.27 individuals/ha for this species, and 0.21 ind/ha for Alouatta palliata. Populations of these primates are apparently high, especially considering the small size of the reserve (138 ha). A comparison of population data obtained at the reserve in 1986 with those of the present study reveals that the population of primates has remained stable over the past five years. This is because these animals have not been persecuted by hunters in the area. The mammal fauna of Jauneche is typical of seasonal tropical forest. Like the two species of primates, also common are two species of squirrels (Sciurus granatensis and S. stramineus), kinkajous (Potos flavus), tamanduas (Tamandua mexicana), pacas (Agouti paca), and agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata). Peccaries (Tayassu spp.) are apparently rare. Small cats (Felis pardalis, F. wiedii) still survive, although populations are reduced. The larger cats (Felis concolor and Panthera onca) have been extirpated. The reserve is inhabited by two species of deer, the “encerrado” (Mazama americana) and the “colorado” (Odocoileus virginianus). Along Estero Peñafiel, in the lowest and easternmost area of the reserve, and in the sector Bajo del Mate, there were abundant tracks of large mammals. The area is an island of forest that serves as a refuge to a variety of mammals and other groups of vertebrates. We do not have information on the prior conservation status of Rapid Assessment Program other mammal groups that would allow for comparisons with our own data. Nevertheless, many animal species — particularly those that are not preferred by hunters — are still in good condition, although some residents of Jauneche and nearby areas still enter the reserve to hunt pacas, agoutis, deer, and peccaries, as noted during our survey of the area. Herpetofauna of (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) Jauneche Collections were made along established trails within the forest and along the esteros Boyal and Peñafiel. During our stay conditions were very dry and unfavorable for collecting; furthermore, the forest is greatly disturbed and some areas are in the process of regeneration. We also noted species for which records existed in the station office and examined a small collection of preserved snakes there as well (see Appendix 12). Two species of Colostethus were collected along the esteros, one the aforementioned C. infraguttatus found at Cerro Blanco, the other an undescribed species also found at Machalilla (Appendix 11, sp. 1). Four hylids were collected from vegetation at night, primarily in the vicinity of Estero El Boyal in areas with standing water or a moist streambed. Of particular interest was the capture of a specimen of Phrynohyas venulosa, a species for which there is only one published record from trans-Andean forests in South America (in El Oro Province; Duellman 1971). A species of Ameiva was common in open areas and near clearings in the forest, but we do not believe it is Ameiva ameiva as reported by Valverde et al. (1991:104). Two other lizard species that we recorded, Ophryoessoides iridescens and Iguana iguana, were also noted by Valverde et al. (1991). RAP Working Papers Two MANTA REAL (CLOUD FOREST AND WET FOREST) Site Description and Vegetation (R. Foster) At the base of the Andes southeast of Guayaquil, Manta Real (2° 34' S, 79° 21' W) is a small village in the province of Cañar (Fig. 10) whose name refers to the great abundance of small bloodsucking flies. At 250 m, it is just above the zone of extensive banana plantations. The mountains rise steeply behind the town up into a nearly perpetual cloud bank at 600 m. We spent several days camped on the steep slopes at 650 m, and also worked out of the village on the lower slopes. The forest is far from pristine and most disturbed at the base. Horse trails lead up to isolated clearings at the higher elevations. These openings are created mainly to stake claim to the land under the current property laws, rather than to seriously engage in agriculture. Nevertheless, there is considerable forest remaining here and along the slopes to the north and south, and in spite of the logging, most of the plant diversity still remains even if the dynamics of the forest has been altered. Cloud Forest The average lower limit of clouds we observed on the slopes is approximately 550600 m. Between this level and the peak (Cerro San José Chico) at 1,240 m, the forest is obviously extremely wet year-round, apparently combining fog and fog drip with considerable rain. The trees are covered with moss and trunk epiphytes. The most common canopy trees are an as yet unidentified Euphorbiaceae; Huertea glandulosa (Staphyleaceae); Landenbergia pavonii (Rubiaceae);Otoba cf. gordoniaefolia (Myristicaceae); Sapium sp. (Euphorbiaceae); Tetragastris panamensis (Burseraceae); two October 1992 49 Figure 10. Map of the Manta Real area. 50 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Lauraceae; one Melastomataceae; Cecropia sp. and Ficus sp. (Moraceae). The area has been selectively cut and most of the large Carapa guianensis trees (Meliaceae) have apparently been removed, although the occasional juvenile was noted. The most abundant smaller trees are Turpinia occidentalis (Staphyleaceae), Erythrina cf. smithii (Leguminosae), Ficus tonduzii (Moraceae), Piper imperiale (Piperaceae), and species of Allophylus (Sapindaceae), Conostegia (Melastomataceae), Faramea (Rubiaceae), and Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae), treeferns, and a couple of unknowns. The only palm that ranks as a canopy tree is the frequent Catoblastus cf. velutinus. In the understory, Pholidostachys dactyloides and the tall, clumped Bactris (found in all western Ecuador forests we visited) are common, but smaller palms are virtually missing. The shrubs in this forest are striking in their fragility. With the exception of the chusquioid slender bamboo which occurs in occasional thick, arching clumps, they all seem to be semisucculents with very juicy stems. This includes the most common small tree, a species of Hedyosmum. The weakest swing of a machete clears a broad swath in the understory. The most important species were members of the Rubiaceae (Psychotria, Hoffmannia); Melastomataceae (Leandra, Miconia, Ossaea); Gesneriaceae (Besleria); Piperaceae (Piper); one pachycaul Myrsinaceae; and the large herb Heliconia curtispatha. The distinction between shrubs and herbs is almost meaningless unless it is by size alone. Common plants under 1 m tall are Alloplectus dodsonii, Monopyle cf. sodirona (Gesneriaceae), Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae), Peperomia (several spp., Piperaceae), Pilea (three spp, Urticaceae), Tectaria nicotianifolia (Aspleniaceae), and Triolena pustulata (Melastomataceae). Many trunk climbers are also found as herbs (see below). RAP Working Papers Two Large woody epiphytes noted are a few Clusia including the atypical Clusia venusta (Guttiferae), Schefflera spp. (Araliaceae), and large-leaved Blakea (Melastomataceae). Orchids and ferns were diverse on the upper branches of the few fallen trees. Trunk climbers and trunk epiphytes are very dense and diverse. The most important appear to be Pitcairnea (two spp.) and Guzmania of the Bromeliaceae; Asplundia and other Cyclanthaceae; anthuriums, philodendrons, and Stenospermation of the Araceae; Peperomias and a large Piper of the Piperaceae; Macleania cf. (Ericaceae); Columnea (Gesneriaceae); Clusia descussata (Guttiferae) and numerous ferns. Many of these species are quite flexible in their growth habit and also can be found as herbs on the ground, presumably either getting their start from fallen logs and branches, or by germinating on the ground and making their way up trees if opportunity permits. In most instances, species could be found in fertile condition in either micro-habitat. Lianas are not common; the most frequently encountered are the climbing fern Salpichlaena volubilis and a species of Mikania (Compositae). In spite of this being “cloud forest,” the only truly montane Andean genera noted were Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae), Macleania cf. (Ericaceae), Monnina (Polygalaceae), and Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae). The latter two were found only on human clearings, but might occur naturally on landslides in the area. Perhaps the relatively warm temperatures at this low elevation create a soil environment that only lowland genera are likely to tolerate. An alternative explanation is that there is little seed source for mid-toupper montane genera in this area because clouds (at least in the dry season) and forest vegetation at the higher elevations are virtually missing on the southwestern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. This is not true of the northwestern slopes. October 1992 51 Wet Forest The forested slopes above [Manta Real] support an unusually rich avifauna of more than 200 species. 52 From 550 m (that is, below the clouds) down to the bottom of the slopes at 300 m, the forest still appears wet, but not heavily laden with epiphytes, and it has more lianas. The forest on these lower slopes is more cut up and interrupted with cacao, coffee, and small pastures, but the remnants give a fair idea of its original composition. There is a remarkable difference in the flora and community composition (see Appendix 19). Several species occur commonly in both habitats, but most species are either not shared, or if common in one habitat, are very rare in the other. The great exception to this pattern is the cloud forest flora that follows the small streams down the deeper damp ravines to the base of the mountains. Remarkably, the two most common trees observed in this elevational range did not seem to overlap. Between 400 and 500 m, the most abundant tree, though not a large one, is Metteniusa nucifera (Icacinaceae), a rarely collected genus and a species apparently unknown from western Ecuador. Below 400 m, the forest is dominated by a large (possibly new) species of Browneopsis (Leguminosae-Caesalp.) with extraordinary, hanging inflorescences 2 m long bearing very large pink and white flowers (bat-pollination probable). Neither of these species was seen in the cloud forest. However, all other species seemed to be evenly mixed throughout, and it could be that these two represent isolated dense patches of species which are not usually so abundant. Other common and characteristic large trees of this zone are an Endlicheria with huge leaves (Lauraceae); Quararibea coloradorum (Bombacaceae); Otoba cf. noovogranatensis, Virola dixonii (Myristicaceae); Calophyllum brasiliense (Guttiferae); Cecropia insignis, Ficus sp., Poulsenia armata, Pourouma bicolor (Moraceae); and the large palm CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Jessenia bataua. Common understory trees are Gloeospermum falcatum (Violaceae); Macquira sp., Coussapoa cf. herthae (Moraceae); Coussarea sp., Guettarda sp. (Rubiaceae); Guarea pterorhachis (Meliaceae); Hirtella cf. triandra (Chrysobalanaceae); and Pleuranthodendron lindenii (Flacourtiaceae). The common shrubs are Cyphomandra sp. (Solanaceae); Faramaea sp., Psychotria marginata (Rubiaceae); Podandrogyne sp. (Capparidaceae); Urera baccifera (Urticaceae); Bactris sp. (Palmae); and treeferns. The most common herbs are Selaginella cf. haematodes (Selaginellaceae), Triolena barbeyana (Melastomataceae), Calathea inocephala, Pleiostachya morlei (Marantaceae), Gasteranthus onconogastrus (Gesneriaceae), Didymochlaena truncatula (Aspleniaceae), and Cyclanthus bipartitus (Cyclanthaceae). Common epiphytes and trunk climbers are Tillandsia anceps, Guzmania melinonis (Bromeliaceae); Heteropsis sp. (Araceae); and Asplundia sp. (Cyclanthaceae). Lianas are diverse, but two common species were Pisonia sp. (Nyctaginaceae) and Schlegelia sp. (Bignoniaceae). Species that are shared by the cloud forest and the wet forest — and frequent in both — are Coussapoa herthae, a Guarea sp. (with huge leaves), a Bactris sp. (occurs in large clumps), Psychotria sp. (with giant leaves), Palicourea sp. (with large leaves), most aroids, Solanum sp. (spiny liana), Pholidostachys dactyloides, Cecropia sp. (many deep lobes not hairy), Sapium sp. (large tree), many Piper spp., many Psychotria spp., Tectaria nicotianifolia, Turpinia occidentalis, Grias peruviana, and Ficus tonduzii. Birds of Manta Real (T. Parker) The forested slopes above this village support an unusually rich avifauna of more than 200 species (Appendix 6). This diversity reflects Rapid Assessment Program the mixing of three distinct avifaunas, those of moist, wet, and lower montane (pluvial?) forests along an elevational transect of only 600 m (from ca. 350-950 m). Moist forest bird species (Lathrotriccus griseipectus, Onychorhynchus occidentalis, and Basileuterus fraseri) are now confined to the degraded lower 100 meters of this forest — just above the cacao plantations and village. A rather rich, wet forest avifauna (ca. 130 spp.), quite like that of Río Palenque Science Center (Appendix 8), occurs in tall forest up to ca. 600 m, above which numerous montane species begin to appear (Appendix 6). The montane forest avifauna above 600 m is comprised of more than 110 species. At least (170) forest-dwelling species occur within a rectangular area of ca. 200 ha bordering the main trail above the village from 350-900 m. This single site richness is unexpected at such a southerly latitude west of the Andes, especially considering the fact that (35%) of this avifauna is not known from northwest Peru only 150 km to the south. Most of the local endemics (15+ spp. and numerous ssp.) are moist forest species that occur in small numbers along the lower edge of the forest. The endemic parrot Pyrrhura orcesi was noted once in montane forest at 650 m. The relatively pristine condition of the Manta Real forest is reflected by the presence of numerous large species long gone from smaller forest remnants in western Ecuador (e.g., Tinamus major, Penelope spp., Odontophorus erythrops, Ara severa). [Note: Appendix 6 is offered to complement the unpublished bird lists for the area compiled by Juan Carlos Matheus and by R. S. Ridgely et al.] Mammals of Manta Real (L. Albuja) In Ecuador, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes are among the least known regions from a biological viewpoint and the mammal fauna has been largely ig- RAP Working Papers Two nored. For this reason, among others, the RAP team undertook a preliminary study of this site. During the four days spent on the slopes above Manta Real in the sectors of Manglar and Tres Marías (600 - 850 m), 27 species of mammals were recorded, of which 14 or 52 percent were non-flying species, and 13 or 48 percent were bats (Appendix 10). The brevity of the study impeded the compilation of a larger species list; however, results suggest that a great diversity of species occurs in the area — diversity comparable to that of the northwestern portion of the country (Appendix 10, list B). The species of terrestrial mammals, as well as the bats recorded at Manta Real, indicate that the fauna of this area is related to that of northwest Ecuador, and pertains to the “Chocó Association.” Our fieldwork revealed the presence of large numbers of brocket deer (Mazama americana), peccaries (Tayassu pecari), pacas (Agouti paca), agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata), and armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Tracks of small cats were noted, as were tracks of jaguar (Panthera onca), which confirms our observation that other large mammals — i.e., prey of the latter — were numerous. Only one species of primate is common in the area, Alouatta palliata; settlers who know the area well affirm that Cebus albifrons does not occur here. Among the flying mammals are the common frugivorous bats Artibeus jamaicencis and Vampyrops aff. infuscus, and the nectarivores Glossophaga soricina and Lonchophylla robusta. In remote areas — as at higher elevations — the influence of man is reduced and mammal populations are in better condition. But the pressure from residents of the nearby communities is rapidly causing changes in the vegetation, as well as declines of numerous mammal species. October 1992 …the lower slopes of the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes are among the least known regions from a biological viewpoint… 53 Herpetofauna of Manta Real (A. Almendáriz and J. Carr) We made numerous excursions into the forest above and below the base camp at 650 m, and we explored several hundred meters of the streambed and surrounding vegetation along the quebrada below the campsite. The temperature was cool, with an abundance of fog during our stay in the forest above Manta Real. We also spent shorter periods exploring the shoreline of the Río Patul where it breaks out of the mountainside and into the flats, and farther upstream along a trail in the canyon on the north side of the river. Our records of the herpetofauna are listed in Appendix 12. We were able to collect nine species of anurans, including five species of Eleutherodactylus, two species of which were fairly common on the forest floor. Only a single hylid species was recorded, Gastrotheca cornuta, a substantial extension of its known range to the south of other known Ecuadorian localities in Pichincha Province (Duellman 1983). One other anuran of interest that was collected in the forest in the canyon of the Río Patul was a specimen of Atelopus balios. This species was described based on museum material collected along the Río Pescado in Guayas Province in the 1920s (Peters 1973). We have not found any published records of the species since its description. RESERVA MILITAR DE ARENILLAS (DRY FOREST) Vegetation (T. Parker and A. Luna) Included in this military reserve of 20,000 ha is the largest area of intact dry forest and thornscrub in southwest Ecuador. Although nearly all of this forest has been selectively logged, many young trees of even the most 54 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL valuable species remain, and most of the many endemic plant and animal species of the region undoubtedly survive here as well. The extensive forest on level land near the coast, and especially along both sides of the Panamerican Highway between Arenillas and Huaquillas, is dominated visually by tall Ceiba trichistandra. The higher hills in the western part of the reserve are covered with impressive stands of Cavanillesia platanifolia and smaller numbers of other large trees such as a Ficus sp. The branches of many of the biggest trees in this zone are covered with Tillandsia epiphytes. The rest of this forest — especially near sea-level — is comprised of smaller trees including numerous Cochlospermum vitifolium, an Erythrina sp., and species of Capparis, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Geoffroea, Guazuma, Jacquinia, Loxopterygium, Morisonia and Zizyphus. Conspicuous shrubs included Cordia lutea, Carica parviflora, and Ipomoea carnea. Numerous small individuals of the valuable guayacán (Tabebuia chrysantha) were noted, especially in slightly hilly terrain a few kilometers east of the main highway. The vegetation becomes progressively shorter closer to the coast, and there are large areas of thornscrub 2-3 m tall bordering the mangroves. The extensive mangrove habitat along the coast is relatively inaccessible, and was visited only briefly by us. An intensive botanical inventory of this biologically important reserve is urgently needed. Fauna of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas (T. Parker and A. Luna) During our two-day visit to the area we recorded 123 bird species (Appendix 7). Of these, 32 (45 percent) are endemic to the dry forest and thornscrub of SW Ecuador/NW Peru. Included in this total are six species considered to be globally at risk or endangered by the I.C.B.P.: Crypturellus trans- Rapid Assessment Program fasciatus, Ortalis erythroptera, Aratinga erythrogenys, Brotogeris pyrrhopterus, Synallaxis tithys, and Grallaria watkinsi. The mangroves support large populations of wading birds, including nine species of herons and the White Ibis (Eudocimus albus). Smaller numbers of American Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) and Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) also occur here, as do at least five mangrove habitat specialists: Buteogallus subtilis, Rallus longirostris, Aramides axillaris, Quiscalus mexicanus, and Dendroica aestiva erithacorides. Several species of large mammals are common in the reserve according to soldiers who showed us around the area. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are said to be especially common, as are foxes (Duscicyon sechurae), anteaters (Tamandua mexicana), and squirrels (Sciurus stramineus). Other large species reported from the area include armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), jaguaroundi (Felis yagouaroundi), crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), and tayra (Eira barbara). A survey of the smaller mammal species in the reserve, such as bats and rodents, is badly needed. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 55 Biogeographic Overviews PHYTOGEOGRAPHY (A. GENTRY) Coastal Ecuador is of conservation significance for its high plant endemism. Twenty percent of the plant species in wet forest at the Río Palenque Science Center are endemic to western Ecuador, and 26 percent are known only from western Ecuador and adjacent southwestern Colombia. The coastal moist forest has less endemism; for example, 15 percent of the Jauneche flora is known only from western Ecuador (some of these range into extreme northwest Peru), but this value is still high when compared with the floras of other areas (e.g., 12 percent of the Barro Colorado Island flora is endemic to Panama). For lowland western Ecuador (below 900 m) as a whole, we have estimated that there are 6,300 species of vascular plants, of which 1,200 (20 percent) may be endemic (Dodson and Gentry 1991). What has not been appreciated previously is that the unusually high endemism of western Ecuadorian moist and wet forests is associated with relatively species-poor forests. Four sampled coastal lowland wet forests average only 125 species (plants >2.5 cm in 0.1 ha), and three sampled moist forests average only 96 species, as compared to the Neotropical moist/wet forest average of 152 species in equivalent samples of lowland forest elsewhere in the Neotropics (Gentry 1986a, 1988). The local speciation (and resultant endemism) that characterizes the flora of western Ecuador is probably facilitated by the relatively less diverse and thus ecologically “unsaturated” local forests; the low diversity values may have positive conservation significance, providing a situation favorable to local speciation akin to that of islands. The Ecuadorian dry forest, like all dry forests, is less diverse in species than are wetter forests. However, contrary to the situation in wet and moist forests, the Ecuadorian dry forest has normal species richness (60 and 52 species >2.5 cm dbh in 0.1 ha at Capeira and Estero Perro Muerto (= Machalilla dry forest), respectively, as compared to the Neotropical average of 60 species). Despite the relatively low species diversity in dry forest, the coastal dry forest of Ecuador is phytogeographically exceptionally interesting in its high endemism: 20 percent of the Capeira species are endemic to western Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru. This is especially noteworthy in view of the typically low endemism and widespread distribution that characterize most other dry forest areas. Despite the tremendous local variation in species composition 56 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program from place to place within a given dry forest area (e.g., within Machalilla), as a region, the dry forest that once stretched from Esmeraldas to south of Tumbes in Peru may have been a single remarkably homogeneous floristic unit. In summary, the Ecuadorian dry forest, though surprisingly poorly known (see below), would seem to qualify as one of the most interesting and floristically distinctive dry forests in the world. Because of the inter-site variability in species composition, this forest type cannot be effectively conserved in a single small patch like that of Capeira; however, because the overall flora seems widespread throughout the zone, a single large park (such as Machalilla, if it were better protected) could effectively preserve most of its species. The tendency among botanists has been to write off western Ecuador (except dry forest) as already destroyed except for a few minuscule reserves like Río Palenque and Jauneche (Dodson and Gentry 1978, Dodson et al. 1985). According to the estimates of Dodson and Gentry (1991), ca. 1 percent of the dry forest, <4 percent of the moist forest, and 0.8 percent of the wet forest (but 25 percent of the pluvial forest) below 900 m was left as of 1988. Thus our discovery that there is still a large patch of wet forest near Bilsa is of great conservation significance, as well as being phytogeographically important. Indeed, this forest very nearly reproduces the otherwise highly distinctive Río Palenque Science Center flora (2/3 of the species in my sample are also at Río Palenque), a quite unexpected result. Moreover, a different subset of the Río Palenque species occurs in the moist forest patches above 550 m elevation in Parque Nacional Machalilla (also 2/3 of the species in my sample shared with Río Palenque as contrasted to only 40 percent shared with Jauneche and 1/4 shared with Bilsa). While these areas seem to have little or no local endemism of their own (although any endemism would be most likely manifested in epiphytes and forest RAP Working Papers Two floor herbs, many of which I cannot identify without herbarium comparison), the pattern that results is a new and interesting one that focuses on western Ecuador (i.e., south of the town of Esmeraldas) as a unique and distinctive floristic region for wet and moist forest as well as for dry forest vegetation, rather than as the tail-end of the Chocó flora as I had previously interpreted it (e.g., Gentry 1982, 1986b). The similarities between the coastal and Andean foothill wet forest floras are so great as to suggest that they must have constituted originally part of the same uninterrupted block of forest. Similarly, a close relationship of the surviving moist forest near Esmeraldas north of the Río Esmeraldas with that of Jauneche is indicated (75 percent of the species in my transect are shared with Jauneche vs. only 41 percent with the geographically closer, but wet forest, Río Palenque). Curiously, the species diversity of the 0.1 ha sample at Esmeraldas is also exactly the same as at Jauneche (96 species at each!). The close similarity suggests continuity of the former coastal moist forest, which perhaps crossed the formerly east-west continuous wet forest from north to south via patches in drier sites through the QuinindéEsmeraldas region. Why the Chocó flora that reaches northern Esmeraldas does not extend farther south is an unsolved (and previously unraised) question. From a conservation perspective, we have been granted a short reprieve: Equivalents of the destroyed moist and wet forests of west-central Ecuador still exist in the coastal area where significant blocks might be saved, but only in the next couple of years judging from current rates of deforestation. This forest is characterized by low species diversity of trees (but high diversity of epiphytes), high endemism, a predominance of hemiepiphytic climbers (also typical of the Chocó), unusually low levels of such characteristic taxa as Bignoniaceae and Leguminosae, and high levels of Araceae, Piperaceae (the 5-6 species October 1992 …our discovery that there is still a large patch of wet forest near Bilsa is of great conservation significance… 57 included in the Bilsa sample is a world record for my transects), Moraceae, and Cucurbitaceae (also a world record). For the uniquely endemic (and still poorly known) dry forest, conservation efforts may already be too late. The data on the structure and floristic composition of the area are instructive. Even though specific identifications in the speciesrich genera that are the most likely to include new species must await the arrival of 800 documentary collections in St. Louis, some preliminary generalizations are safe. For example, the forests of western Ecuador have been suggested to be unusually rich in Bombacaceae (Gentry 1986b), with Cavanillesia, two Ceiba species, Eriotheca, Pochota (Bombacopsis), and Pseudobombax all prevalent in the dry forest, and Quararibea especially frequent in wetter forests. While we encountered all these taxa, they seem somewhat less important ecologically than in most of the sites previously studied. Another characteristic of the western Ecuadorian wet forests is the prevalence of palms, a standard feature of trans-Andean forests. Based on data from Jauneche and the Río Palenque Science Center, Moraceae are especially important ecologically in western Ecuador (Gentry 1986b), being the secondmost speciose family in the samples at both Cerro San Sebastián and Cerro Mutiles, as well as at Bilsa. Because the presence of Moraceae is usually an indicator of rich soils, it may be that the soils at Bilsa, as at Río Palenque and perhaps in much of western Ecuador, are relatively fertile ones, unlike those in much of the heavily leached highrainfall Chocó. Only now can this possibility even be considered, since nothing was previously known of this type of vegetation on these soils. VEGETATION (R. FOSTER) In western Ecuador, there appear to be two 58 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL salient determinants of vegetation distribution: clouds and geological substrate. For neither of these do we have the information needed to make a perfectly clear picture of why and where different plant communities are found, either now, or before the devastation left by recent clearing. But, from our quick survey, several patterns are apparent, which if pursued further will be useful for conservation planning. Clouds Northwestern Ecuador has two layers of clouds, southwestern Ecuador has one. I have not read of this crude generalization anywhere, but it is derived from empirical observation from plane flights (between Quito and the coast, and other coastal flights between Panama and Bolivia) in different seasons, and from observation of the clouds and vegetation on the mountains. The source of this pattern is presumably the changes in regional air flow with respect to the ocean currents off the coast near the equator. It is an overly simple model and changes with seasons and local topography. It explains why from the Quito-Santo Domingo road down the Andes and north into Colombia there is dense cloud forest in the vicinity of 3,000 m, and another area in between is “wet” mountain forest down to the vicinity of 1,000 m where cloud forest-like conditions again prevail, albeit with different species. To the south, the upper layer of cloud forest disappears such that transects from Cuenca to the coast have cloud forest only from 600 to 1,500 m. To the north, moisture on the ground is derived from both cloud layers as either rainfall from the upper layer, or condensation from where either layer of clouds directly hits vegetation. The south derives its moisture from vegetation contact with the lower cloud layer or occasional straying south of the upper cloud layer, such as with the southern oscilla- Rapid Assessment Program tion of the warm Pacific countercurrent. Perhaps there is sometimes enough “pressure” in the lower cloud layer when it hits the Andes to cause significant rainfall throughout the southern region. The point here is that the sources of moisture in the southern region are tenuous, and year-round moisture is available only in extremely limited areas. This explains the much greater contrasts in vegetation over short distances in the south and the more uniform appearing vegetation in the north except right along the coast. The effects would be more extreme if it was not for the ameliorating effect of the low cloud layer keeping the temperature down and humidity up for most of the year. We visited only three fog forests on the mountain tops of the coastal range (Machalilla, Cerro Achi, Cerro Pata de Pájaro), but there is an archipelago of these, many still mostly intact, though disappearing fast. We have seen that each has a unique plant composition. Each represents an opportunity to save a portion of the plant species in danger of extinction, even if they are each insufficient to protect the larger animal species. Plants are usually long-lived and the species often can survive hundreds or even thousands of years even if their dispersal agents or pollinators finally disappear. A conservation program to protect the remaining fog forests is urgently needed for both plant species conservation and protection of water supplies for the communities below. Similarly, the low fog forests and wet forests on the southern slopes of the Andes in western Ecuador are much more vulnerable than the slopes to the north and are in desperate need of conservation attention especially for their plants and the water they provide to the crops in the valleys below. Substrate In the Cerro Blanco reserve we see the gen- RAP Working Papers Two eral effects of limestone in producing droughtsusceptible soils and a distinct vegetation similar in many ways to typical dry forest and with many unusual plants as well. Two distinctive trees in the Bombacaceae — Ceiba trichistandra and Cavanillesia platanifolia — seem to separate two different kinds of alkaline soils. This separation is obvious not only at Cerro Blanco but also in the dry forest of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas to the southeast, and much of the Cordillera de ChongónColonche further northwest. This deserves much further study to map the distribution of these conspicuous trees, determine the other flora and fauna associated with them, and their relationship to the soils or underlying rock. In the wet forests, there is an easily visible difference within the mountains from Portoviejo to Esmeraldas between ridges covered with large Iriartea deltoidea palms and others completely without, such as the Bilsa area. The underlying cause is presumably the soil, but once again a survey is needed to compare these areas and determine if more than just this large palm is involved. A more extensive survey of western Ecuador than our quick visits will probably reveal other significant differences in communities of plants associated with substrate. Recognition of such differences is important for conservation efforts to insure that whole groups of species do not disappear from Ecuador or the world because we are limited to overly simplistic categories such as dry forest, moist forest, and wet forest. A conservation program to protect the remaining fog forests is urgently needed for both plant species conservation and protection of water supplies for the communities BIRD FAUNA (T. PARKER) Lowland western Ecuador encompasses two important areas of bird endemism recognized by Chapman (1926). The “Arid Equatorial Fauna” of deciduous forest and desert scrub habitats that extend from Manabí, Ecuador, south to coastal Cajamarca, Peru, and the October 1992 below. 59 …the proximity of several distinct forest types and elevational zones, in addition to moderate to high levels of endemism at the species level, combine to make western Ecuador a very important region in terms of bird conservation. 60 “Colombian Pacific Fauna” of humid evergreen forests that once formed an unbroken expanse from eastern Darién, Panama, south along the Pacific coast of Colombia to Los Ríos, Ecuador. More than 40 species and 140 well-marked subspecies of birds are restricted to the dry forests and scrub habitats of SW Ecuador and NW Peru (Cracraft 1985, Parker et al., MS), and at least 30 species (and far more subspecies) are confined to the humid coastal and foothill (“Chocó“) forests of Pacific Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. The majority of these endemic bird taxa are now threatened by massive deforestation, and presumably by genetic problems associated with small, isolated populations. Fifteen bird species that occur primarily in western Ecuador are considered to be threatened with extinction by the International Council for Bird Preservation (Collar and Andrew 1988). Considering the relative accessibility of coastal forests in Ecuador, surprisingly few intensive ornithological surveys have been undertaken to date. Chapman (1926) reported on small bird collections obtained in the Pacific lowlands and coastal mountains prior to 1925, and recent efforts by Ecuadorian and North American ornithologists working for the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia) and the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology (Los Angeles) have clarified the status and distribution of numerous poorly known species. Despite a recent increase in ornithological fieldwork, only the small (100 ha) wet forest at the Río Palenque Science Center has been studied in detail (P. Greenfield, unpubl. list). With this in mind, we surveyed birds at eight localities in the coastal hills, low mountains, and lowlands between Esmeraldas and Arenillas, near the Peruvian border (Appendices 2-8). Although our efforts in each area varied from a few hours to six days, our results are similar to those obtained during more intensive surveys of similar forest types in CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL western Ecuador (Robbins and Ridgely 1990), northwest Peru (Wiedenfeld et al. 1985, Parker et al., MS), and eastern Panama (Robbins et al. 1985). Comparison of locality lists obtained in this study reveals several interesting patterns. The most diverse bird communities in lowland western Ecuador occur in wet forests such as those at Bilsa, where ca. 160 resident species were found in an area of less than 500 ha. The moist forest sites at Cerro Mutiles (ca. 100 ha) and Jauneche (138 ha) support 140 and 118 species, respectively. In dry forests at Cerro Blanco (100 ha surveyed) and in the Reserva Militar de Arenillas (ca. 200 ha) we found 86 and 70 resident species. Although bird species richness declines from north to south (reflecting the dramatic decline in rainfall from ca. 3,000 to 500 mm per year), endemism increases dramatically. Nearly 40 percent of the dry forest and thornscrub species in the Reserva Militar de Arenillas are restricted to those habitats in SW Ecuador/ NW Peru. In contrast, only 10 percent of the avifauna in the wet forest at Bilsa is endemic (to W Colombia/ NW Ecuador), the majority occurring north into Middle America and east of the Andes in Amazonia. As previously mentioned with respect to plants, the richest bird communities in western Ecuador are depauperate in comparison with those of upper Amazonian sites — which typically have 190-230 spp. (Haffer and Parker, in press). Nevertheless, the proximity of several distinct forest types and elevational zones, in addition to moderate to high levels of endemism at the species level, combine to make western Ecuador a very important region in terms of bird conservation. MAMMAL FAUNA (L. EMMONS AND L. ALBUJA) The mammal fauna of lowland western Ecuador is typical of that of the rain forest region Rapid Assessment Program from Veracruz, Mexico, to northwestern Peru, and is distinct from that of the Amazon Basin. Although a few species are characteristic of dry forest, savanna, or grassland habitats (e.g., Sciurus stramineus, Sigmodon hispidus, Odocoileus virginianus), there is no significant mammal fauna restricted to these habitat types. Drier habitats support species with broad habitat tolerance from rain forest to savanna. In contrast to birds and plants, therefore, the dry forests of western Ecuador do not have a large fauna distinct from that of its wet forests. Of the 324 mammal species known from all of Ecuador, 54, or 17 percent, are found only in the western lowlands. Fifteen of these are endemic to the Pacific coasts of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. Regional endemism is highest among bats, with approximately 24 percent of Ecuador’s total bat fauna of 125 species found only in the western lowlands. Because the forests of Mesoamerica and coastal South America are smaller in extent and much more severely reduced by deforestation than those of Amazonia, a much larger percentage of the western Ecuador mammal fauna is officially listed as globally endangered or threatened than that of Amazonian Ecuador. Knowledge of the mammal fauna of western Ecuador is still largely incomplete, and many regions have never been explored or inventoried. The discovery by Albuja of four new species of bats in the northwest between 1984 and 1988 shows how poorly explored the region has been in the past. An example of our lack of knowledge is that there is evidence of the existence of two large mammals in the region that are currently unrecognized by science. Park rangers and residents of Parque Nacional Machalilla believe that there are two sympatric brocket deer in the wetter highlands of the park. They describe a large, dark form that may pertain to Mazama fuscata Allen 1915. In recent years, mam- RAP Working Papers Two malogists have considered this form to be conspecific with the smaller Mazama americana and have recognized but one species of brocket deer in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador and Colombia. Thus, there may be a species of deer endemic to western Ecuador that has recently been overlooked by science. If so, it is likely to be highly endangered due to habitat destruction and over-hunting. In the region around Quevedo, including parts of Los Ríos, Guayas and Pichincha, and perhaps to southeastern Manabí (including the Jauneche reserve in Los Ríos), there were formerly three sympatric species of monkeys, including howlers (Alouatta palliata), spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps, now extinct there?) and white-fronted capuchins (Cebus albifrons), locally called mono lanudo – that according to Hershkovitz (1949) is an isolated subspecies (C. albifrons aequatorialis). Albuja previously saw it at Jauneche and Gentry at Río Palenque Science Center, where it is now extinct. Although we obtained additional records of this form at Jauneche, Machalilla, Cerro Blanco, and Cerro Pata de Pájaro, this subspecies is obviously severely threatened. These previously known but unresolved problems of mammalogy in western Ecuador illustrate both the lack of knowledge and urgent need for further work. We feel that immediate attention should be given to clarifying the identity of both of these large mammals (i.e., Mazama fuscata and Cebus albifrons aequatorialis), lest possible endemics become extinct without recognition. In conclusion, the mammal fauna of the lowland forests of western Ecuador includes many species found nowhere else in Ecuador. Most of these are restricted to forested habitats. The future of this fauna thus depends on the preservation of intact forests. Only a few patches of mature forest remain outside of the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and most of these have undergone degradation. October 1992 61 …despite hunting pressure, large mammals still persist in most of the remnant forests we visited. There is still time for effective conservation of most of the mammal fauna of western Ecuador. 62 However, despite hunting pressure, large mammals still persist in most of the remnant forests we visited. There is still time for effective conservation of most of the mammal fauna of western Ecuador. A number of mammal species of the region (e.g., Amorphochilus schnablii, Artibeus fraterculus, Sciurus stramineus, Cebus albifrons) do not occur as far north as Cotacachi-Cayapas. Their conservation will depend on preservation of several forests of different vegetation types, such as dry forest, south of the Río Esmeraldas. HERPETOFAUNA (A. ALMENDÁRIZ AND J. CARR) The majority of the herpetofauna of the western lowlands of Ecuador, and that which occupies the trans-Andean forests, is the southerly extension of the fauna characteristic of the humid forests of the Colombian Chocó. On the other hand, the herpetofauna of the Chocó is strongly related to that of the Caribbean lowlands of Central America (Lynch 1979). Albuja et al. (1980) referred to this zoogeographic area as the Tropical Northwestern Region. These authors further recognized a Tropical Southwestern Region, which encompasses the drier forests and desert scrub vegetation of the southwestern lowlands. The herpetofauna of this region has widespread species from the Central American - Chocoan region, and a component endemic to the dry forests of SW Ecuador and adjacent NW Peru. In the tropical and subtropical zones of western Ecuador (up to 2000 m), 253 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded (Almendáriz, 1991). Amphibians, including frogs, salamanders, and caecilians, account for 49 percent of the total, lizards and amphisbaenians 19 percent, snakes 28 percent, and turtles and crocodilians only 3 percent. Approximately 60 percent of the species of frogs are endemic to western Ecuador, CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL especially species of the family Centrolenidae, and genera such as Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) and Colostethus (Dendrobatidae). The percentage of endemism is much less for lizards and snakes. There are no endemic species of turtles or crocodilians. Existing information on the herpetofauna of the Cordillera de la Costa of Ecuador was relatively poor, and thus our field collections were of value in increasing knowledge of the species composition of the fauna and its distribution. After reviewing the available comparative material and literature, it was still not possible to identify some frog species of the genera Eleutherodactylus and Colostethus, and some lizards of the genus Anolis. Some of these species are currently in the process of being described by other workers, based on previously known material from other locations. The remaining identifications will take additional analysis and it is probable that some of the specimens represent undescribed species. Our collection of the herpetofauna of the Cordillera de la Costa and adjacent areas reflects the zoogeographic affinities of the west Ecuadorian herpetofauna in general, including three principal components to the herpetofauna: 1. Fifty percent of the species identified are part of the tropical wet forest fauna of the Chocoan region, and approximately 60 percent of this fauna is widely distributed north into Central America (including those widespread in the entire Neotropical Realm); 2. Forty-two percent of the species are endemic to western Ecuador (including the unidentified species as endemics). This percentage includes species that inhabit dry, moist and wet tropical forests; 3. Eight percent of the species are endemic to western Ecuador and the adjacent area of northwestern Peru. Principally, they are species associated with drier habitats. Rapid Assessment Program Literature Cited Albuja V., L. 1982. Murciélagos del Ecuador. Dodson, C.H. and A.H. Gentry. 1991. 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Endemism in tropical versus temperate plant communities. Pp. 153-181. Verhandelingen, No. 250: 32 pp. IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical In: Conservation Biology, M.E. Soulé, ed. Protected Areas. Dublin: Tycooly Interna- Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. tional Publ. Ltd., xxv + 436 pp. Gentry, A.H. 1986b. Species richness and floristic composition of Chocó region plant communities. Caldasia 15:71-91. Gentry, A.H. 1988. Patterns of plant community Jones, R. MS. Birds of the Chongon Hills. Mimeographed list. Lynch, J.D. 1979. The amphibians of the lowland tropical forests. Pp. 189-215. In: The South diversity on geographical and environmen- American Herpetofauna: Its Origin, Evolu- tal gradients. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. tion, and Dispersal, W.E. Duellman, ed. 75:1-52. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Monog. No. Gentry, A.H. 1992. Exarata (Bignoniaceae), a 7. new genus from the Chocó region of Ec- Mejía, L., J. Acosta, and P. de la Torre. 1990. uador and Colombia. Syst. Bot. 17:503- Proyecto Bosques Occidentales. 507. Determinación de áreas de bosques Greenfield, P. MS. The birds of the Río Palenque Science Center reserve. Mimeographed report. Haffer, J. and T.A. Parker, III. In press. Biogeographical aspects of the Amazonian bird fauna. In: Proceedings of the Biologi- remanentes en la Región Occidental Ecuatoriana. Quito: Fundación Natura. Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: hot-spots in tropical forests. The Environmentalist 8:187-208. Ortiz Crespo, F., P.J. Greenfield, and J.C. cal Priorities in Amazonia Workshop Matheus. 1990. Aves del Ecuador. Quito: (January 1990). Manaus, Brazil. Feprotur, 144 pp. Hershkovitz, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Parker, T.A., III, T.S. Schulenberg, W. Wust, and Colombia, preliminary report No. 4: Mon- M. Kessler. MS. Distribution, taxonomy keys (Primates), with taxonomic revisions and conservation of the endemic avifauna of northwest Peru. 64 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Peters, J.A. 1973. The frog genus Atelopus in ous forest in extreme northwestern Peru. Ecuador (Anura: Bufonidae). Smithso- Pp. 305-315. In: Neotropical Ornithology, nian Contrib. Zool. No. 145: 49 pp. P.A. Buckley et al., eds. Ornithological Ridgely, R.S. and M.B. Robbins. 1988. Pyrrhura orcesi, a new parakeet from southwestern Monographs No. 36. Wilson, L.D. 1987. A résumé of the colubrid Ecuador, with systematic notes on the P. snakes of the genus Tantilla of South melanura complex. Wilson Bull. 100:173- America. Milwaukee Pub. Mus., Contrib. 182. Biol. Geol., No. 68:1-35. Robbins, M.B., T.A. Parker, III, and S.E. Allen. Wilson, L.D., J.R. McCranie, and L. Porras. 1985. The avifauna of Cerro Pirre, 1977. Taxonomic notes on Tantilla Darien, eastern Panama. Pp. 198-232. In: (Serpentes: Colubridae) from tropical Neotropical Ornithology, P.A. Buckley et America. Bull. So. California Acad. Sci. al., eds. Ornithological Monographs No. 76:49-56. 36. Robbins, M.B. and R.S. Ridgely. 1990. 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Birds of a tropical decidu- RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 65 Appendices 66 Appendix 1 Ecuador Trip Itineraries Appendix 2 Preliminary List of the Birds of Cabeceras de Bilsa (Parker) Appendix 3 Preliminary List of the Landbirds of Parque Nacional Machalilla (Parker) Appendix 4 Preliminary List of the Birds of Cerro Blanco (Parker) Appendix 5 Preliminary List of the Birds of Jauneche (Parker) Appendix 6 Preliminary List of the Birds of Manta Real (Parker) Appendix 7 Preliminary List of the Birds of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas (Parker) Appendix 8 Birds of Six Forests in Western Ecuador (Parker) Appendix 9 Mammal List; January-February Trip (Emmons and Albuja) Appendix 10 Mammal List; July Trip (Albuja) Appendix 11 Amphibian and Reptile List; JanuaryFebruary Trip (Almendáriz and Carr) Appendix 12 Amphibian and Reptile List; July Trip (Almendáriz and Carr) Appendix 13 Plant List: Cerro Mutiles (Foster, Gentry and Josse) Appendix 14 Plant List: Cabeceras de Bilsa (Foster, Gentry and Josse) Appendix 15 Plant List: Cerro Pata de Pájaro (Foster) Appendix 16 Plant List: Tabuga - Río Cuaque (Foster) Appendix 17 Plant List: Parque Nacional Machalilla (Foster, Gentry and Josse) Appendix 18 Plant List: Cerro Blanco (Foster, Gentry and Josse) Appendix 19 Plant List: Manta Real (Foster and Yanez) CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Ecuador Trip Itineraries Trip I. January - February 1991 Dates APPENDIX 1 Coordinates Elevational Range 2° 10' S, 80° 02' W ca. 100-420 m Cerro San Sebastián and vicinity 1° 36' S, 80° 42' W 500-800 m Agua Blanca 1° 32' S, 80° 44' W ca. 80 m Estero Manta Blanca 1° 34' S, 80° 43' W ca. 300 m 1° 20' S, 80° 39' W ca. 600 m campsite ca. CERRO BLANCO RESERVE 17 January Quebrada Canoa PARQUE NACIONAL MACHALILLA 18-24 January CERRO ACHI 23 January PORTOVIEJO-PEDERNALES-EL 24 January CARMEN-PORTOVIEJO (Reconnaisance by road) 26 (PM), 27-31 January 0° 37' N, 79° 51' W (7 km E of San José de Bilsa) CERRO MUTILES 2-4 February 0° 54' N, 79° 37' W CABECERAS DE BILSA 225 m; 100-300 m (reserva forestal of the Universidad Técnica "Luis Vargas Torres") ca. 60-300 m Trip II. July 1991 Dates Coordinates Elevation JAUNECHE RESERVE 6-9 July 1° 20' S, 79° 35' W 70 m at the station; 50 m at Estero Peñafiel MANTA REAL 10-17 July 2° 34' S, 79° 21' W campsite at 650 m; ca. 250-1100 m RESERVA MILITAR DE ARENILLAS 12-13 July CERRO BLANCO RESERVE 15-20 July Quebrada Canoa TABUGA-RÍO CUAQUE sea level to ca. 300 m 2° 10' S, 80° 02' W ca. 100-420 m; campsite at 420 m 0° 01' S, 80° 05' W ca. 60-320 m 0° 02' N, 79° 58' W 650-800 m 19 July site east of Palmarcito CERRO PATA DE PÁJARO 3° 33' S, 80° 03' W (for Arenillas) 20-21 July Note: Overlapping dates result from times when the travelling party was split into more than one group. RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 67 Codes for Avian Data Appendices 2-8 Habitats W Water A Aerial Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous (dry) forest Fm Montane evergreen forest (lower cloud forest) Sociality Fr Riparian forest (in dry areas, along rivers) S Solitary or in pairs Fe Forest edges G Fsm Forest stream margins Gregarious; large groups of same species (more than 5 individuals) Mg Mangroves M Mixed-species flocks B Bamboo thickets within evergreen forest Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth; low, shrubby vegetation (man- Abundance C Common; recorded daily in preferred habitat in moderate to large numbers (i.e., more than 10 individuals) F Fairly common; recorded every day in small numbers; less than 10 individuals U Uncommon; recorded every other day; occurs in small numbers created) P Pasture M Marsh; permanently flooded areas filled with grasses and other water-adapted plants S Shores, sandbars R River; open water R Rare; recorded only once during survey period Rm River margins; vegetation overhanging riverbanks E Extinct Sm Stream margins; vegetation overhanging or X Recorded, status uncertain bordering streams (M) Migrant, origin unknown Aerial (letters in parentheses following this code (Mn) Migrant from the north, primarily from North A refer to habitats in which the species is most apt to occur) O Ocean; coastal waters within a few km of land America, normally occurring only from midAugust to March (Ms) Migrant from south (April to October) (V) Vagrant; of very rare and irregular occurrence Foraging Position T Terrestrial Evidence U Undergrowth or understory (up to 5 m in tall t Tape-recording obtained in area forest) M Subcanopy or middlestory (mainly from 5 to 15 m in tall forest) C 68 Canopy (primarily above 15 m in tall forest) CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Preliminary List of the Birds of Cabeceras de Bilsa T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce APPENDIX 2 Evidence Habitats TINAMIDAE (2) Tinamus major Fh T S U Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t CATHARTIDAE (3) Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth Foraging Position Coragyps atratus Sg,Fe T S,G U T Terrestrial Cathartes aura Sg,Fh T S U U Undergrowth Sarcoramphus papa Fh T S F M Middlestory ACCIPITRIDAE (7) C Canopy Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G U A Aerial Harpagus bidentatus Fh M,C S U? Leucopternis occidentalis Fh C,T S U L. plumbea Fh M,T S R? Ictinia plumbea Fh,Sg A,C S F Abundance Buteogallus urubitinga Fh M,T S U C Common Buteo magnirostris Fe T,C S F F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded Sociality t FALCONIDAE (2) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fe,Sg T,C S F Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S U t S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence CRACIDAE (2) t Ortalis erythroptera Fe,Sg T,C G U Penelope sp. Fh T,C S U Fh T G U Columba speciosa Fh C S U C. subvinacea Fh C S U? C. goodsoni Fh C S C t Leptotila pallida Fe,Fh T S C t Geotrygon montana Fh T S F t Pionopsitta pulchra Fh M,C S,G C t Pionus menstruus Fh C S,G C t P. chalcopterus Fh C S,G F t Amazona autumnalis Fh C S,G R? t? A. farinosa Fh C S,G C t Tape PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops COLUMBIDAE (5) t PSITTACIDAE (5) RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 69 APPENDIX 2 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Piaya cayana Fh,Sg C S,M U t P. minuta Fe,Sg U S R Crotophaga ani Sg T,U G F t Lophostrix cristata Fh M,C S F t Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh M,T S U Ciccaba virgata Fh M,C S U Fe,Sg C,A S R? Fh C,A S U t Fh,Sg A S F t Glaucis aenea Fh,Fe U S U Threnetes ruckeri Fh U S F Phaethornis yaruqui Fh U S C P. superciliosus Fh U S X P. longuemareus Fh U S F Eutoxeres aquila Fh U S U Florisuga mellivora Fh,Sg C S F Popelairia conversii Fh C S X Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S X Amazilia tzacatl Fh,Sg U,C S U Chalybura buffoni Fh U,M S X Heliothryx barroti Fh M,C S U Heliodoxa jacula Fh U,M S F? Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S U t T. comptus Fh M,C S ? t T. viridis Fh C S C t T. collaris Fh M S C t T. rufus Fh M S U t CUCULIDAE (3) STRIGIDAE (3) t NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) Lurocalis semitorquatus APODIDAE (1) Chaetura cinereiventris TROCHILIDAE (14) t TROGONIDAE (5) 70 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats MOMOTIDAE (1) Baryphthengus martii Fh M,C S F BUCCONIDAE (4) Notharchus macrorhynchos Fh,Fe C S F t Nystalus radiatus Fh,Fe C S F t Malacoptila panamensis Fh U S U t? Micromonacha lanceolata Fh C S R? Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth Foraging Position T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory CAPITONIDAE (1) C Canopy Capito squamatus A Aerial Fh C S F t Sociality RAMPHASTIDAE (3) S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Pteroglossus erythropygius Fh C G F t Ramphastos brevis Fh C S,G C t R. swainsonii Fh C S,G C t Abundance PICIDAE (7) Piculus rubiginosus Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t P. leucolaemus Fh M,C M F t Celeus loricatus Fh M,C S,M F t Dryocopus lineatus Fh M,C S U t Melanerpes pucherani Fh,Fe C S,M F t Veniliornis kirkii Fh C M F t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh M,C S F t Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M C t Glyphorynchus spirurus Fh U,M S,M F t Dendrocolaptes certhia Fh U,M S,M U Xiphorhynchus lacrymosus Fh M,C S,M C t X. erythropygius Fh M,C M,S C t Synallaxis brachyura Sg T,M S F t Hyloctistes subulatus Fh M M F t Automolus ochrolaemus Fh U M,S X Xenops minutus Fh U,M M C Cymbilaimus lineatus Fh M,C S,M F Taraba major Fe,Sg U,M S,M U C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence t Tape DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (5) FURNARIIDAE (4) FORMICARIIDAE (16) RAP Working Papers Two t October 1992 71 APPENDIX 2 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M C t Thamnistes anabatinus Fh C M C t Dysithamnus puncticeps Fh M M C t Myrmotherula surinamensis Fe,Sg U,M S,M U t M. fulviventris Fh U,M M F t M. axillaris Fh U,M M C t M. schisticolor Fh U,M M R Microrhopias quixensis Fh M,U M C Cercomacra tyrannina Fe U S U Myrmeciza berlepschi Fh U S F t Myrmeciza exsul Fh U S C t M. immaculata Fh U,T S U t Hylophylax naevioides Fh U S U Formicarius nigricapillus Fh T S U? t Phyllomyias griseiceps Fe,Sg C S F t Zimmerius viridiflavus Fh,Fe C S,M C t Ornithion brunneicapillum Fh C S,M F t Camptostoma obsoletum Sg,Fe C S,M F t Tyrannulus elatus Fh C S F t Myiopagis caniceps Fh C M U t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S U t Mionectes olivaceus Fh U,M S,M U Myiornis ecaudatus Fh C S F t Lophotriccus pileatus Fh U,C S,M U t Rhynchocyclus brevirostris Fh M M,S X Platyrinchus coronatus Fh U,M S U Myiophobus fasciatus Sg,Fe U S F Contopus borealis Fe C,A S R Empidonax virescens Fh,Fe M S F Attila torridus? Fh C S,M R A. spadiceus Fh C,M S,M U t Sirystes albogriseus Fh C M F t Myiarchus sp. Fe,Sg M,C S U Myiozetetes cayanensis Sg,Fe C S F t TYRANNIDAE (27) 72 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL t t Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Conopias albovittatus Fh C M,S F t Tyrannus melancholicus Fe,Sg C,A S U Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Fh,Fe C M,S U t P. polychopterus Fh,Fe C M F t P. homochrous Fh,Sg C S,M F t Tityra semifasciata Fh C S F t T. inquisitor Fh C S F Habitats Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth Foraging Position T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory PIPRIDAE (3) C Canopy Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S F t A Aerial Manacus manacus Fh,Fe U S F t Pipra mentalis Fh U,M S X COTINGIDAE (3) Lipaugus unirufus Fh M,C S C Carpodectes hopkei Fh C S F Cephalopterus penduliger Fh C,M S R t HIRUNDINIDAE (2) Progne chalybea Sg,Fh A G U Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Sg,Fe A S,G F Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence TROGLODYTIDAE (6) t Campylorhynchus zonatus Fe,Sg C S,M U Thryothorus nigricapillus Fe U S C t T. thoracicus Fh M M C t Troglodytes aedon Sg,Fe U S C t Microcerculus marginatus Fh T,U S F t Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Fh T,U S F t Fh T,M S F t Fh U,M S,M F t Vireolanius leucotis Fh C M,S F t Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M C t Fe,Sg T,C S,G U Tape TURDIDAE (1) Turdus albicollis SYLVIIDAE (1) Microbates cinereiventris VIREONIDAE (2) EMBERIZIDAE ICTERINAE (3) Scaphidura oryzivora RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 73 APPENDIX 2 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Zarhynchus wagleri Fh, Fe C S,M F t Cacicus microrhynchus Fh C G,M F t Dendroica fusca Fh C M R(Mn) D. castanea Fh C M R(Mn) Setophaga ruticilla Fh M M R(Mn) Fh,Sg C S C Cyanerpes caeruleus Fh C M C Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M C Dacnis cayana Fh C M F t D. lineata Fh C M U t D. venusta Fh C M F Euphonia xanthogaster Fh,Sg U,C M,S C E. fulvicrissa Fh C M U E. laniirostris Fe,Sg C S,M F t Tangara icterocephala Fh M,C M,S F t T. larvata Fh C S,M F t T. palmeri Fh C M U t T. gyrola Fh C M C T. florida Fh C M U Thraupis palmarum Fh,Sg C S,M F t T. episcopus Sg, Fe C S,M U t Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg, Fe U,C G,M C t Piranga rubra Fh, Fe C M,S R t Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Fh M,C M,G C t Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M F t T. delatrii Fh M,C M F t Heterospingus xanthopygius Fh C M F t Mitrospingus cassini Fh U,M G,M F t Saltator maximus Fh, Fe M,C S,M F t Pitylus grossus Fh M,C S U t PARULINAE (3) t COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola t THRAUPINAE (22) t CARDINALINAE (4) 74 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Pheucticus ludovicianus Fh C M R(Mn) Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh, Fe U S U Evidence Habitats t EMBERIZINAE (1) Sporophila americana Fe,Sg U S,G X Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges Sg Second growth Foraging Position T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence t RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 Tape 75 APPENDIX 3 Preliminary List of the Landbirds of Parque Nacional Machalilla T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t Crypturellus transfasciatus Fd T S F t Egretta alba Rm W S U Egretta thula Rm W S F Butorides striatus Rm W S F Sarcoramphus papa Fh,Fd T S U Coragyps atratus Sc,Fd,Fh T G F Cathartes aura Sc,Fd,Fh T S C Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G U Leptodon cayanensis Fh M,C S R Ictinia plumbea Fh A S,G R Geranospiza caerulescens Fd,Sm T,C S U t Leucopternis occidentalis Fh,Fd T,C S U t Buteogallus urubitinga Rm,Fd,Fh T,U S R Parabuteo unicinctus Sc,Fd T S U Buteo brachyurus Fh A,C S R Spizaetus ornatus Fh M,C S R Spizaetus tyrannus Fh M,C S R R W S U(Mn) Herpetotheres cachinnans Fh,Fd T,C S U t Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S F t Polyborus plancus Sc T S F Falco peregrinus Sc,Rm A S R Falco rufigularis Fh A S R Falco sparverius Sc T S U Ortalis erythroptera Fh,Fd T,C G F t Penelope purpurascens Fh T,C S R t TINAMIDAE (2) ARDEIDAE (3) t CATHARTIDAE (3) ACCIPITRIDAE (10) t t PANDIONIDAE (1) Pandion haliaetus FALCONIDAE (6) CRACIDAE (2) 76 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops Fh T G R SCOLOPACIDAE (1) Actitis macularia Rm T,W S U(Mn) COLUMBIDAE (10) Columba speciosa Fh C S U t Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen forest Fr Riparian forest B Bamboo thickets Sc Desert-scrub Columba cayennensis Fr C S,G U t Sg Second growth Columba subvinacea Fh C S C t R River Zenaida auriculata Sc T S,G F t Rm River margins Zenaida asiatica Sc T,C S,G F t Sm Stream margins Columbina buckleyi Sc, Fd T S,G F/C t Foraging Position Columbina cruziana Sc, Fd T S,G C Claravis pretiosa Fr T S,G U Leptotila ochraceiventris Fh, Fd? T S R Leptotila verreauxi Sc, Fd, Fh T S C t PSITTACIDAE (4) Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial W Water Sociality Ara ambigua Fh? C S,G R Aratinga erythrogenys Fd, Fr, Fh C G F t Forpus coelestis Sc, Fd U,C G C Pionus chalcopterus Fh C S,G U S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious t M Mixed-species flocks t Abundance CUCULIDAE (3) Piaya cayana Fh, Fr M,C S,M U t Crotophaga sulcirostris Sc,Sg T,U G C t Tapera naevia Sg,Sc T,U S U t TYTONIDAE (1) Tyto alba T C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (Mn) Migrant from north Sc T S Evidence U? t STRIGIDAE (5) Otus roboratus Sc, Fd M,C S C t Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh T,M S U t Glaucidium (brasilianum) Sc, Fd U,C S C t Speotyto cunicularia Sc T S U t Ciccaba nigrolineata Fh M,C S F t Fh C,A S F t Tape NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 77 APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Lurocalis semitorquatus Fh A S U t Nyctidromus albicollis Fd,Sg A S F t Streptoprocne zonaris Fh, Fd A G U/R Chaetura cinereiventris Fh A S,G C Chaetura brachyura Fh, Fd A S,G U Phaethornis superciliosus Fh U S C Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S U Amazilia amazilia Sc, Fd U,C S F t Amazilia tzacatl Fh U,C S C t Adelomyia melanogenys Fm U,M S C t Heliomaster longirostris Fd, Fh C S U Acestrura bombus Fh C S U Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S F t Trogon collaris Fh M,C S U t Trogon violaceus Fh C S F t Ceryle torquata Rm W S F Chloroceryle americana Rm W S F Fd,Sc U,C S C Fh U S R Fm, Fh C S,M U t Aulacorhynchus haematopygus Fm C S,G U t Pteroglossus erythropygius Fh C S,G U t Ramphastos swainsonii Fh C S,G U t Fh M,C S,M F t CAPRIMULGIDAE (2) APODIDAE (3) t TROCHILIDAE (8) t TROGONIDAE (3) ALCEDINIDAE (2) MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota t BUCCONIDAE (1) Malacoptila panamensis CAPITONIDAE (1) Eubucco bourcierii RAMPHASTIDAE (3) PICIDAE (8) Picumnus olivaceus 78 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Picumnus sclateri Fd,Fh M,C S,M U? t? Piculus rubiginosus Fd,Fh,Sc M,C S,M C t Dryocopus lineatus Fh,Fr C S U t Melanerpes pucherani Fh C S F t Veniliornis kirkii Fh,Fd M,C S,M F t Veniliornis callonotus Fh,Fd M,C S,M F t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh,Fd U,C S U t DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (6) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen forest Fr Riparian forest B Bamboo thickets Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth R River Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M U t Rm River margins Sittasomus griseicapillus Fd,Fh M S,M F t Sm Stream margins Glyphorynchus spirurus Fh U,M M R t Foraging Position Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Fh M,C S,M F t Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fd,Sc M,C S,M C t Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh M S,M F t FURNARIIDAE (9) Furnarius cinnamomeus Rm,Sc T S C t Synallaxis brachyura Fh,Sg T,M S,M F t Synallaxis tithys Fd T,U S,M U t Synallaxis stictothorax Sc U,M S F Cranioleuca erythrops Fm, Fh,Fd M,C M,S F Anabacerthia variegaticeps Fm M,C M R T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial W Water Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious t M Mixed-species flocks t Abundance Hylocryptus erythrocephalus Fm T,U S R t Xenops rutilans Fd, Fh M,C M,S C t Xenops minutus Fh U,M M R? FORMICARIIDAE (9) C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (Mn) Migrant from north Taraba major Fh U,M S F t Evidence Sakesphorus bernardi Fd,Sc U,C S,M C t t Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M U t Dysithamnus mentalis Fh, Fd U,M M,S C t Myrmotherula schisticolor Fm U,M M U t Pyriglena pacifica Fh U S F t Formicarius nigricapillus Fh, Fm T S F t Grallaria guatimalensis Fm T S R Grallaria watkinsi Fd, Fh T S F RAP Working Papers Two Tape t October 1992 79 APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Sc,Fd T,U S C t Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S R Manacus manacus Fh U S F Pipra mentalis? Fh U,M S R Phyllomyias griseiceps Fh C S C t Zimmerius viridiflavus Fh C S F t Camptostoma obsoletum Sc,Fd,Fh C S,M C t Phaeomyias murina Sc,Fd C S U? t Myiopagis subplacens Fd,Fh U,C S,M C t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S,M F t Mecocerculus calopterus Fm C M R Euscarthmus meloryphus Sc,Sg, Fd U S,M C t Mionectes oleagineus Fh U,C S,M U t Leptopogon superciliaris Fh M,C M R t? Capsiempis flaveola Fh,B C S F t Lophotriccus pileatus Fh,Fd M,C S,M C t Todirostrum cinereum Sc,Sg, Fd M,C S,M U t Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fd C M U t Platyrinchus mystaceus Fh U S F t Onychorhynchus occidentalis Fh M S R Myiobius atricaudus Fh M M R Myiophobus fasciatus Fd,Fh,Sg U,M M F t Contopus fumigatus Fm C S,M F t Contopus (sordidulus) Fh C S R(Mn) Contopus cinereus Fd U,C S,M U t Empidonax virescens Fh M S U(Mn) t Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh M,C S,M F t Pyrocephalus rubinus Sc,Sg C,A S F Fluvicola atripennis Rm,Sg T S F Muscigralla brevicauda Sc T S U? Attila torridus Fm C S F t Myiarchus tuberculifer Fh C S,M C t RHYNOCRYPTIDAE (1) Melanopareia elegans PIPRIDAE (3) t TYRANNIDAE (37) 80 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Myiarchus phaeocephalus Sc M,C S F t Megarynchus pitangua Fh,Fd C S F t Myiozetetes similis Fr,Sg C S F t Myiodynastes bairdii Sc,Fd C S F t Myiodynastes maculatus Fh C S,M C t Tyrannus melancholicus Fr,Sg C,A S U Habitats Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen forest Fr Riparian forest B Bamboo thickets Sc Desert-scrub Tyrannus niveigularis Sc C,A S U Sg Second growth Pachyramphus homochrous Fh C S U t R River Tityra semifasciata Fh C S U t Rm River margins Sm Stream margins HIRUNDINIDAE (2) Progne chalybea Sg,Fd,Fh A G F Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Rm,Sg A G C Foraging Position t TROGLODYTIDAE (8) T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory Campylorhynchus fasciatus Sc,Fd C S,G F t C Canopy Thryothorus mystacalis Fh,B U,M S,M F t A Aerial Thryothorus paucimaculatus Fh,Fd U,M S,M C t W Water Thryothorus superciliaris Sc,Fd U S C t Troglodytes aedon Sg,Sc U S F t Troglodytes solstitialis Fm C S,M U Henicorhina leucophrys Fm U,T S,M Microcerculus marginatus Fh T S Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious t M Mixed-species flocks C t Abundance U t C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded MIMIDAE (1) Sc C,T S,G C Catharus dryas Fm T S R? (Mn) Migrant from north Catharus ustulatus Fh,Fm T,M S U(Mn) Evidence Turdus maculirostris Fh,Fr M,C S F t Turdus reevei Sc,Fd C,T S,G U t Ramphocaenus melanurus Fh M S,M U t Polioptila plumbea Sc,Fd C S,M F t Cyclarhis gujanensis Fd,Fh C S,M F t Vireo olivaceus Sc,Sg,Fr C S,M C t Hylophilus minor Fh, Fd M,C M C t Mimus longicaudatus t TURDIDAE (4) t Tape SYLVIIDAE (2) VIREONIDAE (3) RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 81 APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Parula pitiayumi Fh C S,M C t Setophaga ruticilla Fh M S,M R(Mn) Seiurus noveboracensis Rm T S R(Mn) Myioborus miniatus Fm C M C Geothlypis aequinoctialis Sg U S,M F Basileuterus fraseri Fh, Fd U,M S,M C t Sc, Fd, Fh C S C t Dacnis lineata Fh C M U? Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M U? Tangara icterocephala Fh C M F Tangara gyrola Fh C G,M C Euphonia laniirostris Fd, Fh C S,M C t Euphonia xanthogaster Fh U,C S,M C t Euphonia saturata Fh, Fd? C S U? Chlorospingus canigularis Fm M,C G,M C Thraupis palmarum Fh C S,M R? Thraupis episcopus Fr, Fh C S,M C t Piranga flava Fd, Fh C S,M F t Piranga rubra Fr, Fh C S,M R(Mn) t Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg, Fr U,C G,M F t Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M U t Hemithraupis guira Fh, Fr C M X Sturnella bellicosa Sc T,U S,G U Dives warzewiczii Sc,Sg, Fr T,C G,S F t Molothrus bonariensis Sc,Sg T,C S,G U t Scaphidura oryzivora Fr,Sg T,C S,G R? Icterus graceannae Sc, Fd C S F t Icterus mesomelas Fd,Sg C S,G U t Amblycercus holosericeus Fh, B U,M S,M F t Cacicus cela Fr,Fh C S,G,M F t EMBERIZIDAE PARULINAE (6) t COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola THRAUPINAE (15) t t ICTERINAE (8) 82 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 3 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats CARDINALINAE (4) Saltator albicollis Fh M,C S F t Saltator maximus Fh,Fr M,C S,M C t Pheucticus chrysogaster Sc,Fd,Fh C S C t Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh U S U t EMBERIZINAE (10) Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fm Montane evergreen forest Fr Riparian forest B Bamboo thickets Sc Desert-scrub Amaurospiza concolor Fm,B M S R Sg Second growth Volatinia jacarina Sc,Sg T,U S,G F R River Tiaris obscura Sg T,U S,G U? Rm River margins Sporophila americana Sg T,U S,G,M F Sm Stream margins Sporophila telasco Sc T,U G F Foraging Position Atlapetes brunneinucha Fm T,U S,M F t Poospiza hispaniolensis Sc U S F t Arremon aurantiirostris Fh T,U S,M U Arremon abeillei Fd,Fh T,U S,M F Rhodospingus cruentus Sc,Fd T,C G,M F T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory t? C Canopy t A Aerial W Water Sociality CARDUELINAE (1) Carduelis siemiradzkii Fd,Sg U,C G F t S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (Mn) Migrant from north Evidence t RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 Tape 83 APPENDIX 4 Preliminary List of the Birds of Cerro Blanco T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Fd T S F t A A S,G F(V) Sarcoramphus papa Fd, Fh T S U Coragyps atratus Fd, Fh,Sc T G,S C Cathartes aura Fd, Fh,Sc T S C Elanoides forficatus Fd, Fh C,A S,G F Harpagus bidentatus Fh C,M S R Ictinia plumbea Fd, Fh C,A S F(M?) Accipiter bicolor Fd, Fh U,C S U Geranospiza caerulescens Fd, Fh T,C S F Leucopternis occidentalis Fd, Fh C,T S U Asturina nitida Fd, Fe C,T S F? Buteogallus urubitinga Fd, Fh T,C S R B. meridionalis Sc T S U Parabuteo unicinctus Sc, Fd T S F Buteo magnirostris Fd, Fh,Sg C,T S F B. brachyurus Fh C,A S U B. polyosoma Fd,Sc T S U B. albonotatus Fd, Fh,Sc T? S R Spizaetus tyrannus Fh C,T S R Herpetotheres cachinnans Fd, Fh T,C S F t Micrastur semitorquatus Fd, Fh M,C S R t M. ruficollis Fh U,M S U Polyborus plancus Sc, Fd T S F Falco rufigularis Fd,Fh A S U F. sparverius Sc T,A S U Fd, Fh T,C G U Fh, Fd C S,G F TINAMIDAE (1) Crypturellus transfasciatus FREGATIDAE (1) Fregata magnificens CATHARTIDAE (3) t ACCIPITRIDAE (15) t t FALCONIDAE (6) CRACIDAE (1) Ortalis erythroptera COLUMBIDAE (7) Columba cayennensis 84 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 4 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Zenaida asiatica Sc,Fd T,C S,G U Columbina buckleyi Sc,Fd T S,G C t C. cruziana Sc,Fd T S,G U t Claravis pretiosa Fh T,C S,G U Leptotila ochraceiventris Fd,Fh T S R L. verreauxi Fd,Fh,Sc T S C Evidence Habitats t PSITTACIDAE (6) Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Fsm Forest stream margins Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth Sm Stream margins A Aerial Ara ambigua Fd,Fh C S,G R Aratinga erythrogenys Fd,Fh,Sc C G F t Foraging Position Forpus coelestis Sc,Fd U,C S,G C t T Terrestrial Brotogeris pyrrhopterus Fd,Fh C S,G F t U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial W Water Pionus chalcopterus Fd,Fh C S,G U Amazona autumnalis Fh C S,G U t Piaya cayana Fh C,M S,M U t Crotophaga sulcirostris Sc T,U G C CUCULIDAE (3) Tapera naevia Sc T,U S U TYTONIDAE (1) Tyto alba Glaucidium (brasilianum) S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance Sc,Fd T S U STRIGIDAE (2) Pulsatrix perspicillata Sociality Fd,Fh Fd,Fh,Sc C,T U,C S S F C t t CAPRIMULGIDAE (2) C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (M) Migrant Chordeiles acutipennis Sc A S U (Mn) Migrant from north Nyctidromus albicollis Fd,Fh A S C (Ms) Migrant from south (V) Vagrant Evidence APODIDAE (3) Streptoprocne zonaris Fd,Fh A G F(V) Chaetura cinereiventris Fd,Fh A S U C. brachyura Fd A S U Phaethornis superciliosus Fh U S U P. longuemareus Fh U S ? Amazilia amazilia Fd,Fh,Sc U,C S C Heliomaster longirostris Fd,Fh C S U Myrmia micrura Sc U,C S U t Tape TROCHILIDAE (5) RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 85 APPENDIX 4 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Trogon melanurus Fd, Fh M,C S U T. violaceus Fh C S R Ceryle torguata Sm W S U Chloroceryle americana Sm W S U Fd, Fh U,C S U Picumnus sclateri Fd, Fh,Sc M,C M,S C Melanerpes pucherani Fh, Fe M,C S,M X Piculus rubiginosus Fd, Fh M,C S,M F Dryocopus lineatus Fh M,C S U Veniliornis callonotus Fd, Fh,Sc M,C S,M C t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fd, Fh M,C S U t Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh U,M M,S F t Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fd, Fh,Sc M,C S,M C t Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh, Fd U,M S,M F t Furnarius cinnamomeus Sg,Sc T S F Synallaxis tithys Fd, Fh T,U S U Xenops rutilans Fd, Fh M,C M F t Taraba major Fh U,M S U t Sakesphorus bernardi Fd, Fh,Sc U,C S,M C t Dysithamnus mentalis Fh U,M M,S C t Pyriglena pacifica Fh U S R Fd,Sc T,U S F Camptostoma obsoletum Fd, Fh,Sc C S,M C Phaeomyias murina Sc, Fd C S U Myiopagis subplacens Fd, Fh U,C S,M C Elaenia flavogaster Sc C S F TROGONIDAE (2) ALCEDINIDAE (2) MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota PICIDAE (6) t t DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (3) FURNARIIDAE (3) FORMICARIIDAE (4) RHINOCRYPTIDAE (1) Melanopareia elegans TYRANNIDAE (23) 86 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL t t Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 4 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Euscarthmus meloryphus Sc, Fe U S C t Lophotriccus pileatus Fd, Fh U,C S,M F t Todirostrum cinereum Fd M,C S,M F t Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fd C M U Myiophobus fasciatus Fd,Sc U,M S C t Contopus cinereus Fd U,M S,M U t Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh M S,M R? Fluvicola atripennis Sm, M T S F Muscigralla brevicauda Sc T S U Myiarchus tuberculifer Fd, Fh C,M S,M U M. phaeocephalus Sc, Fd M,C S,M U Habitats Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Fsm Forest stream margins Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth Sm Stream margins A Aerial Foraging Position t T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial Water Megarynchus pitangua Fd, Fh C S F t Myiozetetes similis Fd, Fh,Sg C S U t Myiodynastes bairdii Fd,Sc C S,M F W M. maculatus Fd, Fh C S,M U? Sociality Tyrannus niveigularis Sc C,A S U S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks T. melancholicus Sg, Fe C,A S F Pachyramphus albogriseus Fd, Fh C M,S U P. homochrous Fd, Fh C M,S U Abundance t HIRUNDINIDAE (3) Progne chalybea Sg, Fd, Fh A G F Notiochelidon cyanoleuca Sc,Sg A G F(Ms?) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Sg,Sm A G F Fd,Sc C,T G F CORVIDAE (1) Cyanocorax mystacalis C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (M) Migrant (Mn) Migrant from north t (Ms) Migrant from south (V) Vagrant Evidence TROGLODYTIDAE (4) Campylorhynchus fasciatus Fd,Sc C,M S,G F t Thryothorus superciliaris Fd,Sc U S,M C t T. paucimaculatus Fd, Fh U,M S,M C t Troglodytes aedon Sg,Sc U S F t Sc,Sg C,T S F Turdus maculirostris Fh, Fd T,C S C t T. reevei Fd, Fh C S,G F t t Tape MIMIDAE (1) Mimus longicaudatus TURDIDAE (2) RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 87 APPENDIX 4 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Ramphocaenus melanurus Fh M S U Polioptila plumbea Fd,Fh,Sc C S,M C t Cyclarhis gujanensis Fd C S,M U t Vireo olivaceus Fh,Fd C S,M C t Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M F t Parula pitiayumi Fd,Fh C M F t Seiurus noveboracensis Sm T S R(Mn) Setophaga ruticilla Fh M,C S,M R(Mn) Basileuterus fraseri Fd,Fh U,M S,M C Fd,Fh,Sc C S F Euphonia laniirostris Fd,Fh C S,M C t Thraupis episcopus Fd,Fh C S,M C t Piranga rubra Fh C M,S R(Mn) Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh C,M M U t Hemithraupis guira Fh C M F t Saltator albicollis Fd,Sc M S,M U S. maximus Fh M,C S,M F Pheucticus chrysogaster Fd,Sc C S,M U Sturnella bellicosa Sc T,U S,G U Dives warszewiczi Sg,Sc T,C S,G C Molothrus bonariensis Sg,Sc T,C S,G U Cacicus cela Fd,Fh C S,G,M F Icterus graceannae Fd,Sc C S X I. mesomelas Fd,Fh C S F Volatinia jacarina Sg,Sc T,U S,G F Sporophila americana Sg,Sc,Fd T,U S,G,M C SYLVIIDAE (2) VIREONIDAE (3) EMBERIZIDAE PARULINAE (4) t COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola THRAUPINAE (5) CARDINALINAE (3) t ICTERINAE (6) t t t EMBERIZINAE (7) 88 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 4 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce S. peruviana Sc T,U G,M ? S. telasco Sg,Sc T,U G,M F Sicalis flaveola Sc,Sg,Fd T,U S,G U Rhodospingus cruentus Fd,Fh U,C G,M C Arremon abeillei Fd,Fh T,U S,M F Evidence Habitats CARDUELINAE (1) Carduelis siemiradzkii Fd,Sc U,C G U t Fh Mature evergreen forest Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Fsm Forest stream margins Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth Sm Stream margins A Aerial Foraging Position T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial W Water Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X Recorded (M) Migrant (Mn) Migrant from north (Ms) Migrant from south (V) Vagrant Evidence t RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 Tape 89 APPENDIX 5 Preliminary List of the Birds of Jauneche T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Tinamus major Fh T S E Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t C. transfasciatus Fe T S U t Ardea cocoi Sm,M W S U Egretta alba Sm,M W S U E. thula Sm,M W S U Butorides striatus Sm,M W S F Bubulcus ibis Sg,M T G F Nycticorax nycticorax Sm,M W S U Tigrisoma lineatum Sm W S F Coragyps atratus Sg, Fe T S,G C Cathartes aura Sg, Fh T S C Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G F Harpagus bidentatus Fh M,C S R? Geranospiza caerulescens Fh,Sm T,C S R Leucopternis occidentalis Fh T,C S R L. plumbea Fh,Sm T S R Buteogallus urubitinga Fe,Sm T,U S R Buteo magnirostris Fe T,C S U Spizaetus tyrannus Fh M,C S R Herpetotheres cachinnans Fh,Sg T,C S U t Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S U t Polyborus plancus Sg T S U Falco rufigularis Fh, Fe A S R t Ortalis erythroptera Fh,Sg T,C G R t Penelope purpurascens Fh T,C S E t Fh T G E TINAMIDAE (3) ARDEIDAE (7) t CATHARTIDAE (2) t ACCIPITRIDAE (8) t t FALCONIDAE (4) CRACIDAE (2) PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops 90 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 5 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats RALLIDAE (2) Pardirallus maculatus M T S R Laterallus albigularis M T S F t COLUMBIDAE (7) Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges B Bamboo thickets Sg Second growth M Marsh Columba cayennensis Fe,Sg C S,G U t C. subvinacea Fh C S R? t Rm River margins Columbina buckleyi Sg, Fe T S,G F t Sm Stream margins Claravis pretiosa Fh,Sg T,C S,G C t Foraging Position Leptotila verreauxi Sg, Fe T S F t T Terrestrial L. pallida Fe, Fh T S C t U Undergrowth M Middlestory Geotrygon montana Fh T S F t? C Canopy A Aerial E W Water Sociality PSITTACIDAE (5) Ara ambigua Fh C S,G Aratinga erythrogenys Fe,Sg C G U t Forpus coelestis Sg U,C G U t S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Pionus chalcopterus Fh,Sg C S,G U t Amazona autumnalis Fh,Sg C S,G R t Abundance A. farinosa Fh C S,G R t C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare E Extinct (V) Vagrant CUCULIDAE (6) Piaya cayana Fh C S,M U t P. minuta M,Sm U S U t Crotophaga major Sm U,M G U C. ani Sg,M T,U G F t Evidence C. sulcirostris Sg,M T,U G C t t Tapera naevia Sg T,U S U t Sg T S U? Otus roboratus Sg, Fh M,C S C t Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh M,T S F t Glaucidium (brasilianum) Sg, Fh U,C S F t Ciccaba nigrolineata Fh M,C S F t C. virgata? Fh M,C S R t? Fe C,A S R? Tape TYTONIDAE (1) Tyto alba STRIGIDAE (5) NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 91 APPENDIX 5 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Fe, Fh A S C t Streptoprocne zonaris Fh,Sg A G F(V) Chaetura cinereiventris Fh A G U Panyptila cayennensis Fh A S F t Phaethornis superciliosus Fh U S C t P. longuemareus Fh U S U t Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S U Amazilia amazilia Fh C S U A. tzacatl Fh U,C S F t Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S F t T. violaceus Fh C S U t Ceryle torquata Sm W S U t Chloroceryle americana Sm W S F Fh U,C S C t Notharchus tectus Fh C S U t Malacoptila panamensis Fh U S F t Fh C S,M F t Fh C G U t Picumnus olivaceus Fh M,C M,S F t Piculus rubiginosus Fh M,C S,M F t Dryocopus lineatus Fh C S U t Melanerpes pucherani Fh, Fe C S,M F t Veniliornis kirkii Fh C S,M C t V. callonotus Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) Nyctidromus albicollis APODIDAE (3) TROCHILIDAE (6) TROGONIDAE (2) ALCEDINIDAE (2) MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota BUCCONIDAE (2) CAPITONIDAE (1) Capito squamatus RAMPHASTIDAE (1) Pteroglossus erythropygius PICIDAE (7) 92 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 5 Campephilus gayaquilensis Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Fh M,C S R Evidence Habitats DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (4) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M C t Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh M S,M C t Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fh,Sg M,C S,M C t Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh M S,M F t FURNARIIDAE (5) Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges B Bamboo thickets Sg Second growth M Marsh Rm River margins Sm Stream margins Furnarius cinnamomeus Sm,Sg T S F t Foraging Position Synallaxis brachyura Sg,M T,M S,M F t T Terrestrial Automolus ochrolaemus Fh U,M S,M F t U Undergrowth M Middlestory Xenops rutilans Fh M,C M,S U t C Canopy X. minutus Fh U,M M R? A Aerial FORMICARIIDAE (6) W Water Taraba major Fe,Sg U,M S,M F t Sociality Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M F t S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Dysithamnus mentalis Fh U,M S,M C t Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Fh C M R t Abundance Cercomacra nigricans Fh, Fe M S C t C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare E Extinct (V) Vagrant Pyriglena pacifica Fe U S U PIPRIDAE (2) Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S R Manacus manacus Fh, Fe U S C t TYRANNIDAE (31) Evidence Phyllomyias griseiceps Fh,Sg C S U t Ornithion brunneicapillum Fh C S,M R t? Camptostoma obsoletum Sg, Fe, Fh C S,M C t Tyrannulus elatus Fh, Fe C S C t Myiopagis subplacens Fh M,C S,M U t M. viridicata Fh U,C M F? t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S F t Euscarthmus meloryphus Sg, Fe U S,M U t Mionectes oleagineus Fh U,C S,M U t Leptopogon superciliaris Fh M M U t? Capsiempis flaveola Fe,B C S F t Lophotriccus pileatus Fh M,C S,M C t RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 t Tape 93 APPENDIX 5 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Todirostrum cinereum Sg, Fe M,C S,M U t Cnipodectes subbrunneus Fh U,M S R Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fh C M U t Platyrinchus mystaceus Fh U S F t Onychorhynchus occidentalis Fh M S F t Myiobius atricaudus Fh M M R Myiophobus fasciatus Fe,Sg U,M S F t Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh U,M S,M F t Pyrocephalus rubinus Sg C,A S F Fluvicola atripennis Rm,Sg T S U Myiarchus tuberculifer Fh C S,M F t Megarynchus pitangua Fh C S C t Myiozetetes similis Fe,Sg C S F t Myiodynastes maculatus Fh C S,M C t Tyrannus melancholicus Fe,Sg C,A S F T. niveigularis Sg, Fe C,A S U Pachyramphus albogriseus Fh C M U P. homochrous Fh C S,M F t Tityra semifasciata Fh C S U t Progne chalybea Sg, Fh A G F Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Rm,Sg A G C t Campylorhynchus (zonatus) Sg, Fe C S,G F t Thryothorus mystacalis Fe,B U,M S,M F t Thryothorus paucimaculatus Fh U,M S,M C t Troglodytes aedon Sg U S F t Turdus maculirostris Fh T,C S C t T. reevei Fh C S,G U t Ramphocaenus melanurus Fh M S,M U t Polioptila plumbea Sg, Fh C S,M F t Fh, Fe C S,M U t HIRUNDINIDAE (2) TROGLODYTIDAE (4) TURDIDAE (2) SYLVIIDAE (2) VIREONIDAE (3) Cyclarhis gujanensis 94 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 5 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Vireo olivaceus Fh, Fe C S,M F t Hylophilus minor Fh M,C M C t EMBERIZIDAE PARULINAE (3) Parula pitiayumi Fh C S,M C Geothlypis aequinoctialis Sg,M U S,M U Basileuterus fraseri Fh U,M S,M C t t Fh Mature evergreen forest Fe Forest edges B Bamboo thickets Sg Second growth M Marsh Rm River margins Sm Stream margins Foraging Position COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola Habitats Fh,Sg C S C T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial t W Water Sociality t THRAUPINAE (10) Dacnis lineata Fh C M F Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M U Tangara cyanicollis Fh C S,M F t Euphonia laniirostris Fh,Sg C S,M C t Euphonia sp. Fh U,C S,M U t S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Thraupis palmarum Fh C S,M F t T. episcopus Fh,Sg C S,M C t Abundance Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg, Fe U,C G,M U t C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare E Extinct (V) Vagrant Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M C t Hemithraupis guira Fh C M F t ICTERINAE (5) Sturnella bellicosa Sg T,U S,G U Dives warszewiczi Sg, Fe T,C S,G C t Evidence Molothrus bonariensis Sg T,C S,G U t t Cacicus cela Fh,Sg C S,G,M U t Amblycercus holosericeus Fh,B U S,M R Saltator maximus Fh, Fe C,M S,M C t Pitylus grossus Fh C,M S U t Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh, Fe U,M S U t Volatinia jacarina Sg T,U S,G U Sporophila americana Sg T,U S,G,M F Arremon aurantiirostris Fh T S,M C A. abeillei Fh T S,M R Rhodospingus cruentus Fh,Sg T S,G,M F Tape CARDINALINAE (3) EMBERIZINAE (5) RAP Working Papers Two t October 1992 95 APPENDIX 6 Preliminary List of the Birds of Manta Real T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Tinamus major Fh T S R Crypturellus soui Fh T S F t Coragyps atratus Sg, Fe T S,G C t Cathartes aura Sg, Fh T S C Elanoides forficatus Fh A,C S,G F Harpagus bidentatus Fh M,C S R? Buteo magnirostris Fe T,C S U Leucopternis occidentalis Fh T,C S U Spizaetus tyrannus Fh T,C S R Herpetotheres cachinnans Fe,Sg T,C S F t Micrastur ruficollis Fh U,M S F t Polyborus plancus Sg T S U Falco rufigularis Fh, Fe A S R t Ortalis erythroptera Fe,Sg T,C G U t Penelope sp. Fh T,C S U t Fh T G F Columba cayennensis Fe,Sg C S,G F C. subvinacea Fh C S U? C. plumbea Fh C S F t Columbina buckleyi Sg, Fe T S,G F t Claravis pretiosa Fh,Sg T,C S,G U Leptotila pallida Fe, Fh T S C t Geotrygon montana Fh T S F t? Ara severa Sg C S,G U Pyrrhura orcesi Fm C G R Forpus coelestis Sg U,C G F Brotogeris pyrrhopterus Sg, Fe C G C TINAMIDAE (2) CATHARTIDAE (2) ACCIPITRIDAE (5) t FALCONIDAE (4) CRACIDAE (1) PHASIANIDAE (1) Odontophorus erythrops COLUMBIDAE (7) t PSITTACIDAE (5) 96 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL t Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 6 Pionus chalcopterus Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Fh,Sg C S,G F t CUCULIDAE (3) Habitats Fh Mature evergreen forest Piaya cayana Fh,Sg C S,M U t Fm Montane evergreen forest Crotophaga ani Sg T,U G F t Fe Forest edges t B Bamboo thickets Sg Second growth Tapera naevia Sg T,U S U STRIGIDAE (3) Pulsatrix perspicillata Fh T,M S F Glaucidium (brasilianum) Sg, Fe U,C S F Ciccaba virgata Fh M,C S U Foraging Position t NYCTIBIIDAE (1) Nyctibius griseus Fe,Sg C,A S R? T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial Sociality CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) t S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Fe A S F Chaetura cinereiventris Fh,Sg A S U Abundance Panyptila cayennensis Fh A S F C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare Nyctidromus albicollis APODIDAE (2) TROCHILIDAE (12) Threnetes ruckeri Fh U S U Phaethornis yaruqui Fh U S F t Evidence P. superciliosus Fh U S F t t P. longuemareus Fh U S U Florisuga mellivora Fh C S U Thalurania colombica Fh U,C S F Damophila julie Fh M,C S U Amazilia sp. Fh C S R A. tzacatl Fh U,C S F Heliodoxa jacula Fm U S F Heliothryx barroti Fh M,C S U Acestrura sp. Fh C S R Pharomachrus auriceps Fm C S F t Trogon melanurus Fh M,C S F t T. collaris Fh M S F t Fh C S U t Tape t TROGONIDAE (3) MOMOTIDAE (3) Electron platyrhynchum RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 97 APPENDIX 6 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Baryphthengus martii Fh M,C S R? Momotus momota Fh U,C S U? Notharchus tectus Fh C S U Nystalus radiatus Fh, Fe C S F Malacoptila panamensis Fh U S U Micromonacha lanceolata Fh C S R? Aulacorhynchus haematopygus Fm C S,G F t Pteroglossus erythropygius Fh C G F t Ramphastos brevis Fh C S,G C t R. swainsonii Fh C S,G U? t Picumnus olivaceus Fh,Sg M,C M,S U Piculus rubiginosus Fh,Sg M,C S,M F Celeus loricatus? Fh M,C S,M R Dryocopus lineatus Fh C S U t Melanerpes pucherani Fh, Fe C S,M F t Veniliornis callonotus Sg M,C S,M F t Campephilus gayaquilensis Fh M,C S F Dendrocincla fuliginosa Fh U,M S,M C t Sittasomus griseicapillus Fh M S,M F t Glyphorynchus spirurus Fh U,M S,M C t Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Fh M,C M,S F t Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Fh,Sg M,C S,M F t Campyloramphus trochilirostris Fh M S,M U t Furnarius cinnamomeus Sg T S F t Synallaxis brachyura Sg T,M S F t Hyloctistes subulatus Fh M M F t Cranioleuca erythrops Fh C M U Syndactyla subalaris Fh U,M M U t Anabacerthia variegaticeps Fm M M F t Philydor fuscipennis Fh U,M M F BUCCONIDAE (4) RAMPHASTIDAE (4) PICIDAE (7) t DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (6) FURNARIIDAE (10) 98 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 6 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Thripadectes sp. (ignobilis?) Fm U M R Xenops rutilans Fh,Sg M,C M,S U X. minutus Fh U,M M R? Evidence Habitats Fh Mature evergreen forest Fm Montane evergreen forest FORMICARIIDAE (14) Fe Forest edges Taraba major Fe,Sg U,M S,M U t B Bamboo thickets Thamnophilus atrinucha Fh U,M S,M U t Sg Second growth t Foraging Position T. unicolor Fh U S F t T Terrestrial Thamnistes anabatinus Fh C M F t U Undergrowth Myrmotherula fulviventris Fh U,M M F t M Middlestory M. schisticolor Fh U,M M C t C Canopy Microrhopias quixensis Fh U,M M F A Aerial Drymophila caudata Fm,B U,M S U t Terenura callinota Fm C M F t Myrmeciza nigricauda Fh U S U M. exsul Fh U S M. immaculata Fh U,T S S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious t M Mixed-species flocks C t Abundance F t C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare Formicarius nigricapillus Fh T S U? Grallaria guatimalensis Fm T S R? Fm T,U S R Ampelioides tschudii Fm C S U Cephalopterus penduliger Fm C,M S R Schiffornis turdinus Fh U S U Manacus manacus Fh, Fe U S C Masius chrysopterus Fm U S F Phyllomyias griseiceps Fe,Sg C S F t Ornithion brunneicapillum Fh C S,M R t? Camptostoma obsoletum Sg, Fe C S,M C t Tyrannulus elatus Fh C S C t Myiopagis viridicata Fh M,C M U t Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S U t Mionectes sp. Fh M S,M U? RHYNOCRYPTIDAE (1) Scytalopus sp. Sociality Evidence t Tape COTINGIDAE (2) PIPRIDAE (3) t TYRANNIDAE (31) RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 99 APPENDIX 6 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence M. oleagineus Fh U,M S,M U Leptopogon superciliaris Fh M M F Capsiempis flaveola Fe, Sg C S U Lophotriccus pileatus Fh U,C S,M C t Todirostrum cinereum Sg, Fe M,C S,M F t T. nigriceps Fe, Sg C S U Cnipodectes subbrunneus Fh U,M S R Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fh, Sg C M U Platyrinchus mystaceus Fh U S F Onychorhynchus occidentalis Fh M S U Myiotriccus ornatus Fh U,M S,M C Terenotriccus erythrurus Fh, Sg M S,M U Myiobius barbatus Fh, Sg M M C M. atricaudus Sg M M R Myiophobus fasciatus Fe,Sg U,M S F Lathrotriccus griseipectus Fh M S U Pyrocephalus rubinus Sg C,A S F Attila torridus Sg C S R Myiarchus tuberculifer Fh,Sg C S,M F t Megarynchus pitangua Fh,Sg C S F t Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Fm C S U Myiozetetes similis Fe,Sg C S F Tyrannus melancholicus Fe,Sg C,A S C Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Fh, Fe C M U P. albogriseus Fh C M U P. homochrous Fh,Sg C S,M C t Tityra semifasciata Fh C S U t Sg, Fh A G F t Campylorhynchus sp. Sg, Fe C S,G F t Thryothorus mystacalis Fh,B U,M S,M F T. nigricapillus Fe U S C t Troglodytes aedon Sg U S F t Henicorhina leucophrys Fm U,T S C t t t t t t HIRUNDINIDAE (1) Progne chalybea TROGLODYTIDAE (7) 100 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 6 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Microcerculus marginatus Fh T,U S F t Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Fh T,U S U Fh Mature evergreen forest Fm Montane evergreen forest t Fe Forest edges t B Bamboo thickets Sg Second growth TURDIDAE (5) Myadestes ralloides Fm M S U Catharus dryas Fm T,U S F Platycichla leucops Fh C S U? Foraging Position Turdus obsoletus Fh T,M S U T. maculirostris Fh,Sg T,C S C t Microbates cinereiventris Fh U S,M F t Polioptila plumbea Sg, Fh C S,M F t SYLVIIDAE (2) T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial Sociality VIREONIDAE (5) S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious t M Mixed-species flocks U t Abundance F t C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare Cyclarhis gujanensis Fe,Sg C S,M U t Vireolanius leucotis Fh C M,S F Vireo olivaceus Fh, Fe C S,M V. leucophrys Fh C M,S Hylophilus minor Habitats Fh M,C M C t EMBERIZIDAE PARULINAE (5) Evidence Parula pitiayumi Fh C M,S C t Geothlypis aequinoctialis Sg U S,M U Myioborus miniatus Fm M,C M C Basileuterus fraseri Sg, Fh U,M ? U B. tristriatus Fm M M,S F t Fh,Sg C S C t Cyanerpes caeruleus Fh C M U Chlorophanes spiza Fh C M F Dacnis lineata Fh C M F Tersina viridis Fe C,A S,G U Euphonia xanthogaster Fh,Sg U,C M,S C t E. laniirostris Sg, Fe C S,M C t Tangara arthus Fm C M,S F t T. icterocephala Fh M,C M,S C t t Tape t COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola THRAUPINAE (19) RAP Working Papers Two t October 1992 101 APPENDIX 6 Habitats Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence T. cyanicollis Fh C M,S F Fh Mature evergreen forest T. gyrola Fh C M C Fm Montane evergreen forest Thraupis palmarum Fh,Sg C S,M C t Fe Forest edges T. episcopus Sg C S,M C t B Bamboo thickets Ramphocelus icteronotus Sg, Fe U,C G,M F t Sg Second growth Piranga leucoptera Fm, Fe C S,M F t Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Fh M,C M,G C t Foraging Position T Terrestrial U Undergrowth Tachyphonus luctuosus Fh M,C M C t M Middlestory Chlorospingus flavigularis Fm U,M G,M F t C Canopy C. canigularis Fm C M,G C t A Aerial Hemithraupis guira Fh C M F Cacicus cela Fh,Sg C S,G,M U t C. microrhynchus Fh C G,M F t Dives warszewiczi Sg, Fe T,C S,G C t Icterus mesomelas Fe,Sg C S F t Sturnella bellicosa Sg T,U S,G U Saltator maximus Fh, Fe M,C S,M C S. atripennis Fh C M,S U Pitylus grossus Fh M,C S U t Cyanocompsa cyanoides Fh, Fe U S U t Volatinia jacarina Sg T,U S,G U Sporophila americana Sg T,U S,G,M F Tiaris obscura Sg U S,M U Atlapetes tricolor Fm U S U A. brunneinucha Fm T,U S F t Arremon aurantiirostris Fh T,U S,M F t Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare Evidence t Tape ICTERINAE (5) CARDINALINAE (4) t EMBERIZINAE (6) 102 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 7 Preliminary List of the Birds of the Reserva Militar de Arenillas T. A. Parker, III Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats TINAMIDAE (1) Fd Deciduous forest Crypturellus transfasciatus Fe Forest edges Mg Mangroves Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth P Pasture M Marsh S Shores Sm Stream margins A Aerial O Ocean Fd T S F PELECANIDAE (1) Pelecanus occidentalis Mg,O W S,G F PHALACROCORACIDAE (1) Phalacrocorax olivaceus Mg,O W S,G C FREGATIDAE (1) Fregata magnificens Mg,O W,A S C ARDEIDAE (9) Ardea herodias S W,T S R Foraging Position A. cocoi S W,T S U T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy Egretta alba S W,T S,G C E. thula S W,T S,G C Florida caerulea S W,T S U A Aerial Hydranassa tricolor S W,T S U W Water Butorides striatus Mg,S W,T S F Sociality Bubulcus ibis P T G F S Solitary or in pairs Nyctanassa violacea Mg,S T,W S F G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks CICONIIDAE (1) Mycteria americana Abundance S W G,S U C Common THRESKIORNITHIDAE (2) F Fairly common Eudocimus albus S,Mg T,W G F U Uncommon Platalea ajaja S W G,S U R Rare Evidence CATHARTIDAE (2) t Coragyps atratus Fd,Sc T S,G C Cathartes aura Fd,Sc T S C Gampsonyx swainsonii Sc T S U Buteogallus subtilis Mg T S U B. meridionalis P,Sc T S U Parabuteo unicinctus Sc, Fd T S F Buteo polyosoma Sc T S U Mg W S F Tape ACCIPITRIDAE (5) PANDIONIDAE (1) Pandion haliaetus RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 103 APPENDIX 7 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Herpetotheres cachinnans Fd T,C S F Polyborus plancus Sc, Fd T S F Falco rufigularis Fd A S R F. sparverius Sc A S F Fd T,C G R Rallus longirostris Mg T S U Aramides axillaris Mg T S F Laterallus albigularis M T S F Gallinula chloropus M,Mg T S,G F M T S,G F Charadrius collaris S T S F C. wilsonia S T S F S,M T S,G F Larus atricilla S,O T,W S,G F L. cirrocephalus S,O T,W S,G F Gelochelidon nilotica S T,W,A S U Columba cayennensis Fd C S,G R Zenaida asiatica Sc, Fd T,C S,G C Columbina buckleyi Sc, Fd T S,G F C. cruziana Sc, Fd T S,G C Claravis pretiosa Fd T,C S,G R Leptotila verreauxi Fd T S F Aratinga erythrogenys Fd,Sc C G U Forpus coelestis Sc, Fd U,C G C Brotogeris pyrrhopterus Fd C S,G F Pionus chalcopterus Fd C S,G U Evidence FALCONIDAE (4) CRACIDAE (1) Ortalis erythroptera RALLIDAE (4) JACANIDAE (1) Jacana jacana CHARADRIIDAE (2) RECURVIROSTRIDAE (1) Himantopus mexicanus LARIDAE (3) COLUMBIDAE (6) PSITTACIDAE (4) 104 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 7 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats CUCULIDAE (2) Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Sc Sc T,U T,U G S Fd Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Mg Mangroves Sc Desert-scrub U? Sg Second growth C P Pasture M Marsh S Shores Sm Stream margins A Aerial U O Ocean F Foraging Position F U STRIGIDAE (2) Otus roboratus Glaucidium (brasilianum) Fd Fd,Sc M,C U,C S S CAPRIMULGIDAE (1) Chordeiles acutipennis Sc A S F APODIDAE (2) Chaetura cinereiventris C. brachyura Fd Fd A A S S TROCHILIDAE (2) Amazilia amazilia Fd,Sc U,C S F Myrmia micrura Sc U,C S F Fd M,C S U TROGONIDAE (1) Trogon melanurus Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial W Water Sociality ALCEDINIDAE (2) Ceryle torquata Mg,Sm W S U Chloroceryle americana Sm W S U Fd U,C S U MOMOTIDAE (1) Momotus momota T S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Abundance PICIDAE (5) Picumnus sclateri Fd,Sc M,C M,S F Piculus rubiginosus Fd M,C S,M F Dryocopus lineatus Fd,Mg M,C S U Veniliornis callonotus Fd,Mg M,C S,M C Campephilus gayaquilensis Fd U,C S R Fd,Sc M,C S,M C Furnarius cinnamomeus Sg,Sc T S F Synallaxis tithys Fd T,U S F S. stictothorax Sc, Fd T,U S C Fd,Sc T,U S F C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare Evidence t Tape DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (1) Lepidocolaptes souleyetii FURNARIIDAE (3) RHINOCRYPTIDAE (1) Melanopareia elegans RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 105 APPENDIX 7 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Sakesphorus bernardi Sc, Fd U,C S,M C Grallaria watkinsi Fd T S U Phaeomyias murina Sc, Fd C S U Camptostoma obsoletum Fd,Sc,Mg C S,M C Myiopagis subplacens Fd U,C S,M U Elaenia flavogaster Sg C S U Euscarthmus meloryphus Sc, Fe U S,M C Todirostrum cinereum Fd M,C S,M F Tolmomyias sulphurescens Fd C M U Myiophobus fasciatus Fd,Sc U,M S F Contopus cinereus Fd U,M S,M U Pyrocephalus rubinus Sg,Sc C,A S F Fluvicola atripennis Mg,Sm,M T S F Muscigralla brevicauda Sc T S F Myiarchus phaeocephalus Fd,Sc C,M S,M U Megarynchus pitangua Fd C S U Myiozetetes similis Fd,Sg C S U Myiodynastes bairdii Fd,Sc C S,M F Tyrannus melancholicus Sg C,A S U T. niveigularis Fd,Sc C,A S U Progne chalybea Sg, Fd A G F Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Sg,Sm A G F Fd C,T G F Campylorhynchus fasciatus Fd,Sc C,M S F Thryothorus superciliaris Fd,Sc,Mg U,M S C T. paucimaculatus Fd U,M S,M U Troglodytes aedon Sg,Sc U S F Sc,Sg C,T S F Evidence FORMICARIIDAE (2) TYRANNIDAE (18) HIRUNDINIDAE (2) CORVIDAE (1) Cyanocorax mystacalis TROGLODYTIDAE (4) MIMIDAE (1) Mimus longicaudatus 106 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 7 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundunce Evidence Habitats TURDIDAE (2) Turdus maculirostris T. reevei Fd Fd T,C C S S,G R U SYLVIIDAE (1) Polioptila plumbea Fd,Sc C S,M F VIREONIDAE (1) Cyclarhis gujanensis Fd,Mg C S,M U EMBERIZIDAE PARULINAE (1) Basileuterus fraseri Fd U,M S,M R Deciduous forest Fe Forest edges Mg Mangroves Sc Desert-scrub Sg Second growth P Pasture M Marsh S Shores Sm Stream margins A Aerial O Ocean Foraging Position COEREBINAE (1) Coereba flaveola Fd Fd,Sc C S U THRAUPINAE (2) Euphonia laniirostris Fd C S,M U Thraupis episcopus Fd C S,M F ICTERINAE (6) T Terrestrial U Undergrowth M Middlestory C Canopy A Aerial W Water Sociality Sturnella bellicosa Sc,P T,U S,G F Dives warszewiczi Sc,Sg T,C S,G C Molothrus bonariensis Sg T,C S,G U Cacicus cela Fd C S,G,M U Abundance Icterus graceannae Fd,Sc C S F C Common I. mesomelas Fd C S U F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare EMBERIZINAE (8) Volatinia jacarina Sg,Sc T,U S,G U Sporophila americana Sg,Sc, Fd T,U S,G,M F S. peruviana Sc T,U G,M C S. telasco Sg,Sc T,U G,M F Sicalis flaveola Sc,Sg, Fd T S,G F Rhodospingus cruentus Fd U,C G,M C Phrygilus plebejus Sc, Fd T S,G F Arremon abeillei Fd T S,M F RAP Working Papers Two S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious M Mixed-species flocks Evidence t October 1992 Tape 107 APPENDIX 8 Birds of Six Forests in Western Ecuador T. A. Parker, III CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS U F X TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi + X F C. soui C. transfaciatus * F C X F F Sarcoramphus papa U U X F Coragyps atratus C F X U C X Cathartes aura C C X U F X F U X U U X CATHARTIDAE ACCIPITRIDAE Elanoides forficatus R Leptodon cayanensis Harpagus bidentatus R Ictinia plumbea F Accipiter bicolor U Buteo magnirostris F B. brachyurus U B. polyosoma U B. albonotatus R Leucopternis occidentalis * U X U? R F F X F F X X X X X R U X X U X L. semiplumbea L. plumbea + ? Asturina nitida F? Parabuteo unicinctus F U Buteogallus urubitinga F R B. meridionalis U Spizaetus ornatus R? U X X X R X S. tyrannus R R X Geranospiza caerulescens F U X PANDIONIDAE U Pandion haliaetus X X X X FALCONIDAE 108 Herpetotheres cachinnans F Micrastur semitorquatus R M. ruficollis U CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL U F X F U F X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8 CAC CAB CMU RPS CEB MAC Polyborus plancus F F X Falco rufigularis U R X Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare CRACIDAE E Extinct Ortalis erythroptera * U F X Recorded Penelope purpurascens E? R Crax rubra E? R F. peregrinus F. sparverius U U X F U F ? X E? CEB Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest X PHASIANIDAE R Odontophorus erythrops U X ? Rhynchortyx cinctus RALLIDAE Amaurolimnas concolor X Aramides wolfi + X COLUMBIDAE U Columba speciosa C. cayennensis F C C. subvinacea U U X C. goodsoni + X F X U? F X C U X C X F X F Zenaida auriculata Z. asiatica U F Columbina buckleyi * C F/C C. cruziana U C Claravis pretiosa U U Leptotila ochraceiventris * R R L. verreauxi C C Localities MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Río El Plátano CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at highest point on main road between Puerto Cayo and Jipijapa CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on low ridges (ca. 100300 m) east of Bilsa (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). * Taxon endemic to dry forest + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest F L. pallida C C Geotrygon montana F X X PSITTACIDAE Ara ambigua R R X A. severa Aratinga erythrogenys * F F Forpus coelestis * C C Brotogeris pyrrhopterus * F Pionopsitta pulchra + RAP Working Papers Two X F X X C X October 1992 109 APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC Pionus menstruus P. chalcopterus U Amazona autumnalis U U CAB CMU RPS C F X F U X R? A. farinosa X C U X U F X X X CUCULIDAE Piaya cayana U U X P. minuta R Crotophaga ani F C. sulcirostris C C Tapera naevia U U U U X TYTONIDAE Tyto alba X STRIGIDAE Otus roboratus * C F Lophostrix cristata Pulsatrix perspicillata F U Glaucidium (brasilianum) * C C Speotyto cunicularia U Ciccaba nigrolineata F U X F X X U X F R? F X U U C X C. virgata NYCTIBIIDAE Nyctibius griseus CAPRIMULGIDAE Lurocalis semitorquatus Nyctidromus albicollis C Chordeiles acutipennis U F APODIDAE Streptoprocne zonaris F U/R Chaetura cinereiventris * U C C. brachyura U U X X F Panyptila cayennensis F X X X TROCHILIDAE 110 Glaucis aenea U Threnetes ruckeri F X Phaethornis yaruqui C X CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL X X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS P. superciliosus * U C X X F X P. longuemareus ? F X X Eutoxeres aquila U Florisuga mellivora F X X X X Anthracothorax prevostii X Popelairia conversii Thalurania colombica + F Damophila julie U X X F F X X X X Hylocharis grayi X Amazilia amabilis X X F X C A. tzacatl A. amazilia C X U F C Adelomyia melanogenys X Heliodoxa jacula + F? Heliothryx barroti U Heliomaster longirostris U Acestrura bombus * Myrmia micrura X U U X X X U F U T. comptus ? T. viridis C U T. collaris T. violaceus C R F C F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare E Extinct X Recorded Localities CEB Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Río El Plátano X RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). X C CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on low ridges (ca. 100300 m) east of Bilsa (E of Muisne) X U T. rufus Common F CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) U TROGONIDAE Trogon melanurus * C CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at highest point on main road between Puerto Cayo and Jipijapa X Chalybura buffoni Abundance * Taxon endemic to dry forest + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest X MOMOTIDAE X Electron platyrhynchum F Baryphthengus martii Momotus momota * U C X X X U X GALBULIDAE Galbula ruficauda BUCCONIDAE Notharchus macrorhynchos N. tectus RAP Working Papers Two F X F X October 1992 111 APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC Nystalus radiatus R Malacoptila panamensis CAB CMU RPS F U X U F X R? Micromonacha lanceolata CAPITONIDAE Capito squamatus * F X U X Aulacorhynchus haematopygus U X Pteroglossus erythropygius * U Eubucco bourcierii RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos brevis + U R. swainsonii F U X C F X C F X X X F X PICIDAE F Picumnus olivaceus P. sclateri * C U? Piculus rubiginosus F C X X F P. leucolaemus F X Celeus loricatus F F X Dryocopus lineatus U U U F X Melanerpes pucherani X F F F X Veniliornis kirkii X F X F F X V. callonotus * C F X U X Campephilus gayaquilensis * U U F U X U C C X C X DENDROCOLAPTIDAE Dendrocincla fuliginosa Sittasomus griseicapillus * F F X R Glyphorynchus spirurus F Dendrocolaptes certhia U Xiphorhynchus lacrymosus C F X. erythropygius X C C Campylorhamphus trochilirostris * F F F C X F F Lepidocolaptes souleyetii X C C X C X X X FURNARIIDAE Furnarius cinnamomeus * F Synallaxis brachyura S. tithys * 112 U CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL F F X F X U Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC S. stictothorax * F Cranioleuca erythrops F CAC CAB CMU Abundance F F Hyloctistes subulatus X X Philydor fuscipennis R Anabacerthia variegaticeps X Automolus rubiginosus X A. ochrolaemus Hylocryptus erythrocephalus * Xenops rutilans * RPS C X C X R? X. minutus X C C X X Sclerurus mexicanus U S. guatimalensis X FORMICARIIDAE Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major * U F Sakesphorus bernardi * C C F U Thamnophilus atrinucha F U X U F X C C X F X C Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus mentalis * C C F D. puncticeps C Myrmotherula surinamensis U X X M. fulviventris F F X M. axillaris C C X M. schisticolor U Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus ? U Rare E Extinct X Recorded Localities MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Río El Plátano CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at highest point on main road between Puerto Cayo and Jipijapa CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on low ridges (ca. 100300 m) east of Bilsa (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). C X + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest X Cercomacra tyrannina U F X F C. nigricans Sipia nigricauda + F R F U X X Myrmeciza exsul C F X M. immaculata U X X Hylophylax naevioides U F X U? F X RAP Working Papers Two Uncommon R Taxon endemic to dry forest C Pittasoma rufopileatum U * C Formicarius nigricaplllus Fairly common X R Microrhopias quixensis Pyriglena pacifica * Common F CEB Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest R F C F X X October 1992 113 APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC Grallaria guatimalensis R G. watkinsi * F CAC CAB CMU RPS X Hylopezus perspicillata RHINOCRYPTIDAE Melanopareia elegans * F C TYRANNIDAE Phyllomyias griseiceps * C Zimmerius viridiflavus F Camptostoma obsoletum C C Phaeomyias murina * U U? F F X X C U X X F F X U X Ornithion brunneicapillum F Tyrannulus elatus F Myiopagis caniceps U M. subplacens * C C X ? M. viridicata Elaenia flavogaster * F Mecocerculus calopterus * Euscarthmus meloryphus * F U C X F X R C C U Mionectes olivaceus X M. oleagineus U F X Leptopogon superciliaris R R X Capsiempis flaveola * F X Myiornis ecaudatus Lophotriccus pileatus F C F U U C X Todirostrum nigriceps T. cinereum * F U U X Rhynchocyclus brevirostris Tolmomyias sulphurescens * U Platyrinchus mystaceus * X X U F F ? ? ? Terenotriccus erythrurus F X Myiobius barbatus U X U P. coronatus Onychorhynchus occidentalis * R M. atricaudus * Myiophobus fasciatus * 114 X R C CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL F X X F F X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC Abundance R C. (sordidulus) U U U Empidonax virescens Lathrotriccus griseipectus * R? F Pyrocephalus rubinus F F Fluvicola atripennis * F F Muscigralla brevicauda U U? Attila torridus * F C F F R U Rhytipterna holerythra Myiarchus tuberculifer U C M. phaeocephalus * U F M. sp. Uncommon Rare X E Extinct ? X Recorded X ? F X X X ? U F F U F Myiozetetes cayanensis U X X F X U M. granadensis X F Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes bairdii * F F M. maculatus U? C Tyrannus niveigularis * U U T. melancholicus F U F X CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on low ridges (ca. 100300 m) east of Bilsa (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest U F X P. polychopterus F Tityra semifasciata * CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at highest point on main road between Puerto Cayo and Jipijapa + Pachyramphus cinnamomeus U MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Río El Plátano Taxon endemic to dry forest X P. homochrous CEB Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest * C U Localities X U P. albogriseus Fairly common R U F Common F U X F Sirystes albogriseus C X X A. spadiceus M. similis * RPS F C. fumigatus Megarynchus pitangua * CMU R Contopus borealis C. cinereus CAB X U F U F F T. inquisitor F X X X X PIPRIDAE Schiffornis turdinus R F Manacus manacus F F C X Pipra mentalis R X F X RAP Working Papers Two X October 1992 115 APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS P. coronata X Chloropipo holochlora X COTINGIDAE C Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii + X U Carpodectes hopkei + F X F Querula purpurata Cephalopterus penduliger + R X X HIRUNDINIDAE Progne chalybea F Notiochelidon cyanoleuca F F X U F X X Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis X F C F C X U U X CORVIDAE Cyanocorax mystacalis * F TROGLODYTIDAE Campylorhynchus fasciatus F F C. zonatus F Thryothorus mystacalis T. paucimaculatus * C C X F T. nigricapillus C ? T. thoracicus C F C F X F F X T. superciliaris * C C Troglodytes aedon F F X T. solstitialis U X Henicorhina leucophrys C X Microcerculus marginatus U F Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus X X MIMIDAE Mimus longicaudatus F C TURDIDAE 116 Catharus dryas R? C. ustulatus U X X Turdus reevei * F U T. maculirostris * C F CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL F X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS Abundance F T. albicollis SYLVIIDAE Ramphocaenus melanurus U U X F Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea * X C F X VIREONIDAE Cyclarhis gujanensis U F X X F Vireolanius leucotis Vireo olivaceus * C C Hylophilus minor F C U U X X C X X X U U X F U EMBERIZIDAE ICTERINAE Molothrus bonariensis R? Scaphidura oryzivora Zarhynchus wagleri Cacicus cela F F F C. microrhynchus F Amblycercus holosericeus ? X U X X X Dives warszewiczi C F Icterus graceannae * X F I. mesomelas F U U Sturnella bellicosa U U X X F C X X X Dendroica fusca R D. castanea R Seiurus noveboracensis R Geothlypis aequinoctialis R X F X R Myioborus miniatus Basileuterus fraseri * U Uncommon R Rare E Extinct X Recorded Localities MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Río El Plátano CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at highest point on main road between Puerto Cayo and Jipijapa CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on low ridges (ca. 100300 m) east of Bilsa (E of Muisne) CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) * Taxon endemic to dry forest + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest X G. semiflava Setophaga ruticilla Fairly common RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). PARULINAE Parula pitiayumi Common F CEB Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest F U C C C R R C X C X X X Phaeothlypis fulvicauda COEREBINAE Coereba flaveola RAP Working Papers Two F C X C C X October 1992 117 APPENDIX 8 CEB MAC CAC CAB CMU RPS C F X C C X F F X U C X THRAUPINAE Cyanerpes caeruleus U? Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana U? D. lineata F D. venusta X X D. berlepschi C Euphonia xanthogaster F X E. saturata + U? C C X X F X Tangara johannae + F F F T. larvata X C C X X F X F F X U C X C F X R F X C X U T. florida R? Thraupis palmarum C C Ramphocelus icteronotus F Piranga flava F R R Chlorothraupis stolzmanni + Tachyphonus luctuosus F U T. gyrola P. rubra X X T. palmeri + T. episcopus X X T. icterocephala T. cyanicollis X U E. fulvicrissa E. laniirostris C X C U U F T. delatrii F X Heterospingus xanthopygius + F X Mitrospingus cassini F X Hemithraupis guira F Chlorospingus canigularis * X C X C X C CARDINALINAE Saltator maximus F C F X S. atripennis S. albicollis * U Pitylus grossus 118 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL F U F X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8 Pheucticus chrysogaster CEB MAC CAC U C X CAB CMU Abundance C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare X E Extinct F X X Recorded C X R P. ludovicianus U Cyanocompsa cyanoides RPS U X F X EMBERIZINAE Volatinia jacarina F Sporophila americana C S. peruviana ? S. telasco F F C F F F Arremon aurantiirostris U F F X X X F F Poospiza hispaniolensis U MAC Parque Nacional Machalilla; includes deciduous and evergreen forests, esp. those on Cerro San Sebastian and upper Río El Plátano CAC Cerro Achi; ridgetop (evergreen) forest (550-600 m) at highest point on main road between Puerto Cayo and Jipijapa CAB Cabeceras de Bilsa; evergreen forest on low ridges (ca. 100300 m) east of Bilsa (E of Muisne) U CARDUELINAE Carduelis siemeradzkii * Localities CEB Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco; mainly deciduous forest Atiapetes brunneinucha Sicalis flaveola X R Amaurospiza concolor A. abeillei * F U? Tiaris obscura Rhodospingus cruentus * F F CMU Cerro Mutiles (Reserva “Jardín Tropical”); evergreen (moist) forest on ridge SE of Esmeraldas (E of Río Esmeraldas) RPS Río Palenque Science Center forest reserve (list compiled by P. Greenfield, MS). RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 * Taxon endemic to dry forest + Taxon endemic to Chocó wet forest 119 APPENDIX 9 Mammal List; January-February Trip Louise Emmons, Luis Albuja V. A. Mammals collected, seen, or identified from tracks, calls, skins, or skeletal parts by expedition members, or previously reported (Albuja, 1982). Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Didelphis marsupialis X X Myrmecophagidae X Tamandua mexicana Megalonychidae X Choloepus hoffmanni Dasypodidae X Dasypus novemcinctus X X Phyllostomidae Phyllostomus hastatus * X Mimon crenulatum * X Anoura geoffroyi * X Glossophaga longirostris * X Glossophaga soricina * X Carollia castanea * X Carollia perspicillata * X Rhinophylla alethina * X X Sturnira lilium * X Platyrrhinus helleri * X Artibeus fraterculus * X Artibeus glaucus * X Artibeus jamaicencis * X Artibeus phaeotis * X X Artibeus watsoni * X X Vampyressa pusilla * X Desmodus rotundus * X Cebidae Alouatta palliata X Cebus albifrons X X Procyonidae Procyon cancrivorus Potos flavus 120 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL X X X X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 9 Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles * Mustelidae X Eira barbara X Felidae Felis yagouaroundi X X X X Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu X Tayassu pecari * X specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito; a few duplicates are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington Cervidae Mazama americana * X Odocoileus virginianus X Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus X X X Sciurus granatensis X X Muridae Oryzomys alfaroi * X Oryzomys xantheolus * X Dasyproctidae X Dasyprocta punctata X Agoutidae X Agouti paca X Echimyidae Proechimys sp. X X Leporidae X Sylvilagus brasiliensis B. List of large mammals based on information provided by inhabitants of the localities. The degree of reliability of the information is unknown. Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Metachirus nudicaudatus X Philander opossum X Chironectes minimus X Didelphis marsupialis Marmosa sp. RAP Working Papers Two X X October 1992 121 APPENDIX 9 Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa X X X Cerro Mutiles Myrmecophagidae Tamandua mexicana X Cyclopes didactylus Bradypodidae X Bradypus variegatus Megalonychidae X Choloepus hoffmanni X Dasypodidae X Cabassous centralis Dasypus novemcinctus X X X X X Phyllostomidae Desmodus rotundus Cebidae Alouatta palliata X Cebus albifrons X X X Cebus capuchinus Canidae X Dusicyon sechurae Procyonidae Nasua narica X X Potos flavus X X Procyon cancrivorus X X Eira barbara X X Galictis vittata X Mustelidae X Felidae Felis concolor X Felis pardalis X X X X Felis tigrina Felis wiedii X Felis yagouaroundi X Panthera onca X X Tayassu tajacu X X Tayassu pecari X X Tayassuidae 122 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL X X Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 9 Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles * Cervidae Mazama americana X Mazama cf. fuscata Odocoileus virginianus X X X X X X X Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus X Sciurus granatensis specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito; a few duplicates are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington X X Erethizontidae Coendou sp. X Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata X X X X X X X X Agoutidae Agouti paca Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis RAP Working Papers Two X October 1992 123 A P P E N D I X 10 Mammal List; July Trip Luis Albuja V. A. Mammals collected, seen, or identified from tracks, calls, skins, or skeletal parts by expedition members, or previously reported (Albuja, 1982). Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Didelphis marsupialis X X Marmosa sp. X Philander opossum X Myrmecophagidae Tamandua mexicana X Megalonychidae X Choloepus hoffmanni Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus X X X Phyllostomidae Micronycteris megalotis * X Phyllostomus discolor * X Mimon crenulatum * X X Anoura caudifera * X Glossophaga longirostris * X Glossophaga soricina * X X Lonchophylla robusta * X Choeroniscus minor * X Carollia castanea * X Carollia perspicillata * X Carollia brevicauda * X X X Rhinophylla alethina * X Sturnira lilium * X X Platyrrhinus helleri * X X Platyrrhinus cf. infuscus * X Platyrrhinus vittatus * X Vampyressa pusilla * X X X Vampyressa nymphaea * Chiroderma villosum * X Uroderma bilobatum * X Artibeus fraterculus * 124 X CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL X X X Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 10 Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Artibeus glaucus * Artibeus jamaicencis * X X X X X Artibeus phaeotis * X Artibeus watsoni * X Desmodus rotundus * * specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito X Vespertilionidae Myotis sp. * X Cebidae Alouatta palliata X Cebus albifrons X X X X X X Felidae X Felis pardalis X X Felis yagouaroundi X Panthera onca X Procyonidae X Basaricyon gabbii Nasua narica X Potos flavus X X X X Procyon cancrivorus Mustelidae X Eira barbara Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu * X Tayassu pecari * X X X X X Cervidae Mazama americana * X Odocoileus virginianus * X Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus X Sciurus granatensis X X X? X X Heteromyidae Heteromys australis * X Muridae Oryzomys albigularis * X Oryzomys alfaroi * X RAP Working Papers Two X October 1992 125 A P P E N D I X 10 Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Oryzomys caliginosus * Oryzomys xantheolus * X X X X? X X X X X X X X X Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata * Agoutidae Agouti paca * Echimyidae Proechimys decumanus * X Erethizontidae Coendou rothschildi * X Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis * X B. List of large mammals based on information provided by inhabitants of the localities. Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus X Metachirus nudicaudatus X Philander opossum X Chironectes minimus X Didelphis marsupialis Marmosa sp. X X X X X X X X X X X X X Myrmecophagidae Cyclopes didactylus X Myrmecophaga tridactyla Tamandua mexicana X X X X X X X ? X X X X X X X X X Bradypodidae Bradypus variegatus Megalonychidae Choloepus hoffmanni X Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus Phyllostomidae Desmodus rotundus 126 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 10 Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Blanco Cerro Pata de Pájaro * Cebidae Alouatta palliata X Cebus albifrons X X X X X X specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito Procyonidae Nasua narica X X X X Potos flavus X X X X Procyon cancrivorus X X X X Eira barbara X X X X Mustela frenata X X X X Lutra longicaudis X X X Mustelidae Felidae Felis concolor Felis pardalis X X X Felis tigrina X X X Felis wiedii X X X Felis yagouaroundi X X X X X Panthera onca X X Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu X X X Tayassu pecari X X X X X X Cervidae Mazama americana X X Odocoileus virginianus Sciuridae Sciurus stramineus X Sciurus granatensis X X X X X Erethizontidae Coendou rothschildi X X Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta punctata X X X X X X X X X X X X Agoutidae Agouti paca Leporidae Sylvilagus brasiliensis RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 127 A P P E N D I X 11 Amphibian and Reptile List; January-February Trip Ana Almendáriz, John L. Carr Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles Amphibia ANURA Bufonidae A,B Bufo marinus D Centrolenidae Centrolene prosoblepon + Hyalinobatrachium valerioi + Dendrobatidae Colostethus infraguttatus + Colostethus sp. 1 + Colostethus sp. 2 + + + Epipedobates erythromos Hylidae Hyla rosenbergi + Ololygon sugillata A Smilisca phaeota + Trachycephalus jordani C Leptodactylidae Ceratophrys stolzmani C Eleutherodactylus achatinus + Eleutherodactylus anomalus + Eleutherodactylus chalceus + Eleutherodactylus longirostris + Eleutherodactylus cf. phoxocephalus + Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 2 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 3 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 4 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 5 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 6 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 7 + Eleutherodactylus sp. 8 + Leptodactylus pentadactylus A Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus 128 + CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL + Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 11 Cerro Blanco Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles Microhylidae + specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito * specimen deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington A seen alive, but not collected B dead or road killed specimen, not preserved C seen in the Museo de Salango or Centro de Interpretación, Parque Nacional Machalilla D identified based on call E reported by local inhabitants + Nelsonophryne aterrima APODA Caeciliidae Caecilia sp. + Oscaecilia equatorialis + Reptilia SAURIA Gekkonidae + Phyllodactylus reissii Iguanidae + Anolis chloris + Anolis fasciatus Anolis gracilipes + + + Anolis peraccae Anolis princeps + Anolis sp. 1a + Anolis sp. 2 + Basiliscus cf. galeritus A Enyalioides heterolepis + Iguana iguana E A,C Ophryoessoides iridescens + + * Polychrus femoralis Gymnophthalmidae + Echinosaura horrida Teiidae + Ameiva septemlineata Ameiva sp. A A C Dicrodon guttulatum SERPENTES Boidae Boa constrictor E C E E Colubridae Chironius sp. B Coniophanes fissidens + RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 129 A P P E N D I X 11 Cerro Blanco + * specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito specimen deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington A seen alive, but not collected B dead or road killed specimen, not preserved C seen in the Museo de Salango or Centro de Interpretación, Parque Nacional Machalilla D identified based on call E reported by local inhabitants Parque Nacional Machalilla Cabeceras de Bilsa Cerro Mutiles + Imantodes cenchoa + Leptodeira septentrionalis larcorum Leptodeira septentrionalis ornata + Oxybelis brevirostris + Tantilla equatoriana + Tantilla supracincta + Elapidae B Micrurus ancoralis Viperidae + Bothriechis schlegelii Bothrops atrox E + E E E E TESTUDINES Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas C Lepidochelys olivacea C Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea E Emydidae Rhinoclemmys annulata C a Anolis sp. 1 appears referable to a species being described by Ernest Williams from the vicinity of Santo Domingo de los Colorados and the Río Palenque Science Center. 130 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Amphibian and Reptile List; July Trip A P P E N D I X 12 Ana Almendáriz, John L. Carr Cerro Blanco Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Pata de Pájaro Amphibia + specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito A seen alive, but not collected B seen in the collection or records of the biological station C reported by local inhabitants ANURA Bufonidae Atelopus balios + Bufo caeruleostictus + Bufo marinus A A + + + C Dendrobatidae Colostethus infraguttatus Colostethus sp. 1 a + Hylidae + Gastrotheca cornuta + Ololygon quinquefasciata + Ololygon sugillata + Phrynohyas venulosa + Trachycephalus jordani + Leptodactylidae + Barycholos pulcher Eleutherodactylus achatinus + + + Eleutherodactylus cf. celator + Eleutherodactylus cf. walkeri + Eleutherodactylus w-nigrum + Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 b + Eleutherodactylus sp. 2 b + + + + Reptilia SAURIA Gekkonidae Gonatodes caudiscutatus + Phyllodactylus reissii + Gymnophthalmidae Alopoglossus festae Iguanidae + Basiliscus galeritus Iguana iguana A A Ophryoessoides iridescens + + RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 131 A P P E N D I X 12 Cerro Blanco Jauneche Manta Real Cerro Pata de Pájaro + specimen(s) deposited in the collection of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito A seen alive, but not collected B seen in the collection or records of the biological station C reported by local inhabitants Teiidae Ameiva sp. A A SERPENTES Boidae C Boa constrictor Colubridae Atractus sp. B Lampropeltis triangulum B Leptodeira septentrionalis B Oxybelis sp. B Oxyrhopus petola + Elapidae Micrurus sp. C Viperidae C Bothriechis schlegelii Bothrops atrox + + C TESTUDINES Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina B C C C Emydidae Rhinoclemmys annulata Kinosternidae Kinosternon leucostomum a b 132 C the same as Colostethus sp. 1 at Parque Nacional Machalilla not the same as Eleutherodactylus spp. 1 and 2 in Appendix 11 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Cerro Mutiles A P P E N D I X 13 Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Carmen Josse The lists compiled here are a combination of the field lists of plants observed by R. Foster with the plant collection lists of A. Gentry, C. Josse, and P. Yanez. These identifications are based on the experience of the authors and made without direct benefit of herbarium comparisons, published references, or detailed study. Most were neither flowering nor fruiting. They are certainly at least 90-95% correct, but should still be used with caution. Where the local, common name(s) are known, they follow the scientific name. ARACEAE E S Shrub Anthurium sp. 1 E V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte E Dieffenbachia seguine cf. H Heteropsis integerrima cf. E Monstera dubia E Monstera lechleriana cf. E Monstera sprucei cf. E Philodendron barrosoanum cf. E Philodendron sp. 1 E Moist Forest Philodendron sp. 2 E ACANTHACEAE Syngonium podophyllum cf. E Justicia pectoralis cf. H BIGNONIACEAE Mendoncia gracilis cf. V Amphilophium paniculatum V Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum cf. H Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Ruellia sp. H Arrabidaea candicans V Trichanthera gigantea T Arrabidaea verrucosa V Arrabidaea sp. V Alternanthera villosa H Callichlamys latifolia V Chamissoa altissima V Cydista decora V Iresine angustifolia V Macfadyena unguis-cati V Mansoa hymenaea V Mansoa verrucifera V Paragonia pyramidata V AMARYLLIDACEAE Bomarea obovata cf. H ANACARDIACEAE Spondias mombin, jobo T Pithecoctenium crucigerum V Tapirira sp. T ? sp. V ANNONACEAE Annona sp. BOMBACACEAE S APOCYNACEAE Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T Pochota(Bombacopsis) trinitensis, jolote T T Aspidosperma jaunechense T Forsteronia subcordata cf. V Pseudobombax milleii, beldaco Prestonia obovata V BORAGINACEAE Prestonia sp. V Cordia alliodora, laurel RAP Working Papers Two Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Anthurium scandens Anthurium sp. 2 AMARANTHACEAE T T October 1992 133 A P P E N D I X 13 Cerro Mutiles Cordia panamensis T ELAEOCARPACEAE Cordia sp. T Sloanea meianthera cf. Tournefortia bicolor cf., surumbaco V ERYTHROXYLACEAE S Erythroxylum patens BROMELIACEAE Aechmea magdalenae H EUPHORBIACEAE Aechmea pyramidata cf. E Acalypha obovata S Tillandsia sp. 1 E Acalypha sp. S Tillandsia sp. 2 E Adelia triloba S Cleidion sp. S Croton schiedianus T Omphalea diandra V CACTACEAE Rhipsalis micrantha E CAPPARIDACEAE Capparis ecuadorica S Phyllanthus juglandifolius S Capparis magnifica cf. T Sapium sp. T Capparis sp. S ? sp. T CELASTRACEAE Perrottetia sessiliflora FLACOURTIACEAE T COMMELINACEAE Casearia arborea T Xylosma benthamii cf. S S Campelia zanonia H ? sp. Dichorisandra hexandra V GESNERIACEAE Drymonia serrulata cf. COMPOSITAE Mikania sp. V CONVOLVULACEAE ? sp. V CUCURBITACEAE E GRAMINEAE Guadua sp. T Streptogyne americana cf. H GUTTIFERAE Cayaponia cruegeri cf. V Clusia fructiangusta cf. Gurania spinulosa V HIPPOCRATEACEAE Gurania sp. V Hippocratea volubilis V Pseudosicydium acariianthum V Peritassa sp. V Sicydium sp. V LAURACEAE CYCADACEAE Zamia lindenii S CYCLANTHACEAE T Ocotea nicaraguensis cf. T ? sp. 1 T T Asplundia sp. H ? sp. 2 Carludovica palmata H LECYTHIDACEAE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL E Ocotea cernua, jigua menuda Eschweilera rimbachii cf. 134 T T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 13 Grias peruviana T Trichilia maynensis cf. T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Gustavia sp. T Trichilia pallida T S Shrub Trichilia pleeana cf. T V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Swartzia haughtii T MENISPERMACEAE Swartzia sp. T Anomospermum sp. V Cissampelos tropaeolifolia V V LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Acacia riparia cf. V Disciphania sp. Albizia guachapele, guachapelí T MORACEAE Inga corruscans T Brosimum alicastrum, tillo blanco T Inga sapindoides T Brosimum guianense T Inga umbellifera T Castilla tunu T Inga sp. T Cecropia obtusifolia cf., guarumo T Pithecellobium arboreum cf. T Cecropia peltata, guarumo T Clarisia biflora T LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Canavalia eurycarpa cf. V Coussapoa eggersii (villosa), matapalo T,E Canavalia villosa cf. V Ficus obtusifolia, matapalo T,E Erythrina poeppigiana T Ficus trigonata, matapalo T,E Lecointea sp. T Ficus yoponensis T Platymiscium sp. T Ficus sp., matapalo T,E Maclura (Chlorophora) tinctoria T Poulsenia armata T Pseudolmedia rigida T Sorocea sarcocarpa T LOGANIACEAE Strychnos sp. V LORANTHACEAE Psittacanthus cupulifer cf. E MALPIGHIACEAE MUSACEAE Hiraea sp. V Heliconia sp. Mascagnia sp. V MYRISTICACEAE Stigmaphyllon sp. V Otoba oblonga aff. T ? sp. V Virola reidii T Virola sebifera T MARANTACEAE H Calathea legrelleana cf. H MYRSINACEAE Calathea lutea H Ardisia sp. S Stylogyne standleyi cf. S MELIACEAE Cedrela odorata T MYRTACEAE Guarea glabra T Calyptranthes sp. T Guarea sp. T Eugenia florida T RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 135 A P P E N D I X 13 Cerro Mutiles Eugenia galalonensis T PTERIDOPHYTA Eugenia oerstediana T Adiantum sp. H Eugenia sp. T Cyclopeltis semicordata H Myrcia sp. T Pteris sp. H Psidium friedrichsthalianum cf. T Tectaria incisa H NYCTAGINACEAE Pisonia aculeata RHAMNACEAE V OLACACEAE Heisteria acuminata T RUBIACEAE T PALMAE Chomelia panamensis cf. S Faramea occidentalis S Astrocaryum standleyanum T Geophila repens cf. H Bactris sp. T Hamelia axillaris S Chamaedorea sp. S Pentagonia brachyotis S Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T Psychotria grandis S Psychotria horizontalis S PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora biflora cf. V Randia armata cf. S Passiflora macrophylla S Rudgea sp. S ? sp. V PHYTOLACCACEAE Petiveria alliacea S RUTACEAE Trichostigma octandra V Zanthoxylum setulosum cf. T Zanthoxylum sp. T PIPERACEAE Peperomia sp. E SAPINDACEAE Piper laevigatum S Allophylus psilospermus S Piper marginatum cf. S Cupania latifolia cf. T Piper obliquum S Paullinia rugosum cf. V Piper scansum V Paullinia sp. V Piper tuberculatum S Sapindus saponaria, jaboncillo T Piper sp. S Serjania circumvallata cf. V Pothomorphe peltata S Serjania glabrata cf. V Talisia princeps T Thinouia sp. V POLYGONACEAE Coccoloba sp. T Triplaris cumingiana, fernán sánchez, muchín 136 Zizyphus thyrsiflora, ébano CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL SAPOTACEAE T Chrysophyllum sp. T Pouteria reticulata T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 13 T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) S Shrub SMILACACEAE V Climber Smilax aequatorialis cf. H Herb E Epiphyte SIMAROUBACEAE Picramnia latifolia S V SOLANACEAE Cestrum sp. S Solanum sp. 1 V Solanum sp. 2 S STERCULIACEAE Herrania balaensis cf. S THEOPHRASTACEAE Clavija eggersii, huevo de tigre S Clavija sp., huevo de tigre S ULMACEAE Ampelocera sp. T Celtis iguanea V Celtis schippii T Trema micrantha, sapán de paloma, muchichilán T URTICACEAE Urera caracasana T VERBENACEAE Aegiphila panamensis cf. T Citharexylum gentryi T VITACEAE Cissus sp. V ZINGIBERACEAE Costus geothyrsus cf. RAP Working Papers Two H October 1992 137 A P P E N D I X 14 Plant List: Cabeceras de Bilsa Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Carmen Josse Wet Forest Philodendron devansayeanum cf. E ACANTHACEAE Philodendron inaequilaterum E Aphelandra aurantiaca H Philodendron verrucosum cf. E Justicia sp. H Philodendron sp. 1 E Mendoncia sp. V Philodendron sp. 2 E Ruellia sp. H Philodendron sp. 3 E Philodendron sp. 4 E Philodendron sp. 5 E Rhodospatha latifolia cf. E ANACARDIACEAE Astronium sp. T ANNONACEAE Crematosperma sp. T Rhodospatha sp. 1 E Rollinia sp. T Rhodospatha sp. 2 H Unonopsis sp. T Stenospermation sp. nov. H Syngonium sp. E H APOCYNACEAE Aspidosperma sp. T Xanthosoma sagittifolium Laubertia boisieri V ARALIACEAE Prestonia sp. V Dendropanax sp. T Rauvolfia sp. T Schefflera sphaerocoma E Schefflera sp. E Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, lechoso T ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Tabernaemontana sp., lechoso T Aristolochia sp. ARACEAE 138 V ASCLEPIADACEAE Anthurium dolichostachyum E Gonolobus sp. V Anthurium llanoense E Matelea mediocris? V Anthurium malacophyllum H Matelea? sp. V Anthurium nigropunctatum E ? sp. V Anthurium scandens E BEGONIACEAE Anthurium tripartitum E Begonia glabra H Anthurium sp. 1 E Begonia sp. H Anthurium sp. 2 E BIGNONIACEAE Dieffenbachia seguine cf. H Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Dieffenbachia sp. 1 H Arrabidaea verrucosa V Dieffenbachia sp. 2 H Exarata chocoensis T Homalomena peltata H Schlegelia dressleri V Monstera dubia E Schlegelia sulfurea V Monstera lechleriana E Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 14 BOMBACACEAE CHRYSOBALANACEAE T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) S Shrub Ceiba pentandra, ceiba T Hirtella sp. Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T COMMELINACEAE V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Pochota (Bombacopsis) patinoi T Dichorisandra sp. Pseudobombax septenatum cf. T COMPOSITAE Quararibea grandifolia T Adenostemma platyphyllum H Quararibea soegenii T Ageratum sp. H Quararibea sp. 1 T Neurolena lobata H Quararibea sp. 2, castaño T Vernonia patens T Wulffia baccata V BORAGINACEAE H Cordia dwyeri T CONVOLVULACEAE Cordia sp. 1 T Maripa sp. Cordia sp. 2 T CUCURBITACEAE Tournefortia sp. V Cayaponia sp., chia V Gurania eggersii V BROMELIACEAE V Aechmea sp. E Gurania eriantha V Tillandsia sp. 1 E Gurania megistantha V Tillandsia sp. 2 E Gurania spinulosa V Psiguria sp. 1 V BURSERACEAE Protium sp. 1 T Psiguria sp. 2 V Protium sp. 2 T Selysia sp. V Tetragastris sp., anime T Sicydium sp. V ? sp. 1 V ? sp. 2 V ? sp. 3 V CACTACEAE Epiphyllum sp. E CAMPANULACEAE Burmeistra vulgaris cf. H CYCADACEAE Burmeistra sp. H Zamia lindenii CAPPARIDACEAE S CYCLANTHACEAE Podandrogyne brevipedunculata H Asplundia sp. 1 E Podandrogyne sp. S Asplundia sp. 2 H Carludovica palmata H Cyclanthus bipartitus H Dicranopygium sp. H Thoracocarpus bissectus E CARICACEAE Carica microcarpa S CELASTRACEAE Maytenus sp. T Perrottetia sp. T RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 139 A P P E N D I X 14 Cabeceras de Bilsa DILLENIACEAE Doliocarpus sp. V ELAEOCARPACEAE E Garcinia (Rheedia) sp. T Symphonia globulifera T Sloanea medusula T Tovomita weddelliana T Sloanea sp. T Tovomita sp. 1 E Tovomita sp. 2 S ERICACEAE ? sp. 1 V Vismia sp. S ? sp. 2 E ? sp. E EUPHORBIACEAE HAEMODORACEAE Acalypha diversifolia S Xiphidium caeruleum Acalypha macrostachya S HERNANDIACEAE Omphalea diandra V Hernandia sp. Sapium sp. T HIPPOCRATEACEAE FLACOURTIACEAE H T Cheiloclinium sp., comida de loro S Banara sp. S Salacia sp. V Casearia arborea T ? sp. V Casearia sp. T ICACINACEAE Discophora guianensis GESNERIACEAE T Columnea sp. 1 E LABIATAE Columnea sp. 2 E Hyptis sp. Cremosperma sp. H LAURACEAE Diastema eggersianum H Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia T Drymonia turrialvae cf. H Ocotea whitei T Drymonia sp. 1 E Ocotea sp. T Drymonia sp. 2 E ? sp. 1, chimbazo T Episcia sp. H ? sp. 2 T Gasteranthus crispus H LECYTHIDACEAE Gasteranthus oncogastrus H Eschweilera integrifolia cf. T Gloxinia dodsonii H Eschweilera pittieri cf. T Nautilocalyx sp. E Eschweilera rimbachii cf. T Paradrymonia hypocyrta E Grias peruviana T Gustavia sp. T GRAMINEAE Bambusa guadua T GUTTIFERAE Chrysochlamys sp. 140 Clusia sp. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL T H LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Senna (Cassia) sp. S Swartzia haughtii T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 14 LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Miconia sp. 2 S T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Inga pruriens T Miconia sp. 3 S S Shrub Inga sapindoides T Miconia sp. 4 T V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Inga sp. 1 T Ossaea sp. E Inga sp. 2 T Triolena barbeyana cf. H ? sp. 1 S S LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Desmodium sp. H ? sp. 2 Ormosia amazonica cf. T MELIACEAE Pterocarpus sp. T Carapa guianensis T Guarea sp. T LOGANIACEAE Strychnos sp. 1 V Trichilia septentrionalis T Strychnos sp. 2 V Trichilia sp. T Strychnos sp. 3 V MENISPERMACEAE MALPIGHIACEAE Anomospermum sp. V V Bunchosia sp. S Cissampelos sp. Hiraea sp. V MONIMIACEAE MARANTACEAE Mollinedia sp. T T Calathea inocephala H Siparuna guianensis Calathea legrelleana cf. H MORACEAE Calathea lutea H Brosimum guianense T Calathea similis cf. H Brosimum utile T Calathea sp. H Brosimum sp. T Cecropia arbelaezii, guarumo T MARCGRAVIACEAE Marcgravia sp. V Cecropia insignis, guarumo T Norantea sp. V Cecropia reticulata, guarumo T Cecropia sp. 1, guarumo T MELASTOMATACEAE Blakea sp. 1 E Cecropia sp. 2, guarumo T Blakea sp. 2 E Coussapoa eggersii (villosa), matapalo T,E Clidemia sp. 1 S Coussapoa herthae, matapalo E Clidemia sp. 2 S Coussapoa vannifolia, matapalo E Clidemia sp. 3 S Ficus macbridei cf. T Conostegia sp. S Ficus nymphiifolia, matapalo E Henrietella? sp. T Ficus tonduzii T Leandra sp. S Ficus trianae T Miconia sp. 1 S Ficus sp. T RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 141 A P P E N D I X 14 Cabeceras de Bilsa Perebea angustifolia (humilis) cf. S Stigmatostalix adamsii cf. E Poulsenia armata T Vanilla sp. V Pourouma bicolor T ? sp. 1 H Pourouma cecropiifolia cf. T ? sp. 2 H Pseudolmedia rigida T ? sp. 3 E ? sp. 4 H MUSACEAE Heliconia longa cf. H OXALIDACEAE Heliconia marmoliana H Oxalis sp. Heliconia nigripraefixa H PALMAE Heliconia reticulata H Aiphanes sp. S Heliconia spathocircinnata cf. H Astrocaryum standleyanum T Heliconia sp. H Bactris sp. 1 T Bactris sp. 2 S MYRISTICACEAE Otoba gordoniifolia T Catoblastus sp. T Otoba sp. T Desmoncus sp. V Virola dixonii T Geonoma sp. 1 S Virola sp., coco T Geonoma sp. 2 S Jessenia batahua T Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T Prestoea sp. T MYRSINACEAE Ardisia sp. S MYRTACEAE Calyptranthes sp. S Socratea exorrhiza T Campomanesia sp. T Synechanthus sp. S Eugenia sp., guayabo T PASSIFLORACEAE OLACACEAE Heisteria sp. T ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia sp. H Passiflora macrophylla S Passiflora palenquensis V Passiflora sp. V PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca rivinoides cf. ORCHIDACEAE 142 H H Erythrodes ecuadorensis cf. H PIPERACEAE Erythrodes maculata H Peperomia sp. 1 E Gongora sp. E Peperomia sp. 2 E Lepanthes sp. E Peperomia sp. 3 E Oncidium sp. E Piper augustum S Palmorchis sp. H Piper brachypodum V Pleurothallis sp. E Piper obliquum S CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 14 Piper reticulatum S Selaginella sp. H T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Piper sp. 1 V Tectaria incisa (fuzzy) H S Shrub Piper sp. 2 S Tectaria sp. H V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Piper sp. 3 S Trichomanes sp. 1 H Piper sp. 4 S Trichomanes sp. 2 E Piper sp. 5 S (Tree Fern) sp. S Pothomorphe peltata H RUBIACEAE Trianaeopiper sp. H Alibertia stenantha S Amaioua corymbosa T Amphidaysa ambigua H Borreria laevis cf. H POLYGALACEAE Moutabea sp. V POLYGONACEAE Coccoloba sp. 1 T Cephaelis sp. S Coccoloba sp. 2 T Chiococca sp. S Coussarea sp. T Faramea sp. S Genipa sp. T PONTEDERIACEAE Heteranthera sp. H PTERIDOPHYTA Adiantum sp. 1 H Gonzalagunia sessilifolia cf. S Adiantum sp. 2 H Guettarda sp. T Adiantum sp. 3 H Hamelia calycosa T Adiantum sp. 4 H Isertia hypoleuca T Bolbitis pandurifolia H Ixora? sp. T Cyathea conjugata H Palicourea sp. S Danaea moritziana cf. H Pentagonia macrophylla cf. S Danaea sp. H Pentagonia williamsii S Dicranopteris sp. V Posoqueria maxima T Didymoclaena truncatula H Psychotria macrophylla S Elaphoglossum sp. H Psychotria uliginosa S Hymenophyllum sp. H Psychotria sp. 1 T Lomariopsis sp. E Psychotria sp. 2 S Olfersia japurensis E Psychotria sp. 3 S Polybotrya altescandens E Rondeletia sp. T Polybotrya polybotryoides E SAPINDACEAE Polypodium sp. E Allophylus psilospermus S Pteris sp. H Matayba sp. 1 T Selaginella haematodes H Matayba sp. 2 T RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 143 A P P E N D I X 14 Cabeceras de Bilsa Paullinia sp. V Urera sp. Talisia sp. 1 S VERBENACEAE Talisia sp. 2 T Aegiphila alba, savaluca, manteco SAPOTACEAE S T VIOLACEAE Micropholis sp. T Rinorea sp. Pouteria capaciflora T VITACEAE Pouteria torta cf. T Cissus neei V Pouteria sp. 1 T Cissus sp. 1 V Pouteria sp. 2 T Cissus sp. 2 V SIMAROUBACEAE Picramnia latifolia ZINGIBERACEAE S SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. T V Costus lima H Costus sp. 1 H Costus sp. 2 H SOLANACEAE Cestrum sp. S Cyphomandra hartwegii cf. S Lycianthes sp. V Solanum styracoides S Witheringia sp. 1 S Witheringia sp. 2 H STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia occidentalis T STERCULIACEAE Herrania balaensis cf. S THEOPHRASTACEAE Clavija sp., huevo de tigre S THYMELEACEAE ? sp. S ULMACEAE Trema integerrima T UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle sp. H URTICACEAE 144 Pilea pubescens cf. H Urera baccifera, ortiguilla S CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Cerro Pata de Pájaro A P P E N D I X 15 Robin B. Foster Wet Forest BORAGINACEAE ACANTHACEAE Tournefortia gigantifolia Tournefortia sp. Pseuderanthemum sp. S APOCYNACEAE Prestonia sp. T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) S S Shrub S V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte BROMELIACEAE V ARACEAE Guzmania sp. E ? sp. 1 E Anthurium scandens cf. E ? sp. 2 E Anthurium sp. 1 E ? sp. 3 E Anthurium sp. 2 H ? sp. 4 E Anthurium sp. 3 E BRUNELLIACEAE Anthurium sp. 4 E Brunellia sp. Anthurium sp. 5 E CAMPANULACEAE Anthurium sp. 6 E Burmeistra sp. Anthurium sp. 7 H CARICACEAE Anthurium sp. 8 E Carica sp. Anthurium sp. 9 E COMPOSITAE Dieffenbachia sp. H Wulffia sp. Philodendron verrucosum E CUCURBITACEAE Philodendron sp. E Gurania spinulosa V Stenospermation sp. E Gurania sp. V Xanthosoma sagittifolium H CYCLANTHACEAE Xanthosoma sp. H Cyclanthus bipartitus H ? sp. E ARALIACEAE Schefflera sp. 1 E CYPERACEAE Schefflera sp. 2 E Rhynchospora sp. ASCLEPIADACEAE E S V H DILLENIACEAE ? sp. 1 V Saurauia sp. ? sp. 2 V ELAEOCARPACEAE Sloanea sp. BEGONIACEAE Begonia sp. T E BIGNONIACEAE S T ERICACEAE Sphaerospermum sp. E Schlegelia sp. E ? sp. 1 E Tabebuia sp. T ? sp. 2 E ? sp. 3 E ? sp. 4 E BOMBACACEAE Pseudobombax sp. RAP Working Papers Two T October 1992 145 A P P E N D I X 15 Cerro Pata de Pájaro Calathea sp. EUPHORBIACEAE Hyeronima cf. sp. T V Besleria sp. S MELASTOMATACEAE Columnea sp. 1 E Adelobotrys sp. E Columnea sp. 2 E Blakea sp. E Monopyle sp. H Clidemia sp. 1 S ? sp. 1 E Clidemia sp. 2 S ? sp. 2 H Conostegia sp. S ? sp. 3 S Leandra sp. S ? sp. 4 S Triolena sp. H GRAMINEAE Panicum maximum MELIACEAE H GUTTIFERAE Carapa guianensis T Guarea glabra cf. T T Clusia sp. E Trichilia quadrijuga Tovomita sp. T MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos sp. ICACINACEAE Calatola costaricensis cf. T LAURACEAE ? sp. T LECYTHIDACEAE V MORACEAE Cecropia sp. T Ficus tonduzii T Ficus sp. 1 T Eschweilera sp. T Ficus sp. 2 T Gustavia serrata S Maquira sp. T LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE MUSACEAE Bauhinia sp. T Heliconia curtispatha H Brownea disepala T Heliconia sp. H LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE MYRSINACEAE Entada monostachya V Cybianthus sp. S Inga sp. 1 T ? sp. S Inga sp. 2 T MYRTACEAE Inga sp. 3 T Myrcia sp. LOGANIACEAE Spigelia sp. Calathea inocephala CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL S ORCHIDACEAE H MARANTACEAE 146 MARCGRAVIACEAE Marcgravia sp. GESNERIACEAE H H Epidendrum sp. 1 E Epidendrum sp. 2 E Epidendrum sp. 3 E Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 15 Scaphyglottis sp. E Elaphoglossum crinitum E T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Sobralia sp. E Elaphoglossum sp. 1 E S Shrub Stelis sp. 1 E Elaphoglossum sp. 2 E V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Stelis sp. 2 E Selaginella sp. 1 H ? sp. 1 E Selaginella sp. 2 H ? sp. 2 E Selaginella sp. 3 H ? sp. 3 E ? sp. 1 E ? sp. 2 E PALMAE Aiphanes sp. S ? sp. 3 H Bactris sp. T ? sp. 4 E Catoblastus sp. T ? sp. 5 S Chamaedorea sp. S ? sp. 6 E Geonoma interrupta S RUBIACEAE Geonoma sp. S Cephaelis (Psychotria) sp. S Jessenia bataua T Ladenbergia pavonii T Palicourea sp. S Pentagonia sp. S Posoqueria sp. T PAPAVERACEAE Bocconia pearcei S PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora macrophylla S Psychotria macrophylla aff. S Passiflora sp. V Rondeletia sp. T PIPERACEAE SABIACEAE Peperomia sp. 1 H Meliosma cf. sp. Peperomia sp. 2 H SAPINDACEAE Peperomia sp. 3 S Matayba sp. T Peperomia sp. 4 E Paullinia sp. V Piper obliquum S SAPOTACEAE Piper sp. S Pouteria sp. POLYGALACEAE Securidaca (possibly new) T SIMAROUBACEAE S POLYGONACEAE Picramnia sp. S SMILACACEAE Coccoloba coronata cf. T Smilax sp. Coccoloba sp. T SOLANACEAE Solanum sp. PTERIDOPHYTA Adiantum sp. H STAPHYLEACEAE Danaea sp. H Turpinia occidentalis RAP Working Papers Two T V S T October 1992 147 A P P E N D I X 15 Cerro Pata de Pájaro 148 T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) VERBENACEAE S Shrub Aegiphila cf. sp. V Climber ZINGIBERACEAE H Herb E Epiphyte Costus pulverulentus CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL T H Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Tabuga-Río Cuaque A P P E N D I X 16 Robin B. Foster Moist Forest CYCADACEAE ACANTHACEAE Zamia lindenii Ruellia sp. S ANACARDIACEAE Spondias mombin T T ERYTHROXYLACEAE S V ARACEAE Adelia triloba T Manihot leptophylla cf. S Rhipidocladum sp. S Anthurium sp. 2 E Streptogyne sp. H Monstera sp. E GUTTIFERAE Philodendron barrosoanum cf. E Garcinia (Rheedia) intermedia (edulis) Philodendron sp. E LECYTHIDACEAE Syngonium sp. E Gustavia pubescens BOMBACACEAE Climber H Herb E Epiphyte S LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE T Brownea angustiflora T Pochota (Bombacopsis) trinitensis T Haematoxylon cf. sp. S Pseudobombax millei T LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Quararibea asterolepis T Acacia riparia cf. V Inga sp. 1 T BROMELIACEAE Tillandsia usneoides E Inga sp. 2 T ? sp. 1 E Inga sp. 3 T ? sp. 2 E Inga sp. 4 T ? sp. 3 E Inga sp. 5 T CAPPARIDACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Capparis frondosa S Centrolobium ochroxylum T Morisonia sp. T Lonchocarpus cf. sp. T Swartzia simplex s.l. S COCHLOSPERMACEAE T MALPIGHIACEAE ? sp. COMPOSITAE V CUCURBITACEAE RAP Working Papers Two V T Ochroma pyramidale Cayaponia sp. Shrub GRAMINEAE E Lycoseris trinervis S EUPHORBIACEAE Anthurium sp. 1 Cochlospermum vitifolium Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) S Erythroxylum patens APOCYNACEAE Prestonia sp. ELAEOCARPACEAE Muntingia calabura ANNONACEAE Annona sp. S T V V MALVACEAE Malvaviscus sp. 1 V Malvaviscus sp. 2 S October 1992 149 A P P E N D I X 16 Tabuga - Río Cuaque MARANTACEAE Ischnosiphon sp. H MELIACEAE V Passiflora sp. 3 V Passiflora sp. 4 V Guarea glabra T PIPERACEAE Trichilia elegans T Piper laevigatum S Trichilia pallida T Piper sp. S MORACEAE POLYGONACEAE Brosimum alicastrum T Coccoloba sp. 1 V Brosimum guianense T Coccoloba sp. 2 T Castilla elastica cf. T PTERIDOPHYTA Cecropia peltata cf. T Adiantum sp. H Clarisia racemosa T Cyclopeltis semicordata H Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) T Tectaria incisa H Ficus citrifolia cf. T RHAMNACEAE Ficus trigonata T Gouania sp. Ficus sp. T RUBIACEAE Sorocea sarcocarpa cf. S Alseis sp. T Chomelia sp. S Faramea occidentalis S Genipa americana T MYRSINACEAE Stylogyne sp. S MYRTACEAE V Eugenia galalonensis T Geophila sp. H Eugenia sp. T Guettarda sp. T Psychotria horizontalis S NYCTAGINACEAE Neea sp. S Psychotria sp. S Pisonia aculeata V Randia sp. S Rudgea sp. S OLACACEAE Heisteria sp. T Lockhartia sp. RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum sp. ORCHIDACEAE E PALMAE T SAPINDACEAE Cupania sp. T Aiphanes sp. S Matayba sp. T Attalea colenda T Paullinia sp. 1 V Syagrus sancona T Paullinia sp. 2 V Paullinia sp. 3 V Talisia setigera S PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora sp. 1 150 Passiflora sp. 2 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL V Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 16 T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) S Shrub SMILACACEAE V Climber Smilax sp. H Herb E Epiphyte SAPOTACEAE Pouteria sp. T V STERCULIACEAE Byttneria sp. V Guazuma pubescens T THEOPHRASTACEAE Clavija eggersii S TURNERACEAE Turnera sp. S ULMACEAE Ampelocera sp. T Celtis iguanea cf. V Celtis schippii T URTICACEAE Pilea sp. H VIOLACEAE Rinorea sp. S ? sp. V RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 151 A P P E N D I X 17 Plant List: Parque Nacional Machalilla Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Carmen Josse Fog Forest Syngonium macrophyllum E ACANTHACEAE Xanthosoma sagittifolium H Dicliptera sp. V ARALIACEAE Justicia sp. S Dendropanax sp., papayo T Schefflera sp. T AMARANTHACEAE Chamissoa altissima V ASCLEPIADACEAE Iresine sp. V Gonolobus sp. V ? sp. 1 H ? sp. V ? sp. 2 H BEGONIACEAE AMARYLLIDACEAE Bomarea obovata cf. V ANACARDIACEAE Tapirira sp., cativo T T APOCYNACEAE Begonia sp. 1 H Begonia sp. 2 H Begonia sp. 3 H Amphilophium paniculatum V Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Aspidosperma sp. T Pithecoctenium crucigerum V Mandevilla veraguasensis V Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T BOMBACACEAE Rauvolfia littoralis, contra blanca, muñequito T Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T Tabernaemontana sp., lechoso T Quararibea grandifolia T BORAGINACEAE ARACEAE 152 H BIGNONIACEAE ANNONACEAE Raimondia quinduensis, anonilla Begonia glabra Anthurium scandens E Cordia sp., totumbo T Anthurium (sect. Belolonchium) sp. E Tournefortia sp. V Anthurium sp. nov. (aff. ovalifolium) E BROMELIACEAE Anthurium sp. 1 E Guzmania monostachya E Anthurium sp. 2 E Guzmania sp. E Anthurium sp. 3 E Puya sp. H Dieffenbachia sp. nov. H Tillandsia narthecoides E Monstera dubia E Tillandsia usneoides E Monstera lechleriana E Vriesia sp. E Philodendron purpureoviride E ? sp. 1 E Philodendron sp. 1 E ? sp. 2 E Philodendron sp. 2 E ? sp. 3 E Philodendron sp. 3 E ? sp. 4 E CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 17 ? sp. 5 E CAMPANULACEAE Burmeistra sp. 1 Burmeistra sp. 2 H E CAPPARIDACEAE CUCURBITACEAE V S Shrub Melothria sp. V V Climber ? sp. 1 V H Herb ? sp. 2 V E Epiphyte T CYCLANTHACEAE Morisonia sp., sapote T Asplundia sp. H Podandrogyne brevipedunculata H Sphaeradenia sp. H Podandrogyne sp. H DIOSCOREACEAE Viburnum sp. Dioscorea sp. V Carica sp. S CARYOPHYLLACEAE Drymaria cordata H CELASTRACEAE Perrottetia sessiliflora T COMBRETACEAE Combretum sp. V COMMELINACEAE Phyodinia? gracilis V ERICACEAE Sphaerospermum sp. CARICACEAE E EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha diversifolia S Alchornea iracurana T Margaritaria nobilis T Phyllanthus sp. H Sapium sp. T Tetrorchidium sp. T FLACOURTIACEAE H Casearia mariquitensis cf., chirimoyo de monte COMPOSITAE T Baccharis trinervis S GESNERIACEAE Eupatorium sp., negrito T Alloplectus dodsonii cf. H Hebeclinium macrophyllum S Columnea sp. 1 H Hidalgoa ternata V Columnea sp. 2 E Liabum sp. S Columnea sp. 3 E Mikania sp. V Drymonia sp. 1 H Vernonia? sp. T Drymonia sp. 2 E Wulffia sp. V GRAMINEAE ? sp. 1 H Guadua sp. T ? sp. 2 S ? sp. 1 H ? sp. 3 H ? sp. 2 H ? sp. 3 H CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea sp. RAP Working Papers Two Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Gurania spinulosa Capparis sp. CAPRIFOLIACEAE T V October 1992 153 A P P E N D I X 17 Machalilla GUTTIFERAE V Clusia sp. E Dussia sp. T Garcinia (Rheedia) sp. T Erythrina megistophylla S Ormosia sp. T Phaseolus sp. V ? sp. V HERNANDIACEAE Hernandia sp. T HIPPOCRATEACEAE Salacia sp., pomarrosa de monte V LOGANIACEAE S Buddleja americana LABIATAE Hyptis sp. H LORANTHACEAE Salvia alvajaca H Oryctanthus sp. LAURACEAE E LYTHRACEAE Endlicheria sp., jigua blanca T Cuphea sp. Ocotea cernua, jigua menuda T MALPIGHIACEAE Ocotea sp. 1, cedro T Bunchosia sp., jobo fraile T Ocotea sp. 2, jigua prieta T Hiraea sp. V Ocotea sp. 3 T Mascagnia nervosa V Ocotea sp. 4 T MALVACEAE Phoebe? sp., jigua blanca T Pavonia rosea H ? sp. 1 T Sida sp. H ? sp. 2, maría aguatilla T MARANTACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE Grias peruviana T LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE H Calathea insignis H Calathea sp. H Maranta sp. H Bauhinia sp. T MARCGRAVIACEAE Senna (Cassia) sp. S Marcgravia sp. LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE V MELASTOMATACEAE Inga chartacea T Arthrostemma sp. V Inga corruscans T Blakea subconnata E Inga leiocalycina T Miconia sp. T Inga punctata cf. T Ossaea micrantha S Inga sp. 1 T Ossaea sp. S Inga sp. 2 T Topobea sp. V Inga sp. 3 T MELIACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Canavalia sp. 154 Dioclea sp. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL V Carapa guianensis T Cedrela sp. T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 17 Guarea guidonia T Eugenia sp. T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Guarea sp. 1 T Psidium acutangulum cf. T S Shrub Guarea sp. 2 T ORCHIDACEAE V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Ruagea sp. 1 T Erythrodes sp. H Ruagea sp. 2 T Oncidium sp. 1 E Trichilia solitudinus T Oncidium sp. 2 E Trichilia sp. 1 T Oncidium sp. 3 E Trichilia sp. 2 T Pleurothallis sp. E Sobralia sp. E MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos sp. V Stelis sp. E ? sp. V ? sp. E MONIMIACEAE Siparuna sp. PALMAE S MORACEAE Astrocaryum standleyanum T Bactris sp. T Cecropia angustifolia, guarumo T Chamaedorea polyclada S Cecropia insignis, guarumo T Chamaedorea sp. S Cecropia obtusifolia ssp. Geonoma sp. T burriada, guarumo T Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua T Ficus cuatrecasana, matapalo T,E Prestoea sp. T Ficus maxima, higuerón tostada T PASSIFLORACEAE Ficus sp., matapalo T,E Passiflora capsularis V Poulsenia armata T Passiflora macrophylla S Passiflora sp. 1 V V MUSACEAE Heliconia latispatha H Passiflora sp. 2 Heliconia sp. H PHYTOLACCACEAE MYRSINACEAE Petiveria alliacea H Ardisia longistaminea S Phytolacca sp. T Ardisia sp. 1 T Schindleria? sp. H Ardisia sp. 2 S Trichostigma octandra V Cybianthus sp. S PIPERACEAE Parathesis? sp. T Peperomia sp. 1 E Stylogyne standleyi cf. S Peperomia sp. 2 E Peperomia sp. 3 E MYRTACEAE Calyptranthes sp. S Peperomia sp. 4 H Eugenia fallax T Peperomia sp. 5 E RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 155 A P P E N D I X 17 Machalilla Peperomia sp. 6 E Psychotria sp. 1 S Piper obliquum S Psychotria sp. 2 S Piper sp. 1 S Randia sp. 1 T Piper sp. 2 S Randia sp. 2 S Piper sp. 3 S RUTACEAE Pothomorphe umbellata H Zanthoxylum sp. 1 T Zanthoxylum sp. 2, piñuelo T POLYGALACEAE Securidaca sp. V POLYGONACEAE Triplaris cumingiana, fernán sánchez, muchín T PONTEDERIACEAE Heteranthera sp. H PTERIDOPHYTA Allophylus sp., contra, castaño T Cupania sp., maría macho T Matayba sp. T Paullinia sp. 1 V Paullinia sp. 2 V Talisia setigera S Adiantum sp. H SAPOTACEAE Asplenium serratum H Chrysophyllum argenteum T Asplenium sp. H Pouteria sp. T Microgramma fuscopunctata E SCROPHULARIACEAE Nephrolepis sp. E Scoparia dulcis Polypodium sp. E SIMAROUBACEAE Selaginella sp. H ? sp., jobero Tectaria incisa (fuzzy) H SOLANACEAE (Tree Fern) sp. H Browallia sp. H Cestrum sp. T Cuatrecasia sp. S Cyphomandra sp. S Lycianthes sp. 1 H Lycianthes sp. 2 V RANUNCULACEAE Clematis sp. V ROSACEAE Prunus subcorymbosa, mamecillo T RUBIACEAE 156 SAPINDACEAE H T Borojoa clavifera T Lycianthes sp. 3 S Hillia parasitica E Markea sp. E Hoffmannia sp. S Solanum lanciifolium V Isertia hypoleuca T Witheringia sp. S Palicourea sp. S STAPHYLEACEAE Pentagonia macrophylla cf. S Turpinia occidentalis Psychotria macrophylla S CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 17 STERCULIACEAE Guazuma ulmifolia, guasmo ANACARDIACEAE T THEOPHRASTACEAE Clavija eggersii, huevo de tigre T TILIACEAE Heliocarpus americanus TROPAEOLACEAE Tropaeolum repandum V Celtis iguanea T S Shrub Tapirira sp. 1 T V Climber T H Herb E Epiphyte Tapirira sp. 2 Annona sp. S Raimondia quinduensis, anonilla T APOCYNACEAE Prestonia mollis ULMACEAE T V Rauvolfia littoralis, contra blanca, muñequito URTICACEAE T Myriocarpa stipitata T Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, Pilea sp. 1 H lechoso T Pilea sp. 2 H Vallesia sp., perlilla S Urera caracasana S ARACEAE ? sp. H Anthurium interruptum E Anthurium napaeum H H VERBENACEAE Aegiphila alba, savaluca, manteco T Anthurium sp. Cornutia microcalycina T ASCLEPIADACEAE Vitex gigantea, pechiche T Asclepias curassavica VITACEAE H BIGNONIACEAE Cissus sp. 1 V Amphilophium ecuadorense V Cissus sp. 2 V Anemopaegma chrysanthum V Vitis tiliifolia V Clytostoma sp. 1 V Clytostoma sp. 2 V ZINGIBERACEAE Costus sp. H Cydista decora V Renealmia oligosperma H Delostoma gracile S Renealmia sp. H Macfadyena unguis-cati V Macranthisiphon longiflorus V Dry Forest Mansoa hymenaea V AGAVACEAE Mansoa verrucifera V Paragonia pyramidata V Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T Furcraea sp. H AMARANTHACEAE Chamissoa altissima V BOMBACACEAE Iresine sp., bejuco negra V Ceiba trichistandra, ceibo RAP Working Papers Two Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Loxopterygium huasango, huasango ANNONACEAE T T T October 1992 157 A P P E N D I X 17 Machalilla Eriotheca ruizii, jaile, chirigua T Capparis sp. 4 S Pachira sp. T Capparis sp. 5 T Pochota (Bombacopsis) trinitensis, jolote Morisonia americana, sapote T T BORAGINACEAE Carica parviflora, rabo de gallo S S Cordia alliodora, laurel T Carica sp. Cordia lutea, muyuyo S CELASTRACEAE Cordia sp. 1 T Maytenus sp., morito Cordia sp. 2 T COCHLOSPERMACEAE Cordia sp. 3 T Cochlospermum vitifolium, bototillo Tournefortia microcalyx V COMMELINACEAE Tournefortia sp. 1 V ? sp. Tournefortia sp. 2 S COMPOSITAE BROMELIACEAE T T H Baccharis trinervis V Aechmea magdalenae H Barnadesia? sp., sobretana S Bromelia sp. H Clibadium sp. S Tillandsia usneoides E Mikania sp. V Tillandsia sp. 1 E Tessaria integrifolia S Tillandsia sp. 2 E Vernonia sp., chirca S Tillandsia sp. 3 E Vernonia? sp., chilca blanca T Tillandsia sp. 4 E ? sp. H ? sp. 1 E EBENACEAE ? sp. 2 E Diospyros sp. T ERYTHROXYLACEAE CACTACEAE Hylocereus sp. V Erythroxylum patens S Opuntia sp. S Erythroxylum sp. T ? sp. 1 V EUPHORBIACEAE ? sp. 2 S Adelia triloba S ? sp. 3 E Croton sp. 1 S Croton sp. 2 T CAPPARIDACEAE 158 CARICACEAE Capparis ecuadorica S Euphorbia sp. S Capparis heterophylla S Jatropha curcas, piñón S Capparis sp. 1 T ? sp. T Capparis sp. 2 T FLACOURTIACEAE Capparis sp. 3 S Casearia sylvestris CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 17 Casearia sp. T Pithecellobium sp., porotillo T T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Xylosma sp., negrito T Prosopis juliflora, algarrobo T S Shrub LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte GRAMINEAE Bambusa angustifolia T Geoffroea sp., seca T Gynerium sagittifolium S Lonchocarpus? sp. T Machaerium millei, cabo de hacha V GUTTIFERAE Clusia sp. 1 E Machaerium sp. V Clusia sp. 2 S Mucuna sp. V Myroxylon balsamum, bálsamo T Platymiscium sp. T Pterocarpus? sp., palo sangre T HIPPOCRATEACEAE Salacia sp. V LAURACEAE Ocotea cernua, jigua menuda T LOGANIACEAE ? sp., jigua prieta T Buddleja americana LECYTHIDACEAE Gustavia pubescens, membrillo S MALPIGHIACEAE S LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Heteropsis sp. V Mascagnia nervosa V Caesalpinia sp. 1 T Stigmaphyllon sp., bejuco de hueso V Caesalpinia sp. 2 T ? sp. V Cynometra sp., cocobolo colorado T MALVACEAE Senna (Cassia) sp. S ? sp. LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE S MARANTACEAE Acacia sp. 1 T Maranta gibba Acacia sp. 2 T MARCGRAVIACEAE Albizia guachapele, guachapelí T Souroubea sp. Inga acrocephala T MELIACEAE Inga chartacea T Guarea sp. T Inga corruscans T Trichilia elegans T Inga lindeniana, guabo sambo T Trichilia hirta T Inga sapindoides T Trichilia pallida T Inga sp. 1 T Trichilia pleeana cf. T Inga sp. 2 T Trichilia sp. 1, canelo T Leucaena? sp., mihán T Trichilia sp. 2, canelo T Mimosa pigra S MENISPERMACEAE Pithecellobium paucipinnata, dormilón T ? sp. Pithecellobium rufescens, vaina roja T RAP Working Papers Two H V V October 1992 159 A P P E N D I X 17 Machalilla Pleurothallis sp. MORACEAE Brosimum alicastrum, tillo blanco T PALMAE Castilla elastica T Phytelephas aequatorialis, tagua Cecropia obtusifolia ssp. burriada, guarumo T Cecropia sp., guarumo T PHYTOLACCACEAE Ficus cuatrecasana, matapalo T,E Gallesia integrifolia, ajo T Ficus obtusifolia, matapalo T,E Phytolacca sp. T Ficus trigonata, matapalo T,E PIPERACEAE Ficus yoponensis T Pothomorphe peltata Ficus sp. 1 T PLUMBAGINACEAE Ficus sp. 2, matapalo T,E Plumbago scandens Maclura (Chlorophora) tinctoria T POLYGALACEAE Heliconia latispatha T PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora macrophylla H MYRTACEAE S H V Securidaca sp. MUSACEAE V POLYGONACEAE Coccoloba sp. 1, licuanco T T Eugenia sp. T Coccoloba sp. 2, licuanco blanco Myrcia fallax cf., arrayán T Triplaris cumingiana, Myrcia sp. T fernán sánchez, muchín ? sp. 1, guayabo blanco T PONTEDERIACEAE ? sp. 2, guayabo sabanero S Eichornia sp. ? sp. 3 T RHAMNACEAE ? sp. 4, arrayán T Gouania sp., bejuco menthol V Zizyphus thyrsiflora, ébano T NYCTAGINACEAE T H Guapira sp. 1 T RUBIACEAE Guapira sp. 2, negrito T Alseis sp., palo de vaca de montaña T Neea sp. S Simira sp., colorado T Pisonia aculeata V ? sp. T OLACACEAE RUTACEAE Ximenia sp. S Amyris sp., chiquinay T ? sp., limoncillo T Zanthoxylum sp. 1 T Zanthoxylum sp. 2 T OLEACEAE Chionanthus sp., francisco T ORCHIDACEAE Oncidium obryzatum cf. 160 E CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL E SAPINDACEAE Allophylus sp. S Allophylus? sp., contra T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 17 Cupania sp. 1 T URTICACEAE Cupania sp. 2 T Myriocarpa stipitata Paullinia alata V Urera sp., pachón hoja ancha T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) T S Shrub S V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Paullinia sp. 1 V VERBENACEAE Paullinia sp. 2 V Aegiphila alba, savaluca, manteco T Sapindus saponaria, jaboncillo T Vitex gigantea, pechiche T Talisia sp. T VIOLACEAE Thinouia sp. V Rinorea sp. SAPOTACEAE VITACEAE Pouteria sp. 1, caimitillo T Pouteria sp. 2, naranja de vaca T Pradosia sp., paipay T Cissus sp., rasca mano V Coastal Scrub APOCYNACEAE SMILACACEAE Smilax febrifuga S V Vallesia sp. S CAPPARIDACEAE SOLANACEAE Acnistis frutescens S Capparis angulata T Cestrum sp. S Capparis avicennifolia S Cuatrecasia sp. S Capparis crotonoides S Cyphomandra sp. S Capparis sp., sebastián T Lycianthes sp. V EUPHORBIACEAE Nicotiana sp. H Hippomane mancinella Solanum caricaefolium S GOODENIACEAE ? sp. E Scaevola plumieri S LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE STERCULIACEAE Guazuma tomentosa T T ? sp. T NYCTAGINACEAE THEOPHRASTACEAE Clavija eggersii, huevo de tigre S Cryptocarpa pyriformis Clavija sp., huevo de tigre S PORTULACACEAE Jacquinia pubescens, barbasco S Portulaca sp. S H RHAMNACEAE ULMACEAE Ampelocera sp., camarón T Celtis iguanea V Celtis sp. T Scutia sp. S UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle sp. RAP Working Papers Two H October 1992 161 A P P E N D I X 18 Plant List: Cerro Blanco Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Carmen Josse Dry Forest BORAGINACEAE ACANTHACEAE Cordia sp. 1 T Aphelandra sp. S Cordia sp. 2 T Dicliptera sp. V Cordia sp. 3 T ? sp. H BROMELIACEAE Spondias mombin, jobo T CAPPARIDACEAE Tapirira sp. T Capparis ecuadorica S Capparis frondosa S ANNONACEAE Anaxagorea sp. S Capparis heterophylla S Annona sp. S Cleome sp. S CARICACEAE APOCYNACEAE Aspidosperma jaunechense T Carica parviflora, rabo de gallo Stemmadenia obovata S COMBRETACEAE Combretum sp. ARACEAE S V Monstera dilacerata E COMPOSITAE Philodendron sp. V Adenostemma platyphyllum H Pseudogynoxys sp. V ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia pilosa cf. V BIGNONIACEAE CUCURBITACEAE Cucurbita sp. V V Anemopaegma puberulum V Luffa operculata Arrabidaea corallina V ELAEOCARPACEAE Macfadyena unguis-cati V Muntingia calabura, niguito, frutillo Mansoa hymenaea V EUPHORBIACEAE Mansoa verrucifera V Sapium utile Pithecoctenium crucigerum V HIPPOCRATEACEAE Tabebuia billbergii, madero negro T Salacia sp. S Tabebuia chrysantha, guayacán T ? sp. V T T LAURACEAE BOMBACACEAE 162 E Tillandsia usneoides ANACARDIACEAE Cavanillesia platanifolia, pigio T Ocotea sp. Ceiba trichistandra, ceibo T LECYTHIDACEAE Eriotheca ruizii, jaile, chirigua T Gustavia pubescens, membrillo Ochroma pyramidale, balsa T LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Pseudobombax milleii, beldaco T Bauhinia sp. S Cassia oxyphylla, vainillo T CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL T S Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 18 Senna (Cassia) sp. S LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Inga sp. 1 Inga sp. 2 T T LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE PASSIFLORACEAE S S Shrub Passiflora sprucei V V Climber V H Herb E Epiphyte Passiflora sp. Canavalia sp. V Piper arboreum S Centrolobium ochroxylum T Piper sp. 1 S Clitoria sp. V Piper sp. 2 S Desmodium sp. H Pothomorphe peltata S Erythrina sp. T Pothomorphe umbellata S Mascagnia sp. POLYGONACEAE V Triplaris cumingiana, fernán sánchez, muchín MELIACEAE T Guarea sp. T PTERIDOPHYTA Trichilia elegans S Adiantum sp. 1 H Adiantum sp. 2 H H MORACEAE Brosimum alicastrum, tillo blanco T ? sp. Castilla elastica T RUBIACEAE Cecropia sp., guarumo T Pogonopus speciosus T Ficus glabrata cf. T Psychotria carthaginensis cf. S Ficus obtusifolia, matapalo T,E Psychotria sp. S Ficus trigonata, matapalo T,E Randia sp., crucita S Ficus yoponensis T SAPINDACEAE Ficus sp. 1, matapalo T,E Cupania sp. T Ficus sp. 2, matapalo T,E Paullinia sp. 1 V Paullinia sp. 2 V Sapindus saponaria, jaboncillo T Serjania sp. V MUSACEAE Heliconia sp. H MYRTACEAE ? sp. T SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum argenteum NYCTAGINACEAE T Neea sp. S SOLANACEAE Pisonia aculeata V Acnistis arborescens, cojojo S Lycianthes sp. S Lycopersicon sp. H Solanum sp. 1 H ORCHIDACEAE Cattleya sp. RAP Working Papers Two Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Passiflora macrophylla PIPERACEAE MALPIGHIACEAE T E October 1992 163 A P P E N D I X 18 Cerro Blanco Solanum sp. 2 H STERCULIACEAE Byttneria catalpifolia V Guazuma tomentosa T ULMACEAE Celtis iguanea V Trema micrantha T sapán de paloma, muchichilán URTICACEAE Urera baccifera, ortiguilla S ? sp. S VERBENACEAE Vitex gigantea, pechiche T VIOLACEAE Rinorea deflexa S VITACEAE Cissus sp. V ZINGIBERACEAE 164 Costus sp. 1 H Costus sp. 2 H CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 19 Plant List: Manta Real Robin B. Foster, Patricio Yanez Wet and Cloud Forest Philodendron sp. 2 E T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) ACANTHACEAE Rhodospatha latifolia cf. E S Shrub Spathiphyllum sp. H V Climber Stenospermation longipetiolatum cf. E H Herb Stenospermation sp. H E Epiphyte Syngonium sp. 1 E Pseuderanthemum sp. S AMARYLLIDACEAE Bomarea sp. V APOCYNACEAE Mandevilla veraguasensis V Syngonium sp. 2 E Prestonia sp. V Xanthosoma sagittifolium H Tabernaemontana sp. S ARALIACEAE ARACEAE Schefflera sp. E Anthurium sp. 1 E ASCLEPIADACEAE Anthurium sp. 2 E Matelea sp. Anthurium sp. 3 H BALANOPHORACEAE Anthurium sp. 4 E Helosis cayennensis Anthurium sp. 5 E BEGONIACEAE Anthurium sp. 6 E Begonia glabra Anthurium sp. 7 E BIGNONIACEAE Anthurium sp. 8 E Amphilophium paniculatum V Anthurium sp. 9 E Schlegelia darienensis cf. V Anthurium sp. 10 E Tabebuia chrysantha cf. T Anthurium sp. 11 E ? sp. V Anthurium sp. 12 E BOMBACACEAE Anthurium sp. 13 E Ochroma pyramidale T Anthurium sp. 14 E Pseudobombax sp. T Anthurium sp. 15 E Quararibea asterolepis T Anthurium sp. 16 E Quararibea coloradorum T Anthurium sp. 17 E Quararibea cordata T Anthurium sp. 18 E Quararibea sp. 1 T Anthurium sp. 19 E Quararibea sp. 2 E Anthurium sp. 20 E BORAGINACEAE Anthurium sp. 21 E Cordia alliodora T Heteropsis integerrima E Cordia sp. 1 T Monstera spruceana E Cordia sp. 2 T Philodendron verrucosum E Tournefortia sp. 1 S Philodendron sp. 1 E Tournefortia sp. 2 E RAP Working Papers Two V H H October 1992 165 A P P E N D I X 19 Manta Real Tournefortia sp. 3 V BROMELIACEAE Clibadium grandifolium cf. S Billbergia sp. E Mikania sp. 1 V Guzmania melinonis E Mikania sp. 2 V Guzmania sp. 1 E CONVOLVULACEAE Guzmania sp. 2 E Maripa sp. Pitcairnea sp. 1 E CUCURBITACEAE Pitcairnea sp. 2 E Cayaponia sp. V Pitcairnea sp. 3 H Gurania spinulosa V Tillandsia anceps E Gurania sp. 1 V Tillandsia monadelpha cf. E Gurania sp. 2 V ? sp. 1 E CYCLANTHACEAE ? sp. 2 E Asplundia sp. 1 E ? sp. 3 E Asplundia sp. 2 H ? sp. 4 E Cyclanthus bipartitus H ? sp. 1 E ? sp. 2 E ? sp. 3 E BURSERACEAE Tetragastris sp. T CAMPANULACEAE Burmeistra sp. H CAPPARIDACEAE V CYPERACEAE ? sp. 1 H H Podandrogyne sp. 1 S ? sp. 2 Podandrogyne sp. 2 S ELAEOCARPACEAE Sloanea meianthera cf. CARICACEAE T Carica sp. 1 S ERICACEAE Carica sp. 2 S Psammisia cf. sp. E Jacaratia spinosa cf. T ? sp. 1 V ? sp. 2 E ? sp. 3 E CELASTRACEAE Perrottetia sessiliflora T CHLORANTHACEAE Hedyosmum sp. EUPHORBIACEAE T CHRYSOBALANACEAE Hirtella sp. T COMMELINACEAE Campelia zanonia 166 COMPOSITAE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL H Acalypha diversifolia S Acalypha macrostachya cf. S Alchornea glandulosa cf. T Alchornea sp. 1 T Alchornea sp. 2 T Sapium peruvianum cf. T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 19 T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) T S Shrub T V Climber Clusia venusta E H Herb Clusia sp. 1 T E Epiphyte Sapium sp. 1 T GUTTIFERAE Sapium sp. 2 T Calophyllum brasiliense Tetrorchidium sp. T Calophyllum longifolium ? sp. T FLACOURTIACEAE Casearia sp. 1 T Clusia sp. 2 T Casearia sp. 2 T Clusia sp. 3 E Lozania sp. T Clusia sp. 4 V Pleuranthodendron lindenii T Mammea cf. sp. T ? sp. T Marila cf. sp. T Tovomita sp. 1 T GESNERIACEAE Alloplectus dodsonii H Tovomita sp. 2 T Alloplectus sp. 1 H Vismia sp. 1 T Alloplectus sp. 2 H Vismia sp. 2 S Besleria sp. S ? sp. 1 S Columnea minor E ? sp. 2 T Columnea sp. 1 S HAEMODORACEAE Columnea sp. 2 H Xiphidium coeruleum Columnea sp. 3 E ICACINACEAE Columnea sp. 4 E Citronella incarum S Columnea sp. 5 H Metteniusa nucifera T Diastema sp. 1 H LAURACEAE Diastema sp. 2 H Aniba cf. sp. T Drymonia rhodoloma E Endlicheria sp. T Drymonia sp. S Nectandra sp. 1 T Gasteranthus sp. H Nectandra sp. 2 T Monopyle sp. 1 H Nectandra sp. 3 T Monopyle sp. 2 H Ocotea cernua cf. T ? sp. 1 H Pleurothyrium trianae T ? sp. 2 S ? sp. 1 T ? sp. 3 H ? sp. 2 T ? sp. 4 S ? sp. 3 T ? sp. 4 T GRAMINEAE H Chusquea sp. S ? sp. 5 T ? sp. H ? sp. 6 T RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 167 A P P E N D I X 19 Manta Real LECYTHIDACEAE MARCGRAVIACEAE Eschweilera sp. 1 T Souroubea cf. sp. Eschweilera sp. 2 T MELASTOMATACEAE Grias peruviana T Blakea sp. E Clidemia sp. 1 S LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE Bauhinia sp. 1 T Clidemia sp. 2 S Bauhinia sp. 2 V Conostegia cf. sp. 1 T Browneopsis sp. (sp. nov.?) T Conostegia cf. sp. 2 T Schizolobium parahybum T Miconia sp. 1 S Miconia sp. 2 S LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Inga punctata cf. T Miconia sp. 3 S Inga quaternata T Triolena pustulata H Inga sp. 1 T Triolena sp. 1 H Inga sp. 2 T Triolena sp. 2 H ? sp. 1 S LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Erythrina smithiana S ? sp. 2 H Mucuna rostrata V ? sp. 3 S ? sp. 1 V ? sp. 4 E ? sp. 2 T ? sp. 5 T ? sp. 3 T ? sp. 6 S ? sp. 7 S LOGANIACEAE Strychnos sp. V MALPIGHIACEAE ? sp. T MALVACEAE Pavonia rosea H MARANTACEAE 168 V MELIACEAE Carapa guianensis T Guarea kunthiana S Guarea pterorhachis T Guarea sp. 1 T Guarea sp. 2 T Calathea inocephala H Guarea sp. 3 T Calathea insignis H Trichilia sp. 1 T Calathea lutea H Trichilia sp. 2 T Calathea sp. 1 H Trichilia sp. 3 T Calathea sp. 2 H MONIMIACEAE Calathea sp. 3 H Siparuna sp. Pleiostachya morlei H MORACEAE ? sp. H Brosimum guianense CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL S T Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 19 Cecropia insignis T MYRTACEAE Cecropia sp. 1 T Calyptranthes sp. Cecropia sp. 2 T ? sp. 1 T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) T S Shrub T V Climber T H Herb E Epiphyte Cecropia sp. 3 T ? sp. 2 Cecropia sp. 4 T NYCTAGINACEAE Cecropia sp. 5 T Pisonia sp. Clarisia biflora T ORCHIDACEAE Coussapoa eggersii (villosa) T Epidendrum sp. E Coussapoa sp. E Erythrodes sp. H Ficus tonduzii T Maxillaria sp. 1 E Ficus sp. 1 T Maxillaria sp. 2 E Ficus sp. 2 T Pleurothallis sp. E Ficus sp. 3 T Stelis sp. 1 E Ficus sp. 4 T Stelis sp. 2 E Maquira sp. T Vanilla sp. E Poulsenia armata T ? sp. 1 E Pourouma bicolor T ? sp. 2 E Pseudolmedia rigida T ? sp. 3 E Sorocea sarcocarpa cf. T ? sp. 4 E ? sp. 5 E MUSACEAE V Heliconia curtispatha cf. H PALMAE Heliconia sp. 1 H Bactris sp. 1 T Heliconia sp. 2 H Bactris sp. 2 S Catoblastus velutinus cf. T MYRISTICACEAE Otoba sp. 1 T Chamaedorea sp. S Otoba sp. 2 T Geonoma cuneata cf. S Otoba sp. 3 T Geonoma interrupta S Virola koschnyi T Jessenia bataua T Virola sebifera T Pholidostachys dactyloides S Virola sp. T Prestoea sp. T Synechanthus sp. S MYRSINACEAE Ardisia sp. S PASSIFLORACEAE Cybianthus sp. S Passiflora macrophylla S ? sp. S Passiflora sp. V RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 169 A P P E N D I X 19 Manta Real PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca rivinoides S PIPERACEAE E Saccoloma elegans H Salpichlaena (Bolbitis) volubilis V Peperomia rotundifolia E Selaginella sp. 1 H Peperomia sp. 1 H Selaginella sp. 2 H Peperomia sp. 2 H Selaginella sp. 3 H Peperomia sp. 3 H Tectaria nicotianifolia H Peperomia sp. 4 H Trichomanes sp. E Peperomia sp. 5 E ? sp. 1 E Peperomia sp. 6 H ? sp. 2 E Peperomia sp. 7 H ? sp. 3 E Peperomia sp. 8 H ? sp. 4 H Peperomia sp. 9 H ? sp. 5 E Peperomia sp. 10 H ? sp. 6 S Peperomia sp. 11 H ? sp. 7 S Piper multiplinervium cf. S RUBIACEAE Piper obliquum S Bertiera sp. S Piper reticulatum S Coussarea sp. S Piper sp. 1 S Faramea sp. 1 S Piper sp. 2 S Faramea sp. 2 S Piper sp. 3 S Faramea sp. 3 S Piper sp. 4 S Gonzalagunia sp. S Piper sp. 5 S Guettarda sp. T Piper sp. 6 E Hamelia macrantha S Piper sp. 7 S Hoffmannia sp. S Piper sp. 8 S Isertia sp. T Piper sp. 9 S Ladenbergia pavonii T Piper sp. 10 S Palicourea sp. 1 S Palicourea sp. 2 S POLYGALACEAE Monnina sp. S Palicourea sp. 3 S ? sp. S Pentagonia sp. S Psychotria brachiata S PTERIDOPHYTA 170 Lomariopsis japurensis Asplenium serratum H Psychotria grandis S Didymoclaena truncatula H Psychotria macrophylla S Diplazium sp. H Psychotria macrophylla aff. S CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program A P P E N D I X 19 Psychotria marginata S Solanum sp. 1 V T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Psychotria sp. 1 S Solanum sp. 2 S S Shrub Psychotria sp. 2 S Witheringia sp. 1 S V Climber H Herb E Epiphyte Psychotria sp. 3 S Witheringia sp. 2 S Psychotria sp. 4 S ? sp. 1 H Psychotria sp. 5 S ? sp. 2 V Psychotria sp. 6 S STAPHYLEACEAE Psychotria sp. 7 T Huertea glandulosa T Psychotria sp. 8 S Turpinia occidentalis T ? sp. T STERCULIACEAE RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum sp. T SAPINDACEAE Sterculia sp. 1 T Sterculia sp. 2 T TILIACEAE Allophylus sp. 1 T Heliocarpus americanus Allophylus sp. 2 T TROPAEOLACEAE Paullinia bracteosa V Tropaeolum repandum Talisia sp. S ULMACEAE ? sp. 1 T Trema micrantha ? sp. 2 T UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle sp. SAPOTACEAE T V T H Pouteria sp. 1 T URTICACEAE Pouteria sp. 2 T Pilea sp. 1 E Pouteria sp. 3 T Pilea sp. 2 H Pilea sp. 3 H SCROPHULARIACEAE Castilleja sp. H Aegiphila sp. SIMAROUBACEAE Simarouba amara VERBENACEAE T VIOLACEAE Gloeospermum falcatum SOLANACEAE V T Cestrum sp. 1 S VITACEAE Cestrum sp. 2 S Cissus sicyoides V Cestrum sp. 3 S Cissus sp. V Cyphomandra sp. S ZINGIBERACEAE Lycianthes sp. 1 S Costus sp. 1 H Lycianthes sp. 2 S Costus sp. 2 H Markea pavonii E Costus sp. 3 H RAP Working Papers Two October 1992 171 A P P E N D I X 19 Manta Real 172 T Tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Costus sp. 4 H S Shrub Renealmia sp. 1 H V Climber Renealmia sp. 2 H H Herb Renealmia sp. 3 H E Epiphyte CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Conservation Inter- Participants 2 Preface 3 organization dedi- Organizational Profiles 4 cated to the conserva- Acknowledgments 6 Overview 8 Introduction 8 national (CI) is a private, nonprofit tion of tropical and temperate ecosystems and the species that rely on these habitats Summary 10 Conservation Opportunities 14 Technical Report 20 Introduction to the Sites 20 Cerro Mutiles 20 Cabeceras de Bilsa 24 earth. We work with Cerro Pata de Pájaro 29 the people who live in Tabuga-Río Cuaque 32 Parque Nacional Machalilla 34 with private organiza- Cerro Blanco 42 tions and government Jauneche 45 building sustainable Manta Real 49 economies that Reserva Militar de Arenillas 54 Biogeographic Overviews 56 programs in Latin Phytogeography 56 America, Asia, and Vegetation 58 Bird Fauna 59 Mammal Fauna 60 Herpetofauna 62 1015 18th Street, NW Literature Cited 63 Suite 1000 Appendices 66 for their survival. CI’s mission is to help develop the capacity to sustain biological diversity and the ecological processes that support life on tropical and temperate ecosystems, and agencies, to assist in nourish and protect the land. CI has Africa. Conservation International Publications Washington, DC 20036 U.S.A. Tel: 202/429-5660 Fax: 202/887-5188

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