Satureja hortensis L. Satureja laxiflora C. Koch Satureja spicigera (C. Koch.) Boiss. LAMIACEAE Rainer W. Bussmann, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, Zaal Kikvidze, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Manana Khutsishvili, Inesa Maisaia, Shalva Sikharulidze, and David Tchelidze Synonyms Satureja hortensis L.: Satureja laxiflora (Hayata) Matsum. & Kudô; Satureja montana subsp. taurica P.W. Ball; Satureja pachyphylla C. Koch R. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge; rbussmann@gmail.com K. Batsatsashvili · M. Khutsishvili · I. Maisaia · S. Sikharulidze · D. Tchelidze Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: ketevan_batt@yahoo.com; ketevan_batsatsashvili@iliauni.edu.ge; mananakhuts@yahoo.com; Inesa.Maisaia@gmail.com; bakurianigarden@yahoo.com; nickibakanidze@yahoo.de Z. Kikvidze 4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: zaal.kikvidze@iliauni.edu.ge N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: nyaroslava@yahoo.es © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 K. Batsatsashvili et al. (eds.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Far Eastern Europe, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28940-9_123 851 852 R. W. Bussmann et al. Local Names Satureja hortensis: Georgian: ქონდარი (kondari), ქონდარი (marts’q’vi) (Grossheim 1952, Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991). Satureja laxiflora: Georgia: ტყის ქონდარი (tq’is kondari), ქონდარი (kondari), ქონდარი (marts’q’vi); Meskhetian: მინდვრის ქონდარი (mindvris kondari) ((Grossheim 1952, Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991); English: savory. Satureja spicigera: Georgian: ტყის ქონდარი (t’q’is kondari), ქონდარი (Kondari); Svan: ჭვინ (tchvin), მექონდროოლ – mekondrool; Acharian: ონჭო (onch’o), ენჭო (ench’o); Imeretian: ტყის ქონდარი (tq’is kondari); Rachian: ქონდარა (kondara) (Grossheim 1952, Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991). Botany and Ecology Satureja hortensis: Annual; root slender, straight, subcylindrical, 10–15 cm long; stems 15–30 (45) cm long, covered with short recurved appressed hairs, branched from base, the branches spaced out; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm long, acute, sparsely glandular; flowers in 3–5-flowered axillary verticillate, the upper sessile, the lower short-pediceled, forming a rather loose elongate inflorescence; peduncles 0.3–0.6 mm long; calyx ca. 4 mm long, almost regular, hairy, the tube straight and regular, the linear teeth as long as or slightly shorter than the tube; corolla ca. 6 mm long, short-haired outside, pale lilac or pinkish, purple-spotted in throat; stamens usually shorter than the upper lip; anthers lilac; stamens sometimes abortive, with shorter filaments and whitish barren anthers; nutlets ovoid-trigonous, nearly smooth. Flowering July–October. Ural, Caucasus, Middle Asia, on dry gravelly and stony slopes, rocks, in gardens as weed, up to 1500 m (Shishkin and Borisova 1954). Satureja laxiflora: A slender, sparingly and loosely branched annual, 10–15 (20) cm high. Stems branched with very short retrorse white hairs. Leaves spread over stem, narrow, linear to linear-lanceolate, or sublinear to suboblong, 10–20  1–3 mm, tapering into an inconspicuous petiole, gland-dotted, with few simple hairs. Inflorescence in verticillasters located at the leaf axils, 1–2 (3)-flowered, on slender peduncles 5–15 mm long, more often 0.5–0.8 cm; upper flowers subsessile, the lower ones on pedicels ca. 0.5 cm long; calyx infundibular at first, becoming campanulate, 3 mm long, covered with short stiff hairs, the lance-subulate ciliate teeth as long as or longer than the tube; corolla 8–10 mm long, pubescent, the tube exserted, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper shorter lip 2-lobed; two stamens as long as the lower lip, two shorter. Nutlets rounded-ovoid, 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, fuscous, with four black divergent nerves. On stony slopes, shale taluses or limestone, at altitudes from 150 to 1700 m. Occurs in Caucasus (Ciscaucasia, West, East and South Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Talysh), Lesser Armenia and Kurdistan, Balkan Satureja hortensis L. . . . 853 Fig. 1 Satureja hortensis (Lamiaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Peninsula and Asia Minor, and Iran. Satureja laxiflora is a food plant for the larva of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Open rocky areas in lower and middle mountain zone (Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Shishkin and Borisova 1954; Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4). Satureja spicigera: Perennial, with erect, virgate stems, branched from base; branches divaricate, slender, densely leafy, sparsely pubescent on two sides; leaves bright green, narrow, oblanceolate-linear or linear to subulate, somewhat curved, the upper approximate, the terminal equaling the flowers, punctate-glandular; inflorescences at ends of branches, rather dense, one-sided, cylindrical, spike-like; verticillate axillary, 3–4-flowered, sessile; peduncles 2–5 mm long; bracts small; calyx campanulate, bilabiate, subglabrous, with few long hairs in throat, the teeth lanceolate, subobtuse, glabrous, ciliate, two teeth nearly as long as the tube, the other three one-quarter length of tube; corolla white or pink, with a broad unequally 3-lobed limb, slightly exceeding the calyx, 8–10 mm long; stamens and style exserted; nutlets subglobose, flattened, grayish black, with colored areola. July–September. Caucasus, in forests, among shrubs, on stony, gravelly slopes, rocks, to the middle mountain belt (Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Shishkin and Borisova 1954). 854 R. W. Bussmann et al. Fig. 2 Satureja hortensis (Lamiaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Phytochemistry Essential oils (carvacrol, thymol, cymene, pinene, sabinene, camphene, myrcene, cineol, limonene, terpinene, terpene, terpinolol, terpineol, myrteol, damascene, eugenol, caryophyllene, humulene, aromadendrene, caren, fellandren, terpinolene, mentene, piperitone, borneol, carvone, curcumen, geranyl acetate, cadinene, thymohinone, geraniol, citronellol), saponins, vitamins (C, E), flavonoids, triterpenoids (ursolic acid), phenolcarboxylic acids (chlorogenic, rosemary, ferulic, coffee, coumaric, synapic, gentian, salicylic, vanilline, lilac), fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic) (Sokolov 1991). Local Medicinal Uses In the Ural the leaves of Satureja hortensis are used for diaphoretic, anthelmintic, and gastric problems. In Middle Asia Satureja is used as expectorant, diaphoretic, and anthelmintic, as well as for the treatment of tachycardia, headache, gastrointestinal problems, and acute respiratory infections (Sokolov 1991). Satureja hortensis L. . . . 855 Fig. 3 Satureja hortensis (Lamiaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Savory is used in Kakheti as a remedy to heal cough. A broth or tincture is considered the best medicine. Both fresh and dried plants are used. Wild savory Satureja laxiflora is used to heal stomachache in Western Georgia. Both fresh and dried plants are used, and a powder is made of the latter, and tinctures and broth are produced of this powder. Leaves and shoots are used to treat diabetes and infertility (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). Satureja spicigera contains essential oils, tannins, resins, and salts. A savory broth is used to heal hypertension and cough. The broth is used to heal inflamed gum, eyes, and kidneys as well as stomachache. To treat hemorrhoids, the sick were advised to sit in a vapor bath of savory broth. Savory regulates digestion and metabolisms and acts as an antiflatulent. Savory leaves and stems are used to spice dietetic food and as a mouthwash. The leaves are taken as tea to relieve the symptoms of diabetes (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, 2017a, b) problems and as bath for rheumatism. Leaves and shoots are used to treat diabetes (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). 856 R. W. Bussmann et al. Fig. 4 Satureja hortensis (Lamiaceae), garden, Chicani, Bolivia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Local Food Uses The leaves are generally used as spice, especially for sauces and sausages, and marinades particularly for cucumbers and tomatoes (Sokolov 1991). ქონდარი Kondari (savory) is used as a spice in Tusheti (Makalatia 1933). The leaves are also used for tea, and in Svaneti they are often crushed with other spices and mixed with salt, to produce a spice mixture famous all over Georgia (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, 2017a, b). Satureja hortensis: The leaves are used as condiment and tea and as ingredient of Svanetian salt (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). Minders kondari, მინდვრის ქონდარი Satureja laxiflora C. Koch, is used as tea and often as a spice in any dish prepared without milk (Bakhtadze and Koghuashvili 2009; Kavtaradze 1985; Sujashvili and Pitskhelauri 2005). Kondari ქონდარი Satureja laxiflora C. Koch is used as cooking spice in Tusheti. The fruits are collected, dried, ground, and kept for winter (Makalatia 1933). Satureja hortensis L. . . . 857 The young shoots of giera გიერა Brassica campestris subsp. oleifera (DC.) Schübl. & Mart., mariamdzmara მარიამძმარა Ligusticum alatum (M. Bieb.) Spreng., shup’q’a შუპყა Heracleum asperum M. Bieb., diq’i დიყი Heracleum ssp., jortk’uda ჯორთკუდა Artemisia vulgaris L., kartskhvi ქარცხვს Campanula tridentata Schreb., and k’enk’esha კენკეშას Campanula lactiflora M. Bieb. are pickled in Tusheti. If the cattle eat shup’q’a შუპყას Heracleum asperum M. Bieb., it gives yellow clarified butter (Bochoridze 1993; Kurdghelaidze 1983; Maghalashvili 1970; Makalatia 1933; Oshoradze 1969). Onch’o ონჭო Satureja spicigera (K. Koch) Boiss. is a wild spice (Javakhishvili 1986). Satureja hortensis: The leaves are used as condiment and tea and as ingredient of Svanetian salt (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). 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