Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Download Free PDF
paper cover icon
Download Free PDF
paper cover thumbnail

Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara, Western Ghats, India

Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara, Western Ghats, India

Profile image of anoop Balananoop Balan

Journal of Threatened Taxa

A study on the flora of Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara was carried out during 2012–2015 and a total of 515 taxa were collected during this study. The indigenous or naturalized flora is represented by 392 taxa in 303 genera under 94 families. Dicotyledonous plants dominate with 335 species in 251 genera under 80 families. Monocotyledons are represented by 57 species in 52 genera under 14 families. Among the families, Fabaceae dominates with 29 species followed by Asteraceae (27 spp.) and Euphorbiaceae (22 spp.) and 40 families are represented by single species each. During the study 68 species that are considered as endemic to the Western Ghats could be collected.

Related Papers

International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Diversity, distribution, indigenous uses and conservation prioritization of the economically important floristic diversity in Nadaun Block of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh

Neetu Bohra

The present study was carried out in 11 representative villages in Nadaun Block of Hamirpur district in Himachal Pradesh. Total 265 economically important species belonging to 81 families and 211 genera includes 78 species of trees, 46 shrubs and 141 herbs were records. The dominant families were Poaceae (20 species); Fabaceae (18 species) and Asteraceae (14 species). Twenty eight (28) families were monotypic. The inhabitants use these species as medicine (210 species), wild edible/food (109 species), fodder (88 species), fuel (42 species) for religious purpose (23 species), making agricultural tools (6 species), timber (12 species) and miscellaneous (12 spp). It was found that out of 265 economically important species recorded, 26 were found to be native to the Himalayan region, 10 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries and states, 243 species were non-natives. Out of the total recorded species, one species has been categorized as critically endangered, four ...

View PDF
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN WESTERN GHATS: DOCUMENTATION, CONSERVATION AND BIOPROSPECTION– A PRIORITY AGENDA FOR ACTION INSA Honorary Scientist

Soumita Biswas

View PDF

International Journal of Biological Research and Development

Floristic Diversity of India An Overview

2020 •

sunit singh

View PDF
Measurement of Diversity in the Floristic Angiospermic Taxa of Nawada, Bihar (India

IOSR Journals

The floristic composition and biodiversity in the fourteen blocks of Nawada District were studied. A total of 105 plant species belonging to 34 families, 75 genera and 5 life forms were recorded. Fabaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae and Apocyanaceae were the overall diverse families (in terms of species richness) of the adult species, contributing 44.5% of all the species in the study. Trees were the most dominant life form (48.5%) followed by lianas (16.8%), herbs (10.9%), epiphytes (8.9%), shrubs (3.9 %) and the others (4.7%). Species richness among all life forms was highest in the Nda (90.5%) followed by Ap (87.6%), Pb (77%), Sda (73%), Ha (70.25%) and Gp (68.95%). Fabaceae, Moraceae and Meliaceae and Apocyanaceae were the most diverse families distributed in all the fourteen blocks of Nawada. The trees in all the forest types studied were generally tall. The difference in height of tree species could be partly explained by degradation in the form of logging of tall and big trees which has undoubtedly affected the vertical structure. Even though tree size (dbh) correlated with tree height in all the forest types, the relationship was stronger (r = 0.741 to 0.368; p = 0.000-0.002). Thus, dbh of trees could be a better predictor of tree height. There were a total of 4167 individuals of woody species (excluding epiphytes) identified in the forest areas of fourteen blocks. Trees were more abundant (2916 individuals/ha) followed by lianas (1603 individuals/ha) and shrubs (248 individuals/ha). Tree density was greatest in the Kac (290/ha) followed by Gp (287/ha), Mkr (285/ha),Ha (280/ha), Sda (250/ha), Rh (215/ha) and Rjl (214/hac). Density of Liana was maximum in Pb(126/ha) followed by Sda (124/ha), Nda (121/ha), and Wg and Nht (108/ha each). Other areas have low density of Liana. Similarly density of shrubs was maximum in Ab(19/ha) followed by Kal and Kac(17/ha), Rjl (18/ha), Rh (16/ha) and Sda (15/ha). Others have low density of shrubs. Shannon-Wiener index was greater in the Ap (H´ = 3.80) compared to Mkr (H´= 3.70) and Rjl, Gp, Pb and Kal (H´ =23.50 to 3.60). Others have H ' value of less than 3.0. Density of plant species differed significantly between the forest types (F=8.96: df = 2; p = 0.000). In all, C. mildbraedii was by far the most abundant species accounting for an average 10% of stems in all the habitats whereas T. scleroxylon was the most dominant species in terms of basal area representing 25% on the average. The overall dominant species in terms of the species importance value (average) were T. scleroxylon (28.2) and C. mildbraedii (23.7). The commonest species were C. mildbraedii and Alafia barteri with the average occurrence of 6.8 and 5.2 % respecttively. On forest type basis C. mildbraedii, C. zenkeri, L. welwitschii, Ansiona altissima, N. papaverifera and T. scleroxylon were the dominant species in all the forest areas of eighteen blocks (Table 3). B. papyrifera, C. mildbraedii, N. papaverifera, P. africanum and S. oblonga were the donant species in terms of basal area representing 25% on the average. The overall dominant species in terms of the species importance value (average) were T. scleroxylon (28.2) and C. mildbraedii (23.7). The commonest species were C. mildbraedii and Lafia barteri with the average occurrence of 6.8 and 5.2 % respectively. The forest reserve of Nawada looks floristically rich and structurally complex in the face of logging, farming activities and invasion in some parts of the forest. Thus, there is the need to curb the anthropogenic activities and plant invasion so as to protect the integrity of the forest including medicinal plants.

View PDF

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology

Studies on floristic diversity of some endangered plant species from Western Ghats of Nasik district, Maharashtra

2021 •

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology IJSRST, HEMENDRA SHINDE

The present study deals with floristic diversity and taxonomy along with the observations with respect to precise locations, flowering, fruiting period and potential threats of some endangered plant species of Western Ghats in Nasik district of Maharashtra. Total 30 endangered plant species belonging to 14 families; were recorded during an extensive field surveys and botanical excursions; conducted from 2018 to 2020 at several places mainly forest pockets and hilly regions from Nasik tehsils like Sinnar, Trymbakeshwar, Igatpuri, Chandwad, Kalwan etc. The occurrence of endangered plant species focusing their floristic and taxonomical aspects were monitored continuously so as know the current status of these species in the study area. It was observed that the probable reasons for consistent decrease in number of endangered plant species in the study area; are destruction of natural habitats due to increasing illegal acquisition of forest land, massive deforestation and urbanization. The present study thus highlights an effective monitoring and conservation strategy to be adopted for the sustainable use of endangered plants.

View PDF

International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation

Diversity, distribution, indigenous uses and conservation prioritization of the economically important floristic diversity in Nadaun Block of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh

2014 •

shiv paul

View PDF
Floristic studies on some rare plants in Western Ghats of Nasik District, M. S

2021 •

HEMENDRA SHINDE

The present study deals with taxonomical aspects along with the observation regarding threats, flowering and fruiting period, precise locations of some rare plants of Western Ghats in Nasik District of Maharashtra. Extensive field visits and botanical excursions were conducted during period of investigation i. e. from 2013-2019 in and around the forest area of Nashik district. The major areas that were explored during study are mainly forest pockets and hills regions of Trimbakeshwar, Brahmhagiri mountains, Anjaneri hills, Adwadi hills, Sinnar and environs hilly ranges, Kelzar hilly areas, Mulher, Salher, etc. During the study: more than 150 species of rare plants belonging to 46 families were recorded. The probable reasons that were observe from the decrease of rare plant species population are destruction of natural habitats due to increasing illegal acquiring of forest land, massive deforestation and rapid urbanization. Also, ex-situ conservation of some plant species within the ...

View PDF

Journal of Plant Resources

Floristic Diversity of Vascular Plants in Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), Gandaki Province, Nepal

Ashok Subedi

The Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) is the first and largest conservation area in Nepal and one of the richest protected areas of Nepal in terms of biodiversity. But the richness of the floristic diversity in ACA is not well documented. The present study was done through a review of the published and authentic works of literatures such as journals, books, reports to explore the diversity of vascular plants in the entire ACA. This study documented a total of 1,739 species of vascular plants belonging to 771 genera and 154 families, comprising 118 species of fern and fern allies, 16 species of Gymnosperms and 1,605 species of Angiosperms respectively. Asteraceae with 56 genera and 149 species was found to be the largest family, followed by Poaceae (61 genera, 91 species), Fabaceae (42 genera, 83 species), Rosaceae (23 genera, 82 species), Orchidaceae (43 genera, 81 species), Ranunculaceae (11 genera, 73 species) and Lamiceae (29 genera, 58 species) respectively. Similarly, Saxifraga...

View PDF

Journal of Threatened Taxa

Floristic enumeration of Torna Fort (Western Ghats, India): a storehouse of endemic plants

2018 •

Mayur Nandikar

The forts on hilltops of the Sahyadri (northern Western Ghats) have seen a turbulent historical past and are famous for their architectural style and cultural heritage. Besides this, these hilltops are home to an incredible plant diversity. One of the highest hilltop forts (ca. 1,403m) the Torna, has been explored since 2012 for floral assessment. The study documented ca. 399 plant species of which about 28% are endemic to the Western Ghats and 16 monotypic species were recorded. A brief account of the immense floristic diversity and new findings from Torna fort are summarized in the present article.

View PDF

Journal of Threatened Taxa

Floristic diversity of Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India

2017 •

Savita Rahangdale

View PDF
OP ENACC E S S Th eJou rn a lo ffTh r e a t en edT a x a fi sd ed fi c a t edtobu fi ld fin ge v fid en c effo rcon s e r v afiong lob a l l yb ypub l fi sh fin gp e e r r e v fi ew ed a rfi c l e son l fin ee v e r y mon tha tar e a son ab l yr ap fidr a t ea twww . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g.A l la rfi c l e spub l fi sh edfinJo TTa r e r e g fi s t e r edund e rC r e afi v eCommon sAt r fibufion4 .0In t e rn afion a lL fi c en s e un l e s so th e rw fi s em enfion ed .Jo TTa l low s un r e s t r fi c t edu s eo ffa rfi c l e sfin an ym ed fium ,r ep rodu cfion ,andd fi s t r fibufionb yp ro v fid fin gad equ a t ec r ed fi ttoth eau tho r s andth esou r c eo ffpub l fi c afion . Jou rn a lo ffTh r e a t enedT a x a Bu fi ld fin ge v fid en c effo rcon s e r v afiong lob a l l y www . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g I S SN0974 -7907(On l fin e )|I S SN0974 -7893(P r fin t ) Commun fi ca t fion F lor fi s t fi cd fiv er s fi t yo ffth e Ind fianCardamom R e s ear ch In s t fi tu t ecam pu s ,M y ladum p ara , W e s t ernGha t s , Ind fia AnoopP .B a l an&S .H a r fi k r fi shn an 26O c tob e r2017|V o l .9 |No .10|Pp .10804 –10822 10 .11609 / jot .2611.9 . 10 .10804 -10822 Fo rFo cu s ,S cop e ,A fim s ,Po l fi c fi e sandGu fid e l fin e sv fi s fi thtp : / / th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g /Abou t _ Jo TT Fo rA rfi c l eSubm fi s s fionGu fid e l fin e sv fi s fi thtp : / / th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g / Subm fi s s fion _Gu fid e l fin e s Fo rPo l fi c fi e sa g a fin s tS c fi enfifi cM fi s condu c tv fi s fi thtp : / / th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g / Jo TT _Po l fi c y _ a g a fin s t _ S c fi enfifi c _M fi s condu c t Fo rr ep r fin t scon t a c t< fin ffo@ th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g > Pub l fi she r /Ho s t P a r tne r Th rea tenedT a xa Communication Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara, Western Ghats, India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) OPEN ACCESS Anoop P. Balan1 & S. Harikrishnan2 1 1,2* Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Kailasanadu P.O., Idukki, Kerala 685553, India Present address: Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute for Plant Sciences, Kozhikkod, Kerala 673014, India 1 anooppb01@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2harisquest@gmail.com Abstract: A study on the flora of Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara was carried out during 2012–2015 and a total of 515 taxa were collected during this study. The indigenous or naturalized flora is represented by 392 taxa in 303 genera under 94 families. Dicotyledonous plants dominate with 335 species in 251 genera under 80 families. Monocotyledons are represented by 57 species in 52 genera under 14 families. Among the families, Fabaceae dominates with 29 species followed by Asteraceae (27 spp.) and Euphorbiaceae (22 spp.) and 40 families are represented by single species each. During the study 68 species that are considered as endemic to the Western Ghats could be collected. Keywords: Angiosperms, biodiversity, check list, ICRI Campus. DOI: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2611.9.10.10804-10822 Editor: K. Ravikumar, FRLHT, Bengaluru, India. Date of publication: 26 October 2017 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # 2611 | Received 04 January 2017 | Final received 18 August 2017 | Finally accepted 04 October 2017 Citation: Balan, A.P. & S. Harikrishnan (2017). Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 9(10): 10804–10822; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2611.9.10.10804-10822 Copyright: © Balan & Harikrishnan 2017. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. Funding: None. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Author Details: Dr. Anoop P. Balan - presently working as Principal Investigator in a DST-SERB funded project at Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute for Plant Sciences, Kozhikode, Kerala. Selected for SERB-National Post Doctoral Fellowship for the year 2016. Actively engaged in angiosperm taxonomic studies in south India especially in the family Leguminosae. Mr. S. Harikrishnan - presently working as Sr. Agriculture Demonstrator in Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Spices Board, Myladumpara, Idukki, Kerala. Post Graduate in Botany, interested in floristic studies. Author Contribution: First author conducted the floristic survey and documentation. Second author was very much interested in systematic studies and accompanied in field surveys throughout the period, helped in specimen collection and processing, photography, literature survey etc. Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the present and past Directors of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Spices Board, Myladumpara for providing facilities and encouragement. Dr. John Jo Varghese, Dr. P. Senthilkumaran, Dr. V. Sreekumar, Shri. T. Loganathan, Shri. G. Balachandran, Shri. Mobin Paulose and other staff and farm labourers of ICRI are gratefully acknowledged for their various help during the course of study. Thanks, are also due to Dr. N. Sasidharan (Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi), Dr. A.J. Robi (BAM College, Thuruthicadu), Dr. C. Sathish Kumar (Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden &Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram), Dr. S.V. Predeep (SVR NSS College, Vazhoor) and Dr. P.S. Udayan (Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur) for their guidance and the curators of CALI, KFRI and TBGT for granting permission for herbarium consultation. LOGOs 10804 F lo r fi sfi cd fi v e r s fi t yo ffthe Ind fi anC a rd amomR e se a r ch In sfi tu t ec ampu s INTRODUCT ION K e r a l a ,an a r row s t r fip o ffl and ,l fi e sa lon gth e sou thw e s t e rn co rn e ro ff th eInd fi an p en fin su l a and h a rbou r s4 ,679t a x ao fflow e r fin gp l an t so ffwh fi ch1 ,637 (35% )a r eend em fi ctop en fin su l a rInd fi a ,e sp e c fi a l l yth e W e s t e rn Gh a t s( S a s fidh a r an2004 ;N a y a re ta l .2014 ) . Ind fi an C a rd amom R e s e a r chIn sfi tu t e( ICR I )fi s th e r e s e a r chw fin go ffSp fi c e sBo a rde s t ab l fi sh ed fin1978du r fin g th efim eo ffC a rd amomBo a rda tM y l adump a r a ,n e a r Udumb an cho l a finth eC a rd amomH fi l l so ffIdu k k fiD fi s t r fi c t , K e r a l a .M y l adump a r afi sa m fi s tsh roud edh fi l ls t afionon th eW e s t e rnGh a t s ,on eo ffth eb fiod fi v e r s fi t yho t spo t s fin Ind fi a .Th ep r fi sfin et rop fi c a le v e r g r e enffo r e s te co s y s t em o ffth fi slo c afionfinth ep a s tgo tw fi th e r edo v e rap e r fiod o fffim edu etoth ee s t ab l fi shm en to ffsm a l landl a r g e c a rd amomp l an t afion s .Th elo r aandff aun aund e rw en t tho rou gh ch an g e s aff e cfin g th ee co lo g fi c a lb a l an c e o ffth ea r e a .Inth fi scon t e x t ,ICR Iem e r g e sa sa mod e l r e s e a r chs t afionffo ro th e rs fim fi l a r fin sfi tufion sandp r fi v a t e p l an t afion sfincon s e r v fin gth er em a fin fin gn a tu r a lw e a l th . Ap a r tff romc a rd amomp l an t afion s ,th ec ampu spo s s e s s r fi chandd fi v e r s efind fi g enou slo r adu etofi t sp e cu l fi a r po s fifionfin W e s t e rn Gh a t s ,topo g r aph yandc l fim a t e . Th ec ampu sh a sno tb e ensub j e c t edtod e t a fi l edlo r fi sfi c s tud fi e sandth ep r e s en tat emp t fi stofi l lth fi s l a cun a . Ba l an&H a r fi k r fi shn an B eddom e(1869 –1874 ) , Bou rd fi l lon(1908 )and R am a R ao(1914 ) , wh fi chfin c lud em an yo ffth esp e c fi e sffound finth eM y l adump a r aa r e ao ffC a rd amomH fi l l sandth e fi r co l l e cfion sw e r ea l soc fi t ed b y Hoo k e r(1872 –1897 ) andG amb l e&F fi s ch e r(1915 –1936 ) .T a xonom fi s t sff rom C a l fi cu tUn fi v e r s fi t ybo t an yd ep a r tm en th a v ea l sos tud fi ed th et r e elo r ao ff ICR Ic ampu s ,and fid enfifi ed mo s to ffth e sh ad et r e e sfinth ec ampu s .B a l ane ta l .(2014 )r epo r t ed D e smod fiumfin to r tum (M fi l l . )U rb .ff romth ec ampu s , wh fi chw a san ewr e co rdffo rInd fi a .B a l an&H a r fi k r fi shn an (2016 )add edan ewsp e c fi e stoth eg enu sI x o raL .ff rom th ec ampu s , fi . e . , I .p r ed e ep fi fiAnoop&H a r fi k r fi shn an . S tud yA r e a 0 ICR Ic ampu sl fi e sb e tw e en9 5 ′N &7709 ′ EfinIdu k k fi R e v enu eD fi s t r fi c to ffK e r a l aS t a t e .Th ec ampu sco v e r san a r e ao ff64 .60h aand fi sd fi v fid ed l en g thw fi s eb yth eKum fi l y Munn a rs t a t eh fi ghw a y .Th ec ampu sfi so ffundu l afin g t e r r a fin w fi th h fi l l s and v a l l e y sp r e s enfin g sp l end fid s c en e r yo fflu xu r fi an te v e r g r e enffo r e s t s . Th ea lfi tud eo ff th ea r e ar an g e sff rom1 ,050 –1 ,060 m .Fo radm fin fi s t r afi v e con v en fi en c eth ec ampu sfi sd fi v fid edfin to19b lo c k s .A l l th eb lo c k sh a v ec a rd amom p l an t afion sffo rr e s e a r ch pu rpo s e se x c ep tb lo c kno .1 ,2&17wh e r eth er em a fin fin g e v e r g r e enffo r e s tp a t ch fi sp r e s e r v ed( F fi g .1 ) . C l fim a t eandV e g e t afion R e v fiewo ffe a r l fie rwo r k s Th eg en e r a lc l fim afi ccond fifionfin M y l adump a r afi s P l an t sff romth eh fi gh r an g e so ffIdu k k fi D fi s t r fi c t hum fidandcoo l .Th em e anm a x fimum t emp e r a tu r e ffo r th e 0 h a v eb e ens tud fi edandd e s c r fib edb y wo r k e r sn am e l y l a s t10y e a r s fi s25 .7 Candth em e anm fin fimum fi s17 .050C F fi gu r e1 .S tud ya r e am apo ff ICR Ic ampu s . Jou rn a lo ff T h r e a t enedT a x a|www . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g|26O c tob e r2017|9 (10 ) :10804 –10822 10805 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Balan & Harikrishnan with April–May the hottest months and December– January the coolest. The data on relative humidity for the past 10 years shows a more or less constant figure, i.e., between 90 and 96. The area receives both the southwest and the northeast monsoons with the maximum rainfall in June–July and the minimum in December–January months. The average rainfall is 2,153mm per year and 2,732.9mm rainfall occurred in the year 2013, which was the highest annually recorded rainfall during the past 10 years.The data showed a regular reduction in rainfall in the alternate years. The climatic data for Myladumpara during 2007–2016 is provided in Table 1. Champion & Seth (1968) recognized 26 forest types in Kerala of which the major ones are the west coast tropical evergreen, southern hilltop tropical evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen, southern moist mixed deciduous, southern dry mixed deciduous, southern subtropical hill forests, southern montane wet temperate forests, and southern montane wet grasslands. The natural vegetation of ICRI campus is of the west coast tropical evergreen type. The major associations of trees in the campus are Cullenia-Mesua-Palaquium association, Hopea-Dipterocarpus-Vateria association and MyristicaPolyalthia-Calophyllum association. The top canopy is formed of trees like Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn., Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Bhesa indica (Bedd.) Ding Hou, Bischofia javanica Blume, Calophyllum calaba L., Canarium strictum Roxb., Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don, Cullenia exarillata Robyns, Dimocarpus longan Lour., Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., Hopea parviflora Bedd., Litsea oleoides (Meissn.) Hook.f., Mesua ferrea L., Myristica beddomei King, Palaquium ellipticum (Dalz.) Baill., Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd, Monoon fragrans (Dalzell) B. Xue & R.M.K. Saunders, Syzygium gardneri Thw., Vateria indica L., etc. The second storey has medium-sized trees adapted to partial shady conditions such as Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble, A. wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie, Cryptocarya stocksii Meissn., Diospyros assimilis Bedd., Ficus spp., Flacourtia montana Graham, Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desv., Litsea deccanensis Gamble, Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg., Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Hartley, Machilus macrantha Nees, Prunus zeylanica (Wight) Miq., Xanthophyllum arnottianum Wight, etc. The third storey possesses small trees and large shrubs like Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq., Agrostistachys borneensis Becc., Antidesma montanum Blume, Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L., Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver, Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S. Green, Ixora elongata Heyne ex G.Don, Ixora predeepii Anoop & Harikrishnan, Isonandra perrottetiana A. DC, Nothopegia racemosa (Dalz.) Ramam., etc. Shrubs like Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch., Atalantia wightii Tanaka, Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thw. var. Longifolia (Dalz.) Hook.f., Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl., Justicia santapau Bennet, Lepianthes umbellatus (L.) Rafin., Lepisanthes erecta (Thw.) Leenh., Mussaenda frondosa L., Pavetta zeylanica (Hook.f.) Gamble, Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., Schumannianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Rolfe, Solanum torvum Sw., Strobilanthes pulneyensis Hook.f., Thottea duchartrei Sivar., Babu & Indu, etc. and herbs like Acalypha paniculata Miq., Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen, Bidens pilosa L., Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC., Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) O. Ktze., Drymeria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Floscopa scandens Lour., Hydrocotyle javanica Table 1. Climatic data for ICRI campus during 2007–2016. Year Maximum temp. (0C) Minimum temp. (0C) Relative Humidity (%) Rainfall (mm) Rainy days 2007 25.7 16.9 92 2678.1 154 2008 25.7 17.6 92.9 1890.2 142 2009 25.8 17.2 94.5 2177.6 120 2010 26.5 17.5 96.9 1900 119 2011 25.8 16.8 95.3 2418.9 141 2012 25.6 16.9 95.2 1544.8 105 2013 25.3 17 95.7 2732.9 144 2014 25.4 16.6 95.4 1872.9 139 2015 25.7 17.2 94.5 2319.8 141 2016 25.6 17.4 95.3 1992.8 134 10806 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Thunb., Impatiens dasysperma Wight, I. Maculata Wight, Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Hara, Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Ophiorhiza mungosL., Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet., Phyllanthus rheedei Wight, Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Blume, Plantago erosa Wall., Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.) Burtt, Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf, Urena lobata L., and Youngia japonica (L.) DC. constitute the ground flora of the campus. Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G. Don, Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex Graham, Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn., Cayratia pedata (Lam.) A. Juss. ex Gagnep., Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker, Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey, Erythropalum scandens Blume, Jasminum coarctatum Roxb., Naravalia zeylanica (L.) DC., Neonotonia wightii (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Lackey, Oxyceros rugulosus (Thw.) Tirveng., Piper velayudhanii E.S.S. Kumar & S.P. Mathew, Smilax zeylanica L., Stephania wightii (Arn.) Dunn, Strychnos colubrina L., etc. are the common climbers. Epiphytes like Aeschynanthes perrottetii A. DC., Aerides ringens (Lindl.) C.E.C. Fisch., Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) J.J. Smith, Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl., Eria pauciflora Wight, Papilionanthe cylindrical (Lindl.) Seidenf., and Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott are also recorded from the campus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The flora is the result of repeated seasonal collections of plant specimens from the study area and extensive field studies during the year 2012–2015. Herbarium sheets were prepared following Bridson& Forman (1998) and are housed at the herbarium in Department of Botany, ICRI, Myladumpara. Identifications of each taxon was done with pertinent literature like The Flora of British India (Hooker 1872–1897), The Flora of Presidency of Madras (Gamble 1915–1936), Flowering Plants of Travancore (Rao 1914), Flowering Plants of Kerala- Digital Flora (Sasidharan 2013), and consultation of authentic specimens in CALI, KFRI and TBGT and those which needed further confirmation were referred to the experts in concerned groups in Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi and Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. The geographical distribution details of each taxon is provided based on Sasidharan (2013) and Nayar et al. (2014) Balan & Harikrishnan RESULTS During the study 515 taxa of flowering plants belonging to 393 genera under 109 families were collected. The indigenous/ naturalized flora is represented by 392 taxa in 303 genera under 94 families (Table 2) and the rest 123 taxa are introduced ornamental plants and cultivated fruit or spice crops. Out of the 392 taxa dicotyledons are represented by 335 species in 251 genera under 80 families. Monocotyledons have 57 species belonging to 52 genera under 14 families. Life form analysis (Fig. 2) revealed that, out of the 392 taxa identified, the majority are herbs (155) and trees (125) followed by shrubs (58) and climbers (54). Among the herbs, 16 are epiphytes. The legume family Fabaceae with 29 species in 22 genera is the largest followed by Asteraceae (27 species) and Euphorbiaceae (22 species). Including this, there are ten families with more than 10 species in each (Fig. 3). The rest are Rubiaceae (18), Poaceae (17), Orchidaceae (15), Lauraceae (14), Moraceae (13), Acanthaceae (12) and Urticaceae (11). The dominant genera are Ficus (12), Ipomoea (6), Litsea (6) and Desmodium (5). As many as 40 families are represented by single species each. Exotic species such as Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins., Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronq., Desmodiumintortum(Mill.) Urb., Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC., Lantana camera L., Mikania micrantha Kunth, Parthenium hysterophorus L., Tridax procumbens L., etc. have extensively invaded the degraded forest areas and open wastelands. The block wise analysis shows that block no. 13, the main campus, is the species-rich block owing to the presence of several introduced ornamental plants and shade trees whereas, block no. 12, 6, 1 and 18 are the richest blocks in terms of native plants. Economically important plants ICRI campus is endowed with a large number of economically important plants. About 60 % of the indigenous plants are having recorded utilities, either as medicine, food, timber or as ornamental plant. Medicinal plants include Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen (Tooth ache plant), Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (Upas tree), Justicia adhatoda L. (Adhatoda), Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Balloon Vine), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Balck Musale), Dillenia indica L. (Elephant Apple), Dioscorea pentaphylla L. (Fiji Yam), Diospyros assimilis Bedd. (Malabar Ebony), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Crab Grass), Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Quick Weed), Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Rosc. (Yellow Ginger), Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni), Rubia cordifolia L. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 10807 F lo r fi sfi cd fi v e r s fi t yo ffthe Ind fi anC a rd amomR e se a r ch In sfi tu t ec ampu s Ba l an&H a r fi k r fi shn an Hop eapa r v filo ra B edd . , Lophop e ta lumw fighfianumA rn . , M e suaff e r r ea L . ,e t ca r efimb e ry fi e ld fin g .Gum( Cana r fium s t r fi c tumRo xb . ,P a laqu fiume l l fipfi cum(D a l z . )B a fi l l . ,r e s fin ( V a t e r fiafind fi ca L . )andv a rn fi sh( Ho l figa rnan fig ra Bou rd . ) y fi e ld fin gt r e e sa r ea l so lo c a t edff romth ec ampu s . In t rodu ced /cu lfi v a t edp l an t s Ou to ffth e515p l an t sfid enfifi edff romICR Ic ampu s , abou t 24% a r efin t rodu c ed o rn am en t a lp l an t s and cu lfi v a t edff ru fi tc rop sl fi k eB an an a ,M an go ,J a c kff ru fi t o rsp fi c ec rop sl fi k eA l l sp fi c e ,C a rd amom ,C lo v e ,Coff e e , G fin g e r ,Nu tm e g ,P epp e r ,T u rm e r fi c ,e t c(T ab le3 ) . F fi gu r e2 .L fi ff effo rman a l y s fi so ff find fi g enou s /n a tu r a l fi z edlow e r fin g p l an t s fin ICR Ic ampu s F fi gu r e3 .An a l y s fi so ffdom fin an tlow e r fin gp l an tff am fi l fie s fin ICR I c ampu s . F fi gu r e4 .D fi s t r fibufionr an g ew fi seb r e a kupo ff Ind fi anendem fi c low e r fin gp l an t sffound fin ICR Ic ampu s ( Ind fi an M add e r ) ,S copa r fiadu l c fi sL .( L fiquo r fi c eW e ed ) , So lanumto r vum Sw .(D e v fi l sF fi g ) ,T e rm fina l fiach ebu la R e t z .(G a l lnu t ) ,e t c .T r e e sl fi k eCa loph y l lumca laba L . , Da lb e rg fialan c eo la r fia L . ff . ,G lu tat ra van co r fi ca B edd . , 10808 D ISCUSS ION Th eInd fi anC a rd amomR e s e a r chIn sfi tu t e ,s fi tu a t ed finth eC a rd amom H fi l l sa lon gth esou th e rn W e s t e rn Gh a t sfinIdu k k fi D fi s t r fi c t ,com e sund e rth e An am a l a fi H fi gh R an g e end em fi cc en t r e . Ow fin gtofi t sp e cu l fi a r po s fifion finth esou th e rn W e s t e rn Gh a t s , undu l afin g t e r r a fin ,r fi chso fi l ,hum fidt rop fi c a lc l fim a t eendow ed w fi th p l enfi ffu lr a fin ff a l lto g e th e rh a sg fi v enr fi s etoalo r ao ff g r e a td fi v e r s fi t y .An g fio sp e rm s ,th edom fin an tp l an tg roup wh fi chth ep r e s en ts tud yd e a l tw fi th ,h a sar ep r e s en t afion o ff392find fi g enou s /n a tu r a l fi z edp l an t sb e lon g fin gto303 g en e r aund e r94ff am fi l fi e s .Th fi s mu chg enu sd fi v e r s fi t y 2 ) finacomp a r afi v e l ysm a l l e ra r e ao ffl and(0 .6060 km fi sar el e cfiono ffth eun fiqu en e s so ffth esp e c fi e sr fi ch W e s t e rnGh a t sffo r e s te co s y s t em .Amon gth e392t a x a do cum en t ed ,abou t60%o ffth ep l an t sa r eu s e ffu le fi th e r a sm ed fi c fin e ,ffood ,fimb e ro ra so rn am en t a lp l an t . Endem fi cp l an t s Th eW e s t e rnGh a t s ,ach a fino ff moun t a fin so ffabou t 1 ,600 km lon ge x t end fin g ff romT apfiR fi v e rV a l l e y finGu j a r a t toK an y a kum a r fi ,th esou th e rnmo s t fipo ffth eInd fi an p en fin su l a ,fi sth es e condl a r g e s tabod effo rend em fi c low e r fin gp l an t s fin th ewho l eo ff Ind fi aat e r th eH fim a l a y an r e g fion(B a sh a&N a fi r1991 ) .Sub r am an y am & N a y a r (1974 )ph y to g eo g r aph fi c a l l yan a l y s edth eW e s t e rnGh a t s andfid enfifi edffou r lo r fi sfi c a l l ych a r a c t e r fi sfi cr e g fion s , n am e l y( fi )Th eW e s t e rnGh a t sff romr fi v e rT apfitoGo a , ( fi fi )K a l fin ad fitoCoo r g ,( fi fi fi )th eN fi l g fi r fi sand( fi v )An am a l a fi , P a l an fiandC a rd amomh fi l l s .Th ep r e s en ts tud ya r e aff a l l s w fi th finth efi vth r e g fion .Amon gth e392find fi g enou st a x a fid enfifi edff romth ec ampu s ,86a r eend em fi ctoInd fi ao ff wh fi ch68a r es t r fi c t l yconfin edtoth eW e s t e rnGh a t s( F fi g . 4 ; Im a g e s1 –66 ) . Th ec ampu sfi slo c a t edfinth eco r ea r e ao ffth e C a rd amomH fi l lR e s e r v e s(CHR ) ,b l e s s edw fi thamu lfi tud e o fflo r aandff aun a , mo s to ff wh fi cha r esfi l lun e xp lo r ed . Jou rn a lo ff T h r e a t enedT a x a|www . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g|26O c tob e r2017|9 (10 ) :10804 –10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Balan & Harikrishnan Table 2. Check List of indigenous/ naturalized flowering plants in ICRI campus Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility 1. Acanthaceae 26 Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility Monoon fragrans(Dalzell) B. Xue & R.M.K. Saunders Southern Western Ghats Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 1 Asystasia crispata Benth. Southern Western Ghats Not known 2 Dicliptera cuneata Nees Peninsular India Not known 27 Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Africa and Trop. Asia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 28 Hydrocotyle conferta Wight Southern Western Ghats Not known 29 Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Trop. Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 6. Apiaceae 3 Justicia adhatoda L. Indo-Malesia 4 Justicia procumbens L. Australia and Indo- Medicine Malesia (Ambasta, 1986) 5 Justicia santapaui Bennet Western Ghats Not known 6 Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don China, India, Myanmar Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 30 Not known Africa, China and Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) Peninsular India G. Don and Sri Lanka 7 Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet. 31 South and South East Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 8 Rungia longifolia Nees & Arn. ssp. latior (Nees) L.H. Cramer Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka Not known 32 Carissa inermis Vahl Peninsular India Food (Ambasta, 1986) 9 Strobilanthes pulneyensis Hook. f. Southern Western Ghats Not known 33 Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. S. India and South East Asia Not known 10 Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sins Native of Trop. Africa, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986); ornamental 11 Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight.) Anders. Western Ghats 12 Thunbergia tomentosa Wall. ex Nees Anaphyllum wightii Schott Southern Western Ghats Not known Ornamental 35 Southern Western Ghats Not known Southern Western Ghats Arisaema leschenaultii Blume Not known 36 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Pantropical Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 37 Lagenandra ovata (L.) Thw. India and Sri Lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 38 Pothos scandens L. India to Malesia Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 39 Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott Paleotropics Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) S. India and Sri Lanka Not known Southern Western Ghats Not known 13 Achyranthes aspera L. Pantropical Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 14 Achyranthes bidentata Blume Australia, E. Africa and Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 15 Native of Alternanthera bettzickiana Trop. America, (Regel) Voss naturalised in Asia 16 8. Araceae 34 2. Amaranthaceae Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze 7. Apocynaceae Not known 9. Araliaceae 40 Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Ornamental Scheflera wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) Harms 10. Aristolochiaceae 41 Thottea duchartrei Sivar., Babu & Indu 17 Amaranthus viridis L. Pantropical Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 18 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 42 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Trop. Asia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Native of S. America, naturalised in Asia Not known 43 Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 19 11. Asclepiadaceae 12. Asteraceae 3. Anacardiaceae 20 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. India and Myanmar Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 21 Gluta travancorica Bedd. Southern Western Ghats Timber (Rama Rao, 1914) 22 Holigarna nigra Bourd. Southern Western Ghats Varnish (Ambasta, 1986) 23 Nothopegia racemosa (Dalz.) Ramam. Western Ghats Not known 4. Ancistrocladaceae 24 Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex Graham S. India and Sri Lanka Meiogyne pannosa (Dalz.) Sinclair Western Ghats Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen China and IndoMalesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 45 Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins. Native to S. America, naturalised in India Not known 46 Ageratum conyzoides L. Pantropical Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 47 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Native to Trop. America, naturalised in India Not known 48 Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff Pantropical Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 49 Blumea belangeriana DC. India and Sri Lanka Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 50 Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robins. Native to America, naturalised in Not known India Not known 5. Annonaceae 25 44 Not known Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 10809 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Balan & Harikrishnan Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility 51 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Native to N. America, naturalised in India Not known 52 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore Africa, China, India Medicine (Ambasta, and Sri Lanka 1986) 75 53 Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) O. Ktze. Africa, Australia and Trop. Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 76 54 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Africa and Tropical and subtropical Asia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 55 Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Native to Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 56 Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Pantropical Not known 57 Mikania micrantha Kunth Pantropical Not known 58 Native to America, Parthenium hysterophorus Medicine (Ambasta, naturalised in L. 1986) India Geographical distribution Utility Peninsular India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) Bombax ceiba L. Trop. Asia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) Cullenia exarillata Robyns Southern Western Ghats Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) Name of taxa 15. Bignoniaceae 59 Phyllocephalum phyllolaenum (DC.) Narayana India Not known 60 Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 61 Sonchus oleraceus L. Native to Europe, naturalised in India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 62 Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K. Native to New world tropics, naturalised in India Not known 63 Spilanthes radicans Jacq. Native to Trop. America, naturalised in India Not known 64 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Native to West Indies, naturalised in India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 65 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Native to Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 66 Tridax procumbens L. Native to Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 74 Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. Schum. 16. Bombacaceae 17. Boraginaceae 77 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm. China and IndoMalesia Not known 78 Ehretia canarensis (Clarke) Peninsular India Gamble Not known 18. Brassicaceae 79 Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Africa, China and Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) India and Myanmar Medicine, gum (Parrota, 2001) Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 19. Burseraceae 80 Canarium strictum Roxb. 20. Campanulaceae 81 Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Roem. & Schult. 21. Caryophyllaceae 82 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Paleotropics ssp. diandra (Blume) Duke Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 22. Celastraceae 83 Bhesa indica (Bedd.) Ding Hou Indo-Malesia Shade tree in cardamom plantations 84 Cassine paniculata (Wight & Arn.) Lobr.-Callen Indo-Malesia Medicine (Watt, 1972) 85 Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. Indo-Malesia Timber (Ambasta, 1986) Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 23. Chenopodiaceae 86 Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants 24. Clusiaceae 87 Calophyllum calaba L. Western Ghats Medicine, food, timber (Ambasta, 1986; Rama Rao, 1914) 88 Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy China and IndoMalesia Not known 89 Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Indo-Malesia Desv. Medicine, food (Rama Rao, 1914; Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) Not known 67 Vernonia arborea Buch.Ham. Indo-Malesia Shade tree 68 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Pantropical Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 69 Wedelia trilobata (L.) A. S. Hitchc. Native to Trop. America, naturalised in India Ornamental 70 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Indo-Malesia Not known 90 Mesua ferrea L. var. coromandeliana (Wight) N.P. Singh 91 Mesua ferrea L. var. ferrea Indo-Malesia Medicine, food, timber (Watt, 1972; Caius, 1986) 92 Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd. Western Ghats Timber (Ambasta, 1986) Indo-Malesia Medicine, timber (Watt, 1972; Parrota, 2001) 13. Balsaminaceae 71 Impatiens dasysperma Wight Western Ghats Not known 72 Impatiens maculata Wight southern Western Ghats Not known Peninsular India and Sri Lanka Food (Ambasta, 1986) 14. Begoniaceae 73 10810 Begonia malabarica Lam. Southern Western Ghats 25. Combretaceae 93 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Name of taxa 94 Terminalia chebula Retz. 95 Terminalia paniculata Roth Balan & Harikrishnan Geographical distribution Geographical distribution Utility Name of taxa South Asia Medicine, timber (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 117 Kyllinga nemoralis (J. R & G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. Pantropical & Dalz. Peninsular India Medicine, timber (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918; Parrota, 2001) 118 Kyllinga squamulata Vahl 96 Belosynapsis vivipara (Dalz.) C.E.C. Fisch. Western Ghats Not known 97 Commelina benghalensis L. Africa and Asia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 98 Commelina paludosa Blume India and Himalayas Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 99 Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don Paleotropics Fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 100 Floscopa scandens Lour. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 101 Murdannia pauciflora (Wight) Brueck. Indo-Malesia Not known 102 Rhopalephora scaberrima (Blume) Faden Indo-Malesia Not known Africa and Trop. Asia Not known Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. Indo-Malesia Timber (Watt, 1972) Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 32. Dilleniaceae 120 Dillenia indica L. 33. Dioscoreaceae 121 Dioscorea oppositifolia L. China and IndoMalesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 122 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. China and IndoMalesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 34. Dipterocarpaceae 123 Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. Western Ghats Medicine, timber (Ambasta, 1986) 124 Hopea parviflora Bedd. Western Ghats Timber (Ambasta, 1986) 125 Vateria indica L. Western Ghats Medicine, food , resin (Ambasta, 1986) Western Ghats Medicine, timber (Rama Rao, 1914) Indo-Malesia Medicine, soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) Peninsular India and Sri Lanka Not known Indo-Malesia Not known 27. Convolvulaceae 103 Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn. S. India and Sri Lanka Not known 104 Ipomoea alba L. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 105 Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Paleotropics 106 Ipomoea deccana Austin India and Sri Lanka Not known 107 Ipomoea hederifolia L. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Ipomoea triloba L. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Not known 108 109 Costus speciosus (Koenig) J.E. Smith Indo-Malesia 126 Diospyros assimilis Bedd. 36. Elaeocarpaceae 127 Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. 37. Eriocaulaceae 128 Eriocaulon thwaitesii Koernicke 38. Erythropalaceae 129 Erythropalum scandens Blume 39. Euphorbiaceae Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 29. Cucurbitaceae 111 Cucumis sativus L. f.var. hardwickii (Royl ) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes 112 Cucumis silentvalleyi Southern Western (Manilal, Sabu & Mathew) Ghats Ghebret. & Thulin Not known 113 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey Africa, China and Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 114 Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn. India to S.E. Asia Not known Paleotropics 35. Ebenaceae Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 28. Costaceae 110 Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 31. Dichapetalaceae 119 26. Commelinaceae Utility Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 30. Cyperaceae 115 Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) Sur. Tropics and subtropics Not known 116 Cyperus dubius Rottb. Asia and Trop. Africa Not known 130 Acalypha brachystachya Hornem. Indo-Malesia and W. Asia Not known 131 Acalypha paniculata Miq. Indo-Malesia and Trop. Africa Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 132 Agrostistachys borneensis Becc. Indo-Malesia Thatching (Ambasta, 1986) 133 Antidesma montanum Blume Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Malesia Food (Ambasta, 1986) 134 Aporosa acuminata Thw. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka Paper pulp (Ambasta, 1986) 135 Bischofia javanica Blume Indo-Malesia Medicine, timber (Kirtikar & basu, 1918; Ambasta, 1986) 136 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston India, Indo-China and Sri Lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 137 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 138 Briedelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 139 Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thw. var. lawianus (Muell.-Arg.) Chakrab. & Balakr. Western Ghats Not known Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 10811 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus 140 Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility Euphorbia heterophylla L. Native of C. America, naturalised in India Not known Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) Balan & Harikrishnan Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility Desmodium wynaadense (Bedd. ex Gamble) Ohashi Southern Western Ghats Not known 167 Desmodium intortum (Mill.)Urb. Native of America, naturalised in Kerala Cover crop 168 Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC. Paleotropics Not known Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 169 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Australia and Indo- Medicine, fodder Malesia (Ambasta, 1986) Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in S. India Fodder 166 141 Euphorbia hirta L. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India 142 Euphorbia thymifolia L. Trop. Asia 143 Excoecaria oppositifolia Griff. var. crenulata (Wight) Chakrab. & Gangop. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka Poison (Ambasta, 1986) 170 144 Glochidion hohenackeri (Muell.-Arg.) Bedd. Peninsular India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 171 Dolichos trilobus L. Africa and Asia Medicine (Rama Rao, 1914) 145 Macaranga indica Wight South and south East Asia Medicine (Caius, 1986) 172 Erythrina variegata L. Africa, China and Indo-Malesia Medicine, fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 146 Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. India and Sri Lanka Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 173 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Green manure (Ambasta, 1986) 147 Medicine, food Australia and Indo(Ambasta, 1986; Malesia Parrota, 2001) Mimosa diplotricha C. Wight ex Sanvalle 174 Mimosa pudica L. Native of S. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 175 Neonotonia wightii (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Lackey Africa, India and Sri Lanka Not known 176 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. India and Sri Lanka Medicine, timber (Ambasta, 1986) 177 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Trop. Asia Cover crop 178 Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Not known 179 Smithia bigemina Dalz. India and Pakistan Not known 180 Vigna dalzelliana (O. Kzte.) Verdc. Western Ghats Food (Ambasta, 1986) 181 Zornia gibbosa Span. Indo-Malesia to Australia Medicine, fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 148 Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz, 149 Margaritaria indica (Dalz.) Australia and Indo- Timber (Ambasta, Airy Shaw Malesia 1986) 150 Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq. ssp. India and Sri Lanka Not known zeylanicus (Thw.) Balakr. & Chakrab. 151 Phyllanthus airy-shawii Brunel & Roux 152 Phyllanthus rheedei Wight India and Sri Lanka China, India and Sri lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) India and Sri Lanka Not known Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 40. Fabaceae Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & basu, 1918) Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 155 Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn. Indo-Malesia Shade tree in cardamom plantations 156 Adenanthera pavonina L. Asia Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 157 Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin E. Africa, India and Medicine, timber Sri Lanka (Parrota, 2001) 158 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Paleotropics Medicine (Watt, 1972) 159 Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Green manure (Ambasta, 1986) 160 Centrosema molle Benth. Native of America, naturalised in India Cover crop (Ambasta, 1986) 187 Western Ghats 161 Chamecrista mimosoides (L.) E.Greene Paleotropics Medicine (Rama Rao, 1914) Aeschynanthus perrottetii A.DC. 188 India and Sri Lanka Not known Crotalaria pallida Dryand. Pantropical Medicine (Rama Rao, 1914) Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.) Burtt 163 Crotalaria walkeri Arn. S. India and Sri Lanka Not known 164 Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. ssp. paniculata (Roxb.) Thoth. India and Myanmar Medicine, timber (Bourdillon, 1908) 165 Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker Western Ghats Not known 153 Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. 154 Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. 162 10812 41. Flacourtiaceae 182 Casearia graveolens Dalz. India, Indo-China and Pakistan Not known 183 Casearia rubescens Dalz. Southern Western Ghats Not known 184 Flacourtia montana Graham India Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 185 Hydnocarpus alpina Wight S. India and Sri Lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 186 Scolopia crenata (Wight & Indo-Malesia Arn.) Clos Food (Bourdillon, 1908) 42. Gesneriaceae Not known 43. Haemodoraceae 189 Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Indo-Malesia Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 44. Hypoxidaceae 190 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Name of taxa Geographical distribution Balan & Harikrishnan Utility Name of taxa 45. Icacinaceae 191 Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabb. Geographical distribution Utility 54. Malvaceae China and IndoMalesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 46. Lamiaceae 216 Abutilon persicum (Burm.f.) Merr. China and IndoMalesia Not known 217 Sida acuta Burm. f. Pantropical Medicine (Caius, 1986) 218 Sida alnifolia L. Indo-Malesia Not known 219 Sida rhombifolia L. Pantropical Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 192 Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Hara Western Ghats Not known 193 Ocimum gratissimum L. Pantropical Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 220 Peninsular India Not known 194 Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm. f.) O. Ktze. India Medicine (Caius, 1986) Sida rhomboidea Roxb. ex Fleming 221 Urena lobata L. Pantropical 195 Scutellaria violacea Heyne S. India and Sri ex Benth. Lanka Medicine 9Caius, 1986) Ornamental (Rama Rao, 1914) 55. Marantaceae 222 47. Lauraceae 196 Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble Southern Western Ghats Not known 197 Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie Southern Western Ghats Not known 198 Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook. f. Western Ghats Not known 199 Cryptocarya beddomei Gamble Southern Western Ghats Not known 200 Cryptocarya stocksii Meissn. Southern Western Ghats Not known 201 Litsea coriacea (Heyne ex Nees) Hook. f. Peninsular India Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 202 Litsea deccanensis Gamble South India Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 203 Litsea keralana Kosterm. Western Ghats Not known 204 Litsea laevigata (Nees) Gamble Southern Western Ghats Not known 205 Litsea oleoides (Meissn.) Hook. f. Southern Western Ghats Not known 206 Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. Western Ghats Not known 207 Machilus macrantha Nees India and Sri Lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 231 208 Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. Indo-Malesia Medicine, timber (Ambasta, 1986) 209 Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble Western Ghats Not known Australia, China and Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. 49. Lentibulariaceae 211 Utricularia aurea Lour. Indo-Malesia to Australia Not known Paleotropics Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 50. Liliaceae 212 Asparagus racemosus Willd. 51. Loganiaceae 213 Strychnos colubrina L. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 52. Loranthaceae 214 Taxillus tomentosus (Heyne ex Roth) Tieghem India and Sri Lanka Not known 53. Lythraceae 215 Lagerstroemia microcarpa Western Ghats Wight Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Not known 56. Melastomaceae 223 Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Native of S. America, naturalised in India Not known 224 Memecylon angustifolium Wight S. India and Sri Lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 57. Meliaceae 225 Aglaia barberi Gamble Western Ghats Not known 226 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker Indian subcontinent Medicine (Kirtikar & basu, 1918) 227 Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Indo-Malesia Miq. Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 228 Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern southern Western Ghats Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 229 Toona ciliata Roem. India and Myanmar Medicine, timber (Parrota, 2001) 230 Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. Indo-Malesia Not known 232 Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume)Diels China and IndoMalesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 233 Stephania wightii (Arn.) Dunn Indo-Malesia Not known 58. Menispermaceae 48. Leeaceae 210 Schumannianthus virgatus S. India and Sri (Roxb.) Rolfe Lanka 59. Moraceae 234 Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Paleotropics Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 235 Ficus beddomei King Western Ghats Not known 236 Ficus callosa Willd. Indo-Malesia Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 237 Ficus heterophylla L.f. China and IndoMalesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 238 Ficus hispida L. f. Indo-Malesia to Australia Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 239 Ficus laevis Blume var. Southern Western macrocarpa (Miq.) Corner Ghats Not known 240 Ficus mollis Vahl India and Sri Lanka Not known 241 Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth Indo-Malesia to Australia Not known 242 Ficus pumila L. Asia Ornamental 243 Ficus rigida Jack var. Southern Western bracteata (Corner) Bennet Ghats Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Not known 10813 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Name of taxa 244 245 246 Geographical distribution Balan & Harikrishnan Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility 269 Liparis viridiflora(Blume) Lindl. Indo-Malesia Not known 270 Luisia evangeline Blatt. & McCann India and Sri Lanka Not known 271 Oberonia chandrasekharanii V.J. Nair, V.S. Ramach. & R. Ansari Southern Western Ghats Not known 272 Papilionanthe cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf. S. India and Sri Lanka Not known Southern Western Ghats Not known Utility Ficus tinctoria G. Forst. ssp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner var. cuspidifera (Miq.) Chithra Indo-Malesia Ficus tinctoria G. Forst. ssp. parasitica (Koen. ex Willd.) Corner Indo-Malesia Ficus tsjahela Burm. f. Soft wood India and Sri Lanka (Ambasta, 1986) Not known Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 60. Myristicaceae 247 Knema attenuata (Hook. f. Western Ghats & Thoms.) Warb. Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 273 Polystachya wightii Rchb.f. 248 Myristica beddomei King Soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 274 Schoenorchis nivea (Lindl.) S. India and Sri Schltr. Lanka Not known 275 Sirhookera latifolia (Wight) O. Ktze. S. India and Sri Lanka Not known 276 Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl. South and S. E. Asia Not known 277 Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook. f. Southern Western Ghats Not known India and Sri Lanka 61. Myrsinaceae 249 Maesa indica (Roxb.) DC. Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Indo-Malesia 62. Myrtaceae 250 Meteoromyrtus wynaadensis (Bedd.) Gamble Western Ghats Not known 251 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Watt, 1972) 252 Syzygium gardneri Thw. India and Sri Lanka Not known 253 Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) Graham Southern Western Ghats Food (Ambasta, 1986) 66. Oxalidaceae 278 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 279 Oxalis corniculata L. Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 280 Oxalis corymbosa DC. Native of Peru, naturalised in India Green manure (Ambasta, 1986) 63. Oleaceae 67. Piperaceae 254 Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P. S. Green ssp. linocieroides (Wight) P. S. Green southern Western Ghats Not known 255 Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P. S. Green Peninsular India Not known 256 Jasminum coarctatum Roxb. India and Sri Lanka Ornamental 257 Jasminum flexile Vahl India and Sri Lanka Ornamental (Ambasta, 1986) 258 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. Indo-Malesia and China Medicine, ornamental (Ambasta, 1986) 259 Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume ssp. walkeri India and Sri Lanka Not known (Decne.) P. S. Green 260 Olea dioica Roxb. 262 Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven ssp. sessiliflora Pantropical (Michx.) Raven Not known 282 Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth Peninsular India Not known 283 Peperomia tetraphylla (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn. Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 284 Piper argyrophyllum Miq. India and Sri Lanka Not known 285 Piper mullesua Buch.Ham. ex D. Don India Medicine (Watt, 19720 286 Piper velayudhanii E.S.S. Kumar & S.P. Mathew Southern Western Ghats Not known Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 68. Plantaginaceae Plantago erosa Wall. 288 Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf Paleotropics Not known Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 289 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. Pantropical Fodder (Ambasta, 1986) Medicine (Rama Rao, 1914) 290 Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Medicine, food, India and Sri Lanka fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 291 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Pantropical Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 292 Cyrtococcum longipes (Wight & Arn. ex Hook.f.) A. Camus Western Ghats Not known 293 Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Paleotropics Fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 294 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 295 Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Paleotropics Not known 296 Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Africa, South and S.E. Asia Not known 65. Orchidaceae 263 Aerides ringens (Lindl.) C.E.C. Fisch. S. India and Sri Lanka Ornamental 264 Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) J.J. Smith Southern Western Ghats Not known 265 Cottonia peduncularis (Lindl.) Rchb.f. India and Sri Lanka Not known 266 Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. Bangladesh and India Not known 267 Disperis neilgherrensis Wight S. Asia Not known 268 Eria pauciflora Wight Southern Western Ghats Not known 10814 Paleotropics 287 64. Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Rafin. Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) India 261 281 69. Poaceae Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility Name of taxa Geographical distribution Utility 321 Ixora predeepii Anoop & Harikrishnan Southern Western Ghats Ornamental 322 Native of Trop. Africa Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. and America, naturalised in India 323 Morinda citrifolia L. Indo-Malesia to Australia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 324 Mussaenda frondosa L. Peninsular India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 325 Neanotis decipiens (Hook. f.) Lewis Western Ghats Not known 326 Neanotis tubulosa (G. Don) Mabb. India and Sri Lanka Not known 327 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Pantropical Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 328 Ophiorhiza barberi Gamble Southern Western Ghats Not known 329 Ophiorrhiza mungos L. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 297 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka Africa and India Not known 298 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Pantropical Not known 299 Panicum brevifolium L. Paleotropics Not known 300 Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. Paleotropics Fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 301 Pseudechinolaena polystachya (HBK) Stapf Paleotropics Fodder (Ambasta, 1986) 302 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Paleotropics Stapf Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 303 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Paleotropics Not known 304 Themeda triandra Forssk. Paleotropics Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 70. Polygalaceae 305 Xanthophyllum arnottianum Wight Western Ghats Green manure (Ambasta, 1986) 71. Polygonaceae 306 Persicaria chinensis (L.) Gross Balan & Harikrishnan Not known China and IndoMalesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 330 Not known 307 Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Gomez Oxyceros rugulosus (Thw.) S. India and Sri Tirveng. Lanka Paleotropics Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 331 Pavetta indica L. India and Sri Lanka 308 Persicaria nepalensis (Meisner) Gross Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 332 Pavetta zeylanica (Hook. f.) Gamble S. India and Sri Lanka Not known 333 Richardia scabra L. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 334 Rubia cordifolia L. Africa, Asia and Europe Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 335 Spermacoce latifolia Aubl. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Not known 336 Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. Indo-Malesia to Trop. Africa Not known 72. Portulacaceae 309 Portulaca oleracea L. Pantropical Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 310 Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.) Aschers & Schweinf Pantropical Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 73. Ranunculaceae 311 Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. S.E. Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 74. Rhamnaceae 312 313 Smythea bombaiensis (Dalz.) Banerjee & P.K. Mukh. Western Ghats Not known Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 75. Rhizophoraceae 314 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Australia and Indo- Medicine, timber Malesia (Ambasta, 1986) 76. Rosaceae 315 Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 77. Rubiaceae 316 Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thw. var. longifolia (Dalz.) Hook.f. Indo-Malesia 317 Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thw. var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb & Krishna Indo-Malesia Not known 318 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd. India, Indo-China, Myanmar and Sri Lanka Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 319 Ixora coccinea L. Medicine, India and Sri Lanka ornamental (Ambasta, 1986) 320 Ixora elongata Heyne ex G. Don India Not known 78. Rutaceae 337 Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Indo-Malesia and China Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 338 Atalantia wightii Tanaka Indo-Malesia Not known 339 Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver Food (Ambasta, India and Sri Lanka 1986) 340 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)DC. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Watt, 1972) 341 Limonia acidissima L. Indo-Malesia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 342 Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Hartley Indo-Malesia Medicine, soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 343 Murraya paniculata(L.) Jack Australia and Indo- Medicine (Kirtikar & Malesia Basu, 1918) 79. Sabiaceae Not known 344 Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. barbulata (Cufod.) Beus. China and IndoMalesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 80. Santalaceae 345 Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. India and Sri Lanka Not known 81. Sapindaceae 346 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 S. India and S.E. Asia Medicine, food (Ambasta, 1986) 10815 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Balan & Harikrishnan Geographical distribution Utility 347 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Pantropical Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 370 348 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 371 349 Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thw. India and Sri Lanka Timber (Ambasta, 1986) 350 Lepisanthes erecta (Thw.) Leenh. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka Not known 351 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Name of taxa 82. Sapotaceae 352 Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don Trop. Asia Food, soft wood (Ambasta, 1986) 353 Isonandra perrottetiana A.DC. Southern Western Ghats Not known 354 Palaquium ellipticum (Dalz.) Baill. Western Ghats Gum (Ambasta, 1986) Artanema longifolium (L.) Vatke Indo-Malesia Not known 356 Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) Mukerjee Paleotropics Not known 357 Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis Trop. Asia Not known Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Not known Scoparia dulcis L. Native of Trop. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 84. Smilacaceae 360 Smilax zeylanica L. 85. Solanaceae Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Native of S. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Physalis angulata L. Africa, Australia and Trop. Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 363 Physalis peruviana L. Native of S. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 364 Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Tropics 365 Solanum erianthum D. Don 366 367 361 362 372 10816 Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex DC. Indo-Malesia Food (Rama Rao, 1914) Symplocos cochinchinensis India to Indo(Lour.) Moore ssp. laurina China (Retz.) Nooteb. Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 373 Grewia tilifolia Vahl India, Myanmar, Medicine (Kirtikar & Sri Lanka and Trop. Basu, 1918) Africa 374 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Pantropical Not known Asia, Australia and Trop. Africa Medicine (Parrota, 2001) 90. Ulmaceae 375 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume 376 Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. Indo-Malesia Not known 377 Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd. Indo-Malesia Not known 378 Elatostema lineolatum Wight India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka Not known 379 Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Trop. Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 380 Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew Paleotropics Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 381 Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka Not known 382 Pilea kingii C.E.C. Fisch. Southern Western Ghats Not known 383 Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Blume Indo-Malesia Not known 384 Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Native of S. America, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 385 Pouzolzia wightii Bennett Southern Western Ghats Soap (Ambasta, 1986) 386 Procris crenata Robins. Africa and IndoMalesia Not known 92. Verbenaceae 387 Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. India and Sri Lanka Medicine (Parrota, 2001) Not known 388 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) South and S.E. Asia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 389 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Solanum torvum Sw. Native of West Indies, naturalised in India Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 390 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Pantropical Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Solanum virginianum L. Australia and Trop. Medicine (Ambasta, Asia 1986) Indo-Malesia Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) Turpinia malabarica Gamble 93. Vitaceae 391 Helicteres isora L. Cayratia pedata (Lam.) A. Juss. ex Gagnep 94. Zingiberaceae S. India and Sri Lanka Not known Indo-Malesia Medicine (Kirtikar & Basu, 1918) 87. Sterculiaceae 369 Indo-Malesia 89. Tiliaceae 86. Staphyleaceae 368 Sterculia balanghas L. 91. Urticaceae 355 359 Utility Medicine (Ambasta, 1986) 88. Symplacaceae 83. Scrophulariaceae 358 Geographical distribution Name of taxa 392 Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Rosc. India and Sri Lanka Not known Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus Balan & Harikrishnan Table 3. Check List of introduced/ cultivated flowering plants in ICRI campus Name of taxa Family 44 Acalypha amentacea Roxb. ssp. wilkesiana (Muell.-Arg.) Fosb. Euphorbiaceae 2 Adenocalymna allliaceum Miers Bignoniaceae 3 Agave salmiana var. ferox (K.Koch) Gentry 1 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Rafin. Fabaceae 45 Duranta erecta L. Verbenaceae 46 Dypsis lutescens (Wendl.) Beentje & Dransf. Arecaceae Agavaceae 47 Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum. Elaeocarpaceae 48 Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Zingiberaceae 49 Epipremnum pinnatum c. v. Aureum Nicolson Araceae 50 Erigeron karvinskianus DC. Asteraceae 4 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Fabaceae 5 Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell. Fabaceae 6 Allamanda cathartica L. Apocynaceae 7 Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Zingiberaceae 8 Alternanthera tenella Colla var. versicolor (Lem.) Veldkamp Amaranthaceae 9 Ammomum subulatum Roxb. Zingiberaceae 53 Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maid. Myrtaceae 10 Areca catechu L. Arecaceae 54 Eugenia uniflora L. Myrtaceae 55 Euphorbia milii Desmoul Euphorbiaceae 56 Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch Euphorbiaceae 57 Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Moraceae 58 Furcraea foetida (L.) Haworth Agavaceae 59 Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Clusiaceae 51 Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Fabaceae 52 Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith Zingiberaceae 11 Aristolochia ringens Vahl Aristolochiaceae 12 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae 13 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae 14 Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch.-Bip. Asteraceae 15 Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae 16 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae 17 Brugmansia arborea (L.) Steud. Solanaceae 18 Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & Presl Solanaceae 62 Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Acanthaceae 19 Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Fabaceae 63 Grevillea robusta Cunn. Proteaceae 64 Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Rosc. Zingiberaceae 65 Hemerocallis fulva(L.) L. var. aurantiaca (Baker) M. Hotta Xanthorrhoeaceae 66 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae 60 Gardenia resinifera Roth Rubiaceae 61 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae 20 Canna indica L. Cannaceae 21 Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae 22 Capsicum frutescens L. Solanaceae 23 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Apocynaceae 24 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae 25 Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae 26 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae 27 Cestrum nocturnum L. Solanaceae 28 Chrysophyllum cainito L. Sapotaceae 29 Cinnamomum verum Presl Lauraceae 30 Citrus maxima (Burm.f.) Merr. Rutaceae 31 Citrus reticulata Blanco Rutaceae 32 Cleome speciosa Kunth Capparaceae 33 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae 34 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae 35 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 36 Coffea robusta Lind. Rubiaceae 37 Corypha umbraculifera L. Arecaceae 38 Costus pictus D. Don ex Lindl. Costaceae 81 Maesopsis eminii Engl. Rhamnaceae Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC. Malvaceae 67 Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f. Malvaceae 68 Hippeastrum vittatum (L'Hér.) Herb. Amaryllidaceae 69 Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. Amaryllidaceae 70 Hypoestes sanguinolenta Hook. Acanthaceae 71 Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. Rubiaceae 72 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Bignoniaceae 73 Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Oleaceae 74 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae 75 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Fabaceae 76 Licuala grandis Wendl. Arecaceae 77 Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. Arecaceae 78 Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Solanaceae 79 Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche Proteaceae 80 Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae 39 Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Acanthaceae 82 40 Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth Lythraceae 83 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae 41 Curcuma longa L.v Zingiberaceae 84 Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. ssp. glaziovii (Muell-.Arg.) Allem Euphorbiaceae 42 Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt. Solanaceae 85 Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae 43 Cyrtostachys renda Blume Arecaceae 86 Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Hebert Hypoxidaceae Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 10817 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus 87 Morus alba L. Moraceae 88 Mucuna bracteata DC. ex Kurz Fabaceae 89 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae 90 Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae 91 Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanaceae 92 Nymphaea omarana Hort. ex Gard. Nymphaeaceae 93 Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Neils. Fabaceae 94 Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae 95 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae 96 Phyllanthus myrtifolius Moon Euphorbiaceae 97 Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Myrtaceae 98 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae 99 Portulaca grandiflora Hook.f. Portulacaceae 100 Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Sapotaceae 101 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae 102 Punica granatum L. Proteaceae 103 Racosperma melanoxylon (R.Br.) Pedley Fabaceae 104 Ravenala madagascarensis Sonner. Sterlitziaceae 105 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae 106 Rosa multiflora Thunb. Rosaceae 107 Sambucus canadensis L. Caprifoliaceae 108 Sanchezia speciosa J. Wash. Acanthaceae 109 Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. Amaryllidaceae 110 Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr. Araliaceae 111 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignoniaceae 112 Strobilanthes hamiltoniana (Steud.) Bosser & Heine Acanthaceae 113 Swietenia macrophylla King Meliaceae 114 Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry Myrtaceae 115 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Myrtaceae 116 Syzygium malaccense (L) Merr. & Perry Myrtaceae 117 Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae 118 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae 119 Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae 120 Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae 121 Thunbergia erecta (Benth.)Anders. Acanthaceae 122 Zephyranthes minuta (Kunth) D. Dietr. Amaryllidaceae 123 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 10818 Balan & Harikrishnan The CHR, comprises the cardamom plantations and adjoining grasslands, sholas and forested areas of great biodiversity, is notified as a reserve forest by the erstwhile Travancore Government. However, large areas of the CHR were leased out for cardamom cultivation since the land was most suitable for the spice crop. The cardamom rules lay down that nothing except cardamom should be grown on the leased land and the tree canopy should be maintained, failing which, the land should revert to the government. However, large number of cases of tree felling, large-scale encroachments, illegal sale of land, deforestation for resort construction and other tourism related activities, etc., have taken place from the beginning, which is still continuing. The indiscriminate human interactions in the delicate ecosystem of CHR in the form of loggers, poachers and grabbers, the uncontrolled application of harmful insecticides and pesticides in the cardamom plantations, etc., have severely affected the local climate of the area and even its unique micro-environment. The climatic changes in the form of rise in temperature, uneven rainfall, etc., may ultimately affect the productivity of our wonder spice queen, the Cardamom (Kerala state Biodiversity Board, 2011). Apart from the human activities, fast-spreading invasive alien species like Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robins., Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Lantana camera L., Mimosa diplotricha C. Wight ex Sanvalle, Parthenium hysterophorus L., etc. are also a threat to the native flora of CHR (Kerala state Biodiversity Board, 2011). In this scenario, ICRI campus bears a key role in the protection of the invaluable biological wealth in the CHR and is in fact a refuge for several threatened plants of that area.In the present study, only Angiosperms were covered. ICRI campus is also rich in lower group plants like Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Apart from the diverse flora, the campus is home to animals like Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Indian Porcupine, Monitor Lizard, Nilgiri Marten, Bonnet Macaque, Giant Squirrel, among others. A rich variety of birds including the Malabar Grey Hornbill, Ceylon Frog Mouth and Brahmini Kite can be seen in the campus. Butterflies and insects are another unexplored group. It is very important to study the non-flowering plants and fauna of the campus to have an in-depth knowledge of the biodiversity of the campus. Moreover, the remnants of natural vegetation endowed with biodiversity preserved throughout the campus, cool and pleasant climate, splendid scenery of Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus cardamom growing hills and valleys makes the campus an ideal place for ecotourism projects. REFRENCES Ambasta, S.P. (ed.) (1986). Useful plants of India. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Publications, New Delhi. Balan, A.P. & S. Harikrishnan (2016). Ixora predeepii, a new species of Rubiaceae from southern Western Ghats. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 23(1): 65–69. Balan, A.P., S.V. Predeep & S. Harikrishnan (2014). Desmodium intortum (Fabaceae): A new record for India. Rheedea 24(2): 113– 116. Basha, S. & K.K.N. Nair (1991). In: Karunakaran, C.K. (ed.) Proceedingsof the Symposium on Rare Endangered and Endemic plants of the WesternGhats. Kerala Forest Department, Thiruvananthapuram, 281 pp. Beddome, R.H. (1869–1874). The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Gantz Brothers, Madras. Bourdillon, T.F. (1908). The Forest Trees of Travancore. Govt. Press, Trivandrum. Bridson, D. & L. Forman (1998). The Herbarium Handbook. Edition 3. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. Caius, J.F. (1986). The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. Balan & Harikrishnan Champion, H.G. & S.K. Seth (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Govt. of India Press, Delhi. Gamble, J.S. & C.E.C. Fischer (1915–1936). The Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Vol.1-III. Adlard & Son Ltd., London. Hooker, J.D. (1872–1897).The Flora of British India, Vol. I-VII. Reeve & Co., London. Kerala State Biodiversity Board (2011). Conservation Plan for sustainable development of the Cardamom Hill Reserve in Udumbanchola, Idukki District (study report). Kerala State Biodiversity Board, Thiruvananthapuram. Kirtikar K.R. & B.D. Basu (1918). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1-4. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Nayar, T.S., A.R. Beegum & M. Sibi (2014). Flowering plants of the Western Ghats, India - Vo. I & II. JNTBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram. Parrota, J.A. (2001). Healing Plants of Peninsular India. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Rao, M.R. (1914). Flowering Plants of Travancore. Govt. Press, Trivandrum. Sasidharan, N. (2004). Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala. Part 6. Flowering Plants. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Sasidharan, N. (2013). Flowering Plants of Kerala (CD) 2.0. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Thrissur. Subramanyam, K. & M.P. Nayar (1974). Vegetation and phytogeography of the Western Ghats. In: Mani, M.S. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography in India. The Hague, Netherlands. Watt, G. (1885–1893). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Vol.1-6. Periodical Experts, Delhi. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2017 | 9(10): 10804–10822 10819 F lo r fi sfi cd fi v e r s fi t yo ffthe Ind fi anC a rd amomR e se a r ch In sfi tu t ec ampu s Ba l an&H a r fi k r fi shn an 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Im a g e1 –25 . Ind fi anendem fi cp l an t sffound fin ICR Ic ampu s 10820 Jou rn a lo ff T h r e a t enedT a x a|www . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g|26O c tob e r2017|9 (10 ) :10804 –10822 F lo r fi sfi cd fi v e r s fi t yo ffthe Ind fi anC a rd amomR e se a r ch In sfi tu t ec ampu s Ba l an&H a r fi k r fi shn an 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Im a g e26 –50 . Ind fi anendem fi cp l an t sffound fin ICR Ic ampu s Jou rn a lo ff T h r e a t enedT a x a|www . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g|26O c tob e r2017|9 (10 ) :10804 –10822 10821 F lo r fi sfi cd fi v e r s fi t yo ffthe Ind fi anC a rd amomR e se a r ch In sfi tu t ec ampu s Ba l an&H a r fi k r fi shn an 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Im a g e51 –66 . Ind fi anendem fi cp l an t sffound fin ICR Ic ampu s Th rea tenedT a xa 10822 Jou rn a lo ff T h r e a t enedT a x a|www . th r e a t en ed t a x a .o r g|26O c tob e r2017|9 (10 ) :10804 –10822 OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction, and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) October 2017 | Vol. 9 | No. 10 | Pages: 10741–10864 Date of Publication: 26 October 2017 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2017.9.10.10741-10864 www.threatenedtaxa.org Articles The relationship between artificial food supply and natural food selection in two troops of commensal Hamadryas Baboons Papio hamadryas (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Saudi Arabia -- Ahmed Boug, M. Zafar-ul Islam, Toshitaka Iwamoto, Akio Mori, Akihiro Yamane & Amy L. Schreier, Pp. 10741– 10756 New records of the subfamily Stratiomyinae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) from Pakistan -- Muhammad Asghar Hassan, Imran Bodlah, Zafar Iqbal & Rubina Jabeen, Pp. 10831–10834 A new distribution report of the Critically Endangered Amomum kingii Baker (Zingiberaceae) outside Sikkim, India -- Sreetama Bhadra & Maumita Bandyopadhyay, Pp. 10835– 10838 Pollination ecology of Rhynchosia cana (Willd.) DC. (Fabaceae), an erect sub-shrub, in peninsular India -- A.J. Solomon Raju & K. Venkata Ramana, Pp. 10757–10770 A note on the population status and threats on two endemic and Endangered species of Garcinia of Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India -- G. Manikandan & R. Ramasubbu, Pp. 10839–10845 Communications Feasibility study on the vegetative propagation of four endemic rare balsams (Impatiens spp.) through stem cuttings for conservation and management in Idukki District, Kerala, India -- G. Prasad, P. Rajan & N. Bhavadas, Pp. 10846–10849 Feeding habits and behaviour of Bagre bagre and Genidens barbus, two ariid catfishes (Pisces: Siluriformes) from southeastern Brazil -- Maria Thereza Manhães Tavares & Ana Paula Madeira Di Beneditto, Pp. 10771–10775 The Odonata (Insecta) of northern and central Oman -- Elaine M. Cowan & Peter J. Cowan, Pp. 10776–10791 Illustrated description and notes on biology of Dicranocephalus lateralis (Signoret) (Coreoidea: Stenocephalidae) from Maharashtra State, India -- Balasaheb V. Sarode, Nikhil U. Joshi, Swapnil S. Boyane, Subodh S. Gaikwad, Pratik P. Pansare & Hemant V. Ghate, Pp. 10792–10803 Floristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara, Western Ghats, India -- Anoop P. Balan & S. Harikrishnan, Pp. 10804–10822 Short Communications Mammals of Papikonda Hills, northern Eastern Ghats, India -- Vikram Aditya & Thyagarajan Ganesh, Pp. 10823–10830 Notes Observation of Shaheen Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinator (Aves: Falconiformes: Falconidae) in the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India -- Arockianathan Samson, Balasundaram Ramakrishnan, Palanisamy Santhoshkumar & Sivaraj Karthick, Pp. 10850– 10852 A first report of Redigobius oyensi (de Beaufort, 1913) (Teleostei: Gobionellinae) from Car Nicobar Island, India -- J. Praveenraj, R. Kiruba-Sankar, Lohith Kumar, J. Raymond Jani Angel & S. Dam Roy, Pp. 10853–10855 New butterfly records from the Jammu Shiwaliks, Jammu & Kashmir, India -- Shakha Sharma & Neeraj Sharma, Pp. 10856–10859 Range extension of the Indian Tortoiseshell Aglais caschmirensis aesis (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) into the hills of Manipur, India -- Jatishwor Singh Irungbam, Harmenn Huidrom & Baleshwor Singh Soibam, Pp. 10860–10864 Threatened Taxa

RELATED PAPERS

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

Prescription Analgesic and Antidepressant Utilization and Cost Among Elderly Medicaid Beneficiaries Before and After Nursing Home Admission

2004 •

D. Osterweil

View PDF

Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease

Role of Protocatechuic Acid in Obesity-Related Pathologies

2014 •

Claudio Giovannini

View PDF

Forest Ecology and Management

Decay of Scots pine coarse woody debris in boreal peatland forests: Mass loss and nutrient dynamics

Timo Penttilä

View PDF

Weber, T., McPhee, M.J. and Anderssen, R.S. (eds) MODSIM2015, 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation

Feasible Scenario Spaces: a new way of measuring capability

Brandon Pincombe

View PDF
De evolutie van het sociale

2010 •

N. Wilterdink

View PDF

Finisterra

A contra-revolução em Portugal, na primeira metade do século XIX

2012 •

Maria Teresa Mónica

View PDF

Revista dos Trabalhos de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP

Operações ótimas para redes de abastecimento de água em estado anômalo

2019 •

Edevar Luvizotto Junior

View PDF

Revista de la Educación Superior

El PIFI en las universidades públicas: de la decisión racional a la legitimidad institucional1

2014 •

Maria Camila Perez Orozco

View PDF
Improving Students Language Proficiency Through Active Learning Strategies Across Learning Style

2019 •

Anggi wiyan Anggi

View PDF

Vietnam Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology

Khảo sát chức năng tuyến giáp ở phụ nữ vô sinh

2021 •

Nga Vũ

View PDF

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Anion Template Effect on the Self-Assembly and Interconversion of Metallacyclophanes

2005 •

Helen Chifotides

View PDF

Chemical Engineering &amp; Technology

Powder Structure Transition under the Recrystallization Conditions in the RESS Process

2006 •

Mounir Baccar

View PDF
Ciclo virtuoso de satisfacción de los turistas del evento Natal Luz y desarrollo turístico y socioeconómico de la ciudad de Gramado (Serra Gaúcha, Brasil)

Edegar Luís Tomazzoni

View PDF

Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics

Insect Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis

2002 •

MEHMET CANDAS

View PDF

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and analysis of induced sputum cells in Crohn's disease

2005 •

VICTOR JUNIOR VARGAS FLORES

View PDF

Ciências Exatas e da Terra: Exploração e Qualificação de Diferentes Tecnologias 4

OXIDAÇÃO CATALÍTICA DE AZO-CORANTES SOBRE ÓXIDO DE FERRO SUPORTADO EM CARVÃO OBTIDO DA Pachira aquatica Aubl

2021 •

Erlan Aragão Pacheco

View PDF

Revista Brasileira de Direito

O neoliberalismo “eficientista” e as transformações da jurisdição

2017 •

Jose Luis Bolzan de Morais

View PDF

Ionics

Insights of cobalt doping on carbon-coated LiFePO4 olivine nanoparticles prepared by citric acid combustion route as cathodes for lithium batteries

2019 •

Erika Teliz

View PDF

Economics of Education Review

The role of 2-year colleges in the improving situation of Hispanic postsecondary education

2006 •

Arturo Gonzalez

View PDF

Journal of patient safety

Adverse Events Detection Through Global Trigger Tool Methodology: Results From a 5-Year Study in an Italian Hospital and Opportunities to Improve Interrater Reliability

2017 •

Stefano Tardivo

View PDF

Pabrik Sandal Hotel Di Tangerang

088ᑫ•8ᑫ8౩•ᏮᏮᏮ5 (WA) Sandal Hotel Diy Sandal Hotel Banten

2013 •

rahma tutupansong

View PDF

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

An Efficient Decentralized Control Strategy Applied to an Interconnected Multi-Machine Electric Power Grid

2016 •

Nguyễn Ngọc Khoát

View PDF

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences

Ameliorative Effects of Soya Bean Oil and Vitamin C on Liver Enzymes in Ethanol -Induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats

2013 •

Yusuf Tanko

View PDF

AJIT-e Online Academic Journal of Information Technology

Collaboration of Business Intelligence and Cloud Computing and Selecting the Best Cloud Business Intelligence Solution

2021 •

Erkut Akkartal

View PDF

Chemischer Informationsdienst

ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF ELECTRON-TRANSFER CROSS-REACTIONS WITHIN REDOX POLYMERS. COATINGS OF A PROTONATED POLYLYSINE COPOLYMER WITH INCORPORATED ELECTROACTIVE ANIONS

1983 •

Takeo OHSAKA

View PDF