SIBBALDIA: The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, No. 16 67 DI V E R SI T Y OF ORC H I DAC E A E F ROM M U RU M DA M , BE L AGA , SA R AWA K , BOR N E O Ling Chea Yiing1 & Julia Sang2 A B S T R AC T Murum Dam in Sarawak is located about 70 km upstream of Bakun Dam, on the rivers Murum, Danum and Plieran, forming a reservoir over an area of 245 km2. The area consists of mainly lowland to hilly mixed dipterocarp forests, with riparian and alluvial forests along the main rivers and streams, as well as patches of mossy and heath forests. Most of these forests are logged over and some areas have been converted into oil palm plantations. A flora rescue project was carried out to collect selected plant species including orchids from the areas affected by the dam. Most epiphytic orchids were collected from partially submerged trees. Over 2,000 specimens of orchids from 80 genera and c. 276 species were collected from May 2013 to December 2014. The most abundant genus recorded is Bulbophyllum Thouars (c. 44 species). Of these, 37 species are endemic to Borneo, two (Bulbophyllum upupops J.J.Verm., P.O’Byrne & A.L.Lamb and Thrixspermum lingiae P.O’Byrne & Gokusing) are newly described and ten species are new records for Sarawak. The collection of species from this work has provided valuable material for the research and conservation of orchids from vulnerable areas around dams. I N T RO D U C T I O N Approximately 1,100 species of orchids occur in Sarawak (Beaman et al., 2001). According to Beaman et al. (2001), from the inventory work on herbarium specimens collected during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, areas at a lower elevation, from sea level to 300 m, are probably richest in orchid diversity; these areas include lowland and riverine forest. The highest diversity on Mt Kinabalu, however, is found at about 1,500 m elevation. In Sarawak, lowland forest, especially riverine forest, has significantly higher orchid diversity, especially the undisturbed riparian forest where mosses are sometimes present. The trees along the rivers and streams in Murum Dam provide high levels of humidity, creating a suitable microhabitat for orchids to grow (Figs 1 & 2). M ET HODOLOGY Plant rescue work was carried out in stages, before, during and after impoundment. An intensive flora assessment survey was carried out in May 2013, before impoundment, in 1. Ling Chea Yiing is a Researcher at the Botanical Research Centre, Sarawak Forestry Corporation. Address: Km 20 Jalan Puncak Borneo, 93250 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Email: cyling@sarawakforestry.com 2. Julia Sang is a Researcher at the Botanical Research Centre, Sarawak Forestry Corporation. Address: as above. Email: juliasang@sarawakforestry.com 68 Fig. 1 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG Map of Sarawak showing the locality of Murum Dam. Map: Ling Chea Yiing. Fig. 2 Ensurai, Dipterocarpus oblongifolius, trees along the river banks at Murum, which provide a suitable microhabitat for epiphytic orchids to grow. Photo: Ling Chea Yiing. D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 69 order to understand the floristic composition and diversity of the flora in the area. From the list of the flora assessed, a list of priority rescue species was drawn up. Orchidaceae is one of the priority rescue families, as it is one of the Protected Plants listed in the Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1998 (Laws of Sarawak, 1998). All orchids rescued were tagged and numbered accordingly. Herbarium specimens were made of any flowering orchids and, whenever possible, flowers were preserved in spirit. All specimens are kept in the working herbarium of the Botanical Research Centre (BRC), Kuching, Sarawak. In addition, all flowering specimens were photographed. Identification to species level was carried out by comparing the flowers with the specimens kept in the Kuching Herbarium (SAR), as well as those illustrated in various publications (Ling & Ong, 2016; O’Byrne, 2016; Vermeulen et al., 2015; Wood, 2014). For species that could not be identified by the authors, more systematic photographs with scale bars were taken so that orchid experts could assist with identification. During impoundment, flora rescue works were carried out between October 2013 and November 2014 to rescue these selected priority species, with a focus on areas along the three major rivers (Murum, Plieran and Danum) and their tributaries (Fig. 3). During this period, rescue trips were carried out around twice a month, depending on the water level. All plants rescued were planted and grown on at a nursery near the dam site. They were then replanted in the islands that remained after the impoundment. A garden (Murum Flora Conservation Garden) was specifically designed for the planting of all Fig. 3 Map showing the collection sites (in green dots) of the rescue work. Map: Ling Chea Yiing. 70 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG non-tree species, including the orchids, rescued from the submerged forests. In addition, duplicates of non-flowering rescued orchids were grown on in the nursery in the BRC (Botanical Research Centre), Kuching, for monitoring purposes. F I N DI NGS A N D DISCUSSION A total of 2,416 individuals were collected during the rescue works. Of these, c. 276 species from 80 genera were documented. Thirty-seven species are endemic to Borneo (Fig. 4) and ten species are new records for Sarawak (Fig. 5). A checklist of all orchids discovered in Murum is listed in the Appendix. Some of the species have yet to be identified due to a lack of flowering material. Fig. 4 Some of the orchids that are endemic to Borneo. A Agrostophyllum laterale J.J.Sm.; B Bulbophyllum refractilingue J.J.Sm.; C Coelogyne exalata Ridl.; D Dendrobium tetrachroma Rchb.f.; E Dendrobium speculum J.J.Sm.; F Dimorphorchis lowii (Lindl.) Rolfe; G Dyakia hendersoniana (Rchb.f.) Christenson; H Neuwiedia borneensis de Vogel; and I Tainia scapigera J.J.Sm. Photos: Ling Chea Yiing. D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 71 Fig. 5 Some of the orchids that are new records for Sarawak. A Bulbophyllum concavilabium P.O’Byrne & P.T.Ong; B Dendrobium lancilobum J.J.Wood var. roseocalcar (J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb) J.J.Wood; C Thrixspermum pulchrum Carr; D Thrixspermum tenuicalcar Carr; E Trichoglottis persicina P.O’Byrne; F Vanilla sumatrana J.J.Sm. Photos: Ling Chea Yiing. According to herbarium records at SAR, prior to this project only 66 specimens of orchids were collected from Murum Dam, in 1955 and 2001. This may be due to the remoteness and inaccessibility of the area. As such, this area has not been botanically well explored. In the course of this project, close to 300 species of orchids were discovered. Orchids are not in flower most of the time, and it is almost impossible to identify an orchid without its flower. This project provided an opportunity to monitor the flowering events of the orchids. Monitoring work in the BRC nursery was carried out weekly during the study period. There are no clear patterns to the flowering events of the specimens collected. Some of the orchids flowered within a month after they were collected, most probably due to the stress caused by collection and changes of environment from their original habitat to the nursery. Some collected orchids have to date not produced any flowers or have not survived. The diversity of orchids in Murum Dam can be considered high when compared with other areas such as Mulu National Park (Wood, 1984) and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (Chai, 2000). During the 1977–1978 expedition to Mulu National Park, Wood reported 174 species of orchids discovered. 72 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG From a single trip or expedition, the chances of obtaining flowering orchids are as low as 5% or less (through field observations from the past ten years in Sarawak). As such, it will be difficult to determine material to species level unless living plants are collected. Living collections have helped numerous researchers to discover orchids that are new to science (Chan et al., 1994). Monitoring work on flowering events was mainly carried out in the BRC nursery. Monitoring work in the dam site was conducted monthly by the authors for around 12 months before the plants were transplanted in Murum Flora Conservation Garden on a selected permanent island along the Danum River. A total of 30% of the orchids successfully flowered in BRC and the dam site, which enabled the authors to determine these orchids to species level. Bulbophyllum is the most abundant genus, followed by Dendrobium and Coelogyne (Table 1). These genera belong to the epiphytic group, which can be found growing abundantly on trees along rivers and streams. During the impoundment, these orchids were easily collected by hand, without the need for tools or to climb trees. Because of this, many more epiphytic species were collected and documented. During the rescue and monitoring work, many interesting orchids were discovered. These include the two newly described species Bulbophyllum upupops J.J.Verm., P.O’Byrne & A.L.Lamb (Vermeulen et al., 2015) and Thrixspermum lingiae P.O’Byrne & Gokusing (O’Byrne, 2016). Bulbophyllum upupops can be found growing on trees along the tributaries of the three main rivers whereas T. lingiae is confined to tributaries of the Plieran River, hanging on small branches in riverine forest. In the first three months of monitoring work in Murum Dam site, the mortality rate of the orchids was about 2%. Most of the more fragile and smaller orchids died, probably due to damage during the transplanting process and the nurserymen’s lack of knowledge of how to care for them. Monitoring work on the orchids in the BRC nursery is still ongoing. To date, about 200 plants are still alive in the nursery or have been planted in the BRC orchid garden. Biodiversity rescue is part of the mitigation measures required in the Environmental Impact Assessment (2008) report before any dam construction in Sarawak. To our knowledge more than 30,000 plants have been rescued, including trees and non-trees. About 52% of the plants survived and were planted back to the remaining islands at the site of Murum Dam. The plants rescued can never be sufficient to replace Genera Total no. of species Bulbophyllum 36 Dendrobium 26 Coelogyne 16 Dendrochilum 11 Appendicula 10 Table 1 The five most abundant genera documented from Murum Dam. D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 73 the biodiversity loss from the dam construction, but through this project, many interesting plants and orchids were discovered. It is a relief that some plants were found growing in other parts of the dam site unaffected by the impoundment. This project has given us an opportunity to study more epiphytic orchids, as many of these orchids are quite impossible to reach without proper climbing gear and experienced field staff. CONCLUSION A high diversity of orchids was discovered thanks to intensive rescue work at Murum Dam. A full species list of orchids discovered at the site has still not been achieved, despite our best efforts to rescue as many plants as possible, because specimens that are either sterile or have no living material could not be identified. A higher diversity of orchids would be expected if all specimens were fertile. Taxonomic studies and monitoring of flowering events are needed in the future for species with no flowering material to date. Ex situ conservation is part of the outcome from this project. The plants in BRC are a historic representative collection from the dam site and hold important genetic information which may be useful in the future to understand environmental changes and biodiversity loss. For future rescue work, we would suggest planting the orchids in other areas, such as the area adjacent to the office compound of the Botanical Research Centre. By planting the rescued orchids there, the management and care of the orchids should be more effective. At the same time, the garden could showcase the plants rescued from the dam site and raise local awareness of the wild orchids of Sarawak. AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S The authors would like to thank the organising committee of the 10th Flora Malesiana Symposium for accepting and partially funding the authors to attend the symposium at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. The authors are also grateful to Sarawak Forestry Corporation for allowing the authors to attend the symposium and providing partial funding. Thanks also go to Sarawak Energy Berhad for funding the WiMOR project. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the staff of Sarawak Forestry Corporation and the local communities who were involved in the field collection work. Without their help, this project would not have been possible. The authors are especially grateful to Peter O’Byrne, Ong Poh Teck, Andre Schuiteman and Jaap J. Vermeulen for providing names and assistance in identifying the orchids. 74 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG R EF ER ENCES BEAMAN, T.F., WOOD, J.J., BEAMAN, R.S. & BEAMAN, J.H. (2001). Orchids of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. CHAI, P.P.K. (2000). Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, A Check-list of Flora, Fauna, Food and Medicinal Plants. Forest Department, Sarawak & International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). CHAN, C.L., LAMB, A., SHIM, P.S. & WOOD, J.J. (1994). Orchids of Borneo. Vol. 1 Introduction and a selection of species. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu, in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (2008). Proposed Murum Hydroelectric Project, Belaga District, Kapit Division, Sarawak. Chemsain Konsultant Sdn. Bhd., Kuching. Unpublished. LAWS OF SARAWAK (1998). Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (Chapter 26). Pencetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, p. 33. LING, C.Y. & ONG, P.T. (2016). Two new records of Vanilla for Sarawak. Malesian Orchid Journal, 18:79–84. O’BYRNE, P. (2016). Thrixspermum in Borneo: 24 new and old species. Malesian Orchid Journal, 18: 5–74. VERMEULEN, J., O’BYRNE, P. & LAMB, A. (2015). Bulbophyllum of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. WOOD, J.J. (1984). A preliminary annotated checklist of the orchids of Gunung Mulu National Park with key to genera. In: JERMY, A.C., Studies on the Flora of Gunung Mulu National Park Sarawak. Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak, pp. 1–39. WOOD, J.J. (2014). Dendrobium of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M A P P E N D I X : C H E C K L I S T O F O RC H I D S D I S C OV E R E D F RO M M U RU M DA M 1 Acanthophippium javanicum Blume CMHEP-2700, CMHEP-6061 2 Acriopsis liliifolia (J.Koenig) Ormerod BMHEP-4064, CMHEP-05174 3 Acriopsis sp. CMHEP-2632, AMHEP-2827, BMHEP-2249 4 Aerides odorata Lour. CMHEP-0237, CMHEP-2808, CMHEP-2845, CMHEP-1351, BMHEP-3999, CMHEP-03618, BMHEP-03674, CMHEP-5996, CMHEP-3302, CMHEP-6543, CMHEP-0236, AMHEP-1092 5 Agrostophyllum cyathiforme J.J.Sm. AMHEP-894, CMHEP-5935 6 Agrostophyllum laterale J.J.Sm. BMHEP-2397, BMHEP-1615, BMHEP-3920 (endemic to Borneo) 7 Agrostophyllum saccatum Ridl. BMHEP-3972 8 Agrostophyllum sumatranum Schltr. & J.J.Sm. BMHEP-3803 9 Agrostophyllum stipulatum Schltr. CMHEP-2210, BMHEP-3982 10 Agrostophyllum spp. BMHEP-1402, BMHEP-2152, BMHEP-2513, CMHEP-1361 11 Anoectochilus sp. CMHEP-03629 12 Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. CMHEP-0051, CMHEP-0161 13 Apostasia wallichii R.Br. CMHEP-0536, BMHEP-3863 14 Appendicula anceps Blume AMHEP-870, BMHEP-2415 15 Appendicula cornuta Blume CMHEP-0064 16 Appendicula cristata Blume AMHEP-1071, CMHEP-5910, CMHEP-06217 17 Appendicula longirostrata Ames & C.Schweinf. CMHEP-05088, CMHEP-5905, CMHEP-5956 (endemic to Borneo) 18 Appendicula pendula Blume AMHEP-0204, CMHEP-6101 19 Appendicula recondita J.J.Sm. CMHEP-0159, BMHEP-3840 (endemic to Borneo) 20 Appendicula reflexa Blume CMHEP-2633, CMHEP-2942 21 Appendicula torta Blume AMHEP-0440, AMHEP-3198 22 Appendicula spp. BMHEP-0296, CMHEP-2212, CMHEP-1335 23 Arundina graminifolia Hochr. CMHEP-1441, BMHEP-1691 24 Ascochilus emarginatus (Blume) Schuit. CMHEP-1437 25 Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Miq. AMHEP-1292, BMHEP-3862-1 26 Bromheadia sp. BMHEP-1607 27 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb AMHEP-0418, AMHEP-0463, AMHEP-1284, BMHEP-4010, CMHEP-6083 28 Bryobium sp. BMHEP-1401, BMHEP-1528 29 Bulbophyllum acuminatum Ridl. AMHEP-890, CMHEP-2259 75 76 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG 30 Bulbophyllum antenniferum Rchb.f. BMHEP-2966 31 Bulbophyllum apodum Hook.f. CMHEP-0980, CMHEP-0233, CMHEP-1331, CMHEP-05171, CMHEP-6516, CMHEP-05156, AMHEP-2825, BMHEP-2862, CMHEP-1343 32 Bulbophyllum armeniacum J.J.Sm. AMHEP-1175, AMHEP-1104 33 Bulbophyllum artvogelii J.J.Verm., P.O’Byrne & A.L.Lamb BMHEP-2850, BMHEP-3814, CMHEP-06216 34 Bulbophyllum biseriale Carr BMHEP-3893, CMHEP-5933 35 Bulbophyllum caudatisepalum Ames & C.Schweinf. CMHEP-0134 36 Bulbophyllum cf. caecilii J.J.Sm. CMHEP-1332 37 Bulbophyllum cf. mahakamense J.J.Sm. AMHEP-451, AMHEP-1142, BMHEP-3856 38 Bulbophyllum cf. osyricera Schltr. BMHEP-4036 39 Bulbophyllum cf. virescens J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2790 40 Bulbophyllum concavilabium P.O’Byrne & P.T.Ong AMHEP-839 (new record) 41 Bulbophyllum coniferum Ridl. BMHEP-3851, BMHEP-4009 42 Bulbophyllum ecornutum J.J.Sm. BMHEP-2247 43 Bulbophyllum flavescens Lindl. AMHEP-852, BMHEP-4049 44 Bulbophyllum hirtulum Ridl. CMHEP-201 45 Bulbophyllum lasianthum Lindl. AMHEP-1114, CMHEP-6571 46 Bulbophyllum laxiflorum Lindl. AMHEP-1106, BMHEP-2954, BMHEP-2592, BMHEP-3848 47 Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl. BMHEP-4068, BMHEP-4101 48 Bulbophyllum macrochilum Rolfe AMHEP-1285 49 Bulbophyllum membranifolium Hook.f. CMHEP-4292 50 Bulbophyllum odoratum Lindl. BMHEP-2388, CMHEP-2646 51 Bulbophyllum otochilum J.J.Verm. CMHEP-1830 (endemic to Borneo) 52 Bulbophyllum penduliscapum J.J.Sm. CMHEP-1347, CMHEP-6555, CMHEP-6572 53 Bulbophyllum puguahaanense Ames AMHEP-1087 (new record) 54 Bulbophyllum purpurascens Teijsm. & Binn. CMHEP-2749 55 Bulbophyllum putidum J.J.Sm. CMHEP-5940 56 Bulbophyllum refractilingue J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2264, BMHEP-1367, BMHEP-4041, BMHEP-04741, BMHEP-1912 (endemic to Borneo) 57 Bulbophyllum simii J.J.Verm. & A.L.Lamb AMHEP-1128 (endemic to Borneo) 58 Bulbophyllum sulcatum Lindl. CMHEP-05127-1 59 Bulbophyllum tortuosum Lindl. AMHEP-1107 D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 60 Bulbophyllum trifolium Ridl. BMHEP-2442 61 Bulbophyllum upupops J.J.Verm., P.O’Byrne & A.L.Lamb BMHEP-3878, CMHEP-4313 (endemic to Borneo) 62 Bulbophyllum vaginatum Rchb.f. CMHEP-2813, AMHEP-2836 63 Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook.f. AMHEP-1108 64 Bulbophyllum sp. AMHEP-1016 65 Bulbophyllum spp. AMHEP-885, CMHEP-0232, CMHEP-0234, CMHEP-0259, BMHEP-0298, BMHEP-1604, BMHEP-1606, BMHEP-1710, BMHEP-1722, CMHEP-2674, CMHEP-2816, AMHEP-2826, AMHEP-2832, AMHEP-2839, BMHEP-2860, CMHEP-1313, CMHEP-1322, CMHEP-1341, CMHEP-1355, BMHEP-1368, CMHEP-1397, CMHEP-0903, CMHEP-05004, CMHEP-05021, CMHEP-05025, CMHEP-05077, CMHEP-05078, CMHEP-05105, CMHEP-05175, CMHEP-05188, AMHEP-1062, BMHEP-2418, MHEP-4146 66 Calanthe pulchra Lindl. BMHEP-1579, BMHEP-1656, BMHEP-1675, BMHEP-4066, BMHEP-04539, BMHEP-06400 67 Calanthe vestita Lindl. BMHEP-04742 68 Calanthe sp. BMHEP-1420, BMHEP-04748 69 Callostylis pulchella (Lindl.) S.C.Chen & Z.H.Tsi AMHEP-823, AMHEP-0475, BMHEP-0294, BMHEP-2119, BMHEP-3986, CMHEP-05013, CMHEP-05173 70 Campanulorchis leiophylla (Lindl.) Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb CMHEP-1356, CMHEP-05050 71 Campanulorchis pseudoleiophylla (J.J.Wood) J.J.Wood AMHEP-1001 72 Ceratostylis cf. octomerioides J.J.Woods & A.L.Lamb AMHEP-2364 73 Ceratostylis pendula Hook.f. BMHEP-4056 74 Ceratostylis sp.1 CMHEP-1348 75 Chelonistele ingloria (J.J.Sm.) Carr CMHEP-0249 (endemic to Borneo) 76 Chelonistele sulphurea Pfitzer CMHEP-2819, BMHEP-1372, BMHEP-4038 77 Chelonistele sp.1 CMHEP-2731 78 Claderia viridiflora Hook.f. CMHEP-0505, BMHEP-04959 79 Cleisostoma suaveolens Blume CMHEP-2811, BMHEP-04792, BMHEP-6903, BMHEP-3947 80 Cleisostoma spp. BMHEP-3881, CMHEP-03638 81 Coelogyne asperata Lindl. BMHEP-2401, CMHEP-2817, BMHEP-2581 82 Coelogyne cf. mayeriana Rchb.f. CMHEP-5946 83 Coelogyne endertii J.J.Sm. CMHEP-659 (endemic to Borneo) 77 78 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG 84 Coelogyne exalata Ridl. CMHEP-271 (endemic to Borneo) 85 Coelogyne foerstermanni Rchb.f. CMHEP-2677, CMHEP-1379, CMHEP-06340 86 Coelogyne gibbifera J.J.Sm. CMHEP-03614 87 Coelogyne incrassata Lindl. AMHEP-1051, CMHEP-6077 88 Coelogyne mayeriana Rchb.f. AMHEP-1100, BMHEP-1506, CMHEP-05042, CMHEP-06300 89 Coelogyne pandurata Lindl. AMHEP-0469, CMHEP-0265, CMHEP-2678, CMHEP-1304, CMHEP-5947 90 Coelogyne pholidotoides J.J.Sm. AMHEP-1116 (endemic to Borneo) 91 Coelogyne pulverula Teijsm. & Binn. AMHEP-0425, BMHEP-04510, BMHEP-04733, BMHEP-04920, BMHEP-05784, CMHEP-6553, BMHEP-2399 92 Coelogyne rochusseni de Vriese BMHEP-1642, BMHEP-2972, CMHEP-2814, BMHEP-3811, BMHEP-3910, CMHEP-05148, CMHEP-5922, BMHEP-05740 93 Coelogyne sanderiana Rchb.f AMHEP-1014, AMHEP-0205, CMHEP-2771, CMHEP-1400 94 Coelogyne septemcostata J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2745, BMHEP-2154, BMHEP-2855, CMHEP-03601, CMHEP-03701, CMHEP-5963 95 Coelogyne swaniana Rolfe BMHEP-2449, AMHEP-2542, BMHEP-03656, BMHEP-05785, BMHEP-3343, CMHEP-6545, AMHEP-0211 96 Coelogyne testacea Lindl. CMHEP-5904 97 Coelogyne spp. CMHEP-0242, CMHEP-0262, BMHEP-1728, BMHEP-2863, BMHEP-2864, BMHEP-2893, BMHEP-2569, CMHEP-2265, CMHEP-1333, CMHEP-1396, AMHEP-1288, CMHEP-0611, CMHEP-05141, CMHEP-06203, CMHEP-06358, CMHEP-05012 98 Collabium cf. simplex Rchb.f. CMHEP-6601, (live plant planted in garden at dam site) 99 Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume AMHEP-1275, CMHEP-2904 100 Crepidium damusicum (J.J.Sm.) Marg. & Szlach. AMHEP-1133, CMHEP-6006 (endemic to Borneo) 101 Crepidium micranthum (Hook.f.) Szlach. BMHEP-04967 102 Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. subsp. pubescens (Lindl.) Du Puy & P.J.Cribb BMHEP-4022, BMHEP-04515 103 Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. CMHEP-6557 104 Cymbidium spp. AMHEP-0213, CMHEP-0229, CMHEP-2666, CMHEP-2810, CMHEP-2202, BMHEP-3895 105 Cystorchis javanica (Blume) Blume BMHEP-4067 106 Cystorchis variegata Blume CMHEP-03626 D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 107 Dendrobium acerosum Lindl. AMHEP-806, BMHEP-04490 108 Dendrobium bancanum J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2846, CMHEP-2261, CMHEP-2268 109 Dendrobium bicostatum J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2847 110 Dendrobium connatum var. connatum (Blume) Lindl. AMHEP-2351, AMHEP-0576, CMHEP-1820, BMHEP-2246, CMHEP-1375, BMHEP-3953, CMHEP-03641, BMHEP-04526, BMHEP-05703, CMHEP-6576 111 Dendrobium endertii J.J.Sm. AMHEP-2114 (endemic to Borneo) 112 Dendrobium geminatum (Blume) Lindl. CMHEP-2176, CMHEP-5926, BMHEP-6911 113 Dendrobium hendersonii A.D.Hawkes & A.H.Heller BMHEP-2394 114 Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. BMHEP-2385, BMHEP-04511, BMHEP-04943 115 Dendrobium hosei Ridl. AMHEP-831, CMHEP-0496, CMHEP-0528, CMHEP-0244, CMHEP-1454, BMHEP-1556, BMHEP-1649, CMHEP-2769, CMHEP-1354, CMHEP-5953, BMHEP-05819 116 Dendrobium lancilobum var. roseocalcar (J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb) J.J.Wood CMHEP-0079 (endemic to Borneo; new record) 117 Dendrobium lobbii Teijsm. & Binn. CMHEP-0532, CMHEP-6076 118 Dendrobium luxurians J.J.Sm. CMHEP-6026 119 Dendrobium microglaphys Rchb.f. BMHEP-1723, BMHEP-3018, CMHEP-1398, AMHEP-1068 120 Dendrobium planibulbe Lindl. BMHEP-04513 121 Dendrobium pleasancium P.O’Byrne & J.J.Verm. CMHEP-05187 (endemic to Borneo) 122 Dendrobium rosellum Ridl. AMHEP-807, CMHEP-0231, CMHEP-0243, BMHEP-1683, CMHEP-1363, BMHEP-4104 123 Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl. ex Wall. BMHEP-3991 124 Dendrobium setifolium Ridl. BMHEP-2393 125 Dendrobium spathipetalum J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2476, CMHEP-0495, BMHEP-6917 (endemic to Borneo) 126 Dendrobium speculum J.J.Sm. AMHEP-834, AMHEP-893, BMHEP-2412, BMHEP-1720, BMHEP-3883, BMHEP-3979 (endemic to Borneo) 127 Dendrobium stuposum Lindl. BMHEP-2391, BMHEP-3901, BMHEP-3937 128 Dendrobium tetrachromum Rchb.f. CMHEP-2964, BMHEP-2965, BMHEP-3815 (endemic to Borneo) 129 Dendrobium treacherianum Rchb.f. ex Hook.f. BMHEP-1721, CMHEP-2262, CMHEP-1318, BMHEP-1366, CMHEP-1374, BMHEP-2150, BMHEP-1935 130 Dendrobium xantholeucum Rchb.f. CMHEP-2206 79 80 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG 131 Dendrobium spp. CMHEP-1450, CMHEP-2649, CMHEP-2746, CMHEP-2752, CMHEP-2178, AMHEP-2831, BMHEP-2576, CMHEP-2209, BMHEP-2245, CMHEP-1312, CMHEP-1357, BMHEP-3850, CMHEP-5016, CMHEP-5051, CMHEP-5172, CMHEP-6366, BMHEP-4633, CMHEP-6298 132 Dendrochilum anomalum Carr CMHEP-1337, BMHEP-2327 (endemic to Borneo) 133 Dendrochilum cruciforme var. longicuspe J.J.Wood AMHEP-851, CMHEP-2461 (endemic to Borneo) 134 Dendrochilum integrilabium Carr CMHEP-6091, CMHEP-06351 (endemic to Borneo) 135 Dendrochilum kingii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. AMHEP-869, AMHEP-1111, AMHEP-1191, CMHEP-0501, CMHEP-0270, BMHEP-1370, BMHEP-3810, BMHEP-3921, BMHEP-04451, BMHEP-04789, BMHEP-04919 136 Dendrochilum longifolium Rchb.f. AMHEP-1110 137 Dendrochilum longipes J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2775 (endemic to Borneo) 138 Dendrochilum oxylobum Schltr. BMHEP-4115 (endemic to Borneo) 139 Dendrochilum pallidiflavens Blume AMHEP-853, AMHEP-1182, CMHEP-0241, CMHEP-0272, CMHEP-2770, CMHEP-1350, CMHEP-1385, CMHEP-03645, CMHEP-06354, CMHEP-5915, AMHEP-1006, CMHEP-6070 140 Dendrochilum pubescens L.O.Williams AMHEP-0407 (endemic to Borneo) 141 Dendrochilum rufum (Rolfe) J.J.Sm. CMHEP-0526, CMHEP-1464, CMHEP-1492, BMHEP-1551, CMHEP-6049 (endemic to Borneo) 142 Dendrochilum spp. AMHEP-0207, CMHEP-0283, BMHEP-1603, CMHEP-1302, CMHEP-2802, CMHEP-1317, CMHEP-05047 143 Dienia ophrydis (J.Koenig) Seidenf. AMHEP-1058 144 Dilochia rigida (Ridl.) J.J.Wood CMHEP-4214 (endemic to Borneo) 145 Dilochia wallichii Lindl. CMHEP-0055, CMHEP-2809, BMHEP-04795 146 Dilochia sp. CMHEP-1359, CMHEP-05019 147 Dimorphorchis lowii (Lindl.) Rolfe CMHEP-2823, BMHEP-05719, CMHEP-6574 (endemic to Borneo) 148 Dipodium purpureum J.J.Sm. CMHEP-0252, CMHEP-2735, BMHEP-2416 149 Dipodium sp.1 BMHEP-2223 150 Dyakia hendersoniana (Rchb.f.) Christenson AMHEP-2842, BMHEP-4046, CMHEP-03624 (endemic to Borneo) 151 Entomophobia kinabaluensis (Ames) de Vogel CMHEP-2460, CMHEP-0522, CMHEP-0246, CMHEP-2774, AMHEP-2837, CMHEP-2260, CMHEP-1387, CMHEP-6028 152 Eria crassipes Ridl. CMHEP-1316, CMHEP-03623 153 Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume CMHEP-6531 154 Eria neglecta Ridl. CMHEP-2472 D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 155 Eria nutans Lindl. CMHEP-2175, CMHEP-6562 156 Eria robusta (Blume) Lindl. CMHEP-0523, BMHEP-1719, CMHEP-2779, AMHEP-2829, CMHEP-1384, BMHEP-3861, BMHEP-4118, BMHEP-04518, CMHEP-05108, CMHEP-5921, BMHEP-2389 157 Eria spp. CMHEP-2457, CMHEP-0538, AMHEP-1283, CMHEP-0981, CMHEP-0247, CMHEP-0253, CMHEP-0255, CMHEP-0256, CMHEP-0261, BMHEP-0297, BMHEP-1617, BMHEP-1618, BMHEP-1648, CMHEP-2671, CMHEP-2675, CMHEP-2676, CMHEP-2806, CMHEP-2807, CMHEP-2824, AMHEP-2835, CMHEP-2205, CMHEP-2211, BMHEP-2250, CMHEP-2254, CMHEP-2255, CMHEP-1326, CMHEP-1345, BMHEP-1365, BMHEP-4008, CMHEP-05010, CMHEP-05028, CMHEP-05071, CMHEP-05126, CMHEP-05185, CMHEP-05189, CMHEP-2181, CMHEP-3308, BMHEP-04496 158 Geesinkorchis sp. CMHEP-0245, CMHEP-1496, CMHEP-1632, AMHEP-2838, CMHEP-2267, CMHEP-1315, BMHEP-4037, CMHEP-5930, AMHEP-815, BMHEP-6908 159 Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume CMHEP-0524, CMHEP-0021, CMHEP-1349, CMHEP-3193, CMHEP-05075 160 Hylophila cheangii Holttum CMHEP-5984, CMHEP-6051 161 Lecanorchis multiflora J.J.Sm. CMHEP-5972 162 Liparis barbata Lindl. AMHEP-1041, AMHEP-0436, CMHEP-2736, BMHEP-3028, BMHEP-3911, CMHEP-5964 163 Liparis cespitosa (Lam.) Lindl. CMHEP-2458 164 Liparis elegans Lindl. BMHEP-2881, BMHEP-3854 165 Liparis grandiflora Ridl. AMHEP-1272, BMHEP-3806 (endemic to Borneo) 166 Liparis lacerata Ridl. AMHEP-858, AMHEP-0419, CMHEP-0116, BMHEP-3994, CMHEP-05011 167 Liparis latifolia Lindl. BMHEP-04941 168 Liparis rheedei Lindl. BMHEP-1580, CMHEP-6541, BMHEP-04908 169 Liparis spp. BMHEP-3027, BMHEP-0684, BMHEP-04502, BMHEP-04540, BMHEP-05730 170 Luisia antennifera Blume CMHEP-1376, CMHEP-05079, CMHEP-5931 171 Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl. BMHEP-2315 172 Malleola sp. AMHEP-0598 173 Mycaranthes citrina (Ridl.) Rauschert BMHEP-1616, CMHEP-2201, CMHEP-1330, CMHEP-1344 174 Mycaranthes latifolia Blume CMHEP-1327, CMHEP-1380 175 Mycaranthes magnicallosa (Ames & C.Schweinf.) J.J.Wood CMHEP-1342, CMHEP-0230 (endemic to Borneo) 81 82 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG 176 Mycaranthes obliqua Lindl. CMHEP-1478, CMHEP-1334, CMHEP-0650, BMHEP-4054, AMHEP-889, BMHEP-04794 177 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume CMHEP-0235, BMHEP-1682-1, BMHEP-1610, CMHEP-2723, BMHEP-3859, BMHEP-3922, BMHEP-04514, BMHEP-04942, CMHEP-05005, CMHEP-5906, BMHEP-05704 178 Mycaranthes pannea (Lindl.) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood CMHEP-1821, CMHEP-1353, CMHEP-05184 179 Mycaranthes sp. CMHEP-2214, BMHEP-06395 180 Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume BMHEP-04708 181 Neuwiedia borneensis de Vogel CMHEP-06339 (endemic to Borneo) 182 Neuwiedia veratrifolia Blume CMHEP-6012 183 Oberonia cf. rubra Ridl. AMHEP-0596 184 Oberonia ciliolata Hook f. BMHEP-4017 185 Oberonia insectifera Hook. f. AMHEP-1140 186 Oberonia padangensis Schltr. BMHEP-2229, BMHEP-2253, CMHEP-2257, CMHEP-1377, AMHEP-884, CMHEP-05182 187 Oberonia spp. BMHEP-4058, CMHEP-05176, CMHEP-6029 188 Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. BMHEP-4057 189 Oxystophyllum sinuatum (Lindl.) M.A.Clem. AMHEP-1112 190 Oxystophyllum spp. CMHEP-4296, CMHEP-5981 191 Pennilabium struthio Carr AMHEP-597 192 Peristylus gracilis Blume AMHEP-0437 193 Peristylus hallieri J.J.Sm. CMHEP-0515, BMHEP-1688, CMHEP-2786, BMHEP-4004 (endemic to Borneo) 194 Phaius sp. BMHEP-2858, BMHEP-2875, CMHEP-1399 195 Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. AMHEP-1199, CMHEP-0663, CMHEP-6525 196 Phalaenopsis maculata Rchb.f. CMHEP-2788, CMHEP-6104 197 Pholidota carnea (Blume) Lindl. BMHEP-2323, BMHEP-2432 198 Pholidota gibbosa (Blume) Lindl. ex de Vriese AMHEP-1152-1, CMHEP-0043, CMHEP-1346, BMHEP-04512, BMHEP-04727, BMHEP-04901, CMHEP-6507, CMHEP-6540, CMHEP-05149 199 Pholidota imbricata Lindl. CMHEP-6549 200 Pholidota sulcata J.J.Sm. AMHEP-878, CMHEP-5917 201 Pholidota sp. BMHEP-4122 D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 83 202 Phreatia densiflora (Blume) Lindl. CMHEP-0627 203 Pinalia aff. saccifera (Hook.f.) Kuntze CMHEP-05165, CMHEP-6041 204 Pinalia cepifolia (Ridl.) J.J.Wood CMHEP-2478 (live plant planted in garden at dam site) 205 Pinalia floribunda (Lindl.) Kuntze AMHEP-1228-1, BMHEP-04904, BMHEP-04790-1 206 Pinalia latibracteata (Ridl.) J.J.Wood CMHEP-1338 207 Pinalia tenuiflora (Ridl.) J.J.Wood CMHEP-2183, CMHEP-6513, CMHEP-05153 208 Pinalia xanthocheila (Ridl.) W.Suarez & Cootes CMHEP-4233 209 Plocoglottis hirta Ridl. CMHEP-6013 (endemic to Borneo; live plant planted in garden at dam site) 210 Plocoglottis plicata (Roxb.) Ormerod CMHEP-6526, CMHEP-6550, CMHEP-6568 211 Plocoglottis sp. BMHEP-1703, CMHEP-2905, BMHEP-2859, BMHEP-4000, BMHEP-04543 212 Poaephyllum sp. BMHEP-5712 (live plant planted in garden at dam site) 213 Podochilus microphyllus Lindl. CMHEP-0258 214 Podochilus cf. schistanthera Schltr. BMHEP-3877 215 Podochilus sp.1 BMHEP-1550 216 Pteroceras fragrans (Ridl.) Garay CMHEP-5951 (endemic to Borneo) 217 Pteroceras teres (Blume) Holttum CMHEP-2940 218 Renanthera breviflora (Rchb.f.) R.Rice & J.J.Wood BMHEP-3802 (new record) 219 Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl. CMHEP-1329 220 Robiquetia transversisaccata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) J.J.Wood CMHEP-5901 (endemic to Borneo) 221 Robiquetia sp. CMHEP-2263 222 Saccolabiopsis viridiflora Aver. BMHEP-3889, BMHEP-4035 (new record) 223 Spathoglottis aurea Lindl. CMHEP-2163, CMHEP-1388 224 Spathoglottis plicata Blume BMHEP-2436, AMHEP-0466, BMHEP-3897, CMHEP-6022 225 Stichorkis cf. gibbosa (Finet) J.J.Wood AMHEP-1064, AMHEP-0443 226 Taeniophyllum sp. AMHEP-1247 227 Tainia obpandurata H.Turner AMHEP-2358 (new record) 84 LING CHEA YIING & JULIA SANG 228 Tainia paucifolia (Breda) J.J.Sm. CMHEP-2740, BMHEP-3828, BMHEP-03668, BMHEP-05749 229 Tainia scapigera (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. CMHEP-6050 (endemic to Borneo) 230 Tainia speciosa Blume CMHEP-0030 231 Tainia sp. BMHEP-2857 232 Thecopus secunda (Ridl.) Seidenf. BMHEP-04530 233 Thelasis macrobulbon Ridl. AMHEP-1180, CMHEP-0510, CMHEP-1319 234 Thelasis micrantha (Brongn.) J.J.Sm. BMHEP-3890 235 Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Lindl. CMHEP-1438 236 Thrixspermum centipeda Lour. AMHEP-833, CMHEP-2177, CMHEP-5907, BMHEP-3351 237 Thrixspermum lingiae P.O’Byrne & Gokusing AMHEP-1944 (endemic to Borneo) 238 Thrixspermum pulchrum Carr BMHEP-3892 (new record) 239 Thrixspermum raciborskii J.J.Sm. CMHEP-1491, CMHEP-2266, BMHEP-3882, CMHEP-6001 240 Thrixspermum ridleyanum Schltr. AMHEP-1098, CMHEP-2910, AMHEP-3195, CMHEP-5952 241 Thrixspermum scopa (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Holttum CMHEP-1324 242 Thrixspermum tenuicalcar Carr BMHEP-3835 (new record) 243 Thrixspermum spp. CMHEP-2751, CMHEP-2818, BMHEP-2251, BMHEP-3019, CMHEP-1352, CMHEP-05186, CMHEP-05183 244 Trichoglottis persicina P.O’Byrne AMHEP-2840, CMHEP-2256, CMHEP-5994 (endemic to Borneo; new record) 245 Trichoglottis aff. scaphigera Ridl. BMHEP-0299, CMHEP-2941, AMHEP-2841, CMHEP-2258, BMHEP-3996 246 Trichoglottis smithii Carr BMHEP-6909 247 Trichoglottis sp. CMHEP-1336 248 Trichotosia ferox Blume CMHEP-6074 249 Trichotosia gracilis (Hook.f.) Kraenzl. CMHEP-0498, CMHEP-0254, CMHEP-2680, CMHEP-2174, CMHEP-2204, CMHEP-2221, BMHEP-3985, CMHEP-6005, CMHEP-3327 250 Trichotosia microphylla Blume AMHEP-2830, BMHEP-1373 251 Trichotosia teysmannii (Hook.f.) Kraenzl. AMHEP-1176 252 Trichotosia vestita (Wall. ex Lindl.) Kraenzl. BMHEP-1546, CMHEP-2916, BMHEP-2155, AMHEP-2834, CMHEP-2213, CMHEP-03639, CMHEP-05103, CMHEP-06202 253 Trichotosia spp. AMHEP-1170, CMHEP-0240, BMHEP-2600, CMHEP-2203 D I V E R S I T Y O F O R C H I DAC E A E F RO M M U RU M DA M 254 Vanilla aff. borneensis Rolfe BMHEP-3119 255 Vanilla sumatrana J.J.Sm. CMHEP-5950 (new record) 256 Vrydagzynea sp.1 CMHEP-5986 257 Zeuxine purpurascens Blume BMHEP-5759 (live plant planted in garden at dam site) 258 Unknown species (two species) BMHEP-1605, CMHEP-2634, CMHEP-05049, BMHEP-05735, CMHEP-06608 85