Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP) BBOP Pilot Project Case Study The Ambatovy Project Forest Trends, Conservation International and the Wildlife Conservation Society provided the Secretariat for BBOP during the first phase of the programme's work (2004 – 2008). Publication Data The Ambatovy Project Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme Pilot Project Case Study, 2009: The Ambatovy Project is a Joint Venture project between Sherritt Incorporated, Sumitomo Incorporated, Kores and SNC Lavalin. The Ambatovy Project is comprised of the following two Madagascan operating companies, Ambatovy Minerals SA (AMSA) and Dynatec Madagascar S.A. (DMSA). The Project Administrative offices are located at Trano Fitaratra, 7ème étage, Ankorondrano, Antananarivo, Madagascar (PO Box 12085, Poste Zoom, Ankorondrano), T: +261 20 22 230 88 / 22 397 35 – 37 F: +261 20 22 540 30, http://www.sherritt.mg/ Available from www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/guidelines/ambatovy-case-study.pdf. © The Ambatovy Project (Ambatovy Minerals SA/Dynatec Madagascar SA) 2009. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Ambatovy Project. Any errors are purely the responsibility of the authors. Cover and graphic design by Rima Design. THE AMBATOVY PROJECT BBOP PILOT PROJECT BUSINESS AND BIODIVERSITY OFFSETS PROGRAMME CASE STUDY PREPARED BY PIERRE O. BERNER, STEVEN DICKINSON AND ARISTIDE ANDRIANARIMISA JANUARY 2009 1 About this document To help developers, conservation groups, communities, governments and financial institutions that wish to consider and develop best practice related to biodiversity offsets, the Business and Biodiversity Offsets 1 Programme (BBOP) has prepared a set of Principles, interim guidance and resource documents , including 2 pilot project case studies, of which this Document is one. All those involved in BBOP are grateful to the companies who volunteered pilot projects in this first phase of its work. The ability to test methods and learn from practical experience in a set of pilot projects has played an important role in the development of the BBOP Principles on Biodiversity Offsets and supporting materials during the first phase of the programme’s work (2004 – 2008). The Ambatovy Project’s four shareholders volunteered to undertake pilot projects during BBOP’s first phase, with some joining at the outset, and some at later stages. While BBOP has offered some support and technical advice to the individual pilot projects through its Secretariat and Advisory Committee, each pilot project has been directed and managed by a team employed or contracted by the companies and city council leading the respective projects. Each of the case studies prepared by the pilot projects explains the approach taken and how close the Project has come to completing the design of the biodiversity offset concerned, and sets out the developer’s current thinking on the most appropriate offset. This may change as the Project teams finalise their offset programme design and further implementation. The nature of the guidance used by the pilot projects has varied according to which drafts of the evolving BBOP Handbooks were available to them at the time. This and the individual circumstances and context of each pilot project have affected the extent to which they have used or adapted the BBOP guidance. Consequently, the case studies do not necessarily reflect the range of interim guidance currently presented in BBOP’s Biodiversity Offset Design Handbook, Cost-Benefit Handbook and Implementation Handbook. This Document has been provided by the Ambatovy Project subject to the limitations set out herein. The Ambatovy Project is still working on the design of the proposed biodiversity offset discussed in this case study. Consequently, none of the suggested or projected activities based on fieldwork to date represent a commitment on the part of The Ambatovy Project, it shareholders or potential partners to proceed with the offset as described in draft form in this Document. Such commitment is the subject of continuing internal discussions. The information and data relating to possible offset sites, areas and activities are presented here to communicate the initial work that has been done on a potential offset design and to illustrate one possible approach to the design of a biodiversity offset intended to comply with the BBOP principles. Where data supplied by external sources, including previous site investigation data, have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. No responsibility is accepted by the Ambatovy Project for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others. 1 The BBOP Principles, interim guidance and resource documents, including a glossary, can be found at www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/guidelines/. To assist readers, a selection of terms with an entry in the BBOP Glossary has been highlighted thus: biodiversity offsets. Users of the Web or CD-ROM version of this document can move their cursors over a glossary term to see the definition. 2 This case study was prepared by Pierre O. Berner, Steven Dickinson and Aristide Andrianarimisa. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project About this document 2 The Ambatovy Project may have retained sub-consultants affiliated with the Ambatovy Project to provide Services for the benefit of the Ambatovy Project. To the maximum extent allowed by law, users of this Document acknowledge and agree they will not have any direct legal recourse to, and waive any claim, demand, or cause of action against, the Ambatovy Project’s contractors, sub-contractors, partners, shareholders and other related or affiliated companies, and their respective employees, officers and directors. This Document is provided for the use by developers, conservation groups, communities, governments and financial institutions that wish to consider and develop best practice related to biodiversity offsets. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted by any person. Any use made of this Document or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such users. The Ambatovy Project accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this Document. For greater certainty, this Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined herein and no responsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for any other purpose. BBOP is embarking on the next phase of its work, during which BBOP hopes to collaborate with more individuals and organisations around the world, to test and develop these and other approaches to biodiversity offsets more widely geographically and in more industry sectors. BBOP is a collaborative programme, and we welcome your involvement. To learn more about the programme and how to get involved please: See: www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/ Contact: bbop@forest-trends.org BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 3 Contents Table of contents About this document 1 1. Executive Summary 6 2. Project Context 11 2.1 Policy context 11 2.2 Regional context 12 2.3 Shareholders involved in offset design 14 Project Summary 15 3.1 General project description 15 3.2 Ambatovy offset programme 17 4. How the Ambatovy Project is Applying the BBOP Principles 19 5. Current Status of the Project and Offset 24 5.1 Project chronology and status (as of December 2008) 24 5.2 Offset chronology and status (as of December 2008) 24 6. Business Case for a Biodiversity Offset 26 7. The Offset Design Process 28 7.1 Guidance and methodologies used 28 7.2 Roles and responsibility 28 7.3 The offset design process 29 3. 7.3.1 Step 1: Review project scope and activities 29 7.3.2 Step 2: Review the legal framework and / or policy context for a biodiversity offset 29 7.3.3 Step 3: Initiate a stakeholder participation process 29 7.3.4 Step 4: Determine the need for an offset based on residual adverse effects 29 7.3.5 Step 5: Choose methods to calculate loss / gain and quantify residual losses 35 7.3.6 Step 6: Review potential offset locations and activities and assess the biodiversity gains which could be achieved at each 46 7.3.7 Step 7: Calculate offset gains and select appropriate offset locations and activities 51 7.3.8 Step 8: Record the offset design and enter the offset implementation process 51 8. Implementation Plan and Long-term Management 53 9. Summary of Offset Process Costs 54 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Contents 4 10. Project Outcomes 56 11. Lessons Learned 58 11.1 Limitations 58 11.1.1 Available data 58 11.1.2 Averaging 59 11.2 Recommendations 59 12. Next Steps 60 13. References 62 Tables Table 1: Summary of the Ambatovy pilot Project 9 Table 2: Ambatovy Project offset programme 18 Table 3: Summary of attribute weighting (December 2008) 41 Table 4: Azonal habitat (December 2008) 43 Table 5: Transitional habitat (December 2008) 43 Table 6: Zonal habitat (December 2008) 43 Table 7: Pipeline zonal habitat (December 2008) 43 Table 8: Biodiversity loss calculations scenarios at impact site and effect of post-impact remediation 45 Table 9: Summary of estimated costs 54 Table A5.1: Fauna and flora species vulnerability matrix (April 2008) 92 Table A5.2: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) vulnerability scores (April 2008) 92 Graphs Graph 1: Post-impact mitigation influence on biodiversity loss for forest habitats at impact site 45 Photographs Photograph 1: Ankerana aerial view 48 Photograph 2: Ankerana azonal habitat 48 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Contents 5 Figures Figure 1: Project location map 13 Figure 2: Project components map 16 Figure 3: Mine area, showing conservation zones (green) that constitute on-site offset area (including azonal, transitional and zonal forests) 32 Figure 4: Mine area habitat map 37 Figure 5: Mine footprint and environmental buffer map 37 Figure 6: BBOP benchmark site map 40 Figure 7: Forest habitat percentage hectares loss for the mine component (the pipeline affects only a small portion of the zonal habitat) 44 Ankerana offsite offset area location and other candidate sites surveyed by the project, in relation to the Ambatovy mine area 47 Correlation between EVC (azonal, transitional and zonal), substrate and topography 48 Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Ankerana map 50 Figure 11: Mine area and Analamay-Mantadia forest corridor, allowing link between on-site offset and forest corridor 50 Figure 12: Actions and timings (2004 – onwards) 53 Appendices Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration 64 Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, February 2008 Iteration 78 Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration 80 Appendix 4: Mine Footprint Status Sheet, 2nd Iteration 87 Appendix 5: Vulnerability Index 91 Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops (in French) 94 Appendix 7: Comparison of Ambatovy / Analamay and Ankerana Azonal Habitats Appendix 2: Appendix 3: 115 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 6 1. Executive Summary The Ambatovy Project is a large-tonnage nickel project in Madagascar with an annual design capacity of 60,000 tonnes of nickel and 5,600 tonnes of cobalt. The Project is comprised of two companies Ambatovy Minerals SA and Dynatec Madagascar SA each owned in the same proportion by Sherritt Incorporated, Sumitomo Incorporated, Kores and SNC Lavalin. The Project was permitted in December 2006. Construction began in early 2007 and production is due to begin by the end of 2010, reaching full capacity by 2013. The Project’s expected LIFECYCLE is 27 years, although operation beyond this is likely. The Ambatovy Project has six components: the mine, the slurry pipeline, the processing plant (including refinery), the tailings management facility, the harbour extension and the resettlement site. The Project covers a large territory extending over two of Madagascar’s twenty-two regions. The mine is located at an elevation of approximately 1,000 m above sea level, on Madagascar’s eastern escarpment, near the town of Moramanga. The industrial complex (plant, tailings management facility and harbour) is located 130 km to the northeast of the mine site, in the seaport city of Toamasina. A 218 km slurry pipeline carrying a water laterite slurry, which contains the ore, links the mine and plant. The proposed off-site offset of Ankerana, which constitutes the key component of the multifaceted offset programme, is situated in a very remote area between the mine site and Toamasina. The Ambatovy Project’s vision states that it will operate a sustainable nickel / cobalt mining and processing enterprise that delivers outstanding environmental and social records. The Project developed an environmental strategy aiming at honouring the Project’s vision, by producing positive CONSERVATION OUTCOMES on biodiversity through an offset programme. The offset programme aims at achieving NO NET LOSS on biodiversity, and preferably NET GAIN. The business benefit is essentially linked to risk management and aims to sustain ‘a good citizen project’ status in a host country recognised to constitute a BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT but suffering from chronic poverty. The Ambatovy offsets programme is multifaceted with many components. The programme has been adopted voluntarily to go above and beyond the Project’s impacts management strategy. The Programme includes: 1. The Ankerana offset: the off-site offset area covers 11,600 hectares (ha) of endangered forest, with similar ABIOTIC and BIOTIC conditions to those found at the mine site; the Project aims to ensure its long term protection through legal arrangements, financing and community consensus. 2. Two azonal forest sites: two on-site (mine) azonal forest conservation areas occur partially over the ore body footprint; the Project aims to ensure their long term protection through legal and managerial commitments. 3. The mine area conservation forest: the conservation forest area around the mine footprint is 4,900 ha; the Project aims to ensure its long term conservation as part of the priority species management programme and maintenance of the ecological services for the local communities. 4. The Analamay-Mantadia forest corridor: the Project is spearheading the establishment of a forest corridor between the mine area forests and the nearby Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor; the forest corridor aims at long term landscape level CONNECTIVITY for the protection of mine area biodiversity through partnerships with government, NGOs and local communities. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Executive Summary 7 5. The Torotorofotsy Ramsar wetland ecosystem: the Project is supporting the site management plan design and implementation in conjunction with government and local NGOs; these efforts aim to ensure the permanency of legal and managerial commitments in partnership with government and a local NGO. 6. The pipeline right of way reforestation programme: the programme aims at enhancing FOREST CONNECTIVITY in targeted areas of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor through expanded reforestation activities along the slurry pipeline right of way by conducting targeted reforestation in partnership with government and local NGOs. 7. The mine footprint replacement forest: the Project aims to create a replacement, multifunctional forest on the footprint during progressive reclamation with an established, integrated managerial structure by mine closure. The Ambatovy offset programme design approach was tailored according to the guidelines provided by the BBOP Secretariat and Advisory Committee. It includes the following steps: Step 1. Reviewing the offset project scope and activities: the offset project was outlined in the ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA), to go above and beyond the expected regulatory requirements, and was presented during stakeholder consultation; the Project became a pilot project in 2006 before obtaining its operating permit. Step 2. Reviewing the legal policy context for its biodiversity offset programme: key elements comprise the MECIE decree (Mise en Compatibilité des Investissements avec l'Environnement, Decree N° 2004-167 modified), the Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) 2007 – 2012, the regional and communal development plans and the EQUATOR PRINCIPLES. Step 3. Initiating stakeholder participation: PARTICIPATION has been pursued since the ESIA stage, engaging the Project’s shareholders, government, financiers, NGOs and local communities in the design of the offset programme and integrating their feedback. Step 4. Determining the need for an offset based on residual adverse effects: the Project’s principal impacts on natural systems and biodiversity were assessed by the project ESIA. DIRECT IMPACTS were predicted to occur at the mine area through the phased clearing of the 1,336 ha mine footprint within an ecologically sensitive semi-pristine forest mosaic. The KEY BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS in the mine area and upper slurry pipeline portion include significant numbers of fauna (16 lemurs, 62 birds, 123 herpetofauna), fish and 376 flora species, three structurally distinct HABITAT TYPES and a landscape-level habitat assemblage with functional interactions between its forest habitats. A very substantial MITIGATION programme was implemented through the Ambatovy Project’s Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP). The Project’s most significant RESIDUAL IMPACTS occur at the mine site, including both direct impacts through the clearing of the 1,336 ha footprint (and associated biodiversity) and indirect residual impacts from edge effects on the environmental buffer (790 ha). Other key Project components are located in areas that are already heavily and historically degraded and thus have negligible negative impacts on biodiversity. Step 5. Methods to calculate LOSSES / GAINS and quantify residual losses: the Project used the BENCHMARK and HABITAT HECTARES methodology to determine the scale of the offset needed to achieve the CONSERVATION GAINS that will achieve no net loss of biodiversity. The Project will generate a total loss of 1,168 habitat hectares that any offset will be required to compensate; this result will be refined with complementary fauna quantitative data acquired in early 2009. Socioeconomic losses and compensations from the offset programme will be determined during 2009. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Executive Summary 8 Step 6. Reviewing potential offset locations and activities to assess biodiversity gains which could be achieved: preliminary surveys of offset candidate sites were undertaken in 2005 with the objective of identifying potential IN-KIND type offsets. The Ankerana forest site has many similarities with the Ambatovy mine site forests, supporting the hypothesis that Ankerana can be considered ‘inkind’ relative to the Ambatovy azonal habitats. Step 7. Calculating offset gains and select appropriate offset locations and activities: additional work to verify Ankerana’s similarities is required and planned for 2009, including detailed quantification of potential offset gains. Gains from other offset programme components will also be calculated and integrated. Step 8. Recording the offset design and entering the offset implementation process: the Ankerana offset design and other components of the offset programme have not yet been finalised, thus the implementation process has not formally begun. The Project will finalise the offset programme design, using BBOP guidance, during the course of 2009. The team plans to complete the design of the offset programme implementation plan by the end of 2009, with the Ankerana and other offset sites’ gain calculated in 2010, and thus the final offset design completed at that point. The Project will have the responsibility of ensuring the management of the Ankerana site, while actual site protection and local management will likely be entrusted to an NGO. For Ankerana, the annual operational costs are in the process of being established and are estimated to be in the range US$ 250,000 – 300,000 per annum. Since the offset programme is still in the design phase, the actual conservation outcomes to date are limited. They represent what the Project has achieved thus far and the benefits the Project has already enjoyed and include securing the temporary protection of Ankerana until the Ministerial decree for its protection is finalised; integrating Ankerana into the national protected areas network; coordination between government organisations, NGOs, local communities and the private sector; local community awareness and reforestation activities. At the mine site, forest and TAXA-specific conservation management plans were developed for flora and fauna, (e.g., lemurs, Mantella frog species and fish). Although these programmes were developed as part of the Biodiversity Management Plan, their importance is reinforced by their aim of ensuring the conservation of azonal habitat and associated species, thus ensuring that all key biodiversity components present on the IMPACT SITE are present at the offset. A summary of the Ambatovy Project pilot project BBOP programme is presented in Table 1. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Executive Summary 9 Table 1: Summary of the Ambatovy pilot Project Company name Ambatovy Minerals SA & Dynatec Madagascar SA (AMSA / DMSA) Project name Ambatovy Project – Madagascar Sector & project description Ambatovy is a large-tonnage nickel Project with an annual design capacity of 60,000 tonnes of nickel, 5,600 tonnes of cobalt and 190,000 tonnes of ammonium sulphate. Production is scheduled to begin in 2010, with full capacity expected to be achieved by 2013. The Project’s assessed reserve life is 27 years, with potential for extension beyond this. The main impacts to biodiversity are located at the mine footprint with the clearing of near-primary forest. The Project has designed and implemented a Biodiversity Management Programme to mitigate and monitor the residual impacts associated to development, whilst pursuing its impact AVOIDANCE and reduction approach. The mitigation measures cover flora, fauna and aquatics. Country Republic of Madagascar (Alaotra Mangoro and Atsinanana regions, eastern Madagascar). Shareholders Sherritt International Corporation, Sumitomo Corporation, Kores, and SNC Lavalin Incorporated. Principal biodiversity components affected by Project The key biodiversity components, mostly confined to the mine area and upper slurry pipeline portion, can be summarised as follows:    Scale of impact Priority species: – 16 lemurs species, including Prolemur simus (IUCN CR), Propithecus d. diadema (IUCN EN), Indri indri (IUCN EN), Eulemur rubriventer (IUCN VU), Daubentonia madagascarensis (IUCN NT), Hapalemur griseus (VU), Allocebus trichotis (IUCN DD); – 62 birds species, including Tyto soumagnei, Anas melleri and Ardea humbloti, Sarothura watersi (IUCN EN); – 123 herpetofauna species, including Mantella aurantiaca (IUCN CR), M. crocea (IUCN EN) and Sanzinia madagascariensis (IUCN VU); – 5 fish species of which Rheoles alaotrensis (IUCN VU) and at least two new Ratsirakia species; – 24 insect species, which are considered rare at a national level; – 376 plants including Asteropeia mcphersonii (IUCN VU), Leptolaena multiflora (IUCN EN), Dalbergia baroni (IUCN VU) and 330 species of concern, which are considered rare in Madagascar; Three structurally distinct habitat types: zonal, transitional and azonal forests (the latter including seasonal ponds and upper watershed stream systems) and their fauna and flora communities; and The landscape-level habitat assemblage with the functional interaction between the zonal, transitional and azonal forests. The main anticipated residual impacts on biodiversity caused by the Project will occur at the mine site and in the upper portion of the slurry pipeline through the progressive clearing of the mine footprint (approximately 1,336 ha), located within an ecologically sensitive natural forest mosaic of the eastern mid-altitudinal forest corridor. Stringent impact avoidance and minimisation strategies were applied in the design phase of the Project. Residual impacts on biodiversity at the other Project components are insignificant due to human-induced degradation in these areas but will nonetheless be offset. These include pipelines, the processing plant, the tailings area and a pier extension project. The 218 km of buried slurry pipelines will involve the clearing of a mix of native and non-native secondary vegetation resulting from historical slash and burn with comparatively little biodiversity value. However, two sections of the pipeline cross sensitive habitats: the first 2 km of zonal, nearprimary forest accounted for in the mine footprint and the crossing of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor at Vohimana, where the pipeline has been routed to avoid residual primary forest fragments. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Executive Summary 10 2 The processing plant occupies 2.6 km of the Toamasina industrial zone. The associated tailings 2 system of 14 km will be located in a highly degraded agricultural matrix. An existing pier at the harbour will be extended by over 300 m to accommodate the Project’s logistical needs. The processing plant, tailings and pier extension have been assessed in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to have negligible residual impacts on biodiversity. As the Project is developing the ESIA is being revisited to ensure that no residual impact to biodiversity is being neglected. Any further residual impacts identified will be accounted for in the biodiversity offset calculation. Description of offset The Ambatovy offsets programme is multifaceted with many components. The Ambatovy Project is committed to achieve positive conservation outcomes through designing and implementing its multifaceted programme, that includes: 1. Ankerana offset: establishing an 11,600 ha endangered forest off-site offset, with similar abiotic and biotic conditions to those found at the mine site and ensuring long term protection through legal arrangements and community consensus. 2. Azonal forest sites: establishing two on-site (mine) azonal forest habitats conservation areas that occur partially over the mine footprint and ensuring long term protection through legal and managerial commitments. 3. Mine area conservation forest: establishing a 4,900 ha conservation forest area around the footprint and ensuring long term conservation as part of the priority species management programme and maintenance of the ecological services for the local communities. 4. Analamay-Mantadia forest corridor: spearheading the establishment of a forest corridor between the mine area forests and the nearby Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor and securing long term landscape level connectivity for the protection of mine area biodiversity through partnerships with government, NGOs and local communities. 5. Torotorofotsy Ramsar: supporting the site management plan design and implementation in conjunction with government and local NGOs and ensuring permanency of legal and managerial commitments with its partnerships. 6. Pipeline right of way reforestation: enhancing forest connectivity in targeted areas of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor through expanded reforestation activities along the slurry pipeline right of way and conducting targeted reforestation in partnership with government and local NGOs. 7. Mine footprint replacement forest: creating a replacement, multifunctional forest on the footprint during progressive reclamation with an established, integrated managerial structure by mine closure. While the design and implementation of the several components of the Ambatovy offset programme has progressed, the predicted conservation outcomes from these various offset components have not yet been fully calculated. Meanwhile, Ambatovy has focused on its proposed Ankerana offset as the most significant component of its offset. However, the high degree of social sensitivity around Ankerana has led the project to undertake community involvement before the planned biodiversity assessment at the site. The impact of the first pipeline section will be included in the offset calculation for the mine site. The second section of pipeline will be offset by reforestation not only of the pipeline footprint but also of broader areas with the aim of reconnecting the forest corridor. Links to further information http://www.sherritt.com and http://www.sherritt.mg BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 11 2. Project Context 2.1 Policy context Investment projects in Madagascar must be compatible with Malagasy environmental regulations. This principle is embedded in the MECIE (Mise en Compatibilité des Investissements avec l'Environnement) decree (Decree N° 2004-167 modified). The application of this decree is enforced by the environmental regulator, ONE (Office National de l’Environnement), which has developed stringent guidelines and protocols on how to elaborate, review, permit and monitor Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA). Although the terms of reference for an ESIA in Madagascar typically require stringent mitigation of impacts, biodiversity offsets are not included in the text. The Government of Madagascar became aware of biodiversity offset mechanisms through interactions with environmental NGOs in 2005 (WWF, Conservation International – CI, Wildlife Conservation Society – WCS). Subsequently, the BBOP Secretariat attended a presidential audience to discuss biodiversity offsets in June 2006 during which the concept of offsets as a complementary mechanism to reduce impacts on Madagascar’s heritage was well received by the President of Madagascar. Biodiversity offsets were subsequently referred to in the Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) 2007 – 2012:  Commitment # 7 “Cherishing the Environment”  Challenge # 3 “Develop the Environmental Reflex at All Levels"  Priority Projects and Activities # 3 “Develop a policy for mining companies and logging companies for biodiversity offsets and other mechanisms and incentives for environmental protection” The ESIA for the Ambatovy Project (MINEVEF/ONE Permit # 47/06 dated December 1st, 2006) established that the Project, and specifically the mine component, would be located in a sensitive biodiversity area and that the mitigation of residual impacts would require both on-site and off-site compensation measures. While on-site measures at the mine are commitments made in the ESIA, the Ambatovy offset programme goes above and beyond compliance with legal obligations. The offset programme is believed to deliver positive conservation outcomes under a vision of no net loss of biodiversity, and possibly net gain. This would enable the Project to honour its stringent biodiversity policy developed and endorsed by its shareholders:  “… to cause no net harm to biological diversity where we operate, to mitigate unavoidable impacts, and to practice responsible closure procedures;  … to assure the conservation of habitats, flora and fauna, using all reasonable actions and technologies;  … to ensure responsible attention to the maintenance and, where possible, enhancement of biodiversity in the best interest of our business, the communities in which we operate, and the world at large.” The Project’s principal financial lenders have subscribed to the Equator Principles (http://www.equatorprinciples.com/index.shtml). In this context, full regulatory compliance and the implementation of a thorough impact management strategy is expected. In addition, the lenders also require the Project’s general compliance with the IFC Performance Standards and specifically Performance Standard 6 (Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management). In the context of biodiversity offsets, BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Context 12 paragraph 8 of Standard 6 is particularly relevant and requires the design of mitigation measures to achieve no net loss of biodiversity where feasible. These measures may include a combination of actions, such as:  Post-operation restoration of habitats  Offset of losses through the creation of ecologically comparable area(s) that is managed for biodiversity  Compensation to direct users of biodiversity The Project is thus designed to comply with the IFC Performance Standards for major projects. 2.2 Regional context The Ambatovy Project has six components, including the mine, the slurry pipeline, the processing plant (including refinery), the tailings management facility, the harbour extension and resettlement sites (see Figure 1). The Project covers a large territory extending over two of Madagascar’s twenty-two regions (AlaotraMangoro and Toamasina). The mine is located at an elevation of approximately 1,000 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.), near the town of Moramanga. The industrial complex (plant, tailings management facility and harbour) is located 130 km to the northeast of the mine site, in the seaport city of Toamasina. A slurry pipeline carrying a water laterite slurry, which contains the ore, links the mine and plant. The proposed Ankerana offset, constituting the key component of the multifaceted offset programme, is situated in a very remote area between the mine site and Toamasina. As presented in the Project ESIA, the principal biodiversity sensitivities of the Project are concentrated in the forested mine area and within the upper portion of the slurry pipeline, while social issues are relevant for all components. Biodiversity resources within the mine region have strong intrinsic and USE VALUES and communities there largely depend on these biodiversity resources for their LIVELIHOODS. However, in light of current agricultural practices and population growth, natural resource and biodiversity utilisation by local communities is far from sustainable in the mine region; the depletion is such that this natural capital will not be available to future generations unless fundamental changes take place. The socioeconomic impacts on the local communities from the Project’s offset programme will need to be considered. The mitigation of these impacts needs to be designed in the context of national, regional and communal plans that address long-term issues of sustainable resource use in the regions in which the Project operates. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Context 13 Figure 1: Project location map BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Context 2.3 14 Shareholders involved in offset design  Shareholders: the Project is jointly owned by Sherritt Incorporated, Sumitomo Incorporated, Kores and SNC Lavalin. Each partner has played an important role in the Project’s environmental programme, including regulatory compliance, impact mitigation, risk management and design of a comprehensive biodiversity offset programme. The Ambatovy vision, besides the goal of generating attractive economic results, is to contribute significantly to the host country and to deliver outstanding safety, social and environmental performance.  Government: the general offset principle is captured in the MAP (see Policy Context section above) and specific governmental entities have been involved in the offset design, including the Ministry of Environment, Water, Forests and Tourism (MEWFT) and the Malagasy Forest Service, which have actively participated in securing the proposed offset site at Ankerana via a community-led zoning process.  Lenders: the Ambatovy Project is one of the largest capital investment projects in the world and it is financially supported by a number of lender banks, most of which have adopted the EQUATOR PRINCIPLES. Lenders includes the African Development Bank (AFDB), Export Development Canada (EDC), ExportImport Bank of Korea (K-EXIM), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and various commercial banks such as Société Générale and BNP Paribas. The consideration of Performance Standard 6 in the Project’s Biodiversity Management Plan, including the taxa-specific plans, reflects this.  NGOs: environmental NGOs in Madagascar are aware of the offset concept and are encouraging the Ambatovy Project to continue moving its offset programme forward in an effort to ensure NO NET LOSS on biodiversity and, preferably, net gain. However, it is worth noting that some STAKEHOLDERS voice concerns about the Project’s ability to deliver no net loss of biodiversity and are closely scrutinising the Project’s offset initiative. Given this, the Project has been actively working to enhance its offset programme in collaboration with NGOs such as CI, WCS and ERI (Eco Regional Initiative). A number of other NGOs working with the Ambatovy Project on impact mitigation have also provided valuable input to the offset design process (e.g., Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherche des Lémuriens, Henry Doorly Zoo and its Madagascar Biodiversity Program, Madagasikara Voakajy, Missouri Botanical Garden, Mitsinjo, University of Antananarivo Biology department, the South African Institute of Aquatic Biology, WWF and others).  Local communities: the Project continues to engage stakeholders, including local communities, to ensure that any offset is compatible and integrated with regional and local land and resource management visions. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 15 3. Project Summary 3.1 General project description The Ambatovy Project is a large-tonnage nickel project with an annual design capacity of 60,000 tonnes of nickel and 5,600 tonnes of cobalt. Additionally, the Project will produce 190,000 tonnes of fertiliser (ammonium sulphate) as a by-product from the refinery, a product much needed in this part of the world. The Project was permitted in December 2006 and construction began in early 2007. Production is due to begin at the end of 2010, reaching full capacity by 2013. Based on proven nickel and cobalt ore reserves, the Project’s expected lifecycle is 27 years, although operation beyond this is likely, as stored low-grade ore could become an economic commodity in the future. The locations of the main Project components are shown in Figure 2, and the key features are summarised below:  The Ambatovy mine lies within the mid-altitude forests, at the westerly limit of the residual eastern rain forest known as the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor. The near-primary forests of the mine area have undergone considerable human-induced pressures including hunting and gathering, selective logging, slash and burn agriculture, uncontrolled fires and species collection for trade;  The slurry pipeline, buried over the majority of its route, will pass through 2 km of near-primary forest surrounding the mine, crosses a Ramsar site (avoiding the wetlands by following an old railroad spur) and traverses the Ankeniheny-Zahamena forest corridor by avoiding residual forest fragments whenever possible. It then continues to the coast through hilly terrain of the former eastern rain forest destroyed by extensive slash and burn agriculture;  The industrial complex, including the processing plant and the refinery, the tailings and the harbour, is located within an anthropogenic coastal landscape in a suburban setting. The plant and harbour lay within the industrial zones of Toamasina; and  The proposed Ankerana offset site, which is equidistant between the mine and Toamasina, is a large, mountainous dome covered with primary forest, encroached only by slash and burn agriculture in surrounding valleys where frontier dwellings exist. The pristine character of the site is a result of its remoteness and the low density of surrounding human populations. The Project’s principal impacts on natural systems and biodiversity will occur at the mine area, through the phased clearing of the mine footprint within an ecologically sensitive natural forest mosaic. The sensitivity of this mosaic arises from the considerable local heterogeneity in terms of geology, geomorphology, substrate, topography and meso-climate. It is widely documented that the average annual deforestation rate calculated over the period between 2000 and 2005 was 0.35%. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Madagascar lost 6.2% of its forest cover, approximately 854,000 ha. The current annual loss of the residual eastern rain forest is equivalent to 14,000 ha per year. The total mine footprint to be cleared (1,336 ha) represents only 0.03% of the residual eastern rain forest, estimated in 2008 at 4,012,100 ha. In consideration of the large forest loss in eastern Madagascar, the INTRINSIC VALUE of the offset area at Ankerana (11,600 ha) will increase over time as such forest estates and their associated biodiversity become rarer. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Summary 16 Figure 2: Project components map While the bulk of the residual biodiversity impact will arise in the mine area and in the upper portion of the pipeline, the Project’s offset calculation considers residual impacts from each project component including the entire slurry pipeline, the processing plant, the tailings and the harbour extension. The intention is that all residual impacts will be offset. Approximately 90% of the pipeline’s 218 km right of way will require the clearance of secondary, non-sensitive and mostly non-ligneous vegetation, which has resulted from historical slash and burn and has comparatively little biodiversity value. Disturbed land will ultimately be rehabilitated using species appropriate to current land use in the different pipeline sectors (including provision of fuel wood species to reduce pressure on native forests). However, two sections of the pipeline cross sensitive habitats:  The first 2 km of zonal, near-primary forest at the mine area; these losses are integrated to the mine footprint loss calculations; and  The Ankeniheny-Zahamena forest corridor area, which led to 16.5 ha of zonal forest being cleared, despite planning and routing efforts to avoid the residual primary forest fragments present there. 2 The processing plant, currently under construction, covers 2.6 km of Toamasina’s industrial zone. The 2 tailings management facility has a footprint of 14 km and is located in a highly degraded, fire-driven agricultural matrix, where irreversible, human-induced depletion of the original biodiversity occurred during historical forest clearance. The harbour expansion requires the construction of an extended pier (over 300 m) to accommodate the unloading of equipment during the construction and the importation of raw material (coal, sulphur, limestone and diesel) and the loading of nickel and cobalt briquette bags and ammonium sulphate during operation. At the Project’s industrial complex (plant, tailings management facility and harbour), most of the biodiversity values were lost many years ago through extensive habitat conversion. The Project’s ESIA BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Summary 17 notes that the industrial complex will have negligible residual impacts on biodiversity, which will nonetheless be traded up through the Project’s offset programme. Specific aspects of the biological environment assessed in the ESIA are being revisited through expanded BASELINE STUDIES to ensure that residual impacts are fully documented and included in the biodiversity offset calculation. The KEY BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS in the mine area and upper slurry pipeline portion can be summarised as:  Priority species, with home ranges overlapping (and or potentially overlapping) the mine footprint: – 16 lemurs species, including Prolemur simus (IUCN CR), Propithecus d. diadema (IUCN EN), Indri indri (IUCN EN), Eulemur rubriventer (IUCN VU), Daubentonia madagascarensis (IUCN NT), Hapalemur griseus (VU), Allocebus trichotis (IUCN DD); – 62 birds species, including Tyto soumagnei, Anas melleri and Ardea humbloti, Sarothura watersi (all IUCN EN); – 123 herpetofauna species, including Mantella aurantiaca (IUCN CR), M. crocea (IUCN EN), Sanzinia madagascariensis (IUCN VU); – 5 fish species of which Rheoles alaotrensis (IUCN VU) and at least two new Ratsirakia species; – 24 insects species, which are considered rare at a national level; – 376 plants including Asteropeia mcphersonii (IUCN VU), Leptolaena multiflora (IUCN EN), Dalbergia baroni (UCN VU) and the 330 species of concern which are considered rare in Madagascar;  Three structurally distinct HABITAT TYPES: zonal, transitional and azonal forests (the latter including seasonal ponds and upper watershed stream systems) and their fauna and flora communities; and  The landscape-level habitat assemblage with the functional interaction between the zonal, transitional and azonal forests. Section 7.3 presents more detail in the form of a Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and the steps followed in its completion. The full KBCM (December 2008 iteration) is provided in Appendix 1. Earlier iterations (February and April 2008) are presented in Appendices 2 and 3 respectively. 3.2 Ambatovy offset programme The Ambatovy Project offset programme is a multifaceted endeavour to achieve measurable CONSERVATION OUTCOMES resulting in no net loss and preferably a NET GAIN of biodiversity. It has been adopted voluntarily to go above and beyond the Project’s impacts management strategy. The Ambatovy Project intends to implement its diversified offset portfolio, as presented in Table 2. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Summary 18 Table 2: Ambatovy Project offset programme # Offset component 1 Design Implementation Ankerana Establishing a large off-site offset site at Ankerana, encompassing similar ABIOTIC and BIOTIC conditions to those found at the mine site. The site is located 71 km to the northeast of the mine site and would involve conservation of 11,600 ha of endangered forest, including a multiple use area of 7,000 ha and a core conservation area of 4,600 ha, within which there is a large tract of azonal forest. Ensure long term protection of the Ankerana offset site through the stringent legal arrangements and strong community consensus. Community motivation and consent is the highest priority of the Ambatovy Project offset implementation in its early phase and needs to be obtained before the BIODIVERSITY INVENTORIES are conducted (perceived as external intrusions by the local communities if ill prepared). Adhere to BBOP principles and guidelines for offset processes. Monitoring of efficacy of BBOP tools used and offset programme evaluation in 2011 and option analysis. 2 Azonal forest sites Protecting, for the long term, two on-site conservation sites of the azonal forest habitats that occur partially over the mine footprint that would otherwise be lost to deforestation. Ensure permanency of on-site conservation azonal sites through legal and managerial commitments. Ensure permanency of surrounding mine area forests (see offset component #3) with same measures as mentioned above. Ensure connectivity of mine area forests with surrounding protected areas (see offset component #4). 3 Mine area conservation forest Ensuring long term conservation of the forest surrounding the mine footprint as part of the priority species management programme and maintenance of the ecological services for the local communities. The area consists of the establishment of 4,900 ha of buffer forest around the footprint. Conduct multifunctional zoning based on existing models in Madagascar and ensure management of leased lands and in areas of targeted community transfer. It is believed that site that would otherwise be lost given regional deforestation rates. 4 AnalamayMantadia forest corridor Promoting the landscape level connectivity of the mine area forests with the nearby Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor to secure long term protection of mine area biodiversity as part of the Durban Vision implementation. Enter into formal partnerships with government, NGOs and local communities to design and develop implementation plans for the Analamay-Mantadia Corridor, that take present and future community needs into account. 5 Torotorofotsy Ramsar Supporting the Torotorofotsy Ramsar site management plan design and implementation in conjunction with government and local NGO. In partnership with government and local NGO, ensure permanency of legal and managerial commitments. In a first phase, complete zoning and management plan for Ramsar site. Development of pragmatic viable resources uses to maintain ecological functions of wetland area while community needs are met. 6 Pipeline right of way reforestation Enhancing FOREST CONNECTIVITY in targeted areas of the AnkenihenyZahamena Corridor through expanded reforestation activities along the slurry pipeline right of way. In partnership with government and local NGOs conduct targeted reforestation of the AnkenihenyZahamena Corridor (CAZ) with the aim of reestablishing forest connectivity. 7 Mine footprint replacement forest Creating a replacement, multifunctional forest on the entire footprint during progressive reclamation with an established, integrated managerial structure by mine closure. Design and implement management plans for engineering, water management, erosion control, early vegetation establishment, targeted species reforestation, induced and facilitated secondary successions and sylviculture treatments. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 19 4. How the Ambatovy Project is Applying the BBOP Principles During the ESIA in 2004 and 2005, the Ambatovy Project initiated its offset programme based on an improved understanding of RESIDUAL IMPACTS and the need for developing compensatory conservation activities. In 2006, Ambatovy became a BBOP PILOT PROJECT and refined its initial offset vision and the design approach was tailored according to the guidelines provided by the BBOP Secretariat and Advisory Committee. 3 The BBOP PRINCIPLES ON BIODIVERSITY OFFSETS were finalised in December 2008 , following several years of groundwork including the development of draft guidance and tools. The Project’s offset initiative was developed alongside, and is generally well-aligned with, the BBOP Principles. The Project’s alignment with the BBOP Principles is illustrated in more detail in Section 7. The Project applies the BBOP Principles as follows: 1. No net loss: The Project’s aim is to achieve measurable conservation outcomes that deliver NO NET LOSS of biodiversity and a possible net gain through a mix of complementary offset and mitigation activities, including:  An offset site at Ankerana that contains a core conservation area designed to compensate for the Project’s residual impacts on azonal forest biodiversity.  Protection of viable tracts of azonal forest habitats through the set-aside of two specific on-site azonal forest habitat conservation zones within the forests surrounding the mine footprint (see next point).  Implementation of a ‘no species EXTINCTION’ commitment and protection of forests surrounding the mine footprint to ensure the long-term viability of priority species populations impacted by the Project. This approach would include the on-site azonal forest habitat conservation zones and mechanisms to control current human pressure on these areas.  Design and implementation of protection measures for an existing residual forest corridor linking forests surrounding the mine area and the Mantadia National Park to ensure landscape-level forest connectivity.  Targeted reforestation of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor, in partnership with government and local NGOs, to re-establish forest connectivity between Mantadia National Park and the Man and the Biosphere Private Reserve.  Development of the Ramsar Torotorofotsy Management Plan in partnership with government and local NGOs, and contribution to its subsequent implementation.  Progressive rehabilitation at the mine site to produce a multifunctional replacement forest with reinstated biodiversity values to be included in the offset calculation. To date, the Project’s offset planners have used BBOP guidance and methodologies to assess the impact on biodiversity and to identify potential sites for biodiversity offsets. BBOP methodologies will also be followed to 3 The full text of the BBOP Principles is available in the BBOP document “Business, Biodiversity Offsets and BBOP: An Overview” – see www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/guidelines/overview.pdf. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project How the Ambatovy Project is Applying the BBOP Principles determine the scale of the offset required to deliver no net loss, to verify that no net loss has been achieved and to define implementation measures that will ensure the long-term sustainability of the offset. 2. Additional conservation outcomes: The Project is designing and implementing conservation activities that are predicted to deliver ADDITIONALITY, as summarised below for each of the Project’s components:  The proposed Ankerana offset site is currently being integrated within the recently established SAPM (National Protected Areas System) under the Durban Vision. However, there is a significant shortfall in the financial and human resources to offer protection to all these areas and the Durban Vision can only be implemented if an array of different partners commits to developing the required financial and human resources. Through the proposed offset, the Project will play a role in that development process.  Historically the azonal forest habitats of Ambatovy and Analamay have suffered significant anthropogenic impacts (e.g., from hunting and gathering, destructive honey collection, fire, charcoal, slash and burn, and the pet trade). The long-term survival of this habitat in the absence of the Project is far from proven. This is clearly seen in the baseline data for the mine area: of the total area of 1,347 ha of azonal forest habitat in the mine area, only 60% is of prime quality, the rest being significantly degraded before the project was established. While the mine development is predicted to impact 590 ha of prime quality azonal forest habitat, 212 ha (26.4% of the total prime quality habitat) will be preserved through the Project’s on-site azonal habitat conservation initiative. The likelihood of successful conservation of a viable portion of the unique azonal forest habitat at Ambatovy is therefore significantly increased by the presence of the Project.  Similarly, the zonal forests surrounding the mine footprint have experienced historic anthropogenic impacts such as forest structure modification (logging), species composition modification though canopy openings (invaders, heliophytes), FOREST FRAGMENTATION through clear cutting, and plain, irreversible loss of forest areas. The Project has committed to preserving the residual forests of the mine area by, for example, 4 implementing forest community transfer to avoid further anthropogenic losses. Such additionality, if clearly established, will be included in the offset calculations once data and a model for the rate of regional deforestation are available.  In the long-term, the forests of the mine area and Mantadia National Park are likely to become isolated unless the existing forest corridor that links these areas is managed and protected. The loss of this corridor would cause landscape-level forest fragmentation and jeopardise the long-term viability of populations of critical species that the project has committed to protect at the mine area. As of December 2008, the forest corridor has not been included in the first zoning approximation of the Durban Vision. The Project and its partners plan to create a westerly extension of the Durban Vision zoning to incorporate this area in the protection zone of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor. Forest loss avoidance via the successful management and protection of the corridor will be taken into account in offset calculations based on a fair assessment of the resulting additionality.  The Ramsar Torotorofotsy site is experiencing considerable pressure from inward migration, the drainage of wetlands and subsequent conversion to rice paddies, wildfires, slash and burn activities in the forested watersheds, hunting and the pet trade. The National Committee on Ramsar (CONARAMS) has given a local NGO (Mitsinjo) the mandate to design and implement a management plan. Ambatovy has joined this effort as a partner and will work with Mitsinjo and others to enhance the management plan. The first step 4 The targeted forest areas are jointly managed with local communities, using a defined management programme that meets conservation and sustainable use requirements. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 20 How the Ambatovy Project is Applying the BBOP Principles will be to establish a functional zoning that results in the avoidance of BIODIVERSITY LOSS, which will be taken into account in offset calculations, again based on a fair assessment of the resulting additionality.  Reforestation activities to reconnect residual patches of primary forests at the perimeter of the slurry pipeline right of way within the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor will contribute to an overall corridor defragmentation. The areas to be reforested sit outside of the SAPM and will be accounted for in the offset GAIN calculation as clearly additional outcomes. 3. Adherence to the mitigation hierarchy: Given the Project’s setting (high regional biodiversity and endemicity), rigorous biodiversity management is necessary to meet its policy of ‘no net harm to biodiversity’. Before considering biodiversity offsets, the Ambatovy Project implemented appropriate avoidance and minimisation measures according to the MITIGATION HIERARCHY, for example:  AVOIDANCE: analysis of pipeline route alternatives, including the study of 21 major re-routes to avoid ecologically, socially and culturally sensitive areas; avoidance of other sensitive areas during the development of other Project components whenever possible. Also, set-aside of an area of the ore body that would otherwise be mined as the foundation of the on-site azonal habitat conservation initiative.  Minimisation: reduction of the surface area subject to impacts through appropriate design and implementation. – Early (2004 / 05) impact mitigation through the rehabilitation of 50 km of exploration roads and platforms in the mine area. – Mitigation of impacts following forest clearance through biodiversity rescue and management programs (lemurs, small mammals, herpetofauna and fish). – Management of surges in total suspended solids to protect water quality and aquatic biodiversity in seven affected watersheds downstream of the mine site using large retention dams (at a cost of US$ 40 million).  Restoration / rehabilitation: planned progressive rehabilitation of the mine site footprint to create a replacement forest with reinstated biodiversity values and reduce the net residual impact. 4. Limits to what can be offset: The Ambatovy Project currently believes that all its direct residual impacts on biodiversity are OFFSETABLE. No habitat or species (flora and fauna) ENDEMIC to the mine footprint alone have been identified during the thorough investigations to date. Nevertheless, given the high levels of biodiversity and endemicity around the Project, field studies will continue as the mine is developed and forest clearance progresses. In contrast, the Project believes that there are limits to offsetting certain social impacts. For local communities, there were few legal and cultural constraints on the exploitation of natural resources and biodiversity prior to the arrival of the mine. In light of forest clearance during development of the mine and the Project’s commitment to conserve the surrounding forests by introducing a zoned approach to forest use, the local communities’ existing way of life, including unsustainable use of biodiversity, will undoubtedly be disrupted. The Ambatovy Project believes that this disruption cannot be entirely offset and also that, in light of dwindling forest resources and population growth, it is desirable from a BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION perspective to seek to break the cycle of unsustainable use by local communities and replace it with a more sustainable model. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 21 How the Ambatovy Project is Applying the BBOP Principles The present unfettered community exploitation of resources may reflect a lack of community empowerment and choice. Hence, the changes envisioned by the Project (sustainable, participatory forest use) may ultimately be viewed by local communities as a positive transformation relative to the current situation. The same concept applies to the Ankerana offset site where the Project believes that the pre-project socioeconomic conditions should not be, and ultimately cannot be, maintained. While this change can also not be offset, the Project believes the change to sustainable use of natural resources will ultimately be to the benefit of both local communities and biodiversity. 5. Landscape context: The spatial spread of the Project has driven the integration of planned conservation activities with regional and landscape-level environmental and social initiatives. At the mine, the landscape approach currently consists of maintaining forest connectivity between the on-site azonal habitat conservation zones (and rehabilitated areas as these progress) and the surrounding forests. Moreover, forest connectivity between the mine area and the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor will be maintained through landscape-level designs and interventions in line with the Durban Vision to increase the surface areas of protected areas in Madagascar; the development of this programme is at an early stage and aims to be conducted in collaboration with Conservation International. At Ankerana, the offset design is based on a phased and spatially concentric, landscape-level approach. Long-term community needs have been identified and participative zoning has been completed. 6. Stakeholder participation: The Project is committed to stakeholder PARTICIPATION and has made significant progress with local communities and NGOs. Examples include interaction during the integration of the Ambatovy Project offset programme with national, regional and local plans and community involvement at the heart of the zoning project at the proposed Ankera offset site. In the latter example, a functional, participatory forest zoning process is being implemented by the community with assistance from the Forest Services and the help of local NGOs. This will result in areas identified for multiple-use at the periphery of the offset site being transferred to the community as stipulated by Malagasy law and promoted in the regional plan. 7. Equity: While the Ambatovy Project is committed to BBOP Principles 6 and 7, insufficient data are currently available to apply the latter strictly. As data become available, the Project will develop its cost-benefit model and 5 analysis using key elements of the BBOP BIODIVERSITY OFFSET COST-BENEFIT HANDBOOK and in consultation with stakeholders. The Project is currently in the process of establishing a strategy to implement the socioenvironmental action programme, including assessing natural resources usages by the local communities at the Ankerana and mine sites, further to which dollar value of the losses will be determined and compensation options identified and provided. 8. Long-term outcomes: The Ambatovy offset programme for the mine region, comprising on-site azonal habitat conservation, community-based forest management, forest connectivity of mine area, Ramsar wetland management, forest 5 Available at www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/guidelines/cbh.pdf. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 22 How the Ambatovy Project is Applying the BBOP Principles corridor rehabilitation and the proposed Ankerana offset, is being designed for long-term success following its implementation. Four activities will support the long-term outcomes:  Strong community involvement throughout the planning, designing and implementation phases with the development of complementary sustainable activities in the surrounding agricultural matrix and in the multiple use area of the forests surrounding the critical habitats (core areas). Appropriate joint activities are being identified as the result of ongoing stakeholder interaction and data gathering.  Development of financial strategies, mechanisms, and commitments as the operational phase of the Project begins (2011), based on the analysis of stakeholder needs and the Project’s predicted economic operating environment. In light of the ongoing financial crisis and the resulting economic uncertainties, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT strategies will play a key role in securing long-term financing for the Ambatovy offset programme.  Identification of long-term governmental legal and political commitment to protect the conservation sites in the mine region and the proposed offset site at Ankerana. A high level of commitment is expected as elements of the mine area and the proposed offset site have been designed to fall under the future Malagasy protected area system (SAPM), which itself is a part of the Presidential Durban commitment and which is expected to attract significant outside funding as a result of a global concern for biodiversity.  Determining the institutional arrangements for managing the offset sites into the long-term. It has not yet been decided how the Ankerana site will be managed, with all options remaining open, i.e., managed by governmental institutions, by an NGO, by the community, by the company or a combination of any of the foregoing. The on-site conservation zones forests will be managed by the Project, the FOREST CONNECTIVITY programme will likely be community-based, while the Ramsar site has a defined management structure. 9. Transparency: The Ambatovy Project’s intention to offset its residual impacts on biodiversity is a commitment developed in the ESIA, which has undergone thorough public consultation, hearings and a public information process. Consequently, the Project’s strategic environmental and social commitments are in the public domain and its offset activities have been, and are being, scrutinised by the Malagasy environmental authorities, regional and international NGOs, the local communities and the lender banks. Since becoming a BBOP Pilot Project, Ambatovy has committed to ensuring that design (and ultimately implementation) activities are completed in a transparent fashion. Transparency allows the Project to ensure stakeholders are well informed and able to offer insightful feedback that contributes to the optimisation of conservation outcomes. 10. Science and traditional knowledge: In order to evaluate residual impacts on biodiversity and quantify the required offset, the Project has applied established and developing scientific methodologies. In parallel, traditional knowledge is being utilised (for example, species identification in time and space, identification of species’ utilisation by humans (medicinal) and animals (fruit trees), and land use patterns (plant-substrate relationships)). BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 23 24 5. Current Status of the Project and Offset 5.1 Project chronology and status (as of December 2008)  1960: Genim, a French company, conducts exploration drilling and identifies the Ambatovy and Analamay nickel cobalt ore bodies; environmental considerations of the early feasibility study were very limited and did not consider vegetation anomalies nor the importance of nearby wetland (e.g. using Torotorofotsy for tailings disposal);  1970: Under the President of Madagascar, Didier Ratsiraka, a partnership with North Korea leads to the analysis of a bulk sample that confirmed the existence of nickel and cobalt but which led to no further development; environmental considerations were absent during exploration (e.g. no rehabilitation of test pit, which remains unvegetated today);  1994 – 1997: Phelps-Dodge conducts exploration drilling and develops a feasibility study and an ESIA (not submitted to ONE); vegetation anomaly recognised and quantified (vegetation map), biological inventories created; management principles for surrounding forests conceptualised; importance of azonal habitats recognised;  1998 – 2003: Restoration of exploration roads and platforms undertaken in light of Project development uncertainties;  2003 – 2006: Dynatec conducts exploration drilling and develops a feasibility study and an ESIA; Final Investment Decision taken by the investors (Dynatec and partners); on-site and offset conservation ideas captured in the ESIA; Ambatovy becomes BBOP pilot Project; ESIA was permitted by ONE on December st 1 , 2006; and  2007 – 2008: Elaboration of the Ambatovy Project thematic Environmental and Social Plans (18 plans: air, noise, water etc and biodiversity); implementation of Biodiversity Action Plan (and others), development of priority TAXA-specific draft management plans (lemur, Mantella species, fish and flora). Confirmation of shareholders and loans and start of construction. 5.2 Offset chronology and status (as of December 2008)  2004 – 2005: Concept of biodiversity offset integrated with other Project activities, with a preliminary survey of proposed offset site undertaken and documented in the ESIA; proposed offset site selection based on geological, substrate, altitude and forest structure similarity (relative to principal IMPACT SITE);  2006: Ambatovy Project selected as a BBOP Pilot Project at Pretoria meeting;  2007: Participation in BBOP meetings (London and Bainbridge) and contribution to development of BBOP handbooks and guidelines; concepts for Ankerana site management programme developed and zoning initiated; BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Current Status of the Project and Offset 25  2008: – Preparation of interim report outlining technical aspects of the offset process (e.g. benchmark selection, confirmation of impacts, preliminary loss calculations and completed Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM); – Preparation of supplementary report with revised benchmark selection and loss calculations, including updated KBCM with quantitative species data; – Preparation of complementary field work (terrestrial fauna) in response to gap analysis; inclusion of other Project components (pipeline, tailings, plant and harbour) in overall assessment of residual impacts; – Implementation of Ankerana site management programme:  Stakeholder consultations (local communities, NGOs and government including Office National l’Environnement (ONE,) Forestry Department, Gendarmerie, District of Brickaville, local mayors and police forces);  Reforestation work on periphery area of proposed offset; this focused mainly on planting wood for construction uses to avoid primary forest logging in the offset area;  Population awareness campaigns around the proposed offset, conducted by field teams and partners. The objectives of the campaigns were to define the offset site boundary and explain existing laws that prohibit forest clearance;  Support provided to the mixed brigade (includes local communities, NGOs, local administrative staff and the police force) which manages forestry resource exploitation through out the local communes;  Financial and logistic support to update the five year Communal Development Plans for impacted communes; and  Technical committee meeting with SAPM focusing on integration of the proposed offset site with the national protected areas network.  Conceptualised and pending (for 2009): – The offset design work, following guidance in the BBOP BIODIVERSITY OFFSET DESIGN HANDBOOK has to date quantified biodiversity losses as presented below. The next phase of work will be to calculate offset gains and continue with the design of the offset and offset activity plan; – The proposed Ankerana offset site has undergone only preliminary characterisation. Detailed baseline ecological characterisation is planned for 2009 focusing on ecosystems, habitats, fauna, flora and socioeconomic attributes. This information will underpin the calculation of offset gains; – Socio-environmental losses will be defined and subsequently an appropriate compensation calculation strategy and programme will be designed; and – Continued interaction with stakeholders to refine and enhance the offset activity plan. In summary, the Project is committed to designing and financing a long-term offset programme that aims at achieving NO NET LOSS on biodiversity and preferably NET GAIN. Substantial progress has been made by calculating the residual impacts on biodiversity and identifying potential offset mechanisms. Ambatovy will continue to work closely with stakeholders on the offset design and plan the financial mechanisms to secure the offsets in the long-term, using adaptive management in response to the insecurities of the global financial crisis. The following pages of this case study detail the actions conducted and those that are planned for the future. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 26 6. Business Case for a Biodiversity Offset The vision of the Ambatovy Project is stated as follows: The Ambatovy partnership will develop and operate a sustainable nickel / cobalt mining and processing enterprise that significantly contributes to our host country, delivers outstanding safety, environmental and social records and generates attractive economic returns. The environmental strategy designed to honour the Project’s vision to deliver outstanding environmental records consists of:  Ensuring full regulatory compliance and conformity with international loan agreements;  Minimising residual impacts through the stringent application of the mitigation hierarchy;  Reducing environmental risks through dynamic management guided by Malagasy know-how and stakeholder consultation; and  Producing positive CONSERVATION OUTCOMES on biodiversity through the offset programme that aims at achieving no net loss on biodiversity, and possibly net gain, in order to sustain ‘a good citizen project’ status in a host country recognised as constituting a biodiversity hotspot. The business benefit of its offset programme is essentially linked to risk management. As a world class mining project, Ambatovy and its shareholders believe in demonstrating good environmental management practices to secure its license to operate. To Ambatovy, a license to operate consists of the permanent support of civil society, local communities, national and international NGOs and governmental authorities in the manner social and environmental affaires are managed. Because Madagascar’s biodiversity is universally considered of utmost importance by national and international STAKEHOLDERS producing positive conservation outcomes that offset the residual impacts on biodiversity is a critical component of this license to operate. It is recognised by the Project’s shareholders that the Ambatovy offset programme has provided additional confidence to the lender banks in securing access to capital. This has created reputational benefits to the shareholders that can result in easier access to land, human and financial resources for future projects in Madagascar and elsewhere in the world. It is expected that this approach will result in competitive advantage for the shareholders in relation to other governments. Conversely, bad environmental practice is bound to produce higher operating costs, expensive permit delays, liabilities, and lost revenues. Consequently, engaging in good environmental practice will maximise the overall long-term economic return to shareholders, stakeholders and government. It is worth mentioning that the Malagasy governmental policy, through the Madagascar Action Plan, refers to biodiversity offsets. The Ambatovy offset programme under the BBOP guidance is thus aligned with Madagascar’s endeavour to protect its unique biodiversity heritage. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Business Case for a Biodiversity Offset 27 In summary, Ambatovy believes that its offset programme will bring about the following advantages:  Continuing access to land and capital;  Increasing investor confidence and loyalty;  Reducing risks and liabilities;  Strengthening relationships with local communities, government regulators, environmental groups and other stakeholders;  Building trust on a credible reputation for environmental and biodiversity related management performance and winning a ‘social license to operate’;  Increasing ‘regulatory goodwill’ which leads to faster permitting;  Influencing emerging environmental regulation and policy;  Developing more cost effective means of complying with increasingly stringent environmental regulations;  Taking advantage of ‘first mover’ benefits in the marketplace Madagascar;  Maximising strategic opportunities in the new markets and businesses emerging as biodiversity offsets become more widespread; and  Improving staff loyalty. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 28 7. The Offset Design Process 7.1 Guidance and methodologies used The Ambatovy biodiversity offset programme has been developed as an iterative process calling upon BBOP principles and guidance. Additional inputs towards the development of the Project’s offset programme came from a number of recent good practice guides, including Good Practice Guidance for Mining and Biodiversity (International Council on Mining and Metals 2006), Planning for Integrated Mine Closure: Toolkit (International Council on Mining and Metals 2008), Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management (International Finance Corporation 2006) and Biodiversity Offsets: Views, Experience, and the Business Case (ten Kate et al. 2004). The BBOP guidance supports the development of either single or COMPOSITE OFFSET sites to compensate for residual impacts on biodiversity. The Ambatovy offsets programme is multifaceted because it is a large project with many components (see Section 3.2). While the design and implementation of the several components of the Ambatovy offset programme has progressed, the predicted conservation outcomes from these various offset components have not yet been fully calculated. Meanwhile, Ambatovy has focused on its proposed Ankerana offset as the most significant component of its offset. The proposed Ankerana offset design is based on the guidance in the draft BBOP Biodiversity Offset Design Handbook revised in December 2008 (available at www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/guidelines/odh.pdf). However, the high degree of social sensitivity around Ankerana has led the project to undertake community involvement before the planned biodiversity assessment at the site. 7.2 Roles and responsibility The Ambatovy offset programme is designed, implemented and financially supported by the Ambatovy Project. The offset commitment was reiterated by Sherritt Incorporated, the Project’s operator, in November 2008 during a clarification meeting with the BBOP Secretariat and representatives of Forest Trends, CI and WCS. The offset programme is managed and monitored by the Project’s environmental department. Since Ambatovy became a BBOP Pilot Project, the BBOP Secretariat and members of the BBOP Advisory Committee have also monitored progress. Senior Project representatives attend all BBOP meetings and provide updates and feedback to the BBOP Secretariat. The Project’s BBOP team includes:  A focal point (Pierre O. Berner, Environmental Director, Ambatovy Project);  A full time consultant responsible for supporting the offset programme management implementation (Steven Dickinson of Golder Associates / Ambatovy Project);  An ecological assessment consultant responsible for the benchmark, loss and gain calculations (Aristide Andrianarimisa of WCS); and  Environmental superintendent (monsieur Alphonse) leading a technical environmental and social field team responsible for social and environmental management at the proposed Ankerana offset site. This team led consultations with local stakeholders, including local communities, local forestry and police authorities and local NGOs. A legal team is supporting the superintendent to ensure the legal protection status of the Ankerana site. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 7.3 29 The offset design process 7.3.1 Step 1: Review project scope and activities The nature, scope and geographical location of the Ambatovy offset programme was outlined in the ESIA as a COMPENSATION measure that would go above and beyond the expected regulatory commitments. The basic Ambatovy offset concept was presented and discussed in the many stakeholder public information meetings associated with the ESIA review. As Ambatovy was accepted as a BBOP Pilot project in 2006, a more structured approach was developed, which led to the multifaceted programme outlined in Section 3.2. 7.3.2 Step 2: Review the legal framework and / or policy context for a biodiversity offset The key elements of the legal framework and policy context for the Ambatovy Project’s biodiversity offset programme comprise the MECIE decree, the Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) 2007 – 2012, the regional and communal development plans and the EQUATOR PRINCIPLES. Further information on these and other regulatory requirements is provided in Section 2.1. 7.3.3 Step 3: Initiate a stakeholder participation process As noted previously, the Ambatovy Project obtained its permit from the Malagasy regulatory authorities in December 2006, based on a large ESIA that involved public information, consultation and enquiry throughout the development and review process. Subsequently stakeholder consultations have been central to discussions on integrating the offset programme with national, regional and local plans. At the Ankerana offset site, the community buy-in process is progressing well and precedes the hard-core biological assessment that can only be conducted after full community participation is demonstrated. The offset stakeholder participation process can be summarised as:  Confirming key stakeholders (the JV partners, government, financiers, NGOs and local communities, see Section 2.3);  Engaging stakeholders in the offset design process by presenting and discussing the offset’s objectives and the proposed implementation process;  Engaging communities in the offset design process by assessing the impact the offset will bring about and agreeing on an acceptable MITIGATION strategy; and  Integrating stakeholder feedback into the design process, especially with respect to land use in the multiple use areas (site zoning); this part of the process is in its initial stage and will continue throughout the offset zoning processes. 7.3.4 Step 4: Determine the need for an offset based on residual adverse effects This section describes how the Ambatovy offset planning team: 1. Assessed the likely impacts on biodiversity caused by the Ambatovy Project; 2. Prepared a Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM); 3. Applied the mitigation hierarchy; 4. Determined residual impacts; and 5. Checked whether these residual impacts could be offset. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 30 7.3.4.1 Assessing biodiversity impacts Biodiversity impacts are presented in the Project’s 2006 ESIA. The ESIA BASELINE and impact analysis (including CUMULATIVE IMPACTS) followed World Bank (IFC, International Finance Corporation) standards. A formal summary is available at: http://www.sherritt.com/doc08/files/coal/abatovy/EAAmbatovy_EnglishSummary.pdf. Details of the biodiversity impacts are available in Volume J of the full ESIA report (full document available in French or English, on CD, through the Ambatovy Project or the Malagasy Ministry for Environment). The Project’s main impacts will occur at the mine site, through the progressive clearing of the mine footprint (total footprint of 2,126 hectares, of which 1,336 ha will result from clearance and the balance resulting from indirect (edge effect) impacts around the cleared area) located within an ecologically sensitive natural forest mosaic of the eastern mid-altitudinal forest corridor. Stringent impact avoidance and minimisation strategies were applied in the design phase of the Project, so RESIDUAL IMPACTS on biodiversity from the other key Project components, most of which lie in heavily degraded areas, are of less significance (but will nonetheless be offset). These include pipelines, the processing plant and refinery, tailings management facility and pier extension (see Section 3 for a summary of associated impacts). As the Project has evolved, specific aspects covered in the ESIA are currently being revisited to ensure that no residual impacts to biodiversity have been neglected. Any further residual impacts identified will be included in the biodiversity offset calculation. 7.3.4.2 Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) Key biodiversity components KEY BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS were identified for the impact area, including mainly species and habitats, but also landscapes / ecosystems. The completed key biodiversity components matrix (KBCM) conveys the essence of the character of the site by identifying a range of its highest biodiversity values. The KBCM can help ensure that the offset generates additional conservation outcomes for these key biodiversity values, and the matrix can also contribute to the design of the BENCHMARK that will help with the calculations of residual BIODIVERSITY LOSS caused by the Project (see Appendix 1) and the gain that will be achieved through the offset. Both intrinsic and NON-USE VALUES of key species and habitats / ecosystems were assessed according to their significance level and IRREPLACEABILITY. The KBCM based on the current data is in Appendix 1. The Project will conduct additional surveys and improve analysis of existing data during 2009. The key biodiversity components listed here will subsequently be considered during the offset site selection and characterisation stage. 6 7.3.4.3 Applying the mitigation hierarchy Prior to consideration of biodiversity offsets, the Ambatovy Project implemented appropriate avoidance, minimisation and restoration measures through its Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP) to avoid species EXTINCTION and EXTIRPATION (all IUCN EN and CR species), avoid sensitive areas where possible and minimise impacts on flora, fauna and aquatic resources. 6 A rapid assessment of the Ankerana site provided preliminary species-level data. The potential offset site is located within the same biogeographical setting as the impact area, so it is anticipated that more detailed assessments will also reveal the presence of the key biodiversity components at Ankerana. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 31 Specific avoidance strategies include the use of conservation barriers to physically isolate the on-site azonal conservation areas from construction activities in surrounding areas and ensure that modification of the mine footprint follows a strict environmental protocol (see Appendix 4: Protocol for Mine Area Modification). A very substantial minimisation programme was implemented through the BMP. Significant activities include:  Directional and paced forest clearance to optimise the natural migration of terrestrial fauna. Clearance procedures are provided to the forest clearing team manager as part of Forest Clearing Biodiversity Action List procedure; the proper implementation of the actions is monitored on a daily basis by the mine environmental team and any deviation reported for immediate corrective action.  Repetition of full biological surveys in the clearing perimeter and surrounding areas prior to any forest clearance in order to inventory fauna taxa present, particularly priority species (IUCN Endangered [EN] and Critically Endangered [CR] categories) but also including lemurs, other mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The surveys facilitate the development of taxa-specific mitigation measures. For example, a representative sample of individuals from all lemur species are captured and fitted with radio collars and subcutaneous microchips in order to monitor their ability to migrate from an area as it is cleared and the receiving populations’ behaviour on arrival of displaced groups in their territory. For plants, a list of species of concern (SOC) was drawn up during ESIA baseline studies in collaboration with the Project’s botanical expert partner. Pre-clearance work involves identifying whether SOC are present in the clearing perimeters and searching for these SOC outside the mine footprint (in protected areas) to avoid potential species extinction. For fish in streams, a spatial and genetic survey (endemicity assessment) was conducted to determine whether the species present were ENDEMIC to the mine footprint. Until genetic results became available, fish from impacted streams were recovered and temporarily maintained in aquaculture systems; subsequent management actions are currently being undertaken.  Monitoring of fauna during and after clearance. For example, lemur spatial dispersion is monitored during forest clearance to assess their capacity to (i) migrate (avoid immediate impacts); (ii) settle in their new home range (a medium-term impact) and (iii) reproduce and maintain population viability (a long-term impact). Biomedical health is assessed in parallel to behavioural assessments with the aim of improving analysis of trends in the Project’s long-term lemur population viability assessment programme.  Salvaging activities focused on fauna likely to require human aid to migrate towards refuge areas (the conservation zones shown in green on Figure 3). A crew of 80 technical agents was trained by experts to identify and salvage all small mammals, stranded lemurs, nocturnal birds and herpetofauna. Systematic salvage of these taxa was undertaken for all mine, pipeline and plant site clearings, under the supervision of external experts (e.g. biologists from the University of Antananarivo) and the Ambatovy biodiversity team. Taxa were logged and relocated / monitored in refuge areas. Limited salvaging of flora was also conducted. Some SOCs required ex situ conservation, with individuals translocated to a dedicated on-site area while searches for the SOC in areas outside the footprint were completed; cells from these SOC were collected for micro-propagation and cryoconservation as a back-up. To date all SOC surveys have lead to the identification of off-site VIABLE POPULATIONS, and the Project and its botanical partners remain confident that this will be the case for all remaining SOCs. In the event that SOC are not found, then the aforementioned mitigation will be applied. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 32 Figure 3: Mine area, showing conservation zones (green) that constitute on-site offset area (including azonal, transitional and zonal forests) The mine restoration programme includes progressive footprint rehabilitation through erosion control, reforestation with targeted species and facilitated secondary successions. The aim is to produce a multifunctional replacement forest with biodiversity values that can be included in the offset calculation (by reducing the residual impact on biodiversity that will require offsetting). The pipeline restoration programme will focus on targeted reforestation of the right of way. 7.3.4.4 Determining residual impacts The Project’s most significant residual impacts will occur at the mine site. Residual impacts caused by the other key Project components are limited as these components are located in areas that are already heavily and historically degraded. Nonetheless, these less significant residual impacts will also be included in the offset calculations. The Project’s residual impacts are summarised below. Direct negative impacts  The total loss of habitats as progressive clearance of the mine footprint (1,336 hectares, excluding the environmental buffer) proceeds in an ecologically sensitive natural forest mosaic. Following clearance some areas will be built on and / or eventually mined. In the areas lost to DIRECT IMPACT the HABITAT TYPES were identified (azonal, transitional and zonal forests, ephemeral ponds and streams) and the quality of BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 33 each determined (good or degraded). Flora, fauna and aquatic taxa assemblages were associated where feasible with these habitat types and quality. Finally, habitat surface areas were calculated using ESIA habitat maps and GIS. Taxa assemblages and forest structural characteristics were determined for each habitat where possible. Available fauna data were generally qualitative, although pre-clearance survey data from both the mine footprint and surrounding conservation areas were used, providing updated lemur densities and abundance.  Clearance of 16.5 ha of fragmented and degraded primary forest during installation of the 218 km buried slurry pipeline (a total clearance permit for approximately 70.5 hectares was granted as 98% of the pipeline route passes through secondary, non-sensitive vegetation (e.g. non-native eucalyptus) resulting from historic slash and burn). Two sections of the pipeline do, however, cross sensitive habitats: the first 2 km passes through zonal, near-primary forest and the pipeline also crosses the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor (CAZ). Losses associated with the pipeline’s first 2 km have been included in the mine losses using the same approach for determining residual impacts as applied to the mine footprint. Indirect negative impacts INDIRECT IMPACTS through edge effects (dust, noise, plant desiccation, invasion of natural heliophytes), will potentially affect 790 ha of forest surrounding the mine footprint. This area was defined on the basis of a 100 m zone surrounding polygon features (e.g. mine pits and ancillary facilities) and a 50 m zone around linear features such as roads (except the main access road) and pipelines (see Appendix 4: Mine Footprint Definition, 2nd Approximation, December 12, 2007). The degree to which these areas will be affected remains unclear; as a precautionary approach the full 790 ha has been included in the total loss calculations. This may be modified as information on the degree of impact becomes available through monitoring. Low or negligible negative impacts for biodiversity 2 The processing plant is being constructed on a 150 ha (1.5 km ) area of the Toamasina industrial zone. The 2 1,400 ha (14 km ) tailings management facility will be located in a highly degraded fire-driven agricultural matrix. An existing pier at the harbour will be extended by over 300 m. The residual biodiversity impacts associated with the processing plant, tailings facility and pier extension are expected to be negligible. The habitat classes for the plant site and tailings facility location would be defined as highly impacted and degraded and have been omitted from the loss calculations for the time being. However, the Project will consider how to trade-up these areas by conserving higher priority biodiversity elsewhere; one suggestion is 2 to simply add the surface areas lost (i.e., 15.5 km ) and apply a MULTIPLIER to determine the area of higher BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION priority land as part of the offset. The Project will seek assistance from the BBOP Advisory Committee before making a decision. Socioeconomic impacts The Project will conduct loss calculations for the socio-environmental aspects in 2009. The aim of the offset programme is to compensate for all AMENITY and LIVELIHOOD related losses experienced by local communities as a result of the biodiversity offset. Potential compensation measures include the introduction of improved agricultural techniques to increase crop yield and the provision of jobs related to environmental protection. At present, a number of positive socioeconomic impacts are also apparent:  Over 80 members of the local community at the mine are permanently employed in biodiversity management-related jobs (in total, over 8,000 jobs for Malagasies will be generated by the Project); the biodiversity jobs include ongoing training. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 34  14 community members have been hired as park rangers at the mine site to protect the mine forests.  A public awareness programme is underway to raise community understanding of their natural heritage and their role in its protection.  Reinforcement of the local forestry service’s capacity to protect forests (and their fauna and flora) around the mine footprint; the work at the Torotorofotsy wetland will also improve the forest service’s capacity there.  Over 50 local expert biologists have been hired (on a project-by-project basis) to bring their knowledge to the Project’s activities and to promote the development and use of Malagasy skills). 7.3.4.5 Offsetable nature of residual impacts The Project is ensuring that its residual impacts are OFFSETABLE by focusing on the avoidance of species, habitat and ecosystem loss and checking that the particular biodiversity components affected can be found in the surrounding area and beyond, so that their populations will not be unduly affected by the Project and will benefit viably from the offset activities. The Project has ensured that species of concern (SOC) were present outside of the mine footprint and is using taxa-specific management programs to define the relevant conservation management activities:  The Flora Management Programme aims to ensure that SOC – flora species that were only identified on the mine footprint during the ESIA baseline – are not lost. These species remain listed as SOC until viable populations are located outside the mine’s footprint in protected areas. Surveys and viability assessments are being conducted by experts in flora taxonomy and ecology from Missouri Botanical Garden – Madagascar.  The Lemur Management Programme aims to confirm that the mine’s construction and operation activities are not leading to a long-term reduction in the viability of priority species’ populations present in the mine area. The programme focuses on IUCN EN and CR species, but includes all 16 species as a BEST PRACTICE measure due to the unique nature of lemurs. The programme includes two principal phases, a short-term three year assessment (covering the 2007 – 2010 construction phase) to begin identifying any trends in lemur groups and populations in the footprint and receiving areas located in the conservation forests. The second phase (from 2010 to end of the mine’s life), aims to identify any long-term viability trends and to develop appropriate mitigation measures, such as off-site relocation programs, recruitment boosting (e.g. captive breeding and release), reduction of slash and burn activities and strict control of hunting (bushmeat).  The Mantella Management Programme aims to ensure that there are no measurable adverse impacts on the ability of the mine area forests to support the established Mantella aurantiaca (IUCN CR) and Mantella crocea populations (IUCN EN). Any reduction in their population sizes is also to be avoided. The programme was implemented in November 2007, although the species are located in areas that will not be mined for 10 years or more. The Project is defining populations present on the footprint and in the conservation zones and comparing them to regional population sizes. Various mitigation measures are possible including footprint reduction or shifting (i.e., modifying the footprint to avoid breeding areas), relocation (based on successful trials) and increasing population recruitment.  The Fish Management Programme aims to avoid the extinction of fish species and to maintain population viability at pre-Project levels. Endemicity assessments have been conducted as the species present were only previously described to the genus level. Mitigation measures will be applied accordingly and may include, for example, the creation of conservation streams and relocation. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 35 7.3.5 Step 5: Choose methods to calculate loss / gain and quantify residual losses The Project is using methodologies described in the BBOP Biodiversity Offset Design Handbook to assess the Project’s impact on biodiversity, to identify appropriate activities and sites for the biodiversity offset, and to determine the scale of the offset needed to achieve the CONSERVATION GAINS that will achieve NO NET LOSS. The methodologies combine consideration of biodiversity of equivalent or higher value and site selection to ensure that all key biodiversity components are represented at the offset and have two key features: ‘benchmarks’ and ‘HABITAT HECTARES’:  BBOP defines a ‘benchmark’ as reference point against which the losses of biodiversity due to the Project and gains through the proposed offset can be quantified and compared consistently and transparently. A benchmark usually comprises a number of representative and characteristic ‘ATTRIBUTES’ used to represent the type, amount and quality of biodiversity which will be lost / gained. Comparison of the observed level (or ‘score’) of each BENCHMARK ATTRIBUTE at the impact site (before and as predicted after the impact) against the level at the benchmark can help to quantify the loss of biodiversity to be caused by the Project. Similarly, comparing the observed level (or ‘score’) of each benchmark attribute at the offset site (before the offset and as predicted after the offset intervention) against the level at the benchmark can help to quantify the gain in biodiversity caused by the offset. A benchmark can be based on an area of land that provides a representative example, in a good condition, of the type of biodiversity that will be affected by the proposed development project.  ‘Habitat hectares’ are units of measurement that take into account the area affected and the quality or CONDITION of the biodiversity impacted (determined by the quantities of a number of chosen attributes related to the structure, composition and function of that habitat). The habitat hectares METRIC was originally developed in Victoria, Australia to focus on HABITAT STRUCTURE, particularly native vegetation, and thus to provide proxies for composition and function. It has since been adapted by BBOP to cover both flora and fauna, and to include some aspects of composition and function as benchmark attributes. The habitat hectares approach is described in more detail in Section 7.3.5.1 below. The Project’s proposed benchmark meets specific predetermined criteria with respect to surface area, habitat quality and connectivity (see below). It is ideally located as it is in the mine area conservation zones, thus ensuring its long term protection. The long-term presence of the benchmark is important as it will enable background environmental degradation arising from external factors (such as climate change) to be quantified and subsequently addressed at the offset site. Lists of key biodiversity components were identified in the impact area; these include species and habitat types (structural). Complementary faunal data will be collected by the Project in 2009 to integrate more species attributes into the habitat hectares loss calculation, as current calculations are limited to quantitative information for only three priority lemur species. The Project has calculated its habitat hectares loss values for forest habitats. Scores for streams and ephemeral pools were calculated in April 2008, but have been temporarily excluded subject to re-assessment during the next iteration of the loss calculations. Two habitat hectares calculation scenarios were assessed in April 2008: without and with post-impact MITIGATION. It is important to note that both potentially relate to real situations since restoration performance is not well documented for Madagascar or the Ambatovy region. ‘Post-impact mitigation’ significantly decreases the habitat hectares loss value and will ultimately be included in the final (definitive) offset calculations. However, care is necessary to avoid overestimating the potential for rehabilitation success as this can result in the underestimation of the number of habitat hectares that the offset must deliver. Only the ‘without post-impact mitigation’ scenario is reported here as further analysis (modelling) is required to accurately calculate losses based on the ‘with post-impact mitigation’ scenario. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 36 7.3.5.1 The habitat hectares approach This section:  Introduces the ‘HABITAT HECTARES’ approach;  Describes how the ‘benchmark’ was defined for forest habitats; and  Explains how the Project’s residual impacts on biodiversity have been calculated using the benchmark. The habitat hectares approach Biodiversity loss was calculated using the habitat hectares approach, summarised as: 1. Completion of the Key Biodiversity Component Matrix (KBCM), which corresponds to conducting a biodiversity assessment of species, habitats and ecosystems components and determining intrinsic (significance and irreplaceability) and use (socioeconomic and cultural) values; 2. Completion of a table to review the application of the MITIGATION HIERARCHY to the key biodiversity components; 3. Selecting attributes for the key biodiversity components using available or complementary data and assigning ‘weights’ to each. For example:  Forest structural attributes can be selected and compared (weighed) against each other, e.g. tree species richness is considered to be the most important attribute at Ambatovy and therefore has a higher WEIGHTING than attributes related to forest physical structure.  Taxa attributes such as quantitative fauna data (e.g. density) from priority species can also be integrated and therefore allow key fauna data into the weighing of attributes; this reflects more accurately the importance of species biodiversity in the habitat hectares scores. 4. Defining and selecting a BENCHMARK for selected habitats; 5. Calculating biodiversity loss at the IMPACT SITES by comparison to the benchmark, for each habitat CONDITION classes in light of impact levels; 6. Completion of a table to record and compare whether POTENTIAL OFFSET SITES could deliver conservation gains for key biodiversity components; and 7. Calculating the habitat hectares gained at the offset site. Using the previously cited information, habitat hectare scores were determined for all habitats (e.g., forests, streams and ephemeral ponds). Calculation of the forest habitat hectare loss at Ambatovy requires the following condition information:  Habitat types, namely azonal, transitional and zonal forests and respective surface areas (see Figure 4 showing the mine area habitat map);  Habitat condition class and respective surface areas (see Figure 4), namely: – Quasi pristine primary forest (see definition in benchmark section hereafter, Forest habitats, 3rd and 4th bullets); – Disturbed / degraded primary forest; and – Heavily fragmented and degraded primary forest.  Impact types, namely high (cleared footprint) and medium (environmental buffer) and respective surface areas (see Figure 5). BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 37 Figure 4: Mine area habitat map Figure 5: Mine footprint and environmental buffer map BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 38 The Ambatovy forest habitat loss scores were determined by merging data from the three existing habitat types, since the selected forest attributes did not exhibit a statistical difference and faunal movement from intensive fauna surveys in the pre-clearing perimeters showed the same occupancy pattern for the three habitat types. Knowledge of the condition class is particularly important, since it reflects the biodiversity loss at stake, thus highlighting the application of multipliers in degraded habitats that are subsequently subject to negative impacts. The importance of multipliers was highlighted, for example, when considering degraded azonal forests which constitute 44.6% of the azonal habitat loss, but equivalent to only 29.3 habitat hectares of the total 620 habitat hectares score for the azonal habitat. High impact areas corresponded to 100% forest clearance with earthworks, medium impacts corresponded to the potential edge effects on the forest environmental buffer (50 m for linear features and 100 m for polygons), while low impacts did not apply to the impact areas. The habitat hectares score provided above is for the ‘without post-impact’ mitigation scenario. The habitat hectare gain for the proposed offset site has not yet been calculated, as detailed forest structure and quantitative species attribute data are still being acquired, with field surveys for flora / forest structure and aquatics planned in July 2009 and terrestrial fauna in November 2009. As the proposed Ankerana site is considered to be an ‘IN-KIND’ offset (relative to the impact site), the same benchmark will be used to calculate gains. Benchmark Based on the BBOP definition of a benchmark, the following criteria were used to define and identify a candidate site:  Forest habitats: – Minimal critical size: in the Ambatovy forests, a benchmark is required that captures the progressive structural changes between the existing three vegetation types, and the faunal movement between them throughout the seasons. A contiguous area of quasi pristine ‘azonal’, ‘transitional’ and ‘zonal’ forests, each of which must be a minimum of 40 ha is proposed. This area of 120 ha includes the core area of original habitat with a 100 m wide buffer around it and appears to be the minimum required as a home range for lemurs and to represent an adequate assemblage of vegetation. – CONNECTIVITY: the contiguous forest area (minimum size – 120 ha) must be connected to other forest habitats. – Human disturbance: there must be no sign that the site has ever been cleared by humans (in both core and buffer areas). However other evidence including tree stumps, historical records, soil charcoal, archaeological remains and signs of selective logging (defined as less than 12.5% of crown cover loss) over the last 20 years do not exclude a site from consideration as a benchmark (such evidence is widespread and unavoidable in the region). Any small degraded areas within the larger benchmark area are mapped and excluded from the benchmark calculations (and surface area). – Natural disturbances: a site that has experienced a natural fire in the last 20 years, at a level of 10% of its surface area (in both its core and buffer area) is excluded. Also, no evidence of cyclonic events is acceptable (above 10% loss of canopy crown cover in the last 20 years).  Streams and ephemeral pools: – The benchmark must be the mostly pristine habitat. – The stream locations where benchmark data were acquired must be surrounded by quasi-pristine and natural habitat, unaffected by any major human-induced disturbance and under pristine forest cover. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 39 – Since many natural ephemeral pools occur in hollow rocky ground, benchmark data must be taken where the rock outcrops are of natural origin and not the result of forest clearance or other human disturbance.  Assumptions: – Within the azonal and transitional habitats, the highest ENDEMISM is associated with the lowest human impact. – No sylviculture or tree enrichment has been carried out in Ambatovy. The benchmark site is presented in Figure 6. Quantifying biodiversity residual impacts calculations using the benchmark Benchmark A scoping exercise was undertaken to determine from the KBCM and other studies which biodiversity components would be most appropriate as attributes of the benchmark. The data quality associated with each of these components available in the ESIA was checked. The selected attribute types are:  Species: – 3 lemurs: Propithecus d. diadema, Indri indri, Allocebus trichotis (the attributes of species such as Prolemur simus and Daubentonia madagascariensis will be re-examined in the next iteration of the offset calculations); and – 2 fish: Ratsirakia sp and Rheocles sp (suspended for the moment and to be re-examined in the next iteration).  Communities / habitats: – Forest (three habitats, azonal, transitional and zonal); – Streams (suspended for the moment and to be re-examined in the next iteration); and – Ephemeral pools (suspended for the moment and to be re-examined in the next iteration). Impact assessment and mitigation hierarchy application: An impact assessment of the biodiversity components was subsequently conducted based on the anticipated impacts, of which the principal impact is forest clearance and subsequent habitat loss. The corresponding mitigation strategies for each biodiversity component are presented below:  Species: lemurs are displaced from their habitats by forest clearance. The Project’s mitigation measure is to monitor (through radio collars and telemetry) their ability to migrate from the clearance area towards the refuge areas (see Figure 3, conservation zones). The mitigation measures include assisting stranded individuals from all 16 known species identified on-site and limited off-site relocation to protected areas (e.g. Propithecus diadema) following IUCN translocation guidelines.  Habitats: the main mitigation strategy for the three forest habitats is offsetting due to their fixed location. AVOIDANCE will also be applied to the azonal habitat since 26.4% of this habitat will be protected in the form of the mine area conservation zones (see Figure 4). The December 2008 iteration of the impact assessment and mitigation strategies is presented in Appendix 1. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 40 Benchmark and attributes A benchmark site was selected (see Figure 6) in line with the BBOP definition and Project-specific criteria noted above. The benchmark includes a forest tract of 1,149.15 ha, composed of quasi pristine azonal, transitional and zonal forests, at least two streams and several ephemeral ponds. Figure 6: BBOP benchmark site map A limited number of ATTRIBUTES were selected as SURROGATES for both forest habitat structure and function based on the following characteristics:  Sensitive INDICATORS to habitat quality;  Simple and practical to measure and quantify;  Reliable and repeatable in assessments; and  Reflect outstanding biodiversity values (e.g. species of conservation concern, or CULTURAL VALUE). Due to data limitations (e.g., difficulties faced in obtaining quantitative data for fauna at the impact site), the present loss calculations are limited to forest structural attributes (streams, number of tree species, canopy height, basal area and Diameter to Breast Height, Dbh) and the attributes of selected fauna species (lemur density). Future iterations will include additional attributes as appropriate data become available. The December 2008 iteration results are presented in Table 3, with WEIGHTING assigned to forest habitat and species attributes according to their relative importance for biological diversity. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 41 Table 3: Summary of attribute weighting (December 2008) Attributes Unit Weighting (%) number / ha 15 Reflects forest density, an important ecological attribute for fauna, especially lemurs. number / ha 20 Provides overall floral diversity and habitat heterogeneity. Higher numbers are better. m 5 Indicator of forest maturity and canopy continuity. For azonal habitat lower canopy height is better. m / ha 5 Indicator of habitat CONDITION. Higher value is better as it is an indication of mature forest. m 5 Indicator of habitat condition. Higher value is better as it is an indication of mature forest. Propithecus (c) diadema density individual number / ha 20 IUCN CR status, species very sensitive to human activities in their habitat. Allocebus density Individual number / ha 10 Nocturnal species sparsely distributed and appears to be sensitive to forest structure. Indri indri density Individual number / ha 20 Madagascar’s largest lemur species sparsely confined to eastern rain forest, IUCN EN status, and also has a cultural value (the most taboo lemur species). Stems (a) Number of tree species (per ha) Canopy height Basal area (b) 2 Dbh Total Justification (d) 100 (a) Number of trees with diameter ≥10 cm, with measurements taken at 1.3 m above the ground. (b) Basal area is calculated as π x (diameter at breast height / 2)2. (c) Lemur species density is estimated based on line transect samples within a surface area, S = 2 x (Width x Length) in which density D = individual number / S. (d) Was recently lowered to EN. The selection and weighting of the attributes is examined below.  Selected attributes are divided in two groups: – Forest structure, as a general surrogate for forest dependent biodiversity; and – Lemur species, as an ‘umbrella species’ fauna group considered to be the most sensitive to human disturbance in Ambatovy (bush meat, slash and burn, logging); the species selected include both diurnal and nocturnal species.  Weighting: 60% and 40% importance were chosen for forest structure and faunal assemblage species, respectively. Attributes that express biological diversity (e.g., tree SPECIES DIVERSITY and stem number) are weighted with higher importance, as are species with CR rather than EN status. Since the mine is located in a BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT area, IUCN species of concern have been chosen as the main attributes to reflect the principles of ‘IRREPLACEABILITY’ and no loss of NON-OFFSETABLE components.  TAXA selection: lemurs were selected over other fauna groups, due to their wide presence in forest habitats. Fish, amphibians and reptiles are restricted to specific habitats at Ambatovy, for example microhabitats for herpetofauna. Therefore any impact occurring away from these specific microhabitats (which are yet to be defined) might not reflect the Project’s impact on these taxa. The possibility of considering some of the herpetofauna and pond invertebrate species will be explored after new data has BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 42 been collected in 2009. The inclusion of fish components for stream habitats will also require further analysis and consideration.  VULNERABILITY: although this attribute was integrated in the April 2008 calculations (see Appendix 5), it is excluded from the present iteration of the loss calculations. The taxa groups should be considered together, not only at the species level, so that the same weight can be given to all taxa (lemurs, birds, herpetofauna, etc). This would allow the Project to consider not only specific species, but also the taxonomic groups that are important for monitoring purposes. In fact species EXTIRPATION can sometimes be linked to group effects or intra-species interactions; therefore, it is best to consider taxa group vulnerability rather than that of specific species. It is thus assumed that vulnerability considered as an attribute makes more ecological sense than that considering specific species alone. However, the use of vulnerability attributes requires further detailed analysis, to be conducted in 2009. Calculating biodiversity loss at the impact site The attributes presented above are for the mine and pipeline components. As described in the previous sections, the pipeline’s impact on forest habitat is very limited since routing avoided relic forest fragments present in the first 32 km (after which the area crossed is entirely exotic secondary vegetation resulting from slash and burn activities). Only the first 2 km of the pipeline cross quasi primary forest, and these losses were included in the mine loss calculations. The pipeline’s losses thus correspond to the forest fragments (16.5 ha) that could not be avoided: the habitat hectares could be calculated for this as the area impacted could be compared to the zonal forest BENCHMARK ATTRIBUTES. The pipeline’s forest fragments are classed as Ecological Vegetation Class (EVC) 3: ‘heavily fragmented and degraded primary forest’. Instead of using the ‘basal area’ attribute, ‘volume’ was considered since these forests are heavily exploited by the local communities for fire wood. Volume can also be used in the future socioeconomic compensation analyses. The pipeline’s aquatic components include the crossing of more than 400 streams with variable levels of ecological integrity and sensitivity. However, pipeline-related impacts to the aquatic environment are considered temporary, which cannot be captured by the habitat hectare methodology. The Project will therefore use methodological options for integrating temporary impacts in the next iteration of the loss calculations. The locations of the processing plant and tailing management facility have an EVC of 4 (essentially heavily degraded, with no remaining integrity, based on ESIA data). The habitat hectares calculation for this fourth category has not yet been undertaken for these areas. However the Project is committed to ‘TRADING UP’ these areas and will work with BBOP to define an appropriate methodology for doing so. The harbour has been used as an industrial port for some time and little biodiversity of any significant conservation value is found there now. The mine area includes two Ecosystem Vegetation Classes (EVC): ‘quasi pristine primary forest’ and ‘disturbed primary forest’. The pipeline has only one EVC: ‘heavily fragmented and degraded primary forest’. For each EVC the Project will have either a:  ‘High impact’ corresponding to total forest clearance with or without grubbing (removal of stumps, roots, and vegetable matter). A total area of 1,336 ha will fall in this impact category.  ‘Medium impact’ corresponding to the environmental buffer around the mine footprint (100 m) and linear features (pipeline / roads, with a 50 m buffer), which will be indirectly affected by forest clearance (impacts are mainly through edge effects such as light, dust and unauthorised disturbances. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 43 Results of the HABITAT HECTARES scores for each HABITAT TYPE at the mine and along the pipeline are presented in Tables 4 to 7. Table 4: Azonal habitat (December 2008) … of Condition Class 1: …of Condition Class 2: Quasi pristine primary forest Disturbed primary forest Total areas 590.74 475.55 High impact 528.86 427.22 Medium impact 61.88 48.33 AZONAL FOREST TOTAL HABITAT HECTARE LOSS 620 Table 5: Transitional habitat (December 2008) … of Condition Class 1: …of Condition Class 2: Quasi pristine primary forest Disturbed primary forest Total areas 126.37 328.22 High impact 53.38 222.68 Medium impact 72.99 105.54 TRANSITIONAL FOREST TOTAL HABITAT HECTARE LOSS 239 Table 6: Zonal habitat (December 2008) … of Condition Class 1: …of Condition Class 2: Quasi pristine primary forest Disturbed primary forest Total areas 412.74 124.97 High impact 256.9 14.94 Medium impact 155.84 110.03 ZONAL FOREST TOTAL HABITAT HECTARE LOSS 305 Table 7: Pipeline zonal habitat (December 2008) …of Condition Class 3: PIPELINE Heavily fragmented and degraded primary forest Total area 71.04 High impact 16.5 Medium impact 4.95 TOTAL HABITAT HECTARE LOSS 4 The forest habitat percentage hectares loss for the mine (and pipeline) components is shown in Figure 7. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 44 Figure 7: Forest habitat percentage hectares loss for the mine component (the pipeline affects only a small portion of the zonal habitat) Pipeline (Zonal ) 0.33% Zonal 26.13% Azonal 53.08% Transitional 20.46% Based on the current iteration, calculations show that:  The project will generate a total loss of 1,168 habitat hectares that any offset will be required to compensate.  In the mine area, the azonal forest habitat hectares score is the highest, with a total loss of 620 habitat hectares, representing over half of the entire forest habitat lost.  The pipeline terrestrial biodiversity losses are minimal at 3.83 habitat hectares (0.33% of the total loss).  The Project’s offset programme must focus its offset efforts on the azonal forest and associated biodiversity components, whilst ensuring that the other two habitats (transitional and zonal) habitat hectares losses are also compensated. Early analysis of trends in lemur species distribution (based on ESIA and construction mitigation management data) indicates that none of the three habitats has distinctly higher species richness. Instead it appears that the combination of the three habitats underpins high lemur species richness at Ambatovy. The azonal and other forest habitats that will be cleared during mine construction are not required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species, since each lemur species found at Ambatovy is also present outside the mine area. However, the azonal forest habitats, including the forest assemblage composed of the azonal, transitional and zonal habitats, appear to favour the presence of lemur species biodiversity, with 16 species identified in the mine area compared with 6 to 10 species (depending on location) in the forest corridor (Schmid and Alonso 2005) Post-impact mitigation By excluding post-impact MITIGATION, the results remain conservative. When rehabilitation (as a mitigation measure) is considered, the habitat hectares losses are decreased by 50% within a 30 year period and there is a trend in the decrease of the habitat hectares loss using this mitigation strategy. It is important to note that the absence of a temporal parameter that integrates post-impact mitigation in the habitat hectares calculation may mask a project’s success over time in reducing habitat hectares loss. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 45 Table 8: Biodiversity loss calculations scenarios at impact site and effect of post-impact remediation Habitat type – forest Percentage of attributes rehabilitated Year 0% 0 (without mitigation) 1,168 5% 0–7 1,110 20% 7 – 15 934 40% 15 – 30 701 75% 30 – 60 292 90% 60 – 120 117 HABITAT HECTARES loss For the forest habitat, the results show a significant difference for the varying levels of post-impact mitigation. However, in order to obtain a more realistic assessment of the post-impact condition, the Project considered the influence of forest rehabilitation on the habitat hectares loss numbers over time. Although the temporal factor is not considered in the habitat hectares loss calculations, a basic simulation was designed that integrated basic forest regeneration activities and specific ecosystem dynamics in the context of the Ambatovy forests. There are four essential steps in forest regeneration: 1. Erosion control (involves engineering, addition of organic matter and water control). 2. Planting of heliophytes species (including native and potentially some non-natives). 3. Planting of native tolerant species to increase ground cover. 4. Assisted natural succession of native species. The inclusion of post-impact rehabilitation based on these activities shows a distinct decrease in the habitat hectares loss score over time, due to forest regrowth patterns and increases in the values of attributes (Pearson correlation R2 = -0.98 p< 0.001, n = 6; see Graph 1). 1800 Habitat hectares loss 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 20 40 75 90 Post-project mitigation level (%) Graph 1: Post-impact mitigation influence on biodiversity loss for forest habitats at IMPACT SITE BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 46 It is important to note reforestation of the azonal forest area will create zonal type forest, with some azonal influences arising from the use of backfill originating in the azonal areas (which has specific geochemistry and broken ferricrete crust and pisolitic iron). Complete restoration to azonal habitat is deemed impossible due to its strong links with the removed ground structure and geochemistry. To improve the basic simulation discussed above, the Project will collect available rehabilitation data for Madagascan lateritic soils and the eastern domain. This will enable the refinement of reforestation predictions. Based on Madagascan forestry experience, it is estimated that at 30 years forests will begin to offer a habitat that can be exploited by lemurs and other important taxa, for both food and shelter. The closure biodiversity programme will include monitoring of priority taxa in these rehabilitated areas to define the rate of recolonisation. Irrespective of improvements in the model, continuing care in integration of rehabilitation data in the loss calculations will be necessary due to: 1. Limitations in the availability of specific information on Malagasy forests rehabilitation success rates; 2. The specificity of the Ambatovy mine site forests and overall associated uncertainties; and 3. The risk that lower success rates may occur despite improved confidence in predictions. Consequently, the Project may decide to take a more precautionary approach and retain conservative habitat hectares scores to ensure that NO NET LOSS is not undermined by an undersized offset design. 7.3.6 Step 6: Review potential offset locations and activities and assess the biodiversity gains which could be achieved at each Identifying offset options Preliminary surveys of offset candidate sites were undertaken in 2005 (see Appendix 6, Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops (in French)) with the objective of identifying potential in-kind type offsets. The surveys were based on geological, substrate, altitude and forest structure similarities (see Figure 9, showing correlation between the EVC (azonal, transitional and zonal), substrate and topography) and comprised:  A desk study using geological maps to identify ultramafic outcrops and satellite imagery for remaining forest cover.  Aerial (plan) reconnaissance survey to confirm the presence of forest cover and rapid visual integrity assessment; the survey had to be conducted by air, due to the absence of road infrastructure and general remoteness of the areas. Two potential candidate sites (of 14 initially identified – see Figure 8) were chosen based on forest integrity and surface area.  Aerial (helicopter) reconnaissance survey and walk over ground survey of potential candidate sites (Vohimenakely and Ankerana). Vohimenakely, located northwest of Zahamena National Park appeared to have azonal characteristics but was very small (<10 ha) and highly disturbed. Thus, this location has some potential for off-site purposes, but it is not highly regarded because of its small size and relatively poor condition. Ankerana, located northeast of Mantadia National Park is the best potential off-site azonal vegetation area among those visited. It had the general appearance of Analamay, although the presence of ferricrete could not be confirmed from the air. It appeared a reasonable size (>500 ha) and with no signs of disturbance (see Photograph 1).  A ground-level vegetation survey at selected candidate site (Ankerana) to determine if it has similar habitat and floristic (see Photograph 2) characteristics as at Ambatovy and Analamay. The preliminary comparison of the Ankerana area with Ambatovy / Analamay is presented in Appendix 7. Ankerana had previously and independently been identified by the Missouri Botanical Garden – Madagascar (a Project partner) as a BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 47 potential conservation area based on its floral assemblages. Overall, many similarities were noted in the physical, climatic and biological characteristics compared to Ambatovy / Analamay, supporting the hypothesis that Ankerana can be considered ‘IN-KIND’ relative to the Ambatovy azonal habitats. Additional work to verify these similarities is required and planned for 2009. Figure 8: Ankerana offsite offset area location and other candidate sites surveyed by the Project, in relation to the Ambatovy mine area BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 48 Figure 9: Correlation between EVC (azonal, transitional and zonal), substrate and topography Photograph 1: Ankerana aerial view Photograph 2: Ankerana azonal habitat BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 49 Quantifying gains of offset options The detailed quantification of potential offset GAINS has not yet been conducted. Rough estimates of gains have been prepared based on mapping data and the surface areas that would be protected: 1. Ankerana offset site (see Figure 10): the Ankerana offset has a total surface area of approximately 11,600 ha, consisting of a 4,600 ha core conservation area and a 7,000 ha multiple use buffer area surrounding the core. The site lies within the area planned for inclusion in the Malagasy protected area system (SAPM). Consequently, the Project funding is being designed to ensure that any biodiversity offset offers conservation ADDITIONALITY. The field surveys to characterise species, habitats and ecosystems at the proposed offset site will be conducted in 2009, allowing calculation of the habitat hectares gains. Based on the preliminary survey conducted during the ESIA, the Project is confident that the KEY BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS identified at Ambatovy (species, habitats and ecosystem) can be found at Ankerana, although Ambatovy species assemblages may not all be present at Ankerana. It is important to note that this issue justifies the conservation of the two on-site azonal forest tracts (the mine area conservation zones). The forest will form part of the on-site offset component. The on-site offset includes all forest habitats present on the mine footprint, including two azonal forest areas (one being the Project’s BENCHMARK site). Therefore it is acceptable to assume that all key biodiversity components are present in the on-site offset. 2. On-site azonal habitat conservation sites (see Figure 4): the azonal forest surface area equals 212.33 ha (26.4% of the total prime quality habitat; the azonal habitat remaining outside the mine footprint is all pristine). 3. Management of mine area forests (see Figure 3): the Ambatovy offset programme includes the 4,900 ha conservation zones forest around the mine footprint; the azonal conservation zones noted above are located within this area. The Project aims to reinforce the legally protected status of these forests to ensure their continued protection following mine closure. Their current protection is ensured by the mine Forest Management Plan, since most of the forest areas are within the mine lease where the Project has exclusive management rights. The Project is also currently discussing with Conservation International the regional integration of its on-site offset. 4. Mine area / Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor link (see Figure 11): the forest corridor between the mine area conservation zones forest and the rest of the eastern rain forest corridor is a key component in ensuring CONNECTIVITY between these two areas. The corridor concept has been integral to the Project’s species management strategies (particularly for lemurs). The exact boundaries have not yet been defined, but are likely to enclose about 2,500 ha. The Project is also currently discussing with CI the regional integration and protection of this forest corridor to ensure its connection with the relic Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor and the SAPM protected areas (e.g. Mantadia National Park). 5. Torotorofotsy Ramsar site management (see Figure 11): the total surface area of this site’s watershed is 8,500 ha of which 1,100 ha is wetland. However, results of recent surveys led by Ambatovy indicate that the ecological integrity of the overall area has been several degraded, resulting in reduced gains for biodiversity. The true gains will be quantified based on analysis of the survey results. 6. FOREST CONNECTIVITY CAZ (see Figure 11): the total area of zonal forest lost to the pipeline right of way will be reforested (so a gain of 16.5 ha, the first 2 km reforested route being integrated with the mine). The exact surface area to reforest for the CAZ connection has yet to be determined, but may be around 200 ha. 7. Footprint rehabilitation: the total surface area of the mine footprint will be rehabilitated, of which a majority will be reforested (approximately 1,336 ha). BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 50 Figure 10: Ankerana map Figure 11: Mine area and Analamay-Mantadia forest corridor, allowing link between on-site offset and forest corridor BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 51 Comparative analysis of offset options A comparative analysis of offset options was conducted during the site selection process (as noted above). Results are presented in Appendix 6 (in French). 7.3.7 Step 7: Calculate offset gains and select appropriate offset locations and activities Finalising offset sites and activities The habitat hectares gain score for the offset sites has yet to be calculated, as detailed forest structure and species attribute quantitative data need to be obtained for the Ankerana and other offset sites. This will take place as soon as the stakeholder consultation process is completed. As the Ankerana site is considered ‘inkind’ with the Ambatovy azonal habitats, the same benchmark will be used to calculate gains. A detailed BASELINE STUDY of the Ankerana offset will be conducted in 2009 to check the offset site for the presence and suitability for all the key biodiversity components identified at the impact site and to support the gain score calculations. The plan for the Ankerana offset will include a core conservation area, surrounded by a multiple use area to ensure social integration of the offset and thus its sustainability in the context of local community support. The principle of pursuing an offset was established in 2004. However, the offset was not fully established before the Project’s impacts began occurring in May 2007 (the date that mine forest clearance began). The Project must thus still determine whether the temporal loss is critical or not (i.e. that any biodiversity component cannot be offset because of impacts in the period before the offset is created). However, the Project is confident that this is not the case for any of the taxa present; especially for very sensitive species such as Mantella aurantiaca and Mantella crocea (whose habitats will not be disturbed for at least 10 years, when Analamay will be cleared for mining). With respect to lemurs, a short-term and long-term trend assessment programme (Lemur Viability Assessment Programme) is underway for all priority species (IUCN CR and EN species). However, even though the temporal loss will not compromise the success of the offset, the offset design does plan to take it into account. Conventionally, this could be done through application of a MULTIPLIER and TIME DISCOUNTING (the concept that 1 habitat hectare delivered accruing in 10 years time has only a fraction of that value at the present time). The Project will explore and define a methodology and apply it to the next iteration of loss and gain calculations in 2009, taking into consideration that the main impacts will be spread over a period of approximately 20 years, while the offset could be in place much earlier. 7.3.8 Step 8: Record the offset design and enter the offset implementation process The Ankerana offset design and other components of the offset have not yet been finalised, thus the implementation process has not formally begun. The Project will finalise the offset design, using BBOP guidance, during the course of 2009. A summary of the management plan will be presented in subsequent case study revisions. However, a brief description of the progress made to date is presented below:  Stakeholder consultations: the Project has pursued stakeholder consultations, ensuring through a participatory process that the offset can be integrated into national, regional and local plans and that feedback is taken into account in the offset design and the development of multiple use zones.  Legal protection: the Ankerana forest was under temporary protection status until the end of 2008. The Project requested that this protection status be prorogated (continued) until the final Ministerial Protection Decree is finalised and made law (planned for July 2009). BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project The Offset Design Process 52  Boundary definition: delimitation of the Ankerana offset boundaries (see Figure 10). The mapping has been presented to the local communities, regional authorities and partner NGOs. Several awareness campaigns have enabled presentation of this information to remote habitations around the proposed offset site. The campaigns will be repeated twice per year at key periods i.e. before and during the traditional clearing period (with police enforcement against passing the boundary). Results if the campaigns to date indicate that Ankerana has been extremely isolated for a long time and people had no idea of forest laws restricting forest clearance.  Zoning: the current land uses have been described and will be integrated with the offset design in 2009.  Reforestation activities: continuation of reforestation on the periphery of the proposed offset; this has focused mainly on planting construction wood to avoid primary forest logging in the core offset area.  Support (financial and logistic) for updating of the Marserana commune’s five year Communal Development Plan. This commune covers the offset area. Discussions with a second commune, Andahamana have begun; this commune includes a small fraction of the offset area and will also be assisted with updating of its five year plan.  Integration of Ankerana with the SAPM: a technical committee meeting with SAPM was used to discuss the integration of the offset site into the national protected areas network. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 53 8. Implementation Plan and Long-term Management The team plans to complete the design of the offset implementation plan by the end of 2009, with the Ankerana and other offset sites’ gain calculated in early 2010 and thus the final offset design completed at that point. The Ministerial Protection Decree should be ready by June 2009, thus allowing the Project to legally implement the management of the core and multiple use buffer area of the Ankerana part of the offset. While the ESIA stated the Project’s commitment to establish a biodiversity offset at Ankerana, no timing commitment was made. The offset establishment is therefore assumed to be in line with the Project’s temporal goals. The Project is establishing the offset to last the Project’s lifetime of 30 years and beyond. The establishment of a Ministerial Protection Decree is underway and the financing mechanisms are being discussed. Actions and timings are summarised in Figure 12. Figure 12: Actions and timings (2004-onwards) The Project will have the responsibility of ensuring the management of the Ankerana site. Actual site protection and local management will likely be entrusted to an NGO. The exact mode of financing has not yet been defined precisely. An in depth financial assessment will be conducted to determine the most viable means of ensuring long term financial revenue to support site protection. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 54 9. Summary of Offset Process Costs The Ambatovy Project BBOP programme component is part of the Project’s Biodiversity Programme (itself part of the Environmental Programme). Specific activities are designed, budgeted and implemented. Offset design and early implementation cost estimates are presented in Table 9. Table 9: Summary of estimated costs Costs (man days per annum*) Human resources Staff Tasks Project focal point : Pierre Berner (Ambatovy Project Environmental Director) 1 Ensure communication / meetings (international) with BBOP committee and management of overall Ambatovy BBOP programme. 24 Superintendent responsible for Ankerana site: monsieur Alphonse (Ambatovy Project) 1 Ankerana off-site offset management. Spearheading legal protection status programme with governmental and local STAKEHOLDERS. Supervising financial arrangements for programme’s long term viability. 36 Superintendent responsible for Special Programs: Irene Daso (Ambatovy Project) 1 Support Project focal point. Liaising with local and international stakeholders (e.g. CI). 12 Environmental Coordinator for Ankerana (Sylvain Be Totozafy) 1 Ensuring local stakeholder involvement. Supervising Ankerana zoning (core / buffer / inhabited areas). Awareness campaigns. 132 Technical support team Ankerana management: 3 Ankerana Forest and community management. BBOP programme management: Steven Dickinson (Golder Associates) 1 Managing overall BBOP design, including benchmark / loss / gain calculations. 36 BBOP design ecological assessment: Aristide Andrianarimisa (WCS) 1 Conducting benchmark / loss / gains calculations and overall ecological assessments. 140 Environmental Forest Technician (to be filled) Cost for 2008, 2009 (USD) 264 (currently one staff member) Environmental Community Agent (to be filled) Guest house manager (to be filled) BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Summary of Offset Process Costs Human resources BBOP external auditing progress reports: Jon Ekstrom (TBC) TOTALS Staff (1) 9 55 Tasks Carry out a technical peer review of the Ambatovy offset (e.g. benchmark, losses and gain calculation). Costs (man days per annum*) Cost for 2008, 2009 (USD) 2 646 560,000 * based on 2008 man days The average annual operational costs are in the process of being established and are estimated to be in the range US$ 250,000 – 300,000 per annum. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 56 10. Project Outcomes Actual outcomes Since the offset is still in the design phase, the actual CONSERVATION OUTCOMES to date are limited. They represent what the Project has achieved thus far and the benefits its shareholders already enjoyed, including:  Legal protection status: the extension of the temporary protection of Ankerana has been secured until the Ministerial Decree for protection is finalisation;  Integration of Ankerana into the national protected areas network;  Coordination between government organisations, NGOs, local communities and the private sector;  Public awareness;  Reforestation activities; and  Forest and TAXA-specific conservation management plans: specific taxa conservation management programs were developed for flora, lemurs, Mantella species and fish. Although these programs were developed as part of the Biodiversity Action Plan, their importance is reinforced by their aim of ensuring the conservation of azonal habitat and associated species, thus ensuring that all KEY BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTs present on the impact site are present at the offset. Anticipated outcomes The benefits anticipated as the final outcome of the offset include:  Averted loss of forest habitat: – The offset is designed to result in no net loss of biodiversity and will strive to attain a NET GAIN. – The initial objective was to secure the Ankerana site, but with additional insight the Project is presently aiming to extend the expanse of protected areas it will be managing indirectly (Ankerana) or directly (e.g. the on-site mine area conservation zones). – The Project aims to also spearhead the creation of the Analamay-Mantadia forest corridor enabling connectivity between the mine area conservation areas and the SAPM.  Community benefits: The creation of the offset will be conducted though integration of a socioeconomic and cultural component, which is the key to its long-term viability. A socio-environmental compensation programme will be designed during 2009 and subsequently to support social integration and ensure this. The programme will assess the compensation options available. Its partnerships with NGOs and agencies such USAID, PACT and ERIE will provide valuable insights. Specific activities that will be explored include fuel wood reforestation using native species, planting in suitable locations that avoid biodiversity impacts of biofuel crops (e.g., Jatropha plant), aquaculture and improved crop yield techniques. The programs will be integrated with social programs, especially complementary educational and family planning programs that contribute to reductions in human pressure on natural resources and forests. Other programs that will be critical to the overall success of the offset include fire management, hunting / bushmeat management and forest resource management. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Project Outcomes 57  Improved communication: information available to international NGOs did not reflect the full scale of works conducted in the field by the Project. The reason was linked to rather limited communication efforts by the Project, which was subsequently ramped up. The high velocity of Project implementation has been generally overwhelming for most NGOs, who felt they needed a deeper involvement with the Project. Such aspects were discussed in detail with CI, Forest Trends and WCS in November 2008. The Project will present and implement its communication strategy on biodiversity management and BBOP activities in 2009. The offset programme is not yet mentioned as a standalone project on the Sherritt web site, however it is mentioned on the Environmental Assessment documents (page 12), available at: http://www.sherritt.com/doc08/subsection.php?submenuid=operations&category=operations/metal s_ambatovy.  A specific web page will ultimately describe in detail the biodiversity offset process and activities, including this case study and subsequent, updated versions of it.  Stakeholder confidence: the Project hopes to increase and consolidate the confidence of the public (government, NGOs, authorities and the public at large) and private partners, (banks) and demonstrate its commitment to sustainability. This is strongly linked to both the communication effort and compliance activities. The governmental authorities and local communities are aware of, and have taken part in, the offset activities. Project partners and lender banks have monitored the progress of the offset programme through quarterly audits and bi-annual biodiversity audits.  Significant scientific knowledge will be obtained through biological surveys (which underpin the loss and gain calculations), especially at Ankerana, where studies have been limited despite the description of these ultramafic outcrops as biodiversity hotspots. The Project intends to prepare external publications of its biodiversity management programs, especially for MITIGATION in high biodiversity areas, possibly setting a precedent for other mining projects in Madagascar. A publication, likely a monograph of both the impact and offset sites, will be produced in collaboration with scientific partners. An article on the Project was provided to the CBD newsletter Business 2010 in April 2008 (www.cbd.int/doc/newsletters/news-biz2008-04/).  Forest restoration: the reforestation activities include targeted reforestation with native species to improve connectivity around the Ankerana offset site and between it and the remaining forest corridor; similar programs exist around the mine and the pipeline component.  Taxa-specific conservation: species taxa conservation management programs will be developed for key taxa such as lemurs, Mantella spp., flora and fish, on the same basis as those developed at the mine site. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 58 11. Lessons Learned The main lesson learned to date (during the offset conceptualisation and design stages) is that a commitment to implement a biodiversity offset can generate substantial interest and respect from third parties for the Project developer in tandem with delivering real and measurable benefits for biodiversity. The ‘NO NET LOSS’ offset represents a strong and positive vision that allows the Project to present its mitigation programme elegantly and coherently to third parties. The main difficulties encountered to date have been:  While beneficial, the BBOP guideline development process has been lengthy, dense and not always readily applicable to the Ambatovy Project. However, the Project feels privileged to continue with its contribution to the improvement of the offset design tools though its feedback.  The integration of biodiversity offsets at the ESIA stage is also crucial if baseline data collection is to: – Prioritise target species with high biodiversity value for the Key Biodiversity Components Matrix; – Target sampling stations to ensure that a benchmark is identified; – Ensure loss and gain sites are adequately covered; and – Ensure that quantitative data is gathered for the HABITAT HECTARES calculations. Ideally, the offset calculations for LOSSES and GAINS should have been completed before Project construction began, in order to alleviate the risk of being confronted with a low gains score. Greater targeting of baseline data collection during the ESIA would have helped reduce the cost and time associated with subsequent filling of data gaps. 11.1 Limitations Limitations and issues identified during the habitat hectare calculations are presented below. 11.1.1 Available data  The main limitation for the Ambatovy Project offset design is that only azonal forests were sufficiently sampled for habitat structure ATTRIBUTES. Fewer data exist for zonal and transitional habitats. In addition, more accurate improved diversity and abundance data were required for species (especially lemurs and other taxa) in both the benchmark and impact areas. Obtaining these data in 2009 should improve precision of the habitat hectares loss calculation.  No available data exist at present for the selected attributes at the proposed Ankerana offset site. This means that offset gains cannot yet be calculated.  Some of the existing data were not sufficiently habitat specific to meet the requirements of the habitat hectares calculations. The fauna data did not allow the species identified to be clearly linked to either the three ecological vegetation classes (azonal, transitional and zonal) or the habitat CONDITION classes. The January 2009 fauna surveys will aim to resolve this. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Lessons Learned 59 11.1.2 Averaging Averaging of attribute values was necessary in the habitat hectares calculation in order to avoid overly conservative results and to reflect the reality of conditions on the ground. However, it is commonly recognised that by calculating averages of vegetation parameters within a large area, habitat heterogeneity and its variations, which are the key elements for microclimate and ecological processes, are masked (Whittaker et al. 1974; Parkes et al. 2003). This approach thus limits the impact of variability on the calculation. While the variation is small-scale, considering its effects is important. 11.2 Recommendations 1. Integrate a temporal parameter to the post-Project impact in the habitat hectares calculation in order to show the Project’s success through time in reducing habitat hectares loss. This aspect is important for time discounting (i.e. delay of offset creation and delivery of ultimate habitat hectares gain, see Step 7). 2. Averaging of contiguous HABITAT TYPES as far as habitat classes is optimal as it best reflects the reality of conditions in the impact area. 3. Tools are based merely on numerical data that might not always have a biological and / or ecosystem health significance. It is important to assess how to integrate biodiversity qualitative data (like ENDEMISM, only presence / absence etc.) with the habitat hectares calculation. 4. There is a need for a ‘Weighting Guideline’ to guide the operator in weighting attributes, since this will ultimately affect the scoring. 5. SPECIES DIVERSITY and other fauna attributes should be used (e.g., lemur and herpetofauna) as often as possible to better reflect true biodiversity values (as opposed to forest structural SURROGATES). 6. The Project should design its data acquisition programs at the ESIA stage (baseline collection) to ensure it meets the habitat hectares calculation requirements in an optimal fashion (e.g. fauna, flora, aquatics sample sites linked with all main vegetation types likely to be impacted, as well as their condition classes – for example, good / disturbed). BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 60 12. Next Steps The next steps for the Ambatovy offset team are presented below: 1. Habitat hectares loss scores: a. Integrate the IMPACT SITE and benchmark terrestrial fauna data being gathered in January 2009, integrate Mantella aurantiaca and M. crocea data that is being acquired for these two key species as part of the Mantella Management Programme during 2009, re-evaluate the fish and aquatic (stream and ponds) data to adequately integrate with the KBCM; this will imply reassessing the weighting of the attributes generally, giving more importance to the species attributes to better reflect BIODIVERSITY LOSS values. b. Re-calculate habitat hectares loss scores for the impact site, for each forest habitat type (azonal, transitional and zonal), aquatic ecosystems (streams and ponds) and condition class. 2. Habitat hectares gain scores: a. Prepare and implement the habitat, flora, fauna and aquatics BASELINE data collection at the proposed Ankerana offset site. b. Calculate habitat hectares gains scores for the variety of POTENTIAL OFFSET SITES (e.g. contiguous with the mine footprint, the Analamay-Mantadia Corridor and the Ankerana offset site), for each forest habitat type (azonal, transitional and zonal), aquatic ecosystems (streams and ponds) and condition class. 3. Socio-environmental losses and compensation calculations: a. Apply cost-benefit model and analysis using key elements of the BBOP BIODIVERSITY OFFSET COSTBENEFIT HANDBOOK to determine the ecosystems services to the local communities in and around Ankerana as well as the mine site (COMPOSITE OFFSET). b. Determine socio-environmental compensations required, including compensations options; the Project will distinguish between legal and illegal activities specifically (the latter being obviously recognised by local legislation as unsustainable). c. Design and implement a compensation programme. 4. Offset management programme: a. In light of both the biodiversity and socio-environmental inputs, the Project will finalise the design of the Ankerana (and mine site) management programs. b. The Project will implement and monitor the implementation of the programs. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Next Steps 5. 61 Legal protection status: a. The Project will pursue the finalisation of the Ministerial Protection Decree for Ankerana and creation of a protection status for the mine area conservation zones forests; the status of other offset programme components (Analamay-Mantadia Corridor, Ramsar site) will also be pursued in collaboration with the Project’s partners (CI). b. The Ankerana offset jurisdictional protection status is being finalised with Malagasy authorities with its integration in the National Park network, in order to ensure the long-term protection status of the site from a legal perspective. 6. Other activities: a. The Project will be pursuing the implementation of its MITIGATION HIERARCHY strategy, namely through the Biodiversity Action Plan and the taxa-specific management programmes for lemurs, Mantella, fish and flora. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 62 13. References Benstead, J.P., De Rham, P.H., Gattolliat, J.-L., Gibon, F.-M., Loiselle, P.L.V., Sartori, M., Sparks, J.S. and Stiassny, M.L.J. 2003. Conserving Madagascar’s Freshwater Biodiversity. Bioscience 53 (11): 1101-1111 [see Appendix 3]. Dufils, J.-M. 2003. Pact Madagascar (see http://www.pactworld.org/cs/africa/madagascar). Ganzhorn, J.U., Andrianasolo, T., Andrianjazalahatra, T., Donati, G., Fietz, J. et al. 2007. Lemur in evergreen littoral forest fragments. In Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystem in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin). Serie editor Alfonso Alonso. SI/MAB Serie # 11. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. USA [see Appendix 3]. Grooves, C. 2000. The genus Cheirogaleus: unrecognized diversity in dwarf lemurs. International Journal of Primatology, 21 (6): 943-962 [see Appendix 3]. International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). 2006. Good Practice Guidance for Mining and Biodiversity. ICMM, 19 Stratford Place, London W1C 1BQ, United Kingdom. International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). 2008. Planning for Integrated Mine Closure: Toolkit, ICMM, 19 Stratford Place, London W1C 1BQ, United Kingdom. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2006. Performance Standard 6, Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management, World Bank Group. ten Kate, K., Bishop, J., and Bayon, R. 2004. Biodiversity offsets: Views, experience, and the business case. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and Insight Investment, London, UK. ISBN: 2-8317-0854-0. Kattan, G.H. 1992. Rarity and vulnerability: The Birds of the Cordillera Central of Colombia. Conservation Biology 6 (1): 64-70. Kleynhans, C.J. 1996. A qualitative procedure for the assessment of the habitat integrity status of the Luvuvhu River (Limpopo System, South Africa). J. Aquat. Ecosystem Health 5: 41-54 [see Appendix 3]. Kleynhans, C.J. 1999. Comprehensive Habitat Integrity Assessment. In: Water Resources Protection. Policy Implementation. Resource Directed Measures for Protection of Water Resources. River Ecosystems. Version 1 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry [see Appendix 3]. Meyers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca, G.A.B da and Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858 [see Appendix 3]. Parkes, D., Newell, G. and Cheal, D. 2003. Assessing the quality of native vegetation: the ‘habitat hectares’ approach. Ecological Management and Restoration 4, S29-S38. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project References 63 Rabinowitz, D.S., Cairns, S. and Dillon, T. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles. In Soulé, M. E. (eds.). Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Rakotoarison, N., Zimmermann, H., & Zimmermann, E. 1997. First discovery of the hairy-eared dwarf lemur (Allocebus trichotis) in a higland rain forest of eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 68 : 86-94 [see Appendix 3]. Schmid, J. and Alonso, L.E. (eds). 2005. A rapid biological assessment of the Mantadia-Zahamena Corridor, Madagascar. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment No. 32. Conservation International. Washington, D.C.). Watson, J. E. 2007. Conservation of Bird Diversity in Madagascar Southeastern Littoral forest [see Appendix 3]. Whittaker, R.H., Bormann, F.H., Likens, G.E. and Siccama, T.G. 1974. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: forest biomass and production. Ecol. Monogr. 44(2):233-254. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 64 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration 65 Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species MAMMALS Prosimans (primates) Allocebus trichotis Avahi laniger Cheirogaleus crossleyi Cheirogaleus major Daubentonia madagascariensis Eulemur fulvus fulvus Eulemur rubriventer Hapalemur griseus griseus Indri indri Lepilemur microdon Lepilemur mustelinus Microcebus lehilahytsara Microcebus rufus Prolemur simus Propithecus d. diadema Varecia v. variegata Carnivores Cryptoprocta ferox Fossa fossana Galidia elegans Small mammals Brachytarsomis albicauda Eliurus minor Eliurus tanala Eliurus webbi Microgale cowani Microgale drouhardi Microgale majori Microgale thomasi Myotis goudoti BIRDS Accipiter henstii Accipiter madagascariensis Acridotheres tristis Agapornis cana cana Alectroenas madagascariensis Anas melleri Ardea humbloti Asio madagascariensis Atelornis pittoides Aviceda madagascariensis Berneria zosterops Bernieria cinereiceps Brachypteracias squamigera Buteo brachypterus Calicalicus madagascariensis Canirallus kioloides Caprimulgus enarratus Caprimulgus madagascariensis Circus m. macrosceles Copsychus albospecularis Coracopsis nigra nigra Coracopsis vasa vasa Coua caerulea Coua reynaudii Coua serriana Crossleyia xanthophrys Cyanolanius madagascarinus Dromaeocercus brunneus Eurystomus glaucurus Falco eleonorae Falco newtoni newtoni Foudia madagascariensis Foudia omissa Gallinago macrodactyla Hypsipetes madagascariensis Leptopterus chabert Lonchura nana Lophotibis cristata Margaroperdix madagascariensis Milvus migrans Mystacornis crossleyi Nectarinia notata Neodrepanis coruscans Neomixis flavoviridis Neomixis tenella Neomixis viridis Nesillas typica Newtonia brunneicauda Ninox superciliaris Otus rutilus rutilus Oxylabes madagascariensis Philepitta castanea Ploceus nelicourvi Polyboroides radiatus Rallus madagascariensis Sarothrura insularis Sarothrura watersi Tylas eduardi Tyto soumagnei Vanga curvirostris Xenopirostris polleni Zosterops maderaspatana DD LC DD LC NT NT VU VU EN DD DD DD LC CR EN CR National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local NT NT NE LC LC EN EN LC LC LC LC NT VU LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU NE EN LC EN LC NT LC Cultural Values Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VU NT LC NE LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Socioeconomic Values Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Tabou Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I X Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I, pet trade Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Tabou Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I Ecotourism, illegal bush meat, CITES I X X X Ecotourism, illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat X illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat illegal bush meat X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Existence of illegal bush meat for all these lemur species Ecological services: main seeds disperseurs Ecological services: main seeds disperseurs symbiotic to Allocebus trichotis pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II CITES I BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species REPTILES Amphiglossus melenopleura Amphiglossus minutus Amphiglossus mouroundavae Amphiglossus punctatus Brookesia superciliaris Brookesia therezieni Brookesia thieli Calumma brevicornis Calumma cf nasuta Calumma crypticum Calumma gastrotaenia Calumma malthe Calumma nasuta Calumma parsoni Ebenavia inunguis Exallodontophis albignaci Furcifer lateralis Furcifer willsii Geodipsas laphystia Itycyphus perineti Leioheterodon madagascariensis Liophidium nov. sp. 1 Liophidium nov. sp. 2 Liophidium rhodogaster Liophidium torquatus Liopholidophis dolicocercus Liopholidophis epistibes Liopholidophis infrasignatus Liopholidophis pinguis Liopholidophis thieli Lygodactylus guibei Lygodactylus miops Mabuya gravenhorstii Madagascarophis colubrinus Micropisthodon ochraceus Paroedura gracilis Phelsuma lineata bifasciata Phelsuma lineata lineata? Phelsuma madagascariensis Phelsuma pronki Phelsuma pusilla hallmanni Phelsuma quadriocellata bimaculata Phelsuma quadriocellata quadriocellata Pseudoxyrhopus microps Pseudoxyrhopus tritaeniatus Sanzinia madagascariensis Stenophis arctifasciatus Typhlops sp. Uroplatus phantasticus Uroplatus pieschmanni Uroplatus sikorae Zonosaurus aeneus Zonosaurus madagascariensis NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE VU NE NE NE NE NE NE LC AMPHIBIANS Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis Anodonthyla boulengeri Blommersia blommersae Blommersia grandisonae Boophis albilabris Boophis boehmei Boophis brachychir Boophis burgeri Boophis cf.burgeri Boophis cf.miniatus Boophis cf.sibilans Boophis erythrodactylus Boophis goudoti Boophis guibei Boophis idae Boophis luteus Boophis madagascariensis Boophis marojezensis Boophis nov. sp. Boophis pyrrhus Boophis reticulatus Boophis sibilans Boophis viridis Gephyromantis cf. leucocephala Gephyromantis asper Gephyromantis boulengeri Gephyromantis cf.boulengeri Gephyromantis plicifer Guibemantis albolineatus Guibemantis cf. bicalcaratus Guibemantis cf.albolineatus Guibemantis depressiceps Guibemantis flavobrunneus Guibemantis liber Guibemantis tornieri Heterixalus betsileo Mantella aurantiaca Mantella baroni Mantella crocea Mantidactylus argenteus Mantidactylus betsileanus LC LC LC LC LC NE NE NE NE NE NE LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NE NE LC DD LC NE NE LC NE NT DD NE NE LC NE LC LC LC CR NE EN LC LC National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local Socioeconomic Values Cultural Values Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II X X X X X X rare pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rare X pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II X high extinction risk X pet trade, CITES II X X X X X X X X X X X X X pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II bushmeat, CITES I pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II pet trade, CITES II X X BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 66 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species Mantidactylus cf. betsileanus Mantidactylus femoralis Mantidactylus guttulatus Mantidactylus melanopleura Mantidactylus opiparis Mantidactylus sp. C Mantidactylus sp. H Mantidactylus zipperi Paradoxophyla palmata Platypelis barbouri Platypelis cf.barbouri Platypelis grandis Platypelis pollicaris Platypelis sp. (aff. mavomavo) Platypelis sp.nov Platypelis tuberifera Plethodontohyla inguinalis Plethodontohyla mihanika Plethodontohyla notosticta Plethodontohyla nov. sp. Plethodontohyla sp. Rhombophryne alluaudi Rhombophryne coronata Rhombophryne coronata Scaphiophryne marmorata Scaphiophryne spinosa Spinomantis aglavei Spinomantis phantasticus Stumpffia sp. "kibomena" NE LC LC LC LC NE NE LC NE LC NE LC DD NE NE LC LC LC LC NE NE LC VU VU VU NE LC NE NE FISH Ratsirakia sp nov 1 (Mangoro catchment) Ratsirakia sp nov 2 (Berano catchment) Rheocles alaotrensis Rheocles spp ? (Berano catchment) Rheocles spp ? (Mangoro catchment) NE NE VU NE NE INSECTS Amblyopone sp. mad-01 Amblyopone sp.2 Artitropa hollandi Cerapachys lividus Cerapachys sp. mad-38 Cerapachys sp.6 Cerapachys sp.7 Coeliades fidia Colotis lucasi Fulda imorina Heteropsis andasibe Heteropsis paradoxa Hovala sp. 2 Malaza carmides Mystrium mysticum Mystrium rogeri Proceratium sp.1 Smerina manoro Strabena consobrina Strabena dyscola Strabena modestissima Strabena niveata Strabena perroti Vitsika sp.1 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE FLORA Adenia acuta Aerangis citrata Aerangis fastuosa Aerangis macrocentra Aerangis sp. Aerangis stylosa Aeranthes adenopoda Aeranthes angustidens Aeranthes antennophora Aeranthes ecalcarata Aeranthes fasciola Aeranthes longipes Aeranthes nidus Aeranthes peyrotii Aeranthes sp. Aloe leandrii Amyrea sp Angraecum calceolus Angraecum caricifolium Angraecum chaetopodum Angraecum chloranthum Angraecum compactum Angraecum danguyanum Angraecum filicornu Angraecum finetianum Angraecum germinyanum Angraecum graminifolium Angraecum humblotianum Angraecum lecomtei Angraecum linearifolium Angraecum mauritianum Angraecum panicifolium Angraecum pinifolium National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local Socioeconomic Values Cultural Values Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X new undescribed species X X X X X X X X X X new undescribed species new undescribed species potential new species potential new species X X X X X rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental medicinal value X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 67 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species Angraecum rhynchoglossum Angraecum rostratum Angraecum sedifolium Angraecum setipes Angraecum sp. Angraecum teretifolium Angraecum urschianum Angraecum viguieri Antirhea borbonica Asparagus similens Aspidostemon conoideum Asplenium nidus Asplenium sp Asteropeia mcphersonii Astrotrichilia parvifolia Baroniella acuminata Baroniella linearis Bathioramnus sp Benthamia sp. Biophytum sp. nov. Brexia montana Bulbomolossus sp1 Bulbomolossus sp2 Bulbophyllum alexandrae Bulbophyllum analamazoatrae Bulbophyllum ankaizinense Bulbophyllum aubrevillei Bulbophyllum auriflorum Bulbophyllum baronii Bulbophyllum complanatum Bulbophyllum coriophorum Bulbophyllum francoisii Bulbophyllum leandrianum Bulbophyllum longiflorum Bulbophyllum lyperocephalum Bulbophyllum molossus Bulbophyllum multiflorum Bulbophyllum occlusum Bulbophyllum occultum Bulbophyllum oxycalyx Bulbophyllum pachypus Bulbophyllum peyrotii Bulbophyllum platypodum Bulbophyllum rhizomatosum Bulbophyllum sandrangatense Bulbophyllum sp. indet. Bulbophyllum sulfureum Burasaia sp. nov A Byttneria heteromorpha Caesalpinia delphinensis Calantica sp nov. Calophyllum mulvis Canarium sp. 2 (egregium) Carallia brachiata Carex sphaerogyna Cassinopsis sp. nov. Ceropegia cf. racemosa Chassalia bojeri Chassalia leptothyrsa Chassalia stenantha Cheirostylis gymnochiloides Cirrhopetalum longiflorum Claoxylon lancifolium Claoxylopsis purpurascens Cleistanthus sp. 1 Coffea liaudii Coffea mangoroensis Colea fusca Colea sp nov. A Combretum sp. nov. Coptosperma sp. nov. '17' Coptosperma sp. nov. '36' Craterispermum laurinum Croton alceicornu Croton droguetioides Croton lepidotoides Croton sp. cf. jennyanum Croton sp. nov. cf nitidulus 'cinereum' Cryptocarya myristicoides Cryptocarya pervillei Cryptocarya spathulata Cryptopus brachiatus Cryptopus paniculatus Cyathea cf tsaratananensis Cyathea dregei Cyathea hildebrandtii Cynanchum moramangense Cynorkis angustipetala Cynorkis aurantiaca Cynorkis fastigiata Cynorkis flexuosa Cynorkis gibbosa Cynorkis graminea Cynorkis jumelleana Cynorkis lilacina Cynorkis lowiana Cynorkis purpurascens National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local Socioeconomic Values rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X X X X X X X X rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare,patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rarepatrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X rare Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental X VU Cultural Values Magical X X X X X X against demonic possessions as defined by MBG as defined by MBG timber for construction, bark = medicinal X X X X as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental X Magical against thunder X Magical astrology X rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare, patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X X X X X X X X X X X ornemental ornemental X ornemental ornemental CITES II CITES II ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 68 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species Cynorkis ridleyi Cynorkis sp. Cynorkis uncinata Cyperus longifolius Dalbergia baronii Danais andribensis Danais humblotii Danais ligustrifolia Danais pauciflora Danais pubescens Dicoryphe laurina Dilobea thouarsii Diospyros sp Diporidium louvelii Disperis oppositifolia Distephanus aff. garnieriana Dombeya biumbellata Dombeya megaphylla Dombeya sp Dombeya spectabilis Dracaena sp. 3 Dracaena sp2 Dypsis sp. nov. 2 (aff. hildebrandtii) Elaphoglossum sp. 'B' Embelia nummulariifolia Erica sp. 'senescens' Erythroxylum "sp. 2 Erythroxylum ferrugineum Erythroxylum sp. 1 Erythroxylum sp. 3 Erythroxylum sp. 4 Erythroxylum sp. 5 Erythroxylum sp. 6 Erythroxylum sp. 7 Erythroxylum sp. 8 Eugenia alaotrensis Eugenia arthroopoda Eugenia goviala Eugenia sp. Nov 3 Eugenia sp. Nov 4 Eugenia sp. Nov. 1 Eugenia sp. Nov. 2 Euphorbia rangovalensis Exacum bulbilliferum Filicium sp Gaertnera aff. Pauciflora Gaertnera madagascariensis Gaertnera obovata Gaertnera obovata Gaertnera phanerophlebia Gaertnera phyllostachya Gallienia sclerophylla Gastropis sp Gastrorchis francoisii Gastrorchis humblotii Gastrorchis pulchra Gouania mauritiana Grammangis ellisii Grammangis sp. indet. Gravesia setifera Gravesia setifera vel. sp.aff. Gravesia sp. nov. cf. baronii Gravesia tanalensis Gussonea gilpinae Habenaria sp. indet. Helichrysum sp. nov. aff. ambondrombeense Homalium axillare Homalium maringitra Homolliella sericea Homolliella sp. nov. 'pauciflora' ined. Hyperacanthus sp. indet. Hyperacanthus sp. nov. ined. 'mangoroensis' Hyperacanthus thouvenotii Inula speciosa Ixora trichocalyx Jasminum sp Jumellea arborescens Jumellea brachycentra Jumellea francoisii Jumellea gracilipes Jumellea lignosa Jumellea punctata Jumellea sagittata Jumellea sp. Jumellea teretifolia Keraudrenia macrantha Khaya madagascariensis Korthalsella commersonii Lemurella virescens Lemyrea sp. Leptolaena multiflora Leptolaena sp2 Liparis bulbophylloides Liparis hildebrandtiana Liparis jumelleana Liparis longicaulis Liparis sp National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local Socioeconomic Values Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread rare rare rare rare X X X X rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare X X X X X X rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VU ornemental ornemental ornemental X timber for furniture (rose wood) X X X X X X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG ornemental X as defined by MBG X as defined by MBG X as defined by MBG X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental X Magical ornemental ornemental X as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental X X X X X X X against evil spirits ornemental ornemental X X X X X X X X X X X X X X EN patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare Cultural Values timber for construction, bark = medicinal as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 69 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species Ludia madagascariensis Ludia sp. nov. 1.aff. scolopioides Ludia sp. nov. 2 Ludia sp. nov. 3 Ludwia sp Macaranga racemosa Mailardia sp Margaritaria sp. nov. A Medinilla cf. oblongifolia Medinilla chermezonii Medinilla lophoclada Medinilla mandrakensis Medinilla micrantha Medinilla sp nov 2. Medinilla sp. nov. 1 Meineckia orientalis Melicope discolor Melicope sp. nov. Memecylon faucherei Memecylon sp. nov. aff. vaccinioides Mendoncia sp. nov. 1 Microcoelia gilpinae Microcoelia macrantha Molinaea sp. nov Morinda retusa Morinda sp. nov. Mussaenda arcuata Neobathia sp Nervilia bicarinata Noronhia emarginata Noronhia gracilipes Noronhia louvelii Noronhia sp nov. A Noronhia sp. nov E Noronhia sp. nov. C Oberonia disticha Ochrocarpos orthocladus Oeonia oncidiiflora Oeonia rosea Oeonia volucris Oeoniella polystachys Olax emirnensis Oldenlandia lancifolia Oldenlandia trinervia Oncostemum cauliflorum Oncostemum evonymoides Oncostemum filicinum Oncostemum humbertianum Oncostemum laevigatum Oncostemum linearisepalum Oncostemum neriifolium Oncostemum nitidulum Oncostemum oliganthum Oncostemum paniculatum Oncostemum sp nov aff. triflorum Oncostemum sp. cf. leprosum Oncostemum sp. nov. D Oncostemum triflorum Paederia mandrarensis Pauridiantha paucinervis Pellaea sp Peltiera nitida Pentopetia cotoneaster Pentopetia longipetala Pentopetia pinnata Phaius pulchellus Phaius pulcher Phylica emirnensis Phyllanthus moramangicus Phyllarthron sp Phylloxylum sp Platylepis polyadenia Plectrantus sp Podocarpus sp Polyscias sp. nov. 'abrahamiana' Polyscias sp. nov. 'ambatovyensis' Polyscias sp. nov. 'anjozorobensis' Polystachya aurantiaca Polystachya concreta Polystachya cornigera Polystachya cultriformis Polystachya fusiformis Polystachya humberti Polystachya mauritiana Polystachya rosea Polystachya rosellata Polystachya sp. Polystachya tsinjoarivensis Pseudopteris sp Psorospermum nervosum Psorospermum sp. nov. A. aff. rienanense Psorospermum sp. nov. B. Psychotria sp Psychotria taxifolia Pycreus ferrugineus Pyrenacantha humblotii Pyrenacantha laetevirens National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local Socioeconomic Values Cultural Values Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare X X X X rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as defined by MBG X as defined by MBG X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ornemental ornemental X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental X Magical X X X X X X X X X against bad luck as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental X X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG ornemental X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental ornemental X as defined by MBG X as defined by MBG X X X X X X X BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 70 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Global Species Pyrostria analamazaotrensis Rhodolaena bakeriana Rhynchospora sp. nov. 1 Saldinia coursiana Saldinia mandracensis Saldinia myrtilloides Saldinia proboscidea Saldinia sp Sarcolaena sp Schismatoclada concinna Schismatoclada psychotrioides Scleria madagascariensis Scolopia taimbarina Scolopia thouvenoti Secamone glaberrima Secamone sp. aff. Perrieri Secamone sp. nov. 1 Selaginella lyalii Senecio vel. sp. aff. multidenticulatus Stenandrium amoenum Syzigium sp. 1 Syzigium sp. 2 Syzigium sp. 3 Syzygium bernieri Syzygium condensatum Syzygium emirnense Syzygium lugubre Syzygium onivense Syzygium parkeri Tacca sp Tambourissa capuronii Tambourissa sp nov. aff. mandrarensis Tambourissa sp. nov. A Tambourissa trichophylla Tarenna alleizettei Tarenna sp. nov. aff spiranthera Terminalia sp Terminalia sp Tragia perrieri Tricalysia sp. ined. 'analamazaotrensis' Tristellateia grandiflora Vepris sp1 Vepris sp2 Vigueranthus sp_ Viguieranthus sp. Viscum multicostatum Viscum radula Viscum sp. Nov. 1 Viscum sp. Nov. 2 Vitex coursii Vitex oscitans Xylopia sp Communities/Habitats Azonal thicket Disturbed azonal thicket Azonal forest Disturbed azonal forest Brunt azonal forest Disturbed azonal habitat (sucessions I and II) Disturbed azonal habitat (sparse vegetation) National rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare patrimonial value patrimonial value patrimonial value rare rare rare rare rare rare patrimonial value Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Significance Local Cultural Values Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Site Endemic Localized Widespread X X as defined by MBG X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG X as defined by MBG X as defined by MBG X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG X X X X as defined by MBG as defined by MBG as defined by MBG sorcellery X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Magical X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Transitional forest of azonal influence on gabbro sustratum X Distrubed transitional forest of azonal influence on gabbro sustratum X Transitional forest X Exploited transitional forest X X X X X Moderately exploited zonal forest Moderately exploited zonal gallery forest Heavily exploited zonal forest (with other disturbances), mine and pipeline Socioeconomic Values as defined by MBG medecinal, bushmeat medecinal, bushmeat medecinal, bushmeat medecinal, bushmeat X X X X X timbers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources timbers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources timbers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources timbers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources X X bers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources bers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources timber, medecinal, bushmeat Ephemeral ponds X X Streams X X water resources Whole Landscapes/Ecosystems Edaphic mid-altitudinal eastern humid forest on laterite profil above ulX X timbers, medecinal, bushmeat, water ressources BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 71 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration Key to Global Significance Criteria Further detailed information is available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001. EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 72 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 73 Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE … of Condition Class 1: Quasi pristine primary forest 590.74 …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed primary forest 475.55 …of Condition Class 3: Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 528.86 427.22 0 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 61.88 48.33 0 0 0 0 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Habitat Type 1: Azonal thicket (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) Each Site Class… Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 74 620.00 0 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… Steams Weight Attribute BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands stems 1015 number/h 0.15 a NT Number of tree species 41 Tree species/h a 0.2 NT Canopy height 11.5 Meter 0.05 NT Basal area 19.6 m2/ha 0.05 NT Dbh 9.74 cm 0.05 NT Propithecus diadema density 0.033 number/h a 0.2 NT Allocebus density 0.025 number/h a 0.1 NT Indri indri density 0.013 number/h a 0.2 NT Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition Class 1: Quasi pristine primary forest Condition/ Net Level Loss 911 0 911 43 0 43 8.98 0 8.98 19.42 0 19.42 13.29 0 13.29 0.033 0 0.033 0.0248 0 0.0248 0.013 0 0.013 911 0 0 43 0 0 8.98 0 0 19.42 0 0 13.29 0 0 0.033 0 0 0.0248 0 0 0.013 0 0 Condition Class 2: Disturbed primary forest Condition/ Net Level Loss 285 0 285 18 0 18 5.45 0 5.45 3.55 0 3.55 9.95 0 9.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Condition Class 3: 0 Condition/ Level Net Loss 285 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 5.45 0 0 0 0 0 3.55 0 0 0 0 0 9.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 89.19445714 148.4436098 No mitigation Year _0 30.77179043 30.06911276 57.90240452 105.772 52.886 104.9645802 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration LOSS AT IMPACT SITE Habitat Type 2: (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Transitional Forests 75 Total Habitat Hectares Lost: 239 … of Condition Class 1: …of Condition Class 2: …of Condition Class 3: Quasi pristine primary Disturbed primary [Fill in name here] forest forest Each Site Class… 126.37 328.22 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 53.38 222.68 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 72.99 105.54 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… Weight Attribute BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Stems 1273 stems/ha 0.15 NT Number of Tree species 138 Tree species/h a 0.2 NT Canopy height 8.55 m 0.05 NT Basal area 24.87 m2/ha 0.05 NT Dbh 7.65 cm 0.05 NT Propithecus diadema density 0.033 number/h a 0.2 NT Allocebus density 0.0248 number/h a 0.1 NT Indri indri density 0.0131 number/h a 0.2 NT Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition Class 1: Quasi pristine primary forest Net Condition/ Level Loss 1045 1045 880 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 10.1 0 0 0 0 0 17.2 0 0 0 0 0 9.18 0 0 0 0 0 0.033 0 0 0 0 0 0.0248 0 0 0 0 0 0.013 0 0 0 0 0 29.6630597 55 28.42585507 10.1 15.79959298 17.2 10.26298834 9.18 17.63817778 0.033 55.212 0.0248 0.0248 0 0 0.013 0.013 880 0.033 0.033 0 0 0.0248 0.0248 Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 9.18 12.26 0 0 0.033 0.033 Habitat Hectares Lost 17.2 23.88 0 0 12.26 12.26 Net Loss 10.1 8.48 0 0 23.88 23.88 Condition/ Level 55 138 0 0 8.48 8.48 Condition Class 3: [Fill in name here] 880 1045 0 0 138 138 Condition Class 2: Disturbed primary forest Net Condition/ Level Loss 0.0248 27.606 0.013 0.013 0 0 0.013 54.79053435 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration LOSS AT IMPACT SITE Habitat Type 3: Zonal Forests (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Each Site Class… 76 Total Habitat Hectares Lost: 305.13 … of Condition Class 1: …of Condition Class 2: …of Condition Class 3: Quasi pristine primary Disturbed primary [Fill in name here] forest forest 412.74 124.97 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 256.9 14.94 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 155.84 110.03 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… Weight Attribute BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Stem number/h 0.15 a NT 72 Tree species/h a 0.2 NT Canopy height 9.9 meter 0.05 NT Basal area 22 m2/ha 0.05 NT Dbh 14.91 cm 0.05 NT Propithecus diadema density 0.033 number/h a 0.2 NT Allocebus density 0.0248 number/h a 0.1 NT Indri indri density 0.0131 number/h a 0.2 NT Stems 1065 Number of tree species Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition Class 1: Quasi pristine primary forest Condition/ Net Level Loss 1207 1207 12.65 13.77 0.4 13.77 15.44 Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 970 0 970 0 0 0 30 0 30 0 0 0 12.65 0 12.65 0 0 0 21.65 0 21.65 0 0 0 15.44 0 15.44 0 0 0 0.033 0 0.033 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.013 0 0.013 0 0 0 45.71409859 77.60138889 14.57798485 20.177775 15.44 12.84548156 0.033 0.033 0 0.033 0.033 0.025 0 0.025 0 54.368 0 0.013 0.013 30 21.65 0.025 0.025 Habitat Hectares Lost 21.65 0.033 0.033 970 33.3 0 33.3 13.77 13.37 Net Loss 12.65 10.5 0 10.5 33.3 33.3 Condition/ Level 30 107 0 107 10.5 10.5 Condition Class 3: [Fill in name here] 970 1207 0 1207 107 107 Condition Class 2: Disturbed primary forest Condition/ Net Level Loss 25.89717742 0.013 0.013 0 0.013 0.013 53.9529771 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 1: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, December 2008 Iteration LOSS AT IMPACT SITE Habitat Type 4: (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Each Site Class… Pipeline degraded zonal forests 77 Total Habitat Hectares Lost: 3.83 … of Condition Class 1: …of Condition Class 2: …of Condition Class 3: Heavily fragmented and degraded primary forest 71.04 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 16.5 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 4.95 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… Weight Attribute BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Stems 1065 Number of tree species Stems/ha 0.15 NT 72 Tree species/5 00m2 0.2 NT Canopy height 9.9 m 0.05 NT Volume 34.17 m3/ha 0.05 NT Dbh 14.91 cm 0.05 NT Propithecus diadema density 0.033 number/h a 0.2 NT Allocebus density 0.0248 number/h a 0.1 NT Indri indri density 0.0131 number/h a 0.2 NT Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition Class 1: 0 Condition Class 2: 0 Condition/ Level Condition/ Level Net Loss Net Loss Condition Class 3: Heavily fragmented and Habitat degraded primary forest Hectares Lost Condition/ Net Level Loss Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 104 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 104 0 104 0.241690141 45 45 45 0 45 2.0625 4.139 4.139 4.139 0 4.139 0.344916667 14.502 14.502 14.502 0 14.502 0.350136084 14.978 14.978 14.978 0 14.978 0.828762575 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 78 Appendix 2: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, February 2008 Iteration Key Biodiversity Components Matrix Biodiversity Assessment Intrinsic, 'non use' Values Biodiversity Component Significance Global National Use Values Irreplaceability (mark only one) Local Site Endemic Localized Widespread Socioeconomic Values Cultural Values Species Prolemur simus CR X Ecotourism, bush meat Propithecus d. diadema CR X Ecotourism, bush meat Tabou Indri indri Allocebus trichotis Daubentonia madagascarensis Tyto soumagnei EN EN EN EN X X Tabou X Ecotourism, bush meat Ecotourism, bush meat Ecotourism, bush meat Ecotourism X Rational exportation X X X X X Rational exportation Rational exportation Rational exportation Rational exportation Rational exportation Rational exportation Rational exportation, bush meat Platypelis sp. nov X X Scaphiophryne marmorata VU Rhombophryne coronata VU Mantella aurantiaca CR Mantella crocea EN Mantidactylus plicifer NT Pararhadinaea sp.nov X Sanzinia madagascariensis VU Aloe leandri X Ratsirakia sp X Rheocles sp X Asteropeia micraster EN Leptolaena multiflora EN Dalbergia baroni VU Cyathea dregei NE Cyathea cf tsaratananensis NE Eulemur rubriventer VU Communities/Habitats Azonal forest X Transitional forest X Zonal forest X Azonal fauna X Azonal flora X Whole Landscapes/Ecosystems Edaphic mid-altitudinal eastern humid forest onXlaterite profi X X X X X Justification (Insert comments here explaining data entered in columns A to I) Ecological services: main seeds disperseurs Existence of illegal bush meat for all these lemur species Tabou There's annual quota for those species under CITES exporation. However, there are lacks of study on population density Bush meat Bush meat Cites II Cites II X Bush meat X X medecinal, bushmeet, timbers, medecinal, bushmeet, water ressources edecinal, bushmeet, water ressources X X X X forest & water ressources For ‘Key to Global Significance Criteria’ see Appendix 1 above. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 2: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, February 2008 Iteration 79 CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE Habitat Type 1: (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Each Site Class… Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Azonal forest … of Condition Class 1: Good forest …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed 793.02 549.17 0 615 447.04 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 859 …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… Weight Attribute BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Steams 586 steam/ha 0.2 NT Number of tree species 41 Tree species/5 0.25 00m2 NT Canopy height variation 9.54 Meter 0.15 NT Basal area 5.45 m2/ha 0.15 NT Dbh 9.74 m 0.15 NT Height to crown 6.13 m3 0.1 NT Condition Class 1: Good forest Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition/ Level Net Loss 739 739 739 739 58 0 4.43 0 7.07 0 9.64 0 4.98 0 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 263 0 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 263 263 263 0 0 0 15 15 15 0 0 0 2.02 2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.18 1.18 1.18 0 0 0 7.26 7.26 7.26 0 0 0 3.13 3.13 3.13 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 195.2411331 Good: P.5; Disturbed: P. 20 258.3878049 after 30 years estimated approximately about 40% to 60% of the structure attribute value will be restored on the impact site 15 58 58 58 2.02 4.43 4.43 4.43 57.0357044 1.18 7.07 7.07 7.07 134.1896477 7.26 9.64 9.64 9.64 141.2850678 3.13 4.98 4.98 4.98 72.78850245 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 80 Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration BIODIVERSITY LOSS calculations scenarios at IMPACT SITE, and post-Project remediation effects on biodiversity loss calculations scenarios at impact site, Ambatovy Project Percentage of attributes rehabilitation Year Habitat types 0% Forest Streams/Rivers Ephemeral pools 0 (without mitigation) 1620 1.16 0.64 5% 0-7 1539 1.1 0.61 20% 7-15 1296 0.93 0.51 40% 15-30 972 0.69 0.38 75% 30-60 405 0.29 0.16 90% 60-120 162 0.12 0.06 Detailed calculations can be found below. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration Habitat hectares lost – no mitigation CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE … of Condition Class 1: Good forest …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Each Site Class… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Habitat Type 1: Forest (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 1620 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Weight Attribute Stems 1118 stems/ha 0.1 NT Basal area 22.16 Square 0.05 meters/ha NT Mean tree height canopy 9.98 Meter 0.025 NT 0.025 NT 0.1 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT 0.007 number/ha 0.1 NT Prolemur simus vulnerability index 4.13 0.05 NT Indri indri density 0.013 number/ha 0.1 NT Indri indri vulnerability index 31.12 0 0.05 NT Deforestation rate 0 Percentag e 0.1 NT Top height tree 14.54 Meter Tree species density 83.63 number/ha Propithecus diadema Density 0.033 Propithecus diadema vulnerability index 123.3 Allocebus trichotis density 0.025 number/ha Allocebus trichotis vulnerability index 142.4 Prolemur simus density 0 0 0 Condition Class 1: Good forest Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition/ Level Net Loss 1004.75 1004.8 1004.8 1004.8 23.22 0 9.07 0 13.57 0 85.08 0 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 735.57 0 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 735.57 735.57 735.57 0 0 0 14.57 14.57 14.57 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 15.17 15.17 15.17 0 0 0 36.86 36.86 36.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 123.3 123.3 123.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 142.4 142.4 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.13 4.13 4.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31.12 31.12 31.12 0 0 0 14.05 14.05 14.05 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 175.4906165 Good forest is the average of : P.5, 6, 9, 12, 14, & 18; Disturbed forest average of : P. 10 &20 99.55773885 No mitigation Year _0 14.57 23.22 23.22 23.22 9.5 9.07 9.07 9.07 47.92328259 15.17 13.57 13.57 13.57 50.03226773 36.86 85.08 85.08 85.08 0.033 183.4857277 0 0.033 0.033 0.033 123.3 158.71055 123.3 123.3 123.3 123.3 0.025 104.3221485 0 0.025 0.025 0.025 142.4 160.3136869 142.4 142.4 142.4 142.4 0.007 104.2548391 0 0.007 0.007 0.007 4.13 169.8818697 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 0.013 104.2894121 0 0.013 0.013 0.013 31.12 157.7474504 31.12 31.12 31.12 31.12 0.8 104.275906 14.05 0.8 0.8 0.8 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 81 Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration Habitat hectares lost – 5% mitigation CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Habitat Type 1: Forest (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) … of Condition Class 1: Good forest …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Each Site Class… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 1539 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Weight Attribute Stems 1118 stems/ha 0.1 NT Basal area 22.16 Square 0.05 meters/ha NT Mean tree height canopy 9.98 Meter 0.025 NT Top height tree 14.54 Meter 0.025 NT 0.1 NT Tree species density 83.63 number/ha Propithecus diadema Density Propithecus diadema vulnerability index Allocebus trichotis density Allocebus trichotis vulnerability index Prolemur simus density Prolemur simus vulnerability index Indri indri density Indri indri vulnerability index Deforestation rate 0.033 123.3 0.1 0 0.025 number/ha 142.4 0 0.007 number/ha 4.13 0 0.013 number/ha 31.12 0 0 Percentag e 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Condition Class 1: Good forest Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition/ Level 1004.75 50.2375 23.22 1.161 9.07 0.4535 13.57 0.6785 85.08 4.254 0.033 0.00165 123.3 6.165 0.025 0.00125 142.4 7.12 0.007 0.00035 4.13 0.2065 0.013 0.00065 31.12 1.556 0.8 0.04 Net Loss 954.51 1004.8 1004.8 22.059 23.22 23.22 8.6165 9.07 9.07 12.892 13.57 13.57 80.826 85.08 85.08 0.0314 0.033 0.033 117.14 123.3 123.3 0.0238 0.025 0.025 135.28 142.4 142.4 0.0067 0.007 0.007 3.9235 4.13 4.13 0.0124 0.013 0.013 29.564 31.12 31.12 0.76 0.8 0.8 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 735.57 36.7785 14.57 0.7285 9.5 0.475 15.17 0.7585 36.86 1.843 0 0 123.3 6.165 0 0 142.4 7.12 0 0 4.13 0.2065 0 0 31.12 1.556 14.05 0.7025 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 698.79 735.57 735.57 0 0 0 13.842 14.57 14.57 0 0 0 9.025 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 14.412 15.17 15.17 0 0 0 35.017 36.86 36.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 117.14 123.3 123.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135.28 142.4 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9235 4.13 4.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29.564 31.12 31.12 0 0 0 13.348 14.05 14.05 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 166.7160857 Good forest is the average of : P.5, 6, 9, 12, 14, & 18; Disturbed forest average of : P. 10 &20 94.57985191 No mitigation Year _0 45.52711846 47.53065434 174.3114413 150.7750225 99.10604103 152.2980025 99.04209716 161.3877762 99.07494151 149.8600779 99.06211074 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 82 Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration Habitat hectares lost – 20% mitigation CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE Habitat Type 1: (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed … of Condition Class 1: Good forest Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Forest 1296 …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Each Site Class… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Weight Attribute Stems 1118 stems/ha 0.1 NT Basal area 22.16 Square 0.05 meters/ha NT Mean tree height canopy 9.98 Meter 0.025 NT Top height tree 14.54 Meter 0.025 NT 0.1 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT 0.007 number/ha 0.1 NT Prolemur simus vulnerability index 4.13 0.05 NT Indri indri density 0.013 number/ha 0.1 NT Indri indri vulnerability index 31.12 0 0.05 NT Deforestation rate 0 Percentag e 0.1 NT Tree species density 83.63 number/ha Propithecus diadema Density 0.033 Propithecus diadema vulnerability index 123.3 Allocebus trichotis density 0.025 number/ha Allocebus trichotis vulnerability index 142.4 Prolemur simus density 0 0 0 Condition Class 1: Good forest Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition/ Level 1004.75 200.95 23.22 4.644 9.07 1.814 13.57 2.714 85.08 17.016 0.033 0.0066 123.3 24.66 0.025 0.005 142.4 28.48 0.007 0.0014 4.13 0.826 0.013 0.0026 31.12 6.224 0.8 0.16 Net Loss 803.8 1004.8 1004.8 18.576 23.22 23.22 7.256 9.07 9.07 10.856 13.57 13.57 68.064 85.08 85.08 0.0264 0.033 0.033 98.64 123.3 123.3 0.02 0.025 0.025 113.92 142.4 142.4 0.0056 0.007 0.007 3.304 4.13 4.13 0.0104 0.013 0.013 24.896 31.12 31.12 0.64 0.8 0.8 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 735.57 147.114 14.57 2.914 9.5 1.9 15.17 3.034 36.86 7.372 0 0 123.3 24.66 0 0 142.4 28.48 0 0 4.13 0.826 0 0 31.12 6.224 14.05 2.81 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 588.46 735.57 735.57 0 0 0 11.656 14.57 14.57 0 0 0 7.6 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12.136 15.17 15.17 0 0 0 29.488 36.86 36.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98.64 123.3 123.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 113.92 142.4 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.304 4.13 4.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.896 31.12 31.12 0 0 0 11.24 14.05 14.05 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 140.3924932 Good forest is the average of : P.5, 6, 9, 12, 14, & 18; Disturbed forest average of : P. 10 &20 79.64619108 No mitigation Year _0 38.33862607 40.02581418 146.7885821 126.96844 83.45771876 128.2509495 83.40387129 135.9054958 83.43152969 126.1979604 83.42072484 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 83 Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration Habitat hectares lost – 40% mitigation CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Habitat Type 1: Forest (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed … of Condition Class 1: Good forest 972 …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Each Site Class… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Weight Attribute Stems 1118 stems/ha 0.1 NT Basal area 22.16 Square meters/ha 0.05 NT Mean tree height canopy 9.98 Meter 0.025 NT Top height tree 14.54 Meter 0.025 NT 0.1 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT Tree species density 83.63 number/ha Propithecus diadema Density 0.033 Propithecus diadema vulnerability index 123.3 Allocebus trichotis density 0.025 number/ha Allocebus trichotis vulnerability index 142.4 Prolemur simus density Prolemur simus vulnerability index Indri indri density Indri indri vulnerability index Deforestation rate 0 0 0.007 number/ha 4.13 0 0.013 number/ha 31.12 0 0 Percentag e 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 NT NT NT NT NT Condition Class 1: Good forest Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition/ Level 1004.75 401.9 23.22 9.288 9.07 3.628 13.57 5.428 85.08 34.032 0.033 0.0132 123.3 49.32 0.025 0.01 142.4 56.96 0.007 0.0028 4.13 1.652 0.013 0.0052 31.12 12.448 0.8 0.32 Net Loss 602.85 1004.8 1004.8 13.932 23.22 23.22 5.442 9.07 9.07 8.142 13.57 13.57 51.048 85.08 85.08 0.0198 0.033 0.033 73.98 123.3 123.3 0.015 0.025 0.025 85.44 142.4 142.4 0.0042 0.007 0.007 2.478 4.13 4.13 0.0078 0.013 0.013 18.672 31.12 31.12 0.48 0.8 0.8 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 735.57 294.228 14.57 5.828 9.5 3.8 15.17 6.068 36.86 14.744 0 0 123.3 49.32 0 0 142.4 56.96 0 0 4.13 1.652 0 0 31.12 12.448 14.05 5.62 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 441.34 735.57 735.57 0 0 0 8.742 14.57 14.57 0 0 0 5.7 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.102 15.17 15.17 0 0 0 22.116 36.86 36.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73.98 123.3 123.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85.44 142.4 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.478 4.13 4.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.672 31.12 31.12 0 0 0 8.43 14.05 14.05 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 105.2943699 Good forest is the average of : P.5, 6, 9, 12, 14, & 18; Disturbed forest average of : P. 10 &20 59.73464331 No mitigation Year _0 28.75396955 30.01936064 110.0914366 95.22633 62.59328907 96.18821212 62.55290347 101.9291218 62.57364727 94.64847026 62.56554363 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 84 Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration Habitat hectares lost – 75% mitigation CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE … of Condition Class 1: Good forest …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed Each Site Class… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 1587.963 497.7 0 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Habitat Type 1: Forest (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) 405 …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Weight Attribute Stems 1118 stems/ha 0.1 NT Basal area 22.16 Square 0.05 meters/ha NT Mean tree height canopy Top height tree 9.98 14.54 Meter Meter Tree species density 83.63 number/ha Propithecus diadema Density 0.025 0.025 0.1 0.1 0.033 Propithecus diadema vulnerability index 123.3 Allocebus trichotis density 0.025 number/ha Allocebus trichotis vulnerability index 142.4 NT NT NT 0.05 NT 0.1 NT 0.05 NT 0.007 number/ha 0.1 NT Prolemur simus vulnerability index 4.13 0.05 NT Indri indri density 0.013 number/ha 0.1 NT Indri indri vulnerability index 31.12 0 0.05 NT Deforestation rate 0 Percentag e 0.1 NT Prolemur simus density 0 NT 0 0 Condition Class 1: Good forest Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Pre-Project Post-Project, High Impact Sites Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites Post-Project, Low Impact Sites Condition/ Level 1004.75 753.5625 23.22 17.415 9.07 6.8025 13.57 10.1775 85.08 63.81 0.033 0.02475 123.3 92.475 0.025 0.01875 142.4 106.8 0.007 0.00525 4.13 3.0975 0.013 0.00975 31.12 23.34 0.8 0.6 Net Loss 251.19 1004.8 1004.8 5.805 23.22 23.22 2.2675 9.07 9.07 3.3925 13.57 13.57 21.27 85.08 85.08 0.0083 0.033 0.033 30.825 123.3 123.3 0.0063 0.025 0.025 35.6 142.4 142.4 0.0018 0.007 0.007 1.0325 4.13 4.13 0.0033 0.013 0.013 7.78 31.12 31.12 0.2 0.8 0.8 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 735.57 551.6775 14.57 10.9275 9.5 7.125 15.17 11.3775 36.86 27.645 0 0 123.3 92.475 0 0 142.4 106.8 0 0 4.13 3.0975 0 0 31.12 23.34 14.05 10.5375 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 183.89 735.57 735.57 0 0 0 3.6425 14.57 14.57 0 0 0 2.375 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.7925 15.17 15.17 0 0 0 9.215 36.86 36.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.825 123.3 123.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35.6 142.4 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0325 4.13 4.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.78 31.12 31.12 0 0 0 3.5125 14.05 14.05 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 43.87265413 Good forest is the average of : P.5, 6, 9, 12, 14, & 18; Disturbed forest average of : P. 10 &20 24.88943471 No mitigation Year _0 11.98082065 12.50806693 45.87143191 39.6776375 26.08053711 40.07842172 26.06370978 42.47046743 26.07235303 39.43686261 26.06897651 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 85 Appendix 3: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) and Habitat Hectares Score, April 2008 Iteration Habitat hectares lost – 90% mitigation CALCULATING BIODIVERSITY LOSS AT IMPACT SITE Habitat Type 1: (Quantifcation of Biodiversity Loss Through Project Impact, via Habitat Hectares) … of Condition Class 1: Good forest …of Condition Class 2: Disturbed …of Condition Class 3: Ponds Each Site Class… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, High Impact Sites… 1587.963 497.7 0 Post-Project, Medium Impact Sites… 0 0 0 Post-Project, Low Impact Sites… 0 0 0 1. To the left, label each pre-project site condition class found. (Three or less. e.g. "pristine", "good", "degraded", or "good", "poor", etc.) 2. Fill in the area of … (enter "0" for non-relevent condition classes and impact levels) Total Habitat Hectares Lost: Forest 162 3. For each relevant condition class and impact level below, please fill in the condition/level of the attribute in question… BENCHMARK Reference Level Trad'ble/ Non? Units/ # (T/NT) Bands Weight Attribute Stems 1118 stems/ha 0.1 NT Basal area 22.16 Square meters/ha 0.05 NT Mean tree height canopy 9.98 Meter 0.025 NT Top height tree 14.54 Meter 0.025 NT 0.1 NT 0.1 NT Tree species density 83.63 number/ha Propithecus diadema Density Propithecus diadema vulnerability index Allocebus trichotis density Allocebus trichotis vulnerability index Prolemur simus density 0.033 123.3 0 0.025 number/ha 142.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.05 NT NT NT 0.007 number/ha 0.1 NT Prolemur simus vulnerability index 4.13 0.05 NT Indri indri density 0.013 number/ha 0.1 NT Indri indri vulnerability index 31.12 0 0.05 NT Deforestation rate 0 Percentag e 0.1 NT 0 Pre/Post-Project Conditions Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, Pre-Project Post-Project, Post-Project, Post-Project, High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites High Impact Sites Medium Impact Sites Low Impact Sites Condition Class 1: Good forest Condition/ Level 1004.75 904.275 23.22 20.898 9.07 8.163 13.57 12.213 85.08 76.572 0.033 0.0297 123.3 110.97 0.025 0.0225 142.4 128.16 0.007 0.0063 4.13 3.717 0.013 0.0117 31.12 28.008 0.8 0.72 Net Loss 100.48 1004.8 1004.8 2.322 23.22 23.22 0.907 9.07 9.07 1.357 13.57 13.57 8.508 85.08 85.08 0.0033 0.033 0.033 12.33 123.3 123.3 0.0025 0.025 0.025 14.24 142.4 142.4 0.0007 0.007 0.007 0.413 4.13 4.13 0.0013 0.013 0.013 3.112 31.12 31.12 0.08 0.8 0.8 Condition Class 2: Disturbed Condition/ Level 735.57 662.013 14.57 13.113 9.5 8.55 15.17 13.653 36.86 33.174 0 0 123.3 110.97 0 0 142.4 128.16 0 0 4.13 3.717 0 0 31.12 28.008 14.05 12.645 Net Loss Condition Class 3: Ponds Condition/ Level Net Loss 73.557 735.57 735.57 0 0 0 1.457 14.57 14.57 0 0 0 0.95 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 1.517 15.17 15.17 0 0 0 3.686 36.86 36.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.33 123.3 123.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.24 142.4 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.413 4.13 4.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.112 31.12 31.12 0 0 0 1.405 14.05 14.05 0 0 0 Habitat Hectares Lost Rationale (enter comments explaining data in columns B to Q) 17.54906165 Good forest is the average of : P.5, 6, 9, 12, 14, & 18; Disturbed forest average of : P. 10 &20 9.955773885 No mitigation Year _0 4.792328259 5.003226773 18.34857277 15.871055 10.43221485 16.03136869 10.42548391 16.98818697 10.42894121 15.77474504 10.4275906 0 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 86 87 Appendix 4: Mine Footprint Status Sheet, 2nd Iteration BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 4: Mine Footprint Status Sheet, 2 nd Iteration 88 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 4: Mine Footprint Status Sheet, 2 nd Iteration 89 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 4: Mine Footprint Status Sheet, 2 nd Iteration 90 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 91 Appendix 5: Vulnerability Index VULNERABILITY can be expressed based on:  Geographical range (largely, more restricted),  Level of habitat types dependence (more ubiquiste to stenocene species etc.), and  Abundance indices (rare to common) (Kattan 1992; Rabinowitz et al. 1986). The approach used allows the offset planner to attribute an index score in each cell of the matrix in order to represent the vulnerability level of each species based on above parameters. For a community, the percentage of species constituting its total number could be included in a cell in order to indicate how vulnerable a community is. The original concept of the vulnerability matrix following (Rabinowitz et al. 1986) is presented below, where Vi is the vulnerability index. Range (geographical distribution) Large Abundance Restricted Habitat type dependence level Ubiquiste Stenocene Ubiquiste Stenocene Common Vi=8 Vi=6 Vi=4 Vi=2 Rare Vi=7 Vi=5 Vi=3 Vi=1 In order to ensure that the matrix is properly used as part of the calculation of loss and gain of biodiversity, the following points must be taken into consideration:  Since the BENCHMARK approach is based on the principle that higher values are better in the habitat hectares calculations, higher index values should be given with increased vulnerability (e.g. Vi= 1 becomes Vi = 8 etc…).  The BBOP ‘Key Biodiversity Component Matrix (KBCM) ‘Irreplaceability’ level (Widespread, Localised, SITE ENDEMIC) will be used instead of ‘Range’ (geographical distribution); and  The KBCM ‘Significance level’ Global column will consider (CR, EN, VU, NT) instead of using ‘habitat type dependence level’. IUCN Status Thus the Vulnerability matrix concept proposed for BBOP is: Irreplaceability : Widespread Abundance level: Common Rare Common Rare Common Rare LC 1 4 11 16 21 26 NT 2 5 12 17 22 27 VU 3 6 13 18 23 28 EN 7 8 14 19 24 29 CR 9 10 15 20 25 30 Localised Site endemic BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 5: Vulnerability Index 92 There are several ways to obtain ATTRIBUTES from the species Vulnerability matrix: 1. Fit all KBCM fauna and flora species into the matrix and assign a Vi number (1 to 30) and then simply compare to the total number of species in the community considered with how many have specific Vi numbers. 2. Determine the % of species with specific Vi numbers. For example, for all tree species assume that 30% of those recorded in the benchmark have a Vi of 19 (EN, rare, localised), equating to 30% x 19 = 57. This can be repeated for other Vi indices and finally a sum for the entire matrix table can be generated (for example 560). This value of 560 can then be compared with values for tree species from the impact site etc. 3. Taking a smaller community group, e.g. all lemur species, and proceed as above, assigning each species a Vi score and then multiplying it with species biological data (e.g. density / ha) in order to obtain a sum for each site. The higher the total Vi score is, the higher is the vulnerability of this group (note that the density in the excel table is set at 1 until further data is collected during subsequent at Ambatovy). The Vulnerability matrix developed by Ambatovy is presented below. This matrix was developed in April 2008, 7 as part of the second iteration of the benchmark and loss assessment . Table A5.1: Fauna and flora species Vulnerability matrix (April 2008) Irreplacebility : Widespread Abundance level: IUCN Status Nocturnal/diurnal Ability to move away from impact LC NT VU EN CR Common Diunral Localised Rare Nocturnal Diunral Site endemic Common Nocturnal Diurnal Rare Nocturnal Diurnal Common Nocturnal Diurnal Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 25 33 4 5 6 26 34 7 8 9 27 35 10 11 12 28 36 13 14 15 29 37 16 17 18 30 38 19 20 21 31 39 22 23 24 32 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Rare Nocturnal Y Diurnal N 91 96 92 97 93 98 94 99 95 100 Nocturnal Y N Y N 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 A worked example of the application of the matrix to the Ambatovy KBCM is presented below (extract of Ambatovy Project BBOP Bonn report (April 2008)). Table A5.2: Key Biodiversity Components Matrix (KBCM) Vulnerability scores (April 2008) Amabtovy KBCM Species IUCN Widespread Site Localised endemic Prolemur simus CR Propithecus d. diadema CR Indri indri EN X X EN X Lemurs Allocebus trichotis Daubentonia madagascarensis EN Eulemur rubriventer VU EN NE VU VU CR EN NT NE VU NE NE NE EN EN VU NE NE X Rare Diurnal/Noct: D/N Moves: Y/N Vulnerabilty indices' X 65 X 74 X Birds Tyto soumagnei Platypelis sp. nov Scaphiophryne marmorata Rhombophryne coronata Herptiles Mantella aurantiaca Mantella crocea Mantidactylus plicifer Pararhadinaea sp.nov Sanzinia madagascariensis Ratsirakia sp Fish Rheocles sp Aloe leandri Asteropeia micraster Plants Leptolaena multiflora Dalbergia baroni Cyathea dregei Cyathea cf tsaratananensis 7 X X X X X X X X X X ? ? X X X X X ? Ambatovy Project BBOP Bonn report (April 2008), with revised Benchmark selection and losses calculations, including KBCM matrix update with species quantitative data). BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 5: Vulnerability Index 93 Note that the results of the Biodiversity Assessment in relation to intrinsic NON-USE VALUES and USE VALUES are presented in the KBCM sheet of the April 2008 report. December 2008 iteration: the Project believes that the use of the Vulnerability attributes still requires more in depth analysis, which will be conduced in 2009: the justifications for excluding the vulnerability index in the December 2008 calculations are that:  This attribute should be calculated by taxonomic group not by single species as was done in the April 2008 report: this index is a product of the combination of the IUCN status and that of relative abundance;  Abundance is already considered in the other attributes for each species. Calculating the vulnerability index by taxonomic group (not single species) will give a greater ‘overall scope’ of the vulnerability and irreplaceability: – The index will provide a more scientific approach to determining the group requiring most effort for onsite conservation relative to other selected species. – It gives first same value (weight) for the various taxonomic groups. In fact not only species must avoid EXTIRPATION, but also the overall ecosystem characteristics should be offset. Among the latter is the community composition that can be tackled through a biodiversity vulnerability index. Furthermore, a gain on the vulnerability index by a taxonomic group will be more significant for biodiversity and ECOSYSTEM SERVICES than a gain for a single species. BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 94 Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops Volume J Section 1.1 Attachment 2 Survey for off-site azonal outcrops BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 95 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 96 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 97 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 98 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 99 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 100 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 101 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 102 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 103 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 104 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 105 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 106 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 107 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 108 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 109 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 110 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 111 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 112 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 113 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project Appendix 6: Survey for Off-site Azonal Outcrops 114 BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project 115 Appendix 7: Comparison of Ambatovy / Analamay and Ankerana Azonal Habitats BBOP Pilot Project Case Study – Ambatovy Project To learn more about the BBOP principles, guidelines and optional methodologies, go to: www.forest-trends.org/biodiversityoffsetprogram/guidelines