SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Volume 54: 1-180
Floristic Checklist of the Mache-Chindul
Mountains of Northwestern Ecuador
by
John L. Clark,
David A. Neill
and
Mercedes Asanza
Department of Botany
National Museum of Natural History
Washington, DC
2006
ABSTRACT
Clark, John L., David A. Neill, and Mercedes Asanza. Floristic Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mountains of Northwestern Ecuador. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 54,
180 pages (including 23 figures). An inventory of the vascular plants of the Mache-Chindul Mountains is presented from
collecting expeditions beginning in 1991 to present. The Mache-Chindul Mountains reach an elevation of 800 meters and are
located in northwestern Ecuador in the southernmost part of the province of Esmeraldas (00º21’N 79º44’W) and the northernmost part of the province of Manabí (00º25’S 79º57’W). The Pacific Ocean lies 20-30 km due west and the equator transects the
middle of this mountain range. The Mache-Chindul range occupies about 400 km2 and harbors the last large tract of coastal wet
forest in Ecuador, an area less than 4% of its original size. Important protected areas include the Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Bilsa Biological Station, Bosque Protector Cerro Pata de Pájaro, and the Reserva Lalo Loor. An inventory of the 6,000
collections made from the region has resulted in the enumeration of 1,346 vascular plant taxa that are native to the study area;
non-native and introduced species were not heavily sampled and nearly 2,400 collections (40%) are only determined to genus. A
biogeographic analysis is presented based on 1,318 native species. A total of 162 species (12%) are endemic to the western
lowlands of coastal Ecuador. The Mache-Chindul flora shares 865 species (66%) with the lowlands of Amazonia, across the
barrier of the Andes, and 957 species (73%) are shared with the Chocó region of coastal Colombia. A total of 814 species (61%)
extend farther to the north into Mesoamerica. The botanical explorations in the Mache-Chindul Mountains have resulted in the
publication of two new monotypic genera and 33 species recently described as new to science. An annotated list of species by
family is given that includes the publication citation, a representative specimen, elevation range, habitat preference, and phytogeographic region for each species.
KEY WORDS: biogeography, biodiversity, Ecuador, floristics, Mache-Chindul Mountains, vascular plants
RESUMEN
Clark, John L., David A. Neill, and Mercedes Asanza. Floristic Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mountains of Northwestern Ecuador. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 54,
180 páginas (incluyendo 23 figuras). Se presenta un inventario de las plantas vasculares de la Cordillera Mache-Chindul,
basado en las expediciones botánicas desde el año 1991 hasta la actualidad. Las montañas de Mache-Chindul alcanzan una
altitud máxima de 800 m.s.n.m. y están ubicadas en el noroccidente del Ecuador, en el extremo sur de la provincia de Esmeraldas
(00º21’N 79º44’W) y el extremo norte de la provincia de Manabí (00º25’S 79º57’W). La costa del Océano Pacífico está entre
20-30 km al oeste, y la línea equinoccial divide en la mitad a esta Cordillera. Mache-Chindul comprende alrededor de 400 km2
y abarca el último remanente grande de bosque muy húmedo tropical en la Costa del Ecuador, un área de menos de 4% de su
extensión original. Las principales áreas protegidas en la región incluyen la Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul, la Estación
Biológica Bilsa, el Bosque Protector Cerro Pata de Pájaro, y la Reserva de Lalo Loor. Un inventario de las 6.000 colecciones de
plantas de la región da como resultado el listado de 1.346 especies de plantas vasculares nativas al área de estudio. No se realizó
un inventario completo de las especies introducidas y cultivadas, y casi 2.400 colecciones (40% del total) están identificadas
solamente a nivel de género. Se presenta un análisis biogeográfico, en base de 1.318 especies nativas. Un total de 162 especies
(12%) son endémicas a la Costa del occidente del Ecuador. La flora de Mache-Chindul comparte 865 especies (66% del total)
con las tierras bajas de la Amazonía, a través de la barrera de los Andes, y 957 especies (73%) se comparten con la región del
Chocó en la costa occidental de Colombia. Un total de 814 especies (61%) se extienden más al norte hacia el istmo de Mesoamérica.
Las exploraciones botánicas en la Cordillera Mache-Chindul han tenido como resultado la publicación de dos nuevos géneros
monotípicos, y 33 especies descritas recientemente como nuevas para la ciencia. Se presenta un listado de las especies, con
comentarios, organizado por familia taxonómica e incluyendo la cita de la publicación, un espécimen representativo, rango de
altitud, hábito, y distribución fitogeográfica de cada especie.
PALABRAS CLAVES: biogeografía, biodiversidad, Ecuador, flora, Cordillera Mache-Chindul, plantas vasculares
DATE OF PUBLICATION: 7 November 2006
Cover Design by Alice R. Tangerini: front, detail of Gasteranthus bilasensis L.E. Skog & L.P.Kvist (P.
Mendoza-T. et al. 561, J.L. Clark et al. 213, and N. Pitman et al. 884) illustrated by Cathy PasqualeJohnson; back, detail of Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum D.A. Neill (D.A. Neill, H. Vargas, T. Núñez &
J.L. Clark 10437) illustrated by John Myers.
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium (ISSN 0097-1618) Department of Botany, National
Museum of Natural History, MRC-166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, Department
of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard
for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.
The periodical, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, was first published in 1890 by
The United States Department of Agriculture. From 1 July 1902 forward it was published as a Bulletin of
the United States National Museum. The series was discontinued after volume 38 (1974), and has been
revived with volume 39 (2000) as a venue for publishing longer taxonomic papers, checklists, floras, and
monographs, produced by the staff and associates at the U.S. National Herbarium. It is externally peer
reviewed, and published at irregular intervals. Subscription and other correspondence should be addressed
to CUSNH, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA e-mail: CUSNH@si.edu. The present issue is available
for free while supplies last and PDF files of the most recent issues (vol. 49-present) of the Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. are available at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/pubs/CUSNH/ If you have any questions about
manuscript submission or comments on previous volumes, please contact the editor, Paul M. Peterson
(peterson@si.edu).
.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 7
METHODS................................................................................................................................. 7
CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 8
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION ......................................................................... 9
BOTANICAL NOVELTIES .................................................................................................... 10
CONSERVATION STATUS ..................................................................................................... 11
HISTORY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION ....................................................................... 11
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VASCULAR FLORA ..................................... 12
STATISTICAL RESULTS: SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC
AFFINITIES .............................................................................................................. 13
LIFE FORM CATEGORIES, AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER FLORAS .................. 14
MAJOR PLANT FAMILIES, ANDCOMPARISONS WITH OTHER FLORAS .................... 15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 19
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE FLORA OF THE MACHE-CHINDUL MOUNTAINS ........... 21
PTERIDOPHYTA ..................................................................................................................... 21
GYMNOSPERMAE ................................................................................................................. 36
ANGIOSPERMAE ................................................................................................................... 36
LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................................... 179
Figure 1.Map of study area. Intensity of collecting is indicated by orange circles (Bilsa Biological Station and Cerro Pata
de Pájaro represent the two most intensely collected localities with c.a. 3500 and 400 collections respectively).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
7
Floristic Checklist of the Mache-Chindul
Mountains of Northwestern Ecuador
John L. Clark1 , David A. Neill2, and Mercedes Asanza3
INTRODUCTION
The Mache-Chindul Mountains comprise the
northern portion of the Pacific coastal range of
western Ecuador where significant tracts of
remnant forests are intact. These mountains reach
800 m in elevation and extend from southwestern
Esmeraldas province to northern Manabí province.
Results presented here are from intensive floristic
inventory expeditions of the Mache-Chindul
Mountains carried out from September 1994 to
August 2003, as well as earlier collections made
by A.H. Gentry in January 1991 (Gentry, 1992;
Parker & Carr, 1992). Nearly 6,000 herbarium
collections were obtained and more than 3,600
have been determined by specialists. Expeditions
were conducted throughout many regions of the
study site with the most intensive collecting in and
around the forests of the Bilsa Biological Station,
a privately-owned reserve of 4,000 hectares in the
eastern portion of the Mache-Chindul Mountains.
The Mache-Chindul Mountains harbor the last
large tract of coastal wet forest in Ecuador, an area
of about 400 km2. This represents less than 4% of
the original coastal wet forest and this remnant is
being rapidly fragmented and cleared. The Tercer
Mundo Foundation administers the Cerro Pata de
Pájaro Protection Forest which is located near the
southern extent of the range and this area has a
drier climate than the central portion of the MacheChindul Mountains. In August of 1996, 70,000
hectares were set aside by Ecuador’s Ministry of
Environment, in the established protected area,
“Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul.”
The study area covered by this checklist
includes the western Ecuador coastal range from
the region southeast of the provincial capital city
of Esmeraldas (northern limit of study area at about
00°45’ N) to the region just east of the coastal town
of Jama in northern Manabí province (southern
limit of study area at about 00°15’S; see Figure 1,
map of study area). The coastal range extends
farther south than the latitude of Jama, throughout
the length of Manabí province, but the original
vegetation has been removed or highly disturbed
south of our study area, and the climate is
progressively drier as one travels further south.
Our study area does not include the beach or
mangrove vegetation of the coastal zone, but it does
include botanical collections made close to sea
level at the western margin of the coastal range.
METHODS
A majority of the field work for this
publication was conducted through general
collecting of plants found in fruit or flower during
daily forays into the forest. Most collecting was
based from rural communities (i.e., 1-2 days of
1
Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166,
Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Box 870345, The University of
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345, USA. jlc@ua.edu
2
Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA. Also: Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, P.O. Box 1721-1787, Quito, Ecuador. david.neill@mobot.org
3
Escuela de Biología, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. Also: Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, P.O. Box 1721-1787, Quito, Ecuador. mercedes_asanza@yahoo.es
8
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
traveling from the nearest road). Therefore, the
range of collecting activities in a specific region
was contingent on how far a team of botanists could
walk in a specific locality in any given day.
Numerous extensive treks across the mountains
from east to west were conducted by John Clark in
1995, 1996, and 1997. Plant collections were stored
in plastic bags during the day and then pressed in
newspaper at night and preserved in 70% alcohol
until they could be dried in the National Herbarium
of Ecuador in Quito.
We also conducted quantitative ecological
studies of forest structure and composition at the
Bilsa Biological Station, establishing three onehectare permanent sample plots in primary forest.
In each plot, a 100 X 100 m grid was first laid out.
Then each tree in the plot with a diameter at breast
height (DBH) of 10 cm or greater was measured
and marked with a numbered aluminum tag.
Voucher specimens were collected from trees using
extendable aluminum clipper poles. Obtaining
botanical specimens from taller trees often required
climbing the trunk with semi-circular, spiked tree
climbers strapped to one’s feet. Voucher specimens
were not collected from trees that could be
positively identified in the field. Two to three
weeks of field work were required to establish each
permanent forest plot.
The first one-hectare plot at the Bilsa
Biological Station was established in February
1996 and is located on a slope about 500 m from
the main house at about 550 m elevation. The
second permanent plot was established in April of
1997 at the highest peak within the Bilsa station
property, at 700 m, several kilometers north of the
station house. The third permanent plot was
established in August of 1997 on a ridge above the
headwaters of the Cube River, about 1 km west of
the station house. The three permanent plots
represent a broad range of vegetation types present
at the Bilsa Biological Station.
More recently, in 2005, two one-hectare forest
inventory plots were established at the Lalo Loor
Reserve, at the southern extremity of our study area
in northwest Manabí province, by an Ecuadorian
undergraduate student, Jimmy Cevallos, under the
supervision of the second author. These plots are
the only quantitative inventory in coastal Ecuador
at the ecological transition between semi-evergreen
moist forest and deciduous dry forest, a vegetation
type that is nearly extinct in the region due to
deforestation during the past several decades. The
results of the plot-based inventories at Bilsa and
Lalo Loor will be presented in future publications.
Botanical specimens were dried and processed
at the National Herbarium of Ecuador in Quito.
The collection data were entered into the
TROPICOS botanical database developed by
Missouri Botanical Garden. Duplicate specimens
were shipped to Missouri Botanical Garden where
they were then shipped to taxonomic specialists at
various botanical institutions around the world.
Determinations from specialists were entered in
the Tropicos database and this information is
updated and maintained on the web at http://
m o b o t . m o b o t . o rg / W 3 T / S e a r c h / E c u a d o r /
projsbil.html.
CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY
The Mache-Chindul Mountains are located in
northwestern Ecuador in the southernmost part of
the province of Esmeraldas (00º21’N 79º44’W)
and northern most part of Manabí (00º25’S
79º57’W). The Pacific Ocean ranges from 20-30
km due west and the equator transects the middle
of the mountain range. It is an important watershed
for the Dogala and Cube Rivers that drain into the
Quinindé and Esmeraldas rivers, respectively. The
area is mountainous, with steep slopes, and reaches
an elevation of 800 meters.
There is a pronounced wet season between
December and June that restricts interior access to
foot, horse or mule. After the end of the rainy
season, it may take three months for the logging
road to dry and be cleared for motorized vehicle
access. Upper regions of the mountains are
constantly covered in mist and fog created by
orographic uplift from ocean currents, from which
it derives its local name, “El Páramo.” The annual
precipitation is probably between 2,500 to 4,000
mm, but because mist and fog are not measured,
no accurate data exist. The average temperature is
between 23 and 25.5ºC.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND
VEGETATION
The latest vegetation map of Ecuador (Sierra
et al., 1999) places the Mache-Chindul Mountains
in the categories of evergreen premontane and
evergreen lower montane forest (Bosque
Siempreverde Piemontano and Bosque
Siempreverde Montano Bajo). Cañadas (1983)
placed the Mache-Chindul Mountains in the
categories of tropical and premontane wet forest.
This area can also be considered the southern extent
of the Chocó floristic regions of western Colombia,
because of similarities in species and the general
abundance of epiphytes, lichens, and mosses in the
upper regions of the mountains.
At 15 minutes latitude north, about 40 km
north of Pedernales, the natural vegetation of the
coastal strip is lowland wet forest with typical
canopy trees such as Virola dixonii and Brosimum
utile, and with abundant epiphytes and hemiepiphytes. The forest is being rapidly cut as
colonists move into the area along the new coastal
road which is under construction, and which now
extends north of the Chindul River, 40 km north
of Pedernales.
Traveling south along the coastal trip and
approaching the equator, wet forest gives way to
moist forest, which has a dry season of 4-6 months.
The ground retains sufficient moisture such that
most canopy trees are evergreen and retain their
leaves throughout the year. The town of Pedernales,
a few km north of the equator, is in the moist forest
zone, but the lands near the town have been
deforested. Continuing south of the equator, as the
average annual precipitation decreases gradually
and the length and severity of the dry season
increases, moist forest gives way to dry forest, in
which most of the canopy trees shed their leaves
during the dry season of 5 months or more. We
carried out extensive fieldwork in an undisturbed,
mature-phase tract of forest at Camarones, at 4
minutes south latitude, 25 km south of Pedernales.
This area is precisely at the transition between
moist and dry forest in the coastal hills along the
intermittent streams and on the crest of the
mountains where coastal fog is prevalent during
9
the dry season, the forest canopy remains
evergreen, but on the drier low hillsides and the
coastal plain, all trees are deciduous.
At the Camarones site, a 250-hectare
biological reserve has been established by the
owner, Mr. Lalo Loor, on part of his property; he
runs dairy cattle on the narrow, flat coastal plain
but has allowed the forest to stand on the hills up
to the crest of the coastal range. The site is probably
the largest fragment of tropical moist forest
remaining in coastal Ecuador. Typical tree species
in the moist forest phase include the large canopy
palm Attalea colenda and the understory palm
Phytelephas aequatorialis, both of which are
endemic to the region and economically important;
the latter species is the source of “vegetable ivory,”
which is marketed as a substitute for elephant tusk
ivory. Several endemic species of legume trees
were also found in the moist forest: Swartzia littlei
and Inga jaunechensis; both were previously
known from very few collection localities in
western Ecuador. A remarkable discovery in the
moist forest at Camarones was the canopy tree
Exothea paniculata (Sapindaceae), which is known
from the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central
America, and from the Greater Antilles in the
Caribbean (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola). This
tree was found once in the Magdalena River valley
of Colombia, so our record from Camarones is the
second report of the genus Exothea for South
America and a new generic record for Ecuador.
The botanical inventory of the region is still a work
in progress, and continued field work will certainly
reveal more taxonomic novelties in the flora.
Continuing south along the coastal strip, moist
forest is replaced by dry forest. Near the town of
Jama at 14 minutes south latitude, are a few intact
remnants of dry forest that are very similar to the
vegetation near Guayaquil, 300 km to the south.
The most conspicuous tree is the endemic Ceiba
trichistandra, with its characteristic grotesquely
swollen trunk and limbs that are green and
photosynthetic during the long dry season. Other
tree species endemic to Ecuadorian coastal dry
forest, such as Machaerium millei and Pradosia
montana, are also present in the forest fragments
near Jama.
10
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
BOTANICAL NOVELTIES
Results from the botanical explorations in the
Mache-Chindul Mountains have produced two new
monotypic genera and 33 species recently
described as new to science (Table 1). Most of the
new species are known from collecting activities
that coincided with the establishment of the Bilsa
Biological Station in September 1994. Many
specimens remain a mystery to specialists. For
example, a hemi-epiphytic Ocotea (Lauraceae) is
a new habit for the Lauraceae family (Figure 4 AB) and still lacks a specific epithet. Also in the
Lauraceae family is a common canopy tree species
from the genus Chlorocardium (Figure 4 C) that
resembles Chlorocardium venenosum known from
the Putumayo Department of the upper Amazonia
border region of Colombia and Ecuador. The
Chlorocardium species in the Mache-Chindul
Mountains is locally common in an area southwest
of the Bilsa Biological Station. This genus was
recently described Rohwer et al. (1991), and
remains poorly understood. When Chlorocardium
was described, there was so little reproductive
material available that the authors had to base their
description on wood structure because most of the
flower buds available for dissection had suffered
fungal attack (Rohwer et al, 1991). Although this
canopy tree was only recently documented west
of the Andes by botanists, it has been sought out
and cut by loggers for years because of its fine
yellow wood. Also a mystery is an undescribed
species possibly assignable to the Boraginaceae
that has not been determined to a known genus (R.
Liesner, J.S. Miller, and P. Stevens, pers. comm.).
Two recently described monotypic genera
from the region are Ecuadendron (Leguminosae
or Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae; Neill,
1998; see Figures 2 A-B & 11); and Exarata
(Bignoniaceae; Gentry 1992; see Figures 9 A-B &
10). Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum (Neill 1998),
is a large canopy tree with 2-meter long
inflorescences and flowers adapted to pollination
by bats. It is known from just three localities in
western Ecuador: one in the Mache-Chindul
Mountains, and two localities 350 km to the
southeast at the western base of the Andes. Exarata
chocoensis (Figures 9 A-B & 10) is locally
abundant tree, 20-30 m tall, and has also been
collected in southwestern coastal Colombia. It has
a berry-like fruit with vestigially winged seeds that
resemble the hemi-epiphytic genus Schlegelia. The
deeply canaliculate cross section of the trunk is a
remarkable feature of this monotypic genus.
Klarobelia (Figures 5 C-D & 12) and
Monsannona (Figures 5 A-B & 13) are two genera
of Annonaceae that have been recently segregated
from Malmea (Chatrou, 1998) and include newly
described taxa from the Mache-Chindul region:
Mosannona pacifica (Figures 5 A-B & 13) and
Klarobelia megalocarpa (Figures 5 C-D & 12).
Klarobelia comprises 12 species distributed east
of the Andes in the upper Amazon basin of
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil and
west of the Andes from southern coastal Ecuador
through the Isthmus of Panama, and up to
southeastern Costa Rica. Klarobelia megalocarpa
was collected for the first time in 1995 during the
establishment of the first permanent plot and is only
known from the environs of the Bilsa Biological
Station (Chatrou, 1998). Mosannona comprises 14
described species which are widely distributed
throughout the upper Amazon basin (Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Brazil), the Guianas, and
along the Pacific coast of Ecuador through Central
America to Mexico. The recently described
species, Mosannona pacifica, is known from only
three localities: Rio Palenque Biological Station,
Bilsa Biological Station, and Anchayacu. It is also
the only species of Mosannona whose distribution
is confined to the Pacific side of the Andes
(Chatrou, 1998).
Many new species have been described from
the collections made during the collecting
expeditions throughout the Mache-Chindul
Mountains. Most of the recently described species
are local endemics while others are widespread
throughout coastal Ecuador and western Colombia
(Table 1). A remarkable discovery is the diversity
of the genus Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae) which
includes three recently described species from the
Bilsa Biological Station, all of them local endemics
with very restricted ranges, as far as is known:
Gasteranthus bilsaensis, Gasteranthus tenellus
(Figure 6 B & D), and Gasteranthus villosus
(Figure 6 A & C; see Skog & Kvist, 2000).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
CONSERVATION STATUS
A number of publications on the conservation
status of the Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems during
the past two decades indicate that the Andes and
Chocó floristic regions of Ecuador are two of the
most endangered habitats in the world (Myers, et
al. 2000; Dodson & Gentry, 1991; Dinerstein,
1995, Neill, 1997; Simberloff, 1986). The tropical
wet and moist forests of coastal Ecuador once
spanned a continuous band from Colombia to Peru
reaching up to 80 km wide near the northern extent
and becoming very narrow and broken in southern
Ecuador. In a 1991 visit to the region, Conservation
International’s Rapid Assessment Program (RAP)
team identified Ecuador’s coastal wet forest as one
of the world’s top conservation priorities because
of the biological importance of and the immediate
threats to remaining forest (Gentry, 1992). Dodson
and Gentry (1991) estimated that while this forest
type once covered 15% of western Ecuador,
currently less than 0.8% of it (90 km2) remains.
One of the most important discoveries made by
the RAP team was that there existed one large tract
of intact wet forest, in the Mache-Chindul
Mountains.
A subsequent study using LANDSAT imagery
by Ecuador’s national Conservation Data Center
(CDC-Ecuador, 1995), estimated the remaining
intact forest at 400 km2. This discovery gave
scientists and conservationists a last chance to
study and preserve this ecosystem. Acting on
Conservation International’s recommendations,
Ecuador’s non-profit Jatun Sacha Foundation
established the Bilsa Biological Station in 1994.
This private reserve is located near the southern
tip of the remaining forest tract and now comprises
4,000 hectares.
The coastal region of Ecuador has become
known, over the past several decades, as a region
of high biological diversity and endemism, and also
as a prime example of the world’s conservation
“hotspots” where high biodiversity coincides with
high rates of human-caused destruction of native
ecosystems and consequent endangerment of
endemic species. One of the first botanical studies
in the region was Elbert Little’s illustrated book
on the common trees of Esmeraldas province
11
(Little & Dixon, 1969). In the 1970s, botanists
Calaway Dodson and Alwyn Gentry carried out a
floristic survey of the Río Palenque Science Center,
a lowland wet forest site in the fertile soils of the
Guayas River valley. They encountered many
species new to science in the small 100-hectare
forest remnant at Río Palenque, which is now
surrounded by agricultural crops and is one of very
few tiny forest remnants in the valley. Their
illustrated Flora of Río Palenque (Dodson &
Gentry, 1978) was followed by the Flora de
Jauneche, a moist forest site (i.e., intermediate
along a moisture gradient between wet and dry
forests) (Dodson et al., 1985). Dodson and Gentry
also worked on a manuscript for a third floristic
study, the dry forest at Capeira near Guayaquil,
but this work was incomplete at the time of Al
Gentry’s death in a plane crash west of Guayaquil
in 1993, and remains unpublished.
HISTORY OF BOTANICAL
EXPLORATION
The earliest known botanical collections from
this region of northern Manabí and southwestern
Esmeraldas were made in the 1890s by the Danish
botanist, Henrik Baron von Eggers (Jørgensen &
León-Yanez, 1999). Eggers’ prinicpal collecting
locality was his hacienda, El Recreo, on the coast
some 30 km south of the present-day town of Jama.
This locality is outside of our present study area,
but Eggers’ collections were distributed to several
European herbaria and are rich in types; a number
of the species described from Eggers’ collections
were also collected during our fieldwork,
especially in the southern (Manabí) portion of the
present study area.
In the 1940s, Misael Acosta-Solís made some
collections in the vicinity of Quinindé, to the west
of the coastal mountains. Calaway Dodson’s and
Alwyn Gentry’s botanical surveys in western
Ecuador during the 1970s and 1980s were mostly
concentrated in the Guayas River valley. The
coastal range of mountains west of the Guayas
basin, especially the northern part of the range in
western Esmeraldas and northern Manabí
provinces, remained largely unexplored until the
1990s. The northern part of the coastal range,
known locally as the Mache and Chindul
mountains, is higher, wetter and less easily
12
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
accessible than the central and southern parts of
the range. The attention of biologists was focused
on the Mache-Chindul Mountains during an
expedition in 1991 organized by Conservation
International through its “Rapid Assessment
Program (RAP)”. The 1991 RAP expedition
included botanist Al Gentry, ornithologist Ted
Parker, mammalogist Louise Emmons, ecologist
Robin Foster, and their Ecuadorian counterparts
from the National Polytechnic and Catholic
Universities in Quito. The botanical surveys made
by the RAP expedition confirmed the high degree
of endemism in the regional flora; an estimated
20% of the plant species are endemic to western
Ecuador and adjacent areas of coastal Colombia
and Peru . Also, the alpha diversity of woody plants
is much lower than in the upper Amazon basin of
Ecuador and Peru. During the expedition in the
Mache-Chindul, Al Gentry collected specimens
from a tree which he described as a new genus and
species in the Bignoniaceae family: Exarata
chocoensis A.H. Gentry published the following
year in 1992.
The report of the 1991 RAP expedition to the
coastal range of Ecuador (Parker & Carr, 1992)
was widely circulated in Ecuador and helped to
stimulate the interest of conservation groups in
preserving the region’s biodiversity and endemic
biota. In 1994, the Jatun Sacha Foundation of
Ecuador began a campaign, led by Jatun Sacha cofounder Michael McColm to raise funds for
purchase of forest land. The campaign was
successful, and the Jatun Sacha Foundation
established the Bilsa Biological Station with 750
hectares initially; the biological station has now
increased in size to more than 4,000 hectares.
Ecuador’s Conservation Data Center, with support
from The Nature Conservancy, carried out in 199495 a feasibility study for establishment of a larger,
publicly-owned reserve, and in August 1996 the
government of Ecuador established the MacheChindul Ecological Reserve, an area of about
40,000 hectares in the central part of the range, by
executive decree. Meanwhile, a local conservation
group based in the coastal town of Pedernales, the
Tercer Mundo Foundation, lobbied for
establishment of a reserve on the Cerro Pata de
Pájaro, one of the highest peaks in the range,
located 15 km east of Pedernales, and the Cerro
Pata de Pájaro Protection Forest was decreed in
May 1994. The Tercer Mundo Foundation was
given responsibility for management and
protection of the Pata de Pájaro.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF
THE VASCULAR FLORA
We analyzed the geographical distribution of
all the vascular plant species recorded from the
Mache-Chindul mountains in the present checklist.
The known distributions of plants included in the
checklist were compiled from recent floristic
literature, taxonomic monographs, and the
TROPICOS botanical database maintained by
(http://
Missouri
Botanical
Garden
mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html).
Our analysis of the biogeographical patterns
on the Mache-Chindul flora was inspired by a
remark by Peter Raven in his Foreword to the
Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: “The
number of species shared across the Andean
Cordillera suggests that about 30% of the lowland
[Ecuador] flora may have evolved before the rise
of the Andes” (Raven, p. viii in Jorgensen & LeónYánez, 1999). The observation that about 30% of
the plants of lowland Ecuador are shared between
Amazonia and the Pacific coastal range, with
present distributions that cross the migration barrier
of the Andes, also served as an impetus to a detailed
phylogeographical analysis of one such widespread
tree species, Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae;
Dick et al., 2003).
Our biogeographical analysis is aimed at
examining the proportion of plant species in the
Mache-Chindul flora that also occur in Amazonian
Ecuador, east of the Andean barrier, as compared
with the proportion that also occur to the north in
Pacific coastal Colombia (where no montane
barrier exists between coastal Ecuador and coastal
Colombia, as well as farther north in Mesoamerica,
versus the proportion of locally endemic species
that are known only from Pacific coastal Ecuador.
In this checklist we have recorded the known
distribution of each species for each of three
geographic regions (Amazonia, Chocó, and
Mesoamerica) in the Neotropics, apart from the
local endemics that are restricted to coastal
Ecuador:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Amazonia – Distrubution includes lowland
Amazonia, east of the Andes.
Chocó – Distribution includes coastal Colombia.
Mesoamerica – Distribution includes any part of
the Mesoamerican isthmus, from Panama
to the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico,
the Flora Mesoamericana region.
Endemic – Known distrubution is confined to
coastal Ecuador (this category also
includes a few species with ranges that
extend into the dry forests of northwestern
coastal Peru, in Tumbes and Piura
departments).
Of course, some widespread species are
recorded from two or from all three of the regions,
Amazonia, Chocó and Mesoamerica. Some
widespread neotropical species also occur in the
Caribbean islands of the Antilles, and some species
are also native to the Old World tropics, such as
the aforementioned tree, Symphonia globulifera.
We have not recorded the native distributions of
plant species beyond the four categories listed
above, because our goal was principally to address
the question of the Andes as a barrier to
distributions of lowland wet forest plants, as
compared with the longer distances but much lower
elevation barriers between coastal Ecuador and the
Mesoamerican isthmus on both the Pacific and
Caribbean lowlands.
STATISTICAL RESULTS: SPECIES
DISTRIBUTIONS AND
BIOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES
The annotated checklist of the flora of the
Mache-Chindul Mountains includes a total
enumeration of 1,354 vascular plant taxa. Eight of
the total are introduced species, including
cultivated crop species and adventive weeds
recorded from the deforested areas now devoted
to agriculture and cattle pastures. The actual
number of cultivated and adventive species is
surely much larger than that, but the collecting
efforts to date have not attempted to include all of
the introduced species. Of the remaining total of
1,346 taxa (Table 2), 28 genera in various families
have not yet been determined to species – a
reflection of our still incomplete knowledge of the
Mache-Chindul flora. Some of these genera, such
13
as Guatteria (Annonaceae), obviously include
several undetermined species among the existing
collection vouchers, but only one voucher per
genus is cited in the checklist. The biogeographic
analysis in Table 2 is based on the remaining total
of 1,318 known native species in the MacheChindul vascular flora.
The Mache-Chindul flora comprises about
28% of the 4,463 species enumerated for coastal
Ecuador in Jørgensen and León-Yánez (1999).
This percentage will certainly increase with a more
thorough survey of the Mache-Chindul region.
A total of 162 species of the Mache-Chindul
flora, 12% of the known native species, are local
endemics, restricted in distribution to coastal
Ecuador (including a few species in the dry forest
of the southernmost part of the Mache-Chindul
range that extend to the dry forest areas of
northwest coastal Peru, in the departments of
Tumbes and Piura). This percentage is much lower
than the 27% endemism reported for the flora of
Ecuador in Jørgensen and León-Yánez (1999), but
it should be noted that the latter figure is the
proportion of species endemic to Ecuador as a
whole, including species occurring on both sides
of the Andes within Ecuador, whereas the 12%
local endemism for the Mache-Chindul is for a
much smaller area, so the proportion of species
recorded as endemics will, logically, be smaller.
It is remarkable that 66% of the MacheChindul flora, a total of 865 species, are also
reported from the lowlands of Amazonia. The vast
majority, but not all of these, have been recorded
from Amazonian Ecuador; a few are known only
from farther away in Amazonian Peru or Bolivia.
This number of shared Ecuador coastal-Amazonian
species is much higher than the 31% of species
shared between coastal and Amazonian Ecuador
as reported in Jørgensen and León-Yánez (1999).
This discrepancy may be explained, at least in part,
by the fact the coastal Ecuador flora recorded by
Jørgensen and León-Yánez includes the dry forest
elements from the southern coastal area, as well
as the wet forest elements of the northern coast.
Amazonian Ecuador does not include any area of
dry forest, so those floristic elements from
southwestern Ecuador are not represented east of
the Andes. The wet forest region in northern
14
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Ecuador where the Mache-Chindul range is
located, is much more similar climatically to
Amazonian Ecuador, and the proportion of species
shared between the wet forests of the coastal region
and the Amazon basin is much higher than for the
dry forest of the southern coast (although a few
dry forest taxa are present in our Mache-Chindul
checklist because they are present in the
southernmost part of our study area, in the moist/
dry transition zone south of Pedernales).
In terms of historical biogeography, these
results suggest that two-thirds of the species in the
Mache-Chindul flora that have present-day
distributions with trans-Andean (western Ecuador)
as well as cis-Andean (Amazonia) populations,
were either already present with an unfragmented
northwestern South America distribution before the
uplift of the Andes separated these populations,
i.e., at least since the Miocene, ca. 15 million years
before present, or alternatively, these species have
dispersed across the high-altitude barrier of the
Andes in more recent times and may be connected
at the present time by dispersal and gene flow.
More complex scenarios are possible and could
be revealed in the future by molecular
phylogeographic studies, such as the work on
Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) by Dick et al.
(2003), which revealed three trans-Atlantic
dispersal events for this species from Africa, with
a present-day distribution that includes western
Africa as well as Amazonia, the Chocó and western
Ecuador, Mesoamerica and the Antilles.
A total of 957 species (73%) of the MacheChindul flora are recorded from the Chocó region
of coastal Colombia, and 814 species (61% of the
total) extend farther to the north in Mesoamerica.
Moreover, 42% of the Mache-Chindul flora (557
species) range very widely in the Neotropics,
having been recorded in all four regions: coastal
Ecuador as well as lowland Amazonia, the Chocó
region, and Mesoamerica.
These results, which are indicative of a rather
high percentage of widely distributed species and
a relatively low level of local endemism in the flora
of the Mache-Chindul mountains, came as a
surprise to us, considering the previously published
figures and the conventional wisdom of a much
higher degree of endemism for the flora of Ecuador
in general.
In part, the results reported herein of relatively
low levels of endemism and a high proportion of
widely distributed species reflects the fact that, as
the Neotropical flora becomes better known, with
more complete regional inventories and
comprehensive monographs completed for the
western hemisphere as a whole, the tabulated
proportion of local endemics will continue to
decline for many groups as locally circumscribed
taxa are reduced to synonymy and range extensions
become known for many species previously known
from only a few sites.
LIFE-FORM CATEGORIES, AND
COMPARISONS WITH OTHER
FLORAS
The life-form categories of the Mache-Chindul
flora are enumerated in Table 3. These results are
compared with the life-form categories for two
other published floristic checklists from wet forests
of western Ecuador: the Río Palenque Biological
Station (Dodson & Gentry, 1978) and the
Maquipucuna cloud forest reserve (Webster &
Rhode, 2001). For the latter site, some of the lifeform categories were not listed in the tables or text
of the publication, so are not included in Table 3.
For the Mache-Chindul checklist, some species
were recorded for more than one life form (e.g.,
tree and shrub) so the sum of all categories is more
than the total number of species at that site.
Trees, with 442 species (33% of the total), are
the most species-rich life-form in the MacheChindul floristic checklist. In contrast, trees
account for 26% of the flora at Río Palenque and
just 19% at Maquipucuna. Epiphytes are the second
most diverse life-form at Mache-Chindul, with 268
species (20% of the total) but rank first in diversity
at the other two sites, 24% of the total recorded
flora at Río Palenque and 23% at Maquipucuna. A
caveat is certainly in order here: these differences
may reflect different degrees of emphasis in
collecting and identifying the flora, among the
major investigators at each site, more than real
differences in the life-form categories at each site.
It is interesting that hemi-epiphytes have very
similar percentages (4-5%) in the flora at each of
the three sites, and lianas, which were not tabulated
in the Maquipucuna summary text are also similar
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
in proportional diversity at Mache-Chindul and Río
Palenque, also with 4-5% of the total flora. The
percentages of shrubs and herbaceous plants vary
between Río Palenque and Mache-Chindul, but
those figures may represent a more thorough
inventory of the weedy herbs at Río Palenque.
MAJOR PLANT FAMILIES, AND
COMPARISON WITH OTHER
FLORAS
The number of species in the major taxonomic
groups of vascular plants, and in the major families
of angiosperms, are listed for the Mache-Chindul
flora in Table 4. Comparative values for each
category are included for the lowland flora of Río
Palenque (Dodson & Gentry, 1978) and for the
western Andean cloud forest flora of Maquipucuna
(Webster & Rhode, 2001).
Ferns and fern-allies (Pteridophytes), with 178
species recorded in the Mache-Chindul flora,
account for 13% of the vascular plants.
Pteridophytes are more diverse in the Maquipucuna
flora, with 227 species, but the percentage of the
total recorded flora is similar (14% at
Maquipucuna). In contrast, the 77 species of ferns
and fern-allies at Río Palenque account for just 7%
of the total flora.
Monocots as a group are proportionally more
diverse at Río Palenque (30%, with 332 species)
than at Maquipucuna (27%, with 438 species) and
Mache-Chindul (22%, with 295 species). These
differences may reflect more on the history of
collecting efforts and taxonomic interests of the
major investigators, rather than true differences in
the proportions of monocots in the respective
floras. For example, the Flora of Rio Palenque
(Dodson & Gentry, 1978) is first-authored by an
orchid specialist. The abundance of species in
Orchidaceae from Dodson & Gentry (1978) is more
likely the result of a collecting emphasis and
research interests of Dodson rather than trends in
biodiversity between the floras presented here.
The eleven most diverse families of
angiosperms at Mache-Chindul are listed in Table
4, in descending order of species richness. The
number of species for each of these families are
also enumerated for the Río Palenque and
15
Maquipucuna floras, with the percentages that each
family represents for the total flora recorded at each
site. The three most species-rich families at each
site are in boldface type in Table 3.
Orchidaceae are the most diverse family of
angiosperms at each of the three sites, but orchids
are proportionally less diverse in the MacheChindul checklists (100 species, 8% of the total)
than in the Río Palenque (127 species, 11%) and
Maquipucuna (204 species, 13%) checklists. The
Araceae and Rubiaceae are second and third in
species richness, respectively, among the families
at both Mache-Chindul and Río Palenque. At
Maquipucuna, in contrast, the second and third
most species-rich families are Asteraceae and
Piperaceae, in that order. These figures may reflect
real floristic differences between the montane
Maquipucuna site, which also includes extensive
areas of secondary vegetation, and the two lowland
sites of Mache-Chindul and Río Palenque, where
the primary forest flora is more thoroughly sampled
than the secondary vegetation habitats.
The area included in the Mache-Chindul
checklist is much larger than that of the
Maquipucuna checklist, and several orders of
magnitude larger than the Río Palenque checklist;
the latter covers only one square kilometer of
remnant lowland forest. However, the MacheChindul checklist, with 1,346 native vascular plant
species recorded, is only intermediate in species
richness between Maquipucuna (1,596 native
species) and Río Palenque (1,112 native species).
This is assuredly not a reflection of the true number
of species in each area. The collections from the
Mache-Chindul region give evidence of many taxa
that have not been determined to species and
therefore are not included in the checklist. A
substantial proportion of these are probably
undescribed species, and when they are described
will likely prove to be local endemics. More
thorough collecting efforts, in both primary forest
and disturbed habitats, are necessary to complete
the floristic inventory of the Mache-Chindul
region. At this time we cannot speculate accurately
on the total number of vascular plant species in
the region, but the total almost certainly exceeds
2,000 species, at least 12% of the total of the close
to 17,000 vascular plant species that have now been
enumerated for Ecuador (Ulloa & Neill, 2005).
16
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Table 1. New genera and new species described since the initiation of collecting activities in the MacheChindul Mountains of northwestern Ecuador.
New genera (monotypic) - 2
Exarata A.H. Gentry, Syst. Bot. 17(3): 503. 1992. See Figures
9 A-B & 11.
Ecuadendron D.A. Neill, Novon 8(1): 45. 1998. See Figures
2 A-B & 12.
Other recently described genera - 2
Klarobelia Chatrou, Changing Gen. 121. 1998. See Figures 5
C-D & 12.
Mosannona Chatrou, Changing Gen. 155. 1998. See Figures
5 A-B & 13.
New species - 33
Annonaceae
Cremastosperma longipes Pirie, Blumea 50(1): 51-52, f. 5.
2005.
Klarobelia megalocarpa Chatrou, Changing Gen. 136-138.
1998. See Figures 5 C-D & 13.
Mosannona pacifica Chatrou, Changing Gen. 170-171. 1998.
See Figures 5 A-B & 14.
Araceae
Anthurium cupulispathum Croat & J. Rodr., Aroideana 18:
63-68. 1995.
Anthurium jaramilloi Croat & J. Rodr., Aroideana 18: 80-83.
1995 [1996].
Anthurium nigropunctatum Croat & J. Rodr., Aroideana 18:
101-104. 1995 [1996].
Philodendron clarkei Croat, Aroideana 27: 38-60, f. 1-20.
2004.
Philodendron sparreorum Croat, Aroideana 27: 38-60, f. 122. 2004.
Bignoniaceae
Exarata chocoensis A.H. Gentry, Syst. Bot. 17(3): 503-506.
1992. See Figures 2 A-B & 10.
Bombaceae
Quararibea casasecae Fern. Alonso & Castrov., Anales Jard.
Bot. Madrid 59(1): 155, f. 3. 2001.
Spirotheca awadendron Fern. Alonso, Revista Acad. Colomb.
Ci. Exact. 25(95): 201-203, f. 9. 2001. See Figure 8 CD.
Bromeliaceae
Pitcairnia clarkii H. Luther, Selbyana 18(1): 98. 1997. See
Figure 7 A-B.
Pitcairnia ferrell-ingramiae H. Luther & Dalström, J.
Bromeliad Soc. 47(5): 231. 1997. See Figure 7 D-E.
Capparaceae
Capparis bonifaziana X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis, Novon 15(3):
397. 2005. See Figures 8 B & 15.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
17
Campanulaceae
Burmeistera smaragdi Lammers, Novon 12(2): 213-214, f.
6. 2002. See Figure 7 C.
Ebenaceae
Diospyros esmereg B. Walln., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien,
Ser. B, Bot. Zool. 101(B): 568-570, f. 1. 1999. See Figure
2 C.
Ericaceae
Thibaudia litensis Luteyn, Fl. Ecuador 54: 292. 1996. See
Figure 9 C-D.
Fabaceae
Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum D.A. Neill, Novon 8(1): 4549, f. 1-2. 1998. See Figures 2 A-B & 11.
Gesneriaceae
Gasteranthus bilsaensis L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist, Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 59: 41-42, f. 7D, 17, 22. 2000.
Gasteranthus tenellus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist, Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 59: 96-98, f. 3C, 24, 37. 2000. See Figures 6
BD, p.133; 16 A-H, p.143.
Gasteranthus villosus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist, Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 59: 101-102, f. 9D, 13G-H, 15, 38. 2000. See
Figure 17.
Lecythidaceae
Grias longirachis S.A. Mori & J.L. Clark, Brittonia 52(2):
145-148, f. 1. 2000. See Figures 2 D-E; 18 A-H.
Olacaceae
Heisteria pacifica P. Jørg. & C. Ulloa, Fl. Ecuador 69: 72, f.
16. 2002.
Orchidaceae
Epidendrum borchsenii Hágsater & Dodson, Icon. Orchid.
(Mexico) 4: pl. 418. 2001.
Lepanthes clarkii Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 61: 58. 1996. See Figure 19.
Lepanthes maccolmiana Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 61: 112. 1996. See Figure 21.
Pleurothallis claviculata Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11(3):
153-154, f. 16. 1996.
Proteaceae
Panopsis megistosperma Bonifaz & Cornejo, Fl. Ecuador 69:
12, f. 2. 2002
Rubiaceae
Amphidasya amethystina J.L. Clark & C.M. Taylor, Novon
11(4): 491-492. 2001. See Figures 3 D-E & 22.
Hippotis comosa L. Andersson & Rova, Fl. Ecuador 74: 1416, fig. 3A-B. 2004. See Figure 3 C.
Pentagonia bonifaziana X. Cornejo & C.M. Taylor, Harvard
Pap. Bot. 11(1): 19-24. 2006
Pentagonia breviloba L. Andersson & Rova, Fl. Ecuador 74:
32-33, fig. 5C-E. 2004.
Psychotria esmeraldana C.M. Taylor, Novon 16(1): 151-152,
f. 2D-F. 2006. See Figure 23.
Rustia bilsana Delprete, Novon 8(3): 234, f. 1, 2. 1998. See
Figures 3 A-B & 24.
18
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Sapindaceae
Talisia equatoriensis Acev.-Rodr., Flora Neotropica 87: 109,
111-112, f. 74, 76. 2003.
Table 2. Biogeographic analysis of the Mache-Chindul flora.
Total taxa in Mache-Chindul checklist
Introduced species
Native taxa
Genera not determined to species
Native species for biogeographic analysis
1,354 taxa
8 species
1,346 taxa
28 genera
1,318 species
Endemic to coastal Ecuador*
Species range includes Amazonia
Range includes Chocó (coastal Colombia)
Range includes Mesoamerica
Widespread neotropical species: Coastal Ecuador +
Amazonia + Chocó + Amazonia
162
865
958
814
557
12%
66%
73%
61%
42%
*Includes several species ranges to northwest coastal Peru (Tumbes, Piura)
Table 3. Life-form categories of the Mache-Chindul vascular plants, with a comparison, where the
information is available, from the published floras of Río Palenque Science Center, in lowland wet
forest of Los Ríos province in western Ecuador (Dodson & Gentry, 1978) and the Maquipucuna
Reserve, a cloud forest region on the western slopes of the Andes in Pichincha province, Ecuador
(Webster & Rhode, 2001). Some of the categories were not listed in the tables or text of Webster
and Rhode (2000).
Mache-Chindul
Species total for checklist
Trees
Shrubs
Lianas
Terrestrial herbs
Herbaceous vines
Epiphytes
Hemiepiphytes
Parasites and hemiparasites
Saprophytes
1346
442
182
70
256
119
268
64
9
3
33%
14%
5%
19%
9%
20%
5%
< 1%
< 1%
Río Palenque
1112
288
109
39
275
138
269
42
26%
10%
4%
24%
12%
24%
4%
Maquipucuna
1596
310
19%
361
80
23%
5%
19
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Table 4. Tabulation of the major taxonomic groups of vascular plants, and the 11 most species-rich
families of Angiosperms, in the Mache-Chindul flora. These data are also included for the flora of
the Río Palenque reserve (Dodson & Gentry, 1978), a lowland wet forest site in Los Río province,
and the Maquipucuna cloud forest reserve (Webster & Rhode, 2001) on the western slopes of the
Andes in Pichincha province, Ecuador. The species richness values for the three most diverse families
at each site are indicated in bold type. The percentages are for the total native vascular flora at each
site as enumerated in each checklist.
Major groups of vascular plants
Total native vascular flora in checklist
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots
Major families of Angiosperms
Orchidaceae
Araceae
Rubiaceae
Fabaceae
Gesneriaceae
Melastomataceae
Piperaceae
Moraceae
Bromeliaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Mache-Chindul
1,346
178 13%
1 < 1%
1,167 87%
295 22%
872 65%
100
93
84
60
46
44
36
34
30
29
29
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the various institutions
and individuals in Ecuador who helped us in
different ways to carry out this project. The Jatun
Sacha Foundation provided logistical support and
lodging at the Bilsa Biological Station. The founder
and director of the Bilsa Biological Station,
Michael McColm, encouraged the project by
advocating for the on-going scientific endeavors
since the initial establishment of the Station in
1994. The Station administrator, Carlos Aulestia,
was helpful in innumerable ways throughout our
years of fieldwork, and was influential in
facilitating and promoting biodiversity research in
and around the communities of the region, which
enabled us to extend our fieldwork to the broader
region outside the boundaries of the Bilsa reserve.
8%
7%
6%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%
2%
Río Palenque
Maquipucuna
1,112
77
7%
2 < 1%
1033 93%
332 30%
701 63%
1,596
227
0
1369
438
931
86%
27%
58%
204
69
66
42
35
44
79
39
35
84
59
13%
4%
4%
3%
2%
3%
5%
2%
2%
5%
4%
127
69
66
29
32
20
43
19
18
46
37
11%
6%
6%
3%
3%
2%
4%
2%
2%
4%
3%
14%
We also thank Gladys Aguinda for her
collaboration and support throughout her tenure
at the Bilsa Station. The U.S. Peace Corps provided
funding for volunteers who worked in documenting
and promoting plant biodiversity of the region
through collaboration with the Jatun Sacha
Foundation. Francisco Garcés, director of
Ecuador’s Peace Corps Natural Resources
Program, was especially supportive in sending
volunteers to Bilsa. These volunteers included
Rachel A. Werling (1992-1993), Cyrus Brame III
(1994-1997), Thomas Harkins (1997-1999),
Christopher Pallis (1997-2000), and Cindy Smith
(1997-2000).
Besides the above-named Peace Corps
volunteers, numerous people participated in the
floristic inventories of the Mache-Chindul region
20
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
over nearly a decade; we thank in particular those
who gathered and prepared vascular plant
specimens
during
this
period
as
“primary”collectors under their own name: Margot
Bass, Tom DeLinks, Tamara Nuñez, Walter
Palacios, Nigel Pitman, and Homero Vargas.
The Tercer Mundo Foundation provided help
with our field studies at Cerro Pata de Pájaro and
other areas in northern Manabí province. We thank
especially Rosario Castillo, director of the
foundation in Pedernales, and extensionist Carlos
Robles, who guided us daily on our field excursions
in the region. We commend Lalo Loor, owner of
the private reserve that bears his name in the
southernmost part of our study area, for his
commitment to biodiversity conservation and thank
him for permission to conduct the botanical
inventories on his land. The Ceiba Foundation
and the Jatun Sacha Foundation are commended
for their innovative agreement with the landowner
to preserve one of the last intact remnants of the
moist/dry forest ecotone in coastal Ecuador.
The National Geographic Society’s research
and exploration program supported botanical
inventory field work carried out by the authors
during 1998-1999, and the F.E. Freund Foundation
provided additional support to Missouri Botanical
Garden for the field work of the second author in
subsequent years. Some of the botanical
inventories were carried out with a group of eight
Ecuadorian post-graduate students, in a training
program in conservation biology led by the second
and third authors with support from the Liz
Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation.
Conservation International, as part of its Rapid
Assessment Program, organized and financed the
first biological survey of the Mache-Chindul
Mountains in 1991, including floristic fieldwork
carried out by Alwyn Gentry, Robin Foster and
Carmen Josse. The results of this initial study, (A.
Gentry and R. Foster, in Parker and Carr, 1992)
provided the inspiration of both the Bilsa
Biological Station and subsequently, of the MacheChindul Ecological Reserve, as well as the floristic
field work carried out by the present three authors,
together with our colleagues and students from
Ecuador, the U.S.A., and other countries.
The staff of the National Herbarium of
Ecuador in Quito, especially Ximena Aguirre,
helped with logistical matters and the processing
of specimens. Likewise, at Missouri Botanical
Garden, Mary Todd, Zachary Rogers, Mary
Merello and Diane Menuz assisted with specimen
processing and updating species determinations in
the database. Edison Araguillin, Carlos Morales
and Wilson Quizhpe assisted in the compilation of
species distributions from the TROPICOS
database, for the biogeographical analysis.
We thank the Ecuador Conservation Data
Center, in Quito, and Paola Soria for help in
providing the geographic and cartographic data and
files for the map and Kenny Gilbert from the
Cartographic Research Lab at the University of
Alabama for making the final map. We also thank
Novon, Systematic Botany, Brittonia, and Lars
Chatrou for permission to reprint botanical
illustrations. We also acknowledge Jordan
Karubian for providing photographic images of the
forest at the Bilsa Biological Station and Amy
Rogers for providing information and making
additional field collections of important taxa for
this project. Reviews and feedback provided by
Paul Berry and Lou Jost were useful in improving
the manuscript.
Finally, we would like to express our deep
gratitude to the Ministry of Environment of
Ecuador and its professional staff, in Quito as well
as in the field, for the Ministry’s initiative in the
declaration and demarcation of the Mache-Chindul
Ecological Reserve, and for the efforts of the
Ministry employees in the often very difficult task
of administering the Reserve to ensure the
protection of its spectacular biological diversity
in perpetuity.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
21
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE FLORA
OF THE MACHE-CHINDUL MOUNTAINS
PTERIDOPHYTA
Acrostichum aureum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1069. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11434 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestria herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Adiantum capillatum A.R. Sm. & Prado,
Brittonia 56(1): 82, f. 1. 2004. Type:
Ecuador: junction of provinces Guayas,
Cañar, Chimborazo, and Bolívar. Bucay,
1000-1250 ft [300-380 m], W. Camp E-3678
(HT: US; IT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, John L. Clare & Y. Troya
626 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.,
Sp. Pl. 5: 451. 1810.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11289.
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Adiantum fructuosum Poepp. ex Spreng., Syst.
Veg. 4: 113. 1827.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3032 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Adiantum macrophyllum Sw., Prodr. 135. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2630
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Adiantum petiolatum Desv., Ges. Naturf. Freunde
Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten
Naturk. 5: 326. 1811.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3048 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Adiantum phyllitidis J. Sm., London J. Bot. 1:
197. 1842.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache.Chindul, comunidad Ambache,
250 m, 5 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn,
T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4179.
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia
Adiantum pulverulentum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1096.
1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Nov 1994, N. Pitman 962 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Adiantum tetraphyllum Hook.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11301
(MO).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Adiantum urophyllum Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 24, t.
84B. 1851.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2914 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
22
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Adiantum wilsonii Hook., Sp. Fil. 2: 6, t. 72a.
1851.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
14 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, P. Maas
& C. Repetur 3798 (MO).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Type: Esmeraldas: sine loco, Hall s,n. (HT:
K; IT: B fragm.; photo: US(B)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jul
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2708
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Alsophila cuspidata (Kunze) D.S. Conant, J.
Arnold Arbor. 64: 371. 1983.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1023 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Asplenium holophlebium Baker, J. Bot. 15: 163.
1877. Type: Andes of Quito, Sodiro, L. s.n.
(HT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & Margo
Bass 904 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Anetium citrifolium (L.) Splitg., Tijdschr.
Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 7: 395. 1840.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad San Salvador 100–
300 m, 1 Dec 1995, J.L. Clark & Cyrus
Brame 1713 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Asplenium juglandifolium Lam., Encycl. 2: 307.
1786.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4877
(MO, QCNE).
Common epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Asplenium auriculatum Sw., Kongl. Svenska
Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1817(1): 68. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 29 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 765 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Asplenium pteropus Kaulf., Enum. Filic. 170.
1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
623 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Asplenium cuspidatum Lam., Encycl. 2: 310.
1786.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass, L. Kueppers
& N. Pitman 90 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Asplenium divaricatum Kunze, Linnaea 9: 71.
1834.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1994, L. Kueppers 30.
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Asplenium hallii Hook., Sp. Fil. 3: 202. 1860.
Asplenium repandulum Kunze, Linnaea 9: 65.
1834.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Camino vecinal Herrera-Los
Monos 550 m, 24–26 Feb 1995, W. Palacios
13673 (MO, QCNE)
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Asplenium rosenstockianum Brade, Bradea 1(1):
14, t. 2, f. 4, t. 4. 1969.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
556 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
23
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Asplenium serratum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1079. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Ynonne
Troya 634 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Asplenium volubile N. Murak. & R.C. Moran,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80(1): 32. 1993.
Type: Ecuador: Cotopaxi: QuevedoLatacunga road, km 46 from Quevedo, 600
m, 00.55S 79.11W, Holm-Nielsen,
Jeppesen, Løjtnant & Øllgaard 2905 (HT:
MO; IT: AAU, F, UC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
4832.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Azolla caroliniana Willd., Sp. Pl. 5(1): 541. 1810.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Herrera (La Y de la Laguna)
400 m, 15 Feb 1998, J.L. Clark 5512.
Floating aquatic herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Blechnum acutum (Desv.) Mett., Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., ser. 5, 2: 225. 1864.
Accepted by: Jørgensen, P. M. & S. LeónYánez (eds.), 1999; Kessler, M., T. Krömer
& I. Jiménez, 2000
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3004 (MO,
QCNE)
Hemiepiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Blechnum cordatum (Desv.) Hieron., Hedwigia
47: 239. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
343 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub or treelet. Amazonia, Chocó.
Blechnum occidentale L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1077. 1753..
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
823 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Mesoamerica.
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Blechnum wardiae Mickel & Beitel, Mem. New
York Bot. Gard. 46: 89, f. 122A,B, 125A.
1988.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2917 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Bolbitis pandurifolia (Hook.) C. Chr., Index Filic.,
Suppl. 3, 49. 1934.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72960
(MO).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Campyloneurum aphanophlebium (Kunze) T.
Moore, Index Fil. 223. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
4856.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Campyloneurum brevifolium (Lodd. ex Link)
Link, Fil. Spec. 124. 1841
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
631 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphytic or terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Campyloneurum fuscosquamatum Lellinger,
Amer. Fern J. 78(1): 21, f. 4, 10. 1988.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 500–550 m, 27 Nov
1999, T. Delinks 491.
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Campyloneurum phyllitidis (L.) C. Presl, Tent.
Pterid. 78(1): 21, f. 4, 10. 1836.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11593.
24
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Campyloneurum repens (Aubl.) C. Presl, Tent.
Pterid. 190. 1836.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
4814.
Terrrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Campyloneurum serpentinum (H. Christ) Ching,
Sunyatsenia 5(4): 263. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1994, L. Kueppers 28 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cochlidium serrulatum (Sw.) L.E. Bishop, Amer.
Fern J. 68(3): 80. 1978.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
782 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cyathea brunnescens (Barrington) R.C. Moran,
Novon 1(2): 101. 1991. Trichipteris
nigripes var. brunnescens Barrington. Type:
Colombia: Valle: Río Yurumangui,
Venereal, 5-50 m, Cuatrecasas 16155-C
(HT:US; IT:GH).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 300 m, 19 Oct 1992 - 24 Oct
1992, Galo Tipaz, C. Aulestia & A. Llanos
2085 (MO).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó.
Cyathea conjugata (Spruce ex Hook.) Domin,
Pteridophyta 262. 1929. Alsophila
conjugata Spruce ex Hook. Type: Ecuador:
Chimborazo, Spruce 5745 [published as
4745] (HT: K; IT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72854 (MO).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó.
Cyathea cystolepis Sodiro, Recens. Crypt. Vasc.
Quit. 15. 1883. Type: Crece en la pendiente
occidental del Atacazo y del Corazón
1600,2000 mm., Sodiro, L. s.n. (ST: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1022 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia.
Cyathea delgadii Sternb., Versuch einer
Geognostisch-Botanischen Darstellung
der Flora der Vorwelt 1: 47, t. B. 1820.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11356.
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cyclopeltis semicordata (Sw.) J. Sm., Bot. Mag.
72: Comp. 36. 1846.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11280.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Danaea elliptica Sm., Cycl. 11: Danaea no. 2.
1808.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 400–600 m, 15 Oct 1994, M.S.
Bass, L. Kueppers & N. Pitman 173 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Danaea longicaudata Tuomisto, Fl. Ecuador 66:
50, f. 15. 2001. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha,
Reserva Endesa, km 113 of Quito-Puerto
Quito road, 8 km E of Pedro vicente
Maldonado, 600-700 m, Moran el al 6025
(HT: QCA, IT: AAU, NY, QCNE, TUR).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 22 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, J.L. Clark,
B. Adnepos & L. Kueppers 702 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Endemic.
Dennstaedtia dissecta (Sw.) T. Moore, Index Fil.
305. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 23 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15217.
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Dennstaedtia obtusifolia (Willd.) T. Moore, Index
Fil. 306. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995 J.L. Clark & C. Watt
880 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Dennstaedtia vagans (Baker) Diels, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 218. 1899. Dicksonia
vagans Baker. Type: Ecuador, Andes de
Quito, Sodiro, L. s.n. (13/3) (HT: K; IT: Q).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 400–600 m, 1 Oct 1994 M.S.
Bass & L. Kueppers 116 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. Endemic.
Dicranoglossum polypodioides (Hook.)
Lellinger, Selbyana 2(2-3): 283. 1978.
Taenitis furcata var. polypodiodes Hook.
Type: Ecuador: “Base of the Andes on the
road to Guayaquil”, Jameson s.n. (HT: K,
(Lellinger, 1978)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2889 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm., J. Bot.
(Hooker) 4: 196. 1842.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
630 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Diplazium alienum (Mett.) Hieron., Hedwigia 59:
336. 1918.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3950.
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
25
Diplazium chimborazense (Spruce ex Baker) H.
Christ, Farnkr. Erde 221. 1867. Asplenium
chimborazense Spruce ex Baker. Type:
Ecuador: Chimborazo: “Chimborazo, 30004000 m”, Spruce 5703 (HT: K; IT: BR in
part, P, fragm.: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2907 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Diplazium cristatum (Desr.) Alston, J. Bot. 74:
173. 1936.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 220 m, 1 Sep 1980, L.B. HolmNielsen et al. 25491 (AAU).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
635 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Diplazium grandifolium (Sw.) Sw., J. Bot.
(Schrader) 1800(2): 62. 1801.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
818 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Diplazium lonchophyllum Kunze, Linnaea 13:
141. 1839.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1626 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Diplazium oellgaardii Stolze, Fl. Ecuador 49: 59.
1994. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas: plateau
above San Marcos de los Coaiqueres, on
trail towards Gualpí Bajo, ca 1000 m, B.
Øllgaard, Korning, Thomsen & Illum 57504
(HT: AAU; fragm.: F)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
26
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 30 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & David
Marsh 1128 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Diplazium palmense Rosenst., Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 10(251-253): 276. 1912.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2928 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestirial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Diplazium seemannii T. Moore, Index Fil. 337.
1862.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 9 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1947 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Diplazium striatastrum Lellinger, Selbyana 2(23): 283, t. 1B. 1978.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 16 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 2036 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Diplazium trianae (Mett.) C. Chr., Index Filic.
240. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 22 Jun 1995, J.L. Clark & Erik
Calhoun 1216 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum ciliatum (C. Presl) T. Moore,
Index Fil. 8. 1857. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
578 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphytic or terrestrial herb. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum crinitum (L.) H. Christ, Neue
Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Ges. Gesammten
Naturwiss. 36(1): 102, f. 53. 1899.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11363.
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum decoratum (Kunze) T. Moore,
Index Fil. 8. 1857.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4297
Epiphytic herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum erinaceum (Fée) T. Moore, Index
Fil. 9. 1857.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 25 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15251.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum herminieri (Bory ex Fée) T.
Moore, Index Fil. xvi. 1857.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
922 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum latum (Mickel) Atehortúa ex
Mickel, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 27: 123. 1991.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, September 28, 1994, M.S. Bass, L.
Kueppers & N. Pitman 97 (MO, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
4867.
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum mitorrhizum Mickel, Novon
2(4): 379. 1992.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 6 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1016 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum nigrescens (Hook.) T. Moore ex
Diels, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 332. 1899.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 580
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
m, 18 Feb – 5 Mar 1995, W. Palacios, J.L.
Clark & N. Jaramillo 13578 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urb., Symb.
Antill. 4: 61. 1903.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass, L. Kueppers
& N. Pitman 102 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Elaphoglossum siliquoides (Jenman) C. Chr.,
Index Filic. 315. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 8 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
663 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Terrestrial herb.
Mesoamerica.
27
Amazonia, Chocó,
Huperzia linifolia (L.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci.
Nat. 17: 248. 1874. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 181 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Huperzia wilsonii (Underw. & F.E. Lloyd) B.
Øllg., Opera Bot. 92: 170. 1987.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
4808.
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Gleichenella pectinata (Willd.) C. Presl, Reliq.
Haenk. 1(1): 71. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 400–600 m, 10 Dec
1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass 1071 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestiral herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Hymenophyllum elegans Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4:
133. 1827.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 400-600 m, 12 Oct 1994, M.S.
Bass, L. Kueppers & N. Pitman 152 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Grammitis serrulata (Sw.) Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader)
1800(2): 18. 1801.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
916 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hymenophyllum hirsutum (L.) Sw., J. Bot.
(Schrader) 1800(2): 99. 1801 [1802].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass & L.
Kueppers 33 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Grammitis trifurcata (L.) Copel., Gen. Fil. (Ann.
Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5:) 211. 1947.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 22 Jul 1995, J.L. Clark & Erik
Calhoun 1217 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hymenophyllum microcarpum Desv., Mem. Soc.
Linn. Paris 6: 333. 1827.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass &
L. Kueppers 780 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hemidictyum marginatum (L.) C. Presl, Tent.
Pterid. 111, t. 3, f. 24. 1836.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11436 (MO, QCNE).
Hymenophyllum valvatum Hook. & Grev., Icon.
Filic. 2: t. 219. 1831. Type: Hab. In truncos
arborum apud Esmeraldas, regno
Peruviano, 4000 ped., Jameson, W. s.n.
(HT: K).
28
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass & L.
Kueppers 34 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Hypolepis hostilis (Kunze) C. Presl, Tent. Pterid.
162. 1836. Cheilanthes hostilis Kunze.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1037 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Hypolepis parallelogramma (Kunze) C. Presl,
Tent. Pterid. 162. 1836.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Ivonne
Troya 498 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó.
Lastreopsis exculta (Mett.) Tindale, Victoria
Naturalist 73: 185. 1957.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 31 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & David
Marsh 1142 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
Lellingeria subsessilis (Baker) A.R. Sm. & R.C.
Moran, Amer. Fern J. 81(3): 87. 1991.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
987 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lellingeria suspensa (L.) A.R. Sm. & R.C. Moran,
Amer. Fern J. 81(3): 87. 1991
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 600 m, 19 May 1987, H. van
der Werff, C. Dodson, & W. Palacios 9512
(MO).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd., Suppl. Ferns S. Ind.
6. 1876.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2913 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lomariopsis nigropaleata Holttum, Bull. Misc.
Inform. Kew 1939: 618. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Ivonne
Troya 595 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Lonchitis hirsuta L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1078. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, John L Clark & Clare
Warr 860 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestiral herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Lophosoria quadripinnata (J.F. Gmel.) C. Chr.,
Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez 2: 16. 1920.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas
: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 4 Dec
1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass 1020 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree fern. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm., Webbia
23(1): 166. 1968.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1046 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Lygodium radiatum Prantl, Unters. Morph.
Gefasskrypt. 2: 66. 1881.
Representative Speciman: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2737 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching,
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(4): 310. 1963. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
879 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Maxonia apiifolia (Sw.) C. Chr., Smithsonian
Misc. Collect. 66(9): 3. 1916.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72927 (MO).
Hemiepiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Megalastrum vastum (Kunze) A.R. Sm. & R.C.
Moran, Amer. Fern J. 77(4): 129. 1987. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
862 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Metaxya rostrata (Kunth) C. Presl, Tent. Pterid.
60, t. 1, f. 5. 1836
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2769 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Microgramma acatallela Alston, J. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 48: 232. 1958.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
575 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Microgramma fuscopunctata (Hook.) Vareschi,
Fl. Venezuela 1: 893, t. 182. 1969.
Polypodium fuscopunctatum Hook. Type:
Hab. Ecuador, ascent of Chimborazo, 3000
feet, Spruce 5734 (HT: K; photo: GH).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
576 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Microgramma percussa (Cav.) de la Sota, Physis
(Buenos Aires) 44(106C): 28. 1986.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
622 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Microgramma piloselloides (L.) Copel., Gen. Fil.
(Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5:) 185. 1947.
29
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
874 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Microgramma reptans (Cav.) A.R. Sm., Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 40(8): 230. 1975.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 1 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
558 (MO, QCNE).
Epipphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Gen. Fil.
40(8): 230. 1834.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11563.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi) J. Sm., J. Bot.
(Hooker) 4: 197. 1842. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 3 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
588 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Nephrolepis rivularis (Vahl) Mett. ex Krug, Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 24: 122. 1897.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2911 (AAU,
MO, QCNE, US).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger, Amer.
Fern J. 62: 106. 1972[1973].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11546.
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Oleandra articulata (Sw.) C. Presl, Tent. Pterid.
78, t. 2, f. 12. 1836. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 600 m, 20 May 1987, H. van
der Werff, C. Dodson, & W. Palacios 9557
(MO).
30
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pecluma divaricata (E. Fourn.) Mickel & Beitel,
Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 46: 269. 1988.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15111.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, Handbuch
3: 20. 1833
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4385.
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pityrogramma tartarea (Cav.) Maxon, Contr.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 17(2): 173. 1913
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1076 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Polybotrya altescandens C. Chr., Index Filic. 7.
1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 5 Mar
1997, H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda &
C. Robles 1216 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Polybotrya andina C. Chr., Index Filic. 7. 1905.
Arostichum insigne Baker. Type: Ecuador,
Andes of Quito, Sodiro, L. s.n. (HT: K; IT:
AAU, GH, Q, UC, US; photo: GH(K),
US(K))
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1007 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. Endemic.
Polybotrya polybotryoides (Baker) H. Christ,
Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 70. 1901.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72797 (MO).
Hemiepiphyte.
Mesoamerica.
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Polybotrya suberecta (Baker) C. Chr., Index Filic.
506. 1906. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2997 (MO,
QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Polypodium caceresii Sodiro, Crypt. Vasc. Quit.
360. 1893. Type: Crece en los bosques de
Oriente en la orilla del río Napo, colectado
por, Caceres, R.P.R. s.n. (HT: ?; IT: S, US;
photo: GH, MO (all of S)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Sep 1994, N. Pitman & L.
Kueppers 746 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polypodium ciliatum Willd., Sp. Pl. 5: 144. 1810.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 18 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15177.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Polypodium dulce Poir., Encycl. 5: 523. 1804.
(eds.), 1999; Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith, 2004
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11591.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Polypodium fraxinifolium Jacq., Collectanea 3:
187. 1789[1791].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3064 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polypodium sororium Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.,
Sp. Pl. 5: 191. 1810
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 29 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass, L. Kueppers
& N. Pitman 105 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polypodium triseriale Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader)
1800(2): 26. 1801.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
946 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polytaenium cajenense (Desv.) Benedict, Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 38: 169. 1911.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark & Karl Berg, J.
Leffingwell 2366 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polytaenium lineatum (Sw.) J. Sm., J. Bot.
(Hooker) 4: 68. 1841. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
557 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv., Prodr.
Aetheogam. 112. 1805.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11326.
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pteris altissima Poir., Encycl. 5: 722. 1804.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
911 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pteris biaurita L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1076. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1034 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
31
Pteris livida Mett., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 2: 222.
1864.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
697 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pteris pungens Willd., Sp. Pl. 5: 387. 1810.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & J.L.
Clark 936 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pteris speciosa Mett. ex Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 91.
1869.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2926 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Radiovittaria gardneriana (Fée) E.H. Crane,
Syst. Bot. 22(3): 515. 1997 [1998].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Jul 1996, N. Pitman 1317 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Radiovittaria remota (Fée) E.H. Crane, Syst. Bot.
22(3): 515. 1997 [1998].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jul
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2688
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Saccoloma elegans Kaulf., Berlin. Jahrb. Pharm.
Verbundenen Wiss. 21: 51. 1820.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Sep 1994, N. Pitman & L.
Kueppers 742 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
32
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Saccoloma inaequale (Kunze) Mett., Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 15: 80. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass &
L. Kueppers 786 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Selaginella flexuosa Spring, Flora 21: 197. 1838.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400 -700 m, 16 Jun
1996, N. Pitman & D. Arroyo 1288 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Selaginella geniculata (C. Presl) Spring, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10(1): 230. 1843.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3030 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Selaginella kunzeana A. Braun, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., ser. 5, 3: 296. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark & K.
Chamberlain 371 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Selaginella wolffii Sodiro, Crypt. Vasc. Quit. 620.
1893. Type: Crece en los bosques de la
cordillera occidental, entre 1400 y 2200
metros, rara, Sodiro s.n. (T: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Awa 150 - 200 m, 9
Feb 1988, W.S.Hoover, R.A. Lorentzen & P.
Gelpi 3837 (MO).
Representative Specimen: Manabí: Cerro Pata
de Pájaro 400–700 m, 16 Jun 1996, N.
Pitman & D. Arroyo 1287 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó.
Sticherus ferrugineus (Desv.) J. Gonzales.
Mertensia ferruginea Desv.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
335 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sticherus hypoleucus (Sodiro) Copel., Gen. Fil.
(Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5:) 28. 1947.
Gleichenia hypoleuca Sodiro. Type: Crece
en lugares pedregosos, secos, templados, en
la orilla del rio Yamboya.–(1600mm.),
Sodiro, L. s.n. (HT: ?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Oct 1994, N. Pitman 824 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sticherus remotus (Kaulf.) Chrysler, Amer. J. Bot.
31(8): 483. 1944.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 Oct 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
817 (MO, QCNE)
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Tectaria acutiloba (Hieron.) Maxon, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 43: 88. 1930. Aspidium
acutilobum Hieron. Type: Columbia:
Crescit ad ripas fluminis Rio Timbiquí,
Lehmann 8932 (HT: B destr.?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
864 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tectaria antioquiana (Baker) C. Chr., Index Filic.,
Suppl. 3, 177. 1934. Nephrodium
antioquianum Baker. Type: New Granada:
Antioquia: on trees amongst moss and
forests at 5000 ft., Kalbreyer 1703.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4101
Terrestrial herb.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tectaria haynaldii (Sodiro) C. Chr., Index Filic.,
Suppl. 3, 180. 1934. Polypodium haynaldii
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Sodiro. Type: crece en los bosques al
rededor de S. Miguel de los Colorados.–
Muy raro., Sodiro, L. s.n. (HT: ?; IT: K;
photo: GH(K)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
886 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Tectaria incisa Cav., Descr. Pl. 249. 1802.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany inters 11587.
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tectaria mexicana (Fée) C.V. Morton, Amer. Fern
J. 56(3): 133. 1966.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 30 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & David
Marsh 1129 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tectaria pilosa (Fée) R.C. Moran, Novon 2(2):
138. 1992.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 34
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany inters 11450
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tectaria plantaginea (Jacq.) Maxon, Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 10: 494. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
872 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tectaria rivalis (Mett. ex Kuhn) C. Chr., Index
Filic., Suppl. 3, 184. 1934.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3042 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
Terpsichore alsophilicola (H. Christ) A.R. Sm.,
Novon 3(4): 485. 1993.
33
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1994, L. Kueppers 31 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Terpsichore chrysleri (Proctor ex Copel.) A.R.
Sm., Novon 3(4): 486. 1993.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
842 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Terpsichore lehmanniana (Hieron.) A.R. Sm.,
Novon 3(4): 487. 1993
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 580 m, 18 Feb 1995, W.
Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo 13566
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris amphioxypteris (Sodiro) A.R. Sm.,
Fl. Ecuador 18: 17. 1983. Nephrodium
amphioxypteris Sodiro. Type: Crece en las
inmediaciones de S. Miguel de los
Colorados, en lugares calientes, sombríos
y húmedos.– Raro., Sodiro, L. s.n. (HT: ?;
IT: K(2)?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
914 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris andreana (Sodiro) C.V. Morton,
Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 50. 1967.
Meniscium andreanum Sodiro. Type: Crece
en la región tropical en la orilla del rio
Toachi cerca de Santo Domingo, Sodiro, L.
s.n. (HT: ?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400–700 m, 17 Jun
1996, N. Pitman 1335 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris angustifolia (Willd.) Proctor, Bull.
Inst. Jamaica, Sci. Ser. 5: 57. 1953.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
34
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
891 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P. St. John, Amer.
Fern J. 26(2): 44. 1936.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 14
May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt 865 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris falcata (Liebm.) R.M. Tryon,
Rhodora 69(777): 6. 1967. Liebm.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
898 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris fluminalis A.R. Sm., Fl. Ecuador 18:
46. 1983. Type: Ecuador: Morona-Santiago/
Zamora-Chinchipe: Near Mendez, upland
along the río Upano just N of junction with
río Chupiantza, 533-762 m, Camp, W.H. E1009 (HT: US(2)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & N. Pitman
109 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó.
594 (AAU, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris gemmulifera (Hieron.) A.R. Sm.,
Opera Bot. 56: 30. 1980.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3038 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris germaniana (Fée) Proctor, Rhodora
61(732): 306. 1959[1960].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2916
(MO,QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris gigantea (Mett.) R.M. Tryon,
Rhodora 69(777): 6. 1967.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 May 1995, John L Clark & C.
Watt 828 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris glandulosa (Desv.) Proctor, Rhodora
61(732): 306. 1959[1960].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 50 m, 8 Oct 1983, Barfod et
al. 48023 (AAU).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica
Thelypteris francoana (E. Fourn.) C.F. Reed,
Phytologia 17(4): 278. 1968.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark & Karl Berg, J.
Leffingwell 2357 (MO ,QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris glandulosa var. longipilosa A.R. Sm.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 76: 22. 1980.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmaraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass, L. Kueppers
& N. Pitman 100 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris fraseri (Mett. ex Kuhn) A.R. Sm.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 76: 32. 1980.
Aspidium fraseri Mett. ex Kuhn. Type:
Ecuador, Fraser s.n. (HT: B, BM fragm.,
GH fragm.; photo: BM(B), GH(B)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
Thelypteris leprieurii (Hook.) R.M. Tryon,
Rhodora 69(777): 6. 1967.
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris leprieurii var. leprieurii.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
m, 1 Oct 1994, L. Kueppers 54 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris opulenta (Kaulf.) Fosberg,
Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 8: 3-6. 1972
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Oct 1994, N. Pitman 832 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris peripae (Sodiro) C.F. Reed,
Phytologia 17(4): 303. 1968. Nephrodium
peripae Sodiro. Type: Crece cerca de S.
Miguel de los Colorados en la orilla del rio
Peripa, uno de los primeros orígenes del rio
Daule.., Sodiro, L. s.n. (HT: ?; IT: K?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4737.
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Thelypteris poiteana (Bory) Proctor, Bull. Inst.
Jamaica, Sci. Ser. 5: 63. 1953.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Nov 1994, N. Pitman 967 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
35
Thelypteris urbanii (Sodiro) A.R. Sm., Fl.
Ecuador 18: 116. 1983. Polypodium urbanii
Sodiro. Type: Crece en la pendiente
occidental del monte Pichincha, en el valle
de Mindo entre 1.000 y 1.600 metros,
Sodiro, L. s.n. (ST: P, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
921 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes ankersii C. Parker ex Hook. &
Grev., Icon. Filic. 2(11): t. 201. 1831.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 26 Sep 1994, N. Pitman 731 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes collariatum Bosch, Ned. Kruidk.
Arch. 4: 368. 1859 [1858].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
571 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes diversifrons (Bory) Mett. ex Sadeb.,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 108. 1899.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3031 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris polyphlebia (C. Chr.) C.V. Morton,
Amer. Fern J. 51: 38. 1961
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
863 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes elegans Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat.
Paris 1: 114. 1792.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad Chorrera Grande,
300–750 m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N.
Binder & Meter Hibbs 2843 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Thelypteris tristis (Kunze) R.M. Tryon, Rhodora
69(777): 8. 1967. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 450–500 m, 28 Nov
1999, T. Delinks 514.
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes gourlianum Grev. ex J. Sm., Bot.
Voy. Herald 240. 1854.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 29 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 763 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
36
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Trichomanes membranaceum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1097.
1753. Type: America, Anon.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 29 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 764 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Terrestrial shrub. 30-600 m. Chocó [We
consider this taxon as distinct from the
Amazonian Zamia poeppigana Mart. &
Eichler; fide C.H. Dodson, pers. comm.]
ANGIOSPERMAE
ACANTHACEAE
Trichomanes polypodioides L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1098.
1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass &
L. Kueppers 781 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes radicans Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader)
1800(2): 97. 1801.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1002 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichomanes sublabiatum Bosch, Ned. Kruidk.
Arch. 5(2): 152. 1861. Type: Hab. Quito,
Cuming 17 (HT: B destr.?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 3 Jan 1995, N. Pitman 1174 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Vittaria remota Fée, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Strasbourg 5: 26, pl. 20, f. 1. 1857.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
745 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Aphelandra albinotata Wassh., Nordic J. Bot.
16(4): 405. 1996. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: vicinity of Lita, on the IbarraSan Lorenzo railroad, 550-650 m, M.T.
Madison, T.C. Plowman, H.A. Kennedy &
L. Besse 5094 (HT: US; IT: AAU, F, QCA,
SEC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400-700 m, 16 Jun
1996, N. Pitman & D. Arroyo 1283 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-700 m. Endemic.
Aphelandra attenuata Wassh., Phytologia 25(7):
487. 1973. Type: Ecuador: Guayas:
Manglaralto, 0-50 m, 12 Dec 1961, C.H.
Dodson & Thien 1647 (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 204 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial shrub. 400-600 m. Endemic (including
coastal Tumbes, Peru)
Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb., Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 323. 1918.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11616 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial shrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
GYMNOSPERMAE
CYCADACEAE
Zamia lindenii Regel ex André, Ill. Hort. 22: 23,
t. 195. 1875.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Nov 1999, F. Nicolalde & Grupo
de Post-Grado MO-QCNE 375 (MO,
QCNE).
Dicliptera peruviana (Lam.) Juss., Ann. Mus.
Natl. Hist. Nat. 9: 268. 1807.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Camaronés 100 m, 15 Dec 1998, D. Neill
& QCNE botany interns 11513 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100 m. Coastal Ecuador; also
Galápagos and coastal and Andean Peru.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Dicliptera unguiculata Nees, Bot. Voy. Sulphur
149. 1846.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11604 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100 m. Mesoamerica.
Encephalosphaera puberula (Leonard) Wassh.,
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75:
953. 1999. Aphelandra puberula Leonard.
Type: Colombia: El Cauca: in primitive
forest at La Costa, 900 m, 27 Jul 1936, K.
von Sneidern 869 (HT: S; IT: US fragm.).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3086 (MO,
QCNE).
Succulent terrestrial vine in sunny disturbed
areas. 100 m. Chocó.
Fittonia albivenis (Lindl. ex Veitch) Brummitt,
Curtis’s Bot. Mag., New Ed. 182(4): 165.
1979.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4666 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Amazonia,
Mesoameica.
37
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
738 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia
Mendoncia orbicularis Turrill, Bull. Misc.
Inform. Kew 1919(10): 423. 1919. Type:
Ecuador. Chimborazo: at the foot of Mt.
Chimborazo, 923 m, R. Spruce 6213 (HT:
K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2760 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Mendoncia pilosa Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 21,
t. 209. 1829.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4942
(MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 200 m. Amazonia.
Mendoncia sprucei Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier
5(8): 647. 1897.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: San Salvador 100–150 m, Mar
1995, W. Palacios 13769 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 100-150 m. Amazonia.
Hygrophila costata Nees, Pl. Hort. Bonn. Icon.
2: 7-8, t. 3. 1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
516 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze, Revis.
Gen. Pl. 2: 494. 1891.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4316
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 300-700 m. Mesoamerica.
Justicia pectoralis Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 11. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4727 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Pseuderanthemum dawei Turrill, Bull. Misc.
Inform. Kew 2: 69. 1920.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3087
(MO,QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 500 m. Chocó.
Mendoncia aspera Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. Chil. 158. 1798.
Pseuderanthemum hookerianum (Nees) V.M.
Baum, Brittonia 34(4): 433. 1982.
38
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1650 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Amazonia.
Pseuderanthemum leptorhachis Lindau, Bull.
Herb. Boissier 5(8): 664. 1897. Syntype:
Ecuador. Manabí. El Recreo, Eggers 15025
(B. destr., F, US)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11344
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial subshrub. 250-700 m. Amazonia.
Razisea ericae Mildbr. ex Wassh., Novon 7(1): 8891, f. 1-2. 1997. Type: Ecuador: Napo:
vicinity of Tena, Hda. Dos Rios, 650 m., E.
Heinrichs 309 (HT: G).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul 250 m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L.
Clark R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4230
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Amazonia.
Ruellia brevifolia (Pohl) C. Ezcurra, Darwiniana
29: 278. 1989.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11509
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 50-100 m. Amazonia.
Ruellia potamophila Leonard, Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 31(1): 71. 1951.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3450 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Choco.
Ruellia terminale (Nees) Wassh., Monogr. Syst.
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 953. 1999.
Scorodoxylum terminale Nees. Type.
Ecuador: Esmeraldas, Atacames, Barclay
s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3034 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 200 m. Chocó
Sanchezia parviflora Leonard, J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
16: 491. 1926. Type: Ecuador: El Oro:
between Santa Rosa and La Chorita, August
1923, A.S. Hitchcock 21127 (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4733 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 250 m. Endemic
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb., Bot. Cab. 4: t.
324. 1820.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
27 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark & C. Brame 3114
(MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 200 m. Introduced; widely
cultivated in tropics.
Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees, Prodr. 11:
218. 1847. Ruellia gigantea Bonpl. Type:
Colombia. Habitat frequentissime in sylvis
fluvii Magdalenae, prope Badillas et juxta
Ybague, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, C.
Repetur & P. Maas 3817 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
ACTINIDIACEAE
Saurauia herthae Sleumer, Feddes Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 9. 1938. Type:
Ecuador: Napo, Schultze-Rhonhof 2165
(LT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4785
(MO, QCNE).
Common roadside tree. 500 m. Amazonia.
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze, Revis.
Gen. Pl. 2: 537. 1891.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales 5–30 m, 11 Oct 1999, T. Delinks
442 (MO, QCNE).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Terrestrial herb. 0-50 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 16c: 75. 1934.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4706 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned.
Ind. 10: 549. 1826.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3033 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 200-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
39
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4949
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. 200 m. Introduced; widely cultivated
throughout the tropics.
Spondias mombin L., Sp. Pl. 1: 371. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11619 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 100-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
ANNONACEAE
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl.
4(2): 765. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, 400–600 m, 13 Nov
1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman 243 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Annona manabiensis Saff. ex R.E. Fr., Acta Horti
Berg. 10(2): 267, taf. 20. 1931. Type:
Ecuador: Manabí: hacienda El Recreo
(Blühend und fruchtend), 22 Aug 1893, H.
Eggers 15197 (HT: B; IT: F, K, L, M, P, US
fragm.; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11284
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. 0-50 m. Endemic.
Pleuropetalum sprucei (Hook. f.) Standl., N.
Amer. Fl. 21(2): 96. 1917.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
San Sebastian 700 - 750 m, 21 Jan 1991, A.
Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72605 (MO).
Shrub. 100-500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Annona muricata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 536-537. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Punta los Frailes, La Chorrera 5–60 m, 29
Jun 1999, T. Delinks & C. Robles 346 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 0-60 m. Amazonia, Chocó. Mesoamerica.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Annona neglecta R.E. Fr., Acta Horti Berg. 12(2):
278. 1937.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 180 m, 23 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12771
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. 180-500 m. Amazonia.
Bomarea obovata Herb., Amaryllidaceae 111.
1837.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
844 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 0-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
ANACARDIACEAE
Anacardium occidentale L., Sp. Pl. 1: 383. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Pariso de Papagayos, 200 m,
Annona oligocarpa R.E. Fr., Kongl. Svenska
Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 24(10): 17-18, t.
7c-e. 1948. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: wet
forest E of Manglar Alto, ca. 100 m, 25 Jun
1941, O. Haught 3101 (HT: S; IT: F, US
fragm.).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400
40
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
m, 2 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2975 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 400 m. Endemic.
Cremastosperma longipes Pirie, Blumea 50(1):
51-52, f. 5. 2005. Type: Colombia: Choco:
San José del Palmar, Mouth of river Torito
(Tributary of River Hábita), west slope, 3
Mar 1980, E. Forero, R. Jaramillo, J.
Espina Z. & P. Palacios H. 6576 (HT: COL;
IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72995
(MO).
Tree, ca. 15 m tall. 280 m. Chocó.
Guatteria sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Recinto Palma Junta, 100 m,
19 May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12741 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Several distinct but undetermined, and
probably undescribed, species of Guatteria
have been collected in the study area.
Klarobelia lucida (Diels) Chatrou, Changing Gen.
133. 1998. Malmea lucida Diels, Notizbl.
Bot. Gatt. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 11(102): 78.
1931; R.E. Fries, Acta Horti Bergiani 10(2):
322. 1931. Type: Ecuador. Manabí: Tablada
de Zapallo, Feb 1897, H.F.A. Eggers 15661
(HT: B (destroyed); lectotype: L; IL: F, K2 sheets, M, P, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Chone, Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4365 (MO, QCNE, U)
Tree. 150 m. Endemic.
Klarobelia megalocarpa Chatrou, Changing Gen.
136-138, fig. 5, pl. 3C. 1998. Type: Ecuador.
Esmeraldas: Cantón Quininde, MacheChindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa
Biological Station, 35 km W of Quininde,
500 m, 15 Jan 1997, P. Maas, L. Chatrou,
C. Repetur & J.L. Clark 8521 (HT: U; IT:
AAU, BR, COL, F, GB, HUA, K, LZ, MO,
NY, OWU, QCA, QCNE, TUR, US, USM).
(Fig. 5C-D, p.132; 12A-D, p.139).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 26 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
509 (MO, QCNE, U).
Common tree in the Bilsa reserve. 400-600 m.
Endemic.
Mosannona pacifica Chatrou, Changing Gen.
170-171, fig. 8, pl. 4C. 1998. Type: Ecuador.
Esmeraldas: The Mache-Chindul
Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological
Station, 35 km W of Quininde, 500 m, 22
Mar 1997, J.L. Clark 4107 (HT: QCNE; IT:
AAU, COL, CR, F, GB, H, K, LOJA, LZ,
MO, NY, OWU, PMA, QCA, TUR, U).
(Fig. 5A-B, p.132; 13 A-C, p.140).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 418 (MO,
QCNE, U).
Common tree in the Bilsa reserve. 400-650 m.
Endemic.
Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill., Adansonia 8: 268.
1868.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station,
650 m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A.
Cousins, T. Nuñez & J. Richter 3973
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Unonopsis sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 31
km al norte de Pedernales, 60 m, 27 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11379 (MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 60 m.
APIACEAE
Eryngium foetidum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 232. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 16 Dec 1998, D. Neill
& QCNE botany interns 11594 (MO,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in sunny open areas.
600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl.,
Linnaea 1: 364. 1826.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 1994, J.R. Abbott 15030.
Terrestrial herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
APOCYNACEAE
Allomarkgrafia plumeriiflora Woodson, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 20(4): 627-628. 1933.
Type: Colombia: Boyacá: forest’s edge at
stream side, El Umbo, 3200 ft, 13 Oct.
1932, Lawrance 534 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2120 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Anechites nerium (Aubl.) Urb., Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 150. 1919.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4216 (MO, QCNE).
Common lowland herbaceous vine. 0-500 m.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart., Nov. Gen.
Sp. Pl. 1: 59. 1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 18 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz,
& S. Mora 277 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Common name: “Naranjillo.”
Amazonia
Aspidosperma myristicifolium (Markgr.)
Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2):
169. 1951.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2969 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 100-500 m. Common name: “Naranjillo.”
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Aspidosperma rigidum Rusby, Mem. New York
Bot. Gard. 7: 323. 1927.
41
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, 24 km S of Pedernales, N of Reserva
de Lalo Loor, 7 Oct 1999, T. Delinks & C.
Robles 381 (MO, QCNE, Z).
Subcanopy tree. 300-350 m. Common names:
“Naranjillo” or “Canelon.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Bonafousia columbiensis L. Allorge, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(4): 679-681, f. 2.
1981 [1982]. Type: Colombia: Espriella,
Tumaco, 20 Jun 1959, [Romero-]
Castaneda 2799 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72858
(MO).
Tree. Chocó
Lacmellea speciosa Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 36(4): 543-544. 1949. Type:
Colombia: Del Valle: Río Calima (region
del Chocó), La Trojita, 5-50 m, 19 Feb-10
Mar 1944, J. Cuatrecasas 16568 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 500 m, 20 Mar 1998,
J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4899 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 450-650 m. Common name: “Chidle.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Laubertia boissieri A. DC., Prodr. 8: 487. 1844.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72942
(MO).
Herbaceous vine. Amazonia.
Macropharynx renteriae A.H. Gentry, Phytologia
47(2): 99. 1980. Type: Colombia: Chocó:
ca 37 km W of Las Animas on new
PanAmerican Hwy, 180 m, disturbed
roadside forest, 10 Jan 1979, A. Gentry &
Renteria 23955 (HT: COL; IT: MO, HUA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 10 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3780 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
42
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Odontadenia puncticulosa (Rich.) Pulle, Enum.
Vasc. Pl. Surinam 383. 1906.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 200
m, 7 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2776 (MO,
QCNE).
Woody liana growing in canopy. 200 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Rauvolfia sprucei Müll. Arg., Fl. Bras. 6(1): 34,
pl. 10, f. 1. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & S. Mora
256 (MO, QCNE).
Tree or Hemiepiphyte. 400-500 m. Common
name: “Huevos de Perro.” Amazonia
Prestonia mollis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 221, t.
242. 1818 [1819].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11612 (MO,
QCNE).
Liana. 5-100 m. Mesoamerica.
Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Jacq., Enum.
Syst. Pl. 14. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2115 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 280-600 m. Common name: “Lechoso.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Prestonia rotundifolia K. Schum. ex Woodson,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 23(2): 318-320.
1936. Type: Ecuador: Manabí: El Recreo,
Aug 1893, H. Eggers 15078 (HT: M; IT: B,
US fragm.).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72840 (MO).
Woody hemi-epiphytic climber in subcanopy.
10-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó [formerly
considered endemic to western Ecuador]
Rauvolfia leptophylla A.S. Rao, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 43(3): 305-306, f. 11. 1956.
Type: Colombia: Magdalena: San Sebastián
de Rábago, Romero R. Castañeda 900 (HT:
MO).
Representative
Specimen:
Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station
Biologcial Station, 400–600 m, 18 Oct
1994, J.L. Clark & B. Adnepos 201 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 400-700 m. Common name: “Huevos de
Perro.” Amazonia ,Chocó.
Rauvolfia macrantha K. Schum. ex Markgr.,
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 117, 120.
1924.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 March 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins,
T. Nuñez & J. Richter 3988 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 650 m. Common name: “Huevos de
Perro.” Mesoamerica.
Tabernaemontana columbiensis (L. Allorge)
Leeuwenb., Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap.
87(5): 5. 1987 [1988]. Bonafousia
columbiensis L. Allorge. Type: Colombia:
Espriella, Tumaco, 20 Jun 1959, [Romero] Castaneda 2799 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 23 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 406 (MO,
QCNE, WAG).
Tree. 280-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tabernaemontana heterophylla Vahl, Eclog.
Amer. 2: 22. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 450–
650 m, 5 Jun 1997, T. Nuñez, C. Aulestia,
G. Aguinda & S. Delgado 512 (MO, QCNE,
Z).
Tree, ca. 6 m tall. 400-650 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tabernaemontana sananho Ruiz & Pav., Fl.
Peruv. 2: 22, pl. 144. 1799.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 196 (MO, QCNE, WAG).
Understory shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall. 450-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 43
km Nof Pedernales along coastal highway,
4 km S of Río Cojimíes crossing, 100 m,
19 Dec 1998, Aug 1998, D. Neill QCNE
botany interns 11736 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 7 m tall. 100 m. Several undetermined
species of Ilex have been collected in the
area.
ARACEAE
Anthurium angamarcanum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 12. 1901. Type:
Ecuador: Cotopaxi: Cordillera Angamarca,
Sodiro s.n. (LT: QPLS; ILT: B, MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark 882 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial. Chocó
Anthurium asplundii Croat, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 78(3): 601, f. 8, 10, 35-37, 43. 1991.
Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río Blanco,
across river from Villa Hermosa, 3 km S of
Sto. Domingo-Esmeraldas hwy. at km 24,
00º5’S, 79º15’W, T. Croat 50688 (HT: MO;
IT: K, QCA, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill QCNE botany interns 11279 (MO,
QCNE).
Usually epiphytic; rarely terrestrial. 0-700 m.
Chocó.
Anthurium balaoanum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
25: 432. 1898. Type: Ecuador. Guayas:
Balao (sic Bulao, Engler, 1898), H. Eggers
14532 (HT: B; IT: LE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales, 450–500 m, 28 Nov 1999, T.
Delinks 507 (K, MO).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb, 5-700 m.
Amazonia.
Anthurium balslevii Croat & J. Rodr., Aroideana
18: 54-57. 1995(1996). Type: Ecuador.
Pichincha: Reserva ENDESA, 8 km N of
43
km 113 on Quito-Puerto Quito Highway, ca.
700 m, T. Croat & J. Rodríguez 61505 (HT:
MO; IT: AAU, B, K, NY, QCA, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 5 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3721 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Anthurium brevipes Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr.
Ecuador 19(136): 270. 1905. Type locality:
Ecuador. Esmeraldas, Rio Cachaba.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 19 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
19 (CM, MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Anthurium carchiense Croat, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 78(3): 621, f. 77, 78, 81. 1991. Type:
Ecuador: Carchí: vic. Maldonado, 15001900 m, Madison 3998 (HT: SEL; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3952 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium caulorrhizum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 19(137): 309. 1905. Type:
Ecuador. Imbabura: between Hacienda
Paramba and Lita, Aug 1904, Sodiro s.n.
(HT: B; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3770 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 500 m. Chocó.
Anthurium citrifolium Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 5. 1901. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: Nanegal, Sodiro s.n.
(NT: B; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Neill & K.
Zambrano 3424 (MO, QCNE).
Common herbaceous hemiepiphyte. 400-700
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
44
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Anthurium columbianum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
25: 379. 1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3843 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium cupulispathum Croat & J. Rodr.,
Aroideana 18: 63-68. 1995. Type: Ecuador.
Pichincha: ENDESA reserve, 9 km N of km
113 on Quito-Puerto Quito rd., 750 m, T.
Croat & Rodríguez 61456 (HT: MO; IT: B,
COL, K, QCA, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
815 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Anthurium dolichostachyum Sodiro, Anales
Univ. Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 12. 1901.
Type: Ecuador. Cotopaxi: Angamarca,
Sodiro s.n. (HT: B; IT: G; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 6 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Anthurium incomptum Madison, Selbyana 2:
286, t. 1A. 1978. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos.
Río Palenque Science Center, km 56 on
Quevedo-Sto. Domingo road, 150-220 m,
Nov 1975, M.T. Madison 2114 (HT: SEL;
IT: MO, QCA, RPSC, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 26 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2162 (MO,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic herb. 500-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium interruptum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 5. 1901. Type.
Ecuador. Cotopaxi: western slopes of the
Cordillera de Angamarca, Nov 1899, Sodiro
s.n. (HT: B; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 16 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, C.
Repetur & P. Maas 3813 (MO, QCNE).
Common hemiepiphytic herb. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Anthurium jaramilloi Croat & J. Rodr.,
Aroideana 18: 80-83. 1995 [1996]. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: ENDESA reserve, 9 km
N of km 113 on Quito-Puerto Quito rd., ca.
750 m, Croat & Rodriguez 61465 (HT: MO;
IT: AAU, B, F, K, NY, QCA, QCNE, K,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1687 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 500 m. Endemic.
Anthurium lancea Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr.
Ecuador 15(108): 13. 1901. Type: no type
information cited, Sodiro s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 800 m, 12 May 1990, A.
Gentry, C. Dodson, B. Boyle & D. Rubio
70157 (MO).
Terrestrial, epiphyte, or hemiepiphyte. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium magnifolium Croat & J.Rodr.,
Aroideana 18: 93-95. 1995 [1996]. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: ENDESA reserve, 8 km
N of km 113 on Quito-Puerto Quito rd., vic.
Rio Cabuyales, 750 m, 16 Jul 1986, T. Croat
& J. Rodríguez 61506 (HT: MO; IT: AAU,
B, BR, CAS, CM, COL, CR, CUVC,
DUKE, EAP, F, G, GB, GH, HUA, K,
MEXU, MY, NY, P, PMA, Q, QCA, QCNE,
QPLS, RB, RSA, SCZ, S, TEX, US, VEN).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Dec 1996, J.L. Clark, M. Lysinger, T.
Walla & H. Greeney 3563 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Epiphyte. 350-700 m. Endemic.
Anthurium margaricarpum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 4. 1901. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: Gualea, Sodiro s.n. (LT:
SI; ILT: B, G).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
892 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium marmoratum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 17(123): 261. 1903. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: along Río toachi & río
Pilatón, Oct 1902, Sodiro s.n. (HT: B; IT:
QPLS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 2 Sep 1998, S. Roponen & A.
Johannessen 4023 (LPB, MO).
Epiphyte. 550 m. Chocó.
Anthurium microspadix Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Z.
8(6): 180. 1858.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3954 (LE, MO,
QCNE, SAR).
Epiphyte. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Anthurium mindense Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr.
Ecuador 15(108): 17. 1901. Type: Ecuador.
Pichincha: valley of Mindo, 1500-2000 m,
Sodiro s.n. (HT: B; photo: F)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 5 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3724 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium nigrescens Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
25(3): 441. 1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 28 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass, L. Kueppers
& N. Pitman 96 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Anthurium nigropunctatum Croat & J. Rodr.,
Aroideana 18: 101-104. 1995 [1996]. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: Reserva Endesa, 9 km
N of Km 113 on Quito-Pto. Quito Highway,
ca. 750 m, 0º05’N, 79º02’W, T Croat & J.
Rodriguez 61457 (HT: MO; IT: AAU, B,
45
CAS, COL, F, K, M, NY, QCA, QCNE, US,
VEN).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11370
(MO, QCNE).
Common hemiepiphyte. 280-700 m. Chocó.
Anthurium obscurinervium Croat, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 78(3): 686, f. 203-204. 1991.
Type: Ecuador: Cañar: along road between
Azogues and El Triumfo, ca. 2 km S of Hwy.
at Cedro Pampa, 800-1000 m, 2º 25‘S, 79º
10‘W, T. Croat 50914 (HT: MO; IT: AAU,
BM, G, K, LL, M, MICH, MO, NY, QCA,
RSA, SEL, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 5 Mar
1997, H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda &
C. Robles 1222 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial and epiphytic herb. 300-700 m.
Chocó.
Anthurium obtusum (Engl.) Grayum, Phytologia
82(1): 35. 1997.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11324
(MO QCNE).
Common hemiepiphytic herb, 0-800 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Anthurium oreophilum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 15. 1901. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: In forest W of Mt.
Pichincha, 1400-2000 m, L. Sodiro s.n. (IT:
B? photo: F, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmeraldas:
500 m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3688 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Anthurium palenquense Croat, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 78(3): 694, f. 221, 223, 224.
1991. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Science Center, along trails W of
laboratory and in vicinity of laboratory
clearing, 210-250 m, T. Croat 38670 (HT:
MO; IT: AAU, B, K, MO, NY, PMA, QCA,
RSA, US).
46
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2668
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb, 300-850 m.
Endemic.
Anthurium pallidiflorum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
25(3): 395-396. 1898. Type: Ecuador: in
silvis tropicis pr. San Miquel de los
Colorados, Jul 1875, A. Sodiro, S. J. n. 15.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
917 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Endemic
Anthurium x pallidinervium x Engl., Pflanzenr.
197: 245. 1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 24 Sep 1994, N. Pitman 718 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Natural hybrid.
Anthurium propinquum Sodiro, Anturios
Ecuator. 197: 245. 1903. Type: Ecuador: en
el valle del rio Cañar, hacienda de San
Nicolás, 1500 m, Rimbach 88 (HT: B; IT:
G; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3951 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 450-650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Anthurium propinquum var. albispadix
Croat & J. Rodr.
Anthurium pulverulentum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 110. 1901. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: Volcan Atacatzo along
the Rio Pilaton, 1400-2000 m, Sodiro s.n.
(T: QPLS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 16 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, C.
Repetur & P. Mass 3815 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial and epiphytic herb. 850 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium rimbachii Sodiro, Anturios Ecuator.
2: 202. 1903. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: near
Quillallpa, 200 m, Rimbach 80.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 19 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
920 (MO, QCNE).
Common hemiepiphyte or terrestrial herb. 280850 m. Endemic. Amazonia.
Anthurium rodrigueziae Croat, Aroideana 18:
126-130. 1995(1996). Type: Ecuador.
Pichincha: Reserva Endesa, ca. 8 km N of
Km 113 on Quito-Pto. Quito Hwy., vic. Rio
Cabayales, 700 m, T. Croat & J. Rodriguez
61517 (HT: MO; IT: AAU, B, K, NY, QCA,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 300-500 m, 12 May 1990, A.
Gentry, C. Dodson, B. Boyle & D. Rubio
70047 (AAU, CM, MO, NY, QCNE, US).
Epiphyte. 280 m. Chocó
Anthurium saccardoi Sodiro, Anturios Ecuator.
218. 1903. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: near
Quillapa, Rimbach s.n. (T: QPLS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 200 – 500 m, 9 Nov
1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 103 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb and hemiepiphyte. 500 m.
Endemic.
Anthurium sarmentosum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
25: 375. 1898. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
near San Florencio, May 1885, Sodiro s.n.
(HT: B; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Neill & K.
Zambrano 3426 (MO, QCNE, US).
Herbaceous vine. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl., Fl. Bras. 3(2):
78. 1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3707 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Epiphyte. 100-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Infrasp. Anthurium scandens subsp. pusillum
R. Sheffer, Anthurium scandens subsp.
scandens Engl., Anthurium scandens var.
ovalifolium Engl.
Anthurium spathiphyllum N.E. Br., Gard.
Chron., n.s., 7: 652-653. 1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
949 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte.
400-600
m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Anthurium spathulatum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 15(108): 6. 1901.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 550 m, 24-26 febrero 1995, W.
Palacios 13627 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Anthurium testaceum Croat & R.A. Baker,
Brenesia 16(Supl. 1): 92-94. 1979.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3441 (K, MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte or Terrestrial herb. 500-550 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Anthurium tremulum Sodiro, Revista Chilena
Hist. Nat. 4(6): 15. 1900. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: Nanegal, May 1901, Sodiro s.n.
(HT: B; IT: G, MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station,
400–600 m, 30 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark,
K. Berg & J. Leffingwell 2349 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte or Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m.
Endemic. Amazonia.
Anthurium tripartitum Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.
23B(Heft 21): 277. 1905. Type: Colombia:
im Begiet von Barbacoas, 200 m, Triana
687 bis (HT: BM).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72981
(MO).
47
Terrestrial herb. 280 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Anthurium trisectum Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr.
Ecuador 20(140): 100-102. 1905. Type:
Crece en la prov. de Esmeraldas, en la
orilla del río S. Antonio, Sodiro 8/904.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3443 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Anthurium umbraculum Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 16: 101. 1902. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: Volcán Pichincha,
Nono, Sodiro s.n. (LT: MO; ILT: B destr.?,
G; photo: F(B)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72879
(MO).
Epiphyte. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Anthurium umbricola Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25:
407. 1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400–700 m, 1 Sep
1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 60 (MO,
QCNE, UB).
Terrestrial herb. 400-700 m. Chocó.
Anthurium versicolor Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr.
Ecuador 15(108): 13. 1901. Type: Ecuador.
Napo: Río Masfa, between Cuyuja and
Baeza, Sodiro s.n. (T: QPLS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72838 (MO).
Terrestrial herb. 280-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Chlorospatha atropurpurea (Madison) Madison,
Selbyana 5(3-4): 354. 1981. Caladiopsis
atropurpurea Madison. Type: Ecuador: Los
Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, 150-200
m, Aug 1975, C.H. Dodson 5911 (HT: SEL;
IT: MO, RSPC, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 5 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4174 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Endemic.
48
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Chlorospatha dodsonii (G.S. Bunting) Madison,
Selbyana 5(3-4): 352. 1981. Caladiopsis
dodsonii G.S. Bunting. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: along Río Baba 28 km S of Santo
Domingo, 350 m, Nov 1961, C.H. Dodson
& Thien 1190 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2645
(CAS, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Endemic.
Dieffenbachia killipii Croat, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 91(4): 720-726, f. 15, 28b. 2004.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11683 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte or Terrestrial herb. 400-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Dieffenbachia oerstedii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Z.
8: 179. 1858.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabi:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 300 - 700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark et al. 2710 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Dieffenbachia tonduzii Croat & Grayum, Novon
9(4): 497-500. 1999.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72955
(MO).
Subshrub. 280-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Heteropsis ecuadorensis Sodiro, Anales Univ.
Centr. Ecuador 22(162): 278. 1903.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Estero La Fortuna 25 m, 24
May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
12785 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 25-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica
Homalomena peltata Mast., Gard. Chron., n.s.,
7: 273, f. 46. 1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 6 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3738 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-520 m. Chocó.
Monstera adansonii Schott, Wiener Z. Kunst 4:
1028. 1830.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400–700 m, 1 Sep
1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 73 (MO,
QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrap.: Monstera adansonii var. laniata (Schott)
Madison.
Monstera dubia (Kunth) Engl. & K. Krause,
Pflanzenr. IV.23B(Heft 37): 117. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11692 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 100-500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Monstera lechleriana Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.
366. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 880 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Monstera pinnatipartita Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Wochenbl. 7(25): 197-198. 1857.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 7
Km al este de Pedernales 100 m, 14 Aug
1998, T. Delinks 30 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Monstera spruceana (Schott) Engl., Fl. Bras.
3(2): 115. 1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4932
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 100-200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron alliodorum Croat & Grayum,
Phytologia 73(1): 30. 1992.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3759 (B, F, K, MO,
QCNE, US, WU).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron brunneicaule Croat & Grayum,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84(3): 414-416.
1997.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 11 Dec 1994, Pitman & Marsh 1085
(MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Philodendron clarkei Croat, Aroideana 27: 3860, f. 1-20. 2004. Type: Esmeraldas, along
road to Tulubi from main San Lorenzo-Lita
Hwy, T. Croat et al. 83915 (HT: MO; IT:
AAU, B, CAS, COL, DUKE, F, GB, HUA,
INB, K, MEXU, NY, SA, S, SEL, TEX, UB,
US, VEN)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 2773 (B, K, MO,
QCNE).
Hemi-epiphyte. 100-600 m. Endemic.
Philodendron dodsonii Croat & Grayum, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 84(3): 430-432. 1997.
Type: Ecuador. Pichincha: along Río Blanco
across from Villa Hermosa on road 1.9 km
N of main Sto. Domingo de Los ColoradosEsmeraldas Hwy., T. Croat 72982 (HT: MO;
IT: AAU, B, COL, CR, K, NY, PMA, QCA,
QCNE, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 10 km E of
Pedernales, 400–700 m, Sep 1998, T.
Delinks & C. Robles 61 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 280-700 m. Amazonia. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron grandipes K. Krause, Pflanzenr. IV.
23Db(Heft 60): 48. 1913.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Camino vecinal Herrera-Los
Monos 550 m, 24-26 Feb 1995, W. Palacios
13670 (MO, QCNE).
49
Hemiepiphyte. 550 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott, Wiener
Z. Kunst 1829(3): 780. 1829.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 7
Km al este de Pedernales 100 m, 14 Aug
1998, T. Delinks 27 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 100 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron hooveri Croat & Grayum, Syst.
Bot. Monogr. 47: 111-114. 1996. Type:
Ecuador. Carchi: along Quebrada Mongon,
1200-1400 m, Hoover, Gelpi, Arguello &
Lorentzen 2963 (HT: QCA; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72874
(MO).
Hemiepiphyte. 280-600 m. Chocó.
Philodendron inaequilaterum Liebm., Vidensk.
Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren.
Kjobenhavn 1849: 16. 1849.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 270 m, 31 Mar 1983, T. Croat
55552 (MO, QCA).
Hemiepiphyte. 280-550 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron jodavisianum G.S. Bunting, Gentes
Herb. 9: 337-338. 1965.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72923 (MO,
QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 280 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Philodendron mexicanum Engl., Fl. Bras. 3(2):
143. 1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400–700 m, 1 Sep
1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 69 (MO,
QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-700 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron pogonocaule Madison, Selbyana
2(1): 23. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
Río Palenque Science Center, km 56 road
Quevedo-Sto. Domingo, 150-220 m, March
50
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
1977, C. Dodson 6669 (HT: SEL; IT: MO,
RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 700 m, 20 Feb 1992, T.B. Croat
72278 (AAU, GB, JBGP, M, MO, QCA,
RSA, SEL, TEX, UB).
Hemiepiphyte. 350-700 m. Chocó.
Philodendron rhodoaxis G.S. Bunting, Acta Bot.
Venez. 10(1-4): 308-309. 1975.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Neill & K.
Zambrano 3431 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 200-500 m.
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Philodendron rhodoaxis subsp. lewisii
Croat & Grayum.
Philodendron rodrigueziae Croat & Grayum,
Syst. Bot. Monogr. 47: 152-155. 1996.
Type: Ecuador. Pichincha: Reserva
ENDESA, Corporacion Forestal Juan
Manual Durini, turnoff at Km 113 Quito to
Puerto Quito rd., 450 m, Hammel & Wilder
17222 (HT: QCNE; IT: AAU, COL, MO,
NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5584 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 500 m. Chocó.
Philodendron senatocarpium Madison, Selbyana
2(1): 23-24, t. 5d. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los
Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, km 56
road Quevedo-Sto. Domingo, 150-220 m,
April 1977, Madison 3841 (HT: SEL; IT:
MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
640 (MO, QCNE, US).
Epiphyte. 280-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Philodendron sparreorum Croat, Aroideana 27:
38-60, f. 1-22. 2004. Type: Ecuador,
Esmeraldas, 8.8 km NW of Quininde, 85
km SE of Esmeraldas, 270 m, T. Croat
55555 (HT: MO; IT: AAU, B, F, K, NY,
QCA, QCNE, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4825
(MO, QCNE, US).
Hemiepiphyte. 380-600 m. Chocó.
Philodendron squamipetiolatum Croat, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 84(3): 531-532, f. 375,
385-388. 1997.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 580
m, 18 Feb–5 Mar 1995, W. Palacios, J.L.
Clark & N. Jaramillo 13502 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 500-600 m.
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron subhastatum Engl. & K. Krause,
Pflanzenr. Fam. 23 Db: 97. 1913. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: Nanegal-Gualea,
Sodiro 12g (HT: B; IT: G).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama 16 Dec 1998, D. Neill
& QCNE botany interns 11567 (F, MEXU,
MO, QCNE).
Common hemiepiphyte. 200-700 m. Chocó.
Philodendron sulcatum K. Krause, Pflanzenr. IV.
23Db(Heft 60): 19. 1913. Type: Ecuador:
Am Pilatonfluss, Oct 1902, Sodiro 2B (HT:
B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 270 m, 31 Mar 1983, T. Croat
55544 (MO, QCA).
Hemiepiphyte. 350-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron tenue K. Koch & Augustin, Index
Sem. (Berlin) IV. 23Db(Heft 60): 19. 1854.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
Km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11424 (COL, F, MO, QCNE, US, WIS).
Common hemiepiphyte. 0-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Philodendron tenuipes Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37:
131. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–
300 m, 7 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
W. Naranjo 2773 (MO, QCNE).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Common hemiepiphyte. 100-850 m. Chocó.
Philodendron tuerckheimii Grayum, Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 47: 174-181. 1996.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 30 Dec 1996, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3663 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Herbaceous vine. 500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Philodendron verrucosum L. Mathieu ex Schott,
Syn. Aroid. 85. 1856.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 80 m, 1 Apr 1983, T.B. Croat
55609 (MO).
Common hemiepiphyte. 380-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pistia stratiotes L., Sp. Pl. 2: 963. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Herrera, La Y de la laguna 400
m, 15 Feb 1998, J.L. Clark 5511 (MO,
QCNE).
Common aquatic herb. 400 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Rhodospatha latifolia Poepp., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl.
3: 91, pl. 300. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
313 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Stenospermation angustifolium Hemsl., Biol.
Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3(18): 425. 1885.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 312 (MO, QCNE, RSA).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Stenospermation densiovulatum Engl., Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 37: 112. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 5 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3723 (MO, QCNE).
51
Common terrestrial herb or Epiphyte. 280-700
m. Chocó.
Stenospermation gracile Sodiro, Sert. Fl. Ecuad.
Ser., Ser. 2: 71. 1908. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas. Sodiro s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 57 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Stenospermation latifolium Engl., Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 37: 112. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNW botany interns 11359
(MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 540 m. Chocó.
Stenospermation longipetiolatum Engl., Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 37: 112. 1905. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: Nanegal-Gualea, vic. Gualea,
800 m Oct. 1900, Sodiro 29 (HT: B, photo
F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 30 Dec 1996, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3662 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Stenospermation sodiroanum Engl., Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 37: 112. 1905. Type: Ecuador. In
Regenwaldern zwischen Mindo und
Nanegal, Sodiro 27 (HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 20 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó
Syngonium crassifolium (Engl.) Croat, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(4): 591. 1981
[1982].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Río Cayapa 100 m, 25 Jun
1982, L. Kvist & Asanza 40330 (AAU).
Epiphyte. 280-600 m. Chocó.
52
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Syngonium macrophyllum Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.
23E(Heft 71): 128. 1920.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 350 m, 21 Feb 1992, T.B. Croat
72328 (MO).
Hemiepiphyte. 350-700 m.
Choco,
Mesoamerica.
Syngonium podophyllum Schott, Bot. Zeitung
(Berlin) 9(5): 85. 1851.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 43
Km al norte de Pedernales 100 m, 19 Dec
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11729 (CM, MO, QCNE, SEL).
Epiphytic Terrestrial herb. 100-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Syngonium triphyllum Birdsey ex Croat, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(4): 642-645, f. 68,
73-75. 1981 [1982].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 6 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
290 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Xanthosoma daguense Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37:
137. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5579 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
ARALIACEAE
Dendropanax sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Santa Isabel), Estación Biológica Bilsa, 18
Feb-5 Mar 1995, W. Palacios, J.L. Clark &
N. Jaramillo 13546 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 20 m tall. 400-600 m..
Oreopanax confusus Marchal, Bull. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Belgique, ser. 2, 47(1): 85-87. 1879.
Type: Ecuador in sylvis Andium frequens,
Pallatanga, R. Spruce 5525 (ST: C, E, G, K,
LE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & H. Lintz
149 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, Tree, or woody Hemiepiphyte. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó
Schefflera lasiogyne Harms, Res. Note, Forest.
Commiss. New South Wales 15: 245. 1918.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4304
(MO, QCNE).
Liana. 300-700 m. Chocó.
Xanthosoma eggersii Engl., Pflanzenr. Fam. 23
E: 56. 1920. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: El
Recreo, H. Eggers 15543 (HT: B; photo:
F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 50 m, 17 Mar 1992, T.B. Croat
73117 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Endemic.
Schefflera sphaerocoma (Benth.) Harms, Die
Naturlichen Pflazenfamilien 3(8): 37. 1894
[1898].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark 349 (MO,
QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Pata de Gallina.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Xanthosoma undipes (K. Koch & C.D. Bouché)
K. Koch, Bonplandia (Hanover) 4(1-2): 4.
1856.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11552
(MO, QCNE).
Schefflera ternata Cuatrec., Revista Acad.
Colomb. Ci. Exact. 6: 546. 1946.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark, Karl Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2352 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 380-500 m. Chocó.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
ARECACEAE
Aiphanes eggersii Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 11(107): 563. 1932. Type:
Ecuador: El Recreo, Corozo, 14 Feb 1897,
H. Eggers 15480.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 30 km S of
Pedernales on coastal highway, 50 m, 25
Aug 1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11266 (AAU, COL, MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 50 m. Endemic (including coastal
Tumbes, Peru).
Aiphanes tricuspidata Borchs., R. Bernal & M.
Ruiz, Brittonia 41(2): 156, f. 1. 1989. Type:
Ecuador. El Oro: rd. from Machala to
Naranjal, km 33, 8 km E along dirt rd.
leaving from Río Bonito, 380 m, 19 Nov
1987, F. Skov, F. Borchsenius, U. Blicher
Mathiesen, & B. Bang Klitgaard 64836
(HT: AAU; IT: COL, K, NY, QCA, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 14 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1991 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 500 m. Common name: “Corozo.”
Amazonia, Chocó.
Attalea colenda (O.F. Cook) Balslev & An. Hend.,
Brittonia 39(1): 1. 1987. Ynesa colenda O.F.
Cook. Type: Ecuador: Los Rios: Cantón
Vinces, Hcda. Sta. Lucia, 50 m, Y. Mexía
6574 (T: US-4 sheets).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 31
km al norte de Pedernales, 60 m, 27 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11377 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 0-100 m. A large palm common in wet to
moist forest and often the only tree species
left in deforested pastures. Formerly used
for edible oil extracted from fruit mesocarp.
Common name: “Palma Real.” Chocó.
Bactris setulosa H. Karst., Linnaea 28: 408. 1856.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72972
(MO).
53
Tree. 280-600 m. Common name: “Chontillo.”
Amazonia, Chocó.
Chamaedorea linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart., Hist.
Nat. Palm. 2: 5. 1823.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE boyany interns 11675 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-800 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst.,
Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren.
Kjobenhavn 1858(1-4): 14. 1859.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & S. Mora
332 (MO, QCNE).
Common Shrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Desmoncus cirrhiferus A.H. Gentry & Zardini,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(4): 1436-1438,
f. 3. 1988 [1989].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 25 Mar 1997. J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4223 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 250 m. Common names: “Bora Negra”
or “Matmpa.” Chocó.
Geonoma cuneata H. Wendl. ex Spruce, J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 11: 104. 1869.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1947 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory Shrub. 280-650 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.:Geonoma cuneata var. cuneata,
Geonoma cuneata var. gracilis (H. Wendl.
ex Spruce) Skov, Geonoma cuneata var.
procumbens (H. Wendl. ex Spruce) Skov.
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart., Hist.
Nat. Palm. 2(1): 8-9, t. 7. 1823.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2759 (MO, QCNE).
Understory Shrub. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
54
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Infrasp.: Geonoma interrupta var. euspatha
(Burret) An. Hend.
Geonoma macrostachys Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm.
2: 19, pl. 20. 1823.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmaraldas: Camino vecinal Herrera-Los
Monos 550 m, 24–26 Feb 1995, W. Palacios
13639 (MO, QCNE).
Understory Shrub. 500 m. Amazonia.
Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. Chil. 298. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24 Feb 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12216 (MO, QCNE).
Very common canopy Tree. 200-650 m.
Common name: “Pambil.” Amazonia,
Choco, Mesoamerica.
Pholidostachys synanthera (Mart.) H.E. Moore,
Taxon 18(2): 231. 1969.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4611 (MO, QCNE).
Understory Shrub. 250-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce, J. Linn. Soc.,
Bot. 11: 179-180. 1871. Type: Ecuador:
“Chimborazo, Andes Quitensis,” R. Spruce
64 (HT: K)
Tree. Common name: “Tagua.” Endemic.
Amazonia.
Prestoea decurrens (H. Wendl. ex Burret) H.E.
Moore, Gentes Herb. 9(3): 286. 1963.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4663a (MO, QCNE).
Understory Shrub. 250-600 m. Common name:
“Palmiche.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl., Bonplandia
(Hanover) 8(6): 103. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12217 (QCNE).
Very common canopy Tree. 200-650 m.
Common names: “Patoma,” “Pinnachi.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Synechanthus warscewiczianus H. Wendl., Bot.
Zeitung (Berlin) 16(21): 145. 1858.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996. J.L. Clark 2750 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 200-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Welfia regia Mast., Gard. Chron. 1869: 1236.
1869.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4605 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ucommon in west forest. 250 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Wettinia equalis (O.F. Cook & Doyle) R. Bernal,
Caldasia 17(82-85): 368. 1995. Acrostigma
equale O.F. Cook & Doyle. Type:
Colombia: Cauca: collected in deep, marshy
forests near Córdoba, Dec 1905, C.B. Doyle
s.n. (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12215 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 250-550 m. Common names: “Gualte,”
and “Rosario.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia pilosa Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto
ed.) 2: 146-147, t. 113. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72880
(MO).
Herbaceous vine. 100-280 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Aristolochia sprucei Mast., Fl. Bras. 4(2): 88.
1875.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3043 (MO, QCNE).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Herbaceous vine. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 215. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 50 km N of Pedernales along
new coastal highway, 3 km N of Río
Cojimíes, 50 m, 19 December 1998, D. Neill
& QCNE botany interns 11705 (MO,
QCNE).
Herb or subshrub. 0-100 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Blepharodon mucronatum (Schltdl.) Decne.,
Prodr. 8: 603-604. 1844. Astephanus
mucronatus Schltdl. Linnaea 8(5): 518-519.
1833 [1834].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m,16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
878 (MO, QCNE, UPS).
Herbaceous vine. 200-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Fischeria columbiana Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
37: 623-624. 1906.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 September 1994, J.R. Abbott 15080
(BEREA, MO, QCNE).
Common Herbaceous vine. 250-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Gonolobus fimbriatiflorus (Morillo) W.D.
Stevens, Novon 10(3): 243-244. 2000.
Matelea fimbriatiflora Morillo. Type:
Ecuador: Prov. de Pichincha: 20 km W of
St. Domingo de los Colorados seasonal
rainforest, 1000 ft, 18 Oct 1961, Cazalet &
Pennington 5061 (HT: US; IT: BM, F, K,
NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 11 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
332 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Mesoamerica.
Gonolobus ophioglossa Woodson, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 29(4): 366. 1942.
55
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
965 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Mesoamerica.
Matelea reflexa (Hemsl.) Morillo, Ernstia 24: 39.
1984.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4782
(MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
ASTERACEAE
Acmella sp.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600 m,
13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15039 (BEREA,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 600
m.
Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat.
(ed. 2) 25: 363-364. 1822.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 857 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ageratina sp.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600 m,
13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15054 (BEREA,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 600
m.
Bidens sp.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600 m,
13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15068 (BEREA,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 600
m.
Centratherum punctatum Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat.
(ed. 2) 7: 384. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
56
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
QCNE botany interns 11648 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 200-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Chromolaena roseorum (B.L. Rob.) R.M. King
& H. Rob., Phytologia 20: 205. 1970.
Eupatorium roseorum B.L. Rob. Type:
Ecuador: Guayas: vicinity of Guayaquil, 30
Aug-2 Sep 1918, J.N. Rose & G. Rose 22464
(HT: GH; IT: NY, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11646 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 200-600 m. Amazonia.
Clibadium eggersii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28:
598. 1901. Type: Ecuador: Manabí: Río
Rapallo near El Recreo, 6 Sep 1893, H.
Eggers 15309 (HT: B (dest.); LT: K; ILT: P,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 81 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub in disturbed areas. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Clibadium laxum S.F. Blake, J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
16: 418. 1926. Type: Ecuador: Guayas:
Teresita, 270 m, A.S. Hitchcock. 20430 (HT:
US).
Representative Speciemen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 27
Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2923 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree in disturbed areas. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H. Rob., Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 100(4): 852. 1987.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11507
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Elephantopus mollis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (folio
ed.) 4: 20. 1820 [1818].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11568
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Erechtites prenanthoides (A. Rich.) DC., Prodr.
6: 296. 1837.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1064 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Fleischmannia pratensis (Klatt) R.M. King & H.
Rob., Phytologia 19: 205. 1970.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 50
km N of Pedernales along new coastal
highway, 3 km N of Río Cojimíes, 50, 19
Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11711 (MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb growing in open pasture. 50 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Fulcaldea laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir., Encycl.,
Suppl. 5(2): 575. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11621 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Tree, with spines on trunk. 30-100 m. Common
in dry forest on slopes at Reserva de Lalo
Loor.
Hidalgoa ternata La Llave, Nov. Veg. Descr. 1:
15. 1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
994 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Mesoamerica.
Lycoseris eggersii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29:
75. 1900.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 25
km al sur de Pedernales 5 – 30 m, 11 Oct
1999, T. Delinks 451 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 0-30 m.
Mikania decora Poepp., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 53.
1845.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
57
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 8 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Bobles 1265 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 580-700 m. Amazonia.
(ed. 3) 350. 1839.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 25
km al sur de Pedernales 5–80 m, 11 Oct
1999, Tom Delinkns 417 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 0-100 m. Mesoamerica.
Mikania guaco Bonpl., Pl. Aequinoct. 2(13): 84,
t. 105. 1809 [1811].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1054 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss. ex Aubl.) C.F.
Baker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 12(5): 55.
1902.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1027 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Mikania houstoniana (L.) B.L. Rob., Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts 42: 47. 1906.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 850
m, 18 Feb-5 Mar 1995, W. Palacios, J.L.
Clark & N. Jaramillo 13592 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 850 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Mikania micrantha Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (folio
ed.) 4: 105. 1820 [1818].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Cotacachi-Cayapas 250 m, 2831 Oct 1993, Milton Tirado & P. Asimbaya,
M. Coroso, J. Arroyo 697 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass., Dict. Sci.
Nat. (ed. 2) 34: 501, 502. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Sta. Isabel) 580 m, 19 Feb – 5 Mar 1995,
W. Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo
13554 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 580-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pseudelephantopus spiralis (Less.) Cronquist,
Madrono 20: 255. 1970.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15093 (QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pseudogynoxys bogotensis (Spreng.) Cuatrec.,
Brittonia 8: 156. 1955.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 19 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 866 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Schistocarpha eupatorioides (Fenzl) Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 170. 1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Sta. Isabel) 580 m, 18 Feb–5 Mar 1995,
W. Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo
13553 (QCNE).
Shrub. 580 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piptocarpha poeppigiana (DC.) Baker, Fl. Bras.
6(2): 131. 1873.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 10 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3787 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Verbesina minuticeps S.F. Blake, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 51: 431. 1924. Type: Ecuador:
Guayas: Guayaquil, 0-50 m, Hitchcock, A.S.
20159 (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11643 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 200 m. Endemic.
Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don, Hort. Brit.
Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob.,
58
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Phytologia 73(2): 72. 1992.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
319 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
917, t. 349. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz &
S. Mora 233 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Vernonia patens Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (folio ed.)
4: 32. 1820 [1818].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1066 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Begonia harlingii L.B. Sm. & Wassh., Phytologia
44: 246, pl. 9. 1979. Type: Ecuador. Los
Ríos, 750 m, Harling 487 (HT: S; photo:
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 27 Sep 1997, J.L. Clark 2915 (MO,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb with succulent stems.
400-650 m. Endemic.
Wulffia baccata (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:
373. 1891.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 300 m, 19 Oct 1992 - 24 Oct
1992, Galo Tipaz, C. Aulestia & A. Llanos
2124 (MO).
Herbaceous vine. 300-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
BALANOPHORACEAE
Helosis cayennensis (Sw.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3:
765. 1826.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2901 (MO,
QCNE).
Common root parasite. 100-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens balsamina L., Sp. Pl. 2: 938. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
609 (MO, QCNE).
Common cultivated terrestrial herb. 0-600 m.
Introduced; widely naturalized in the
tropics.
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia glabra Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 916-
Begonia sodiroi C. DC., Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser.
2, 8: 323. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3075 (MO,
QCNE).
Common herbaceous vine. 400-600 m.
Amazonia.
BIGNONIACEAE
Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) Kunth, Nov.
Gen. Sp. 3: 149. 1818[1819].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, C.
Repetur & P. Maas 3816 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Amphitecna latifolia (Mill.) A.H. Gentry, Taxon
25(1): 108. 1976.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11409 (QCNE).
Tree. 0-50 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Anemopaegma chrysanthum Dugand, Caldasia
4(19): 307-309. 1947. Type: Colombia:
Cauca: Costa del Pacífico, río Micay, brazo
Noanamito, orilla derecha, El Chachajo, 2-
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
5 m, 27 Feb 1943, J. Cuatrecasas 14269
(HT: COL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72876
(MO).
Liana. 280-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Arrabidaea verrucosa (Standl.) A.H. Gentry,
Selbyana 2(1): 43. 1977.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72941
(MO).
Liana. 280 m.
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Crescentia cujete L., Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 25
km al sur de Pedernales 5–80 m, 11 Oct
1999, T. Delinks 414 (QCNE).
Common cultivated Tree. 0-100 m. Introduced.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Exarata chocoensis A.H. Gentry, Syst. Bot. 17(3):
503-506, f. 1-3. 1992. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: near Puerto Quito, 350 m, T.
Pennington & J. de la Cruz 10550 (HT:
MO; IT: K, QCNE). (Fig. 9A-B, p.136;
10A-E, p.137).
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, Loma de los
Guerrilleros, 650 m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark
3944 (COL, MO, QCNE, US).
Subcanopy tree, common in wet forest. 100650 m. Common name: “Piedrita.” Chocó.
Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bureau, Kongel.
Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk.
Math. Afd., ser. 6 6(3): 422. 1892.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, Cabaceras del Río Viche,
estero Sabaleta, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4724 (MO, QCNE).
Vine. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
59
3733 (COL, MO, QCNE, US).
Common woody vine. 100-650 m. Chocó.
Schlegelia dressleri A.H. Gentry, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 60(3): 924, f. 32K-O. 1973
[1974].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 6 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber
& J. Plihal 1939 (COL, MO, QCNE).
Common woody vine. 280-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Schlegelia sulphurea Diels, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 14: 39. 1938. Type:
Ecuador: San Carlos de los Colorados,
primaren Regenwald, 150 m, SchultzeRhonhof 2016 (T: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 12 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark 7 (MO,
QCNE).
Common woody vine. 280-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson, Ill.
Dict. Gard. 4: 1. 1887.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11613
(QCNE).
Canopy tree. 100-300 m. Common name:
“Guayacan boqueño.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Tabebuia chrysantha subsp. pluvicola
A.H. Gentry.
Tecoma castanifolia (D. Don) Melch., Ber.
Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 59: 26. 1941.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11632
(QCNE).
Tree or shrub, in dry forest. 0-300 m. Endemic
(coastal Ecuador and coastal NW Peru).
BIXACEAE
Schlegelia darienensis Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1930:
212. 1930.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 500 m, 6 Jan 1997, J.L.
Clark, E. Austen, S. Bennett & D. Kapan
Bixa orellana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 512. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
60
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 27 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass & J. Wolf
74 (MO, QCNE).
Common cultivated shrub. 100-600 m.
Common name: “Achote.” Introduced;
widely cultivated in the tropics.
BOMBACACEAE
Eriotheca globosa (Aubl.) A. Robyns, Bull. Jard.
Bot. Etat 33(1): 142. 1963.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 9 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 173 (MO,
QCNE, WIS).
Common tree in wet forest. 400-600 Amazonia,
Chocó [Possibly a mis-identification; the
taxon in coastal Ecuador and Colombia is
probably distinct from the Amazonian
species; J.L. Fernández-Alonso, pers.
comm.]
Eriotheca ruizii (K. Schum.) A. Robyns, Bull.
Jard. Bot. Etat 33(2): 162. 1963.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Punta Los Frailes 5–60 m, 29 Jun 1999, T.
Delinks & C. Robles 337 (QCNE).
Common tree in dry forest. 0-50 m. Amazonia.
Matisia castano H. Karst. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., ser. 4, 27: 326. 1862.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 12 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1952 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Matisia giacomettoi Romero, Mutisia 33: 16, f.
10, 11. 1970.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 10 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
822 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m.
Matisia grandifolia Little, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 38:
102, f. 18. 1948. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
Sto. Domingo de los Colorados, E.L. Little
6146 (HT: US; IT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5524 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Matisia idroboi Cuatrec., Phytologia 4: 476. 1954.
Synonym: Quararibea idroboi (Cuatrec.) A.
Robyns & S. Nilsson
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4657 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Matisia longipes Little, Phytologia 18: 200, f. 3.
1969. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas: Alto
Tambo, 650 m, lower montane forest, 23
Sep 1965, E.L. Little & R.G. Dixon 21125
(HT: US: IT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Awa 500 m, 21 Jan
1993, C. Aulestia & M. Aulestia 1003 (MO,
QCNE, WIS).
Tree. 280 m. Chocó.
Matisia palenquiana (A. Robyns) W.S. Alverson,
Taxon 38(3): 386. 1989. Quararibea
palenquiana A. Robyns. Type: Ecuador:
Los Rios, 200 m, 22 Feb 1974, A. Gentry
10134 (HT: BR).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12222 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 500-600 m. Endemic.
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb.,
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 5: 123.
1920.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
338 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree in light gaps. 400-600 m.
Common names: “Balsa” or “Boya.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pachira patinoi (Dugand & Robyns) Fern. Alonso,
Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 22(82):
7-12. 1998.
Synonym: Bombacopsis patinoi Dugand &
Robyns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & J.
Richter 3998 (MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy Tree. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Patinoa almirajo Cuatrec., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl.
Agric. Trop. 33(369-370): 309-310, 312, f.
1-2, 6-13. 1953. Type: Colombia: Choco:
La Playa, margen derecha del Río Atrato,
frente a Quibdo, 50 m, 12 Mar 1953, V.M.
Patiño 122 (HT: F). (Fig. 8A).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2961 (MO,
QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree along rivers. Fruits
large (>30 cm) and heavy. 400-600 m.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pseudobombax millei (Standl.) A. Robyns, Bull.
Jard. Bot. Etat 33: 69. 1963. Bombax millei
Standl. Type: Ecuador, L. Mille 868 (HT:
F; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 1129 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, in dry to moist forest. 0-100 m. Endemic.
Quararibea casasecae Fern. Alonso & Castrov.,
Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 59(1): 155, f. 3.
2001. Type: Ecuador. Estación Biologica
Bilsa, Montañas Mache-Chindul, 35 km al
W de Quininde, 650 m, 2 Oct 1996, J.L.
Clark 3000 (HT: QCNE; IT: COL, MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4015 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 500-650 m. Endemic.
Spirotheca awadendron Fern. Alonso, Revista
Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 25(95): 201-203,
f. 9. 2001. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas:
Quinindé. Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul. Bilsa Biological Station, 500 m,
1-10 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen & D.
Kapan 3708 (HT: QCNE; IT: COL, MO,
GH, US, AAU). (Fig. 8C-D, p.135).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
61
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4091 (US, QCNE, COL,
MO).
Emergent canopy tree. 400-650 m. Endemic.
BORAGINACEAE
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken, Allg.
Naturgesch. 3(2): 1098. 1841.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
963 (MO, QCNE).
Common roadside tree. 400-650 m. Common
name, “Laurel Negro.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cordia cylindrostachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. &
Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: 459. 1819.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
906 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Common name: “Tutumbe.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cordia dwyeri Nowicke, Phytologia 18(7): 419420. 1969.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2132 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 280-600 m. Choco, Mesoamerica.
Cordia fallax I.M. Johnst., J. Arnold Arbor 16:
10. 1935.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 May 1996, J.L. Clark 2561 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Cordia hebeclada I.M. Johnst., J. Arnold Arbor.
31: 176. 1950.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11439 (QCNE).
Tree. 0-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Cordia lucidula I.M. Johnst., J. Arnold Arbor.
62
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
21(3): 352-353. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 9 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
809 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree; inflorescence to 1 m wide.
400-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cordia lutea Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 421. 1791.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11627
(QCNE).
Shrub. 100 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Cordia mexiana I.M. Johnst., J. Arnold Arbor. 18:
12. 1937.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 19 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2083 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
C. Robles 1205 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tournefortia bicolor Sw., Prodr. 40. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
602 (MO, QCNE).
Scandent subshrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tournefortia delicatula J.S. Mill. Novon 7(3):
265-267, f. 1. 1997.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2625
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Amazonia.
Cordia spinescens L., Mant. Pl. 2: 206. 1771.
Synonym: Varronia spinescens (L.) Borhidi.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Nov 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
230 (MO, QCNE).
Common shrub along disturbed roadsides. 250600. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tournefortia gigantifolia Killip ex J.S. Mill.,
Novon 10(1): 49-51, fig. 1. 2000. Type:
Ecuador: Napo: Reserva Biologica Jatun
Sacha, ca. 8 km ESE of Puerto Misahualli,
J.S. Miller, W. Wilbert & S.F.S. Med. Bot.
Class. 2321 (HT: MO, IT: QCA, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2686
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Heliotropium curassavicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 130.
1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11611 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100 m. Mesoamerica.
Tournefortia hirsutissima L., Sp. Pl. 1: 140. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 1984 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Heliotropium indicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 130. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3696 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tournefortia maculata Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 14.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4234 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tournefortia angustiflora Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv.
2: 25-26, t. 151, f. a. 1799.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Para de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 5 Mar
1997, H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda &
BROMELIACEAE
Aechmea aciculosa Mez & Sodiro, Bull. Herb.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Boissier, ser. 2, 4: 620. 1904. Type: Ecuador,
Sodiro 171/2 (B destr., photo: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Apr 1995, John L.Clark & Ivonne
Troya 690 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Common epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Aechmea angustifolia Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen.
Sp. Pl. 2: 43, t. 159. 1838.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, C.
Bergman, H. Lintz & S. Mora 296 (MO,
QCNE, SEL).
Common epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Aechmea mexicana Baker, J. Bot. 17: 165. 1879.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Padernales 5 m, 28 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11432
(QCNE).
Epiphyte. 0-50 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Aechmea pyramidalis Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur
173. 1846. Type: Ecuador. Guayaquil,
Sinclair s.n. (HT: K; photo: GH).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11523
(MO).
Epiphyte, 100-600 m.
Catopsis sessiliflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, Monogr.
Phan. 9: 625. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1997, J.L. Clark 2800 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte, 200-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Guzmania alborosea H. Luther, Selbyana 9: 187,
f. 1986. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
Centinela, montañas de la Ila, km 12 on road
from Patricia Pilar to Flor de Mayo, 600 m,
C.H. Dodson, M. Fallen & P. Morgan 8422
(HT: SEL; IT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11353
(MO).
63
Eipiphyte. 700 m. Endemic.
Guzmania amplectens L.B. Sm., Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 29: 292, f. 16. 1949.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11340
(QCNE).
Epiphyte. 700 m. Chocó.
Guzmania angustifolia (Baker) Wittm., Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 11: 62. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
830 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Common epiphyte. 300-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Guzmania eduardii André ex Mez.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 69 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez, Monogr. Phan. 9:
899. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 43
km al norte de Pedernales, 100 m, 19 Dec
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11726 (QCNE).
Epiphyte. 50-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Guzmania lingulata var. cardinalis
(André) André ex Mez.
Guzmania monostachia (L.) Rusby ex Mez,
Monogr. Phan. 9: 905. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10-13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark & P.
Hibbs 2853 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Guzmania remyi L.B. Sm., Phytologia 19: 285, t.
1, f. 16-18 . 1970. Type: Ecuador: BolívarGuayas: forests between Guaranda and
Bodegas (Babahoyo), Nov 1856, E.J. Remy
s.n. (HT: P; IT: US).
64
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark & K. Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2364 (MO, QCNE).
Common epiphyte. 300-700 m. Endemic.
Guzmania rhonhofiana Harms, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 329. 1939. Type:
Ecuador: Los Ríos: San Carlos de los
Colordos, 19 Oct 1935, H. SchultzeRhonhof 1981 (HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3020 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 500 m. Chocó
Guzmania scherzeriana Mez, Monogr. Phan. 9:
949. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2701
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pitcairnia bakeri (André) André ex Mez, Monogr.
Phan. 9: 460. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Mar–11 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark &
Y. Troya 586 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb, 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Pitcairnia brongniartiana André, Enum. Bromel.
5. 1888.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 869 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Pitcairnia clarkii H. Luther, Selbyana 18(1): 98.
1997. Type: Ecuador. Esmeradas: Quinindé,
Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains,
35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W Santa Isabel,
00 21’N 79 44’W, 400-600 m Premontane
wet forest, 28 Mar-11 Apr 1995, J. L. Clark
& Y. Troya 528 (HT: SEL; IT: MO, QCA,
QCNE). (Fig. 7A-B, p.134).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 67 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Terrestrial or epiphytic subsrub. 400-600 m.
Endemic.
Pitcairnia ferrell-ingramiae H. Luther &
Dalström, J. Bromeliad Soc. 47(5): 231.
1997. Type: Ecuador. Imbabura: Los Cedros
Reserve, 1550-1600 m. 25 Mar 1996, S.
Dallström, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-Ingram
2236 (HT: SEL). (Fig. 7D-E, p.134).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2984 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte, stems subwoody. 400-600 m.
Endemic.
Pitcairnia sceptrigera Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 3: 7. 1906. Type: Ecuador:
Manabí: Hacienda El Recreo, ca 50 m, H.
Eggers 15061 (HT: B; IT: F; photo: F(B)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4328
(MO, QCNE, SEL).
Terrestrial, stems subwoody. 300-700 m.
Amazonia.
Racinaea multiflora (Benth.) M.A. Spencer &
L.B. Sm., Phytologia 74(2): 155. 1993.
Tillandsia multiflora Benth. Type: Ecuador.
Guayas, Cuming 1269 (HT: K; photo: GH).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cojimíes 100 m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R.
Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4257 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 100 m.
Tillandsia balbisiana Schult. f., Syst. Veg. 7(2):
1212. 1830.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
colectada en pastizal, cerca Pedernales,
carretera a San Vicente, 5 m, 13 Apr 2001,
José M. Manzanares 7418 (QCNE).
Epiphyte. 5 m. Amazonia.
Tillandsia complanata Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur
173. 1846. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Atacames, Sinclair s.n. (HT: K; photo: GH).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mtns. Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Ambache, 250 m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark,
R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4218 (MO,
QCNE, SEL).
Epiphyte. 50-700 m. Amazonia.
Tillandsia cornuta Mez & Sodiro, Bull. Herb.
Boissier, ser. 2, 5: 106. 1905. Type: Ecuador:
Bolivar: Balsapamba, Oct 1890, Sodiro 171/
42 (HT: B; photo: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 26 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 429 (MO,
QCNE, SEL).
Common Epiphyte. 280-700 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch,
Wochenschr. Gartnerei Pflanzenk. 10: 140.
1867.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 6 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1942 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 280-700 m. Endemic.
Tillandsia distichia Vell., Fl. Flumin. 136. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Paraíso
de Papagayos, 200 m, 6 Jul 1997, J.L. Clark
2781 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Epiphyte. 0-200 m. Chocó.
Tillandsia narthecioides C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk.
1(2): 125. 1827.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 28 Mar-11 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark &
Y. Troya 638 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Epiphyte. 0-600 m. Chocó.
Tillandsia venusta Mez & Wercklé, Bull. Herb.
Boissier, ser. 2, 5: 108. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K. Cunningham
& C. Roberts 1692 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Common Epiphyte. 250-600 m. Mesoamerica.
Vriesea barclayana (Baker) L.B. Sm., Contr. U.S.
65
Natl. Herb. 29(10): 517, f. 75. 1951.
Tillandsia barclayana Baker. Type:
Ecuador: Guayas: Valdivia, Nov 1836,
Barclay 622 (HT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11642 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 0-200 m.
Werauhia paupera (Mez & Sodiro) J.R. Grant,
Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 91: 47. 1995.
Thecophyllum pauperum Mez & Sodiro.
Vriesea paupera (Mez & Sodiro) L.B. Sm.
& Pittendr., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43: 403.
1953. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: slopes of
Pichincha, ca. 75 m, Jul 1886, Sodiro 171/
18 (HT: B; photo: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & Heather
Lintz 158 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Werauhia vittata (Mez & Wercklé ex Mez) J.R.
Grant, Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 91: 38.
1995, Vriesea vittata (Mez & Wercklé) L.B.
Sm. & Pittendr., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43: 403.
1953[1954]. Thecophyllum vittatum Mez &
Wercklé.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 7 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, M.S. Bass &
N. Pitman 157 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Mesoamerica.
BURMANNIACEAE
Gymnosiphon sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3683 (QCNE).
Saprophyte, in wet forest.
BURSERACEAE
Protium ecuadorense Benoist, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France 81: 324. 1934. Type: Ecuador.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Recinto Palma Junta 80 m, 20
May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
66
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
12745 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 50-200 m. Common name: “Copal
Blanco,” “Anime.” Chocó.
Tetragastris varians Little, J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
38: 96, f. 6. 1948. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: San Lorenzo, 10 m, 10 Apr
1943, E.L. Little 6292 (HT: MAD; IT: F,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72775 (MO).
Tree, in wet forest, 280 m. Common name:
“Anime.” Endemic.
BUTOMACEAE
Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau, Index Crit.
Butom. Alism. Juncag. 13. 1868.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4933
(MO, QCNE).
Aquatic succulent herb, 200 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3050 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 200-500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
CAMPANULACEAE
Burmeistera brachyandra E. Wimm., Pflanzenr.
276b: 129. 1943. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Parroquia de Concepción,
Playa Rica, Y. Mexía 8432 (HT: W; IT: BM,
F, G, MO, NY, OXF, U, UC, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2935 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub. 600 m. Endemic.
Burmeistera crassifolia (E. Wimm.) E. Wimm.,
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 33, t. 125.
1932.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 178 (MO,
QCNE).
Scandent Shrub. 400-600 m. Endemic.
CACTACEAE
Epiphyllum columbiense (F.A.C. Weber) Dodson
& A.H. Gentry, Selbyana 2(1): 31. 1977.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2699
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 300-700 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Epiphyllum rubrocoronatum (Kimnach) Dodson
& A.H. Gentry, Selbyana 2(1): 31. 1977.
Epiphyllum
phyllanthus
var.
rubrocoronatum Kimnach. Type:
Ecuador: Chimborazo: along Río Chimbo
at La Isla), 1958, Horich, C.K. s.n. (cult.
UC-58.790) (HT: HNT; IT: K, UC, US)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 20 m, 16 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11599 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 0-50 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Rhipsalis micrantha (Kunth) DC., Prodr. 3: 476.
1828.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Burmeistera crispiloba Zahlbr., Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 528. 1915. Type:
Sodiro 91/24.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
499 (MO, QCNE).
Scandent subshrub. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Amazonia.
Burmeistera cyclostigmata Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz.
20(7): 291. 1895.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24-25 Feb 1995, W. Palacios 13636
(MO, OSH, QCNE).
Shrub. 550 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Burmeistera multiflora Zahlbr., Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 530. 1915. Type:
Ecuador, Karsten s.n. (LT: W; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11374
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
(MO, OSH).
Shrub. 500 m. Chocó.
Burmeistera smaragdi Lammers, Novon 12(2):
213-214, f. 6. 2002. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Bilsa Biological
Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km W of
Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabel, road
between the station and the SE Ridge Trail,
00º21’N, 79º44’W, premontane wet forest,
400-600 m, 19 Sep. 1994, M.S. Bass & N.
Pittman 22 (HT: OSH; IT: MO, QCNE).
(Fig. 7C, p.134).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 13 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 27 (MO, QCNE, F).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch.
Club Soc. Brit. Isles 3(5): 416. 1914.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2747 (MO, QCNE).
Scandent subshrub in disturbed forest. 50-200
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Centropogon granulosus C. Presl, Prodr. Monogr.
Lobel. 3(5): 416. 1836.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, C.
Bergman, H. Lintz, & S. Mora 287 (MO,
QCNE).
Scandent subshrub in disturbed forest, 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.:Centropogon granulosus subsp.
granulosus.
Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist.
3: 717. 1834.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2697
(MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas.
300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
CANNACEAE
67
Canna indica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 1. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4104 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 500-650 m.
Common name: “Lágrimas de San Pe.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Canna tuerckheimii Kraenzl., Pflanzenr. IV.
47(Heft 56): 70. 1912.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2704
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 300-700 m.
Common name: “Lágrimas de San Pe.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CAPPARACEAE
Capparis bonifaziana X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis,
Novon 15(3): 397. 2005. Type: Ecuador.
Los Rios: Hcda. Clementina, Puerta Negra,
9 Oct 2003, X. Cornejo & C. Bonifaz 7812
(IT: MO, WIS). (Fig. 8B, p.135; 14A-F,
p.141).
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 500 m, 15 Jan 1997, J.L.
Clark, L. Chatrou, C. Repetur & P. Maas
3805 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory Shrub. 50-600 m.
Endemic.
Capparis crotonoides Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5:
95, t. 437. 1821.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 70
m, 21 Nov 1993, Lindsay Woodruff and
Tamara Núñez 579 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 0-100 m. Amazonia.
Capparis ecuadorica H.H. Iltis, Selbyana 2(2-3):
303-306, pl. 1. 1978. Type: Ecuador: Los
Ríos: Río Palenque Field Station, 56 km
north of Quevedo on Santo Domingo de los
Colorados Highway, wet forest, 200 m, 16
Feb 1974, A. Gentry 9973 (HT: WIS; IT:
MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cuchilla Seca 450 m, 22 Jan 1991, A. Gentry
& C. Josse 72626 (MO).
Tree. 0-100 m. Endemic.
68
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Capparis frondosa Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 24.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Punta Los Frailes 5–60 m, 29 Jun 1999, T.
Delinks & C. Robles 341 (QCNE).
Shrub. 0-100 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Capparis petiolaris Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 91.
1821.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Estero Manta Blanca 100-200 m, 24 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72719 (MO).
Shrub. 0-100 m.
Morisonia americana L., Sp. Pl. 1: 503. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Parque Nacional Machalilla, 80-100 m, 18
Jan 1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72389 (MO,
WIS).
Tree. 0-100 m. Chocó, Mesoamericana.
Podandrogyne brevipedunculata Cochrane,
Selbyana 2(1): 32 (-36), t. 9, 10. 1977. Type:
Ecuador: Eslmeraldas: Parroquia de
Concepción, El Sajado on Río Santiago,
clearing, 60 m,15 Dec 1936, Y. Mexía 8443
(HT: UC: IT: BM, F, G, GB, GH, K, MO,
NY, U, UC, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 11 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
695 (MO, QCNE)
Suffrutescent Shrub. 200-600 m. Endemic.
Podandrogyne jamesonii (Briq.) Cochrane,
Novon 7(4): 353. 1997 [1998].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 5 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark & K.
Chamberlain 364 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Steriphoma urbani Eggers, Bot. Centralbl. 73: 67.
1898. Type: Ecuador: Manabí, El Recreo,
H. Eggers 15404 (HT: B; IT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 250 m, 28 Nov 1999,
T. Delinks 519 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 250 m. Endemic.
CARICACEAE
Carica microcarpa Jacq., Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 3:
32-33, t. 309-310. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
687 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Common name: “Col de
Monte.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Carica microcarpa subsp. baccata
(Heilborn) V.M. Badillo.
Carica parviflora (A. DC.) Solms, Fl. Bras. 13(3):
177. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal, 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11629
(QCNE).
Unbranched pachycaul Tree. 0-600 m.
Amazonia.
Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) A. DC., Prodr. 15(1):
419. 1864.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 March 1996, J.L. Clark & Karl Berg,
J. Leffingwell 2351 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 500 m. Common name:
“Papayuela” & “Tambora.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Stellaria ovata Willd. ex Schltdl., Ges. Naturf.
Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck.
Gesammten Naturk. 7: 196-197. 1816.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& L. Kueppers 886 (MO, PRC, QCNE).
Sprawling herb in disturbed areas. 600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CECROPIACEAE
Cecropia hispidissima Cuatrec., Revista Acad.
Colomb. Ci. Exact. 9: 325. 1956. Type:
Colombia: Valle: Río San Juan, below
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
69
Queremal, J. Cuatrecasas 23986 (HT: US;
IT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4885
(MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy Tree. 400-700 m.
Common name: “Guarumo.” Chocó,
Mesoamerica
Coussapoa villosa Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Sp.
Pl. 2: 33, pl. 147. 1838.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4629 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy strangler. 40-600 m. Common name:
“Mata palo.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol., Novi Comment.
Acad. Sci. Inst. Bononiensis 4: 439. 1840.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4889
(MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pourouma bicolor Mart., Syst. Mat. Med. Veg.
Bras. 2: 33, pl. 147. 1843.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4811
(MO, QCNE).
Understory Tree. 300-600 m. Common name:
“Uva de Monte.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Pourouma bicolor subsp. scobina
(Benoist) C.C. Berg & Exuden.
Cecropia reticulata Cuatrec., Revista Acad.
Colomb. Ci. Exact. 6: 279. 1945. Type:
Colombia: Valle: Río Digua, Piedra de
Moler, J. Cuatrecasas 15117 (HT: COL; IT:
F, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4806
(MO, QCNE).
Understory Tree. 20-600 m. Common name:
“Guarumo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Coussapoa contorta Cuatrec., Caldasia 7: 289.
1956.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5559 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy strangler. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Coussapoa herthae Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 14: 29. 1938. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: San Carlos de los
Colorados, 5 Oct 1935, Schultze-Rhonhof
1953 (HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5567 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy strangler. Common name:
“Mata palo.” 400-600 m. Chocó.
Pourouma guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 2:
892, t. 341. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2900 (MO,
QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 500 m. Common name: “Uva
silvestre.” Amazonia.
Infrasp.: Pourouma guianensis subsp.
guianensis.
CELASTRACEAE
Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq.,
Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneve 20:
361. 1919.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12195 (MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 500 m. Common
name: “Chuchuhuasu.” Amazonia, Chocó.
Perrottetia distichophylla Cuatrec., Lloydia 11:
24. 1949.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30
January 1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C.
Josse 72974 (MO).
70
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Perrottetia sessiliflora Lundell, Phytologia 1(14):
451-452. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2965 (MO,
QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Couepia platycalyx Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot. 27:
66. 1950.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4639 (K, MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 250 m. Common name:
“Chachaho.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hirtella mutisii Killip & Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot.
27(2): 112. 1951.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas : Pariso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2771 (K, MO, QCNE,
US).
Common understory tree. 180-500 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Licania celiae Prance, Mem. New York Bot. Gard.
64: 198-201, f. 1. 1990. Type: Ecuador:
Napo: Parque Nacional Yasuni, 0 º155’S,
76 º111’W, 200 m, 28 May-8 Jun 1988,
C.E. Cerón & F. Hurtado 3843 (HT: K; IT:
MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Mar 199, J.L. Clark & P. Nutt (K,
MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 500 m. Amazonia.
Common understory shrub. 400-600 m.
Amazonia.
Clusia bracteosa Cuatrec., Revista Acad. Colomb.
Ci. Exact. 8: 46. 1950. Type: Colombia:
Valle: Río Naya, brazo Aji, along Calle
Larga, 4 m, Cuatrecasas 14293 (HT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 21 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 95 (MO, QCNE).
Common woody hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m.
Chocó.
Clusia caudata (Planch. & Triana) Pipoly, Sida
17(4): 766. 1997. Type: Colombia: Choco:
Pacific coast, 1100-1700 m, 1851-1857, J.
Triana s.n. (HT: P; IT: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas:Fila de Bilsa, 7 km E of San
Jose de Bilsa,12 km SE of El Salto on
Atacames-Muisne Road, A. Gentry, R.
Foster & C. Josse 72973 (AAU, BRIT,
MO).
Woody hemiepiphyte. 200-300 m. Chocó.
Clusia hammeliana Pipoly, Fl. Venez. Guayana
4: 273. 1998.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham & C. Roberts 1637 (BRIT,
MO, QCNE).
Woody vine in mature forest. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CLUSIACEAE
Clusia laurifolia Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot. 13: 344. 1860. Type: Colombia:
Cordillere du Choco., Triana s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
518 (MO, QCNE).
Woody hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Chrysochlamys macrophylla Pax, Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 111. 1909.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 7 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, M.S. Bass &
N. Pitman 154 (MO, QCNE).
Clusia loranthacea Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 13: 346-347. 1860. Type:
Colombia: forest of Chocó, 100 m, Triana
s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11376
(MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Clusia pallida Engl., Fl. Bras. 12(1): 414. 1888.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 6 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3747 (BRIT, MO,
QCNE, US).
Woody vine in mature forest. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Clusia thurifera Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., ser. 4, 13: 364-365. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham & C. Roberts 1644 (BRIT,
MO, QCNE).
Woody vine in mature forest. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Garcinia macrophylla Mart., Flora 24(Band 2):
35. 1841.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark, K. Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2367 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Madroño silvestre.” Amazonia, Choco,
Mesoamerica.
Marila laxiflora Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club
6(1): 9. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mtns. Mache-Chindul,
Comunidad Caña Braval, Cabaceras del Río
Viche, estero Sabaleta, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998,
J.L. Clark 4669 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Symphonia globulifera L. f., Suppl. Pl. 302. 1781
[1782].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Comunidad Caña Braval,
Cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4686 (MO,
QCNE).
71
Canopy tree. 200-300 m. Common name :
“Asufre,” “Machare.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tovomita weddelliana Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 14: 277-278. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecologica MacheChindul, Comunidad Ambache (vía
marginal de la costa-Chindul), 25 Mar 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4170 (MO,
QCNE).
Common understory tree. 200-600 m. Common
name: “Mangle de Montaña.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Vismia sprucei Sprague, Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinburgh 22: 428. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 22 Jun 1995, J.L. Clark & Erik
Calhoun 1218 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree along disturbed roadsides. 400600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.,
Syst. Veg. 2: 596. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales, 300 m, 14 Mar 1997, H. Vargas,
X, Aguirre, R. Miranda & C. Robles 1362
(MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 0-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum laxum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 19.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, C. Aulestia,
J. Kellermann, and F. Vetel 2882 (MO,
QCNE).
Liana. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Conocarpus erectus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 176. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 4 km
al sur de Pedernales, 0 m, 15 Dec 1998, D.
72
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11503 (MO,
QCNE).
Common tree in lowland mangrove vegetation.
0 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn., Suppl.
Carp. 1: 176. 1807.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 4
km al su de Pedernales, 0 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11502
(MO, QCNE).
Common tree in lowland mangrove vegetation.
0 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Quisqualis indica L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 1: 556. 1762.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, 2 Dec 1995, J.L. Clark
& K. Cunningham 1720 (MO,QCNE).
Cultivated shrub. 0-100 m. Introduced. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
COMMELINACEAE
Aneilema beniniense (P. Beauv.) Kunth.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3963 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb. 400-650 m. Introduced from
Africa.
Callisia cordifolia (Sw.) E.S. Anderson &
Woodson, Contr. Arnold Arbor. 9: 117.
1935.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 30 km S of
Pedernales on coastal highway, 100 m, 15
Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11527 (MO, QCNE, US).
Creeping terrestrial herb. 0-100 m.
Mesoamerica.
Commelina diffusa Burm. f., Fl. Indica 9: 117.
1768.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 600 m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R.
Abbott 15101 (BEREA, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standl., Lista Pl.
Salvador 48. 1925.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
610 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common shrub in light gaps. 280-800 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Dichorisandra ulei J.F. Macbr., Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Bot. Ser. 11(1): 8. 1931.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1004 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brückn.,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10(91):
56. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
752 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Tradescantia zanonia (L.) Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 1:
604. 1797.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4736 (MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
CONNARACEAE
Connarus ecuadorensis G. Schellenb., Pflanzenr.
IV. 127(Heft 103): 238. 1938. Type:
Ecuador: Guayas: Balao, Feb 1892, H.
Eggers 14398 (HT: M).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 23 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 408 (COL,
MO, NY, QCNE).
Rare tree, 3 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Connarus nervatus Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot.
27(2): 100-101. 1951. Type: Colombia:
Valle: Costa del Pacifico, Río Cajambre,
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
quebrada de Guapecinto, 5 m, 16 May 1944,
Cuatrecasas 17713 (HT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station,
Dogala trail, 400-600 m, 23 Jan 1995, J.L.
Clark & Y. Troya 572 (COL, MO, NY,
QCNE).
Rare woody liana. 200-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Dicranostyles sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 24 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark & P. Nutt
4130 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy woody liana. 400-600 m, wet
forest.
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 465.
1793.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
583 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial vine along sunny disturbed
roadsides. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ipomoea phyllomega (Vell.) House, Ann. New
York Acad. Sci. 18: 246. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 27 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
905 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial vine along sunny disturbed
roadsides. 400-600 m.
Maripa sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 7 km E of San
Jose de Bilsa,12 km SE of El Salto on
Atacames-Muisne Road, 30 Jan 1991, A.
Gentry & C. Josse 72924 (MO).
Liana. 200-600 m, wet forest.
COSTACEAE
Costus guanaiensis Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
73
29(12): 694. 1902.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 400–600 m, 7 Dec 1994,
J.L. Clark 377 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb to 2 m tall. 250-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Costus guanaiensis
var.
macrostrobilus (K. Schum.) Maas, Costus
guanaiensis var. tarmicus (Loes.) Maas.
Costus laevis Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 1: 3. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3938 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb, ca. 1.5 m tall. 650 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Costus lima K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV. 46(Heft 20):
388-389. 1904.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3045 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb to 3.5 m tall. 200-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Costus lima var. scabremarginatus
Maas
Costus longebracteolatus Maas, Fl. Neotrop. 8:
72, f. 33. 1972.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3967 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb, ca. 2 m tall. 650 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Costus pulverulentus C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1(2):
111. 1827.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11581.
Terrestrial herb to 2 m tall. 10-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
CUCURBITACEAE
Cayaponia macrocalyx Harms, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9(89): 994. 1926.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400-
74
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 7 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
791 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cayaponia oppositifolia Harms, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 994. 1926.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Ivonne
Troya 621 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Gurania eriantha (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn., Diagn.
Cucurb. Nouv. 1: 16. 1876.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 5 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3720 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Gurania lobata (L.) Pruski, Brittonia 51(3): 329.
1999.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 2 Oct 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
788 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 280-600 m. Chocó.
Gurania pedata Sprague, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc.
Edinburgh 22: 433. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 9 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3774 (MO, QCNE).
Vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 8 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1044 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m, wet forest.
Momordica charantia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1009. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km N of Pedernales along coastal highway,
just above tidal estuary of Río Cojimiés, 28
Aug 1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11420 (MO, QCNE, US).
Herbaceous vine in sunny disturbed sites. 0-20
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psiguria sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & J.L.
Clark 937 (MO, QCNE).
Vine. 400-600 m, wet forest.
Selysia prunifera (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn.,
Monogr. Phan. 3: 736. 1881.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Nov 1994, R. Abbott 15234 (MO,
NY, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Sicydium sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72896
(MO).
Vine. 200-300 m, wet forest.
CYCLANTHACEAE
Gurania tubulosa Cogn., Diagn. Cucurb. Nouv.
1: 17, 30-31. 1876. Type: Ecuador: at base
of Mt. Chimborazo, 2600 ft, Aug 1860, R.
Spruce 6150 (HT: K-HOOK).
Synonym: Gurania megistantha J.D. Sm.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 68 (MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Mesoamerica.
Melothria sp.
Asplundia vagans Harling, Acta Horti Berg. 18(1):
170-172, f. 45H-M, t. 16. 1958. Type:
Colombia: Chocó: Río San Juan, on the
right side, Quebrada del Taparal, 5-20 m,
30 May 1946, J Cuatrecasas 21440 (HT:
VALLE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz &
S. Mora 279 (MO, QCNE).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. Chil. 18(1): 170-172, f. 45H-M, t.
16. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11428 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 5-600 m. Common name: “Paja
Toquilla.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Carludovica rotundifolia H. Wendl. ex Hook. f.,
Bot. Mag. 115: t. 7083. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 26 Sep 1994, N. Pitman 724 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. ex A. Rich., Dict.
Class. Hist. Nat. 5: 222. 1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
(MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Dianthoveus cremnophilus Hammel & G. Wilder,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76(1): 113, f. 15, 7-9. 1989. Type: Ecuador: Pichicha:
Quito to Sto Domingo de los Colroados, Río
Pilatón valley, 44 km E of Sto Domingo,
on steep wet slope along highway, 1200 m,
B. Hammel & G. Wilder 16058 (HT: MO;
IT: COL, DUKE, F, GB, K, NY, QCA,
PARIS, S, SEL, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & N. Pitman
110 (MO, QCNE).
Common herb growing along streams. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Dicranopygium cuatrecasanum Harling, Acta
Horti Berg. 18(1): 312, f. 4h, 80j, t. 73.
1958. Type: Colombia: Valle: Río Calima,
region of Chocó, hills opposite Quebrada
75
de la Brea, 30-50 m, 18 May 1946, J
Cuatrecasas 21096 (HT: VALLE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark, B. Adnepos
& J. Wolf 123 (MO, QCNE).
Common herb growing along streams. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm., Bih. Kongl.
Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 26(3/8): 8.
1900.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 Sep 1994, R. Abbot 15025
(BEREA, QCNE).
Hemiepihyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
CYPERACEAE
Cyperus luzulae (L.) Rottb. ex Retz., Observ. Bot.
4: 11. 1786.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 50 km al norte de Pedernales
50 m, 19 Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE
botany interns 11712 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 50-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Eleocharis elegans (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.,
Syst. Veg. 2: 150. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Neill & K.
Zambrano 3425 (MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Rhynchospora watsonii (Britton) Davidse, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(2): 529. 1974.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, along
Río Cubé, 400–600 m, 26 Sep 1994, R.
Abbot 15320 (BEREA, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
DICHAPETALACEAE
Stephanopodium cuspidatum Prance, Kew Bull.
50(2): 302, 304-305, f. 3. 1995. Type:
76
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Ecuador: Esmeraldas: Río Lita, sector El
Cristal, 20 Aug 1989, 1450 m, W. Palacios
4376 (HT: K; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4673 (K, MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 250 m. Chocó.
DILLENIACEAE
Doliocarpus major J.F. Gmel., Syst. Nat. 1: 805.
1791.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Duna, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4210 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Doliocarpus major subsp. major.
Doliocarpus multiflorus Standl., J. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 15(13): 285. 1925.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72752 (MO).
Liana. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tetracera hydrophila Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 17: 20-21. 1862.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Pariso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4948
(MO, QCNE).
Liana. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological
Station, Mache Mtns, 35 km W of Quinindé,
500 m, 00º21’N, 79º44’W, J.L. Clark 3003
(HT: MO; IT: K, MO, QCNE, US). (Fig.
2C, p.129).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 12 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
846 (MO, QCNE).
Rare canopy tree with yellow inner bark. 400600 m. Common name: “Amagro.”
Endemic.
ELAEOCARPACEAE
Sloanea fragrans Rusby, Mem. New York Bot.
Gard. 7: 294. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 3 Apr 1996, J.L. Clark & Karl Berg, J.
Leffingwell 2382 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common
name: “Catarata.” Amazonia, Chocó.
Sloanea stipitata Spruce ex Benth., J. Proc. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2): 68-69. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 14 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz &
S. Mora 232 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Achiotillo.”
Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
ERICACEAE
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Neill & K.
Zambrano 3430 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine in disturbed sunny areas. 400600 m..
Anthopterus wardii Ball, Hooker’s Icon. Pl.
15(3): 51-52, t. 1465. 1884.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, John L. C lark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3694 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Common subwoody vine. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
EBENACEAE
Diospyros esmereg B. Walln., Ann. Naturhist.
Mus. Wien, Ser. B, Bot. Zool. 101(B): 568570, f. 1. 1999. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas,
Quinindé Cantón: Mache-Chindul
Disterigma utleyorum Wilbur & Luteyn, Brittonia
29(3): 259-260. 1977.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
m, 21 Feb 1996, John L. C lark 2125 (MO,
NY, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Mesoamerica.
Macleania subsessilis Luteyn, Fl. Ecuador 54:
142. 1996. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas:
Cantón San Lorenzo, 13.5 km S of Lita,
property of Dr. Lalama, 1220-1350 m, 2
Nov 1992, J. L. Luteyn, D. S. Sylva & C.
Quelal 14729 (HT: NY; IT: AAU, CAS, E,
GB, K, MEXU, MO, MSC, P, QCA, TEX,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3664 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Common woody vine. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Psammisia aberrans A.C. Sm., J. Arnold Arbor.
27: 95. 1946.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3097 (MO,
QCNE).
Common woody vine. 400-800 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Psammisia debilis Sleumer, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 42: 258. 1937. Type: Colombia:
Cauca, von Sneidern 914 (HT: S; photo:
NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark 6 (MO,
QCNE).
Common woody vine. 280-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Psammisia debilis var. debilis.
Psammisia ferruginea A.C. Sm., Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 28(2): 391-392, t. 10. 1932.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3078 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Woody vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Psammisia sodiroi Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42:
306. 1909.
77
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3082 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Woody vine. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Sphyrospermum buxifolium Poepp. & Endl.,
Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 4-5, t. 8. 1835.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2633
(MO, NY, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sphyrospermum cordifolium Benth., Pl. Hartw.
222. 1846.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 29 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Ivonne
Troya 531 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Thibaudia albiflora A.C. Sm., Phytologia 1(6):
209-210. 1937. Type: Ecuador: [Cotopaxí]
León: Cantón Pajili, Hda. Solento, near
Santa Rosa, 1000 m, 17-20 Nov 1934 (fl),
Y. Mexía 6682 (HT: NY; IT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4293
(MO, NY, QCNE).
Woody vine. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Thibaudia litensis Luteyn, Fl. Ecuador 54: 292.
1996. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas: Cantón
San Lorenzo, El Cristal, near border with
Imbabura, 1300 m, W. A. Palacios 6913
(HT: QCNE; IT: NY). (Fig. 9C-D, p.136).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2933 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Woody vine. 500-600 m. Endemic.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Erythroxylon patens Ruiz ex O.E. Schulz.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
78
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11372
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 500 m. Amazonia.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4934
(DAV, MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 500-600 m. Mesoamerica
Acalypha cuneata Poepp., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3:
22. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11543
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 150-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Croton aequatoris Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 21:
88. 1940. Type: Ecuado, Manabí, El Recreo,
H. Eggers 15498 (HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, 24 km S of Pedernales, N of Reserva
de Lalo Loor, 7 Oct 1999, T. Delinks & C.
Robles 382 (MO, QCNE, WIS).
Shrub. 100-200 m. Endemic.
Acalypha diversifolia Jacq., Pl. Hort. Schoenbr.
2: 63, pl. 244. 1797.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, along
Río Cubé, 600 m, 26 September 1994, J.R.
Abbott 15317 (BEREA, QCNE).
Shrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Mesoamerica
Croton aff. pachypodus G.L Webster, Notizbl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 264. 1925.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4085 (DAV, MO,
QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 600-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Acalypha macrostachya Jacq., Pl. Hort. Schoenbr.
2: 63, pl. 245. 1797.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3766 (DAV, MO,
QCNE).
Shrub. 500-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Acalypha villosa Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 32. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4720 (DAV, MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 500-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica
Alchornea latifolia Sw., Prodr. 98. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4021 (DAV, MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree. 500-650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cleidion castaneifolium Müll. Arg., Linnaea 34:
184. 1865.
Drypetes brownii Standl., Trop. Woods 20: 2021. 1929.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 4 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
728 (DAV, MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree, 5-12 m tall. 400-650
m. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemão, Hieronima
alchorneoides 20: 20-21. 1848.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4882
(DAV, MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Common name: “Mascarey.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Mabea sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4863
(DAV, MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 10 m tall. 400-600 m.
Manihot brachyloba Müll. Arg., Fl. Bras. 11(2):
451. 1874.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
79
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4379
(DAV, MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Plukenetia volubilis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1192. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3953 (DAV, MO,
QCNE).
Vine. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Margaritaria nobilis L. f., Suppl. Pl. 428. 1781
[1782].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4896
(DAV, MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1007. 1753.
Common terrestrial subshrub along roads. 0800 m. Common name: Higuerilla.”
Introduced and cultivated.
Omphalea diandra L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 428.
1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4388 (MO, QCNE).
Woody vine. 150 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pausandra trianae (Müll. Arg.) Baill., Adansonia
11: 92. 1873.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3026 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Phyllanthus anisolobus Müll. Arg., Prodr. 15(2):
382. 1866.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, along
Río Dogala, 400–600 m, 7 Dec 1994, J.L.
Clark 374 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Barbasco.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) G.L. Webster, Contr.
Gray Herb. 176: 53. 1955.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
584 (DAV, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Ann. New
York Acad. Sci. 7: 227. 1893.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jipijapa, 650 m, 10 Dec 1999, D. Neill &
botany interns 12252 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 650. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sapium laurifolium (A. Rich.) Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. I. 49. 1859.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4890
(DAV, MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 10-500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sapium marmieri Huber, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
49: 49. 1902.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 9 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
807 (DAV, MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 650 m. Amazonia.
Tetrorchidium andinum Müll. Arg., Flora 47(34):
538. 1864.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chidul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4151 (DAV, MO,
QCNE).
Understory tree. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Tetrorchidium euryphyllum Standl., Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(8): 219. 1929.
Representative
Specimen:
Ecuador:Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological
80
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Station, 500 m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F.
Gurumendi & H. Weinert 3449 (DAV, MO,
QCNE).
Understory tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tetrorchidium macrophyllum Müll. Arg., Prodr.
15(2): 1133. 1866.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Comunidad Caña Braval,
Cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4664 (DAV,
MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 250-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tragia volubilis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 980. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 8 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1248 (DAV, MO, QCNE).
Liana. 700 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
FABACEAE
Abarema barbouriana (Standl.) Barneby & J.W.
Grimes, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 74(1):
70. 1996.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 80 m, 20 - 29 Jul 1992, C.
Aulestia, G. Tipaz, L. Delgado & G. Lao 93
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. Common name: “Dormilon silvestre.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(2): 10831084. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cabins Punta Prieta, 32 km S of Pedernales,
cliffside above beach, 25 m from seashore,
30 m, 9 Oct 1999, T. Delinks 410 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, to 4 m tall. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Andira inermis (Sw.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp.
(quarto ed.) 6: 385. 1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chidul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4645 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Common name: “Chontillo.” Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Bauhinia aculeata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 374. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 25
km al sur de Pedernales, 5–30 m, 11 Oct
1999, T. Delinks 440 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub or small tree. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Bauhinia guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1:
377-378, pl. 145. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 80 m, 20 - 29 Jul 1992, C.
Aulestia, G. Tipaz, L. Delgado & G. Lao 270
(MO).
Liana Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Bauhinia haughtii Wunderlin, Brittonia 35(4):
337-338, f. 2. 1983. Type: Ecuador: Manabí:
Bella Vista, SE of Santa Ana, 100 m, 5
September 1942, O. Haught 3481 (HT: US;
IT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2711
8MO, QCNE).
Rare understory shrub in wet forest; the only
known extant population is on the slopes
of Cerro Pata de Pájaro, and it is probably
critically endangered. Endemic.
Bauhinia seminarioi Harms ex Eggers, Bot.
Centralbl. 73: 69. 1898. Type: Ecuador:
Manabí, H. Eggers 14925 (HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 75–125 m, 6 Oct
1999, T. Delinks & C. Robles 353 (MO,
QCNE).
Understory shrub in moist to dry forest.
Endemic.
Brownea coccinea Jacq., Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist.
73: 69. 1763.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11551
(MO, QCNE).
Abundant understory tree 10 m tall, at the
Reserva de Lalo Loor. Common name:
“Clavellín.” Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Brownea coccinea subsp. angustiflora
(Little) Klitgaard.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Browneopsis disepala (Little) Klitgaard, Nordic
J. Bot. 11(4): 444. 1991. Brownea disepala
Little. Type: Ecuador: El Oro: Piedras,
Hcda. Ingenio, 800 m, E.L. Little 6677 (T:
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt 939
(K, MO, QCNE, US).
Tree, in wet forest. Common name: “Clavellín.”
Endemic.
Caesalpinia glabrata Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 6:
326-327. 1823.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11615 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub or small tree in dry forest. Amazonia.
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Columbian
Mus., Bot. Ser. 2(1): 53. 1900.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 Oct 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
814 (MO, QCNE).
Introduced, cultivated shrub with edible beans.
Common name: “Fréjol de Palo.” Widely
cultivated in tropics.
Calliandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth., Trans.
Linn. Soc. London 30(3): 539. 1875. 6.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 25 m, 22 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12749
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub, common along watercourses.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Centrolobium ochroxylum Rose ex Rudd, J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 44(9): 287, f. 2. 1954.
Type: Ecuador, J. N. Rose & G. Rose 23370
(T: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11644 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree to 25 m, in dry to moist
forest. Endemic, including coastal Tumbes
and Piura, Peru.
Chaetocalyx latisiliqua (Poir.) Benth. ex Hemsl.,
81
Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 1: 268. 1879.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11528
(MO, QCNE).
Hebaceous vine. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Cojoba rufescens (Benth.) Britton & Rose, N.
Amer. Fl. 23(1): 32. 1928.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11681 (MO, QCNE).
Understory shrub, in moist to dry forest.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Crotalaria retusa L., Sp. Pl. 2: 715. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 50 m ,25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11302
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 332.
1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 September 1994, J.R. Abbott 15089
(BEREA, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Common name: “Pega pega.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 333.
1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15091.
Terrestrial herb. Common name: “Pega pega.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., Symb. Antill.
8(1): 292. 1920.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15110
(BEREA, QCNE).
Terrestreail herb. Common name: “Pega pega.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Dussia lehmannii Harms, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 19: 292. 1924.
82
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
759 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, common in wet forest. Common name:
“Frejolito.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum D.A. Neill,
Novon 8(1): 45-49, f. 1-2. 1998. Type:
Ecuador: Azuay, Cantón Cuenca. Manta
Real, at western base of Andes, 20 km SE
of La Troncal, on lower slopes just above
the village, primary forest remnants trees
in cocoa plantation, 350 m, 2º34’S 79º21’W,
7 Nov 1995, D.A. Neill, H. Vargas, T. Núñez
& J.L. Clark 10437 (HT: QCNE; IT: AAU,
COL, GB, GUAY, K, MEXU, MO, NY,
QCA, US). (Fig. 2A-B, p.129; 11A-F,
p.138).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: comunidad Chorrera Grande
300–750 m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N.
Binder & P. Hibbs 2838 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree in wet forest; only three
populations known from western Ecuador.
Endemic.
Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 4:
124. 1920.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Cotacachi-Cayapas 200 m, 1
Nov 1993 - 2 Nov 1993, Milton Tirado &
P. Asimbaya, M. Coroso, J. Arroyo 255
(MO, QCNE).
Liana. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Erythrina megistophylla Diels, Biblioth. Bot.
116: 96. 1937. Type: Ecuador: Guayas.
Guayaquil, Tafalla? - (FHD 267. L.538)
(HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11569
(MO).
Tree, to 5 m tall, understory in wet forest.
Endemic.
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook,
U.S.D.A. Div. Bot. Bull. 25: 57. 1901.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quingüe, 250 m, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 1272 (MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree, 25 m. Common name: “Mambla,”
“Bombón.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Erythrina smithiana Krukoff, Brittonia 3(2): 323325. 1939. Type: Ecuador: Chimborazo:
vicinity of Huigra, 6 Sep 1918, J. N. Rose
& G. Rose 22563 (HT: NY; IT: GH, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama ,200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 1163 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Common name: “Caraca.” Endemic,
including coastal Piura and Tumbes in Peru.
Geoffroea spinosa Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 28. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11296
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, in dry to moist forest. Amazonia.
Gliricidia brenningii (Harms) Lavin, Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 45: 83. 1996.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Carretera entre Pedernales y El Carmen, 300
m, 14 Mar 1997, H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R.
Miranda & C. Robles 1363 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, in wet to moist forest; often planted as
living fencepost. Common name: “Yuca
ratón.” Endemic, including coastal Tumbes
and Piura, Peru.
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8)
Indigofera n. 2. 1768.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11303
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Inga acreana Harms, Notizbl. Konigl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 6: 298. 1915.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11323
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó.
Inga acuminata Benth., London J. Bot. 4: 600.
1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11679 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Inga carinata T. D. Penn., The genus Inga: Botany
731-734, f. 232, map 90. 1997. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha, , Canton Pedro Vicente
Maldonado, Rio Silanche Reserve
(ENDESA), T. D. Penningon et al. 13725
(HT: K; IT: QCNE)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa, 500 m, 00.21N 79.44W,
1 Oct 1996, John L. Clark 2967 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, in wet forest. Common name: “Guaba
silvestre.” Endemic.
Inga coruscans Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp.
Pl. 4(2): 1017. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad San Salvador, 200
m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
P. Hibbs 2857 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Inga edulis Mart.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad San Salvador, 200
m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
P. Hibbs 2857 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, commonly cultivated along roads.
Common name: “Guaba de bejuco.”
Inga hayesii Benth., Trans. Linn. Soc. London
30(3): 617. 1875.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
944 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Inga jaunechensis A.H. Gentry, Phytologia 54(7):
476-477. 1984. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
Jauneche Forest, Jauneche, km 70,
Quevedo-Palenque via Mocache, Canton
Vinces, 100 m, 24 Mar 1980, C.H. Dodson
& A.H. Gentry 9857 (HT: MO; IT: GUAY,
RPSC, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 1129 (MO,
QCNE).
83
Tree, in moist forest. Endemic.
Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(2): 1018. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 1169 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Inga marginata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(2): 1015. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quingüe, 250 m, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12724
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. Common name: “Guaba.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Inga multicaulis Spruce ex Benth., Trans. Linn.
Soc. London 30(3): 624. 1875. Type:
Ecuador, Chimborazo, base of Mt.
Chimborazo, fl. Aug. 1860, Spruce s.n.
(HT: K)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany inters 11311 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, in wet forest Endemic; also on western
slopes of Andes in Ecuador. Common name:
“Guabilla.”
Inga nobilis Willd., Enum. Pl. 2: 1047. 1809.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Recinto Palma Junta, 100 m,
19 May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12730 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Common name: “Guabilla.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Inga nobilis subsp. quaternata
(Poepp.) T.D. Penn
Inga pruriens Poepp., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 78.
1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72833 (MO).
Tree. Amazonia.
Inga punctata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(2): 1016. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 800 m, 10 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas 1301 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
84
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Inga rusbyi Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18(5):
179. 1916.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
913 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia.
Inga silanchensis T.D. Penn., The genus Inga:
Botany 364-367, f. 84, map 38. 1997. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha, Río Silanche,
ENDESA Reserve, T. D. Pennington et al.
13717 (HT: QCNE; IT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 30 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark, Karl Berg
& J. Leffingwell 2348 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, in wet forest. Common name:
“Silanchensis.” Endemic.
Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(2): 10171018. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales, 300 m, 14 Mar 1997, H. Vargas,
X Aguirre, R. Miranda & C. Robles1360
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. Common name: “Guaba machete.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Leucaena trichodes (Jacq.) Benth., J. Bot.
(Hooker) 4(32): 417. 1842.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11631 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. Mesoamerica.
Machaerium millei Standl., Trop. Woods 42: 30.
1935. Type: Ecuador: El Oro: Portovelo, J.
N. Rose & G. Rose 23444 (T: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11630.
Tree, in dry to moist forest. Endemic, including
dry forest of coastal Tumbes and Piura,
Peru.
Macrolobium colombianum (Britton ex Killip)
Killip ex Uribe., Caldasia 4(18): 213.
1946.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 450
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4754.
Common subcanopy tree, in wet forest.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Mimosa acantholoba (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
Poir., Encycl., Suppl. 1(1): 83. 1810.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11620 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub, in dry forest. Mesoamerica.
Mucuna rostrata Benth., Fl. Bras. 15(1): 171, pl.
157. 1859.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quingüe, 250 m, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12708
(MO, QCNE).
Liana. Common name: “Pasquinque.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pithecellobium excelsum (Kunth) Mart., Flora
20(2): Beibl. 115. 1837.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11610 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub.
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 447. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11607 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, in dry forest. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 9: 125. 1867.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 30 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & D. Neill
228 (MO, QCNE).
Introduced herbaceous vine. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica; widely naturalizad in tropics.
Rhynchosia calycosa Hemsl., Diagn. Pl. Nov.
Mexic. 3: 48. 1880.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11307
(MO, QCNE).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: 385. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11350
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
85
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 Oct 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
813 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, in open areas. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
6(2): 47. 1916.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 4
km al sur de Pedernales, 0 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11505
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, in moist to dry forest and open areas.
Common name: “Saman.” Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Swartzia haughtii R.S. Cowan, Fl. Neotrop. 1:
49, f. 6. 1968. Type: Ecuador: Manabí: hills
south of Olmedo, Sep 1942, Haught, O.
3491 (HT: US(4)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11309
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, common in moist to wet forest and
secondary vegetation. Common name:
“Frejolito.” Endemic.
Senna dariensis (Britton & Rose) H.S. Irwin &
Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35:
128. 1982.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Recinto Palma Junta, 100 m,
19 May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12735 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Senna dariensis var. smaragdina H.S.
Irwin & Barneby.
Swartzia littlei R.S. Cowan, Fl. Neotrop. 1: 165,
f. 30, 40f-g. 1968. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 4 km W of Borbón, April 1943,
E.L. Little 6371 (HT: US(2); IT: F, NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11269
(MO).
Tree, locally common at Reserva de Lalo Loor.
Endemic.
Senna mollissima (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot.
Gard. 35: 592. 1982. Cassia mollissima
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11623 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree or shrub. Mesoamerica.
Zygia longifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23(1): 40.
1928.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 25 m, 22 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12730
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, common along watercourses. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Senna oxyphylla (Kunth) H.S. Irwin & Barneby,
Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 117. 1982.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11649 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Senna oxyphllya var hartwegii
(Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
FLACOURTIACEAE
Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby,
Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 458. 1982.
Banara guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 548549, t. 217. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 30 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark, Karl Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2326 (AAU, GB, MEXU, MO,
NY, QCNE, US).
Tree. 540-650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
86
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Carpotroche platyptera Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 12(5): 178-180, t. 19, f. 15-16. 1909.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Comunidad Caña Braval,
Cabeceras de Río Viche, estero Sabaleta, 11
Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4614 (MO, QCNE)
Shrub. 250-600 m. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Casearia aculeata Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 21. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
Davis Neill & QCNE botany interns 11525
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 10-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 4(3):
421-422. 1910.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 3 Apr 1996, J.L. Clark & Karl Berg, J.
Leffingwell 2384 (AAU, F, GB, MEXU,
MO, NY, US).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
m, 1 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2957 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Casearia sylvestris Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 2: 752753. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11685 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Casearia ulmifolia Vahl ex Vent., Choix Pl. 46.
1808.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 12 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N, Kerber, J.
Plihal 1950 (AAU, MO, QCNE).
Tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Lunania parviflora Spruce ex Benth., J. Proc.
Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2): 90. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2739 (AAU, MEXU,
MO, NY, QCNE, US).
Subcanopy tree. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Casearia combaymensis Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot.,
ser. 3. 7: 362. 1847. Type: Colombia:
Tolima: near Ibague along the River
Combayma (Combeima), Goudot 106 (HT:
P; IT: FI-Webb).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 2049 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pleuranthodendron lindenii (Turcz.) Sleumer,
Blumea 24: 118. 1978.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2960 (AAU, MO,
QCNE, US).
Understory tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Casearia mariquitensis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp.
(quarto ed.) 5: 363-364. 1821 [1823].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
658 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Tetrathylacium macrophyllum Poepp., Nov.
Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 34, t. 240. 1843.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11413 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 0-200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Casearia prunifolia Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 364.
1821 [1823].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
Xylosma digyna Eichler, Fl. Bras. 13(1): 447.
1871.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 580–750 m, 23 Jul
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
1998, T. Delinks 15 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 580-750 m. Amazonia.
Xylosma oligandra Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. 23(4):
235. 1897.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 8 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1246 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 700 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Xylosma tessmannii Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 12: 477. 1935.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jul
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2696
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
GENTIANACEAE
Chelonanthus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle, Enum. Vasc.
Pl. Surinam 376. 1906.
Synonym: Irlbachia alata (Aubl.) Maas and
Irlbachia alata subsp. alata.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 198 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb along sunny roads.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Voyria sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 19 Sep 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
656 (MO, QCNE).
Saprophytic herb. 400-600 m.
GESNERIACEAE
Besleria tambensis C.V. Morton, Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 26(9): 428. 1939. Type: Colombia:
El Cauca: collected at La Costa, District of
La Tambo, 1200 m, 26 Jul 1936, K. von
Sneidern 850 (HT: S).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 19 Aug 2003, J.L. Clark, C. Aulestia, J.
Bermingham & I. Salinas 8803 (MO,
87
QCNE, US).
Common unbranched subshrub, 1-2 m tall.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Chrysothemis friedrichsthaliana (Hanst.) H.E.
Moore, Baileya 2(3): 87. 1954.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chidul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4651 (AAU, COL, E, MO, QCA,
QCNE, US).
Lowland terrestrial herb, 40-70 cm tall. 200300. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Codonanthe crassifolia (H. Focke) C.V. Morton,
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(4):
1159. 1938.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad Piedrita, 10 km
SW of Cube (via pircuta), 400–750 m, 10–
13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder & P.
Hibbs 2819 (MO, QCNE, US).
Epiphyte. 400-750. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Codonanthe uleana Fritsch, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
37(5): 492. 1906.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro
4950B (MO, QCNE, US).
Epiphyte. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Columnea angustata (Wiehler) L.E. Skog, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(3): 844. 1978
[1979]. Pentadenia angustata Wiehler.
Type: Colombia: El Valle: old road from
Cali to Buenaventura, 8 km past La Elsa,
Epiphyte. calyx maroon-pink, corolla
orange, 30 Apr 1972, H. Wiehler, Dressler
& Williams 7276 (HT: SEL; IT: COL, K,
MO, NY, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4747
(MO, QCA, QCNE, US).
Common scandent herbaceous epiphyte. 250750 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Columnea asteroloma (Wiehler) L.E. Skog,
88
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Taxon 30(2): 506. 1981. Dalbergaria
asteroloma Wiehler. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: Montañas de Ila, at km 12 on
road from Patricia Pilar to village of 24 de
Mayo, La Centinella, cloud forest on
western slope, 540 m, H. Wiehler 77109
(HT: SEL; IT: K, NY, QCA, RPSC, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11365
(MO, QCNE, US).
Rare epiphyte. 700 m. Endemic.
Columnea eburnea (Wiehler) L.P. Kvist & L.E.
Skog, Allertonia 6(5): 354. 1993.
Dalbergaria eburnea Wiehler .Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: old road Quito-Santo
Domingo, below Chiriboga, leaves with red
apices below, 27 April 1779, Wiehler &
Masterson 79108 (HT: SEL; IT: to be
distributed).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5552 (AAU, COL, QCA, QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic subshrub with
dorsiventral shoots. 400-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Columnea kalbreyeriana Mast., Gard. Chron.,
n.s., 17(420): 44. 1882.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3965 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Rare herbaceous epiphyte. 650 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Columnea kienastiana Regel, Trudy Imp. S.Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 8: 274. 1883.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3765 (MO, QCNE).
Rare pendent herbaceous epiphyte. 250-500 m.
Chocó.
Columnea medicinalis (Wiehler) L.E. Skog & L.P.
Kvist, Novon 7(4): 414. 1997 [1998].
Dalbergaria medicinalis Wiehler.Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: above Chiriboga, on
old road from Quito to Santo Domingo, H.
Wiehler & GRF Expedition 88215 (HT:
GES; IT: K, MO, NY, QCA, SEL, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, C. Aulestia,
J. Kellermann, and F. Vetel 2873 (AAU,
COL, MO, QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic subshrub with
dorsiventral shoots. 300-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Columnea minor (Hook.) Hanst., Linnaea 34(4):
387-388. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2934 (AAU,
COL, E, MO, QCNE, US).
Pendent epiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Columnea minutiflora L.P. Kvist & L.E. Skog,
Allertonia 6(5): 379. 1993. Type: Ecuador:
Carchi: 12 km W of Maldonado, Chical, wet
montane forest along Río San Juan, 1200
m, 29 May 1978, M.T. Madison, T.C.
Plowman, H.A. Kennedy, & L. Besse 4755
(HT: AAU; IT: F, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2119 (GB, MO,
QCNE, US).
Common epiphyte. 400-650 m. Chocó.
Columnea picta H. Karst., Fl. Columb. 2: 105, t.
154. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 80 (MO, QCNE, SEL, US).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic subshrub. 250600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Columnea rubriacuta (Wiehler) L.P. Kvist & L.E.
Skog, Allertonia 6(5): 367. 1993.
Dalbergaria rubriacuta Wiehler. Type:
Ecuador: Los Rios, 200 m, 19 Jul 1971, H.
Wiehler & C.H. Dodson 7102 (HT: SEL;
IT: K, NY, QCA, S, US).
Synonym: Dalbergaria rubriacuta Wiehler.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 20 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 5586 (AAU, COL, MO, QCA,
QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic subshrub with
dorsiventral shoots. 250-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Columnea spathulata Mansf., Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 14(121): 37. 1938. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: Santo Domingo de los
Colorados, Centinella, Mts. de Ila, 12 km
from Patricia Pilar, virgin rain forest, 575
m, 10 Jul 1979, B. Løjtnant & U. Molau
15811 (NT: AAU).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark & C. Pallis, J. West 4644 (AAU,
COL, MO, QCA, QCNE, US).
Common and widespread epiphyte with
dorsiventral shoots. 100-750. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Cremosperma aff. castroanum C.V. Morton, J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 25(6): 289. 1935. Type:
Colombia: Chocó: 20 km N of Quibdó,
Tutunendo, 80 m, Archer 2151 (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales Cantón, Mache-Chindul,
comunidad Ambache, 250 m, 5 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles
4197 (AAU, MO, QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial herb, 15-25 cm tall. 250600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Diastema affine Fritsch, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50(4):
409. 1913.
Representative Speciemen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 27
Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2930 (AAU, COL, E,
MO, NY, QCNE, SRP, US).
Common succulent terrestrial herb. 250-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Diastema racemiferum Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur
132. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2897 (AAU,
COL, E, F, GB, MO, NY, QCA, QCNE,
US).
89
Common succulent terrestrial herb. 10-700 m.
Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Diastema scabrum (Poepp.) Benth. ex Walp.,
Repert. Bot. Syst. 6: 401, 403. 1847.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: comunidad Chorrera Grande
300–750 m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N.
Binder & P. Hibbs 2817 (AAU, COL, E,
MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb. 100-750 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Drymonia alloplectoides Hanst., Linnaea 34(3):
358-359. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Oct 1994, M.S. Bass, L. Kueppers
& N. Pitman 143 (MO, QCNE).
Rare vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Drymonia brochidodroma Wiehler, Gesneriana
1(1): 53. 1995.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 22 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K.
Cunningham & C. Roberts 1636 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial herb, 1-2 m tall. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Drymonia dodsonii (Wiehler) J.L. Clark,
Selbyana 2(1): 67-70, t. 19A. 1977.
Drymonia dodsonii Wiehler. Type: Ecuador:
Los Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, km
56 between Quevedo and Santo Domingo,
tropical wet forest, ca 200 m, 19 July 1971,
H. Wiehler & C.H. Dodson 7105 (HT: SEL;
IT: BR, K, MO, NY, QCA, S, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station,
Invader trail to N and NE boundary of
reserve, 400–600 m, 28 Sep 1994, P.
Mendoza T., J.L. Clark, L.P. Kvist & L.E.
Skog 579 (MO, QCA, QCNE).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. 60-400 m.
Endemic.
Drymonia ecuadorensis Wiehler, Selbyana 2(1):
74-, t. 22A. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
90
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Río Palenque Science Center, km 56
between Quevedo and Santo Domingo,
tropical wet forest, ca 200 m, epiphyte on
fallen tree trunk, 19 Jul 1971, Wiehler 7106
(HT: SEL; IT: K, NY, QCA, S, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4275
(AAU, MO, QCNE, US).
Herbaceous vine. 300-700 m. Endemic.
Amazonia.
Palenque Science Center, km 56 between
Quevedo and Santo Domingo, tropical wet
forest, ca 200 m alt, 24 Jul 1971, H. Wiehler
& C.H. Dodson 71311 (HT: SEL; IT: K,
MO, NY, QCA, S, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4701 (AAU, CAS, COL, E, MO,
QCA, QCNE, SRP, US, USM).
Herbaceous epiphyte. 250-500 m. Endemic.
Drymonia killipii Wiehler, Selbyana 2(1): 106109, t. 31B. 1977. Type: Colombia: El Valle:
old road Cali-Buenaventura, near Río
Sabaletas, on path above creek, 2 May 1972,
Wiehler, Dressler, & Williams 72142 (HT:
SEL; IT: COL, K, MO, NY, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12208 (MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial or epiphytic subshrub. 200-500 m.
Chocó.
Drymonia serrulata (Jacq.) Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp.
Pl. 3: 192. 1832.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 4 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4165 (MO, QCNE, US).
Scandent terrestrial or epiphytic subsrhub. 10600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Drymonia laciniosa Wiehler, Selbyana 2(1): 77,
t. 22B. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Science Center, km 56 between
Quevedo and Santo Domingo, tropical wet
forest, ca 200 m, shrub along creek, 24 Jul
1971, H. Wiehler & C.H. Dodson 71309
(HT: SEL; IT: K, NY, QCA, S, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5589 (AAU, COL, E, MO, QCA, QCNE,
US).
Scandent epiphyte. 250-600 m. Endemic.
Drymonia teuscheri (Raymond) J.L. Clark,
Selbyana 25(2): 182-209. 2005. Hypocyrta
teuscheri Raymod. Type: Ecuador;
described from cultivated material.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2894 (AAU,
COL, MO, QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic herb. Chocó.
Drymonia turrialvae Hanst., Linnaea 34(3): 359360. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3949 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Rare terrestrial herb. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Drymonia macrophylla (Oerst.) H.E. Moore,
Baileya 3(3): 112, f. 43. 1955.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4914
(AAU, COL, E, GB, MO, NY, QCA,
QCNE, SRP, US).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. 280-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Drymonia warszewicziana Hanst., Linnaea 34(3):
352. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4693 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common herbaceous vine. 200-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Drymonia rhodoloma Wiehler, Selbyana 2(1): 77,
t. 22D. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Gasteranthus bilsaensis L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist,
Syst. Bot. Monogr. 59: 41-42, f. 7D, 17, 22.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
2000. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas:
Montañas de Mache, 35 km W of Quinindé,
Bilsa Biological Station, Rana Roja trail,
550-560 m, 25 Oct 1995, P. Mendoza T.,
J.L. Clark, L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist. 561 (HT:
QCNE; IT: AAU, COL, K, MO, NY, QCA,
SEL, UC, US). (Fig. 15A-F, p.142).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 26 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, C.
Bienkowski & C. Clark 213 (COL, E, MO,
QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb in mature forest. 300-700 m.
Endemic.
Gasteranthus calcaratus (Kunth) Wiehler,
Selbyana 1(2): 154. 1975. Besleria
calcarata Kunth.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2964 (AAU,
COL, E, MO, NY, QCNE, SRP, US, USM).
Infrasp.: Gasteranthus calcaratus subsp.
oncogastrus (Hanst.) L.E. Skog & L.P.
Kvist, Gasteranthus calcaratus subsp.
calcaratus.
Common terrestrial herb. 60-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Gasteranthus crispus (Mansf.) Wiehler, Selbyana
1(2): 154. 1975. Halphophyllum crispum
Mansf. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: S. Carlos
de los Colorados, 150 m, A. SchultzeRhonhof 2031 (HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 58 (MO, QCNE, US).
Understory terrestrial herb. 280-600 m.
Endemic.
Gasteranthus tenellus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist,
Syst. Bot. Monogr. 59: 96-98, f. 3C, 24, 37.
2000. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas:
Quinindé, Community Piedrita, 10 km SW
of Cube (via Pircuta), 400-750 m, 00º20’N
79º41’W, 11 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark & P. Hibbs
2815 (HT: QCNE; IT: AAU, COL, E, MO,
NY, QCA, SRP, US, VEN). (Fig. 6B,D,
p.133; 16A-H, p.143).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
91
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5573 (AAU, COL, MO, QCA, QCNE, SRP,
US).
Understory terrestrial herb. 250-750 m.
Endemic.
Gasteranthus villosus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist,
Syst. Bot. Monogr. 59: 101-102, f. 9D, 13GH, 15, 38. 2000. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 35 km W of Quinindé, Mache
Mountains, Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 26 Oct 1995, Mendoza-T. et al. 594
(HT: QCNE; IT: AAU, COL, E, GH, MO,
NY, P, QCA, US). (Fig. 6A, C,E, p.133;
17A-H, p.144).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark, C. Pallis & J.
West 4610 (AAU, COL, E, MO, NY, QCA,
QCNE, SRP, US).
Understory terrestrial herb. 250-750 m.
Endemic.
Glossoloma sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, C. Aulestia,
J. Kellermann, & F. Vetel 2867 (MO,
QCNE, SEL, US).
Unbranched understory subshrub, 1-2 m tall.
400-600 m.
Gloxinia dodsonii Wiehler, Selbyana 2(1): 80, t.
24D. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: along
Río Baba (=Río Quevedo), 28 km S of Santo
Domingo de los Colorados, 350 m, 3 Nov
1961, C.H. Dodson & L.B. Thien 1173 (HT:
SEL; IT: BH, K, UC, US, WIS).
Representative
Specimen:
Ecuador
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark & K.
Chamberlain 367 (MO, QCNE, SEL, US).
Common terrestrial herb in understory of
mature forest, 10-20 cm tall. 200-600 m.
Endemic.
Kohleria inaequalis (Benth.) Wiehler, Selbyana
5(1): 62. 1976.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
92
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11358
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Chocó.
Infrasp.: Kohleria inaequalis var. inaequalis.
Kohleria spicata (Kunth) Oerst., Centralamer.
Gesner. 5(1): 62. 1858.
Representative
Specimen:
Ecuador
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 21 Aug 2003, J.L. Clark, R. Fleiss
& F. Gurumendi 8840 (MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb in sunny disturbed sites. 400600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Kohleria villosa (Fritsch) Wiehler, Selbyana 5(1):
63. 1978.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
628 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in understory of mature forest.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Infrasp.: Kohleria villosa var. villosa.
Monopyle macrocarpa Benth., Icon. Pl. 12: 8586, t. 1198, f. 1-5. 1876.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11362 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in understory of mature forest.
300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Napeanthus robustus Fritsch, Akad. Wiss. Wien
Sitzungsber., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1,
134(3-4): 122-124, f. 1. 1925. Type:
Ecuador: In silvis tropicis prope S.
Domingo, 360 m, Aug 1875, Sodiro 119/58
(HT: B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600,
27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2942 (AAU, COL,
MO, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb in understory of mature forest,
10-15 cm tall with inflorescence to 70 cm
long; occasionally growing on rocks. 400600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Paradrymonia binata Wiehler, Phytologia 73(3):
231. 1992. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas: ca
5 km W of Lita, dense, wet forest near Río
Chuchubí, down the slope towards Río
Mira, 800 m altitude, H. Wiehler 9205 (HT:
GES; IT: NY, QCA, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72948
(MO, US).
Terrestrial or epiphytic herb. 280 m. Endemic.
Paradrymonia hypocyrta Wiehler, Selbyana 2(1):
82, t. 25C. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
Montaña de Ila, km io2, road from Patricia
Pilar to 24 de Mayo, 540 m, cloud forest
on western slopes, 30 May 1976, C.H.
Dodson 6092 (HT: SEL; IT: K, NY, QCA,
S, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad Piedrita, 400–750
m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
P. Hibbs 2821 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial or epiphytic herb. 400-750
m. Endemic.
Reldia sp.
Representative
Specimen:
Ecuador
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 21 Aug 2003, J.L. Clark, R. Fleiss
& F. Gurumendi 8835 (MO, QCNE, US).
Rare terrestrial understory herb, 20-50 cm tall.
400-600 m.
HAEMODORACEAE
Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1:
33, t. 11. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2726
(MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb. 75-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
HELICONIACEAE
Heliconia harlingii L. Andersson, Fl. Ecuador 22:
66. 1985. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Science Center, about halfway
between Quevedo and Santo Domingo, c.
200 m, 7 Jun 1981, L. Andersson 1326 (HT:
S; IT: GB, QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11426 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 5-600 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.” Endemic.
Heliconia longa (Griggs) H.J.P. Winkl., Nat.
Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 15a: 536. 1930. Bihai
longa Griggs.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11430 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 0-50 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Heliconia longiflora R.R. Sm., Phytologia 36(3):
255-256, f. 1. 1977.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11661 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Heliconia longiflora subsp.
ecuadoriensis L. Andersson.
Heliconia metallica Planch. & Linden ex Hook.,
Bot. Mag. 88: t. 5315. 1862.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva Ecologica Mache-Chindul,
Comunidad Ambache (vía marginal de la
costa-Chindul), 250 m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4221
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250-500 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Heliconia nigripraefixa Dodson & A.H. Gentry,
Selbyana 2(2-3): 296-297, t. 2D. 1978.
Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río Palenque
Science Center, km 56 Quevedo to Santo
Domingo, 220 m., 15 Oct. 1972, C.H.
Dodson 5188 (HT: SEL; IT: MO (fragm.),
RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72937
(MO).
Terrestrial herb. 280 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
93
Heliconia reticulata (Griggs) Winkl., Nat.
Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 15a: 536. 1930.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3960 (GB, MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 280-600 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Heliconia spathocircinata Aristeg., Bol. Soc.
Venez. Ci. Nat. 22(98-99): 18, 20, t. 1961.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
497 (GB, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Heliconia stricta Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense Hist.
Nat. 4: 543. 1906.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz &
S. Mora 240 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Platanillo.” Amazonia, Chocó.
HERNANDIACEAE
Hernandia didymantha Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz.
31(2): 120. 1901.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber & J.
Plihal 2056 (MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Billia rosea (Planch. & Linden) C. Ulloa & P. Jørg.,
Novon 11(2): 287. 2001.
Syonym: Billia columbiana Planch. & Linden.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 19 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2095 (MO,
QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 400-650 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
94
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
HIPPOCRATEACEAE
Cheiloclinium sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72773 (MO).
Tree. 280 m. Commmon name: “Comida de
Loro.”
Peritassa sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador Ecuador:
Manabí: Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 380-450 m,
12 Nov 1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 150
(MO, QCNE).
Liana. 380-450 m.
Salacia macrantha A.C. Sm., Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 66(4): 245-246. 1939.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber
& J. Plihal 2043 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree. 100-600 m. Common name:
“Chupa chupa.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Salacia spectabilis A.C. Sm., Brittonia 3(3): 436438. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark 403 (MO,
QCNE).
Common tree. 100-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Tontelea mauritioides (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.,
Brittonia 3(3): 481, f. 10t-v. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1944 (MO, QCNE).
Woody liana. 500-650 m. Amazonia.
HYDRANGEACEAE
Hydrangea peruviana Moric., Prodr. 4: 14. 1830.
Type: In Peruvia prope Huyaquaquil, Pavón
s.n. (HT: herb. Moricand).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
320 (MO, QCNE).
Infrasp.: Hydrangea peruviana var. oerstedii
(Briq.) Freire-Fierro.
Woody liana from subcanopy. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
ICACINACEAE
Calatola columbiana Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 15: 247. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4-5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2987 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Calatola costaricensis Standl., J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
16(15): 416-418. 1926.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Pedernales
Cantòn, Reserva Ecologica Mache-Chindul,
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, Cabaceras de Río Vite,
estero Nuquepe, 300-700 m, 7 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4313 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica..
Citronella incarum (J.F. Macbr.) R.A. Howard,
J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 472. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 May 1996, J.L. Clark 2565 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Citronella melliodora (Sleumer) R.A. Howard,
Contr. Gray Herb. 142: 77. 1942.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 3 Apr 1996, J.L. Clark, K. Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2385 (MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 400-600 m.
Amazonia.
Dendrobangia boliviana Rusby, Mem. Torrey
Bot. Club 6(1): 19-20. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72762 (MO).
Tree. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
LAMIACEAE
Hyptis atrorubens Poit., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Nat. 7: 466-467, t. 27, f. 3. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15099
(BEREA, QCNE).
Prostrate herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Salvia sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama (coastal range), Cerro
Nueve, 15 km E of Jama, N of Río Jama,
600 m, 17 Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE
botany interns (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m.
LAURACEAE
Aniba sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 19 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2102 (MO,
QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 400-600 m.. Common name:
“Jigua.”
Beilschmiedia alloiophylla (Rusby) Kosterm.,
Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 35: 849. 1938.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2943 (MO,
QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree. 100-850 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia (A.H. Gentry)
van der Werff & H.G. Richt., Syst. Bot.
10(2): 167. 1985. Persea theobromifolia
A.H. Gentry. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
Quevedo-Sto. Domingo, Río Palenque
Science Center, tropical wet forest, 150220 m, Mar 1973, C. H. Dodson 5243 (HT:
SEL; IT: MO, US, RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 4 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4148 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree at low elevations, rare
tree at higher eleveations. 100-850 m.
Common name: “Caoba.” Endemic.
95
Chlorocardium aff. venenosum (Kosterm. &
Pinkley) Rohwer, H.G. Richt. & van der
Werff, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78(2): 390392. 1991. (Fig. 4C).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 5 May 1996, J.L. Clark, S.
Bollendorff & P. Smith 2540 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó [The tree in coastal Ecuador and the
Chocó may not be conspecific with
Amazonian C. venenosum, but more
comparative fertile material is needed].
Cinnamomum triplinerve (Ruiz & Pav.)
Kosterm., Reinwardtia 6: 24. 1961.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
936 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory shrub. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Endlicheria browniana Mez, Jahrb. Konigl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin 5: 115. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, Sitio San Salvador,
orillas del Río Sucio, 100-150 m, Mar 1995,
W. Palacios 13750 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 100-150 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Endlicheria ruforamula Chanderbali, Fl.
Neotrop. 91: 102-105, f. 36,37. 2004.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–300 m, 7 Jul
1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder & W. Naranjo
2784 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 100-150 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Nectandra bartlettiana Lasser, Bol. Tecn. Minist.
Agric. 3: 14. 1942.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 15
km al norte de Pedernales 20 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11405 (QCNE).
Understory tree. 0-50 m.
Nectandra hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer, Fl.
Neotrop. 60: 196. 1993. Laurus hihua Ruiz
& Pav. Type: Ecuador. Guayas: “in
96
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Huayaquilensibus nemoribus”., Ruiz &
Pavón s.n. (HT: MA; IT: B, G, fragm. F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4381 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 100-300 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Nectandra lineata (Kunth) Rohwer, Fl. Neotrop.
60: 209. 1993.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jipijapa, 650 m, 10 Dec 1999, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 12251 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree. 650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. I. 282. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quigüe 250 M, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12707
(MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Nectandra purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, Jahrb.
Konigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 443. 1889
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quingüe, 250 m, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12711
(MO, QCNE).
Tree. 200-400 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez, Mitt. Bot. Vereins
Kreis Freiburg 47/48: 422. 1888.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11669 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ocotea insularis (Meisn.) Mez, Jahrb. Konigl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 271. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 1 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
555 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ocotea oblonga (Meisn.) Mez, Jahrb. Konigl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin 5: 367. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4005 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ocotea sodiroana Mez, Bull. Herb. Boissier 5(3):
240. 1905. Type: Ecuador. Cotopaxi: “in
silvis ad Angamarca, Riofrio”, Sodiro 147/
7b (B).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 500 m, 18 Feb
1996, J.L. Clark 2138 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-750 m. Common
name: “Catangal,” “Catangare.” Chocó.
Ocotea stenoneura Mez & Pittier, Bull. Herb.
Boissier, ser. 2, 3: 233. 1903.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: road to the Bilsa Biological
Station, between La “Y” de La Laguna and
Viche, 500 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark, C.
Pallis & J. West 4604 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 500 m. Common name: “Jigua
Pequeqa.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Persea americana Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) 3: 233.
1768.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 50
km al norte de Pedernales 50 m, 19 Dec
1998, D. Neill &QCNE botany interns
11708 (MO, QCNE).
Common cultivated tree. 0-200 m.. Common
name: “Aguacate.”
Persea povedae W.C. Burger, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s.
23: 105, f. 12. 1990.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendi
& H. Weinert 3455 (COL, MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 300-700 m.
Mesoamerica.
Pleurothyrium cinereum van der Werff, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 80(1): 61, f. 13, 15.
1993. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Panadero, 5 km from the river, C. Játiva &
C. Epling 2039 (HT: MO; IT: NY, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Bilsa
Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35
km W of Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabel,
400-600 m, 24 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K.
Cunningham & C. Roberts 1659 (COL,
MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 25-600 m. Amazonia.
Pleurothyrium giganthum van der Werff, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 80(1): 72, f. 18, 21.
1993. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Science Center, km 56 QuevedoSto. Domingo, Dodson 18217 (HT: QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4886
(MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common
name: “Jigua.” Endemic.
Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana (Nees)
Rohwer, Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 20:
84. 1986. Acrodiclidium kunthianum Nees.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11565
(MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
LECYTHIDACEAE
Eschweilera caudiculata R. Knuth, Pflanzenr. IV.
219a(Heft 105): 95. 1939.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3095 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 300-850 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Eschweilera integrifolia (Ruiz & Pav. ex Miers)
R. Knuth, Pflanzenr. IV. 219a(Heft 105): 97.
1939.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
27 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark & C. Brame 3111
(MO, NY, QCNE, US).
Subcanopy tree. 100-500 m. Chocó,
97
Mesoamerica.
Eschweilera rimbachii Standl., Trop. Woods 42:
31. 1935.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 8 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber
& J. Plihal 1945 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Common shrub, 2-5 m tall. 250-700 m.
Common name: “Maté.” Amazonia, Chocó.
Grias longirachis S.A. Mori & J.L. Clark,
Brittonia 52(2): 145-148, f. 1. 2000. Type:
Ecuador: Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica
Mache-Chindul, Bilsa Biological Station,
35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa
Isabel, 00 º121’N, 79 º144’W, 400-600 m,
10 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya 684 (HT:
QCNE; IT: GB, MO, NY, US). (Fig. 2D-E,
p.129; 18A-H, p.145).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham & C. Roberts 1641 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Common tree, 10-20 m tall. 400-600 m.
Common name: “Pitón.” Endemic.
Grias peruviana Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. London
30(2): 301. 1874.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
567 (AAU, MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE).
Common tree, 3-15 m tall. 400-600 m.
Common name: “Jagua de Choque.”
Amazonia.
Gustavia angustifolia Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur
99. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11510
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 4-8 m tall. 5-100 m. Chocó.
Gustavia dodsonii S.A. Mori, Selbyana 2(1): 3738, pl. 11. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
Río Palenque Science Center, km 56
between Quevedo and Santo Domingo de
los Colorados, tropical wet forest, alt, ca
98
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
200 m., A.H. A. Gentry & C. Dodson 12048
(HT: MO; IT: NY, QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 26 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
513 (AAU, GB, MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 60-650 m. Common
name: “Membrillo.” Endemic.
Gustavia serrata S.A. Mori, Fl. Neotrop. 21(1):
180, f. 53. 1979. Type: Ecuador: Manabí:
road from Chone to Pichincha, km 82, 450
m, 29 Dec 1961, flowers, Dodson & Thien
1766 (HT: WIS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3066 (AAU, GB,
MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE).
Tree, 5-20 m tall. 100-700 m. Endemic.
Gustavia speciosa (Kunth) DC., Prodr. 3: 289.
1828. Pirigara speciosa Kunth.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Recinto Palma Junta, 10 km E
of Muisne near road to Tonchigüe, ridge
above Estero La Pedorrera, 100 m, 19 May
2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
12739 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 4-10 m tall. 100-550 m. Chocó.
Infrasp.: Gustavia speciosa subsp. speciosa.
Lecythis tuyrana Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.
26(1): 9, t. 7. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 Apr 1996, J.L. Clark, K. Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2405 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Sabroso.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
LEMNACEAE
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Linnaea 13:
392. 1839.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Herrera . Lake near “La Y de
la Laguna.” 400 m, 15 Feb 1998 J.L. Clark
5513 (MO, QCNE).
Emergent aquatic herb. 400 m. Mesoamerica.
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Utricularia jamesoniana Oliv., J. Proc. Linn. Soc.,
Bot. 4: 169-170, t. 1, f. 1. 1860. Type:
Ecuador: ad fluvium Cosanga, prov.
Ecuador, Jameson s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3070 (MO,
QCNE).
Saprophyte. 500-650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
LOASACEAE
Klaprothia fasciculata (C. Presl) Poston, Syst.
Bot. 15: 677. 1990.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 26 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15294
(BEREA, QCNE).
Small herb to subshrub in disturbed areas. 600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
LOGANIACEAE
Spigelia multispica Steud., Flora 26(45): 764.
1843.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11337
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 60-700 m. Common name:
“Hierba de Lombrise.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Strychnos mattogrossensis S. Moore, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, Bot. 4: 392. 1895.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 13 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
852 (MO, QCNE).
Woody canopy liana. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Strychnos pachycarpa Ducke, Bol. Tecn. Inst.
Agron. N. 3: 15. 1945.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3710 (MO, QCNE).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Woody canopy liana. 500 m. Amazonia.
Strychnos ramentifera Ducke, Bull. Mus. Natl.
Hist. Nat., ser. 2, 4: 745. 1932.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72971
(MO).
Woody canopy liana. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
99
alveolatus Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto
ed.) 3: 444. 1818 [1820]. Type. Colombia:
Crescit prope Carthago Popayanensium,
Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (HT: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quininde, Fundacion Paraiso
de Papagayos, Km 2 via Esmeraldas, 7 Jul
1996, J.L. Clark 2813 (MO, QCNE).
Parasitic subshrub. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Strychnos schultesiana Krukoff, Mem. New York
Bot. Gard. 12(1): 78. 1965.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 300-700 m, 7 April
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4273
(MO, QCNE).
Woody canopy liana. 300-700 m. Chocó.
Oryctanthus florulentus (Rich.) Tiegh., Bull.
Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 2: 339. 1896.
Strychnos tarapotensis Sprague & Sandwith,
Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927(3): 131.
1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72922 (MO).
Woody canopy liana. 280 m. Common name:
“Cacho de venado.”Amazonia, Chocó.
Oryctanthus occidentalis (L.) Eichler, Fl. Bras.
5(2): 89. 1868.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, M.S. Bass &
N. Pitman 156 (MO, QCNE).
Parasitic subshrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Strychnos toxifera R.H. Schomb. ex Benth., J.
Bot. (Hooker) 3: 240-241. 1841.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Comunidad Caña Braval,
Cabeceras de Río Viche, estero Sabaleta.,
250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4635 (MO,
QCNE).
Woody canopy liana. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Oryctanthus spicatus (Jacq.) Eichler, Fl. Bras.
5(2): 89. 1868.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark & K.
Chamberlain 356 (MO, QCNE).
Parasitic subshrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
LORANTHACEAE
Cladocolea archeri (A.C. Sm.) Kuijt, J. Arnold
Arbor. 56(3): 277. 1975.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600,
27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2931 (MO, QCNE).
Parasitic scandent subsrhub. 600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Oryctanthus alveolatus (Kunth) Kuijt, Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 95(4): 504-511. 1976. Loranthus
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 400–600 m, 5 Dec 1994, J.L.
Clark & K. Chamberlain 357 (MO, QCNE).
Parasitic subshrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psittacanthus cucullaris (Lam.) Blume, Syst. Veg.
7(2): 1730. 1830.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales, 300 m, 14 Mar 1997, H. Vargas,
X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C. Robles 1366
(MO, QCNE).
Parasitic subshrub. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
LYTHRACEAE
Cuphea bombonasae Sprague, Ann. Bot. (Rome)
17: 161, t. 11: 17-21. 1903.
100
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & N. Pitman
108 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
(MICH, MO, QCNE).
Woody liana from subcanopy. 100-150 m.
Chocó.
Infrasp.: Banisteriopsis martiniana var.
subenervia Cuatrec.
Cuphea racemosa (L. f.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2:
455. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15073
(BEREA, QCNE).
Herb or subshrub. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Bunchosia argentea (Jacq.) DC., Prodr. 1: 582.
1824. Malpighia argentea Jacq. Fragm. Bot.
57, t. 83. 1809.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11516
(MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 100-400 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cuphea strigulosa Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 204.
1823 [1824].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15067
(BEREA, QCNE).
Herb or subshrub. 600 m. Common name:
“Yerba de toro.” Amazonia.
Cuphea tetrapetala Koehne, Fl. Bras. 13(2): 223.
1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass
& J.L. Clark 653 (MO, QCNE).
Low subshrub common along rivers. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lagerstroemia indica L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2:
1076. 1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Chone, Recinto, Hojas Blanca, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, Río Mongolla, 12 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4406 (MO,
QCNE).
Introduced, cultivated ornamental tree. 150 m..
MALPIGHIACEAE
Banisteriopsis martiniana (A. Juss.) Cuatrec.,
Webbia 13: 498. 1958. Banisteria
martiniana A. Juss, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser.
2, 13: 284. 1840.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, San Salvador, orillas
del Río Sucio, Mar 1995, W. Palacios 13749
Bunchosia hookeriana A. Juss., Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot. 13: 324. 1840.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
637 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Heteropterys aequatorialis W.R. Anderson,
Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 23: 72, f. 4.
2001. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: Capeira, 22
km N of Guayaquil, 2 º S, 79 º58’W,
disturbed dry forest, 20-150 m, 15 Jul 1986,
A. Gentry & C. Dodson 54847 (HT: MICH;
IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11634
(MO, QCNE).
Woody vine. 100 m.
Heteropterys berteroana A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., ser. 2, 13: 278. 1840.
Synonym: Heteropterys occidentalis Cuatrec.
Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: Jama, Reserva de
Lalo Loor, 9 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez
& C. Robles 4354 (MICH, MO, QCNE)..
Woody liana. 0-350 m.
Hiraea cephalotes Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 18: 331. 1862. Type:
Nouvelle-Grenade: Prov. de Pasto, 1000 m,
1851-1857, Triana s.n. (HT: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 14 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 190 (MICH,
MO, QCNE).
Woody liana. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Mascagnia hippocrateoides (Triana & Planch.)
Nied., Arbeiten Bot. Inst. Konigl. Lyceums
Hosianum Braunsberg 3: 24. 1908. Hiraea
hippocrateoides Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 18: 328. 1862. Type:
Colombia: Anapoima, entre Anapoima et les
bords du Magdalena, 700 m, Triana &
Planchon s.n. (COL, US)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas, Quinindé, Fundacion Paraiso
de Papagayos, 2 via Esmeraldas, 200 m, 10
Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3021 (MICH, MO,
QCNE, US).
Woody liana. 0-500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tetrapterys glabrifolia (Griseb.) Small, N. Amer.
Fl. 25(2): 126. 1910. Tetrapterys calophylla
var. glabrifolia Griseb. Fl. Bras. 12(1): 7778. 1858.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S. Bennett & D.
Kapan 3789 (MICH, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial subshrub or woody liana. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl.
1: 73. 1896.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Muisne,
island of Muisne, 2 Dec 1995, J.L. Clark &
K. Cunningham 1718 (MO, QCNE, TEX).
Common cultivated herb. 0-50 m. Inbtroduced.
Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f., Bot. Mag.
106: pl. 6524. 1880.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4405 (MO, QCNE,
TEX).
Scandent subshrub. 150 m. Mesoamerica.
Malvastrum tomentosum (L.) S.R. Hill, Brittonia
32: 466. 1980. Malva tomentosa L., Sp. Pl.
2: 687. 1753.
101
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal, 3 km NW of Jama, 100 m,
17 Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 11609 (MO, QCNE, TEX).
Shrub. 100 m. Amazonia.
Malvaviscus concinnus Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5:
286. 1821 [1822]. Type: Ecuador: Loja,
1802, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (HT: B
(photo F, GH); IT: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
614 (MO, QCNE, TEX).
Woody liana or subshrub. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pavonia castaneifolia A. St.-Hil. & Naudin, Ann.
Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 2, 18: 44. 1842.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2995 (MO,
QCNE, TEX).
Terrestrial herb or subshrub. 250-650 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pavonia pseudotyphalaea Planch. & Linden ex
Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser.
4, 17: 160. 1862. Type: Colombia:
Mariqueta, forests of las Juntas, 1836,
Linden 936 (LT: F; ILT: BR, CTES (fragm),
G, OXF, P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 8 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1256 (MO, QCNE, TEX).
Terrestrial herb. 700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Sida setosa Mart. ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 1: 416.
1833.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1061 (MO, QCNE, TEX).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas.
400-600 m. Common name: “Escoba
verde.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Urena lobata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 692. 1753.
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 02000 m. Common name: “Amonan.”
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
102
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Wissadula excelsior (Cav.) C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk.
2(2): 118, t. 69. 1835. Sida excelsior Cav.,
Diss. 1: 27, pl. 5, f. 3. 1785. Type: Peru, J.
de Jussieu s.n. (HT: MA; IT: P-JU).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2744 (MO, QCNE).
Common shrub in disturbed areas. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
MARANTACEAE
Calathea crotalifera S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad.
Arts 24: 86. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
948 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb. 200-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Calathea guzmanioides L.B. Sm. & Idrobo,
Caldasia 5(21): 47-48, f. 1948. Type:
Colombia: Valle: Sabaletas, Km 29 carretera
Buenaventura-Cali, 25 m, 4 May 1944, E.P.
Killip & J. Cuatrecasas 38748 (HT: US; IT:
COL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 16 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, C.
Repetir & P. Maas 3806 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb. 280-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Calathea lutea Schult., Mant. 1: 8. 1822.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 7 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark 378 (MO,
QCNE, UBC).
Common terrestrial herb. 60-600 m. Common
name: “Bijao,” “Hoja blanca.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Calathea marantifolia Standl., J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
17(10): 250. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & S. Mora
342 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Calathea metallica Planch. & Linden, Cat.
General 10: 2. 1855.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11656 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 60-400 m. Chocó.
Calathea micans (L. Mathieu) Körn., Gartenflora
7: 87. 1858.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 9 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3777 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Calathea pachystachya (Poepp. & Endl.) Körn.,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 35(1):
142. 1862. Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 19 t. 127.
1838. Type: Ecuador, Poeppig s.n. (NT:
LE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Sta. Isabel 500 m, 17 Jan 1997,
J.L. Clark 3818 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Amazonia.
Calathea roseobracteata H. Kenn., Nordic J. Bot.
6: 459. 1986. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: 600
m, C.H. Dodson & P.M. Dodson 6803 (HT:
MO; IT: F, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2891 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-700 m. Endemic.
Calathea selbyana H. Kenn., Fl. Ecuador 32: 63.
1988. Type: Ecuador: Carchi: Environs of
Chical, 12 km below Maldonado on Río San
Juan, 1200 m, Madison, Plowman, Kennedy
& Besse 4545 (HT: SEL; IT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
849 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Calathea variegata Linden ex Körn., Mitt. Russ,
Grbr. St. Petersburg 2: 93. 1860.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Cordillera de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11559
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 300-400 m. Amazonia.
Ischnosiphon leucophaeus (Poepp. & Endl.)
Körn., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou
35(1): 91-93. 1862. Calathea leucophaea
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 21-22,
t. 129. 1838.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11518
(GB, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 100 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Ischnosiphon leucophaeus subsp.
leucophaeus.
Pleiostachya pruinosa (Regel) K. Schum.,
Pflanzenr. IV. 48(Heft 11): 165. 1902.
Maranta pruinosa Regel, Gartenflora 27:
104. 1878
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Fundacion Paraiso
de Papagayos, Km 2 via Esmeraldas, 250
m, 20 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3062 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
MARCGRAVIACEAE
Marcgravia atropunctata de Roon, Acta Bot.
Neerl. 18(1): 197-200, pl. 2. 1969.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
664 (MO, QCNE, U).
Common woody liana. 400-850 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Marcgravia brownei (Triana & Planch.) Krug &
Urb., Symb. Antill. 1: 367. 1899.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
747 (MO, QCNE, U).
Woody liana. 280-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Marcgravia caudata Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci.
103
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 17: 362-363. 1862. Type:
Nouvelle-Grenade: Province de Barbacoas,
800 m, Triana s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 59 (MO, QCNE, U).
Woody liana growing in canopy. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Marcgravia nervosa Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 17: 363-364. 1862. Type:
Nouvelle-Grenade: Province de Barbacoas,
1000 m, Triana & Planchon s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 182 (MO,
QCNE, U).
Woody liana. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Marcgravia roonii S. Dressler, Novon 6(3): 258261, f. 2. 1996. Type: Colombia: El Valle:
Río Digua Valley, Río Blanco, 600 m, 2-5
Apr 1939, E.P. Killip 34790 (HT: BM; IT:
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4615 (MO, QCNE, U).
Common woody liana growing in subcanopy.
250-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Marcgraviastrum sodiroi (Gilg) Bedell ex S.
Dressler, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 75: 955. 1999. Norantea sodiroi Gilg,
Bot. Jahrb. Syst.34(Beibl. 78): 14. 1904.
Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: along the river
Pilatón and near Consacoto, Sodiro 149 (LT:
P; ILT: G).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3065 (MO,
QCNE, U).
Common woody liana growing in subcanopy.
400-600 m. Chocó.
Sarcopera anomala (Kunth) Bedell, Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 119(3): 329. 1997
104
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 33 (MO, QCNE, U).
Common woody liana growing in subcanopy.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Sarcopera cordachida (Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don)
Bedell ex S. Dressler, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 955. 1999.
Norantea cordachida Ruiz & Pav. ex G.
Don. Type: Ecuador: Guayas, Tafalla s.n.
(HT: W!; IT: BM, F, G, MA; photo: F,
MICH, all of MA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11364
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphytic shrub. 700 m. Chocó.
Schwartzia lozaniana Giraldo-Cañas, Caldasia
23(2): 384-387, f. 1. 2001. Type: Colombia:
Nariño: Junín-Tumaco road, 6-11 km W of
Junín, roadside thickets 850-1030 m, 27 Feb
1979, J.L. Luteyn & M. Lebron-Luteyn 6880
(HT: COL, IT: MO, NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 3974 (COL, MO,
QCNE).
Rare woody liana growing in subcanopy. 650
m. Chocó.
MELASTOMATACEAE
Aciotis caulialata (Ruiz & Pav.) Triana, Trans.
Linn. Soc. London 28(1): 52. 1871 [1872].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1994, L. Kueppers 71 (MO,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial roadside herb. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Adelobotrys adscendens (Sw.) Triana, J. Bot. 5:
210. 1867.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2940 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Common woody vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Arthrostemma ciliatum Pav. ex D. Don, Mem.
Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 299. 1823.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 60 m, Mar 1995, W.
Palacios 13725 (MO, QCNE).
Scandent subshrub. 60 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Blakea jativae Wurdack, Phytologia 43(4): 343344. 1979. Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas:
Near Tobar Donoso, C. Játiva & C.C.
Epling 1128 (HT: US; IT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
675 (MO, QCNE, US).
Woody hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Blakea punctulata (Triana) Wurdack, Phytologia
43(4): 354. 1979.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 16 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common shrub or woody hemiepiphyte. 400600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Blakea subconnata O. Berg ex Triana, Trans.
Linn. Soc. London 28(1): 148. 1871.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
674 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common shrub or woody hemiepiphyte. 400850 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Clidemia acostae Wurdack, Phytologia 38(4):
299-300. 1978. Type: M. Acosta-Solís
12722.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 12 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 1954 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial subhsrub to 2 m tall. 400600 m. Endemic.
Clidemia densiflora (Standl.) Gleason, Phytologia
3(7): 346. 1950.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
105
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 850 m, 11 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1334 (AAU, MO, QCNE).
Shrub to 2 m tall. 850 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
821 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common shrub along shady streams. 400-600
m. Mesoamerica.
Clidemia dentata Pav. ex D. Don, Mem. Wern.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 4(2): 308-309. 1823. Type:
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1052 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub to 3 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Clidemia septuplinervia Cogn., Fl. Bras. 14(4):
506-507. 1888.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 24 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 410 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Understory shrub to 2 m tall. 250-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Clidemia discolor (Triana) Cogn., Monogr. Phan.
7: 1025. 1891. Sagraea discolor Triana.
Type: In Novo Granata, Triana s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 30 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
540 (MO, QCNE, US).
Subshrub to 1 m tall. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Conostegia centronioides Markgr., Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 33. 1938. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha, Schultze-Rhonhof
1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
755 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common understory tree to 13 m tall. 250-700
m. Amazonia.
Clidemia epiphytica (Triana) Cogn., Monogr.
Phan. 7: 1025. 1891. Sagraea epiphytica
Triana. Type: In Nova Granata prope
Cieneguita, prov. Choco, Triana s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 5 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4175 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common woody vine. 250-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Clidemia epiphytica var. epiphytica.
Clidemia purpurea Pav. ex D. Don, Mem. Wern.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 308. 1823. Type: Habitat
in Peruvia, Pavón s.n. (HT: BM).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 6 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3749 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Understory subshrub. 500 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Clidemia radicans Cogn., Bot. Gaz. 20(7): 288289. 1895.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Conostegia cuatrecasii Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 72(5): 473-474. 1945. Type:
Colombia: Collected on the Río Cajambre,
coast of El Valle, 5-80 m, J. Cuatrecasas
17612.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
680 (MO, QCNE, US).
Understory tree to 8 m tall. 25-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Conostegia montana (Sw.) D. Don ex DC., Prodr.
3: 175. 1828.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3088 (AAU,
MO, QCNE, US).
Common understory tree to 10 m tall. 250-850
m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Conostegia superba D. Don ex Naudin, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 3. 16: 108. 1850.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
106
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
m, 8 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3773 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Tree to 2 m tall. Common in light gaps. 500 m.
Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Leandra dichotoma (Pav. ex D. Don) Cogn., Fl.
Bras. 14(4): 200-201. 1886.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3008 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Shrub, 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Leandra granatensis Gleason, Brittonia 2(4): 319.
1937. Type: Colombia: Dept Sur de
Santander: from the vicinity of Branea
Bermeja, Magdalena Valley, Haught 1311
(HT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 26 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2167 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Understory tree to 2 m tall. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Leandra longicoma Cogn., Fl. Bras. 14(4): 202203, t. 43. 1886.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m, 18 Mar 1998,
J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4929 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Understory shrub. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Miconia andersonii Fawcett & Rendle, J. Bot. 64:
104. 1926.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 50 m,
8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3005 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Shrub or tree. 500 m. Amazonia.
Miconia brevitheca Gleason, Brittonia 2(4): 322.
1937. Type: Ecuador: León: collected on the
border of forest, near Santa Rosa, Cantón
Pujilí, 1000 m, Mexía 6730 (HT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark, K. Berg &
J. Leffingwell 2368 (MO, QCNE, US).
Tree, 5-12 m tall. 300-700 m. Endemic.
Miconia explicita Wurdack, Phytologia 26(1): 34. 1973. Type: Ecuador. Pichincha, 300 m,
G. Harling 4475 (HT: S).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 6 May 1996, J.L. Clark, S.
Bollendorff & P. Smith 2553 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Common understory tree, 3-8 m tall. 400-600
m. Endemic.
Miconia goniostigma Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 28(1): 124. 1871 [1872]. Type:
Prope Ingara provinciae Chocoensis
Reipublicae Novo-Granatensis, Triana
3968.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 47 (MO, QCNE, US).
Woody vine or scandent subshrub. 400-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Miconia lamprophylla Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 28(1): 108. 1871 [1872]. Type:
Colombia: Pastoensis, prope Chutucal,
Triana 1033.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos 250 m,
20 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark B. Shlenker & H.
Shlenker 3061 (MO, QCNE, US).
Shrub to 2 m tall. 250 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Miconia loreyoides Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 28(1): 121. 1871 [1872].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 580–750 m, 23 Jul
1998, T. Delinks 18 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 580-750 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Miconia minuta Gleason, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
52: 450. 1925.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 17
Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & S. Mora 261 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Woody hemiepihyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Miconia nervosa (Sm.) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 28(1): 111. 1871 [1872].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4930
(MO, QCNE, US).
Woody hemiepihyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Miconia porphyrotricha (Markgr.) Wurdack,
Phytologia 22(5): 404. 1972. Heterotrichum
porphyrotrichum Markgr. Type: Ecuador.
Pastaza: 1150-1200 m, Schimpff 1077 (HT:
B destr.).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Neill & K.
Zambrano 3423 (MO, QCNE, US).
Scandent subshrub. 400-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó
Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn., Fl. Bras.
14(4): 419. 1888. Melastoma theaezans
Bonpl. Type: Habitat, una cum Rhexia
speciosa, juxta urbem Popayan, Humboldt
& Bonpland s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 8 Dec
1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass 1053 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Tree, 4 m tall. 400-500 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Monolena primuliflora Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 96:
5818. 1870.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2924 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Common succulent epiphyte. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ossaea boekei Wurdack, Phytologia 41(1): 9-10.
1978. Type: Ecuador: Azuay: road Jesus
Maria-Molleturo, 10 km from Guayas
border, J.D. Boeke & H. Loyola 2171 (HT:
US; IT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3076 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Understory shrub or tree, 1.5 to 5 m tall. 400-
107
600 m. Endemic.
Ossaea brenesii Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(3): 835. 1938.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Sta. Isabel) 580 m, 18 Feb 1995, W.
Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo 13507
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1 m tall. 400-580 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ossaea incerta Wurdack, Phytologia 38(4): 302303. 1978. Type: Ecuador, M. Acosta-Solís
12274 (HT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 30 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & D. Marsh
1130 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Ossaea micrantha (Sw.) Macfad. ex Cogn.,
Monogr. Phan. 7: 1066. 1891
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11585
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 2 m tall. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ossaea palenquensis Wurdack, Phytologia 38(4):
302. 1978. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Biological Station, C.H. Dodson
& A.H. Gentry 6553 (HT: US; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Jan 1995, N. Pitman 1158 (MO,
QCNE).
Understory shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall. 400-600 m.
Endemic.
Ossaea quinquenervia (Mill.) Cogn., Monogr.
Phan. 7: 1064. 1891.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3006 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Common understory tree to 2 m tall. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Tibouchina longifolia (Vahl) Baill., Adansonia 12:
74. 1877.
108
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15083
(BEREA, QCNE).
Shrub. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Topobea dodsonorum Wurdack, Phytologia
38(4): 304-305. 1978. Type: Ecuador: Los
Rios/Pichincha: collected in cloud forest
along ridge line near La Centinella at 12
km on road from Patricia Pilar to Flor de
Mayo, Montañas de Ila, 600 m, 16 Jul-11
Aug 1977, C.H. Dodson & H.C. Dodson
6752 (HT: US-2781998; IT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 317 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common woody hemiepiphyte. 250-600 m.
Endemic.
Triolena barbeyana Cogn., Monogr. Phan. 7: 542.
1891.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 27 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark, B. Adnepos
& J. Wolf 119 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common terrestrial herb in light gaps. 60-800
m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Triolena hirsuta (Benth.) Triana, J. Bot. 5: 211.
1867. Bertolonia hirsuta Benth. Type:
Guayaquil,
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3018 (AAU, MO,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in mature forest. 60800 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Triolena pedemontana Wurdack, Phytologia
35(3): 243-244. 1977. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: 20 km West of Santo Domingo
de Los Colorados, 300 m, P.C.D. Cazalet
& T.D. Pennington 5195 (HT: K; IT: NY,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3019 (AAU, MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in mature forest. 500-580 m.
Endemic. Amazonia.
Triolena pustulata Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 28(1): 81. 1871. Type: In Andibus
Ecuadorensibus ad flum. de Guayaquil,
prope Ventanas, R. Spruce 6235.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, Comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4632 (AAU, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250-600 m. Endemic.
MELIACEAE
Carapa guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane
2(Suppl.): 32, t. 387. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K. Cunningham
& C. Roberts 1601 (K, MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 0-650 m. Common
names: “Tangare,” “Figeroa.” Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Carapa megistocarpa A.H. Gentry & Dodson,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(4): 1434-1436,
f. 2. 1988 [1989]. Type: Ecuador. Pichincha:
Centinela, km 12 carretera Patricia Pilar24 de Mayo, cima de las Montañas de Ila,
650 m, C.H. Dodson, A. H. Gentry, W.
Palacios & J. Zaruma 14492 (HT: MO; IT:
MO, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 411 (K, MO,
QCNE).
Common understory tree. 50-500 m. Chocó.
Cedrela odorata L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 940.
1759. Type: Brown. jam. 158, t. 10, f. 1,.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
826 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Cedro castillo.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Guarea glabra Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 3: 8-9. 1807.
Type: Habitat in Montserrat, Ryan s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11672 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 10 m tall. 400 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Guarea kunthiana A. Juss., Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol.
23: 240. 1830.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 31 Mar 1996, J.L. Clark, K. Berg & J.
Leffingwell 2378 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 250-600 m. Common
name: “Colombiano,” “Manzana
Colorado.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ruagea glabra Triana & Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Bot., ser. 5, 15: 368. 1872. Type: Colombia:
Entre la Mesa et Junca, sur le versant
occidental des Andes de Bogota, 1200 m,
Triana s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jan
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2724
(K, MO, QCNE, US).
Common canopy tree. 300-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ruagea insignis (C. DC.) T.D. Penn., Fl. Neotrop.
28: 249-251, f. 52, map 49. 1981. Cabralea
insignis C. DC.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Camino Vecinal Herrera-Los
Monos, 550 m, 24–26 Feb 1995, W.
Palacios 13681 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 100-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Trichilia elegans A. Juss., Fl. Bras. Merid. 2: 79,
pl. 98. 1829.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11271
(MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 50 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Trichilia elsae Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2)
19b1: 115, 117. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, Reserva de Lalo Loor, 24 km S of
Pedernales, SE off coastal highway; 100 m,
109
15 Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 11515 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 50-150 m. Amazonia.
Trichilia martiana C. DC., Fl. Bras. 11(1): 205.
1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4249 (K, MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 250-580 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Trichilia maynasiana C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 1:
700. 1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4764
(MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, ca. 8 m tall. 500 m. Amazonia.
Trichilia obovata W. Palacios, Novon 4(2): 157158, f. 2. 1994. Type: Ecuador: Pastaza:
Pozo Petrolero Danta 2, 50 km al suroeste
del Curaray, 1.47’S, 76.48’W, 365 m, 1-19
Oct 1990, D. Rubio & T. Coba 855 (HT:
QCNE; IT: K, MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 28
km S of Pedernales, 3.5 km SW of the town
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 500–550 m, 27 Nov
1999, T. Delinks 485 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 4 m tall. 500-550 m. Amazonia.
Trichilia pallida Sw., Prodr. 67. 1788. Type:
Hispaniola, Swartz s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Chone, Recint, Hojas Blanca, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, Río Mongolla, 12 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4387 (K, MO,
QCNE).
Common understory tree. 50-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichilia quadrijuga Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto
ed.) 5: 215. 1821 [1822].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama Cantòn, Reserva de Lalo Loor, 30 km
S of Pedernales, 9 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4330 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree, ca. 3 m tall. 10-100 m.
110
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichilia septentrionalis C. DC., Fl. Bras. 11(1):
220. 1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72938
(MO).
Subcanopy tree. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Trichilia surinamensis (Miq.) C. DC., Monogr.
Phan. 1: 679-680. 1878
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2976 (MO,
QCNE).
Common tree, 5-15 m tall. 60-600 m.
Amazonia.
MENISPERMACEAE
Abuta fluminum Krukoff & Barneby, Phytologia
25(1): 38. 1972.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4267
(MO, QCNE).
Woody vine. 300-700 m. Amazonia.
Anomospermum chloranthum Diels, Notizbl.
Konigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6(54): 132-133.
1914.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72751 (MO).
Subcanopy tree. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cissampelos fasciculata Benth., London J. Bot.
2: 361-362. 1843.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 4 Apr
1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya 598 (MO,
QCNE).
Woody liana growing in canopy. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cissampelos pareira L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1031-1032.
1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400
m, 27 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2173 (MO,
QCNE).
Common herbaceous vine along roads. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Disciphania tricaudata Barneby, Brittonia 42(3):
180-181, f. 1G-J. 1990. Type: Ecuador:
Napo: en bosque muy húmedo premontana,
Via Hollin-Loreto, entre río Guamani and
río Pucuno, km 40, 1200 m, 12 Dec 1987,
W. Palacios 2269 (HT: MO; IT: F, K, NY,
US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cantón Pedernales, Cerro Pata de Pájaro,
10 km E of Pedernales, 800 m, 10 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas 1313 (MO, QCNE).
Vine. 800 m. Amazonia.
Odontocarya perforata Barneby, Selbyana 2(1):
47, t. 13B. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
along trail 2, Río Palenque Science Station,
km 56 road Quevedo-Sto Domingo, 1 Mar
1976, 150-220 m, C.H. Dodson 5992 (HT:
MO; CST (drupa): NY; IT: QCA, RPSC,
SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 34
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11453 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 60-800 m. Endemic.
MONIMIACEAE
Siparuna aspera (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC., Prodr.
16(2.2): 645-646. 1868.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 300 (MO, QCNE).
Common shrub in disturbed areas. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Siparuna conica S.S. Renner & Hausner, Novon
6(1): 108-111, f. 5. 1996. Type: Ecuador:
Carchi: Reserva Etnica Awá, Comunidad de
Gualpi Medio, 900 m, female, 21 May 1992
(fl), Quelal, C. 685 (HT: QCNE; IT: MJG,
MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 11 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
334 (MO, QCNE).
Tree. 400-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Siparuna eggersii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20:
Beibl. 49: 17. 1895. Type: Ecuador: Guayas:
Near Balao, H. Eggers 14081 (HT: B destr.,
(Macbride photo neg. 13497); IT: L, M, NY3 sheets, US-2 sheets, WU).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11583
(AAU, GB, MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE).
Small tree or scandent subshrub. 400-600 m.
Endemic.
Siparuna gentryana S.S. Renner, Novon 10(2):
134-138, f. 1-3. 2000. Type: Ecuador:
Carchi: Tulcán, Reserva Etnica Awá, Centro
Gualpí Medio, Río Canumbí, 1150 m, 1928 Feb 1993, A. Grijalva, C. Aulestia & J.
Taicuz 606 (HT: QCNE; IT: AAU, MO, NY,
QCA, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan 1991, A. Gentry
& C. Josse 72777 (MO).
Tree, ca. 7 m tall. 280 m. Common name:
“Comida de Mono.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Siparuna laurifolia (Kunth) A. DC., Prodr.
16(2.2): 651. 1868.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400
m, 28 Oct 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
198 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 400 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Siparuna multiflora S.S. Renner & Hausner,
Novon 6(1): 108, f. 4, 9C, D. 1996. Type:
Ecuador. Carchi: Canton Tulcán, Paroquia
Tobar Donoso, Reserva Indígena Awá, 500
m, male, 19 Jun 1992, G. Tipaz 1337 (HT:
QCNE; IT: MJG, MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2941 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 2-8 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Siparuna palenquensis S.S. Renner & Hausner,
111
Novon 5(1): 63, f. 1K-N, 3. 1995. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: Hcda. Covadonga on
Río Pioatón, 1000 m 2 July 1955, Asplund
16764 (HT: S; IT: MJG, QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 25 m, 22 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12769
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 7 m tall. 25-200 m. Endemic.
MORACEAE
Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber, Bol. Mus.
Paraense Hist. Nat. 5: 337. 1909.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4276
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 7 m tall. 300-700 m. Common name:
“Sande.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Brosimum utile (Kunth) Oken ex J. Presl,
Wseobecny Rostl. 2: 1379. 1846
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, Sitio San Salvador,
orillas del Río Sucio, 100-150 m, Mar 1995,
W. Palacios 13767 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 100-280 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Infrasp.: Brosimum utile subsp. occidentale
C.C. Berg.
Castilla elastica Sessé ex Cerv., Gaz. Lit. Mexico
3: 7. 1794.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & S. Mora
274 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 10 m tall. 300-700 m. Common name:
“Caucho.” Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Castilla elastica subsp. gummifera
(Miq.) C.C. Berg.
Castilla tunu Hemsl., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 27: t.
2651. 1900.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Canton: Pedernales, Cerro Pata de Pájaro,
10 km E of Pedernales, 21 Jun 1996, J.L.
Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2717 (MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree. 300-700 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
112
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Clarisia biflora Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv.
Chil. 255. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Camino vecinal Herrera-Los
Monos, 550 m, 24–26 Feb 1995, W.
Palacios 13678 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 550 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. Chil. 255. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales 100 m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark,
R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4256 (MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree. 100 m. Common name: “Moral
bobo.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus brevibracteata W.C. Burger, Phytologia
26(6): 423-424. 1973.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales, Reserva Ecologica MacheChindul, Comunidad Ambache (vía
marginal de la costa-Chindul), 250 m, 25
Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles
4248 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy or canopy tree. 250-700 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus caldasiana Dugand, Caldasia 4: 33. 1942.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 19 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2085 (BG, MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus citrifolia Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) 4: 33.
1768.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 8 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
665 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, 6-10 m tall. 100-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus crassiuscula Warb. ex Standl., Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 20(1): 12. 1917.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 13 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
855 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Common emergent canopy tree. 400-600 m.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus cuatrecasasiana Dugand, Caldasia 1(4): 36,
f. 1. 1942.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 19 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2100 (BG, MO,
QCNE).
Free standing strangler reaching canopy. 250600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus insipida Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 1143. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4412 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, 20-25 m tall. 150 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus macbridei Standl., Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 305. 1937.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3445 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 12 m tall. 280-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus maxima Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) Ficus no.
6. 1768.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, S. Bennett & D.
Kapan 3679 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 60-500 m. Common name:
“Higuerón.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus obtusifolia Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto
ed.) 2: 49. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Herrera (La Y de la Laguna)
450 m, 26 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4915 (BG,
MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 2 m tall. 450 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus paraensis (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Lugduno-Batavum 3: 298. 1867.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1671 (BG, MO,
QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus pertusa L. f., Suppl. Pl. 442. 1781 [1782].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4647 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte strangler. 250 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus petenensis Lundell, Wrightia 3(8): 167.
1966.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 180 m, 23 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12763
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 20 m tall. 180 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus rieberiana C.C. Berg, Novon 6(3): 234, f.
4. 1996. Type: Ecuador: Carchi: Reserva
Awa, 1500 m, 16–30 Nov. 1990, Rubio et
al. 1068 (HT: QCNE; IT: BG, MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4102 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 5 m tall. 650 m. Endemic.
Ficus schippii Standl., Publ. Field Columbian
Mus., Bot. Ser. 8(1): 7. 1930.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 1 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2966 (BG, MO,
QCNE).
Common woody vine. 200-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ficus sibundoya Dugand, Caldasia 4: 65, f. 12.
1942.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Sta. Isabel) 580 m, 18 Feb 1995, W.
Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo 13533
113
(MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 580 m. Amazonia.
Ficus tonduzii Standl., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.
20(1): 8. 1917.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Comunidad Caña Braval,
Cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4743 (BG,
MO, QCNE).
Tree, 3-15 m tall. 25-500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Ficus trianae Dugand, Caldasia 1(4): 70. 1942.
Type: Colombia: Barbacoas, 700 m
[Narino: Costa del Pacifico], May 1853, J.J.
Triana s.n. (HT: COL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72875
(MO).
Hemiepiphytic strangler. 280 m. Chocó.
Ficus yaponensis Desv.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Pedernales Cantòn, Reserva
Ecologica Mache-Chindul, Hacienda la
Siberia, ca. 20 km SE of Cojimíes, 100 m,
6 April 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T. Nuñez
& C. Robles 4263 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 13 m tall. 100 m. Amazonia.
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud.,
Nomencl. Bot. (ed. 2) 2: 87. 1841. Morus
tinctoria L.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4779
(BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, 10-20 m tall. 250-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Infrasp.: Maclura tinctoria subsp. tinctoria.
Maquira guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane
2(Suppl.): 36, t. 389. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí
Canton, Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 10 km E of
Pedernales, 21 Jun 1996, J.L. Clark, E.
Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2718 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 100-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
114
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Maquira guianensis
costaricana (Standl.) C.C. Berg.
subsp.
Perebea angustifolia (Poepp. & Endl.) C.C. Berg,
Acta Bot. Neerl. 18(3): 463. 1969.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, J.L. Clark 4675 (BG,
MO, QCNE).
Tree, 3-7 m tall. 100-580 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Perebea xanthochyma H. Karst., Fl. Columb. 2:
23, t. 112. 1862.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 15 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber & J.
Plihal 2011 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Common tree, 2-12 m tall. 180-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Poulsenia armata (Miq.) Standl., Trop. Woods 33:
4. 1933. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark
2756 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Tree, 3-8 m tall. 200-500 m. Common names:
“Majagua,” “Damagua.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot., ser. 3. 3(8): 132. 1847.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 16 Feb 1998, J.L. Clark 4536 (BG, MO,
QCNE).
Tree, ca. 15 m tall. 500 m. Amazonia.
Pseudolmedia rigida (Klotzsch & H. Karst.)
Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 28: 215. 1951.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Apr 1996, J.L. Clark & Karl Berg, J.
Leffingwell 2404 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 100-700 m. Common
name: “Guión.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Pseudolmedia rigida subsp. eggersii
(Standl.) C.C. Berg.
Sorocea jaramilloi C.C. Berg, Novon 6(3): 241,
f. 9. 1996. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: road
Quito-Puerto Quito, km 113, 10 km N of
road, Reserva Forestal ENDESA, 22 Aug
1984, J. Jaramillo 7055 (HT: QCA; IT:
AAU, GB, MO, QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
524 (BG, MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Sorocea sarcocarpa Lanj. & Wess. Boer, Acta Bot.
Neerl. 11: 452. 1962. Type: Ecuador.
Esmeraldas, 4 km W of Borbón, Little 6375
(HT: F; IT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí,
Reserva Ecologica Mache-Chindul,
Comunidad Ambache (vía marginal de la
costa-Chindul), 250 m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L.
Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4150 (BG, MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 8-14 m tall. 100-250 m. Endemic.
Trophis caucana (Pittier) C.C. Berg, Proc. Kon.
Ned. Akad. Wetensch., C 91(4): 354. 1988.
Olmedia caucana Pittier. Type: Colombia:
Cauca Valley, La Manuelita near Palmira,
Pittier 803, 5 Dec 1904-6 Jan 1905 (US;
IT: NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4285
(BG, MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
MUSACEAE
Musa acuminata Colla, Mem. Reale Accad. Sci.
Torino 25: 394-395. 1820.
Common introduced and cultivated herb. 0-700
m. Cultivated throughout the tropics.
MYRISTICACEAE
Compsoneura mutisii A.C. Sm., Brittonia 2(5):
415-416. 1937 [1938]. Type: Colombia:
without locality, collected between 17601808, J.C. Mutis 3486 (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 31
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 27 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11389 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 60-300 m. Common name,
“Coco.” Chocó.
Otoba gordoniifolia (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry, Taxon
28(4): 417. 1979. Myristica gordoniifolia
A. DC. Type: In peruvia prope Guayaquil,
Pavón s.n. (HT: G-BOIS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 14 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber & J.
Plihal 1986 (MO, QCNE).
Very common canopy tree. 400-600 m.
Common name: “Sangre de gallina.”
Chocó.
Otoba novogranatensis Moldenke, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 59(3): 156. 1932.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12236 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Virola aequatorialis Muriel & Balslev, Nordic J.
Bot. 20(4): 443-445, f. 1. 2000 [2001]. Type:
Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Anchayacu, Eloy
Alfaro, Mayronga, 100-250 m, Pennington
et al. 14498 (HT: K; IT: K, NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales Cantòn, Hacienda la Siberia (vía
la carretera marginal de la costa), ca. 20 km
SE of Cojimíes., 100 m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4258 (AAU,
MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 100-250 m. Endemic.
Virola dixonii Little, Phytologia 19: 255. 1970.
Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas: San Antonio,
South of Borbón at río Cayapas, 60 m,
E.L. Little & R.G. Dixon 21092 (HT: US;
IT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 18 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz &
S. Mora 276 (MO, QCNE, UPCB).
Common canopy tree. 5-600 m. Common
name: “Coco.” Amazonia, Chocó.
115
Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb., Nova
Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German.
Nat. Cur. 68: 187. 1897.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 27 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark
& C. Brame 3109 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 200 m. Amazonia.
MYRSINACEAE
Ardisia sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark et al. 1677
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 400-600 m. Several undetermined
species of Ardisia have been collected from
the region.
Cybianthus kayapii (Lundell) Pipoly, Sida 18(1):
84. 1998.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera vecinal Herrera-Los
Monos, Cabecera del Río Aguacatal, 550
m, 24–26 Feb 1995, W. Palacios 13677
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1 m tall. 550 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Cybianthus simplex (Hook. f.) G. Agostini, Acta
Biol. Venez. 10(2): 163. 1980.
Comomyrsine simplex Hook. f. Type:
Ecuador: Chimborazo, R. Spruce 6143 (HT:
K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 29 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
527 (MO, QCNE).
Common unbranched pachycaul subshrub, ca.
1 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cybianthus sprucei (Hook. f.) G. Agostini, Acta
Biol. Venez. 10(2): 164. 1980.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2148 (MO,
QCNE).
Unbranched subshrub, ca. 50 cm tall. 500 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
116
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Geissanthus longistamineus (A.C. Sm.) Pipoly,
Novon 3(4): 472. 1993.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Sta. Isabel) 580 m, 18 Feb–5 Mar 1995,
W. Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo
13509 (MO, QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree, 10 m tall. 500-580
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Geissanthus mezianus G. Agostini, Phytologia
20(7): 403. 1970.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 March 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins,
T. Nuñez & J. Richter 4007 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 8-10 m tall. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Stylogyne turbacensis (Kunth) Mez, Pflanzenr. IV.
236(Heft 9): 270. 1902. Ardisia turbacensis
Kunth. Type: Crescit prope pagum Turbaco
Novo-Granatensium, in humidis, Humboldt
& Bonpland s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4282
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 7 m tall. 300-700 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Stylogyne turbacensis subsp.
turbacensis.
MYRTACEAE
Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pav., Syst.
Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 128. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Chone, Recinto, Hojas Blanca, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, Río Mongolla, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4408 (MO,
QCNE).
Common cultivated tree. 0-150 m. Common
name: “Guayabilla.” Amazonia, Chocó.
Eugenia multirimosa McVaugh, Fieldiana, Bot.
29(3): 213. 1956. Type: Peru: Loreto:
Yurimaguas, along lower Rio Huallaga, 135
m, dense forest, 23 Aug–7 Sep 1929, Killip
& Smith 29019 (HT: US: IT:NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & N. Pitman
106 (F, MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree, 6-10 m tall. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Eugenia oerstediana O. Berg, Linnaea 27(2-3):
285-286. 1854 [1856].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos 250 m,
20 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark, B. Shlenker & H.
Shlenker 3059 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 4-14 m tall. 60-250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 3: 244. 1828.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 30 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
541 (MO, QCNE, SEL).
Common tree along disturbed roadsides above
400 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psidium acutangulum DC., Prodr. 3: 233. 1828.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11535
(MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 100 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceylon
6: 115. 1931.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Chone, Recinto, Hojas Blanca, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, Río Mongolla, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4409 (MO,
QCNE).
Introduced and cultivated tree. Common name:
“Poma Rosa.”
NYCTAGINACEAE
Mirabilis jalapa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 177. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
959 (AAU, MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Neea sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 2km E of Quingüe, 250 m, 18
May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
12722 (MO, QCNE).
Treelet, ca. 3 m tall. 250 m. Several
undetermined species of Neea have been
collected in the region.
OCHNACEAE
Ouratea werdermannii Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 356. 1936.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
250 m, 25 March 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn,
T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4166 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 3 m tall. 250 m. Amazonia. [The
material from coastal Ecuador may be a
distinct, undescribed species]
117
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4321
(MO, QCNE).
Uncommon shrub, 2-4 m tall. 60-300 m.
Endemic.
Heisteria pacifica P. Jørg. & C. Ulloa, Fl. Ecuador
69: 72, f. 16. 2002. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Cantón Quinindé, the MacheChindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa
Biological Station, 35 km W of Quinindé,
500 m, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4796 (HT:
QCNE; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 16 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 2023 (MO, QCNE).
Very common understory tree, 3-12 m tall. 280600 m. Chocó.
OLACACEAE
ONAGRACEAE
Heisteria acuminata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl., Fl.
Bras. 12(2): 14. 1872.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4288
(MO, QCNE).
Uncommon tree, 4-6 m tall. 100-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Infrasp.: Heisteria acuminata subsp.
acuminata, Heisteria acuminata subsp.
angustifolia P. Jørg.
Heisteria cyathiformis Little, J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
38(3): 87, f. 7. 1948. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, E.L. Little 6263A
(HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quininde, Fundacion Paraiso
de Papagayos, Km 2 via Esmeraldas, 200
m, 28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro
4928 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree, 2-7 m tall. 60-300 m. Endemic.
Heisteria erythrocarpa P. Jørg. & C. Ulloa, Fl.
Ecuador 69: 82, f. 18. 2002. Type: Ecuador:
Cotopaxi: Tenefuerte, Río Pilaló, QuevedoLatancunga road, km 52-53, 750-900 m,
Dodson & Dodson 12919 (HT: QCNE; IT:
MO, SEL).
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven, Kew
Bull. 15: 476, f. 6d-e, 8h. 1962. Oenothera
octovalvis Jacq.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station600 m,
14 September 1994, J.R. Abbott 15107
(BEREA, QCNE).
Common herb or subshrub in disturbed areas.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
ORCHIDACEAE
Cyclopogon epiphytica (Dodson) Dodson, Icon.
Pl. Trop., ser. 2 5: pl. 430. 1989. Beadlea
epiphytica Dodson. Type: Ecuador: Los
Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, km 47
Sto. Domingo-Quevedo, 220 m, 12 Sep
1972, Dodson 5139 (HT: SEL; IT: QCA,
RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72989
(MO, RPSC).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica
Dichaea angustisegmenta Dodson, Icon. Pl. Trop.
1: pl. 40. 1980. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
118
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Río Palenque Science Center, km 56
Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 220 m, 17 Apr
1973, Dodson & Luer 5252 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2950 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Dichaea chasei Dodson, Orquideologia 19(1): 101.
1993.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 26 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2171 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Dichaea hystricina Rchb. f., Flora 48: 279. 1865.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, C. Aulestia,
J. Kellermann & F. Vetel 2863 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Dichaea panamensis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.
209. 1833.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–
300 m, J.L. Clark, N. Binder & W. Naranjo
2799 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Dichaea richii Dodson, Selbyana 2(1): 49, t. 13C.
1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Science Center, km 56 QuevedoSanto Domingo, 150-220 m, 5 Mar 1976,
C.H. Dodson & E.R. Rich 6000 (HT: SEL;
IT: RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Lita-San Lorenzo 230 m, 11
Jul 1990, Dodson et al. 18520A (MO).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Dimerandra rimbachii (Schltr.) Schltr., Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 17: 44. 1922.
Epidendrum rimbachii Schltr. Type:
Ecuador. Guayas: Häufig auf Kakaobäumen
im Küstentiefland bei Ventanas, Apr 1920,
A. Rimbach 2 (HT: B destr.).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pto. Viejo-Quevedo 400 m, 8 May 1985,
Harling & Andersson 25000 (GB, QCA).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Dressleria fragrans Dodson, Orquideologia 21(1):
3. 1998. Type: Ecuador. Bolívar: Babahoyo
to Guaranda, above Balzapamba, 1400 m 6
June 1960, C. H. Dodson d100 (HT: SEL;
IT: QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
805 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Elleanthus aristatus Garay, Fl. Ecuador 9: 63.
1978. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: ca 3 km E
of Quevedo-Latacunga, 70 m, 10 June 1960,
Dodson 88 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 26 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 428 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Elleanthus capitatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.,
Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 475. 1862.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K. Cunningham
& C. Roberts 1668 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Elleanthus ecuadorensis Garay, Fl. Ecuador 9: 77.
1978. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: between
Chiriboga and Guajalito, 2000 m, Asplund
20515 (HT: S).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
841 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elleanthus fractiflexus Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. Beih. 8: 35. 1921. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: In valle Nanegal,
epiphyticus et terrestris, A. Sodiro 35 (HT:
B destr.; LT: BR; IT: QPLS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, H. Lintz &
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
S. Mora 284 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elleanthus graminifolius (Barb. Rodr.) Løjtnant,
Bot. Not. 129: 447. 1977
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2906 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Elleanthus robustus (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f., Ann. Bot.
Syst. 6: 474. 1862
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 305 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Encyclia fragrans (Sw.) Lemée, Fl. Guayane
Franc. 1: 418. 1955. .
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–
300 m, 8 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
W. Naranjo 2794 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte.
Encyclia vespa (Vell.) Dressler, Phytologia 21(7):
441. 1971.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Oct 1995, J.L. Clark, L. Kvist, P.
Mendosa & L. Skog 1516 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Epidendrum borchsenii Hágsater & Dodson,
Icon. Orchid. (Mexico) 4: pl. 418. 2001.
Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: Road valle
Hermoso-Los Banos, km 7 (turn oof at km
24 on rd. to Sto. Domingo-Quinidé), 450
m, 25 May 1994, Borchsenius et al. 265
(HT: QCA; IT: AMO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2872 (MO,
QCNE).
Epihyte. Endemic.
Epidendrum difforme Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 29.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400-
119
600 m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K.
Cunningham, & Catherine Roberts 1681
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Epidendrum echinatum Løjtnant, Bot. Not. 130:
324, f. 2. 1977. Type: Ecuador. Cotopaxi:
Quevedo-Latacunga road, rocky slopes with
rain forest, c. 800-950 m, (79 º110W, 00
º15’S), 5 April 1973, Holm-Nielsen,
Jeppesen, Løjtnant & Øllgaard 3001 (HT:
AAU; IT: AMES, K, MO, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas : Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
839 (MO, QCNE)
Epiphyte. Endemic
Epidendrum gentryi Dodson, Icon. Pl. Trop. 5:
pl. 427. 1982. Type: Ecuador: Pastaza:
Tarqui, 13 km west of Puyo, 1000 m, 12
Aug 1978, Dodson et al. 7262 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 309 (MO. QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Epidendrum jejunum Rchb. f., Otia Bot.
Hamburg. 12. 1982.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Oct 1995, J.L. Clark, L.P. Kvist,
P. Mendosa & L.E. Skog 1521 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Epidendrum littorale Hágsater & Dodson, Icon.
Orchid. (Mexico) 2: pl. 153. 1993. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: Centinela, km 12
Patricia Pilar to 24 (de) Mayo, at crest of
ridge of Montañas Ila, 600 m, 7 Jul 1985,
C. H. Dodson & T. A. Dodson 15869A (HT:
RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
802 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Epidendrum mininocturnum Dodson, Selbyana
120
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
2(1): 53, f. 14D. 1977. Type: Ecuador. Los
Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, km 56
Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 150-220 m, 10
Mar 1977, in fruit, C.H. Dodson 6654 (HT:
SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark 1682 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Epidendrum myodes Rchb. f., Beitr. Orchid.-K.
C. Amer. 86. 1866.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sept 1996, J.L. Clark 2947
(MO,QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Epidendrum repens Cogn., Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 7: 122. 1909.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, J.L. Clark & C. Watt 942 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Epidendrum rigidum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 29.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–
300 m, 7 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
W. Naranjo 2779 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Epidendrum secundum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 29.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 15 Mar 1998, Christopher Pallis 4 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Erythrodes ecuadorensis Garay, Fl. Ecuador 9:
279. 1978. Type: Ecuador. Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Biological Station., Dodson &
Mcmahon 5074 (HT: SEL; IT: RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72991
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Endemic.
Gongora aceras Dressler, Orquideologia 6: 70, f.
1971. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: Río
Chihuilpe, SW of Santo Domingo de los
Colorados, Dressler, R.L. s.n. (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, A. Gentry,
R. Foster & C. Josse 72870 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Gongora ilense Whitten & Jenny, Orchidee
(Hamburg) 43(6): 270. 1992. Type:
Ecuador: Los Ríos: Centinela, forested hills
near Río Bimbe on E side of Río Baba, E of
Río Palenque S. C., ca 3 km from Patricia
Pilar, 0.30S 79.28W, 400 m, Nov. 1988, M.
Whitten & C. H. Dodson 88062 (HT:
QCNE; IT: AMES, FLAS, MO, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 2051 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Helleriella punctulata (Rchb. f.) Garay & H.R.
Sweet, Fl. Lesser Antilles 167. 1974.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sept 1996, J.L. Clark 2948
(MO,QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Huntleya fasciata Fowlie, Orchid Digest 30: 281.
1966.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3100 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Lepanthes calodictyon Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 5259.
1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4037
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Lepanthes clarkii Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(3): 58, f. 50. 1996.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Type: Ecuador: Bilsa Biological Station,
Mache Mountains, west of Santa Isabel,
400-600 m, 14 November 1994., J.L. Clark
& N. Pitman 254 (HT: MO; IT: QCNE).
(Fig. 19, p.146).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 15 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & N.
Pitman 254 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Lepanthes maccolmiana Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(3): 112, f. 144.
1996. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas, J. L.
Clark & C. Watt 838 (HT: MO; IT: QCNE).
(Fig.20, p.147).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 11 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
838 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Lepanthes pecunialis Luer, Orchidee (Hamburg)
37(5): 219. 1986. Type: Ecuador. Pichincha:
epiphytic in citrus trees above Tandapi,
1500 m, 31 Mar 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, A.
Hirtz & X. Hirtz 11016 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark 1700 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Lepanthes saltatrix Luer & Hirtz, Monogr. Syst.
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(3): 150, f. 207.
1996. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas: epiphytic
in cloud forest west of Lita, 750 m, 18
January 1987., C. Luer, J. Luer, C. H.
Dodson, A. Hirtz, D. Benzing & D.
Bermudes 12424 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 19 Jan
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2728
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Lockhartia chocoensis Kraenzl., Pflanzenr. 19.
1923. Type: Colombia,.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Lita-Alto Tambo 850 m, 20
May 1987, Dodson et al. 17138 (MO,
121
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Lockhartia hercodonta Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl.,
Pflanzenr. IV. 50(Heft 83): 8, t. 2A. 1923.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pata de Pájaro 300 - 700 m, 20 June 1996,
J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2670 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Lockhartia serra Rchb. f., Otia Bot. Hamburg. 6.
1876[1878]. Type: Ecuador. Guayas:
Guayaquil, Litoral-Ebene, F.C. Lehmann
s.n. (HT: W; photo: RPSC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
804 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Masdevallia geminiflora P. Ortiz, Orquideologia
13: 75. 1978.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4038.
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Maxillaria acutifolia Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg.
25: misc. 92. 1839.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2954 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria adendrobium (Rchb. f.) Dressler,
Taxon 13(7): 248-249. 1964.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 169 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria alba (Hook.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid.
Pl. 143. 1832.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Paraíso
de Papagayos, 100–300 m, 7 Jul 1996, J.L.
Clark, N. Binder & W. Naranjo 2789 (MO,
QCNE).
122
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria aurea (Poepp. & Endl.) L.O. Williams,
Caldasia 1(3): 14. 1941.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 304 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria chionantha J.T. Atwood, Selbyana
16(2): 242, f. 1. 1995
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3098
(MO,QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria cryptobulbon Carnevali & J.T.
Atwood, Novon 1(4): 159-162, f. 1-2. 1991.
Type: Ecuador: Morona-Santiago: Serranía
de Cutucú, 25 km SE of Logrono, flowering
at the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 610 Jan 1991, J. D. Ackerman 1041 (HT:
SEL; IT: MO, VEN).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 23 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 327 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria dichotoma (Schltr.) L.O. Williams,
Bot. Mus. Leafl. 9(1): 15. 1940.
Camaridium dichotomum Schltr. Type:
Ecuador: Pinchincha: In regione subtropical
vallis Nanegal, Aug 1874, Sodiro 94.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, September 21, 1994, M.S. Bass &
L. Kueppers 38 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria ecuadorensis Schltr., Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 8: 93. 1921. Type:
Ecuador. Pichincha: In silvis temperatis
prope Canzacoto – Majo 1885, Sodiro 86
(HT: B destr.; LT: QPLS).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1627 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó.
Maxillaria imbricata Barb. Rodr., Gen. Sp.
Orchid. 1: 120. 1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2905 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Maxillaria longicaulis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 27: 72. 1929.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3013 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Maxillaria marmoliana Dodson, Icon. Pl. Trop.
2: t. 156. 1980. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
Río Palenque Science Center, km 56
Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 220 m 18 June
1979, C.H. Dodson 7757 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1627 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Maxillaria nasuta Rchb. f., Beitr. Orchid.-K. C.
Amer. 104. 1866. Type: Novo Granada:
Lasita, Schlim s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2880 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica
Maxillaria porrecta Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg.
24: misc. 92. 1838.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3093 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria pseudoreichenheimiana Dodson,
Icon. Pl. Trop. 2: t. 160. 1980. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: Km 87-84 old road
Quito-Santo Domingo, 1200-1300 m, 21
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Mar 1980, C.H. Dodson & A.H. Gentry
9718 (HT: SEL; IT: GUA, MO, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Lita-San Lorenzo 230 m, 11
Jul 1990, Dodson et al. 18517 (MO).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Maxillaria ramosa Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. Chil. 1: 226. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Sto. Domingo-Esmeraldas 300
m, 14 Sep 1980, Dodson et al. 10436 (SEL).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Maxillaria richii Dodson, Orquideologia 19(3):
81. 1994. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas: Lita
to San Lorenzo, Km 8, 720 m, 13 May 1990,
Dodson et al. 16586 [not 18283] (HT:
RPSC; IT: QCNE).
Represnetative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, C. Aulestia,
J. Kellermann & F. Vetel 2862 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Maxillaria variabilis Bateman ex Lindl.,
Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 23: sub t. 1986. 1837.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 23 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3105 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Mesospinidium incantans Rchb. f., Gard. Chron.
1: 586. 1880.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
794 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Monophyllorchis maculata Garay, Fl. Ecuador 9:
43. 1978. Type: Ecuador: Pastaza: Mera, H.
Lugo 1942 (HT: S; IT: AMES, GB).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, J.L. Clark
& B. Adnepos 686 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
123
Myoxanthus exasperatus (Lindl.) Luer, Selbyana
7(1): 36. 1982.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
813 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Octomeria sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K. Cunningham
& C. Roberts 1666 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m.
Oncidium crista-galli Rchb. f., Bot. Zeitung
(Berlin) 10: 697. 1852.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4069
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Oncidium obryzatum Rchb. f., Bonplandia
(Hanover) 2: 108. 1854.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Monticristi 500 m, 27 Feb 1977, Luer et al.
1474 (SEL).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Oncidium toachicum Dodson, Icon. Pl. Trop. 2:
t. 191. 1980. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
Santo Domingo, 530 m, in fruit, 22 Jul
1979, Dodson 9277 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3091 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Ophidion pleurothallopsis (Kraenzl.) Luer,
Selbyana 7(1): 80. 1982. Cryptophoranthus
pleurothallopsis Kraenzl. Type: Colombia:
Antioquia: on trees in thick, damp forests
around San GregoRío and Nariño, 20002400 m, fl. Dec, Lehmann 7272 (HT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 3990
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica..
124
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Ornithocephalus bryostachys Schltr., Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 17. 1921. Type:
Ecuador. Chimborazo: “In silvis tropicis
secus flumen Chimbo, 400 m, Sep 1891, L.
Sodiro s.n. (HT: B destr.?).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–
300 m, 8 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
W. Naranjo 2798 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia.
Pleurothallis claviculata Luer & Hirtz,
Lindleyana 11(3): 153-154, f. 16. 1996.
Type: Ecuador. Pastaza: epiphytic in cloud
forest along Río Zuñag, 2400 m, 23-28 Feb
1990, A. Hirtz et al. 4635 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
741 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic. Amazonia.
Osmoglossum panduratum Garay, Bot. Mus.
Leafl. 26(1): 29. 1978. Type: Ecuador:
without precise locality. Imported and
grown by J. Stacy, J. Stacy s.n. (HT: AMES).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 5 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4195 (MO, SEL,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. 250 m. Endemic
Pleurothallis deregularis (Barb. Rodr.) Luer,
Selbyana 2(4): 385-386. 1978.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Sto. Domingo-Esmeraldas 100
m, 13 Sep 1980, Dodson et al. 10420 (SEL).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Platystele acutilingua Kapuler & Hascall, Amer.
Orchid Soc. Bull. 35: 544. 1966. Type:
Colombia: Dept. del Chocó: between
Tutunendo and El Carmen, on tree trunks
in the foothills of the Cordillera Occidental,
A. M. Kapuler & V. C. Hascall 268 (HT:
COL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J. Richter 4034
Epiphyte. Chocó..
Platystele enervis Luer, Phytologia 55(3): 200.
1984. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: epiphytic
in cloud forest near Los Faisanes, ca. 2000
m, 15 Jul 1983, A. Hirtz 1009 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark & P. Nutt 4125.
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Pleurothallis barbulata Lindl., Fol. Orchid.
Pleurothallis 40. 1859.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2693
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Pleurothallis dibolia Luer, Selbyana 1(3): 238, f.
54. 1975. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
epiphytic in old coffee trees 15 km east of
Santo Domingo, 800 m, 28 Feb. 1975, C.
Luer & R. Kent 269 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2952 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó.
Pleurothallis helleri A.D. Hawkes, Phytologia
14(1): 12-14, t. 8. 1966.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2877 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Mesoamerica.
Pleurothallis pidax Luer, Selbyana 5(2): 174-175.
1979. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: epiphytic
in rain forest at Río Palenque Science
Center, Km 47 S of Santo Domingo, 2000
m, March 1976, cult. at SEL, greenhouse
acc. no. 91-76-51, flowered in cult. Jan
1978, C. Luer 2277 (HT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
935 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Pleurothallis rowleei Ames, Sched. Orch. 1: 11-
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
125
12. 1922
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2871 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Misc. Inform. Kew 1893(82-83): 335. 1893
[1894].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Cerros de Mache 600 m, 15
Dec 1990, Dodson et al. 18569 (MO).
Epiphyte. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br., Hort. Kew.
(ed. 2) 5: 211. 1813.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4745
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Scaphyglottis boliviensis (Rolfe) B.R. Adams,
Phytologia 64(4): 257. 1988.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 100–
300 m, 8 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Binder &
W. Naranjo 2803 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polycycnis ornata Garay, Canad. J. Bot. 34(2):
256. 1956. Type: Ecuador: Napo-Pastaza:
Ozoyacu (north of Archidona), 1000 m, 26
Oct 1939, E. Asplund 9516 (HT: S).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A. Cousins, T.
Nuñez & J- Richter 4036.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Scaphyglottis prolifera Cogn., Fl. Bras. 3(5): 15.
1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
940 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & H.R.
Sweet, Fl. Lesser Antilles 1: 178. 1974.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
904 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyhte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Polystachya foliosa (Hook.) Rchb. f., Ann. Bot.
Syst. 6(4): 640. 1863.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2692
(MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Sarcoglottis grandiflora (Lindl.) Klotzsch, Allg.
Gartenzeitung 10: 107. 1842. Spiranthes
grandiflora Lindl.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72872
(MO).
Terrestrial herb. Amazonia.
Scaphosepalum microdactylum Rolfe, Bull.
Sigmatostalix adamsii Dodson, Selbyana 2(1): 54,
f. 15C. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
very common in orange trees in the city of
Santo Domingo, 650 m, 15 Jun 1967, C.H.
Dodson, N. Willias & R. Adams 3705 (HT:
SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 530
m, 9 May 2001, D. Neill, C. Aulestia &
QCNE botany interns 13230 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Sobralia lancea Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 18: 187.
1958. Type: Koie 4787.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 310 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb.Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Sobralia powellii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Veg. Beih. 17: 11. 1922. Type: Powell 2.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2886 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
126
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Stanhopea annulata Mansf., Orchis 16: 19. 1938.
Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: Río Baba, 28 km
south of Santo Domingo, 350 m, 15 May
1962, Dodson & Thien 2166 (NT: SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K.
Cunningham & C. Roberts 1694 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Chocó
Stelis argentata Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 28:
Misc. 64. 1842.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11561.
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Stelis manabina Dodson & Garay, Icon. Pl. Trop.
4: t. 327. 1980. Type: Ecuador: Manabí:
near summit of Monticristi, 8 km of Manta,
500 m, 8 Jan 1978, Luer et al. 2273 (HT:
SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2951 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Stelis pardipes Rchb. f., Beitr. Orchid.-K. C. Amer.
96. 1866. Wendland s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & Meter Hibbs
2669 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Terrestrial herb. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trichopilia rostrata Rchb. f., Refug. Bot. t. 100.
1872.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2944 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Endemic.
Trichosalpinx blaisdellii (S. Watson) Luer,
Phytologia 54(5): 394. 1983.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 530
m, 9 May 2001, D. Neill, C. Aulestia &
QCNE botany interns 13231 (MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Trichosalpinx orbicularis (Lindl.) Luer,
Phytologia 54(5): 396. 1983.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72767 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Vanilla planifolia Andrews, Bot. Repos. 8: pl. 538.
1808.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Jan 1995, N. Pitman 1162 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial, scandent herb. Common name:
“Vainilla.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
OXALIDACEAE
Stelis purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4:
140. 1805.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2949 (MO,
QCNE).
Epiphyte. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Stenorrhynchos lanceolatum (Aubl.) Rich. ex
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 710. 1826.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3680
Averrhoa carambola L., Sp. Pl. 1: 428. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2698
(MO, QCNE).
Common introduced and cultivated tree. 300700 m. Common name: “Fruta china.”
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Biophytum dendroides (Kunth) DC., Prodr. 1:
690. 1824. Oxalis dendroides Kunth. Type:
Crescit in Regno Novo-Granatensi, inter
urbem Guaduas et Quebrada de la
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Carbonera, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3447 (MO, QCNE).
Common herb growing on rocks along shady
rivers. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Oxalis sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Dec 1996, J.L. Clark, T. Walla & H.
Greeney 3567 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb along disturbed
roadsides. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
127
H. Vargas 1307 (MO, QCNE).
Vine or liana. 800 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Passiflora capsularis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 957. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE Botany interns 11680 (QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Passiflora chelidonea Mast., Gard. Chron. 12: 40.
1879. Type: Cultivated: cult. by AndersonHenry from a Sodiro seed collection from
Cerro Corazón, Ecuador, s.n. (HT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Herrera (La Y de la Laguna)
450 m, 26 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4920
(QCNE, MO).
Herbaceous vine. 450 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
PAPAVERACEAE
Bocconia integrifolia Humb. & Bonpl., Pl.
Aequinoct. 1: 119, t. 35. 1807.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & H. Lintz
150 (MO, QCNE).
Common shrub along road, 1-3 m tall. 400-600
m. Amazonia.
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora ambigua Hemsl., Bot. Mag. 128: t.
7822. 1902.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m, 10 Oct 1996,
J.L. Clark 3035 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Passiflora auriculata Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 131.
1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3063 (MO,
QCNE).
Common herbaceous vine in distured areas. 60800 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Passiflora biflora Lam., Encycl. 3: 36. 1789.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 800 m, 10 Mar 1997,
Passiflora discophora P. Jørg. & Lawesson,
Nordic J. Bot. 7(2): 127, f. 1. 1987. Type:
Ecuador. Prov. Los Ríos: Patricia Pilar-24
de Mayo, km 12, C.H. Dodson et al. 11077
(HT: MO!).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3706 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Liana growing in subcanopy. 500 m. Endemic.
Amazonia
Passiflora edulis Sims, Bot. Mag. 45: pl. 1989.
1818.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 12 (MO, QCNE).
Common introduced and cultivated herbaceous
vine. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Maracuya.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Passiflora filipes Benth., Pl. Hartw. 118. 1843.
Type: Ecuador: Guayaquil, Hartweg 661.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11287
(MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 50 m. Mesoamerica.
128
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Passiflora foetida L., Sp. Pl. 2: 959. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
856 (MO, QCNE).
Common clambering herbaceous vine in
disturbed areas. 400 m. Common name:
“Bombillo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast., J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 20: 31. 1883. Type: Ecuador: Río
San Antonio near Volcan Chimborazo,
Spruce 6203 (LT: BM; ILT: W).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
871 (MO, QCNE).
Understory unbranched shrub, 1-2 m tall. 300700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Passiflora maliformis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 956. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3681 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine in sunny disturbed areas. 500
m. Chocó.
Passiflora palenquensis Holm-Niels. &
Lawesson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74:
497, f. 1. 1987. Type: Ecuador. Prov. Los
Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, Km 56.
150-220 m., C.H. Dodson & A. Gentry 8854
(HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas : Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 -5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2983 (MO,
QCNE).
Common herbaceous vine. 280-600 m. Chocó.
Passiflora pittieri Mast., Bot. Gaz. 23(4): 246247. 1897.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3772 (MO, QCNE).
Common woody vine in mature forest. Used
for Heliconius-Passiflora study. 400-600 m.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Passiflora punctata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 957. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 34
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11458 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine growing in secondary forest.
60 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Passiflora quadrangularis L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)
2: 1248. 1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
312 (MO, QCNE).
Vine growing in secondary forest. 400-600 m.
Common name: “Badea.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Passiflora resticulata Mast. & André, J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 20: 42-43. 1884. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: San Florencio on the W slopes
of Cerro Corazón, 1580 m, André 2568 (LT:
K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2994 (MO,
QCNE).
Common herbaceous vine in secondary forest.
400-800 m. Amazonia.
Passiflora rubra L., Sp. Pl. 2: 956-957. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 3 km al norte del Río Cojimíes
50 m, 19 Dec 1998, D. Neill & QCNE
botany interns 11699 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 50-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Passiflora sprucei Mast., Fl. Bras. 13(1): 568.
1872. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: Río
Ventanas, R. Spruce 6459 (IT: BM, K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
14 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, L. Chatrou, P. Maas
& C. Repetur 3792 (MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous vine growing in sunny disturbed
site. 200 m. Endemic.
Passiflora tiliifolia L., Sp. Pl. 956. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
129
Figure 2. A-B. Inflorescence and flower of Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum D.A. Neill. C. Flower of Diospyros esmereg
B. Walln. D-E. Habit and inflorescence of Grias longirachis S. Mori & J.L. Clark.
130
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 3. A-B. Inflorescence and flower of Rustia bilsana Delprete. C. Flower of Hippotis comosa L. Andersson & Rova.
D-E. Habit and inflorescence of Amphidasya amethystina J.L. Clark & C.M. Taylor.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
131
Figure 4. A-B. Hemiepiphyhtic Ocotea sp. showing strangling habit on the host tree Citharexylum gentryi Moldenke; only
known from three individuals in permament plot on Loma de los Guerreros. C. Common canopy tree, Chlorocardium
aff. venenosum (Kosterm. & Pinkley) Rohwer, H.G. Richt. & van der Werff.
132
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 5. A-B. Fruit and flower of Mosannona pacifica Chatrou. C-D. Fruits of Klarobelia megalocarpa Chatrou (photo by
P. Maas of type collection, Maas et al. 8521)
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
133
Figure 6. A. Lateral views of closed and cut open flowers of Gasteranthus villosus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist. B. Front view of
Gasteranthus tenellus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist with red foliage. C & E. Capsular fruit of Gasteranthus villosus. D.
Lateral view of Gasteranthus tenellus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist with green foliage.
134
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 7. A-B. Flower and habit of Pitcairnia clarkii H. Luther. C. Flower of Burmeistera smaragdi Lammers. D-E. Flower
and habit of Pitcairnia ferrell-ingramiae H. Luther & Dalström.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
135
Figure 8. A. Large fruits with numerous wooly lanate seeds of Patinoa aff. almirajo Cuatrec. B. Flower of Capparis bonifaziana
X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis. C-D. Flower and leaves of emergent canopy tree, Spirotheca awadendron Fern.Alonso
136
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 9. A-B. Lateral and front views of flower from Exarata chocoensis A.H. Gentry. C-D. Hemiepiphytic habit and
flowers of Thibaudia litensis Luteyn.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
137
Figure 10. Exarata chocoensis A.H. Gentry. A. Branch with flowers. B. Branch with fruits. C. Calyx cut away to show
pistil. D. Anthers. E. Base of lower leaves. (Based on: A, Pennington & de la Cruz 10550; B, Gentry & Renteria 23980.)
Reprinted with permission from Gentry (1992: Figure 1).
138
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 11. Ecuadendron acosta-solisianum D.A. Neill. A. Flowering branch with pendent inflorescence. B. Position of
flowers on pendent inflorescence. C. Pendent, mature fruits. D. Open flower showing position of petals, androecium,
and gynoecium. E. Side view of open flower. At anthesis filaments are fully extended. F. Flower with sepals and petals
removed, showing position of androecium with fertile stamens and vestigial staminodes and gynoecium. (Based on:
D.A. Neill, H. Vargas, T. Núñez & J.L. Clark 10437, holotype.) Reprinted with permission from Neill (1998: Figure 1).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
139
Figure 12. Klarobelia megalocarpa Chatrou. A. Fruit. B. Habit with immature flower. C. Seed with spiral raphe. D. Monocarp.
(Based on: A, C, D, Maas et al. 8521, holotype; B, J.L. Clark 509.) Reprinted with permission from Chatrou (1998:
Figure 5).
140
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 13. Mosannona pacifica Chatrou. A. Habit with immature fruit. B. Flower at anthesis. The front pteal curved inward
to close the pollination chamber. C. Habit with flower. (Based on: A, P. Maas et al. 8531, type collection; B, J.L. Clark
4107; C, J.L. Clark 419.) Reprinted with permission from Chatrou (1998: Figure 8).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
141
Figure 14. Capparis bonifaziana X. Cornejo & Iltis. A. Nearly mature fruit with characteristic longitudinal stripes. B. Fruit
in longitudinal section, showing the many seeds imbedded in a white pulp. C. Branch with two fruits and subtending
leaf. D. Flowering branch, with buds and post-anthesis flower with filaments abcissed. E. The same branch as in D,
enlarged. F. Flower bud just preceding anthesis. Reprinted with permission from Cornejo & Iltis (2005: modified from
Figures 4 & 5).
142
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 15. Gasteranthus bilsaensis L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist. A. Habit. B. Inset: section of abaxial leaf surface. C. Corolla. D.
Corolla opened to show stamens. E. Calyx. F. Calyx, pistil, and disk. (Based on: A, Mendoza-T. et al. 561; B, J.L. Clark
et al. 213; C-F, N. Pitman et al. 884.) Reprinted with permission from Skog & Kvist (2000: Figure 17).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
143
Figure 16. Gasteranthus tenellus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist. A. Habit. B. Inset: section of abaxial leaf surface. C. Corolla. D.
Corolla opened to show stamens. E. Calyx. F. Calyx, pistil, and disk. G. Fruit. H. Seeds. (Based on: A, Abbott 15271; BF, J.L. Clark et al. 2815; G,H, Mendoza-T. et al. 586.) Reprinted with permission from Skog & Kvist (2000: Figure 37).
144
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 17. Gasteranthus villosus L.E. Skog & L.P. Kvist. A. Habit. B. Inset: section of abaxial leaf surface. C. Corolla. D.
Corolla opened to show stamens. E. Calyx. F. Calyx, pistil, and disk. G. Fruit. H. Seeds. (Based on: Játiva & Epling
744.) Reprinted with permission from Skog & Kvist (2000: Figure 38).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
145
Figure 18. Grias longirachis S.A. Mori & J.L. Clark. A. Stem showing scars of two leaf flushes with scars of intervening
bracts. B. Part of leaf. C. Inflorescence showing young flowers toward apex and newly forming fruits below them, note
bracts at apex and bract scars under flowers and developing fruits. D. Apical part of inflorescence showing lateral views
of bud and flower. E. Apical view of flower. F. Medial section of androecium and pistil. Note pendulous ovules. G.
Stamen. H. Fruit (upper right) and seed with seed coat partially fragmented (lower left). (Based on: A, J.L. Clark & D.
Kapan 3745; B, H from J.L. Clark & Y. Troya 684; C, J.L. Clark et al. 1641; D-G, J.L. Clark 2963.) Reprinted with
permission from Clark & Mori (2000: Figure 1).
146
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 19. Lepanthes clarkii Luer. (Based on: J.L. Clark & N. Pitman 254, type.) Reprinted with permission from Luer
(1996: Figure 50).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
147
Figure 20. Lepanthes maccolmiana Luer. (Based on: J.L. Clark & C. Watt 838, type.) Reprinted with permission from Luer
(1996: Figure 144).
148
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 21. Amphidasya amethystina J.L. Clark & C.M. Taylor. A. Stem with young infructescences. B. Node with stipule.
C. Calyx (including hypanthium) at anthesis. D. Corolla at anthesis. A to 5-cm scale; B,C,D to 1-cm scale. (Based on:
J.L. Clark et al. 2864; B-D based on J.L. Clark et al. 1514, type.) Reprinted with permission from Taylor & Clark (2001:
Figure 1).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
149
Figure 22. Psychotria esmeraldana C.M. Taylor. A. Portion of inflorescence with one flower from which the corolla has
fallen and four flower buds. B. Flowering stem. C. Portion of stem with stipule and portions of subtending leaves.
(Based on: A, Carvajal 7; B, C Bass & Pitman 244.) Reprinted with permission from Taylor (2006: Figure 2 D-F).
150
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Figure 23. Rustia bilsana Delprete. A. Habit of inflorescence with mature leaf. B. Flower bud. C. Flower in early stage of
anthesis. D. Anther. E. Style. (Based on: J.L. Clark 2979, type.) Reprinted with permission from Delprete (1998: Figure
1).
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 7 Dec 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
299 (MO, QCNE).
Vine. 200 m. Common name: “Grenadilla del
monte.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 16c: 144. 1934.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11277
(MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 10-50 m. Common name: “Ajo.”
Hilleria secunda (Ruiz & Pav.) H. Walter,
Pflanzenr. IV. 83(Heft 39): 82-83. 1909.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11658 (MO, QCNE).
Understory herb. 400 m.
Petiveria alliacea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 342. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L . Clark, R, Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4208 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D. Bouché,
Index Sem. (Berlin) 1848: 15-16. 1849.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 3 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, M. Bass &
N. Pitman 138 (MO, QCNE).
Common succulent herb in sunny disturbed
sites. 300-700 m. Common name:
“Atuczara.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Phytolacca weberbaueri H. Walter, Pflanzenr. IV.
83(Heft 39): 49-50. 1909.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, 10 km NE of Jama, slopes north of
Río Don Juan, 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill
& QCNE botany interns 11674 (MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Rivina humilis L.
151
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 14 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark,
L. Chatrou & C. Repetur 3795 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine in disturbed areas. 200 m.
Widespread:
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
PIPERACEAE
Peperomia alwynii Callejas & Betancur, Novon
7(1): 17, f. 1. 1997. Type: Colombia:
Nariño: municipio de Barbacoas,
corregimiento Altaquer, vereda El Barro,
Reserva Natural Río Ñambí, margen
derecha del Río Ñambí, 1325 m. 1 º118’N
78 º108’W, 7 Dec 1993, P. Franco, D.
Giraldo, W. Beltrán, A. Prieto & O. Rivera
4999 (HT: COL; IT: HUA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3962 (MO,
QCNE).
Succulent terrestrial herb, 30 cm tall. 650 m.
Chocó.
Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr., Sp. Pl. 1: 156.
1831.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 31
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 27 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11400 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 60 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Peperomia lancifolia Hook., Icon. Pl. 4: t. 332.
1841.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 23 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15202
(BEREA, QCNE).
Epiphytic herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Peperomia montium C. DC., Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 15(415/417): 5. 1917.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 7 Dec
1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman 307 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
152
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Herbaceous epiphyte. 280-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Succulent herbaceous vine. 250 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr., Sp. Pl. 1:
154. 1831.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 421 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Epiphyte in disturbed forest. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Peperomia serpens (Sw.) Loudon, Hort. Brit. 13.
1830. Piper serpens Sw. Type: Jamaica,
Swartz s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Sep 1994, N. Pitman 717 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Succulent herbaceous vine. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Peperomia pernambucensis Miq., London J. Bot.
4: 420-421. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 31 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & David
Marsh 1136 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Succulent epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Peperomia puberulicaulis Trel. & Yunck.,
Piperac. N. South Amer. 2: 637. 1950. Type:
Colombia: El Valle: Cordillera Occidental,
La Cubre, 1900-2200 m, 21-25 May 1922,
E.P. Killip 5925 (T: GH, NY, PH, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 13 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & Adnepos
30 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Epiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Peperomia pyramidata Sodiro, Piperac. Ecuator.
1: 151-152. 1900. Type: Crece en las
pendientes occidentales de Angamarca,
colectada con flores y fruto en Nov. 1900,
Sodiro s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
566 (HUA, MO, QCNE, US).
Common succulent understory herb. 400-800
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp.
(quarto ed.) 1: 65-66. 1815 [1816].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 4 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4145 (HUA, MO,
QCNE).
Peperomia urocarpa Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Index
Sem. (St. Petersburg) 13. 1838. Type: Hab.
in Brasilia, not cited.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark 9 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Herbaceous epiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Peperomia verticillatispica Trel. & Yunck.,
Piperac. N. South Amer. 13. 1950. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: on tree in forest along
road from Quito to Santo Domingo,
inflorescence showy white, 1200 m., 4 Apr
1942, Haught 3217 (HT: US; IT: GH, ILL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Carretera Herrera-El Páramo
(Sta. Isabel) 580 m, 18 Feb – 5 Mar 1995,
W. Palacios, J.L. Clark & N. Jaramillo
13579 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Succulent herbaceous epiphyte. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper aduncum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 29. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11548
(HUA, MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Piper appendiculatum (Benth.) C. DC., Prodr.
16(1): 369. 1869. Artanthe appendiculata
Benth. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha: along
Quito-Santo Domingo road, 1200 m, 4 Apr
1942, Fraser s.n. (T: G).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2925 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Subwoody shrub or herb. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper augustum Rudge, Pl. Guian. 1: 10, pl. 7.
1805.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1030 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub to 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piper auritum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.)
1: 54. 1815 [1816].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, Comunidad Caña Braval,
Cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4654 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb, to 1.5 m tall. 25-250 m.
Common name: “Santa Maria de Anis.”
Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper brachypodon (Benth.) C. DC., Prodr. 16(1):
327. 1869
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72930 (MO).
Liana. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper brachystylum Trel., Ciencias (Mexico)
2(5): 207. 1941.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 323 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub or hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Piper bullosum C. DC., J. Bot. 4: 165. 1866. Type:
In Novae-Granatae: prov. Barbacoas, 1000
m, Triana 22 (HT: G-DC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 400–600 m, 4 Oct 1994, M.S.
Bass & N. Pitman 136 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper cinereum C. DC., J. Bot. 4: 214. 1866. Type:
Colombia: Chocó, Triana s.n. (HT: G-DC).
153
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4661 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Herb or subshrub in sunny disturbed areas. 250600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piper dryadum C. DC., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot.
Belgique 30(1): 221. 1891 [1892].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 63 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Scandent shrub or hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piper filistilum C. DC., Bull. Herb. Boissier 6(6):
491. 1898. Type: Ecuador: in regione
tropicali, Sodiro 1/7.
Synonym: Trianaeopiper garciae Trel. &
Yunck., fide: Jørgensen & León-Yánez
(1999).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark, B. Adnepos
& J. Wolf 125 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Common herb or subshrub. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Piper laevigatum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 56.
1815 [1816].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache.Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 4 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4160 (HUA, MO,
QCNE).
Shrub. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper maranyonense Trel., Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2): 189. 1936.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 30 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark & D. Neill
230 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper marginatum Jacq., Collectanea 4: 128.
1790.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4372
154
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
(HUA, MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 10-400 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Piper ottoniifolium C. DC., J. Bot. 4: 213. 1866.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11418 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 5 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piper oxystachyum C. DC., Annuaire Conserv.
Jard. Bot. Geneve 2: 255. 1898.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 400–600 m, 27 Sep 1994, J.L.
Clark, B. Adnepos & J. Wolf 126 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Hemiepiphyte. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Piper peltatum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 30. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 800 m, 10 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas 1306 (MO, QCNE).
Common subshrub or herb in sunny disturbed
areas, to 1 m tall. 400-800 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piper piluliferum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 53.
1815 [1816]. Type: Crescit in declivitate
Andinum, inter Cuenca et Tambo de
Burgay, super Schisto micaceo, 1400
hexapodarom. Floret Julio, Humboldt &
Bonpland s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4314
(HUA, MO, QCNE).
Shrub. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Piper reticulatum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 29. 1753. Type:
Habitat in Martinica, Brasilia,.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 3 Jan 1995, N. Pitman 1178 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 3 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Piper tenuilimbum C. DC., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40:
253. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis 4834
(HUA, MO, QCNE).
Vine or hemiepiphyte. 400-600 , Chocó.
Piper trianae C. DC., J. Bot. 4: 162-163. 1866.
Type: Colombia: Pasto, Triana 2 (HT: GDC).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Jan 1995 J.L. Clark 420 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Common subshrub, ca. 1 m tall. 400-600 m.
Chocó.
Piper veneralense Trel. & Yunck., Piperac. N.
South Amer. 4: 162-163. 1950. Type:
Colombia: El Valle: Pacific Coast, Río
Yurumanguí, Veneral, 5-50 m, Jan 28-Feb
10, 1944, Cuatrecasas 15740 (HT: US1852625).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72907
(MO).
Liana. 280 m. Chocó.
Piper verruculosum C. DC., J. Bot. 4: 215. 1866.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 3 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, M.S. Bass &
N. Pitman 132 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Piper xanthostachyum C. DC., Anales Inst. Fis.Geogr. Nac. Costa Rica 9: 169. 1897.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Esmraldas:
Bilsa Biological Station, 400–600 m, 7 Dec
1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman 303 (HUA,
MO, QCNE).
Vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Sarcorhachis sydowii Trel., Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 48: 16. 1940. Type: Ecuador:
Pichincha: Mindo, H. Sydow 317 (HT: US2 sheets).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 400–600 m, 11 Nov 1994, M.S.
Bass & N. Pitman 229 (HUA, MO, QCNE).
Woody liana. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
POACEAE
Chloris barbata Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 200. 1797.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11542
(MO, QCNE).
Common in pastures and fields. 100 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Homolepis aturensis (Kunth) Chase, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 24: 146, f. 12. 1911.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15051
(BEREA, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb along road. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ichnanthus nemorosus (Sw.) Döll, Fl. Bras. 2(2):
289. 1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 850 m, 11 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1337 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 850 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
155
& H. Weinert 3439 (AAU, MO, QCNE).
Common clambering herb in sunny disturbed
areas. 300-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Olyra latifolia L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1261. 1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11530
(MO, QCNE).
Scandent terrestrial herb in secondary forest.
10-250 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Panicum pilosum Sw., Prodr. 22. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3453 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb along disturbed
roadsides. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Panicum polygonatum Schrad., Mant. 2: 256.
1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 10 km al este de
Pedernales, 800 m, 10 Mar 1997, H. Vargas
1312 (MO, QCNE).
Herb. 800 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Munro ex Benth., Fl.
Hongk. 414. 1861.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11574
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in secondary forest. 400-600
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lasiacis nigra Davidse, Phytologia 29(2): 152.
1974.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15140 (MO,
QCNE).
Herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Lasiacis scabrior Hitchc., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
40: 85. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
Panicum trichidiachne Döll, Fl. Bras. 2(2): 339,
pl. 49. 1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4299
(MO, QCNE, SI).
Terrestrial herb. 300-700 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius, Acta Helv.
Phys.-Math. 7: 129, t. 8. 1762 [1772].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15074
(BEREA, QCNE).
Herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pharus latifolius L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 1269.
1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
156
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4734 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pharus mezii Prod., Bot. Arch. 1: 250. 1922.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11281
(MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in secondary forest. 10-50 m.
Mesoamerica.
Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf, Fl.
Trop. Afr. 9: 495. 1919.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11595
(MO, QCNE).
Creeping herb. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Streptochaeta sodiroana Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z.
40: 113. 1890. Type: Ecuador: Pinchacha:
prope San Miguel de Colorados, in silvis
tropicae, secus flumen Peripa, 400 m, 1883,
Sodiro 911 (HT: W ).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 31
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 27 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11394 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in secondary forest. 60 m.
Mesoamerica.
Streptochaeta spicata Schrad. ex Nees, Fl. Bras.
Enum. Pl. 2: 537. 1829.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 75 – 125 m, 6 Oct
1999, T. Delinks & C. Robles 354 (MO,
QCNE).
Herb. 75-125 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Streptochaeta spicata subsp.
ecuatoriana Judz. & Soderstr.
Uniola pittieri Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 309.
1902.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 2 m,
2 Dec 1995, J.L. Clark & K. Cunningham
1723 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb in lowland sandy areas. 0-10
m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
POLYGALACEAE
Monnina denticulata Chodat, Bull. Herb. Boissier
3: 135. 1895. Type: Hab. in Guayaquil,
Pavon s.n. (HT: G-DEL; IT: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3966 (GB, MO,
QCNE).
Vine. 650 m.
Moutabea sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72780 (MO).
Liana. Common name: “Bejuco de Pava.”
Polygala paniculata L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 1154.
1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 1 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
551 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in open sunny areas.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Securidaca calophylla (Poepp.) S.F. Blake, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 52. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 580
m, 2-4 marzo 1995, W. Palacios 13704 (GB,
MO, QCNE).
Liana in subcanopy. 580 m.
POLYGONACEAE
Coccoloba mollis Casar., Nov. Stirp. Bras. 8: 72.
1844.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Dec 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
1078 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 20 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Coccoloba obovata Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto
ed.) 2: 176. 1817 [1818
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 29 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72760 (MO).
Tree, ca. 15 m tall. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Triplaris cumingiana Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A.
Mey., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. SaintPetersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt.
Sci. Nat. 4: 148. 1845 [1840]. Type:
Colombia, Cuming s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama, 200 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11640 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree in secondary forests. 200-500 m.
Common name: “Fernán Sanchez.” Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
PONTEDERIACEAE
Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv.
1: 43, pl. 71, f. a. 1798.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 10 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Ivonne
Troya 689 (MO, QCNE).
Aquatic herb. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
PORTULACEAE
Portulaca sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, 2 m, 2 Dec 1995, J.L.
Clark & K. Cunningham 1722 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 0-10 m.
PROTEACEAE
Panopsis megistosperma Bonifaz & Cornejo, Fl.
Ecuador 69: 12, f. 2. 2002. Type: Ecuador:
Los Ríos: Hda Clementina, Cerro Samana,
trail between destacamente Pita and La
Torre, 650-750 m, 21 Sept 1999, C.
Gustafsson & X. Cornejo 510 (HT: GUAY;
IT: AAU, GB, K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 25 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 416 (MO,
QCNE).
Rare tree, 10-15 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
157
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis haenkeana C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2(2):
69. 1835.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400
m, 27 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2177 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
RHAMNACEAE
Ziziphus thyrsiflora Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur
78. 1844-1846. Type: Ecuador, Guayaquil
Hartweg 646 (K, W; photo: F(W)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Punta Los Frailes, 5–60 m, 29 Jun 1999, T.
Delinks & C. Robles 347 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, in dry to moist forest, ca. 9 m tall. 5-60
m. Endemic (including coastal Tumbes,
Peru)
RUBIACEAE
Agouticarpa williamsii (Standl.) C. Persson,
Brittonia 55(2): 197. 2003.
Synonym: Genipa williamsii Standl., fide
Persson (2003).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72970
(MO).
Tree, ca. 15 m tall. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Alseis eggersii Standl., Publ. Field Columbian
Mus., Bot. Ser. 4(8): 264. 1929. Type:
Ecuador: Manabí: El Recreo, 29 Apr 1897,
H. Eggers 15738 (HT: F; IT: B destr
(photos: F, C, K, O, S)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama Cantòn, Hacienda Reserva de Lalo
Loor, 30 km S of Pedernales on vía marginal
de la costa, 10 m, 9 Oct 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4380 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 18 m tall. 0-50 m. Amazonia.
Amphidasya ambigua (Standl.) Standl., Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11(5): 181. 1936.
158
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Sabicea ambigua Standl. Type: Colombia:
without definite locality, Triana 1847 (HT:
K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
736 (GB, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb or shrub in understory of mature
forest. 280-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Amphidasya amethystina J.L. Clark & C.M.
Taylor, Novon 11(4): 491-492, f. 1. 2001.
Type: Ecuador: Esmeraldas: cantón
Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache
Mountains, 35 km W of Quininde, 5 km W
of Santa Isabel, 00 º21’N, 79 º44’W, 400600 m, 27 Oct 1995, J.L. Clark, L.P. Kvist,
P. Mendosa & L.E. Skog 1514 (HT: QCNE;
IT: MO, US). (Fig. 3D-E, p.130; 21A-D,
p.148).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 27 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark, B. Adnepos
& J. Wolf 124 (MO, NY, QCNE, US).
Terrestrial herb in light gaps or shade of mature
forest. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Bertiera procumbens K. Schum. & K. Krause,
Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 328. 1908. Type:
Ecuador, H. Eggers 14282 (T: M, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 10 Oct 1006, J.L. Clark
3037 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1 m tall. 200 m. Endemic.
Borreria remota (Lam.) Bacigalupo & E.L.
Cabral, Darwiniana 37(3-4): 334. 1999.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 8 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1263 (MO, QCNE).
Herb. 700 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 4: 594.
1911.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4318
(MICH, MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 60-450 m. Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Chione venosa var. venosa.
Chomelia ecuadorensis (K. Schum. & K. Krause)
Steyerm. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 17(1):
340. 1967. Anisomeris ecuadorensis K.
Schum. & K. Krause. Type: Ecuador.
Manabi, El Recreo. H. Eggers 15411 (HT:
B destr.?; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4332 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 8 m tall. 0-50 m. Chocó.
Chomelia panamensis (Standl.) Dwyer. Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 57(1): 100. 1989.
Antirhea panamensis Standl.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 50 m, 4 Jun 2006, D.
Neill, J. Cevallos & Peace Corps volunteers
15164 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 25 m tall. 50-100 m. Dominant canopy
tree, with distinctive smooth papery bark,
in semi-decicuous forest at Lalo Loor
Reserve. Chocó, Mesoamerica. [May be
conspecific with Guettarda acreana K.
Krause (C.M. Taylor, pers. comm.) and
therefore also in Amazonia.]
Chomelia tenuiflora Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3:
235. 1841.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 500 m, 22 Oct 1996, J.L.
Clark 3085 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 2-15 m tall. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Coussarea latifolia Standl., J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
18: 281. 1928.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 27 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, C.
Bienkowski & C. Clark 219 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Very common understory tree, 5-15 m tall. 280650 m. Chocó Mesoamerica.
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum., Fl. Bras.
6(6): 196. 1889.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Papagayos, 200 m, 10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark
3035 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 2.5-5 m tall. 10-200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Elaeagia sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2990 (MO,
QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 400-650 m
Faramea anisocalyx Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen.
Sp. Pl. 3: 28. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72921 (MO).
Tree. 280 m. Amazonia.
Faramea coffeoides C.M. Taylor, Fl. Ecuador
162(pt. 3): 277, fig. 48D, E. 1999. Type:
Ecuador: Carchi, SE trail, in Gualpi Chico
area near Awa encampment, W.S. Hoover,
P. Guelpi, R.A. Lorentzen & A. Arguello
2739 (HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3691 (AAU, GB,
MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE).
Rare understory tree, 6 m tall. 500-550 m.
Chocó.
159
Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich., Mem. Soc.
Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 176. 1834.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 8 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4366 (MO,
QCNE).
Understory tree, 2-4 m tall. 10-150 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Faramea spathacea Müll. Arg. ex Standl., Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11(5): 211-212.
1936.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 24 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2888 (MO,
QCNE).
Understory tree, 5-8 m tall. 100-600 m.
Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
Genipa americana L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 931.
1759.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11314
(MO, QCNE).
Canopy or subcanopy tree. 200-700 m.
Common name: “Jagua.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Faramea insignis Standl., Publ. Field Columbian
Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 72. 1930.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad Chorrera Grande,
300–750 m, 10–13 Jul 1996. J.L. Clark, N.
Binder & P. Hibbs 2840 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 2 m tall. 300-750 m. Chocó.
Gonzalagunia bifida B. Ståhl, Fl. Ecuador 62: 94,
fig. 28. 1999. Type: Ecuador: Manabí,
Flavio Alfaro on road between Santo
Domingo and Chone, 11 May 1968, G.
Harling, Storm & Strom 9427 (HT: GH; IT:
MO, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 45
km al norte de Pedernales, 5 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11427 (GB, MO, QCNE).
Tree, 8 m tall. 0-50 m. Endemic.
Faramea multiflora A. Rich. ex DC., Prodr. 4:
497. 1830.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 11 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark 1 (MO,
QCNE).
Very common understory tree in mature forest,
1-4 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Gonzalagunia cornifolia (Kunth) Standl., Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4(8): 279. 1929..
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Comunidad Chorrera Grande,
300–750 m, 10–13 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark, N.
Binder & P. Hibbs 2844 (GB, MO, QCNE).
Tree in understory of secondary forest, 1-4 m
tall. 300-750 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
160
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Gonzalagunia dicocca Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea
4: 194. 1829.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Mache-Chindul, comunidad
Caña Braval, 250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L.
Clark 4662 (GB, MO, QCNE).
Tree in understory of secondary forest, ca. 1 m
tall. 250-600 m. Amazonia.
Guettarda sanblasensis Dwyer, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 67(1): 204. 1980.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 27 Sep 1996, J.L. Clark 2932 (MO,
QCNE).
Common understory tree, 8-15 m tall. 10-600
m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Gonzalagunia dodsonii Dwyer, Selbyana 2(1):
58-59. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
cloud forest on western slope, area of virgin
forest, km 12 road from Patricia Pilar to 24
de Mayo, Montañas de Ila, 450 m, C.H.
Dodson & A.H. Gentry 6597 (HT: MO; IT:
RPSC, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 4 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4165 (GB, MO, QCNE).
Tree in understory of secondary forest, ca. 4 m
tall. 250 m. Endemic.
Hamelia axillaris Sw., Prodr. 46. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Duna, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4220 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 3 m tall. 50-250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Gonzalagunia sessilifolia Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 210. 1931.
Type: , Ecuador: Chimborazo 900 m,
Spruce s.n., July 1860 (K: frag., photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2682
(MO, QCNE).
Common shrub in understory of secondary
forest, ca. 1 m tall. 300-700 m. Endemic.
Guettarda acreana K. Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 6: 204. 1914.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4356 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 10 m tall. 0-50 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Guettarda crispiflora Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 1: 36,
t. 6. 1796.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2665
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 4-15 m tall. 300-850 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hamelia patens Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 16. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
28 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark & S. Nazzaro 4925
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 5 m tall. 10-200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Hippotis comosa L. Andersson & Rova, Fl.
Ecuador 74: 14-16, fig. 3A-B. 2004. Type:
Ecuador, Esmeraldas, cantón Quinindé,
Montañas de Mache, 35 km W of Quinindé,
0º21’N, 79º44’W, 500 m, J.L. Clark, M.
Lysinger, T. Walla & H. Greeney 3559 (HT:
GH; IT: AAU, F, GB, K, MO, NY, QCNE,
US). (Fig. 3C, p.130).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 550
m, 24 Nov 1999, D. Neill & QCNE botany
interns 12229 (MO, QCNE).
Very common understory tree in mature forest,
4-15 m tall. 250-600 m. Endemic.
Hoffmannia longipetiolata Pol., Linnaea 41(5-6):
567-568. 1877.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 800 m, 10 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas 1315 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 3 m tall. 800 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Hoffmannia subauriculata Standl., J. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 18: 179. 1928.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
600 m, 22 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass & J.R.
Abbott 45 (MO, QCNE).
Subshrub, 1.5 m tall. 400-600 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Isertia pittieri (Standl.) Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 8(5): 346. 1931.
Cassupa pittieri Standl. Type: Colombia,
El Valle, Pittier 514.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 5 May 1996, J.L. Clark 2551 (MO,
QCNE).
Common understory tree reaching subcanopy.
25-700 m. Common name: “Cangana.”
Chocó
Ladenbergia pavonii (Lamb.) Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 201. 1931.
Cinchona pavonii Lamb. Type: Ecuador:
Prov. unknown: “Cinchona cava sp. nova /
inedita vulgo canela / de Loxa Quito Peru /
es preciosa esta planta”, Pavón s.n. (LT:
BM; T: B destroyed, photo F-134; possible
IT: BM, MA, P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5537 (MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree, 20 m tall. 400-850 m.
Endemic.
Manettia reclinata L., Mant. Pl. 2: 558. 1771.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4301
(MO, QCNE).
Succulent vine. 300-700 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Notopleura anomothyrsa (K. Schum. & Donn.
Sm.) C.M. Taylor, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
88(3): 490. 2001.
Synonyms: Psychotria anomothyrsa K. Schum.
& Donn. Sm., Psychotria macrophylla
subsp. anomothyrsa (K. Schum. & Donn.
Sm.) Steyerm.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, M.S.
Bass & L. Kueppers 400–600 m, 15 Oct
1994, N. Pitman, M.S. Bass & L. Kueppers
161
852 (MO, QCNE).
Succulent understory herb. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Notopleura capacifolia (Dwyer) C.M. Taylor,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88(3): 491. 2001.
Synonyms: Psychotria capacifolia Dwyer,
Psychotria dosbocensis Dwyer.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 41 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory shrub or herb. 400-750 m.
Amazonas, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Notopleura epiphytica (K. Krause) C.M. Taylor,
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88(3): 512. 2001.
Synonyms: Psychotria epiphytica K. Krause,
Psychotria lassula Standl., Psychotria
orchidearum Standl., Psychotria
paramorum
Standl.,
Psychotria
semimetralis K. Krause.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1609 (MO,
QCNE).
Woody hemiepiphyte in mature forest. 400-600
m. Amazonas, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Notopleura macrophylla (Ruiz & Pav.) C.M.
Taylor, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88(3):
499. 2001.
Synonyms: Psychotria albacostata Rusby,
Psychotria macrophylla fo. tomentella
Steyerm., Psychotria macrophylla Ruiz &
Pav., Psychotria macrophylla subsp.
albacostata (Rusby) Steyerm.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Oct 1994, N. Pitman, Margor
Bass & L. Kueppers 851 (MO, QCNE).
Succulent understory shrub. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Palicourea acanthacea Standl. ex C.M. Taylor,
Novon 6(2): 211. 1996.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station,
650 m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A.
Cousins, T. Nuñez & J. Richter 4052
162
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
(MO, QCNE).
Common tree in light gaps in mature forests,
3-12 m tall. 400-650 m. Chocó.
Palicourea chimboracensis Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser.7: 231. 1931.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva Ecologica Mache-Chindul.
Comunidad Ambache (vía marginal de la
costa-Chindul), comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 5 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4191 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 14 m tall. 250 m. Chocó.
Palicourea guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1:
173, t. 66. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 1 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark 347 (MO,
QCNE).
Common tree, 2-8 m tall. 25-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Palicourea guianensis subsp.
barbinervia (DC.) Steyerm.
Palicourea lugoana C.M. Taylor, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 84: 253. 1997. Type: Ecuador,
Pastaza, Mera, M. Lugo 14 (HT: S).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 189 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 1-3 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Palicourea stipularis Benth., Pl. Hartw. 133. 1844.
Type: Ecuador: Loja: El Sisma mountains,
(HT: K, photos F, MO, NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 400–500 m, 11 Nov
1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 144 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, ca. 3 m tall. 400-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
Pentagonia breviloba L. Andersson & Rova, Fl.
Ecuador 74: 32-33, fig. 5C-E. 2004. Type:
Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Cantón Quinindé,
Montañas de Mache, Bilsa Biological
Station, 35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W of
Santa Isabel, J.L. Clark & C. Watt 908 (HT:
GB; IT: GH, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 20 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark, C.
Bergman, H. Lintz, & S. Mora 292 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 10-12 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Pentagonia bonifaziana X. Cornejo & C.M.
Taylor, Harvard Pap. Bot. (11)1: 19-24,
Type: Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Reserva
Mache-Chindul, adentro del Río Ene, a lo
largo del estero aportante, cerca a la
propiedad de Luis Cabrera, 150 m, 3 May
2003, X. Cornejo & C. Bonifaz 7782. (HT:
GUAY; IT: GB, MO).
Representative Specimen: Known only from
the type.
Pachycaul, unbranched treelet, 6 m tall. 150 m.
Endemic.
Pentagonia donnell-smithii (Standl.) Standl., J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 17(7): 170. 1927.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 100 m, 22 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12751
(MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree, 10 m tall. 0-15 m.
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pentagonia grandiflora Standl., Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Bot. Ser. 17(2): 217. 1937. Type:
Ecuador: Río Cojumies (?). above
tidewater, 1921, W.W. Rowlee & G. Mixter
1271 (HT: US-2 sheets).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 22 Sep 1994, N. Pitman, J.L. Clark,
B. Adnepos & L. Kueppers 707 (MO,
QCNE).
Unbranched tree, 3-15 m tall. 280-600 m.
Chocó.
Pentagonia macrophylla Benth., Bot. Voy.
Sulphur 105, t. 39. 1845.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
7 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark 2786 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 5-10 m tall. 60-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pentagonia tinajita Seem., Bot. Voy. Herald 105,
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
t. 39. 1854.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Reserva Ecológica MacheChindul, comunidad Caña Braval,
cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4739 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 2 m tall. 250 m. Mesoamerica.
Posoqueria coriacea M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull.
Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 11(1): 240. 1844.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 21 Jul
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2722
(MO. QCNE).
Tree, 4 m tall. 300-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult.,
Syst. Veg. 5: 227. 1819..
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 400–600 m, 11 Oct
1994, J.L. Clark 176 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 5-18 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Posoqueria longiflora Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 142:
134, t. 51. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, sitio San Salvador,
orillas del Río Sucio, 100–150 m, Mar 1995,
W. Palacios 13764 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 3-7 m tall. 100-150 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Posoqueria panamensis (Walp. & Duchass.)
Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 2: 797. 1852.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 26 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
502 (AAU, GB, MEXU, MO, NY, QCNE,
US).
Very common tree, 6-20 m tall. 250-800 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria allenii Standl., Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 27(3): 342. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & N. Pitman
243 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree, 5-15 m tall. 400-600 m.
163
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria amplifrons Standl., Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22(3): 199. 1940. Type:
Ecuador: In silv. conv. Nanegal, Aug 1874,
P. L. Sodiro s.n.3 (HT: BP; IT: F fragm.;
photo: F (BP)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2675
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 1.5-3 m tall. 300-850 m. Chocó.
Psychotria brachiata Sw., Prodr. 45. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Reserva Ecológica
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Caña Braval,
cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 466b (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall. 250 m. Amazonas, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.
16. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Reserva Ecológica
Mache-Chindul, Bilsa Biological Station,
400–600 m, 13 Nov 1994, M.S. Bass & N.
Pitman 244 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria chimboracensis Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 223. 1931.
Type: Ecuador: at the base of Mt.
Chimborazo 750 m., July 1860, R. Spruce
6192 (HT: K; photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales Cantòn, Reserva Ecologica
Mache-Chindul, Hacienda la Siberia (vía la
carretera marginal de la costa), ca. 20 km
SE of Cojimíes, 100 m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4259
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 5 m tall. 100-800 m. Endemic
Psychotria cornejoi C.M. Taylor, Novon 12(1):
124-125, f. 2A-D. 2002. Type: Ecuador:
Guayas: 3 km E of Olón (5 km N of
Manglaralto, on the beach), 75-190 m, 20
164
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Dec 1961, C.H. Dodson & L.B. Thien 1669
(HT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales Cantòn, Reserva Ecologica
Mache-Chindul, Cerro Pata de Pájaro,
cabaceras de Río Vite, estero Nuquepe,
forest N of La Loma de Pajaro & road to
Carmen, 300–700 m, 7 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4274 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 2-4 m tall. 300-800 m. Chocó.
Psychotria esmeraldana C.M. Taylor, Novon
16(1): 151-152, f. 2D-F. 2006. Type:
Ecuador: Representative Specimen:
Ecuador: Esmeraldas: Cantón Quinindé,
Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul, Bilsa
Biological Station, 400–600 m, 13 Nov
1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman 244 (HT:
QCNE; IT: MO). (Fig. 22A-F, p.149).
Tree, ca. 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Psychotria gentryi (Dwyer) C.M. Taylor, Novon
4: 305. 1994. Cephaelis gentryi Dwyer.
Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río Palenque
Biological Station, km 56 Quevedo-Santo
Domingo road, 150-220 m, C.H. Dodson
5169 (HT: MO; IT: RPSC, US, SEL).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 19 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2089 (MO,
QCNE).
Common tree in mature forest, 5-11 m tall. 280700 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria grandis Sw., Prodr. 43. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997 J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4404 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 15 m tall. 100-150 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Psychotria hazenii Standl., Publ. Field Columbian
Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 96. 1930.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
canton Pedernales, Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 10
km E of Pedernales, 300–700 m, 19 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2644
(MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 1.5-12 m tall. 300-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria hispidula Standl. ex Steyerm., Acta
Biol. Venez. 4: 97. 1964.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark
2762 (MO, QCNE).
Understory shrub, 1 m tall. 200 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria horizontalis Sw., Prodr. 44. 1788.
Type: Hispaniola, Swartz s.n.
Representative Specimen: Manabí: Reserva de
Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11304 (MO, QCNE).
Understory shrub, 2 m tall. 50 m. Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Psychotria hylocharis Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 98. 1930.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí: 43
km N of Pedernales, 100 m, 19 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11727
(MO, QCNE).
Understory shrub, 1.4-3 m tall. 100 m. Chocó.
Psychotria marginata Sw., Prodr. 43. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 14 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark,
L. Chatrou, P. Maas & C. Repetur 3804
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 4 m tall. 250. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Psychotria pilosa Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 60, t.
208, f. a. 1799.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 15 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & J.L.
Clark 939 (MO, QCNE).
Tree or shrub to 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg., Fl. Bras. 6(5):
370. 1881.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 8 Jul 1996, John L.Clark
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
2797 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1 m tall. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Psychotria racemosa Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat.
Paris 1: 107. 1792.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Paraíso de
Papagayos, 200 m, 6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark
2749 (MO, QCNE).
Understory shrub, 1.5 m tall. 200 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Randia armata (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 4: 387. 1830.
Gardenia armata Sw.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Recinto Palma Junta 80 m, 20
May 2000, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
12746 (MO, QCNE, UB).
Tree. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Randia pubistyla C. Gust., Novon 10(3): 204-206,
fig. 2. 2000. Type: Ecuador, Guayas, 15 km
E of Guayaquil, Cerro Mirador de los
Monos, D. Rubio & W. Palacios 2439 (HT:
GB; IT: MO, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Pedernales Cantòn, Reserva Ecologica
Mache-Chindul, Cerro Pata de Pájaro,
cabaceras de Río Vite, estero Nuquepe,
forest N of La Loma de Pajaro & road to
Carmen, 300–700 m, 7 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4287 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 2-5 m tall. 5-700 m. Chocó.
Rudgea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl., Publ. Field
Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 432. 1931.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4346 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 5 m tall. 0-50 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Rustia bilsana Delprete, Novon 8(3): 234, f. 1, 2.
1998. Type: Ecuador. Esmeraldas: Cantón
Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache
Mountains, 35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W
of Santa Isabel, along Cube River.
premontane wet forest, 2 Oct 1996, J. L.
165
Clark 2979 (HT: QCNE; IT: AAU, CAS,
COL, DAV, F, G, GB, GH, MO, NY, P, QCA,
TEX, US).(Fig.3A-B, p.130; 23A-E, p.150).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 3 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark, M.S. Bass &
N. Pitman 139 (MO, NY, QCA, QCNE,
TEX).
Subcanopy tree. 400-600 m. Endemic
Sabicea villosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst.
Veg. 5: 265. 1819.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 400–600 m, 11 May
1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt 836 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine in disturbed sunny areas. 250600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Sabicea villosa var. villosa.
Schradera stellata Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 106,
t. 40. 1845. Type: Colombia, Isle of
Gorgona,.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Cotacachi-Cayapas 250 m, 28
Oct 1993 - 31 Oct 1993, Milton Tirado &
P. Asimbaya, M. Coroso, J. Arroyo 622
(MO, QCNE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2118 (MO,
QCNE).
Common woody liana in subcanopy, leaves
with foetid odor. 400-600 m. Chocó.
Simira standleyi (Little) Steyerm., Mem. New
York Bot. Gard. 23: 309. 1972. Sickingia
standleyi Little. Type: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, 60 m, cutover wet
tropical forest, 13 Apr 1943, E.L. Little 6248
(HT: US; IT: F, Q).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 25 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
496 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree, inner bark turns bright
red. 400-600 m. Common names:
“Mangle,” “Manglillo,” “Murcielag.”
Endemic.
Sommera purdiei Standl., Publ. Field Columbian
166
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Mus., Bot. Ser. 7: 48. 1930. Type:
Colombia: Bogota, Purdie s. n. (HT: GH;
IT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 11 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
832 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree, 5-10 m tall. 100-600
m. Chocó.
Little. Type: Ecuador: El Oro: At Piedras
about 3 km along new trail, virgin forest
500 m 18 June 1943, Little, E.L. 6632 (HT:
US; IT: F, K, NY).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11531
(MO, QCNE).
Tree or shrub, 1-4 m tall. 50-500 m. Amazonia.
Spermacoce sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15102
(BEREA, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed sunny
areas. 400-600 m.
Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg., Gard. & Forest
3(112): 186. 1890.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4340 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 18 m tall. 0-50 m. Common name:
“Tachuelo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Zanthoxylum fagara var. culantrillo
(Kunth) Reynel.
Tocoyena pittieri (Standl.) Standl., Contr. Arnold
Arbor. 5: 151. 1933.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 7 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
790 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree in mature forest, 410 m tall. 250-850 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotzsch,
Monatsber. Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin 1853: 497. 1853.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 23 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 407 (MO,
QCNE).
Understory tree, 2-4 m tall in secondary forest.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
RUTACEAE
Amyris pinnata Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 7: 37-38.
1824.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, Oct 2005, J.
Cevllaos & D. Neill 211 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 10 m tall, 100 m. Amazonia, Choco,
Mesoamerica.
Zanthoxylum tumbezanum (J.F. Macbr.) J.F.
Macbr., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
13(3/2): 669. 1949.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Punta los frailes, La Chorerra, 3 km SW of
Pedernales, Dry forest, 5-60 m, 29 June
1999, T. Delinks & C. Robles 340 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Tree. 0-60 m, in dry forest. Endemic, including
coastal Tumbes, Peru.
SABIACEAE
Meliosma occidentalis Cuatrec., Lloydia 11(3):
217. 1948. Type: Colombia: del Valle:
Cordillera Occidental vert. Occidental,
Hoya del río Anchicayá bosques junto a la
Quebrada de Le Retiro, 230-260 m, 13 Oct
1943, J. Cuatrecasas 15279 (HT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2145 (MO,
QCNE).
Common subcanopy tree in mature forest. 400600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
SAPINDACEAE
Toxosiphon carinatus (Little) Kallunki, Brittonia
44(2): 121. 1992. Erythrochiton carinatus
Allophylus dodsonii A.H. Gentry, Ann. Missouri
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Bot. Gard. 75(4): 1438. 1988 [1989]. Type:
Ecuador. Los Ríos: Río Palenque Field
Station, halfway between Quevedo and
Santo Domingo de los Colorados, wet
forest, 200 m, 21 Feb 1974, A.H. Gentry
10098 (HT: MO; IT: QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5550 (K, MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree, 3-18 m tall. 400-600
m. Endemic.
Allophylus incanus Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.Phys. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Munchen 38: 216, 236. 1908-1909. Type:
Ecuador, H. Eggers 15786 (HT: M; IT: US
fragm.; photo: F(M)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark & B.
Adnepos 83 (MO, QCNE, US).
Common subcanopy tree. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Cupania cinerea Poepp., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 38.
1844. Type: Crescit in marginibus sylvarum
provinciae peruvianae Maynas. Martio
mense a nobis lecta fuit, Poeppig s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 29 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Ivonne
Troya 526 (MO, NY, QCNE, US).
Canopy tree. 250-600 m. Common name:
“Pialde.” Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cupania livida (Radlk.) Croat, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 63(3): 438-439. 1976 [1977].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3707 (MO, QCNE,
US).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common name:
“Quebra Fierro.”Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk., Index Gen.
Phan. 81. 1887 [1888].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
167
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11278
(MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree in moist forest at the
Reserva de Lalo Loor, in permanent plots;
with distinctive “shaggy” bark. 50-150 m.
Common name: “Cativo.” Mesoamerica.
[Also in the Antilles; only one previous
record from South America, in the Río
Magdalena valley, Colombia].
Matayba sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station,
650 m, 12 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark, A.
Cousins, T. Nuñez & J. Richter 4084 (K,
MO, QCNE, US).
Common understory tree in second permament
plot. 650 m.
Paullinia bilobulata Radlk., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37:
152. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 17 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
912 (MO, QCNE, US).
Woody liana in subcanopy. 100-600 m.
Paullinia bracteosa Radlk., Bull. Herb. Boissier,
ser. 2, 5(4): 321-322. 1905.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 6 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4219 (MO, QCNE, US).
Woody vine. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Paullinia capreolata (Aubl.) Radlk., Monogr.
Serjania 70. 1875.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 12 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
847 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Woody liana in canopy. 580-750 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Paullinia dasystachya Radlk., Monogr. Paullinia
70. 1895-96.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 14 Feb 1996, John L Clark & N.
Kerber, J. Plihal 1995 (MO, NY, QCNE).
168
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Woody liana in canopy. Collected in first
permament plot. 500 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Tree, 20 m tall. 50 m. Common name:
“Jaboncillo.” Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Paullinia elongata Radlk., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl.
Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 19: 238. 18951896.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 20 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark, K. Cunningham
& C. Roberts 1600 (MO, QCNE, US).
Liana. 400-600 m. Amazonia.
Serjania brevipes Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 76.
1844. Type: Ecuador, Guayaquil, Barclay
& Hinds s.n. (HT: K).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11608 (MO,
QCNE, US).
Liana. 100-300 m. Endemic.
Paullinia quitensis Radlk., Monogr. Paullinia 269.
1895. Type: In Ecuador: ad pedem montis
Chimborazo in sylvis, 3000 ped., m. Jul.
1860, flor et fruct. juven; Andes Quitensis,
in sylvis secus torrentem Navegal
[Nanegal], m. Aug. 1874, flor et fruct.
immat., R. Spruce 6156; Sodiro s.n. (ST’s).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11294
(MO, QCNE, US).
Common woody liana in mature foreset in
environs of Reserva de Lalo Loor. 0-50 m.
Amazonia
Talisia equatoriensis Acev.-Rodr., Fl. Neotrop. 87:
109, 111-112, f. 74, 76. 2003. Type:
Ecuador: Pichincha: between Atenas and
Sapullo, Km 17, 1750 m., 2 Nov 1991 (fl),
J. Jaramillo & E. Grijalva 14473 (HT: NY;
IT: QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2650
(MO, QCNE, US).
Unbranched understory tree with terminally
clustered leaves, ca. 10 m tall. Common in
southern range of Mache-Chindul
mountains, including Reserva de Lalo Loor.
100-700 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Paullinia rubiginosa Cambess., Fl. Bras. Merid.
1: 371. 1825.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 27 Sep 1994, J.L. Clark, B. Adnepos
& J. Wolf 120 (MO, QCNE, US).
Woody liana in mature forest. 400-600 m.
Chocó.
Paullinia spicata Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3: 193.
1851.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4311
(MO, QCNE, US).
Understory tree in mature forest. 300-700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Sapindus saponaria L., Sp. Pl. 1: 367. 1753.,.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor 50 m, 25 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11294
(MO, QCNE).
Talisia macrophylla (Mart.) Radlk., Sitzungsber.
Math.-Phys. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Munchen 8(3): 347. 1878.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
611 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Unbranched understory tree with terminally
clustered leaves, ca. 10 m tall. Common in
northern range of Mache-Chindul
mountains (e.g., Bilsa Biological Station).
400-700 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
SAPOTACEAE
Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.
15. 1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber,
J. Plihal 2062 (K, MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
name: “Caimito.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp.
panamense (Pittier) T.D. Penn.
Pouteria brevipetiolata T.D. Penn., Fl. Neotrop.
52: 468, f. 104E-F. 1990. Type: Ecuador:
El Oro: ca 50 km SE of Arenillas along road
to Loja, Nov. 1982 (fl)., Pennington &
Tenorio 10716 (HT: NY; IT: K, QCA)
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 50 m, Oct. 2005, J.
Cevallos & D. Neill s.n (QCNE).
Canopy tree, 20 m, common in permanent plots,
moist forest at Reserva de Lalo Loor.
Tentative determination from sterile
material; otherwise known only from the
type. Endemic.
Pouteria bulliformis Q. Jiménez & T.D. Penn.,
Novon 7(2): 169-171, f. 1. 1997.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 30 Dec 1996, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3661 (K, MO, QCNE,
US).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pouteria capacifolia Pilz, Selbyana 2(1): 60, t.
17, f. 1. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Río
Palenque Science Center, km 56 QuevedoSanto Domingo road, 7 Mar 1974 (fl), 150220 m, Dodson, C.H. 5808 (NT: MO; T:
MO, QCA, RPSC, SEL, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72934 (K, MO).
Subcanopy tree. 280-580 m. Chocó.
Pouteria glomerata (Miq.) Radlk., Sitzungsber.
Math.-Phys. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Munchen 12(3): 333. 1882.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Ambache, 250
m, 4 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, R. Dunn, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4153 (K, MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, ca. 15 m tall. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pouteria multiflora (A. DC.) Eyma, Recueil Trav.
Bot. Neerl. 33: 164. 1936.
169
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 28 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
522 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 400-600 m. Common
name: “Zapote silvestre.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Pouteria polysepala T.D. Penn., Fl. Neotrop. 52:
500. 1990.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 4 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
605 (K, MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia
Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn,
Taxon 16(5): 383. 1967..
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Mar 1997, J.L. Clark & P. Nutt 4116
(K, MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree in first permanent plot at
Bilsa. 500 m. Mesoamerica.
Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.Phys. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
Munchen 12(3): 333. 1882.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 18 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber,
J. Plihal 2071 (K, MO, QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 100-500 m. Common name:
“Mamey silvestre.” Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Pouteria torta subsp. torta, Pouteria
torta subsp. tuberculata (Sleumer) T.D.
Penn.,
Pradosia montana T.D. Penn., Fl. Neotrop. 52:
661-663, f. 155E, 156a. 1990. Type:
Ecuador: El Oro: ca 60 km SE of Arenillas
on road to Loja, Nov. 1982 (fl), Pennington
& Tenorio 10719 (HT: K; IT: NY, QCA).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11601 (MO,
QCNE).
Canopy tree, in dry forest, southern part of
Mache-Chindul range. 100 m. Endemic.
170
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
SMILACACEAE
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell., Syst. Census
Austral. Pl. 1: 97. 1882.
Representative Specimen: Esmraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 500 m, 22 Nov 1995,
J.L. Clark & K. Cunningham, C. Roberts
1639 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb growing along sunny disturbed
roads. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Smilax cumanensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.,
Sp. Pl. 4: 783. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 20 Jun
1996, J.L. Clark, E. Arroyo & P. Hibbs 2657
(MO, QCNE).
Vine. 100-700 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Scoparia dulcis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 116. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 2 Apr 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
581 (MO, QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb growing along sunny
disturbed roads. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Stemodia angulata Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel.
Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjobenhavn
1853(1-2): 22-23. 1854.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 19 Sep 1994, M.S. Bass & N. Pitman
16 (BKL, MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb growing along sunny disturbed
roads. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
SIMAROUBACEAE
Picramnia latifolia Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser.
3. 7: 258-259. 1847.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador : Manabí :
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11373
(MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, ca. 6 m tall. 500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Simarouba amara Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 860861, pl. 331-332. 1775.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3049 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Canopy tree. 200 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Smilax mollis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl.
4: 785. 1806.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
400 - 500 m, 11 November 1998, T. Delinks
& C. Robles 146 (MO, QCNE).
Liana. 400-500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Smilax tomentosa Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto
ed.) 1: 272. 1815 [1816].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 01Ene 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3678 (MO, QCNE).
Vine growing along sunny disturbed roads. 500
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
SOLANACEAE
Browallia americana L., Sp. Pl. 2: 631. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11577.
Common herb or subshrub along sunny
disturbed roads. 50-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cestrum loretense Francey, Candollea 6: 225-226.
1935-36.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 26 Sep 1994, J.Richard Abbott 15306
(BEREA, QCNE).
Shrub. 600 m. Amazonia
Cestrum microcalyx Francey, Candollea 6: 301302. 1935.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 4 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
738 (BM, MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 2 m tall. 25-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Mesoamerica.
Cestrum morae Hunz., J. Arnold Arbor. 61(1):
113. 1980.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2991 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree in mature forest, 2-4 m tall. 400-600 m.
Chocó.
Cestrum schlechtendalii G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4:
482-483. 1838. [ask Alex Monroe about this
name – this is a southeastern Brazil name]
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Jama 400 m, 18 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11684 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 4 m tall. 400 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Cestrum silvaticum Francey, Candollea 6: 316317. 1935.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 14 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. kerber, J.
Plihal 1990 (MO, MY, QCNE).
Tree, 2 m tall. Common along roads and sunny
disturbed areas. 500-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Cuatresia harlingiana Hunz., Opera Bot. 92: 75.
1987. Type: Ecuador. Prov. Pichincha:
Palmitopamba, ca 1300 m, ca 10 km
northwest of Nanegal. 23 Jan 1974., Harling
& Andersson 11529 (HT: GB; IT: MO).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
889 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Amazonia.
Cuatresia plowmanii Hunz., Kurtziana 10: 18-20,
f. 4. 1977. Type: Colombia: Valle del Cauca:
Cordillera Occidental, vertiente occidental,
Hoya del río Anchicayá (circa del puente
de Aguaclara), 120 m, 29 Sep 1946,
Cuatrecasas 22066 (HT: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72949
171
(MO).
Vine. 280 m. Chocó.
Juanulloa pavonii (Miers) Benth. & Hook., Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 4(Abt. 3b): 29. 1891.
Ectozoma pavonii Miers. Type: Ecuador,
Pavón s.n. (HT: BM).
Synonyms: Ectozoma pavonii Miers, Markea
pavonii (Miers) D’Arcy
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 2061 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Common woody vine in mature forest. 250700. Amazonia, Chocó.
Lycianthes medusocalyx (Bitter) Bitter,
Lycianthes 4(Abt. 3b): 29. 1919.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 26 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15281
(BEREA, QCNE).
Shrub, 1.5 m tall. 600 m. Amazonia.
Lycianthes pauciflora (Vahl) Bitter, Lycianthes
4(Abt. 3b): 29. 1919.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 13 Oct 1994, N. Pitman 838 (MO,
QCNE).
Vine. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Solandra aff. longiflora Tussac, Fl. Antill. 2: 4951, t. 12. 1818.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 75–125 m, 6 Oct
1999, T. Delinks & C. Robles 358 (MO,
QCNE).
Woody liana. 75-125 m. Mesoamerica.
Solanum adhaerens Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.,
Syst. Veg. 4: 669. 1819.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, Reserva Ecológica
Mache-Chindul, comunidad Caña Braval,
cabaceras del Río Viche, estero Sabaleta,
250 m, 16 Mar 1998, J.L. Clark 4663b (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
172
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Solanum circinatum Bohs, Taxon 44(4): 585.
1995.
Synonym: Cyphomandra hartwegii (Miers)
Walp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 8 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
800 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 5 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Solanum confertiseriatum Bitter, Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 490. 1913.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5576 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 1.5-7 m tall. 500-700 m. Amazonia.
Solanum evolvulifolium Greenm., Bot. Gaz.
37(4): 211. 1904.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 17 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark & N. Kerber, J.
Plihal 2054 (MO, QCNE).
Vine in mature forest. 500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Solanum fallax Bohs, Taxon 44(4): 585. 1995.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 800 m, 10 Mar 1997,
H. Vargas 1307 (MO, NY, QCNE).
Tree, 8 m tall. 800 m. Chocó.
Solanum lepidotum Dunal, Solan. Syn. 17. 1816.
Type: Nova Granada, Humboldt &
Bonpland s.n. (HT: P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3942 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Tree, 1-3 m tall. Common along sunny roads.
400-650 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Solanum leptorhachis Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 18: 50. 1922. Type: Ecuador:
Manabí: El Recreo, H. Eggers 15743 (HT:
M; IT: K, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro 400–500 m, 11 Nov
1998, T. Delinks & C. Robles 148 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub, 1.5 m tall. 400-500 m. Chocó.
Solanum marantifolium Bitter, Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 13. 1912.
Representative Specimen: Manabí: Bilsa
Biological Station, 250 m, 5 Apr 1997, J.L.
Clark, R. Dunn, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4200
(MO, QCNE).
Succulent terrestrial herb, ca. 1 m tall. 250 m.
Chocó
Solanum ovalifolium Dunal, Solan. Syn. 37. 1816.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 21 Nov 1994, J.L. Clark & C.
Bergman 307 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 2 m tall. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Solanum pensile Sendtn., Fl. Bras. 10: 50, t. 4, f.
32-36. 1846.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 24 Jan 1995, J.L. Clark 412 (MO,
QCNE).
Common woody linana. 280-600 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Solanum pimpinellifolium L., Cent. Pl. I. 8. 1755.
Synonym: Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.)
Mill.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quinindé, carretera vecinal
Herrera-Los Monos, cabecera del Río
Aguacatal, 550 m, 24-26 Feb 1995, W.
Palacios 13695 (MO, QCNE).
Scandent terrestrial erb. 550 m. Common name:
“Tomatillo.”
Solanum pseudolulo Heiser, Ci. & Nat. 11: 5.
1968.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, September 19, 1994, M.S. Bass &
N. Pitman 11 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub, 2-3 m tall. 400 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Solanum quitoense Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 16.
1794.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11564
(MO, QCNE).
Common shrub to 3 m tall. Native and
cultivated. 0-600 m. Common name:
“Naranjillo.”
Amazonia,
Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
173
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 20 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
962 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree in mature forest, 10 m tall. 400600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
STERCULIACEAE
Solanum rudepannum Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 264265. 1852..
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11603 (MO,
QCNE).
Shrub, 1.5-3 m tall. Common in secondary
forest. 5-500 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Solanum schlechtendalianum Walp., Repert. Bot.
Syst. 3: 61. 1844.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Bilsa
Biological Station, 500 m, 10 Jan 1997, J.L.
Clark, E. Austen, S. Bennett & D. Kapan
3786 (MO, QCNE).
Shrub to 2 m tall. 400-700 m. Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Encycl. 3: 52-53. 1789.
Representative Specimen: Manabí: Cordillera
de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998, D. Neill &
QCNE botany interns 11550 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 2-10 m tall. Common in
secondary forest. 300 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Herrania balaensis P. Preuss, Exped. C.-Sudamer.
253. 1901.
Representative Specimen: Esmeraldas: Paraíso
de Papagayos, 200 m, 6 Jul 1996, J.L. Clark
2741 (MO, QCNE).
Unbranched pachycaul tree to 2 m tall in
understory of mature forest. 200-500 m.
Common name: “Cacao silvestre.”
Endemic.
Solanum siphonobasis Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 12: 72. 1913. Type: Ecuador.
Jameson 808 (HT: G-BARB.-BOISS.; IT:
BM, K, NY) photo: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 4–5 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2993 (MO, NY,
QCNE).
Common vine in secondary forest. 400-600 m.
Chocó.
Melochia lupulina Sw., Prodr. 97. 1788. Type:
Jamaica, Swartz s.n.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4296
(MO, QCNE).
Shrub to 3 m tall in secondary forest. 5-800 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Witheringia solanacea L’Hér., Sert. Angl. 1: 19,
t. 1. 1788.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15048I
(BEREA, QCNE).
Shrub, 3.5 m tall. Common in secondary forest.
400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Sterculia colombiana Sprague, Trans. & Proc.
Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 22(4): 429. 1905. Type:
Colombia: San José: Río Putumayo,
Sprague 618.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 13 May 1998, J.L. Clark & C. Pallis
5569 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy tree. 500-650 m . Common
name: “Higuerilla,” “Fruta chucha.”
Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
STAPHYLEACEAE
STYRACACEAE
Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2:
3. 1832.
Styrax weberbaueri Perkins, Repert. Spec. Nov.
174
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Regni Veg. 2: 16. 1906.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 25 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1674 (CAS, MO,
QCNE).
Rare tree, 10-30 m tall. 250-500 m. Amazonia,
Chocó.
THEOPHRASTACEAE
Clavija eggersiana Mez, Pflanzenr. IV. 236a(Heft
15): 18. 1903. Type: Ecuador, H Eggers
14303 (LT: M; ILT: L, LE, US fragm.,
photo: MO F(M)).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 300 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11555.
Unbranched pachycaul tree to 5 m tall in
understory of mature forest. 200-600 m.
Endemic.
Clavija membranacea Mez, Pflanzenr. IV.
236a(Heft 15): 38. 1903. Type: Ecuador,
Sodiro 100/13.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3957 (MO,
QCNE).
Unbranched pachycaul tree to 1 m tall in
understory of mature forest. 250-650 m.
Amazonia, Chocó.
Clavija parvula Mez, Pflanzenr. IV. 15(236A): 23.
1903.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 100 m, 15 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11539
(MO, QCNE).
Common unbranched pachycaul tree to 1 m tall
in understory of mature forests near
southern edge of Mache-Chindul
Mountains (Manabí). 50-100 m.
THYMELAEACEAE
Schoenobiblus panamensis Standl. & L.O.
Williams, Ceiba 3(1): 33. 1952.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne 180 m, 23 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12762
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 10 m tall. 180-250 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
TILIACEAE
Trichospermum galeottii (Turcz.) Kosterm.,
Reinwardtia 6(3): 278. 1962.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos 250 m,
20 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark B. Shlenker & H.
Shlenker 3057 (MO, QCNE).
Understory tree, 10-20 m tall. 200-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
TROPAEOLACEAE
Tropaeolum harlingii Sparre, Fl. Ecuador 2: 15.
1973. Type: Ecuador: Guayas, Guayaquil,
April 13, 1939., Asplund 5684 (HT: S; IT:
CAS, G, K, LD, R, RJ, UPS, US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, 30–40 m, 27 Jun 1979,
B. Løjtnant & U. Molau 15292 (AAU).
Herbaceous vine. 0-50 m. Endemic.
TURNERACEAE
Turnera subulata Sm., Cycl. 36: n. 2. 1817.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, 2 m, 2 Dec 1995, J.L.
Clark & K. Cunningham 1717 (MO,
QCNE).
Common roadside herb at low elevations. 050 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
ULMACEAE
Jacquinia sprucei Mez, Pflanzenr. IV. 15: 43-44.
1903. Type: Spruce 6478.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro del Matal 100 m, 17 Dec 1998, D.
Neill & QCNE botany interns 11628 (MO,
QCNE).
Tree, 15 m tall. 100 m.
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg., Silva 7: 64. 1895.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Chone, Recinto Hojas Blancas, Carretera
Pedernales-Carmen Mandarino, Entrada el
Mono, 150 m, 12 Apr 1997, J.L. Clark, T.
Nuñez & C. Robles 4398 (MO, QCNE)
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Woody liana in canopy of mature forest. 5-500
m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trema integerrima (Beurl.) Standl., Contr. Arnold
Arbor. 5: 55. 1933.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3045 (MO, QCNE).
Common tree in secondary forest, 2-19 m tall.
200-500 m. Common names: “Sapán de
mono,” “Sapán de palomo.” Amazonia,
Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 58.
1856.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quigüe 250 m, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 12701
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, 10 m tall. 250 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 31.
1760.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, 50 m, 27 Jun 1979, B.
Løjtnant & U. Molau 15280 (AAU).
Shrub. 50 m. Amazonia, Mesoamerica.
175
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 14 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15108
(BEREA, QCNE).
Shrub, ca. 2 m tall. 600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Pilea fasciata Wedd., Prodr. 16(1): 149. 1869.
Type: In sylvis prov. Choco et Novita NovoGranatensium, altit. 170 m, Triana s.n. (HT:
P).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 21 Nov 1995, J.L. Clark & K.
Cunningham, C. Roberts 1617 (MO,
QCNE).
Herb growing on rocks along stream. 500 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Urera eggersii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20(Beibl.
49): 3-4. 1895. Type: Ecuador: crescit prope
Balao, mense Februario florens, H. Eggers
14466.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 30 Jan
1991, A. Gentry, R. Foster & C. Josse 72953
(MO).
Shrub, ca. 2 m tall. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
VALERIANACEAE
Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew, Gard. Bull.
Singapore 21(2): 200. 1965.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 17 Nov 1994, N. Pitman 972 (MO,
QCNE).
Common succulent herb along streams. 400600 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Myriocarpa stipitata Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur
168, t. 55. 1846. Type: Tumaco [coastal
Nariño province, Colombia].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, 25 m, 24 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE botanu interns 12778
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, to 6 m tall. 0-50 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd., Prodr. 16(1):
235(38). 1869.
Valeriana scandens L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 1: 47. 1762.,.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 2 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 2978 (MO,
QCNE).
Herbaceous vine. 400-500 m. Amazonia,
Mesoamerica.
Infrasp.: Valeriana scandens var. candolleana
(Gardner) C.A. Mull.
VERBENACEAE
Aegiphila alba Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 185.
1937. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos: Canton
Vices, Quevedo, Mexía, Y. 6656 (T: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 5 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
749 (MO, QCNE).
176
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Tree, 4-12 m tall. Common in secondary forest.
0-600 m. Common name: “Lulu.”
Amazonia, Chocó.
Aegiphila chrysantha Hayek, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42:
171. 1908.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4290
(MO, QCNE).
Woody vine. 300-700 m. Amazonia.
Aegiphila haughtii Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 8.
1941. Type: Ecuador: Guayas: Cerro
Cimalón, Hcda Vainillo, 50 m, Haught, O.
2904 (T: US).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 300–700 m, 7 Apr
1997, J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4303
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 3 m tall.100-700 m. Amazonia.
Bouchea fluminensis (Vell.) Moldenke, Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 49: 117. 1940.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Reserva de Lalo Loor, 10 m, 9 Apr 1997,
J.L. Clark, T. Nuñez & C. Robles 4342 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb, ca. 50 cm tall. 0-20 m .
Amazonia.
Citharexylum gentryi Moldenke, Phytologia
35(4): 276. 1977. Type: Ecuador: Los Ríos:
beside the gatehouse of the Río Palenque
Biological Station at Km 56 on the road
from Quevedo to Santo Domingo, 150-220
m, C.H. Dodson & A.H. Gentry 6575 (HT:
Herb. Mold.).(Fig. 4A-B, p.131).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 18 May 1995, J.L. Clark & C. Watt
924 (MO, QCNE).
Tree, 15 m tall. 400-600 m. Endemic.
Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer, Prodr. 11:
667. 1847.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400
m, 21 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark 2127 (MO,
QCNE).
Introduced, cultivated shrub, ca. 1 m tall. 400
m.
Cornutia pyramidata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 628. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Quingüe, 250 m, 18 May 2000,
D. Neill & QCNE Botany interns 12720
(MO, QCNE).
Tree, ca. 8 m tall in secondary forest. 250 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Petrea volubilis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 10 Jan 1997, J.L. Clark, E. Austen, S.
Bennett & D. Kapan 3780 (MO, QCNE).
Woody vine. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 139. 1806
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 700 m, 8 Mar 1007,
H. Vargas, X. Aguirre, R. Miranda & C.
Robles 1251 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb, ca. 50 cm tall. 700 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, Enum.
Pl. 1: 208. 1804.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600
m, 13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15047
(BEREA, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb or subrhub. Common in
disturbed and sunny sites. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Verbena sp.
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 600 m,
13 Sep 1994, J.R. Abbott 15064 (BEREA,
QCNE).
Common terrestrial herb in disturbed areas. 600
m
Vitex flavens Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.)
2: 246. 1818.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cordillera de Jama, 600 m, 16 Dec 1998,
D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11598
(MO, QCNE).
Tree to 25 m tall, Common in dry forest in
southern portion of range, at Reserva de
Lalo Loor. 0-50 m. Amazonia.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
177
VIOLACEAE
VITACEAE
Amphirrhox longifolia (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng., Syst.
Veg. 4(2): 99. 1827.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Muisne, sitio San Salvador,
orillas del Río Sucio, 100–150 m, Mar 1995,
W. Palacios 13746 (MO, QCNE).
Common understory tree in mature moist forest
below 150 m, ca. 6 m tall. 100-150 m.
Mesoamerica.
Cissus neei Croat, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63(2):
359, f. 1. 1976 [1977].
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Fila de Bilsa, 280 m, 28 Jan
1991, A. Gentry & C. Josse 72796 (MO).
Liana. 280 m. Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Gloeospermum grandifolium Hekking,
Phytologia 42: 461, f.. 1979. Type. Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: 2 km S of Playa de Oro, 30
Apr 1943, E.L. Little 6405 (HT: US; IT: F).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 18 Nov 1996, J.L. Clark, F. Gurumendí
& H. Weinert 3444 (MO, QCNE).
Common canopy to subcanopy tree. 400-600
m. Chocó.
Gloeospermum longifolium Hekking, Phytologia
43(5): 467, t. 1, f. 5. 1979.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 9 Oct 1994, J.L. Clark 174 (MO,
QCNE).
Subcanopy tree. 400-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Rinorea apiculata Hekking, Phytologia 43(5):
469, pl. 2, f. 7. 1979.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 8 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3017 (MO,
QCNE).
Understory tree in mature forest, 3-13 m tall.
500 m. Amazonia, Chocó.
VISCACEAE
Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel.,
Phoradendron 43(5): 469, pl. 2, f. 7. 1916.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 27 Mar 1995, J.L. Clark & Y. Troya
519 (MO, QCNE).
Parasitic shrub. 200-600 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
VOCHYSIACEAE
Vochysia sp.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3045 (MO, QCNE).
Canopy tree. 200 m.
ZINGIBERACEAE
Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr.
IV. 46(Heft 20): 323, f. 40A. 1904.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 650
m, 19 Feb 1997, J.L. Clark 3958 (MO,
QCNE).
Commonly cultivated terrestrial herb, ca. 2 m
tall. 0-650 m. Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.,
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31(2):
204. 1972.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400600 m, 7 Dec 1994, J.L. Clark 377 (MO,
QCNE).
Commonly cultivated terrestrial herb, ca. 2 m
tall. 0-650 m.
Hedychium coronarium J. König, Observ. Bot.
3: 73-74. 1783.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí 34
km al norte de Pedernales 60 m, 28 Aug
1998, D. Neill & QCNE botany interns
11440 (MO, QCNE).
Introduced and cultivated, naturalized herb, ca.
50 cm tall. Common along sunny and
disturbed roads. 0-100 m.
Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas, Acta Bot. Neerl.
24(5-6): 474. 1975 [1976
178
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Paraíso de Papagayos, 200 m,
10 Oct 1996, J.L. Clark 3041 (MO, QCNE).
Native and cultivated terrestrial herb. 200 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Renealmia ligulata Maas, Acta Bot. Neerl. 24(56): 477-478. 1975 [1976]. Type: Colombia:
El Valle: Cordillera Central, Río Nima,
above Tenjo, 1850 m, Maas, Plowman &
Escobar 1826 (HT: U; IT: COL, F, GH, K,
MO, NY, VALLE).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 400–
600 m, 16 Nov 1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass
952 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb, ca. 2 m tall. 400-600 m.
Amazonia, Chocó, Mesoamerica.
Renealmia oligosperma K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV.
46: 300. 1904.
Representative Specimen: Ecuador: Manabí:
Cerro Pata de Pájaro, 400–600 m, 16 Nov
1994, N. Pitman & M.S. Bass 952 (MO,
QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 400-700 m. Amazonia.
Renealmia variegata Maas & H. Maas, Notes
Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44(2): 241-242,
f. 3. 1987. Type: Ecuador: Pichincha:
carretera Quito-Puerto Quito, km 113,
virgin forest, 800 m, 26 Feb 1984, C. Ulloa
87 (HT: QCA; IT: U).
Representative Specimen: Ecuador:
Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, 500
m, 14 Feb 1996, J.L. Clark, N. Kerber & J.
Plihal 1993 (MO, QCNE).
Terrestrial herb. 500 m. Amazonia, Chocó,
Mesoamerica.
Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 8: 348. 1807.
Introduced and cultivated terrestrial herb. 0-200
m.
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
179
LITERATURE CITED
Cañadas Cruz, L. 1983. El mapa bioclimático y
ecológico del Ecuador. Banco Central del
Ecuador, Quito.
extinction in western Ecuador. Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 78: 273-295.
Chatrou, L.W. 1998.
Changing genera:
Systematic studies in Neotropical and West
African Annonaceae 1-224. Herbarium
Division, Utrecht Univerisity, Netherlands.
Dodson, C.H., A.H. Gentry and F.M. Valverde.
1985. La Flora de Jauneche: Los Ríos,
Ecuador. Flórulas de las Zonas de Vida de
Ecuador 1-512. Banco Central del Ecuador,
Quito.
Clark, J.L. and S.A. Mori. Grias longirachis
(Lecythidaceae), a new species from
northwestern Ecuador. Brittonia 52: 145-148.
ESRI. 2000. ArcView GIS, version 3.2a.
Environmental Systems Research Institute,
http://www.esri.com, Redlands, CA.
Dick, C.W., K. Abdul-Salim and E. Bermingham.
2003. Molecular systematic analysis reveals
cryptic Tertiary diversification of a widespread
tropical rain forest tree. American Naturalist
162 (6): 691-703.
Gentry, A.H. 1992. Exarata (Bignoniaceae), a
new genus from the Chocó region of Ecuador
and Colombia. Systematic Botanty 17: 503507.
Cornejo, X. and H.H. Iltis. 2005. Studies in the
Capparaceae XXVI. Capparis bonifaziana, a
new species and western Ecuadorian sister to
the mostly Amazonian C. macrophyhlla.
Novon 15: 393-404.
Delprete, P.G. 1998. A new species of Rustia
(Rubiaceae, Rondeletieae) from Bilsa
Biological Station, Esmeralda province,
Ecuador. Novon 8: 231-234.
Dinerstein, E., D.M. Olson, D.J. Graham, A.L.
Webster, S.A. Primm, M.P. Bookbinder, and
G. Ledec. 1995. A Conservation assessment
of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America
and the Caribbean. The World Bank,
Washington, D.C.
Dodson, C.H. and A.H. Gentry. 1978. Flora of the
Río Palenque Science Center: Los Ríos
Province, Ecuador. Selbyana 4: 1-xxx, 1-628.
Dodson , C.H., and A.H. Gentry. 1991. Biological
Jørgensen, P.M. and S. León-Yánez. 1999.
Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador.
Monographs in Systematic Botany from the
Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 1-1181.
Little, Jr., E.L. and R.G. Dixon. 1969. Arboles
communes de la Provincia de Esmeraldas. 1xiii, 1-536.
Food and Agriculture
Organization, Rome.
Luer, C. 1996. The genus Lepanthes subgenus
Lepanthes in Ecuador (Orchidaceae). Syst.
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(3): 1-255.
Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier,
G.A.B. da Fonesca, and J. Kent. 2000.
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation
priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Neill, D.A. 1997. Coastal moist and wet Forests,
Ecuador. In S. Davis, V. Heywood & O.
Herrera-MacBryde (editors). Centers of Plant
Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for their
Conservation. Volume 3: The Americas.
180
Checklist of the Mache-Chindul Mtns.
London: International Union for the
Conservation of Nature.
Neill, D.A. 1998. Ecuadendron (Fabaceae:
Caesalpinioideae: Detarieae): A new
arborescent genus from western Ecuador.
Novon 8: 45-49.
Parker, T.A., III and J.L. Carr (editors). 1992. Staus
of forest remnants in the Cordillera del la
Costa and adjacent areas of southwestern
Ecuador. RAP Working Papers 2: 1-172.
Conservation International, Washington, D.C.
Rohwer, J.G., H.G. Richter and H. van der Werff.
1991. Two new genera of neotropical
Lauraceae and critical remarks on the generic
delimitation. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78:
388-400.
Sierra, R., C. Cerón, W. Palacios and R. Valencia.
1999. Mapa de Vegetación del Ecuador
Continental. Scale 1:1,000,000. Proyecto
INEFAN/GEF-BIRF, Wildlife Conservation
Society and EcoCiencia.
Simberloff. D.S. 1986. Are we on the verge of a
mass extinction in tropical rain forests? Pp.
165-180. In: K.K. Elliot (editor), Dynamics
of Extinction. Wiley & Sons, New York.
Skog, L.E., and L.P. Kvist. 2000. Revision of
Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae). Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 59: 1-118.
Taylor, C.M. and J.L. Clark. 2001. Rubiacearum
Americanarum Magna Hama V. Amphidasya
in Mesoamerica and western South America.
Novon 11: 489-497.
Taylor, C.M. 2006. Rubiacearum Americanarum
Magna Hama Pars XVIII: New species of
Psychotria subg. Psychotria from Central
America and western South America. Novon
16: 142-154
Ulloa Ulloa, C. & D.A. Neill. 2005. Cinco Años
de Adiciones a la Flora del Ecuador 19992004. Universidad Técnica de Loja, Missouri
Botanical Garden & Funbotanica, Loja,
Ecuador.
Webster, G.L. & R.M. Rhode. 2001. Plant diversity
of an Andean cloud forest: Checklist of the
vascular flora of Maquipucuna, Ecuador.
University of California Publications in
Botany 82: 1-xx, 1-211.
David A Neill
John L. Clark