The Vegetation of Queensland. Descriptions of Broad Vegetation Groups. Version 2.0.

Bill McDonald; Victor Neldner

The State of Queensland in northeast Australia covers 1.73 million square kilometres and encompasses a wide variety of landscapes across temperate, wet and dry tropics and semi-arid to arid climatic zones. Currently (May 2015), 1383 regional ecosystems are recognised across Queensland. Regional ecosystems are defined and mapped at 1:100,000 scale across the state. Many regional ecosystems include one or more vegetation communities, some of which are only recognised and mapped at scales larger than 1:100,000. A vegetation community is an association within a regional ecosystem that has similar structure and floristics and occurs within the same land zone. Broad Vegetation Groups (BVGs) are a higher-level grouping of vegetation communities and regional ecosystems. BVGs provide an overview of vegetation across the state or a bioregion. They are a useful addition to the regional ecosystem framework by providing an overview of major ecological patterns and relationships across Queensland, independent of bioregions and land zones, and facilitate comparisons with vegetation in other states and internationally. The primary aim of this document is to concisely describe the BVGs of Queensland to enhance their use in government planning, policy and regulation, e.g. vegetation offsets, Bushfire Hazard Area mapping, public education and scientific investigations. Floristic, structural, functional, biogeographic and landscape attributes have all been used in the BVG classification. The first aggregation of BVGs in the hierarchical classification is determined on the basis of vegetation structure (cover, height and growth form) of the ecologically dominant layer. BVGs are ordered broadly to reflect the vegetation structure along a mesic gradient from wet closed forests (rainforests) of the coast and north east, to the arid spinifex hummock grasslands of the south west. Specialised habitats such as freshwater wetlands (BVG 34) and intertidal areas (BVG 35) form the final groups. The rainforest aggregation (BVGs 1-7) are characterised by a generally closed tree canopy, predominantly non-sclerophyllous plants and frequently specialised lifeforms. The large aggregation of BVGs dominated by eucalypts (BVGs 8-19) is further subdivided on the basis of structure, mesic situation, landscape situation, predominant geology and dominant/ diagnostic species. The third aggregation of BVGs is dominated by trees or tall shrubs that are not eucalypts or rainforest species. Some BVGs in this aggregation are generally dominated by a single species, e.g. Melaleuca viridiflora (BVG 21a), or a group of taxonomically and functionally related species, e.g. Acacia cambagei/ A. georginae/ A. argyrodendron (BVG 26a), or by a combination of a structural formation, habitat and functionally related species such as low open woodlands on sand plains (BVG 27b). The final aggregation of BVGs is those not dominated by trees or tall shrubs. Some BVGs in this aggregation encompass vegetation types that are generally dominated by a suite of taxonomically and functionally related species, such as Acacia spp. on residuals (BVG 24a) or Senna spp. (e.g. BVG 24b). Other groups are dominated by a distinct structural formation (such as tussock and closed tussock grasslands BVGs 30-32). The Vegetation of Queensland describes the 98 BVGs defined for the 1:1M mapping level and lists the most extensive regional ecosystems in each BVG. The document is illustrated with 375 photographs, 108 tables and 103 maps, with detailed pre-clearing and remnant extent, and extent within the protected area estate. There are three nested levels of BVG which reflect the approximate scale at which they are designed to be used: the 1:1,000,000 (regional) (98 BVGs), 1:2,000,000 (state) (35 BVGs) and 1:5,000,000 (national) (16 BVGs). Links are provided to more detailed information and online regional ecosystem mapping. Keywords: Broad Vegetation Groups; BVGs; vegetation classification; regional ecosystems; Queensland vegetation; vegetation offsets

Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Prepared by 1 1 1 1 2 V.J. Neldner , R.E. Niehus , B.A. Wilson , W.J.F. McDonald and A.J. Ford 1 Queensland Herbarium, Science Delivery Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation PO Box 5078, Brisbane QLD 4001 2 CSIRO, Tropical Forest Research Centre Maunds Road, Atherton QLD 4883 © The State of Queensland (Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation) 2015 The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence Under this licence you are free, without having to seek permission from DSITI, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation as the source of the publication. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Disclaimer This document has been prepared with all due diligence and care, based on the best available information at the time of publication. The department holds no responsibility for any errors or omissions within this document. Any decisions made by other parties based on this document are solely the responsibility of those parties. Information contained in this document is from a number of sources and, as such, does not necessarily represent government or departmental policy. If you need to access this document in a language other than English, please call the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National) on 131 450 and ask them to telephone Library Services on +61 7 3170 5725 Citation Neldner, V.J., Niehus, R.E., Wilson, B.A., McDonald, W.J.F. and Ford, A.J. (2015). The Vegetation of Queensland. Descriptions of Broad Vegetation Groups. Version 2.0. Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation. Front cover images Clockwise from top left: Ficus sp. in complex notophyll vine forest, RE 12.8.3. Binna Burra, SEQ (RE Niehus) Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata and Eucalyptus racemosa, RE 12.9-10.17. Karawatha Forest Park, SEQ (VJ Neldner) Corymbia confertiflora in foreground with impending storm near Musgrave, CYP (VJ Neldner) Eucalyptus microtheca woodland, RE 2.3.16. Long Reach Lagoon, NNW of Bulimba, NWH (GW Wilson) Duma florulenta open shrubland, RE 5.3.13. Fringing Lake Machattie, CHC (N Cuff) Acacia peuce on stony downs, RE 5.7.8. North of Birdsville, CHC (VJ Neldner) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Acknowledgements This publication has been prepared by the Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation. Acknowledgement is made of the Queensland Herbarium staff involved in the vegetation communities and regional ecosystem survey, mapping and assessment program over the past 35 years. Contributing current and former Queensland Herbarium staff include: Arnon Accad, Eda Addicott, Chris Appelman, Julie Bahr, Lynne Bailey, Birte Balle-Hosking, Peter Bannink, George Batianoff, Darryl Baumgartner, Tony Bean, Greg Beeston, Ron Booth, Des Boyland, Joy Brushe, Don Butler, Helen Cartan, John Clarkson, Ben Collyer, Nick Cuff, Russell Cumming, Andrew Daniel, Lori Dean, Hans Dillewaard, Ralph Dowling, Lorraine Durrington, Mark Edginton, Brad Ellis, James Elsol, Russell Fairfax, Rod Fensham, Ian Fox, Paul Grimshaw, Gordon Guymer, James Holman, Troy Honeman, Roger Jaensch, Bob Johnson, Kerstin Jones, Derek Johnson, Peter Johnson, Chris Kahler, Jack Kelley, Annie Kelly, Dan Kelman, Jeanette Kemp, Jacob Kirk, Andrew Kirkwood, Melinda Laidlaw, Alison Lawrence, Jiaorong Li, Rosemary Lovatt, Michael Mathieson, Bill McDonald, John McDonald, Chris Mitchell, John Neldner, Mark Newton, Rosemary Niehus, Les Pedley, Chris Pennay, Sandy Pollock, Robbie Price, Rosemary Purdie, Dale Richter, Tim Ryan, Paul Sattler, Miriam Schmeider, Christine Shewell, Matt Skett, Kym Sparshott, Kathy Stephens, Trevor Stanley, Shelley Sullivan, Peter Taylor, Megan Thomas, Simon Thompson, John Thompson, Gerry Turpin, Kaori van Baalen, Bruce Wilson, Gary Wilson and Peter Young. Thank you to Arnon Accad, Eda Addicott, Andrew Franks, Gordon Guymer and David Keith for assistance in proof reading and suggested improvements to the manuscript, and to Dale Richter and Arnon Accad for providing updated regional ecosystem statistics. Thank you to Will Smith for designing the cover for the document. Special acknowledgement to Campbell Clarke and Steve Goosem, Wet Tropics Management Authority (WTMA), Eleanor Collins, David Hopkins and Frank Nissen, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS), Melissa Spry, Natural Resources and Mines (NRM), and consultants David Fell, Roger Jaensch and Peter Stanton for the use of their photographs. All photographs without an agency acknowledgement, apart from the three consultants listed, were taken by Queensland Herbarium staff. May 2015 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 Defining Broad Vegetation Groups .............................................................................................. 9 Broad Vegetation Groups extent................................................................................................ 10 Bioregional distribution .............................................................................................................. 16 Extent in Protected Areas ........................................................................................................... 17 Additional Regional Ecosystem information............................................................................. 20 Broad Vegetation Group descriptions ....................................................................................... 21 1 Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forests of the Wet Tropics bioregion ............... 22 2 Complex to simple, semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forests, sometimes with Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) .............................................................. 26 3 Notophyll vine forests/ thickets (sometimes with sclerophyll and/or Araucarian emergents) on coastal dunes and sand masses ...................................................................... 35 4 Notophyll and mesophyll vine forests with feather or fan palms on alluvia, along streamlines and in swamps on ranges or within coastal sand masses .................................. 38 5 Notophyll to microphyll vine forests, frequently with Araucaria spp. or Agathis spp. (kauri pines) ........................................................................................................................ 44 6 Notophyll vine forest and microphyll fern forests to thickets on high peaks and plateaus ....................................................................................................................................... 52 7 Semi-evergreen to deciduous microphyll vine thickets................................................. 57 8 Wet eucalypt tall open forests on uplands and alluvia .................................................. 61 9 Moist to dry eucalypt open forests to woodlands usually on coastal lowlands and ranges .......................................................................................................................................... 65 10 Corymbia citriodora (spotted gum) dominated open forests to woodlands on undulating to hilly terrain ........................................................................................................... 82 11 Moist to dry eucalypt open forests to woodlands mainly on basalt areas (land zone 8) ......................................................................................................................................... 86 12 Dry eucalypt woodlands to open woodlands, mostly on shallow soils in hilly terrain (mainly on sandstone and weathered rocks, land zones 7 and 10) ............................. 92 13 Dry to moist eucalypt woodlands and open forests, mainly on undulating to hilly terrain of mainly metamorphic and acid igneous rocks, Land zones 11 and 12) ................... 96 14 Woodlands and tall woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark) (or E. megasepala), and/or Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and/or E. phoenicea (scarlet gum) ........................................................................................... 104 15 Temperate eucalypt woodlands..................................................................................... 112 16 Eucalyptus spp. dominated open forest and woodlands drainage lines and alluvial plains............................................................................................................................. 116 17 Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) or E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) (or E. whitei (White's ironbark)) dry woodlands to open woodlands on sandplains or depositional plains .................................................................................................................... 124 Page 4 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 18 Dry eucalypt woodlands to open woodlands primarily on sandplains or depositional plains .................................................................................................................... 130 19 Eucalyptus spp. (E. leucophloia (snappy gum), E. leucophylla (Cloncurry box), E. persistens, E. normantonensis (Normanton box)) low open woodlands often with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer ................................................................................................... 138 20 Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) or C. intratropica (northern cypress pine) woodlands to open forests ............................................................................................. 146 21 Melaleuca spp. dry woodlands to open woodlands on sandplains or depositional plains ......................................................................................................................................... 148 22 Melaleuca spp. open forests and woodlands on seasonally inundated lowland coastal swamps and fringing lines (Palustrine wetlands) ...................................................... 152 23 Acacia aneura (mulga) woodlands to tall open shrublands on red earth plains, sandplains or residuals ............................................................................................................ 158 24 Acacia spp. low woodlands to tall shrublands on residuals. Species include A. clivicola/ A. sibirica (bastard mulga), A. shirleyi (lancewood), A. microsperma (bowyakka), A. catenulata (bendee), Acacia rhodoxylon (rosewood) ................................... 162 25 Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) sometimes with Casuarina cristata (belah) open forests to woodlands on heavy clay soils ............................................................................... 166 26 Acacia cambagei (gidgee) / A. georginae (Georgina gidgee) / A. argyrodendron (blackwood) open forests to tall shrublands........................................................................... 168 27 Mixed species woodlands to open woodlands (Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Lysiphyllum spp., Acacia tephrina (boree), wooded downs .................................................. 170 28 Open forests to open woodlands in coastal locations. Dominant species such as Casuarina spp., Corymbia spp., Allocasuarina spp. (she-oak), Acacia spp., Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp box), Asteromyrtus spp., Neofabricia myrtifolia .......... 176 29 Heathlands and associated scrubs and shrublands on coastal dunefields and inland montane locations ......................................................................................................... 187 30 Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass), Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) tussock grasslands .. 192 31 Mixed open forblands to open tussock grasslands in inland locations ..................... 196 32 Closed tussock grasslands in coastal locations .......................................................... 200 33 Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia spp. (spinifex) or Zygochloa paradoxa (sandhill canegrass) associations on dunefields or sandplains ........................... 204 34 Wetlands associated with permanent lakes and swamps, as well as ephemeral lakes, claypans and swamps. Includes fringing woodlands and shrublands....................... 208 35 Mangroves and saltmarshes .......................................................................................... 222 References................................................................................................................................. 226 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 229 Appendix 1 Key to Broad Vegetation Groups .................................................................... 229 Appendix 2 Key to Wetland Broad Vegetation Groups ...................................................... 233 Appendix 3 Glossary ............................................................................................................ 234 Appendix 4 Broad Vegetation Groups making up Major Vegetation Groups ................... 238 Page 5 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation List of tables Table 1 Eight largest and four least extensive (by pre-clearing area) broad vegetation groups for Queensland ...................................................................................................... 10 Table 2 Broad vegetation groups that have less than 80% of their pre-clearing extent remaining in 2013 .................................................................................................. 14 Table 3 Number of classification units for Queensland ............................................................. 16 Table 4 Broad vegetation groups where less than 5% of the pre-clearing area occurs in protected areas in 2014 ......................................................................................... 17 List of figures Figure 1 Extent and scale of regional ecosystem mapping in Queensland in 2015……………… 9 Figure 2(a) Pre-clearing extent of 16 BVGs at the 1:5 million scale……………………………….. 12 Figure 2(b) Remnant 2013 extent of 16 BVGs at the 1:5 million scale……………………………. 13 Figure 3 Number of regional ecosystems per million hectares for Queensland bioregions Page 6 of 238 16 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Abstract The State of Queensland in northeast Australia covers 1.73 million square kilometres and encompasses a wide variety of landscapes across temperate, wet and dry tropics and semiarid to arid climatic zones. Currently (May 2015), 1383 regional ecosystems are recognised across Queensland. Regional ecosystems are defined and mapped at 1:100,000 scale across the state. Many regional ecosystems include one or more vegetation communities, some of which are only recognised and mapped at scales larger than 1:100,000. A vegetation community is an association within a regional ecosystem that has similar structure and floristics and occurs within the same land zone. Broad Vegetation Groups (BVGs) are a higher-level grouping of vegetation communities and regional ecosystems. BVGs provide an overview of vegetation across the state or a bioregion. They are a useful addition to the regional ecosystem framework by providing an overview of major ecological patterns and relationships across Queensland, independent of bioregions and land zones, and facilitate comparisons with vegetation in other states and internationally. The primary aim of this document is to concisely describe the BVGs of Queensland to enhance their use in government planning, policy and regulation, e.g. vegetation offsets, Bushfire Hazard Area mapping, public education and scientific investigations. Floristic, structural, functional, biogeographic and landscape attributes have all been used in the BVG classification. The first aggregation of BVGs in the hierarchical classification is determined on the basis of vegetation structure (cover, height and growth form) of the ecologically dominant layer. BVGs are ordered broadly to reflect the vegetation structure along a mesic gradient from wet closed forests (rainforests) of the coast and north east, to the arid spinifex hummock grasslands of the south west. Specialised habitats such as freshwater wetlands (BVG 34) and intertidal areas (BVG 35) form the final groups. The rainforest aggregation (BVGs 1-7) are characterised by a generally closed tree canopy, predominantly non-sclerophyllous plants and frequently specialised lifeforms. The large aggregation of BVGs dominated by eucalypts (BVGs 8-19) is further subdivided on the basis of structure, mesic situation, landscape situation, predominant geology and dominant/ diagnostic species. The third aggregation of BVGs is dominated by trees or tall shrubs that are not eucalypts or rainforest species. Some BVGs in this aggregation are generally dominated by a single species, e.g. Melaleuca viridiflora (BVG 21a), or a group of taxonomically and functionally related species, e.g. Acacia cambagei/ A. georginae/ A. argyrodendron (BVG 26a), or by a combination of a structural formation, habitat and functionally related species such as low open woodlands on sand plains (BVG 27b). The final aggregation of BVGs is those not dominated by trees or tall shrubs. Some BVGs in this aggregation encompass vegetation types that are generally dominated by a suite of taxonomically and functionally related species, such as Acacia spp. on residuals (BVG 24a) or Senna spp. (e.g. BVG 24b). Other groups are dominated by a distinct structural formation (such as tussock and closed tussock grasslands BVGs 30-32). The Vegetation of Queensland describes the 98 BVGs defined for the 1:1M mapping level and lists the most extensive regional ecosystems in each BVG. The document is illustrated with 375 photographs, 108 tables and 103 maps, with detailed pre-clearing and remnant extent, and extent within the protected area estate. There are three nested levels of BVG which reflect the approximate scale at which they are designed to be used: the 1:1,000,000 (regional) (98 BVGs), 1:2,000,000 (state) (35 BVGs) and 1:5,000,000 (national) (16 BVGs). Links are provided to more detailed information and online regional ecosystem mapping. Keywords: Broad Vegetation Groups; BVGs; vegetation classification; regional ecosystems; Queensland vegetation; vegetation offsets Page 7 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Introduction Queensland encompasses a wide variety of landscapes across temperate, wet and dry tropics and semi-arid to arid climatic zones. Currently (May 2015), 1383 regional ecosystems are recognised across Queensland. Regional ecosystems are defined and mapped at 1:100,000 scale across the state, with larger scale mapping in some parts of the coastal bioregions. These regional ecosystems are described in the Regional Ecosystem Description Database (REDD) (Queensland Herbarium 2015a) and listed in the Queensland Vegetation Management Regulation 2012. Many regional ecosystems include one or more vegetation communities, some of which are only recognised and mapped at scales larger than 1:100,000. A vegetation community is an association or sub-association within a regional ecosystem that has similar structure and floristics and occurs within the same land zone. These vegetation communities are also described in REDD. The history of classifying, survey and mapping the vegetation and regional ecosystems of Queensland is documented in Neldner (1993), and the methods used described in Neldner et al. (2012). Ninety-seven per cent of the state has been mapped as pre-clearing and remnant 2013 (remnant in 2013) regional ecosystems at least at 1:100,000 scale (Queensland Herbarium 2015a), see Figure 1. In the Wet Tropics bioregion and much of the Southeast Queensland bioregion, the regional ecosystem mapping is at 1:50,000 scale. For the three per cent of the state where regional ecosystem mapping is not completed, mainly Channel Country bioregion and islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria, existing vegetation maps from the Vegetation Survey of Queensland (Boyland 1984, Neldner 1991) have been converted to draft regional ecosystem maps using expert knowledge to develop vegetation units to regional ecosystems look up tables. The advanced state of knowledge of Queensland’s regional ecosystems allows for this publication to be produced. In addition, the Queensland Herbarium Regional Ecosystem Survey and Mapping program has made a significant contribution to Herbarium collections and botanical knowledge (Neldner 2014). Broad vegetation groups (BVGs) are a higher-level grouping of vegetation communities and regional ecosystems. BVGs provide an overview of vegetation across the state or a bioregion. They are a useful addition to the regional ecosystem framework by providing an overview of major ecological patterns and relationships across Queensland, independent of bioregions and land zones, and facilitate comparisons with vegetation in other states and internationally. The primary aim of this document is to concisely describe the BVGs of Queensland to enhance their use in government planning, policy and regulation, e.g. vegetation offsets, Bushfire Hazard Area mapping, public education and scientific investigations. Page 8 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Figure 1 Extent and scale of regional ecosystem mapping in Queensland in 2015 Defining Broad Vegetation Groups The Queensland Herbarium has been using the term Broad Vegetation Groups since 1984 (Boyland 1984, Neldner 1984) to amalgamate vegetation communities and regional ecosystems on a pragmatic basis to form BVGs that communicate higher-level ecological groupings. Floristic, structural, functional, biogeographic and landscape (land zone, landform, soil type) attributes have all been used in this classification. Appendix 1 provides four tables which show the key diagnostic characteristics of each broad vegetation group. These tables can be used as a deductive key to determine the correct BVG for any regional ecosystem or vegetation community in Queensland. The first aggregation of BVGs in the hierarchical classification is determined on the basis of vegetation structure (cover, height and growth form) of the ecologically dominant layer. BVGs are ordered broadly to reflect the vegetation structure along a mesic gradient from wet closed forests (rainforests) of the coast and north east, to the arid spinifex hummock grasslands of the Page 9 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation south west. Specialised habitats such as freshwater wetlands (BVG 34) see Appendix 2, and intertidal areas (BVG 35) form other groups, and use water salinity and landscape situation to further classify the groups. The rainforest aggregation (BVGs 1-7) are characterised by a generally closed tree canopy, predominantly non-sclerophyllous plants and frequently specialised lifeforms. The rainforests are further divided into broad groups based on the predominantly structural classification of Webb (1978), see Appendix 1 Table A. The large aggregation of BVGs dominated by eucalypts (BVGs 8-19) are further subdivided in a hierarchical classification on the basis of structure, mesic situation, landscape situation, predominant geology and dominant/ diagnostic species, see Appendix 1 Table B. The third aggregation of BVGs, see Appendix 1 Table C, is dominated by trees or tall shrubs that are not eucalypts or rainforest species. Some BVGs in this aggregation are generally dominated by a single species, e.g. Melaleuca viridiflora (BVG 21a), Acacia aneura (BVG 23a,b), Acacia harpophylla (BVG 25a), or a group of taxonomically and functionally related species, e.g. Acacia cambagei/ A. georginae/ A. argyrodendron (BVG 26a), or by a combination of a structural formation, habitat and functionally related species (such as low open woodlands dominated by Lysiphyllum spp./ Atalaya hemiglauca/ Grevillea striata, primarily on sand plains (BVG 27b). The final aggregation of BVGs are those not dominated by trees or tall shrubs, see Appendix 1 Table D. Some BVGs in this aggregation encompass vegetation types that are generally dominated by a suite of taxonomically and functionally related species, such as Acacia spp. on residuals (BVG 24a) or Senna spp. (e.g. BVG 24b). Other groups are dominated by a distinct structural formation (such as tussock and closed tussock grasslands BVGs 30-32). There are three nested levels of broad vegetation groups which reflect the approximate scale at which they are designed to be used: the 1:1,000,000 (regional), 1:2,000,000 (state) and 1:5,000,000 (national). The regional ecosystem spatial dataset includes the dominant broad vegetation groups as DBVG1M, DBVG2M, and DBVG5M for each polygon. The BVG hierarchy is nested hence the 98 BVGs at the 1:1M mapping level are combined into 35 groups at the 1:2M level, and into 16 groups at the 1:5M level. This document describes the 98 BVGs defined for the 1:1M mapping level and lists the most extensive (by pre clearing area) regional ecosystems included in each BVG. Previous BVGs from regional survey and mapping projects (Boyland 1984, Neldner 1984, 1991, Neldner and Clarkson 1994, Fox et al. 2001) have been modified and incorporated into this state-wide BVG classification. Similar high-level broad groupings are used at the national level, in the native vegetation assessment carried out by the National Land and Water Resources Audit (NLWRA 2001), where vegetation communities were summarised into major vegetation groups (MVGs) (DEWR 2007). MVG classifications contain different mixes of plant species within the canopy, shrub or ground layers, but are structurally similar and often dominated by the same genus. The relationship of the National MVGs to the Queensland BVGs is given in Appendix 4. Some Queensland BVGs are split into two MVGs on the basis of structure, which can vary at a site depending on environmental conditions and management at the site. In addition for carbon accounting, the vegetation is often classified into the very broad structural categories of closed forest, open forest, woodland and non-woody vegetation. Broad Vegetation Groups extent Broad vegetation groups vary greatly in their extent. The largest BVG 30b Astrebla spp. or Dichanthium spp. tussock grasslands on undulating downs had a pre-clearing distribution covering 10% of Queensland, while the diverse collection of wetlands in BVG 34e Springs with Page 10 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland water dependent herbs throughout Queensland only covers 0.003% of the state. Table 1 lists the eight largest and four smallest BVG by pre-clearing area. Some BVGs are restricted to one or only a few bioregions e.g. BVG 33a Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia basedowii (hard spinifex) or Zygochloa paradoxa (sandhill canegrass) associations on dunefields or sandplains is restricted to the Channel Country bioregion, and the rainforest BVGs largely to the coastal bioregions. In many cases, a single or combination of a few BVGs dominate and define the character of the landscapes of a particular bioregion e.g. BVG 30b Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or Dichanthium spp. tussock grasslands on undulating downs or clay plains covers 40% of the Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion, and the extensive Brigalow Belt Bioregion is dominated by BVG 25a Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) open-forests (24% of area) and BVG 17a Eucalyptus populnea woodlands (15%). Whereas vegetation of riparian areas such as BVG 16a Open forest and woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) (or E. tereticornis) and/or E. coolabah (or E. microtheca) fringing drainage lines occurs in all bioregions apart from Cape York Peninsula and Central Queensland Coast. Table 1 Eight largest and four least extensive (by pre-clearing area) broad vegetation groups for Queensland BVG 1:1M 30b Pre-clear area (ha) % QLD Most extensive 18,996,452 10.7 % remnant in 2013 Description 96.0% Tussock grasslands dominated by Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) often with Iseilema spp. on undulating downs or clay plains. 25a 10,183,351 5.9 12.5% Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) open-forests to woodlands sometimes with Casuarina cristata (belah). Includes areas codominated with A. cambagei (gidgee). 26a 8,772,049 4.9 76.6% Acacia cambagei (gidgee) or A. georginae (Georgina gidgee) or A. argyrodendron (blackwood) open-forests to tall shrublands. 17a 8,083,260 4.7 37.3% Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) (or E. brownii (Reid River box)) woodlands on alluvium, sand plains and footslopes. 23a 7,759,565 4.5 72.6% Acacia aneura (mulga) on red earth plains or sandplains. 24a 6,913,670 4.0 93.2% Acacia spp. low woodlands to tall shrublands on residuals. 16c 6,851,195 3.9 66.7% Eucalyptus coolabah (coolibah) or E. microtheca or E. largiflorens (black box) or E. tereticornis (blue gum) woodlands. 13c 6,734,927 3.9 70.0% Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark), E. drepanophylla (grey ironbark), E. fibrosa (dusky-leaved ironbark), E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark) woodlands. 82.7% Notophyll vine forest and microphyll fern forest to thicket on high peaks and plateaus of southern Queensland. 6a Least extensive 23,727 0.014 2b 23,253 0.014 99.7% Semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest usually on granitic ranges. 34f * 6,497 0.004 59.4% Palustrine wetlands. Sedgelands/grasslands on seeps and soaks on wet peaks, coastal dunes and non-floodplain features. 34e * 4,995 0.003 99.7% Palustrine wetlands. Springs with water dependent herbs. * Restricted habitats of high conservation significance. The extent figures are inflated by the inclusion of small areas of surrounding habitats. Different BVGs have been subjected to more clearing than others based primarily on their agricultural potential and also human population density. Page 11 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Figure 2(a) and (b) show maps of the Queensland BVGs for both their pre-clearing and remnant (as defined under the Vegetation Management Act 1999) distribution. Figure 2(a) Pre-clearing extent of 16 BVGs at the 1:5 million scale Page 12 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Figure 2(b) Remnant 2013 extent of 16 BVGs at the 1:5 million scale Page 13 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation The BVGs that have lost more than 20% of their pre-clearing distribution are listed in Table 2. Statistics on the pre-clearing and remnant extent of regional ecosystems and BVGs are provided in Accad and Neldner (2015). The Queensland Herbarium maps remnant vegetation as described in the glossary (Appendix 3) and remnant maps are defined under the Vegetation Management Act 1999. However it is recognised that there are a number of condition states within remnant vegetation. BioCondition (Eyre et al. 2015) is a site based assessment tool for quantifying the condition of vegetation based on both site and landscape attributes. Table 2 Broad vegetation groups that have less than 80% of their pre-clearing extent remaining in 2013 BVG 1:1M Pre-clear area (ha) % Preclear that remains in 2013 25a 10,183,351 12.5% Open forests to woodlands dominated by Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) sometimes with Casuarina cristata (belah) on heavy clay soils. Includes areas co-dominated with A. cambagei (gidgee) and/or emergent eucalypts. 15b 46,927 15.1% Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus conica (fuzzy box) or E. nova-anglica (New England peppermint) or E. blakelyi (Blakely's red gum) on alluvial plains. 5a 201,848 25.5% Araucarian notophyll/microphyll and microphyll vine forests of southern coastal bioregions. 1a 110,239 26.2% Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forests usually in fertile and very wet locations. 17a 8,083,260 37.3% Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) (or E. brownii (Reid River box)) on alluvium, sand plains and footslopes of hills and ranges. 9g 838,317 38.8% Moist to dry woodlands to open forest dominated by stringybarks or mahoganies such as Eucalyptus tindaliae (Queensland white stringybark), E. latisinensis (white mahogany), E. acmenoides (narrow-leaved white stringybark); or E. racemosa (scribbly gum) or E. seeana or E. tereticornis (blue gum) and Corymbia intermedia (pink bloodwood). 1b 81,534 39.1% Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forests usually on basalt tablelands. 7a 958,482 39.7% Semi-evergreen vine thickets on wide range of substrates. 15a 342,102 43.1% Woodlands and open forests dominated by Eucalyptus youmanii (Youman's stringybark), E. scoparia (Wallangarra white gum), E. caliginosa (broad-leaved stringybark) or E. melliodora (yellow box) occurring on traprock. 2d 39,029 46.6% Semi-deciduous notophyll/mesophyll vine forest on coastal ranges. 22a 176,280 46.8% Open forests and woodlands dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia (swamp paperbark) in seasonally inundated lowland coastal areas and swamps. 13d 749,314 47.4% Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus moluccana (gum-topped box) (or E. microcarpa (inland grey box)) on a range of substrates. 11a 1,425,601 57.3% Moist to dry open forests to woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus orgadophila (mountain coolibah). Some areas dominated by E. tereticornis (blue gum), E. melliodora (yellow box), E. albens (white box), E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) or E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark). 34f 6,497 59.4% Palustrine wetlands. Sedgelands/grasslands on seeps and soaks on wet peaks, coastal dunes and other non-floodplain features. 17b 4,221,240 60.9% Woodlands to open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus melanophloia (silverleaved ironbark) (or E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark)) on sand plains and footslopes of hills and ranges. 8b 153,998 60.9% Moist open forests to tall open forests mostly dominated by Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt) on coastal sands, sub-coastal sandstones and basalt ranges. Also includes tall open forests dominated by E. montivaga, E. obliqua (messmate stringybark) and E. campanulata (New England ash). Page 14 of 238 Description Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland BVG 1:1M Pre-clear area (ha) % Preclear that remains in 2013 Description 9a 281,900 63.4% Moist eucalypt open forests to woodlands dominated by a variety of species including Eucalyptus siderophloia (red ironbark), E. propinqua (small-fruited grey gum), E. acmenoides (narrow-leaved white stringybark), E. microcorys (tallowwood), E. carnea (broad-leaved white mahogany), E. tindaliae (Queensland white stringybark), Corymbia intermedia (pink bloodwood), Lophostemon confertus (brush box). 10b 1,541,642 63.8% Moist open forests to woodlands dominated by Corymbia citriodora (spotted gum). 4a 6,851,195 66.7% Notophyll and mesophyll vine forest with feather or fan palms in alluvia and in swampy situations on ranges or within coastal sand masses. 16c 1,696,578 66.8% Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus coolabah (coolibah) or E. microtheca (coolibah) or E. largiflorens (black box) or E. tereticornis (blue gum) or E. chlorophylla on floodplains. Does not include alluvial areas dominated by herb and grasslands or alluvial plains that are not flooded. 9e 1,264,785 69.4% Open forests, woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Corymbia clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) (or C. novoguinensis or C. intermedia (pink bloodwood) or C. polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood)) frequently with Erythrophleum chlorostachys (red ironwood) or Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) predominantly on coastal sandplains and alluvia. 20a 6,734,927 70.0% Woodlands to open forests dominated by Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) or C. intratropica (coast cypress pine). 13c 325,063 70.9% Woodlands of Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark), E. drepanophylla (grey ironbark), E. fibrosa (dusky-leaved ironbark), E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark) on granitic and metamorphic ranges. 9h 43,662 71.5% Dry woodlands dominated by species such as Eucalyptus acmenoides (narrowleaved white stringybark) (or E. portuensis or E. helidonica), E. tereticornis (blue gum), Angophora leiocarpa (rusty gum), Corymbia trachyphloia (yellow bloodwood) or C. intermedia (pink bloodwood), and often ironbarks including E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) or E. fibrosa (dusky-leaved ironbark). A heathy shrub layer is frequently present. On undulating to hilly terrain. 9f 7,759,565 72.6% Woodlands dominated by Corymbia spp. e.g. C. intermedia (pink bloodwood), C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) and/or Eucalyptus spp. such as E. tereticornis (blue gum), frequently with Banksia spp., Acacia spp. and Callitris columellaris (Bribie Island pine) on coastal dunes and beach ridges. 23a 511,195 73.4% Woodlands to low woodlands dominated by Acacia aneura on red earth plains or sandplains (soft mulga). 2a 2,402,810 73.6% Complex evergreen notophyll vine forest frequently with Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) from foothills to ranges. 18b 197,151 74.7% Woodlands dominated Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) frequently with Corymbia spp. or Callitris spp. on flat to undulating plains. 4b 248,434 76.5% Evergreen to semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest, frequently with Archontophoenix spp. (palms) fringing streams. 8a 8,772,049 76.6% Wet tall open forest dominated by species such as Eucalyptus grandis (flooded gum) or E. saligna, E. resinifera (red mahogany), Lophostemon confertus (brush box), Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine), E. laevopinea (silvertop stringybark). Contains a well-developed understorey of rainforest components, including ferns and palms, or the understorey may be dominated by sclerophyll shrubs. 26a 6,851,195 76.6% Open forests to tall shrublands dominated by Acacia cambagei (gidgee) or A. georginae (Georgina gidgee) or A. argyrodendron (blackwood). Page 15 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Bioregional distribution The relative numbers of units for Queensland bioregions for each of the classification levels (regional ecosystems, broad vegetation groups at 1:5 million, 1:2 million and 1:1 million) is shown in Table 3. Table 3 Number of classification units for Queensland Bioregion name BGR (abbrev) Number of regional ecosystems 43 BVG communities at 1:1 M 23 BVG communities at 1:2 M 14 BVG communities at 1:5 M 11 Northwest Highlands NWH Gulf Plains GUP 84 50 25 14 Cape York Peninsula CYP 236 50 24 12 Mitchell Grass Downs MGD 60 21 12 9 Channel Country CHC 55 18 9 7 Mulga Lands MUL 65 19 13 9 Wet Tropics WET 185 42 20 9 Central Queensland Coast CQC 82 32 18 9 Einasleigh Uplands EIU 144 42 22 12 Desert Uplands DEU 76 38 21 13 Brigalow Belt BRB 172 52 29 15 Southeast Queensland SEQ 156 43 24 11 New England Tableland NET 25 13 9 7 1383 98 35 16 All Queensland Figure 3 Number of regional ecosystems per million hectares for Queensland bioregions Page 16 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Cape York Peninsula (bioregion 3) currently has the highest number of regional ecosystems at 236 which occur in 49 different BVGs at the 1:1M level. The smallest Queensland bioregion New England Tablelands (bioregion 13), has the lowest number of regional ecosystems (25) from only 13 BVGs at the 1:1M level. However, when the diversity of regional ecosystems is examined on an area basis as in Figure 3, it can be seen that the coastal bioregions of the Wet Tropics and Central Queensland Coast are the most diverse, with the more expansive inland bioregions having the lowest diversity per area basis. These statistics will change in the future for the bioregions such as the Gulf Plains, Northwest Highlands and Channel Country where the regional ecosystem mapping is still to be finalised. Extent in Protected Areas In 2014, Queensland has 8,729,633 ha or 5% of the land area in protected areas which includes National Parks and Regional Parks, but not State Forests and Timber Reserves. While the protected area system endeavours to preserve areas of all vegetation types, the coverage varies. Table 4 lists the 1:1M BVGs where less than 5% of the BVG pre-clearing area is protected. Table 4 Broad vegetation groups where less than 5% of the pre-clearing area occurs in protected areas in 2014 BVG Hectares in protected areas (PA) % of preclear extent in PA 27b 43 0.0 Low woodlands of a variety of species including Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Grevillea striata (beefwood) Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) occurring on sandplains. (Bylong land system). 33b 518 0.2 Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia pungens or T. longiceps (giant grey spinifex) or T. mitchellii (buck spinifex) sandplains. 27a 10106 0.3 Low open woodlands dominated by a variety of species including Acacia tephrina (boree), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Ventilago viminalis (supplejack) and Lysiphyllum spp. 13b 2945 0.4 Woodlands to open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus microneura (Gilbert River box) on shallow soils on rolling hills. 30a 20934 0.4 Tussock grasslands dominated by Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) often with Eulalia aurea (silky browntop) on alluvia. 15b 296 0.6 Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus conica (fuzzy box) or E. nova-anglica (New England peppermint) or E. blakelyi (Blakely's red gum) on alluvial plains. 17a 58323 0.7 Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) (or E. brownii (Reid River box)) on alluvium, sand plains and footslopes of hills and ranges. 23b 40957 0.8 Tall shrublands to low open woodlands dominated by Acacia aneura on shallow red earth plains (hard mulga). 25a 81894 0.8 Open forests to woodlands dominated by Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) sometimes with Casuarina cristata (belah) on heavy clay soils. Includes areas co-dominated with A. cambagei (gidgee) and/or emergent eucalypts. 18b 20825 0.9 Woodlands dominated Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) frequently with Corymbia spp. or Callitris spp. on flat to undulating plains. 18d 5455 0.9 Woodlands to low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus microneura (Gilbert River box) sometimes with Corymbia spp. 1:1M Description Page 17 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation BVG Hectares in protected areas (PA) % of preclear extent in PA 18a 12193 1.2 Dry woodlands to open woodlands, dominated by bloodwoods (Corymbia dallachiana, C. terminalis (long-fruited bloodwood), C. plena, or C. leichhardtii (rustyjacket)) or ironbarks (Eucalyptus quadricostata (Pentland ironbark), E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) or E. exilipes (fine-leaved ironbark)), often with E. acmenoides (narrow-leaved white stringybark), Angophora leiocarpa (rusty gum) and Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) in the Brigalow Belt, on sandy plateaus and plains. 17b 57549 1.4 Woodlands to open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) (or E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark)) on sand plains and footslopes of hills and ranges. 19b 39097 1.5 Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leucophylla (Cloncurry box) or less extensively Corymbia terminalis (long-fruited bloodwood) low open woodlands and related associations, mainly lower slopes and valleys. 13c 107028 1.6 Woodlands of Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark), E. drepanophylla (grey ironbark), E. fibrosa (dusky-leaved ironbark), E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark) on granitic and metamorphic ranges. 30b 315560 1.7 Tussock grasslands dominated by Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) often with Iseilema spp. on undulating downs or clay plains. 16a 69976 1.8 Open forest and woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) (or E. tereticornis (blue gum)) and/or E. coolabah (coolibah) (or E. microtheca (coolibah)) fringing drainage lines. Associated species may include Melaleuca spp., Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen), Angophora spp., Casuarina cunninghamiana (river she-oak). Does not include alluvial areas dominated by herb and grasslands or alluvial plains that are not flooded. 13d 13472 1.8 Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus moluccana (gum-topped box) (or E. microcarpa (inland grey box)) on a range of substrates. 17c 32083 1.9 Eucalyptus whitei (White's ironbark) or E. similis (Queensland yellowjacket) woodlands to open woodlands on sand sheets. 13a 64541 2.1 Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by ironbarks such as Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen's ironbark), E. staigeriana (lemon-scented ironbark) or E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) and bloodwoods such as Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis, C. clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) or C. leichhardtii (rustyjacket). 34g 40281 2.2 Palustrine wetlands. Generally intermittent swamps/ claypans on floodplains in inland areas dominated by chenopods e.g. Chenopodium auricomum (Queensland blue bush) or Tecticornia spp. (samphire) or herbs. 23a 183341 2.4 Woodlands to low woodlands dominated by Acacia aneura on red earth plains or sandplains (soft mulga). 31a 139283 2.5 Open forblands to open tussock grasslands which may be composed of Atriplex spp. (saltbush), Sclerolaena spp. (burr), Asteraceae spp. and/or short grasses on alluvial plains. 20a 35450 2.8 Woodlands to open forests dominated by Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) or C. intratropica (coast cypress pine). 19c 34477 2.9 Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus pruinosa on sandplains and outwash areas. 16d 5668 3.1 River beds, open water or sand, or rock, frequently not vegetated. 1:1M Page 18 of 238 Description Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland BVG Hectares in protected areas (PA) % of preclear extent in PA 34b 42282 3.1 Palustrine wetlands. Generally intermittent swamps/ claypans (non floodplains) in inland areas dominated by chenopods e.g. Chenopodium auricomum (Queensland blue bush) or Tecticornia spp. (samphire) or herbs. 16c 222286 3.3 Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus coolabah (coolibah) or E. microtheca (coolibah) or E. largiflorens (black box) or E. tereticornis (blue gum) or E. chlorophylla on floodplains. Does not include alluvial areas dominated by herblands or grasslands or alluvial plains that are not flooded. 24b 16857 3.5 Open shrublands dominated by Senna spp. on calcareous residuals 34d 14194 3.5 Palustrine wetlands. Freshwater swamps/springs/billabongs on floodplains ranging from permanent and semi-permanent to ephemeral. 21b 87480 3.8 Low open woodlands and tall shrublands of Melaleuca citrolens or M. stenostachya or other Melaleuca spp. 26a 327874 3.9 Open forests to tall shrublands dominated by Acacia cambagei (gidgee) or A. georginae (Georgina gidgee) or A. argyrodendron (blackwood). 31b 72850 3.9 Short grass / forb associations on stony downs. 16b 67841 3.9 Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box), with Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) or C. clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) or C. dallachiana. On sandy levees. 19d 78452 4.2 Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus persistens (or E. normantonensis (Normanton box), E. tardecidens, E. provecta) with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer, mainly on hills and ranges. 12b 8400 4.3 Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus crebra (narrowleaved red ironbark) and/or Corymbia spp. such as C. clarksoniana (grey bloodwood), C. stockeri, C. setosa (rough leaved bloodwood) or C. peltata (yellowjacket) on hilly terrain. 32a 59493 4.3 Closed tussock grasslands dominated by Themeda arguens, Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass) or Panicum spp., Eriachne spp., Fimbristylis spp., Aristida spp. or Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) on marine and alluvial plains. 18c 38692 4.5 Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus chlorophylla (E. microtheca or E. leptophleba on heavy soils) frequently with Corymbia spp. 15a 16373 4.8 Woodlands and open forests dominated by Eucalyptus youmanii (Youman's stringybark), E. scoparia (Wallangarra white gum), E. caliginosa (broad-leaved stringybark) or E. melliodora (yellow box) occurring on traprock. 24a 332484 4.8 Low woodlands to tall shrublands dominated by Acacia spp. on residuals. Species include A. shirleyi (lancewood), A. catenulata (bendee), A. microsperma (bowyakka), A. clivicola, A. sibirica, A. rhodoxylon (rosewood) and A. leptostachya (Townsville wattle). 19a 185864 5.0 Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leucophloia (snappy gum) with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer, mainly on hills and ranges. 1:1M Description Page 19 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Additional Regional Ecosystem information Detailed information on individual regional ecosystems and vegetation communities is available from the Regional Ecosystem Description Database (REDD) (Queensland Herbarium 2013a), https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/regional-ecosystem-description-database. For an introductory explanation of the regional ecosystem classification system, readers should refer to Sattler (1999). For more detailed and up to date information, the references of Neldner et al. (2012), Wilson and Taylor (2012), regional ecosystem framework training (Queensland Herbarium 2013b), REDD and regional ecosystem technical descriptions e.g. Ryan (2014) should be consulted. The pre-clearing and remnant 2013 extent of regional ecosystems and vegetation communities for bioregions, subregions, Natural Resource Management Group areas, local government areas, catchment areas and Queensland electorate districts is documented in Accad and Neldner (2015) and associated spread sheets. There are fire management guidelines provided for some regional ecosystem in REDD (Queensland Herbarium 2014b). The guidelines for regional ecosystems are presented from an ecological perspective, designed to enhance biodiversity. While it is likely most regional ecosystems in a BVG will have similar fire guidelines, it is preferable to refer to individual regional ecosystems for management decisions. However BVGs have been used to form general fire behaviour classes such as the Savanna Burning Classes under the Carbon Farming Initiative (Australian Government 2013). Regional Ecosystem data sources Pre-clearing and remnant regional ecosystem mapping data and the BVG derived layers are available for most of Queensland in shapefile format through the Queensland Government data web site (https://data.qld.gov.au/). Use the search term, “regional ecosystem”. BVG Maps in Portable Document Format (PDF) are available online (https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/map-request/re-broad-veg-group/). Alternatively regional ecosystem and BVG mapping can be viewed using the Biota Globe, one of the categories of the Queensland Globe using Google Earth: www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/mapping-data/queensland-globe. A complete listing of the vegetation communities in each Broad Vegetation Group is available as a separate spreadsheet for download. Refer to Broad Vegetation Groups: www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/ecosystems/. Version updates In version 1.0, the draft vegetation mapping areas were not included in the area calculations for each BVG. In this document, version 1.1, these data are included in the area calculations, to provide a state-wide area estimate of area for each BVG. In version 2.0, the statistics have been updated from remnant 2011 to remnant 2013 figures from Accad and Neldner (2015). The latest regional ecosystem coverage version 9.0 includes additional completed regional ecosystem mapping in the Northwest Highlands – Duchess and Urandangi 1:250,000 map sheets. Page 20 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Broad Vegetation Group descriptions The broad vegetation group descriptions include the following information. More definitions can be found in the glossary (Appendix 3). Title Description of the dominant and most frequent species, structural formations and habitat of the broad vegetation group. Pre-clearing area The area of the broad vegetation group before clearing (in hectares). Remnant 2013 area The remnant area of the broad vegetation group (in hectares) and as a percentage of pre-clearing extent. Bioregions The pre-clearing area of the BVG is listed by the bioregions it occurs in, in decreasing percentage of BVG pre-clearing area. Only bioregions where >1% of the BVG distribution occurs are listed. Land zones The pre-clearing area of the BVG is listed by the land zones (Wilson and Taylor 2012) it occurs in, in decreasing percentage of BVG pre-clearing area. Land zones making up <1% are not listed. Land zone 1: deposits subject to periodic tidal inundation (tidal flats and beaches). Land zone 2: Quaternary coastal sand deposits (coastal dunes). Land zone 3: recent Quaternary alluvial systems (alluvial river and creek flats). Land zone 4: Tertiary-early Quaternary clay plains (clay plains). Land zone 5: Tertiary-early Quaternary loamy and sandy plains and plateaus (old loamy and sandy plains). Land zone 6: Quaternary inland dunefields (inland dunefields). Land zone 7: Cainozoic duricrusts (ironstone jump-ups). Land zone 8: Cainozoic igneous rocks (basalt plains and hills). Land zone 9: fine grained sedimentary rocks (undulating country on fine-grained sedimentary rocks). LZ9 and 10 are combined (LZ9-10) in SEQ bioregion. Land zone 10: coarse grained sedimentary rocks (sandstone ranges). Land zone 11: metamorphic rocks (hills and lowlands on metamorphic rocks). Land zone 12: Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks (hills and lowlands on granitic rocks). Mean annual rainfall (mm) Range of mean annual rainfall experienced over the majority of the pre-clearing distribution of the BVG. Typical land forms Most frequent land forms (Speight 2009) that the BVG occurs on. Typical soils Most frequent soils (McKenzie et al. 2004) that the BVG occurs on. Structural Formation Range Most frequent structural formations (Neldner et al. 2012) that the BVG form. Floristic description A brief generalised description of the characteristic species in each BVG. Nomenclature follows Bostock and Holland 2014). Only the most frequent species are mentioned for each layer, and some structural information of the typical vegetation provided. Where tree species are mentioned in the canopy, the same species is not repeated even though it is frequently present in the subcanopy, low tree or shrub layers. Low tree and shrub layers are frequently combined for brevity. Typical species in the ground layer are listed. These descriptions are brief and generalised, and do not include naturalised species. The status listed in the Tables of regional ecosystems making up each BVG is the Biodiversity Status which uses the latest current extent of remnant vegetation and an assessment of the condition of the remnant vegetation which includes expert opinion. Endangered (E), Of concern (OC) or No concern at present (NC) are defined online under regional ecosystems. A limited number of regional ecosystems are included in threatened ecological communities listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act. These regional ecosystems are listed under the appropriate BVG. Summary information for each broad vegetation group is given in the next section. A complete listing of the vegetation communities in each BVG is available as a separate spreadsheet for download. National Parks (NP) and State Forests (SF) have been abbreviated in photo captions. Page 21 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 1 Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forests of the Wet Tropics bioregion 1a Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forests usually in fertile and very wet locations Pre-clearing area: 110,239 ha Remnant 2013 area: 28,847 ha (26.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (99.6%) CYP (0.4%) Land zones: 3 (70%), 8 (28%), 12 (1%), 11 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 2000-4200 mm Typical landforms: Alluvial plains, lowlands and footslopes, occasionally on steep slopes Typical soils: Well- to poorly-drained Rudosols, and Red Ferrosols, Red Kandosols Structural formation range: Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forest Photo 1 Complex mesophyll vine forest, 7.8.1a, North Mission Beach, WET. (CSIRO AJ Ford) Floristic characteristics: Scattered emergent strangling Ficus spp. may occur, especially F. pleurocarpa. The dense canopy is usually at least 25 m tall and frequently includes Acmena graveolens, Argyrodendron peralatum, Alstonia scholaris, Cananga odorata, Canarium vitiense, Castanospermum australe, Dysoxylum mollissimum, D. pettigrewianum, Elaeocarpus grandis, Ficus variegata, Palaquium galactoxylon, Planchonella myrsinodendron, Syzygium sayeri, Terminalia sericocarpa and Vitex queenslandica. Subcanopy trees may also include Page 22 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Antirhea tenuiflora, Brombya platynema, Cryptocarya laevigata, Gomphandra australiana, Gossia myrsinifolia, Myristica muelleri, Pisonia umbellifera, Rockinghamia angustifolia and Synima cordierorum. Lianas such as Austrosteenisia stipularis, Calamus australis, C. moti, Entada phaseoloides, Faradaya splendida and Merremia peltata are frequent and climb into the canopy. The ground layer is very sparse, and may include Bowenia spectabilis, Pandanus monticola and sprawling Calamus spp. Ferns such as Blechnum, Diplazium and Tectaria spp. occur frequently, with fleshy herbs such as Alpinia arctiflora, A. modesta, Hornstedtia scottiana, Pleuranthodium racemigerum and Alocasia brisbanensis occurring frequently (see Tracey 1982 1a). Table 2 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 1a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.3.10a Mesophyll vine forest on moderately to poorlydrained alluvial plains, of moderate fertility 50,907 11,880 23 E 7.8.1a Complex mesophyll vine forest on lowlands and foothills on basalt 27,385 10,677 39 E 7.3.17 Complex mesophyll vine forest, on well-drained alluvium of high fertility 26,258 3,950 15 E 7.8.1b Mesophyll vine forest on lowlands and foothills on basalt 3,279 53 2 E 7.12.39a Complex mesophyll vine forest of lowlands and foothills on granite and rhyolite 923 919 100 Photo 2 Ristantia pachysperma (yellow penda) in complex mesophyll vine forest. WET (WTMA) Photo 4 Complex mesophyll vine forest, 7.3.17, Mossman River, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) OC Photo 3 Mesophyll vine forest, 7.3.10a, Tully River, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 5 Complex mesophyll vine forest, 7.3.10a on lowlands, with 7.11.1a (BVG 2a) on the ranges, near Cape Tribulation, WET. (VJ Neldner) Page 23 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 1b Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forests usually on basalt tablelands Pre-clearing area: 81,534 ha Remnant 2013 area: 31,844 ha (39.1% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (100%) Land zones: 8 (99%), 3 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 2000-4200 mm Typical landforms: Highland plateaus and ranges, occasionally on alluvium Typical soils: Red Ferrosols Structural formation range: Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forest Photo 6 Complex notophyll vine forest, 7.8.4a. Koolmoon Creek, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Floristic characteristics: The closed canopy is over 30 m tall with scattered emergent strangling Ficus spp., especially Ficus crassipes and F. pleurocarpa. Frequent trees include Beilschmiedia bancroftii, B. recurva, Caldcluvia australiensis, Cardwellia sublimis, Cryptocarya oblata, Doryphora aromatica, Elaeocarpus spp., Endiandra monothyra, E. sankeyana, E. sideroxylon, Flindersia bourjotiana, F. brayleyana, Franciscodendron laurifolium, Galbulimima baccata, Karrabina biagiana, Opisthiolepis heterophylla, Sloanea australis, Syzygium gustavioides, S. kuranda and Xanthophyllum spp. Subcanopy trees may also include Apodytes brachystylis, Beilschmiedia tooram, Bubbia semecarpoides, Daphnandra repandula, Ficus leptoclada, Fontainea picrosperma, Gossia dallachiana, Myristica muelleri, Polyosma rhytophloia, Polyscias australiana, Rockinghamia angustifolia and Siphonodon membranaceus. Canopy lianas are relatively infrequent and may include Austrobaileya scandens, Austrosteenisia stipularis, Cissus hypoglauca, C. vinosa, Faradaya splendida and Page 24 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Morinda umbellata. Light wiry vines are common and include Cayratia japonica, Morinda retropila, Ripogonum album and Smilax aculeatissima. Additional species that may occur in the mid-dense shrub layer include Atractocarpus hirtus, Ardisia brevipedata, Haplostichanthus submontanus, Cyathea rebeccae, Diplazium spp., Pilidiostigma tetramerum and Wilkiea angustifolia. The ground layer is generally very sparse (see Tracey 1982 1b and 5a). Table 3 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 1b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.8.2a Complex mesophyll vine forest of high rainfall, cloudy uplands on basalt 51,740 21,265 41 OC 7.8.4a Complex notophyll vine forests of cloudy wet highlands on basalt 28,558 10,168 36 E 7.3.36a Complex mesophyll vine forest, of high rainfall, cloudy uplands, on alluvium 950 336 35 E 7.3.36c Complex notophyll vine forest, of high rainfall, cloudy uplands, on alluvium 172 16 10 E 7.8.4c Complex notophyll vine forest of highlands on basalt in the moist rainfall zone. 114 58 51 E Photo 7 Complex notophyll vine forest, 7.8.4c, Nitchaga Creek, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 9 Complex notophyll vine forest, 7.8.2a. Topaz, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 8 Twin kauri pines, Agathis microstachya, in complex notophyll vine forest, 7.8.2a. Lake Barrine, WET. (VJ Neldner) Page 25 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 2 Complex to simple, semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forests, sometimes with Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) 2a Complex evergreen notophyll vine forests frequently with Araucaria cunninghamii from foothills to ranges. (Tracey 1982 5a, 5b) Pre-clearing area: 511,195 ha Remnant 2013 area: 375,190 ha (73.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (53%), SEQ (47%), CQC (0.2%) Land zones: 11 (46%), 12 (43%), 8 (11%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200mm in SEQ; >2500 mm in WET Typical landforms: Highland plateaus and ranges, occasionally on alluvium Typical soils: Red and Brown Dermosols, and Red Ferrosols Structural formation range: Complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forest Photo 10 Mesophyll vine forest, 7.12.1a, Harvey Creek, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 11 Mesophyll vine forest, 7.11.1a surrounding Lake Morris, from Lamb’s Head, WET. (VJ Neldner) Page 26 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Floristic characteristics: (1) WET bioregion. The dense canopy is usually at least 25 m tall and frequently includes Acacia celsa, Acmena graveolens, Argyrodendron peralatum, Beilschmiedia bancroftii, Cardwellia sublimis, Carnarvonia araliifolia, Cryptocarya oblata, Darlingia darlingiana, Doryphora aromatica, Dysoxylum pettigrewianum, Elaeocarpus bancroftii, Flindersia bourjotiana, F. pimenteliana, Gillbeea adenopetala, Palaquium galactoxylon, Planchonella myrsinodendron, Prunus turneriana, Syzygium kuranda and Xanthophyllum octandrum. Frequent species in the subcanopy include Antirhea tenuiflora, Apodytes brachystylis, Brombya platynema, Citronella smythii, Davidsonia pruriens, Gossia myrsinocarpa, Helicia nortoniana, Medicosma fareana, Myristica globosa, Pilidiostigma tropicum, Polyscias australiana, Rockinghamia angustifolia, Steganthera laxiflora and Toechima erythrocarpum. Additional species that may occur in the mid-dense shrub layer include Ardisia brevipedata, Atractocarpus hirtus, Austromatthaea elegans, Lasianthus kurzii, Linospadix minor, Pandanus monticola and Psychotria spp. Vines tend to be very common especially Austrosteenisia stipularis, Calamus spp., Connarus conchocarpus, Faradaya splendida, Freycinetia excelsa, Melodinus australis, Melodorum uhrii and Tetracera spp. Following disturbances (such as cyclones) Musa banksii can become very prominent. The ground layer is generally sparse and may include the fern Blechnum cartilagineum and the herbs Alpinia arctiflora, Pleuranthodium racemigerum and Bowenia spectabilis (see Tracey 1982 5a & 5b). (2) SEQ bioregion. Araucaria cunninghamii is frequently present as emergent trees to 30 metres tall. The dense canopy is usually at least 20 m tall and frequently includes Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, Argyrodendron sp. (Kin Kin W.D.Francis AQ81198), Dendrocnide spp., Archidendropsis thozetiana, Vitex lignum-vitae, Aphananthe philippinensis, Cissus spp., Austrosteenisia blackii, Cryptocarya spp., Elaeocarpus obovatus, Euroschinus falcatus var. falcatus, Ficus spp., Flindersia australis and Geijera salicifolia. Additional species that occur in the mid-dense subcanopy include Gossia bidwillii, Diospyros geminata, D. fasciculosa, Polyscias elegans, Psydrax lamprophylla, Alectryon spp., Baloghia inophylla and Drypetes deplanchei. Additional species that may occur in the mid-dense shrub/ low tree layer include Alchornea ilicifolia, Cleistanthus cunninghamii, Capparis arborea, Turraea pubescens, Carissa ovata, Croton spp., Breynia oblongifolia, Mallotus philippensis, Wilkiea macrophylla, Acalypha eremorum, Acronychia laevis, Alyxia ruscifolia, Arytera divaricata, Atractocarpus chartaceus and Ixora beckleri. The ground layer is generally sparse, but can include grasses such as Oplismenus aemulus, O. imbecillis and Ottochloa gracillima, sedges such as Cyperus enervis and C. tetraphyllus, vines such as Smilax australis, Hoya australis subsp. australis, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Dioscorea transversa and Melodorum leichhardtii, ferns such as Pellaea paradoxa or forbs such as Pseuderanthemum variabile. Page 27 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Table 4 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 2a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.11.1a Mesophyll vine forest on very wet and wet lowlands and foothills on metamorphics 145,667 126,728 87 NC 7.12.1a Mesophyll to notophyll vine forest on granite and rhyolite lowlands and foothills 123,424 118,750 96 NC 12.11.10 Notophyll vine forest +/- Araucaria cunninghamii on metamorphics +/- interbedded volcanics 87,047 38,921 45 NC 12.12.13 Araucarian Complex microphyll to notophyll vine forest on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 62,769 38,223 61 NC 12.12.16 Notophyll vine forest on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 33,723 23,661 70 NC The regional ecosystems 12.8.3, 12.8.4, 12.11.10 and 12.12.16 from this BVG form part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia. Lowland Rainforest occurs in areas <300 m above sea level with high annual rainfall (>1300 mm). Photo 12 Complex notophyll vine forest,12.8.3 Darlington Range, Lamington NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Photo 14 Complex notophyll vine forest, 12.8.3. Palm Grove NP, Mount Tamborine, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Page 28 of 238 Photo 13 Complex notophyll vine forest,12.8.3 Natural Bridge, Springbrook NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Photo 15 Complex notophyll vine forest with Araucaria bidwillii emergents, 12.8.4. Bunya Mountains NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 2b Semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forests usually on granitic ranges Pre-clearing area: 23,253 ha Remnant 2013 area: 23,191 ha (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (100%) Land zones: 12 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1200-2000 mm Typical landforms: Highland plateaus and ranges, occasionally on alluvium Typical soils: Yellow Kandosols or Yellow Dermosols Structural formation range: Semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest Photo 16 Araucaria cuninghamii notophyll vine forest on steep granitic boulder slopes, 3.12.2. Cape Melville NP, CYP. (F Nissen, QPWS) Floristic characteristics: Emergent Araucaria cunninghamii trees to 30 metres height are sometimes present. Canarium australianum, Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Buchanania arborescens, Antiaris toxicaria var. macrophylla, Sterculia quadrifida, Acacia auriculiformis, A. polystachya, Aidia racemosa, Albizia lebbeck, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Dysoxylum acutangulum, Maranthes corymbosa, Myristica insipida, Polyscias elegans and Terminalia subacroptera are frequent in the canopy which is usually greater than 20 m tall. Subcanopy trees include Aidia racemosa, Cryptocarya hypospodia, Cleistanthus peninsularis, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Garcinia warrenii, Miliusa horsfieldii and Polyalthia nitidissima, and the vine Entada rheedii. Additional species in the low tree/ shrub layer include Glycosmis trifoliata, Micromelum minutum, Phaleria octandra, Atractocarpus sessilis, Cupaniopsis flagelliformis var. flagelliformis, Drypetes deplanchei, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Litsea glutinosa, Murraya ovatifoliolata, Myrsine porosa, Wilkiea rigidifolia, Aglaia elaeagnoidea, Alyxia spicata, Arytera bifoliolata, Breynia cernua, Brucea javanica, Dimorphocalyx australiensis, Exocarpos latifolius, Memecylon pauciflorum, Opilia amentacea, Pleomele angustifolia and Salacia disepala. The Page 29 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation ground layer is very sparse with occasional Abrus precatorius, Drynaria quercifolia, Hypoestes floribunda and seedling trees. Table 5 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 2b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.12.3c Semi-deciduous mesophyll / notophyll vine forest with acacias on poorly drained podzolic soils from granite 14,312 14,304 100 NC 3.12.2 Araucarian notophyll vine forest on granitic ridges and mountains 7,940 7,940 100 OC 3.12.35d Tall semi-deciduous vine forest on diorite knolls 389 389 100 OC 3.12.35e Semi-deciduous vine forest on diorite boulder slopes 291 242 83 OC 3.12.35a Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest and occasional thicket on Torres Strait islands 190 186 98 OC Photo 17 Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest, 3.12.3. Cape Melville, CYP. (PI Forster) Photo 18 Wodyetia bifurcata, 3.12.6. Cape Melville NP, CYP. (JP Stanton) Photo 19 Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest with Wodyetia bifurcata, 3.12.6. Eastern fall of Melville Range, CYP. (JP Stanton) Page 30 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 2c Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forests to simple evergreen notophyll vine forests, frequently with Welchiodendron longivalve on northern Cape York Peninsula Pre-clearing area: 79,416 ha Remnant 2013 area: 78,915 ha (99.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (100%) Land zones: 7 (44%), 5 (39%), 12 (17%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1600-2000 mm Typical landforms: Undulating plateaus and low ranges, occasionally on alluvium Typical soils: Yellow and Red Kandosols Structural formation range: Semi-deciduous notophyll to simple evergreen notophyll vine forest Photo 20 Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest, 3.5.4. NE of Weipa, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Emergent trees rarely occur. The even canopy is usually at least 17m tall with Welchiodendron longivalve, Acacia polystachya, Canarium australianum, Buchanania arborescens, Endiandra glauca, Alstonia actinophylla, A. spectabilis, Blepharocarya involucrigera, Sterculia quadrifida, Planchonella chartacea, P. sericea, Flindersia ifflaiana, Syzygium forte, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Podocarpus grayae, Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Cryptocarya cunninghamii and Halfordia kendack frequently occurring. Additional species that can occur in the mid-dense canopy layer are Flagellaria indica, Chionanthus ramiflora, Ptychosperma elegans, Choriceras tricorne, Drypetes deplanchei, Dysoxylum oppositifolium, Myristica insipida and Pachygone ovata. The mid-dense shrub/ low tree layer frequently includes the additional species Tabernaemontana orientalis, Atractocarpus sessilis, Wilkiea rigidifolia, Pleomele angustifolia, Alyxia spicata, Micromelum Page 31 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation minutum, Glycosmis trifoliata, Haplostichanthus fruticosus and Memecylon pauciflorum. The ground layer is very sparse with very occasional Pseuderanthemum variabile, Curcuma australasica and Drynaria quercifolia. Table 6 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 2c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.7.1x1a Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on ferricrete outcrops & slopes 34,882 34,830 100 OC 3.5.4 Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest in small patches on northern plateaus 15,873 15,842 100 NC 3.5.3 Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest restricted to lateritic Carnegie Tableland 10,921 10,672 98 OC 3.12.4a Notophyll vine forest of Welchiodendron longivalve on low hills and rises 6,177 6,026 98 OC 3.12.20 Evergreen notophyll vine forest dominated by Welchiodendron longivalve on headlands 6,152 6,153 100 OC The regional ecosystem 3.12.20 from this BVG forms part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia. Photo 22 Welchiodendron longivalve evergreen notophyll vine forest, 3.12.20. Mubuiag Island, CYP. (DG Fell) Photo 21 Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest, 3.5.3, Lockerbie Scrub near Bamaga, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 32 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 2d Semi-deciduous notophyll/mesophyll vine forests on coastal ranges. (Tracey 1982 4, 5b on basalt, metamorphics and granite) Pre-clearing area: 39,029 ha Remnant 2013 area: 18,188 ha (46.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (58%), CYP (42%) Land zones: 8 (59%), 11 (35%), 3 (3%), 12 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1600-3200 mm Typical landforms: Highland plateaus and ranges, occasionally on alluvium Typical soils: Red Ferrosols, and Yellow and Red Dermosols Structural formation range: Semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest Photo 23a and b Semi-deciduous notophyll vine forest, 7.8.3a. Wongabel SF, WET. (C Clarke, WTMA) Floristic characteristics: Emergent trees taller than 30 m of Argyrodendron spp., Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum, Ficus virens and F. obliqua may occur. The dense canopy is generally greater than 20 m tall and frequently contains Alstonia scholaris, A. spectabilis, Aleurites moluccanus, Diospyros hebecarpa, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Myristica globosa, Cryptocarya hypospodia, C. rhodosperma, Flindersia brayleyana, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Buchanania Page 33 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation arborescens, Dysoxylum pettigrewianum, Terminalia sericocarpa, Wrightia laevis, Adenanthera pavonina, Canarium australianum, C. vitiense, Toona ciliata, Endiandra longipedicellata, Ganophyllum falcatum, Vitex queenslandica and Miliusa horsfieldii. Additional tree species that may occur in the subcanopy include Arytera divaricata, Chionanthus ramiflora, Mallotus philippensis, Arytera bifoliolata, Pisonia umbellifera, Ptychosperma elegans, Cryptocarya triplinervis, Calophyllum sil and Aidia racemosa. A sparse shrub layer is usually present with Glycosmis trifoliata, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Micromelum minutum, Codiaeum variegatum, Pleomele angustifolia, Hodgkinsonia frutescens and Phaleria octandra frequently occurring. Woody canopy vines and large root climbers (Epipremnum pinnatum) can be prominent, especially Dalbergia densa var. australis, Strychnos minor, Trophis scandens, Cissus spp. and Austrosteenisia blackii. Very sparse seedlings are present in the ground layer (see Tracey 1982 4, 5b). Table 7 Six most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 2d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.8.3a Complex semi-evergreen notophyll vine forest of uplands on basalt 18,922 869 5 E 3.11.1x1b Closed semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on metamorphic slopes 8,796 8,776 100 OC 3.8.2a Semi-deciduous notophyll/microphyll vine forest on basalt rises 3,558 2,385 67 OC 3.11.2a Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on metamorphic ranges in the south 3,532 3,531 100 OC 7.3.37 Complex semi-evergreen notophyll vine forest of uplands on alluvium 1,362 8 1 E 7.11.3a Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on moist and dry lowlands and foothills on metamorphics 1,079 1,062 98 OC The regional ecosystems 7.8.3 and 7.3.37 from this BVG form the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Mabi Forest (Complex Notophyll Vine Forest 5b) Photo 24 Semi-deciduous notophyll vineforest, 7.8.3a. Tolga Scrub, WET. (AJ Ford,CSIRO) Page 34 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 3 Notophyll vine forests/ thickets (sometimes with sclerophyll and/or Araucarian emergents) on coastal dunes and sand masses 3a Evergreen to semi-deciduous, notophyll to microphyll vine forests/ thickets on beach ridges and coastal dunes, occasionally Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) microphyll vine forests on dunes. Pisonia grandis on coral cays Pre-clearing area: 89,053 ha Remnant 2013 area: 84,198 ha (94.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (64%), GUP (18%), SEQ (7%), WET (4%), BRB (3%), CQC (3%) Land zones: 2 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: > 1200 mm Typical landforms: Beach ridges, coastal dunes, sand islands and coral atolls Typical soils: Aeric Podosols, Semiaquic Podosols or Bleached-Orthic Tenosols Structural formation range: Notophyll vine forest to semi-evergreen microphyll vine thicket Photo 25 Notophyll vine forest, 3.2.2a. Pormpuraaw, CYP. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 26 Araucaria cunninghamii emergents above Asteromyrtus angustifolia microphyll vine forest, 3.2.12. Cape Flattery, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics (CYP, GUP, WET, CQC): Araucaria cunninghamii occasionally occurs as an emergent tree to 25 m tall. The dense canopy is generally greater than 10 m tall and includes a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees including Terminalia muelleri, Manilkara kauki, Mimusops elengi, Pleiogynium timorense, Gyrocarpus americanus, Sterculia Page 35 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation quadrifida, Buchanania arborescens, Acacia polystachya, Celtis paniculata, Acacia crassicarpa, Syzygium forte, Drypetes deplanchei, Canarium australianum, Pandanus tectorius and Cupaniopsis anacardioides. Species that may be present in the sparse shrub/low tree layer include Exocarpos latifolius, Sersalisia sericea, Micromelum minutum, Millettia pinnata, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Elaeodendron melanocarpum, Polyalthia nitidissima, Endiandra glauca, Diospyros geminata, Litsea glutinosa, Antirhea ovatifolia, Psychotria poliostemma, Memecylon pauciflorum, Atractocarpus sessilis, Ficus opposita, Premna serratifolia, Aglaia elaeagnoidea and Tabernaemontana orientalis. Vines are prominent and include Alyxia spicata, Abrus precatorius, Tetracera nordtiana and Rhamnella vitiense. There are very few herbs present in the ground layer, although annual species can be conspicuous during the wet season. Pisonia grandis dominates simple closed forests on the coral cays. Mesophyllnotophyll vine forests in the Wet Tropics bioregion (e.g. 7.2.1a-c, e and f) tend to be better developed and species rich, and are floristically more similar to adjacent mesophyll rainforest types. Floristic characteristics (SEQ, BRB): Generally occurs with a wind-sheared canopy 8-15 m high, taller in more sheltered hind-dune and swale situations. The dense canopy is dominated by Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Pleiogynium timorense, Celtis paniculata, Drypetes deplanchei, Mallotus discolor, Sersalisia sericea, Alectryon conatus, and Bridelia leichhardtii. Euroschinus falcatus, Corymbia tessellaris and Ficus rubiginosa frequently occur as emergent trees to 20 m tall. Polyalthia nitidissima and Exocarpos latifolius are frequent subcanopy trees. The middense shrub layer frequently contains Alyxia ruscifolia, Ixora queenslandica, Micromelum minutum and Carissa ovata. Trophis scandens and Jasminum spp. are frequently present climbers. Cyperus spp. and Microsorum punctatum occur in the sparse ground layer. On the parabolic dunes of the Fraser Island and Cooloola sand masses there are communities 10-15 m high more or less dominated by Backhousia myrtifolia, with emergents 20-35 m high of Araucaria cunninghamii together with Agathis robusta and Lophostemon confertus. Other canopy species include Halfordia kendack, Euroschinus falcatus, Flindersia bennettii, Syzygium oleosum and (locally) Syzygium luehmannii. There is a sparse shrub layer and the patchy ground layer is dominated by Macrozamia douglasii. Table 8 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 3a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.2.2x2 Semi-deciduous microphyll vine thicket on Quaternary coastal dunes. 15,835 15,820 100 NC 3.2.2a Semi-deciduous vine thicket on coastal dunes and beach ridges 12,761 12,696 99 OC 3.2.11 Low microphyll vine forest on coastal dunes and beach ridges 12,321 12,293 100 NC 3.2.12 Araucarian microphyll vine forest on coastal dunefields and beach ridges 12,236 12,163 99 NC 3.2.17 Leucopogon yorkensis ± Asteromyrtus angustifolia closed scrub on dunefields 8,984 8,974 100 OC The following regional ecosystems 3.2.1a, 3.2.1b, 3.2.12, 3.2.13, 3.2.28, 3.2.29, 3.2.31, 3.2.11, 7.2.1a, b, c, e, f, & I; 7.2.2a-h, 7.2.5a, 7.2.6b, 8.2.2 and 12.2.2 form part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia. Page 36 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Photo 28 Araucarian microphyll/ notophyll vine forest on parabolic high dunes, 12.2.3. Lake Allom, Fraser Island, SEQ. (JP Stanton) Photo 27 Low microphyll vine forest on coastal dunes and beach ridges, 3.2.11. Chilli Beach, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 29 Low microphyll/notophyll vine thicket (beach scrub) on coastal dunes, 8.2.2. South Percy Island, CQC. (JE Kemp) Photo 30 Pisonia grandis low closed forest, 12.2.21a. Wreck Island, Capricornia Cays NP, SEQ. (GN Batianoff) Page 37 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 4 Notophyll and mesophyll vine forests with feather or fan palms on alluvia, along streamlines and in swamps on ranges or within coastal sand masses 4a Notophyll and mesophyll vine forests with feather or fan palms in alluvia and in swampy situations on ranges or within coastal sand masses Pre-clearing area: 48,052 ha Remnant 2013 area: 31,392 ha (65.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (57%), WET (35%), CQC (7%), CYP (1%) Land zones: 3 (40%), 11 (31%), 12 (20%), 2 (9%) Mean annual rainfall range: > 1600 mm Typical landforms: Narrow gullies or swamps on ranges; streamlines on alluvial plains; and swamps in dune swales Typical soils: Stratic Rudosols, Yellow and Brown Dermosols and Aquic Podosols Structural formation range: Simple notophyll to mesophyll vine forest, generally with a subcanopy dominated by feather or fan palms Photo 31 Mesophyll vine forest, 7.3.10c, Silky Oak, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Floristic characteristics (WET): The closed canopy is usually at least 15 m tall with frequent tree species including Acmena hemilampra, Alstonia scholaris, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Cananga odorata, Cryptocarya hypospodia, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana, Elaeocarpus grandis, Myristica globosa, Nauclea orientalis, Melicope elleryana and Syzygium tierneyanum. The dense subcanopy is often dominated by the palms Archontophoenix alexandrae or less extensively Licuala ramsayi. Additional subcanopy tree species include Acmenosperma Page 38 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland claviflorum, Carallia brachiata, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia, Ficus congesta, Helicia nortoniana, Ilex arnhemensis, Macaranga polyadenia, Polyscias australiana, Planchonella chartacea, Rhodamnia sessiliflora and Symplocos puberula. Frequent lianas and vines include Connarus conchocarpus, Faradaya splendida, Freycinetia scandens, Piper caninum and Trophis scandens. The ground layer is usually sparse but can be dominated by Pandanus monticola and rosettes of Calamus as well as Cordyline cannifolia, Hypolytrum nemorum, Helminthostachys and Oplismenus occasionally being present. Photo 32 Licuala ramsayi fan palm swamp, 7.11.2. Cape Tribulation, Daintree NP, WET. (GW Wilson) Photo 33 Archontophoenix alexandrae feather palm forest, 7.3.3a. Russell River, WET. (C Clarke, WTMA) Floristic characteristics SEQ (Fraser Island & Cooloola) and CQC (Shoalwater Bay): The closed canopy is usually 20-25 m high with frequent tree species including Syzygium luehmannii, Canarium australasicum, Pleioluma queenslandica, Schizomeria ovata, Calophyllum australianum, Elaeocarpus grandis, Endiandra discolor, Cryptocarya macdonaldii, C. vulgaris, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and A. alexandrae (CQC). Emergent trees up to 35 m tall include Araucaria cunninghamii, Lophostemon confertus, and on Fraser Island and Cooloola, Agathis robusta and Syncarpia hillii. Lower tree species include Mischarytera lautereriana, Mischocarpus pyriformis, Halfordia kendack, Litsea leefeana, L. fawcettiana, Planchonella chartacea, Melicope vitiflora, Syzygium oleosum, Synoum glandulosum, Cryptocarya glaucescens, Guioa acutifolia, Cinnamomum baileyanum, Rhodamnia acuminata, Polyalthia nitidissima and Sarcopteryx stipata. On the margins, Backhousia myrtifolia is frequent, while Syzygium johnsonii and Myrsine arenaria occur near springs and permanent streams. Frequent climbers include Callerya megasperma, Cissus hypoglauca, C. sterculiifolia, Freycinetia scandens, Hypserpa decumbens, Gynochthodes jasminoides, Melodinus australis, Piper hederaceum, Trophis scandens, and Smilax spp. The open shrub layer includes Alyxia ruscifolia, Cordyline rubra, Eupomatia laurina, Neolitsea dealbata, Myrsine subsessilis, Mackinlaya macrosciadea, Psychotria loniceroides and Tasmannia insipida. The ground layer is very sparse with Cyperus spp., Calanthe triplicata, Pellaea falcata, and Schizaea dichotoma. Floristic characteristics SEQ (Conondale Range & Mt Glorious) (Kroombit & Bulburin): The closed canopy is 20-25 m high and may consist of Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa, Sloanea woollsii, Schizomeria ovata, Cryptocarya macdonaldii, C. erythroxylon, Elaeocarpus grandis, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Cinnamomum oliveri, Syzygium corynanthum, S. crebrinerve, Canarium australasicum, Planchonella australis, Litsea reticulata, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, A. actinophyllum subsp. actinophyllum, Citronella moorei, Gmelina leichhardtii, Endiandra discolor, Doryphora sassafras, Diospyros pentamera, Diploglottis australis, and Elaeocarpus kirtonii. At Kroombit Tops Ceratopetalum apetalum and Sloanea macbrydei are present in the canopy .Emergent Lophostemon confertus, Ficus watkinsiana, Eucalyptus grandis or Araucaria bidwillii .trees up to 50m tall may occur. The palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana is characteristic of the subcanopy, sometimes with Sloanea Page 39 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation australis. Climbers are prominent and include Trophis scandens, Austrosteenisia glabristyla, Gynochthodes jasminoides, Palmeria racemosa, Cissus sterculiifolia, Calamus muelleri, Callerya megasperma, Carronia multisepalea, Cephalaralia cephalobotrys, Melodinus australis, and Ripogonum elseyanum. The lower tree layer 10-15 m tall frequently consists of Niemeyera chartacea, Syzygium oleosum, Synoum glandulosum, Mischarytera lautereriana, Mischocarpus pyriformis, Endiandra muelleri subsp. muelleri, Litsea leefeana, and Alangium villosum subsp. polyosmoides. The open shrub layer is 2-5 m high and includes Eupomatia laurina, Linospadix monostachyos, Cyathea leichhardtiana, Tasmannia insipida, Wilkiea huegeliana, Wilkiea macrophylla, Psychotria simmondsiana, Neolitsea dealbata and at Kroombit and Bulburin, Myrsine ireneae subsp. curvata. A sparse to mid-dense ground layer of Blechnum cartilagineum, Lastreopsis spp., Lomandra spicata, Alpinia arundelliana, Gymnostachys anceps, Calanthe triplicata, and Doodia aspera is generally present. Table 9 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 4a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.11.1 Simple notophyll vine forest often with abundant Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (gully vine forest) on metamorphics +/- interbedded volcanics 14,505 11,349 78 NC 12.12.1 Simple notophyll vine forest usually with abundant Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (gully vine forest) on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 9,256 7,706 83 OC 7.3.10c Mesophyll vine forest with scattered Archontophoenix alexandrae in the sub-canopy, of seasonally inundated alluvial plains 8,277 1,570 19 E 7.3.3a Mesophyll vine forest with Archontophoenix alexandrae, on poorly drained alluvial plains 4,365 1,692 39 E 12.2.1 Notophyll vine forest on parabolic high dunes 3,761 3,754 100 OC Regional ecosystems 12.11.1 and 12.12.1 form part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia. Lowland Rainforest is defined as occurring in areas <300 m above sea level with high annual rainfall (>1300 mm). Regional ecosystems 7.2.1d, g & h form part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia. Photo 34 Notophyll feather palm vine forest, 12.2.1. Great Sandy NP (Cooloola Section), SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Page 40 of 238 Photo 35 Simple notophyll vine forest, 12.12.1. Kroombit Tops, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 4b Evergreen to semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forests, frequently with Archontophoenix spp., fringing streams Pre-clearing area: 197,151 ha Remnant 2013 area: 147,355 ha (74.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (63%), SEQ (21%), WET (8%), CQC (7%), GUP (1%) Land zones: 3 (99%) Mean annual rainfall range: > 1200 mm Typical landforms: Banks and levees of major watercourses Typical soils: Leptic Tenosols Structural formation range: Evergreen notophyll to semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest Photo 36 Melaleuca leucadendra dominated gallery forest, 3.3.5a. Peach Creek, ENE of Coen Airstrip, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 37 Syzygium forte in evergreen notophyll vine forest, 3.3.5. Archer River, CYP. (JR Clarkson) Floristic characteristics (NQ): Emergent trees more than 28 m tall are sometimes present. Frequent species include Melaleuca leucadendra, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia sericocarpa, Page 41 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Eucalyptus tereticornis, Ficus spp., Acacia auriculiformis, A. polystachya, Elaeocarpus grandis and Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum. The dense canopy which is generally over 20 m tall is composed of the emergent species plus additional species such as Buchanania arborescens, Castanospermum australe, Beilschmiedia obtusifolia, Archontophoenix spp., Argyrodendron polyandrum, Chionanthus ramiflorus, Cryptocarya hypospodia, Blepharocarya involucrigera, Cordia dichotoma, Dillenia alata, Miliusa horsfieldii, Syzygium tierneyanum, Aleurites moluccanus, Canarium australianum, Carallia brachiata, Lophostemon suaveolens, Mallotus polyadenos, Millettia pinnata, Myristica globosa, Semecarpus australiensis, Syzygium bamagense and Waterhousea floribunda. Vines are relatively infrequent, and include Flagellaria indica, Dioscorea transversa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Cissus antarctica, Faradaya splendida, Gynochthodes jasminoides, Maclura cochinchinensis, Melodorum leichhardtii, and Trophis scandens. The mid-dense subcanopy is composed of smaller individuals of the canopy species. Additional species found in the sparse shrub/ low tree layer include Cleistanthus apodus, Glycosmis trifoliata, Mallotus philippensis, Atractocarpus fitzalanii, A. sessilis, Alyxia spicata, Arytera divaricata, Calophyllum sil, Ficus congesta, F. opposita, Leea indica, Streblus pendulinus, Barringtonia calyptrata, Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia, Diospyros geminata, Drypetes deplanchei and Lunasia amara. Sparse forbs may occur in the ground layer and include Pseuderanthemum variabile, Adiantum hispidulum, Christella dentata, Lomandra hystrix, Aneilema acuminatum and Oplismenus aemulus (see Tracey 1982 1c). Floristic characteristics (SEQ): Complex to simple notophyll vine forest. Waterhousea floribunda is predominant fringing stream channels. Frequent canopy species can include Cryptocarya hypospodia, C. obovata, C. triplinervis, Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, Ficus coronata, F. fraseri, F. macrophylla forma macrophylla, Aphananthe philippinensis, Elaeocarpus grandis, Grevillea robusta, Castanospermum australe and Syzygium francisii. Emergent trees may be present and include Ficus racemosa and Nauclea orientalis (in northern SEQ and CQC), Eucalyptus spp. (e.g. E. grandis) and Araucaria cunninghamii. Table 10 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 4b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.5a Evergreen notophyll vine forest on alluvia on major watercourses 72,133 72,019 100 NC 12.3.1 Gallery rainforest (notophyll vine forest) on alluvial plains 41,212 10,562 26 E 3.3.1a Closed semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on loamy alluvia 34,237 33,695 98 NC 7.3.23a Simple-complex semi-deciduous notophyll to mesophyll vine forest, on lowland alluvium, predominantly riverine levees 15,310 3,460 23 E 8.3.1a Semi-deciduous notophyll to mesophyll vine forest, fringing or in the vicinity of watercourses, on lowlands (subregions 1 to 3 and 6) 11,835 5,815 49 E The regional ecosystem 12.3.1 from this BVG forms part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia. Page 42 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Photo 38 Gallery rainforest (notophyll vine forest), 12.3.1. Stony Creek, SW of Agnes Water, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Photo 39 Gallery rainforest (notophyll vine forest), 12.3.1. Munna Creek, west of Maryborough, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 40 Closed semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on loamy alluvia, 3.3.1a. Claudie River, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 43 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 5 Notophyll to microphyll vine forests, frequently with Araucaria spp. or Agathis spp. (kauri pines) 5a Araucarian notophyll/microphyll and microphyll vine forests of southern coastal bioregions Pre-clearing area: 201,848 ha Remnant 2013 area: 51,571 ha (25.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (100%) Land zones: 8 (40%), 11 (29%), 5 (19%), 9 (11%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1000-2000 mm Typical landforms: Hills and ranges of a variety of geological substrates; coastal lowland plains Typical soils: Red Ferrosols and Red and Brown Dermosols Structural formation range: Araucarian microphyll to notophyll vine forest Photo 41 Araucarian complex microphyll vine forest, 12.11.12. Goodnight Scrub NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Photo 42 Microphyll to notophyll vine forest with Araucaria cunninghamii, 12.5.13a, near Murgon, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Floristic characteristics: Araucaria cunninghamii is a frequent emergent tree and regularly grows to over 30 m tall. Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, Flindersia australis, F. collina, Dendrocnide photinophylla, D. excelsa, Excoecaria dallachyana and Vitex lignum-vitae are frequent trees in the dense canopy. Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Alectryon connatus, Notelaea microcarpa, Denhamia pittosporoides, Dinosperma erythrococcum, Geijera salicifolia, Page 44 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Polyscias elegans and Psydrax lamprophylla may also occur in the canopy. Vines are frequent and include Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense, J. didymum subsp. racemosum, Trophis scandens, Melodorum leichhardtii, Austrosteenisia blackii, Tinospora smilacina and Cissus oblonga. Additional species that may be in the mid-dense subcanopy include Capparis arborea, C. sarmentosa, Planchonella cotinifolia, P. myrsinifolia, Arytera foveolata, Croton insularis, Gossia bidwillii, Drypetes deplanchei, Cupaniopsis parvifolia, Diospyros geminata, D. australis, Elattostachys xylocarpa, Alectryon connatus, Baloghia inophylla and Mallotus philippensis. The mid-dense shrub/ low tree layer frequently contains the additional species of Carissa ovata, Capparis arborea, Gossia bidwillii, Alyxia ruscifolia, Everistia vacciniifolia var. nervosa, Alchornea ilicifolia, Cleistanthus cunninghamii, Casearia multinervosa, Acalypha capillipes, Pittosporum viscidum, Arytera foveolata, Croton insularis, Exocarpos latifolius, Turraea pubescens and Alectryon subdentatus. The ground layer is very sparse and includes Harnieria hygrophiloides, Solanum corifolium, S. stelligerum and Pellaea paradoxa, and the graminoids Ancistrachne uncinulata, Cyperus gracilis and Oplismenus aemulus. Table 11 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 5a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.8.13 Araucarian complex microphyll vine forest on Cainozoic igneous rocks 81,055 14,365 18 OC 12.5.13a Microphyll to notophyll vine forest ± Araucaria cunninghamii on remnant Tertiary surfaces 37,522 5,055 13 E 12.11.11 Araucarian microphyll vine forest on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics; usually southern half of bioregion 35,897 14,019 39 NC 12.11.12 Araucarian complex microphyll vine forest on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics; usually northern half of bioregion 23,098 9,346 40 OC 12.9-10.16 Araucarian microphyll to notophyll vine forest on Cainozoic and Mesozoic sediments 22,839 8,759 38 E The regional ecosystems 12.5.13 and 12.8.13 from this BVG form part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia. Photo 43 Araucarian microphyll vine forest on metamorphics +/- interbedded volcanics, 12.11.11. Bunderra Nature Refuge, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Photo 44 Notophyll vine forest, 12.8.13. Hummock boardwalk, east of Bundaberg, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Page 45 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 5b Notophyll to microphyll vine forests, frequently with Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), on ranges of central coastal bioregions Pre-clearing area: 187,265 ha Remnant 2013 area: 173,667 ha (92.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CQC (99%), WET (1%) Land zones: 12 (97%), 11 (2%), 8 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1200-2000 mm Typical landforms: Occurs on high mountain plateaus, slopes, ridges and crests on rolling mountains of foothills, uplands and highlands Typical soils: Red Ferrosols and Red and Brown Dermosols Structural formation range: Evergreen notophyll to semi-deciduous microphyll vine forest Photo 45 Notophyll vine forest, 8.12.2. Eungella NP, CQC. (JE Kemp) Floristic characteristics: Araucaria cunninghamii is sometimes present as an emergent tree. The dense canopy is generally greater than 18 m tall with Argyrodendron polyandrum, Falcataria toona, Dendrocnide photinophylla, Cryptocarya hypospodia, C. bidwillii, C. triplinervis, Diospyros hebecarpa, Pleiogynium timorense, Macropteranthes fitzalanii, Terminalia porphyrocarpa, Flindersia schottiana, Drypetes deplanchei, Euroschinus falcatus, Cleistanthus dallachyanus and Olea paniculata often occurring. The lianas Cissus oblonga, Austrosteenisia blackii, Smilax australis, Melodorum leichhardtii, Trophis scandens, Flagellaria indica and Tetrastigma nitens are relatively frequent. The palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana is sometimes present. Additional tree species that occur in the subcanopy include Aidia racemosa, Mallotus philippensis, Gossia bidwillii, Chionanthus ramiflora, Arytera divaricata, Acronychia laevis, Alangium villosum subsp. tomentosum, Aphananthe Page 46 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland philippinensis, Harpullia pendula and Atalaya rigida. The low tree/ shrub layer is sparse, and can include the additional species of Lepiderema punctulata, Memecylon pauciflorum, Alyxia ruscifolia, Mischocarpus anodontus, Tabernaemontana orientalis, Fitzalania heteropetala, Atalaya rigida, Elattostachys xylocarpa, Elaeodendron melanocarpum, Psychotria daphnoides, Cupaniopsis wadsworthii and Eugenia reinwardtiana. The sparse ground layer frequently contains ferns Adiantum hispidulum, A. aethiopicum, Microsorum punctatum, Lastreopsis tenera and Drynaria sparsisora, and graminoids Dianella caerulea var. vannata, Gahnia aspera, Oplismenus aemulus, O. imbecillis and Gymnostachys anceps, Alpinia caerulea, Aneilema acuminatum and Scleria sphacelata. Table 12 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 5b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 8.12.3a Evergreen notophyll to microphyll vine forest, of foothills and uplands on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 61,830 57,554 93 NC 8.12.2 Evergreen notophyll to complex notophyll vine forest of uplands, highlands and foothills, on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 34,040 31,251 92 NC 8.12.18 Semi-evergreen notophyll/microphyll to complex notophyll Argyrodendron spp. vine forest +/Araucaria cunninghamii, of foothills and uplands on near-coastal ranges and islands, on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 26,747 26,026 97 NC 8.12.1a Evergreen notophyll feather palm vine forest, of uplands and highlands, on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks (subregion 3) 21,854 18,373 84 NC 8.12.11a Semi-evergreen microphyll vine thicket +/Araucaria cunninghamii, on islands and coastal headlands, on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks and Tertiary acid to intermediate volcanics (subregions 1-3) 14,955 14,905 100 OC Photo 46 Notophyll vine forest with feather palms, 8.12.3a. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, CQC. (JM Brushe) Photo 47 Semi-evergreen notophyll/microphyll vine forest dominated by Argyrodendron polyandrum and Backhousia citriodora, 8.12.18. North of Whitsunday Great Walk, near Repulse Creek, CQC. (WJF McDonald) Page 47 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 5c Simple to complex notophyll vine forests, often with Agathis spp. on ranges and uplands of the Wet Tropics bioregion Pre-clearing area: 64,786 ha Remnant 2013 area: 61,788 ha (95.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (98%), EIU (2%) Land zones: 12 (51%), 11 (46%), 8 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1600-3000 mm Typical landforms: On foothills and uplands on metamorphic and granitic geologies Typical soils: Red and Brown Dermosols, and Red Ferrosols Structural formation range: Complex notophyll to simple notophyll vine forest Photo 48 Simple notophyll vine forest, 7.12.7a. Downfall Creek, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Floristic characteristics: Agathis robusta is a frequent emergent tree to 35 m tall. The closed canopy frequently contains Argyrodendron polyandrum, Falcataria toona, Aleurites moluccanus, Cryptocarya triplinervis, Ficus benjamina, Flindersia schottiana var. pubescens, Linociera ramiflora, Pleiogynium timorense and Polyalthia nitidissima. The mid-dense subcanopy and low tree layer frequently includes Gossia myrsinocarpa, Codiaeum variegatum, Elaeodendron melanocarpum, Euonymus australiana, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Mallotus philippensis, Denhamia bilocularis, Memecylon pauciflorum and Myrsine porosa. The palms Ptychosperma elegans and Archontophoenix alexandrae are frequent in the wetter areas. Lianas are frequent in the canopy and on the ground and include Calamus caryotoides, Carronia protensa, Derris trifoliata, Austrosteenisia stipularis, Hippocratea barbata, Parsonsia Page 48 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland velutina, Pachygone ovata and Trophis scandens. Scattered ferns Adiantum hispidulum, Doodia caudata and Taenitis pinnata may be present in the ground layer. (see Tracey 1982 6) Table 13 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 5c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.11.7a Complex notophyll vine forests (with emergent Agathis robusta) on metamorphic foothills and uplands of areas excluding the Seaview Range Subregion 27,724 25,604 92 NC 7.12.7a Complex notophyll vine forests (with emergent Agathis robusta), on foothills and uplands on granite and rhyolite north of the Herbert River 14,862 14,231 96 NC 7.12.11a Complex notophyll vine forests south of the Herbert River, on foothills and uplands on granite and rhyolite 12,885 12,879 100 OC 7.12.11b Simple notophyll vine forest of rocky areas and unstable talus on granite and rhyolite 2,502 2,497 100 OC 7.12.11c Notophyll semi-evergreen vine forest of foothills and uplands on granite and rhyolite 1,795 1,789 100 OC The regional ecosystem 7.12.11d from this BVG forms part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia. Photo 49 Simple notophyll vine forest, 7.12.7a. Hunter Creek, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 50 Simple notophyll vine forest, 7.12.11b. Bullocky Tom's Creek, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Page 49 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 5d Acacia celsa / A. mangium (brown sandalwood) / A. polystachya closed forests to open forests with mixed rainforest species understorey includes areas regenerating after disturbance (upland and lowland areas) Pre-clearing area: 176,778 ha Remnant 2013 area: 180,065 ha (102% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (89%), WET (11%) Land zones: 12 (74%), 11(19%), 3 (4%), 8 (2%), 5 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1600 mm Typical landforms: (1) on metamorphic and granitic plateaus and slopes on Cape York Peninsula; (2) exposed metamorphic and granitic slopes, frequently damaged by cyclones Typical soils: Red and Brown Dermosols Structural formation range: Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest. Photo 51 Simple evergeen notophyll vine forest, 3.12.3a. McIllwraith Range, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 52 Notophyll vine forest on granitic slopes, 3.12.3b. Chester Gorge, CYP. (JR Clarkson) Floristic characteristics: (CYP) The dense canopy averages 23 m in height and frequently includes Acacia polystachya, A. midgleyi, Argyrodendron polyandrum, Buchanania arborescens, Grevillea baileyana, Cryptocarya vulgaris, C. cunninghamii, Aleurites moluccanus, Alstonia scholaris, Canarium australianum, Terminalia sericocarpa, Blepharocarya involucrigera, Cordia dichotoma, Garuga floribunda, Litsea fawcettiana, Mallotus polyadenos, Maniltoa lenticellata, Miliusa horsfieldii and Semecarpus australiensis. The subcanopy is usually sparse and averages 14 m in height, and includes the additional tree species Tetracera nordtiana, Dysoxylum acutangulum subsp. foveolatum, Strychnos minor, Acronychia acronychioides, Coelospermum decipiens, Diospyros fasciculosa, Endiandra glauca, Gossia floribunda and Maniltoa lenticellata. Frequently occurring vines include Page 50 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Calamus caryotoides, C. australis, Flagellaria indica and Smilax australis. Additional species that occur in the very sparse shrub/ low tree layer include Atractocarpus sessilis, Tabernaemontana orientalis, Cleistanthus hylandii, Diploglottis macrantha, Wilkiea rigidifolia, Cryptocarya exfoliata, Cupaniopsis flagelliformis, Diospyros hebecarpa, Drypetes deplanchei, Euonymus australiana, Ixora timorensis, Mallotus philippensis, Planchonella chartacea and Streblus pendulinus. The ground layer is very sparse with occasional gingers Cordyline cannifolia and Alpinia caerulea, and ferns Taenitis pinnata and Adiantum aethiopicum being present. Floristic characteristics: (wind disturbed WET and CYP) The dense canopy is between 15 and 30 m tall and may be dominated solely by Acacia celsa (upland areas), or A. celsa in combination with A. cincinnata, A. polystachya, A. mangium (foothills and lowlands) or A. melanoxylon (higher altitudes). The vine forest understorey is usually 5-10 m below the canopy and includes a number of species that have been described by Tracey (1982) Types 12a, b, c, & d. Table 14 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 5d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.12.3a Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on exposed and granitic slopes 73,463 73,461 100 NC 3.12.3b Notophyll vine forest on granitic slopes and plateaus 47,565 47,563 100 NC 3.11.3 Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on exposed metamorphic and granitic slopes 18,043 17,884 99 NC 3.11.1x1a Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on exposed slopes 7,354 7,335 100 OC 3.3.2b Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on floodplains 6,648 6,100 92 OC Photo 53 Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest, 3.11.3. Iron Range, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 54 Closed vineland of cyclone-disturbed vine forest, 7.12.40a. Near Babinda, WET. (VJ Neldner) Page 51 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 6 Notophyll vine forest and microphyll fern forests to thickets on high peaks and plateaus 6a Notophyll vine forests and microphyll fern forests to thickets on high peaks and plateaus of southern Queensland Pre-clearing area: 23,727 ha Remnant 2013 area: 19,612 ha (82.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (100%) Land zones: 8 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1200-2400 mm Typical landforms: Plateaus and ranges greater than 600 m altitude Typical soils: Red Ferrosols Structural formation range: Complex notophyll vine forest to microphyll fern forest to thicket Photo 55 Complex notophyll vine forest on Cainozoic igneous rocks, 12.8.5. Goomburra section, Main Range NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Floristic characteristics: Common canopy species include Argyrodendron actinophyllum, Sloanea woollsii, Cryptocarya erythroxylon, Ficus watkinsiana, Dysoxylum fraserianum, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Karrabina benthamiana, Doryphora sassafras, Orites excelsus, Acmena ingens, Syzygium crebrinerve and Citronella moorei. Caldcluvia paniculosa, Nothofagus moorei, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Acmena smithii, Quintinia spp., Doryphora sassafras and Orites excelsus often dominate at higher altitudes and the structure is a simple microphyll fern forest/ thicket. In this situation, there is a profusion of mosses, ferns and other epiphytes, (i.e.: Dendrobium falcorostrum). Page 52 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland The low tree/ shrub layer includes Callicoma serratifolia, Cordyline stricta, Myrsine howittiana, Pittosporum oreillyanum and Tasmannia insipida. Frequent vines include Cephalaralia cephalobotrys, Hibbertia scandens, Marsdenia rostrata, Pandorea baileyana, Parsonsia induplicata, Ripogonum discolor and Smilax australis. The ferns Asplenium australasicum, Blechnum cartilagineum, Calochlaena dubia, Cyathea australis, Histiopteris incisa, Lastreopsis decomposita and Microsorum pustulatum, together with Lomandra spicata and Dianella caerulea, form a mid-dense ground cover. Most of the bark of the trees and vines are covered with lichens and mosses. Table 15 The four regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 6a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.8.5 Complex notophyll vine forest on Cainozoic igneous rocks. Altitude usually >600m 21,823 17,730 81 NC 12.8.7 Simple microphyll fern thicket with Acmena smithii on Cainozoic igneous rocks 1,002 997 99 OC 12.8.6 Simple microphyll fern forest with Nothofagus moorei on Cainozoic igneous rocks 634 629 99 OC 12.8.18 Simple notophyll vine forest with Ceratopetalum apetalum on Cainozoic igneous rocks 267 256 96 OC Photo 56 Simple microphyll fern forest with Nothofagus moorei on Cainozoic igneous rocks, 12.8.6. Bethongabel, Lamington NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Photo 57 Simple microphyll fern forest with Nothofagus moorei, 12.8.6. Best of All Lookout, Springbrook ,SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Photo 58 Simple notophyll vine forest with Ceratopetalum apetalum on Cainozoic igneous rocks, 12.8.18. Daves Creek Circuit, Lamington NP, SEQ. (WJF McDonald) Page 53 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 6b Simple evergreen notophyll vine forests to simple microphyll vine fern thickets on high peaks and plateaus of northern Queensland Pre-clearing area: 319,372 ha Remnant 2013 area: 301,009 ha (94.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (97%), CQC (2%) Land zones: 12 (89%), 11 (11%) Mean annual rainfall range: 2400-8000 mm Typical landforms: Predominantly granitic and rhyolitic ranges and tablelands, although metamorphosed sediments and quartzites also locally significant Typical soils: Yellow Kandosols and Semiaquic Podsols Structural formation range: Simple notophyll vine forest to simple microphyll vine-fern thicket Photo 59 Mesophyll vine forest, 7.12.16a. Bellenden Ker Range, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Floristic characteristics (WET 400-1000 m altitude): This simple notophyll vine forest has a canopy is generally even, dense and 24-33 m tall. Common species include Acmena resa, Balanops australiana, Beilschmiedia collina, B. recurva, Caldcluvia australiensis, Canarium australasicum, Cardwellia sublimis, Ceratopetalum succirubrum, Cryptocarya angulata, C. corrugata, C. densiflora, C. grandis, C. oblata, Doryphora aromatica, Elaeocarpus largiflorens, E. foveolatus, Endiandra dielsiana, E. monothyra, E. palmerstonii, Flindersia bourjotiana, F. pimenteliana, Franciscodendron laurifolium, Garcinia zichii, Halfordia kendack, Placospermum Page 54 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland coriaceum, Planchonella euphlebia, Pleioluma papyracea, Rhodamnia blairiana, Sloanea spp., Sphenostemon lobosporus, Synoum glandulosum subsp. paniculosum, Syzygium endophloium, S. johnsonii, S. papyraceum, S. wesa and Xanthophyllum octandrum. The subcanopy includes the species Apodytes brachystylis, Brackenridgea australiana, Bobea myrtoides, Bubbia semecarpoides, Casearia costulata, Chionanthus axillaris, Cryptocarya lividula, Gossia shepherdii, Harpullia rhyticarpa, Lethedon setosum, Medicosma fareana, Niemeyera prunifera, Polyosma hirsuta, Polyscias australiana, P. purpurea, Rockinghamia angustifolia, Steganthera macooraia and Symplocos glabra. A dense to sparse shrub layer frequently contains Ardisia brevipedata, A. hylandii, Hedraianthera porphyropetala, Psychotria spp., Pilidiostigma tetramerum and Wilkiea angustifolia. Liana and epiphytes are frequent. Cordyline cannifolia, Linospadix spp., the ferns Blechnum cartilagineum and Lastreopsis spp. the graminoids Exocarya scleroides and Lomandra longifolia and the tree fern Cyathea rebeccae are prominent in the ground layer (Tracey 1982 type 8). Floristic characteristics (WET 800-1300 m altitude): A simple microphyll vine fern forest usually occurs (Tracey 1982 Type 9), sometimes down to 600 m. The canopy is even but only 20-25 metres tall, with patches of emergent Agathis atropurpurea in places (at higher elevations). Frequent canopy species include Balanops australiana, Caldcluvia australiensis, Ceratopetalum spp., Elaeocarpus ferruginiflorus, E. foveolatus, E. largiflorens, E. sericopetalus, Flindersia acuminata, F. pimenteliana, Garcinia zichii, Halfordia kendack, Orites fragrans, Pleioluma macrocarpa, Psydrax montigena, Pullea stutzeri, Sphalmium racemosum, Syzygium apodophyllum, S. endophloium, Syzygium johnsonii and Syzygium wesa. The subcanopy tends to be dense and contains Ardisia pachyrrhachis, Bubbia spp., Crispiloba disperma, Chionanthus axillaris, Helicia recurva, Linospadix spp., Laccospadix australasicus, Oraniopsis appendiculata, Pittosporum rubiginosum, Polyosma rigidiuscula, Psychotria spp., Schistocarpaea johnsonii, Symplocos spp. and Wilkiea spp. Large lianas are rare, although wiry vines are frequent, as are epiphytes. The ground layer includes Blechnum patersonii, Bolbitis quoyana, Cyathea rebeccae, Oenotrichia tripinnata and Pteridoblechnum neglectum. Floristic characteristics (WET above 1300 m altitude): A simple microphyll vine fern thicket occurs with the dense canopy only 10-12 m tall, and wind-sheared emergent Leptospermum wooroonooran to 15 m tall (Tracey 1982 Type 10). Frequent canopy species include Acmena hemilampra subsp. orophila, Acronychia chooreechillum, Balanops australiana, Uromyrtus metrosideros, Cinnamomum propinquum, Cryptocarya bellendenkerana, Elaeocarpus ferruginiflorus, E. hylobroma, Garcinia brassii, Myrsine oreophila, Syzygium apodophyllum, Flindersia oppositifolia, Halfordia kendack, Orites fragrans, Pleioluma singuliflora, Rhodomyrtus sericea and Trochocarpa bellendenkerensis. The subcanopy to 3 m high tends to be dense and contains Alyxia orophila, Crispiloba disperma, Chionanthus axillaris, Dracophyllum sayeri, Hypsophila spp., Laccospadix australasicus, Linospadix spp., Oraniopsis appendiculata, Pittosporum rubiginosum, Polyosma rigidiuscula, Psychotria spp. and Tasmannia membranea and the tree fern Cyathea rebeccae is very common. Lianas are relatively sparse, but wiry vines can be common especially Smilax glyciphylla and Morinda spp., and epiphytes occur both on tree trunks and rocks. Dianella caerulea, Lomandra hystrix, Calanthe triplicate, Helmholtzia acorifolia and a variety of ferns and mosses form a dense to sparse ground layer. An outlier of simple notophyll vine forest (7.12.16a) occurs above 800 m on Mt Elliot in the Brigalow Belt bioregion. In the Central Queensland Coast bioregion, evergreen microphyll mossy vine forests dominated by Argyrodendron spp. and Cryptocarya spp. (8.12.17) occur above 800m mainly in the Eungella National Park, and simple notophyll vine forests dominated by Ristantia waterhousei occur above 600m on Mt Dryander. Page 55 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Table 16 The five regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 6b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.12.16a Simple notophyll vine forest (often with Agathis microstachya), on uplands, granite and rhyolite 241,297 228,951 95 NC 7.11.12a Simple notophyll vine forest of cloudy wet and moist uplands on metamorphics 35,207 29,400 84 NC 7.12.19a Simple microphyll vine-fern forest (often with Agathis atropurpurea), on granite and rhyolite highlands of northern parts of the Bellenden Ker subregion and north 13,055 13,054 100 NC 7.12.50 Simple microphyll vine-fern forest of highlands on granite and rhyolite 7,473 7,470 100 OC 7.12.48 Wind-sheared notophyll vine forest on exposed granite and rhyolite ridge crests and steep slopes 6,893 6,889 100 OC Photo 60 Wind-sheared microphyll vine forest, 7.12.20. Mount Lewis, WET. (S Goosem) Photo 61 Simple notophyll vine forest, 7.12.16a, Longlands Gap, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Photo 62 Simple microphyll vine-fern thicket, 7.12.20. Bellenden Ker, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Page 56 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 7 Semi-evergreen to deciduous microphyll vine thickets 7a Semi-evergreen vine thickets on wide range of substrates Pre-clearing area: 958,482 ha Remnant 2013 area: 380,218 ha (39.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (75%), EIU (15%), SEQ (9%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 8 (29%), 9 (27%), 11 (16%), 12 (15%), 5 (6%), 4 (3%), 3 (2%), 10 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1200 mm Typical landforms: Crests and slopes of low hills on igneous and metamorphic rocks Typical soils: Red Kandosols, Red and Yellow Dermosols and Red Ferrosols Structural formation range: Semi-evergreen vine thicket to microphyll vine forest Photo 63 Semi-evergreen microphyll vine forest on igneous rocks, 11.12.4. Grevillea SF, BRB. (WJF McDonald) Photo 64 Semi-evergreen vine thicket, 9.11.8a. Chillagoe, EIU. (AJ Ford, CSIRO) Floristic characteristics: Emergent trees to 20 m tall include Ailanthus triphysa, Brachychiton rupestris, B. australis, Gyrocarpus americanus and sometimes Ficus rubiginosa, F. virens and Araucaria cunninghamii. The dense canopy which is rarely more than 10 m tall frequently includes Acacia fasciculifera, Planchonella cotinifolia, Brachychiton spp., Notelaea microcarpa var. microcarpa, Coatesia paniculata, Dinosperma erythrococcum, Backhousia angustifolia, Bridelia leichhardtii, Canarium australianum, Drypetes deplanchei, Ehretia membranifolia, Grevillea helmsiae, Croton insularis, Flindersia australis, Alstonia constricta, Geijera salicifolia, Diospyros humilis, Gossia bidwillii, Lysiphyllum spp., Strychnos lucida, S. psilosperma and Page 57 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Owenia venosa. Macropteranthes leichhardtii may dominate the canopy in some communities. Cissus oblonga, Cissus reniformis, Glossocarya hemiderma, Secamone elliptica, Melodorum leichhardtii, Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense, Tinospora smilacina, Clematicissus opaca, Cayratia trifolia and C. acris are frequent deciduous and evergreen vines. Additional species occurring in the mid-dense shrub/ low tree layer include Carissa ovata, Acalypha eremorum, Pittosporum spinescens, Alyxia ruscifolia, Glossocarya hemiderma, Turraea pubescens, Alectryon diversifolius, Capparis loranthifolia, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Flueggea leucopyrus, Croton phebalioides, C. acronychioides, Murraya ovatifoliolata, Coatesia paniculata, Erythroxylum spp., Everistia spp., Exocarpos latifolius and Psydrax odorata. The sparse ground layer includes the graminoids Ancistrachne uncinulata, Cyperus gracilis, Oplismenus aemulus, Aristida gracilipes and Dinebra decipiens, and forbs Pseuderanthemum variabile, Solanum stelligerum, Abutilon oxycarpum var. oxycarpum, Achyranthes aspera and Nyssanthes diffusa (includes Tracey 1982 type 11). Table 17 The five regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 7a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.9.4a Semi-evergreen vine thicket that occur on crests and slopes of low hills and mountains 182,512 33,136 18 E 11.12.4 Semi-evergreen vine thicket and microphyll vine forest on igneous rocks 98,323 56,017 57 NC 9.8.7 Semi-evergreen vine thicket on cones, craters and rocky basalt flows with little soil development 86,785 86,774 100 OC 11.8.3 Semi-evergreen vine thicket on Cainozoic igneous rocks 80,598 25,400 32 OC 11.11.5 Microphyll vine forest ± Araucaria cunninghamii on old sedimentary rocks with varying degrees of metamorphism and folding 65,962 27,307 41 NC The regional ecosystems 11.3.11, 11.4.1, 11.5.15, 11.8.13, 11.9.4, 11.11.18, 11.2.3, 11.8.3, 11.8.6, and 11.9.8 from this BVG form the EPBC Act endangered listed Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions. The regional ecosystem 7.11.3b from this BVG forms part of the EPBC Act critically endangered listed Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia. Photo 65 Semievergreen vine thicket with emergent Brachychiton rupestris and Cadellia pentastylis, 11.10.8. Carnarvon, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Page 58 of 238 Photo 66 Macropteranthes leichhardtii thicket on finegrained sedimentary rocks, 11.9.8. Expedition Range SF, BRB. (WJF McDonald) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 7b Deciduous microphyll vine thickets on ranges and heavy clay alluvia in northern bioregions Pre-clearing area: 65,195 ha Remnant 2013 area: 64,975 ha (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (99%), WET (1%) Land zones: 3 (45%), 12 (37%), 11 (8%), 10 (7%), 7 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1200-2000 mm Typical landforms: (1) Near drainage lines on central CYP clay plains; (2) Rocky granitic, metamorphic and sandstone ranges Typical soils: (1) Yellow and Brown Dermosols, with some areas of Brown or Grey Vertosols and Dermosolic Oxyaquic Hydrosols. (2) Orthic or Bleached-leptic Tenosols, sometimes Brown Dermosols or Yellow Kandosols Structural formation range: Deciduous microphyll vine thicket to semi-deciduous notophyll/microphyll vine thicket Photo 67 Deciduous notophyll / microphyll vine thicket with emergent Lagerstroemia archeriana and, Eucalyptus microtheca, 3.3.38a. Archer Bend NP, near the Archer and Coen Rivers junction, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics (CYP alluvial clays): The uneven canopy (5-10 m, rarely to 18 m tall) is composed of a variety of deciduous species. Lagerstroemia archeriana, Strychnos lucida, Diospyros hebecarpa, Croton arnhemicus, Larsenaikia ochreata and Memecylon pauciflorum frequently occur at high densities. Lagerstroemia archeriana and Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum are frequently present as emergent trees up to 25 m tall. Eucalyptus microtheca is a frequent emergent tree along the drainage lines. A mid-dense subcanopy layer is sometimes present. Ixora timorensis, Gardenia scabrella, Strychnos lucida and Cleistanthus Page 59 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation apodus usually dominate the sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-6 m tall). Vines are frequent in both the shrub and tree layers. The ground layer is usually sparse, with Abutilon auritum, Curcuma australasica and Oplismenus spp. providing the greatest cover. Floristic characteristics (CYP rocky slopes and ranges): The uneven canopy (5-12 m tall) is composed of a variety of species, most of which are deciduous in the dry season. Cochlospermum gillivraei, Canarium australianum, Croton arnhemicus, Terminalia muelleri and Acacia polystachya frequently dominate the mid-dense to dense canopy. Gyrocarpus americanus and Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum are frequently present as part of the canopy, or as emergents (12-15 m tall). A sparse subcanopy layer (3-7 m tall) is sometimes present. The sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-6 m tall) is frequently composed of Drypetes deplanchei, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Ziziphus oenopolia, Memecylon pauciflorum, Cryptocarya exfoliata, Diospyros compacta, Ixora timorensis, Miliusa traceyi, Tabernaemontana orientalis, Croton arnhemicus, Gardenia scabrella, Millettia pinnata and Strychnos lucida. Vines are frequent in both the shrub and tree layers. The ground layer is usually sparse, with graminoids Panicum trichoides, Scleria mackaviensis, Ancistrachne uncinulata and Oplismenus burmannii making up the majority of the cover. Table 18 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 7b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.38a Deciduous notophyll / microphyll vine thicket ± Lagerstroemia archeriana on heavy clay alluvium 25,498 25,423 100 OC 3.12.21a Deciduous to semi-deciduous vine thicket to forest on granite slopes 22,191 22,153 100 NC 3.11.8x2 Deciduous vine thicket on metamorphic slopes 4,116 4,115 100 NC 3.10.5a Deciduous notophyll/microphyll vine thicket ± Gyrocarpus americanus on sandstone hills 3,199 3,199 100 OC 3.3.39 Semi-deciduous microphyll vine forest ± Melaleuca spp. associated with sinkholes 2,133 2,091 98 OC Photo 68 Deciduous vine thicket, 3.12.21. Mubuiag Island, CYP. (DG Fell) Photo 69 Semi-deciduous microphyll vine forest with emergent Melaleuca clarksonii, Asteromyrtus symphocarpa and M. viridiflora in swamp, 3.3.39. 25 km south of Batavia Downs, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 60 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 8 Wet eucalypt tall open forests on uplands and alluvia 8a Wet tall open forests dominated by species such as Eucalyptus grandis (flooded gum) or E. saligna, E. resinifera (red mahogany), Lophostemon confertus (brush box), Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine), E. laevopinea (silvertop stringybark) Pre-clearing area: 248,434 ha Remnant 2013 area: 190,132 ha (76.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (51%), WET (29%), BRB (19%), CQC (2%), NET (minor) Land zones: 12 (36%), 8 (18%), 10 (11%), 11 (11%), 3 (9%), 5 (6%), 9 (5%), 2 (4%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200 mm Typical landforms: On uplands and highlands on a range of geologies; some on alluvial flats Typical soils: Red Ferrosols and Dermosols Structural formation range: Tall open forest to open forest, rarely woodlands Photo 70 Eucalyptus grandis tall open forest, 12.11.2. Mt Tamborine, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: These tall (30-50 m) dense forests are generally dominated by Eucalyptus grandis or E. saligna or E. resinifera, E. sphaerocarpa or Syncarpia glomulifera. Corymbia intermedia, Lophostemon confertus and Eucalyptus microcorys may be present as canopy or subcanopy trees. Allocasuarina torulosa is often present in a subcanopy layer, while in some locations rainforest species such as Cryptocarya glaucescens and Endiandra discolor may be present. The shrub layer is sparse with Alphitonia excelsa, Glochidion ferdinandi, Neolitsea dealbata, Notelaea longifolia and Breynia oblongifolia frequently occurring. The dense ground layer is usually dominated by the grasses Themeda triandra, Ottochloa gracillima or Imperata cylindrica or the ferns Pteridium esculentum, Blechnum cartilagineum and Calochlaena dubia. Entolasia stricta, Oplismenus aemulus, O. imbecillis, Digitaria parviflora, Lepidosperma laterale, Ottochloa nodosa, Gahnia aspera, Microlaena stipoides and Page 61 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Scleria sphacelata are other frequent graminoids. Other frequent forbs are Eustrephus latifolius, Dianella caerulea, Smilax australis, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, D. gunnii, Lomandra longifolia, Cissus hypoglauca, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hardenbergia violacea, Dioscorea transversa and Cyanthillium cinereum. Table 19 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 8a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.12.22a Eucalyptus resinifera, E. acmenoides, Corymbia intermedia, Syncarpia glomulifera tall open forest on uplands and highlands 28,984 28,193 97 E 11.10.5 Eucalyptus sphaerocarpa ±E. mensalis, E. saligna, tall open forest 26,881 26,863 100 NC 12.3.2 Eucalyptus grandis tall open forest on alluvial plains 21,904 7,466 34 OC 12.11.2 Eucalyptus saligna or E. grandis, E. microcorys, Lophostemon confertus tall open forest 19,969 13,585 68 NC 11.8.1 Eucalyptus laevopinea tall open forest on Cainozoic igneous rocks. Elevated plateaus 15,783 15,782 100 NC Photo 71 Eucalyptus oreades tall open forest, 12.8.2. Springbrook NP, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Photo 73 Eucalyptus grandis open forest of wet uplands, 8.12.4. Eungella, CQC. (JE Kemp) Page 62 of 238 Photo 72 Eucalyptus sphaerocarpa tall open forest, 11.10.5 Blackdown Tableland NP, BRB. (D Hopkins, QPWS) Photo 74 Eucalyptus resinifera, Syncarpia glomulifera tall open forest, 7.12.22a, Tumoulin SF, WET. (E Collins, QPWS) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 8b Moist open forests to tall open forests mostly dominated by Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt) on coastal sands, sub-coastal sandstones and basalt ranges. Also includes tall open forests dominated by E. montivaga, E. obliqua (messmate stringybark), E. campanulata (New England ash) and Syncarpia hillii (turpentine) Pre-clearing area: 153,998 ha Remnant 2013 area: 93,754 ha (60.9% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (99%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 12 (30%), 9 (19%), 11 (18%), 2 (15%), 5 (10%), 8 (8%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1000 mm Typical landforms: Coastal hills and ranges on a variety of substrates; also on parabolic dunes Typical soils: Aeric Podosols, Red and Brown Dermosols, Red Ferrosols Structural formation range: Tall open forest to open forest, rarely woodlands Photo 75 Eucalyptus pilularis open forest, 12.2.8. Fraser Island, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus pilularis is the main dominant tree that defines this BVG. Closely related E. montivaga and E. campanulata also dominate open forests. E. cloeziana, E. obliqua and Syncarpia hillii also can dominate smaller areas in this BVG. The canopy trees can reach up to 50 m tall. Corymbia intermedia, E. microcorys, E. acmenoides and E. racemosa are often present as sub-dominant trees. Allocasuarina torulosa and Lophostemon confertus are often present in subcanopy tree layer. Additional species that may occur in the shrub / low tree layer are Monotoca sp. (Fraser Island P.Baxter 777), Acacia disparrima, A. maidenii, Page 63 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Alphitonia excelsa and Breynia oblongifolia. The ground layer is frequently dominated by the grasses Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra or Ottochloa nodosa or the ferns Calochlaena dubia and Blechnum cartilagineum. Other frequent graminoids are Entolasia stricta, Lepidosperma laterale, Digitaria parviflora, Panicum effusum, Cymbopogon refractus and Oplismenus aemulus. Additional frequent forbs are Pteridium esculentum, Dianella caerulea, Eustrephus latifolius, Lomandra longifolia, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Cyanthillium cinereum, Hardenbergia violacea, Goodenia rotundifolia, Desmodium gunnii and Smilax australis. Table 20 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 8b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.12.2 Eucalyptus pilularis tall open forest on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks especially granite 32,628 21,836 67 NC 12.2.8 Eucalyptus pilularis open forest on parabolic high dunes 22,380 21,585 96 NC 12.9-10.14 Eucalyptus pilularis tall open forest on sedimentary rocks 20,316 8,664 43 NC 12.11.16 Eucalyptus cloeziana open forest on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 17,913 3,931 22 E 12.5.6c Eucalyptus pilularis open forest on remnant Tertiary surfaces. Usually deep red soils 15,420 5,569 36 E Photo 76 Eucalyptus pilularis tall open forest, 12.12.2. Mapleton NP, SEQ. (RE Niehus) Page 64 of 238 Photo 77 Syncarpia hillii, Lophostemon confertus tall open to closed forest on parabolic high dunes, 12.2.4. Central Station, Fraser Island, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 9 Moist to dry eucalypt open forests to woodlands usually on coastal lowlands and ranges 9a Moist eucalypt open forests to woodlands dominated by a variety of species including Eucalyptus siderophloia (red ironbark), E. propinqua (small-fruited grey gum), E. acmenoides (narrow-leaved white stringybark), E. microcorys (tallowwood), E. carnea (broad-leaved white mahogany), E. tindaliae (Queensland white stringybark), Corymbia intermedia (pink bloodwood), Lophostemon confertus (brush box) Pre-clearing area: 281,900 ha Remnant 2013 area: 178,689 ha (63.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (99%), BRB (1%) Land zones: 11 (56%), 12 (26%), 9-10 (11%), 5 (6%), 8 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 1000-2000 mm Typical landforms: Flat to gently undulating lowlands through to ranges on metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous rocks Typical soils: Red, Yellow and Brown Dermosols and Kandosols Structural formation range: Open forests to woodlands Photo 78 Eucalyptus biturbinata, E. acmenoides, Corymbia intermedia, E. siderophloia and Lophostemon confertus open forest, 12.11.3. Mt Glorious Rd, Brisbane Forest Park, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Floristic characteristics: These open forests to woodlands are characterised by having a number (typically 4-8) of eucalypt species making up the canopy at any site. The most frequent canopy species are Corymbia intermedia, Eucalyptus siderophloia, E. propinqua, E. microcorys, E. acmenoides, E. carnea, E. tereticornis, E. crebra, E. racemosa subsp. Page 65 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation racemosa, C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia and E. biturbinata. A range of other eucalypts may occur. Lophostemon confertus and Angophora leiocarpa may be present in the canopy or subcanopy. The sparse subcanopy frequently also contains Allocasuarina torulosa or A. littoralis and Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima. The sparse shrub layer frequently contains Alphitonia excelsa, Breynia oblongifolia, Acacia maidenii, A. leiocalyx, A. melanoxylon, A. irrorata, A. concurrens Jacksonia scoparia, Wikstroemia indica, Psychotria daphnoides, Denhamia silvestris, Exocarpos cupressiformis, Leucopogon juniperinus and Acrotriche aggregata. The ground layer is usually mid-dense and dominated by Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra, Entolasia stricta, Eremochloa bimaculata and Ottochloa gracillima. Other frequent graminoids are Cymbopogon refractus, Digitaria parviflora, Lepidosperma laterale, Panicum effusum, Oplismenus aemulus, Alloteropsis semialata, Poa labillardierei, Cyperus laevis, Microlaena stipoides and Paspalidium distans. Frequent forbs are Desmodium rhytidophyllum, D. gunnii, Cyanthillium cinereum, Eustrephus latifolius, Lobelia purpurascens, Lomandra longifolia, Glycine clandestina, Hardenbergia violacea, Goodenia rotundifolia, Dianella caerulea, Plectranthus parviflorus, Clematicissus opaca, Hybanthus stellarioides and Smilax australis. Table 21 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.11.3 Eucalyptus siderophloia, E. propinqua ± E. microcorys, Lophostemon confertus, Corymbia intermedia, E. acmenoides open forest on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 141,937 95,910 68 NC 12.12.15 Corymbia intermedia ± Eucalyptus propinqua, E. siderophloia, E. microcorys, Lophostemon confertus open forest on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 73,354 54,331 74 NC 12.9-10.17 Eucalyptus acmenoides, E. major, E. siderophloia ± Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata woodland on sedimentary rocks 21,675 9,219 43 NC 12.11.3a Lophostemon confertus ± Eucalyptus microcorys, E. carnea, E. propinqua, E. major, E. siderophloia woodland on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 17,321 10,112 58 NC 12.5.6b Eucalyptus siderophloia, E. propinqua open forest +/- Corymbia intermedia, E. microcorys, E. acmenoides, E. tereticornis, E. biturbinata, E. pilularis, Lophostemon confertus 12,386 1,531 12 E Photo 79 Eucalyptus carnea with Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, Eucalyptus crebra and E. major open forest,12.9-10.17c. Karawatha Forest Park, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Page 66 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Photo 80 Corymbia intermedia, Eucalyptus siderophloia, E. microcorys, Lophostemon confertus open forest with understorey of Allocasuarina torulosa on andesite, 12.12.15. Bellthorpe NP, Woodford, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 81 Corymbia trachyphloia and Eucalyptus acmenoides open forest with shrub layer of Acacia complanata and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. The ground layer is dominated by Entolasia stricta, 12.9-10.21. Cania Gorge NP, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Page 67 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9b Moist to dry woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) and/or E. leptophleba (Molloy red box). Other frequent tree species include Corymbia clarksoniana (grey bloodwood), E. drepanophylla (grey ironbark) and occasionally E. chlorophylla Pre-clearing area: 570,607 ha Remnant 2013 area: 461,096 ha (80.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (31%), CQC (22%), BRB (22%), WET (15%), EIU (9%) Land zones: 12 (54%), 11 (26%), 3 (13%), 10 (4%), 5 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200 mm Typical landforms: (1) On coastal low hills and foothills on metamorphic, igneous and rarely sandstone rocks; (2) on alluvial plains and coastal plains Typical soils: (1) Yellow Dermosols or Brown Kandosols (2) Redoxic Hydrosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 82 Eucalyptus platyphylla, E. leptophleba open woodland, 9.5.9b. North of Mareeba, EIU. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: (1) Eucalyptus leptophleba or E. platyphylla usually dominate in different communities, although they sometimes occur together. Corymbia clarksoniana and C. dallachiana are frequent co-dominants that may occur with either species of eucalyptus. The ironbarks E. crebra, E. drepanophylla or E. cullenii tend to be codominant in E. platyphylla communities. C. tessellaris and Erythrophleum chlorostachys are frequently also present. E. chlorophylla dominates woodlands on sandstone and some metamorphic situations. Melaleuca viridiflora may sometimes be present in the very sparse subcanopy. Shrubs are very sparse with Planchonia careya, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides, Acacia leptocarpa, Ficus opposita, Alphitonia pomaderroides, Canarium australianum and Grevillea parallela being the most frequent additional species. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Page 68 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Mnesithea rottboellioides, Sarga plumosum and Capillipedium parviflorum. Frequent forbs include Flemingia parviflora, Cyanthillium cinereum, Phyllanthus virgatus, Crotalaria montana, C. calycina, C. medicaginea, Wollastonia biflora, Chamaecrista mimosoides, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Thecanthes cornucopiae, Blumea saxatilis, Galactia muelleri, Grewia retusifolia, Ipomoea eriocarpa, Pycnospora lutescens and Spermacoce brachystema. (2) The vegetation on the alluvial and coastal plains is very similar to (1). Corymbia clarksoniana and C. tessellaris are frequent co-dominants, however the ironbarks are generally not present. Lophostemon suaveolens may be a frequent subcanopy tree. The ground and shrub layers are very similar to (1). Table 22 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.12.9 Eucalyptus platyphylla woodland on igneous rocks 111,518 95,850 86 NC 8.12.6a Eucalyptus drepanophylla and E. platyphylla woodland on low hills and foothills on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks (subregions 2, 3 and 6) 64,487 45,133 70 NC 8.12.20a Eucalyptus drepanophylla and/or E. platyphylla woodland on low gently undulating landscapes (grading into land zone 3 or 5) on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks (subregions 2 and 6) 42,487 16,750 39 OC 3.12.17a Eucalyptus leptophleba and Corymbia dallachiana open woodland on igneous hills and ranges 36,668 36,432 99 NC 9.11.7a Eucalyptus platyphylla and/or E. cullenii ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on texture contrast soils on metamorphic hills 34,522 32,716 95 NC Photo 83 Eucalyptus drepanophylla and E. platyphylla open forest with Planchonia careya and Vachellia bidwillii shrubs, and Mnesithea rottboellioides and Heteropogon contortus grasses, 8.12.6a. Near Bloomsbury township, CQC. (JE Kemp) Photo 84 Eucalyptus platyphylla open woodland with scattered Corymbia clarksoniana on slopes of steep hill, 9.11.7a. 20 km NNW of Mareeba on Big Mitchell Reserve, EIU. (MR Newton) Page 69 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9c Open forests of Corymbia clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) (or C. intermedia (pink bloodwood) or C. novoguinensis), C. tessellaris (carbeen) ± Eucalyptus tereticornis (blue gum) predominantly on coastal ranges. Other frequent tree species include Eucalyptus drepanophylla (grey ironbark), E. pellita (large-fruited red mahogany), E. brassiana (Cape York red gum) and Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp box) Pre-clearing area: 384,370 ha Remnant 2013 area: 333,642 ha (86.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (53%), CQC (27%), CYP (14%), BRB (3%), SEQ (minor) Land zones: 12 (76%), 11 (18%), 8 (4%), 5 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200 mm Typical landforms: Coastal hills and ranges Typical soils: Yellow Kandosols, or Yellow Dermosols Structural formation range: Open forest to woodlands Photo 85 Corymbia tessellaris and scattered Corymbia clarksoniana open forest over rainforest and Acacia spp. in the subcanopy, 7.11.34. Near Cooktown, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: The mid-dense canopy may be dominated by the bloodwoods Corymbia intermedia, C. clarksoniana, C. novoguinensis or Corymbia tessellaris, or Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. drepanophylla. Lophostemon suaveolens and Allocasuarina torulosa are also often present in the canopy or a subcanopy. E. portuensis, E. platyphylla or E. brassiana may sometime form part of the canopy. Additional subcanopy tree species frequently present include Acacia crassicarpa, Planchonia careya, Parinari nonda, Melaleuca viridiflora and Allocasuarina littoralis. These species may form a sparse shrub layer together with Ficus opposita, Acacia flavescens, A. leptocarpa, Alphitonia pomaderroides, Antidesma ghaesembilla, Breynia cernua, Coelospermum reticulatum, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Page 70 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Exocarpos latifolius, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides, Glochidion lobocarpum, Mallotus philippensis, Persoonia falcata and Petalostigma pubescens. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Themeda triandra, Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, Imperata cylindrica or Mnesithea rottboellioides. Other frequent graminoids include Sorghum nitidum forma aristatum, Scleria brownii, S. mackaviensis, Oplismenus burmannii, Paspalidium distans, Alloteropsis semialata and Sarga plumosum. Frequent forbs are Flemingia parviflora, Dianella caerulea, Cyanthillium cinereum, Lomandra longifolia, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Eustrephus latifolius, Phyllanthus virgatus, Crotalaria montana, Breynia oblongifolia, Pycnospora lutescens, Aristolochia pubera and Brunoniella australis. Table 23 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 7.12.29a Corymbia intermedia, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. drepanophylla open forest to woodland with Allocasuarina spp., Lophostemon suaveolens, Acacia cincinnata, A. flavescens, Banksia aquilonia and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii on uplands, on granite and rhyolite 50,113 49,184 98 NC 7.12.29b Corymbia intermedia, Allocasuarina torulosa, Lophostemon suaveolens open forest and woodland, on uplands, on granite and rhyolite 36,421 36,026 99 NC 8.12.9 Eucalyptus tereticornis ± Corymbia intermedia ± Lophostemon suaveolens woodland on undulating uplands, on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 30,227 20,278 67 OC 8.12.32 Corymbia intermedia ± E. portuensis ±E. exserta open forest to woodland with areas of Allocasuarina spp. ± Banksia integrifolia open forest on high ranges, on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 29,116 27,971 96 NC 7.12.61a Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest to tall open forest and woodland ± Corymbia intermedia, E. drepanophylla, Lophostemon suaveolens and Allocasuarina torulosa, on foothills and uplands on granite and rhyolite 25,150 24,433 97 OC Photo 86 Eucalytpus tereticornis open forest with occasional Corymbia intermedia over a grassy ground stratum, 8.12.9. Near Crediton township, CQC. (JE Kemp) Photo 87 Corymbia intermedia and Lophostemon suaveolens woodland. 8.11.3c. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, CQC. (D Moore) Page 71 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9d Moist to dry open forests to woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus portuensis, Corymbia intermedia (pink bloodwood), E. drepanophylla, E. resinifera or E. reducta +/Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine) or E. cloeziana (Gympie messmate) on ranges. Also includes mixed forests with E. pellita or C. torelliana (cadaghi) emergents and rainforest understories Pre-clearing area: 597,114 ha Remnant 2013 area: 534,237 ha (89.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (44%), CQC (37%), EIU (22%) Land zones: 12 (78%), 11 (14%), 3 (4%), 5 (2%), 9 (1%), 8 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200 mm Typical landforms: On foothills and coastal ranges on granitic and metamorphic rocks Typical soils: Yellow Dermosols or Kandosols Structural formation range: Open forest to woodlands Photo 88 Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus reducta and E. crebra woodland on slopes of low granite hill, 9.12.2, near Ravenshoe, EIU. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus portuensis and Corymbia intermedia are the most frequent dominant trees. Some open forests are dominated by E. drepanophylla, E. resinifera, E. pellita, Syncarpia glomulifera or E. cloeziana. E. tereticornis, E. crebra, E. granitica and C. citriodora are frequently present as codominant trees. Lophostemon confertus, L. suaveolens and Allocasuarina torulosa are often present as subcanopy trees. Acacia flavescens, Cycas media subsp. media, Persoonia falcata, Planchonia careya, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Alphitonia excelsa, Ficus opposita, Acacia leptocarpa, Grevillea parallela and Mallotus philippensis are Page 72 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland frequent in the shrub/ low tree layer. The dense ground layer is dominated by Themeda triandra, Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, Imperata cylindrica or Mnesithea rottboellioides. Other frequent graminoids include Scleria brownii, Eragrostis brownii, Oplismenus burmannii, Entolasia stricta, Paspalidium distans, Eremochloa bimaculata, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Abildgaardia ovata, Arundinella setosa, Chrysopogon fallax and Sarga plumosum. Frequent forbs are Flemingia parviflora, Dianella caerulea, Cyanthillium cinereum, Lomandra longifolia, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Eustrephus latifolius, Phyllanthus virgatus, Crotalaria montana, Glycine cyrtoloba and Brunoniella australis. Table 24 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 9.12.2 Eucalyptus portuensis, Corymbia citriodora, E. granitica or E. crebra, C. intermedia or C. clarksoniana mixed woodland on steep hills and ranges on igneous hills 116,817 115,206 99 NC 8.12.12a Corymbia intermedia and/or Eucalyptus platyphylla ± E. drepanophylla ± E. tereticornis ± C. tessellaris ± E. portuensis open forest, on foothills and uplands 110,888 78,870 71 NC 7.12.34 Eucalyptus portuensis and/or E. drepanophylla, ± C. intermedia ± C. citriodora, ± E. granitica open woodland to open forest, on uplands on granite 52,283 50,647 97 NC 8.12.5b Eucalyptus portuensis and/or E. exserta and/or Corymbia trachyphloia and/or E. fibrosa ± C. intermedia open forest 26,610 24,866 93 NC 8.12.31a Eucalyptus resinifera and/or E. portuensis and/or E. acmenoides open forest on high, moist upper slopes of ranges 25,288 24,848 98 NC Photo 89 Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Corymbia intermedia, and Eucalyptus platyphylla open forest with Cycas media subsp. media and Mnesithea rottboellioides grass, 8.12.12a. Cathu SF, CQC. (JE Kemp) Photo 90 Eucalyptus resinifera, Corymbia intermedia and Eucalyptus portuensis open forest over a subcanopy tree layer of Lophostemon confertus. 8.12.31a. Near Crediton SF, CQC. (JE Kemp) Page 73 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9e Open forests, woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Corymbia clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) (or C. novoguinensis or C. intermedia (pink bloodwood) or C. polycarpa (long-fruited bloodwood)) frequently with Erythrophleum chlorostachys (red ironwood) or Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) predominantly on coastal sandplains and alluvia Pre-clearing area: 1,696,578ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,132,838 ha (66.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (38%), BRB (32%), CQC (15%), WET (8%), EIU (5%) Land zones: 3 (70%), 5 (27%), 2 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200 mm in most coastal locations; down to 600 mm inland Typical landforms: Alluvial and erosional plains; dunefields Typical soils: Redoxic Hydrosols, Yellow Dermosols Structural formation range: Open forests, woodlands and open woodlands Photo 91 Eucalyptus platyphylla, Lophostemon suaveolens and Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on alluvial plains, 8.3.5. CQC. (JE Kemp) Floristic characteristics: The mid-dense canopy is either dominated by bloodwoods; most frequently Corymbia clarksoniana, (or C. intermedia, C. novoguinensis, or C. polycarpa) and/ or C. tessellaris, or Eucalyptus platyphylla or less frequently E. tereticornis. Lophostemon suaveolens and Erythrophleum chlorostachys are sometimes codominant trees. Melaleuca viridiflora, M. nervosa, Planchonia careya, Grevillea glauca, Parinari nonda, Acacia flavescens, A. crassicarpa, Alphitonia pomaderroides and Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar are Page 74 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland frequently present in a sparse low tree layer. Additional species that may be present on the sparse shrub layer are Coelospermum reticulatum, Petalostigma pubescens, Acacia leptocarpa, Lithomyrtus obtusa, Ficus opposita, Antidesma ghaesembilla and Cupaniopsis anacardioides. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Themeda triandra, Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, or Imperata cylindrica. Other frequent graminoids are Sarga plumosum, Alloteropsis semialata, Eremochloa bimaculata, Mnesithea rottboellioides, Schizachyrium fragile and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Frequent forbs include Flemingia parviflora, Dianella caerulea, Phyllanthus virgatus, Cyanthillium cinereum, Crotalaria montana, Blumea saxatilis, Eustrephus latifolius, Lomandra longifolia, Glycine tomentella and Spermacoce brachystema. Table 25 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9e RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 8.3.5 Eucalyptus platyphylla and/or Lophostemon suaveolens and/or Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on alluvial plains 153,982 21,282 14 E 11.3.35 Eucalyptus platyphylla, Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on alluvial plains 152,367 95,514 63 NC 11.3.9 Eucalyptus platyphylla, Corymbia spp. woodland on alluvial plains 144,544 63,674 44 NC 3.5.22x2 Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on erosional plains 139,308 138,709 100 NC 11.3.7 Corymbia spp. woodland on alluvial plains 137,980 61,826 45 OC Photo 92 Eucalyptus platyphylla woodland on level plain. 11.3.9. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, BBN (AL Kelly) Photo 93 Corymbia clarksoniana woodland, 3.5.22x2. Moreton Telegraph Station, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 75 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9f Woodlands dominated by Corymbia spp. e.g. C. intermedia (pink bloodwood), C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) and/or Eucalyptus spp. such as E. tereticornis (blue gum), frequently with Banksia spp., Acacia spp. and Callitris columellaris (Bribie Island pine) on coastal dunes and beach ridges Pre-clearing area: 43,662 ha Remnant 2013 area: 31,237 ha (71.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (100%) Land zones: 2 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1200-2000 mm Typical landforms: (1) Coastal dunes, and sandplains; (2) beach ridges Typical soils: Bleached Orthic Tenosols, Aeric Podosols Structural formation range: Open forests to woodlands Photo 94 Corymbia tessellaris, Eucalyptus tereticornis, C. intermedia and Lopostemon suaveolens woodland in swales, 12.2.11. Burrum Heads, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Floristic characteristics: Corymbia tessellaris or C. intermedia dominate the sparse canopy on the beach ridges frequently with Eucalyptus tereticornis, Lophostemon suaveolens, L. confertus, Callitris columellaris and/or Melaleuca dealbata. Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, A. leiocalyx, Banksia integrifolia and Livistona decora may be present in the subcanopy layer. The sparse shrub layer frequently is composed of Persoonia virgata, P. stradbrokensis, Monotoca sp. (Fraser Island P.Baxter 777), Leucopogon margarodes, L. pimeleoides, Leptomeria acida and Styphelia viridis. Graminoids frequently in the mid-dense ground layer include Themeda triandra, Eriachne pallescens, Caustis recurvata, C. blakei, Imperata cylindrica, Lepidosperma laterale and Entolasia stricta. Frequent forbs include Page 76 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Pteridium esculentum, Lomandra longifolia, L. multiflora, Platysace ericoides and Dianella caerulea. Table 26 The two regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9f RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.2.11 Corymbia tessellaris ± Eucalyptus tereticornis, C. intermedia and Livistona decora woodland on beach ridges in northern half of bioregion 27,685 20,631 75 NC 12.2.5 Corymbia intermedia ± Lophostemon confertus ± Banksia spp. ± Callitris columellaris open forest on beach ridges usually in southern half of bioregion 15,977 10,606 66 OC Photo 95 Corymbia intermedia, Lophostemon confertus open forest on sand, 12.2.5. Woorim, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 96 Corymbia intermedia and Lophostemon confertus open forest on beach ridges. 12.2.5. Cooloola NP, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 97 Corymbia intermedia, Lophostemon confertus and Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia open forest, 12.2.5. Noosa Headland, Noosa NP, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Page 77 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9g Moist to dry woodlands to open forests dominated by stringybarks or mahoganies such as Eucalyptus tindaliae (Queensland white stringybark), E. latisinensis (white mahogany), E. acmenoides (narrow-leaved white stringybark); or E. racemosa (scribbly gum) or E. seeana or E. tereticornis (blue gum) and Corymbia intermedia (pink bloodwood) Pre-clearing area: 838,317 ha Remnant 2013 area: 325,581 ha (38.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (100%) Land zones: 5 (44%), 12 (32%), 9-10 (9%), 2 (9%), 11 (6%), 8, 3 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 1000-2000 mm Typical landforms: Coastal remnant Tertiary surfaces and dunes Typical soils: Red Kandosols and Red Dermosols, and Aeric Podosols or Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 98 Corymbia trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia, Eucalyptus latisinensis and Eucalyptus exserta woodland, 12.5.4. Vernon Conservation Park, SEQ. (MJ Laidlaw) Floristic characteristics (SEQ remnant surfaces): Corymbia intermedia, C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia, Eucalyptus latisinensis, E. exserta and Angophora leiocarpa codominate the mid-dense canopy. Eucalyptus racemosa dominates in some areas or maybe a codominant or absent in other areas. Melaleuca viridiflora var. viridiflora, Lophostemon suaveolens and L. confertus are frequent in the very sparse subcanopy. The shrub layer is very sparse with Acacia leiocalyx, A. disparrima subsp. disparrima, A. flavescens, Allocasuarina littoralis, Grevillea banksii, Alphitonia excelsa, Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar and Jacksonia scoparia frequent species. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Themeda triandra, Eremochloa bimaculata, Entolasia stricta, Digitaria parviflora, Imperata Page 78 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland cylindrica, Lepidosperma laterale var. laterale, Paspalidium distans, Panicum effusum, Alloteropsis semialata, Aristida queenslandica, A. warburgii, Eriachne pallescens and Eragrostis brownii. Frequent forbs are Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, X. latifolia, Dianella longifolia, Pteridium esculentum, Lobelia purpurascens, Goodenia rotundifolia, Gompholobium pinnatum, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Velleia spathulata, Cyanthillium cinereum, Lomandra multiflora and Patersonia sericea. Floristic characteristics (SEQ coastal dunes): Eucalyptus racemosa subsp. racemosa dominates the mid-dense canopy on the coastal dunes. Corymbia intermedia or C. gummifera, E. pilularis and Angophora leiocarpa are frequent codominant trees. Banksia aemula, Allocasuarina torulosa, Leptospermum trinervium and Lophostemon confertus are often present in the very sparse subcanopy. The sparse shrub layer frequently is composed of Persoonia virgata, P. stradbrokensis, Monotoca sp. (Fraser Island P.Baxter 777), Leucopogon margarodes, L. pimeleoides, Leptomeria acida and Styphelia viridis. Graminoids frequently in the mid-dense ground layer which is often dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii include Themeda triandra, Eriachne pallescens, Caustis recurvata, C. blakei, Imperata cylindrica, Lepidosperma laterale and Entolasia stricta. Frequent forbs include Pteridium esculentum, Lomandra longifolia, L. multiflora, Platysace ericoides and Dianella caerulea. Table 27 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9g RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.12.12 Eucalyptus tereticornis, Corymbia intermedia, E. crebra ± Lophostemon suaveolens woodland on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 233,777 50,887 22 OC 12.5.4 Eucalyptus latisinensis ± Corymbia intermedia, C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia, Angophora leiocarpa, Eucalyptus exserta woodland on complex of remnant Tertiary surfaces; Cainozoic and Mesozoic sediments 194,320 95,031 49 NC 12.2.6 Eucalyptus racemosa subsp. racemosa open forest on dunes and sand plains. Usually deeply leached soils 73,626 69,492 94 NC 12.5.12 Eucalyptus racemosa, E. latisinensis ± Corymbia gummifera, C. intermedia, E. bancroftii woodland with heathy understorey on remnant Tertiary surfaces 56,082 15,826 28 OC 12.9-10.4 Eucalyptus racemosa subsp. racemosa woodland on sedimentary rocks 53,518 19,753 37 NC Photo 99 Eucalyptus racemosa woodland, 12.2.6. Fraser Island, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Photo 100 Eucalyptus racemosa woodland, 12.9-10.4 Karawatha Forest Park, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Page 79 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 9h Dry woodlands dominated by species such as Eucalyptus acmenoides (narrowleaved white stringybark) (or E. portuensis or E. helidonica), E. tereticornis (blue gum), Angophora leiocarpa (rusty gum), Corymbia trachyphloia (yellow bloodwood) or C. intermedia (pink bloodwood), and often ironbarks including E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) or E. fibrosa (dusky-leaved ironbark). A heathy shrub layer is frequently present. On undulating to hilly terrain Pre-clearing area: 325,063 ha Remnant 2013 area: 230,542 ha (70.9% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (91%), BRB (9%) Land zones: 12 (53%), 9-10 (25%), 11 (17%), 8 (3%), 5 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-2000 mm Typical landforms: On undulating foothills to hills and ranges on igneous or metamorphic rocks often with interbedded volcanics Typical soils: Red Dermosols and Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodlands to open forests Photo 101 Eucalyptus exserta, E. crebra, Angophora leiocarpa and Corymbia clarksoniana open forest on granite, 12.12.21. North of Middle Creek Campground Road, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus tereticornis, together with Corymbia intermedia and E. crebra, dominate the sparse canopy in some situations. Eucalyptus acmenoides or E. portuensis and C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia dominate elsewhere. Other canopy species that may be present include E. exserta, E. fibrosa subsp. fibrosa, Angophora leiocarpa and Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata. Lophostemon suaveolens or L. confertus trees may form a very sparse subcanopy. The shrub layer is generally very sparse with Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, Jacksonia scoparia, Acacia leiocalyx and Alphitonia excelsa the most Page 80 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland frequent species. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Themeda triandra, Cymbopogon refractus, Eremochloa bimaculata, Entolasia stricta, Lepidosperma laterale, Scleria brownii, Arundinella nepalensis, Panicum effusum, Aristida queenslandica var. dissimilis, A. spuria, Digitaria parviflora, Chrysopogon fallax, Imperata cylindrica and Paspalidium gausum. Frequent forbs include Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Cyanthillium cinereum, Dianella caerulea, Hardenbergia violacea, Eustrephus latifolius, Phyllanthus virgatus, Crotalaria montana, Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida, Hybanthus stellarioides, Breynia oblongifolia and Cheilanthes sieberi. Table 28 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 9h RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.12.11 Eucalyptus portuensis or E. acmenoides, Corymbia trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia woodland on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 62,514 54,561 87 NC 12.12.24 Angophora leiocarpa, Eucalyptus crebra woodland on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 52,228 18,879 36 OC 12.9-10.21 Eucalyptus acmenoides or E. portuensis woodland usually with Corymbia trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia on Cainozoic to Proterozoic sediments 37,592 31,825 85 NC 12.11.22 Angophora leiocarpa, Eucalyptus crebra woodland on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 23,636 13,302 56 NC 12.9-10.5a Eucalyptus helidonica, Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata ± C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia, Eucalyptus fibrosa subsp. fibrosa, E. taurina open forest on quartzose sandstone in the Helidon hills region 17,538 14,861 85 NC Photo 102 Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. crebra, Angophora leiocarpa woodland, 12.12.12. Nanango, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 103 Eucalyptus crebra, E. tereticornis, Corymbia intermedia woodland, 12.12.23. Pine Mountain SF, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Page 81 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 10 Corymbia citriodora (spotted gum) dominated open forests to woodlands on undulating to hilly terrain 10a Dry woodlands to open woodlands dominated by Corymbia citriodora (spotted gum) Pre-clearing area: 1,793,753 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,462,630 ha (81.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (99%), NET (1%), DEU (minor) Land zones: 10 (55%), 7 (23%), 12 (13%), 11 (9%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1200 mm Typical landforms: Ranges and plateaus of sandstone, acid volcanic and metamorphic origin Typical soils: Red Dermosols, Kandosols and Chromosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 104 Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus crebra woodland on Cainozoic lateritic duricrust, 11.7.6. Barakula SF, BRB. (TJ Eyre) Floristic characteristics: Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora dominates the mid-dense canopy often with Eucalyptus crebra or E. fibrosa subsp. fibrosa. Corymbia clarksoniana and Angophora leiocarpa are frequently present in the canopy. Alphitonia excelsa, Acacia leiocalyx, A. cretata, A. longispicata, Petalostigma pubescens, Breynia oblongifolia and Capparis canescens are frequently present in the very sparse shrub layer. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the grasses Cymbopogon refractus, Themeda triandra, Eremochloa bimaculata, Arundinella nepalensis and Panicum effusum var. effusum. Frequent forbs include Desmodium varians, Brunoniella australis Cyanthillium cinereum, Chrysocephalum apiculatum Eustrephus latifolius, Dianella revoluta, Phyllanthus virgatus, Evolvulus alsinoides Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida, L. multiflora subsp. multiflora, and Glossocardia bidens. Page 82 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 29 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 10a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.10.1 Corymbia citriodora woodland on coarsegrained sedimentary rocks 988,129 860,213 87 NC 11.7.6 Corymbia citriodora or Eucalyptus crebra woodland on Cainozoic lateritic duricrust 413,980 337,218 81 NC 11.12.6 Corymbia citriodora open forest on igneous rocks (granite) 134,817 73,826 55 NC 11.11.3 Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus crebra, E. acmenoides open forest on old sedimentary rocks with varying degrees of metamorphism and folding. Coastal ranges 125,770 88,586 70 NC 11.12.6a Eucalyptus crebra ± Corymbia citriodora and/or E. acmenoides ± Lophostemon suaveolens woodland to open forest 80,619 69,893 87 NC Photo 106 Corymbia citriodora open forest on igneous rocks, 11.12.6, Auburn Range, west of Monto, BRB. (K Jones) Photo 105 Corymbia citriodora woodland on coarse-grained sedimentary rocks, 11.10.1, Serecold SF, south of Rolleston, BRB. (AL Kelly) Photo 107 Corymbia citriodora tall open forest with occasional Eucalyptus crebra, and a mid-dense subcanopy of whipstick Lophostemon confertus, 11.10.1. Cania Gorge NP, BRB. (TS Ryan) Page 83 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 10b Moist open forests to woodlands dominated by Corymbia citriodora (spotted gum) Pre-clearing area: 1,541,642 ha Remnant 2013 area: 983,606 ha (63.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (78%), CQC (13%), EIU (6%), WET (3%), BRB (1%) Land zones: 12 (39%), 11 (32%), 9 (16%), 5 (12%), 8 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1000-2000 mm Typical landforms: Coastal and subcoastal hills and ranges of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks Typical soils: Red Dermosols, Kandosols and Chromosols Structural formation range: Open forest to woodland Photo 108 Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata and Eucalyptus crebra tall open forest, with shrub layer of Acacia penninervis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Jacksonia scoparia, 12.11.6, south of Goondicum Crater, SE of Monto, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Floristic characteristics: Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (mainly in SEQ and southern BRB) with C. citriodora subsp. citriodora (elsewhere) dominates the mid-dense canopy often with Eucalyptus crebra or E. siderophloia or E. fibrosa subsp. fibrosa. Corymbia intermedia, C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia, E. acmenoides, E. carnea, E. tereticornis and Angophora leiocarpa are frequently present in the canopy. Lophostemon confertus and Allocasuarina torulosa are sometimes present in the very sparse subcanopy. Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima, A. falcata, A. fimbriata, A. leiocalyx, A. maidenii, Alphitonia excelsa, and Jacksonia scoparia are frequently present in the very sparse shrub layer. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the grasses Themeda triandra, Eremochloa bimaculata, Arundinella nepalensis, Entolasia stricta and Cymbopogon refractus. Other frequent graminoids are Panicum effusum, Page 84 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Imperata cylindrica, Digitaria parviflora, Eragrostis brownii, Heteropogon contortus, Arundinella nepalensis, Eragrostis spartinoides, Alloteropsis semialata, Aristida queenslandica var. queenslandica, Gahnia aspera, Scleria brownii, Lepidosperma laterale and Paspalidium distans. Frequent forbs include Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Cyanthillium cinereum, Eustrephus latifolius, Brunoniella australis, Hardenbergia violacea, Dianella caerulea, Phyllanthus virgatus, Galactia tenuiflora, Goodenia rotundifolia, Lobelia purpurascens, Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida, L. multiflora subsp. multiflora, L. longifolia, Crotalaria montana, Hybanthus stellarioides, Cheilanthes sieberi and Dianella longifolia. Table 30 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 10b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.11.6 Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, Eucalyptus crebra woodland on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 367,740 234,952 64 NC 12.12.5 Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, Eucalyptus crebra open forest on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 341,556 191,329 56 NC 12.9-10.2 Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata ± Eucalyptus crebra open forest on sedimentary rocks 222,895 86,464 39 NC 8.12.7a Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus portuensis ± C. trachyphloia ± C. intermedia open forest on hills on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks (subregion 2) 105,810 101,729 96 NC 12.11.5e Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata woodland ± Eucalyptus siderophloia or E. crebra, E. carnea, E. acmenoides, E. propinqua on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 98,393 56,544 57 NC Photo 109 Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, Eucalyptus crebra, and E. exserta open forest on low hills, 12.9-10.2. near Biggenden, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 110 Eucalyptus portuensis, Corymbia citriodora and E. drepanophylla woodland with Themeda triandra and Aristida spp. dominated ground layer on plateau, 8.12.7a. Connors Range, CQC. (JE Kemp) Page 85 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 11 Moist to dry eucalypt open forests to woodlands mainly on basalt areas (land zone 8) 11a Moist to dry open forests to woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus orgadophila (mountain coolibah). Some areas dominated by E. tereticornis (blue gum), E. melliodora (yellow box), E. albens (white box), E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) or E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) Pre-clearing area: 1,425,601 ha Remnant 2013 area: 817,489 ha (57.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (76%), SEQ (16%), EIU (8%) Land zones: 8 (95%), 11 (3%), 4 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1200 mm Typical landforms: Predominantly low basaltic ranges and rolling hills Typical soils: Red Ferrosols and Black Vertosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open forest Photo 111 Eucalyptus orgadophila open woodland with Geijera parviflora understorey, 11.8.5a. Oakey, BRB. (C Pennay) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus orgadophila, Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus melanophloia, and Eucalyptus tereticornis are the most frequent canopy species, with generally only one or two species dominating a site. Corymbia erythrophloia and Eucalyptus melliodora occur less frequently. The shrub layer is generally sparse. The mid-dense grassy ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus, Cymbopogon refractus, Themeda Page 86 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland triandra, Dichanthium sericeum, Aristida spp. and Cyperus gracilis. Frequent forbs include Brunoniella australis, Grewia latifolia, Breynia oblongifolia, Desmodium varians, Rostellularia adscendens, Eustrephus latifolius and Galactia tenuiflora. Table 31 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 11a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.8.5 Eucalyptus orgadophila open woodland on Cainozoic igneous rocks 601,087 341,919 57 NC 11.8.4 Eucalyptus melanophloia open woodland on Cainozoic igneous rocks. 217,340 151,581 70 NC 12.8.16 Eucalyptus crebra ± E. melliodora, E. tereticornis woodland on Cainozoic igneous rocks 112,950 33,019 29 OC 9.8.9 Eucalyptus orgadophila ± Corymbia spp. open woodland on basalt plains and rocky basalt hills 109,566 108,553 99 NC 11.8.8 Eucalyptus albens, E. crebra woodland on Cainozoic igneous rocks 81,201 37,013 46 NC Photo 114 Eucalyptus orgadophila woodland on basalt plain, 9.8.9, south of Blackbraes NP, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 112 Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. melliodora open forest, 11.8.8. Main Range NP, east of park headquarters on boundary of park, SEQ. (AL Kelly) Photo 113 Eucalyptus melliodora woodland on Cainozoic igneous rocks, 12.8.16. Dalrymple Creek, Goomburra section, Main Range NP, SEQ. (RE Niehus) Page 87 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 11b Moist to dry open forests to woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus crebra (narrowleaved red ironbark) or E. tereticornis (blue gum), frequently with Corymbia species or E. microneura (Gilbert River box) on Red Ferrosols on undulating terrain Pre-clearing area: 1,170,226 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,153,250 ha (98.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: EIU (99%) Land zones: 8 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 500-800 mm Typical landforms: Flat to gently undulating basaltic derived plains Typical soils: Red Ferrosols and Red Dermosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 115 Eucalyptus crebra woodland on a basalt plain, 9.8.1a. Reedy Springs Station, NW of Pentland, EIU. (CPF Kahler) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus crebra, Corymbia dallachiana and Corymbia erythrophloia are the most frequent dominant species. Eucalyptus granitica or E. microneura may replace E. crebra in some areas. There is generally very sparse shrub cover of Vachellia bidwillii, Grevillea parallela, Denhamia cunninghamii, Carissa lanceolata and Bursaria incana. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra, H. triticeus and Dichanthium species. The most frequent forbs are Indigofera linnaei, Cyanthillium cinereum, Indigofera linifolia, Rhynchosia minima, Rostellularia adscendens, Crotalaria montana and Ipomoea eriocarpa. Page 88 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 32 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 11b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 9.8.1a Eucalyptus crebra and Corymbia erythrophloia ± C. dallachiana open woodland on basalt plains 984,393 975,700 99 NC 9.8.4a Eucalyptus crebra or E. granitica ± Corymbia intermedia woodland on basalt plains 77,669 73,549 95 NC 9.8.4b Eucalyptus tereticornis ± E. crebra ± C. dallachiana open woodland on basalt plains 49,439 46,954 95 NC 9.8.5b Corymbia terminalis open woodland to grassland 34,136 34,087 100 NC 9.8.11 Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia spp. ± Terminalia spp. woodland on basalt plains 15,494 15,469 100 NC Photo 116 Eucalyptus crebra open woodland with grassy ground layer on basalt plain, 9.8.4a. Yourka Station, EIU. (JE Kemp) Photo 117 Corymbia terminalis and C. dallachiana open woodland with scattered shrubs in mid-layer, 9.8.5b, south of Porcupine Gorge NP, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 118 Eucalyptus microneura, Corymbia terminalis low open woodland; with Vachellia farnesiana, Carissa spp.,and Acacia chisholmii shrubs; and Aristida spp. ground cover, 9.8.11, NE of Richmond, EIU. (HA Dillewaard) Photo 119 Corymbia erythrophloia and Eucalyptus similis low woodland on rocky basalt rises, 9.8.11, north of Einasleigh, EIU. (MR Newton) Page 89 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 11c Moist woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box) ± Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) ± C. tessellaris (carbeen) Pre-clearing area: 131,599 ha Remnant 2013 area: 108,269 ha (82.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: EIU (95%), CYP (5%) Land zones: 8 (97%), 11 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1000-2000 mm Typical landforms: Tertiary basalt plains and low ranges Typical soils: Red Ferrosols and Red Dermosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 120 Eucalyptus leptophleba woodland on basalt rises, 9.8.2a. South of Mareeba township, EIU. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus leptophleba is the most frequent and usually dominant tree. Corymbia clarksoniana, C. dallachiana and C. erythrophloia may be co-dominant trees. The shrub layer is usually very sparse with Planchonia careya, Grewia retusifolia, and Antidesma ghaesembilla the most frequent species. The dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Themeda triandra, Sarga plumosum and Mnesithea rottboellioides. Frequent forbs include Crotalaria montana, Cayratia trifolia, Flemingia parviflora and Rhynchosia minima. Page 90 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 33 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 11c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining 9.8.1b Eucalyptus leptophleba ± C. erythrophloia ± C. dallachiana open woodland on basalt plains 85,400 83,119 97 9.8.2a Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia clarksoniana ± Corymbia dallachiana woodland on Tertiary basalts 35,439 16,935 48 3.8.3a Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on basalt flows 5,904 3,659 62 9.11.32 Eucalyptus leptophleba and/or Corymbia terminalis ± C. dallachiana woodland on aprons surrounding limestone outcrops 3,445 3,300 96 Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia tessellaris ± C. clarksoniana woodland on floodplains 1,009 3.3.25c Status NC OC E OC 855 85 NC Photo 122 Eucalyptus leptophleba and Corymbia terminalis woodland with Terminalia aridicola subsp. chillagoensis and Planchonia careya at the base of a karst limestone outcrop, 9.11.32. Mungana Caves NP, west of Chillagoe, EIU. (GW Wilson) Photo 121 Eucalyptus leptophleba and Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on basalt, 3.8.3a, North of Cooktown, CYP. (EP Addicott) Page 91 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 12 Dry eucalypt woodlands to open woodlands, mostly on shallow soils in hilly terrain (mainly on sandstone and weathered rocks, land zones 7 and 10) 12a Dry woodlands to open woodlands dominated by ironbarks such as Eucalyptus decorticans (gum-topped ironbark), E. fibrosa subsp. nubila (blue-leaved ironbark), or E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) and/or bloodwoods such as Corymbia trachyphloia (yellow bloodwood), C. leichhardtii (rustyjacket), C. watsoniana (Watson's yellow bloodwood), C. lamprophylla, C. peltata (yellowjacket). Occasionally E. thozetiana (mountain yapunyah), E. cloeziana (Gympie messmate) or E. mediocris are dominant. Mostly on sub-coastal/inland hills with shallow soils Pre-clearing area: 2,242,212 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,914,611 ha (85.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (82%), DEU (11%), SEQ (4%), GUP (2%) Land zones: 10 (66%), 7 (29%), 9 (3%), 12 and 11 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 500-1000 mm Typical landforms: Mainly on sandstone scarps, tablelands and ranges, and lateritic duricrusts Typical soils: Shallow Rudosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Open forest to open woodland Photo 123 Eucalyptus crebra and E. fibrosa subsp. nubila woodland, 11.10.4. On plateau near Fairview, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Page 92 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Floristic characteristics: The canopy is dominated the ironbarks Eucalyptus decorticans or Eucalyptus fibrosa subsp. nubila or other ironbark species or E. cloeziana. Bloodwoods such as Corymbia hendersonii, C. trachyphloia subsp. trachyphloia, C. watsoniana, Corymbia citriodora or C. leichhardtii may be present as codominant or in some cases dominant species. Lysicarpus angustifolius forms a mid-dense subcanopy in some situations. The very sparse shrub layer frequently contains Cassinia quinquefaria, Acacia macradenia, A. crassa, A. bancroftiorum, Dodonaea lanceolata var. subsessilifolia, D. peduncularis and Hovea lanceolata. The ground layer is very sparse and frequently contains the graminoids Arundinella nepalensis, Aristida contorta, A. personata, A. queenslandica var. queenslandica, Entolasia stricta, Leptochloa decipiens, Scleria sphacelata, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Cleistochloa subjuncea, Digitaria breviglumis, and Cymbopogon refractus. Frequent forbs include Goodenia rotundifolia, Vittadinia pustulata, Achyranthes aspera, Brunoniella australis, Calotis dentex, Cyanthillium cinereum, Dianella revoluta, Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida, L. multiflora subsp. multiflora, Murdannia graminea, Nyssanthes erecta and Pomax umbellata. Table 34 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 12a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.10.4 Eucalyptus decorticans, Lysicarpus angustifolius ± Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp., Acacia spp. woodland on coarse-grained sedimentary rocks 442,519 425,094 96 NC 11.10.13a Eucalyptus cloeziana ± E. melanoleuca ± Corymbia bunites ± E. sphaerocarpa woodland to open forest 327,274 321,729 98 NC 11.7.4 Eucalyptus decorticans and/or Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp., Acacia spp., Lysicarpus angustifolius woodland on Cainozoic lateritic duricrust 310,949 191,972 62 NC 11.10.7 Eucalyptus crebra woodland on coarse-grained sedimentary rocks 244,371 170,127 70 NC 11.7.7 Eucalyptus fibrosa subsp. nubila ± Corymbia spp. ± Eucalyptus spp. woodland on Cainozoic lateritic duricrust 199,194 171,274 86 NC Photo 124 Eucalyptus decorticans woodland with Acacia shirleyi subcanopy on residual tops, 11.10.4, North of Mt Moffat, Carnarvon NP, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Photo 125 Eucalyptus fibrosa, Corymbia citriodora, E. crebra and E. apothalassica woodland on small crest, 12.7.1. Woroon SF, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Page 93 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 12b Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) and/or Corymbia spp. such as C. clarksoniana (grey bloodwood), C. stockeri, C. setosa (rough leaved bloodwood) or C. peltata (yellowjacket) on hilly terrain Pre-clearing area: 197,091 ha Remnant 2013 area: 196,431 ha (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (49%), EIU (48%), DEU (2%), BRB (1%) Land zones: 7 (43%), 10 (41%), 11 (15%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1000 mm Typical landforms: Lateritised breakaways and deeply weathered plains and metamorphic hills and mountains Typical soils: Shallow Rudosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland Photo 126 Eucalyptus whitei, Corymbia serendipita and C. setosa low open woodland with Triodia sp., 2.10.4x3. NE of Richmond, GUP. (CPF Kahler) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus crebra or E. exilipes or E. shirleyi are frequent dominant trees. Corymbia citriodora, C. trachyphloia, C. peltata and C. setosa are frequently present as co-dominant trees. The very sparse low tree and shrub layer often includes Petalostigma banksii, Persoonia falcata, Alphitonia excelsa, Coelospermum reticulatum and Grevillea glauca. The mid-dense grass layer is dominated by Themeda triandra, Aristida spp., Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, Chrysopogon fallax, Eriachne mucronata, Schizachyrium fragile, Mnesithea rottboellioides and Scleria sphacelata. Phyllanthus virgatus, Cyanthillium cinereum, Desmodium rhytidophyllum, Hibiscus meraukensis and Tephrosia filipes are frequent forbs. Page 94 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 35 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 12b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.10.4x3 Eucalyptus crebra or E. whitei low open woodland on slopes of sandstone ranges 63,736 63,732 100 NC 9.11.17 Corymbia peltata ± Eucalyptus crebra ± E. shirleyi or E. melanophloia low open woodland on metamorphic hills and mountains 30,366 30,314 100 NC 2.7.1x5 Corymbia gilbertensis, Acacia meiosperma, Cochlospermum gregorii, Melaleuca viridiflora, A. leptostachya in mixed woodlands to shrublands on lateritised, Tertiary sandstone hills. 25,528 25,505 100 OC 9.7.3a Eucalyptus crebra ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on lateritised breakaways 23,995 23,831 99 NC 9.7.5 Corymbia setosa and/or C. peltata low open woodland on lateritised and deeply weathered surfaces 12,989 12,748 98 NC Photo 127 Eucalyptus shirleyi and Corymbia peltata open woodland, 9.11.17, near Lyndhurst, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 128 Eucalyptus howittiana woodland with dense ground cover of Scleria sp., 9.7.3a, Burdekin River crossing, EIU. (MR Newton) Page 95 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 13 Dry to moist eucalypt woodlands and open forests, mainly on undulating to hilly terrain of mainly metamorphic and acid igneous rocks, Land zones 11 and 12) 13a Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by ironbarks such as Eucalyptus cullenii (Cullen's ironbark), E. staigeriana (lemon-scented ironbark) or E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) and bloodwoods such as Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis, C. clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) or C. leichhardtii (rustyjacket) Pre-clearing area: 3,071,508 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,042,542 ha (99.1% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: EIU (83%), CYP (16%), GUP (1%) Land zones: 11 (49%), 12 (47%), 7 (3%), 5 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-2000 mm Typical landforms: Flats, hills and ranges of metamorphic or granitic origin Typical soils: Yellow or Brown Dermosols, and Yellow or Brown Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodland to low open woodland Photo 129 Eucalyptus cullenii woodland with sparse Denhamia cunninghamiana in the shrub layer, and Themeda triandra and Heteropogon contortus dominating the ground layer, 9.11.3a. Bellevue Station, EIU. (GW Wilson) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus cullenii is the frequent ironbark species, but may be replaced with E. crebra, E. melanophloia or rarely E. staigeriana. Corymbia clarksoniana, Corymbia erythrophloia, C. stockeri subsp. peninsularis, C. confertiflora, C. dallachiana and Erythrophleum chlorostachys are frequent co-dominant trees. Denhamia cunninghamii Page 96 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Petalostigma banksii, P. pubescens, Persoonia falcata, Alphitonia pomaderroides, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Grevillea glauca, G. parallela, Grewia retusifolia, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii and Dolichandrone heterophylla may be present as very sparse shrubs or low trees. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Themeda triandra, Sarga plumosum, Schizachyrium fragile, and Aristida and Panicum species. Evolvulus alsinoides, Cyanthillium cinereum, Indigofera pratensis, Rostellularia adscendens, and Spermacoce and Cheilanthes species are most frequent forbs. Table 36 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 13a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 9.11.3a Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on flats, hills and ranges of metamorphic ranges 640,262 635,314 99 NC 9.12.7a Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia erythrophloia woodland on rhyolite hills 539,939 534,143 99 NC 9.12.27 Eucalyptus melanophloia and/or E. shirleyi ± Corymbia erythrophloia low open woodland on igneous rocks 409,121 407,296 100 NC 9.11.3b Eucalyptus cullenii ± Corymbia hylandii low open woodland on metamorphic hills and ranges 182,744 181,294 99 NC 3.11.7 Eucalyptus cullenii and Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on low metamorphic hills and rises 141,776 141,545 100 NC Photo 130 Eucalyptus shirleyi low open woodland with scattered Erythroxylum ellipticum and Petalostigma banksii in mid-layer, 9.12.27. NE of Gilberton, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 131 Eucalyptus cullenii woodland on rolling rises, 3.11.7. North of Pinnacle Creek, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 97 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 13b Woodlands to open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus microneura (Gilbert River box) on shallow soils on rolling hills Pre-clearing area: 796,290 ha Remnant 2013 area: 791,801 ha (99.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: EIU (87%), GUP (13%) Land zones: 12 (61%), 11 (37%), 9 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1000 mm Typical landforms: Rolling hills on igneous and metamorphic rocks Typical soils: Yellow or Brown Dermosols, and Yellow or Brown Kandosols Structural formation range: Low open woodland to woodland Photo 132 Eucalyptus microneura low woodland with shrub layer of Gardenia vilhelmii and grassy Aristida spp., 9.11.23a. Near Dagworth Station, EIU. (ID Fox) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus microneura dominates the sparse low canopy. Corymbia pocillum and Terminalia aridicola are the most frequent other canopy trees. Erythrophleum chlorostachys, C. erythrophloia and T. platyptera also occur but less frequently. There is a very sparse shrub layer with Gardenia vilhelmii, E. microneura, Denhamia cunninghamii, Petalostigma banksii, Carissa lanceolata, Grewia retusifolia, Atalaya hemiglauca, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Vachellia bidwillii, Dodonaea physocarpa and Melaleuca citrolens the most frequent species. The mid-dense grassy ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus, Schizachyrium fragile, Capillipedium parviflorum, Sarga plumosum, Sporobolus australasicus and Aristida, Enneapogon and Eriachne species. The forbs Evolvulus alsinoides, Waltheria indica, Polycarpaea corymbosa and Indigofera and Sida species are frequent. Page 98 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 37 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 13b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 9.12.33a Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia pocillum ± E. melanophloia low open woodland on rolling hills on igneous rocks 207,534 207,134 100 NC 9.11.23a Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia erythrophloia or C. pocillum ± Terminalia spp. ± Erythrophleum chlorostachys low open woodland on rolling metamorphic hills 197,534 196,860 100 NC 9.12.6a Eucalyptus microneura ± Terminalia spp. ± Corymbia pocillum low open woodland on rolling rhyolite or granitic hills 150,518 149,613 99 NC 9.12.6b Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia clarksoniana low open woodland on granitic or rhyolite hills 81,429 80,010 98 NC 9.11.24a Eucalyptus microneura low open woodland ± Terminalia platyptera ± Melaleuca citrolens on slopes and hills 38,834 38,761 100 NC Photo 133 Petalostigma banksii tall open shrubland with emergent Corymbia setosa and Eucalyptus microneura, 9.12.33a. Esmeralda Station, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 134 Eucalyptus microneura woodland on slope of low hill, 9.12.6b. Carpentaria Downs, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 135 Eucalyptus microneura and Melaleuca citrolens low open woodland on rocky low hills, 9.11.24a. Blandcourt Station, EIU. (ID Fox) Page 99 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 13c Woodlands of Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark), E. drepanophylla (grey ironbark), E. fibrosa (dusky-leaved ironbark), E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark) on granitic and metamorphic ranges Pre-clearing area: 6,734,927 ha Remnant 2013 area: 4,714,585 ha (70.0% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (49%), EIU (36%), SEQ (8%), NET (4%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 12 (51%), 11 (42%), 9 (6%), 5 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: Majority 600-1200 mm Typical landforms: Steep to rolling hills and rise on deformed and metamorphosed sediments and interbedded volcanics or igneous rocks Typical soils: Yellow or Brown Dermosols, and Yellow or Brown Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 136 Eucalyptus crebra, Corymbia tessellaris and E. exserta woodland, 11.12.1. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, BRB. (AL Kelly) Floristic characteristics: The dominant tree is generally an ironbark which is most frequently Eucalyptus crebra, but E. drepanophylla, E. fibrosa or E. shirleyi may replace it in some areas. Corymbia erythrophloia, C. dallachiana or C. clarksoniana are frequently codominant trees. Generally only a sparse shrub layer of Grewia retusifolia is present. The tussock grasses Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Themeda triandra, Sarga plumosum and Chrysopogon fallax dominate the dense ground layer, with frequent forbs including Evolvulus alsinoides, Spermacoce brachystema, Cyanthillium cinereum, Indigofera pratensis and Phyllanthus virgatus. Page 100 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 38 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 13c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) 11.12.1 Eucalyptus crebra woodland on igneous rocks 1,342,573 808,271 60 NC 11.11.15 Eucalyptus crebra woodland on deformed and metamorphosed sediments and interbedded volcanics 819,278 470,416 57 NC 9.12.1a Eucalyptus crebra ± Corymbia spp. woodland on igneous rocks 713,848 678,123 95 NC 9.11.2a Eucalyptus crebra ± Corymbia dallachiana ± C. erythrophloia woodland on metamorphic hills 317,878 310,834 98 NC 9.11.16 Eucalyptus crebra ± Corymbia erythrophloia or C. pocillum woodland on steep to rolling hills 313,569 312,620 100 NC Photo 137 Eucalyptus crebra woodland, with occasional Corymbia dallachiana and C. erythrophloia, 9.11.2a. Pandanus Station, EIU. (RM Lovatt) Photo 139 Eucalyptus crebra and Corymbia erythrophloia woodland, 11.12.7. Near Collinsville, BRB. (A Borsboom) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status Photo 138 Eucalyptus crebra and Corymbia erythrophloia woodland, 11.11.15c. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, BRB. (AL Kelly) Photo 140 Eucalyptus shirleyi low open woodland with Acacia umbellata dominated shrub layer, 11.11.8, Burdekin Falls Dam, BRB. (A Borsboom) Page 101 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 13d Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus moluccana (gum-topped box) (or E. microcarpa (inland grey box)) on a range of substrates Pre-clearing area: 749,314 ha Remnant 2013 area: 354,967 ha (47.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (61%), SEQ (32%), EIU (6%), CQC (1%), WET, NET (minor) Land zones: 5 (34%), 9 (22%), 3 (20%), 11 (13%), 12 (9%), 8 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1200 mm Typical landforms: Cainozoic sand plains to Tertiary plains and alluvial plains. Also on fine grained sedimentary rocks and metamorphic and igneous rocks Typical soils: A wide variety of soils depending on landscape position Structural formation range: Open forest to woodland Photo 141 Eucalyptus moluccana open forest, 11.3.26. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus moluccana usually dominates the canopy. It is sometimes replaced by E. woollsiana or E. microcarpa in the west. Co-dominant trees are uncommon, but are occasionally include E. crebra and E. tereticornis. Alphitonia excelsa, Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima and A. leiocalyx occur as infrequent shrubs and low trees. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Cymbopogon refractus, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Cyperus gracilis, Eragrostis brownii, Paspalidium distans, Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Eremochloa bimaculata, Panicum effusum, Gahnia aspera and Arundinella nepalensis. Brunoniella australis, Cyanthillium cinereum, Eremophila debilis, Page 102 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Phyllanthus virgatus, Eustrephus latifolius, Rostellularia adscendens, Cheilanthes sieberi, Glycine tabacina and Murdannia graminea are frequent forbs. Table 39 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 13d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.5.20 Eucalyptus moluccana and/or E. microcarpa/ E. woollsiana ± E. crebra woodland on Cainozoic sand plains 228,919 151,306 66 NC 11.3.26 Eucalyptus moluccana or E. microcarpa woodland to open forest on margins of alluvial plains 121,091 44,594 37 NC 12.9-10.3 Eucalyptus moluccana open forest on sedimentary rocks 95,528 27,183 28 OC 11.9.13 Eucalyptus moluccana or E. microcarpa open forest on fine grained sedimentary rocks 65,455 20,415 31 OC 12.11.18 Eucalyptus moluccana woodland on metamorphics ± interbedded volcanics 58,395 24,368 42 NC Photo 143 Eucalyptus molucanna woodland, 12.11.18. Wondai SF, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 142 Eucalyptus microcarpa woodland, 11.9.13, Near Mitchell, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Page 103 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 14 Woodlands and tall woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark) (or E. megasepala), and/or Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) and/or E. phoenicea (scarlet gum) 14a Woodlands and tall woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark) (or E. megasepala), with Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood). Occasionally E. chartaboma (or E. miniata (Darwin woollybutt)), on deeply weathered plateaus and remnants Pre-clearing area: 2,950,459 ha Remnant 2013 area: 2,909,650 ha (98.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (81%), GUP (19%) Land zones: 5 (97%), 7 (2%), 9 (1%), 10, 12 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: Mainly 1000-1600 mm Typical landforms: Deeply weathered plateaus and remnants, gently undulating rises, and lower slopes of rises. Typical soils: Yellow Kandosols and Yellow Dermosols Structural formation range: Woodland to tall woodland Photo 144 Eucalyptus tetrodonta, E. crebra and Corymbia Photo 145 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia nesophila tall woodland, 3.5.2. East of Weipa, CYP. stockeri subsp. peninsularis tall woodland on a Tertiary plateau, 3.5.1, Near Kimba, CYP. (VJ Neldner) (MR Newton) Page 104 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus tetrodonta or E. megasepala dominate the sparse canopy. Corymbia nesophila and less frequently C. stockeri subsp. peninsularis or C. clarksoniana are co-dominant in the canopy. Erythrophleum chlorostachys is often present forming a subcanopy layer. Grevillea glauca, G. parallela, E. chlorostachys, Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Parinari nonda and Acacia rothii are frequently present as low trees. In addition to these species, Coelospermum reticulatum, Persoonia falcata, Xylomelum scottianum, Planchonella pohlmaniana, Alphitonia pomaderroides, Croton arnhemicus, Morinda reticulata, Petalostigma pubescens, Grewia retusifolia, Hibbertia candicans, Acacia crassicarpa, A. calyculata, A. flavescens, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Indigofera pratensis and Pandanus species are frequently present in the sparse shrub layer. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Heteropogon triticeus, Sarga plumosum, Alloteropsis semialata, Eulalia mackinlayi and Aristida, Thaumastochloa, Panicum, Eriachne and Eragrostis species. Frequent forbs are Phyllanthus virgatus, Euphorbia mitchelliana var. mitchelliana, Schelhammera multiflora, Crotalaria medicaginea, Flemingia parviflora, Spermacoce laevigata and Lomandra and Helicteres species. Table 40 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 14a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.5.2 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia nesophila tall woodland on deeply weathered plateaus and remnants 824,849 793,353 96 NC 3.5.10 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia nesophila woodland on sandy gently undulating rises and low hills 785,214 783,561 100 NC 2.5.5a Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Corymbia polycarpa, Erythrophleum chlorostachys and C. pocillum in mixed woodlands on sandy rises and abandoned levees on broad, Tertiary sand sheets. 285,924 284,879 100 NC 3.5.12 Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia nesophila ± C. clarksoniana woodland on undulating rises 271,260 268,589 99 NC 3.5.10x1 Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia nesophila woodland on sand plains 222,604 222,114 100 NC Photo 146 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia pocillum woodland on a Tertiary sand sheet, 2.5.5a. Strathmore Station, GUP. (CN Appelman) Photo 147 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland. 3.5.12. North of the Kennedy River, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 105 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 14b Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark) (or E. megasepala) or E. chartaboma or E. miniata (Darwin woollybutt), with Corymbia clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) on erosional surfaces, residual sands and occasionally alluvial plains Pre-clearing area: 3,154,960 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,145,786 ha (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (71%), GUP (26%), EIU (1%), NWH (1%), DEU (minor) Land zones: 5 (86%), 3 (5%), 7 (4%), 10 (4%), 2 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1600 mm Typical landforms: On undulating Tertiary sand plains and erosional plains, through to sandy outwash deposits. Also occurs on ironstone knolls, slopes and plateaus and stabilized coastal dunes and coastal plains. Typical soils: Redoxic Hydrosols, Red and Yellow Hydrosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 148 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis woodland on deep red soil, 3.5.9a. North of Alice River crossing on Oriners station, CYP. (MJ Spry, DNRM) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus tetrodonta or E. megasepala dominate the sparse canopy. Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis or C. clarksoniana are frequently co-dominant in the canopy, with C. nesophila, C. pocillum, C. polycarpa and C. setosa occurring less often. Erythrophleum chlorostachys is often present forming a subcanopy layer. Grevillea glauca, G. parallela, E. chlorostachys, Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Melaleuca viridiflora, M. nervosa, Petalostigma pubescens, P. banksii, Parinari nonda, Alphitonia pomaderroides and Acacia rothii are frequently present as low trees. In addition to these species, Planchonia careya, Coelospermum reticulatum, Persoonia falcata, Xylomelum scottianum, Planchonella pohlmaniana, Croton arnhemicus, Grewia retusifolia, Acacia crassicarpa, Hibiscus Page 106 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland meraukensis, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Adenanthera abrosperma and Melaleuca stenostachya, are frequently present in the very sparse shrub layer. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Schizachyrium fragile, Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, Sarga plumosum, Alloteropsis semialata, Setaria surgens, Mnesithea formosa, Ectrosia leporina, Schoenus sparteus and Aristida, Thaumastochloa, Panicum, Eriachne, Digitaria, Scleria and Eragrostis species. Frequent forbs are Phyllanthus virgatus, Crotalaria medicaginea, C. montana, Flemingia parviflora, Drosera petiolaris and Spermacoce, Lomandra, Striga, Polygala, Desmodium, Heliotropium, Tephrosia and Helicteres species. Table 41 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 14b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.5.9a Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis woodland. Widespread on sand ridges 745,738 745,345 100 NC 2.5.6a Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Corymbia pocillum, Erythrophleum chlorostachys and C. polycarpa in mixed woodlands on undulating Tertiary sand plains 461,825 461,426 100 NC 3.5.7a Eucalyptus tetrodonta +/- Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on sand plains 369,524 368,559 100 NC 3.5.7x2a Eucalyptus tetrodonta +/- Corymbia clarksoniana +/- C. confertiflora woodland on erosional plains 339,172 337,796 100 NC 3.5.8c Corymbia stockeri and Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on erosional surfaces 144,176 143,918 100 NC Photo 150 Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Corymbia polycarpa woodland on a residual Tertiary sand sheet, 2.5.6a. North of Georgetown, GUP. (CN Appelman) Photo 149 Corymbia pocillum, C. polycarpa, Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland on a sand plain, 2.5.6a. Near Gamboola Station, GUP. (GW Wilson) Page 107 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 14c Open forests and woodlands dominated by Corymbia nesophila (Melville Island bloodwood) usually with Eucalyptus tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark) or E. phoenicea (scarlet gum) Pre-clearing area: 223,664 ha Remnant 2013 area: 221,882 ha (99.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (81%), WET (15%) Land zones: 11 (45%), 10 (21%), 5 (20%), 3 (10%), 12 (2%), 2 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 1600 - >3000 mm Typical landforms: On metamorphic ranges, hills and foothills; also on sandy colluvia and plains Typical soils: Yellow Kandosols, and Yellow or Brown Dermosols Structural formation range: Woodland Photo 151 Corymbia nesophila woodland on footslopes of metamorphic hill, 3.11.13. Near Hopevale on road to Elim Sands, CYP. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: Corymbia nesophila dominates woodlands on the metamorphic ranges, but also on some stabilised dunes and sandy colluvia. Eucalyptus phoenicea dominates woodlands on sandstone ranges, sandy colluvia and some coastal dunes. Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia clarksoniana are sometimes present as co-dominant trees. Grevillea glauca, Acacia flavescens, A. crassicarpa, Melaleuca nervosa and Parinari nonda are additional species that are frequent in the very sparse low tree layer. Additional species that are frequent in the sparse shrub layer are Persoonia falcata, Coelospermum reticulatum, Petalostigma pubescens, Planchonia careya, Acacia calyculata, A. leptocarpa, Alphitonia pomaderroides and Alyxia spicata. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the grasses Eriachne pallescens, Themeda Page 108 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland triandra, Heteropogon triticeus, Alloteropsis semialata, Eremochloa bimaculata, Mnesithea rottboellioides, Sarga plumosum and species of Aristida, Schizachyrium, Panicum, Scleria, Digitaria and Thaumastochloa. Table 42 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 14c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.11.13 Corymbia nesophila ± E. brassiana woodland on metamorphic hills and ranges 64,716 64,322 99 NC 3.5.6 Eucalyptus phoenicea ± E. tetrodonta woodland on sandy colluvia 40,090 40,020 100 NC 3.10.21a Corymbia nesophila ± E. crebra, E. brassiana or E. tetrodonta woodland to open forest on tops of sandstone plateaus 30,633 30,584 100 NC 7.11.20 Corymbia nesophila, Corymbia clarksoniana, Eucalyptus platyphylla, open woodland to open forest on gently sloping metamorphic lowlands and foothills 28,269 28,181 100 NC 3.3.31x1 Eucalyptus phoenicea ± E. tetrodonta woodland on sandy alluvia 12,236 12,230 100 NC Photo 152 Eucalyptus phoenicea and E .tetrodonta woodland on rises, 3.5.6. Near Old Laura Homestead on Battlecamp Rd, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 153 Corymbia nesophila and C. tessellaris open forest, 7.11.20. South of Shiptons Flat, WET. (JR Clarkson) Photo 154 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia stockeri subsp. stockeri woodland, 3.10.21a, Kalpowar, CYP. Photo 155 Corymbia clarksoniana and C. nesophila woodland with midlayer of Livistona muelleri, 3.3.27a. (MR Newton) North of Cooktown, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 109 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 14d Woodlands dominated by Corymbia stockeri (or C. hylandii) and Eucalyptus megasepala (or E. tetrodonta (Darwin stringybark)) on sandstone, metamorphic and ironstone ranges Pre-clearing area: 1,246,119 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,242,252 ha (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (82%), GUP (11%), EIU (6%), DEU (minor) Land zones: 10 (39%), 11 (29%), 12 (27%), 7 (6%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-2000 mm Typical landforms: Plateaus, ranges and hills of sandstone, metamorphic or granitic origin Typical soils: Bleached-leptic Tenosols and Yellow Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodland Photo 156 Corymbia stockeri subsp. stockeri and Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on sandstone hills, 3.10.6a. West of the Normanby River on Battlecamp Road, CYP. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: Corymbia stockeri subsp. stockeri and Eucalyptus tetrodonta or E. megasepala dominate the sparse canopy. Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis or E. cullenii are frequently present in the canopy. Erythrophleum chlorostachys is often present forming a subcanopy layer. Grevillea glauca, G. parallela, Melaleuca stenostachya, E. chlorostachys, Melaleuca viridiflora, Petalostigma banksii, Cochlospermum gillivraei and Acacia rothii are frequently present as low trees. In addition to these species, Indigofera pratensis, Persoonia falcata, Acacia calyculata, A. humifusa, Alphitonia pomaderroides, Grevillea dryandri, Planchonia careya, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Erythroxylum ellipticum and Gompholobium pinnatum are frequently present in the very sparse shrub layer. The sparse ground layer may be dominated by Triodia microstachya or the tussock grasses Schizachyrium fragile, Page 110 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Heteropogon triticeus, Sarga plumosum, Alloteropsis semialata, and Aristida, Thaumastochloa, Panicum, Eriachne and Eragrostis species. Frequent forbs are Phyllanthus virgatus, P. carpentariae, Crotalaria medicaginea, C. montana, Haemodorum coccineum, Drosera petiolaris and Spermacoce, Lomandra, Desmodium, Heliotropium, Tephrosia species. Table 43 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 14d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status Corymbia stockeri subsp. stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± E. cullenii woodland on sandstone plateaus 247,005 246,821 100 NC 3.10.6a 3.11.11 Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on hills and erosional surfaces 170,548 170,250 100 NC Eucalyptus megasepala ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on metamorphic hills 84,433 84,190 100 NC 3.12.14c Corymbia stockeri ± Eucalyptus megasepala ± E. cullenii woodland on granite hills 76,023 75,827 100 NC 3.12.15x2a Eucalyptus tetrodonta ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on sandy soil on eroded granite 74,927 74,532 99 NC 3.11.11x1b Photo 157 Corymbia stockeri subsp. peninsularis and Eucalyptus cullenii woodland on low hill. 3.11.11. On road to Lockhart River, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 158 Eucalyptus tetrodonta and Corymbia clarksoniana open woodland, 3.12.14c. South of the Palmer River, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 111 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 15 Temperate eucalypt woodlands 15a Woodlands and open forests dominated by Eucalyptus youmanii (Youman's stringybark), E. scoparia (Wallangarra white gum), E. caliginosa (broad-leaved stringybark) or E. melliodora (yellow box) occurring on traprock Pre-clearing area: 342,102 ha Remnant 2013 area: 147,538 ha (43.1% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: NET (88%), BRB (12%) Land zones: 11 (49%), 12 (41%), 9 (11%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1000 mm Typical landforms: On metamorphic ranges and hills Typical soils: Gravelly Rudosols and Tenosols, through to Chromosols and Sodosols on the flats Structural formation range: Woodland to open forest Photo 159 Eucalyptus andrewsii, E. prava and Acacia adunca woodland with heathy understorey. E. scoparia in rock crevice, 13.12.3. View to Mt Norman from Mallee ridge, Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson) Floristic characteristics: These woodlands tend to be dominated by a variety of single species including Eucalyptus youmanii, E. melliodora, E. scoparia, E. caleyi, E. dealbata, E. moluccana, E crebra, E. fibrosa or E. sideroxylon. Callitris endlicheri, C. glaucophylla and Allocasuarina luehmannii are frequently present in a very sparse low tree layer. Frequent shrub species include Olearia elliptica, Cassinia laevis, Melichrus urceolatus, Psydrax odorata, Acacia crassa, A. deanei, Acacia leiocalyx, A. semilunata, Melaleuca decora and Dodonaea viscosa subsp. spatulata. The ground layer is dominated by the graminoids, Aristida vagans, A. caput-medusae, A. gracilipes, A. ramosa, A. leichhardtiana, Cymbopogon refractus, Page 112 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Panicum effusum var. effusum, Gahnia aspera, Cyperus gracilis, Entolasia stricta and Enteropogon acicularis. Frequent forbs include Cheilanthes sieberi, C. distans, Lomandra filiformis, L. longifolia, L. multiflora subsp. multiflora, Brunoniella australis, Dianella revoluta, Pomax umbellata, Cyanthillium cinereum, Glycine tabacina. Table 44 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 15a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 13.11.8 Eucalyptus melliodora and/or Eucalyptus moluccana woodland on metamorphics 79,310 16,319 21 E 13.11.3b Eucalyptus caleyi woodland 43,010 20,916 49 OC 11.9.9a Eucalyptus albens ± E. crebra ± E. tereticornis ± Callitris baileyi 36,185 20,329 56 NC 13.12.2 Eucalyptus andrewsii, E. youmanii woodland on igneous rocks 32,250 22,363 69 NC 13.12.8 Eucalyptus melliodora and/or E. moluccana and/or E. conica woodland on igneous rocks 24,861 4,326 17 E The White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland which is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 11.9.9a, 13.11.3 and 13.11.8 from this BVG. Photo 160 Eucalyptus mellidora with Angophora floribunda open forest with sparse shrub layer and grassy understorey. 13.12.8. Pike Creek Station, west of Stanthorpe, NET. (AL Kelly) Photo 162 Eucalyptus andrewsii, E. youmanii woodland, 13.12.3, Mallee Ridge gully, Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson) Photo 161 Eucalyptus andrewsii with Callitris endlicheri woodland, 13.12.2. Near Castle Rock. Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson) Page 113 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 15b Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus conica (fuzzy box) or E. nova-anglica (New England peppermint) or E. blakelyi (Blakely's red gum) on alluvial plains Pre-clearing area: 46,927 ha Remnant 2013 area: 7,107 ha (15.1% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: NET (85%), BRB (15%) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-1000 mm Typical landforms: Alluvial plains Typical soils: Rudosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland Photo 163 Eucalyptus mellidora and E. moluccana open forest with E. blakelyi and E. conica and a sparse shrub layer and a grassy understorey, 13.3.4. Reserve on the corner of Mt Janet and Pikedale Roads, Goldfields, NET. (AL Kelly). Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus conica, E. nova-anglica or E. blakelyi dominate the woodland at a site. E. moluccana, Angophora floribunda, Callitris glaucophylla, E. melliodora and E. nobilis are sometimes present as scattered trees. Maireana microphylla and Geijera parviflora occur as very scattered shrubs. The ground layer is dominated by Aristida ramosa, A. vagans, Arundinella nepalensis, Austrostipa verticillata, Cymbopogon refractus, Cyperus fulvus, C. gracilis, Enneapogon gracilis and Eragrostis species. The most frequent forbs are Brunoniella australis, Cheilanthes distans, C. sieberi, Einadia nutans, Eremophila debilis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Lomandra filiformis, Rostellularia adscendens and Wahlenbergia gracilis. Page 114 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 45 The four regional ecosystems making up Broad Vegetation Group 15b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 13.3.4 Eucalyptus conica, E. moluccana, E. melliodora woodland on alluvial plains 38,102 3,774 10 E 13.3.1 Eucalyptus blakelyi woodland on alluvial plains 6,364 2,437 38 E 11.3.23 Eucalyptus conica, E. nobilis, E. tereticornis, Angophora floribunda on alluvial plains. Basalt derived soils 1,957 761 39 E 13.3.2 Eucalyptus nova-anglica open forest on alluvial plains 504 135 27 E The White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland which is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 13.3.1, 13.3.2 and 13.3.4 from this BVG. Photo 164 Eucalyptus conica and E. melliodora open forest with a mid-dense shrub layer and a grassy understorey, 11.3.23. Boundary of Puntdaloo Nature Refuge and Main Range NP, BRB. (AL Kelly) Photo 165 Eucalyptus bridgesiana open forest,13.3.1. Paling Yard Creek road, east of Dr Roberts Waterhole, Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson) Page 115 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 16 Eucalyptus spp. dominated open forest and woodlands drainage lines and alluvial plains 16a Open forests and woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) (or E. tereticornis (blue gum)) and/or E. coolabah (coolibah) (or E. microtheca (coolabah)) fringing drainage lines. Associated species may include Melaleuca spp., Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen), Angophora spp., Casuarina cunninghamiana (river sheoak). Does not include alluvial areas dominated by herblands or grasslands or alluvial plains that are not flooded Pre-clearing area: 4,002,541 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,586,410 ha (89.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MGD (28%), BRB (19%), GUP (15%), CHC (14%), MUL (8%), DEU (5%), NWH (4%), EIU (3%), SEQ (3%), NET, WET (minor) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-1600 mm Typical landforms: Fringing drainage lines on alluvial plains Typical soils: Rudosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Open forest to woodland Photo 166 Eucalyptus camaldulensis fringing woodland on Mayne River, 5.3.1, West of Longreach, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Photo 167 Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodland with Acacia aneura and A. cyperophylla fringing drainage lines within low ranges, 5.3.4. Morney Plains Station, CHC. Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus camaldulensis and/ or Eucalyptus coolabah dominate these fringing woodlands to open forests in most bioregions, while E. microtheca dominates Page 116 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland fringing woodlands in the Gulf Plains. E. tereticornis dominates in SEQ and coastal Brigalow Belt situations. A shrub layer is frequently absent. The dominant tussock grasses include Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Imperata cylindrica and Eulalia aurea. Frequent forbs include Cyanthillium cinereum, Phyllanthus virgatus, Eustrephus latifolius, Brunoniella australis, Crotalaria montana, Rostellularia adscendens, Evolvulus alsinoides and Sida spp. Table 46 Six most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 16a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 4.3.3 Eucalyptus coolabah, E. camaldulensis ± Lysiphyllum gilvum open woodland on drainage lines 773,396 760,142 98 OC 11.3.25 Eucalyptus tereticornis or E. camaldulensis woodland fringing drainage lines 686,106 431,660 63 OC 2.3.17 Eucalyptus microtheca woodland on channels in fine textured alluvial plains 334,666 333,222 100 OC 5.3.8a Eucalyptus coolabah low open woodland with Duma florulenta on braided drainage lines 306,547 306,306 100 NC 4.3.4 Eucalyptus coolabah open woodland on drainage lines/plains 160,887 158,641 99 NC 6.3.3 Eucalyptus camaldulensis ± E. coolabah ± E. populnea, Acacia stenophylla woodland on alluvium 152,331 140,322 92 OC The Coolibah - Black Box Woodlands of the Darling Riverine Plains and the Brigalow Belt South Bioregions ecological community which is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystem 11.3.37 from this BVG. Photo 168 Eucalyptus coolabah on braided channels, 5.3.8a, CHC. (BA Wilson) Photo 169 Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis and Corymbia tessellaris open forest, 11.3.25. St Ruth's Reserve, south of Dalby, BRB. (AL Kelly) Page 117 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 16b Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leptophleba (Molloy red box), with Corymbia tessellaris (carbeen) or C. clarksoniana (grey bloodwood) or C. dallachiana. On sandy levees Pre-clearing area: 1,744,395 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,719,676 ha (98.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (83%), EIU (8%), CYP (7%) Land zones: 3 (87%), 5 (13%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1600 mm Typical landforms: Alluvial terraces, levees, ridges frontages on floodplains Typical soils: Rudosols and Red Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 170 Corymbia polycarpa and Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland with low tree layer of Melaleuca nervosa on river levee. 2.3.21g. Dorunda Station, NNE of Normanton, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: The sparse canopy may be dominated by Eucalyptus leptophleba or a variety of bloodwoods including Corymbia polycarpa, C. curtipes, C. confertiflora, C. bella, C. dallachiana and C. tessellaris. Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Eucalyptus tetrodonta and E. melanophloia may also be present in the canopy. There is only a very sparse shrub layer present with the most frequent species being Grewia retusifolia, Atalaya hemiglauca, Planchonia careya, Denhamia cunninghamii, Antidesma ghaesembilla, Carissa lanceolata, Ficus opposita and Flueggea leucopyrus. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Heteropogon contortus, Sarga plumosum, Panicum mindanaense Sehima nervosum, Eulalia aurea, Chrysopogon fallax, Eragrostis stagnalis, Page 118 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Aristida holathera, A. hygrometrica and Arundinella setosa. Frequent forbs are Evolvulus alsinoides, Sauropus trachyspermus, Blumea saxatilis, Crotalaria montana, Hybanthus enneaspermus, Indigofera linifolia, Uraria lagopodioides, Vigna radiata, Zornia muriculata, Zornia prostrata and Galactia tenuiflora. Table 47 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 16b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.5.14x3 Corymbia polycarpa ± C. grandifolia subsp. grandifolia, C. confertiflora, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Eucalyptus leptophleba on abandoned levees on broad, Tertiary sand sheets. 188,112 187,629 100 NC 2.3.21g Corymbia polycarpa, C. curtipes, Eucalyptus leptophleba, C. confertiflora, Erythrophleum chlorostachys in mixed woodlands on levees on Quaternary alluvial plains (outer zones of river deltas). 169,794 169,291 100 OC 2.3.21a Corymbia polycarpa, C. bella, C. curtipes, Eucalyptus leptophleba, C. confertiflora in mixed woodlands on levees on Quaternary alluvial plains (inner zones of river deltas). 152,703 152,474 100 OC 2.3.21x3a Corymbia polycarpa, Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, C. dallachiana and C. setosa in mixed woodlands on abandoned levees on old alluvial plains (recent Pleistocene surface). 144,480 143,981 100 OC 2.3.21b Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia polycarpa, C. confertiflora and C. terminalis in mixed woodlands on levees and narrow Quaternary alluvial plains, associated with upper reaches of major watercourses. 140,335 136,797 97 OC Photo 171 Eucalyptus leptophleba, Corymbia confertiflora and Brachychiton diversifolius woodland, 2.3.21b. Levee of the Lynd River, Bulimba Station, GUP. (GW Wilson) Photo 172 Erythrophleum chlorostachys and Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland on levee, 2.3.21x3a. Dunbar Station, NE of Normanton, GUP. (CN Appelman) Page 119 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 16c Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus coolabah (coolibah) or E. microtheca (coolibah) or E. largiflorens (black box) or E. tereticornis (blue gum) or E. chlorophylla on floodplains. Does not include alluvial areas dominated by herblands or grasslands or alluvial plains that are not flooded Pre-clearing area: 6,851,195 ha Remnant 2013 area: 4,568,921 ha (66.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (33%), BRB (32%), MUL (12%), SEQ (9%), CHC (4%), CYP (3%), NWH (3%), EIU (2%), NET (minor) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-2000 mm Typical landforms: Flat alluvial clay plains Typical soils: Grey and Black Vertosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 173 Eucalyptus coolabah open woodland with open areas dominated by Astrebla spp. and shaded areas dominated by Sclerolaena spp., 11.3.3. South of Dirranbandi, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus coolabah is the dominant tree in the south, while E. microtheca dominates the Gulf Plains and Cape York Peninsula. E. tereticornis dominates in SEQ and coastal Brigalow Belt. A shrub layer is frequently absent. The dominant tussock grasses including Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Imperata cylindrica and Eulalia aurea. Frequent forbs include Cyanthillium cinereum, Phyllanthus virgatus, Eustrephus latifolius, Brunoniella australis, Crotalaria montana, Rostellularia adscendens, Evolvulus alsinoides and Sida spp. Page 120 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 48 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 16c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.3.3 Eucalyptus coolabah woodland on alluvial plains 894,662 259,395 29 OC 11.3.4 Eucalyptus tereticornis and/or Eucalyptus spp. woodland on alluvial plains 686,936 183,202 27 OC 2.3.11 Eucalyptus microtheca, Excoecaria parvifolia low open woodland and Dichanthium spp. on grey clay plains 672,036 669,650 100 NC 11.3.28 Eucalyptus coolabah +/- Casuarina cristata open woodland on alluvial plains 463,497 63,137 14 OC 12.3.3 Eucalyptus tereticornis woodland on Quaternary alluvium 422,236 39,735 9 E The Coolibah - Black Box Woodlands of the Darling Riverine Plains and the Brigalow Belt South Bioregions ecological community which is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 11.3.3, 11.3.15, 11.3.16, and 11.3.28 from this BVG. Photo 174 Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest, 12.3.3. Munna Creek, west of Maryborough, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 175 Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest with a grassy ground layer along a depression line, 11.3.4. Barakula SF, BRB. (AL Kelly) Photo 176 Eucalyptus microtheca and Grevillea striata low woodland on alluvial plain, 2.3.11. Van Rook Station, NE of Normanton, GUP. (CN Appelman) Page 121 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 16d River beds, open water or sand, or rock, frequently not vegetated Pre-clearing area: 186,014 ha Remnant 2013 area: 178,290 ha (95.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (45%), EIU (31%), BRB (8%), CYP (5%), WET (4%), SEQ (3%), DEU (3%), CQC, MUL (minor) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1200 mm Typical landforms: Riverbeds of major streams, mainly bare sand or rock areas, but includes waterholes in the riverbed. Typical soils: Rock or Rudosols Structural formation range: Bare to sparse herbland, occasional fringing shrubland Photo 177 Sandy river bed sparsely wooded with low trees of Melaleuca argentea, 2.3.24x11. Staaten River NP, SW of the Highbury Homestead, GUP. (GW Wilson) Floristic characteristics: Sandy river beds sometimes with patches of ephemeral grassland, herbland or sedgeland and occasional shrubs of Melaleuca bracteata, M. viminalis, M. trichostachya and M. linariifolia. Page 122 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 49 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 16d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.3.24x11 Bare sand with scattered low shrubs and patches of grasses, forbs and sedges in larger river channels 57,075 56,949 100 OC 9.3.12a Sandy river beds sometimes with patches of ephemeral grassland, herbland or sedgeland and occasional shrubs of Melaleuca spp. 56,531 55,509 98 OC 2.3.24x12 Waterholes in active stream channels, commonly with a wooded fringe, including Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melaleuca spp., E. microtheca and Barringtonia acutangula. 23,905 23,870 100 OC 11.3.25f Sandy river beds 14,397 9,671 67 OC 3.3.66x1a Rivers & water holes with permanent water 5,979 5,969 100 OC Photo 178 Melaleuca lined rocky river bed, 9.3.12a. Copperfield River crossing east of Kidston Mine, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 179 Sandy river bed sparsely wooded with low trees of Melaleuca argentea, 2.3.24x11. Staaten River NP, SW of Highbury Homestead, GUP. (GW Wilson) Photo 180 Sandy river bed of the Mitchell River, 3.3.66. Near Kowanyama, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 123 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 17 Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) or E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) (or E. whitei (White's ironbark)) dry woodlands to open woodlands on sandplains or depositional plains 17a Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) (or E. brownii (Reid River box)) on alluvium, sand plains and footslopes of hills and ranges Pre-clearing area: 8,083,260 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,017,619 ha (37.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (70%), MUL (19%), DEU (10%), EIU (1%) Land zones: 3 (42%), 5 (38%), 10 (8%), 9 (6%), 4 (3%), 11 (2%), 12 (1%), 8 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 500-800 mm Typical landforms: Flat to gently undulating plains Typical soils: Red Sodosols and Chromosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 181 Eucalyptus populnea woodland on alluvial plain, 11.3.2, Carnarvon Station, north of Mitchell, BRB. (TJ Eyre) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) is the dominant tree, with E. brownii (Reid River box) replacing it in the north. A sparse to open shrub layer is often present with Eremophila mitchellii, Geijera parviflora and Carissa lanceolata frequent. Tussock grasses Page 124 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland dominate the open ground layer with Chrysopogon fallax, Eragrostis lacunaria, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Themeda triandra, Enteropogon acicularis, Heteropogon contortus, Cymbopogon refractus, Panicum effusum, and Aristida calycina frequently present. Evolvulus alsinoides, Brunoniella australis, Euphorbia drummondii, Rhynchosia minima, Sida hackettiana, Alternanthera micrantha, Eremophila debilis, Abutilon oxycarpum and Melhania oblongifolia are frequent forbs. Table 50 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 17a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) 11.3.2 Eucalyptus populnea woodland on alluvial plains 1,936,290 517,486 27 OC 11.5.3 Eucalyptus populnea ± E. melanophloia ± Corymbia clarksoniana on Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces 967,900 376,059 39 NC 6.5.3 Eucalyptus populnea, Acacia aneura ± Eremophila mitchellii woodland within A. aneura communities 632,132 198,443 31 OC 11.5.13 Eucalyptus populnea ± Acacia aneura ± E. melanophloia woodland on Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces 572,107 98,057 17 OC 11.10.11 Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia ± Callitris glaucophylla woodland on coarse-grained sedimentary rocks 540,589 325,472 60 NC Photo 182 Eucalyptus brownii open woodland on Cainozoic clay plain, 10.3.6ax2. Helenslee Station, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status Photo 183 Eucalyptus populnea woodland with Allocasuarina luehmannii low tree layer, 11.5.1a. Boondandilla State Forest, BRB. (C Pennay) Page 125 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 17b Woodlands to open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus melanophloia (silverleaved ironbark) (or E. shirleyi (Shirley's silver-leaved ironbark)) on sand plains and footslopes of hills and ranges Pre-clearing area: 4,221,240 ha Remnant 2013 area: 2,570,530 ha (60.9% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (42%), DEU (41%), EIU (7%), SEQ (5%), NET (3%), GUP (2%), NWH (1%) Land zones: 5 (42%), 12 (19%), 3 (14%), 11 (13%), 9 (9%), 7 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-800 mm Typical landforms: On sand plains and undulating low rises, hills and ranges. Typical soils: Red Sodosols and Chromosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 184 Eucalyptus melanophloia open woodland on sand plain, 10.5.5a. Bimblebox Nature Refuge, NW of Alpha, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus melanophloia dominates these woodlands, apart from when it is replaced by or co-dominates with E. shirleyi, Corymbia dallachiana, C. peltata, C. clarksoniana, Eucalyptus crebra and E. populnea may sometimes also occur in the canopy. The shrub layer is very sparse with Denhamia cunninghamii, Carissa lanceolata, Eremophila mitchellii, Psydrax oleifolia, Breynia oblongifolia, Bursaria incana and Petalostigma pubescens the most frequent species. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Digitaria brownii, Cymbopogon refractus, Eriachne mucronata, Triodia pungens, Enneapogon lindleyanus, Aristida calycina var. calycina and A. holathera var. holathera. Frequent forbs are Evolvulus alsinoides, Brunoniella australis, Rhynchosia minima, Rostellularia adscendens, Spermacoce brachystema, Cyanthillium cinereum, Melhania oblongifolia, Phyllanthus virgatus and Zornia muriculata. Page 126 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 51 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 17b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) 10.5.5a Eucalyptus melanophloia open woodland on sand plains 1,240,079 947,709 76 NC 11.12.2 Eucalyptus melanophloia woodland on igneous rocks 455,169 185,566 41 NC 11.9.2 Eucalyptus melanophloia ± E. orgadophila woodland on fine-grained sedimentary rocks 374,074 145,601 39 NC 11.5.5 Eucalyptus melanophloia, Callitris glaucophylla woodland on Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces. Deep red sands 332,924 115,454 35 NC 11.11.10 Eucalyptus melanophloia woodland on deformed and metamorphosed sediments and interbedded volcanics 317,938 102,341 32 OC Photo 185 Eucalyptus melanophloia woodland with moderate subcanopy of Petalostigma pubescens on broad plain, 9.5.4. On Hillgrove Sation, EIU. (MR Newton) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status Photo 186 Eucalyptus melanophloia and Callitris glaucophylla woodland on Cainozoic sand plains, 11.5.5, Yuleba SF, BRB. (RE Niehus) Photo 187 Eucalyptus melanophloia woodland on finegrained sedimentary rocks, 11.9.2. Near Mt Moffat, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Page 127 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 17c Eucalyptus whitei (White's ironbark) or E. similis (Queensland yellowjacket) woodlands to open woodlands on sand sheets Pre-clearing area: 1,686,207 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,605,659 ha (95.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: DEU (96%), EIU (3%), GUP (2%), Land zones: 5 (74%), 7 (16%), 3 (9%), 10 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 500-700 mm Typical landforms: On sand plains, sand plateaus, silcrete remnant surfaces and some alluvial fans Typical soils: Red and Yellow Kandosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 188 Eucalyptus similis open woodland on red sand sheet,10.5.1a. NE of Aramac, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus similis or Eucalyptus whitei dominate the woodlands of this BVG. Corymbia setosa may be dominant or codominant in some areas. Corymbia brachycarpa, C. dallachiana and E. crebra are sometime present as co-dominant trees. Very sparse Acacia coriacea, Bursaria incana, Grevillea glauca, G. parallela, C. brachycarpa and Melaleuca nervosa low trees may be present. A range of species may be present in in the very sparse shrub layer with Carissa lanceolata, Petalostigma banksii, P. pubescens, Denhamia cunninghamii, Psydrax oleifolia, Bursaria incana, Persoonia falcata, Acacia cowleana, Alphitonia excelsa and Grewia retusifolia the most frequent species. The sparse ground layer may be dominated by Triodia pungens, or a range of tussock grasses including Themeda triandra, Eriachne mucronata, Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon fallax, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Aristida holathera var. holathera, A. calycina var. calycina, A. ingrata, Page 128 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Cymbopogon bombycinus, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Digitaria brownii, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Tripogon loliiformis, Schizachyrium fragile, Panicum effusum and Eragrostis lacunaria. The most frequent forbs are Evolvulus alsinoides, Zornia muriculata, Glycine tomentella, Bonamia media, Rhynchosia minima, Melhania oblongifolia, Rostellularia adscendens, Tephrosia leptoclada, Alternanthera micrantha, Indigofera linifolia, Phyllanthus virgatus, Spermacoce brachystema and Waltheria indica. Table 52 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 17c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 10.5.1a Eucalyptus similis open woodland on sand plains 601,045 586,499 98 NC 10.5.11c Eucalyptus whitei open woodland on red sand plateau (north west) 366,123 337,115 92 NC 10.7.10a Eucalyptus whitei open woodland on ferricrete 183,867 179,694 98 NC 10.3.9 Eucalyptus whitei open woodland on sandy alluvial fans 154,112 131,130 85 NC 10.5.1c Eucalyptus similis and Corymbia setosa low open woodland on sand plains 86,782 85,327 98 NC Photo 189 Eucalyptus whitei open woodland on sand plain. 10.5.11c. SW of Torrens Creek, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Photo 190 Eucalyptus whitei low open woodland on ferricrete, 10.7.10a. Moorrinya NP, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Photo 191 Eucalyptus whitei open woodland, on flood plain, 10.3.9. On stock route south of Torrens Creek, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Page 129 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 18 Dry eucalypt woodlands to open woodlands primarily on sandplains or depositional plains 18a Dry woodlands to open woodlands, dominated by bloodwoods (Corymbia dallachiana, C. terminalis (long-fruited bloodwood), C. plena, or C. leichhardtii (rustyjacket)) or ironbarks (Eucalyptus quadricostata (Pentland ironbark), E. crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) or E. exilipes (fine-leaved ironbark)), often with E. acmenoides (narrow-leaved white stringybark), Angophora leiocarpa (rusty gum) and Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) in the Brigalow Belt, on sandy plateaus and plains Pre-clearing area: 1,022,455 ha Remnant 2013 area: 938,254 ha (91.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (40%), DEU (34%), BRB (25%) Land zones: 5 (76%), 3 (20%), 7 (4%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1000 mm Typical landforms: Sandplains and old alluvial plains Typical soils: Red and Yellow Kandosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland Photo 192 Corymbia setosa low open woodland with sparse shrub layer of Petalostigma banksii and Acacia torulosa, 2.5.9x2a. Esmerelda Station, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: Woodlands dominated by bloodwoods such as Corymbia leichhardtii, C. dallachiana, C. plena, C. terminalis or C. brachycarpa, or ironbarks Eucalyptus exilipes or E. quadricostata. Angophora leiocarpa and Callitris glaucophylla are sometimes Page 130 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland also present in the canopy in the south. There is generally only a very sparse shrub layer with Alphitonia excelsa, Petalostigma pubescens, P. banksii, Persoonia falcata, Bursaria incana, Psydrax oleifolia, Acacia julifera subsp. julifera, A. longispicata, Carissa lanceolata and Santalum lanceolatum the most frequent species. The sparse ground layer maybe dominated by Triodia pungens or T. bitextura in some areas, or the tussock grasses Eriachne mucronata, Chrysopogon fallax, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Aristida holathera var. holathera, A. ingrata, A. calycina, Themeda triandra, Digitaria ammophila, D. brownii, Schizachyrium fragile, Heteropogon contortus, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Eragrostis lacunaria, Cymbopogon bombycinus and C. refractus. The most frequent forbs are Evolvulus alsinoides, Goodenia glabra, Rostellularia adscendens, Cyanthillium cinereum, Phyllanthus collinus, P. virgatus, Bonamia media, Marsdenia viridiflora, Lomandra multiflora and Chrysocephalum apiculatum. Table 53 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 18a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.5.9x2a Corymbia setosa and/or Corymbia polycarpa ± C. grandifolia, Terminalia spp., Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Eucalyptus microneura low open woodland on level to gently undulating Tertiary sand sheets. 219,301 218,770 100 NC 10.5.2a Corymbia dallachiana and C. plena open woodland on sand plains (eastern) 149,719 127,183 85 NC 11.3.14 Eucalyptus spp., Angophora spp., Callitris spp. woodland on alluvial plains 105,693 80,404 76 NC 11.5.21 Corymbia bloxsomei ± Callitris glaucophylla ± Eucalyptus crebra ± Angophora leiocarpa woodland on Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces 76,526 71,711 94 NC 2.5.9x2b Corymbia setosa, Melaleuca nervosa and C. polycarpa ± Erythrophleum chlorostachys woodland on undulating, dissected, Tertiary sand sheets. 58,022 57,978 100 NC Photo 193 Eucalyptus crebra and Corymbia intermedia woodland with Melaleuca spp. dominant in understorey. 11.5.12a. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, BRB. (AL Kelly) Photo 194 Eucalyptus whitei open woodland on sand, 10.5.2ax1. Stock route, SW of Torrens Creek, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Page 131 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 18b Woodlands dominated Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved red ironbark) frequently with Corymbia spp. or Callitris spp. on flat to undulating plains Pre-clearing area: 2,402,810 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,767,987 ha (73.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (67%), DEU (12%), EIU (12%), GUP (7%), CYP (1%) Land zones: 5 (91%), 3 (9%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1000 mm Typical landforms: Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces and alluvial plains Typical soils: Tenosols and Rudosols Structural formation range: Woodland Photo 195 Eucalyptus crebra and Corymbia clarksoniana woodland, 11.5.9. Near Charters Towers, BRB. (A Borsboom) Floristic characteristics: The ironbark Eucalyptus crebra dominates these woodlands. Corymbia clarksoniana, C. dallachiana, C. brachycarpa, Angophora leiocarpa and Eucalyptus populnea may also be present in the sparse canopy. Callitris glaucophylla, Allocasuarina luehmannii and Lysicarpus angustifolius sometimes form a conspicuous subcanopy layer. A variety of shrubs can occur in a very sparse layer with Petalostigma pubescens, Alphitonia excelsa, Denhamia cunninghamii, Acacia leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx, A. conferta, A. leiocalyx, Geijera parviflora and Grewia retusifolia the most frequent species. The mid-dense ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus Aristida caput-medusae, A. calycina var. calycina, Cymbopogon refractus, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Chrysopogon fallax, Eragrostis sororia, E. Page 132 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland lacunaria, Gahnia aspera, Eriachne mucronata and Eremochloa bimaculata. Brunoniella australis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Cyanthillium cinereum, Rostellularia adscendens, Cheilanthes sieberi, Phyllanthus virgatus, Dianella revoluta, Chrysocephalum apiculatum, Sida hackettiana, Grewia retusifolia and Laxmannia gracilis are most frequent forbs. Table 54 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 18b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.5.1 Eucalyptus crebra and/or E. populnea, Callitris glaucophylla, Angophora leiocarpa, Allocasuarina luehmannii woodland on Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces 623,606 422,120 68 NC 11.5.2 Eucalyptus crebra, Corymbia spp., with E. moluccana on lower slopes of Cainozoic sand plains/remnant surfaces 304,452 173,587 57 NC 10.5.1b Corymbia brachycarpa open woodland on sand plains 186,889 177,432 95 NC 9.5.3 Eucalyptus crebra or E. drepanophylla and Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on sand plains 185,184 180,298 97 NC 2.5.6x11a Eucalyptus crebra, Corymbia brachycarpa +/Corymbia citriodora woodland on flat to gently undulating sand plains on sandstone plateaus 182,895 177,138 97 NC Photo 196 Callitris glaucophylla and Eucalyptus crebra woodland, 11.5.1. Boondandilla State Forest, BRB. (BA Wilson) Photo 197 Eucalyptus crebra tall woodland with E. brownii and Corymbia clarksoniana. The ground layer is dominated by Heteropogon contortus, 9.5.3. NW of Shelly Mount, Clarke Hills Station, EIU. (CPF Kahler) Photo 198 Corymbia brachycarpa open woodland, 10.5.1b. Near Jericho, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Page 133 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 18c Woodlands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus chlorophylla (or E. leptophleba (Molloy red box) on heavy soils) frequently with Corymbia spp. Pre-clearing area: 864,558 ha Remnant 2013 area: 832,885 ha (96.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (51%), GUP (27%), EIU (18%), MGD (2%), NWH (1%) Land zones: 9 (53%) 5 (33%), 3 (11%), 12 (2%), 4 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-2000 mm Typical landforms: Undulating to rolling plains Typical soils: Yellow Dermosols and Redoxic Hydrosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 199 Eucalyptus leptophleba and E. platyphylla woodland on plain, 3.9.4a. Sudley Station, CYP. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: The sparse canopy is usually dominated either Eucalyptus leptophleba or E. chlorophylla. E. platyphylla, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Corymbia clarksoniana, C. polycarpa and C. dallachiana may be present as codominant trees. Melaleuca viridiflora, M. nervosa, M. stenostachya, Brachychiton diversifolius subsp. orientalis, and Petalostigma pubescens may be present as very sparse low trees. The very sparse shrub layer includes a variety of species with the most frequent being Grewia retusifolia, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Carissa lanceolata, Denhamia cunninghamii, Petalostigma pubescens, P. banksii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Planchonia careya, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides, Grevillea parallela and Terminalia platyptera. The mid-dense to dense ground layer is dominated by the grasses Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Sarga plumosum, Page 134 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Themeda triandra, T. arguens, Schizachyrium fragile, Capillipedium parviflorum, Chrysopogon fallax, Mnesithea formosa, Setaria surgens and Alloteropsis semialata. Frequent forbs are Crotalaria medicaginea, C. montana, Phyllanthus virgatus, Cayratia trifolia, Evolvulus alsinoides, Ipomoea eriocarpa, Galactia tenuiflora, Flemingia parviflora, Hibiscus meraukensis, Rostellularia adscendens, Commelina ensifolia and Waltheria indica. Table 55 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 18c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.9.4a Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia dallachiana open woodland on rolling plains 249,001 247,937 100 NC 3.9.2a Eucalyptus chlorophylla open woodland on undulating clay plains 118,447 117,555 99 NC Eucalyptus microtheca low woodland on Tertiary clay plains 73,082 72,834 100 NC 2.9.7a Eucalyptus chlorophylla ± Terminalia spp. woodland on Cretaceous mudstone footslopes and plains. 52,188 49,216 94 OC 9.5.6a Eucalyptus leptophleba ± Corymbia clarksoniana woodland on Tertiary remnants 48,401 44,169 91 NC 2.3.11x40a Photo 200 Eucalyptus chlorophylla woodland on undulating plain, 3.9.2a. Rokeby Station, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 201 Eucalyptus leptophleba and E. platyphylla woodland, 9.5.6a. South of Innot Hot Springs, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 202 Eucalyptus chlorophylla low woodland with shrub layer of Carissa lanceolata, 2.9.7a. Near Gamboola, GUP. (GW Wilson) Page 135 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 18d Woodlands to low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus microneura (Gilbert River box/Georgetown box) sometimes with Corymbia spp. Pre-clearing area: 612,110 ha Remnant 2013 area: 608,016 ha (99.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (78%), EIU (22%) Land zones: 5 (68%), 10 (23%), 3 (8%), 12 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1000 mm Typical landforms: On undulating plains, low rises, rocky ranges and plateaus Typical soils: Red Kandosols, Chromosols and Rudosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open woodland Photo 203 Eucalyptus microneura and Corymbia pocillum low open woodland, with Petalostigma banksii shrub layer on sand plain, 2.5.9. Fog Creek Station, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus microneura dominates the sparse to very sparse canopy. Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Terminalia platyptera, T. aridicola, Atalaya hemiglauca and Erythroxylum ellipticum may also be present as sparse trees. There may be a very sparse shrub layer with Carissa lanceolata, Gardenia vilhelmii, Petalostigma banksii, Denhamia cunninghamii, Melaleuca citrolens, M. viridiflora, Acacia chisholmii and Dodonaea physocarpa the most frequent species. The ground layer can be mid-dense and frequent graminoids include Heteropogon contortus, Schizachyrium fragile, Triodia pungens, Aristida ingrata, A. latifolia, Capillipedium parviflorum, Eriachne ciliata, E. obtusa and Themeda triandra. Frequent forbs are Zornia muriculata, Brunoniella australis, Melhania oblongifolia, Desmodium varians, Drosera lanata, Malvastrum americanum var. americanum, Polycarpaea corymbosa and Tephrosia leptoclada. Page 136 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 56 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 18d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.5.9 Eucalyptus microneura woodland on plains and plateaus on earths, podsolics and skeletal soils 330,380 328,478 99 NC 2.10.1a Eucalyptus microneura low woodland on plains and low rises of Mesozoic sandstone 88,675 88,493 100 NC 9.5.10a Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia pocillum or C. erythrophloia ± Terminalia spp. low woodland on undulating plains 58,047 57,132 98 NC 9.3.20 Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia spp. ± E. leptophleba woodland on alluvial plains 40,431 39,638 98 NC 2.10.1b Eucalyptus microneura ± Corymbia terminalis low open woodland with Acacia chisholmii on undulating to steep rocky sandstone terrain 33,893 33,883 100 NC Photo 204 Eucalyptus microneura and Terminalia aridicola subsp. chillagoensis shrubby low woodland on gently undulating plain, 9.5.10a. South of Eveleigh Homestead, EIU. (ID Fox) Photo 205 Eucalyptus microneura low open woodland with sparse grass cover of Aristida sp. on alluvial plain, 9.3.20. SW of Georgetown, EIU. (MR Newton) Photo 206 Eucalyptus microneura (Gilbert River box/Georgetown box), GUP. (CPF Kahler) Page 137 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 19 Eucalyptus spp. (E. leucophloia (snappy gum), E. leucophylla (Cloncurry box), E. persistens, E. normantonensis (Normanton box)) low open woodlands often with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer 19a Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leucophloia (snappy gum) with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer, mainly on hills and ranges Pre-clearing area: 3,381,168 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,372,082 ha (99.7 % of pre-clearing) Bioregions: NWH (85%), GUP (9%), MGD (5%) Land zones: 11 (44%), 7 (36%), 5 (9%), 12 (6%), 10 (3%), 9 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 400-800 mm Typical landforms: Scarps, plateaus and slopes of metamorphic, granitic and sandstone ranges Typical soils: Shallow Rudosols Structural formation range: Low open woodland to wooded hummock grassland Photo 207 Eucalyptus leucophloia open woodland with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer, 1.11.2a, near Mt Isa, NWH. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus leucophloia subsp. euroa generally dominates the very sparse low canopy. Eucalyptus leucophylla and Corymbia terminalis are sometimes present as co-dominant trees. C. capricornia and C. aspera dominate in some situations. A sparse shrub layer may be present, with Acacia chisholmii, A. monticola, A. retivenea, A. hilliana, Carissa lanceolata, Terminalia canescens, Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea wickhamii, G. dryandri, Eremophila longifolia, Gossypium australe, Petalostigma quadriloculare and Denhamia cunninghamii frequently occurring species. The mid-dense ground layer is generally dominated Page 138 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland by the hummock grasses Triodia pungens, T. molesta, Triodia longiceps or T. bitextura. Tussock grasses that are frequently present include Enneapogon lindleyanus, E. polyphyllus, Eriachne mucronata, E. ciliata, Mnesithea formosa, Eulalia aurea, Schizachyrium fragile, Aristida pruinosa, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra, Cymbopogon bombycinus and Digitaria brownii. Frequent forbs are Cleome viscosa, Bulbostylis barbata, Evolvulus alsinoides, Indigofera linifolia, Heliotropium tenuifolium, H. ballii, Hibiscus sturtii, Crotalaria medicaginea and Waltheria indica. Table 57 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 19a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 1.11.2a Eucalyptus leucophloia often with Corymbia spp., Terminalia aridicola and E. leucophylla low open woodland 793,213 789,059 99 NC 1.11.2 Eucalyptus leucophloia often with Corymbia spp., Terminalia aridicola and E. leucophylla low open woodland Eucalyptus leucophloia low open woodland 297,111 296,497 100 NC 1.7.1 Eucalyptus leucophloia (snappy gum) low open woodland on skeletal soils on lateritic scarps and plateaus 289,491 289,132 100 NC 1.7.1x5 Mixed low open woodland dominated by Corymbia capricornia on silcrete in the north of the bioregion 223,372 223,257 100 NC 1.12.1 Eucalyptus leucophloia low open woodland on granites 187,623 187,539 100 NC Photo 208 Corymbia capricornia and Eucalyptus miniata open woodland with shrub layer dominated by Grevillea dryandrii and ground layer by Triodia bitextura,1.7.1x5. Lawn Hill Station, NWH. (DT Kelman) Photo 209 Corymbia capricornia and Eucalyptus leucophloia low open woodland with ground layer dominated by Triodia pungens, 1.10.1x1. Near Bowthorn Homestead, NWH. (DT Kelman) Page 139 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 19b Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leucophylla (Cloncurry box) or less extensively Corymbia terminalis (long-fruited bloodwood) low open woodlands and related associations, mainly lower slopes and valleys Pre-clearing area: 2,776,978 ha Remnant 2013 area: 2,757,183 ha (99.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: NWH (69%), MGD (17%), GUP (11%), CHC (3%) Land zones: 11 (31%), 5 (28%), 9 (13%), 12 (11%), 7 (10%), 3 (7%) Mean annual rainfall range: 350-1200 mm Typical landforms: Low hills and rises through to sand plains Typical soils: Shallow Rudosols Structural formation range: Low open woodland to wooded hummock grassland Photo 210 Eucalyptus leucophylla and Corymbia terminalis low woodland with a ground layer of Triodia pungens and tussock grasses,1.5.4. Riversleigh Station, NWH. (DT Kelman) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus leucophylla and/or Corymbia terminalis dominate the very sparse low canopy. E. pruinosa, Atalaya hemiglauca and Corymbia aparrerinja are occasionally present. Acacia chisholmii is frequent in the shrub layer and may dominate in some situations. Other frequent shrub species include Carissa lanceolata, Gossypium australe, Eremophila longifolia, Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii, S artemisioides subsp. oligophylla and Acacia tenuissima. The ground layer is often dominated by the hummock grasses Triodia longiceps, T. pungens or T. brizoides. Frequent tussock grasses include Enneapogon polyphyllus, Aristida contorta, A. latifolia, A. inaequiglumis, A. pruinosa, Dichanthium sericeum subsp. polystachyum, Heteropogon contortus, Sporobolus australasicus Page 140 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland and Themeda triandra. Frequent forbs include Salsola australis, Sida fibulifera, S. filiformis, Solanum quadriloculatum, Indigofera linifolia, I. linnaei, Cleome viscosa, Melhania oblongifolia, Heliotropium tenuifolium, Bulbostylis barbata, Evolvulus alsinoides var. villosicalyx, Pterocaulon serrulatum, Ptilotus obovatus and Achyranthes aspera. Table 58 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 19b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 1.11.3x1b Eucalyptus leucophylla low open woodland often with Corymbia terminalis, C. aparrerinja and E. leucophloia 372,514 368,674 99 NC 1.5.4 Eucalyptus leucophylla low open woodland on red earths in valleys 280,545 277,319 99 NC 1.11.3b Corymbia terminalis and/or Eucalyptus leucophylla low open woodland on hills, rises: metamorphosed igneous rocks 239,682 239,240 100 NC 2.5.12a Corymbia terminalis and/or Eucalyptus pruinosa subsp. pruinosa ± Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Atalaya hemiglauca low open woodland on sandy Tertiary alluvial deposits 219,597 216,706 99 NC 1.12.1x1 Eucalyptus leucophylla low open woodland on granites 210,934 210,707 100 NC Photo 211 Eucalyptus pruinosa woodland with a shrubby understorey on a sand plain, 2.5.12a. Near Nardoo, GUP. (GW Wilson) Photo 212 Eucalyptus leucophylla low open woodland with a ground layer of Triodia pungens, 1.9.5b. Near Musselbrook, NWH. (DT Kelman) Page 141 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 19c Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus pruinosa mainly on sandplains, outwash areas and lateritised surfaces Pre-clearing area: 1,238,360 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,235,001 ha (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (63%), NWH (37%) Land zones: 5 (64%), 7 (33%), 9 (2%), 11 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 400-1200 mm Typical landforms: Sandy and gravelly plains to low rises Typical soils: Red Kandosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Low open woodland Photo 213 Eucalyptus pruinosa, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Terminalia canescens low open woodland on level sand sheet overlying ferricrete surface, 2.7.5x50a. Lawn Hill Station, GUP. (HA Dillewaard) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus pruinosa usually dominates these low open woodlands. Corymbia terminalis and Eucalyptus leucophloia may sometimes be present as co-dominant trees. A sparse shrub layer may be present with frequent species being Carissa lanceolata, Acacia elachantha, Capparis lasiantha, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Alectryon oleifolius, Denhamia cunninghamii, Eremophila longifolia, Gossypium australe, Melaleuca viridiflora and Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla. Triodia pungens dominates the mid-dense ground layer at many sites. Frequently present tussock grasses are Chrysopogon fallax, Aristida pruinosa, A. ingrata, A. inaequiglumis, A. latifolia, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Eulalia aurea, Sporobolus australasicus, Panicum laevinode, Eriachne ciliata, Cenchrus pennisetiformis and Page 142 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Schizachyrium fragile. Frequent forbs are Bulbostylis barbata, Cleome viscosa, Abutilon otocarpum, Indigofera linifolia, I. linnaei, Streptoglossa decurrens, Evolvulus alsinoides, Hybanthus aurantiacus, Portulaca oleracea, Ptilotus fusiformis, Salsola australis and Sida fibulifera. Table 59 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 19c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 1.5.4x1a Eucalyptus pruinosa low open woodland 261,876 261,365 100 OC 2.5.12x6 Eucalyptus pruinosa, Grevillea striata, Atalaya hemiglauca and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii on plains and low rises derived from deeply weathered siltstones. 167,789 167,153 100 NC 2.7.5x50b Eucalyptus pruinosa, Corymbia setosa, Terminalia canescens, E. chlorophylla and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii in mixed low open woodlands on level sand sheets overlying broad, Tertiary lateritic surfaces. 116,249 116,193 100 NC 2.7.5x50a Eucalyptus pruinosa, Corymbia terminalis, E. chlorophylla and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii in mixed low open woodlands on level sand sheets overlying broad, Tertiary lateritic surfaces. 84,176 84,033 100 NC 2.5.12x4 Eucalyptus pruinosa and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii ± Melaleuca citrolens low open woodland on sand sheets on Tertiary lateritic plateau surfaces. 81,827 81,750 100 NC Photo 214 Eucalyptus pruinosa low open woodland on a Tertiary plateau. The ground layer is composed of sedges, tussock grasses and Triodia pungens, 2.5.12x6. Wurung Station, GUP (GW Wilson) Photo 215 Eucalyptus pruinosa low open woodland with a sparse shrub layer of Acacia hilliana and a ground layer of Triodia pungens, 1.9.7. Lawn Hill NP, NWH. (DT Kelman) Page 143 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 19d Low open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus persistens (or E. normantonensis (Normanton box), E. tardecidens, E. provecta) with Triodia spp. dominated ground layer, mainly on hills and ranges Pre-clearing area: 1,856,195 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,803,349 ha (97.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: EIU (43%), CHC (22%), MGD (15%), BRB (10%), GUP (5%), DEU (4%) Land zones: 7 (57%), 11 (35%), 12 (4%), 5 (3%) 4 (1%), 10 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 300-1000 mm Typical landforms: Steep to rolling metamorphic hills and rises in the Einasleigh Uplands, and slopes and plateau margins of residuals elsewhere Typical soils: Yellow Dermosols and Brown Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodland, low woodland to tall open shrubland Photo 216 Eucalyptus persistens woodland on low ridge, 9.11.5. South west of Greenvale, EIU. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: Eucalyptus persistens or E. tardecidens dominate the sparse canopy in the eastern bioregions, while E. normantonensis dominates the canopy in the western bioregions. Other trees such as E. crebra, E. exserta, Corymbia dallachiana, C. clarksoniana, Acacia shirleyi and Melaleuca stenostachya may be present as scattered trees in the canopy. A number of very sparsely scattered shrub species can occur, with Denhamia cunninghamii, Carissa lanceolata, Atalaya hemiglauca, Petalostigma banksii, P. pubescens, Eremophila mitchellii, Erythroxylum australe, Carissa ovata and Dolichandrone heterophylla the most frequent. The sparse ground layer is generally dominated by Triodia bitextura or T. longiceps in the inland areas, whereas the tussock grasses Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon Page 144 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland fallax, Heteropogon contortus, Paspalidium gracile, Enneapogon lindleyanus, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Aristida queenslandica var. queenslandica, Eriachne mucronata and Schizachyrium fragile dominate in eastern areas. Frequent forbs include Evolvulus alsinoides, Brunoniella australis, B. acaulis, Cyanthillium cinereum, Phyllanthus virgatus, P. fuernrohrii, Crotalaria medicaginea and Zornia muriculata subsp. angustata. Table 60 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 19d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 5.7.3 Eucalyptus normantonensis tall shrubland with Triodia spp. on slopes and plateau margins of residuals 403,697 402,506 100 NC 9.11.5 Eucalyptus persistens ± E. crebra woodland on low metamorphic hills 390,058 384,871 99 NC 4.7.2 Eucalyptus normantonensis tall open shrubland with Triodia spp. on plateau margins 288,359 285,002 99 NC 9.11.25 Eucalyptus tardecidens or E. chlorophylla ± Corymbia spp. ± E. cullenii low woodland on steep to rolling metamorphic hills and rises 192,894 191,446 99 NC 11.7.3 Eucalyptus persistens, Triodia mitchellii open woodland on stripped margins of Cainozoic lateritic duricrust 105,243 91,582 87 NC Photo 217 Eucalyptus normantonensis tall shrubland with Triodia spp., 5.7.3. Near Flodden Hills CHC. (D Richter) Photo 218 Acacia brachystachya and Eucalyptus normantonensis tall open shrubland with scattered Triodia longiceps. 4.7.2. Swords Range, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Page 145 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 20 Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) or C. intratropica (northern cypress pine) woodlands to open forests 20a Woodlands to open forests dominated by Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress pine) or C. intratropica (northern cypress pine) Pre-clearing area: 1,264,785 ha Remnant 2013 area: 877,431 ha (69.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (74%), MUL (20%), EIU (6%) Land zones: 10 (53%), 3 (35%), 12 (6%), 5 (6%) Mean annual rainfall range: 500-1000 mm Typical landforms: On Cainozoic alluvial plains and sediments derived from old alluvial levees and dunes Typical soils: Red Sodosols and Tenosols Structural formation range: Open forest to open woodland Photo 219 Callitris glaucophylla open forest, 11.5.4a. Thallon, west of Goondiwindi, BRB. (BA Wilson) Floristic characteristics: Callitris glaucophylla dominates the canopy in the southern bioregions, while C. intratropica dominates in the Einasleigh Uplands. Eucalyptus melanophloia, E. populnea, E. chloroclada, E. crebra, E. shirleyi, Corymbia clarksoniana, C. tessellaris or Angophora leiocarpa may be scattered in the canopy or as emergent trees. Lysicarpus angustifolius, Geijera parviflora and Allocasuarina luehmannii may form a sparse Page 146 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland subcanopy tree layer. A variety of sparsely scattered shrubs may occur with Eremophila longifolia, Acacia excelsa subsp. excelsa, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Notelaea microcarpa, Persoonia falcata and Petalostigma pubescens the most frequent species. The sparse ground layer includes the graminoids Thyridolepis mitchelliana, Paspalidium constrictum, Themeda triandra,, Cymbopogon refractus, Eragrostis lacunaria, Panicum effusum, Chrysopogon fallax, Aristida muricata, A. holathera, A. caput-medusae, A. calycina var. calycina, Digitaria brownii, Cyperus gracilis, Heteropogon contortus, Schizachyrium fragile, Ancistrachne uncinulata, Eremochloa bimaculata, Alloteropsis semialata, Enneapogon pallidus, Enteropogon acicularis and Eragrostis sororia. Frequent forbs include Chenopodium desertorum subsp. anidiophyllum, Sclerolaena birchii, Sida spp., Boerhavia dominii, Evolvulus alsinoides, Phyllanthus spp. and Einadia nutans subsp. nutans. Table 61 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 20a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.10.9 Callitris glaucophylla woodland on coarsegrained sedimentary rocks 516,982 383,632 74 NC 11.3.19 Callitris glaucophylla, Corymbia spp. and/or Eucalyptus melanophloia open forest to woodland on Cainozoic alluvial plains 237,895 92,586 39 NC 11.10.6 Angophora leiocarpa, Callitris glaucophylla open woodland on coarse-grained sedimentary rocks. Broad valleys 148,049 143,836 97 NC 6.3.17 Callitris glaucophylla, Corymbia tessellaris, Acacia excelsa ± C. clarksoniana open woodland on old alluvial dunes and sand plains 105,142 46,037 44 OC 6.3.16 Callitris glaucophylla, Acacia excelsa, Geijera parviflora ± Acacia aneura woodland on alluvial dunes 97,343 84,949 87 OC Photo 220 Angophora leiocarpa open woodland, 11.10.6. North of Mitchell, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Photo 221 Callitris glaucophylla, Acacia excelsa and Alstonia constricta woodland, on top of sand dunes, 6.3.16. Near Cunnamulla, MUL. (VJ Neldner) Page 147 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 21 Melaleuca spp. dry woodlands to open woodlands on sandplains or depositional plains 21a Low woodlands and low open woodlands dominated by Melaleuca viridiflora (coarse-leaved paperbark) on depositional plains Pre-clearing area: 4,454,326 ha Remnant 2013 area: 4,329,622 ha (97.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (63%), CYP (30%), BRB (2%), CQC (2%), EIU (1%), WET (1%), SEQ (1%) Land zones: 3 (69%), 5 (39%), 11 (1%), 10, 12 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-2000 mm Typical landforms: Alluvial plains, and flat to gently undulating sandplains Typical soils: Redoxic Hydrosols Structural formation range: Woodland, low woodland to low-open woodland Photo 222 Meleuca viridiflora low open woodland, 3.3.49b. Near Coen, CYP. (JR Clarkson) Floristic characteristics: Melaleuca viridiflora dominates the sparse to very sparse canopy. Corymbia clarksoniana and less often C. dallachiana or C. polycarpa may be present as emergent trees. The low tree/shrub layer is generally very sparse, and most frequently composed of M. viridiflora, M. stenostachya, Grevillea glauca, G. parallela, Petalostigma banksii, P. pubescens and Acacia leptocarpa. The mid-dense ground layer is frequented by the graminoids Themeda triandra, Eremochloa bimaculata, Schizachyrium fragile, Alloteropsis semialata, Eriachne spp., Aristida spp., Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, Ectrosia leporina, Sarga plumosum, Fimbristylis dichotoma, F. cinnamometorum, Chrysopogon fallax, Paspalidium distans, Eragrostis brownii and Paspalum scrobiculatum. The most frequent forbs Page 148 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland are Phyllanthus virgatus, Drosera petiolaris, Spermacoce spp., Rhynchosia spp., Desmodium spp., Xyris spp., Velleia spathulata, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Crotalaria montana, Brunoniella acaulis, Goodenia pilosa and Lomandra longifolia. Table 62 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 21a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.49b Melaleuca viridiflora low open woodland on low plains 845,061 841,188 100 NC 2.5.14a Melaleuca viridiflora ± Melaleuca citrolens, Melaleuca stenostachya, Acacia leptostachya, Erythrophleum chlorostachys low woodland on broad, gently undulating Tertiary sand sheets. 694,047 692,837 100 NC 2.5.15a Melaleuca viridiflora var. viridiflora ± M. citrolens, Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa woodland on level to gently undulating Tertiary sand sheets. 656,420 655,144 100 NC 2.3.28b Melaleuca viridiflora ± Melaleuca citrolens, M. stenostachya low woodland with emergent eucalypts on old alluvial plains (recent Pleistocene surface). 410,360 409,156 100 NC 2.3.28a Melaleuca viridiflora ± Melaleuca citrolens, M. stenostachya low woodland with emergent eucalypts on Quaternary alluvial plains and drainage depressions. 367,676 366,105 100 NC The broad leaf tea-tree (Melaleuca viridiflora) woodlands in high rainfall coastal north Queensland which is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 7.3.8a, 7.3.8b, 7.3.8c, 7.3.8d, 7.5.4g, 8.3.2, 8.5.2a, 8.5.2c and 8.5.6 from this BVG. Photo 223 Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland with emergent Cochlospermum gregorii on sand plain, 2.5.15a. Kutchera Station, GUP. (CN Appelman) Photo 224 Grass fire in Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland on alluvial plain, 3.3.49b. North of Hann River, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 149 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 21b Low open woodlands and tall shrublands of Melaleuca citrolens or M. stenostachya or other Melaleuca spp. Pre-clearing area: 2,319,811 ha Remnant 2013 area: 2,292,039 ha (98.8% pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (78%), CYP (11%), EIU (9%), DEU (2%), BRB (1%), SEQ (minor) Land zones: 5 (63%), 3 (19%), 7 (9%), 10 (4%), 11 (3%), 12 (1%), 8 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-1200 mm Typical landforms: Flat to gently undulating plains, sandplains and drainage areas. Also lateritic erosional slopes and breakaways. Typical soils: Redoxic Hydrosols, Yellow Kandosols Structural formation range: Woodland, low open woodland, to tall shrubland Photo 225 Melaleuca citrolens and Eucalyptus pruinosa low open woodland on sandy alluvial deposits, 2.5.13x1c. Escott Station, GUP. (HA Dillewaard) Floristic characteristics: Melaleuca citrolens dominates large areas of low woodland, sometimes with M. viridiflora or M. foliolosa. Other low woodlands maybe dominated by M. stenostachya, or Melaleuca acacioides or M. tamariscina or M. monantha. Sparse Terminalia platyptera, Corymbia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. may also be present in the low canopy or as emergent trees. M. bracteata, M. saligna and M. irbyana can dominate in seasonally inundated areas. Petalostigma banksii, Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa, Grevillea parallela and G. striata may be present as low trees. Carissa lanceolata, Gardenia vilhelmii, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Hakea pedunculata and Denhamia cunninghamii are frequent in the very sparse shrub layer. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the graminoids Schizachyrium fragile, Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon fallax, Sarga plumosum, Themeda triandra, Chloris lobata and species of Digitaria, Aristida, Fimbristylis, Eragrostis, Eriachne, Panicum and Rhynchospora. The most frequent forbs are Evolvulus alsinoides, Polycarpaea corymbosa Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides, Buchnera linearis, Cheilanthes spp., Spermacoce spp. and Phyllanthus spp. Page 150 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 63 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 21b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.5.15x3 Melaleuca citrolens, M. stenostachya, Terminalia platyptera, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, T. subacroptera in mixed low woodlands on broad, level Tertiary sand sheets. 431,517 428,702 99 NC 2.5.13x1c Melaleuca citrolens and/or Eucalyptus pruinosa and/or M. viridiflora ± E. tectifica, M. stenostachya low open woodland on level, old alluvial plains (early Pleistocene surface). 399,000 398,628 100 NC 2.5.14b Melaleuca citrolens ± M. viridiflora, Eucalyptus microneura, Terminalia platyptera low woodland on broad, gently undulating Tertiary sand sheets. 288,568 288,160 100 NC 2.5.15x1a Melaleuca stenostachya and/or M. citrolens ± Eucalyptus microneura, E. provecta, Acacia leptostachya low woodland on erosional Tertiary sand sheets. 148,364 147,161 99 NC 2.5.13x1a Melaleuca citrolens ± M. viridiflora, Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa, Terminalia canescens, Hakea arborescens on level sand sheets on broad Tertiary lateritic plains. 134,923 134,863 100 NC The Swamp Tea-tree (Melaleuca irbyana) Forest of Southeast Queensland which is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 12.3.3c and 12.9-10.11 from this BVG. Photo 226 Melaleuca citrolens and Grevillea pteridifolia low woodland on an alluvial flat, 3.3.52a. South of Laura, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 227 Melaleuca citrolens low open woodland with a sparse ground of Aristida spp., Eriachne spp. and Schizachyrium spp. on sandy soils, 9.12.40. North of Walsh River crossing, EIU. (GW Wilson) Photo 228 Melaleuca citrolens, M. stenostachya and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii low woodands with emergent Corymbia confertiflora, 2.5.15x3. Oak Park Station, GUP. (HA Dillewaard) Page 151 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 22 Melaleuca spp. open forests and woodlands on seasonally inundated lowland coastal swamps and fringing lines (Palustrine wetlands) 22a Open forests and woodlands dominated by Melaleuca quinquenervia (swamp paperbark) in seasonally inundated lowland coastal areas and swamps Pre-clearing area: 176,280 ha Remnant 2013 area: 82,523 ha (46.8 % of pre-clearing) Bioregions: SEQ (80%), WET (17%), CQC (2%), CYP (1%), BRB (minor) Land zones: 3 (77%), 2 (22%), 1 (1%), 11 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 1200-8000 mm Typical landforms: Coastal alluvial plains and sand plains, and dune swales Typical soils: Redoxic Hydrosols and Aquic Podosols Structural formation range: Open forest to woodland Photo 230 Melaleuca quinqinervia open forest, 12.3.4, Brown Lake, North Stradbroke Island, SEQ. (KM Stephens) Photo 229 Melaleuca quinqinervia open forest, 12.3.5, Winfield, SEQ. (C. Pennay) Page 152 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Floristic characteristics: Melaleuca quinquenervia dominates the mid-dense canopy. Occasionally Lophostemon suaveolens, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Casuarina glauca or Corymbia intermedia may be present in the canopy. Sparse shrubs are sometimes present and may include Acacia leiocalyx, A. disparrima subsp. disparrima, Alphitonia excelsa, Glochidion sumatranum, Banksia robur, Melastoma malabathricum subsp. malabathricum or Cupaniopsis anacardioides. The mid-dense ground layer is usually dominated by the graminoids Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Lepironia articulata, Leersia hexandra, Entolasia marginata, Baumea rubiginosa, Cyperus polystachyos, Schoenus brevifolius, Lomandra longifolia, Baloskion pallens, Phragmites australis and Dianella caerulea. Frequent forbs include Blechnum indicum, Parsonsia straminea, Pteridium esculentum, Lygodium microphyllum and Centella asiatica. Table 64 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 22a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 12.3.5 Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest on coastal alluvium 44,948 19,894 44 OC 12.3.6 Melaleuca quinquenervia, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Lophostemon suaveolens open forest on coastal alluvial plains 32,553 12,258 38 NC 12.2.7 Melaleuca quinquenervia or rarely M. dealbata open forest on sand plains 30,352 17,900 59 OC 7.3.5a Melaleuca quinquenervia open forest, woodland and shrubland, on poorly drained alluvial plains 23,611 10,811 46 E 12.3.4 Melaleuca quinquenervia, Eucalyptus robusta woodland on coastal alluvium 17,257 8,048 47 OC Photo 232 Melaleuca quinqinervia open forest, 12.3.6. West of Maryborough, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 231 Melaleuca quinqinervia open forest wetland, 8.3.13a. Werribee State Forest, CQC. (C Pennay) Page 153 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 22b Open forests and low open forests dominated by Melaleuca spp. (M. saligna, M. leucadendra (broad-leaved tea-tree), M. clarksonii or M. arcana (winti)) in seasonally inundated swamps Pre-clearing area: 220,180 ha Remnant 2013 area: 203,488 ha (92.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (78%), GUP (8%), CQC (5%), WET (4%), BRB (3%), DEU (1%) Land zones: 3 (85%), 2 (14%), 1 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-2000 mm Typical landforms: Drainage depressions and swamps on alluvial plains or dunes Typical soils: Redoxic Hydrosols Structural formation range: Open forest to woodland Photo 233 Melaleuca clarksonii woodland in depression, 3.3.41. Alice River, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Melaleuca leucadendra or M. quinquenervia or M. saligna dominate open forests in coastal situations, M. viridiflora or M. clarksonii dominate in inland situations. M. dealbata is dominant in dune swales, while M. arcana dominates in dune swamps on southern CYP. Lophostemon suaveolens may dominate some coastal swamps, and Eucalyptus robusta, Corymbia tessellaris and C. clarksoniana are sometimes present in the canopy. Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa and Livistona decora are sometimes present as subcanopy trees. Baeckea frutescens, Banksia robur, B. dentata, Calycopeplus casuarinoides, Leptospermum polygalifolium and Thryptomene oligandra are sometimes present as very Page 154 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland sparse shrubs. Frequent graminoids in the mid-dense ground layer include Imperata cylindrica, Leersia hexandra, Schoenus sparteus, Cyperus haspan subsp. juncoides, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Sporobolus virginicus, Gahnia sieberiana, Pseudoraphis spinescens, Paspalidium distans and species of Scleria, Eragrostis and Fimbristylis. Frequent forbs include Blechnum indicum, Gymnanthera oblonga, Centella asiatica, Ludwigia octovalvis and Acrostichum speciosum. Table 65 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 22b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.32 Melaleuca viridiflora ± M. saligna woodland in sinkholes and drainage depressions 55,433 55,421 100 NC 3.3.9 Lophostemon suaveolens open forest on streamlines, swamps and alluvial terraces 48,763 48,711 100 NC 3.3.14a Melaleuca saligna ± M. viridiflora, Lophostemon suaveolens woodland on drainage swamps 28,339 28,247 100 NC 3.3.41 Melaleuca clarksonii low open forest in swamps 16,732 16,718 100 NC 2.3.28x15 Melaleuca viridiflora and/or Melaleuca clarksonii ± Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa low woodland in seasonal swamps (wooded closed depressions) on gently undulating Tertiary sand sheets. 14,282 14,275 100 NC Photo 234 Melaleuca saligna open woodland on shallow depression, 3.3.14a, Oriners Station, CYP. (MJ Spry, DNRM) Photo 235 Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland on a lagoon, 2.3.28x15. Staaten River NP, GUP. (GW Wilson) Page 155 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 22c Open forests dominated by Melaleuca spp. (M. argentea (silver tea-tree), M. leucadendra (broad-leaved tea-tree), M. dealbata (swamp tea-tree) or M. fluviatilis), fringing major streams with Melaleuca saligna or M. bracteata (black tea-tree) in minor streams Pre-clearing area: 589,143 ha Remnant 2013 area: 550,271 ha (93.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (28%), GUP (26%), EIU (20%), BRB (15%), CQC (4%), DEU (2%), NWH (2%), WET (2%), SEQ (minor) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 800-3000 mm Typical landforms: Major streams and channels in the northern bioregions Typical soils: Rudosols and Leptic Tenosols Structural formation range: Fringing open forest to woodland Photo 236 Melaleuca fluviatilis lined sandy river bed, 9.3.13. Copperfield River crossing east of Kidston Mine, EIU. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics: Melaleuca leucadendra and/or M. fluviatilis dominate the mid-dense canopy. Lophostemon suaveolens, L. grandiflorus, Nauclea orientalis, Casuarina cunninghamiana and Acacia auriculiformis are frequently present in the canopy. Very sparse Corymbia tessellaris and Eucalyptus camaldulensis or E. tereticornis may be part of the canopy or emergent trees. A very sparse shrub/ low tree layer of Ficus opposita, Acacia holosericea, Alphitonia excelsa, Planchonia careya, Atalaya hemiglauca, Barringtonia acutangula and Scolopia braunii is sometime present. The ground layer is mid-dense and dominated by Heteropogon contortus, Cyperus aquatilis, Eragrostis spp., Paspalidium distans, Arundinella nepalensis, Panicum trichoides, Bothriochloa bladhii, Oplismenus aemulus, Sarga Page 156 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland plumosum, Imperata cylindrica and Paspalum scrobiculatum. Frequent forbs include Nelsonia campestris, Achyranthes aspera, Lomandra longifolia, Cyanthillium cinereum, Eustrephus latifolius, Phyllanthus virgatus, Dianella caerulea and Ludwigia octovalvis. Table 66 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 22c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.10a Melaleuca argentea and/or M. fluviatilis ± M. leucadendra open forest fringing streams and creeks 164,191 163,671 100 NC 2.3.24a Melaleuca fluviatilis and/or M. leucadendra and/or M. argentea, Eucalyptus camaldulensis ± Nauclea orientalis woodland on fringes and in channels of major watercourses. 109,421 109,326 100 OC 9.3.13 Melaleuca spp., Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Casuarina cunninghamiana fringing open forest on streams and channels 100,263 98,123 98 OC 11.3.25b Melaleuca leucadendra and/or M. fluviatilis, Nauclea orientalis, Pandanus tectorius, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Lophostemon suaveolens and rainforest species 77,088 62,106 81 OC 2.3.26x1b Melaleuca leucadendra, Melaleuca fluviatilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lophostemon grandiflorus in mixed woodlands fringing major, spring-fed watercourses. 29,953 29,939 100 OC Photo 237 Melaleuca argentea and M. leucadendra open forest, 3.3.10a. King River, King Junction station, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 238 Melaleuca leucadendra and Lophostemon suaveolens open forest with riparian rainforest understorey, 8.3.3a. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, CQC. (JM Brushe) Page 157 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 23 Acacia aneura (mulga) woodlands to tall open shrublands on red earth plains, sandplains or residuals 23a Woodlands to low woodlands dominated by Acacia aneura on red earth plains or sandplains (soft mulga) Pre-clearing area: 7,759,565 ha Remnant 2013 area: 5,635,348 ha (72.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MUL (78%), CHC (14%), MGD (4%), NWH (2%) Land zones: 5 (81%), 6 (16%), 3 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-600 mm Typical landforms: Flat sand plains, run-on areas and sand dunes Typical soils: Red Kandosols Structural formation range: Open forest in the east, ranging through to tall open shrubland in the west. The structural form and height reduces, as annual rainfall decreases. Photo 239 Acacia aneura tall shrubland on red earth, 6.5.7. Near Bollon, MUL. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: The dominant layer is mostly dominated by Acacia aneura in either a tree or shrub lifeform. Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia or E. intertexta or Corymbia terminalis or C. aparrerinja may be present in the canopy or occur as scattered emergent trees. In some cases A. aneura is co-dominant with Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Archidendropsis basaltica (eastern dead-finish) or other tree species. A sparse to open shrub layer is often present with Eremophila, Acacia and Senna species frequently recorded. The ground layer is generally dominated by the tussock grasses Thyridolepis mitchelliana, Paraneurachne muelleri, Digitaria brownii, and species of Aristida, Enneapogon and Eragrostis. Triodia pungens may dominate in some areas. Frequent forbs are Sida platycalyx, Page 158 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Solanum quadriloculatum, Abutilon otocarpum, Evolvulus alsinoides, Heliotropium tenuifolium, Sclerolaena cornishiana, Sida filiformis, Bonamia media and Cheilanthes sieberi. Table 67 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 23a. RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) 5.6.4 Atalaya hemiglauca ± Acacia aneura ± Acacia spp. ± Corymbia terminalis tall open shrubland on sand dunes 1,063,963 1,063,752 100 NC 6.5.7 Acacia aneura, Eucalyptus populnea ± E. intertexta low woodland on run-on areas 837,476 496,151 59 NC 6.5.1 Acacia aneura, Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia open forest on undulating lowlands 734,743 268,811 37 OC 6.5.15a Acacia aneura and Eucalyptus populnea tall open shrubland on sand plains 620,115 541,296 87 NC 6.5.2 Eucalyptus populnea, Acacia aneura and/or E. melanophloia woodland on Quaternary sediments 597,785 200,407 34 NC Photo 240 Acacia aneura open forest with Eucalyptus melanophloia and E. populnea emergents, 6.5.1. NE of St George, MUL. (VJ Neldner) % remaining Status Photo 241 Acacia aneura and Eucalyptus melanophloia open forest on red earth, 6.5.2. South of Mitchell, MUL. (VJ Neldner) Photo 242 Reticulated dune fields of Atalaya hemiglauca and Acacia aneura tall open shrubland, 5.6.4. Near Lake Cuddapan, CHC. (N Cuff) Photo 243 Acacia aneura with Corymbia aparrerinja tall shrubland on sandplain, 5.5.1. Near Windorah, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Page 159 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 23b Tall shrublands to low open woodlands dominated by Acacia aneura on shallow red earth plains (hard mulga) Pre-clearing area: 5,094,787 ha Remnant 2013 area: 4,764,130ha (93.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MUL (65%), CHC (34%), MGD (1%), DEU (minor) Land zones: 7 (65%), 5 (35%) Mean annual rainfall range: 300-600 mm Typical landforms: Residual plateaus and shallow sand sheets Typical soils: Red Kandosols and Rudosols Structural formation range: Predominantly tall shrublands through to tall open shrublands. Some low open woodlands and open tussock grasslands in some areas Photo 244 Acacia aneura tall open shrubland with Triodia burkensis understorey, 4.5.3. De Little Range, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: The dominant layer is mostly dominated by Acacia aneura tall shrubs. Acacia sibirica or A. clivicola (bastard mulga) are frequently present in the canopy together with Eremophila latrobei. Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box), E. melanophloia (silverleaf ironbark) or Corymbia terminalis (western bloodwood) may be present as scattered emergent trees. A sparse to open shrub layer is often present with Eremophila, Acacia and Senna species frequently being present. The ground layer is generally dominated by sparse tussock grasses of Aristida, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Enneapogon, Eriachne and Panicum species, Dactyloctenium radulans, Tripogon loliiformis and in places, Triodia pungens. Frequent forbs include Sida filiformis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Hibiscus burtonii, Calotis xanthosioidea, C. cuneifolia, Euphorbia drummondii, Phyllanthus virgatus, Portulaca australis, Streptoglossa odora, Abutilon otocarpum and Cheilanthes sieberi. Page 160 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 68 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 23b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 6.7.12 Acacia aneura ± Eucalyptus populnea ± E. melanophloia ± Eremophila gilesii tall shrubland on residuals 1,457,984 1,220,540 84 NC 6.7.9 Acacia aneura ± A. clivicola ± Eremophila latrobei tall open shrubland on residuals 1,391,590 1,353,459 97 NC 5.5.2 Acacia aneura ± Acacia sibirica ± Eremophila latrobei tall shrubland on Quaternary deposits 928,595 927,480 100 NC 5.5.1 Acacia aneura low woodland on Quaternary deposits 714,679 709,538 99 OC 6.7.17 Eriachne mucronata open grassland wooded with Acacia aneura and/or Corymbia terminalis on plains or flat tops of residuals 288,830 277,863 96 NC Photo 245 Acacia aneura low woodland on gently undulating terrain, 10.7.6x2. Towerhill Station, south of Prairie, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Photo 246 Eriachne mucronata open tussock grassland withscattered Corymbia terminalis trees, 6.7.17a. West of Charleville , MUL. (VJ Neldner) Page 161 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 24 Acacia spp. low woodlands to tall shrublands on residuals. Species include A. clivicola/ A. sibirica (bastard mulga), A. shirleyi (lancewood), A. microsperma (bowyakka), A. catenulata (bendee), Acacia rhodoxylon (rosewood) 24a Low woodlands to tall shrublands dominated by Acacia spp. on residuals. Species include A. shirleyi (lancewood), A. catenulata (bendee), A. microsperma (bowyakka), A. clivicola, A. sibirica (bastard mulga), A. rhodoxylon (rosewood) and A. leptostachya (Townsville wattle) Pre-clearing area: 6,913,670 ha Remnant 2013 area: 6,444,796 ha (93.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MUL (31%), CHC (26%), BRB (16%), GUP (12%), EIU (5%), MGD (5%), DEU (3%), NWH (2%), CYP (minor) Land zones: 7 (68%), 10 (16%), 5 (11%), 12 (3%), 11 (3%), 9, 3 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 300-1200 mm Typical landforms: Crests and scarps of residual ranges. Typical soils: Shallow, rocky Rudosols Structural formation range: Low woodland to tall shrubland Photo 247 Acacia shirleyi low open woodland with Triodia sp. on scarp slopes, 5.7.2. Lark Quarry near Winton, CHC. (D Richter) Floristic characteristics: The canopy tends to be dominated by one or two species at a location. Dominant species include Acacia shirleyi, A. catenulata, A. microsperma, A. clivicola, A. sibirica, A. petraea, A. ensifolia, A. rhodoxylon and A. leptostachya. Frequently occasional emergent Eucalyptus thozetiana or E. exserta may be present. A sparse to open shrub layer is often present, with a very sparse ground layer, sometimes consisting of Triodia species. Page 162 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 69 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 24a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 6.7.14 Acacia clivicola ± Eucalyptus spp. open shrubland on crests and tops of residuals 977,898 955,097 98 NC 5.7.5 Acacia sibirica open shrubland with Triodia spp. ± Acacia aneura ± Acacia shirleyi open shrubland on crests and tops of ranges 683,895 683,334 100 NC 11.7.2 Acacia spp. woodland on Cainozoic lateritic duricrust. Scarp retreat zone 567,156 370,581 65 NC 6.7.7 Acacia catenulata ± Eucalyptus thozetiana and/or A. ensifolia low open woodland with Triodia spp. and/or A. petraea ± A. aneura on scarps and plateaus 439,820 413,061 94 NC 5.5.4 Acacia sibirica +/- Acacia aneura +/- Eucalyptus spp. open shrubland on Quaternary sediments 428,017 427,716 100 NC Photo 248 Acacia clivicola with emergent Acacia aneura open shrubland on residual, 6.7.14. NE of Jundah, MUL. (VJ Neldner) Photo 250 Acacia sibirica open shrubland with emergent Corymbia aparrerinja and A. aneura, 5.7.5. Near Flodden Hills, CHC. Photo 249 Acacia petraea with Triodia longiceps low open woodland, 6.7.7a. West of Jundah, MUL. (VJ Neldner) Photo 251 Acacia catenulata, Eucalyptus bakeri and E. exserta woodland, 11.7.2. Thomby Range, east of Surat, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Page 163 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 24b Open shrublands dominated by Senna spp. on calcareous residuals Pre-clearing area: 417,893 ha Remnant 2013 area: 416,944 ha (99.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MGD (69%), CHC (26%), NWH (5%) Land zones: 9 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: Predominantly 300-500 mm Typical landforms: Flat to gently undulating tabletops, residuals and foot slopes of limestone deposits Typical soils: Calcarosols and Rudosols Structural formation range: Shrubland to open shrubland Photo 252 Senna spp. open shrubland on limestone ranges, 5.9.1. Hunters Gorge, Diamantina NP, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii, and/or S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla, and/or Senna artemisioides subsp. sturtii dominate the sparse shrub canopy. Gossypium australe, Acacia tetragonophylla, A. bivenosa, Carissa lanceolata, and Eremophila latrobei subsp. glabra are frequently present in the shrub layer. Occasional low trees of Corymbia terminalis, Ventilago viminalis, Acacia georginae and Atalaya hemiglauca may be present as emergents. The ground layer is either dominated by Triodia longiceps, or sparse tussock grasses of Enneapogon polyphyllus, Panicum decompositum var. decompositum, Aristida latifolia, A. longicollis, A. contorta and A. holathera. The most frequent forbs are Heliotropium tenuifolium, Melhania oblongifolia, Salsola australis, Scaevola ovalifolia, Sida filiformis, Solanum quadriloculatum, Evolvulus alsinoides, Trichodesma zeylanicum var. zeylanicum, Abutilon leucopetalum, Hybanthus aurantiacus and Indigofera linifolia. Page 164 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 70 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 24b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 4.9.13 Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii ± S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla ± Acacia georginae ± Acacia spp. open shrubland on tops and footslopes of Cambrian limestone residuals 244,072 243,369 100 NC 5.9.1 Senna spp., Eremophila spp. ± Acacia tetragonophylla open shrubland on limestone 84,935 84,923 100 NC 4.9.13b Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii, S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla, Eremophila spp., Acacia bivenosa, A. sibirica shrublands on Cambrian limestone and dolomite landscapes 44,394 44,242 100 NC 5.9.2 Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii ± S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla ± Acacia georginae open shrubland on limestone 22,134 22,134 100 NC 4.9.13a Senna artemisioides subsp. helmsii, S. artemisioides subsp. oligophylla, Acacia chisholmii, A. bivenosa, Eremophila spp. shrublands on Cambrian limestone low hills 12,910 12,828 99 NC Photo 253 Senna helmsii, S. oligophylla, Eremophila freelingii and Acacia stowardii open shrubland on residual slopes, 4.9.13. Near Glenormiston Homestead, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Photo 254 Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla, Carryana Station, CHC. (D Richter) Photo 255 Senna spp. shrubland on residual limestone, 1.9.1x4. West of Dajarra, NWH. (VJ Neldner) Page 165 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 25 Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) sometimes with Casuarina cristata (belah) open forests to woodlands on heavy clay soils 25a Open forests to woodlands dominated by Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) sometimes with Casuarina cristata (belah) on heavy clay soils. Includes areas codominated with A. cambagei (gidgee) and/or emergent eucalypts Pre-clearing area: 10,183,351 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,275,146 ha (12.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (87%), MUL (8%), MGD (2%), DEU (2%), SEQ (1%). Formerly covered 24% of the BRB bioregion. Land zones: 4 (41%), 9 (39%), 3 (12%), 11 (4%), 7 (3%), 12 (1%), 5, 8 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: Predominantly 500-1000 mm Typical landforms: Predominantly gently undulating to rolling plains Typical soils: Grey and Black Vertosols Structural formation range: Open forest in the east, ranging through to woodland in the west. Photo 256 Acacia harpophylla and Casuarina cristata open forest with Eremophila mitchelli and Geijera parviflora shrub layer, 11.9.5. Arcadia Valley, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Acacia harpophylla is generally the dominant tree, with Casuarina cristata often co-dominant. Eucalyptus cambageana is sometimes present as an emergent tree. Eremophila mitchellii, Geijera parviflora, Alectryon oleifolius, A. diversifolius, Ehretia membranifolia and Carissa ovata are frequent shrubs. The most frequent graminoids in the sparse ground layer are Paspalidium caespitosum, P. distans, Sporobolus caroli, S. scabridus Enteropogon acicularis, Ancistrachne uncinulata, Cyperus gracilis, Cymbopogon refractus, Page 166 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Eragrostis lacunaria, Aristida personata, and Eriochloa pseudoacrotricha. Enchylaena tomentosa, Abutilon oxycarpum, Brunoniella australis, Capparis lasiantha, Nyssanthes erecta, Clematicissus opaca, Einadia nutans, Commelina diffusa and Evolvulus alsinoides are frequent forbs. Table 71 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 25a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) 11.9.5 Acacia harpophylla and/or Casuarina cristata open forest on fine-grained sedimentary rocks 1,922,432 11.4.3 Acacia harpophylla and/or Casuarina cristata shrubby open forest on Cainozoic clay plains 11.3.1 Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 141,774 7 E 1,548,281 74,781 5 E Acacia harpophylla and/or Casuarina cristata open forest on alluvial plains 780,691 81,014 10 E 11.4.9 Acacia harpophylla shrubby woodland with Terminalia oblongata on Cainozoic clay plains 757,834 82,440 11 E 11.4.8 Eucalyptus cambageana woodland to open forest with Acacia harpophylla or A. argyrodendron on Cainozoic clay plains 722,844 70,184 10 E The Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla dominant and co-dominant) ecological community which is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 6.4.2, 11.3.1, 11.4.3, 11.4.7, 11.4.8, 11.4.9, 11.4.10, 11.5.16, 11.9.1, 11.9.5, 11.9.6, 11.11.14, 11.12.21, 12.8.23, 12.9-19.6 and 12.12.26 from this BVG. Photo 257 Acacia harpophylla woodland with a tall shrub layer dominated by Eremophila mitchellii and Geijera parviflora,11.4.3. Yuleba SF, BRB. (RE Niehus) Photo 258 Acacia harpophylla open forest,11.9.5. West of Injune, BRB. (VJ Neldner) Photo 259 Acacia harpophylla woodland, 11.9.5. Castlevale station, north of Mitchell, BRB. (WJF McDonald) Page 167 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 26 Acacia cambagei (gidgee) / A. georginae (Georgina gidgee) / A. argyrodendron (blackwood) open forests to tall shrublands 26a Open forests to tall shrublands dominated by Acacia cambagei (gidgee) or A. georginae (Georgina gidgee) or A. argyrodendron (blackwood) Pre-clearing area: 8,772,049 ha Remnant 2013 area: 6,720,777 ha (76.6 % of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MGD (35%), MUL (18%), CHC (21%), BRB (7%), DEU (8%), GUP (5%), NWH (6%), EIU (1%). Land zones: 9 (45%), 3 (27%), 4 (9%), 6 (8%), 5 (7%), 7 (4%), 8 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-800 mm Typical landforms: Predominantly gently undulating to rolling plains Typical soils: Grey and Black Vertosols, and Sodosols Structural formation range: Woodland in the east, ranging through to low woodland and tall shrubland in the west. Photo 260 Acacia cambagei tall open shrubland, 4.9.16. East of Stonehenge, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Acacia cambagei is the dominant tree, with A. georginae sometimes dominating in the west, and A. argyrodendron in the northeast. Scattered emergent Eucalyptus trees are sometimes present. A sparse to open shrub layer is often present with Enchylaena tomentosa, Eremophila and Senna species. Frequent grasses include Chloris pectinata, Dactyloctenium radulans, Enneapogon, Eragrostis, Paspalidium, Sporobolus spp., and Tripogon loliiformis. Frequent forb species include Abutilon leucopetalum, Boerhavia, Euphorbia, Heliotropium spp. Evolvulus alsinoides and Salsola australis. Page 168 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 72 Six most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 26a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 4.9.16 Acacia cambagei ± scattered shrub species including Santalum lanceolatum and Eremophila mitchellii tall open shrubland 910,254 621,084 68 NC 4.9.11 Acacia cambagei low woodland with scattered shrubs such as Eremophila mitchellii and Geijera parviflora on fresh Cretaceous sediments 778,383 234,100 30 OC 5.6.2 Acacia georginae / Acacia cambagei, Eremophila obovata ± Eremophila macdonnellii tall shrubland on clay plains between sand dunes 614,414 613,937 100 NC 5.9.2x1 Acacia cambagei tall shrubland with Eragrostis xerophila, Sporobolus actinocladus on sediments on undulating plains 575,947 561,043 97 NC 6.3.6 Acacia cambagei low woodland on braided channels or alluvial plains 498,993 464,920 93 NC 6.3.4 Acacia cambagei ± Eucalyptus ochrophloia woodland on alluvium 408,942 355,291 87 NC Photo 261 Acacia cambagei tall shrubland with Eremophila mitchellii understorey on sandplain, 4.9.11. South of Tarcombe Homestead, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Photo 262 Acacia cambagei low woodland on alluvium, 2.3.7b. Near Talawanta Homestead, GUP. (GW Wilson) Photo 263 Acacia georginae tall open shrubland with Eremophila obovata low shrubs on sandplain, 5.6.2. West of Glenormiston, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Photo 264 Acacia cambagei and Eucalyptus ochrophloia woodland, 6.3.4. NW of Cunnamulla. (VJ Neldner) Page 169 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 27 Mixed species woodlands to open woodlands (Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Lysiphyllum spp., Acacia tephrina (boree), wooded downs 27a Low open woodlands dominated by a variety of species including Acacia tephrina (boree), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood), Ventilago viminalis (supplejack) and Lysiphyllum spp. Pre-clearing area: 3,010,143 ha Remnant 2013 area: 2,799,042 ha (93.0% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MGD (95%), GUP (1%), BRB(1%), NWH (1%), DEU (1%), CYP, EIU (minor) Land zones: 9 (93%), 3 (6%), 5 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: Predominantly 400-800 mm Typical landforms: Gently undulating to level plains on Cretaceous sediments and alluvia Typical soils: Brown Vertosols Structural formation range: Low open woodland to wooded open tussock grassland Photo 265 Acacia crombei low open woodland on sandy rise in background. Eulalia aurea tussock grassland in depression in foreground. 4.9.8. South of Beryl Homestead, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Low open woodlands dominated by a variety of species including Acacia tephrina, Atalaya hemiglauca, Ventilago viminalis Archidendropsis basaltica, Terminalia spp., Acacia spp., Lysiphyllum carronii or L. gilvum. Corymbia terminalis is frequently present as well. Shrubs are very sparse with Carissa lanceolata, Capparis lasiantha and Eremophila mitchellii the most frequent species. The sparse ground layer is dominate by the grasses Aristida latifolia, Sporobolus australasicus, S. actinocladus, Brachyachne convergens, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Eulalia aurea, Chrysopogon fallax, Iseilema vaginiflorum, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Astrebla lappacea, A. squarrosa, A. pectinata Dactyloctenium Page 170 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland radulans, Enneapogon avenaceus and Heteropogon contortus. The most frequent forbs are Rhynchosia minima, Sida fibulifera, S. trichopoda, Salsola australis, Portulaca oleracea, Boerhavia spp., Achyranthes aspera, Evolvulus alsinoides, Neptunia gracilis, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, Sclerolaena bicornis and Solanum esuriale. Table 73 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 27a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) 4.9.8 Astrebla spp. grassland wooded with Atalaya hemiglauca ± Alectryon oleifolius ± Flindersia maculosa on Cretaceous sediments 1,318,977 1,293,036 98 NC 4.9.7 Astrebla spp. grassland wooded with Acacia tephrina ± A. cambagei and Atalaya hemiglauca on Cretaceous sediments 707,628 644,329 91 NC 4.9.7a Acacia tephrina low woodland 572,187 486,894 85 NC 4.9.18 Archidendropsis basaltica and mixed species including Ventilago viminalis and Lysiphyllum carronii on Cretaceous sediments 151,902 140,108 92 NC 4.3.10 Corymbia terminalis ± Lysiphyllum gilvum and Acacia victoriae low open woodland on alluvium 74,616 74,610 100 NC Photo 266 Acacia tephrina low open woodland with Astrebla lappacea dominated ground layer, 4.9.7a. NW of Yaraka, MGD. (VJ Neldner) % remaining Status Photo 267 Astrebla spp.tusock grassland wooded with Atalaya hemiglauca and Acacia cambagei, 4.9.7a. Near Longreach, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Photo 268 Corymbia terminalis, C. aparreninja with Grevillea striata open woodland, 4.3.10. Moonah Creek, SW of Mt Isa, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Page 171 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 27b Low woodlands of a variety of species including Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Grevillea striata (beefwood), Atalaya hemiglauca (whitewood) occurring on sandplains. (Bylong land system) Pre-clearing area: 1,061,556 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,045,579 ha (98.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (65%), NWH (26%), MGD (9%) Land zones: 5 (94%), 9 (5%), 3 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600-800 mm Typical landforms: Flat to gently undulating sand plains Typical soils: Red and Brown Kandosols Structural formation range: Low woodland to low open woodland Photo 269 Mixed low woodland dominated by Lysiphyllum sp. with Atalaya hemiglauca, Archidendropsis basaltica and Terminalia aridicola on Tertiary sand sheets. ("Bylong forest"), 2.5.1a. NW of Richmond, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: The very sparse low tree canopy is frequently a mixture of Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea striata, Ventilago viminalis and Corymbia terminalis. Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca spp. and Terminalia spp. may also be present in the canopy. The very sparse shrub layer frequently has Carissa lanceolata, Capparis lasiantha, Acacia cambagei, A. holosericea, Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides, Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla, Gossypium australe, Melaleuca nervosa and M. viridiflora frequently occurring. The sparse ground layer is dominated by the grasses Chrysopogon fallax, Heteropogon contortus, Eulalia aurea, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Aristida ingrata, A. latifolia, A. contorta, A. inaequiglumis, A. hygrometrica, Sporobolus australasicus, Bothriochloa ewartiana, Perotis rara and Page 172 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Dactyloctenium radulans. Frequent forbs include Cleome viscosa, Indigofera linifolia, Achyranthes aspera, Evolvulus alsinoides, Indigofera linnaei, Salsola australis, Waltheria indica and Boerhavia spp. Table 74 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 27b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.5.1a Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Atalaya hemiglauca, Eucalyptus microneura, Grevillea striata and Erythrophleum chlorostachys in mixed woodlands on undulating Tertiary sand sheets 341,611 329,654 96 NC 1.5.6 Atalaya hemiglauca, Ventilago viminalis, Grevillea striata low open woodland on red earth plains 284,931 284,458 100 OC 2.5.1b Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Terminalia spp., Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Melaleuca nervosa and Corymbia confertiflora in mixed low woodlands on Quaternary residual sand sheets, commonly overlying Tertiary clay plains. 279,434 278,981 100 NC 2.5.1e Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and/or Lysiphyllum carronii ± Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea striata, Eucalyptus microneura on Quaternary residual sand sheets. 51,428 48,676 95 NC 4.9.14x41 Atalaya hemiglauca, Ventilago viminalis, Grevillea striata, Acacia cambagei, Vachellia sutherlandii in mixed low open woodlands on Tertiary clay plains 50,681 50,668 100 NC Photo 271 Atalaya hemiglauca, Ventilago viminalis and Grevillea striata low open woodland on red earth plains, 1.5.6. East of Duchess, NWH. (VJ Neldner) Photo 270 Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Melaleuca nervosa woodland with occasional Terminalia platyptera on late Tertiary sand deposit (Bylong forest), 2.5.1b. Claraville Station, GUP. (HA Dillewaard) Page 173 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 27c Low open woodlands dominated by a variety of species including Grevillea striata (beefwood), Acacia spp., Terminalia spp. or Cochlospermum spp. Pre-clearing area: 470,639 ha Remnant 2013 area: 454,306 ha (96.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: NWH (46%), EIU (29%), DEU (12%), GUP (11%), BRB (2%) Land zones: 9 (48%), 12 (30%), 3 (15%), 5 (4%), 11 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: 400-1000 mm Typical landforms: Rocky limestone hills, relict sand plains, alluvial plains Typical soils: Calcarosols and Rudosols Structural formation range: Low open woodland to tall open shrubland Photo 272 Terminalia oblongata low woodland on cracking clay soil on an undulating plain, 2.9.3a. Near Wrotham Park Homestead, GUP. (GW Wilson) Floristic characteristics: The very sparse canopy is a mixture of these frequently occurring low trees Terminalia aridicola, Eremophila mitchellii, Atalaya hemiglauca, Lysiphyllum carronii, L. cunninghamii, Corymbia terminalis, Grevillea striata, Cochlospermum gillivraei, C. gregorii, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Flindersia maculosa and Acacia excelsa. The very sparse shrub layer frequently includes Carissa lanceolata, Petalostigma banksii, P. pubescens, Psydrax oleifolia, Denhamia cunninghamii, Santalum lanceolatum, Capparis lasiantha, Clerodendrum floribundum, Gardenia vilhelmii and Grevillea mimosoides. Graminoids such as Fimbristylis dichotoma, Schizachyrium fragile, Sporobolus actinocladus, S. australasicus, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Tripogon loliiformis, Dactyloctenium radulans, Chrysopogon fallax, Oxychloris Page 174 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland scariosa, Bothriochloa ewartiana and Aristida latifolia frequently dominate the ground layer. Frequent forbs include Evolvulus alsinoides, Sida fibulifera, Portulaca oleracea, P. australis, Trianthema triquetra, Salsola australis, Abutilon otocarpum, Alternanthera micrantha and Solanum esuriale. Table 75 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 27c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 1.9.4 Mixed shrubby woodland on rocky limestone hills 201,231 200,593 100 NC 9.12.36a Cochlospermum gregorii or C. gillivraei ± Terminalia spp. ± Erythrophleum chlorostachys low open woodland on rocky outcrops 136,558 136,130 100 NC 2.9.3a Terminalia platyphylla, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Corymbia confertiflora and Terminalia platyptera deciduous low open woodland on undulating mudstone/siltstone plains 22,137 22,050 100 OC 2.3.29x2b Excoecaria parvifolia, Melaleuca acacioides, Eucalyptus microtheca, Casuarina cunninghamiana and Atalaya hemiglauca in mixed tall open shrublands on coastal alluvial surfaces. 16,660 16,647 100 OC 1.11.1x1 Corymbia terminalis and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii low open woodland on folded limestones 15,568 15,568 100 NC Photo 273 Cochlospermum gregorii, Corymbia peltata and Pleiogynium timorense open woodland on rocky granite hills, 9.12.36a. Near Kidston Mine Dam, EIU. (CPF Kahler) Photo 274 Corymbia terminalis and Lysiphyllum cunninghamii low open woodland with a mixed shrub layer and a ground layer of Enneapogon spp., 1.11.1x1. Gregory Downs Station, NWH. (DT Kelman) Page 175 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 28 Open forests to open woodlands in coastal locations. Dominant species such as Casuarina spp., Corymbia spp., Allocasuarina spp. (she-oak), Acacia spp., Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp box), Asteromyrtus spp., Neofabricia myrtifolia 28a Complex of open shrublands to closed shrublands, grasslands, low woodlands and open forests, on strand and foredunes. Includes pure stands of Casuarina equisetifolia (coastal she-oak) Pre-clearing area: 120,341 ha Remnant 2013 area: 115,728 ha (96.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (71%), SEQ (23%), BRB (2%), CYP (2%), WET (1%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 2 (95%), 1 (5%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1000 mm Typical landforms: Foredunes and beach ridges Typical soils: Arenic Rudosols Structural formation range: (1) Bare area, open hummock grassland to open herbland; (2) & (3) Woodland to low woodland Photo 275 Corymbia bella low woodland on Quaternary coastal dunes, 2.2.2a. Near Inkerman Station, GUP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: (1) The sparse herbland frequently contains Spinifex sericeus, Thuarea involuta, Sporobolus virginicus, Lepturus repens, Euphorbia tannensis subsp. tannensis, Tribulus cistoides, Canavalia rosea, Salsola australis and Sesuvium portulacastrum. Page 176 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland (2) Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana generally dominates the sparse canopy. C. glauca may dominate in some areas of SEQ bioregion. Shrubs are generally very sparse and may include Argusia argentea, Wollastonia biflora, Scaevola taccada, Abutilon albescens and Ficus opposita. The ground layer is sparse to mid-dense and is dominated by grasses such as Thuarea involuta, Eragrostis interrupta, Lepturus repens, Spinifex sericeus, Cenchrus echinatus and Sporobolus virginicus, and forbs such as Euphorbia tannensis subsp. tannensis, Achyranthes aspera, Tribulus cistoides, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis and Carpobrotus glaucescens. (3) Corymbia bella or Grevillea striata or Hakea arborescens or Melaleuca viridiflora may occur in a sparse low woodland in GUP bioregion. Acacia holosericea, M. leucadendra and Petalostigma pubescens may also be present in the canopy. Flueggea virosa, F. leucopyrus, Diospyros geminata, Grewia retusifolia and Alphitonia excelsa are sometimes present in the very sparse shrub layer. Frequently occurring graminoids in the sparse ground layer are Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon elongatus, C. fallax, Perotis rara, Aristida holathera, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Schizachyrium fragile, Alloteropsis semialata, Ectrosia schultzii, Eragrostis cumingii and Eriachne mucronata. Frequent forbs are Waltheria indica, Breynia oblongifolia, Evolvulus alsinoides, Hybanthus enneaspermus, Crotalaria brevis, Desmodium filiforme, Galactia tenuiflora, Jasminum molle, Phyllanthus virgatus, Nelsonia campestris, Sida acuta and S. cordifolia. Table 76 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 28a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.2.2a Corymbia bella ± C. polycarpa, C. confertiflora, Grevillea striata and Pandanus sp. woodland on Quaternary coastal beach ridges and dunes. 63,696 63,540 100 NC 12.2.14 Foredune complex 21,852 21,036 96 NC 2.2.2x3 Chrysopogon elongatus, Eriachne spp., Aristida spp., Oryza and Ophiuros spp. in mixed tussock grasslands on coastal beach ridges and dunes 9,606 9,604 100 NC 2.2.1 Beaches and foredunes 6,615 6,128 93 OC 2.2.2 Secondary dunes and swales 5,883 5,816 99 NC Photo 276 Spinifex sericeus and Ipomoea pes-capre closed tussock grassland, 8.2.1. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Five Rocks Beach, CQC. (VJ Neldner) Photo 277 Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana woodland, 12.2.14b. Heron Island, Capricornia Cays NP, SEQ. (DA Halford) Page 177 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 28b Open forests to woodlands dominated by Acacia crassicarpa (brown salwood) or other Acacia spp. with Syzygium spp., Corymbia spp. and/or Parinari nonda (parinari) Pre-clearing area: 98,561 ha Remnant 2013 area: 90,903 ha (92.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (70%), BRB (21%), CQC (7%), WET (2%) Land zones: 2 (96%), 3 (4%) Mean annual rainfall range: More than 1600 mm Typical landforms: Beach ridges and coastal dunes Typical soils: Bleached Orthic Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland to open forest Photo 278 Acacia torulosa and Syzygium suborbiculare low open forest in swale between old dunes, 3.2.10b. Near Ninian Bay, Cape Melville NP, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Acacia crassicarpa is a consistent and usually dominant component of the sparse and discontinuous canopy (6-20m tall). Syzygium suborbiculare, Parinari nonda, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Pleiogynium timorense, Terminalia muelleri, Allocasuarina littoralis, Acacia platycarpa and A. torulosa are frequent trees in the canopy. Corymbia tessellaris may be present as scattered emergents or form part of the canopy. A sparse to middense shrub layer may include heath species such as Lithomyrtus obtusa, Leptospermum neglectum, Ricinocarpos pinifolius, Leucopogon leptospermoides or Acacia oraria, Planchonia careya, Alphitonia excelsa, Exocarpos latifolius, Senna surattensis and Dodonaea viscosa. The sparse ground layer may include Caustis recurvata, Trachystylis stradbrokensis, Page 178 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Schoenus ornithopodioides, S. calostachyus, Eriachne insularis, E. pallescens, Bulbostylis barbata, Setaria surgens, Perotis rara, Aristida holathera, Cymbopogon refractus and Panicum spp. Frequent forbs include Cassytha filiformis, Hibiscus meraukensis, Indigofera hirsuta, Phyllanthus virgatus, Xenostegia tridentata, Achyranthes aspera, Anisomeles malabarica, Blumea saxatilis and Bonamia media. Table 77 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 28b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.2.5a Acacia crassicarpa +/- Syzygium suborbiculare +/- Parinari nonda woodland on beach ridges 62,084 61,833 100 NC 11.2.5 Corymbia-Melaleuca woodland complex of beach ridges and swales 19,763 12,973 66 NC 8.2.3a Allocasuarina littoralis and/or Leptospermum polygalifolium and/or Leptospermum neglectum shrubland on parabolic and whaleback dunes 5,498 5,483 100 OC 3.3.34 Corypha utan open woodland on alluvial plains and old beach ridges in Lakefield National Park 4,231 4,231 100 OC 3.2.16 Melaleuca viridiflora ± Terminalia muelleri low woodland on old beach ridges 2,183 2,183 100 OC Photo 279 Corypha utan open woodland on old beach dune, 3.3.34. Lakefield NP, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 280 Acacia crassicarpa dominated woodland on beach dunes, 3.2.5a. Ninian Bay, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 179 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 28c Low open forests dominated by Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia, Allocasuarina littoralis (woolly oak), Melaleuca viridiflora (coarse-leaved paperbark) on sandplains and plateaus; or Acacia brassii low open forests or Melaleuca viridiflora low woodlands on ranges; or Thryptomene oligandra ± Neofabricia mjoebergii ± Melaleuca viridiflora woodlands on drainage depressions Pre-clearing area: 332,860 ha Remnant 2013 area: 332,099 ha (99.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (100%) Land zones: 3 (54%), 5 (28%), 12 (14%), 2 (2%), 11 (1%), 10 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: (1) 1000-1600 mm; (2 & 3) >1600 mm in northern CYP Typical landforms: (1) Foot slopes of drainage depressions; (2) sand sheets and sandplains; (3) granitic and metamorphic ranges Typical soils: (1) Yellow Kandosols (2) Humic Aquic or Semiaquic Podosols, with some occurrences on Orthic Tenosols and Yellow Kandosols, (3) Orthic Tenosols and Bleached-leptic Tenosols Structural formation range: Woodland to low woodland Photo 281 Thryptomene oligandra and Banksia dentata woodland, 3.3.33. North Kennedy River crossing, CYP. (MR Newton) Floristic characteristics (Drainage depressions): Thryptomene oligandra dominates the sparse to mid-dense canopy (5-14 m tall) often with Melaleuca viridiflora, Neofabricia mjoebergii and Grevillea pteridifolia Corymbia clarksoniana and Eucalyptus tetrodonta are Page 180 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland sometimes emergents (8-15 m tall). Acacia torulosa and Syzygium eucalyptoides subsp. eucalyptoides may occur as emergents but more frequently are in the canopy. A sparse shrub layer frequently includes Leucopogon ruscifolius, Alyxia spicata and Pandanus sp. The diverse ground layer is sparse, with Schizachyrium spp., Thaumastochloa spp., Eriocaulon spp. and Ectrosia spp. often dominating. Floristic characteristics (northern sandplains): Asteromyrtus brassii, Neofabricia myrtifolia and Allocasuarina littoralis usually dominate the mid-dense canopy (6-10 m tall). Welchiodendron longivalve, Acacia crassicarpa, Allocasuarina littoralis and Lophostemon suaveolens trees are also frequently conspicuous in the canopy. A sparse subcanopy layer (26 m tall) is frequently dominated by Dodonaea polyandra and A. littoralis, or Leucopogon yorkensis. A sparse to mid-dense shrub layer (0.5-1.5 m tall) dominated by Alyxia spicata, D. polyandra, Choriceras tricorne or Exocarpos latifolius species is usually present. The ground layer is very sparse with Schoenus sparteus, Cleistochloa spp., Lomandra spp., Alloteropsis semialata, Eulalia mackinlayi and Gahnia aspera being the most frequent species. Floristic characteristics (sandplains and ranges): Melaleuca viridiflora, together with Neofabricia myrtifolia, Allocasuarina littoralis, Asteromyrtus brassii and sometimes Acacia brassii dominate the sparse canopy (4-12 m tall). Corymbia nesophila and less frequently Eucalyptus tetrodonta are present as emergent trees (9-16 m tall). The same species dominate the sparse low tree layer (2-5 m tall). A sparse shrub layer (0.5-3 m tall) is present, with Acacia calyculata, Persoonia falcata, Hibbertia banksii forma banksii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus lysicephala and Choriceras tricorne occurring at the highest densities. The ground layer is sparse, and frequently dominated by Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. Commonly encountered graminoids include Eriachne spp., Schoenus sparteus and Cleistochloa spp. Table 78 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 28c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.33 Thryptomene oligandra and Melaleuca viridiflora woodland on sides of depressions 180,613 180,176 100 NC 3.5.19x2 Asteromyrtus lysicephala and Neofabricia myrtifolia open heath on undulating plains 79,278 79,218 100 NC 3.12.26a Melaleuca viridiflora low +/- Neofabricia myrtifolia woodland on granitic ranges 14,737 14,728 100 NC 3.5.19x3 Asteromyrtus brassii and Neofabricia myrtifolia low open forest on sand plains 14,398 14,396 100 NC 3.12.16a Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus brassii woodland on granitic hills 11,119 11,092 100 NC Page 181 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Photo 283 Neofabricia myrtifolia and Asteromyrtus brassii low open forest on margins of incised creek, 3.5.19x3. Fruitbat Falls, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 282 Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland on plain, 3.12.26b. Near Lockhardt River, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 285 Leptospermum purpurascens tall shrubland, 3.12.28. Near Lockhart River CYP (VJ Neldner) Photo 284 Asteromyrtus brass and Neofabricia myrtifolia low woodland on sandplain, 3.5.19x3. NE of Heathlands, CYP. (MR Newton) Page 182 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 28d Sand blows to closed herblands of Lepturus repens (stalky grass) and herbs on sand cays and shingle cays Pre-clearing area: 34,170 ha Remnant 2013 area: 33,182 ha (97.1% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (80%), SEQ (18%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 2 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1600 mm Typical landforms: (1) sand blows; (2) foredunes and sand/ coral islands Typical soils: Arenic Rudosols, occasionally developing Aeric Podosols Structural formation range: (1) bare; (2) sparse herbland Photo 286 Sparse herbland, mostly devoid of vegetation, 3.2.26. 6 km SW of Messum Hill, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: (1) Bare sand, devoid of vascular plants, except in sheltered clumps. (2) A variety of forbs and graminoids form a very sparse ground layer (20-50 cm tall). Perotis rara and Bulbostylis barbata frequently have the highest cover, with Sarga plumosum (plume sorghum) dominating less frequently. Lepturus repens, Sporobolus virginicus, and Thuarea involuta dominate the cays. Spinifex longifolius or S. sericeus, Eragrostis interrupta and Cyperus pedunculosus dominate frontal dunes. Frequent forbs include Achyranthes aspera, Tribulus cistoides, Canavalia rosea, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Ipomoea brassii, I. pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis, Abutilon albescens, Euphorbia atoto and Boerhavia spp. Very sparse emergent shrubs (0.5-1.5 m tall) and low trees (3-6 m tall) may occasionally occur. Page 183 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Table 79 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 28d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.2.26 Sparse herbland/shrubland and bare sand areas predominantly on sand blows 13,783 13,638 99 NC 3.2.25 Sparse herbland of mixed herbaceous species on foredunes and beach ridges 10,016 10,012 100 OC 12.2.16 Sand blows largely devoid of vegetation 6,162 5,398 88 OC 3.2.24 Open herbland of mixed graminoids and forbs on exposed foredunes 3,418 3,355 98 OC 8.2.10 Sand blows with bare sand and areas of sparse herbland or shrubland 479 479 100 OC Photo 287 Sand blow, 12.2.16. Near Lake Wabby, Fraser Island, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Photo 288 Lithomyrtus obtusa dwarf open shrubland wih emergent Alphitonia excelsa on sand blow, 8.2.10. Shoalwater Bay Training Area, CQC. (RM Lovatt) Page 184 of 238 Photo 289 Sarga plumosum tussock grassland with emergent Grevillea parallela, 3.2.25. South of Vrilya Point, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 28e Low open forests to woodlands dominated by Lophostemon suaveolens (swamp box) (or L. confertus (brush box)) or Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine) frequently with Allocasuarina spp. on rocky hill slopes Pre-clearing area: 114,066 ha Remnant 2013 area: 101,314 ha (88.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CQC (47%), WET (33%), SEQ (14%), BRB (4%), CYP (1%) Land zones: 12 (74%), 3 (12%), 9 (8%), 11 (5%), 10, 8 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200 mm Typical landforms: Steep ridges, slopes and crests on rolling hills to mountains Typical soils: Orthic Tenosols. Structural formation range: Open forest to low open forest, to tall shrubland Photo 290 Lophostemon confertus and Acacia leiocalyx open scrub, 8.11.10. SE of Considine Bay, North Keppel Island NP, CQC. (JE Kemp) Floristic characteristics: Lophostemon confertus and/or L. suaveolens often dominate the mid-dense canopy. Eucalyptus portuensis, Syncarpia glomulifera, Allocasuarina torulosa and/or A. littoralis dominate in some areas. Other associated trees include Corymbia trachyphloia, Acacia spirorbis subsp. solandri, A. falcata and E. drepanophylla. Shrub layers, when present, are very sparse to sparse and may be dominated by Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia, Acacia fimbriata, Bursaria tenuifolia, Acacia falcata, Breynia oblongifolia, Cassinia quinquefaria and Melichrus adpressus. The ground layer ranges from very sparse to mid-dense and may be dominated by species such as Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia, Gahnia aspera, Imperata cylindrica, Lomandra longifolia, Sorghum nitidum forma aristatum, Themeda triandra, Mnesithea rottboellioides and Eremochloa bimaculata. Frequent forbs Page 185 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation include Dianella caerulea, Eustrephus latifolius, Phyllanthus virgatus, Cassytha filiformis and Clematicissus opaca. Table 80 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 28e RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 8.12.5a Lophostemon confertus and/or Eucalyptus portuensis (or E. exserta) low open forest on steep upper slopes and spurs on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks 29,951 29,166 97 NC 7.12.26a Syncarpia glomulifera, Allocasuarina torulosa and/or A. littoralis open forest and woodland, on steep uplands and highlands on granite and rhyolite 14,753 14,744 100 NC 12.9-10.17a Lophostemon confertus dominated open forest on sedimentary rocks 9,651 4,354 45 NC 8.12.14b Acacia spirorbis low open forest on hill slopes of islands and headlands on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks, and Tertiary acid to intermediate volcanics 9,361 9,313 99 NC 7.3.46 Lophostemon suaveolens open forest to woodland, on alluvial plains 7,423 1,728 23 E Photo 291 Eucalyptus portuensis and Corymbia trachyphloia open forest, 8.12.5a. Sydney Heads, Britton Range, NE of Homevale Homestead, CQC. (JE Kemp) Page 186 of 238 Photo 292 Lophostemon confertus dominated open forest, 12.9-10.17a. Near Binna Burra, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 29 Heathlands and associated scrubs and shrublands on coastal dunefields and inland montane locations 29a Open heaths and dwarf open heaths on coastal dunefields, sandplains and headlands Pre-clearing area: 577,094 ha Remnant 2013 area: 538,579 ha (93.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (72%), SEQ (28%), WET (minor) Land zones: 5 (42%), 2 (35%), 3 (18%), 7 (2%), 10 (2%), 12 (1%), 11 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: >1600 mm throughout Typical landforms: Undulating sand plains and dunes; rocky headlands; low open woodlands Typical soils: Yellow Kandosols and Aeric Podosols Structural formation range: Open to closed heath to dwarf open heath Photo 293 Open heath of Banksia aemula, Allocasuarina littoralis, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Leptospermum semibaccatum, Phebalium woombye, Dillwynia retorta and Caustis recurvata, 12.2.13. Noosa Headland, Noosa NP, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: In the north, the sparse to mid-dense shrub layer is dominated by Neofabricia myrtifolia, Asteromyrtus lysicephala, Jacksonia thesioides, Hibbertia banksii, Allocasuarina littoralis, Grevillea pteridifolia, Neoroepera banksii, Baeckea frutescens, Choriceras tricorne, Boronia alulata, Melaleuca viridiflora, Acacia calyculata and Leucopogon ruscifolius, in varying levels of dominance. Schoenus sparteus, S. calostachyus, Caustis recurvata, Themeda triandra, Cassytha filiformis, C. pubescens, Lomandra banksii and Gahnia sieberiana are frequent in the ground layer. Page 187 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation In the south, Banksia aemula forms low open woodlands with Leptospermum trinervium, Allocasuarina littoralis, Acacia flavescens and A. penninervis. Eucalyptus planchoniana, E. latisinensis, E. racemosa subsp. racemosa or Corymbia gummifera may be present in the canopy as emergents. Acacia suaveolens, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Aotus ericoides, Gompholobium virgatum, Leucopogon leptospermoides, Persoonia virgata, Melaleuca nodosa and Ricinocarpos pinifolius are frequent in the sparse shrub layer. Caustis recurvata, Entolasia stricta, Gahnia sieberiana, Lepidosperma laterale, Trachystylis stradbrokensis, Triodia marginata, Entolasia whiteana and Eriachne pallescens are frequent graminoids. Table 81 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 29a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.5.19x1 Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Jacksonia thesioides open heath on undulating plains 174,153 172,235 99 NC 12.2.9 Banksia aemula low open woodland on dunes and sand plains. Usually deeply leached soils 65,665 63,877 97 NC 3.2.21 Neofabricia myrtifolia +/- Jacksonia thesioides open to closed heath on dunefields 51,503 51,209 99 NC 3.3.53a Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Baeckea frutescens open heath on Jardine River sand plains 40,218 40,141 100 NC 3.2.18a Asteromyrtus lysicephala ± Neofabricia myrtifolia open heath on flat sand plains 34,028 34,020 100 NC Photo 294 Banksia aemula, Eucalyptus latisinensis low woodland, 12.5.10. Bingera NP, SEQ. (TS Ryan) Photo 295 Wind sheared open heath, 3.2.22. On Shelburne dunefields, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 296 Neofabricia myrtifolia with Jacksonia thesioides closed heath on dunefield, 3.2.21. Near Cape Bedford, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 188 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland 29b Open shrublands to open heaths in montane frequently rocky locations Pre-clearing area: 204,365 ha Remnant 2013 area: 189,624 ha (92.8% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: BRB (41%), NWH (20%), CYP (10%), WET (8%), EIU (8%), GUP (4%), SEQ (3%), DEU (3%), NET (2%) Land zones: 12 (39%), 7 (36%), 11 (12%), 10 (6%), 5 (3%), 8 (3%), Mean annual rainfall range: >600 mm Typical landforms: Predominantly bare areas; natural scalds, remnant surfaces, and ranges. Not coastal headlands. Typical soils: Shallow Rudosols Structural formation range: Bare rock; frequently with patches of heath, shrubland and woodland Photo 297 Acacia spp., Corymbia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. on rock pavements, 2.10.2x1. Gilberton Range south of Forsayth, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: Highly variable vegetation and structure depending on the bioregion, substrate and the depth of soil in the local situation. Usually includes a number of species in the following families: Casuarinaceae (Allocasuarina spp.), Cyperaceae (e.g. Fimbristylis and Scleria), Ericaceae (especially Leucopogon and Monotoca), Fabaceae (especially Acacia spp.), Laxmanniaceae (Lomandra spp.), Myrtaceae (especially stunted and mallee habit Corymbia and Eucalyptus, Asteromyrtus spp., Calytrix spp., Leptospermum spp., Melaleuca spp. and Micromyrtus spp.), Poaceae (both perennial tussocks and annual species), Proteaceae (especially Banksia¸ Grevillea, Hakea and Persoonia spp.), Rutaceae (especially Boronia and Zieria spp.) and Xanthorrhoeaceae (Xanthorrhoea spp.). Page 189 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Table 82 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 29b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 11.7.5 Shrubland on natural scalds on deeply weathered coarse-grained sedimentary rocks 73,747 63,199 86 NC 1.11.2x4 Scrub trees on rock outcrops 24,107 24,060 100 NC 1.12.2x1 Terminalia aridicola and Brachychiton collinus low open woodland on torfields 17,499 17,489 100 3.12.26x1 Asteromyrtus lysicephala and Choriceras tricorne open heath on granite hills 11,199 11,196 100 NC 2.10.2x1 Rock pavements and outcrops with patches of Acacia spp., Corymbia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. in dissected Mesozoic sandstone ranges. 7,164 7,164 100 NC Photo 298 Extensive granite pavements with clumped grasses and woody vegetation, 9.12.43a. Northern crest of granite massive, Bonny Glen Station, EIU. (GW Wilson) Photo 300 Granite boulders, 3.12.34a. Melville Range, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 190 of 238 Photo 299 Allocasuarina thalassoscopica, Banksia integrifolia, Hakea gibbosa, Leptospermum flavescens, and Lomandra confertifolia montane heath. 12.8.19. Near summit of Mt Coolum, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Photo 301 Borya sepententrionalis forbland, 7.12.37i. Lambs Head, WET. (VJ Neldner) Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Photo 302 Leptospernum spp. and Gahnia sp. heathland (foreground), 13.12.6. South Bald Rock, Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson) Photo 303 Eucalyptus codonocarpa shrubland, 13.12.6. Mallee Ridge, Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson) Page 191 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 30 Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass), Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) tussock grasslands 30a Tussock grasslands dominated by Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) often with Eulalia aurea (silky browntop) on alluvia Pre-clearing area: 4,380,596 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,922,732 ha (89.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MGD (52%), GUP (26%), BRB (11%), MUL (10%), DEU (minor) Land zones: 3 (95%), 4 (5%) Mean annual rainfall range: 300 – 1200 mm Typical landforms: Flat alluvial plains Typical soils: Grey to Brown Vertosols Structural formation range: Tussock grassland in the east, to sparse tussock grassland in the west. Photo 304 Iseilema sp., Astrebla spp. closed tussock grassland on clay alluvial plain, 2.3.3. Near Normanton, GUP. (ID Fox) Floristic characteristics: The dominant grasses are Astrebla pectinata, A. lappacea, A. elymoides and Iseilema spp. Eulalia aurea, Astrebla squarrosa, Aristida latifolia, and Panicum decompositum are other frequent grasses. Frequently present forbs include Neptunia dimorphantha, N. gracilis, Ipomoea lonchophylla, Sida fibulifera, S. filiformis, S. trichopoda, Solanum esuriale, Salsola australis, Portulaca oleracea, Aeschynomene indica, Cleome viscosa, Cullen cinereum and Rhynchosia minima. Page 192 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 83 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 30a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 4.3.14 Astrebla lappacea, Astrebla spp. ± Eulalia aurea grassland on alluvium 1,357,750 1,339,221 99 NC 2.3.3 Astrebla spp. grassland on plains of cracking clays 781,745 777,657 99 NC 11.3.21 Dichanthium sericeum and/or Astrebla spp. grassland on alluvial plains. Cracking clay soils 447,687 52,389 12 E 4.3.17 Astrebla pectinata ± Astrebla spp. ± Aristida latifolia grassland on alluvium 365,985 365,929 100 NC 6.3.15 Astrebla lappacea, Astrebla pectinata ± A. elymoides grassland on alluvium 327,666 322,093 98 NC Natural grasslands on basalt and fine-textured alluvial plains of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland ecological community which is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 11.3.21 and 11.3.24 from this BVG. Photo 306 Dichanthium sericeum tussock grassland on alluvial plain, 11.3.21. Near Springsure, BRB. (DW Butler) Photo 305 Astrebla squarrosa tussock grassland, 4.3.14. In drainage line near Eversham Homestead, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Page 193 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 30b Tussock grasslands dominated by Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) or Dichanthium spp. (bluegrass) often with Iseilema spp. on undulating downs or clay plains Pre-clearing area: 18,996,452 ha Remnant 2013 area: 18,227,377 ha (96.0% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MGD (58%), CHC (19%), GUP (13%), BRB (6%), EIU (2%), DEU (1%), NWH (minor); Dominates the MGD by covering 40% of the bioregion. Land zones: 9 (74%), 3 (12%), 4 (9%), 8 (5%), 5 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: <200 - >1000 mm Typical landforms: Gently undulating to rolling plains Typical soils: Grey to Brown Vertosols Structural formation range: Tussock grasslands in the east, to sparse tussock grasslands in the west. Photo 307 Astrebla pectinata tussock grassland, 4.4.1. Barkly Downs Station, west of Mt Isa, MGD. (DT Kelman) Floristic characteristics: The dominant grasses are Astrebla pectinata (particularly in the western areas), and A. lappacea, A. squarrosa, and A. elymoides in other areas. Dichanthium sericeum dominates the basalt derived soils of the Brigalow Belt. Aristida latifolia, Iseilema spp., and Panicum decompositum are other frequent grasses. Frequently present forbs include Atriplex lindleyi, A. muelleri, A. spongiosa, Boerhavia dominii, Crotalaria dissitiflora, C. medicaginea, Ipomoea lonchophylla, Polymeria longifolia, Sclerolaena calcarata, S. bicornis, S. lanicuspis, Sida fibulifera, S. filiformis, S. trichopoda, Solanum esuriale, Salsola australis and Rhynchosia minima. Page 194 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 84 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 30b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 4.9.1 Astrebla lappacea ± Aristida latifolia ± Panicum decompositum grassland on Cretaceous sediments 5,813,328 5,774,938 99 NC 5.9.3 Astrebla spp. herbland ± short grasses ± forbs on Cretaceous sediments 3,314,450 3,309,548 100 NC 4.9.20 Astrebla lappacea ± Aristida latifolia ± Panicum decompositum grassland on Cretaceous sediments with ashy soils 1,377,244 1,364,354 99 NC 2.3.3x40 Astrebla spp., Iseilema spp. ± Aristida latifolia, Sarga spp. and Dichanthium spp. tussock grassland on broad, Tertiary clay plains. 1,010,129 1,004,970 99 NC 4.9.5 Seasonally variable mosaic of Astrebla lappacea ± Enneapogon spp. open tussock grassland and sparse to open forbland on Cretaceous sediments 903,047 902,112 100 NC The Natural Grasslands of the Queensland Central Highlands and the northern Fitzroy Basin ecological community which is listed as endangered under the EPBC Act includes regional ecosystems 11.4.4, 11.4.11, 11.8.11, 11.9.3 and 11.9.12 from this BVG. Photo 309 Astrebla spp. tussock grassland on old alluvial clay plain, 2.3.3x40. NW of McKinlay, GUP. (HA Dillewaard) Photo 308 Dichanthium sericeum tussock grassland on basalt plain. 11.8.11. Albinia Downs, BRB. (DW Butler) Photo 310 Astrebla lappacea and A. elymoides tussock grassland, 4.9.1. SW of Hughenden, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Page 195 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 31 Mixed open forblands to open tussock grasslands in inland locations 31a Open forblands to open tussock grasslands which may be composed of Atriplex spp. (saltbush), Sclerolaena spp. (burr), Asteraceae spp. and/or short grasses on alluvial plains Pre-clearing area: 5,527,945 ha Remnant 2013 area: 5,468,595 ha (98.9% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CHC (59%), MGD (20%), MUL (16%), GUP (3%), BRB (1%), DEU (1%), NWH (minor) Land zones: 3 (99%), 5 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 150 mm -600 mm Typical landforms: Flat alluvial plains and braided channel systems Typical soils: Vertosols Structural formation range: Open herbland to sparse herbland Photo 311 Eragrostis setifolia grassland on alluvial plain, 5.3.19. Near Bedourie, CHC. (C Pennay) Floristic characteristics: The dominant floristics can vary depending on seasonal conditions and local variations in habitat. During summer rainfall or flooding, grasses tend to dominate, while forbs dominate after winter events. Frequent graminoids are Dactyloctenium radulans, Sporobolus actinocladus, S. australasicus, S. caroli, S. mitchellii, Aristida latifolia, Astrebla pectinata, A. elymoides, A. squarrosa, Tripogon loliiformis, Enneapogon polyphyllus, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Oxychloris scariosa, Brachyachne convergens, Chloris pectinata and Iseilema spp. Frequent forbs include Atriplex lindleyi, A. spongiosa, Alternanthera nodiflora, Page 196 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Trianthema triquetra, Salsola australis, Euphorbia drummondii, Sclerolaena glabra, S. calcarata, S. tricuspis, Sida fibulifera, S. trichopoda, S. filiformis, Maireana villosa, Streptoglossa adscendens, Evolvulus alsinoides, Neptunia dimorphantha and Solanum esuriale. Table 85 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 31a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) 5.3.18b Seasonally variable sparse to open herbland on frequently flooded interchannel areas within braided channel systems on alluvial plains, common dominants include Sporobolus mitchellii and/or Eragrostis setifolia and/or a range of ephemeral herbs 1,271,027 1,270,516 100 NC 4.3.20 Atriplex spp. and Sclerolaena spp. ± Astrebla spp. ± short grasses ± forbs, open herbland on braided or flat alluvial plains 1,029,898 1,019,798 99 NC 5.3.21 Seasonally variable sparse to open herbland on infrequently flooded alluvia of major rivers their distributaries and larger creek lines, Atriplex spp., Sclerolaena spp., Astrebla spp., species of Asteraceae and/or short grasses 1,020,279 1,019,777 100 NC 5.3.19 Seasonally variable sparse to open herbland on frequently flooded but not distinctly channelled areas on alluvial plains, common dominants include Sporobolus mitchellii and/or Eragrostis setifolia and/or a range of ephemeral herbs 929,990 929,896 100 NC 6.3.13 Atriplex spp., Sclerolaena spp., species of Asteraceae and/or short grasses open herbland on alluvial plains 888,970 870,984 98 OC Photo 312 Braided floodplain which is a mosiac, 5.3.18a and 5.3.18b. Cooper Creek, SW of Windorah, CHC. (BA Wilson) % remaining Status Photo 313 Forbland on alluvial plain, 5.3.18b. Eyre Creek, CHC. (C Pennay) Page 197 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 31b Short grass / forb herblands to sparse tussock grasslands on stony downs Pre-clearing area: 1,872,763 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,863,880 ha (99.5% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CHC (91%), DEU (5%), NWH (2%), MGD (1%), GUP (1%) Land zones: 9 (89%), 7 (8%), 5 (3%) Mean annual rainfall range: Mostly < 400 mm, although up to 600 mm Typical landforms: Gently undulating plains with silcrete cover Typical soils: Red Sodosols Structural formation range: Sparse herblands to sparse tussock grasslands Photo 314 Fluctuating climax of Atriplex spp., Sclerolaena sp. ± short grasses open herbland on mantled pediments, 5.9.5x1. NE of Bedourie, CHC. (D Richter) Floristic characteristics: The dominant floristics can vary depending on seasonal conditions and local variations in habitat. Frequently these stony plains appear virtually devoid of vegetation. During summer rainfall, grasses tend to dominate, while forbs dominate after winter events. Aristida contorta is often the dominate grass, with A. latifolia, A. ingrata, A. inaequiglumis, Oxychloris scariosa, Enneapogon avenaceus, Sporobolus actinocladus and S. australasicus often codominant. Other frequent graminoids are Dactyloctenium radulans, Tripogon loliiformis, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Brachyachne convergens, Chloris pectinata and Triodia pungens. Frequent forbs include Alternanthera nodiflora, Trianthema triquetra, Salsola australis, Euphorbia drummondii, Sclerolaena glabra, S. calcarata, S. lanicuspis, S. tricuspis, Sida fibulifera, Evolvulus alsinoides, Neptunia dimorphantha and Dysphania rhadinostachya. Page 198 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 86 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 31b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 5.9.4 Aristida contorta ± short grasses ± forbs on Cretaceous sediments with dense gravel cover 722,918 722,568 100 NC 5.9.5x1 Fluctuating climax of Atriplex spp., Sclerolaena spp. ± short grasses open herbland on mantled pediments with dense silcrete cover 474,843 474,632 100 NC 5.9.5 Atriplex spp., Sclerolaena spp., Salsola australis open herbland on Cretaceous sediments 177,284 176,726 100 NC 5.9.4x1 Aristida contorta open to sparse tussock grassland on Cainozoic colluvial and residual deposits. 131,387 131,251 100 NC 5.7.10x1 Aristida contorta ± short grasses ± forbs on deeply weathered Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments. 79,737 79,691 100 NC Photo 315 Aristida contorta very sparse tussock grassland on plain, 5.9.4. East of the Diamantina Development Road, NE of Betoota, CHC. (D Richter) Photo 316 Sclerolaena spp., Salsola australis open herbland on Cretaceous sediments, 5.9.5. SE of Betoota, CHC. (D Richter) Photo 317 Stony downs with Acacia cambagei in drainage line, 5.9.4. SE of Boulia, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Page 199 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 32 Closed tussock grasslands in coastal locations 32a Closed tussock grasslands dominated by Eriachne spp., Fimbristylis spp., Aristida spp. or Panicum spp.; or Themeda arguens, Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass) or Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) on marine and alluvial plains Pre-clearing area: 1,375,186 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,326,108 ha (96.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (65%), CYP (29%), BRB (3%), EIU (1%), WET (1%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 3 (100%), 2, 5 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: 800 mm - >1600 mm Typical landforms: Coastal marine and alluvial plains; minor areas of coastal dunes Typical soils: Aquic or Grey Vertosols, Oxyaquic Hydrosols Structural formation range: Closed tussock grassland to tussock grassland Photo 318 Eriachne burkittii, Cyperus sp., and Ophiuros exaltatus tussock grassland on semi-saline alluvial plain, 2.3.1a. Inkerman Station, GUP. (CN Appelman) Photo 319 Eriachne spp., Fimbristylis spp. and Aristida spp. tussock grassland, 3.3.56. North of Laura, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 200 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Floristic characteristics: These grasslands may be dominated by Eriachne, Fimbristylis, Aristida, Panicum, Scleria and Cyperus species which are frequently sterile and difficult to identify to species level. Themeda arguens, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Brachyachne convergens, Chrysopogon spp., Dichanthium spp. and sometimes Oryza australiensis are frequently codominant. Imperata cylindrica or Sporobolus virginicus may dominate in some areas. Frequent forbs include Crotalaria montana, Ipomoea coptica, Aeschynomene indica, Chamaecrista mimosoides, Melochia corchorifolia, Evolvulus alsinoides and Neptunia gracilis. Table 87 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 32a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.3.1a Eriachne burkittii, Oryza australiensis, Xerochloa imberbis, Ophiuros exaltatus, Eulalia aurea in mixed tussock grasslands on coastal alluvial plains, commonly adjacent to the tidal zone. 326,531 326,101 100 NC 2.3.9x2b Aristida latifolia, Eriachne burkittii, Themeda arguens and Chrysopogon spp. tussock grassland on Quaternary alluvial plains (outer zones of river deltas) 259,217 258,163 100 OC 3.3.56 Eriachne spp. ± Aristida spp. closed tussock grassland alluvial plains 153,829 153,630 100 NC 2.3.9x2a Eriachne spp., Oryza australiensis, Dichanthium spp. ± Chloris lobata, Themeda arguens tussock grassland on Quaternary alluvial plains (inner zones of river deltas) 111,303 111,022 100 OC 3.3.61a Panicum spp., Fimbristylis spp. tussock grassland on coastal alluvial clay plains 79,171 79,151 100 NC Photo 320 Dichanthium spp., Oryza australiensis and Eriachne glauca tussock grassland on alluvial clay plain, 2.3.9x2b. Van Rook Station, NE of Normanton, GUP. (CN Appelman) Photo 321 Eriachne sp., Fimbristylis sp. and Dichanthium sp. tussock grassland, 3.3.61a. Lakefield NP, north of the Morehead River, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Page 201 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 32b Closed tussock grasslands and associated open woodlands on undulating clay plains, upland areas and headlands. Dominant species include Heteropogon triticeus (giant speargrass) or Themeda arguens or Sarga plumosum or Imperata cylindrica (blady grass) or Mnesithea rottboellioides (cane grass) / Arundinella setosa. With areas of open woodland dominated by tree species such as Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) / Terminalia spp. / Acacia ditricha / Piliostigma malabaricum Pre-clearing area: 92,435 ha Remnant 2013 area: 90,508 ha (97.9% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (84%), EIU (7%), CQC (6%), WET (1%), SEQ (1%), BRB (1%) Land zones: 9 (56%), 3 (26%), 12 (12%), 8 (3%), 5 (1%), 11 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600 mm - >1200 mm Typical landforms: Gently rolling plains; sand or clay plains; ranges, continental islands and headlands Typical soils: Brown or Yellow Dermosols or Rudosols Structural formation range: Closed tussock grassland to tussock grassland; open shrubland to open woodland. Photo 322 Tussock grassland with scattered emergent Corymbia confertiflora and Eucalyptus chlorophylla, 3.5.29. 60 km north of Laura in Lakefield NP, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: These grasslands are frequently dominated by Themeda triandra, Heteropogon triticeus, H. contortus, Sarga plumosum, Imperata cylindrica or Mnesithea rottboellioides, or a combination of these species. Alloteropsis semialata, Paspalum scrobiculatum, and Capillipedium parviflorum are also frequently present. Frequent forbs include Phyllanthus virgatus, Evolvulus alsinoides, Crotalaria montana, Cassytha filiformis, Cyanthillium cinereum, Pycnospora lutescens, Flemingia parviflora, Rhynchosia minima, Glycine tomentella and Brunoniella australis. Areas of open woodland dominated by tree Page 202 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland species such as Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) or Terminalia spp. or Acacia ditricha or Piliostigma malabaricum are also included in this BVG. Table 88 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 32b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.9.5 Corymbia papuana ± Eucalyptus leptophleba open woodland on rolling plains 31,883 31,787 100 OC 3.9.7 Piliostigma malabaricum tall open shrubland on central clay plains 14,726 14,622 99 NC 3.3.60x1 Sarga plumosum ± Themeda arguens closed tussock grassland on erosional plains 14,031 13,986 100 NC 9.3.26a Grasslands on non-basalt derived alluvial deposits 5,238 5,224 100 OC 8.12.13a Themeda triandra and/or Imperata cylindrica and/or Chionachne cyathopoda tussock grassland, or Xanthorrhoea latifolia shrubland, on slopes of islands and headlands on Mesozoic to Proterozoic igneous rocks, and Tertiary acid to intermediate volcanics 4,486 4,069 91 OC Photo 323 Corymbia papuana open woodland on rolling plains, 3.9.5. North of Coen, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 324 Pilidiostigma malabaricum tall open shrubland on plain, 3.9.7. 62 km N of Archer River on the PDR, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 325 Themeda triandra tussock grassland with Xanthorrhoea latifolia subsp. latifolia, 8.12.13a. St Bees Island, CQC. (JE Kemp) Page 203 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 33 Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia spp. (spinifex) or Zygochloa paradoxa (sandhill canegrass) associations on dunefields or sandplains 33a Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia basedowii (hard spinifex) or Zygochloa paradoxa (sandhill canegrass) associations on dunefields or sandplains Pre-clearing area: 3,822,494 ha Remnant 2013 area: 3,817,620 ha (99.9% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CHC (100%) Land zones: 6 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: <200 mm - 300 mm Typical landforms: Inland Aeolian dunes and sand plains Typical soils: Arenic Rudosols Structural formation range: Hummock grassland to open hummock grassland, open forbland Photo 326 Triodia basedowii hummock grassland with Corymbia terminalis and Grevillea striata emergents, 5.6.6. South of Jundah, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: Triodia basedowii dominates these extensive hummock grasslands. Zygochloa paradoxa or Crotalaria eremaea may dominate on some of dune crests. In some areas, the grasslands are very sparsely wooded with Acacia spp., Senna spp., Grevillea spp. and/ or Eucalyptus species. Tussock grasses and forbs occur scattered between the T. basedowii hummocks, and include Aristida holathera, Triraphis mollis, Boerhavia pubescens, Calotis erinacea, Euphorbia myrtoides, Chenopodium desertorum subsp. anidiophyllum, Chrysocephalum eremaeum, Crotalaria cunninghamii, Cullen pallidum, Enchylaena tomentosa, Polymeria ambigua, Scaevola depauperata and Sida platycalyx. Page 204 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 89 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 33a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) 5.6.5 Triodia basedowii hummock grassland on sides of, or between dunes 2,133,395 2,132,349 100 NC 5.6.8 Zygochloa paradoxa or Crotalaria eremaea +/Triodia basedowii open grassland on sand dunes 545,512 545,461 100 NC 5.6.6 Triodia basedowii hummock grassland wooded with Acacia spp., Senna spp., Grevillea spp. ± Eucalyptus spp. on sand plains and dune fields 327,240 324,050 99 NC 5.6.8a Zygochloa paradoxa ± Triodia basedowii open grassland on sand dunes 320,653 320,147 100 NC 5.6.1 Crotalaria eremaea ± Eragrostis eriopoda open forbland on isolated and/or deflated sand dunes on alluvium. 202,354 202,329 100 NC Photo 327 Triodia basedowii hummock grassland with Eucalyptus pachyphylla mallee shrubs on sandplain, 5.6.7. West of Glenormiston, CHC. (VJ Neldner) % remaining Status Photo 328 Crotalaria eremea open forbland, 5.6.8. On mobile dune crest, CHC. (BA Wilson) Photo 330 Triodia basedowii hummock grassland, 5.6.5. Ethabuka, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Photo 329 Crotalaria eremaea and Acacia murrayana shrubs on crests with Triodia basedowii hummock grassland on dune, 5.6.5. Plains dominated by Triodia spp. hummock grassland, 5.6.6. CHC. (D. Richter) Page 205 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 33b Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia pungens or T. longiceps (giant grey spinifex) or T. mitchellii (buck spinifex) sandplains Pre-clearing area: 355,497 ha Remnant 2013 area: 337,598 ha (95.0% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: MUL (33%), MGD (26%), GUP (16%), DEU (15%), BRB (2%) Land zones: 7 (42%), 6 (33%), 5 (23%), 3 (1%), 9 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-500 mm Typical landforms: Deflated dunes and sand plains Typical soils: Arenic Rudosols and Red Orthic Tenosols Structural formation range: Hummock grassland; sparsely wooded in some areas. Photo 331 Triodia mitchellii hummock grassland with emergent Eucalyptus melanophloia, 6.6.2. Near Bollon, MUL. (TJ Eyre) Floristic characteristics: These hummock grasslands are dominated by Triodia pungens or T. longiceps or T. mitchellii. They are generally sparsely wooded with emergent Eucalyptus melanophloia, Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp. and Acacia spp. Fimbristylis dichotoma, Eriachne ciliata, E. mucronata, Schizachyrium fragile, Tripogon loliiformis, Aristida holathera, A. contorta, Bulbostylis barbata, Panicum effusum var. effusum, Paspalidium rarum and Sporobolus australasicus are frequent graminoids that may be present. Frequent forbs include Evolvulus alsinoides, Zornia muriculata, Cheilanthes sieberi, Sphaeromorphaea littoralis, Indigofera linifolia, Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides, Buchnera linearis, Calandrinia pleiopetala and Chrysocephalum apiculatum and Stackhousia viminea. Page 206 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 90 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 33b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 6.6.2 Triodia mitchellii ± T. marginata hummock grassland wooded with Eucalyptus melanophloia ± Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp. on low dunes 118,760 102,552 86 NC 4.5.8 Triodia pungens hummock grassland wooded with Acacia spp. ± Eucalyptus spp. on Quaternary sand sheets 73,722 73,717 100 NC 2.7.1x6 Triodia spp. hummock grassland ± emergent Eucalyptus melanophloia, Melaleuca citrolens, Corymbia pocillum, M. stenostachya on slopes and crests of lateritised, Tertiary sandstone hills. 51,124 51,114 100 OC 10.7.2b Triodia pungens open hummock grassland on ferricrete above scarps 42,976 42,342 99 NC 4.7.2x1b Triodia spp. hummock grassland ± emergent Eucalyptus leucophloia, Acacia cambagei on Tertiary lateritic residuals derived from deeply weathered Cambrian shales 35,950 35,930 100 NC Photo 332 Triodia longiceps hummock grassland, 1.5.4b. Mt Tracey Station, east of Cloncurry, NWH. (AL Kelly) Photo 333 Triodia bitextura grassland on dissected Tertiary sandstone, 2.7.1x6. Abingdon Downs Station, NNW of Georgetown, GUP. (CN Appelman) Photo 334 Triodia pungens grassland on silcrete,1.7.2. Barkly Downs Station, west of Mount Isa, NWH. (DT Kelman) Page 207 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34 Wetlands associated with permanent lakes and swamps, as well as ephemeral lakes, claypans and swamps. Includes fringing woodlands and shrublands 34a Lacustrine wetlands. Lakes, ephemeral to permanent, fresh to brackish; water bodies with ground water connectivity. Includes fringing woodlands and sedgelands Pre-clearing area: 285,227 ha Remnant 2013 area: 281,165 ha (98.6% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CHC (70%), DEU (15%), MUL (7%), CYP (3%), BRB (2%), SEQ (1%), CQC (1%), WET (minor) Land zones: 3 (98%), 2 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: <200 - >2600 mm Typical landforms: Sparsely vegetated to bare, large saline lakes; terminal lakes on drainage lines and floodplains; permanent and semi-permanent lakes in coastal dunefields and volcanic craters Typical soils: Hydrosols Structural formation range: Open water to bare saline lakes, sometimes with fringing woodland Photo 335 Herbland and open water, 5.3.22b. Lake Machattie, CHC. (N Cuff) Floristic characteristics: The ephemeral saline lakes vary from open water to bare soil to a variety of species forming ephemeral herblands, depending on the flooding cycle. Permanent lakes often have aquatic plants in the shallow water at the edge, with open water elsewhere. Page 208 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 91 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 5.3.22b Sparse herbland, open water or bare area on lakes 133,163 133,145 100 NC 5.3.22c Lakes usually fed by drainage lines 60,226 60,226 100 NC 10.3.24 Ephemeral lake bed (Lake Buchanan) 16,706 16,706 100 NC 6.3.10a Water/bare areas of saline lakes 9,299 9,299 100 OC 10.3.23a Tecticornia spp. open succulent shrubland (Lake Galilee) 8,504 8,437 99 NC Photo 336 Tecticornia spp. open succulent shrubland, 10.3.23a. Lake Galilee, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Photo 337 Eleocharis sp. and Nymphaea sp. on perennial lagoon, 3.3.66b. Horseshoe Lagoon, Lakefield NP, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 339 Lepironia articulata open sedgeland around the margins of perennial lake, 3.2.27a. Sach Waterhole, near Bamaga, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 338 Lepironia articulata open sedgeland, 12.2.15f. Lake Benaroon, Fraser Island, SEQ. (VJ Neldner) Page 209 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34b Palustrine wetlands. Generally intermittent swamps/claypans (non floodplains) in inland areas dominated by chenopods e.g. Chenopodium auricomum (Queensland blue bush) or Tecticornia spp. (samphire) or herbs Pre-clearing area: 1,249,240 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,228,693 ha (98.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CHC (69%), MUL (16%), MGD (11%), DEU (4%), BRB (minor) Land zones: 3 (100%), 5 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: <200-600 mm Typical landforms: Saline, nonfloodplain claypans and intermittent swamps Typical soils: Salic Hydrosols Structural formation range: Bare saline claypans, occasionally flooded. Photo 340 Eragrostis australasica open tussock grassland with Marsilea sp. ephemeral swamp, 5.3.16a. Between Diamantina River and Farrars Creek catchments, CHC. (R Jaensch) Floristic characteristics: The claypans vary from bare soil to a variety of species forming ephemeral herblands, depending on the flooding cycle. Eragrostis australasica open grasslands are frequent on many of the claypans; in others, Chenopodium auricomum with or without Duma florulenta form open shrublands. Tecticornia spp. open succulent shrublands are sometimes present, and in many claypans only a sparse herbland occurs after flooding. Page 210 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 92 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 5.3.16a Eragrostis australasica open grassland on clay pans between dunes and on plains 458,024 457,857 100 NC 5.3.22a Sparse herbland on clay pans 278,744 278,674 100 NC 4.3.24 Chenopodium auricomum ± Duma florulenta open shrubland on depressions on floodplains 102,868 102,545 100 NC 6.3.11b Bare or water in claypans 87,511 82,183 94 OC 6.3.11 Eleocharis pallens ± short grasses ± Eragrostis australasica open herbland on clays, associated with ephemeral lakes, billabongs and permanent waterholes 46,507 44,512 96 OC Photo 341 Sesbania sp. fringing floodplain water hole, 5.3.22a. Lake Constance, Diamanina NP, CHC. (BA Wilson) Photo 343 Eragrostis australasica open tussock grassland on claypans, 6.3.11b, MUL. (R Jaensch) Photo 342 Eragrostis australasica sparse tussock grassland on claypans, 5.3.16a, CHC. (N Cuff) Photo 344 Eragrostis setifolia clay pan between dunes, 5.3.22a. South of Carranya Station Homestead, CHC. (D Richter) Page 211 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34c Palustrine wetlands. Freshwater swamps on coastal floodplains dominated by sedges and grasses such as Oryza spp., Eleocharis spp. (spikerush) or Baloskion spp. (cord rush) / Leptocarpus tenax / Gahnia sieberiana (sword grass) / Lepironia spp. Includes small areas of estuarine wetlands Pre-clearing area: 230,919 ha Remnant 2013 area: 217,299 ha (94.1% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (37%), GUP (33%), BRB (12%) SEQ (10%), WET (7%), CQC (1%) Land zones: 3 (86%), 2 (12%), 1 (2%) Mean annual rainfall range: 600 - >1600 mm Typical landforms: Seasonally inundated marine plains; coastal freshwater swamps Typical soils: Aquic or Grey Vertosols, Semiaquic Podosols, Aeric Podosols Structural formation range: Closed sedgeland to closed tussockgrassland Photo 345 Aerial view of Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum open sedgeland in drainage swamps in dunefields, 3.3.64. South of Jardine River, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: The seasonally inundated marine plains are frequently dominated by Eleocharis, Oryza and Ischaemum species. Other frequent graminoids are Schoenoplectus litoralis, Fimbristylis schoenoides, Sporobolus virginicus and Xerochloa imberbis. Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum open sedgelands or Gahnia sieberiana, Empodisma minus, Gleichenia spp. closed sedgeland occur in the coastal drainage swamps. Tricostularia undulata, Eriocaulon spp., Schoenus sparteus, S. calostachyus, Rhynchospora rubra, Utricularia spp. and Drosera spp. are frequent herbs in these coastal swamps. Page 212 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 93 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34c RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 3.3.64 Baloskion tetraphyllum subsp. meiostachyum open sedgeland in drainage swamps in dune fields 59,971 59,837 100 NC 2.3.2a Seasonal swamps in closed depressions on low elevated coastal alluvial plains adjacent to the tidal zone. 40,185 39,931 99 NC 2.3.28x11 Seasonal swamps with a fringe of Melaleuca clarksonii and/or M. viridiflora in closed depressions on Quaternary deposits in the Mitchell-Gilbert Fans subregion. 33,323 33,180 100 NC 11.3.27x1b Sedgelands to grasslands on broad drainage dispersions 18,579 9,219 50 OC Eleocharis dulcis dominated closed sedgeland on seasonally flooded marine plains 16,601 16,416 99 NC 3.3.63 Photo 346 Seasonal swamp with aquatic species including Nymphaea spp. and Nymphoides spp. and a fringing band of Asteromyrtus symphiocarpa and Melaleuca viridiflora, 2.3.28x11. Staaten River NP, GUP. (GW Wilson) Photo 347 Eleocharis spp. closed sedgeland fringing freshwater inlet on flooded marine plain, 3.3.63. North of Starcke NP., CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 348 Sedgeland dominated by Eleocharis spp., Juncus spp. and Pseudoraphis spinescens. Fringed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis open woodland, 12.3.8. Rosewood, SEQ. (AL Kelly) Page 213 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34d Palustrine wetlands. Freshwater swamps or billabongs on floodplains ranging from permanent and semi-permanent to ephemeral Pre-clearing area: 373,428 ha Remnant 2013 area: 355,543 ha (95.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (65%), EIU (12%), BRB (7%), CHC (7%), CYP (6%), MGD (2%) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 300-1600 mm Typical landforms: Permanent or seasonal wetlands, including waterholes and billabongs on drainage lines Typical soils: Grey Vertosols Structural formation range: Open water to floating herbland, frequently fringed by woodland Photo 349 Waterhole in an abandoned river channel, 2.3.16x1. Broadwater Station, south of Normanton, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: The waterholes and billabongs on drainage lines and circular waterholes on floodplains, often have fringing woodlands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis or E. coolabah or E. microtheca. Frequent graminoids include Pseudoraphis spinescens, Eleocharis sphacelata, Cynodon dactylon. Frequent forbs are Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, Alternanthera denticulata, Azolla pinnata, Aeschynomene indica, Marsilea mutica, M. hirsuta, Ammannia multiflora, Najas tenuifolia and Glinus lotoides. Page 214 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 94 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34d RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.3.16a Billabongs (abandoned channels) in Quaternary alluvial plains, fringed with Eucalyptus camaldulensis and/or E. microtheca. 32,196 32,060 100 OC 2.3.33a Eucalyptus microtheca and/or Acacia cambagei ± E. camaldulensis, Melaleuca spp. in seasonal swamps on Quaternary residual sand sheets. 27,107 27,074 100 OC 2.3.34b Seasonal swamps with a variable fringe of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. microtheca and Melaleuca spp. on broad, Tertiary sand sheets around the Claraville Plains subregion. 23,544 23,338 99 NC 2.3.11x2c Seasonal swamps on Quaternary alluvial plains (outer zones of river deltas). 23,295 23,232 100 NC 3.3.65 Ephemeral lakes and lagoons on alluvial plains and depressions 22,446 22,319 99 NC Photo 351 Permanent lagoon with fringing woodland, 2.3.16. Lochnager Outstation Lagoon, Rutland Plains, GUP. (MR Newton) Photo 350 Corymbia polycarpa, Eucalyptus microtheca and Melaleuca viridiflora woodland around a permanent lagoon, 2.3.16. Long Reach Lagoon, adjacent to the Burke Development Road, NNW of Bulimba, NWH. (GW Wilson) Page 215 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34e Palustrine wetlands. Springs with water dependent herbs Pre-clearing area: 4,995 ha* Remnant 2013 area: 4,980 ha* (99.7% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (69%), NWH (23%), MGD(3%), MUL(3%), CYP (2%), EIU, DEU, SEQ, BRB Land zones: 3 (55%), 10 (38%), 7 (7%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-2000 mm Typical landforms: Discharge springs often occurring on flat alluvial plains. Recharge springs are frequently located in fine-grained sedimentary rocks, basalt and metamorphic rocks. Typical soils: Hydrosols Structural formation range: Sedgelands, forblands or grasslands. Photo 352 Discharge spring, 6.3.23. Granite Springs, near Eulo, MUL. (J Silcock) Floristic characteristics: The spring’s vegetation varies greatly with the spring flow, water salinity, disturbance by stock, and sediment disposition. A variety of sedges, forbs and grasses can occur in the springs. Some support highly restricted plant species such as Arthraxon hispidus, Eriocaulon carsonii, Eryngium fontanum, Myriophyllum artesium, Sporobolus pamelae and Thelypteris confluens. The fish species Chlamydogobius micropterus, C. squamigera and Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis are restricted to springs and listed as endangered or vulnerable in the EPBC Act. * Restricted habitats of high conservation significance. The extent figures are inflated by the inclusion of small areas of surrounding habitats. Page 216 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 95 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34e RE Description Pre-clear area (ha)* Remnant 2013 (ha)* % remaining Status 2.3.39 Springs on recent alluvium 2,447 2,445 100 E 1.10.6 Springs mostly associated with quartzose sandstone and fine-grained sedimentary rocks (limestone) 1,260 1,260 100 E 2.10.8 Springs associated with quartzose sandstone or lateritised sandstone gullies and gorges 527 526 100 E 2.7.3x6 Springs on margins of Tertiary lateritic plateaux and deeply weathered siltstone formations. 343 343 100 NC 4.3.22 Springs on recent alluvia and fine-grained sedimentary rock 142 142 100 E The REs from this BVG 2.3.39, 4.3.22, 5.3.23, 6.3.23, 10.3.31 and 11.3.22 form the EPBC Act endangered listed community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin. Photo 353 Discharge spring, 4.3.22. Elizabeth Springs Conservation Park, SE of Boulia, MGD. (VJ Neldner) Photo 354 Sporobolus pamelae tussock grassland associated with springs fed from the Great Artesian Basin, 10.3.31a. Edgbaston Station, NE of Aramac, DEU. (EJ Thompson) Photo 355 Discharge mound spring, 11.3.22. Boggomoss Nature Reserve, BRB. (C Pennay) Photo 356 Discharge spring with peat mound dominated by Melaleuca leucadendra, 2.3.39. NNW of Richmond, GUP. (RJ Fensham) Page 217 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34f Palustrine wetlands. Sedgelands/grasslands on seeps and soaks on wet peaks, and other coastal non-floodplain features Pre-clearing area: 6,497 ha* Remnant 2013 area*: 3,858 ha* (59.4% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: WET (63%), SEQ (32%), NET (5%) Land zones: 3 (60%), 9 (32%), 12 (6%), 11 (1%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1200-2000 mm Typical landforms: Coastal lowlands and depression on mountain ranges Typical soils: Semiaquic Podosols, Aeric Podosols Structural formation range: Sedgeland, grassland, through to low woodland Photo 357 Graminoid swamp, 7.3.2. Mt Quincan, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO). Floristic characteristics: A complex of sedgelands, grasslands, fernlands and forblands occurs in the semi-permanent swamps of the coastal lowlands. Frequent species are Cyperus lucidus, Actinoscirpus grossus, Lepironia articulata, Scleria poiformis, Gahnia sieberiana, Isachne globosa, and Blechnum indicum. Allocasuarina littoralis, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Rhodomyrtus sericea, Melastoma malabathricum shrubland to low woodland may occur on the uplands. * Restricted habitats of high conservation significance. The extent figures are inflated by the inclusion of small areas of surrounding habitats. Page 218 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 96 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34f RE Description Pre-clear area (ha)* Remnant 2013 (ha)* % remaining 12.9-10.22 Closed sedgeland/shrubland on sedimentary rocks. Coastal parts 2,086 1,366 65 OC 7.3.29a Complex of sedgelands, grasslands, fernlands and forblands of semi-permanent swamps of coastal lowlands. Includes Cyperus lucidus, Actinoscirpus grossus, Lepironia articulata, Scleria poiformis, Gahnia sieberiana, Isachne globosa, and Blechnum indicum 2,041 836 41 E 7.3.31 Lepironia articulata sedgeland to open sedgeland of permanently to semi-permanently inundated peat swamps of alluvial plains 622 532 85 E 7.3.39c Ephemeral freshwater swamp of upland drainage depressions 570 194 34 E 13.3.6 Sedgeland and/or open heathland, with small areas of eucalypt woodland on alluvial deposits in igneous landscapes 307 281 91 E Photo 358 Swamp of open water fringed by zoned herbland of Persicaria spp., Eleocharis sp. and swamp grasses, 7.3.39c. Hasties Swamp, Atherton Tablelands. WET. (JE Kemp) Photo 360 Sedgeland, 13.3.6. Girraween NP, NET. (MT Mathieson). Status Photo 359 Sesuvium portulacastrum herbland, 12.2.17c. In depression, Fairfax East Island, Capricornia Cays NP, SEQ. (DA Halford) Photo 361 Graminoid swamp, 7.3.2. Lynch’s Crater, WET. (AJ Ford, CSIRO). Page 219 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 34g Palustrine wetlands. Generally intermittent swamps/claypans on floodplains in inland areas dominated by chenopods e.g. Chenopodium auricomum (Queensland blue bush) or Tecticornia spp. (samphire) or herbs Pre-clearing area: 1,809,507 ha Remnant 2013 area: 1,809,313 ha (100% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CHC (100%), DEU(minor) Land zones: 3 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: 200-400 mm Typical landforms: Broad drainage channels and floodplains Typical soils: Grey Vertosols, and Rudosols Structural formation range: Open tussock grassland through to open shrubland. Photo 362 Chenopodium auricomum, Duma florulenta open shrubland, 5.3.12a. Cooper Creek, CHC. (R Jaensch) Floristic characteristics: Chenopodium auricomum with or without Duma florulenta form open shrublands. Tecticornia spp. open succulent shrublands are sometimes present. Eragrostis australasica open grassland also occurs on the flood plains. The shrubs Acacia salicina and Atriplex nummularia are occasionally present. Frequently present graminoids are Eragrostis sororia, E. speciosa, E. lacunaria, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Perotis rara, Aristida holathera var. holathera, Astrebla pectinata, Dactyloctenium radulans, Digitaria ammophila and Enteropogon acicularis. Marsilea drummondii, Waltheria indica, Alternanthera nodiflora, Atriplex semibaccata, A. spongiosa, Euphorbia drummondii, Dissocarpus biflorus and Sphaeromorphaea littoralis are frequent forbs. Page 220 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 97 Six most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 34g RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 5.3.18a Chenopodium auricomum open shrubland on braided channels on flooded alluvial plains 877,422 877,355 100 NC 5.3.12a Chenopodium auricomum ± Duma florulenta open shrubland in depressions on floodplains 391,238 391,208 100 NC 5.3.13a Duma florulenta open shrubland in depressions on floodplains 382,648 382,641 100 NC 5.3.16b Eragrostis australasica open grassland in depressions on flood plains 147,555 147,474 100 NC 5.3.15b Maireana spp. open shrubland on floodplains 3,696 3,695 100 NC 10.3.22b Eragrostis speciosa and Fimbristylis dichotoma open tussock grassland 2,674 2,674 100 E Photo 363 Chenopodium auricomum open shrubland, 5.3.18a. Diamantina River, CHC. (R Jaensch) Photo 365 Duma florulenta open shrubland in depressions and channels on floodplains, 5.3.13a. Near the Benditoota Waterhole, Diamantina River, CHC. (D Richter) Photo 364 Braided channels, 5.3.18a/5.3.18b. Cooper Creek near Windorah, CHC. (BA Wilson) Photo 366 Chenopodium auricomum open shrubland, 5.3.18a. Cooper Creek, CHC. (VJ Neldner) Page 221 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 35 Mangroves and saltmarshes 35a Closed forests and low closed forests dominated by mangroves Pre-clearing area: 483,766 ha Remnant 2013 area: 475,685 ha (98.3% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: CYP (32%), GUP (21%), BRB (18%), SEQ (11%), WET (10%), CQC (8%) Land zones: 1 (100%) Mean annual rainfall range: >1000 mm Typical landforms: Tidal channels and unconsolidated tidal flats Typical soils: Intratidal Hydrosols Structural formation range: Closed forest, closed scrub to low open shrubland. Photo 367 Rhizophora spp. closed forest 3.1.1 and Ceriops spp. low closed forest, 3.1.3. South of Weipa, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Floristic characteristics: The mangrove communities have a higher diversity of species and complexity of structure as one proceeds north. Rhizophora species and Bruguiera gymnorhiza dominate the most seaward locations. Avicennia marina and Ceriops tagal are generally dominant in more landward locations, and species such as Excoecaria agallocha and Aegiceras corniculatum dominate in the upper tidal reaches of rivers. Shrubs and herbs are rare in the mangroves, although very sparse Tecticornia spp. and Sporobolus virginicus may occur in the ground layer. Page 222 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 98 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 35a RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.1.3 Tidal channels and associated levees, usually with mangroves 89,732 89,130 99 NC 3.1.1a Rhizophora stylosa ± Bruguiera gymnorhiza closed forest on unconsolidated tidal muds 87,850 87,749 100 NC 12.1.3 Mangrove shrubland to low closed forest on marine clay plains and estuaries 54,601 51,633 95 NC 3.1.3 Ceriops tagal ± Avicennia marina low closed forest on intertidal areas 51,595 51,574 100 NC 7.1.1 Mangrove closed scrub to open forest of areas subject to regular tidal inundation 47,250 44,980 95 NC Photo 368 Rhizophora stylosa closed forest, 3.1.1a. Mouth of the Bizant River, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 370 Ceriops tagal low closed forest with emergent Avicennia marina subsp. australasica on marine plain, 8.1.1. North of Camilia, CQC. (JE Kemp) Photo 369 Aerial view of Rhizophora / Avicennia zones, 3.1.1. Annie River, Lakefield NP, CYP. (VJ Neldner) Photo 371 Rhizophora spp. closed forest, 7.1.1. Hinchinbrook Island, WET. (VJ Neldner) Page 223 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation 35b Bare saltpans ± areas of Tecticornia spp. (samphire) sparse forblands and/or Xerochloa imberbis or Sporobolus virginicus (sand couch) tussock grasslands Pre-clearing area: 738,691 ha Remnant 2013 area: 703,029 ha (95.2% of pre-clearing) Bioregions: GUP (58%), BRB (20%), CYP (15%), SEQ (4%), CQC (2%), WET (1%) Land zones: 1 (100%), 3 (minor) Mean annual rainfall range: >1000 mm Typical landforms: Regularly to infrequently inundated salt plains and saline flats Typical soils: Supratidal Hydrosols, Intertidal Hydrosols, Aquic Vertosols Structural formation range: Predominantly bare, with areas of dwarf succulent shrubland to herbland Photo 372 Tecticornia sp. succulent shrubland on margin of marine clay plain, 2.1.4. Inkerman Station, GUP. (CN Appelman) Floristic characteristics: The majority of the area is devoid of vascular plants. Patches maybe dominated by Sporobolus virginicus, with Fimbristylis ferruginea, F. polytrichoides, Schoenoplectus litoralis, Cyperus scariosus, Leptochloa fusca and Xerochloa imberbis frequent graminoids. Suaeda australis, Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora, Tecticornia indica, T. pergranulata subsp. queenslandica and Sesuvium portulacastrum are forbs that can dominate some areas. Page 224 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Table 99 Five most extensive regional ecosystems included in Broad Vegetation Group 35b RE Description Pre-clear area (ha) Remnant 2013 (ha) % remaining Status 2.1.4 Infrequently inundated clay plains and low samphire rises 427,600 426,542 100 NC 3.1.6 Sparse herbland or bare saltpans on salt plains and saline flats 93,702 93,555 100 NC 11.1.2a Bare mud flats on marine clay plains 81,063 76,166 94 NC 11.1.1 Sporobolus virginicus grassland on marine clay plains 34,962 17,539 50 NC 12.1.2 Saltpan vegetation including grassland, herbland and sedgeland on marine clay plains 31,794 27,352 86 NC Regional Ecosystem 12.1.2 (South of 23.5oS) from this BVG form part of the EPBC Act vulnerable listed Subtropical and Temperate Coastal Saltmarsh ecological community. Photo 374 Sedgeland, 8.1.3, CQC. (RM Lovatt) Photo 373 Fimbristylis sp. sedgeland 3.1.6. South of Bathurst Heads along edge of narrow salt pan, CYP. (MR Newton) Photo 375 Samphire forbland on marine plain. 11.1.2. Huttonvale Sector, Shoalwater Bay Training Area, BRB. (AL Kelly) Page 225 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation References Accad, A. and Neldner, V.J. (2015). Remnant Regional Ecosystem Vegetation in Queensland, Analysis 1997-2013. (Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation: Brisbane). Australian Government (2013). CFI Methodology: Savanna Burning fact sheet. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/03_2013/CFIFactsheet-Savanna-Burning.pdf Beadle, N.C.W. and Costin, A.B. (1952). Ecological classification and nomenclature. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 77:61-82. Bostock, P.D. & Holland, A.E. (eds) (2013). Census of the Queensland Flora 2013. Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology and the Arts, Brisbane Boyland, D.E. (1984). South Western Queensland. Vegetation Survey of Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries Botany Bulletin No. 4. Department of Environment and Water Resources (2007). Australia’s Native Vegetation: A Summary of Australia’s Major Vegetation Groups, 2007. Australian Government, Canberra. Gunn, R.H., Beattie, J.A., Riddler, A.M.H. and Lawrie, R.A. (1988). Mapping. In R.H. Gunn, J.A. Beattie, R.E. Reid and R.H.M. van de Graaff (eds), Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook: Guidelines for Conducting Surveys. Inkata Press, Melbourne, pp. 90-112. Environmental Protection Agency (2005). Wetland Mapping and Classification Methodology – Overall Framework – A Method to Provide Baseline Mapping and Classification for Wetlands in Queensland, Version 1.2, Queensland Government, Brisbane. http://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/resources/static/pdf/facts-maps/mappingmethod/p01769aa.pdf Eyre, T.J., Kelly, A.L., Neldner, V.J., Wilson, B.A., Ferguson, D.J., Laidlaw, M.J. and Franks, A.J. (2015). BioCondition: A Condition Assessment Framework for Terrestrial Biodiversity in Queensland. Assessment Methodology Manual. Version 2.2. http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plantsanimals/biodiversity/biocondition/#biocondition_manual Fox, I.D., Neldner, V.J., Wilson, G.W. and Bannink, P.J. (2001). Vegetation of Northern Australia. Brisbane: Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency. Hnatiuk, R.J., Thackway, R. and Walker, J. (2009). Vegetation. In Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook (3rd edition). National Committee on Soil and Terrain. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pgs.73-125. Lynch, A.J.J. and Neldner, V.J. (2000). The problems of placing boundaries on ecological continua - options for a workable national rainforest definition in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 48: 511-530. McKenzie, N., Jacquier, D., Isbell, R. and Brown, K. (2004). Australian Soils and Landscapes. An illustrated compendium (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne). Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. National Land and Water Resources Audit. (2001). Australian Native Vegetation Assessment 2001. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Page 226 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Neldner, V.J. (1984). South Central Queensland. Vegetation Survey of Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries Botany Bulletin No. 3. Neldner, V.J. (1986). Vegetation. In ‘The Mulga Lands’. (Editor Paul Sattler). Royal Society of Queensland, Brisbane. Neldner, V.J. (1991). Central Western Queensland. Vegetation Survey of Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries Botany Bulletin No. 9. Neldner, V.J. (1993). Vegetation Survey and Mapping in Queensland. Queensland Botany Bulletin No. 12. Neldner, V.J. (2014). The contribution of vegetation survey and mapping to Herbarium collections and botanical knowledge: a case study from Queensland. Cunninghamia 14: 77-87. Neldner V.J. and Clarkson J.R. (1995). Vegetation Survey and Mapping of Cape York Peninsula. Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy, Office of the Co-ordinator General and Queensland Department of Environment of Heritage, Brisbane. Neldner, V.J., Wilson, B.A., Thompson, E.J. and Dillewaard H.A. (2012). Methodology for Survey and Mapping of Regional Ecosystems and Vegetation Communities in Queensland. Version 3.2. Updated August 2012. Queensland Herbarium, Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane. http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/publications/ Queensland Herbarium (2013). Regional ecosystem framework training: prerequisites, competencies and assessment. (November 2013) (DSITIA: Brisbane). http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/mapping-ecosystems/ Queensland Herbarium (2015a). Regional Ecosystem Description Database (REDD). Version 9.0 (May 2015) (DSITI: Brisbane). http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plantsanimals/plants/herbarium/mapping-ecosystems/ Queensland Herbarium (2015b). Regional Ecosystem Fire Guidelines (May 2015) (Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation: Brisbane). http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/mapping-ecosystems/ Raunkiaer, C. (1934). The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Ryan, T.S. (ed.) (2014). Technical Descriptions of Regional Ecosystems of Southeast Queensland, (January, 2014) (Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts: Brisbane). Sattler, P.S. (1999). Introduction. In: Sattler P.S. and Williams R.D. (eds), The Conservation Status of Queensland Bioregional Ecosystems. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane. Sattler P.S. and Williams R.D. (eds) (1999). The Conservation Status of Queensland Bioregional Ecosystems. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane. Specht, R.L. (1970). Vegetation. In G.W. Leeper (ed.), The Australian Environment (4th edition). CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, pp. 44-67. Speight, J.G. (2009). Landform. In National Committee on Soil and Terrain, Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook (3rd edition) CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 15-72. Tracey, J.G. (1982). The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland. CSIRO, Melbourne. Page 227 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990). Vegetation. In R.C. McDonald, R.F. Isbell, J.G. Speight, J. Walker and M.S. Hopkins (eds), Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne, pp. 58-86. Webb, L.J. (1978). A general classification of Australian rainforests. Australian Plants 9:349363. Webb, L.J., Tracey, J.G., Williams, W.T. and Lance, G.N. (1970). Studies in the numerical analysis of complex rainforest communities. V. A comparison of the properties of floristic and physiognomic - structural data. Journal of Ecology 58:203-232. Wilson, P.R. and Taylor, P.M. (2012). Land Zones of Queensland. Queensland Herbarium, Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane. 79 pp. http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/mappingecosystems/ Page 228 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland APPENDICES Appendix 1 Key to Broad Vegetation Groups First level of key to Broad Vegetation Groups 1. Vegetation with a closed canopy dominated by rainforest# trees (>2m tall) ..…...………….. Table A 2. Vegetation dominated by eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp. or Angophora spp.) trees ……........…………………………………………………………………………….…...………….. Table B 3. Vegetation dominated by trees or tall shrubs (>2m tall), that are not eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp. or Angophora spp.) or rainforest species ………………...……………………. Table C 4. Vegetation not dominated by trees or tall shrubs (>2m tall) ……………………………………..Table D A. Vegetation with a closed canopy dominated by rainforest# trees (>2m tall) Canopy leaf size Structure/ landscape situation BVG Acacia spp. frequent in the closed canopy Frequently in disturbed situations (T7, T12a-d) 5d Eucalypts frequent in the closed canopy Mixed forests with rainforest understories and Eucalyptus spp. or Corymbia torelliana emergents (T13a-f) 8a, 9d Mesophyll & notophyll leaves most frequent Complex evergreen mesophyll vine forests usually in fertile and very wet locations (T1a) 1a Complex evergreen mesophyll to notophyll vine forest on basalt uplands (T1b) 1b Semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest on metamorphics LZ11 (T4 granites and basalts) 2d Simple to complex, semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forests, usually on infertile substrates (granites) (T2a) 2b Evergreen mesophyll to notophyll vine forest, frequently with conspicuous palms, in alluvial and moist situations (T3c,3b) 4a Evergreen to semi-deciduous mesophyll to notophyll vine forest along streamlines (T1c) 4b Complex evergreen notophyll vine forest on ranges of fertile and infertile substrates, conspicuous Argyrodendron species CQC 5b Complex sometimes simple, evergreen notophyll vine forest frequently with Araucaria spp. (T5a,5b) 2a Simple to complex evergreen notophyll vine forest frequently with Agathis robusta emergents (T6) 5c Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest on beach ridges and coastal dunes (T2b) 3a Simple evergreen notophyll vine forest generally with Welchiodendron longivalve on LZ 5 & 10 northern CYP 2c Evergreen notophyll to microphyll vine forest frequently with Araucaria and low abundance of Argyrodendron spp. SEQ 5a Simple evergreen notophyll to microphyll vine forest usually at high altitudes (T8) 6a, 6b Evergreen microphyll vine –fern forest/ thicket (T9,10) 6a, 6b Notophyll & microphyll leaves most frequent Microphyll & nanophyll leaves most frequent Semi-evergreen to deciduous microphyll vine thickets (T11) 7a, 7b Equivalent Tracey (1982) Wet Tropics rainforest types are listed in the appropriate rainforest BVG, e.g. T9, 10. # Rainforest plants, see Glossary (Appendix 3) for definition. Coastal bioregions = All of CQC, CYP, SEQ, WET; and subregions 1, 2, 12 and 14 of BRB; and subregions 1 and 10 of the GUP. Inland bioregions = Most of BRB and GUP; All of CHC, DEU, EIU, MGD, MUL, NET and NWH. Page 229 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation B. Vegetation dominated by eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp. or Angophora spp.) trees Structure Tall open forest Open forests and woodlands Mesic situation Moist Landscape situation Predominant geology Lowland & ranges Alluvia & mixed Dominant/ diagnostic species (BVG) E. grandis (8a) Sandstone & Basalt E. pilularis (8b) Moist Coastal lowland & ranges Metamorphics C. citriodora (9a) Various E. platyphylla (9b) Various C. clarksoniana (9c) Coastal ranges E. portuensis (9d) Coastal sandplains C. clarksoniana (9e) Coastal dunes C. tessellaris (9f) Tertiary surfaces E. tindaliae (9g) Undulating to hilly E. acmenoides (9h) Various C. citriodora (10a) Dry C. citriodora (10b) Moist Uplands Dry Hills & ranges Undulating Ranges Drainage lines & plains Basalt E. orgadophila (11a) Basalt E. tereticornis (11b) Basalt E. leptophleba (11c) Sandstones E. decorticans (12a) Basalt E. crebra (12b) Metamorphic / granite E. cullenii (13a) Metamorphic / granite E. microneura (13b) Metamorphic / granite E. crebra (13c) Mixed E. moluccana (13d) Low plateaus & remnants E. tetrodonta (14a) Erosional surfaces E. tetrodonta (14b) Various C. nesophila (14c) Various geology C. stockeri (14d) Traprock NET E. youmanii (15a) Alluvial plains NET E. conica (15b) Drainage lines E. camaldulensis (16a) Levees E. leptophleba (16b) Floodplains E. coolabah (16c) E. populnea (17a) Alluvia & alluvial sandplains Duplex soils E. melanophloia (17b) Sand sheets E. whitei / E. similis (17c) Duplex soils Corymbia spp. (18a) Flat to undulating E. crebra (18b) Flat to undulating E. chlorophylla (18c) E. microneura (18d) Low open woodlands Dry Hills & ranges Various E. leucophloia (19a) Valleys & footslopes Various E. leucophylla (19b) Sandplains E. pruinosa (19c) E. persistens (19d) Hills & ranges Various Coastal bioregions = All of CQC, CYP, SEQ, WET; and subregions 1, 2, 12 and 14 of BRB; and subregions 1 and 10 of the GUP. Inland bioregions = Most of BRB and GUP; All of CHC, DEU, EIU, MGD, MUL, NET and NWH. Page 230 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland C. Vegetation dominated by trees or tall shrubs (>2m tall), that are not eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp., Corymbia spp. or Angophora spp.) or rainforest# species Dominant structure/genera Dominant Species Land zone/ species/ bioregion Mangroves (adaptations for tidal zone) 35a Fringing trees around lakes / swamps/ billabongs usually Melaleuca spp. or eucalypts 34d^ Callitris spp. woodlands / open forests Acacia spp. woodlands / open forests BVG 20 SOFT MULGA Acacia aneura Deep kandosols and tenosols on plains and sandplains 23a HARD MULGA Acacia aneura Shallow kandosols and rudosols 23b BRIGALOW Acacia harpophylla 25a GIDGEE Acacia cambagei or A. georginae or A. argyrodendron 26a Acacia species on coastal dunes and beach ridges Northern coastal bioregions 28b Other Acacia species in inland regions Inland bioregions 24a Melaleuca viridiflora Primarily depositional plains 21a M. stenostachya, M. citrolens Primarily depositional plains 21b Mainly Melaleuca species other than those above Seasonal coastal swamps & drainage lines 22a-c^ Lophostemon spp. or Syncarpia glomulifera Lophostemon spp. or Syncarpia glomulifera Coastal bioregions on rocky ranges 28e Neofabricia or Acacia spp./ Asteromyrtus brassii/ Neofabricia or Acacia spp./ Asteromyrtus brassii/ Allocasuarina littoralis/ and/or Thryptomene oligandra. Low open forests in coastal CYP bioregion 28a,b,c Lysiphyllum spp./ Atalaya hemiglauca/ Grevillea striata Lysiphyllum spp./ Atalaya hemiglauca/ Grevillea striata and Acacia or Terminalia spp. or Ventilago viminalis Low open woodlands in inland bioregions 27a,b,c Melaleuca spp. woodlands / low open woodlands ^ Classified as wetlands, see Appendix 2 # Rainforest plants, see Glossary (Appendix 3) for definition. Acacia spp. dominated groups may include communities dominated by ecologically allied taxa e.g. wooded downs dominated by Ventilago viminalis, etc. in the MGD bioregion. Melaleuca spp. dominated groups may include communities dominated by ecologically allied taxa e.g. Lysiphyllum spp., Atalaya hemiglauca in the GUP bioregion. Coastal bioregions = All of CQC, CYP, SEQ, WET; and subregions 1, 2, 12 and 14 of BRB; and subregions 1 and 10 of the GUP. Inland bioregions = Most of BRB and GUP; All of CHC, DEU, EIU, MGD, MUL, NET and NWH. Page 231 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation D. Vegetation not dominated by trees or tall shrubs (>2m tall) Life forms of ecologically dominant layer Devoid of terrestrial vegetation Vegetation dominated by graminoids and/ or forbs Dominated by shrubs (predominantly <2m tall) Structure /genera BVG Open water, lakes, billabongs 34a,d^ Rock pavements on ranges 29b Saltpans and tidal flats 35b River beds 16d Sand blows 28d Tussock grasslands dominated by Astrebla or Dichanthium spp. 30a,b Open forblands to open tussock grassland of inland bioregions, not dominated by Astrebla species 31a,b Closed tussock grasslands of coastal and sub coastal areas 32a,b Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia basedowii or Zygochloa paradoxa 33a Hummock grasslands dominated by Triodia pungens, T. longiceps or T. mitchellii 33b Herblands on sand or coral cays and sand blows 28d Sparse tidal saltpans 35b Dominated by hydrophytes, e.g. sedges. Freshwater wetlands, springs and soaks 34c,e,f^ Dominated by hydrophytes, e.g. Duma florulenta. Freshwater swamps, inland claypans 34b Dominated by Acacia spp. (24a) 24a Dominated by Senna spp. (24b) 24b Dominated by myrtaceous shrubs - coastal heathlands 29a Dominated by myrtaceous shrubs - montane heathlands and shrublands 29b ^ Classified as wetlands, see Appendix 2 # Rainforest plants, see Glossary (Appendix 3) for definition. Coastal bioregions = All of CQC, CYP, SEQ, WET; and subregions 1, 2,12 and 14 of BRB; and subregions 1 and 10 of the GUP Inland bioregions = Most of BRB and GUP; All of CHC, DEU, EIU, MGD, MUL, NET and NWH. Page 232 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland Appendix 2 1. Key to Wetland Broad Vegetation Groups Attributes used in classifying wetlands (BVG 34, 16d, 22a and 22b) BVG Class Water salinity Landscape situation 16d Palustrine Fresh Waterholes in broad sandy streams Dominant/ diagnostic species Open water 22a Palustrine Fresh to brackish Coastal seasonally inundated swamps Melaleuca quinquenervia 22b Palustrine Fresh to brackish Seasonally inundated swamps A variety of Melaleuca spp. 34a Lacustrine Fresh to saline Freshwater lakes or large terminal saline lakes in arid areas Open water or ephemeral herbs 34b Palustrine Saline Non-floodplain swamps and claypans Chenopods or herbs 34c Palustrine Fresh Coastal floodplains Sedges and rushes 34d Palustrine Fresh Permanent or semi-permanent billabongs and swamps on floodplains Open water, aquatics or ephemeral herbs 34e Palustrine Fresh to saline Discharge or recharge springs on plains or hilly intake areas Herbs 34f Palustrine Fresh Seeps and soaks on peaks and non-floodplains Herbs &/or shrubs 34g Palustrine Fresh to brackish Floodplain swamps and claypans Chenopodium auricomum, Duma florulenta For details on the Queensland wetland mapping and classification refer to Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Page 233 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Appendix 3 Glossary biodiversity status is based on an assessment of the condition of remnant vegetation in addition to the criteria used to determine the class under the Vegetation Management Act 1999 bioregion (biogeographical region) “an area of land that comprises broad landscape patterns that reflect major structural geologies and climate, as well as major floristic and faunal assemblages (from Sattler and Williams 1999)” canopy is the stratum (or layer) formed collectively by the crowns of adjacent trees or shrubs. It may be continuous or discontinuous. The canopy refers to the predominant stratum. This definition is more specific that that used by Beadle and Costin (1952) who include the cover for the community as a whole (i.e. across all tree layers) as well as one of its component layers canopy cover is the cover, measured as crown cover or projective foliage cover, of the canopy. Dense >80%; mid-dense 80-50%; sparse 50-20%; very sparse <20% canopy cover. coastal bioregions All of CQC, CYP, SEQ, WET; and subregions 1, 2,12 and 14 of BRB; and subregions 1 and 10 of the GUP codominant species where two or more species contribute more or less equally to form the dominant above-ground biomass of a particular stratum crown cover (%) sensu Walker and Hopkins (1990) is the percentage of the ground surface covered by the vertical projection of the periphery of plant crowns. Crowns are treated as opaque meaning that small gaps within the crown are ignored. Crown cover (%) of a stratum is measured for the stratum as a whole i.e. ignoring crown overlaps within a stratum. dry refers to most areas of Queensland where the median annual rainfall is less than 1200 mm. Moist is primarily used in the broad vegetation group classification as a qualifier for Eucalypt dominated communities. See also moist. dominant species (= predominant species) a species that contributes most to the overall above-ground biomass of a particular stratum dominant layer or species is the layer or species making the greatest contribution to the overall biomass of the site and the vegetation community. Equivalent to the predominant layer or species ecologically dominant layer (EDL) or stratum is the dominant canopy contributing most to the above-ground biomass emergent layer/stratum the tallest layer/stratum is regarded as the emergent layer if it does not form the most above-ground biomass, regardless of its canopy cover, e.g. Eucalyptus populnea trees above a low woodland of mulga foliage projective cover (FPC) is recorded as the percentage crown cover, or crown separation ratio or crown cover (i.e. the spacing; the density of vegetation) grass any plant of the family Gramineae or Poaceae, characterised by jointed stems, sheathing leaves, flower spikelets, and fruit consisting of a seed-like grain or caryopsis (true grasses) inland bioregions Most of BRB and GUP; All of CHC, DEU, EIU, MGD, MUL, NET and NWH. land zone land zones represent major differences in geology and in the associated landforms, soils, and physical processes that give rise to distinctive landforms or continue to shape them. The twelve land zones in Queensland are defined in Wilson and Taylor (2012) and listed on the Queensland Government web site. Page 234 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland layer in a vegetation community produced by the occurrence at approximately the same level (height) of an aggregation of plants of the same habit (Beadle and Costin 1952) lifeform – refer to the table below Lifeform Description Tree Woody plant more than 2 m tall with a single stem or branches well above the base Tree mallee* Woody perennial plant usually of the genus Eucalyptus. Multi-stemmed with fewer than five trunks, of which at least three exceed 100 mm in diameter at breast height. Usually 8 m or more tall Shrub Woody plant, less than 8 m tall and multi-stemmed at the base (or within 200 mm from ground level), or if single-stemmed less than 2 m tall. Mallee scrub* Commonly less than 8 m tall, usually with five or more trunks, of which at least three of the largest do not exceed 100mm in diameter at breast height Heath scrub Shrub usually less than 2 m tall, commonly with ericoid leaves (nanophyll or smaller). Chenopod scrub Xenomorphic single or multi-stemmed halophyte exhibiting drought and salt tolerance Succulent shrub Shrubs from the Chenopodiaceae family with succulent leaves e.g. Tecticornia spp. Tussock grass (bunched grass) Forms discrete but open tussocks usually with distinct individual shoots, or if not forms a hummock. These are the common agricultural grasses. Differentiated from sedges by split leaf sheath, presence of ligule, leaf always flat, stem cross section circular, and evenly spaced internodes below inflorescence. Hummock grass Coarse xenomorphic grass with a mound-like form often dead in the middle belong to the genus Triodia. Sod grass* Grass of short to medium height forming compact tussocks in close at their base and uniting as a densely interfacing leaf canopy Sedge Herbaceous, usually perennial, erect plant generally with a tufted habit and of the families Cyperaceae and Restionaceae. Differentiated from grasses by non-split leaf sheath, usually no ligule, leaf not always flat, stem cross section circular, triangular of polygonal and extended internode below inflorescence. Rush* Herbaceous, usually perennial, erect plant. Rushes are grouped in the families: Juncaceae, Typhaceae, Restionaceae (lacking tufted habit) and the genus Lomandra. Forb Herbaceous or slightly woody, annual or sometimes perennial plant; not a grass. Fern Pteridophytes: Characterised by large and usually branched leaves (fronds), herbaceous to arborescent and terrestrial to aquatic: spores in sporangia on the leaves. Moss Small plant usually with a slender leaf bearing stem with no true vascular tissue. Vine Climbing, twining, winding or sprawling plant usually with a woody stem. Herb Herbaceous or slightly woody, annual or sometimes perennial plant (dicotyledon or monocotyledon). The term “herb” includes grasses, sedges, rushes and forbs. *These lifeforms are rarely dominant and therefore do not have corresponding structural formations. Source: after Walker and Hopkins (1990). Herb definition follows Hnatiuk et al. (2009) lowland refers to non-mountainous/ non-range areas in the coastal bioregions. low open woodland is a structural formation defined by the Specht (1970) where the tree canopy has a height range of 2 to 10 metres with a foliage projective cover (FPC) less than 10%. mesophyll or microphyll refers to the leaf area and length, see table below Page 235 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Leaf size category Leaf area (mm²) Approx. length of lanceolate leaf (mm) Approx. length of cordate or peltate leaf (mm) Macrophyll >18,225 >250 >160 Mesophyll 4500–18,255 125–250 80–160 Notophyll 2025–4500 75–125 60–80 Microphyll 225–2025 25–75 20–60 Nanophyll 25–225 <25 <20 Source: Walker and Hopkins (1990, Table 20). moist refers to areas in Queensland that generally do not experience long-term water deficits. These areas are predominantly near the eastern coast and nearby ranges and generally receive at less 1200mm of median annual rainfall. Moist is primarily used as a qualifier for Eucalypt dominated communities. See also dry. notophyll refers to the leaf area and length, see table above open forest is a structural formation defined by the Specht (1970) where the tree canopy has a height range of 10 to 30 metres with a projective foliage cover (PFC) of between 30 and 70%. open woodland is a structural formation defined by the Specht (1970) where the tree canopy has a height range of 10 to 30 metres with a projective foliage cover (PFC) less than 10%. pre-clearing extent of vegetation (or regional ecosystems) present before clearing predominant species is a species that contributes most to the overall above-ground biomass of a particular stratum predominant stratum (or layer) the stratum (or layer) that contains the greatest amount of above-ground vegetation biomass. This is also referred to as the ecologically dominant layer or stratum or the predominant canopy in woody ecosystems rainforest follows the definition by Webb (1978) for rainforest in Australia. Rainforests typically occur as scattered patches of varying sizes and interspersed with sclerophyllous elements. The opacity, texture and colour of the closed canopy readily sets it apart from most other vegetation. Rainforest trees are closely spaced with the crowns arranged in one or more continuous storeys or strata, the uppermost of which forms the closed canopy, which may be even, uneven or very broken and in places descends to ground level. Rainforest is distinguished from other closed canopy forests by the prominence of characteristic life forms such as epiphytes, lianes, root and stem structures and by the absence of annual herbs on the forest floor. See Webb (1978) for definitions of terms used in this classification. rainforest plant(s) refers to species are adapted to regenerating in the low-light conditions experienced under the closed canopy or in localised gaps caused by recurring disturbances which are part of the natural rainforest ecosystem (includes windthrow, landslip, flooding, lightning strike and endemic forest diseases), and are not dependent on fire for successful regeneration (Lynch and Neldner 2000). REDD is the Regional Ecosystem Description Database (Queensland Herbarium 2014) which contains the latest descriptions of regional ecosystems. regional ecosystem (RE) One or more vegetation communities in a bioregion that are consistently associated with a particular combination of geology, landform and soil. Regional ecosystems of Queensland were originally described in Sattler and Williams (1999). The Regional Ecosystem Description Database (Queensland Herbarium 2013) is maintained by Queensland Herbarium and contains the current descriptions of regional ecosystems Page 236 of 238 Broad Vegetation Groups of Queensland remnant vegetation is vegetation, part of which forms the predominant canopy of the vegetation— (a) covering more than 50% of the undisturbed predominant canopy; and (b) averaging more than 70% of the vegetation’s undisturbed height; and (c) composed of species characteristic of the vegetation’s undisturbed predominant canopy. remnant vegetation cover the digital map (or hard-copy map) that shows the distribution of vegetation that is defined as remnant vegetation. A map showing remnant vegetation cover is the same as a ‘remnant map’ defined under the Vegetation Management Act 1999 semi-evergreen few or none of the species are truly deciduous and most of those that shed their leaves do so incompletely depending on the severity of the dry season structural formation The structural class combined with the dominant life form of a vegetation community, e.g. open forest structure The spatial arrangement of plants within a vegetation community (Beadle and Costin 1952) subcanopy refers to the layer immediately below the ecological dominant layer. subdominant species A species is considered to be subdominant when it contributes less biomass than the dominant species, but occurs as more than an isolated individual. As a general rule, the species must individually contribute more than an associated species i.e. more than 10% of the total biomass of the stratum in which it occurs. tall open forest is a structural formation defined by the Specht (1970) where the tree canopy has a height > 30 metres with a projective foliage cover (PFC) of between 30 and 70%. understorey any stratum below (i.e. lower height than) the predominant stratum. Used in the rainforest classification of Webb (1978). vegetation The entirety of the plant cover at a point on the Earth's surface at a particular time. It is the spatial and temporal expression of the flora of an area, as expressed in plant assemblages (communities) which consist of individual species with varied lifeforms (Raunkiaer 1934). The present vegetation is a reflection not only of the site potential as determined by climatic, physiographic, edaphic and biotic factors (Webb et al. 1970; Gunn et al. 1988), but also the history of land use and disturbance. Irregular catastrophic events, e.g. intense fires, prolonged droughts and clearing, whether natural or human-induced, can be important factors determining the floristic composition and structure of present day vegetation (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974; Neldner 1984) vegetation community (equivalent to land type in Sattler and Williams 1999) is an area of vegetation which is relatively uniform with respect to structure and floristics. The basic unit in the vegetation community classification within the regional ecosystem classification is the plant association or sub-association. A number of vegetation communities may form a single regional ecosystem, and are usually distinguished by differences in dominant species composition, frequently in the shrub or ground layers and denoted by a letter following the regional ecosystem code (e.g. a, b, c) Vegetation Management Act 1999 an Act about vegetation management, and for other purposes vegetation map a map whose primary purpose is to show the geographical distribution of the various vegetation communities of a given area woodland is a structural formation defined by the Specht (1970) where the tree canopy has a height range of 10 to 30 metres with a foliage projective cover (FPC) of between 10 and 30%. Page 237 of 238 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Appendix 4 Broad Vegetation Groups making up Major Vegetation Groups MVG^ Description Component Broad Vegetation Groups 1 Rainforests and vine thickets 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b,5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b 2 Eucalypt tall open forests 8a, 8b 3 Eucalypt Open Forests 9a, 9c, 9d, 10b, 11a, 11b 4* Eucalypt Low Open Forests Do not occur in Queensland 5 Eucalypt Woodlands 9b, 9e, 9f, 9g, 9h, 10a, 11c, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 15a, 15b, 16a# 6 Acacia Forests and Woodlands 23a#, 24a#, 25a 7 Callitris Forests and Woodlands 20a 8 Casuarina Forests and Woodlands 25a# 9 Melaleuca Forests and Woodlands 21a, 21b, 22a, 22b, 22c 10 Other Forests and Woodlands 27a, 27b, 27c 11 Eucalypt Open Woodlands 16a#, 16b, 16c, 17a, 17b, 17c, 18a, 18b, 18c, 18d, 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d 12 Tropical Eucalypt Woodlands/Grasslands This should include 14a,14b,14c,and 14d but these have been assigned to MVG5 in DEWR (2007) 13 Acacia Open Woodlands 23b#, 24a#, 26a 14 Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands Minor components of 18a and 19b 15* Low Closed Forests and Tall Closed Shrublands Do not occur in Queensland 16 Acacia Shrublands 23b#,26a# 17 Other Shrublands 24b, 29a# 18 Heathlands 28d, 29a#, 29b 19 Tussock Grasslands 30a, 30b, 31a, 31b, 32a, 32b 20 Hummock Grasslands 33a, 33b 21 Other Grasslands, Herblands, Sedgelands and Rushlands 34a, 34c, 34d, 34e, 34f 22 Chenopod Shrublands, Samphire Shrublands and Forblands 34b, 34g, 35b 23 Mangroves 35a ^ Major Vegetation Groups are described in Department of Environment and Water Resources (2007). * MVGs 4 and 15 do not occur in Queensland # part of this BVG is included Page 238 of 238

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The Vegetation of Queensland. Descriptions of Broad Vegetation Groups. Version 2.0.

The Vegetation of Queensland. Descriptions of Broad Vegetation Groups. Version 2.0.

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