The genus Vitex (Labiatae) in the Flora Malesiana region, excluding New Guinea

Rogier R P de Kok

The original English version is attached, not the published French version. Eight subfamilies recognized, the `basal' ones comprising trees and shrubs of the tropics, subfam. VIII (Nepetoideae) comprising some four tribes, the bulk of the old Labiatae, the majority being herbs and small shrubs of temperate regions. Except for Plectranthus (Nepetoideae), all the native New Caledonian species are in the archaic tribes I and II, Viticoideae and Teucrioideae. Within the genera in New Caledonia, there is a trend from pachycaul treelets to lianes (Oxera) or shrublets (Gmelina), while some individual Oxera species comprise trees, shrubs and lianes and, in the highly polymorphic species Premna serratifolia, there are also both upright and scrambling forms. Many of the species with large flowers are visited by birds. The widespread Indopacific coastal flora is represented by Clerodendrum inerme, Premna serratifolia and Vitex trifolia; the close affinity with southern Vanuatu is seen in V...

KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63: 17–40 (2008) The genus Vitex (Labiatae) in the Flora Malesiana region, excluding New Guinea Rogier de Kok Summary. A revision of the genus Vitex is presented for the Flora Malesiana region excluding New Guinea. A key to all 16 species and two subspecies for the Flora Malesiana is provided. Descriptions are given of species, notes on ecology, distribution, local uses, vernacular names and conservation status are given for all species from the Flora Malesiana region which were not included in the species treatment for New Guinea, and those that were included in the latter treatment are usually expanded. Vitex medusaecalyx H. J. Lam, V. siamica F. N. Williams and V. vestita Wall. ex Walp. are lectotypiﬁed in this paper and 18 names are placed into synonymy for the ﬁrst time. Seven names are treated as doubtful names and 35 names are excluded from the present deﬁnition of the genus. Key Words. Flora Malesiana, Labiatae, nomenclature, typiﬁcation, Vitex. Introduction The genus Vitex L. is comprised of about 300 species almost all occurring in the tropics. A substantial proportion of the genus occurs in South-East Asia, and seems to be particularly rich in species and morphological variation on the South-East Asian mainland. The genus is widespread in Eastern Malesia and the Paciﬁc, but the number of species decreases sharply south and west from New Guinea. Members of the genus are common in swamps and primary rainforests and are often prominent in secondary, coastal or ﬁre-inﬂuenced vegetations or the drier evergreen forests in parts of Java (Whitten et al. 1996) and the monsoon forest in the Philippines (Oldﬁeld et al. 1998). The genus has never been revised in full. For South-East Asia, the genus was dealt with in the now largely outdated revisions by Lam (1919) and Lam & Bakhuizen van den Brink (1921). The species from New Guinea and the Paciﬁc are dealt with in de Kok (2007) and in this paper; those species which have been treated in the New Guinea paper are only cursorily treated. In the last 50 years many new names were created and many species, which were originally placed in Vitex have now been placed either in Teijsmanniodendron Koord. or Viticipremna H. J. Lam (Munir 1985). This has resulted in the many excluded names given at the end of this paper. However, generic delimitation between the genera Premna L., Teijsmanniodendron, Viticipremna and Vitex remains problematic (Large & Mabberley 1995; Mabberley 1998; Mabberley & de Kok 2004), and in this study a practical approach has been taken. Vitex is accepted here as having palmate leaves, always with more than one leaﬂet (when only one leaﬂet is present then two leaﬂet scars on the petiole are always clearly present) and usually ﬁve corolla lobes (see de Kok 2007). Throughout the Flora Malesiana region the timber of most of the larger tree species is used in house and boat building and in making of tools, weapons and kitchen utensils. A number of species (in particular Vitex trifolia L. and V. negundo L.) are extensively used and grown for both medicinal use and for ornamentation. Common vernacular names in Malay and Bahasa Indonesia are “Leban” and “Halaban” and on Borneo “Kulimpapa”. Vitex altissima L. has been recorded from both Java and Sumatra (Rajendran & Daniel 2002). Most of these are undoubtedly planted trees (usually at the Bogor Botanical Garden) but for some specimens this is less clear. During this study no unambiguous wild specimens of V. altissima have been found within the Flora Malesiana region and the species is therefore excluded from this study. The species is easily recognisable by the broad wings on the petiole which are absent in all other species of Vitex in the region. Materials and Methods This study has been largely based on the examination of herbarium specimens from the following herbaria: BM, BO, BKF, CANB, K, KEP, L, LINN, MEL, NSW, NY, P, Accepted for publication October 2007. 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK. e-mail: r.dekok@kew.org © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 18 SAN, SING, TCD, UPS and US. Photographs of type material from LE, UPS-THUNB and NY were also examined. In the descriptions the indumentum is characterised as: ‘glabrous’ when without any hairs or with just a few occasional hairs; ‘sparsely hairy’ when showing more underlying leaf surface than hairs; ‘densely hairy’ when showing less underlying surface than hairs; and ‘velutinous’ in which the underlying surface is completely covered with hairs. Bracts are deﬁned in this study as leaf-like structures subtending an KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) inﬂorescence, a bracteole is a leaf-like structure on the inﬂorescence. All colours mentioned are of mature structures, unless stated otherwise. All collections cited have been seen by the author unless indicated otherwise. The cited specimens represent not only the typical form of the species, but also more extreme forms (sometimes formally described), and the intermediates between them. For hairs and inﬂorescence types see de Kok (2007). In the descriptions the ratio is deﬁned as the length of the object divided by the width. Key to Vitex Species in the Flora Malesiana Area 1. Inﬂorescences cymose........................................................................................................................................................2 1. Inﬂorescences paniculate...................................................................................................................................................9 2. Inﬂorescences terminal and large (usually longer than bract); lower leaf surface glabrous with a distinct patch of hairs in the axils between midrib and the secondary veins only; corolla white to yellow or blue, with a clear distinctly bigger lip............................................................................................................................................4.V. glabrata 2. Inﬂorescences axillary, seldom terminal, small (usually shorter than bract); lower leaf surface glabrous or evenly hairy or hairs on the veins only; corolla yellow with relatively small and sometimes isomorphic lobes...............3 3. Leaves 1-foliolate with a small thickening in the petiole just below the leaf; endemic to North Sumatra….............. ......................................................................................................................................................................15.V. vansteenisi 3. Leaves 3-foliolate without a small thickening in the petiole just below the central leaﬂet.........................................4 4. Bracteoles > 5 mm long; often persistent at least in ﬂowering stage.............................................................................5 4. Bracteoles < 3 mm long; seldom persistent......................................................................................................................6 5. Bracteoles lanceolate; ﬂowering calyx lobes 4 – 5 mm long; endemic in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand............ .......................................................................................................................................................................5.V. longisepala 5. Bracteoles elliptic; ﬂowering calyx lobes 2.5 – 4 mm long; endemic to Sarawak..........................................2. V. flava 6. Corolla lobes 4; endemic to North Sumatra......................................................................................6.V. medusaecalyx 6. Corolla lobes 5.....................................................................................................................................................................7 7. Leaves glabrous or with some hairs on the veins; calyx with 2 – 4 lobes (one enlarged upper lobe and 1 – 3 smaller lower lobes)..................................................................................................................................3.V. gamosepala 7. Leaves glabrous to densely hairy; calyx with 5 usually isomorphic lobes......................................................................8 8. Flowering calyx lobes isomorphic; 2.5 – 5 mm long....................................................................................16.V. vestita 8. Flowering calyx lobes usually not isomorphic, 1 – 2 mm long; endemic to Peninsular Malaysia..............7.V. millsii 9. Leaves 1-foliolate with a distinct circular scar on the petiole beneath the only leaﬂet...........................1.V. cofassus 9. Leaves (1 –) 3 – 6 foliolate and without a circular scar on the petiole beneath the leaﬂets....................................10 10. Second and higher order bracteoles leaf-like and clavate, > 6 mm long (in some old collections bracteoles may be absent); hairs on leaves yellowish when dry............................................................................................10.V. pinnata 10. Second and higher order bracteoles scale-like, triangular to linear, < 5 mm long; hairs on leaves when present whitish when dry..........................................................................................................................................................11 11. Climber or small tree (up to 3 m high); corolla lobes more or less isomorphic; endemic to New Guinea......... .................................................................................................................................................................12.V. scandens 11. Tree or shrub; corolla lobes differentiated into a distinct bigger lip and smaller side and back lobes..................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................12 12. Corolla lip < 2 mm long and ﬂowering calyx < 2 mm diameter; ovary apex velutinous; endemic to limestone outcrops in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand...........................................................................................13.V. siamica 12. Corolla lip > 2 mm and ﬂowering calyx > 1.5 mm diameter; ovary glabrous or seldom with a few hairs at apex..... .......................................................................................................................................................................................13 13. Fruiting calyx ﬂattened not enclosing fruit; trees > 4 m tall; lower leaf surface glabrous with veins usually covered with appressed hairs............................................................................................................................................................14 13. Fruiting calyx partly enclosing fruit; small trees and shrubs 1 – 4 (8) m tall; lower leaf surface velutinous............. .......................................................................................................................................................................................15 14. Inﬂorescence glabrous or if moderately to densely hairy then mature calyces clearly less hairy than the inﬂorescence apex.....................................................................................................................................................................9.V. parviflora © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA 19 14. Inﬂorescence moderately to densely hairy and mature calyces always as velutinous as the inﬂorescence apex.................. ....................................................................................................................................................................................11.V. quinata 15. Fruit spherical with a rounded apex and only covered about 50% or less by the calyx; glands present on calyx surface; leaves always with entire margins; inﬂorescence paniculate consisting of side cymes in lax clusters............................... .................................................................................................................................................................................14.V. trifolia 15. Fruit ellipsoid with truncated apex and almost completely covered by the calyx; glands absent or few on calyx surface; leaves sometimes with toothed margins; inﬂorescence paniculate consisting of side cymes in dense clusters............... ................................................................................................................................................................................8.V. negundo Vitex L. (1753: 638). Type species: Vitex agnus-castus L. Mailelou Rheede ex Adans. (1763: 12 & 200). Type: Hort. Mal. 5. (1685) t. 1 = Vitex altissima L. Limia Vand. (1788: pl. 3, ﬁg. 21). Type species: unknown: = Vitex sp. Allasia Lour. (1790: 85). Allazia Silva-Manso (1836: 36). Type species: A. payos Lour. = Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr. Tripinna Lour. (1790: 359 & 391). Type species: T. tripinnata Lour. = Vitex tripinnata (Lour.) Merr. Chrysomallum Thouars (1806: 8). Type species: C. madagascariense Thouars ex Steud. = Vitex chrysomallum Steud. Wallrothia Roth (1821: 317) [non Wallrothia Spreng.]. Type species: W. articulata Roth = Vitex pinnata L.; W. leucoxylon Roth = Vitex leucoxylon L. f. Ephialis Banks & Sol. ex A. Cunn. (1838: 461); Ephielis Banks & Sol. ex Seem. (1866: 189); Ephialum Banks & Sol. ex Airy Shaw (1966: 409). Type species: E. pentaphylla Bank & Sol. ex A. Cunn. = Vitex lucens Kirk Casarettoa Walp. (1845: 91 – 92). Type species: C. mollisima Walp. = Vitex polygama Cham.; C. diversifolia Walp. = Vitex triflora Vahl. Rapinia Montr. (1860: 243) [non Rapinia Lour.]. Type species: Rapinia collina Montr. = Vitex collina (Montr.) Beauvis. Agnus-castus Carrière (1870: 415). Types species: A. incisa Carrière = Vitex negundo L.; A. negundo Carrière = Vitex negundo L. Pistaciovitex L. ex Kuntze (von Post & Kuntze 1903: 442). Type species: Pistaciovitex pinnata (L.) Kuntze = Vitex pinnata L. Neorapinia Moldenke (1955: 225); Mabb. (1998: 313 – 317). Type species Rapinia collina Montr. = Vitex collina (Montr.) Beauvis. Trees, shrubs, rarely lianas. Leaves (1 –) 3 – 5 (– 6) palmate, decussate; leaﬂets elliptic, apex rounded to acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, margin entire, seldom toothed or lobed, herbaceous; upper surface glabrous except on the veins; lower surface glabrous except with hairs on the veins to velutinous; venation pinnate, usually prominent below and sunken above; glands shortly stalked, on both surfaces; hairs simple, multicellular. Petiole round to lateral ﬂatted in cross-section. Inﬂorescence terminal or axillary, cyme or paniculate, axis round to ﬂattened in cross-section; bracts morphological similar to leaves, persistent; bracteole triangulate, elliptic-linear, often not persistent. Calyx (0 –) 4 – 5 lobed, campanulate, rarely two-lipped, usually accrescent. Corolla (4 –) 5 lobed, strongly to weakly two lipped, usually glabrous inside, lobes heteromorphic to isomorphic, apex emarginate to rounded to acute, hairs concentrated at corolla mouth and along centre of lip, tube base glabrous. Filaments 4, usually equal, glabrous but usually with hairs at base, inserted in middle to lower half of tube. Ovary globose, apex usually rounded, usually glabrous, sometimes wholly or only the apex covered with glands. Style usually straight, seldom with hooked apex, glabrous; stigma biﬁd, apex acute to acuminate. Fruit ﬂeshly, globose. Seeds 4 (or less by abortion) per fruit. 1. Vitex cofassus Reinw. ex Blume (1826: 813). Vitex cofassus var. α typica H. J. Lam (1919: 172 – 175). Type: [Indonesia] Insulis Moluccauis, (lectotype, Rumph. Herb. Amb. 3 (1750) t. 14 B (selected by de Kok 2007)). For a description and more information see de Kok 2007. DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia: Sulawesi, Moluccas, Aru Islands, West Papua; Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Caroline Islands: Koror Island (see de Kok 2007). VERNACULAR NAMES (widespread or unpublished ones only): English: New Guinea teak. Indonesia: Goefasa (Indonesian); Celebes: Nau-nau (Palopo), Wanasa (Boeloekoemba bb 8579). Aru Islands: Alaua (Kobroor village). Halmahera: Ogofase mabedeka (Tobaro language, de Vogel 4462). Moluccas, Morotai: Gowaha (Tanghilisan 239). Additional specimens to de Kok 2007 INDONESIA: Morota, Tabelo, North Totokoe, 12 July 1949, Tangkilisan 239 (L); Halmahera, Central part, Akelamo Abo, 7 Dec. 1974, de Vogel 4462 (L); Sulawesi, Boeloekoemba, Tanaberoe, 12 Jan. 1925, Boschproefstation bb 8579 (L). © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) 20 2. Vitex flava Ridl. (1929: 261 – 262). Type: [Sarawak] Borneo, path to Tegora, 20 Dec. 1892, Haviland 2025 (holotype K!). whitish tip. Fruit, fresh bright yellow; dried 0.7 – 1.3 cm diameter; globose, apex ﬂattened. DISTRIBUTION. Only known from a few collections from Small tree, 5 – 12 m tall, 30 – 50 cm DBH. Bark smooth, pale brown to dark grey. Leaves 3-foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic, 13.5 – 17 × 7 – 10 cm, ratio 1.7 – 2; side leaﬂets 9 – 14 × 4 – 7 cm, ratio 2 – 3; apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, glabrous except on the veins, young leaves reddish, 8 – 10 secondary veins, glands many. Petiole 6.5 – 8 cm long, round to laterally ﬂattened in cross-section; hairs few, brown, erect; petiolules 3 – 4.2 cm long. Inﬂorescence axillary, dichasia, compound, axis 1.4 – 2 cm long, ﬂattened in cross-section; hairs few to moderate, appressed; glands many; bracteoles ellipticlanceolate, up to 10 mm long, glabrous, often not persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, accrescent, (pale) green, hairs sparsely, erect; glands many; ﬂowering calyx lobes 2.5 – 4 × 2 – 2.2 mm, apex acute, erect; fruiting calyx lobes 2.5 mm long, patent. Corolla 5-lobed, (bright) yellow, covered outside with glands; lobes almost isomorphic, c. 2 × 1.5 mm, apex rounded to acute; tube c. 5 mm long. Filaments c. 3 mm long, inserted in lower half of tube, yellow; anther c. 1.5 mm long, pale yellow to brown. Ovary c. 1.5 mm, globose, apex rounded, glabrous, apex covered with glands. Style c. 5.5 mm long, apex hooked, yellow to white; stigma c. 0.8 mm long, apex acuminate with Map 1. Distribution of Vitex ﬂava ( ) and V. gamosepala ( ). ▪ © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 • Sarawak (see Map 1). ECOLOGY. Reported to grow along paths and on ridges at c. 500 m altitude. Soil: rich humus or clayey sand. Flowering from May to December. Fruiting from July to December. VERNACULAR NAME. Kepapar (Iban language; Chai S. 39425). CONSERVATION STATUS. This species must be considered as very rare. Only ﬁve collections are known, while relatives from similar habitats from the same area have been collected in abundance. Given that it has very few known localities and that Sarawak has gone through an extensive period of deforestation a conservation rating of vulnerable (VUB1) is proposed (IUCN 2001). NOTES. Vitex flava seems to be closely related to the Peninsular Malaysian species V. longisepala King & Gamble (see also Ridley 1929), but has more glabrous leaves with smaller bracts and a corolla, which is covered with glands rather than hairs. V. flava is endemic to Sarawak and is often confused with V. vestita Wall. ex Walp. (see Table 1). Additional collection seen: MALAYSIA: Sarawak: Kapit, Pelagus, 8 July 1979, Lee S.40611 (KEP, SAN); Lambir Nat. Park, 10 May 1978, Chai S. 39425 (KEP); Lambir Nat. Park, 21 Sept. 1978, THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA 21 Table 1. Morphological differences in the Vitex ﬂava species complex. No. of leaﬂets Leaf hairiness V. V. V. V. V. V. V. flava gamosepala longisepala medusaecalyx millsii vansteenisi vestita Glabrous Glabrous Moderately Glabrous to Glabrous to Glabrous to Glabrous to moderately moderately moderately densely 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 Bracteole length Calyx lobes Fruiting calyx Calyx lobes apex Long Short Long Short Short Short Short Isomorphic Heteromorphic Isomorphic Isomorphic Heteromorphic Heteromorphic Almost isomorphic Patent Erect Erect to Patent Erect Patent Erect Patent Acute Rounded Acute Acute Acute Acute Acute to rounded Rena George S. 40335 (K); Kapit, Sungai Selubak, 10 Nov. 1974, Othman et al. S. 41338 (K, KEP, SAN). 3. Vitex gamosepala Griff. (1854: 178 – 179, Pl. 448, Map 2). Type: [Malaysia] Malacca at Ching Rgingull, Griffith 6065 (holotype K!; isotype NY!). Vitex gamosepala var. scortechinii King & Gamble (1909: 856); H. J. Lam (1919: 210). Types: Malaysia, Perak, Scortechini s.n. (syntypes, K! K! K!); Perak, Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9725 (syntype ?); Perak, Tapa, Batang Padang, Wray 108[0] (syntype K); Perak, Gunong Batu Dateh, lower camp, 3400 ft, Wray 992 (syntype K!); Perak, Gunong Batu Dateh, lower camp, Wray 1080 (syntype K!); Negri Sembilan, Serembau, Dec. 1898, Ridley 10096 (syntype K!); Indonesia, Sumatra, Forbes 3060 (syntype BM!). synon. nov. Vitex gamosepala var. kunstleri King & Gamble (1909: 856 – 857). Types: Malaysia, Perak, at Ulu Bubong, King’s collector 10605 (syntype K!); Malaysia, Trengganu, at Bunda, Rostado (Herb. Ridley 11982) (syntype K!); [Indonesia] Sumatra, Forbes 2685 (syntype?). Vitex gamosepala var. α typica H. J. Lam (1919: 210). Types: Malay Penisula, Griffith 6065 (syntypes K! NY!); Malay Penisula, Maingay 1202 (syntypes K! L!). Vitex neglecta H. J. Lam var. α puberula H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 63). Type: [Indonesia] Sumatra, Bencoolen, Rimbo pengadang, 16 June 1916, Jacobson 182 (holotype BO! Pictures at K! & NY!). Vitex neglecta H. J. Lam var. β glabior H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 63). Type: [Indonesia] Suma- Map 2. Distribution of Vitex longisepala ( ) and V. parviﬂora ( ). ▪ • © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 22 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) tra, Indrapura, Tapan, Jacobson 2675 (syntypes BO! BO! Pictures at K! & NY!). Tree (rarely liana) 4 – 20 m high, (3 –)10 – 45 cm DBH. Bark smooth, (dark) white to grey brown, slash yellowish-brownish or brown, wood whitish-yellowish. Leaves 3-foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 8 – 15 × 3.5 – 7.5 cm, ratio 2 – 3, side leaﬂets 7.5 – 11 × 2.4 – 3.1 ratio 2.3 – 3; apex acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes slightly oblique, glabrous, rarely moderately hairy, whitish-green beneath, young leaves dirty purple or bronze, 6 – 10 secondary veins; glands few to many, yellowish. Petiole 5.5 – 8 cm, round in cross-section, few erect hairs, glands few to many; petiolules 1.5 – 4 cm long, few erect hairs. Inﬂorescence axillary, dichasia, axis 0.2 – 1 cm long, round to ﬂattened in cross-section; glabrous to sparsely hairy, erect to patent; glands few to many; bracteoles triangular to linear, less than 2.5 mm long, moderately ciliate, often not persistent. Calyx 4-lobed, 2-lipped, upper lip 0.2 – 0.5 mm long; lower lip 3-lobed and its length ⅔ – ½ of upper lobes, not accrescent, apex rounded to acute, (light) green, hairs few, always erect; glands many. Corolla 5-lobed, (bright) yellow, covered outside with glands; lip 1.5 – 5 × 1 – 3.5 mm, spathulate, apex round, margin entire, patent; side lobes reﬂexed, 1.5 – 2 × 1 – 2 mm, apex round; back lobes 1.5 – 4 × 1 – 4 mm, apex round, fused up to 50%, erect; tube 4 – 10 mm long. Filaments 4 – 7 mm long, inserted in middle part of tube, white. Ovary c. 1 mm diameter, glabrous, apex covered with glands. Style 5 – 12 mm long, only slightly exceeding the corolla tube; stigma 0.5 – 0.8 mm long. Fruit, fresh ellipsoid, c. 8 mm diameter; purple black or dark brown; dried 4 – 5 × 5 – 6 mm ellipsoid to globose, apex rounded. DISTRIBUTION. Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia: North Sumatra (see Map 1). HABITAT AND ECOLOGY. Primary and secondary forest, both deciduous and evergreen. Soil yellow-red loam or clay, sometimes over limestone or acidic rock, at 30 – 730 (– 1800) m altitude. Flowering from July to August. Fruiting from August to April. VERNACULAR NAMES. Selangor: Kayu Hinai Bukit (Temuan; Gadeh anak Umbai 1753); North Sumatra: Belulang (Wiriadinata & Maskuri 539). CONSERVATION STATUS. Least concern. DISCUSSION. This species was previously erroneously recorded to occur in Borneo (Lam & Bakhuizen van den Brink 1921). However, in this study all specimens from Borneo which were orginally thought to belong to this species, have now been placed into either Vitex vestita or V. flava. Selected specimens (100 seen). MALAYSIA: Genting, 16 Jan. 1979, Kochummen 26577 (K, KEP); Pahang, Sungai Tahan, 22 Feb. 1968, Shah 1398 (K, L); Pahang, Balok F.R., 3 Sept. 1966, Ding © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 Hou 761 (K, L); Selangor, Ulu Klang, Ampang, 1 Sept. 1959, Gadeh anak Umbai 1753 (K); Selangor, Ulu Langat, 7 Sept. 1917, Boden Kloss s.n. (K). INDONESIA: Sumatra, Mt Tigapulu, 4. Nov. 1988, Burley et al. 1155 (CANB, K, KEP, NY); Sumatra, Atjeh, Gunung Leuser Reserve, 8. Aug. 1979, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 19581 (K, L). Sumatra, Bukit lawang, 30 Jan. 1980, Wiriadinata & Maskuri 539 (BO, K). THAILAND: Ranong prov., Khlong Naka, 22 June 1974, Geesink et al. 7390 (K). 4. Vitex glabrata R. Br. (1810: 512); Munir (1987: 44 – 52); Daniel & Rajendran (1995: 601 – 602); de Kok (2007). Type: Australia, Groote Eylandt, (Bennets 2319) Brown s.n. (lectotype: MEL!; isolectotype: BM! MEL! designated by Munir (1987)). Vitex bombacifolia Wall. ex Walp. (1845: 86); Munir (1987: 44 – 52); Daniel & Rajendran (1995: 601 – 602). Vitex glabrata var. bombacifolia (Wall. ex Walp.) Moldenke (1937: 2). Vitex glabrata f. bombacifolia (Wall. ex Walp.) Moldenke (1979b: 329). Types: Wallich Cat. 1749.1 HBC (= Calcutta Botanic Gardens) (syntypes CAL (n.v.), K-W!); Goyalpara (= Assam, Goalpara), 10 May 1807, Wallich Cat. 1749.2 (syntypes K-W!); Lyhing, D. Noton (Wallich Cat. 1749. D) (syntype K-W!). Vitex pentaphylla Merr. (1909: 320). Types: Philippines, Mindanao, Siocon R., distr. of Zamboanga, Feb. 1908, Whitford & Hutchinson 9490 (syntypes PNH (n.v), K! US!); Philippines, Mindanao, Siocon R., distr. of Zamboanga, March 1908, Hutchinson 11245 (syntypes PNH (n.v.), US!); Mindanao, Santa Cruz, 16 June 1905, Williams 2949 (syntypes PNH (n.v), NY! US!). Vitex nitida Merr. (1912: 343). Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Tanob, Prov. Misamis, 7 May 1911, Klemme 19546 (syntype K! PNH (n.v.)). For a description and more information see de Kok 2007. DISTRIBUTION. From Northern Australia via New Guinea and Indonesia to India and Cambodia (see de Kok 2007). ECOLOGY. Widespread, but seldom a common tree of rainforest or forest in seasonally inundated swamps and/or along rivers and streams at 0 – 750 (– 900) m altitude. Soil: Sandy clay. Flowering in August to May; fruiting from August to March (– July). The ﬂowers are visited by bees (van Balgooy 2306). VERNACULAR NAMES (unpublished ones only). Indonesia: Java: Banges (Koorders 27046b). South Central Timor: Kle’o (Walsh 214). North Sulawesi: Wolato bungango (Church & Ismail 28). Malaysia: Meroko (Meh 17872). USES. The fruits are eaten on Timor (Walsh 214). Additional specimens to de Kok 2007 INDONESIA: Timor, South Central, 16 April 1929, Walsh 214 (BM, BO); Java, Banjoemas, Noesa Kembangan, 20 Jan. 1897, Koorders 27046b (L); Sulawesi, Hungayono, THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA 8 km NE of Desa Tulabolo, 18 Aug. 1991, Church & Ismail 28 (CANB, K, NY). MALAYSIA: Kedah, Katumbah, 22 April 1929, Meh 17872 (K); Langkawi Islands, Bumbon Besar, 19 Feb. 1975, van Balgooy 2306 (L, NY). 5. Vitex longisepala King & Gamble (1908: 112). Type: [Malaysia] Perak, at Tapa, Wray 1319 (lectotype K!) designated here. Vitex longisepala var. longipes Moldenke (1976: 375). Type: Malaysia, Selangor, Klang area, Telok Forest Reserve, Dec. 1969, Mahmud bin Sider s.n. (holotype UPM (n.v.) Picture NY!). Vitex vestita Wall. ex Walp. var. bracteata Moldenke (1978: 308). Type: Malaysia, Perak, Kuala Kangsar Distr., Gunong Bubu Forest Reserve, 28 Oct. 1958, Sinclair 9887 (holotype NY!; isotypes A (n.v.), B (n.v.), E (n.v.), K!, L!, M (n.v.), SING (n.v.)). Shrubs (sometimes scandent) or small trees 3 – 15 m high, 6 – 12 cm DBH. Bark smooth, (pale) grey to white-brown; wood white. Leaves 3-foliolate; central leaﬂet (broadly – narrowly) elliptic, 15 – 20 × 5.5 – 8 cm, ratio 2.1 – 3.6, side leaﬂets 8.5 – 16 × 3.5 – 5.3 ratio 1.6 – 3.5; apex acuminate, base cuneate to slightly oblique, moderately hairy, young leaves red, 7 – 10 secondary veins; glands many on lower surface, yellow to reddish. Petiole 5 – 10 cm, round in cross-section, covered with erect hairs, glands few too many; petiolules 0.6 – 2 cm long. Inﬂorescence axiliary, dichasia, compound, axis 2 – 3.5 cm long, round in cross-section, yellow, covered with erect hairs, glands few, light green; bracteole linear to spathulate, 6 – 10 mm long, apex rounded to acute, moderately hairy, often persistent, brownish green. Calyx 5-lobed, campanulate, (light to brownish) green, hairs few, glands many; ﬂowering calyx 4 – 5 mm diameter, apex lobes acute, lobes erect; fruiting calyx 4 – 5 mm diameter, erect to patent. Corolla 5-lobed, yellow to dark orange, covered outside with glands; lip 1 – 5 × 1 – 5 mm, spathulate, apex rounded to truncated, margin entire, patent; side lobes reﬂexed, 1 – 3 × 1 – 2 mm, apex round; back lobes 1 – 5 × 1 – 2.5 mm, apex rounded to acute, fused up to 50%, reﬂexed; tube 7 – 11 mm long, pink to orange. Filaments 4 – 7 mm long, inserted in middle part of tube. Ovary c. 1 mm diameter, glabrous, apex covered with glands. Style 6.5 – 15 mm long, just exserting from corolla; stigma 0.5 mm long. Fruit, fresh globose, 5 × 5 mm, glabrous, covered with many glands, smooth, black, shiny; dried 3 – 5 × 5 — 6 mm, ellipsoid to globose, apex rounded. DISTRIBUTION. Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (see Map 2). ECOLOGY. Growing in and along margins of primary (evergreen) forest at 240 – 1200 m altitude. Growing in sandy soil and sometimes over shale. Flowering and fruiting all year round and reported to be common. 23 CONSERVATION STATUS. Least concern. VERNACULAR NAMES. Nobang (Temuan; Gadek anak Umbai 1579); Mentua Halban (Chew Wee-lek 1231). TYPIFICATION. Numerous collections are cited in the original description: Malay Peninsular: Penang, at Batu Kawan, Curtis 275; Perak, at Bujong Malacca, Ridley 9723; Perak, at Tapa, Wray 1319; Perak, at Waterloo, Curtis s.n; Perak, Goping, in open jungle, King’s Collector 460; Perak, Scortechini 100, 113, 340; Selangor, Ridley 7595; Selangor, at Rawang, Goodenough 10488 (King & Gamble 1908). Most of these specimens now cannot be found or identiﬁed, only a Wray 1319, a King’s Collector 460, a Scortechini 133 (numbered as 113a) and several unnumbered Scortechini (some originally from the Gamble herbarium according to notes on the sheets) specimens at K and a Waterloo, Curtis s.n. specimen at SING could be located. The Wray 1319 specimen at K is selected here as the lectotype as it has a detailed drawing of the ﬂowers signed by Gamble. Selected specimens (41 seen): MALAYSIA: Perak, 15 ml from Grik, 6 July 1966, Whitmore 512 (K); Perak, W of G. Buru Massif, Feb. 1970, Everett 13967 (SAN, K); Kepong, 12 April 1978, Maxwell 78-117 (KEP, L); Selangor, Bukit Lagong, 3 Jan. 1980, Kamarudin 28625 (K, L); Perak, Gunung Bubu, 18 Aug. 1966, Chew Wee-Lek 1231 (K, L). THAILAND: Yala Prov., Ban Rang, Geesink et al. 6390 (K); Naratiwat, Chatwarin Falls, 18 Dec. 1986, Maxwell 86-1092 (L). 6. Vitex medusaecalyx H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 59). Type: [Indonesia] Sumatra, Bandar baru, 15 Feb. 1917, Lörzing 4761 (lectotype BO [sheet 24258]! (Picture at K! & NY!); iso-lectotypes BO [sheet 24257]! (Picture at K!) NY!) designated here. Shrub 3 – 6.5 m high, 15 cm DBH. Leaves 3-foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic, 12.5 – 15 × 5.5 – 7 cm, ratio 2 – 2.14, side leaﬂets 8 – 10.5 × 3.5 – 4.5 cm, ratio 2.3 – 2.4; apex acuminate, base cuneate, young leaves brownish, upper side glabrous except for veins, lower side sparsely to moderately hairy, 7 – 10 secondary veins; glands many, yellowish. Petiole 3 – 7 cm long, round in crosssection, covered with erect hairs; petiolules 2.5 – 3 cm long. Inﬂorescence axillary, dichasia, compound, axis 1.5 – 1.7 cm long, round to ﬂattened in cross-section; covered with erect hairs; bracteoles linear, 7.5 – 8 × 0.1 – 1 mm, persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, ﬂowering calyx 3 – 5 mm diameter; lobes largely isomorphic, two slightly longer then others, 1 – 2 mm long, apex acute, erect; glands many, yellowish. Corolla 4-lobed, yellow, densely hairy, glands many; lobes isomorphic, c. 1 mm long, apex round; tube 4 – 5 mm long. Filaments 4 – 6 mm long, just exserting corolla, inserted lower to upper half © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) 24 of tube; anthers c. 1 mm long. Ovary c. 1 mm diameter, globose, glabrous, covered in yellow glands. Style 4 – 6 mm long; stigma 0.5 mm long, apex acute. Fruit, fresh 5 – 6.5 mm diameter, globose, black, shiny; dried, 4 – 6 mm long, globose. DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia: North Sumatra (see Map 3). ECOLOGY. In open places in or at edges of primary lower montane forest at 1200 – 1300 m altitude. Flowering from December to February; fruiting from January to April. CONSERVATION STATUS. This is a rarely collected species from a small area of Northern Sumatra. It is reported to be rare where it is found and with a patchy distribution. Given that this species is restricted to a small and fragmented area, but that no decline in population is reported, a conservation rating of vulnerable (VUB1) is proposed (IUCN 2001). TYPIFICATION. Two different collections were cited in the original description: Sumatra, Bandar baru, 15 Feb. 1917, Lörzing 4761 (BO [sheet 24258] BO [sheet 24257], NY) & Sumatra, Bandar baru, 30 Dec. 1916, Lörzing 4566 (BO [sheet 24256] BO [sheet 24255], L, L) (Lam & Bakhuizen van den Brink 1921). The collection Lörzing 4761 both has an abundance of ﬂowers and fruits and is well distributed. Lam & Bakhuizen van den Brink were working in Bogor at the time of publication so it is proposed here to lectotypify BO [sheet 24258], of which pictures exist at K and NY. Map 3. Distribution of Vitex millsii ( ) and V. medusaecalyx ( ). ▪ © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 • DISCUSSION. This species could be part of the genus Viticipremna (four corolla lobes and palmate laves). However, given the inﬂorescences and ﬂower shape it is morphologically far closer to the species in the Vitex flava group (see Table 1) then any species of Viticipremna (Munir 1985). Furthermore, the number of corolla lobes can be very variable in the genus (see discussion in de Kok 2007) and the placement of this species in the genus Vitex is therefore not a major problem. Additional collections seen: INDONESIA: Sumatra: Mt Sibajak, 29 March 1929, Lörzing 15535 (K); Upper Petani Valley, Eastern Mt Sibajak, 17 Feb. 1935, Lörzing 16993 (BO, L); Upper Bandar, 30 Dec. 1916, Lörzing 4566 (BO, L); Sidikalang, Lae Pondon to Silalahi, 2 April 1954, Alston 15152 (BM, BO, SING). 7. Vitex millsii M. R. Hend. (1927: 262 – 263). Vitex vestita f. millsii (M. R. Hend.) Moldenke (1951: 489). Type: Malaysia, Pahang, Cameron’s Highland, Robinson Falls, 24 Nov. 1925, Henderson [Singapore field number] 17958 (holotype SING!; isotypes BM! BO! K! NY! SING!). Tree or shrub 7 – 10 m high, 30 cm DBH. Bark smooth, grey; slash greenish to pale yellow, wood THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA white. Leaves 3-foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 9.5 – 15 × 5.2 – 7.8 cm, ratio 1.8 – 1.9; side leaﬂets 7 – 10 × 3.4 – 5 cm, ratio 2 – 2.1, apex acute to acuminate, base rounded to cuneate, upper surface glabrous except on the veins, lower surface moderately hairy to glabrous except on the veins, 6 – 7 secondary veins; glands many, on both surfaces. Petiole 2.5 – 9 mm long, round in cross-section, moderately hairy, petiolules 1.5 – 4 cm long. Inﬂorescence axillary, dichasia, compound, axis 0.4 – 1 cm long, round to ﬂattened in cross-section; hairs few to dense, erect to appressed; glands few; bracteole triangular to linear, less than 2 mm long, moderately ciliate, seldom persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, campanulate, one lobe usually bigger then others, hairs sparsely to densely, erect; glands few; ﬂowering calyx 1 – 2 mm diameter, apex acute, erect; fruiting calyx c. 5 mm diameter, patent. Corolla 5-lobed, covered outside with glands, (light) yellow; lobes 1.5 – 2.5 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm, almost equal, apex rounded to acute; tube c. 8 mm long. Filaments 7 – 8 mm long, inserted in lower half of tube; anther c. 1 mm long. Ovary 1 – 1.2 mm diameter, globose, apex acute, glabrous, covered with glands; style c. 8 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, apex acuminate. Fruit fresh unknown; dried 5 – 6 mm, globose, apex rounded to acute. DISTRIBUTION. Peninsular Malaysia: mountains of Pahang and Selangor (see Map 3). ECOLOGY. Growing in primary evergreen forest at 1200 – 1600 m altitude. Flowering from October to November. Fruiting from October to April. CONSERVATION STATUS. This is a rarely collected species from a relatively small area. It is reported to be common where it is found. Given that this species is restricted to a small and fragmented area, but that no decline in population is reported, a conservation rating of vulnerable (VUB1) is proposed (IUCN 2001). TYPIFICATION. M. R. Henderson worked at the Singapore Botanic Gardens when this species was published, and in the herbarium there are two sheets with type material, one sheet has a hand written note saying ‘Vitex millsii Hend’ and this sheet is accepted here as the holotype. Additional specimens seen: MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak, 16 July 1963, Poore 1193 (K); Pahang, below Robinson Falls, 10 Nov. 1960, Poore 564 (K); Pahang, Robinson Falls, Sg. Bertam, 9 Oct. 1961, HMB 2851 (K); Pahang, Cameron Highlands, 5 April 1937, Henderson 32909 (K); Pahang, Cameron Highlands, G. Beremban, 1 March 1968, Ogata 110294 (K); Pahang, Tanah Rata to Habu via Robinson Waterfall, 21 Oct. 1967, Iwatsuki et al. 13686 (L, K). 25 8. Vitex negundo L. (1753: 638 as ‘938’). Type: from somewhere in India, [Linnaeus 811/8] (holotype LINN!). Vitex chinensis Mill. (1768). Type: ex Hort., Miller s.n. (holotype BM!). Vitex incisa Lam. (1786: 612). Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C. B. Clarke (1885: 584). Type: Jardin du Roi, ‘originaire de la China’ (holotype P (n.v.) Picture at K!). Vitex spicata Lour. (1790: 475 – 476). Type: Cultaque in Cochinchina et China, Loureiro s.n. (holotype P (n.v.)). Agnus-castus incisa Carr. (1870: 415). Type: Lamarck s.n. (holotype P (n.v.) Picture at K!). Vitex negundo f. intermedia C. Pei (1932: 105). Vitex negundo var. intermedia (C. Pei) Moldenke (1937: 2). Type: Hong Kong, 1853 – 1856, Wright s.n. (syntype L!, NY!). Vitex elmeri Moldenke (1978: 307). Type: Philippines, Luzon, Union Province, Bauang, Feb. 1904, Elmer 5611 (holotype NY (n.v.) Picture at NY!) synon. nov. Trees or shrubs up to 4 m high. Leaves 3 (– 6)foliolate; central leaﬂet oblong-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 3.4 – 7 × 1.2 – 1.6 cm, ratio 2.2 – 4.6; side leaﬂets 2.3 – 5 × 0.8 – 1.4 cm, ratio 2.8 – 4.3, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire to dentate, glabrous above or with only hairs on the veins, velutinous whitish below, aromatic when crushed, 7 – 12 secondary veins; hairs appressed, with a powdery exudate on apical cell. Petiole 2.2 – 3.2 cm long, round in cross-section, covered with minute curly hairs; petiolules 0 – 6 cm long. Inﬂorescence paniculate, terminal, axis 6 – 25 cm long, angular in cross-section; ﬂowers in dense side clusters on peduncles up to 8 mm; hairs dense, appressed; bracteoles scale-like, linear, up to 3 mm long, velutinous, usually persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, clearly 5-ribbed; lobes 0.5 – 1 cm long, clearly developed, persistent, velutinous; glands absent to few; ﬂowering calyx 1 – 1.5 mm diameter, erect; fruiting calyx 2 – 2.5 mm diameter, erect, covering the mature fruit. Corolla 5-lobed, white or purple to blue-violet; covered with appressed hairs; glands few, white; lip oblong, 1.8 – 3 × 1.9 – 2.1 mm, apex rounded and reﬂexed, margin entire, two well-developed ridges at corolla mouth, blue; side lobes 1.2 – 1.5 × 1 – 2 mm, apex round, patent, blue; back lobes 1.2 – 1.5 × 1 – 1.2 mm, fused up to 10%, apex round, reﬂect to erect, blue; tube 2 – 3.5 mm long, infundibular. Filaments 1.5 – 4 mm long, slightly to strongly didynamous, inserted halfway on the corolla tube, pale purple; anther c. 0.8 mm long, pale brown to violet. Ovary globose, 0.6 – 0.8 × 0.5 – 0.7 mm, glabrous; style 2.5 – 3 mm long; stigma lobes 0.1 – 0.5 mm long. Fruit, fresh unknown; dried, ellipsoid, 2.5 – 4 × 1.8 – 2 mm, apex truncate, glabrous, smooth. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) 26 Map 4. Distribution of Vitex negundo ( ). • DISTRIBUTION. The present day distribution is from Java and the Philippines north to China and India. Reported to be introduced and cultivated in at least Java, Sumatra and the Philippines (Merrill 1918) and possibly in the whole of the Flora Malesiana area (see Map 4). ECOLOGY. Growing in secondary forest (rarely in primary) and along roads and in wastelands, sometimes in thickets and up to 110 m altitude. Reported to be ﬂowering and fruiting throughout the year. CONSERVATION STATUS. Least concern. VERNACULAR NAMES. Malaysia: Merbok (Abd. Samat 15). Sabah: Talaun mohou (Ranis Kung Kai 93). Philipines: Lagundi (Merrill 1918). USE. The species is grown for ornamental and medicinal uses throughout the region. NOTES. Most specimens from the Flora Malesiana area only have a few indentations in the leaves. This is unlike most specimens from mainland Asia (especially China), which can have frequent and substantial indentations in the leaves. These latter forms are sometimes cultivated in botanical gardens and other institutions and are often recognised as Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C. B. Clarke. The taxonomy of this species remains confusing on mainland Asia and more work is needed. Selected specimens (85 seen). KUWAIT: Kuwait City, 15 Dec. 1988, Boulos & Armer 17113 (K). NEPAL: Sindhu Palchok distr., Lamusangu, 25 May 1978, Tabata et al. 9889 (L). PAKISTAN: Dera Ismail Khan, Montes Suleiman, Rechinger 29984 (US). © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 CHINA: Hong Kong, 1 July 1992, Hu 20903 (L). TAIWAN: Taiching Hsien, 27 June 1995, Hsiao 1338 (BM). THAILAND: Rat Buri Prov., 15 Jan. 1989, Nanakorn 88220 (NY). MALAYSIA: Langkawi islands, Kuah, Post Ofﬁce, 4 Aug. 1961, Abd. Samat 15 (SING, K). Sabah, Tenon distr., Kampong Mantailang, 11 June 1997, Ranis Kung Kai 93 (KEP). PHILIPPINES: Mt Ambuklao, 21 Nov. 1953, Quisumbing 18826 (L, US). Mindanao, Agusan Norte, Tungao, 21 May 1991, Barbon et al. 1917 (K). INDONESIA: Banka, Soengei Liat, 23 Aug. 1886, Berkhout 440 (L). Central Java, Koedoes, Dec. 1924, Houwing 806 (L). 9. Vitex parviflora A. Juss. (1806: 76). Type: Insulis Philippinis (holotype P-JU (Picture seen). Vitex littoralis Decne. (1834: 401). Vitex timoriensis Walp. (1845: 84). Type: Timor, naturalistes de l’expédition de la Favorite, (syntypes K! NY!). Vitex geniculata Blanco (1837: 514); Merr. (1918: 333). Type: unknown. Vitex latifolia Blanco (1837: 514); Merr. (1918: 333). Type: unknown. Vitex altissima Blanco (1837: 516) [non Vitex alltissima L.f]; Merr. (1918: 333). Type: unknown. Vitex glaberrima Zipp. ex Span. (1841: 330). Nom in synon. Vitex glandulosa H. J. Lam (1919: 199). Type: Philippines, Cavite, Mendez Nunez, Aug. 1906, Mangubat 1361 (holotype BO (n.v., picture at K); isotypes L! NY! US!). THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA Vitex parviflora f. sterilis H. J. Lam ex Moldenke (1957: 42 – 43). Type: Philippines, Bohol, May 1906, McGregor s.n. (Herb. Philipp. Bur. Sci. 1218) (holotype BO! Picture at K!; isotype NY!). synon. nov. Vitex parviflora var. puberulenta Moldenke (1951: 489). Type: Philippines, Luzon, Cavite prov., Mendez Nuñez, Aug. 1906, Mangubat 1361 (holotype BO! Picture at K!; isotypes L! NY! US!). synon. nov. Tree 4 – 15 (– 30) m high; 7 – 50 (– 200) cm DBH. Bark greyish-white to darkish grey or dark brown, smooth to slightly ﬁssured; sapwood light coloured; heartwood light straw colour, very heavy and hard. Leaves (1 –) 3 – 5 foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic to lanceolate, 10 – 17 × 3.5 – 6.5 cm, ratio 2.6 – 3; side leaﬂets 8.5 – 13 × 2.5 – 5 cm, ratio 2.6 – 3.8; apex acuminate, base cuneate, sometimes oblique, margin sometimes serrate in immature plants, glabrous with few appressed hairs on veins, dull green, lower surface covered with orange glands, 10 – 13 secondary veins. Petiole 5 – 7.8 cm long, round in cross-section, covered with minute curly hairs; petiolules 1 – 12 mm long, channelled. Inﬂorescence paniculate, axis 10 – 20 cm long, angular in cross-section; hairs glabrous to densely hairy, appressed to erect; bracteoles triangular to lanceolate, up to 5 mm long, sparsely hairy, not persistent. Calyx 0 – 5 lobed, lobes up to 0.5 mm long, sparsely hairy (always clearly less hairy than inﬂorescence); glands, few, orange to yellow; ﬂowering calyx 1.5 – 2 mm diameter, erect; fruiting calyx 3.5 – 4 mm diameter, patent. Corolla 5-lobed, pale violet or blue to white or yellow, glabrous to covered outside with appressed hairs; glands many, orange; lip spathulate, 3 – 4 × 3 – 4 mm, apex rounded to truncate, margin crenulate, patent, violet to blue; side lobes 2 – 3 × 1.5 – 2 mm, apex rounded to acute, patent; back lobes 1.5 – 2 × 1 – 2 mm, fused for 10%, apex oblique, erect; tube 4 – 6 mm long, infundibular. Filaments 4.5 – 6 mm long, inserted at halfway on the corolla tube, only slightly too greatly exceeding the corolla tube; anther c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary globose, 1 – 1.2 × 1 – 1.2 mm, glabrous; style 7.5 – 8 mm long, straight; stigma lobes 0.2 – 0.5 mm long. Fruit, fresh purple to black, glossy; dried 5 – 8 × 6 – 7 mm, globose to clavoid, glabrous, smooth. For an anatomical description of the wood, see Seeber et al. (1979). 27 DISTRIBUTION. Philippines and Indonesia (Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands) and East Timor. Introduced as a timber tree on several paciﬁc islands and in Central America (see Map 2). ECOLOGY AND HABITAT. Growing in secondary or mixed primary forest, often along streams. Reported to be one of the dominant trees in the Philippine monsoon forest (Oldﬁeld et al. 1998). Soil: clay loam or volcanic soils, over limestone or serpentine substrates, at 30 – 400 (– 650) m altitude. Flowering from April to December; fruiting all year round. CONSERVATION STATUS. The exploration of this highly prized timber has led to the reduction of the Vitex parviflora forest in at least the Philippines. The IUCN red list category VU Alc,d was proposed (Oldﬁeld et al. 1998). LOCAL NAMES. Indonesia: Moluccas: Buru: Gofasa (van Balgooy 5088); Tenimbar Island: Basa (Buwalda 4030). Philippines: Tagalog language: Molave (Seeber et al. 1979); Lipapa (Frake 445). USE. In some parts of the Philippines, the bark is scraped and drunk as a cure for indigestion (Frake 445). DISCUSSION. Merrill (1923) stated that Vitex quinata was morphologically scarcely separate from V. parviflora, and indeed the differences between theses two species and the close relative V. cofassus are very minor (see Table 2). V. cofassus always has one leaﬂet per leaf, calyces that are clearly less hairy than the inﬂorescence and an emarginate corolla lip. These differences clearly set it apart from both V. parviflora and the more widespread species V. quinata. The differences between V. parviflora and V. quinata are more complicated. V. parviflora always has calyces that are clearly less hairy than the inﬂorescence, but this character can sometimes be difﬁcult to interpret when dealing with specimens with an old inﬂorescence (which may have lost hairs), very young ones (young calyx can be velutinous in all species), or the occasional V. parviflora individual with a velutinous inﬂorescence and immature velutinous calyxes. The type of V. parviflora var. puberulenta Moldenke is an example of the last case. However, usually specimens can easily be identiﬁed when it is in full ﬂower. Selected specimens (182 seen). PHILIPPINES: Zamboauqad North, Nipaan, 11 Nov. 1957, Frake 445 (CANB). Luzon, Batangas, 17 April Table 2. Morphological differences between Vitex cofassus, V. parviﬂora and V. quinata. Characters V. cofassus Leaﬂets per leaf Calyx indumentum 1 Calyces clearly less hairy than inﬂorescence apex Emarginate Corolla lip apex V. parviflora (1 –) 3 – 5 Calyces clearly less hairy than inﬂorescence apex Rounded to truncate V. quinata (1 –) 3 – 5 Calyx as hairy as the inﬂorescence apex Rounded to truncate © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 28 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) 1986, Ridsdale 1868 (L). Visayas, Paranas, 22 Oct. 1992, Reynoso et al. 7517 (K). Santa Cruz, Acoje Mine, 25 May 1986, Ridsdale 1507 (K, L). Cebu, Dec. 1910, Cenabre 15254 (L). Mindanao, Zamboanga, Santa Maria, 5 June 1910, Robinson 11804 (BM, K). MICRONESIA: Guam, Finegayan, 7 Nov. 1986, Johnson 2281 (UPS). INDONESIA: Timor, 1792, Smith & Wiles s.n. (US). Buru, near Bara, 7 Dec. 1984, Balgooy 5088 (L). Moluccas, Temimbar Is, 8 March 1938, Buwalda 4030 (L). Sept. 1904, Hochreutiner 1846 (holotype G (n.v.)). synon. nov. Vitex buddingii Moldenke (1952: 59 – 60). Type: [Indonesia] Western Borneo, Melawi, 3 March 1939, Budding 227 (holotype BO! Picture at K! & NY!; isotype NY!). synon. nov. Vitex pinnata f. glabrescens Moldenke (1976: 375). Type: Malaya, Selangor, along roadside at Damansara, 3 June 1960, Mahmud Kasim bin Rajab 91 (holotype UPM (n.v.)). synon. nov. 10. Vitex pinnata L. (1753: 638 as ‘938’). Vitex pubescens L. ex Vahl (1794: 85); Vitex puberula Miq. (1860: 242). Aglaia pinnata (L.) Druce (1914: 413). Vitex heterophylla var. β puberula (Miq.) H. J. Lam (1919: 189). Vitex quinata var. puberula (H. J. Lam) Moldenke (1951: 489). Vitex turczaninowii f. puberula (H. J. Lam) Moldenke (1982: 163) (see de Kok 2007). Type: Sri Lanka ‘the Pistacio-vitex’ Hermanni s.n. [vol 1: 16, no: 415] (holotype BM!). Wallrothia articulata Roth (1821: 317 – 318). Type: Heyne s.n. (holotype B (n.v.)). Vitex arborea Roxb. (1814: 46). Type: [India] Circars, 1799, T. Boosce s.n. (holotype BR (n.v.) Picture at NY!). Vitex bracteata Horsf. ex Miq. (1856: 862). nom. in synon. Vitex heterophylla Blume ex Miq. (1856: 862). nom. superfl. nom. in synon. Vitex pubescens Vahl var. genuina Hochr. (1925: 191 [17]). Type: Java, île Noesa, Kambangan, 29 Oct. 1904, Hochreutiner 2301 (holotype G (n.v.); isotype L!). Vitex pubescens Vahl α lilacina Kuntze (1891: 511). Type: Java and Singapur, Oct. 1875, Kuntze 6086 (holotype NY!). synon. nov. Vitex pubescens Vahl β bicolor Kuntze (1891: 511). Type: Java, Kuntze s.n. (holotype?). synon. nov. Vitex heterophylla var. velutina Koord. & Valeton (1900: 207 – 208). Vitex velutina (Koord. & Valeton) Koord. (1912: 137). Types: Java, Noesakembangan, 24 Sept. 1895, Koorders 20101 β [1039c] (syntype BO!); Java, Noesakembangan, 2 Oct. 1895, Koorders 20217 β [1127c] (syntype BO!); Java, Noesakembangan, 16 Sept. 1896, Koorders 24703 β [1039c] (syntype BO!); Java, Noesakembangan, 25 Sept. 1896, Koorders 24779 β [1127c] (syntype BO!); Java, Noesakembangan, 20 Jan. 1897, Koorders 27045 β [1039c] (syntype BO! BO! Picture at NY!); Java, Noesakembangan, 17 Dec. 1902, Koorders 40231 β [1039c] (syntype?). Vitex sebesiae H. J. Lam ex Leeuwen in Docters van Leeuwen (1922: 311). nom. nud. Vitex sebesiae H. J. Lam (1922: 176). Type: Sumatra, Sebesy, 28 April 1921, Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan 5355 (syntype BO! BO! Pictures at K! & NY!). synon. nov. Vitex pubescens Vahl var. pantjarensis Hochr. (1925: 191 – 192 [17 – 18]). Type: Java, Goenoeng Pantjar, 17 Tree 1 – 15 (– 25) m high, bole up to 5 m high; 10 – 45 (– 120) cm DBH, sometimes ﬂuted. Bark white to greyish or light brown, smooth to ﬂaky; slash brownish to pale yellow, becoming green on exposure; wood orange-yellow. Leaves (1 –) 3 (– 5)-foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic to narrowly elliptic, (3.5 –) 8.2 – 24 × 3 – 9 cm, ratio 1 – 2.6; side leaﬂets 6 – 15 × 3.4 – 8.5 cm, ratio 1.7 – 2.1; apex (emarginated to) rounded to acuminate, base cuneate to oblique, hirsute, yellowish-green, 10 – 20 secondary veins, green-yellowish; glands many on lower surface, white or yellow. Petiole 0 – 10 cm long, channelled to round in cross-section, hirsute; petiolules 0 – 4 mm long, channelled. Inﬂorescence paniculate, axis 8 – 20 cm long, square to round in cross-section, hirsute, purple to greyish or brown; bracteoles unifoliar leaflike and clavate, 7 – 15 × 6 – 7 mm, persistent. Calyx 5lobed, yellowish to brownish green; hairs appressed; glands few, orange; ﬂowering calyx c. 4 mm diameter, erect; fruiting calyx 7 – 9 mm diameter, erect to patent. Corolla 5-lobed, (pale) violet to (lavender) white or greenish-yellow, fragrant; glands many, orange; lip 4 – 8 × 4 – 6.5 mm, apex round, margin entire, patent, deep red to blue or (pale) violet, white; side lobes 2.5 – 5 × 2.5 – 4 mm, apex rounded to acute, patent to reﬂexed, white, violet to pale blue; back lobes 2.5 – 3.5 × 2.5 – 3 mm, fused up to c. 50%, apex acute to oblique, erect, white, violet to pale blue; tube 5 – 6 mm long, infundibular, greenish-yellow to white or purplish. Filaments 8 – 11 mm long, inserted in the lower half of the corolla tube, pale green to white; anther c. 1 mm long, violet to black; pollen (pale) yellow. Ovary globose, 1.2 – 1.5 mm diameter, glabrous; style 11 – 16 mm long, straight, white; stigma lobes c. 1 mm long, pale green to white. Fruit, fresh 5 – 8 cm diameter, globose, smooth, glabrous, purple to black, shiny, juice purple; dried, 4.5 – 7.5 mm diameter, globose. Seedling: leaves 3-foliolate, entire or sometimes serrate margin. Petiole winged (Proefstation 2024, Ng 1992: 973 – 974). © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia (except New Guinea) north to India and Sri Lanka and Cambodia. In the Philippines this species is only known from the islands of Palawan, Culion and Tawi Tawi (see Map 5). THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA 29 Map 5. Distribution of Vitex pinnata ( ). • ECOLOGY. Growing in primary and secondary forests and savannahs (including deciduous, heath or coastal vegetations or (peat) swamps). Soil: (white) sand to clay over sandstone, limestone or basalt, at 0 – 300 (– 1700) m altitude. The species apparently tolerates regular ﬁres (Bacon 205). Flowering from November to May (August); fruiting from November to August. The fruits are eaten by birds (Bernstein 47). Seeds do not germinate in the shade (Mohamad & Ng 1982) CONSERVATION STATUS. Least concern. VERNACULAR NAMES. (unpublished ones only). Malaysia: Bunyak Laban (Mohd. Bin Kiching 2000). Indonesia: Sumba island: Hiketaroe (Iboet 46); Komodo: Pampa (Verheijen 5348). Sumatra: Kopiher (Karo language; Lörzing 13327), Aloban-bátu, Aloban Kardoek or Aloban búnga (Krukoff 314, 335, 4337). USES. Malaysia: Tea made from the boiled bark is used during or after pregnancy (Haniff 13259); Sarawak: The bark is soaked in warm water in order to make a tea for the relief of stomach ache (Kandau Jenang S.58003 & S.58181; Yii Puan Ching S.64467) and juice from the leaves are used to treat eyes (Lee Meng Hoch S.55685). NOTES. The taxon Vitex pubescens β bicolor Kuntze is deﬁned relative to V. pubescens α lilacina Kuntze as having a corolla with two colours rather than one (Kuntze 1891). Given that V. pubescens α lilacina Kuntze is a synonym of V. pinnata and that corolla colour is variable in this species, it is presumed that V. pubescens β bicolor Kuntze is also a synonym of V. pinnata, despite the absence of a type specimen. I have not seen the any type material from Vitex pubescens Vahl var. pantjarensis Hochr., but from the original description it is clear that it must be part of the total variation of V. pinnata L. Selected specimens (403 seen). INDIA: Khassia Mont, Hooker & Thomson s.n. (UPS). THAILAND: Chumphon, 29 April 1959, Bunchuai 1022 (L). MALAYSIA: Negri Sembilan, Setul road, 20 March 1919, Modh. Bin Kiching 2000 (SING). Perak, Batu Kurau, 12 May 1924, Haniff 13259 (SING); Sarawak, Ulu Layar, Betong, 1 Aug. 1988, Lee Meng Hoch S. 55685 (KEP, SAN). Kut Tengah, Dalat Kandau, 28 Nov. 1989, Jenang S. 58003 (K, SAN). Sarawak, Limbang, Kampong Pahlawan, 26 Feb. 1991, Kandau Jenang S. 58181 (K, KEP, SAN). Sarawak, Sibu Division, 27 July 1992, Yii Puan Ching S. 64467 (KEP). BRUNEI: Tasek Merimbun, 22 Aug. 1992, Bernstein 47 (K); Belait, Sukang, 21 July 1993, Atkins et al. 522 (L). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Feb. – April 1908, Merritt 9800 (MEL). Tawi Tawi, 27 May 1992, Gaerlan & Sagcal 10138 (K). Palawan, Taytay, Lake Manguao, 18 April 1989, Soejarto et al. 6644 (K). Palawan, Panalingajan R., March 1929, Edaño 77441 (NY). Palawan, Quezon, 28 Nov. 1963, Mendoza 87720 (L). Palawan, Aborlan, 1951, Edaño 13999 (BM). Palawan, Olympic mines, 26 Jan. 1991, Stone et al. 220 (K). Palawan, Dec. 1905, © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 30 Bermejos 189 (K). Culion, 15 Dec. 1902, Merrill 502 (K). Culion, 11 July 1912, Fènix 15649 (K). INDONESIA: Kalimantan Tengah, Barito Ulu, 29 May 1990, Kade Sidyasa PBU207 (L). Central Kalimantan, 48 km from Sangai, 11 Feb. 1994, Argent & Wilkie 9439 (L). West Kalimantan, Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, 24 July 1993, Zulkarnain & Giesen 302 (L). Sumatra, Selatan, Palembang, 3 May 1984, Bacon 205 (K). Sumatra, Medan, 10 July 1928, Lörzing 13327 (L). Sumatra, Padang estate, West Coast, Dec. 1930, Krukoff 314 (NY). Sumatra, near Kisarin, Hoeta Padang estate, Dec. 1930, Krukoff 335 (NY). Sumatra, Hoeta Padang, Asahan, 23 Nov. 1932, Krukoff 4337 (NY). Java, 1924, Proefstation voor de Javasuikerindustrie 2024 (L). Komodo, 5 June 1982, Verheijen 5348 (L). Soemba, 20 March 1925, Iboet 46 (L). 11. Vitex quinata (Lour.) F. N. Williams (1905: 431). Cornutia quinata Lour. (1790: 387). Vitex quinata Druce (1917: 652). Type: [China, Canton] Canto Sinar, Loureiro s.n. (holotype P (n.v.) Picture at K!). Vitex sumatrana Miq. (1860: 567). Type: [Indonesia] Sumatra, Lampong prov., prope Natar, Teysmann 4302 (holotype U (n.v.) Picture at NY!; isotypes BO! BO! K! MEL!). Vitex urceolata C. B. Clarke (1885: 585 – 586). Types: Malaya, Griffith 6064 (syntypes K! K! U (n.v.) Picture at NY!); Malaya, Malacca, 13 June 1867 – 1868, Maingay 1207 [3308] (syntypes, K! K!); Malaya, Malacca, 1867 – 1868, Maingay 1205 [3368] (syntype K!). Vitex loureirii Wight ex C. B. Clarke (1885: 585). nom. in synon. Vitex heterohylla Roxb. var. undulata C. B. Clarke (1885: 585). Types: [Burma] Rangoon, Oct. 1826, Wallich Cat. 1756 (syntypes K! K-W!); [Burma] Pegu, McLelland s.n. (syntype K!); [Burma], Tenasserim, Helfer 6068 (syntype, K! K!). synon. nov. Vitex celebica Koord. (1898: 645). Type: [Indonesia] Celebes, Menado, Minahassa, 1894 – 1895, Koorders 19544b (syntype BO! Picture at K! & NY!). Vitex padangensis Hallier f. (1918: 46). Types: [Indonesia] W Sumatra, Residentschaft Padang, prope Nangallo, Korthals s.n. (syntype L!); [Indonesia] Sumatra, Padang Provinces, Ajer Mantjur, Aug. 1878, Beccari 726 (syntype BM!K! L! MEL!). synon. nov. Vitex heterophylla var. α genuina H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 55).Types: Burma, Prazer 7 (syntype BO (n.v.)); [Indonesia] Sumatra Lampongs, Gusdorf 91 (syntype BO (n.v.)). synon. nov. Vitex buddingii Moldenke (1952: 59). Type: [Indonesia] Western Borneo, Melawi, 3 March 1939, Budding 227 (bb. 27010) (holotype BO! Picture at K! & NY!; isotype NY!). synon. nov. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) Vitex secundiflora var. longipes Moldenke (1979a: 252). Type: [Malaysia] Sabah, Lahad Datu Distr., 5 Nov. 1961, Muin Chai SAN 26696 (holotype SAN (n.v.); isotype, K!). For a description and more information see de Kok 2007. DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea north to South China and west to India. ECOLOGY. Primary to secondary forest or more rarely in submontane forest, often in swamps or periodically inundated areas. Soil: stony to sandy or loamy clay, sometimes over limestone, at 10 – 470 (– 1000) m altitude. Flowering from May to December; fruiting from July to April. VERNACULAR NAMES (unpublished ones only): MALAYSIA: Duriau Tawar: Leban Taudok (Tahir 603); Merboh (Corner 31625). Indonesia: South Kalimantan: Bati Bati Gunung; Sumatra: Leban boengoen (Lamback 1221 & bb. 7723); Moluccas, Marilako: Kroehoe-kroehoe (Lam 3636); Sulawesi, Palopo: Bitti (Ramlanto 118). USES. On the Indonesia island of Halmahera, the bark is mashed in cold water and used against lice (de Vogel 4394). DISCUSSION. The leaves of Vitex quinata can vary enormously in texture throughout its range. Usually the leaves have an herbaceous texture, which is very similar to most other species of Vitex. However, populations do exist that have much more leathery leaves. These populations are usually in areas with a more monsoonal type of climate. The name of V. padangensis Hallier f. is based on examples of the latter type from Sumatra. Vitex buddingii Moldenke is based on a specimen with an inﬂorescence without any ﬂowers or fruits; despite this, given the location and the shape of the inﬂorescence it clearly is part of V. quinata. Additional specimens to de Kok 2007 INDONESIA: Halmahera, Central part, Akelamo Oba, 4 Dec. 1974, de Vogel 4394 (L). Halmahera, Morotoi, Marilako, East of Pilano, 28 June 1926, Lam 3636 (L). Sulawesi, Palopo, Desa Mario, 8 April 1984, Ramlanto RAM 118 (K, L). Sumatra, Lampong Telohbetang, 15 Jan. 1925, Boschproefstation bb 7723 (K, NY). Sumatra, Lematang, 30 Sept. 1916, Lambach 1221 (L). MALAYSIA: Perak, Gerik, 26 July 1936, Corner 31625 (NY, SING). Duriau Tawar, 14 April 1919, Tahir 603 (SING). 12. Vitex scandens Moldenke (1952: 63 – 64). Type: [Indonesia] Dutch New Guinea, Nassau Mountains, Oct. 1926, Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan 10703 (holotype BO! picture at K! & NY!; isotype NY!). THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA For a description and more information see de Kok 2007. DISTRIBUTION. The islands of New Guinea and New Ireland (de Kok 2007). 13. Vitex siamica F. N. Williams (1905: 431). Type: [Malaysia] Langkawi Archipelago, Teruto, Aug. 1888, anonymous 1683 (lectotype K!) designated here. Shrub or small tree, 1.5 – 18 m high, 20 – 90 cm DBH. Bark ﬂaky or ﬁssured, grey, inner wood brown to yellow, wood pale brown or whitish-yellow. Leaves 3foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 5.9 – 7.7 × 2.6 – 3 cm, ratio 2.3 – 2.6; side leaﬂets 4.5 – 5.4 × 1.6 – 2.2 cm, ratio 2.5 – 4.5, apex acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; glands lower surface covered, orange; c. 10 secondary veins. Petiole 2.5 – 5 cm long, round in cross-section to lateral ﬂattened, glabrous to covered with minute straight hairs, petiolules 0.4 – 1.2 cm long. Inﬂorescense paniculate, axis 5 – 16 cm long, brownish-white; hairs few, erect; bracteoles elliptic, up to 5 mm long, few hairs, persistent. Calyx 5-lobed; hairs few, erect to appressed, mainly along margin; glands many, orange; ﬂowering calyx 1.5 – 2 mm diameter, erect; fruiting calyx c. 2.5 mm diameter, erect. Corolla 5-lobed, white, pinkish to pale blue with purple and yellow markings; glands- 31 covered outside, pale yellow; hairs few; lip spathulate, 1.5 – 2.8 × 1 – 2 mm, patent, apex acute, margin entire, appressed hairs, pale lilac to (light) purple; side lobes 1 – 1.2 × 1– 1.2 mm, patent, apex acute; back lobes 1 – 1.2 × 1 – 1.2 mm, erect, fused up to 10 – 20% of length, apex acute; tube 2 – 2.5 mm long, infundibular. Filaments 2 – 3 mm long, inserted in the lower half on the corolla tube, purple; anther 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, black to dark purple. Ovary 0.6 – 1 mm, apex velutinous, glands absent to few; style 2.5 – 4 mm long, straight; stigma lobes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, apex acuminate. Fruit, fresh violet to pale purple; dried c. 3 – 5 mm diameter, globose, apex ﬂattened, few hairs at apex, smooth. DISTRIBUTION. Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (see Map 6). ECOLOGY. Only found growing on limestone where it occurs in rainforest to open rocky places in loose brown soil, at 160 – 530 (– 800) m altitude. Reported to be locally common. Flowering from May to July; fruiting from May to December. CONSERVATION STATUS. Least concern. VERNACULAR NAMES. Malaysia: Leban balū or Halban balū (Rahum 12383 & Unus 10110). USES. The fruits are edible and are described as slightly bitter (Whitmore 12158). TYPIFICATION: Tree collections were cited in the original publication: Langkawi Archipelago, Teruto, 1888, anonymous s.n.; Langkawi Archipelago, 1892, Coah s.n. and Langkawi Archipelago, Curtis 1683, and Map 6. Distribution of Vitex siamica ( ) and V. vansteenisi ( ). ▪ • © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 32 all three are supposed to be at K (Williams 1905). All but two specimens can now be traced in K: the Teruto, 1888 and the Curtis 1683. The latter one is unfortunately sterile, so the Teruto, 1888, which has plenty of fruits is selected here as the lectotype. Selected specimens (38 seen). MALAYSIA: Selangor, Bt. Anak Takum, 13 July 1970, Whitmore 15170 (L); Kelantan, Gua Musang, 11 Aug. 1971, Chin 1388 (L); Langkawi Island, Fox 12720 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) (BM); Kediang, Bukit Kalong, 21 May 1957, Chew Wee-Lek 191 (L); Pahang, Kota Gelanggi, 5 Aug. 1929, Henderson 22464 (BM, K, NY); Pahang, Lipis, Merapoh, 5 Aug. 1996, Saw 44757 (SAN). THAILAND: Ban Ta Kuhn, Sutra thanes, Niyomdham 1258 (K, NY); Lake Langsuan, 13 July 1928, Put 1643 (BM). 14. Vitex trifolia L. (1753: 638 as ‘trifoliis’ ‘938’); H. J. Lam (1919: 180 – 183). Key to the subspecies: Leaves usually with mostly three or more leaﬂets, side veins > 9, upright shrub or small tree (usually > 1 m high)..... .................................................................................................................................................................14.1 subsp. trifolia Most leaves with only one leaﬂet, side veins < 9, suckering or small shrub (< 0.6 m high)............................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................14.2 subsp. littoralis 14.1. subsp. trifolia L. (1753: 638). Vitex integerrima Mill. (1768). Vitex indica Mill. (1768: in errata). Type: India’, Herb. Linn. 811/7 (lectotype LINN! Picture at NY!). Vitex agnus-castus var. trifolia (L.) Kurz (1877: 270). Type: unknown synon. nov. Vitex agnus-castus var. javanica Kuntze (1891: 510). Type: [Indonesia] Java, Plabuan (holotype?). synon. nov. Vitex trifoliata Guillaumin (1948: 308). nom. inval. Vitex negundo var. philippinensis Moldenke (1978: 308). Type: Philippines, Luzon, Laguna Province, Los Baños, April 1906, Elmer 8125 (holotype?; isotypes K! NY!). For a description and more information see de Kok 2007. 615); South Sumatra: Epaskè (Lutjeharms 4655). Lesser Sunda Islands: Kalabali: Kámaling bata (Jaag 795); Flores: Kajo kemérū (Lamakolot, Verheijen 5495); Soembawa: Beloening (Bloembergen 3074). Timor: Tasi (Dawan language). Molucas: Halmahera: Tobelo: O Soi (Platenkamp 38). USES. (unpublished ones only). Indonesia: Java: medically against scabies and eczema (Harini 82). NOTES. Given the information in the descriptions of both Vitex agnus-castus var. javanica Kuntze and V. agnus-castus var. trifolia Kurz., it is most likely that these forms represent the same taxon as V. trifolia subsp. trifolia. Additional specimens to de Kok 2007 INDONESIA: Java, Wonogiri, Tirtomoyo, Tukluk, 19 DISTRIBUTION. The species is widespread from Tahiti to Australia’s East Coast, North to Hawaii and Japan & China, west to India, Sri Lanka and possibly east Africa. Because of its local use as an ornamental and a medicinal plant, it is also widely cultivated in and outside its natural area. ECOLOGY. Beaches, inland edge of mangrove swamps, grasslands, (littoral) forest and in secondary vegetation, often near water. Soil: sands or more rarely in clay, often over limestone, coral, volcanic soils or shale, at 0 – 150 (– 1500) m altitude. In humid areas the species is usually common at low altitudes, becoming rarer higher up. In dryer areas the species can also be more common at high evaluation. Often a solitary tree but sometimes occurring in tickets. Flowering and fruiting all year round. VERNACULAR NAMES. (widespread or unpublished ones only): General: Legundi or Lagundi. Indonesia: Java: Lamentang or Memeongan (Sundanese; Borssum Waalkes 529 & 761). Sumatra: Salagundih (Karo language, Lörzing 13305) Salah puteh (Dolok Merangir; Walter & Bangham © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 Nov. 1988, Harini 82 (L, NY, NY). Halmahera, Tobelo, 4 Dec. 1980, Platenkamp 38 (L). Soembawa, Soembawa besar, 19 Feb. 1939, Bloembergen 3074 (L). Flores, Ruteng, Belogili, 29 March 1987, Verheijen 5495 (L). Kalabali, Lihveatang, 9 May 1938, Jaag 795 (L). Sumatra, Kiojoh, 13 June 1936, Lutjeharms 4655 (NY, US). Sumatra, Dolok Merangir, 29 Dec. 1931, Walter & Bangham 615 (NY). Sumatra: Medan, 11 July 1928, Lörzing 13305 (L). Java: Pulau Panaitan, Eastern Tg. Kadam, 16 Sept. 1951, Borssum Waalkes 529 (L). Java, Pulau Panaitan, Legon Kadam, 30 Sept. 1951, Borssum Waalkes 761 (L). 14.2. subsp. littoralis Steenis (1957: 516). Type: Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Is., Kisar, E of Wonreli, 22 April 1939, Bloembergen 3894 (holotype L!). Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia Cham. (1832: 107). Type: Philippines, Luzon, Cavite, Dec. 1817 – Jan. 1818, Chamisso s.n. (holotype LE (n.v.) Picture at K!). synon. nov. THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA Vitex repens Blanco (1837: 513); Merr. (1918: 332). Type: unknown. For a description and more information see de Kok 2007. 33 4 – 6 mm diameter, globose, apex rounded, glabrous, few glands present, smooth, shiny. DISTRIBUTION. Indonesia: North Sumatra (see Map 6). ECOLOGY. Edges of lower montane forests, at 1000 – DISTRIBUTION. Widespread from Samoa to the east coast of Australia, north to south China and Thailand (de Kok 2007). VERNACULAR NAMES. Malaysia, Kelantan: Gunong pantai (Soepadmo & Suhaimi 158) or Dĕmunla (Corner 25784). Indonesia: Western Flores: Wora tach (Schmutz s.n.). Additional specimens to de Kok 2007 MALAYSIA: Kelantan, Gunong pantai, 3 March 1990, Soepadmo & Suhaimi 158 (L); Pahang, Bebar, 14 June 1932, Corner 25784 (SING). INDONESIA: West Flores, Managgarai, 1 May 1989, Schmutz s.n. (L). 15. Vitex vansteenisi Moldenke (1953b: 294). Type: [Indonesia] Northern Sumatra, between Gadjah and Blangkedjeren, 27 Feb. 1937, van Steenis 9400 (holotype U (n.v.); isotypes BM! BO (n.v.) K! L! NY! NY!). Vitex vestita f. unifoliolata Moldenke (1981: 182). Type: [Indonesia] Sumatra, Atjeh, Gunung Leuser Nature Reserve, Camp 2, ascent of Gunung Bandahara, 27 July 1972, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 13415 (holotype US!; isotype L (n.v.)). Shrub or small tree 3 – 8.5 m high, 12 – 13 cm DBH. Leaves 1-foliolate, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 4.5 – 15 × 2 – 7 cm, ratio 2 – 3, apex acuminate, base cuneate, upper side glabrous except on veins, lower side sparsely to moderately hairy, 10 – 15 secondary veins; glands few to many, yellowish. Petiole 1.5 – 3 cm long, covered with erect hairs, round in cross-section with small swelling at apex. Inﬂorescence axillary, dichasia, compound, axis 0.2 – 1 cm long, round to ﬂattened in cross-section; covered with erect hairs; bracteoles linear, 3 – 5 × 0.5 – 1 mm, falling off before fruiting. Calyx 5-lobed, two-lipped, hairs few, erect; glands many; ﬂowering calyx upper lobes three, major lobe 1.5 – 3 × 1 – 1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate, erect; lower lobes two, 1 – 0.8 mm long, apex acute to acuminate, erect; tube 3 – 3.5 mm long; fruiting calyx 5 – 6 mm diameter, erect. Corolla 5-lobed, yellow, covered with glands; lip 2 – 2.2 × 1.2 – 2.5 mm, rounded to oblong, apex round, margin entire; side lobes 1 – 1.5 × c. 1.5 mm, patent, apex acute; back lobes 1 – 1.5 × 1 – 1.5 mm, erect, fused up to 30%, apex round; tube 5 – 7 mm long. Filaments just exceeding corolla tube, 3 – 5 mm long, equal, inserted at middle to lower part of the corolla tube; anther 0.5 – 1 mm long. Ovary globose, c. 1 mm, glabrous, apex covered in glands. Style 6.5 – 7 mm long; stigma lobes 0.1 – 0.5 mm long, apex acute. Fruits, fresh unknown; dried 1500 m altitude. Flowering from December to March; fruiting from January to March. CONSERVATION STATUS. This is a rarely collected species (ﬁve collections known) from a small area of Northern Sumatra. Notes on some collections say that is at least locally common and it is found growing in the Gudung Leuser National Park. However this species is restricted to a small area with an increasing human pressure on its natural habitat. Given that only some populations are protected, a conservation rating of vulnerable (VUB1) is proposed (IUCN 2001). DISCUSSION. This species is clearly a close morphological relative of the species in the Vitex flava group (Table 1). The swelling at the apex of the petiole of each unifoliar leaf is taken here as a remnant of the apparently absent side leaﬂets. Therefore, following the discussion of the position of the unifoliar V. cofassus (see de Kok 2007) it is placed here in the genus Vitex. Additional collections seen: INDONESIA: Sumatra: Atjeh, Gajolanden, van Paloh to Kongke, 4 March 1937, van Steenis 9427 (BM, BO, L, NY, SING). Atjeh, Blangkedjeren, 25 March 1954, Alston 14733 (BM, BO, L). Gunung Leuser Nat. Park, between Alas and Palok, near Agusan Pass, 7 Sept. 1983, Whitmore 3341 (BO, K, L). 16. Vitex vestita Wall. ex Walp. (1845: 85). H. J. Lam (1919: 205 – 206). Type: East India, Toong-Dong Avae, Wallich Cat. 1750 (lectotype K!; isolectotype, K-W!) designated here. Vitex vestita f. winkleri Moldenke (1951: 489 – 490). Type: Indonesia, South-Eastern Borneo, 13 June 1908, Winkler 2433 (holotype BO! Picture at K! & NY!; isotype L!). synon. nov. Vitex vestita f. glabrescens Moldenke (1951: 489). Type: [Indonesia] Sumatra, Padang division, Si Dimpoean, Tapianoedi, 22 – 30 June 1933, Rahmat Si Toroes 4698 (holotype NY!; isotype US!). synon. nov. Small tree or shrub up to (2.5 –) 8 – 15 m high, 3 – 15 (– 40) cm DBH; rarely liana (then at least 10 m high and 20 m long). Bark smooth to scaly or cracked, (dark) grey to (light) brown; slash light yellowish to (pale) brown, darkening rapidly when cut; wood pale white to pale brown. Leaves 3-foliolate; central leaﬂet elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 8 – 16.5 × 3.5 – 6.5 cm, ratio 1.8 – 3.3; side leaﬂets 3 – 7 (– 11) × 1.3 – 3.2 cm, ratio 2.2 – 3.5, apex acuminate, base rounded to cuneate, margin rarely serrate, young leaves pink, © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 34 KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) upper surface glabrous except on the veins, lower surface from glabrous with hairs on the veins to densely hairy, 5 – 10 secondary veins, hairs erect, glands many on both surfaces. Petiole 4 – 7.5 mm long, round in cross-section, velutinous, petiolules 1.5 – 3.5 cm long. Inﬂorescence axillary, dichasia, compound, axis 0.8 – 2.2 cm long, ﬂattened in crosssection; hairs few to dense, appressed; glands few; bracteoles triangular to linear, less than 2 mm long, moderately ciliate, seldom persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, campanulate, (light) green, hairs sparse to dense, erect; glands few; ﬂowering calyx lobes 2.5 – 5 mm diameter, apex acute, erect; fruiting calyx 3 – 4 mm diameter, patent. Corolla 5-lobed, covered outside with glands, whitish-pink to (olive-) yellow to yellow, mouth cream; scent absent or sour; lobes 1 × 0.8 – 1 mm, almost isomorphic, apex acute; tube 2.5 – 6.5 mm long, white. Filaments 1 – 3 mm long, inserted in upper half of tube, yellow; anther white to grey. Ovary globose, 1 – 1.2 mm diameter, apex acute, glabrous, glands many (sometimes covering the whole apex); style 3.5 – 6.5 mm long, white; stigma c. 2 mm long, pale yellow or white. Fruit, fresh 5 × 3 – 4 mm; ellipsoid to ovoid, yellowishgreen turning to orange or purple and ﬁnally black, shiny; dried 5 – 6 × 3 – 4 mm, ellipsoid, apex rounded to acute. Seedlings: see Ng 1992: 975 – 976. DISTRIBUTION. Borneo and Sumatra, north to Burma and Vietnam (see Map 7). Map 7. Distribution of Vitex vestita ( ). • © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 ECOLOGY. Growing in primary or secondary forest and heath forest, at 50 – 500 (–3000) m altitude. Sometimes occurring in waterlogged areas. Soil: clay over sandstone, granite or volcanic rock. Flowering from October to June (– July). Fruiting from October to June (July). CONSERVATION STATUS. Least concern. VERNACULAR NAMES. Malaysia: Laum leban (Kamarudin 28048). Indonesia: Sumatra: Asahan province: Aloban baeugah (Krukoff 4117). Sumatra West Coast: Bóti-Bóti (Krukoff 319). USES. Sarawak: Used in religious ceremonies in connection with the rice harvest. TYPIFICATION. There are three collections with the Wallich catalogue number 1750 at Kew. Two have the locality data ‘East India, Toong-Dong Avae, Wallich Cat. 1750’ (K & K-W) and the second collection has the data ‘Penang, 1822, Wallich Cat. 1750’ (K-W). In Walper’s (1845) validation of the Wallich name he only cites: ‘Wall. Cat. 1750’. In the Wallich collection there are two sterile specimens, therefore the ﬂowering specimen in Kew’s general collection is selected here as the lectotype. NOTES. This species is closely related to Vitex gamosepala according to both Clarke (1885) and King & Gamble (1909). Their main argument is the similarity in the inﬂorescence, corolla and, according to the latter, also the fruit. Because of its unique calyx morphology (two lipped, with one lip greatly enlarged) Clarke (1885) described the subgenus Glossocalyx with V. gamosepala as its only representative. This was rejected by King & Gamble (1909) on the basis that THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA V. vestita and V. longisepala are morphologically closely related to V. gamosepala, but they lack this unique calyx morphology. They further state that these three species are probably more closely related to the genera Premna and Gmelina then to any other species of Vitex. The main differences between Vitex vestita and V. gamosepala are in the calyx (see Table 1). The hairiness of the leaves is often mentioned as a good character (Clarke 1885; King & Gamble 1909). However, numerous specimens of V. vestita (Ambri et al. 1574; Clemens 29768; Sigin et al. 108032) have almost glabrous leaves and inﬂorescences, without a two-lipped calyx. This continuous variation in leaf and inﬂorescences indumentum was used by Moldenke (1951) to describe two forms within this species: V. vestita f. glabrescens Moldenke for the almost glabrous specimens and V. vestita f. winkleri Moldenke for the specimens between the glabrous form and the more common hairy form. Some old collections from Java are preserved at L; however, any further locality data is very unclear and given the absence of recent material they probably represent cultivated plants. Selected specimens (170 seen). THAILAND: Trat prov., Koh Chang, Ban Tan Majom, 26 Dec. 1984, Ryding 851 (UPS). MALAYSIA: Pahang, Lesong FR, 10 June 1979, Kamarudin 28048 (L). Sabah, Tangkulap F.R., 9 Dec. 1985, Sigin et al. 108032 (K). Sabah, Mt Kinabalu, near Kundusan, 25 May 1932, Clemens & Clemens 29768 (BM, K, NY). INDONESIA: Sumatra, Holta Padang estate, near Krearin, Dec. 1930, Krukoff 319 (BO, NY). Sumatra, Asahan, Masihi Forest Reserve, Oct. 1932, Krukoff 4117 (BO, L, NY). Kalimantan, East, KPC area, Bengalon, 24 March 1996, Ambri 1574 (K, L). Bangka, Lobok besar, 12 Sept. 1949, Anta 608 (L). Doubtful Names Vitex altmanni Moldenke (1952: 59). Type: [Indonesia] Java, Cheribon, 8 Dec. 1940, Altman 577 (holotype BO! Picture at K! & NY!). This name is based on a sterile specimen housed at BO. Given the locality, it is most likely to be Vitex quinata, but without any ﬂowers or fruits it is impossible to be sure. Vitex langundi W. G. Maxwell (1906: 50). Type: not known. The only information given is that this is an aromatic shrub with blue ﬂowers and that it is used in traditional medicine. It is most likely to be either Vitex trifolia or V. negundo, but without any further information it is impossible to determine this name more accurately. 35 Vitex leucoxylon Blanco (1837: 516) [non Vitex leucoxylon L.f]; Merr. (1918: 332 –333). Type: unknown. Merrill interprets this name as based on material from two species, Vitex negundo and V. parviflora (Merrill 1918). He may be right, but given that no type material exists, the true identity of this name will remain unknown. Vitex minahassae Koord. (1898: 645). Type: [Indonesia, Sulawesi] Kajoewatoe, 16 Feb. 1895, Koorders 19553 β (syntypes BO!, BO! picture at NY & K). This name is based on two sterile specimens at BO. From the specimens and the scant description it is clear that this must either be Vitex glabrata, V. quinata or even a Teijsmanniodendron. However, without ﬂowers or fruits it is impossible to identify these specimens any further. Vitex negundo Noronha (1791: 28). Type: unknown. In the original description of Vitex negundo Noronha, the only information given is the common Javan name: Lagondi-laut (Noronha 1791). This name is sometimes given to V. trifolia subsp. littoralis or V. trifolia subsp. trifolia and without any more information it is impossible to identify this name any further. Vitex paniculata Lam. (1786: 612). Types: Rumph. (1750: 50 – 51, t. 19); Pluk. (1691: t. 321. f. 2; 1696: 390 [as Vitex orientalis]). This name is based on two different publications with two different plates. The Rumphius plate and description clearly shows a Vitex trifolia subsp. trifolia. The plate in both Plukenet publications shows a specimen which has long lanceolate leaves, and a lax paniculate inﬂorescence, which suggest something closer to V. agnus-castus. Vitex secundiflora Hallier f. (1918: 49). Type: [Indonesia] S.O. Borneo, Gunung Pamatton, 30 fuss, Korthals s.n. (holotype?). I have not seen any type material connected with this name and from the original description it is unclear to which genus it belongs. If it is a Vitex, then it must represent the sole collection of a distinct taxon. However, the description of a ridge between the petioles points more in the direction of Callicarpa. The reported reddish hairs on the corolla also points away from the genus Vitex. Given our knowledge of the Labiatae of the region it is impossible to be more precise, without examining any type material. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 36 Excluded Names Vitex aherniana Merr. (1904: 18). Type: Philippines, Luzon, Principe prov., Baler, Aug. 1902, Merrill 1007 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotypes NY! US!) = Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Vitex bankae H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 62 – 63). Types: [Indonesia] Banka, Blinju, 17 Oct. 1914, Grashoff 36 (syntypes, BO! BO!); [Indonesia] Banka, Djebus, Teysmann s.n. (syntypes?); [Indonesia] Banka, Menumbing, Teysmann s.n. (syntypes?); [Indonesia] Banka, Blinju, Teysmann s.n. (syntypes BO! BO! BO! BO!) = Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Vitex bantamensis Koord. & Valeton. (1900: 210). Type: [Indonesia] Z.W. Banten, Tjěmara, Koorders s.n. (holotype BO?) = Vavaea amicorum Benth. Vitex bogoriensis H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam and Bakh. (1921: 60). Type: [Indonesia], Botanic Gardens Buitenzorg (Bogor), originally from Banka, anonymous XI H. 37 (holotype BO!) = Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Vitex bulusanensis Elmer (1939: 3798). Type: Philippines, Luzon, Sorsogon prov., Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Aug. 1916, Elmer 17004 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotypes L! NY! NY!) = Teijsmanniodendron sp. Vitex clarkeana King & Gamble (1909: 845). Vitex simplicifolia C. B. Clarke (1885: 586). Type: Malacca, Griffith s.n. (holotype K! K! K!) = Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (Warb.) Kosterm. KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63(1) Vitex erioclona H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 5). Type: [Indonesia] Menado, Lako-Poso, Heyne 2563 (holotype BO! Picture at NY!; isotype NY!). From the original description and the type material I have seen, it is clear that this name cannot be a Vitex in the circumscription accepted in this paper. Given the single leaf, the 5-lobed corolla, inﬂorescences type and its calyx shape it is most likely not to be part of the Vitex/Premna complex, but more likely somewhere near Clerodendrum L. Vitex euphlebia Merr. ex H. J. Lam (1919: 212). Nom. in synon. = Vitex merrillii H. J. Lam (1919: 212) = Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense Koord. Vitex flabelliflora Hallier f. (1918: 50). Type: [Indonesia] O. Borneo, Sungei talut, Penihier, 1896 – 1897, (Jaheri in Exp. Nieuwenhuis) 1539 (holotype L!; isotype B! (n.v.), BO! BO! BO!) = Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense Koord. Vitex havilandii Ridl. (1929: 262). Type: Sadong, Coalmine Hill, Haviland 861 (syntype K! K!). The 4-lobed corolla and the single leaf place this name within the genus Premna. However, it also has the swollen petiole typical of Teijsmanniodendron. Vitex holophylla J. G. Baker (1896: 25 – 26). Type: [Malaysia] British North Borneo, Sandakan, Governor Creagh s.n. (holotype K!) = Teijsmanniodendron holophylla (J. G. Backer) Kosterm. Vitex coriacea C. B. Clarke (1885: 586). Types: Malacca, Griffith 6065 (syntype K!); Malacca, Maingay, Griffith 1203 (syntype K!) = Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kosterm. Vitex koordersii H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 64). Types: Sumatra, Palembang, Buurman v. Vreeden 158 (syntypes BO! BO!); Central Sumatra, Rawang, Sigati, Koorders 10483 β (syntype?); Borneo, Jaheri s.n. (syntypes BO! BO!) = Teijsmanniodendron pteropodium (Miq.) Bakh. Vitex cymariodes H. J. Lam & Meeuse (1939: 248 – 254); Type: [Indonesia] Kangean Archipelago, Poeloe Sepandjang, 21 April 1919, Backer 28867 (holotype L! (n.v.); isotype, K!) = Garrettia siamensis H. R. Fletcher. Vitex longifolia Merr. (1910: 227). Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao Prov., 5 July 1907, Hutchinson 7574 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotype US!) = Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense Koord. Vitex curranii H. J. Lam (1919: 207 – 208). Type: Philippines, Negros, Oct. 1909, Curran 17463 (holotype PNH (n.v.)) = Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh. Vitex curtifrutescens Elmer (1915: 2873). Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Todaya (Mt Apo), July 1909, Elmer 10994 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotypes K! NY!) = Trichadenia philipinensis Merr. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 Vitex luzonica H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 61). Type: Luzon, Ahern 706Q. (holotype BO!). The collection number of the type of this name was misquoted in its original description. In the original description the specimen was quoted as “Luzon: AHERN n. 760 Q” (Lam & Bakhuizen van den Brink 1921). The collection number was corrected to 706 (Lam 1922) a year later. This mistake has lead to some THE GENUS VITEX (LABIATAE) IN THE FLORA MALESIANA REGION, EXCLUDING NEW GUINEA misunderstandings, for instance Merrill (1923) stated that he could not ﬁnd the holotype (Ahern 760) at the PNH herbarium. Moldenke (1956) in his monograph of the genus gives the correct citation for the type (Ahern 706 Q). However the specimen he annotated in NY as type material has a label with the number 7069 and not 706 or 706 Q. The label in NY is a newly typed one and not one of Ahern’s originals. Consequently it is not certain if this specimen (Ahern 7069) is type material or not. Given the four corolla lobes and three leaﬂets per leaf this name belongs in the genus Viticipermna rather than Vitex. Vitex merrillii H. J. Lam (1919: 212). Type: [Philippines] Mindanao, Bataan, Aug. 1912, Fénix 15906 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotypes K! L!) = Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense Koord. Vitex macrophylla H. J. Lam (1919: 212); Vitex macrofolia Moldenke (1956: 450). Type: [Papua New Guinea] New Guinea, Camp Malu, 18 July 1912, Lederman 7972 (syntype K!) = Viticipremna tomentosa Munir. Vitex moluccana Blume (1826: 813). Type: Rumph. (1750: t. 20). The plate, on which this name is based, clearly shows a plant which is not a Vitex. It could be a Gmelina as Backer believed (Gmelina moluccana (Blume) Backer or Gmelina moluccana (Blume) Backer ex K. Heyne (1917: 118). Vitex peralata Miq. (1862: 242 & 567). Type: Sumatra, Palembang, Dangku Lematang, Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L (n.s.)); isotypes BO! K!) = Teisjmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh. 37 Vitex pinnata f. anomala Moldenke (1953a: 184). Type: Indonesia, Banka, Muntok, 10 Oct. 1917, Bünnemeijer 1362 (holotype BO! Picture at NY!). Given the single leaves and the shape of the corolla, it is very likely that this name should be placed in Clerodendrum. Vitex premnoides Elmer (1915: 2874). Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Sept. 1909, Elmer 11644 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotypes K! NY! US!) = Mastixia premnoides (Elmer) Hallier f. Vitex pteropoda Miq. (1862: 567). Type: Sumatra orient, Palembanicae prov., Dangku Lamatang, Teysmann s.n. (holotype L!) = Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh. Vitex punctata Schauer (1847: 687). Type: [Indonesia] in Mollucas (holotype G (n.v.)) = Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (Warb.) Kosterm. Vitex sarawakana H. Pearson (1907: 60). Types: Sarawak, Beccari 2280 (syntype K!); Sarawak, Beccari 2506 (syntype K!); Sarawak, Beccari 2851 (syntype K!) = Teijsmanniodendron sarawakana (H. Pearson) Kosterm. Vitex simplicifolia C. B. Clarke (1885: 586). Type: Malacca, Griffith s.n. (syntypes K! K! K!) = Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (Warb.) Kosterm. Vitex smilacifolia H. Pearson (1907: 59). Type: [Malaysia] Borneo, Sarawak, Beccari 1097 (syntypes K! NY!); [Malaysia] Borneo, Sarawak, Beccari 1137 (syntype K!). = Teijsmanniodendron smilacifolia (H. Pearson) Kosterm. Vitex subspicata Hallier f. (1918: 52). Types: [Indonesia] Sumatra, 1880, Forbes 3204 (syntype?); [Indonesia] W Borneo, am grossen Sambasﬂusse, 4 Nov. 1893, Hallier B 1064 (syntype BO!); [Indonesia] W Borneo, Terussan (= Querkanal), zwischen dem grossen und dem kleinen Sambas, 5 Nov. 1893, Hallier B 1122 (syntype BO!); [Indonesia] S.O. Borneo, Berg Pamatton, Korthals s.n. (syntype?) = Teijsmanniodendron subspicatum (Hallier f.) Kosterm. Vitex peralata King & Gamble (1908: 112). Types: Malaya, Perak, Simpang, Wray 2029 (syntype ?); Malaya, Perak, Simpang, Wray 2254 (syntype K!); Malaya, Perak, Simpang, Wray 2305 (syntype K!); [Malaysia] near Larút, in dense jungle on low wet ground, Dr King’s Collector 2064 (syntype K!); [Malaysia] near Larút, in dense jungle on low wet ground, Dr King’s Collector 6187 (syntype ?); [Malaysia] near Larút, in dense jungle on low wet ground, Dr King’s Collector 6874 (syntype K!); [Malaysia] near Larút, in dense jungle on low wet ground, Dr King’s Collector 8299 (syntype K!) = Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh. Vitex turczaninowii Merr. (1906: 77). Type: Insulae Philippinae, 1841, Cuming 1294 (syntypes, BM! K! MEL! NY! PNH (n.v.)); Insulae Philippinae, Cuming 1294 (syntypes NY! PNH (n.v.)) = Viticipremna philippinensis Munir. Vitex philippinensis Merr. (1903: 52). Type: [Philippines] Mindanao, Zamboanga prov., Tagana-an, 1901, Ahern 387 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotype BO (n.v.), US! US!) = Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh. Vitex unifoliolata Merr. (1922: 438). Type: [Philippines] Mindanao, Zamboanga distr., Malangas, 1919, Ramos & Edaño 37048 (holotype PNH (n.v.); isotype US!) = Teijsmanniodendron unifoliatum (Merr.) Moldenke. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2008 38 Vitex venosa H. J. Lam in H. J. Lam & Bakh. (1921: 61). Type: [Indonesia] Sumatra, Palembang, Banjuasin and Kubu countries, 24 Dec. 1915, Grashoff 890 (syntypes BO! BO!) = Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kosterm. Acknowledgments The author is grateful to the curators of BM, BKF, BO, CANB, K, KEP, L, LINN, MEL, NY, P, NSW, P, SAN, SING, TCD, UPS and US for access to their collections and UPS for sending pictures of their type specimens. Special thanks to Dr Alexander Sennikov from LE for the scan of the Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia type and to Sue Zmarzty from K for all her help and advice with the V. curtifrutescens type. Thanks to J. 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The genus Vitex (Labiatae) in the Flora Malesiana region, excluding New Guinea

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