Nordic Journal of Botany 26: 129
195, 2008 doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00220.x, # The Authors. Journal compilation # Nordic Journal of Botany 2008 Subject Editor: Henrik Ærenlund Perdersen. Accepted 12 August 2008 New species of Bulbophyllum from eastern Malesia (Orchidaceae) J. J. Vermeulen J. J. Vermeulen (vermeulen@nhn.leidenuniv.nl), Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden Branch, PO Box 9514, NL
2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. Thirty-eight new species of Bulbophyllum are described; thirty-seven of these are from New Guinea, the remaining species is assumed to have originated from Ceram; notes on additional miscellaneous species from New Guinea are provided. The island of New Guinea is politically divided into two. The western half, formerly Netherlands New Guinea, is today a province of Indonesia. It was recently renamed Papua after having previously been known as Irian Jaya. The eastern part of the island constitutes the independent state Papua New Guinea. The wealth of biodiversity of New Guinea is phenomenal, and the island remains one of the last wilderness frontiers in the Malesian region. Unfortunately, it is increasingly being encroached upon as rich natural resources, particularly timber and mineral ores, are exploited. Unfortunately, the exploration of New Guinea’s wonderful biodiversity lags behind at a time when knowledge of the most important diversity hot spots is crucial if policies are to be developed to conserve them. I fear that the present relentless pillage of the island’s natural resources will lead to the annihilation of much of its unique biodiversity even before it has been scientifically documented. As for orchids, the plants that seem to have such an extraordinary appeal to the conservationist and layman alike, the taxonomic knowledge available lies scattered over a number of publications, some of which are not easily accessible. The CD-rom series ‘Orchids of New Guinea’ (Schuiteman and de Vogel 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, in prep.) provides a synopsis of the information available so far. Four volumes have been published, a fifth and sixth are in preparation. The final volume will deal with the genus Bulbophyllum, the largest genus in the area with about 600 species known. Presented here is an anthology of thirty-seven new species of Bulbophyllum from New Guinea, selected from among many more novelties within the genus, extant in the collections at Leiden (L) and elsewhere. It is as vivid a testimony to the incredible wealth of biodiversity of New Guinea, and to our very limited knowledge thereof, as the recent discoveries in the Mamberamo area and the Foya Mountains in Indonesian Papua (Salleh 2006, Fretes 2008). The species described here have been selected from the unidentified material because they are common, or in some way conspicuous, or have been circulating, without a name or under a wrong name, among amateur growers. Their addition to the synoptic treatment will add to its usefulness. Bulbophyllum section Brachypus Schltr. Bulbophyllum section Brachypus Schltr. (1913, pp. 700, 765); van Royen (1979, p. 200). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum maxillarioides Schltr. (designated by van Royen 1979). Taxonomic synonym: Bulbophyllum section Papulipetalum Schltr. (1913, pp. 700, 769). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum papulipetalum Schltr. (designated here). Bulbophyllum section Papulipetalum mainly differs from section Brachypus in generally having longer inflorescences. This, however, cannot be quantified. Schlechter mentions the shape of the pseudobulbs, which should be stalk-like in section Papulipetalum and ovoid in section Brachypus. Here, too, a morphological continuum exists, including intermediate shapes such as ovoid pseudobulbs with a drawn out, stalk-like apical part, e.g. in B. arsoanum J. J. Sm. and B. nematopodum F. Muell. The flower shape in both sections displays a similar range of morphological variation. The two sections are better united. Together, they include a suite of medium-sized species with crowded pseudobulbs, often with rather conspicuous bracts, and oneflowered inflorescences. Most species appear to have a column-foot widened or laterally winged at the tip, as in section Polymeres. In fact the delimitation towards section Polymeres is highly problematic, particularly because of species such as B. ellipticifolium J. J. Sm. and 129 B. floribundum, both with flowers most similar to species of section Brachypus, but with long, patent rhizomes as in some groups of section Polymeres. J. J. Smith included both in section Brachypus. Bulbophyllum bombycinum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Habitat and ecology Found as an epiphyte on the trunk of an isolated tree; 1400 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay Province. A Bulbophyllo muriceo sepalis ciliolatis, labello partim papillose pubescentibus differt. Etymology Type: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Bonenau, near Mount Mon, cult. Jongejan 1145 (holotype: L). The name refers to the velvety surface of the lip: ‘bombyx’ (Latin) a silk worm. Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.0
1.2 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.4
0.5 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.9
1.20.5
0.9 cm, borne close together, (obliquely) erect, ovoid, with or without a slightly drawn out apical part. Leaves: petiole 1.7
3.2 cm long; blade 4.6
7  0.9
1.6 cm, index (length/width) 4.3
5.1, acute(
acuminate) ovate. Inflorescence 4.5
5.5 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 1.2
1.4 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest 2.2
2.8 mm long; floral bract ca 3 mm long, tubular, apiculate. Flowers moderately opening, sepals white with purple nerves and lines of scattered, fine, purple dots in between the nerves, petals yellow, with blackish purple spots distally, lip pinkish purple, slightly yellowish distally, the hairy parts paler pinkish purple. Pedicel-with-ovary 18
30 mm long, basal node on a ca 3 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 12 4.8 mm, index ca 2.5, more or less porrect to recurved, elliptic, acute, margins ciliolate, base rather broadly attached, thick, adaxial surface minutely pubescent over the nerves, abaxial surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 13 5 mm, index ca 2.6, free, recurved, obliquely elliptic
ovate, caudate with gradually thickened tips, upper margin glabrous, adaxial surface minutely and sparsely pubescent, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 42 mm, index ca 2, porrect, elliptic
ovate, rounded, margins papillose
ciliate distally, base rather broadly attached, rather thick, both surfaces papillose-hairly distally. Lip ca 6 3 mm, index ca 2, more or less straight, elliptic
ovate, rounded, margins entire, thick; adaxially convex except for a slight median furrow at about one third of its length, the sides of which are finely and shortly papillose
pubescent down to the margin, surface otherwise glabrous; abaxially without median ridge but with a slight median furrow, surface finely and shortly papillose
pubescent up to two thirds of its length, top part glabrous. Column ca 3 mm long; stigma triangular, without keels inside, with a slight swelling well below its base; foot widened, with distinct, somewhat retrorse, rounded lateral wings just above the ligament; stelidia ca 2 mm long, semielliptic with denticulate upper margins, including a drawnout, obliquely downwards pointing, subulate tip ca 0.7 mm long; anther-cap abaxially with a large, wide, rounded crest near its base, surface glabrous, front drawn out, wedgeshaped with a concave front margin; pollinia 4, ovoid, the inner somewhat shorter than the outer, more flattened; no appendages. 130 Bulbophyllum bombycinum is most similar to B. muriceum Schltr., but differs in having ciliolate sepals and a partly papillose
pubescent lip. Bulbophyllum variculosum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 2) A Bulbophyllo samoano stelidiis triangularibus margine inferiore ala distincta differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 202 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 2.0
2.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.6
0.9 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.0
2.2ca 1.1 cm, borne close together, (obliquely) erect, ovoid, with or without a slightly drawn out top part. Leaves: petiole 2.0
2.5 cm long; blade 15
17 3.2
3.8 cm, index (length/width) 3.9
5.0, obovate, acuminate. Inflorescence ca 4 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.6 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 4, the longest ca 4.5 mm long; floral bract ca 5.5 mm long, tubular, apiculate. Flowers moderately opening, sepals goldenyellow, the dorsal a paler yellow proximally, the laterals red
purple in the proximal third, petals white, lip pale orange
brown, base white, column white, anther-cap creamy white. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 18 mm long, basal node on a ca 3 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 105 mm, index ca 2, more or less porrect to recurved, elliptic
ovate, rounded, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 11 5.5 mm, index ca 2, free, recurved, obliquely ovate, acuminate, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 31 mm, index ca 3, porrect, ovate, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thick, surface glabrous. Lip ca 8 5 mm, index ca 1.6, recurved slightly below half-way, ovate, rounded, margins entire; thick, surface glabrous; adaxially concave proximally, with two ridges with slightly erose crests starting near the base, at the margin, running parallel to the margins for a short distance, then converging, then running parallel again while leaving a shallow furrow in between, then grading into the convex top part of the lip, the area between the ridges and the margins with protruding nerves; abaxially with a retuse Figure 1. Bulbophyllum bombycinum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal (above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side), lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from cult. Jongejan 1145 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 131 Figure 2. Bulbophyllum variculosum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side. All from Yumte 202 (spirit and herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 132 median ridge over up to about half-way up the lip. Column ca 5.5 mm long; stigma semi-circular, without keels inside; foot widened into small, somewhat antrorse, rounded lateral wings just above the ligament; stelidia ca 2 mm long, triangular, acuminate, with a deltoid, subacute wing along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially without a crest, surface colliculate, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia not seen. Habitat and ecology Dense primary ridge-top forest about 10 m high, on limestone bedrock; 600 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the thickened veins on the adaxial surface of the lip. Bulbophyllum variculosum shares an ovate lip with protruding nerves and two ridges converging over the adaxial surface with B. samoanum Schltr. (Wickison 139, K, seen from the Solomon Islands), but it differs in having triangular stelidia with a distinct wing along the lower margin. Bulbophyllum cerinum Schltr. has a similar lip, but without thickened nerves. It also lacks the wings along the lower margins of the stelidia. Bulbophyllum section Cirrhopetalum (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Bulbophyllum section Cirrhopetalum (Lindl.) Rchb. f. (1861, p. 259). Basionym: Cirrhopetalum Lindl. (1824): 832 (nomen illeg.); Lindl. (1830, p. 58 [1830
1840]). Type species: Bulbophyllum longiflorum Thou. Taxonomic synonym: Bulbophyllum section Ephippium (Bl.) Schltr. (1913, pp. 700, 777), basionym: Ephippium Bl. (1825, p. 308). Lectotype: Ephippium lepidum Bl. [Bulbophyllum lepidum (Bl.) J. J. Sm.] (designated here). Within Ephippium, Blume (1825) lists 5 species which now would be included in as many different sections. Schlechter (1913) listed a series of species under this name, reduced to section level, that would now be included in the sections Polymeres (Bl.) J. J. Verm. and O’Byrne (including one of the syntype species) and Hoplandra J. J. Verm. Van Royen (1979, p. 203) lectotypified the section Ephippium (Bl.) Schltr with B. nasica Schltr, a species not included in Blume’s original series. This has to be rejected. When relectotypifying Ephippium, I have here choosen a species of the original series in accordance with the conservation of generic name Cirrhopetalum against it. Bulbophyllum section Coelochilus Schltr. Bulbophyllum section Coelochilus Schltr. (1913, pp. 696, 710); van Royen (1979, p. 164). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum stabile J. J. Sm. (designated by van Royen, 1979). Taxonomic synonyms: Bulbophyllum section Scaphochilus Schltr. (1913, pp. 696, 707); J. J. Smith (1916, p. 361): (in syn.); van Royen (1979, p. 165) (in syn.). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum scyphochilus Schltr. (designated here). Bulbophyllum section Trachychilus Schltr. (1913, pp. 696, 730). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum humile Schltr. (designated here). Bulbophyllum section Scaphochilus comprises a series of species with a distinctly concave lip. Both J. J. Smith (l. c.) and van Royen (l. c.) agree that otherwise it is barely distinct from section Coelochilus which has a flat or convex lip. Besides, a species as B. inclinatum J. J. Sm. could be regarded as intermediate because it has an only moderately concave lip. Section Trachychilus is only distinct from section Coelochilus in having the lateral sepals fused along the lower margin. Selecting this character yields a random sub-set of section Coelochilus with clustered species next to species with a patent or pendulous rhizome, such as B. pendens, below. Section Trachychilus, too, is best included in section Coelochilus. Bulbophyllum ascochilum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 3) A Bulbophyllo aristilabri, B. nitido et B. pulchro petalis distincte unguiculatis, labro plerumque paulo acuminato differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, no further information, Hort. LEI 940422 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below or near the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 3
4 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.0
1.5 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.3
3.20.8
1.0 cm, somewhat distant, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 1.8
3.0 cm long; blade 8.5
11  2.4
3.5 cm, index (length/width) 3.1
3.7 (elliptic
) obovate, acute(
acuminate). Inflorescence 11
22 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 6
16 cm long, erect to patent; nonfloriferous bracts ca 3, the longest 6
9 mm long; floral bract ca 14 mm long, tubular, acuminate. Flowers widely opening, sepals white with large purple blotches proximally, grading into a pale purple staining distally, lateral sepals only with purple distally, petals translucent with a greenish 133 Figure 3. Bulbophyllum ascochilum. (A) habit, (B) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, lateral sepal, petal, lip, adaxial and abaxial side, (C) column, side view, (D) column, front view and lip base, (E) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: side view, (F) pollinia, left: a single pair, middle and right: two pairs. All from Hort. LEI 940422 (spirit sample). Drawn by H. Job. All scale bars are given in mm. 134 mid-nerve and blackish purple spots along the margins, lip dull purple with numerous blackish purple dots, column whitish with some purple staining. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 38 mm long, basal node on a ca 12 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 40 4 mm, index ca 10, reflexed, ovate, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 437.5 mm, index 5.7
5.8, free, base rather broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 11 3.8 mm, index ca 2.9, porrect, clawed, elliptic, acute, margins slightly erose and very finely papillose, base broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 4312 mm including a claw of ca 4 mm, index ca 3.6, attached to the column-foot by a transverse, semi-circular area and immobile, straight, ovate, shortly clawed, acute
acuminate, margins entire, rather thin and spongy; adaxially with a transverse ridge just above the area of attachment marking the starting point of two short, parallel, rather high, rounded, thin keels continuing over ca 3 mm of the length of the lip, adaxial surface otherwise distinctly convex, surface with scattered papillae and tiny groups of papillae on top of slightly larger, inconspicuous verrucae; abaxially with two broad, rounded, diverging keels and convex near the base, otherwise deeply concave, slightly furrowed along the median line, surface glabrous. Column ca 3.8 mm long, hardly curved; stigma narrowly triangular, without keels inside; foot distinctly widened; stelidia ca 0.5 mm long, deltoid, acute, with a deltoid, obtuse tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a high, conical, acute crest, surface papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, obovoid, the inner flat, somewhat enveloped by the recurved lateral sides of the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Unknown. Distribution Papua New Guinea: locality unknown. Etymology The name refers to the inflated appearance of the lip: ‘askos’ (Greek) a bag. Bulbophyllum ascochilum is most similar to B. aristilabre J. J. Sm., B. nitidum Schltr., and B. pulchrum Schltr. It differs form all three in having distinctly clawed petals and a slightly acuminate lip. Bulbophyllum biserratum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 4) A Bulbophyllo leucorhodo floribus minoribus (sepalis ca 5 mm longis versus 7.5 mm longis), labello praeter margines vesicularum seriee praeterea glabris differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Woitape, south facing slope of Mount Alio, Hort. LEI 20030162 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome ca 1.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.4
0.6 cm long, erect to patent, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.8
0.9 0.25
0.35 cm, loosely clustered, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.1
0.4 cm long; blade 1.7
4.5 0.45
0.5 cm, index (length/width) 3.4
10, elliptic, apiculate. Inflorescence ca 1 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.15 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bract 1, ca 2.5 mm long; floral bract ca 3.5 mm long, tubular, apiculate. Flowers widely opening, sepals creamy-white with red nerves, petals creamy-white, lip proximally dull purple, the swollen distal part pale dull yellow. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 5 mm long, basal node on a ca 0.3 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 4.8 2.2 mm, index ca 2.2, spreading, elliptic
ovate, subacute, margins slightly erose distally, base rather broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 52 mm, index ca 2.5, free, ovate, lower margin sharply folded inwards, slightly erose, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.7 0.4 mm, index 4.2
4.3, porrect, oblong, rounded, margins finely erose, base rather narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 3.5 0.7 mm, index ca 5, attached to the column-foot by a narrow, transverse area and still partly mobile, gently sigmoid, oblong
spathulate, rounded, margins entire, with a row of flattened, more or less triangular appendages in the middle third, thick and spongy, surface glabrous; adaxially without a transverse ridge and concave just above the area of attachment, with two low, obtuse keels starting near the base, at the margins, then quickly converging until they almost meet, then continuing parallel and close together, leaving a narrow furrow in between, up to about one third of the length of the lip, surface otherwise convex; abaxially convex, with a shallow median furrow proximally. Column ca 1.2 mm long, more or less straight; stigma elliptic, without keels inside; foot not widened distally, with a transverse, flat, slightly antrorse ledge just above the area of attachment; stelidia ca 0.3 mm long, triangular, acute, with a deltoid, rounded to obtuse wing along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a slight, papillose crest, surface otherwise more or less glabrous, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, obovoid, all flat, the inner as long as the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Upper montane forest ca 25 m high, on steep slope, with scattered Araucaria trees; 2100
2300 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province. 135 Figure 4. Bulbophyllum biserratum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, lateral sepal, petal, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) column, front views, the above with the anther-cap in position, (G) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, middle: adaxial side, right: side view, (H) pollinia, left: two pairs from two sides, right: a single pair from two sides. All from Hort. LEI 20030162 (spirit material). Drawn by A. Walsmit Sachs. All scale bars are given in mm. 136 Etymology The name refers to the row of teeth along the lip margins. Bulbophyllum biserratum is most similar to B. leucorhodum Schltr. in all aspects but particularly in the shape of the petals. Bulbophyllum biserratum differs in having smaller flowers (sepals ca 7.5 mm long in B. leucorhodum), and in having a lip with a row of vesicles along the sides, but which is otherwise glabrous. Bulbophyllum pemae Schltr. differs in having entire petals. Bulbophyllum biserratum looks like a typical member of section Coelochilus in all aspects, yet it is aberrant in one diagnostic character for this section. Instead of having the lip firmly fused to the column-foot, as usual in section Coelochilus, it is connected to the column-foot by a ligament, as in most Bulbophyllum species. A transverse ledge on the column-foot, just above the ligament, fits in the space in between the two short keels on the lip. transverse ridge just above the area of attachment, with a ca 0.8 mm long concave area in front, distally abruptly passing into a more or less flat area, otherwise convex, with a somewhat corrugated surface; abaxially convex proximally, elsewhere with a shallow median furrow, surface glabrous. Column ca 3.5 mm long, gently curved, somewhat more so about half-way; stigma narrowly triangular, without keels inside, with a conical, obtuse callus well below it; foot widened into two thick more or less lateral calli just above the area of attachment; stelidia ca 0.9 mm long, deltoid
triangular, acute, with the upper margin distinctly erose, with a deltoid, apiculate tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially without a crest, surface finely papillose, front margin drawn out into a small, triangular, acute beak; pollinia 4, obovoid, the inner flat, somewhat enveloped by the recurved lateral sides of the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in a tall tree; 1760 m a.s.l. Bulbophyllum cyrtophyllum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Distribution A Bulbophyllo scitulo foliis longioribus angustioribusque (16
18 0.45
0.75 versus ca 11 1 cm), inflorescentia breviore (2
2.5 cm longa versus 8
9 cm), petalis attenuatis valide deorsum depentibus differt. Papua New Guinea: Madang Province. Type: Papua New Guinea, Madang Province, foot of Mount Hellwig, Bena, cult. Jongejan 1310 (holotype: L). The name refers to the curved leaves: ‘kurtos’ (Greek) bent. Roots sprouting mainly below or near the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.8
2.2 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.3
2.0 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.9
1.21.0
1.6 cm, somewhat distant, shortly ovoid to thickly lenticular. Leaves pendulous; petiole 4.5
6.0 cm long; blade 16
18 0.45
0.75 cm, index (length/width) 24
32, falcate, elliptic, acute. Inflorescence 2.0
2.5 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.9 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 3, the longest ca 3.5 mm long; floral bract tubular, 6
7 mm long, apiculate. Flowers widely opening, sepals and petals white, densely spotted with dark red, petals also with a large dark red blotch proximally, lip yellow, finely spotted dark red, margins dark red near the base, column white, with tiny dark red dots. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 12 mm long, basal node on a ca 2.5 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 22  3 mm, index 7
8, recurved to spreading, ovate, tapering distally, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 23 4 mm, index 5.7 6.0, free, spreading, lower margin sharply folded inwards, slightly erose, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 3 2 mm, index ca 1.5, recurved, strongly curved downwards, ovate
triangular, tapering distally and with a distinct, rounded lobe proximally along the lower margin, acute, margins entire, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 11.5 1.8 mm, index ca 6.4, attached to the column-foot by a transverse, rather narrow area and partly mobile, gently curved over its entire length, ovate, acute, margins entire, thick and spongy; adaxially with a Etymology Bulbophyllum cyrtophyllum is most similar to B. scitulum Ridl., but differs in having longer and narrower leaves (ca 11 1 cm in B. scitulum), a shorter inflorescence (8
9 cm long in B. scitulum), and in having tapering, strongly decurved petals. Bulbophyllum pendens J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 6) A Bulbophyllo inter sectionis Coelochilus species cum sepalis lateralibus connatis rhizomate longe pendulo differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 115 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 30 cm long, 2.0
2.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.6
2.2 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.8
2.1 0.35
0.45 cm, somewhat distant, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.1
0.15 cm long; blade 5.2
6.3 0.7
0.8 cm, index (length/width) 6.5
9, elliptic, acute. Inflorescence ca 1.3 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.2 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 5 mm long; floral bract ca 4.7 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers widely opening, cream-coloured, densely spotted dark dull purple, column cream-coloured, anther-cap light yellow. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 5 mm long, basal node on a ca 1.3 mm long stump. 137 Figure 5. Bulbophyllum cyrtophyllum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) column in side view, (G) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (H) pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from cult. Jongejan 1310 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 138 Figure 6. Bulbophyllum pendens. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepals, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) base of lip, adaxial side, (F) column and lip, side view, (G) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side. All from Yumte 115 (spirit and herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 139 Dorsal sepal ca 5.51.8 mm, index 3
3.1, spreading, ovate
oblong, acute
acuminate, margins entire but slightly papillose distally, base broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 5.0 2.1 mm, index ca 2.6, fused along the lower margins except near the tip, obliquely ovate, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.51.4 mm, index ca 1.1, recurved, straight, rhombiform with obtuse edges along upper and lower margin, acute, margins erose distally, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 4.0  1.2 mm, index ca 3.5, attached to the column-foot by a triangular area, more or less immobile, straight, elliptic
oblong, obtuse, margins entire, with two erect, triangular, obtuse auricles proximally, touching the column face, thick and spongy, surface finely and somewhat irregularly papillose distally; adaxially with a transverse ridge just above the area of attachment, with a ca 1 mm long concave area in front, distally gradually passing into the convex distal part; abaxially convex, deeply grooved along the median line. Column ca 2 mm long, gently curved; stigma narrowly triangular, without keels inside; foot gradually thickened distally; stelidia ca 0.4 mm long, more or less triangular, acuminate, with a small, antrorse, deltoid, obtuse tooth along the upper margin, with a deltoid, obtuse tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a narrow crest proximally, surface finely papillose, front margin drawn out into a small, triangular, acute beak; pollinia not seen. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in mossy, ca 5 m high, open forest on limestone bedrock; 600 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the pendulous rhizomes. Among the species of section Coelochilus with fused lateral sepals (previously distinguished as section Trachychilus Schltr.), B. pendens is the first with a long-pendulous rhizome. Bulbophyllum kusaiense Tuyama, from the Caroline Islands, agrees rather well with B. pendens, and is described as ‘decumbens’. However, the height of the plant is given as 6 cm, with the pseudobulbs plus leaves also being around 6 cm high; it must therefore have a very shortly patent rhizome only. It also differs from B. pendens in having triangular petals and a column three times as long as the petals. The flowers of B. pendens are most similar to B. humile Schltr. and B. novahiberniae Schltr., but distinctly smaller (sepals 8 mm or longer in both these species), and have rhombiform petals. 140 Bulbophyllum stalagmotelos J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 7) A Bulbophyllo alkmaarensi sepalis brevioribus latioribusque (sepalo medio 8.5 3.0 mm versus 10
14 2 mm), petalis ovate triangularibus, labello rugose papilloso differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, no further information, Hort. LEI 920383 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below or near the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.2
2.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.6
2.8 cm long, creeping, bracts little persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.4
2.20.8
1.3 cm, somewhat distant, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.4
1.2 cm long; blade 5.9
10.5  1.4
2.9 cm, index (length/width) 3.1
4.2, elliptic(
ovate), acute. Inflorescence 4.9
5.4 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 3.7 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest 3.7
4.5 mm long; floral bract ca 3.5 mm long, tubular, acuminate. Flowers widely opening, colour not recorded. Pedicel-and-ovary ca 8 mm long, basal node on a ca 1 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 8.53.0 mm, index 2.8
2.9, spreading, obovate, subacute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, thin, surface adaxially slightly and very finely papillose, abaxially glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 7.5 3.7 mm, index ca 2, free, spreading to reflexed, obliquely elliptic, acute, base rather narrowly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.8 0.7 mm, index ca 2.6, recurved, somewhat curved downwards near the base, ovate
triangular with a subacute edge proximally along the upper margin, subacute, margins entire, base broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip attached to the column-foot by a transverse, rather narrow area, little mobile, straight, consisting of an oblong proximal part ca 1.7 0.9 mm and an much wider, elliptic distal part, lip altogether ca 4.72.4 mm, index ca 2, rounded, margins with two erect, triangular, obtuse, entire auricles proximally, touching the column face, margins erose distally; thick and spongy; adaxially with a transverse ridge just above the area of attachment, with the proximal part concave, glabrous, distally gradually passing into the convex, subglobular distal part, this part with the margins reflexed so that they leave only a narrow space in between, surface increasingly rugose
papillose towards the tip; abaxially convex proximally, elsewhere deeply concave, with a shallow median furrow, surface glabrous. Column ca 2 mm long, gently curved; stigma triangular, without keels inside, with a conical, obtuse callus well below it; foot widened into two thick more or less lateral calli just above the area of attachment; stelidia ca 0.4 mm long, deltoid, acute, with a small, deltoid, obtuse tooth along the upper margin, with a deltoid, apiculate tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially without a crest, surface finely papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, obovoid, flat, the inner lying in the somewhat concave outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Unknown. Figure 7. Bulbophyllum stalagmotelos. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from Hort. LEI 920383 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 141 Distribution Papua New Guinea: locality unknown. Etymology The name refers to the shape to the lip: ‘stalagma’ (Greek) drop, and ‘telos’ (Greek) top. Bulbophyllum alkmaarense J. J. Sm. has a lip of roughly similar shape. Bulbophyllum stalagmotelos differs in many characters, among them the shorter and wider sepals (dorsal sepal 10
14 2 mm in B. alkmaarense), ovate
triangular petals and a rugose
papillose lip. Bulbophyllum section Epicranthes (Bl.) Hook. f. Bulbophyllum section ‘Epicrianthes’ (Blume) Hook. f. (1890, p. 753). Basionym: Epicranthes Blume (1825, p. 307). Based on the same type: Bulbophyllum subgenus ‘Epicrianthes’ (Blume) Schltr. (1913, p. 705). Type: Epicranthes javanica Blume [Bulbophyllum epicrianthes (Blume) Hook. f.]. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008) for synonymy and further information. Bulbophyllum corrugatum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 8) A Bulbophyllo hexarhopalos foliis abaxiliter aspere corrugatis, petalorum appendicibus magnis numero minore (4 versus 6 vel 7) differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, New Ireland Province, cult. Jongejan 101 (holotype: L). Bulbophyllum hexarhopalos auct. non Schltr., J. J. Verm. (1982, p. 22). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 40 cm long, 3
5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.0
1.6 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.6
1.0 0.3
0.6 cm distant, ellipsoid. Leaves: petiole 0.2
0.3 cm long; blade 3.5
5.5  2.1
2.9 cm, index (length/width) 1.6
2.2, ovate, acute, abaxial surface finely and densely corrugated, dark green adaxially, dark purple abaxially. Inflorescence ca 2 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle porrect, 0.3
0.4 cm long; non-floriferous bract 1 (?), ca 3 mm long; floral bract ca 4 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers widely opening, sepals white with red
purple spots, petals with greyish green appendages, lip red
purple. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 8 mm long, basal node on a ca 3 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 9.03.5 mm, index 2.5
2.6, spreading, ovate
triangular, acute, margins entire, base broadly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral 142 sepals ca 8.5 3 mm, index 2.8
2.9, free, ovate, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1 3 mm, index ca 0.3, porrect or somewhat recurved, a narrow seam along the side of the column, entire, surface glabrous; with two types of stalked, papillose appendages along the top margin; the first thick, flattened
ellipsoid to ovoid, 4
6 0.8
1.0 mm, obtuse, abruptly narrowed into a thread-thin, smooth stalk 1
2 mm long, the second type stalk-like, subulate, 2.0
2.5 mm long, passing into a 1
1.8 mm long stalk of equal thickness; these appendages divided in two groups, one along the upper and one along the lower edge of the petal, each group consisting of 2 thick appendages and one stalk-like, and one more stalk-like appendage in between the groups. Lip ca 3.0  1.8 mm, index 1.6
1.7, straight, more or less ovate, a slightly narrowed basal part, subacute, margins entire, thick; adaxially with the margins spreading proximally, concave in between, the margins converging over the proximal surface as obtuse ridges at about a quarter of the length of the lip, then running parallel and clasping two more, equally strong ridges which start slightly proximally of the point where the first pair meets the margins, at two thirds of the length of the lip the ridges fuse pair-wise, and diverge a little to leave a deep slit in between, adaxial surface convex distally, coarsely papillose towards the margins; abaxially convex, deeply grooved along the median line and with a coarsely papillose surface distally. Column ca 2 mm long; stigma narrowly triangular, without keels inside; foot not widened distally; stelidia ca 0.6 mm long, triangular, acute, with a small, patent, deltoid, subacute tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a crest proximally, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a retuse beak; pollinia not seen. Habitat and ecology Unknown. Distribution Papua New Guinea: New Ireland Province. Etymology The name refers to the rough abaxial surface of the leaves. Bulbophyllum corrugatum is similar to B. hexarhopalos Schltr. in the sense that it has three much smaller petal appendages in between two groups of large ones. Bulbophyllum corrugatum differs in the roughly corrugated abaxial leaf surface, and in having a smaller number of large petal appendages (6
7 large appendages in B. hexarhopalos). Bulbophyllum schuitemanii J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 9) A Bulbophyllo hirundinifero et B. phymato petalis appendicibus ovoidee conicis, a priori labello sine vesiculis, a posteriori petalis appendicibus papillosis differt. Figure 8. Bulbophyllum corrugatum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) petal, (E) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (F) column and lip, side view. All from cult. Jongejan 101 (living plant, spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 143 Figure 9. Bulbophyllum schuitemanii. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from Schuiteman, Mulder & Vogel 52 (spirit and herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 144 Type: Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province, Lake Kutubu, Schuiteman, Mulder & Vogel 52 (holotype: L). Distribution Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 40 cm long, 1.7
2.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.4
2.0 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.9
1.2 0.25
0.3 cm distant, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.4
0.5 cm long; blade 3.5
5.3  1.2
1.7 cm, ovate, index (length/width) 2.8
3.3, acute, distinctly convex proximally. Inflorescence ca 1 cm long, 1flowered; peduncle ca 0.3 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 3, the longest ca 3.2 mm long; floral bract ca 2.8 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers widely opening, sepals yellow, petal appendages greenish brown, lip dark brownish purple. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 5 mm long, basal node on a ca 1 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 6.02.3 mm, index ca 2.6, spreading, ovate
triangular, acute, margins entire, base broadly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 6.0 2.4 mm, index ca 2.5, free, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 0.6 2.0 mm, index ca 0.3, porrect or somewhat recurved, a narrow seam along the sides of the column, margins entire, surface glabrous; with two types of stalked, papillose appendages along the top margin; the first thick, flattened
ovoid to conical, 3.0
4.5 0.3
0.4 mm, obtuse, abruptly narrowed into a thread-thin, smooth stalk 0.5
1.0 mm long, the second type stalk-like, subulate with a slightly and gradually thickened top, altogether ca 1 mm long; total number of appendages 13, more or less divided into two groups, one along the upper and one along the lower edge of the petal, each group consisting of 6 thick appendages, one stalk-like appendage in between the groups. Lip ca 2.8 1.2 mm, index ca 2.3, recurved near the base, more or less oblong, rounded, margins entire, thick; adaxially with the margins spreading proximally, concave in between, the margins converging over the proximal surface as obtuse ridges at about a quarter of the length of the lip, there clasping two more, weaker ridges running alongside a median slit, and fusing pair-wise, the median slit continuing over three quarters of the length of the lip; adaxial surface convex distally, finely papillose, most distinctly so half-way near the margins; abaxially shallowly concave half-way, convex distally with a shallow median furrow, surface finely papillose except near the base. Column ca 2 mm long; stigma transversely elliptic, without keels inside; foot not widened distally; stelidia ca 0.7 mm long, falcate, triangular, acute, upper margin erose, with a small, patent, deltoid, obtuse tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a crest proximally, surface more or less glabrous, front margin drawn out into a retuse beak; pollinia 4, more or less ellipsoid, somewhat flattened, the inner minute; no appendages. Etymology Habitat and ecology Found as an epiphyte in disturbed rain forest with Lithocarpus etc., 900 m a.s.l. Papua New Guinea: Southern Highlands Province. Named in honour of Andre Schuiteman, principal author of the CD-rom series ‘Orchids of New Guinea’. Bulbophyllum hirudiniferum J. J. Verm. and B. phymatum J. J. Verm. have a similar configuration of the appendages along the petal margins: a single small appendage in between two groups of distinctly larger appendages. Bulbophyllum schuitemanii differs from both in having ovoid
conical petal appendages (not elliptic or oblong with a rounded tip), from the first in lacking any large vesicles on the lip, and from the second in having papillose (not long-hairy) petal appendages. Bulbophyllum section Gongorodes J. J. Sm. Bulbophyllum section Gongorodes J. J. Sm. (1914, p. 35). Type: Bulbophyllum digitatum J. J. Sm. This section comprises two species only, B. digitatum J. J. Sm., and D. scorpio J. J. Verm., described below. The intricately folded or incised petal tips are a unique character. Without it, the species would more or less fit in section Leopardinae, as a marginal group distinguished by the relatively small petals and the elongated column-foot. I prefer to retain both species in a separate section. Bulbophyllum scorpio J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 10) A Bulbophyllo digitato petalis distaliter paulo erosis solum, stelidiis marginibus inferioribus ala deltoidea differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province, Erave area, cult. Stocker 7 (holotype: SING, isotype: L). Vegetative parts not seen. Inflorescence a rather lax raceme, ca 10-flowered; peduncle erect to patent; rachis ca 16 cm long, arching; floral bracts 11
14 mm long, ovate, the lowermost tubular, acute. Flowers with the lip pointing towards the top of the rachis, wide-opening, many simultaneously, pedicel-with-ovary light green, dorsal sepal light green, abaxially near the base brownish red, lateral sepals light yellowish green, abaxially the basal one-third to one-half with a brownish red stripe, petals light yellowish green, lip light yellowish green, brownish red towards the margins, column including foot whitish yellow, pollinia yellow. Pedicel-with-ovary 22
32 mm long, basal node flush with the surface of the rachis. Dorsal sepal ca 16  8 mm, index ca 2, recurved, sub-triangular with acute edges near the base, acute, margins entire, base narrowly attached, central part thick, but rather thin distally and towards the 145 Figure 10. Bulbophyllum scorpio. (A) inflorescence, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side. All from cult. Stocker 7 (spirit material, photographs). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 146 margins, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 3712 mm, index ca 3.1, free, spreading, falcate, about elliptic with a triangular, acute tooth along its upper margin, at one third of its length, rather thick, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 9 3 mm, index ca 3 (unflattened), porrect, more or less obovate, entire top part folded twice, once outwards, with the fold itself formed into a pouch, and then inwards again; top rounded
truncate, margins erose distally; base decurrent, in particular the lower margin which continues as a narrow seam along the column-foot for ca 8 mm, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 9 7 mm, index ca 1.3 (unflattened), recurved near the base, otherwise more or less straight, ovate
triangular, rounded, margins entire, very thick; adaxially concave, with 3 ridges: an obtuse median ridge starting at the base, continuing up to three quarters of the length of the lip, and bordered on both sides by a deep furrow, and two high, obtuse ridges starting near the base, then converging slightly and running more or less parallel to the margin, distally meeting the margin again, surface glabrous but with fine, transverse wrinkles in the areas between the lateral ridges and the margin; abaxially convex, with a shallow median furrow, surface glabrous. Column ca 6.5 mm long; stigma transversely elliptic, without keels inside, with a slight swelling well below its base; foot elongated so that the attachment of the petals and the lateral sepals are separated by a ca 9 mm long gap, distally widened, with two diverging, obtuse teeth below the attachment of the lip; stelidia ca 1.5 mm long, triangular with a convex upper margin, acute, with a patent, deltoid, rounded wing along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially without a crest, surface more or less glabrous, front margin not drawn out, widely rounded; pollinia 4, not seen; without appendages (field observation on fresh flower). Habitat and ecology Unknown. Type: Bulbophyllum restrepia Ridl. Species of this section share the following characters: median sepal with a sharply conduplicate apical part. Lateral sepals distinctly longer than the median. Column foot not widened nor thickened. Anther with an upturned, distinctly widened and thickened top part. Section Polymeres (Bl.) J. J. Verm and O’Byrne differs in having a flat or concave, but distally not truly conduplicate median sepal, and a column foot which is widened distally, and usually has inconspicuous to distinct lateral wings close to the ligament, and an anther without a dorsoventrally flattened, upturned apical part. Section Monanthaparva Ridl. differs in usually having a flat or concave median sepal (but somewhat conduplicate in B. hemisterranthum J. J. Verm. and O’Byrne and B. pachyneuron Schltr; and abaxially keeled in B. foraminiferum J. J. Verm.), and in lacking a thickened apical part of the anther. Species of section Hoplandra have been included in sect. Ephippium (Bl.) Schltr. by, for instance, Schlechter (1913, p. 777). The name cannot be used for the suite here included in sect. Hoplandra because none of these are syntype species of section Ephippium. The name refers to the anther, heavily armed in front with a shield-like structure. The following, provisionally accepted species are included: Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum Bulbophyllum baladeanum J. J. Sm. contortisepalum J. J. Sm. drepanosepalum J. J. Verm. and O’Byrne falciferum J. J. Sm. impar Ridl. (?, position uncertain) inaequisepalum Schltr. louisiadum Schltr. ngoyense Schltr. obovatifolium J. J. Sm. potamophila Schltr. restrepia Ridl. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Southern Highlands Province. Bulbophyllum section Hybochilus Schltr. Etymology Bulbophyllum section Hybochilus Schltr. (1912, p. 96); Schltr. (1913, pp. 702, 823). The name refers to the general shape of the flowers. Type: Bulbophyllum masarangicum Schltr. Bulbophyllum scorpio differs from B. digitatum J. J. Sm. by the petals which have only slightly erose distal margins, and by the deltoid wing along the lower margins of the stelidia. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008) for further information. Bulbophyllum section Hoplandra J. J. Verm. sect. nov. Sepali medii pars apicalis conduplicata, sepala lateralia media longiora, columnae pes non dilatatus, antherae pars apicalis valde crassa et dilatata dorsoventraliter applanata sursum curvata notata. Bulbophyllum chlorolirion J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 11) A Bulbophylli inter sectionis Hybochilus species floribus magnis, petalis sepalis fere aequilongis distinguinda. Type: Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka, Daulo Pass, cult. Jongejan 658 (holotype: L). 147 Figure 11. Bulbophyllum chlorolirion. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side. (A) from Woods 330 (herbarium material), (B)
(F) from cult. Jongejan 658 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 148 Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 2
3 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.5
0.6 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.0
1.8 0.6
1.2 cm, borne close together, erect, ovoid, surface rugose. Leaves: petiole 0.4
1.2 cm long; blade 2.8
6.5 1.4
1.6 cm, index (length/width) 2.0
4.7, elliptic, obtuse to subacute. Inflorescence 6
8 cm long, 1flowered; peduncle 5.5
6.5 cm long, erect to patent; nonfloriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 4 mm long; floral bract ca 3 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, sepals and petals green at the base, purple towards the tip and the margins, and with three purple nerves, lip purple, abaxially white near the base. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 4 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Dorsal sepal ca 153 mm, index ca 5, recurved, ovate, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 164 mm, index ca 4, free, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 14 3.5 mm, index ca 4, recurved, ovate, acuminate, margins about entire, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 4.5 1.2 mm, index 3.7
3.8, recurved near the base, triangular, acute, margins with two pairs of auricles: one pair close to the ligament, retrorse, ovate, rounded, one pair reaching up to about one fifth of the length of the lip, low and wide, broadly rounded, beyond these the lip margins long
ciliate, rather thick; adaxially concave proximally, more or less flat distally, with three ridges, an obtuse median starting near the base and soon grading into the lip surface, and two more ridges close to the median, obtuse, continuing up to about half of the length of the lip and with their crests touching over the furrow in between for a short distance beyond the end of the median ridge, adaxial surface very finely and densely papillose to shortly hairy; abaxially with a short, rounded median ridge near the base, elsewhere more or less flat, somewhat furrowed, surface glabrous. Column ca 1.2 mm long; stigma transversely elliptic, without keels inside; foot not widened; stelidia ca 0.8 mm long, oblong, slightly tapering, tip deeply emarginate, with obtuse lobes with finely papillose margins; anther-cap abaxially with a large, wide, rounded crest, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a truncate, thin beak; pollinia not seen. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in montane forest; 1500
2800 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Eastern Highlands Province. Etymology The name refers to the colour and shape of the flowers: ‘chloros’ (Greek) green and ‘lirion’ lily. Among members of section Hybochilus, B. chlorolirion is characterized by the large size of the flowers and by the petals being almost as long as the sepals. Bulbophyllum colubrimodum Ames has flowers with sepals of similar length, but petals only ca 5 mm long; B. elmeri Ames has sepals and petals of about equal length, but a distinctly 3-lobed lip. Bulbophyllum section Leopardinae Benth. and Hook. f. Bulbophyllum section Leopardinae Benth. and Hook. f. (1883, p. 503). Type: (not mentioned explicitly, reference only given): Dendrobium leopardinum Wall. [Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl.]. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008) for synonymy and further information. Bulbophyllum ichthyosme J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 12) A Bulbophyllo wakoi labello angustiore, stelidiorum margine inferiore dentibus praeter margines sine crista abaxiali, columnae pedi alis distinctis ligamento proxime differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Tobi Mountains, Kebar, Koster BW 6896 (holotype: L). Roots mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome ca 10 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs at least 8 cm long, bract fibres persistent, thick. Pseudobulbs ca 3.5  1.8 cm distant, ovoid, somewhat flattened. Leaves: petiole ca 4 cm long; blade 3714 cm, index (length/width) 2.7
2.8, obovate, acute. Inflorescence a rather dense raceme, ca 58 cm long, 12
20-flowered; peduncle ca 50 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 7, the longest ca 46 mm long; rachis arching, 6.5
7.5 cm long; floral bracts ca 11  5 mm ovate, acuminate. Flowers non-resupinate, not fully opening, many simultaneously, yellowish green with reddish brown lines, fetid, smelling of fish. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 35 mm long, basal node on an up to 1 mm long stump, ovary ribs rounded, straight. Dorsal sepal ca 4811.5 mm, index 4.1
4.2, somewhat recurved, ovate, acute, margins entire, base narrowly attached, rather thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals 43 11 mm, index ca 3.9, free, oblique, triangular, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 26  5 mm, index ca 5.2, caudate (cauda ca 14 mm long, curled), somewhat recurved, elliptic, margins entire, base broadly attached, rather thick, glabrous. Lip ca 246 mm, index ca 4 (unflattened), not recurved, ovate, rounded, very thick; adaxially slightly concave near the base, with 2 distinct, parallel, rounded ridges over most of the length of the lip, surface glabrous but finely verrucate towards the tip; abaxially with a wide, retuse median ridge over most of the length of the lip, surface glabrous. Column ca 9 mm long; stigma inside with three keels, at its base with a narrow longitudinal ridge; foot with two small, semi-elliptic, 149 Figure 12. Bulbophyllum ichthyosme. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side. All from Koster BW 6896 (herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 150 rounded wings laterally near the ligament; stelidia ca 3 mm long, subulate, acute, with a distinct, somewhat antrorse, semi-elliptic, rounded tooth along the upper margin, and with a large, strongly antrorse (so that it runs parallel with the column) wedge-shaped, distally distinctly verrucose
papillose, very thick, abaxially smooth tooth of ca 2.5  2.5 mm (length measured along the front margin of the tooth) along the lower margin, about half-way along the column or below; anther-cap abaxially glabrous, with a low, rounded crest near the tip, front margin slightly drawn out, erose. Habitat and ecology Found in Fagaceae forest; ca 600 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua (1 specimen seen). Etymology The name refers to the fish-like smelling flowers. Bulbophyllum ichthyosme is similar to Bulbophyllum wakoi Howcroft, but differs in having a narrower lip, not having an abaxial crest on the teeth along the lower margin of the stelidia, and in having distinct wings on the column-foot, next to the ligament. Bulbophyllum myodes J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 13) sepal 25
268.5
9.0 mm, index ca 2.9, more or less porrect, elliptic to ovate, acuminate, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, rather thin, glabrous. Lateral sepals 27
29 13
14 mm, index ca 2, free, oblique, recurved, triangular, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals 15
16 5
7 mm, index 2.2
3.0, more or less porrect, elliptic, acuminate, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, rather thin, glabrous. Lip 12
14 ca 5 mm, index 1.4
2.4 (unflattened), recurved in the basal half, ovate, rounded, margins entire, very thick; adaxially concave near the base, with 2 distinct, parallel, narrow, obtuse ridges running close to the margins over most of the length of the lip, top part convex, surface smooth but ridges proximally papillose and distally with thick, club-shaped hairs up to 1
4 mm long; abaxially with a retuse median ridge up to half of the length of the lip, surface smooth. Column 4.5
6 mm long; stigma inside with three keels, at its base without teeth; foot without tooth just above the ligament; stelidia 2.0
2.7 mm long, triangular, acute, with or without a minute, antrorse, deltoid, subacute tooth along the upper margin, lower margin with a somewhat antrorse, (narrowly) triangular, (sub-)acute tooth ca half-way along the column or slightly below; anther-cap abaxially glabrous and with a narrow, obtuse crest towards the tip, front margin not drawn out, entire; pollinia 4, the inner slightly shorter than the outer and much more flattened, with a fleshy hamulus. Habitat and ecology Terrestrial or understory epiphyte in primary and secondary (old gardens) forest; 1500
1800 m a.s.l. Distribution A Bulbophyllo guttato pedicello et ovario multo breviore (bractea flore attingenti), ovario distincte papilloso, labello pilis claviformibus differt. Indonesia: Papua. Papua New Guinea: Enga Province, Morobe Province. (3 collections seen). Type: Papua New Guinea, Enga Province, Porgera District, Komanga, Reeve 6601 (holotype: L). Etymology Roots along the entire rhizome. Rhizome 2.5
6.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 11.5
18 (?30) cm long, bract fibres somewhat persistent. Pseudobulbs 3.5
8.0 0.4
0.8 cm, distant, more or less cylindrical. Leaves: petiole 2.5
4 cm long; blade 9.5
193.0
6.5 cm, index (length/width) 1.7
3.7, elliptic to obovate, acute. Inflorescence 6
12 cm long, patent, 1-flowered or a 2-flowered subumbellate raceme; peduncle 3.5
5.0 cm; non-floriferous bracts ca 6, the longest 9
17 mm long; floral bracts 11
17  10
14 mm, ovate, acute. Flowers resupinate, not fully opening, sepals and petals yellowish green or green with reddish purple spots and/or nerves, lip purplish red, yellow abaxially near the base and sometimes adaxially near the tip, hairs on lip white, column cream-coloured, foot stained with some reddish purple. Pedicel-with-ovary 7
10 mm long, basal node more or less flush with the surface of the rachis; ovary densely papillose, ovary ribs rounded, straight. Dorsal The name refers to the furry appearance of the ovary: ‘mus’ (Greek) mouse. Bulbophyllum myodes differs from B. guttatum Schltr. in having a much shorter pedicel-with-ovary (with the floral bract reaching the flower), a distinctly papillose ovary and long, club-shaped hairs on the lip. Bulbophyllum section Lepanthanthe Schltr. Bulbophyllum section Lepanthanthe Schltr. (1913, pp. 704, 875). Type: Bulbophyllum lepanthiflorum Schltr. The section is revised in Vermeulen (1993). The following can be added: 151 Figure 13. Bulbophyllum myodes. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, left and right: two pairs, middle: a single pair. All from Reeve 6601 (herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 152 Figure 14. Bulbophyllum lagaroglossum. (A) habit, (B) inflorescense, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single, below: a pair. All from Yumte 94 (spirit and herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 153 Bulbophyllum lepanthiflorum Schltr. Bulbophyllum lepanthiflorum Schltr. (1913, p. 876). Lectotype: Schlechter 19190 (B, lost, isotype: E). The discovery of a syntype specimen at E makes the neotypification in Vermeulen (1993, p. 77) redundant. Bulbophyllum lagaroglossum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 14) A Bulbophyllo lepanthifloro sepalis apiculatis, labello angustiore (indice longitudine/latioride ca 2.7 versus 1.6
2.0) parte apicali sursum torta differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 94 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 110 cm long, 1.8
2.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.9
2.0 cm long, pendulous, bracts persistent, surface finely papillose. Pseudobulbs 0.4
0.5  0.2
0.25 cm, distant, shortly cylindrical. Leaves: petiole 0.2
0.3 cm long; blade 2.4
3.6 1
2 cm, index (length/ width) 1.8
2.4, ovate, acute. Inflorescense clustered, dense racemes ca 1.6 cm long, ca 5-flowered; peduncle ca 1 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts ca 3, the longest ca 2.4 mm long; rachis ca 0.3 cm long, porrect; floral bracts 1.8
2 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers non-resupinate, probably opening widely, one at the time, sepals and petals greenish yellow, lip dark purple, column greenish yellow, anther-cap yellow. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 4 mm long, basal node on a ca 2.2 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 3.6  2.4 mm, index ca 1.5, spreading, ovate, apiculate, margins increasingly papillose distally, base broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 3.02.2 mm, index 1.3
1.4, free, obliquely ovate, upper margin glabrous, lower papillose, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.3  1.0 mm, index ca 1.3, recurved, ovate, obtuse, margins finely erose
papillose, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip with prominent basal auricles; ca 2.71 mm, index ca 2.7, recurved proximally and sharply incurved at about two thirds of its length, ovate
oblong, slightly tapering towards the tip, obtuse, margins densely set with papillae which grade into large vesicles about half-way along the lip, thick, surface more or less glabrous but increasingly papillose towards the margins; adaxially concave near the base, with three ridges, the low, narrow, rounded median starting at the base and ending just before reaching half-way along the length of the lip; the rather high, rounded lateral ridges starting in front of the auricles, converging until they meet over the median ridge, then slightly diverging again and ending at the same level as the median ridge, top part of the lip only slightly convex; abaxially with a retuse ridge near the base, otherwise slightly convex, grooved along the median line. Column ca 0.8 mm long; stigma ovate, without keels inside, with a rather distinct, rounded callus 154 just below its proximal margin; foot tapering distally; stelidia ca 0.3 mm long, about triangular, deltoid, acuminate, with a small, antrorse, deltoid, obtuse tooth along the upper margin, with an antrorse, triangular, acute tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a narrow crest proximally, surface finely papillose, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 2, ovoid, somewhat flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Rather dense, ca 20 m high primary forest on limestone bedrock; 450 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the narrow lip. Bulbophyllum lagaroglossum is similar to B. lepanthiflorum Schltr. in habit and sepal shape. Bulbophyllum lagaroglossum differs in having apiculate sepals (with subulate, distinct appendages in B. lepanthiflorum), and a very narrow lip (index length/width 1.6
2 in B. lepanthiflorum) with an upturned apical part. Bulbophyllum section Monanthes (Blume) Aver. Bulbophyllum section Monanthes (Blume) Averyanov (1994, p. 279). Basionym: Diphyes section Monanthes Blume (1825, p. 311). Type: Diphyes tortuosa Blume [Bulbophyllum tortuosum (Blume) Lindl.]. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008) for synonymy. Bulbophyllum chalcochloron J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 15) A Bulbophyllo lichenoide sepalo medio ciliato, petalis caudatis ciliatis, labello pilis brevibus sine apice incrassato differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, locality unknown, cult. Jongejan 1567 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.0
1.2 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.2
0.4 cm long, creeping or shortly ascending, bracts not Figure 15. Bulbophyllum chalcochloron. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from cult. Jongejan 1567 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 155 persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.3
0.80.3
0.4 cm, borne close together, (sub-)erect, ellipsoid to (ob-)ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.4
0.6 cm long; blade 1.8
3.00.2
0.32 cm, index (length/width) 6.7
12.5, elliptic, acute or apiculate. Inflorescence 11.0
12.5 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 10.0
11.3 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 2.5 mm long; floral bract ca 1.6 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, green, with reddish purple nerves, margins, and petal tips, column white. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 1.9 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Dorsal sepal ca 6  1.5 mm, index ca 4, recurved, ovate, acute, margins finely and densely ciliate, base broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 6.0 1.2 mm, index ca 5, fused along their lower margins, margins entire, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 6.0 1.2 mm, index ca 5, porrect, elliptic excluding the top part, the caudate top 2.7 mm long, margins finely and densely ciliate, the cauda ciliolate, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous but cauda finely shortly-hairy. Lip ca 1.8 1.0 mm, index ca 1.8, recurved about half-way, general outline obovate with a small but distinct constriction about half-way, rounded, margins with one pair of retrorse, ovate, obtuse auricles close to the ligament, beyond these the lip margins erect and entire, but half-way the lip abruptly folded backwards and with long, baculiform papillae, rather thin, surface glabrous; adaxially concave proximally, with a transverse median callus just above the base, convex distally with two distinct folds near the top, on either side of the median line, creating a distinct, broadly rounded apical callus; abaxially without a median ridge, convex proximally, concave and with a deep median furrow distally. Column ca 1.2 mm long; stigma subrectangular, without keels inside; foot not or hardly widened; stelidia ca 0.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, subacute, with a slight, obtuse edge along the upper margin; anther-cap abaxially with a large, dorsiventrally flattened crest overtopping the front margin, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a broadly rounded, thin beak; pollinia 4, obovoid, the inner about half as long as the outer, distinctly flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Unknown. Distribution Papua New Guinea. Locality unknown. Etymology The name refers to the unusual green colour of the flowers: ‘chalcos’ (Greek) copper, and ‘chloros’ (Greek) green. The only other species in section Monanthes with a lump at the tip of the lip is B. lichenoides Schltr. Bulbophyllum chalcochloron differs in having a ciliate dorsal sepal, caudate and ciliate petals, and a lip with short hairs without a swollen tip. It is also a much larger plant. 156 Bulbophyllum fibristectum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 16) A Bulbophyllo sectione Monanthes propter fibros copiose circum rhizomatem et pseudobulborum basim, labello obovato crasso differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province, Lufa District, Lufa area, 8 km from Hogave, cult. Jongejan 3081 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.0
1.2 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.0
1.4 cm long, creeping downwards along the substrate, bracts persistent as long fibres thickly covering the rhizome and pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs 0.3
2.1 0.4
1.1 cm, borne close together, more or less porrect, ellipsoid to ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.2
0.4 cm long; blade 8.3
12.0  1.4
1.7 cm, index (length/width) 4.8
8.6, elliptic to ovate, acute. Inflorescence ca 1 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.18 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 1.6 mm long; floral bract ca 2.2 mm long, tubular, apiculate. Flowers little opening, cream-coloured, lip yellow, with white hairs. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 3.5 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Dorsal sepal ca 5.5 2.2 mm, index ca 2.5, porrect, elliptic, acute, margins entire, base broadly attached, thick, adaxial surface finely papillose distally, abaxial surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 4.8 3.2 mm, index ca 1.5, fused along their lower margins, ovate, margins entire, surface finely papillose distally, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.8 1.0 mm, index ca 2.8, porrect, obovate
oblong, emarginate, margins finely papillose distally, rather broadly attached, rather thick and thicker distally, surface finely papillose distally. Lip ca 2.31.5 mm, index 1.5
1.6, recurved about half-way, general outline obovate, rounded, margins with one pair of retrorse, ovate, obtuse auricles close to the ligament, beyond these the lip margins increasingly coarsely papillose and with scattered long hairs, thick; adaxially deeply concave proximally, with a transverse ledge just above the base, with two rather high, obtuse ridges starting near the base, close to the margin and converging a little only at two thirds of the length of the lip, then diverging and grading into the distally convex lip surface, surface locally papillose proximally, densely papillose and with the papillae partly fused to irregular transverse bands and with scattered long hairs distally; abaxially widely convex and with a shallow median furrow, surface papillose and with scattered long hairs towards the margins. Column ca 1.5 mm long; stigma triangular, without keels inside, with a inconspicuous, rounded callus well below its proximal margin; foot hardly widened, with an angular transverse ridge just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1 mm long, upwards falcate, narrowly triangular, acute, with a slight, obtuse edge along the upper margin, with two similar edges along the lower; anther-cap abaxially with a large, dorsiventrally flattened crest overtopping the front margin, surface papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, ovoid, the inner about as long as the outer, slightly more flattened; no appendages. Figure 16. Bulbophyllum fibristectum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from cult. Jongejan 3081 (spirit material, photographs). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 157 Figure 17. Bulbophyllum odontostigma. (A) habit, (B) inflorescense, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) hairs along the lip margin. All from Yumte 200 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 158 Habitat and ecology Forest on ridge; 2000 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Eastern Highlands Province. base, adaxial surface otherwise glabrous; abaxially convex near the base, elsewhere slightly concave, surface glabrous but with scattered, distally thickened hairs towards the margins. Column ca 0.9 mm long; stigma rectangular, without keels inside, with a distinct, rounded tooth along its proximal margin; foot not widened; stelidia ca 0.5 mm long, triangular, acute, with a distinct, antrorse, acute tooth the upper margin; anther-cap and pollinia not seen. Etymology The name refers to the fibre-covered rhizome. Bulbophyllum fibristectum is distinct within Section Monanthes because of the fibres copiously present around the rhizome and the base of the pseudobulbs, and the thick, obovate lip. The flowers sit deeply among the fibres, and are often almost covered by them. Habitat and ecology Ridge-top primary forest ca 10 m high, with dense undergrowth, on limestone bedrock; 600 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Bulbophyllum odontostigma J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 17) A Bulbophyllo xanthote floribus multo minoribus (sepalis ca 6.5 mm longis versis ca 17 mm longis), labello pilis minute clavatis differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 200 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome ca 1 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.2
0.4 cm long, short-creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.5
0.70.3
0.4 cm, borne close together, obliquely erect, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.2
0.3 cm long; blade 1.9
3.0 1.0
1.3 cm, index (length/width) 1.6
2.5, elliptic to obovate, acute-acuminate. Inflorescence ca 3 cm long, 1flowered; peduncle ca 2.3 cm long, erect; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 3.2 mm long; floral bract ca 2.2 mm long, tubular, acuminate. Flowers moderately opening, dark maroon, all parts cream-coloured at the base, column and anther-cap cream-coloured. Pedicel-withovary ca 2 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Dorsal sepal ca 6.5 2.0 mm, index 3.2
3.3, somewhat recurved, ovate, acute, margins sparsely ciliolate, base broadly attached, rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 6.31.5 mm, index ca 4.2, fused along their lower margins, margins with a few scattered ciliolae, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.2 1.2 mm, index ca 1.8, porrect, ovate, acute, margins densely ciliolate, narrowly attached, rather thick, surface densely shortlyhairy. Lip ca 4.5 0.8 mm, index ca 5.6, somewhat recurved near the base, general outline ovate, subacute, margins with one pair of retrorse, ovate, obtuse auricles close to the ligament, beyond these the lip margins ciliate with the hairs slightly thickened distally, thick; adaxially slightly concave proximally, with a rather high, flat, glabrous median ridge from base to tip, and two very short, rounded, papillose ridges clasping this near the Etymology The name refers to the tooth at the base of the stigma. Bulbophyllum xanthotes Schltr. and B. endotrachys Schltr. are the most similar species to B. odontostigma. It differs from the first in having much smaller flowers (sepals about 17 mm long in B. xanthotes) and minutely clavate hairs on the lip; it differs from the second in having shorter and wider, glabrous petals. Bulbophyllum ptychostigma J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 18) A Bulbophyllo dichilo et B. eciliato bractea pedicello cum ovario multo longiore, a priori sine labelli basi callo distincto, a posteriori labello non constricto in parte dimidia distali differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 76 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.5
2.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.35
0.40 cm long, short-creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.8
1.00.35
0.50 cm, borne close together, obliquely erect, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.25
0.40 cm long; blade 7.5
9.5 1.3
1.5 cm, index (length/width) 5.7
6.4, elliptic, acute. Inflorescence ca 1.3 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.55 cm long, erect; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 7 mm long; floral bract ca 6.5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, sepals creamywhite proximally, the dorsal wine-red distally, column creamy-white. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 2 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Dorsal sepal ca 5.02.3 mm, index 2.1
2.2, porrect or somewhat recurved, triangular, acute, margins entire, base broadly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 5.3  159 Figure 18. Bulbophyllum ptychostigma. (A) habit, (B) inflorescense, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from Yumte 76 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 160 2.0 mm, index 2.6
2.7, fused along their lower margins, obliquely ovate, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.5 0.9 mm, index 1.6
1.7, porrect, more or less elliptic, acuminate, margins erose distally, base broadly attached, rather thick, surface glabrous. Lip ca 2.6 0.9 mm, index ca 2.9, somewhat recurved for two fifths of its length, general outline ovate, obtuse, margins with one pair of retrorse, slightly inwards falcate, triangular, obtuse auricles close to the ligament, beyond these the lip margins sparsely, finely and shortly ciliolate, particularly in the proximal half and near the tip, rather thick, surface glabrous; adaxially slightly concave in the proximal half, convex distally, abaxially convex near the base, elsewhere concave. Column ca 1 mm long; stigma elliptic, with 6 folds inside, with a conical, obtuse tooth well below its proximal margin; foot hardly widened; stelidia ca 0.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, acute; anther-cap abaxially with a large, rounded crest near the base, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a truncate beak; pollinia 4, the outer ovoid, the inner slightly less than half as long as the outer, obovoid, slightly more flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in high primary forest with sparse undergrowth, on white sand; 450 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the folds present in the stigmatic opening. Bulbophyllum ptychostigma is most similar to B. dichilus Schltr. and B. eciliatum Schltr. B. ptychostigma differs in having a floral bract much longer than the pedicel-withovary together. It also differs from B. dichilus in not having a distinct callus at the base of the lip, and from B. eciliatum in having a lip which is not constricted in the distal half. Bulbophyllum stemonochilum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 19) 0.4 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical or slightly obovoid, the new shoot arising 2.0
2.5 mm from the top of the pseudobulb. Leaves sessile, blade 1.8
2.6 0.6
1.1 cm, index (length/width) 2.3
3.0, ovate, acute (-acuminate). Inflorescence ca 0.7 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.3 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 3.5 mm long; floral bract ca 2.8 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, sepals maroon, laterals with a creamywhite bifurcate spot in the basal half, dorsal creamy-white, with a purple spot at the base, petals creamy-white, with a purple spot at the base, lip maroon, creamy-white at the base, column and anther-cap creamy-white. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 1.2 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Dorsal sepal ca 4.82.2 mm, index ca 2.2, somewhat recurved, obovate, apiculate, margins ciliolate, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 4.42.1 mm, index ca 2.1, fused, together porrect, concave with distally incurved margins, each obovate, obtuse, upper margin ciliolate, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.3 0.8 mm, index ca 1.6, porrect, triangular, truncate to emarginate, apiculate, margins entire, base broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 2.70.2 mm, index 1.3
1.4, more or less straight, but somewhat curved near the tip, linear, wire-like, obtuse, margins ciliate in the middle third, minutely papillose
ciliolate in the distal third, rather thick; adaxially flat near the base, with a transverse, conical, obtuse, transversely emarginate median tooth at about one sixth of its length, elsewhere somewhat convex and slightly furrowed, surface minutely ciliolate in the proximal half, minutely papillose
ciliolate in the distal half; abaxially slightly convex with a median furrow over its entire length, surface glabrous but distal third minutely papillose. Column ca 1 mm long; stigma large, ovate, without keels inside; foot not widened but with a slight transverse thickening just above the ligament; stelidia ca 0.5 mm long, porrect, triangular, acute, with a slight, deltoid, obtuse tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a high, rounded crest, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a truncate beak; pollinia 4, more or less ellipsoid, the inner less than half as long as the outer, flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in montane riverine forest ca 30 m high on level land, with the locally gregarious emergent Pandanus; 1900
2100 m a.s.l. Distribution A Bulbophyllo bisepalo et B. stenochilo sepalis ciliolatis, petalis truncatis ad emarginatis apiculatis, labello marginibus ciliatis in parte media tertia solum differt. Papua New Guinea. Central Province. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Woitape, Mount Alio, Hort. LEI 20031028 (holotype: L). Etymology The name refers to the thread-thin lip. Roots below the pseudobulbs, (at least some) spreading. Rhizome up to 20 cm long, 2.0
2.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.2.0
0.45 cm long, pendulous, bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.7
1.6 0.3
Bulbophyllum stemonochilum is most similar to B. bisepalum Schltr. and B. stenochilum Schltr. in having a narrow, linear lip. It differs, however, in having ciliolate (not glabrous) sepals, truncate to emarginate, apiculate (not acuminate) 161 Figure 19. Bulbophyllum stemonochilum. (A) habit, (B) inflorescense, (C) flower analysis, upper row from left to right: dorsal sepal, adaxial side and abaxial side, lateral sepals; lower row from left to right: lip, abaxial side, oblique view, side view, petal, (D) column and lip, lateral view, (E) column, 2 frontal view, (F) anther cap, (G) pollinia, a single pair, adaxial side, abaxial side, lateral view. All from Hort. LEI 20031028 (spirit material). Drawn by A. Walsmit Sachs. All scale bars are given in mm. 162 Figure 20. Bulbophyllum argoxanthum. (A) habit, (B) part of inflorescence, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from Hort. LEI 20030126 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 163 petals, and a lip with ciliate margins only in the middle third. long, deltoid, acute; anther-cap abaxially colliculate, with a widely rounded crest overtopping the front margin, front margin not drawn out, entire; pollinia 4, ellipsoid, the inner about as long as the outer, much flattened; no appendages. Bulbophyllum section Pelma (Finet) Schltr. Bulbophyllum section Pelma (Finet) Schltr. (1913, pp. 703, 855). Habitat and ecology Type: Bulbophyllum absconditum J. J. Sm. Montane forest ca 25 m high, on a steep slope, with scattered Araucaria trees; alt. unknown. The section is revised in Vermeulen (1993). The following can be added: Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province. Bulbophyllum argoxanthum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 20) A Bulbophyllo fractiflexo sepalis petalisque rotundatis glabris brevioribus latioribus, sepali medii indice longitudine/latitudine ca 1.5 (versus 2.2
11.4), stelidiis acutis differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Woitape, Hort. LEI 20030126 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome 4.5
5.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 3.0
4.5 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.8
3.20.6
0.8 cm, distant, ellipsoid. Leaves: petiole ca 0.3 cm long; blade ovate, 9.4
10.2  3.1
3.4 cm, index (length/width) 2.7
3.3, acute. Inflorescence 1.8
3.0 cm, porrect, a distichous, dense 6
9-flowered raceme; peduncle 1.0
1.2 cm; non-floriferous bracts ca 3, the longest ca 4.5 mm long; rachis 1.6
2.0 cm long; floral bracts ca 3.5 mm long, acuminate. Flowers non-resupinate, not fully opening, many simultaneously, sepals and petals greenish yellow, lip pale orange, underside creamy-yellow at the base, column and anther-cap cream-coloured, unscented. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 2
3 mm long, basal node on a 5
7 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 4.02.7 mm, index ca 1.5, recurved, ovate
elliptic, rounded, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, thin, glabrous. Lateral sepals 3.8 2.2 mm, index ca 1.7, free, oblique, ovate, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.6 1.6 mm, index ca 1.6, recurved, obovate, rounded, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, thin, glabrous. Lip ca 2.0  1.5 mm, index ca 1.3 (unflattened), recurved about halfway, elliptic, rounded, thick, surface glabrous; adaxially with a deep basal cavity, in front delimited by two converging teeth which together form a transverse ridge with a slit half-way, with two more inconspicuous, obtuse ridges starting near the base, at the margins, and converging up to half-way along the lip, area in between concave, elsewhere convex; abaxially with a wide, truncate median ridge proximally, elsewhere slightly concave. Column ca 0.8 mm long; stigma elliptic, inside without keels, proximally protruding; foot with a distinct, conical, obtuse median tooth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 0.3 mm 164 Etymology The name refers to the colour of the flowers: ‘argos’ (Greek) snow, and ‘xanthos’ (Greek) yellow. Bulbophyllum argoxanthum keys out with B. fractiflexum J. J. Sm. in Vermeulen (1993). It differs, however, in having rounded, glabrous, shorter and wider sepals and petals (dorsal sepal index length/width 2.2
11.4 in B. fractiflexum) and acute stelidia. Bulbophyllum bacilliferum J. J. Sm. Bulbophyllum bacilliferum J. J. Sm. (1928, p. 155). Type: Ceram, Rutten 2239 (holotype: L; isotype: BO). Taxonomic synonym: Bulbophyllum melanoxanthum J. J. Verm. (1993, p. 135). Type: Papua New Guinea, Bougainville, Craven & Schodde 137 (holotype: CANB; isotypes: L, LAE). The minor differences distinguishing B. melanoxanthum from B. bacilliferum were supported by a strictly allopatric occurrence: B. bacilliferum on Ceram, and B. melanoxanthum in eastern Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. With Tissing 4 (L), from Indonesia, Papua, Star Mountains, making this gap considerably smaller, it appears better to unite the two species. Bulbophyllum section Peltopus Schltr. Bulbophyllum section Peltopus Schltr. (1913, pp. 700, 760); Vermeulen (1993, p. 145). Type: Bulbophyllum peltopus Schltr. The section is revised in Vermeulen (1993). The following can be added: Bulbophyllum algidum Ridl. Bulbophyllum algidum Ridl. (1916, p. 181); van Royen (1979, p. 165). Type: Indonesia, Papua, Boden Kloss s. n., Camp XIII
XIV, 31 Jan 1913 (holotype: BM). Taxonomic synonym: Bulbophyllum systenochilum J. J. Verm. (1993, p. 174). Type: Indonesia, Papua, Brass 9110 (holotype: AMES). Van Royen’s (1979) description and illustration are misleading in the outline of the lip and in particular the shape of the petals: a presumably artificial incision in the lower margins of the column of the only flower on the type specimen has left two acute, triangular lobes which he interpreted as petals. This, and his erroneous inclusion of the species in section Coelochilus has caused the superfluous description of B. systenochilum. Bulbophyllum section Polymeres (Blume) J. J. Verm. and P. O’Byrne Bulbophyllum section Polymeres (Blume). J. J. Verm. and O’Byrne (2008). Basionym: Diphyes section Polymeres Blume (1825, p. 316). Lectotype: Diphyes tenuifolia Blume [Bulbophyllum tenuifolium (Blume) Lindl.] (designated by J. J. Vermeulen and O’Byrne 2008). Taxonomic synonyms: Bulbophyllum section Leptopus Schltr. (1913, pp. 702, 828); van Royen (1979, p. 223). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum leptopus Schltr. (designated by van Royen 1979). Bulbophyllum section Fruticicola Schltr. (1913, pp. 702, 833); van Royen (1979, p. 227). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum fruticicola Schltr. (designated by van Royen 1979). Bulbophyllum section Epibulbon Schltr. (1913, pp. 703, 845). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum epibulbon Schltr. (designated here). Bulbophyllum section Megaloglossum Carr (1933, p. 90). Type: Bulbophyllum brastagiense Carr (B. crepidiferum J. J. Sm.). Bulbophyllum section Elassoglossum Rysy (2007, p. 286). Type: Bulbophyllum elassoglossum Siegerist. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008) for further synonymy and comments; in Vermeulen (1991) as section Leptopus Schltr. According to Rysy (2007), his section Elassoglossum includes species which share a markedly ephemeral flowering habit, the flowers opening for a single morning only. Otherwise, the species included in the section do not share any distinguishing character from those included in Carr’s section Megaloglossum, now within section Polymeres. Ephemeral flowers are a fairly common feature in this group, some open a few hours only during the morning, for one or two days (e.g. B. quadrangulare J. J. Sm.), others stay permanently open for a few days (e.g. B. zebrinum J. J. Sm.). Section Elassoglossum is here synonymised with section Polymeres; the species can be grouped together with those of Group c, corresponding to Carr’s section Megaloglossum (Vermeulen and O’Byrne 2008), such as B. tenuifolium (Blume) Lindl., B. tectipetalum J. J. Sm. and B. leptobulbon J. J. Verm. and the two mentioned above. Group c. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008). Species with a creeping rhizome, clustered or distant pseudobulbs of substantial size, and inflorescences approximately as long as, or longer than the vegetative shoot they arise from. The group agrees with Carr’s section Megaloglossum (Vermeulen and O’Byrne 2008). Bulbophyllum luteum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 21) A Bulbophyllo spisso petalis ovatis (necnon cuneatis), labelli parte abaxiali distincte papillosa differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 213 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 3
4 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.5
0.6 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.1
1.8 0.7
0.9 cm, borne close together, erect, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.7
1.0 cm long; blade 4.5
6.3 1.0
1.4 cm, index (length/width) 3.2
6.3, elliptic, subacute. Inflorescence 4.5
6.0 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 3.2
4.5 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 4, the longest 3.5
5.0 mm long; floral bract ca 4.5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers fully opening, sepals and petals greenish yellow, lip yellow, column and anther-cap greenish yellow. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 12 mm long, basal node on a ca 2 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 93 mm, index ca 3, more or less porrect, ovate, acute
acuminate, margins finely erose
papillose, base rather broadly attached, rather thick,but thin towards the margins, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 10 3 mm, index 3.3
3.4, free, recurved, obliquely triangular, upper margin somewhat finely erose, lower entire, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 42 mm, index ca 2, porrect, ovate with the margins folded outwards proximally, obtuse, margins finely papillose distally, thin, surface adaxially finely papillose towards the margins, abaxially glabrous. Lip ca 2.61.2 mm, index ca 2.2 (unflattened), recurved, oblong, rounded, margins with two inwards folded, ovate, rounded auricles near the ligament, elsewhere papillose but 165 Figure 21. Bulbophyllum luteum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal (above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side), lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from Yumte 213 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 166 not so near top and base, very thick; adaxially concave except near the convex top, with two distinct ridges starting near the base, at the margins, and running up, close to the margin, to the convex top part of the lip, adaxial surface glabrous; abaxially with a deeply retuse median ridge up to three quarters of the length of the lip, surface papillose but less distinctly so near the base and the tip. Column ca 1.5 mm long; stigma sub-triangular, without keels inside; foot widened, with small, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 0.8 mm long, triangular, acute; anther-cap abaxially with a large, rounded crest over almost its entire length, surface finely papillose, front margin drawn out, widely rounded, papillose; pollinia 4, obovoid, the inner as long as the outer, rather flat; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Dense primary ridge-top forest, about 10 m high, on limestone bedrock; alt. unknown. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 20 5 mm, index ca 4, reflexed, ovate, acute, margins slightly erose, thinly but densely ciliate, base rather narrowly attached, thin, adaxial surface hirsute, abaxial surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 216.5 mm, index 3.2
3.3, free, spreading, ovate
triangular, upper margin entire, lower margin somewhat folded inwards and strongly undulating, densely ciliate, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 4.2 2.6 mm, index ca 1.6, porrect, obliquely ovate with the upper margin widely expanded proximally, rounded, margins finely papillose proximally and near the tip, base rather broadly attached, very thin, surface about glabrous. Lip consisting of an oblong basal part ca 2.5 2.2 mm, index 1.1
1.2, and a linear or slightly spathulate top part ca 8 0.9 mm, index ca 8.9 (all unflattened); recurved near the base, obtuse, margins entire, surface largely glabrous; basal part adaxially concave, furrowed, with a median slit bordered by two thin, proximally highest and slightly papillose ridges, abaxially shallowly furrowed; top part more or less flat on both sides. Column ca 2 mm long; stigma subtriangular, without keels inside, with a slight swelling just below its base; foot widened, with distinct, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1.2 mm long, triangular, acute, with a minute, deltoid tooth along the upper margin and a slight widening along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a large, flattened crest overtopping the front margin, surface finely papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, ellipsoid, the inner as long as the outer, all slightly flattened; no appendages. The name refers to the yellow flowers. Bulbophyllum luteum is most closely allied to B. spissum J. J. Verm. from Peninsular Malaysia and Sulawesi. It differs in having ovate (not wedge-shaped) petals and a distinctly papillose abaxial side to the lip. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte on a small tree near a steam; 920 m a.s.l. Distribution Bulbophyllum sannio J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 22) Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay Province. A Bulbophyllo maxillare sepalis lateralibus acutis margine inferiore undulato dense ciliato differt. Etymology Type: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Province, Agaun, cult. Jongejan 1028 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 3
4 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.5
3.0 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.8
2.5 0.8
1.2 cm, distant, erect, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 1.0
1.2 cm long; blade 7.5
8.5 1.3
1.5 cm, index (length/width) 5.6
5.8, elliptic, obtuse. Inflorescence 11.5
13.0 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 8
9 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 3, the longest 4.0
4.8 mm long; floral bract ca 5.5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers fully opening, dorsal sepal whitish with thick reddish purple nerves, all hairs white, lateral sepals reddish purple, hairs white, petals translucent, top part with small blackish purple spots, lip reddish purple, yellowish near the base, with small, darker purple spots towards the margins of the basal part. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 30 mm long, basal node on a ca 3 mm ‘Sannio’ a buffoon, a clown, the flowers seem to show off a fur-lined king’s mantle. Bulbophyllum sannio is most similar to B. maxillare (Lindl.) Rchb. f., but immediately recognizable by the undulating, densely ciliate lower margins of the lateral sepals, with an acute tip (not caudate and long-drawn out with swollen tips as in B. maxillare). Bulbophyllum sphaenopus J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 23) A Bulbophyllo maxillari et B. sannionis sepalo medio sparse ciliolato (minus distinctissimo ciliatis speciebus ceteris) sepalis lateralibus acutis marginibus inferioribus sparse ciliatis solum differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 116 (holotype: L). 167 Figure 22. Bulbophyllum sannio. (A) habit, (B) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (C) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (D) column and lip, side view, (E) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (F) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from cult. Jongejan 1028 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 168 Figure 23. Bulbophyllum sphaenopus. (A) habit, (B) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (C) petal, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from Yumte 116 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 169 Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 3.5
4.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 2.6
2.8 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.0
3.7 0.7
1.1 cm, distant, erect, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.5
0.6 cm long; blade 4.7
6.31.3
1.6 cm, index (length/width) 3.6
4, elliptic to ovate, acute. Inflorescence ca 20 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 9.5
12 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 4, the longest ca 6 mm long; floral bract ca 7 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers (?) fully opening, entirely dark maroon. Pedicel-and-ovary ca 53 mm long, basal node on a ca 4 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 477.5 mm, index 6.2
6.3, ovate, acute, margins sparsely ciliolate, base narrowly attached, rather thin, adaxial surface shortly hairy. Lateral sepals ca 507 mm, index 7.1
7.2, free, oblique, ovate
triangular, upper margin entire, lower margin sparsely ciliolate, base rather narrowly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 4.5  2.0 mm, index 2.2
2.3, porrect, obliquely ovate with the upper margin widely expanded in the proximal half, obtuse, finely papillose half-way along the upper margin, near the tip and along the lower margin, base rather broadly attached, very thin, surface more or less glabrous. Lip ca 14 2.5 mm, index ca 5.6, recurved near the base, with a triangular ca 3.02.5 mm basal part, grading into a linear top part of ca 1 mm wide, obtuse, margins glabrous, rather thick, surface glabrous; adaxially deeply concave near the base, with two rather high, obtuse ridges starting near the base and converging until they almost meet at two thirds of the length of the basal part, basal part otherwise convex, top part slightly convex to flat; abaxially convex near the base, slightly concave elsewhere. Column ca 2 mm long; stigma subtriangular, without keels inside, with a distinct callus well below its base which runs down the face of the columnfoot as two separate ridges; foot distinctly widened, with distinct, triangular, obtuse lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 0.9 mm long, triangular; anther-cap abaxially with a large, flattened crest overtopping the front margin, surface finely papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, ellipsoid, the inner as long as the outer, all slightly flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Open and mossy ridge-top forest ca 5 m high, on limestone bedrock; 600 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the wedge-shaped column foot. Bulbophyllum sphaenopus shares the general shape of the lip with B. maxillare (Lindl.) Rchb. f. and B. sannio J. J. Verm., but differs from both in having a sparsely ciliolate dorsal sepal (much less distinctly ciliate than in both other species), and in having acute lateral sepals with straight, only sparsely ciliate lower margins (caudate with thickened 170 tips in B. maxillare, undulating and densely ciliate in B. sannio). Bulbophyllum staetophyton J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 24) A Bulbophyllo sectione Polymeres rhizomate repenti, foliis teretis, sepalis tenuissimis differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Boridi, Carr 10254 (holotype: L; isotypes: AMES, LAE,NY). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome ca 3 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.4
0.6 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.9
1.7 0.4
0.6 cm, borne close together, erect, ovoid
cylindrical. Leaves: petiole 0.5
0.7 cm long; blade 4.0
5.5 0.5
0.6 cm, index (length/width) 3.6
4.0, subterete with a shallow groove adaxially, in outline elliptic
oblong, obtuse. Inflorescence 8
10 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 6.0
7.5 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 4.5 mm long; floral bract 4
5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers fully opening, sepals creamy-white, tip yellowish brown, proximal quarter with purple spots along the nerves, petals white with a crimson mid-nerve and margins, and a crimson tip, lip crimson, column greenish, foot suffused with crimson. Pedicel-with-ovary 15
17 mm long, basal node on a 3
4 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal 44
55 ca 2.8 mm, index 15
20, triangular, acute, margins ciliolate, base broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals 49
57 ca 7 mm, index 7.0
8.1, free, oblique, upper margin with a few ciliolae only, adaxial surface shortly-hairy except near the base and the tip, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 21.9 mm, index 1
1.1, porrect, triangular with the upper and lower margin widely expanded in the proximal third, obtuse, margins slightly erose proximally, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 6.81.5 mm at the base, index ca 4.5, elsewhere ca 1.2 mm wide, recurved near the base, oblong with a widened base, obtuse, margins entire, rather thick; adaxially concave near the base, more or less flat or slightly convex elsewhere, surface glabous; abaxially convex near the base, slightly concave elsewhere, surface glabrous but with a tuft of rod-shaped papillae of up to 0.8 mm long near the ligament. Column ca 1.7 mm long; stigma subtriangular, without keels inside, with a distinct, papillose callus just below its base; foot distinctly widened, with distinct, triangular, obtuse lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 0.9 mm long, triangular; anther-cap abaxially with a flattened crest overtopping the front margin, surface finely papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, ellipsoid, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, all slightly flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in lower montane forest; 1500
1600 m a.s.l. Figure 24. Bulbophyllum staetophyton. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. (A) from Carr 10254, (B)
(G) from Reeve 746 (herbarium material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 171 Figure 25. Bulbophyllum zygochilum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from Hort. LEI 950220 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 172 Figure 26. Bulbophyllum atroviride. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, lateral sepal, petal, (D) column and lip, left: lateral view, right: adaxial side, (E) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, middle: lateral view, right: adaxial side, (F) pollinia, left: two pairs, middle and right: a single pair. All from Hort. LEI 20031539 (living plant, spirit material). Drawn by Kinue Sato. All scale bars are given in mm. 173 Figure 27. Bulbophyllum planiplexum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from cult. Jongejan 1688 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 174 Figure 28. Bulbophyllum tricaudatum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side. All from cult. Jongejan 3205 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 175 Figure 29. Bulbophyllum chrysanthum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from Hort. LEI 20030151 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 176 Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province, Southern Highlands Province. Etymology The name refers to the thick-set vegetative parts of the species. Bulbophyllum staetophyton is well characterized within the section by the combination of the creeping rhizome, terete leaves and the very slender sepals. partly finely papillose and with longer papillae and hairs near the margins; abaxially with a deeply retuse median ridge up to half of the length of the lip, surface papillose but with two patches of longer hairs about half-way along the length of the lip. Column ca 1.5 mm long; stigma elliptic, without keels inside, with a slight swelling well below its base; foot widened, with distinct, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 0.7 mm long, triangular, acute, with a slight widening along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a large, rounded crest over almost its entire length, surface finely papillose, front margin drawn out, widely rounded, papillose; pollinia 4, obovoid, the inner as long as the outer, flat; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Bulbophyllum zygochilum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 25) A Bulbophyllo maxillari sepalis lateralibus ciliatis margine inferiore versus seriee verrucis minutis, labelli apice sine appendice differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Hort LEI 950220 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.5
2.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.5
1.5 cm long, creeping or somewhat straggling at some distance from the substrate, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.0
2.3 0.5
0.7 cm, distant to rather close together, (obliquely) erect, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 0.2
0.5 cm long; blade 3.0
4.7 0.85
1.1 cm, index (length/width) 3.5
4.3, ovate, acute-apiculate. Inflorescence 20
22 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 16
18 cm long, erect to patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 4, the longest ca 2 mm long; floral bract ca 2.8 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers fully opening, sepals wine-red, the dorsal yellowish towards the margins, the laterals with a yellowish row of verrucae close to the lower margin, petals wine-red with blackish hairs, lip winered. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 9 mm long, basal node on a ca 2 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 27 4 mm, index 6.7
6.8, reflexed, ovate, caudate, margins finely erose, thinly but densely ciliate, base narrowly attached, rather thin, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely papillose to shortly-hairy. Lateral sepals ca 40 5.5 mm, index ca 7.2, free, recurved to spreading, obliquely ovate, caudate with gradually thickened tips, upper margin shortly but rather densely ciliate, lower margin densely ciliate, adaxial surface with a narrow strip of densely placed, minute, irregularly shaped verrucae close to the lower margin, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 6 2.5 mm, index ca 2.4, porrect, triangular, acuminate, margins papillose
ciliolate proximally, ciliate distally, base narrowly attached, rather thin, surface shortly-hairly distally. Lip ca 1.31 mm, index ca 1.3 (unflattened), recurved, oblong, rounded, margins entire, with long, straight, thick hairs except near the base, thick; adaxially concave near the base, with two distinct ridges starting near the base, close to the margins, and running up, while slightly converging and then diverging, to close to the tip of the lip, adaxial surface Epiphyte in primary forest; 450
500 m a.s.l. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula (1 specimen seen). Etymology The name refers to the shape of the lip, in lateral view looking like a pivot: ‘zugos’ (Greek) yoke. Bulbophyllum zygochilum has flowers of a general shape remarkably similar to those of B. maxillare Rchb. f., but distinguished at once by the ciliate lateral sepals, with a row of small warts close to the lower margin, and the short lip, without a linear appendage at the tip. Group d. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008). Species with a patent to pendulous rhizome. Pseudobulbs with the new short arising from the basal node. This group agrees with section Leptopus Schltr. (1913) in its original sense. Bulbophyllum atroviride J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 26) A Bulbophyllo sectione Polymeres cum rhizomatibus patentibus foliis dense dispositis distincte convexis, petalis acutis tenuiter erosis differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Gulf Province, Darai Plateau, Hort. LEI 20031539 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 20 cm long, ca 1.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.4
0.9 cm long, pendulous, bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.30
0.450.2
0.3 cm, obliquely recurved, distant, oblong, deeply furrowed on the adaxial side, the new shoot arising at the base of the pseudobulb. Leaves dark green, sessile, blade 2.0
3.2 1
1.6 cm, index (length/width) 1.6
2.0, elliptic, acute, usually distinctly convex. Inflorescence ca 1.6 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 177 Figure 30. Bulbophyllum condensatum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from Yumte 280 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 178 Figure 31. Bulbophyllum erythrosema. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) column, lateral view, (G) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (H) pollinia, left: a single pair, right: two pairs. All from Hort. LEI 20030122 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 179 ca 3.5 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bract 1, ca 3 mm long; floral bract ca 2.3 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers wide open, sepals and petals translucent yellow, the sepals with greenish tips, lip orange
yellow, bright red at the base, column greenish, foot red, anther-cap pale yellow. Pedicelwith-ovary 6
8 mm long, basal node on a ca 1.2 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 10 4 mm, index ca 2.5, spreading, ovate, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 9.5  3.2 mm, index 2.9
3.0, free, base rather narrowly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 4.2 1.7 mm, index 2.4
2.5, spreading, ovate
triangular, acute, margins finely erose, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 3.8 1.5 mm, index ca 2.5, only slightly recurved, oblong, rounded, margins distinctly ciliate except near the very base, thick; adaxially concave near the base, with two high, rather sharp keels starting near the base, close to the margins and gently converging but leaving a deep furrow in between up to two fifths of the length of the lip, distal part somewhat convex, adaxial surface glabrous but with a finely papillose seam towards the margins; abaxially convex and deeply furrowed, surface papillose and with long hairs except near the tip. Column ca 3.2 mm long; stigma ovate, without keels inside; foot widened distally; stelidia ca 2 mm long, slightly downwards falcate, triangular
subulate, acute; rostellum not protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less obovoid, the outer slightly flattened, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, distinctly flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in rather open lowland forest on limestone bedrock; 440 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Gulf Province. Etymology The name refers to the dark green colour of the plant. Bulbophyllum atroviride is well defined among the species of section Polymeres with a patent rhizome by the densely placed, distinctly convex leaves and the acute, finely erose petals. Bulbophyllum imbricans J. J. Sm. looks more or less similar, but is a distinctly smaller plant with ciliate petals and pubescent keels on the adaxial side of the lip, near its base. Bulbophyllum planiplexum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 27) Type: Papua New Guinea, locality unknown, cult. Jongejan 1688 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 12 cm long, ca 2 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.1
1.6 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.0
1.60.7
0.9 cm, obliquely recurved, distant, oblong, deeply furrowed on the adaxial side with the edges clasping the next shoot, the new shoot arising at the base of the pseudobulb. Leaves sessile, blade 2.3
5.7 1.5
2.1 cm, index (length/width) 1.3
2.7, elliptic
ovate, acute. Inflorescence 4.5
5 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 1.5 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest 6
7 mm long; floral bract ca 4.5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, yellow, sepals with three red nerves, petals with a small red patch at the tip, lip reddish purple, but yellow with small reddish purple dots near the base, and pale yellow near the tip, column with a red patch below the proximal margin of the stelidia. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 14 mm long, basal node on a ca 5.5 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 8.32.5 mm, index ca 3.3, porrect, ovate, acute, margins entire, base broadly attached, rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 8.32.4 mm, index 3.4
3.5, free, ovate
triangular, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.0 1.2 mm, index 1.6
1.7, porrect, ovate, with an obtuse edge along the lower margin, obtuse, margins finely papillose distally, base narrowly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 6.01.1 mm, index 4.4
4.5, somewhat recurved at a quarter of its length, triangular, obtuse, margins distinctly and stiffly ciliate except near the base, thick; adaxially concave in the proximal quarter of its length, with two short, obtuse ridges starting at the margin and slightly converging, surface convex distally, glabrous; abaxially convex, deeply furrowed distally, surface long and stiffly hairy except near the base. Column ca 1.8 mm long; stigma elliptic, without keels inside, with two small, conical, obtuse teeth just below its proximal margin; foot widened and with patent, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1 mm long, triangular
subulate, acute; rostellum not protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest overtopping the front margin, surface finely papillose, front margin not drawn out; pollinia 4, more or less ovoid, all moderately flattened, the inner slightly shorter than the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Unknown. Distribution Papua New Guinea: locality unknown. Etymology A Bulbophyllo sawiensi et B. intonso innovationibus e extrema basi pseudobulbis provenientibus, pseudobulbis distincte latioribus differt. 180 The name ‘flatly braided’ refers to the pseudobulbs, with are flattened and arranged in a single plane. Figure 32. Bulbophyllum eutoreton. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, lateral view, (F) anther-cap, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, left: a pair, right: a single. All from Hort. LEI 20030734 (spirit example). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 181 Figure 33. Bulbophyllum fruticulum. (A) habit (rhizome erect to patent, not pendulous as drawn), (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, lateral sepal, petal, (D) lip, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) column with anther-cap, adaxial side, tilted in two different ways, (G) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, middle: abaxial side, right: side view, (H) pollinia, a single pair, left: adaxial side, right: side view. All from Hort. LEI 20030188 (spirit material). Drawn by A. Walsmit Sachs. All scale bars are given in mm. 182 Bulbophyllum planiplexum differs from B. sawiense J. J. Sm. and B. intonsum J. J. Verm. in the new shoots growing from the very base of the pseudobulb, rather than from its sides. The adaxial side of the pseudobulb is distinctly concave, with flange-like edges firmly clasping the rhizome. The edges are not, however, fused around the rhizome. The pseudobulbs of B. planiplexum are also distinctly wider than in either species. Habitat and ecology Dense Castanopsis forest on ridge; alt. unknown. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Eastern Highlands Province. Etymology Bulbophyllum tricaudatum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 28) A Bulbophyllo inter species sectionis Polymeres cum rhizomate patenti labelli figura: in parte basali obovata et parte apicali lineari divisa, lobis lateralibus basi approximatis, adaxialiter dente mediali conico basi confertior differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province, Ayiura, cult. Jongejan 3205 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 30 cm long, ca 2.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 1.8
5.2 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts little persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.5
3.5 ca 0.3 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical, the new shoot arising at the base of the pseudobulb. Leaves: petiole up to ca 0.4 cm long; blade 10.2
11.0 ca 0.7 cm, index (length/width) 14
16, sessile, ovate, acute. Inflorescence ca 4.5 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 2 cm long, more or less patent; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 7 mm long; floral bract ca 5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, colour not recorded. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 11 mm long, basal node on a ca 4 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 143 mm, index 4.6
4.7, porrect, ovate, acuminate, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 154 mm, index 3.7
3.8, free, triangular, acute
acuminate, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 13 2.5 mm, index ca 5.2, including a caudate tip of 9 mm long, porrect, ovate, with an acute edge along the lower margin, close to the base, margins entire but lower somewhat finely papillose proximally, finely papillose distally, base narrowly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip slightly recurved at about quarter of its length, margins with two erect, triangular, obtuse lateral lobes at about one fifth to one sixth of its length, glabrous, thick, surface glabrous, midlobe consisting of an obovate
oblong basal part, ca 5.0 2.4 mm, index ca 2.1, and a linear, distally somewhat swollen, obtuse top part 6.50.5 mm, index ca 13; adaxially concave near the ligament, this cavity in front bordered by a large, conical, obtuse median tooth, adaxial surface concave again in between the lateral lobes, beyond these almost flat; abaxially convex, top part furrowed. Column ca 2.5 mm long; stigma narrowly triangular, without keels inside; foot widened to a wedge-shaped structure just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1 mm long, deltoid-triangular, acuminate; rostellum somewhat protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest, surface finely papillose, front margin drawn out into a retuse beak; pollinia not seen. The name refers to the caudate tips of the petals and the lip. Bulbophyllum tricaudatum is unique among section Polymeres with a patent rhizome by the shape of the lip, which is divided into an obovate basal part and a linear top part, with lateral lobes near the base, and with a conical median tooth even closer to the base, on the adaxial side. Only B. incommodum Kores has a lip of more or less similar outline (but with an elliptic proximal part); it lacks, however, the very slender growth habit that is also typical for B. tricaudatum. Group e. See Vermeulen and O’Byrne (2008). Species with an erect, patent to pendulous rhizome. Pseudobulbs with the new shoot arising laterally from the pseudobulb, at some distance from its base. This group agrees with sections Fruticicola Schltr. and Epibulbon Schltr. in their original sense. Bulbophyllum chrysanthum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 29) A Bulbophyllo cyclopensi petalis obtusis, labello longiore (ca 5 mm longo versus 3 mm longo) differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Woitape, Hort. LEI 20030151 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 40 cm long, 2.0
2.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.6
1.0 cm long, erect to patent, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.9
1.30.3.0
0.45 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical
obovoid, the new shoot arising 5
7 mm from the base of the pseudobulb, about half-way along its length. Leaves: petiole 0.1
0.2 cm long; blade 2.9
3.4  0.9
1.1 cm, index (length/width) 2.6
3.8 (elliptic
)ovate, acute. Inflorescence ca 1.2 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.4 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 3.8 mm long; floral bract ca 3 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, ochre
yellow, sepals with three brownish nerves, petals with one as well as a blackish purple tip, lip slightly darker brownish yellow along the mid-nerve and at the auricles, column pale yellowish green. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 4.5 mm long, basal node on a ca 1 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 7 3 mm, index 2.3
2.4, somewhat recurved, ovate, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 7.54.0 mm, index ca 1.9, free, otherwise 183 Figure 34. Bulbophyllum intonsum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) petal, (E) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (F) column and lip, side view, (G) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (H) pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from Hort. LEI 32162 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 184 Figure 35. Bulbophyllum barbavagabundum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) petal, (E) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (F) column and lip, side view, (G) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (H) pollinia, above: a single, below: a pair. All from Hort. LEI 940509 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 185 as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 3.0 1.5 mm, index ca 2, porrect, ovate with the lower margin somewhat curved outwards proximally, margins finely erose and papillose, base rather narrowly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 5.0 1.7 mm, index ca 2.9, only slightly recurved, more or less elliptic, rounded to obtuse, margins with two antrorse, ovate, obtuse auricles at a third of the length of the lip, glabrous, thick; adaxially concave and furrowed in the proximal one third, slightly convex elsewhere, surface glabrous; abaxially with a low, flat median ridge proximally, more or less flat and somewhat furrowed distally, surface finely and rather densely shortly-hairly starting at one fifth of the length of the lip and continuing up to three fifths of its length, otherwise glabrous. Column ca 5 mm long; stigma oblong, without keels inside; foot somewhat widened and with slight, patent, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 2.5 mm long, triangular, acute; rostellum distinctly protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest proximally, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less obovoid, all moderately flattened, the inner slightly shorter than the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Upper montane forest with scattered Araucaria; 2100
2300 m a.s.l. 1-flowered; peduncle 0.5
0.8 cm long, porrect, non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 2.3 mm long; floral bract ca 2 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, dark maroon, all parts cream-coloured at the base, column and anther-cap cream-coloured. Pedicel-and-ovary ca 5 mm long, basal node on a ca 1.7 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 4.0 1.8 mm, index ca 2.2, more or less porrect, ovate, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 4.31.9 mm, index 2.2
2.3, free, ovate
triangular, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.00.8 mm, index ca 2.5, porrect, ovate
oblong, subacute, margins finely erose, base broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 31 mm, index ca 3, only slightly recurved, ovate, rounded to obtuse, margins finely papillose and distinctly ciliate except near the base, thick; adaxially concave and furrowed in the proximal two fifths of its length, with a flat, oblong, ca 0.6 mm long median callus, flat or slightly concave for the distal three fifths of its length, adaxial surface glabrous except for the papillose proximal end of the median callus; abaxially with a flat median ridge proximally, convex and deeply furrowed distally, surface long-hairy except near the base. Column ca 1.7 mm long; stigma ovate, without keels inside; foot widened and with patent, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1.2 mm long, downwards falcate, triangular
subulate, acute; rostellum not protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest, surface colliculate, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less obovoid, all moderately flattened, the inner slightly shorter than the outer; no appendages. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province. Etymology The name refers to the colour of the flowers: ‘chrysos’ (Greek) gold. Bulbophyllum chrysanthum is most similar to B. cyclopense J. J. Sm., but differs in having obtuse petals and a longer lip (ca 3 mm long in B. cyclopense). Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in low and dense primary forest on limestone ridge; alt. unknown. Distribution Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the densely placed leaves. Bulbophyllum condensatum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 30) A Bulbophyllo marginato labelli latere adaxiali cum callo abaxiali pilis attenuatis differt. Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Yumte 280 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 7 cm long, ca 1 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.15
0.20 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.45
0.55 0.15
0.25 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical
obovoid, the new shoot arising about 1 mm from the base of the pseudobulb. Leaves sessile, blade 1.4
3.2 0.9
1.0 cm, index (length/width) 1.5
3.6, elliptic to ovate, acute. Inflorescence 1.7
2.0 cm long, 186 Bulbophyllum condensatum is most similar to B. marginatum Schltr.; it differs in having a callus on the adaxial side of the lip, and tapering, rather than clavate, hairs on the abaxial side. Bulbophyllum erythrosema J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 31) A Bulbophyllo perforanti sepalis brevioriter caudatis, labello recto in longitudine perpetua plus minusve concavo differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Woitape, Hort. LEI 20030122 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up Figure 36. Bulbophyllum fallacinum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side, (G) pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from cult. Jongejan 966 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 187 Figure 37. Bulbophyllum stockeri. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view. All from cult. Stocker 21 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 188 to 50 cm long, ca 4 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.7
1.5 cm long, erect to patent, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 1.5
2.8 ca 0.5 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical
obovoid, the new shoot arising 4
8 mm from the top of the pseudobulb. Leaves: petiole 0.6
0.8 cm long; blade 4.5
6.0 1.4
1.8 cm, index (length/width) 3.2
3.4, elliptic, acute. Inflorescence ca 3 cm long, 1flowered; peduncle ca 1.3 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 10 mm long; floral bract ca 9 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers widely opening, sepals yellow, nerves red proximally, petals whitish with a purple midnerve, lip reddish purple with a yellow margin, column yellow, suffused with red. Pedicel-and-ovary ca 16 mm long, basal node on a ca 6.5 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 22 6 mm, index 3.6
3.7, including a ca 9 mm caudate tip, recurved or spreading, elliptic, margins ciliolate but glabrous distally, base narrowly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 21 5 mm, index ca 4.2, free, upper margin glabrous, lower shortly ciliolate, base rather broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 4 2 mm, index ca 2, recurved, distinctly convex distally, elliptic
oblong, acute, margins finely erose
papillose, base broadly attached, thin, surface about glabrous. Lip ca 7.54.0 mm, index 1.8
1.9, only slightly recurved, elliptic
obovate, obtuse, margins entire, rather thick, surface glabrous; adaxially somewhat concave, with two short, converging and distally almost meeting ridges near the base with an inconspicuous flat callus in between; abaxially convex. Column ca 1.8 mm long; stigma semi-elliptic, without keels inside, with a low median callus well below its proximal margin; foot widened and with patent, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1 mm long, narrowly triangular, tip about acute; rostellum protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a distinct crest, surface about glabrous, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less ovoid, the outer moderately flattened, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, distinctly flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Upper montane forest with scattered Araucaria; 2100
2300 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province. Etymology The name refers to the purple spot on the lip. Bulbophyllum erythrosema is most similar to B. perforans J. J. Sm., but differs in having shorter, caudate sepals (dorsal sepal with the cauda less than half of the total length of the sepal), and in having a straight lip which is more or less concave over its entire length. Bulbophyllum eutoreton J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 32) A Bulbophyllo elliptico labello lateri adaxiali marginibus duabus inter se cum callo, stelidiis brevissimus sursum curvatis differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Mount Bapaoto, Hort. LEI 20030734 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 40 cm long, ca 3 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.4
0.6 cm long, erect to patent, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.2
3.0 ca 0.3 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical, the new shoot arising 3
5 mm from the top of the pseudobulb. Leaves: petiole 0.2
0.3 cm long; blade elliptic, 5.2
5.7 1.3
1.5 cm, index (length/width) 3.4
4.1, subacute. Inflorescence ca 2 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.7 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 5 mm long; floral bract ca 3.2 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, sepals and petals creamy-yellow, lip light yellow, base with a narrowly triangular maroon spot, column and anther-cap creamyyellow. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 7 mm long, basal node on a ca 2.4 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 9 4 mm, index 2.2
2.3, including a cuspidate tip, recurved, ovate, margins finely papillose, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 11 4 mm, index 2.7
2.8, free, upper margin glabrous, lower with scattered, very fine papillae, base rather narrowly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.3 1.5 mm, index ca 1.5, porrect, ovate
triangular, obtuse, margins finely papillose, base narrowly attached, rather thin, surface about glabrous. Lip ca 42 mm, index ca 2, only slightly recurved, elliptic, obtuse, margins slightly finely papillose proximally, otherwise glabrous, rather thick, surface glabrous; adaxially somewhat concave proximally, with two distally slightly converging ridges close to the mid-nerve at over two fifths of the length of the lip and with a flat, elliptic median callus in between; abaxially convex proximally, slightly convex distally. Column ca 1.2 mm long; stigma more or less orbicular, without keels inside, with a very slight median thickening well below its proximal margin; foot somewhat widened and with reflexed, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia very short and abruptly bent upwards at their base, acute, with a porrect, deltoid, more or less acute edge along the lower margin, at the level of the rostellum; rostellum protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a distinct, flat crest, surface colliculate, front margin drawn out into a deltoid beak; pollinia 2, obovoid, somewhat flattened; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Lower montane hill ridge forest on limestone bedrock; 1200
1300 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province. 189 Figure 38. Bulbophyllum thecanthum. (A) habit, (B) flower, (C) flower analysis, from left to right: dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip, (D) lip, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side, (E) column and lip, side view, (F) anther-cap, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side, (G) pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from Hort. LEI 930558 (spirit material). Drawn by J. J. Vermeulen. All scale bars are given in mm. 190 Etymology Habitat and ecology The name refers to the fact that the young shoots grow through the pseudobulbs to its tip: ‘toreo’ (Greek) to drill. Upper montane forest ca 25 m high, on steep slope, with scattered Araucaria; 2100
2300 m a.s.l. Bulbophyllum eutoreton is most similar to B. ellipticum Schltr., but differs in the presence of two ridges on the adaxial side of the lip, with a callus in between, as well as in the short, upward-curved stelidia. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Central Province. Etymology Bulbophyllum fruticulum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 33) The name refers to the minute, bushy appearance of the plant. A Bulbophyllo exiguifloro foliis multo minoribus (1.0
1.7  0.30
0.45 cm versus 4
5 1.0
1.3 cm), pedicello ovarioque multo breviore (2.5 mm longo bracteae longitudine bis minore versus 5 mm longo bracteae longitudine multo bis majore), petalis tenuiter erosis differt. Bulbophyllum fruticulum is most similar to B. exiguiflorum Schltr., but differs in having much smaller leaves (4
5  1.0
1.3 cm in B. exiguiflorum), a much shorter pedicelwith-ovary (pedicel-with-ovary 5 mm long, much more than twice the length of the bract in B. exiguiflorum), and finely erose petals (coarsely dentate in B. exiguiflorum). Type: Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Woitape, Mount Alio, Hort. LEI 20030188 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 7 cm long, 1.0
1.4 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.2
0.4 cm long, erect to patent (erroneously drawn pendulous in Fig. 33), bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.5
0.80.15
0.20 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical
obovoid, the new shoot arising about 1.5
3.0 mm from the base of the pseudobulb. Leaves: petiole up to 1 mm long; blade 1.0
1.7 0.30
0.45 cm, index (length/ width) 2.7
3.8, elliptic, acute. Inflorescence ca 0.6 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.1 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest 5
8 mm long; floral bract ca 1.5 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, sepals and petals yellow, lip and column pale yellow. Pedicel-with-ovary ca 2.5 mm long, basal node on a ca 0.8 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 1.7 1.2 mm, index ca 1.4, more or less porrect, elliptic, apiculate, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 2.0 1.7 mm, index ca 1.2, free, elliptic
ovate, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 1.0  0.6 mm, index ca 1.7, porrect, elliptic
oblong, rounded, margins finely erose, base broadly attached, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 1.61.1 mm, index 1.4
1.5, more or less straight, ovate, rounded, margins papillose, thick, surface papillose except near the tip; adaxially concave near the base, with two high, rather sharp keels starting near the base, close to the margins and gently converging but leaving a deep furrow in between for up to two thirds of the length of the lip, distal part somewhat convex; abaxially convex, somewhat furrowed distally. Column ca 1.2 mm long; stigma ovate, without keels inside; foot not widened; stelidia ca 0.5 mm long, slightly downwards falcate, triangular
subulate, acute; rostellum not protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less ellipsoid, the inner somewhat shorter than the outer, flattened; no appendages. Bulbophyllum intonsum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 34) A Bulbophyllo sawiensi sepalis longioribus angustioribusque (sepalo medio ca 9.5 2.2 mm versus ca 5 2 mm), et labello longioribus (ca 6.5 versus 2.5 mm) differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, East Sepik Province, Karawari River basin, Hort. LEI 32162 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting near the base of the rhizome, growing backwards along it until reaching the substrate. Rhizome up to 18 cm long, 1.5
1.7 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.8
1.2 cm long, patent to pendulous, bracts rather persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.7
1.0 0.3
0.4 cm, porrect, distant, cylindrical
obovoid, the new shoot arising 3
4 mm from the top of the pseudobulb. Leaves sessile, blade 3.6
4.8 1.9
2.7 cm, index (length/width) 2.1
2.7, ovate, acute. Inflorescence ca 2.5 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 1 cm long, porrect; non-floriferous bracts 2, the longest ca 4.3 mm long; floral bract ca 3.2 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, colour unknown. Pedicel-andovary ca 6 mm long, basal node on a ca 2 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 9.5 2.2 mm, index ca 4.3, recurved, ovate, acuminate, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 9.8  2.3 mm, index 4.2
4.3, free, ovate
triangular, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 2.0  0.9 mm, index ca 2.2, porrect, ovate, obtuse, margins slightly and finely erose, base rather broadly attached, rather thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 6.51.1 mm, index ca 5.9, recurved at a quarter of its length, ovate, subacute, margins distinctly ciliate except near the base, thick; adaxially concave in the proximal quarter of its length, with a somewhat convex, elliptic callus starting at a quarter and ending at about half of its length, surface convex distally, glabrous except for a patch of short hairs next to and proximal of the callus; abaxially convex, deeply furrowed distally, surface long-hairy except near the base. Column ca 191 3.2 mm long; stigma ovate, without keels inside; foot widened and with patent, rounded lateral teeth just above the ligament; stelidia ca 1.8 mm long, slightly downwards falcate, triangular
subulate, acute; rostellum not protruding; anther-cap abaxially with a crest, surface more or less glabrous, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less obovoid, all moderately flattened, the inner slightly shorter than the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in seasonally inundated forest; 50 m a.s.l. Distribution Papua New Guinea: East Sepik Province. Etymology The name refers to the hairy abaxial side of the lip: ‘intonsum’ (Latin) unshaven. Bulbophyllum intonsum is most similar to Bulbophyllum sawiense J. J. Sm., but differs in having longer and narrower sepals (dorsal sepal ca 5 2 mm in B. sawiense), and in having a longer lip (ca 2.5 mm long in B. sawiense). Bulbophyllum section Schistopetalum Schltr. Bulbophyllum section Schistopetalum Schltr. (1913, p. 700, 763). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum schistopetalum Schltr. (designated by J. J. Vermeulen and O’Byrne 2008) floriferous bracts ca 2, the longest ca 2.8 mm long; floral bract ca 2.8 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately (?) opening, sepals blackish purple proximally, elsewhere dull yellow adaxially, with ochre nerves abaxially, lip dark purple, almost black proximally, hairs purple but white at the tip. Pedicel-and-ovary ca 17 mm long, basal node on a ca 3 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 11.54.0 mm, index ca 2.9, ovate, acuminate, margins entire, base narrowly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 11.6  3.9 mm, index ca 3, free, oblique, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals porrect, a seam along the side of the column ca 0.5 mm wide, with three triangular teeth, the median drawn out into a subulate cauda with a swollen tip 1.9 mm long measured from the base of the petal, the two laterals obliquely porrect, obtuse, ca 0.5 mm long measured from the base of the petal, margins entire, thin, surface glabrous. Lip ca 7.02.5 mm, index ca 2.8, hardly recurved, ovate, acuminate with an obtuse tip, margins ciliate proximally, long-hairy distally, thick; adaxially with a distinct cavity near the base, bordered distally by a transverse ledge, beyond this the lip is first concave because of the upturned margins, then flat, with a narrow median furrow continuing up to about third of the length of the lip, bordered by two thin ridges, surface glabrous proximally except for a patch of papillae around the ledge, distally densely long-hairy with frizzled, entangled hairs; abaxially convex near the base, more or less flat elsewhere, surface glabrous proximally, hairy distally as on the adaxial side. Column ca 1.4 mm long; stigma oblong, with a single keel inside, with a distinct, smooth callus just below its base; foot short, narrowed; stelidia ca 0.4 mm long, triangular, with a wide, patent, deltoid, rounded wing along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a flattened crest, surface glabrous, front margin drawn out into a truncate beak; pollinia 2, obovoid; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Bulbophyllum barbavagabundum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 35) Undisturbed primary forest; 450 m a.s.l. A Bulbophyllo trigonioide petalorum marginibus proximalibus sine lobis semi-ellipticis, labello longiore angustioreque (7  2.5 mm versus 4.5 3 mm) stelidiis brevissimis differt. Distribution Type: Indonesia, Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula, Hort. LEI 940509 (holotype: L). Roots sprouting mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 1.0
1.5 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 0.2
0.3 cm long, creeping, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs 0.35
0.50 0.35
0.60 cm, borne close together, erect, ovoid-globular, suffused purple. Leaves: petiole up to 0.1 cm long; blade 1.0
1.5 0.85
1.2 cm, index (length/width) 1.1
1.4, elliptic(
ovate), obtuse, abaxial surface suffused purple. Inflorescence ca 4 cm long, 1flowered; peduncle ca 1.5 cm long, erect to patent; non- 192 Indonesia: Papua, Bird’s Head (Doberai) Peninsula. Etymology The name refers to the bushy, tangled hairs on the lip. Bulbophyllum barbavagabundum shares the three-pronged petals with B. trigonidioides J. J. Sm., but differs in lacking the semi-elliptic lobes along the proximal margins of the petals, in having a longer and narrower lip (4.5 3 mm in B. trigonidioides), and in having very short stelidia (about as long as the column body in B. trigonidoides). Bulbophyllum section Stenochilus J. J. Sm. Distribution Bulbophyllum section Stenochilus J. J. Sm. (1914, p. 33); Seidenfaden (1979, p. 13). Lectotype: Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl. (designated by Seidenfaden 1979). Papua New Guinea: Northern to Milne Bay Province. (2 specimens seen); without further locality (4). Etymology Bulbophyllum fallacinum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 36) The name refers to the similarity with B. werneri: ‘fallax’ (Latin) false. A Bulbophyllo werneri labello apicaliter elongato nec proximaliter constricto, stelidiis dente rotundato ad subacuto in marginis parte inferiore differt. Bulbophyllum fallacinum is most similar to B. werneri Schltr. but differs in the elongated apical part of the lip which is not constricted at its base. The tooth along the lower margin of the stelidia is always antrorse, as sometimes in B. werneri, but it is rounded to subacute, not shortly acuminate as in B. werneri. Type: Papua New Guinea, locality unknown, cult. Jongejan 966 (holotype: L). Rhizome 4.5
8.0 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 5.5
9.0 cm long, creeping, bract fibres rather thin, persistent. Pseudobulbs 2
50.8
1.2 cm, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 1.5
2.5 cm long; blade 8
203.5
6.0 cm, index (length/width) 2.3
4.7, elliptic to obovate, rounded. Inflorescence ca 10 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle ca 0.8 cm long, patent; non-floriferous bracts ca 4, the longest ca 8 mm long; floral bract ca 9 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, sepals and petals pinkish, heavily spotted with red, lip suffused with red. Pedicel-withovary ca 80 mm long, basal node on a ca 11 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal 24
30 6
11 mm, index 2.3
5.0, spreading with incurved top part, ovate to ovate
triangular, acute, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals 25
28 9
14 mm, index 1.9
2.8, free, with upwards (ca in the direction of the tip of the petals) curved top part, triangular, base widely attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals 19
23 5
7 mm, index 2.9
3.8, spreading with incurved top part, ovate, (sub)acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lip 13
154.5
7 mm, index 1.9
3.3, top part (?2
)2.3
2.8 mm wide (all unflattened), recurved in the proximal half, triangular with a drawn-out ovate top part that is not constricted at its base, rounded to obtuse, margins regularly rounded above the base when observed in side view, entire, thick, surface glabrous; adaxially concave near the base, convex towards the tip; abaxially with a retuse ridge up to about half of the length of the lip, top part slightly concave. Column 5
7 mm long, more or less straight in profile; stigma without teeth at the base; foot without ridges; stelidia 1.0
1.5 mm long, porrect, triangular, rounded to subacute, above half-way the length of the column with an antrorse, ovate to triangular, rounded to subacute tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a conical crest, surface more or less glabrous, front margin drawn out into a broadly rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less drop-shaped, all moderately flattened, the inner about as long as the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Epiphyte in rainforest, open forest; up to 700 m a.s.l. Bulbophyllum stockeri J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 37) A Bulbophyllo patenti sepalis petalibusque brevioribus latioribusque (sepalo medio 9
10 mm lato indice longitudinale/ laterale 1.8
2.5, versus 3.8
8.0 mm lato, petalis 6.5
7.0 mm latis, indice 1.8
2.6 versus 3
6 mm lato indice 3.5
6.7), labello margine dorsali distincte rotundatiore in aspectu laterali differt. Type: Papua New Guinea, Madang Province, locality unknown, cult. Stocker 21 (holotype: SING). Rhizome 3.5
4.5 mm in diameter, creeping, bract fibres rather thick, persistent. Pseudobulbs ca 2.0 0.8 cm, ovoid. Leaves: petiole ca 1.5 cm long; blade ca 17  4.5 cm, index (length/width) ca 3.8, elliptic, obtuse. Inflorescence ca 6 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle patent (not seen). Flowers widely opening, sepals and petals creamcoloured, sepals slightly greenish at the tip, all with numerous dark reddish brown dots, lip pale greenish cream suffused and spotted with reddish brown. Pedicel-withovary ca 44 mm long, basal node on a ca 5 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal 16
25 9
10 mm, index 1.8
2.5, spreading, elliptic
ovate, obtuse, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals 15
25  9.5
11 mm, index 1.3
2.3, free, ovate
triangular, (sub-) acute, base broadly attached, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals 13
176.5
7.0 mm, index 1.8
2.6, spreading, elliptic to obovate, subacute, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lip 8.7
10  5.5
6 mm, index 1.6
1.7 (all unflattened), more or less straight, elliptic
ovate, rounded, margins with a rounded edge above the base when observed in side view, entire, thick, surface glabrous; adaxially hardly concave near the base, flat or somewhat convex towards the tip; abaxially with a truncate ridge near the base, top part more or less flat. Column 5.5
6.5 mm long; stigma without teeth at the base; foot without ridges; stelidia ca 1.2 mm long, porrect, deltoid, obtuse to subacute, near the base of the column with a slight, rounded wing; anther-cap and pollinia not seen. 193 Habitat and ecology Forest in gorge; alt. unknown. Distribution Papua New Guinea: Madang Province. Etymology Named after Geoff Stocker, who cultivated the type specimen. Bulbophyllum stockeri is most similar to B. patens King, from Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. The two are strictly allopatric. Bulbophyllum stockeri differs in having shorter and wider sepals and petals (dorsal sepal 3.8
8.0 mm wide, length/width 2.9
5.5, petals 3
6 mm wide, length/width 3.5
6.7 in B. patens). In side view, the lip has a distinctly more rounded back margin. Bulbophyllum thecanthum J. J. Verm. sp. nov. (Fig. 38) A Bulbophyllo hahliano petalis porrectis, labelli parte apicali conspicuioriter producta, columnae basi infra stigmatem sine gibba minuta differt. Type: Indonesia, Ceram (?), Hort. LEI 930558 (holotype: L). Rhizome 5
6 mm in diameter, sections between pseudobulbs 7
11 cm long, creeping, bract fibres thick, persistent. Pseudobulbs 2.6
3.0 1.2
1.5 cm, ovoid. Leaves: petiole 2.5
3.6 cm long; blade 19
214.0
5.7 cm, index (length/ width) 3.3
5.3, obovate, rounded. Inflorescence 5
6 cm long, 1-flowered; peduncle 0.7
0.8 cm long, patent; nonfloriferous bracts ca 4, the longest 7.0
7.5 mm long; floral bract ca 7 mm long, tubular, acute. Flowers moderately opening, yellow, petals with scattered red spots adaxially, most densely about half-way. Pedicel-with-ovary 35
38 mm long, basal node on a ca 7 mm long stump. Dorsal sepal ca 16 7 mm, index ca 2.3, recurved, elliptic
ovate, shortly acuminate, margins entire, base rather broadly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 18  8 mm, index 2.2
2.3, firmly fused along their lower margins in the distal half, porrect, triangular, acute, otherwise as the dorsal sepal. Petals ca 15 5 mm, index ca 3, porrect, elliptic
ovate, acute, margins entire, base narrowly attached, thick, surface glabrous. Lip ca 4.7  4.2 mm, index ca 1.1 (all unflattened), somewhat recurved about half-way, triangular with a drawn out, linguiform top part, obtuse, margins with an acute edge above the base when observed in side view, entire, thick, surface glabrous; adaxially concave and with two obtuse ridges parallel to the margins and converging distally near the base, convex 194 towards the tip; abaxially with a retuse ridge nearly up to the top of the lip. Column ca 4 mm long, more or less straight in profile; stigma without teeth at the base; stelidia ca 1.5 mm long, porrect, triangular, obtuse, without tooth along the lower margin; anther-cap abaxially with a conical crest, surface more or less glabrous, front margin drawn out into a broadly rounded beak; pollinia 4, more or less ellipsoid, all moderately flattened, the inner about as long as the outer; no appendages. Habitat and ecology Unknown. Distribution Indonesia: Ceram (?, see below). Etymology The names refers to the general shape of the flowers: a box with a lid formed by the median sepal. Bulbophyllum thecanthum is known from two different sources, both horticultural, viz. Hort. Bogor 985.3.73 (from Ceram), subsequently (in 1988), in cult. Jongejan 2029 and in LEIDEN 930558. More recently, in 2007, Rysy 3 became available for study. The first record dates from before the rise of Bulbophyllum as a source of artificial hybrids. I assume, therefore, that B. thecanthum should, for the purpose of taxonomy, be regarded as a species, not as an artificial hybrid. Its provenance, Ceram, is subject to some doubt, because records at Hort. Bogor are sometimes unreliable. Bulbophyllum thecanthum shares the connate lateral sepals with B. hahlianum Schltr., but differs in the porrect (not spreading) petals, the more conspicuously drawn-out lip, and the absence of a small gibbosity on the column-foot, below the stigma. Bulbophyllum gerlandianum Kraenzl. has flowers of a similar shape, but with free lateral sepals. Acknowledgements
As always in this line of research, the author is greatly indebted to those who maintain private living collections of orchids. Their encouragement and willingness to preserve flowers in spirit and surrender, often with clenched teeth, parts of plants or even entire plants for the herbarium, not to mention the often heated discussions over taxonomic status, is very much appreciated. In this context these are Peter Jongejan (the Netherlands), Tineke Roelfsema (the Netherlands), and Geoff Stocker (Australia). J. F. Veldkamp prepared the Latin diagnoses. References Averyanov, L. 1994. Identification guide to Vietnamese orchids.
St. Petersburg: 1
432. Bentham, G. and Hooker, J. D. 1883. Genera plantarum 3.
London: 1
1258. Blume, C. L. 1825. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 7: 285
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