Nordic Journal of Botany 26: 257
316, 2008 doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00265.x, # 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation # Nordic Journal of Botany 2008 Subject Editor: Henrik Ærenlund Pedersen. Accepted 13 October 2008 An annotated checklist of the Orchidaceae of Laos André Schuiteman, Pierre Bonnet, Bouakhaykhone Svengsuksa and Daniel Barthélémy A. Schuiteman (schuiteman@nhn.leidenuniv.nl), Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Univ. Leiden, PO Box 9514, NL
2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
P. Bonnet, CIRAD and UM2, UMR AMAP, FR
34000 Montpellier, France.
B. Svengsuksa, National Univ. of Lao PDR, Faculty of Science, Dept of Biologie, PO Box 7322, Vientiane, Laos PDR.
D. Barthe´le´my, INRA, UMR AMAP, FR
34000 Montpellier, France. A checklist is presented of the orchid flora of Laos, enumerating 485 species in 108 genera. An estimate is given of the expected size of the orchid flora of Laos. Notes on habitat, global and local distribution, endemism, conservation, phenology, as well as a systematic overview complement the checklist. Origin of the checklist The checklist presented below grew out of a UNESCO project (reference no. 27213102 LAO) and the ORCHIS project (Bhttp://www.orchisasia.org/). The first, entitled ‘Systematic study of the wild orchids in Lao P.D.R. and their conservation’, was conducted during the year 2005 by Bouakhaykhone Svengsuksa. Some 700 living orchid specimens, collected in various localities in Laos, formed the basis for the first orchid collection at the National University of Laos (NUOL) in Vientiane. The ORCHIS project, which was carried out during the years 2006
2008 (Acknowledgements), had the objective to develop an identification tool for a significant part of the orchid flora of Laos. Among the main goals was to facilitate monitoring and regulating the trade in these plants. To achieve these aims it was mandatory to get a better insight into the distribution and ecology of orchids in Laos. During thirty field trips about 1400 carefully selected living plants were collected, which were subsequently cultivated in the greenhouses at NUOL. In this way species that were not encountered during anthesis could be studied and identified as they flowered in cultivation. The following localities have been visited in the course of the ORCHIS project:
The tropical lowland forest of the Xe Pian NBCA (National Biodiversity Conservation Area), Champasak province.
Various localities on the margin of the Bolovens plateau, Champasak and Attapu provinces.
The Dong Ampham NBCA, Attapu province.
The karst formations of the Phou Hin Boun NBCA, Khammouan province.
The Nakai plateau in the Nakai-Nam Theun NBCA, Khammouan province.
The karst formations and montane forests in the Lak Xao district, Bolikhamxai province.
Various sites in the Phou Khao Khouay NBCA, Vientiane and Bolikhamxai provinces.
The Phou Phanang NBCA, Vientiane prefecture.
The Louangphrabang district, Louangphrabang province.
The Oudomxai district, Oudomxai province.
The Nam Ha NBCA and the districts of Xieng Kok and Muang Sing, Louang Namtha province.
The districts of Ou Tai and Phongsali and the Phou Den Dinh NBCA, Phongsali province. Field trips by staff members of the National University of Laos, as well as specimens assembled during the Darwin project directed by Dr M. Newman and during the Biotik project directed by Dr P. Grard, also enriched the living collection. As a result of these collecting activities, much of it performed in areas never visited by botanists before, about 145 species and 19 genera of Orchidaceae could be added to the orchid flora of Laos as described by Seidenfaden (1992). In addition, for many species already known from Laos new provincial records could be established. An unfortunate omission in Seidenfaden’s otherwise admirable publication is the complete lack of information on such data as habitat, altitude and phenology. Where this information was available it is incorporated in the present checklist. For many species, however, even the most basic ecological data are still wanting. Work on our checklist commenced while the Darwin project, which resulted in a checklist of the vascular plant flora of Laos (Newman et al. 2007), was nearing its completion. A preliminary version of our checklist was published on the internet. This was (and at the time of writing still is) regularly updated as new species records 257 came to light. With our consent this preliminary list (in its February 2007 state) was incorporated in Newman et al. (2007). However, since that time many more orchid species have been identified as new for Laos. Moreover, our data on collections, distribution, ecology and phenology were not included in Newman et al. (2007). This, in our opinion, justifies the publication of the present checklist, even though many of our results were inevitably anticipated in Newman et al. (2007). Since the section on Orchidaceae in the latter is not only based on our preliminary list but on other sources as well it contains a number of additional species and province records. We have collected in the last part of this paper those species records which in our opinion require confirmation (see List of synonyms and questionable records in Newman et al. 2007). There we also list a number of cases where our views on nomenclature and synonymy are at variance. The aim of our checklist is thus to present an overview of all orchid species currently recorded from Laos, combining results from the ORCHIS project and previous studies, including information on species distribution, habitat and phenology. Apart from the obvious functions that such a checklist fulfils we consider the fact that our work clearly outlines the still considerable gaps in our knowledge another useful property. We hope it will stimulate scientific exploration and botanical research in Laos. Estimated size of the Lao orchid flora The flora of Laos has so far received much less attention from botanists than some of the neighbouring countries, such as Thailand or Vietnam (Newman et al. 2007). As a result, the orchid flora in particular is still very poorly known (Schuiteman and de Vogel 2000). The most recent critical overview of the orchid flora of Laos is contained in a major work on the Orchidaceae of Indochina (Seidenfaden 1992). In that publication 335 species of Orchidaceae are recorded from Laos. Even if we take into account the smaller surface area of Laos compared to Thailand and Vietnam it is obvious that this figure must be a gross underestimate of the actual number of orchid species occurring naturally in this country (Table 1, based on figures from Schuiteman and de Vogel 2000 and Averyanov 2003). Assuming that the orchid diversity of Laos is comparable to that of Vietnam (in terms of number of species per 100 km2) and taking into account that according to Averyanov (2003) at most 80% of the species of that country have been recorded, we can deduce from this table that the actual number of orchid species in Laos should be close to 800. Table 1. Comparison between the Orchid flora of Laos, as presently known, and that of neighbouring countries. Country Laos Thailand Vietnam 258 Surface area (km2) Orchid species Species per 100 km2 236 800 514 000 330 991 485 1100 897 0.2048 0.2140 0.2710 An alternative way to estimate the orchid diversity of Laos is to take the number of species currently recorded (485 according to our checklist) and to add the number of species that may be expected to occur in Laos based on an analysis of distributional and ecological data. In this way we arrive at an estimate of 831 species. Since these two estimates are very similar they may contain more than a grain of truth, even though they are not completely independent. Another indication that our current checklist is still far from complete is the fact that for several provinces there are hardly any records at all (see Local distribution). It is also worth pointing out that Laos contains the largest part of the central Indochina limestone belt (Rundel 1999). Schmid (1974) suggests that this area is rich in endemic species, but poorly known at present. Furthermore, this habitat type is already recognized in the neighbouring countries as being a particularly rich one (Shui and Chen 2006), especially in orchids (Averyanov et al. 2003). Many new records in our checklist, for example of rare species like Eparmatostigma dives (Rchb. f.) Garay (Schuiteman and Bonnet 2008) and Thaia saprophytica Seidenf. (Schuiteman et al. in press), are due to field trips conducted at the margin of this largely unexplored and almost impenetrable area. It may be of interest to note that the following genera, according to our analyses, are expected to occur in Laos, although they are absent from the checklist: Acanthephippium, Adenoncos, Amitostigma, Armodorum (but see List of synonyms and questionable records in Newman et al. 2007), Cremastra, Cryptochilus, Cryptostylis, Didymoplexiella, Didymoplexiopsis, Didymoplexis, Diglyphosa, Diplomeris, Dipodium, Eriodes, Erythrodes, Galeola, Grosourdya, Hemipilia, Herminium, Herpysma, Lecanorchis, Ludisia, Macropodanthus, Microsaccus, Neuwiedia, Phreatia, Platanthera, Rhomboda, Stereochilus (recently one as yet unidentified and possibly undescribed species from Laos came to our notice; see Endemism), Stereosandra, Thecopus, Tuberolabium, Vrydagzynea, and Yoania. Local distribution At the province level it becomes even more apparent that Laos is still severely underexplored botanically. Our findings confirm the pattern shown by Newman et al. (2007), who demonstrated that for some provinces there are hardly any floristic data available. Especially the four northern provinces (Bokeo, Louang Namtha, Oudomxai and Phongsali) are very poorly represented in their checklist of the vascular plants of Laos, while the same applies to Xekong in the south and to the central province of Xaisomboun. This is of course a mere artifact of collecting and in no way reflects a lower diversity of these ‘neglected’ provinces. The validity of this statement is easily demonstrated by the fact that during a few short excursions to the Phongsali Province the present authors and their co-workers were able to record about 85 orchid species. In the checklist of Newman et al. (2007) the whole known vascular plant flora of Phongsali, which has an area of 16 270 km2, amounted to 66 species, including only 7 species of Orchidaceae. Our map (Fig. 1), analogous to the map in Newman et al. (2007), shows the provincial subdivisions of Laos and the number of orchid Biermannia, 3 of Bulbophyllum, 1 of Cleisostoma, 1 of Eria, 1 of Habenaria, 1 of Holcoglossum (Schuiteman and Bonnet in press), 2 of Liparis, 1 of Robiquetia, 1 of Stereochilus and 1 of Vanilla. Pending further evidence we must consider these as endemic. They would raise the number of endemic species to 24. Conservation Figure 1. Map of Laos, showing number of orchid species known from each province. species known from each province according to our checklist. For the purpose of this checklist we have combined the two administrative regions Vientiane Province and Vientiane Municipality (on the map separated by a dotted line) into a single province. This is mainly to avoid the problem that for older records it is often difficult to decide in which present day administrative region they belong. Evidently, much basic exploration work still needs to be done in Laos. This also includes the provinces from which a relatively larger number of species have been recorded. Endemism The number of endemic orchid species in Laos is surprisingly low when we compare for example the orchid flora of Vietnam (158 endemic species or 17.6%, based on data from Averyanov and Averyanova 2003). Only 11 species (2.3%) are so far exclusively known from Laos (Table 2). It is likely that exploration of remote areas, especially those at higher altitudes, will lead to the discovery of additional endemic orchid species. During our own field work (see Origin of the checklist) we have collected a number of species that appear to be undescribed. This includes 1 species of Table 2. Endemic Orchidaceae of Laos. Brachycorythis thorelii (Gagnep.) Summerh. Bulbophyllum coweniorum J. J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne Bulbophyllum laoticum Gagnep. Bulbophyllum sanguineopunctatum Seidenf. & Kerr Bulbophyllum seidenfadenii Kerr Bulbophyllum violaceolabellum Seidenf. Cephalanthera exigua Seidenf. Coelogyne sudora Schuit. & de Vogel Dendrobium lamyaiae Seidenf. Liparis brunneolobata Kerr Oberonia delacourii Gagnep. When seen from space Laos is easily recognised as an elongated patch of green surrounded by the browns and yellows of cultivated and deforested land in the neighbouring countries. Due to the low population density the destruction of nature in Laos is less obvious than in most other countries in southeast Asia. Nevertheless, even here much wildlife is severely threatened. Most of Laos (including nature reserves) is now covered with young secondary forest where hardly any orchids can be found. Primeval, or at least old growth, forest is hard to find, except in the most inaccessible places, and it is rapidly being destroyed for timber or simply to clear the land for farming. Due to the strongly seasonal climate of most parts of Laos, orchid populations are often highly localised in relatively small spots where the microclimate is favourable for these plants (hilltops with cloud formation, the surroundings of waterfalls, stream banks, etc.). This makes orchids particularly vulnerable to another threat: overcollecting. Orchids are collected on a massive scale by members of the local population, who often make some extra income by selling orchids to collectors from Thailand and Vietnam. This explains, for example, how one of the few endemic orchid species of Laos, the red-flowered Dendrobium lamyaiae, could be ‘discovered’ first in a nursery in Thailand. As far as we can tell, this species only occurs in the Phou Khao Khouay reserve not far from the capital Vientiane. Another endemic, the recently described Coelogyne sudora, likewise was found in a batch of plants from a Thai nursery that originated from Laos. In this case we do not even know in which province it occurs in the wild. On more than one occasion villagers have told us, when we came looking for orchids near their village, that we should have come a few years earlier, before all the orchids were collected! A different kind of trade, perhaps even more damaging, is the large-scale collecting of certain species of Dendrobium (e.g. D. chrysotoxum, D. pulchellum, D. nobile, D. gratiosissimum, D. aphyllum and related species) for the Chinese medicine industry. We have reliable information that a particular exporter in central Laos sent more than 100 000 kg of dried Dendrobium stems of plants taken from the wild to China in a single year. This must have been only a fraction of what was actually collected and discarded. These are clearly unsustainable practices, which have become illegal since the Lao PDR joined CITES in 2005. However, enforcement is still a problem, and CITES is powerless against habitat destruction and collecting for the local market. The need for a better knowledge of the Lao orchid flora, for the implementation of sound management policies and for effective protection is therefore apparent. The protection of the remaining old growth forests is especially urgent and we would like to plea for a policy 259 under which in every logging area representative patches of the forest, to be chosen by conservationists, should remain untouched as a sanctuary for biodiversity. Phenology Most of Laos has a strongly seasonal climate, with a rainy season lasting from May to October and a dry season lasting from November to April. The dry season can be subdivided into a cool dry period, from October to February, and a hot dry period, during March and April. The phenology of orchids in Laos reflects this seasonality. Most species possess a definite flowering period, usually lasting about one or two months. Individual specimens normally have a much shorter flowering span. It is interesting to note that different genera may display different phenological patterns (Table 3). For example, Dendrobium clearly has a peak during March, April and May, which corresponds with the hot dry period. Bulbophyllum, on the other hand, has its peak during the cool dry period, October to January. There can be little doubt that these patterns are directly related to the availability of pollinators. In this respect Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium are clearly differentiated, with Dendrobium mainly showing adaptations to bee pollination (Lavarack et al. 2000, Wood 2006), while Bulbophyllum is in many cases evidently adapted to fly pollination (Dressler 1993). In both genera the flowers usually do not offer any reward. This is an important observation, since it implies that the presence of pollinators (co-)determines the seasonality of flowering, not the other way around, as could be the case when flowers offer a reward. It may be hypothesised that Dendrobium species tend to flower just before the main food sources of the bees come into flower. In this way they could attract inexperienced young bees that probe every flower, even deceptive ones. Bulbophyllum species, on the other hand, should flower when flies are present in large numbers. We can image that during the cool dry season the fly populations are relatively high since in this season more animals die (due to drought and lack of food) than during the rainy season. As a result, it would be an optimal strategy for Bulbophyllum species to flower during the cool dry season. It should be noted that for most orchid species in Laos the pollinators are still unknown. Unfortunately, for 26% of the orchid species we currently have no records of flowering months in Laos. Nevertheless, Table 3. Number of species recorded in flower, in Laos, per month. Month January February March April May June July August September October November December 260 All orchids Dendrobium Bulbophyllum 47 56 62 75 77 76 79 72 50 64 63 46 8 17 29 27 21 14 18 14 8 8 8 6 12 8 3 3 4 7 4 11 5 11 15 14 it is fairly clear that the period from April to August, largely in the rainy season, contains the months with the highest number of flowering orchid species. In July around 22% of the species have been found in flower. December and January, as well as September, respectively in the middle of the cool dry season and towards the end of the rainy season, are the months with the lowest number of flowering orchid species recorded. The dip during December and January is perhaps not surprising, since this falls more or less in the middle of the dry season, when both physiological conditions and reduced availability of pollinators would be less favourable for flowering (with exceptions like Bulbophyllum). On the other hand, it is somewhat puzzling that in September only about 13% of the species have been found in flower. This could just be a case of collectors’ bias: accessibility of orchid habitats may well be especially difficult during September, after months of heavy rain. If the phenomenon is real, however, it would be interesting to find an explanation. These figures show that single collecting expeditions, during which only flowering plants are collected and preserved, will typically miss at least 80% of the orchid species present. Information on phenology in the checklist is based on observations made in the field or in the greenhouses at the National University in Vientiane. In most cases for which this could be ascertained, flowering in Vientiane occurs in the same months as in the wild. As a matter of fact, even in cultivation in Europe many orchids from Laos still flower during the same months as their wild counterparts. Additional records were also taken from the literature (Kerr 1933, 1969, 1971). Systematic overview The 108 orchid genera currently known from Laos are here classified according to the system proposed by Chase et al. (2003), also applied in Pridgeon et al. (1999, 2001, 2003, 2005). The number of species known from Laos (including unidentified and/or possibly undescribed species that are not listed in the checklist) and the total number of species in the genus are indicated between brackets. Tribes are only shown when they are not subdivided into subtribes. A question mark indicates genera of uncertain systematic position. Subfamily Apostasioideae Genus: Apostasia (2/8) Subfamily Cypripedioideae Genus: Paphiopedilum (10/70) Subfamily Vanilloideae Subtribe: Vanillinae Genera: Cyrtosia (1/7) Erythrorchis (1/4), Vanilla (3/100) Subfamily Orchidoideae Subtribe: Orchidinae Genera: Brachycorythis (4/32), Habenaria (21/600), Pecteilis (3/8), Peristylus (3/70) Subtribe: Goodyerinae Genera: Anoectochilus (3/40), Cheirostylis (3/22), Goodyera (1/50), Myrmechis (1/12), Zeuxine (3/50) Subtribe: Spiranthinae Genus: Spiranthes (1/30) Subfamily Epidendroideae Tribe: Tropidieae Genera: Corymborkis (1/8), Tropidia (3/35) Tribe: Neottieae Genera: Aphyllorchis (1/15), Cephalanthera (1/14), ?Thaia (1/1) Tribe: Nervilieae Genera: Nervilia (4/65), ?Epipogium (1/2) Tribe: Gastrodieae Genus: Gastrodia (1/16) Tribe: Malaxideae Genera: Liparis (15/250), Malaxis (8/300), Oberonia (11/300) Subtribe: Arethusinae Genera: Anthogonium (1/1), Arundina (2/2) Subtribe: Coelogyninae Genera: Coelogyne (18/190), Neogyna (1/1), Otochilus (1/4), Panisea (2/7), Pholidota (7/28), Pleione (1/15), Thunia (1/5) Subtribe: Collabiinae Genera: Calanthe (6/150), Chrysoglossum (1/4), Collabium (1/11), Mischobulbum (2/8), Nephelaphyllum (1/12), Pachystoma (1/8), Phaius (5/45), Plocoglottis (1/40), Spathoglottis (4/37), Tainia (3/14) Subtribe: Eulophiinae Genera: Acriopsis (2/6), Eulophia (8/250), Geodorum (1/8), Thecostele (1/1) Subtribe: Cymbidiinae Genera: Cymbidium (10/45), Grammatophyllum (1/10) Subtribe: Bromheadiinae Genus: Bromheadia (2/28) Subtribe: Eriinae Genera: Ceratostylis (3/100), Eria (27/375), Porpax (3/18), Trichotosia (3/77) Subtribe: Podochilinae Genera: Appendicula (2/100), Podochilus (1/60) Subtribe: Thelasiinae Genus: Thelasis (1/20) Subtribe: Agrostophyllinae Genus: Agrostophyllum (2/85) Subtribe: Polystachyinae Genus: Polystachya (1/150) Subtribe: Dendrobiinae Genera: Bulbophyllum (68/1900), Dendrobium (85/1100), Drymoda (2/2), Epigeneium (2/40), Flickingeria(2/60), Sunipia (2/18), Trias (3/11) Subtribe: Aeridinae Genera: Acampe (3/5), Aerides (6/20), Arachnis (1/13), Ascocentrum (2/12), Ascolabium (1/2), Biermannia (1/9), Brachypeza (1/7), Chiloschista (2/15), Cleisomeria (2/2), Cleisostoma (10/90), Cryptopylos (1/1), Diploprora (1/2), Eparmatostigma (1/1), Gastrochilus (2/38), Holcoglossum (3/12), Hygrochilus (1/1), Luisia (8/30), Malleola (1/20), Micropera (1/12), Ornithochilus (1/3), Papilionanthe (1/10), Pelatantheria (2/5), Phalaenopsis (4/60), Pomatocalpa (5/35), Pteroceras (1/25), Renanthera (1/15), Rhynchostylis (3/4), Robiquetia (3/40), Sarcoglyphis (2/10), Schoenorchis (1/20), Seidenfadenia (1/1), Smitinandia (2/3), Stereochilus (1/6); Taeniophyllum (1/170), Thrixspermum (6/140), Trichoglottis (6/60), Vanda (8/45), Vandopsis (2/4) Sources This checklist is based on the following sources: 1. Collections at the National University of Laos. This includes all numbers in the OL and PB series cited. These refer to living plants, mainly but not exclusively collected for the ORCHIS project, that were photographed and of which floral parts were preserved in alcohol at NUOL. At a late stage during the project, owing to CITES registration of NUOL, duplicates of part of the spirit material could be sent to the National Herbarium of the Netherlands at Leiden (L). In some cases only photographs taken in the field were available. Digital copies of most of the photographs taken by P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman and V. Vannachak are available at NUOL, CIRAD and L. 2. Seidenfaden (1992). 261 3. Newman et al. (2007). 4. Recent literature containing either taxonomic revisions or descriptions of new taxa. 5. Reliably identified material from cultivated origin. (NUOL cult. OL300 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest, often growing in the shade near a stream or waterfall, 170
1077 m a.s.l. January, November, December. Checklist Records in this checklist consist of the following data: 1. Accepted taxon name and author(s), with indication of section name for the genera Bulbophyllum, Coelogyne, Dendrobium and Eria. For the sectional classification of Bulbophyllum we follow Vermeulen (pers. comm.; in Vermeulen’s classification section Cirrhopetalum will be split up in a number of smaller sections, but since this has yet to be published we here retain this section in the broad sense). 2. Synonyms (where applicable). 3. Global distribution. 4. Distribution in Laos at the province level, with citations of material not listed by Seidenfaden (1992) or Newman et al. (2007). For collections already listed by Seidenfaden, here cited with ‘S’, we only indicate the province, as far as we were able to ascertain. Several localities listed by Seidenfaden are ambiguous or could not be found. These are cited between quotes (e.g. ‘Bolovens’, which can be either in Champasak or in Attapu province
most records are probably in Champasak). In Laos many provincial capitals carry the same name as the province they belong to. In the checklist these names always refer to the province. We follow the spelling of names of provinces adopted by Newman et al. (2007), except for Louang Namtha. Province records absent from Seidenfaden (1992) but present in Newman et al. (2007) are here cited with ‘N’. 5. Habitat in Laos (if known). 6. Altitudinal range in Laos (if known). 7. Flowering months in Laos (if known). 8. Notes (where applicable). More accurate locality data than are presented here are kept in a database, with copies at NUOL, CIRAD and the National Herbarium of the Netherlands. We have not followed the recent taxonomic changes in the genera Malaxis and Eria as proposed in Pridgeon et al. (2005), since the required combinations under the relevant generic names are not all available yet. Moreover, especially in the case of Eria we feel that more research is needed in order to establish a stable classification. Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl. Acampe carinata (Griff.) Panigrahi; Saccolabium carinatum Griff.; Saccolabium papillosum Lindl. India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL221 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL351 [S. Sopraseuth]; S). Lowlands. January, November, December. Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) P. F. Hunt Acampe intermedia Rchb. f.; Acampe longifolia (Lindl.) Lindl.; Acampe multiflora (Lindl.) Lindl.; Acampe penangiana Ridl.; Acampe wightiana (Wight) Lindl. var. longepedunculata Trimen; Aerides rigida Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.; Cymbidium praemorsum Buch.Ham. ex Wall.; Gastrochilus longifolius (Lindl.) Kuntze; Saccolabium longifolium (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Vanda longifolia Lindl.; Vanda multiflora Lindl.; Vanda viminea Guillaumin. Southern and east Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Attapu (NUOL cult. OL313 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, S. Luang Aphay; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL82 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Houaphan (N); Khammouan (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak; photo]; S); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB219); Savannakhet (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1082 [P. Bonnet, K. Nanthavong, B. Svengsuksa]; P. Bonnet PB474; S); Xaignabouri (S). Epiphyte on tree trunks or large branches in riverine and secondary forest, also lithophytic on the summit of limestone hills, often in exposed positions, 210
737 m a.s.l. September
November. Acriopsis indica Wight India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Philippines. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL814 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL381 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S).1500 m a.s.l. February. Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Koenig) Ormerod Acampe dentata Lindl.; Saccolabium lineolatum Thwaites; Saccolabium ochraceum Lindl. Acriopsis annamica Finet; Acriopsis floribunda Ames; Acriopsis griffithii Rchb. f.; Acriopsis harai Tuyama; Acriopsis insularisilvatica Fukuy.; Acriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Blume; Acriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Blume var. floribunda (Ames) Minderh. & de Vogel; Acriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Blume var. nelsoniana (F. M. Bailey) J. J. Sm.; Acriopsis nelsoniana F. M. Bailey; Acriopsis nelsoniana F. M. Bailey var. pallidiflora Schltr.; Acriopsis papuana Sri Lanka, India (NE, Deccan), Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB417; S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL237 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan 262 Kraenzl.; Acriopsis philippinensis Ames; Acriopsis picta Lindl.; Epidendrum liliifolium J. Koenig; Spathoglottis trivalvis Lindl. ?India (NE), ?Burma, Thailand, ?Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Solomon Is. Laos: Attapu (sight record [P. Bonnet; photo]); Champasak (S). Epiphyte. January, February, December. Aerides crassifolia Parish ex Burb. Aerides crassifolia Parish & Rchb. f. Burma, (NUOL (NUOL (NUOL (NUOL Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak cult. OL167 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan cult. OL697 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Saravan cult. OL218 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane cult. OL1052 [S. Sopraseuth]; S). Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest. March
May. Aerides falcata Lindl. Aerides larpentae Hort. ex Rchb. f.; Aerides mendelii Hort. ex E. Morren; Aerides retrofracta Wall. ex Hook. f.; Aerides siamensis Klinge. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, T. Keokene PB200; N); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL311 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL908 [M. Newman et al.]; S); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1125 [P. Bonnet]; S); Xaisomboun (NUOL cult. OL366 [V. Lamxay et al.]). Epiphyte on small trees in secondary forest, 170
300 m a.s.l. March
June. Aerides houlletiana Rchb. f. ?Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1023 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Saravan (NUOL cult. OL253 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (S). 700 m a.s.l. March
May. [V. Lamxay et al.]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL304 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL345 [S. Sopraseuth]; S). Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest. May. Aerides odorata Lour. Aeeridium odorum Salisb.; Aerides ballantiniana Rchb. f.; Aerides cornuta Roxb.; Aerides dayana Hort. ex Guillaumin; Aerides duquesnei Regnier ex Constantin; Aerides flavida Lindl.; Aerides jucunda Rchb. f.; Aerides latifolia (Thunb. ex Sw.) Sw.; Aerides micholitzii Rolfe; Aerides nobilis R. Warner; Aerides odorata Lour. var. annamensis Costantin; Aerides odorata Lour. var. celebica J. J. Sm.; Aerides odorata Lour. var. pallida Guillaumin; Aerides reichenbachii Linden ex Rchb. f.; Aerides reichenbachii Linden ex Rchb. f. var. cochinchinensis Hort. ex Rchb. f.; Aerides rohaniana Rchb. f.; Aerides suaveolens Blume; Aerides suavissima Lindl.; Aerides suavissima Lindl. var. ballantineana (Rchb. f.) Veitch; Aerides virens Lindl.; Aerides wilsoniana Hort.; Epidendrum aerides Raeusch.; Epidendrum cornutum Raeusch.; Epidendrum odoratum Poir.; Epidendrum spathulatum J. Koenig; Limodorum latifolium Thunb. ex Sw.; Orxera cornuta (Roxb.) Raf.; Polytoma odorifera Lour. ex B. A. Gomes. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Philippines. Laos: Attapu (NUOL cult. OL282 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL126 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL1379 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL672 [Toulavanh]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL307 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL349 [S. Sopraseuth]; S). Epiphyte in (secondary) lowland (dipterocarp) forest, also lithophytic on large boulders among spiny Euphorbia species. April
July. Aerides rosea Lodd. Aerides fieldingii Lodd. ex E. Morren. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Agrostophyllum brevipes King & Pantl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Aerides multiflora Roxb. Aerides affinis Wall. ex Lindl.; Aerides godefroyana Rchb. f.; Aerides lobbii Hort. ex Lem.; Cleisostoma vacherotiana Guillaumin; Epidendrum geniculatum Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL68 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL298 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Saravan (NUOL cult. OL209 Agrostophyllum planicaule (Wall. ex Lindl.) Rchb. f. Agrostophyllum hasseltii Rchb. f.; Agrostophyllum khasiyanum Griff.; Appendicula hasseltii auct. non Blume: Wight; Eria planicaulis Wall. ex Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (NUOL cult. OL289 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. 263 OL1094 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB525; S); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL468 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1193 [P. Bonnet]; S). Apostasia odorata Blume Apostasia platystylis J. J. Sm.; Apostasia selebica J. J. Sm.; Apostasia thorelii Gagnep.; Mesodactylis odorata (Blume) Endl. Epiphyte in humid secondary and riverine forest growing in the shade, 169
759 m a.s.l. July
September. India, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas. Laos: Xaignabouri (S). Anoectochilus burmannicus Rolfe Apostasia wallichii R. Br. Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Anoectochilus latomaculatus Hort. ex Blume; Anoectochilus lobbianus Planch.; Anoectochilus setaceuspictus Hort. ex C. Koch & Lauche; Anoectochilus xanthophyllus Hort. ex Rolfe; Chrysobaphus roxburghii Wall.; Zeuxine roxburghii (Lindl.) Hiroe. Apostasia alba Rolfe; Apostasia curvata J. J. Sm.; Apostasia gracilis Rolfe; Apostasia lucida Blume ex Siebe; Apostasia nipponica Masam.; Apostasia papuana Schltr.; Apostasia stylidioides (F. Muell.) Rchb. f.; Apostasia wallichii R. Br. var. nipponica (Masam.) Masam.; Apostasia wallichii R. Br. subsp. nipponica (Masam.) Masam.; Apostasia wallichii R. Br. var. seraweiensis J. J. Sm.; Mesodactylis deflexa Wall.; Mesodactylis wallichii (R. Br.) Endl.; Niemeyera stylidioides F. Muell. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB617); Khammouan (S). Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1096 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Champasak (N); Louangphrabang (N); unspecified (S). Terrestrial in dense humid evergreen forest close to a large river, 1245 m a.s.l. November. Terrestrial in moist humus-rich soil in dense secondary evergreen forest on a plain, 169 m a.s.l. May. Anoectochilus tortus (King & Pantl.) King & Pantl. Appendicula cornuta Blume Anoectochilus duplex Holttum; Anoectochilus repens (Downie) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Odontochilus repens Downie; Odontochilus tortus King & Pantl.; Pristiglottis torta (King & Pantl.) Aver. Appendicula bifaria Lindl. ex Benth.; Appendicula brachiata (Schltr.) Schltr.; Appendicula cyclopetala (Schltr.) Schltr.; Appendicula manilensis (Schauer) Miq.; Appendicula manilensis (Schauer) Rchb. f.; Appendicula reduplicata Parish & Rchb. f.; Dendrobium manilense Schauer; Dendrobium pseudorevolutum Guillaumin; Podochilus brachiatus Schltr.; Podochilus cornutus (Blume) Schltr.; Podochilus cyclopetalus Schltr. Bhutan, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB614). Terrestrial in humid evergreen forest in deep shade, 1245 m a.s.l. November, December. Anthogonium gracile Wall. ex Lindl. Anthogonium corydaloides Schltr.; Anthogonium griffithii Rchb. f. Nepal, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB593); Houaphan (S); Saravan (S). Terrestrial on open moss-covered rocky plateau surrounded by wet evergreen forest, 1245 m a.s.l. October, November. India (NE), Burma, China (Hongkong, Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1215 [P. Bonnet]). Lithophyte on an overgrown rock near a small stream in dense evergreen gallery forest, 790 m a.s.l. July, October. Appendicula torta Blume Appendicula rhodiola Rchb. f.; Appendicula torta Blume var. alba J. J. Sm.; Podochilus tortus (Blume) Schltr. Aphyllorchis evrardii Gagnep. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB93). Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (sight record [B. Svengsuksa; photo]). Epiphyte in secondary forest at the base of a steep limestone hill, 342 m a.s.l. June. 264 Arachnis labrosa (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb. f. Ascocentrum miniatum (Lindl.) Schltr. Arachnanthe bilinguis (Rchb. f.) Benth.; Arachnis bilinguis (Rchb. f.) Ho; Armodorum labrosum (Lindl. & Paxton) Schltr.; Arrhynchium labrosum Lindl. & Paxton; Renanthera bilinguis Rchb. f.; Renanthera labrosa (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb. f. Ascocentrum garayi Christenson; Gastrochilus miniatus (Lindl.) Kuntze; Saccolabium miniatum Lindl.; Saccolabium miniatum Lindl. var. citrinum Rchb. f. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Is., Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL195 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1211 [P. Bonnet]). July, August. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL190 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (sight record [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S). Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest. February
April. Arundina caespitosa Aver. Ascolabium pusillum (Aver.) Aver. Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1100 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL299 [V. Lamxay et al.]; P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB11); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1222 [P. Bonnet]). Ascocentropsis pusilla (Aver.) Senghas & K. Schildh.; Ascocentrum pusillum Aver. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1439); ‘Bolovens’ (S). January, December. Lithophyte (rheophyte) on rocks in and along stream beds in secondary forest; also terrestrial on sandy soil in deciduous dipterocarp forest, 307
770 m a.s.l. August
November. Biermannia aff. calcarata Aver. Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB265). Arundina affinis Griff.; Arundina bambusifolia Lindl.; Arundina chinensis Blume; Arundina chinensis Blume var. major S. Y. Hu; Arundina densa Lindl.; Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. var. chinensis (Blume) S. S. Ying; Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. var. revoluta (Hook. f.) A. L. Lamb; Arundina kanehirae Yamam.; Arundina maculata J. J. Sm.; Arundina meyenii (Schauer) Rchb. f.; Arundina minor Lindl.; Arundina philippii Rchb. f.; Arundina pulchella Teijsm. & Binn.; Arundina pulchra Miq.; Arundina revoluta Hook. f.; Arundina revoluta Hook. f. var. borneensis J. J. Sm.; Arundina sanderiana Kraenzl.; Arundina speciosa Blume; Arundina speciosa Blume var. sarasinorum Schltr.; Arundina stenopetala Gagnep.; Arundina tahitensis Nadeaud; Bletia graminifolia D. Don; Corymbis angustifolia Miq.; Cymbidium bambusifolium Roxb.; Cymbidium meyenii Schauer; Donacopsis laotica Gagnep.; Limodorum graminifolium (D. Don) Buch.-Ham. ex Hook. f.; Ophrys arundinacea Noronha. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is. Laos: Champasak (S); Houaphan (S); Phongsali (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay]); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte on twigs in the canopy of humid evergreen montane forest along a small river. 907 m a.s.l. May, June. Note: probably an undescribed species. The type of B. calcarata is from Vietnam. Brachycorythis acuta (Rchb. f.) Summerh. Gymnadenia acuta Rchb. f. India (NE), Thailand, Cambodia. Laos: Khammouan (N); Xiangkhoang (S). Brachycorythis helferi (Rchb. f.) Summerh. Gymnadenia helferi Rchb. f. India (NE), Burma, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). 700 m a.s.l. July. Terrestrial in open roadside vegetation. Note: some of Seidenfaden’s records may be referable to the recently described A. caespitosa Aver. Brachycorythis laotica (Gagnep.) Summerh. Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr. Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (S). Aerides ampullacea Roxb.; Gastrochilus ampullaceus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Oeceoclades ampullacea (Roxb.) Lindl. ex Voigt; Saccolabium ampullaceum (Roxb.) Lindl.; Saccolabium rubrum Lindl. Brachycorythis thorelii (Gagnep.) Summerh. India (NW and NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Andaman Is., Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. April. Habenaria laotica Gagnep. Habenaria thorelii Gagnep.; Phyllomphax thorelii (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang. Laos: Champasak (S). 265 Brachypeza laotica (Seidenf.) Seidenf. Bulbophyllum allenkerrii Seidenf. (Anisopetalon) Pteroceras laoticum Seidenf. Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB20); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB249); Vientiane (S). Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB519); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. May
July. Bromheadia aporoides Rchb.f. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL660 [Savieng]); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB512); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1173 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte on tree trunks in mixed deciduous forest and in secondary dry evergreen forest dominated by Fagaceae, 538
1300 m a.s.l. August
October. Bulbophyllum angusteovatum Seidenf. (Monanthes) Thailand. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 1609 and 3552, det. J. J. Vermeulen). 170
1600 m a.s.l. March
July. Bulbophyllum averyanovii Seidenf. (Lemniscatae) Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Miq. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (photos seen). December. Bromheadia palustris Lindl.; Bromheadia palustris Lindl. var. papuana J. J.Sm.; Bromheadia palustris Lindl. var. sylvestris (Ridl.) Holttum; Bromheadia pulchra Schltr.; Bromheadia sylvestris Ridl.; Bromheadia venusta T. E. Hunt; Coelogyne caulescens Griff.; Grammatophyllum finlaysonianum Lindl.; Pleione caulescens (Griff.) Kuntze. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia. Laos: ‘Semmoun’ (S; probably Champasak). Bulbophyllum abbrevilabium Carr (Epicrianthes) Epicranthes abbrevilabia (Carr) Garay & W. Kittr.; Epicranthes annamensis Guillaumin. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3553, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Bulbophyllum affine Lindl. (Sestochilus) Phyllorchis affinis (Lindl.) Kuntze; Sarcopodium affine Lindl. & Paxton. India (NE), Bhutan, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Nepal, Ryukyu Archipelago. Laos: Bolikhamxai (N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1156 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB326); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB237; P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB579); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL387 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous hill forest and in (secondary) evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae, 874
1500 m a.s.l. May
August. Note: one of the most frequent epiphytic orchids in northern Laos. 266 Bulbophyllum blepharistes Rchb. f. (Blepharistes) Bulbophyllum malayanum J. J. Sm.; Cirrhopetalum blepharistes (Rchb. f.) Hook. f.; Cirrhopetalum longescapum Teijsm. & Binn.; Cirrhopetalum spicatum Gagnep.; Phyllorchis blepharistes (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Phyllorchis longescapa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kuntze; Tripudianthes blepharistes (Rchb. f.) Szlach. & Kras. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1134 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]; S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL587 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1254 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL488 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1063 [S. Sopraseuth]; NUOL cult. OL1225 [P. Bonnet]; S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte or lithophyte in rather open secondary humid evergreen forest near a large stream, on tree trunks in secondary Pinus woodland, also lithophytic on bare exposed rock faces, 169
781 m a.s.l. January, August
December. Bulbophyllum capillipes Parish & Rchb. f. (Sestochilus) Drymoda latisepala Seidenf.; Phyllorchis capillipes (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India, Burma, Thailand. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 2188, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook.) Spreng. (Anisopetalon) Anisopetalum careyanum Hook.; Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook.) Spreng. var. ochraceum Hook. f.; Bulbophyllum cupreum Hook.; Phyllorchis purpurea (D. Don) Kuntze; Pleurothallis purpurea D. Don; Tribrachia purpurea (D. Don) Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB120); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL888 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB74). Epiphyte on tree trunks in dense primary humid evergreen forest, also lithophytic at the top of a small cliff near a stream, 805
863 m a.s.l. October
December. Bulbophyllum clandestinum Lindl. (Oxysepalum) Bulbophyllum bolovenense Guillaumin; Bulbophyllum myrianthum Schltr.; Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (Wight) Parish; Bulbophyllum profusum Ames; Bulbophyllum sessile (J. Koenig) J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum sparsifolium Schltr.; Bulbophyllum trisetosum Griff.; Epidendrum sessile J. Koenig; Oxysepalum ovalifolium Wight; Phyllorchis sessilis (J. Koenig) Kuntze. Bulbophyllum flabellumveneris (J. Koenig) Seidenf. & Ormerod ex Aver. (Cirrhopetalum) Bulbophyllum andersonii Kurz; Bulbophyllum gamosepalum (Griff.) J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum griffithianum Parish & Rchb. f.; Bulbophyllum lepidum (Blume) J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum lepidum (Blume) J. J. Sm. var. angustum Ridl.; Bulbophyllum lepidum (Blume) J. J. Sm. var. insigne J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum rolfeanum Seidenf. & Smitinand; Bulbophyllum stramineum Ames var. purpureum (Gagnep.) Guillaumin; Bulbophyllum viscidum J. J. Sm.; Cirrhopetalum andersonii Kurz; Cirrhopetalum ciliatum Klinge; Cirrhopetalum flabellumveneris (J. Koenig) Seidenf. & Ormerod; Cirrhopetalum gagnepainii Guillaumin; Cirrhopetalum gamosepalum Griff.; Cirrhopetalum lepidum (Blume) Schltr.; Cirrhopetalum siamense Rolfe ex Downie; Cirrhopetalum stramineum (Ames) Gagnep. var. purpureum Gagnep.; Cirrhopetalum viscidum (J. J. Sm.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist; Ephippium lepidum Blume; Epidendrum flabellumveneris J. Koenig; Hippoglossum umbellatum Breda; Phyllorchis gamosepala (Griff.) Kuntze. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Is., Fiji. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, D. Barthélémy; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL547 [B. Svengsuksa]; N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB176); Vientiane (S); ‘Bankoum’ (S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL42 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB19); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL441 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘Semmoun’ (S; probably Champasak). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous primary forest and in rather open secondary forest near a stream, 170
550 m a.s.l. June
August. Epiphyte on tree trunks in mixed deciduous forest, also lithophytic on cliffs along a stream, 170
569 m a.s.l. June
October. Bulbophyllum coweniorum J. J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne (Sestochilus) Bulbophyllum gymnopus Hook. f. (Altisceptrum) Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL594 [B. Svengsuksa]; P. Bonnet PB_Vo_02); unknown (Singapore cult. SBG-O 3622, type of B. coweniorum). January
March, October, December. Bulbophyllum depressum King & Pantl. (Monanthes) Bulbophyllum acutum J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum hastatum Tang & F. T. Wang; Diphyes bicolor Blume. Drymoda gymnopus (Hook. f.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist; Monomeria gymnopus (Hook. f.) Aver.; Phyllorchis gymnopus (Hook.f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Bhutan, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB629). Lithophytic and epiphytic in dense humid evergreen forest, 1245 m a.s.l. January, December. Bulbophyllum haniffii Carr (Epicrianthes) Epicranthes haniffii (Carr) Garay & W. Kittr. India, China, Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB303). Epiphyte on the lower branches of a solitary garden tree along the Mekong river, 441 m a.s.l. August. Thailand, Burma (Tenasserim), Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, D. Barthélémy; not in flower; photo]); Vientiane (S). Pendulous epiphyte on thin branches in rather open semideciduous forest close to a river, with ground cover of mosses and ferns, 307
750 m a.s.l. Bulbophyllum dissitiflorum Seidenf. (Anisopetalon) Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1004 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (S). 700
1100 m a.s.l. January, February, November. Bulbophyllum helenae (Kuntze) J. J. Sm. (Cirrhopetalum) Bulbophyllum cornutum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Cirrhopetalum cornutum Lindl.; Phyllorchis cornuta (Lindl.) Kuntze; Phyllorchis helenae 267 Kuntze; Rhytionanthos cornutum (Lindl.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist. Bulbophyllum laxiflorum (Blume) Lindl. (Desmosanthes) India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB384); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB278). Bulbophyllum laxiflorum (Blume) Lindl. var. taluense J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum luzonense Ames; Bulbophyllum pedicellatum Ridl.; Bulbophyllum radiatum Lindl.; Bulbophyllum syllectum Kraenzl.; Bulbophyllum taluense (J. J. Sm.) Carr; Diphyes laxiflora Blume; Phyllorchis laxiflora (Blume) Kuntze; Phyllorchis radiata (Lindl.) Kuntze. Epiphyte in secondary evergreen forest on limestone and in humid evergreen montane forest, 907
1236 m a.s.l. June, August, September. Bulbophyllum hirtum (Sm.) Lindl. (Lemniscatae) Bulbophyllum kerrii Rolfe; Phyllorchis hirta (Sm.) Kuntze; Stelis hirta Sm.; Tribrachia hirta (Sm.) Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB373). Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1107 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]; N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB34; N); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL744 [P. Sengsomphou]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1197 [P. Bonnet]; S). Epiphyte in secondary montane forest, 1236 m a.s.l. November, December. Epiphyte in deciduous dipterocarp forest, also in gallery forest and lithophytic on moss-covered rocks near a large stream in the shade, 307
759 m a.s.l. January, June
August, December. Bulbophyllum intricatum Seidenf. (Anisopetalon) Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides Rolfe (Lemniscatae) Thailand. Laos: Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL753 [P. Sengsomphou]). Hordeanthos lemniscatoides (Rolfe) Szlach. October, November. Bulbophyllum kanburiense Seidenf. (Tripudianthes) Tripudianthes kanburiense (Seidenf.) Szlach. & Kras. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB72). Lithophytic on rocks in open montane pine woodland with undergrowth of grasses, 805 m a.s.l. February. Bulbophyllum lanuginosum J. J. Verm. (Hirtula) Thailand. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3557, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL89 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB251). Epiphyte in evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae, also on trees in coffee plantations; 1240 m a.s.l. February. Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. (Leopardinae) Dendrobium leopardinum Wall.; Phyllorchis leopardina (Wall.) Kunzte; Sarcopodium leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, China. Laos: Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL478 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). July. Bulbophyllum levinei Schltr. (Eublepharon) Bulbophyllum laoticum Gagnep. (Anisopetalon) Laos: Savannakhet (S). Bulbophyllum lasiochilum Parish & Rchb. f. (Sestochilus) Bulbophyllum breviscapum (Rolfe) J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum breviscapum (Rolfe) Ridl.; Cirrhopetalum breviscapum Rolfe; Cirrhopetalum lasiochilum (Parish & Rchb. f.) Hook. f.; Phyllorchis lasiochila (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1167 [M. Newman et al.]). February, October. 268 Bulbophyllum insulsum (Gagnep.) Seidenf., syn. nov.; Cirrhopetalum insulsum Gagnep. syn. nov. China, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3627, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Note: synonymy according to J. J. Vermeulen (pers. comm.). Bulbophyllum lobbii Lindl. (Sestochilus) Bulbophyllum claptonense Rolfe; Bulbophyllum henshallii Hort.; Bulbophyllum orectopetalum Garay, Hamer & Siegerist; Bulbophyllum polystictum Ridl.; Bulbophyllum siamense Rchb. f.; Phyllorchis lobbii (Lindl.) Kuntze; Sarcopodium lobbii (Lindl.) Lindl.; Sestochilos uniflorum Breda. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB632). Lithophyte in humid evergreen montane forest on a mountain summit. January, February, December. Bulbophyllum macrocoleum Seidenf. (Anisopetalon) Bulbophyllum longibracteatum Seidenf. syn. nov. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB108; D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB464); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL64 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL1356 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL925 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB339); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL292 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL392 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Lithophytic on a steep limestone cliff in open semideciduous forest; also on large branches of isolated trees, 457 m a.s.l. October, November. Note: this is a common species in Laos. We are unable to distinguish B. longibracteatum from B. macrocoleum, which according to Seidenfaden (1979) differs mainly in the shape of the petal tips. Specimens we have see were often intermediate between the two in this respect. Bulbophyllum rufinum is very similar but seems to differ in the much laxer and more erect inflorescence. It is possible, however, that B. macrocoleum is merely a form of B. rufinum. Bulbophyllum microtepalum Rchb. f. (Anisopetalon) Phyllorchis microtepala (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL582 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). [M. Newman et al.], NUOL cult. OL825, NUOL cult. OL1257, NUOL cult. OL1288 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Vientiane (S; sight record). Epiphyte in deciduous dipterocarp forest, 554 m a.s.l. October. Bulbophyllum morphologorum Kraenzl. (Anisopetalon) Bulbophyllum dixonii Rolfe. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB319). Epiphyte on large branches in secondary mixed deciduous forest, 874 m a.s.l. January
March. Bulbophyllum nigrescens Rolfe. (Hirtula) Bulbophyllum angusteellipticum Seidenf. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB239); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB567). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, also lithophytic on exposed boulders in mixed semi-deciduous montane forest, 1240 m a.s.l. April. Bulbophyllum nigripetalum Rolfe (Hirtula) China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB324). Epiphyte in secondary mixed deciduous forest, 874 m a.s.l. April
June. November, December. Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. (Desmosanthes) Bulbophyllum monanthos Ridl. (Sestochilus) Phyllorchis odoratissima (Sm.) Kuntze; Stelis caudata D. Don; Stelis odoratissima Sm.; Tribrachia odoratissima (Sm.) Lindl. Thailand. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3605, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Phyllorchis moniliformis (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB407); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1310 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB329; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB347); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB204); Xiangkhoang (S). India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1654 [B. Svengsuksa et al.;]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB4; NUOL cult. OL623, NUOL cult. OL902 Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall, in dry evergreen forest near a waterfall, in mixed deciduous forest, and in humid evergreen forest on a steep limestone hill. 307
1150 m a.s.l. May, June. Bulbophyllum moniliforme Parish & Rchb.f. (Macrocaulia) 269 Bulbophyllum orientale Seidenf. (Anisopetalon) Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB140). Epiphytic and lithophytic in humid evergreen forest on the flank of a steep limestone hill, 648 m a.s.l. October, November. Bulbophyllum parviflorum Parish & Rchb. f. (Hirtula) Bulbophyllum thomsonii Hook. f.; Phyllorchis parviflora (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Phyllorchis thomsonii (Hook. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1713 [P. Bonnet]); Vientiane (sight record [B. Svengsuksa & B. Laville]). Lithophytic on small rocks near stream in secondary evergreen forest, 300 m a.s.l. November, December. Bulbophyllum pectenveneris (Gagnep.) Seidenf. (Cirrhopetalum) Bulbophyllum flaviflorum (T. S. Liu & H. J. Su) Seidenf.; Bulbophyllum tingabarinum Garay, Hamer & Siegerist; Cirrhopetalum flaviflorum T. S. Liu & H. J. Su; Cirrhopetalum miniatum Rolfe; Cirrhopetalum pectenveneris Gagnep. Bulbophyllum pumilio Parish & Rchb. f. (Cirrhopetalum) Cirrhopetalum pumilio (Parish & Rchb. f.) Hook. f. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3621, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Bulbophyllum putidum (Teijsm. & Binn.) J. J. Sm. (Cirrhopetalum) Cirrhopetalum putidum Teijsm. & Binn.; Mastigion putidum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist. India, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Attapu (S); Bolikhamxai (photos seen); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1421). Epiphyte on rather thin branches in semi-deciduous forest, 307 m a.s.l. January, November, December. Bulbophyllum refractum (Zoll.) Rchb. f. (Tripudianthes) Cirrhopetalum refractum Zoll.; Phyllorchis refracta (Zoll.) Kuntze; Tripudianthes refractum (Zoll.) Szlach. & Kras. Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1635 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1252 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). China (Fujian, Hainan), Taiwan, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (S). Epiphyte in open forest on thin branches, 106 m a.s.l. January, February, December. Bulbophyllum polyrhizum Lindl. (Desmosanthes) Bulbophyllum repens Griff. (Brachystachyae) India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand. Laos: Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL736 [P. Sengsomphou]). Phyllorchis repens (Griff.) Kuntze. Epiphyte on tree trunks in evergreen forest, 1000
1700 m a.s.l. March. Bulbophyllum proboscideum (Gagnep.) Seidenf. & Smitinand (Cirrhopetalum) Cirrhopetalum proboscideum Gagnep.; Mastigion proboscideum (Gagnep.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist. Thailand. Laos: Champasak (S). India (NE), Burma, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB462). Lithophyte in a dry limestone area with many xerophytic plants. January. Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. (Desmosanthes) Bulbophyllum ombrophilum Gagnep.; Ione racemosa (Sm.) Seidenf.; Phyllorchis reptans (Lindl.) Kuntze; Stelis racemosa Sm.; Sunipia racemosa (Sm.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Tribrachia reptans Lindl. Nepal, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1636 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). January. Bulbophyllum psittacoglossum Rchb. f. (Sestochilus) Bulbophyllum psittacoglossum Rchb. f. ex Hook.; Sarcopodium psittacoglossum (Rchb. f.) Hook. Bulbophyllum retusiusculum Rchb. f. (Cirrhopetalum) Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record of a plant in a private garden in Paksan, collected in the province, D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB400). Bulbophyllum langbianense Seidenf. & Smitinand; Bulbophyllum micholitzii (Rolfe) J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum micholitzii (Rolfe) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Bulbophyllum skeatianum Ridl., syn. nov.; Bulbophyllum touranense (Gagnep.) Ho; Cirrhopetalum confusum Garay, Hamer & Siegerist; Cirrhopetalum micholitzii Rolfe; 270 Cirrhopetalum retusiusculum (Rchb. f.) Hemsl.; Cirrhopetalum retusiusculum Rchb. f.; Cirrhopetalum skeatianum (Ridl.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist, syn. nov.; Cirrhopetalum touranense Gagnep.; Phyllorchis retusiuscula (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Hainan), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB_Vo_01; S); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Bolovens’ (S); ‘Phu Hua Sua’ (S). Epiphyte in evergreen montane forest, 1300
1700 m a.s.l. January, April. Note: according to Seidenfaden (1973), Bulbophyllum skeatianum differs from B. retusiusculum in the long, slender and curved, as opposed to rather small and insignificant, usually triangular stelidia. Seidenfaden’s own illustrations of these two taxa show hardly any difference in the shape and size of the stelidia, or any other difference for that matter, and we consider them conspecific. Bulbophyllum rufilabrum Parish ex Hook. f. (Anisopetalon) Bulbophyllum limbatum Parish & Rchb. f.; Phyllorchis rufilabra (Parish) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet PB_Vo_03); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1283 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL418 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Epiphytic and lithophytic in riverine forest and in secondary evergreen forest, 300 m a.s.l. November, December. Bulbophyllum rufinum Rchb. f. (Anisopetalon) Phyllorchis rufina (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. November. Note: Seidenfaden’s records may turn out to be referable to B. macrocoleum, if this is really distinct from B. rufinum. While B. macrocoleum is quite common in Laos we have not yet met with the true B. rufinum there. Bulbophyllum sanguineopunctatum Seidenf. & Kerr (Cirrhopetalum) Laos: Vientiane (S). 500 m a.s.l. November. Note: Tixier’s record, referred to by Seidenfaden (1992), requires confirmation since this species may have been confused with B. nigrescens or B. nigripetalum, both known to occur in Laos. As Vermeulen (2002) pointed out, Seidenfaden (1979) wrongly considered B. nigripetalum synonymous with B. secundum, while he illustrated B. nigrescens with a drawing of the then undescribed B. scaphiforme J. J. Verm. Bulbophyllum seidenfadenii Kerr (Cirrhopetalum) Laos: Vientiane (S). Bulbophyllum sigaldiae Guillaumin (Acrochaene) Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 2189, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Bulbophyllum spathulatum (Rolfe ex E. Cooper) Seidenf. (Cirrhopetalum) Cirrhopetalum spathulatum Rolfe ex E. Cooper; Rhytionanthos spathulatum (Rolfe ex E. Cooper) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL449 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL446 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S). Epiphytic in riverine forest and in secondary evergreen forest, 300 m a.s.l. October, November. Bulbophyllum stenobulbon Parish & Rchb. f. (Desmosanthes) Phyllorchis stenobulbon (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, ?Laos: Vientiane (S). Dense forest, 1000 m a.s.l. Note: record based on sterile specimens; requires confirmation. Bulbophyllum sutepense (Rolfe) Seidenf. & Smitinand (Desmosanthes) Cirrhopetalum sutepense Rolfe ex Downie. China, Thailand. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB208); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, 900
1000 m a.s.l. April, May. Bulbophyllum secundum Hook.f. (Hirtula) Bulbophyllum subparviflorum Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen; Phyllorchis secunda (Hook. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified, probably Bolikhamxai (S). Bulbophyllum taeniophyllum Parish & Rchb. f. (Cirrhopetalum) Bulbophyllum fenestratum J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum mundulum (W. Bull) J. J. Sm.; Bulbophyllum punctatissimum Rolfe ex Ridl.; Bulbophyllum rupicolum Ridl.; Bulbophyllum simillinum Parish & 271 Rchb. f.; Cirrhopetalum fenestratum (J. J. Sm.) Garay, Hamer & Siegerist; Cirrhopetalum mundulum W. Bull; Cirrhopetalum punctatissimum Rolfe ex Ridl.; Cirrhopetalum simillimum Parish & Rchb. f.; Cirrhopetalum taeniophyllum (Parish & Rchb. f.) Hook. f.; Phyllorchis simillima (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Phyllorchis taeniophylla (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Vientiane (S). June, August. Bulbophyllum thaiorum J. J. Sm. (Cirrhopetalum) Bulbophyllum tripudians Parish & Rchb. f. (Tripudianthes) Tripudianthes tripudians (Parish & Rchb. f.) Szlach. & Kras. Burma Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Open montane forest, 1800 m a.s.l. Bulbophyllum violaceolabellum Seidenf. (Cirrhopetalum) Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3556, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Bulbophyllum tortuosum (Blume) Lindl. (Monanthes) Bulbophyllum wendlandianum (Kraenzl.) J. J. Sm. (Cirrhopetalum) Cirrhopetalum wendlandianum Kraenzl. Bulbophyllum indragiriense Schltr.; Bulbophyllum listeri King & Pantl.; Diphyes tortuosa Blume; Phyllorchis tortuosa (Blume) Kuntze. Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,?Philippines. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1732 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. August
October. Bulbophyllum tricorne Seidenf. & Smitinand (Anisopetalon) India (NE), Thailand, Cambodia. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. P1 [P. Bonnet]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1220 [P. Bonnet]). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest and in gallery forest, 208
770 m a.s.l. August, September. Bulbophyllum cf. tricornoides Seidenf. (Anisopetalon) Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1098 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL925 [M. Newman et al.]). Epiphyte on tree trunks in secondary humid evergreen lowland forest, also in riverine forest, 169 m a.s.l. November, December. Note: we are uncertain of our identification, since the differences between B. tricorne and B. tricornoides seem very slight: in B. tricorne the petals should be about as long as the column, while in B. tricornoides they are about half as long as the column. The specimens cited here are intermediate in this respect. NUOL cult. OL1098 has long, slender and rather lax inflorescences much like B. dissitiflorum, while B. tricornoides should have a dense inflorescence. However, in other respects OL1098 is indistinguishable from OL925, of which the inflorescence agrees well with Seidenfaden’s description. Both collections cited possess a lip with a distinctly papillose margin; this detail is lacking in Seidenfaden’s description and illustrations of this species. 272 Burma, Thailand. OL1710). April. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. Bulbophyllum xylophyllum Parish & Rchb. f. (Brachystachyae) Phyllorchis xylophylla (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3687, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Calanthe cardioglossa Schltr. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB39); Saravan (S); Vientiane (S). Terrestrial on rocky ground in dense humid evergreen forest, 600
659 m a.s.l. January, October. Calanthe lyroglossa Rchb. f. Alismorchis foerstermannii (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Alismorchis lyroglossa (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Calanthe foerstermannii Rchb. f.; Calanthe liukiuensis Schltr.; Calanthe nephroidea Gagnep. Burma, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. Laos: ‘Bolovens’ (S). Calanthe odora Griff. Alismorchis angusta (Lindl.) Kuntze; Alismorchis odora (Griff.) Kuntze; Calanthe angusta Lindl. India (NE), China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S); ‘between Sola Nam Doi and Nam Ma Cun’ (S; possibly Houaphan). Calanthe succedanea Gagnep. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (N); Champasak (S). Note: this seems hardly specifically distinct from C. cardioglossa, differing only in the lamellate keel on the mid-lobe of the lip, whereas in C. cardioglossa the keel is little more than a swollen mid-vein. Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames Alismorchis angraeciflora (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Alismorchis diploxiphion (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Alismorchis furcata (Bateman ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Alismorchis gracillima (Lindl.) Kuntze; Alismorchis veratrifolia (Willd.) Kuntze; Amblyglottis veratrifolia Blume; Bletia quadrifida Buch.-Ham. ex Hook. f.; Calanthe angraeciflora Rchb. f.; Calanthe brevicolumna Hayata; Calanthe breviflos Ridl.; Calanthe catilligera Rchb. f.; Calanthe comosa Rchb. f.; Calanthe diploxiphion Hook. f.; Calanthe engleriana Kraenzl.; Calanthe engleriana Kraenzl. var. brevicalcarata J. J. Sm.; Calanthe furcata Bateman ex Lindl.; Calanthe gracillima Lindl.; Calanthe latissimifolia R. S. Rogers; Calanthe matsumurana Schltr.; Calanthe nephroglossa Schltr.; Calanthe orthocentron Schltr.; Calanthe perrottetii A. Rich.; Calanthe proboscidea Rchb. f.; Calanthe pubescens Ridl.; Calanthe rubicallosa Masam.; Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames f. albolineata (Nakaj.) Hatus.; Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames var. angraeciflora (Rchb. f.) N. Hall,; Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames var. gracillima (Lindl.) N. Halle; Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames var. minahassae Schltr.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. var. cleistogama Schltr.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. var. densissima J. J. Sm.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. var. dupliciloba J. J. Sm.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. var. incurvicalcar J. J. Sm.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. var. lancipetala J. J. Sm.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. var. timorensis J. J. Sm.; Limodorum ventricosum Steud.; Limodorum veratrifolium Willd.; Orchis triplicata Willemet. Madagascar, Mascarenes, throughout tropical continental Asia, China, Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Pacific. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB468); Champasak (S); Louangphrabang (S); Savannakhet (S); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Sapone’ (probably Sepone, Savannakhet Prov.) (S). Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB111); Khammouan (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, P. Nasoukhoum, V. Vannachak; photo]). Lithophytic on rather dry limestone hill with low open forest, also found as an epiphyte on a fallen branch on a steep limestone hill in the shade, 332 m a.s.l. October, November. Note: a common species in the rugged karst regions of Bolikhamxai and Khammouan provinces. Specimens with all-white flowers and those that possess a red blotch at the base of the lip mid-lobe often grow intermixed. It is a telling symptom of the incomplete botanical exploration of the country that this frequent and conspicuous orchid has never been recorded from Laos before. Cephalanthera exigua Seidenf. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Terrestrial in evergreen forest, 1200 m a.s.l. April. Cephalantheropsis obcordata (Lindl.) Ormerod Alismorchis gracilis (Lindl.) Kuntze; Alismorchis longipes (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Alismorchis tubifera (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Bletia obcordata Lindl.; Calanthe amesiana Schltr.; Calanthe bursicula Gagnep.; Calanthe dolichopoda Fukuy.; Calanthe gracilis Lindl.; Calanthe gracilis Lindl. var. sumatrana J. J. Sm.; Calanthe halconensis (Ames) Schltr.; Calanthe ramosii Ames; Calanthe tubifera Hook. f.; Calanthe venusta Schltr.; Cephalantheropsis calanthoides (Ames) T. S. Liu & H. J. Su; Cephalantheropsis gracilis (Lindl.) S. Y. Hu; Cephalantheropsis gracilis (Lindl.) S. Y. Hu var. halconensis (Ames) K. Karas.; Cephalantheropsis gracilis (Lindl.) S. Y. Hu var. venusta (Schltr.) K. Karas.; Cephalantheropsis halconensis (Ames) S. S. Ying; Cephalantheropsis venusta (Schltr.) S. Y. Hu; Gastrorchis gracilis (Lindl.) Aver.; Limatodis gracilis (Lindl.) Lindl.; Paracalanthe gracilis (Lindl.) Kudo; Paracalanthe venusta Kudo; Phaius calanthoides Ames; Phaius gracilis (Lindl.) S. S. Ying; Phaius gracilis (Lindl.) S. S. Ying var. calanthoides (Ames) S. S. Ying; Phaius halconensis Ames; Phaius longipes (Hook. f.) Holttum; Phaius longipes (Hook. f.) Holttum var. calanthoides (Ames) T. P. Lin; Phaius ramosii (Ames) Ames. Terrestrial in dense humid forest at the base of a steep limestone hill, or in forest on a river bank. May, June. India (NE), Burma, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Moluccas, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Khammouan (N). Calanthe vestita Lindl. Ceratostylis himalaica Hook. f. Alismorchis vestita (Lindl.) Kuntze; Amblyglottis pilosa de Vriese ex Lindl.; Calanthe grandiflora Rolfe; Calanthe melinosema Schltr.; Calanthe padangensis Schltr. ex Mansf.; Calanthe pilosa (de Vriese ex Lindl.) Miq.; Calanthe regnieri Rchb. f.; Calanthe turneri Rchb. f.; Calanthe vestita Lindl. var. fournieri Rolfe; Calanthe vestita Lindl. var. igneo-oculata Hort. ex Rchb. f.; Calanthe vestita Lindl. var. oculata-gigantea Rchb. f. ex B. S. Williams; Cytheris griffithii Wight; Phaius vestitus (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Preptanthe vestita (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Preptanthe villosa Rchb. f. Eria ramosissima Wall. ex Hook. f.; Ritaia himalaica King & Pantl. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB412); Phongsali (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay; photo]); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in dense wet evergreen tropical forest near a waterfall, and in semi-deciduous montane forest, 1077
1300 m a.s.l. March
May. 273 Ceratostylis siamensis Rolfe ex Downie Chrysoglossum ornatum Blume Ceratostylis pygmaea Evrard ex Gagnep.; Eria banaensis Gagnep. Ania maculata Thwaites; Chrysoglossum cyrtopetalum Schltr.; Chrysoglossum erraticum Hook. f.; Chrysoglossum formosanum Hayata; Chrysoglossum gibbsiae Rolfe; Chrysoglossum hallbergii Blatt.; Chrysoglossum maculatum Hook. f.; Tainia maculata (Thwaites) Hook. f. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in evergreen montane forest, 1500
1700 m a.s.l. April, May. Ceratostylis subulata Blume Appendicula teres Griff.; Ceratostylis cepula Rchb. f.; Ceratostylis malaccensis Hook. f.; Ceratostylis teres (Griff.) Rchb. f. India (NE), Bhutan, China (Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Is., Vanuatu. Laos: Vientiane (S, sterile specimen). Sri Lanka, India (E and NE), Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Philippines, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB411); Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB603). Terrestrial in dense humus-rich humid evergreen forest, 1077
1245 m a.s.l. May, June. Cleisomeria lanatum (Lindl.) Lindl. ex G.Don Cheirostylis chinensis Rolfe Cheirostylis philippinensis Ames; Cheirostylis taiwanensis Yamam. China (Hong Kong), Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB124, PB128). Lithophytic on a moss-covered rock in dense humid evergreen forest near a small stream, also on shaded rock on a steep forested limestone hill, 521
863 m a.s.l. January, November. Cleisostoma lanatum Lindl.; Gastrochilus lanatus (Lindl.) Kuntze; Saccolabium bracteatum (Ridl.) Ridl.; Saccolabium lanatum (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Sarcanthus bracteatus Ridl.; Sarcanthus lanatus (Lindl.) Holttum; Uncifera maxillaleonis Guillaumin. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1344 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest and humid evergreen montane forest, 170
1100 m a.s.l. June
August. Cleisomeria pilosulum (Gagnep.) Seidenf. & Garay Cheirostylis cochinchinensis Blume Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB112); Vientiane (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB159). Lithophytic on a shaded rock covered with leaf litter on a steep limestone hill, also lithophytic in a shaded gully near the summit of a high limestone mountain, 332
1400 m a.s.l. October, November. Chiloschista exuperei (Guillaumin) Garay Taeniophyllum exuperei Guillaumin. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB201, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside). April. Cleisostoma pilosulum Gagnep.; Saccolabium pilosulum (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1687 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (S). May, June. Cleisostoma arietinum (Rchb. f.) Garay Echioglossum arietinum (Rchb. f.) Szlach.; Saccolabium kunstleri (King & Pantl.) Ridl.; Sarcanthus arietinus Rchb. f.; Sarcanthus kunstleri King & Pantl.; Sarcanthus recurvus Rolfe ex Downie. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL62 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in dry dipterocarp forest. January. Cleisostoma birmanicum (Schltr.) Garay Chiloschista lunifera (Rchb. f.) J. J. Sm. Chiloschista lunifera (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Sarcochilus lunifer (Rchb. f.) Benth. ex Hook. f.; Thrixspermum luniferum Rchb. f. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. April. 274 Echioglossum birmanicum Schltr.; Sarcanthus birmanicus (Schltr.) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Sarcanthus ophioglossa Guillaumin. Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB504); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1158 [M. Newman et al.]; N). June, July. Cleisostoma crochetii (Guillaumin) Garay Blumeorchis crochetii (Guillaumin) Szlach.; Sarcanthus crochetii Guillaumin; Sarcanthus tricornis Seidenf. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL674 [Toulavanh]); Vientiane (S). manlinensis Guillaumin; Sarcanthus pallidus Lindl.; Sarcanthus racemifer (Lindl.) Rchb. f. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL673); Louang Namtha (N); Vientiane (S); ‘Lam Vong’ (S; ‘Lam Vong’ is the name of a national dance). July
August. Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest. July
September. Cleisostoma rostratum (Lindl.) Garay Cleisostoma duplicilobum (J. J. Sm.) Garay Cleisostoma carinatum (Rolfe ex Downie) Garay; Cleisostoma rostellatum (Hook. f.) Garay; Garayanthus carinatus (Rolfe ex Downie) Szlach.; Garayanthus duplicilobus (J. J. Sm.) Szlach.; Saccolabium rostellatum Hook. f.; Sarcanthus callosilobus J. J. Sm.; Sarcanthus carinatus Rolfe ex Downie; Sarcanthus duplicilobus J. J. Sm.; Sarcanthus rostellatus Ridl. India, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL102 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB36); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1198 [P. Bonnet]; S). Epiphyte on a small tree trunk in dense evergreen forest and in gallery forest along a small stream, 659
1000 m a.s.l. September
November. Saccolabium simondii Gagnep.; Sarcanthus laosensis Guillaumin; Sarcanthus rostratus Lindl.; Vanda recurva Hook.; Vanda rostrata (Lindl.) Lodd. China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL41 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB66); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB271); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL302 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (P. Bonnet PB478; S). Epiphyte on a small tree trunk in dense humid evergreen forest, in humid evergreen montane forest, also on tree trunk at the base of a steep limestone hill, 210
1000 m a.s.l. May, June. Cleisostoma simondii (Gagnep.) Seidenf. Cleisostoma fuerstenbergianum Kraenzl. Cleisostoma flagelliforme (Rolfe ex Downie) Garay; Sarcanthus flagelliformis Rolfe ex Downie; Sarcanthus fuerstenbergianus (Kraenzl.) J. J. Sm.; Sarcanthus geoffrayi Guillaumin. China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (P. Bonnet PB541); Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, S. Luang Aphay; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1371 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB173); Louangphrabang (photos seen; N); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB221; P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB565); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1213; S); Xiangkhoang (N). Epiphyte in dry dipterocarp forest, also in evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae and on trees on steep limestone hills, 98
1240 m a.s.l. June
December. Cleisostoma kerrii Seidenf. Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB404). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest, close to a large waterfall. August
October. Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay Aerides racemifera (Lindl.) Wall. ex Hook. f.; Gastrochilus racemifer (Lindl.) Kuntze; Saccolabium racemiferum Lindl.; Sarcanthus Cleisostoma acutilabre (Guillaumin) Aver.; Cleisostoma seidenfadenii Garay; Cleisostoma teres Garay; Echioglossum seidenfadenii (Garay) Szlach.; Echioglossum simondii (Gagnep.) Szlach.; Luisia acutilabris Guillaumin; Sarcanthus siamensis Rolfe ex Downie; Sarcanthus teretifolius (Lindl.) Lindl.; Vanda simondii Gagnep.; Vanda teretifolia Lindl. India (NE), China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL142 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL895 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louangphrabang (P. Bonnet PB181; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1084 [P. Bonnet, K. Nanthavong, B. Svengsuksa]; NUOL cult. OL407 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N). Epiphyte on thick-barked tree trunks in deciduous lowland dipterocarp forest on shallow, rocky, and nutrient-deficient laterite soil. October
December. Coelogyne assamica Linden & Rchb. f. (Fuscescentes) Coelogyne annamensis Rolfe; Coelogyne cycnoches Parish & Rchb. f.; Coelogyne dalatensis Gagnep.; ?Coelogyne dichroantha Gagnep.; Coelogyne saigonensis Gagnep.; Coelogyne siamensis Rolfe; Cymbidium evrardii Guillaumin. India (NE), Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champassak (S). 1000 m a.s.l. November. Note: this species and others in section Fuscescentes often secrete drops of a clear liquid on the keels of the lip. We consider it likely that in Coelogyne dichroantha, only known from a coloured drawing (reproduced in Seidenfaden 275 1992), the illustration of such drops has been misinterpreted as forming a row of warts. In other respects it is a fairly good match for C. assamica. Coelogyne brachyptera Rchb. f. (Brachypterae) Pleione brachyptera (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Coelogyne virescens Rolfe. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1364 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S). Epiphyte on tree trunk in open forest, 1200 m a.s.l. March, April. Coelogyne brunnea Lindl. (Fuscescentes) Vannachak PB61; N); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB577); Saravan (S). Lithophyte on limestone hills covered with evergreen forest, also epiphytic in mixed deciduous forest and in evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae, 554
976 m a.s.l. August
November. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl. (Flaccidae) Coelogyne huettneriana Rchb. f. var. lactea (Rchb. f.) Pfitzer; Coelogyne lactea Rchb. f.; Pleione flaccida (Lindl.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand, China. Laos: Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). 1500 m a.s.l. April. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. var. brunnea (Lindl.) Lindl. Coelogyne lawrenceana Rolfe (Lawrenceanae) Thailand, Vietnam, Burma. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB613); Saravan (S); Vientiane (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB154). Coelogyne fleuryi Gagnep. Lithophytic and epiphytic in evergreen montane forest, sometimes on limestone, 1245
1400 m a.s.l. October, November. Note: delimitation against C. fuscescens is problematic. Coelogyne calcicola Kerr (Elatae) Burma, China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB514); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte and lithophyte on rocky limestone mountain, 1500 m a.s.l. April, July. Coelogyne cumingii Lindl. (Coelogyne) Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1154 [B. Laville]). Epiphyte. January, February. Coelogyne longipes Hook. f. (Proliferae) India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: unspecified (S); Xiangkhoang (N). Coelogyne nitida Lindl. (Ocellatae) Coelogyne ochracea Lindl.; Cymbidium nitidum Wall.; Cymbidium nitidum Wall. ex D. Don; Pleione nitida (Lindl.) Kuntze. Coelogyne casta Ridl.; Coelogyne longibracteata Hook. f.; Pleione cumingii (Lindl.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Xaisomboun (S, ‘Xieng Khouang’). Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Champassak (S). 1300 m a.s.l. April. Epiphyte in evergreen upper montane forest, locally abundant, 2300
2600 m a.s.l. April. Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. (Fuliginosae) Coelogyne pallens Ridl. (Fuliginosae) Coelogyne arunachalensis H. J. Chowdhery & G. D. Pal; Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. var. acuminata Regel; Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl. var. annamica Finet ex Gagnep.; Coelogyne fuliginosa Lindl. ex Hook.; Coelogyne laotica Gagnep.; Coelogyne leungiana S. Y. Hu; Coelogyne longeciliata Teijsm. & Binn.; Coelogyne primulina Barretto; Coelogyne xerophyta Hand.-Mazz.; Pleione chinensis (Lindl.) Kuntze; Pleione fimbriata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Pleione fuliginosa (Lodd. ex Hook.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. Laos: Champasak (S). India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB136; N); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL600 [B. Svengsuksa]; N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. 276 Coelogyne raizadae S. K. Jain & S. Das (Proliferae) India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, China, Tibet. Laos: unspecified (recorded by Clayton 2002). Coelogyne rigida Parish & Rchb. f. (Elatae) Coelogyne tricarinata Ridl.; Pleione rigida (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (P. Bonnet PB486). Lithophyte on large boulder in a shaded stream in gallery forest, 790 m a.s.l. June, July. Coelogyne schultesii S. K. Jain & S. Das (Proliferae) Coelogyne longipes Lindl. var. verruculata S. C. Chen. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB226). Epiphyte in secondary evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae, 1063 m a.s.l. May, June. Coelogyne stricta (D. Don) Schltr. (Elatae) Coelogyne elata Lindl.; Cymbidium strictum D. Don. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Phu Xen’ (S). India (NE), Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB460; NUOL cult. OL1119 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL597 [B. Svengsuksa]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet PB166); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL989 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL403 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaisomboun (N). Epiphyte in open forest on summit of dry limestone hills, and lithophyte on rocks in open vegetation along a stream, 307
457 m a.s.l. January, February, December. Collabium chinense (Rolfe) Tang & F. T. Wang Chrysoglossum robinsonii Ridl.; Collabium balansae (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Nephelaphyllum chinense Rolfe; Tainia balansae Gagnep.; Tainia chinensis (Rolfe) Gagnep. ?India (NE), China (Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB522, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside). July
December. Coelogyne sudora Schuit. & de Vogel (Fuscescentes) Laos: unspecified (Leiden Botanic Garden cult. 20051293 Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3632). Note: so far only known from a cultivated specimen sent to Singapore from a nursery in Thailand in a batch of plants originally collected in Laos. Coelogyne trinervis Lindl. (Flaccidae) Coelogyne angustifolia Ridl.; Coelogyne cinnamomea Teijsm. & Binn.; Coelogyne pachybulbon Ridl.; Coelogyne rhodeana Rchb. f.; Coelogyne rossiana Rchb. f.; Coelogyne stenophylla Ridl.; Coelogyne wettsteiniana Schltr.; Pleione trinervis (Lindl.) Kuntze. ‘Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, lesser Sunda Is. Laos: Attapu (photos seen); Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL244 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB2); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB92; NUOL cult. OL332 [S. Sopraseuth]; S); Xaisomboun (NUOL cult. OL363 [V. Lamxay et al.]); ‘Bolovens’ (S); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). Epiphyte in deciduous dipterocarp forest and in secondary forest on limestone hill, 342
544 m a.s.l. September
November. Coelogyne viscosa Rchb. f. (Flaccidae) Coelogyne graminifolia Parish & Rchb. f.; Pleione viscosa (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume Chloidia confusa Ames; Corymbis batjanica J. J. Sm.; Corymbis brevistylis Hook.; Corymbis confusa (Ames) Schltr.; Corymbis disticha (Breda) Lindl.; Corymbis exaltata Schltr.; Corymbis minor Schltr.; Corymbis rhytidocarpa Hook. f.; Corymbis sakisimensis (Fukuy.) Masam.; Corymbis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Rchb. f.; Corymborchis assamica Blume; Corymborchis confusa (Ames) Ames; Corymborchis parviflora J. J. Sm.; Corymborchis ruttenii J. J. Sm.; Corymborchis sakisimensis Fukuy.; Corymborchis tropidiifolia J. J. Sm.; Corymborkis brevistylis (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Corymborkis rhytidocarpa (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Hysteria veratrifolia Reinw.; Macrostylis disticha Breda; Rhynchanthera paniculata Blume. ?Thailand, Vietnam, tropical east Asia, Australia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB109); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB317); Saravan (S). Terrestrial at the base of a limestone cliff in the shade and near a small stream in dense humid evergreen forest with undergrowth of tall herbs, 332
905 m a.s.l. Fruiting in November, probably flowering in September. Cryptopylos clausus (J. J. Sm.) Garay Pteroceras clausum (J. J. Sm.) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Sarcochilus clausus J. J. Sm.; Sarcochilus pierrei Guillaumin. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1718); Vientiane (S). 500
1500 m a.s.l. April, May. 277 Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Aerides borassii Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.; Cymbidium atropurpureum Yen; Cymbidium erectum Wight; Cymbidium intermedium H. G. Jones; Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw.; Cymbidium simulans Rolfe; Epidendrum aloides Curtis; Epidendrum aloifolium L.; Epidendrum pendulum Roxb. Sri Lanka, India, Andaman Is., Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Java. Laos: Attapu (N); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL408, OL433, OL1324 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaignabouri (N); ‘Nam Pat’ (S; possibly Houaphan). Lowlands. April. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. subsp. obtusum Du Puy & P. J. Cribb Cymbidium crassifolium Wall.; Cymbidium flaccidum Schltr.; Cymbidium mannii Rchb. f. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Nepal, Bhutan, India (NE), Burma, China (Hainan). Laos: Attapu (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL562 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (S). Schltr.; Cymbidium xiphiifolium Lindl.; Cymbidium yakibaran Makino; Epidendrum ensifolium L.; Epidendrum sinense Redout,; Jensoa ensata (Thunb.) Raf.; Limodorum ensatum Thunb. Sri Lanka, India, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Arch., Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB506, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB59); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB253); Vientiane (S); Xaignabouri (N). Terrestrial in mixed deciduous forest on poor sandy soil, also in dense evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae, near a small stream, also in the lowlands, 554
1240 m a.s.l. June, July, October. Cymbidium insigne Rolfe Cymbidium insigne Rolfe var. album Hort.; Cymbidium insigne Rolfe var. sanderi (O’Brien) Hort.; Cymbidium sanderi O’Brien; Cyperorchis insignis (Rolfe) Schltr. Lithophyte on a small limestone hill, in a shady wet place, also in the lowlands. March, November, December. China (Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1700 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). January. Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. Cymbidium acutum Ridl.; Cymbidium alborubens Makino; Cymbidium angustifolium Ames & C. Schweinf.; Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f. var. austrojaponicum Tuyama; Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f. subsp. leachianum (Rchb. f.) S. S. Ying; Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. var. austrojaponicum (Tuyama) Hiroe; Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. var. dayanum (Rchb. f.) Hook. f.; Cymbidium leachianum Rchb. f.; Cymbidium poilanei Gagnep.; Cymbidium pulcherrimum Sander; Cymbidium simonsianum King & Pantl.; Cymbidium simonsianum King & Pantl. f. vernale Makino; Cymbidium sutepense Rolfe ex Downie. Cymbidium aspidistrifolium Fukuy.; Cymbidium bambusifolium Fowlie, Mark & Ho; Cymbidium caulescens Ridl.; Cymbidium cuspidatum Blume; Cymbidium gibsonii Lindl.; Cymbidium javanicum Blume; Cymbidium javanicum Blume var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) F. Maek.; Cymbidium javanicum Blume var. pantlingii F. Maek.; Cymbidium kerrii Rolfe ex Downie; Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S. S. Ying; Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. f. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) T. P. Lin; Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. var. syunitianum (Fukuy.) S. S. Ying; Cymbidium maclehoseae S. Y. Hu; Cymbidium nagifolium Masam.; Cymbidium papuanum Schltr.; Cymbidium syunitianum Fukuy. India (NE), Burma, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1700B [P. Bonnet], found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside); Vientiane (S). August. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Terrestrial in evergreen montane forest, 1500 m a.s.l. April. Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. Cymbidium albomarginatum Makino; Cymbidium arrogans Hayata; Cymbidium ecristatum Steud.; Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. var. estriatum Lindl.; Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. var. striatum Lindl.; Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. var. yakibaran (Makino) Y. S. Wu & S. C. Chen; Cymbidium gonzalesii Quisumb.; Cymbidium gyokuchin Makino; Cymbidium gyokuchin Makino var. arrogans (Hayata) S. S. Ying; Cymbidium gyokuchin Makino var. soshin Makino; Cymbidium kanran Makino var. misericors (Hayata) S. S. Ying; Cymbidium koran Makino; Cymbidium micans Schauer; Cymbidium misericors Hayata; Cymbidium niveomarginatum Makino; Cymbidium rubrigemmum Hayata; Cymbidium shimaran Makino; Cymbidium sundaicum 278 Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. Cymbidium giganteum Wall. ex Lindl. var. lowianum Rchb. f.; Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb. f. var. lowianum (Rchb. f.) Y. S. Wu & S. C. Chen; Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. var. concolor Rolfe; Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. var. flaveolum Linden; Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. var. superbissimum Linden; Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. var. viride R. Warner & B. S. Williams. Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (photo seen). Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. (Dendrobium) Aphyllorchis aberrans (Finet) Schltr.; Bletia nipponica Franch. & Sav.; Cymbidium aberrans (Finet) Schltr.; Cymbidium aphyllum Ames & Schltr.; Cymbidium nipponicum (Franch. & Sav.) Rolfe; Cymbidium pedicellatum Finet; Cymbidium sagamiense (Nakai) Makino & Nemoto; Cymbidium szechuanense S. Y. Hu; Pachyrhizanthe aberrans (Finet) Nakai; Pachyrhizanthe aphylla (Ames & Schltr.) Nakai; Pachyrhizanthe macrorhizos (Lindl.) Nakai; Pachyrhizanthe nipponica (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai; Pachyrhizanthe sagamiensis Nakai; Yoania aberrans Finet. Callista anosma (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista macrophylla (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista scortechinii (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. var. dearei (Rolfe) Ames & Quisumb.; Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. var. huttonii (Rchb. f.) Ames & Quisumb.; Dendrobium leucorhodum Schltr.; Dendrobium macranthum Hook.; Dendrobium macranthum Hook. var. album Náves; Dendrobium macranthum Hook. var. giganteum Náves; Dendrobium macranthum Hook. var. marginatum de Vriese ex Miq.; Dendrobium macranthum Hook. var. purpureomarginatum de Vriese; Dendrobium macrophyllum Lindl.; Dendrobium macrophyllum Lindl. var. giganteum Lindl.; Dendrobium macrophyllum Lindl. var. pallidum Planch.; Dendrobium macrophyllum Lindl. var. purpureomarginatum de Vriese ex Rchb. f.; Dendrobium mastersianum F. Muell. & Kraenzl.; Dendrobium retusum Llanos; Dendrobium scortechinii Hook. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. anosmum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. burkei Rchb. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. dearei Day ex Rolfe; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. giganteum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. huttonii Rchb. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. purpureomarginatum (de Vriese) Rchb. f.; Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. var. velutinum Rchb. f. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Burma, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Is., Japan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Cymbidium sinense (Jacks.) Willd. Cymbidium albojucundissimum Hayata; Cymbidium chinense Heynh.; Cymbidium fragrans Salisb.; Cymbidium hoosai Makino; Cymbidium sinense (Jacks.) Willd. var. albojucundissimum (Hayata) Masam.; Cymbidium sinense (Jacks.) Willd. var. album Yen; Cymbidium sinense (Jacks.) Willd. var. margicoloratum Hayata; Epidendrum sinense Jacks. India, Burma, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouane (NUOL cult. OL933 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). January, February. Cyrtosia integra (Rolfe ex Downie) Garay Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL130, OL580a, OL593c [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL801 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL992 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). March
June. Galeola integra Rolfe ex Downie. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (N). Terrestrial in evergreen montane forest, 1200 m a.s.l. April. Dendrobium aduncum Lindl. (Breviflores) Callista adunca (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium scoriarum W. W. Sm. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB52). Epiphyte at 1 m on a small tree trunk in dense humid evergreen forest, 575 m a.s.l. May. Dendrobium aloifolium (Blume) Rchb. f. (Aporum) Aporum aloifolium (Blume) Brieger; Aporum cochinchinense (Ridl.) Rauschert; Aporum lobbii M. A. Clem.; Aporum micranthum Griff.; Aporum serra Lindl.; Callista aloifolia (Blume) Kuntze; Callista borneoensis Kuntze; Callista micrantha (Griff.) Kuntze; Dendrobium cochinchinense Ridl.; Dendrobium lobbii Lindl.; Dendrobium micranthum (Griff.) Lindl.; Dendrobium serra (Lindl.) Lindl.; Macrostomium aloifolium Blume; Orthoglottis imbricata Breda; Oxystophyllum macrostoma Hassk. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Vientiane (S). Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C. E. C. Fisch. (Dendrobium) Callista aphylla (Roxb.) Kuntze; Cymbidium aphyllum (Roxb.) Sw.; Dendrobium aphyllum Roxb.; Dendrobium cucullatum R. Br.; Dendrobium madrasense A. D. Hawkes; Dendrobium oxyphyllum Gagnep.; Dendrobium pierardii Roxb. ex Hook.; Dendrobium pierardii Roxb. ex Hook. var. cucullatum (R. Br.) Hook. f.; Limodorum aphyllum Roxb.; Pierardia bicolor Raf. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL251 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB24; P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB164; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB304); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB257); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL280 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL319 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaignabouri (N); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Ban Klua’ (S); ‘Central’ (S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest or lithophytic on limestone cliffs covered with open forest including Euphorbia antiquorum L., 150
543 m a.s.l. February
July. Note: Christenson and Wood (2003) have argued that the name Dendrobium aphyllum should properly be applied to the taxon that we list below as D. macrostachyum, whereas 279 the present species should be called D. cucullatum. We find their arguments not fully convincing as they are mainly based on the interpretation of an illustration by Roxburgh, which may not have been very accurate. Moreover, the size and colour of the flower as described and illustrated by Roxburgh (as Limodorum aphyllum) speak against D. macrostachyum. Since both D. aphyllum and D. macrostachyum are common and widespread taxa it would in our opinion create unnecessary confusion to follow Christenson and Wood in this case. Dendrobium bellatulum Rolfe (Formosae) India (NE), Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1701 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); ‘Bolovens’ (S). 1000 m a.s.l. January, February, December. Dendrobium braianense Gagnep. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium capillipes Rchb. f. var. braianense (Gagnep.) Aver.; Dendrobium ejirii T. Yukawa; Dendrobium sukhakulii Hort. Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL508 [B. Svengsuksa]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL782 [P. Sengsomphou]). April. Note: see under D. capillipes. Dendrobium brymerianum Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Callista brymeriana (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB564); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in (open) evergreen montane forest, 1240
1800 m a.s.l. August, September. Dendrobium capillipes Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Callista capillipes (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Note: we have not seen the specimen cited by Seidenfaden. It may be referable to D. braianense, which Seidenfaden (1992) considered synonymous. These taxa seem to present a parallel case with the species pair D. delacourii and D. venustum, which likewise differ almost exclusively in the stature of the pseudobulbs. Dendrobium cariniferum Rchb. f. (Formosae) Callista carinifera (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. 280 India (NE), Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1648 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL964 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB313); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB227; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB295; S); Vientiane (S); Xaisomboun (N). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest and in Fagaceae dominated secondary and primary evergreen montane forest, 1063
1365 m a.s.l. March
June. Dendrobium christyanum Rchb. f. (Formosae) Dendrobium margaritaceum Finet. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. PK1 [P. Bonnet]). Epiphyte on small branch of a tree in open vegetation on a rocky plateau with groundcover of moss and small herbs, 1245 m a.s.l. July. Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista chrysantha (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl. var. anophthalma Rchb. f.; Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl. var. microphthalma Rchb. f.; Dendrobium paxtoni Lindl. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (sight record); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL703 [P. Sengsomphou]); Xaisomboun (S, as D. ochreatum Lindl.); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). In evergreen forest by a stream, 1100
1700 m a.s.l. April, August, September. Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe (Dendrobium) Aporum rivesii (Gagnep.) Rauschert; Callista aurantiaca (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Callista clavata (Wall.) Kuntze; Dendrobium aurantiacum Rchb. f.; Dendrobium aurantiacum Rchb. f. var. denneanum (Kerr) Z. H. Tsi; Dendrobium clavatum Lindl.; Dendrobium clavatum Lindl. var. aurantiacum (Rchb. f.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Dendrobium denneanum Kerr; Dendrobium flaviflorum Hayata; Dendrobium rivesii Gagnep.; Dendrobium rolfei A. D. Hawkes & A. H. Heller; Dendrobium tibeticum Schltr. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in light evergreen montane forest, 1100 m a.s.l. April. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. (Densiflora) Callista chrysotoxa (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista suavissima (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. var. delacourii Gagnep.; Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. var. suavissimum (Rchb. f.) Veitch; Dendrobium suavissimum Rchb. f. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL655 [M. Newman et al.]; S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL247 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL851 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Phongsali (sight records [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay; photos]; NUOL cult. OL501 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL705 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL375 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaisomboun (S); Xiangkhoang (NUOL cult. OL342 [B. Svengsuksa]; S); ‘Mape’ (S). Epiphyte in evergreen and semi-deciduous forest, also on small trees on rocky limestone hill, 300
1063 m a.s.l. January
May. Dendrobium compactum Rolfe (Stachyobium) Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL602 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB281). Epiphyte in dense evergreen forest, 900 m a.s.l. October, November. Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista crepidata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista lawiana (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium actinomorphum Blatt. & Hallb.; Dendrobium lawanum Lindl.; Dendrochilum roseum Dalz. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S); Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL139 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB33; N); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL459 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Epiphyte in decidusous dipterocarp forest, lithophyte at the top of a high waterfall, 544 m a.s.l. March, April. Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. (Crumenata) Aporum crumenatum (Sw.) Brieger; Aporum kwashotense (Hayata) Rauschert; Callista crumenata (Sw.) Kuntze; Ceraia parviflora (Ames & C. Schweinf.) M. A. Clem.; Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. var. parviflorum Ames & C. Schweinf.; Dendrobium kwashotense Hayata; Dendrobium schmidtianum Kraenzl.; Onychium crumenatum (Sw.) Blume. Seychelles, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Philippines, Australia. Laos: Attapu (P. Bonnet PB539); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL569 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL663 [Savieng]); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in dry dipterocarp forest, 98 m a.s.l. March, May
July, October. Dendrobium crystallinum Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Callista crystallina (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium crystallinum Rchb. f. var. ochroleucum Guillaumin. Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL273 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL339 [B. Svengsuksa]); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in deciduous forest and open woodland, 400
900 m a.s.l. April, May, July. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. (Calcarifera) Callista cumulata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium eoum Ridl.; Eurycaulis cumulatus (Lindl.) M. A. Clem.; Pedilonum eoum (Ridl.) Rauschert. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1148 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1221 [P. Bonnet]; S). Epiphyte on tree trunk in gallery forest along a small stream, 500
770 m a.s.l. July
September. Dendrobium curviflorum Rolfe (Aporum) Aporum curviflorum (Rolfe) M. A. Clem. India, Burma, Thailand. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL807 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). May, June, October. Dendrobium delacourii Guillaumin (Stachyobium) Dendrobium ciliatum Parish ex Hook. var. breve Rchb. f.; Dendrobium rupicola Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl. var. breve (Rchb. f.) J. T. Atwood. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL183 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL322 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xiangkhoang (S). April, May. Dendrobium deltatum Seidenf. (Distichophyllae) Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in dense lowland forest. July
September. Dendrobium cf. densiflorum Wall. ex Lindl. (Densiflora) India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Tibet, China (Yunnan). Laos: Phongsali (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay; photo], a single plant was seen from a rather large distance growing high up in a tree; the 281 photograph taken does not allow a certain identification, but the dense, pendulous inflorescences with yellow flowers strongly suggest the present species; N). Epiphyte on Pinus in open montane conifer woodland, also in deciduous dipterocarp forest and in evergreen montane ridge forest dominated by Fagaceae, 554
1300 m a.s.l. February, August
October. Epiphyte on large branch of a tall tree in riverine forest, 750 m a.s.l. April. Dendrobium exile Schltr. (Crumenata) Dendrobium devonianum Paxton (Dendrobium) Callista devoniana (Paxton) Kuntze; Dendrobium moulmeinense Hort. Low ex R.Warner & B. S. Williams; Dendrobium pictum Griff. ex Lindl.; Dendrobium pulchellum Lodd. var. devonianum (Paxton) Rchb. f. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB436; Kerr ADK 0837, n. v.); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL927 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB260). Aporum heterocaulon (Guillaumin) Rauschert; Ceraia exilis (Schltr.) M. A. Clem.; Dendrobium heterocaulon Guillaumin. China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL771 [P. Sengsomphou]). November. Dendrobium farmeri Paxton (Densiflora) Callista farmeri (Paxton) Kuntze; Callista palpebrae (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium farmeri var. album Regel; Dendrobium palpebrae Lindl. Note: this is considered one of the most valuable species in Chinese medicine, as a result it has been collected almost to extinction. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL25 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1274 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL389 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. May. Dendrobium dixanthum Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium faulhaberianum Schltr. (Breviflores) Callista dixantha (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Dendrobium oxyanthum Gagnep. Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: unspecified (S). March. China, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). 500 m a.s.l. May. Dendrobium draconis Rchb. f. (Formosae) Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. (Dendrobium) Callista draconis (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium andersonii J. Scott; Dendrobium eburneum Rchb. f. ex Bateman. Callista oculata (Hook.) Kuntze; Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. var. oculatum Hook.; Dendrobium hawkesii A. H. Heller; Dendrobium paxtoni Paxton; Dendrobium vagans Gagnep. Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest close to a high waterfall, 1077 m a.s.l. March
August. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S); Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1355 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL826 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louang Namtha (NUOL cult. OL646 [M. Newman et al.]); Louangphrabang (N); Phongsali (S); Savannakhet (S); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. January
May. Dendrobium ellipsophyllum Tang & F. T. Wang (Distichophyllae) Distichorchis ellipsophylla (Tang & F. T. Wang) M. A. Clem. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, China (Yunan), Borneo. Laos: Champasak (S, also photos seen); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB9; NUOL cult. OL611, OL 981 [M. Newman et al.], OL1251, OL1296[B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB573); Savannakhet (S); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). 282 India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL537, OL1423, OL1699 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL1708); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL956 [M. Newman et al.]; P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB63); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB358); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB255); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB88; S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, also in humid evergreen forest on a limestone hill, and in secondary forest at the base of a limestone hill, 342
1500 m a.s.l. March
May. Dendrobium findleyanum Parish & Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Burma, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1633 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB349; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB382); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest on limestone, 722
1236 m a.s.l. January
April. Dendrobium friedricksianum Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium friedricksianum Rchb. f. var. oculatum Seidenf. & Smitinand. Dendrobium henryi Schltr. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium daoense Simond ex Gagnep.; Dendrobium evaginatum Gagnep. China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB429); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1189 [P. Bonnet]). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest, also above a small stream in gallery forest, 759
1077 m a.s.l. May, June, August
October. Thailand. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1306 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). March, April. Dendrobium hercoglossum Rchb. f. (Breviflores) Dendrobium gibsonii Paxton (Dendrobium) Callista gibsonii (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. var. gibsonii (Lindl.) Finet; Dendrobium fuscatum Lindl. Callista annamensis Kraenzl.; Callista hercoglossa (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Callista vexans (Dammer) Kraenzl.; Dendrobium poilanei Guillaumin; Dendrobium vexans Dammer; Dendrobium wangii C. L. Tso; Goldschmidtia gracilis Dammer. Nepal, Bhutan, India, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB377). India, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S). Epiphyte in secondary montane forest, 1236 m a.s.l. July. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium gratiosissimum Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Callista boxallii (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Callista gratiosissima (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium boxallii Rchb. f.; Dendrobium bullerianum Bateman. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL316a [P. Inthapanya.]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL568 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL939 [M. Newman et al.]; S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB228, PB288); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in Fagaceae dominated primary and secondary evergreen and semi-deciduous montane forest, 1063
1365 m a.s.l. March
May. Dendrobium harveyanum Rchb. f. (Densiflora) Callista harveyana (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL965 [M. Newman et al.]; N). March, April. Note: the NUOL specimen has much smaller flowers than is usual for this species. It is interesting to note that the same phenomenon was observed in D. parishii and D. wardianum. In each case so little material is available from Laos that it is at present impossible to say if these smallflowered forms are normal for this country. Callista aurea (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista heterocarpa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium atractodes Ridl.; Dendrobium aureum Lindl.; Dendrobium aureum Lindl. var. henshallii (Hook.) Veitch; Dendrobium aureum Lindl. var. pallidum Lindl.; Dendrobium aureum Lindl. var. philippinense Rchb. f.; Dendrobium aureum Lindl. var. rhombeum (Lindl.) Stein; Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. var. pallidum (Lindl.) Kraenzl.; Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. var. philippinense (Rchb. f.) Kraenzl.; Dendrobium minahassae Kraenzl.; Dendrobium rhombeum Lindl. Sri Lanka, India (Deccan), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL505 [B. Svengsuksa]; S). 1000 m a.s.l. February, March. Dendrobium indivisum (Blume) Miq. (Aporum) Aporum incrassatum Blume; Aporum indivisum Blume; Callista eulophota (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista incrassata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista indivisa (Blume) Kuntze; Dendrobium eulophotum Lindl.; Dendrobium incrassatum (Blume) Miq. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. Laos: Attapu (P. Bonnet PB538); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL50 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL658 [Savieng]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL386 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘Phu Quoc’ (S). Epiphyte in dry dipterocarp forest, 98 m a.s.l. March
July. 283 Dendrobium infundibulum Lindl. (Formosae) Dendrobium langbianense Gagnep. (Stachyobium) Callista infundibulum (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium jamesianum Rchb. f. Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB144). India (NE), Burma, Thailand. Laos: Xaisomboun (S). 2500 m a.s.l. November. Epiphyte on tree trunk in disturbed forest on the margin of a small open plateau on a limestone mountain, 1400 m a.s.l. November. Dendrobium jenkinsii Wall. ex Lindl. (Densiflora) Dendrobium aggregatum Roxb. var. jenkinsii (Wall. ex Lindl.) King & Pantl.; Dendrobium marseillei Gagnep. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1308 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL474 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB279); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen montane forest, 907 m a.s.l. February, March. Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb. f. (Aporum) Aporum leonis Lindl.; Callista leonis (Lindl.) Kuntze. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. P2 [P. Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL51, OL1654b [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); ‘southern’ (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest, 250 m a.s.l. June, August, October, December. Dendrobium lindleyi Steud. (Densiflora) Dendrobium lagarum Seidenf. (Crumenata) Ceraia lagara (Seidenf.) M. A. Clem. Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1428). January. Dendrobium lamellatum (Blume) Lindl. (Platycaulon) Callista lamellata (Blume) Kuntze; Dendrobium compressum Lindl.; Eurycaulis compressus (Lindl.) M. A. Clem.; Eurycaulis lamellatus (Blume) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Onychium lamellatum Blume; Pedilonum lamellatum (Blume) Brieger. Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Dendrobium lamyaiae Seidenf. (Dendrobium) Laos: ‘Brikhanchai Province, Khong Mack District, Nam Ching Village’ (Sukhakul GT 9771, type of D. lamyaiae, C, n.v., see note below); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1207 [P. Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL250 [S. Sopraseuth]; Kerr 1960, n. v., see note under D. unicum). Epiphyte in open montane conifer woodland, 889 m a.s.l. July, August. Note: originally published as D. lanyaiae, a name that turned to contain an orthographic error (Seidenfaden and Pedersen 2002). The type locality cited by Seidenfaden (1996) is puzzling, since there is neither a Brikhanchai province, nor a Khong Mack district in Laos, and we have been unable to locate a Nam Ching village. 284 Callista aggregata (Roxb.) Kuntze; Dendrobium aggregatum Roxb. India (NE, Deccan), Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL101 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL641 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louang Namtha (NUOL cult. OL677 [S. Nilsavang]); Louangphrabang (S); Saravan (N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL278 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xiangkhoang (N). Lowlands. February, March. Dendrobium lituiflorum Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista lituiflora (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium hanburyanum Rchb. f. Thailand, Vietnam, India (NE), Burma, China. Laos: Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (P. Bonnet, T. Keokene PB197; S). Epiphyte in crown of a solitary garden tree. March. Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe (Dendrobium) Callista loddigesii (Rolfe) Kuntze; Dendrobium pulchellum Lodd. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte at base of small tree in montane scrub, 1100 m a.s.l. April. Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista macrostachya (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista stuartii (F. M. Bailey) Kuntze; Callista tetrodon (Rchb.f. ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium stuartii F. M. Bailey; Dendrobium tetrodon Rchb. f. ex Lindl.; Dendrobium tetrodon Rchb. f. ex Lindl. var. vanvuurenii J. J. Sm.; Dendrobium viridicatum Ridl.; Dendrobium whiteanum T. E. Hunt. Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, New Guinea, Australia. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1720). May, June. Dendrobium mannii Ridl. (Aporum) Aporum mannii (Ridl.) Rauschert. India (NE), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL513 [B. Svengsuksa]). November, December. Dendrobium monticola P. F. Hunt & Summerh. (Stachyobium) India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Saravan (N); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. February. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista nobilis (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium chlorostylum Simond ex Gagnep.; Dendrobium coerulescens Wall. ex Lindl.; Dendrobium lindleyanum Griff.; Dendrobium nobile Lindl. f. nobilius (Rchb. f.) Hiroe. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB256, PB289); Saravan (S); Vientiane (S); Xaignabouri (S); Xaisomboun (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen montane ridge forest, also in the lowlands. 170
1365 m a.s.l. March, April. 218.1. Callista alpestris (Royle) Kuntze; Dendrobium alpestre Royle; Dendrobium pusillum D. Don; Dendrobium roylei A. D. Hawkes & A. H. Heller; Dendrobium roylei Hiroe. Dendrobium oligophyllum Simond ex Gagnep. (Distichophyllae) India, Nepal, China, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1637 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1162 [M. Newman et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL778 [P. Sengsomphou]). January, September
December. Dendrobium tixieri Guillaumin. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium pachyglossum Parish & Rchb. f. (Conostalix) Callista moschata (Buch.-Ham.) Kuntze; Cymbidium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Willd.; Dendrobium calceolaria Carey ex Hook.; Dendrobium cupreum Herb. ex Lindl.; Epidendrum moschatum Buch.-Ham.; Thicuania moschata (Buch.-Ham.) Raf. Callista pachyglossa (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Conostalix pachyglossa (Parish & Rchb. f.) Rauschert; Dendrobium abietinum Ridl.; Dendrobium fallax Guillaumin. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (NUOL cult. OL291 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1698 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1047 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL444 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). Lowlands. March
July. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1002 [V. Lamxay et al.]). July, October, December. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Attapu (P. Bonnet PB535); Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1230 [P.Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL666 [Savieng]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL528 [B. Svengsuksa]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL952 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1206 [P. Bonnet]; S). Epiphyte in open montane conifer woodland, also in secondary humid evergreen lowland forest, 169
971 m a.s.l. July, August, October. Dendrobium multilineatum Kerr (Formosae) Vietnam. Laos: Xaisomboun (S). Epiphyte on trees in evergreen montane forest, 1900 m a.s.l. April. Dendrobium nathanielis Rchb. f. (Aporum) Aporum cuspidatum Wall. ex Lindl.; Aporum nathanielis (Rchb. f.) M. A. Clem.; Callista nathanielis (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium cuspidatum Lindl.; Dendrobium multiflorum Parish & Rchb. f. Dendrobium parciflorum Rchb. f. ex Lindl. (Strongyle) Aporum jenkinsii Griff.; Callista jenkinsii (Griff.) Kuntze; Dendrobium hainanense Rolfe; Dendrobium perula Rchb. f. India (NE), China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL525 [B. Svengsuksa]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL973 [M. Newman et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Saravan (S); Vientiane (S). 1000 m a.s.l. August, September. 285 Dendrobium parcum Rchb. f. (Herbacea) Callista parca (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium hexadesmia Rchb. f.; Dendrobium listeroglossum Kraenzl.; Dendrobium parcoides Guillaumin; Dendrobium tapingense W. W. Sm. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL132 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]. Dendrobium parishii Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Callista parishii Kuntze. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (S); Louangphrabang (NUOL cult. OL593b [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Vientiane (S). April, May. Note: the NUOL specimen has flowers about half the normal size for this species. See also note under D. harveyanum. Dendrobium pendulum Roxb. (Dendrobium) Callista crassinodis (Benson & Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Callista pendula (Roxb.) Kuntze; Dendrobium crassinode Benson & Rchb. f.; Dendrobium crassinode Benson & Rchb. f. var. albiflora Rchb. f.; Dendrobium crassinode Benson & Rchb. f. var. barbarianum Rchb. f. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL91 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL550 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (S); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in light evergreen montane forest, 1100 m a.s.l. February
April. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB520, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside). July. Dendrobium porphyrophyllum Guillaumin (Aporum) Aporum porphyrophyllum (Guillaumin) M. A. Clem.; Dendrobium indivisum (Blume) Miq. var. lampangense Rolfe; Dendrobium neolampangense Aver. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest. April. Dendrobium pulchellum Roxb. ex Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista pulchella (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium brevifolium Hort. ex Lindl.; Dendrobium dalhousieanum Wall. India (NE), Burma, Nepal, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL67 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1026 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1034 [V. Lamxay et al.], OL1043 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL357 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaignabouri (S). Lowlands. March
June. Dendrobium ruckeri Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista ramosa (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista ruckeri (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium chittimae Seidenf.; Dendrobium pseudointricatum Guillaumin, syn. nov.; Dendrobium ramosum Lindl. Dendrobium polyanthum Lindl. (Dendrobium) India, Bhutan, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1647 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL1721). February, March. Callista cretacea (Lindl.) Kunzte; Callista primulina (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium cretaceum Lindl.; Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl. (Grastidium) India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Andaman Is., China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak NUOL cult. OL580b [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL805 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL859 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL1319 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB258; NUOL cult. OL340 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL728 [P. Sengsomphou]); Vientiane (S); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). Lowlands. March, April. Callista intermedia (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kuntze; Callista salaccensis (Blume) Kuntze; Dendrobium bambusifolium Parish & Rchb. f.; Dendrobium intermedium Teijsm. & Binn.; Grastidium bambusifolium (Parish & Rchb. f.) Brieger; Grastidium salaccense Blume. Dendrobium porphyrochilum Lindl. (Stachyobium) Epiphyte in deciduous dipterocarp forest, also lithophytic on damp, shady, humus-covered rock at the top of a 15 m high waterfall, 307
540 m a.s.l. April, July, October. Callista porphyrochila (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium caespitosum King & Pantl. 286 Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1118 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB25); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL414 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Dendrobium scabrilingue Lindl. (Formosae) Callista scabrilinguis (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium galactanthum Schltr.; Dendrobium hedyosmum Bateman ex Hook. f. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). 1500 m a.s.l. January. Epiphyte at base of a large tree trunk along a river, on Pinus in open montane conifer woodland, and on trees in open scrub, 200
1500 m a.s.l. January
April. Dendrobium signatum Rchb. f. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium hildebrandii Rolfe; Dendrobium tortile Lindl. var. hildebrandii (Rolfe) Tang & F. T. Wang. Dendrobium schildhaueri Ormerod & H. A. Pedersen (Formosae) Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL661 [Savieng]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1681 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL833 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1031 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1128 [P. Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL372 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaisomboun (NUOL cult. OL361 [V. Lamxay et al.]). Epiphyte in secondary forest and on small trees in open Pinus woodland, 297
1000 m a.s.l. June
October. Dendrobium schrautii Schildh. (Formosae) Dendrobium phi Christenson ex Aver. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL96 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL133 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL606, OL632, OL639, OL654, OL803 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL898 [M. Newman et al.]; N). February
April. Dendrobium spatella Rchb. f. (Aporum) Aporum banaense (Gagnep.) Rauschert; Aporum spatella (Rchb. f.) M. A. Clem.; Callista spatella (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium banaense Gagnep. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1131 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Khammouan (N); Vientiane (S). Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1648 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Epiphyte at 2 m above the ground on a tree trunk in secondary humid evergreen lowland forest, 169 m a.s.l. May
July, October, November. Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl. (Pedilonum) Dendrobium strongylanthum Rchb. f. (Stachyobium) Callista bursigera (Lindl.) Kuntze; Callista secunda (Blume) Kuntze; Dendrobium bursigerum Lindl.; Dendrobium heterostigma Rchb. f.; Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl. f. album Valmayor & D. Tiu; Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl. var. album Sander; Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl. var. bursigerum (Lindl.) Ridl.; Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl. var. niveum Rchb. f.; Pedilonum bursigerum (Lindl.) Rauschert; Pedilonum secundum Blume. Callista strongylantha (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium ctenoglossum Schltr. India, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Attapu (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL171 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL914 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL317 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaignabouri (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in open lowland forest. February, March. Dendrobium senile Parish ex Rchb. f. (Formosae) Callista senilis (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1111 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1214 [P. Bonnet]; S); Xiangkhoang (S). India, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB162). Epiphyte on tree trunk in disturbed forest on the margin of a small open plateau on a limestone mountain, 1400 m a.s.l. November. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl. (Stuposa) Callista flavidula (Ridl. ex Hook. f.) Kuntze; Callista stuposa (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium exsculptum Teijsm. & Binn.; Dendrobium exsculptum Teijsm. & Binn. var. purpureum J. J. Sm.; Dendrobium flavidulum Ridl. ex Hook. f.; Dendrobium pristinum Ames; Dendrobium spegidoglossum Rchb. f. India, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB548, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside). July, August. Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl. (Densiflora) Callista sulcata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl. var. polyantha Rolfe. 287 India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Dendrobium thyrsiflorum Rchb. f. ex Andr. (Densiflora) Callista thyrsiflora (Rchb. f.) M. A. Clem.; Dendrobium densiflorum Wall. ex Lindl. var. albolutea Hook. f.; Dendrobium galliceanum Linden. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL162 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL1646 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL940 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB341; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB311; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB370); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB240; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB290; S); Vientiane (S, sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman]). Epiphyte in dry evergreen forest, in mixed deciduous forest, in riverine forest, in Fagaceae dominated secondary and primary evergreen montane forest, and in disturbed forest near the summit of a high limestone mountain, 700
1400 m a.s.l. February, April, May. Note: one of the most frequent epiphytic orchids in Laos. Dendrobium tortile Lindl. (Dendrobium) Callista tortilis (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium dartoisianum De Wild.; Dendrobium haniffii Ridl.; Dendrobium haniffii Ridl. var. dartoisianum (De Wild.) A. D. Hawkes; Dendrobium tortile Lindl. var. dartoisianum (De Wild.) O’Brien ex Kraenzl.; Dendrobium tortile Lindl. var. simondii Gagnep. Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S). Dendrobium transparens Lindl. (Dendrobium) Dendrobium unicum Seidenf. (Dendrobium) Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL567 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]);?Vientiane (S, see note below); ‘Bolovens’ (S). February, December. Note: Seidenfaden’s record from Vientiane Province (based on Kerr 2275 from Phou Khao Khouay) is probably D. lamyaiae. Kerr’s description (1969, as D. arachnites Rchb. f., based on Kerr 1960 from Phou Khao Khouay) fits the latter, rather than D. unicum. We have observed D. lamyaiae ourselves in Phou Khao Khouay but have never seen D. unicum there. Dendrobium unicum is probably restricted to southern Laos and flowers during the cool dry season, whereas D. lamyaiae is only known from central Laos and flowers during the rainy season. Dendrobium venustum Teijsm. & Binn. (Stachyobium) Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1009 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL1685 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL296 [V. Lamxay et al.]; S); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1039 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1224 [P. Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL320 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Xaignabouri (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Lithophytic on a bare rock face in open vegetation, 297 m a.s.l. June
October. Dendrobium wardianum R. Warner (Dendrobium) Callista wardiana (R. Warner) Kuntze; Dendrobium wardianum R. Warner var. candidum Hook. f. Bhutan, India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1716). May. Callista transparens (Wall.) Kuntze; Dendrobium henshallii Rchb. f. Note: the NUOL collection cited has unusually small flowers, only half the normal size for this species. See also note under D. harveyanum. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB298, cultivated in a private garden in the town of Louang Namtha, collected by the owner in Louang Namtha province). April. Diploprora championii (Lindl. ex Benth.) Hook. f. Dendrobium trigonopus Rchb. f. (Formosae) Callista trigonopus (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium velutinum Rolfe. Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL645 [M. Newman et al.]; NUOL cult. OL821 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]), OL1300 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL309 [N. Soulivong]; S). 1800 m a.s.l. March
May. 288 Cottonia championii Lindl. ex Benth.; Diploprora bicaudata (Thwaites) Schltr.; Luisia bicaudata Thwaites; Stauropsis championii (Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Vanda bicaudata (Thwaites) Thwaites. India (Deccan, NE), Sri Lanka, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB501, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1157 [M. Newman et al.]; N). Epiphyte in a shady wet evergreen forest, 1200 m a.s.l. June, July. Drymoda picta Lindl. Bulbophyllum pictum Parish & Rchb. f. Burma, Thailand. Laos: unspecified (S). Drymoda siamensis Schltr. Thailand. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL982 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (S). 1800 m a.s.l. March. Galera pallida (Wight) Blume; Galera rolfei Harata; Galera rosea (D. Don) Blume; Gastrodia schinziana Kraenzl.; Limodorum roseum D. Don; Podanthera pallida Wight; Stereosandra schinziana (Kraenzl.) Garay. Tropical Africa, tropical continental Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia. Laos: Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in evergreen forest, 600 m a.s.l. April. Eparmatostigma dives (Rchb. f.) Garay Eria acervata Lindl. (Hymeneria) Saccolabium chrysoplectrum Guillaumin; Saccolabium chrysoplectrum Guillaumin var. albiflorum Guillaumin; Saccolabium dives Rchb. f. Dendrobium seriatum Wall. ex Hook. f.; Eria poilanei Gagnep.; Pinalia acervata (Lindl.) Kuntze. Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB131). India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Tibet, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL90 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S). June. Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest on the slope of a steep limestone hill, 648 m a.s.l. May. Eria amica Rchb. f. (Hymeneria) Epigeneium amplum (Lindl.) Summerh. Bulbophyllum amplum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Callista ampla (Lindl.) Kuntze; Dendrobium amplum Lindl.; Dendrobium coelogyne Rchb. f.; Epigeneium coelogyne (Rchb. f.) Summerh.; Katherinea ampla (Lindl.) A. D. Hawkes; Sarcopodium amplum (Lindl.) Lindl. & Paxton. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB374). Epiphyte in secondary evergreen montane forest, 1236 m a.s.l. November, December. Epigeneium clemensiae Gagnep. Epigeneium delacourii Gagnep.; Sarcopodium clemensiae (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang. China, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Khammouan (N). Eria confusa Hook. f.; Pinalia amica (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Pinalia confusa (Hook. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1170 [M. Newman et al.]); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB224); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in Fagaceae dominated secondary evergreen montane forest, 600
1500 m a.s.l. March, April, September. Eria biflora Griff. (Cylindrolobus) Cylindrolobus biflorus (Griff.) Rauschert; Pinalia biflora (Griff.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is. Laos: ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epipactis flava Seidenf. Arthrochilium flavum (Seidenf.) Szlach. Eria bilobulata Seidenf. (Pinalia) Thailand. Laos: Attapu (S). Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Epipogium roseum (D. Don) Lindl. Eria bipunctata Lindl. (Pinalia) Ceratopsis rosea (D. Don) Lindl.; Epipogium dentilabellum Ohtani & S. Suzuki; Epipogium guilfoylii F. Muell.; Epipogium japonicum Makino; Epipogium nutans (Blume) Rchb. f.; Epipogium nutans (Blume) Rchb. f. var. celebicus Schltr.; Epipogium poneranthum Fukuy.; Epipogium sinicum C. L. Tso; Epipogium tuberosum Duthie; Epipogon kusukusense Hayata; Epipogon kusukusensis (Hayata) Schltr.; Epipogon makinoanus Schltr.; Epipogon rolfei (Hayata) Schltr.; Galera kusukusensis Hayata; Galera nutans Blume; Eria eberhardtii Gagnep.; Pinalia bipunctata (Lindl.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1425); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL763 [P. Sengsomphou]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL424 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). August. 289 Eria boniana (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang (Eria) Eria donnaiensis (Gagnep.) Seidenf. (Hymeneria) Dendrobium bonianum Gagnep.; Eria petelotii Gagnep. Dendrobium donnaiense Gagnep. Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB560). Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S). Lithophyte in ravine in dense secondary humid evergreen forest, close to a waterfall. August
October. Eria globulifera Seidenf. (Pinalia) Note: Seidenfaden (1992) includes this and the related species E. corneri Rchb. f. and E. clausa King & Pantl. in section Trichosma. Based on an examination of the vegetative and floral morphology of a living specimen of E. boniana we believe these three species, as well as the similar E. vittata Lindl., to be members of section Eria. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB361); Saravan (S); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB94; S). Epiphyte and lithophyte in evergreen forest on limestone, 342
722 m a.s.l. August, September. Eria hindei Summerh. (Secundae) Eria bractescens Lindl. (Hymeneria) Dendrobium subterrestre Gagnep.; Eria dillwynii Hook.; Eria griffithii Rchb. f.; Eria hemimelaena Rchb. f.; Eria littoralis Teijsm. & Binn.; Eria pulchella Griff.; Pinalia bractescens (Lindl.) Kuntze; Pinalia pulchella (Griff.) Kuntze; Tropilis subterrestris (Gagnep.) Rauschert. India (NE), Andaman Isl., Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. February, March. Eria dasypus Rchb. f. (Hymeneria) Pinalia dasypus (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1188 [P. Bonnet]). Epiphyte on Pinus trunk in open montane conifer woodland, 767 m a.s.l. October, November. Eria discolor Lindl. (Tylostylis) Callostylis rigida Blume; Callostylis rigida Blume subsp. discolor (Lindl.) Brieger; Eria pholidotoides Gagnep.; Eria rigida (Blume) Rchb. f.; Liparis bidentata Griff.; Tylostylis discolor (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Tylostylis rigida (Blume) Ridl. India (NE), Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB431); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL551 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL886 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB333); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB572); Vientiane (S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte in both dry and humid evergreen montane forest, 800
1150 m a.s.l. February, November. 290 Eria porteri Seidenf. & Kerr. Cambodia, Vietnam, India (NE). Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Vientiane (S). Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume (Eria) Callista perakensis (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Dendrobium javanicum Sw.; Dendrobium perakense Hook. f.; Dendrolirium rugosum Blume; Eria cochleata Lindl.; Eria fragrans Rchb. f.; Eria inamoena Schltr.; Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume var. philippinensis Kraenzl.; Eria pseudostellata Schltr.; Eria rugosa (Blume) Lindl.; Eria stellata Lindl.; Eria striolata Rchb. f.; Eria vaginata (Breda) Benth.; Katherinea perakensis (Hook. f.) A. D. Hawkes; Octomeria stellata (Lindl.) Spreng.; Octomeria vaginata Breda; Pinalia fragrans (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Pinalia rugosa (Blume) Kuntze; Pinalia stellata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Pinalia striolata (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Sarcopodium perakense (Hook. f.) Kraenzl.; Tainia sessilifolia Fraser; Tainia stellata (Lindl.) Pfitzer. India (NE), Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB465); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB216); Vientiane (P. Bonnet PB187; S). Epiphyte in open xeric forest on summit of limestone hill and on large Ficus tree in riverine forest, 457
737 m a.s.l. July, August. Eria laniceps Rchb. f. (Dendrolirium) India (NE), Thailand, Burma. Laos: Vientiane (S). Eria lasiopetala (Willd.) Ormerod (Dendrolirium) Aerides lasiopetala Willd.; Dendrobium macranthum de Vriese ex Lindl.; Dendrobium pubescens Hook.; Dendrolirium albidotomentosum Blume; Epidendrum lasiopetalum (Willd.) Poir.; Eria albidotomentosa (Blume) Lindl.; Eria albidotomentosa (Blume) Lindl. var. pelor Carr; Eria flava Lindl.; Eria pubescens (Hook.) Lindl.; Eria pubescens (Hook.) Steud.; Octomeria flava Wall. ex Lindl.; Octomeria pubescens (Hook.) Spreng.; Pinalia albidotomentosa (Blume) Kuntze; Pinalia pubescens (Hook.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1116 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]; S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL234 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB18); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1190 [P. Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL333 [S. Sopraseuth]; S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest and gallery forest, also lithophytic on rocks in a large stream, very close to the water, 307
759 m a.s.l. February
April, September
November. Eria muscicola (Lindl.) Lindl. (Conchidium) Dendrobium muscicola Lindl.; Dendrobium parviflorum D. Don; Pinalia muscicola (Lindl.) Kuntze. ?Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Tibet, China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). 1500 m a.s.l. August. Eria ornata (Blume) Lindl. (Dendrolirium) Dendrolirium ornatum Blume; Eria armeniaca Lindl.; Pinalia ornata (Blume) Kuntze. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL241 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). June. Eria paniculata Lindl. (Mycaranthes) Dendrobium floribundum D. Don; Pinalia paniculata (Lindl.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S); Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB413); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL157 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Houaphan (S); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall, also in open montane forest. 1077
1300 m a.s.l. February, April, June. Eria pannea Lindl. (Strongyleria) Eria calamifolia Hook. f.; Eria nivosa Ridl.; Eria odoratissima Teijsm. & Binn.; Eria teretifolia Griff.; Pinalia calamifolia (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Pinalia pannea (Lindl.) Kuntze. India (NE), Burma, China (Hainan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB419; NUOL cult. OL1229 [P. Bonnet]; N); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB554); Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL883 [P. Thomas et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB5; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB332); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB210); ‘Bolovens’ (S); ‘Phu Khao Khouai’ (S). Epiphyte in dense evergreen forest near a waterfall, in secondary evergreen lowland forest near a waterfall, in open montane conifer woodland, in deciduous dipterocarp forest and in mixed deciduous forest, 169
1500 m a.s.l. January, April
July, December. Eria perpusilla Parish & Rchb. f. (Conchidium) Eria microphyton Schltr.; Gunnarorchis perpusilla (Parish & Rchb. f.) Brieger; Pinalia perpusilla (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Thailand, Vietnam, Burma. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, T. Keokene PB192); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL813 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL975 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]);Vientiane (S). Epiphyte at base of a tree trunk near a riverbank in deciduous dipterocarp forest, 307
1000 m a.s.l. February. Eria pudica Ridl. (Pinalia) Bryobium pudicum (Ridl.) Y. P. Ng & P. J. Cribb; Eria monophylla Schltr. Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1115 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]). Epiphyte in deciduous forest at 2 m high in a tree along a large stream, 307 m a.s.l. June, July. Eria siamensis Schltr. (Secundae) Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL870); Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL871 [P. Thomas et al.]; N). January. Eria spirodela Aver. (Conchidium) Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1095 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL980 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1195 [P. Bonnet]). Epiphyte in secondary humid evergreen forest, in gallery forest over a small stream, and on large smooth boulders in a stream together with Porpax elwesii and mosses, 169
759 m a.s.l. July, August. 291 Eria sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie (Hymeneria) Thailand, Vietnam, Burma. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB385); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL798 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Xaisomboun (S). Epiphyte in forest on limestone, 1236
1500 m a.s.l. June. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Nicobar Is., Burma, China, Ryukyu Is., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. February. Eulophia herbacea Lindl. Eulophia albiflora Edgew. ex Lindl. Eria tomentosa (J. Koenig) Hook. f. (Dendrolirium) Epidendrum tomentosum J. Koenig; Pinalia tomentosa (J. Koenig) Kuntze. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL145 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL456 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Xaignabouri (S); Xiangkhoang (S). 170
800 m a.s.l. February, May, June. Eria truncata Lindl. (Cylindrolobus) India, Nepal, China, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). Eulophia macrobulbon (Parish & Rchb. f.) Hook. f. Cyrtopera macrobulbon Parish & Rchb. f.; Eulophia cambodiensis Guillaumin. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL649 [M. Newman et al.]; N). February. Cylindrolobus truncatus (Lindl.) Rauschert; Eria chrysobractea Schltr.; Eria trilamellata Rolfe; Pinalia truncata (Lindl.) Kuntze. Eulophia pauciflora Guillaumin Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S); Xaisomboun (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (S). Epiphyte in evergreen montane forest, 1400
1900 m a.s.l. April. Eulophia promensis Lindl. Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Hayata) Garay Galeola ochobiensis Hayata. India (NE), Burma, Taiwan, Ryukyu Is., Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (S). Eulophia andamanensis Rchb. f. Eulophia keithii Ridl.; Eulophia poilanei Gagnep. Andaman Is., Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL834 [S. Bouamanivong]; S). Terrestrial among rocks in open vegetation on hilltop. March, April. Eulophia dufossei Guillaumin Thailand, Cambodia. Laos: Vientiane (S). Eulophia graminea Lindl. Eulophia decipiens Kurz; Eulophia gusukumai Masam.; Eulophia inconspicua Griff.; Eulophia ramosa Hayata; Eulophia sinensis Miq.; Eulophia ucbii Malhotra & Balodi; Graphorkis decipiens (Kurz) Kuntze; Graphorkis graminea (Lindl.) Kuntze; Graphorkis inconspicua (Griff.) Kuntze. 292 Ania promensis (Lindl.) Senghas; Ascotainia promensis (Lindl.) Schltr.; Eulophia geniculata King & Pantl.; Eulophia massiei Guillaumin; Tainia promensis (Lindl.) Hook. f. India (NE), Burma, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. August. Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh Cypripedium bulbosum Blanco; Cyrtopera fusca Wight; Cyrtopera gardneri Thwaites; Cyrtopera godefroyi Rchb. f.; Cyrtopera laxiflora Gardner ex Thwaites; Cyrtopera mysorensis Lindl.; Cyrtopera nuda (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Cyrtopera plicata Lindl.; Cyrtopera regnieri Rchb. f.; Cyrtopodium bicolor (Blume) Ridl.; Cyrtopodium fuscum (Wight) Trimen; Cyrtopodium squalidum (Lindl.) S. Vidal; Dipodium plicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Dipodium ranala Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Dipodium roniata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Eulophia bicolor Blume; Eulophia bicolor Blume var. celebica J. J. Sm.; Eulophia bicolor Dalz.; Eulophia burkei Rolfe ex Downie; Eulophia celebica Blume; Eulophia elata Hook. f.; Eulophia elongata Blume; Eulophia fusca (Wight) Blume; Eulophia hildebrandii Schltr.; Eulophia holochila Collett & Hemsl.; Eulophia lutea Blume; Eulophia mucronata Blume; Eulophia nuda Lindl.; Eulophia regnieri (Rchb. f.) Guillaumin; Eulophia squalida Lindl.; Eulophia squalida Lindl. var. celebica (Blume) Schltr.; Eulophia squalida Lindl. var. neoguineensis Schltr.; Eulophia sumatrana Blume; Geodorum pierrei Gagnep.; Graphorkis elata (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Graphorkis lutea (Blume) Kuntze; Graphorkis squalida (Lindl.) Kuntze; Graphorkis sumatrana (Blume) Kuntze; Phaius steppicola Hand.-Mazz.; Semiphajus chevalieri Gagnep.; Wolfia spectabilis Dennst. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Nicobar Isl., Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Ma- laysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Fiji, Tonga. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL159 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louang Namtha (S); Savannakhet (S); Xaignabouri (S); Xaisomboun (NUOL cult. OL359 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Xiangkhoang (S). Terrestrial in savannah, 900 m a.s.l. March, April. Geodorum candidum (Roxb.) Lindl. Geodorum attenuatum Griff.; Geodorum candidum Wall.; Geodorum cochinchinense Gagnep.; Geodorum laoticum Guillaumin; Geodorum regnieri Gagnep.; Limodorum candidum Roxb. Burma, China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Savannakhet (S); Vientiane (S); Xaignabouri (S). Terrestrial in light evergreen forest, 200 m a.s.l. April, May. Flickingeria albopurpurea Seidenf. China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB530); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL777 [P. Sengsomphou]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1219 [P. Bonnet]; S); Xiangkhoang (NUOL cult. OL341 [B. Svengsuksa]). Epiphyte on tree trunk in a large stream in gallery forest, 781
1100 m a.s.l. June, July. Flickingeria ritaeana (King & Pantl.) A. D. Hawkes Dendrobium ritaeanum King & Pantl.; Desmotrichum ritaeanum (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl.; Ephemerantha ritaeana (King & Pantl.) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. India (NE), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB406). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall, 1077 m a.s.l. May. Gastrochilus bellinus (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Goodyera procera (Ker Gawl.) Hook. Cionisaccus lanceolatus Breda; Cordylestylis foliosa Falc.; Epipactis parviflora (Blume) Eaton; Epipactis philippinensis Ames; Epipactis procera (Ker Gawl.) Eaton; Goodyera carnea A. Rich.; Goodyera lancifolia Franch. & Sav.; Goodyera parviflora (Blume) Blume; Goodyera philippinensis (Ames) Schltr.; Leucostachys procera (Ker Gawl.) Hoffmanns.; Neottia parviflora Blume; Neottia procera Ker Gawl.; Orchiodes parviflorum (Blume) Kuntze; Orchiodes procerum (Ker Gawl.) Kuntze; Peramium procerum (Ker Gawl.) Makino; Spiranthes parviflora (Blume) Hassk. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Arch., Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Philippines. Laos: Attapu (S); Louangphrabang (P. Bonnet PB180); Oudomxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman; photo]); Xiangkhoang (S). Terrestrial at the bank of a small stream and in open herbaceous vegetation at the top of a waterfall in evergreen forest, also on rock in a stream, 400
555 m a.s.l. April. Saccolabium bellinum Rchb. f. Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Grammatophyllum fastuosum Lindl.; Grammatophyllum giganteum Blume ex Rchb. f.; Grammatophyllum macranthum (Wight) Rchb. f.; Pattonia macrantha Wight. Note: identification fide Kerr (1969); requires confirmation. Gastrochilus obliquus (Lindl.) Kuntze Saccolabium obliquum Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL124 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL708 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (sight record; S). Epiphyte in dry evergreen mountane forest, 900 m a.s.l. October, November. Thailand, Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands. Laos: Vientiane (S). 300 m a.s.l. Habenaria chlorina Parish & Rchb. f. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. October. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. Gastrodia exilis Hook. f. Gastrodia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie. India (NE), Thailand. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB616). On decaying tree trunks in humid evergreen forest, 1245 m a.s.l. October. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. subsp. ecalcarata (King & Pantl.) Panigrahi & Murti; Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. var. tohoensis (Hayata) S. S. Ying; Habenaria finetiana Schltr.; Habenaria geniculata Hamilton ex D. Don; Habenaria geniculata Hamilton ex D. Don var. ecalcarata King & Pantl.; Habenaria geniculata Hamilton ex D. Don var. yunnanensis (Finet) Finet; Habenaria miersiana Champ. ex Benth.; Habenaria miersiana Champ. ex Benth. var. yunnanensis Finet; Habenaria sieboldiana Miq.; Habenaria tienensis Tang & F. T. Wang; Orchis dentata Sw.; 293 Plantaginorchis dentata (Sw.) Szlach.; Plantaginorchis finetiana (Schltr.) Szlach.; Platanthera dentata (Sw.) Lindl.; Platanthera dentata (Sw.) Lindl. f. ecalcarata (King & Pantl.) Tuyama; Platanthera geniculata (Hamilton ex D. Don) Lindl. Burma, China (Yunnan), Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (S); Vientiane (S). In cleared woods in the lowlands. July. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Nepal, Burma, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Arch., Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. Laos: Attapu (S); Champasak (N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB177); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Kraenzlinorchis malintana (Blanco) Szlach.; Thelymitra malintana Blanco. Terrestrial in grassland on sandy poor soil surrounded by deciduous dipterocarp forest, also in the lowlands. 170
586 m a.s.l. September, October. India (NE), Burma, China (Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB115). Habenaria dentirostrata Tang & F. T. Wang Terrestrial among grass and shrubs between upland rice fields, 863 m a.s.l. November. Kraenzlinorchis dentirostrata (Tang & F. T. Wang) Szlach. Burma. Laos: Vientiane (S). Near rice fields in the lowlands. September. Habenaria malintana (Blanco) Merr. Habenaria mandersii Collett & Hemsl. Kraenzlinorchis mandersii (Collett & Hemsl.) Szlach. Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (S). Habenaria furcifera Lindl. Habenaria medusa Kraenzl. Habenaria hamigera Griff.; Habenaria ovalifolia Wight; Habenaria tenuicornis Wall. ex Hook. f. Fimbrorchis medusa (Kraenzl.) Szlach.; Fimbrorchis myriotricha (Gagnep.) Szlach.; Habenaria myriotricha Gagnep. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB343). Vietnam; Sumatra, Java, Borneo, ?Sulawesi. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. P3 [P. Bonnet]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL943 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in open deciduous secondary forest, 788 m a.s.l. October, November. Terrestrial in forest, including forest at the base of limestone hills; 500 m a.s.l. August
October. Habenaria holotricha Gagnep. Medusorchis holotricha (Gagnep.) Szlach. Thailand. Laos: unspecified (S). Habenaria poilanei Gagnep. Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1346 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). June. Habenaria khasiana Hook. f. Habenaria graminea Lindl.; Habenaria graminifolia Gagnep. India (NE), Thailand, Cambodia, New Guinea. Laos: Champasak (S); Saravan (S). Habenaria reflexa Blume Habenaria murtonii Hook. f. India (NE), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. Laos: unspecified (C. Punpreuk 1, SING, not seen). Habenaria lindleyana Steud. Habenaria columbae Ridl.; Habenaria latifolia Lindl.; Habenaria macroptera Gagnep. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (S). Habenaria lucida Lindl. Habenaria recurva Rolfe ex Downie; Habenella lucida (Wall. ex Lindl.) Szlach. & Kras-Lap.; Platanthera lucida Lindl.; Platantheroides lucida (Lindl.) Szlach. 294 Habenaria rhodocheila Hance Habenaria erichmichaelii Christenson; Habenaria militaris Rchb. f.; Habenaria pusilla Rchb. f.; Habenaria xanthocheila Ridl.; Smithanthe rhodocheila (Hance) Szlach. & Marg. China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, D. Barthélémy; photo]; N); Champasak (photos seen; S); Khammouan (N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1200 [P. Bonnet]; S); Xiangkhoang (S). Holcoglossum amesianum (Rchb. f.) Christenson Lithophytic on large boulders with a thin cover of moss close to a stream through evergreen forest, also lithophytic close to the ground in open montane conifer woodland, on shaded vertical cliffs near a waterfall, and on tree stumps along a stream, 307
1245 m a.s.l. July
October. Holcoglossum amesianum (Rchb. f.) Christenson f. album (B. S. Williams) Christenson; Vanda amesiana Rchb. f. Note: forms with orange, rose-red and pale pink flowers have been observed in Laos, showing size-variation of 100% in the width of the lip. Holcoglossum kimballianum (Rchb. f.) Garay Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Holcoglossum saprophyticum (Gagnep.) Christenson; Vanda kimballiana Rchb. f.; Vanda saprophytica Gagnep. Habenaria rostellifera Rchb. f. Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Habenaria roseata Ridl. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Vientiane (S). On the margins of rice fields in the lowlands. August. Habenaria rostrata Lindl. Habenaria acuifera Wall. ex Lindl. var. rostrata (Wall. ex Lindl.) Finet; Platanthera rostrata Lindl. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Habenaria rumphii (Brongn.) Lindl. Habenaria Habenaria Habenaria Habenaria dahliana Kraenzl.; Habenaria holtzei F. Muell.; rumphii (Brongn.) Lindl. var. javanica J. J. Sm.; rumphii (Brongn.) Lindl. var. meraukensis J. J. Sm.; stauroglossa Kraenzl.; Platanthera rumphii Brongn. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia. Laos: Champasak (S). Habenaria thailandica Seidenf. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (S). Habenaria tonkinensis Seidenf. Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (S); Saravan (S); Vientiane (S). Hygrochilus parishii (Veitch & Rchb. f.) Pfitzer Stauropsis parishii Rolfe; Vanda parishii Veitch & Rchb. f.; Vandopsis parishii (Veitch & Rchb. f.) Schltr. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL69 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB230); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in secondary evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae, 1063 m a.s.l. May, June. Liparis anatina Szlach. Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (Delacour s. n., type of L. anatina). Liparis bootanensis Griff. Cestichis forbesii (Ridl.) Ames; Cestichis plicata (Franch. & Sav.) Maek.; Leptorchis bootanensis (Griff.) Kuntze; Leptorchis forbesii (Ridl.) Kuntze; Leptorchis lancifolia (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Leptorchis plicata (Franch. & Sav.) Kuntze; Liparis amphibius Simond ex Gagnep.; Liparis forbesii Ridl.; Liparis lancifolia Hook. f.; Liparis plicata Franch. & Sav.; Liparis pterostyloides Szlach.; Liparis ruybarrettoi S. Y. Hu & Barretto; Liparis subplicata Tang & F. T. Wang; Liparis uchiyamae Schltr. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Philippines. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB292). Lithophytic on hilltop in humid evergreen montane forest, 1365 m a.s.l. September, October. Habenaria viridiflora (Rottler ex Sw.) R. Br. ex Spreng. Liparis brunneolobata Kerr Orchis vicidiflora Rottler ex Sw. Laos: Vientiane (S). India, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. P8 [P. Bonnet]). Terrestrial in evergreen forest, 1000 m a.s.l. April. Terrestrial in a shady spot in open montane conifer woodland on acid soil with e.g. Drosera and Nepenthes, 1020 m a.s.l. August, September. Liparis caespitosa (Thouars) Lindl. Cestichis caespitosa (Thouars) Ames; Leptorchis caespitosa (Thouars) Kuntze; Leptorchis duthiei (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Leptorchis minima 295 (Blume) Kuntze; Leptorchis obscura (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Leptorchis prainii (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Leptorchis pusilla (Ridl.) Kuntze; Liparis angustifolia (Blume) Lindl.; Liparis angustifolia Thwaites; Liparis auriculata Rchb. f.; Liparis comosa Ridl.; Liparis duthiei Hook. f.; Liparis laurisilvatica Fukuy.; Liparis minima (Blume) Lindl.; Liparis minima (Blume) Lindl. var. neoguineensis Schltr.; Liparis neoguineensis Schltr.; Liparis obscura Hook. f.; Liparis poilanei Gagnep.; Liparis prainii Hook. f.; Liparis pusilla Ridl.; Malaxis angustifolia Blume; Malaxis caespitosa Thouars; Malaxis minima Blume. Madagascar, Mascarenes, throughout tropical continental Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB117); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB521); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB229); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte on small branches in humid evergreen forest and in Fagaceae dominated secondary evergreen montane forest, 866
1063 m a.s.l. July. (Ames) Ames; Liparis wightii Rchb. f. Sri Lanka, India, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Java. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1703 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB292). Lithphyte on hilltop in humid evergreen montane forest, 1365 m a.s.l. January. Liparis gibbosa Finet Disticholiparis gibbosa (Finet) Marg. & Szlach.; Disticholiparis gregaria (Lindl.) Marg. & Szlach.; Liparis gregaria Lindl. Sri Langka, Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, ?New Guinea, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa. Laos: Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. Liparis deflexa Hook. f. Leptorchis deflexa (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Liparis prazeri King & Pantl. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1350 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S). June. Liparis delicatula Hook. f. Platystyliparis delicatula (Hook. f.) Marg. India (NE), China (Yunnan). Laos: Vientiane (S); Champasak (N). Liparis dendrochiloides Seidenf. ex Aver. Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB438). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall, 1077 m a.s.l. July. Liparis distans C. B. Clarke Cestichis nakaharai (Hayata) Kudo; Cestichis taiwaniana (Hayata) Nakai; Leptorchis distans (C. B. Clarke) Kuntze; Liparis macrantha Hook. f.; Liparis nakaharai Hayata; Liparis taiwaniana Hayata. India (NE), China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Khammouan (N). Liparis elliptica Wight Cestichis elliptica (Wight) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Cestichis lyonii Ames; Leptorchis elliptica (Wight) Kuntze; Liparis bicornuta Schltr.; Liparis concava Schltr.; Liparis hookeri Ridl.; Liparis lyonii 296 Cymbidium bituberculatum Hook.; Cymbidium nervosum (Thunb.) Sw.; Diteilis formosana (Rchb. f.) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Diteilis nepalensis Raf.; Diteilis nervosa (Thunb.) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Dituilis nepalensis Raf.; Empusa paradoxa Lindl.; Epidendrum nervosum (Thunb.) Thunb.; Iebine nervosa (Thunb.) Raf.; Leptorchis bituberculata (Hook.) Kuntze; Leptorchis elata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Leptorchis nervosa (Thunb.) Kuntze; Leptorchis odontostoma (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Leptorchis odorata (Willd.) Kuntze; Leptorchis olivacea (Lindl.) Kuntze; Liparis bambusaefolia Makino; Liparis bicallosa (D. Don) Schltr. f. aureo-variegata (Nakaj.) Nakaj.; Liparis bituberculata (Hook.) Lindl.; Liparis bituberculata (Hook.) Lindl. var. hachijoensis (Nakai) T. Hashim.; Liparis elata Lindl.; Liparis formosana Rchb. f.; Liparis guamensis Ames; Liparis hachijoensis Nakai; Liparis longiscapa (Rolfe & Downie) Gagnep.; Liparis macrocarpa Hook. f.; Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. f. aureovariegata Nakaj.; Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. var. formosana (Rchb. f.) Hiroe; Liparis odontostoma Rchb. f.; Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl.; Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl. var. intacta Kerr; Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl. var. longiscapa Rolfe ex Downie; Liparis paradoxa (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Liparis paradoxa (Lindl.) Rchb. f. var. parishii Hook. f.; Liparis parishii Hook. f.; Liparis shaoshunia S. S. Ying; Liparis siamensis Rolfe ex Downie; Liparis simeonis Schltr.; Liparis teniana Kraenzl.; Liparis tenii Schltr.; Liparis tonkinensis Gagnep.; Liparis violaceonervosa Guillaumin; Malaxis lancifolia Sm.; Malaxis nervosa (Thunb.) Sw.; Malaxis odorata Willd.; Ophrys nervosa Thunb.; Sturmia nervosa (Thunb.) Rchb. f. New and Old World tropics and subtropics, widespread, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Moluccas. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. July. Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl. Cestichis longipes (Lindl.) Ames; Cestichis pendula (Lindl.) Pfitzer; Leptorchis longipes (Lindl.) Kuntze; Leptorchis triloba (Ridl.) Kuntze; Leptorchis viridiflora (Blume) Kuntze; Liparis boothii Regel; Liparis dendrochilum Rchb. f.; Liparis longipes Lindl.; Liparis longipes Lindl. var. spathulata Ridl.; Liparis pendula Lindl.; Liparis piestopus Schltr.; Liparis pleistantha Schltr.; Liparis simondii Simond ex Gagnep.; Liparis spathulata Lindl.; Liparis stachyurus Rchb.f.; Liparis triloba Ridl.; Malaxis viridiflora Blume; Stichorchis pendula (Lindl.) Pfitzer. Luisia morsei Rolfe Luisia tonkinensis Schltr. Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, ?lesser Sunda Is., ?Moluccas, ?New Guinea, Philippines, east to Fiji. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB130); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL57 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB44); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB308); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB245); Saravan (S); Vientiane (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman; photo], S); ‘Col Den Dinh’ (S). Epiphyte at base of tree trunk in humid evergreen forest on the slope of a steep limestone hill, epiphyte in a mixed deciduous forest and evergreen montane forest, also lithophytic at the base of a small cliff in humid evergreen forest, 575
1400 m a.s.l. January, October
December. China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB212); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in dense mixed deciduous forest near a small stream. May. Luisia platyglossa Rchb. f. Luisia brachystachys (Lindl.) Blume var. flaveola Rchb. f. India (NE), Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S); ‘Pha Pak’ (S). Epiphyte in open lowland forest. April. Luisia psyche Rchb. f. Luisia laosensis Guillaumin. Liparis wightiana Thwaites Diteilis wightiana (Thwaites) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Leptorchis wightiana (Thwaites) Kuntze; Liparis atropurpurea Wight; Liparis sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie; Liparis trimenii Ridl. Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands. June. Luisia brachystachys (Lindl.) Blume Luisia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie; Mesoclastes brachystachys Lindl. India (NE), Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S). Epiphyte on tree in scrubby evergreen lowland forest and in montane forest, 200
1300 m a.s.l. March, April. Luisia filiformis Hook. f. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB505, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside); Khammouan (N); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL469 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in lowland dipterocarp forest. April
July. Luisia thailandica Seidenf. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL713 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). July, August. Luisia zollingeri Rchb. f. Luisia latilabris Rolfe ex Downie; Luisia latipetala J. J. Sm.; Luisia zollingeri Rchb. f. var. latipetala (J. J. Sm.) Sulist. Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB360; P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB318). Luisia grovesii Hook. f. India (NE), Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL75 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (S). Rather low, open forest near a waterfall, 307
600 m a.s.l. April, May. Luisia macrotis Rchb. f. India (NE), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). 300
600 m a.s.l. May. Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest on a limestone hill, also near a small stream in humid evergreen forest, 722
905 m a.s.l. April, May. Malaxis acuminata D. Don Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach.; Crepidium bilobum (Lindl.) Szlach.; Dienia carinata Rchb. f.; Malaxis acuminata D. Don var. biloba (Lindl.) Ames; Malaxis allanii S. Y. Hu & Barretto; Malaxis biloba (Lindl.) Ames; Malaxis biloba (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Malaxis carinata (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Malaxis pierrei (Finet) Bakh. f.; Malaxis pierrei (Finet) Tang & F. T. Wang; Malaxis wallichii (Lindl.) Deb; Microstylis biloba Lindl.; Microstylis carinata (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.; Microstylis pierrei Finet; 297 Microstylis siamensis Rolfe ex Downie; Microstylis trigonocardia Schltr.; Microstylis wallichii Lindl.; Microstylis wallichii Lindl. var. biloba (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Microstylis wallichii Lindl. var. omphaloides Parish ex Hook. f. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia. Laos: Champasak (S); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB40; N); Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in dense humid evergreen forest on rocky terrain, also in the lowlands. 170
659 m a.s.l. July. Malaxis biaurita (Lindl.) Kuntze Crepidium biauritum (Lindl.) Szlach.; Microstylis biaurita Lindl.; Microstylis sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie; Microstylis thorelii Finet. India (Khasia), Burma, Thailand. Laos: Xaignabouri (S). Malaxis calophylla (Rchb. f.) Kuntze Crepidium calophyllum (Rchb. f.) Szlach.; Epidendrum variegatum J. Koenig; Malaxis calophylla (Rchb. f.) Kuntze var. brachycheila (Hook. f.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Malaxis scottii (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Microstylis calophylla Rchb. f.; Microstylis scottii Hook. f.; Microstylis wallichii Lindl. var. brachycheila Hook. f. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1092 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet]). (Lindl.) Ames; Malaxis parvissima S. Y. Hu & Barretto; Malaxis plicata Roxb.; Malaxis shuicae S. S. Ying; Malaxis vietnamensis T. B. Nguyen & Duong Duc Huyen; Microstylis bernaysii F. Muell.; Microstylis carnosula Rolfe ex Downie; Microstylis congesta (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Microstylis congesta (Lindl.) Rchb. f. var. fusca (Lindl.) Ridl.; Microstylis dalatensis Guillaumin; Microstylis fusca (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Microstylis latifolia (Sm.) J. J. Sm.; Microstylis latifolia (Sm.) J. J. Sm. var. fusca (Lindl.) J. J. Sm.; Microstylis trilobulata Kurz; Microstylis trilobulata N. E. Br.; Neottia plantaginea D. Don; Spiranthes plantaginea Spreng. Tropical continental Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB58); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL710 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL400 [Hul & Thibaud]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL390 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S). Terrestrial on poor sandy soil in mixed deciduous forest, 170
554 m a.s.l. May
July. Malaxis polyodon (Hook. f.) Kuntze Crepidium polyodon (Hook. f.) Szlach.; Microstylis polyodon Hook. f.; Microstylis rheedii Rchb. f. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in bamboo grove, 400 m a.s.l. April. Lithophyte on rock covered by leaf litter in gallery forest through secondary Pinus merkusii woodland, 759 m a.s.l. May. Malaxis prasina (Ridl.) Seidenf. & Smitinand Malaxis chamaeorchis (Schltr.) Seidenf. Crepidium prasinum (Ridl.) Szlach.; Malaxis reniloba (Carr) Holttum; Microstylis prasina Ridl.; Microstylis reniloba Carr. Glossochilopsis chamaeorchis (Schltr.) Szlach.; Microstylis chamaeorchis Schltr. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Vientiane (S). Lowlands (ca 170 m a.s.l). June. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB544). Malaxis purpurea (Lindl.) Kuntze Terrestrial in thick moss on a small open rocky plateau covered with moss and herbaceous plants close to humid evergreen tropical forest, 1250 m a.s.l. June, July. Crepidium purpureum (Lindl.) Szlach.; Malaxis liparidioides (Schltr.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Malaxis purpurea (Lindl.) Seidenf.; Microstylis liparidioides Schltr.; Microstylis purpurea Lindl. Malaxis ophrydis (J. Koenig) Ormerod Anaphora liparioides Gagnep.; Crepidium flavescens Blume; Crepidium ophrydis (J. Koenig) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Dienia congesta Lindl.; Dienia curranii (Ames) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Dienia fusca Lindl.; Dienia latifolia (Sm.) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Dienia montana (Blume) M. A. Clem. & D. L. Jones; Dienia ophrydis (J. Koenig) Seidenf.; Epidendrum ophrydis J. Koenig; Gastroglottis latifolia (Sm.) Szlach.; Gastroglottis montana Blume; Glossochilopsis carnosula (Rolfe ex Downie) Szlach. & Marg.; Liparis bernaysii F. Muell.; Liparis krempfii Gagnep.; Liparis turfosa Gagnep.; Malaxis congesta (Lindl.) Deb; Malaxis curranii Ames; Malaxis latifolia Sm.; Malaxis latifolia Sm. f. aureovariegata (Nakaj.) Hatus.; Malaxis latifolia Sm. var. fusca 298 Sri Lanka, India (NE), China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, ?Philippines. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL945 [M. Newman et al.]). July. Malleola dentifera J. J. Sm. Ascochilus vietnamensis Guillaumin; Malleola vietnamensis Guillaumin. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB78). Epiphyte in the shade at the base of a steep limestone hill, 323 m a.s.l. June, July. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, China (Yunnan). Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Micropera pallida (Roxb.) Lindl. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume Aerides pallida Roxb.; Camarotis apiculata Rchb. f.; Camarotis cochinchinensis Rchb. f.; Camarotis pallida (Roxb.) Lindl.; Dendrocolla apiculata Zoll. ex Rchb. f.; Micropera apiculata (Rchb. f.) Garay; Micropera cochinchinensis (Rchb. f.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Saccolabium flaveolum Ridl.; Saccolabium saxicola Ridl.; Sarcanthus apiculatus (Rchb. f.) J. J. Sm.; Sarcanthus thorelii Guillaumin; Sarcochilus cochinchinensis (Rchb. f.) Nicholson; Sarcochilus roxburghii Hook. f. Limodorum maculatum Reinw. ex Lindl.; Nephelaphyllum borneense Schltr.; Nephelaphyllum latilabre Ridl.; Tainia borneensis (Schltr.) Gagnep.; Tainia latilabris (Ridl.) Gagnep.; Tainia pulchra (Blume) Gagnep. India (NE), Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL575 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB23); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in semi-evergreen forest, and on trees in open ground, 200
537 m a.s.l. April
June. Mischobulbum ovifolium (Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen) Aver. Tainia ovifolia Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen. China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL900 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). January, February. Note: living plants of what may well be M. cordifolium (Hook. f.) Schltr. have been in cultivation at the National University of Laos for some time, but we have been unable to study the flowers. They were collected in Khammouan province. We are not convinced that M. ovifolium belongs in Mischobulbum, but neither are we convinced that Mischobulbum should be kept separate from Tainia. India (Sikkim), Bhutan, Burma, China (Hainan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (B. Laville PB Vo820080509). May, June. Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. Aplostellis aragoana (Gaudich.) Ridl.; Aplostellis flabelliformis (Lindl.) Ridl.; Epipactis carinata Roxb.; Nervilia carinata (Roxb.) Schltr.; Nervilia flabelliformis (Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Nervilia scottii (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Nervilia tibetensis Rolfe; Nervilia yaeyamensis Hayata; Pogonia carinata (Roxb.) Lindl.; Pogonia flabelliformis Lindl.; Pogonia gracilis Blume; Pogonia nervilia Blume; Pogonia scottii Rchb. f. Thailand, Vietnam, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Society Is. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, S. Luang Aphay; leaves only, photo]); Champasak (N); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB238); Saravan (S); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Terrestrial in open secondary evergreen montane forest dominated by Fagaceae and in secondary grassland, also in the lowlands in deep shade. 170
1063 m a.s.l. April. Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Moritzi) Seidenf. Myrmechis pumila (Hook. f.) Tang & F. T. Wang Anoectochilus pumilus (Hook. f.) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Cheirostylis franchetiana King & Pantl.; Cystopus pumilus (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Myrmechis franchetiana (King & Pantl.) Schltr.; Odontochilus pumilus Hook. f.; Zeuxine franchetiana (King & Pantl.) King & Pantl.; Zeuxine pumila King & Pantl. India (NE), Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB447). Terrestrial in dense shade in secondary evergreen forest on the bank of a very small stream, 1077 m a.s.l. May. Bolborchis crociformis Zoll. & Moritzi; Coelogyne javanica Lindl.; Nervilia crispata (Blume) Schltr.; Nervilia fimbriata Schltr.; Nervilia monantha Blatt. & McCann; Nervilia prainiana (King & Pantl.) Seidenf.; Pogonia crispata Blume; Pogonia prainiana King & Pantl. Africa, tropical continental Asia, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1091 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet]). Terrestrial in open secondary Pinus merkusii woodland on poor soil with Nepenthes and Drosera species, 759 m a.s.l. May. Nervilia infundibulifolia Blatt. & McCann Neogyna gardneriana (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Coelogyne gardneriana Lindl.; Coelogyne trisaccata Griff.; Neogyna gardneriana var. basiquinquelamellata T. Tang & F. T. Wang; Neogyna gardneriana var. basitrilamellata T. Tang & F. T. Wang. Nervilia calcicola Kerr. India, Bhutan, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). 299 Terrestrial among limestone rocks in deep shade, 170
300 m a.s.l. April, May. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1164 [M. Newman et al.]). August. Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. Aplostellis velutina (Parish & Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Arethusa plicata Andrews; Cordyla discolor Blume; Epipactis plicata (Andrews) Roxb.; Nervilia biflora (Wight) Schltr.; Nervilia dallachyana (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Schltr.; Nervilia discolor (Blume) Schltr.; Nervilia discolor (Blume) Schltr. var. picta (J. J. Sm.) J. J. Sm.; Nervilia porphyrophylla Schltr.; Nervilia velutina (Parish & Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Pogonia biflora Wight; Pogonia dallachyana F. Muell. ex Benth.; Pogonia discolor (Blume) Blume; Pogonia discolor (Blume) Blume var. picta J. J. Sm.; Pogonia plicata (Andrews) Lindl.; Pogonia pudica Ames; Pogonia pulchella Hook. f.; Pogonia velutina Parish & Rchb. f.; Roptrostemon discolor (Blume) Blume. India, Burma, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Australia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, S. Luang Aphay; leaves only, photo]); Champasak (N); Vientiane (S). Oberonia falconeri Hook. f. Iridorchis falconeri (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Oberonia calcicola Holttum; Oberonia siamensis Schltr. India (NE), Nepal, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (S); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in dipterocarp forest in the lowlands. September, October. Oberonia ferruginea Parish ex Hook. f. Iridorchis ferruginea (Parish) Kuntze. Burma (Tenasserim). Laos: unspecified (S). Terrestrial in deep shade in the lowlands, also in dense forest on slopes at the base of limestone cliffs. May. Oberonia gammiei King & Pantl. Oberonia anthropophora Lindl. Oberonia regnieri Finet; Oberonia saururus Ridl.; Oberonia trullilabris Guillaumin. Iridorchis anthropophora (Lindl.) Kuntze; Malaxis anthropophora (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Oberonia aurantiaca Ridl. India, Burma, China (Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB545); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB276). Epiphyte on trunk of a small tree in a coffee plantation and at 5 m high on a tree branch in humid evergreen riverine forest. July
September. India (Bengal), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB30); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte on tree trunk near a small stream in deciduous dipterocarp forest, 538 m a.s.l. October. Oberonia integerrima Guillaumin China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Borneo. Laos: Vientiane (S). Oberonia delacourii Gagnep. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Oberonia mucronata (D. Don) Ormerod & Seidenf. Oberonia ensiformis (Sm.) Lindl. Cymbidium iridifolium Roxb.; Iridorchis iridifolia (Roxb.) Kuntze; Malaxis denticulata (Wight) Rchb. f.; Malaxis iridifolia (Roxb.) Rchb. f.; Oberonia denticulata Wight; Oberonia iridifolia (Roxb.) Lindl.; Oberonia smisrae Panigrahi; Stelis mucronata D. Don. Iridorchis ensiformis (Sm.) Kuntze; Malaxis ensiformis Sm.; Oberonia acaulis Hook.; Oberonia trilobata Griff. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand, China, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB588; S); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in lowland forest. September, November. Oberonia falcata King & Pantl. Oberonia pendula Ridl. 300 India (NE), Nepal, Bangladesh, China (Hainan), Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1020 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB14); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB242); Vientiane (S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, dipterocarp forest, and in Fagaceae dominated secondary evergreen montane forest, 170
1050 m a.s.l. September, October. Oberonia pachyphylla King & Pantl. Oberonia apiculata Kerr; Oberonia crassirachis Guillaumin. India, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1328 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). December. Oberonia pyrulifera Lindl. Iridorchis pyrulifera (Lindl.) Kuntze; Malaxis pyrulifera (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Oberonia verticillata Wight var. khasiana Lindl. India (NE), Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB583). Blume; Pachystoma affine Schltr.; Pachystoma brevilabium Schltr.; Pachystoma chinense Rchb. f. var. formosanum (Schltr.) S. S. Ying; Pachystoma chinensis Hayata; Pachystoma edgeworthii Rchb. f.; Pachystoma formosanum Schltr.; Pachystoma gracile Schltr.; Pachystoma hirsuta (J. Joseph & Vajr.) C. S. Kumar & Manilal; Pachystoma lindleyanum (Wight) Rchb. f.; Pachystoma montanum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Pachystoma pantanum (Blume) Miq.; Pachystoma papuanum Schltr.; Pachystoma pubescens Blume var. gracile (Schltr.) N. Hall,; Pachystoma senile (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Pachystoma smithianum (Lindl.) Rchb. f. India, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia. Laos: Champasak (S); Savannakhet (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest. August. Panisea tricallosa Rolfe Ornithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. Panisea bia (Kerr) Tang & F. T. Wang; Sigmatogyne bia Kerr; Sigmatogyne pantlingii Pfitzer; Sigmatogyne tricallosa (Rolfe) Pfitzer. Aerides difformis Wall. ex Lindl.; Aerides hystrix Lindl.; Ornithochilus eublepharon Hance; Ornithochilus fuscus Wall. ex Lindl.; Sarcochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Trichoglottis difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) T. B. Nguyen & Duong Duc Huyen. India (NE), Nepal, Thailand, China, Vietnam. Laos: Xaisomboun (S). India (NW and NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB416); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL181 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB375); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB250; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB287; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1205 [P. Bonnet]; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB152). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall, in secondary evergreen montane forest, in open montane conifer woodland and in forest on limestone mountain, 889
1400 m a.s.l. April
August. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf. Epiphyte on trees in evergreen montane forest, 1500 m a.s.l. April. Panisea uniflora (Lindl.) Lindl. Chelonistele biflora (Parish & Rchb. f.) Pfitzer; Coelogyne biflora Parish & Rchb. f.; Coelogyne falcata T. Anderson ex Hook. f.; Coelogyne thuniana Rchb. f.; Coelogyne uniflora Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (N); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB53; NUOL cult. OL920 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1218 [P. Bonnet]; S). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, also in gallery forest on a tree trunk in a large stream, and lithophytic on limestone cliffs, 500
781 m a.s.l. February, April, May, August
October. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Laos. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1642 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Xaisomboun (S). Epiphyte in evergreen upper montane forest, 2000
2200 m a.s.l. January, February, April. Pachystoma pubescens Blume Apaturia chinensis Lindl.; Apaturia lindleyana Wight; Apaturia montana Lindl.; Apaturia senilis Lindl.; Apaturia smithiana Lindl.; Eulophia hirsuta J. Joseph & Vajr.; Eulophia holtzei F. Muell.; Neottia pantanis Korth. ex Blume; Pachychilus pantanus Blume; Pachychilus pubescens (Blume) Blume; Pachychilus senilis (Lindl.) Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe Cordula appletoniana (Gower) Rolfe; Cypripedium appletonianum Gower; Cypripedium poyntzianum O’Brien; Cypripedium wolterianum Kraenzl.; Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe f. album Asher ex O. Gruss; Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe var. hainanense (Fowlie) Braem, C. O. Baker & M. L. Baker; Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe var. immaculata Braem; Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe f. immaculatum (Braem) Braem; Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe f. tridentatum (S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu) Aver.; Paphiopedilum bullenianum (Rchb. f.) Pfitzer var. appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe; Paphiopedilum hainanense Fowlie; Paphiopedilum hookerae (Rchb. f.) Stein subsp. appletonianum (Gower) M. W. Wood; Paphiopedilum tridentatum S. C. Chen & Z. J. Liu; Paphiopedilum 301 wolterianum (Kraenzl.) Pfitzer. Paphiopedilum concolor (Lindl.) Pfitzer Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: ‘SW Laos (fide Asher)’ (S). Cordula concolor (Lindl.) Rolfe; Cypripedium concolor Lindl. ex Bateman; Cypripedium tonkinense Hort.; Paphiopedilum concolor (Lindl.) Pfitzer f. album (Braem) Braem. Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & F. T. Wang Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & F. T. Wang var. aureum H. S. Hua; Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & F. T. Wang f. aureum (H. S. Hua) O. Gruss & Roeth; Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & F. T. Wang var. coccineum (Perner & R. Herrm.) Cavestro; Paphiopedilum barbigerum Tang & F. T. Wang var. lockianum Aver.; Paphiopedilum coccineum Perner & R. Herrm.; Paphiopedilum insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer var. barbigerum (Tang & F. T. Wang) Braem; Paphiopedilum vejvarutianum O. Gruss & Roellke. SW China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL20080918 [S. Luang Aphay]). Lithophyte in open forest on vertical cliffs in the summit zone of steep limestone hills, 500 m a.s.l. September, October. Note: the Lao specimens seen agree well with the broadleaved form described from Thailand as P. vejvarutianum, except that in the former the median sepal is more heavily veined with purple. Our field observations indicate that these plants are not hybrids; they form pure populations without other species of Paphiopedilum growing nearby (Schuiteman and Bonnet in press). Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein Cordula callosa (Rchb. f.) Rolfe; Cypripedium callosum Rchb. f.; Cypripedium crossii Morren; Cypripedium schmidtianum Kraenzl.; Cypripedium warnerianum Rchb. f. ex Wittm.; Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein var. angustipetalum Guillaumin; Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein var. schmidtianum (Kraenzl.) Pfitzer; Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein var. viniferum (Koop. & N. Haseg.) Cavestro; Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein var. viniferum (Koop. & N. Haseg.) J. M. H. Shaw; Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein var. viridiflorum (Linden) Braem; Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb. f.) Stein f. viridiflorum (Linden) O. Gruss & Roeth; Paphiopedilum crossii (Morren) Braem & Senghas; Paphiopedilum crossii (E. Morren) Braem & Senghas f. viniferum (Koop. & N. Haseg.) Braem & Chiron; Paphiopedilum crossii (E. Morren) Braem & Senghas f. viridiflorum (Linden) Braem & Chiron; Paphiopedilum viniferum Koop. & N. Haseg. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [S. Luang Aphay, pers. comm.]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL178 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], OL1412 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1213 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1196 [P. Bonnet]; S). Lithophyte on boulders along small streams in dense, shady gallery forest, 759
1000 m a.s.l. March, June, July. 302 Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, China. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachack; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL175 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (S); Vientiane (P. Bonnet PB479). Lithophyte in open xerophytic forest on limestone hills, often at the base of trees, 210 m a.s.l. Flowers throughout the year. Paphiopedilum dianthum Tang & F. T. Wang Paphiopedilum parishii (Rchb. f.) Stein var. dianthum (Tang & F. T. Wang) K. Karas. & K. Saito. South China, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S. Luang Aphay cult. s. n. [spirit material NUOL]). Lithophyte on limestone hill. September, October. Paphiopedilum exul (Ridl.) Rolfe Cordula exul (Ridl.) Rolfe; Cypripedium exul (Ridl.) Rolfe; Cypripedium insigne Wall. ex Lindl. var. exul Ridl.; Paphiopedilum exul (Ridl.) Rolfe f. aureum (Hort.) O. Gruss & Roellke. Thailand. Laos: ?Bolikhamxai (sight record [S. Luang Aphay, pers. comm.]); Champasak (seen on local market near Paksong, said to have been collected in the province [A. Schuiteman, E. Hoogendijk]). Paphiopedilum gratrixianum (Mast.) Rolfe Cordula gratrixiana (Mast.) Rolfe; Cypripedium gratrixianum Mast.; Paphiopedilum affine De Wild.; Paphiopedilum gratrixianum (Mast.) Guillaumin; Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein var. affine (De Wild.) Braem; Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein var. gratrixianum (Mast.) Braem. China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Attapu (S); Bolikhamxai (sighth record [S. Luang Aphay, pers. comm.]); ‘Pak Song near the border of N. Vietnam’ (S; probably Attapu or Xekong). December. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein var. esquirolii (Schltr.) K. Karas. & K. Saito Cordula esquirolii (Schltr.) Hu; Paphiopedilum chiwuanum Tang & F. T. Wang; Paphiopedilum esquirolii Schltr.; Paphiopedilum esquirolii Schltr. var. chiwuanum (Tang & F. T. Wang) Braem & Chiron; Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein var. chiwuanum (Tang & F. T. Wang) P. J. Cribb; Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein var. esquirolii (Schltr.) P. J. Cribb; Paphiopedilum saccopetalum H. S. Hua. China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (‘fide Asher’ S). Paphiopedilum parishii (Rchb. f.) Stein Cordula parishii (Rchb. f.) Rolfe; Cypripedium parishii Rchb. f. Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: ‘northern part’ (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 2496, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein var. annamense Rolfe Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL179 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], not seen in flower); Vientiane (S). Note: delimitation of this species against P. susannae needs closer study. Pecteilis susannae (L.) Raf. Habenaria gigantea (Sm.) D. Don; Habenaria susannae (L.) R. Br.; Hemihabenaria susannae (L.) Finet; Orchis altissima Buch.-Ham. ex Hook. f.; Orchis gigantea Sm.; Orchis susannae L.; Pecteilis gigantea (Sm.) Raf.; Platanthera gigantea (Sm.) Lindl.; Platanthera robusta Lindl.; Platanthera susannae (L.) Lindl. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas. Laos: Champasak (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL604 [S. Bounphany]; S). Terrestrial in open woodland in the lowlands. July, August. Epiphyte in deep shade low on a tree trunk along a stream, 750 m a.s.l. October. Pelatantheria ctenoglossum Ridl. Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. Aerides cylindrica Hook.; Aerides subulata (J. Koenig) Schltr.; Cymbidium cylindricum Heyne ex Wall.; Dendrobium teres Roxb.; Epidendrum subulatum J. Koenig; Limodorum subulatum (J. Koenig) Willd.; Papilionanthe cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf.; Papilionanthe subulata (J. Koenig) Garay; Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Attapu (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL118 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB54); Louang Namtha (N); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay; photo]; S); Saravan (N); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1045 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (sight record; S); ‘Nam Eah’ (S). Cleisostoma lophochilum (Gagnep.) Garay; Cleisostoma thomatoglossum Guillaumin; Sarcanthus lophochilus Gagnep. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL43 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB174); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL772 [P. Sengsomphou]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL706 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte on branch of tree at base of a small, steep limestone hill, 171 m a.s.l. May
August. Pelatantheria rivesii (Guillaumin) Tang & F. T. Wang Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, also on solitary roadside trees, 170
737 m a.s.l. January
March, December. Cleisostoma simondianum (Gagnep.) Garay; Sarcanthus rivesii Guillaumin; Sarcanthus simondianus Gagnep.; Sarcanthus tonkinensis Guillaumin. Pecteilis hawkesiana (King & Pantl.) C. S. Kumar China (Yunnan, Hainan), Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (S); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB356); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB223). Habenaria hawkesiana King & Pantl.; Pecteilis sagarikii Seidenf.; Platanthera hawkesiana (King & Pantl.) Kraenzl. Burma, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1402 [B. Svengsuksa et al.], found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside). August, September. Epiphyte in evergreen forest on a limestone hill and in semideciduous secondary forest, 722
1063 m a.s.l. October, November. Pecteilis henryi Schltr. Peristylus affinis (D. Don) Seidenf. Habenaria bassacensis Gagnep.; Habenaria lacei (Rolfe ex Downie) Gagnep.; Pecteilis bassacensis (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Pecteilis lacei (Rolfe ex Downie) Tang & F. T. Wang; Platanthera lacei Rolfe ex Downie. Habenaria affinis D. Don; Habenaria hollandiae (J. J. Sm.) Schltr.; Habenaria lauterbachii Kraenzl.; Habenaria sampsonii (Hance) Hance; Peristylus hollandiae J. J. Sm.; Peristylus sampsonii Hance. Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, China (Yunnan). Laos: Champasak (S); Saravan (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1212 [P. Bonnet]; S). July. India (NW and NE), Nepal, China, Thailand, New Guinea. Laos: Vientiane (S). Note: the distribution and taxonomy of this species are still insufficiently known. 303 Peristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl. Digomphotis undulata Raf.; Habenaria glaucescens Ridl.; Habenaria goodyeroides D. Don; Habenaria goodyeroides D. Don var. formosana Hayata; Habenaria sondaica Kraenzl.; Herminium goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl.; Peristylus horsfieldii Blume; Peristylus sphaerocentron Tang & F. T. Wang; Platanthera horsfieldii (Blume) Naves. India (NW, NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, ?New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (S); Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in open woodland in the lowlands. June. Peristylus monticola (Ridl.) Seidenf. Habenaria biloba (Rolfe) Schltr.; Habenaria bisaeta Ames; Habenaria deistelii Schltr.; Habenaria monticola Ridl.; Habenaria nitida Schltr.; Peristylus bilobus Rolfe; Peristylus nitidus (Schltr.) P. F. Hunt. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. P9 [P. Bonnet]; P. Bonnet PB551). Terrestrial in a shaded spot in open montane conifer woodland on acid soil, also terrestrial in thick moss in grassland on wet rocky soil, 1020 m a.s.l. July, August. Phaius flavus (Blume) Lindl. Bletia flava Wall. ex Lindl.; Bletia woodfordii Hook.; Hecabe lutea Raf.; Limodorum flavum Blume; Phaius bracteosus Rchb. f.; Phaius celebicus Schltr.; Phaius crispus Blume; Phaius flavus (Blume) Lindl. var. papuanus J. J. Sm.; Phaius flavus (Blume) Lindl. f. punctatus (Ohwi) Nackej.; Phaius flexuosus Blume; Phaius maculatus Lindl.; Phaius minor Blume; Phaius platychilus Rchb. f.; Phaius somai Hayata; Phaius undulatomarginatus Hayata; Phaius woodfordii (Hook.) Merr. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Samoa. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Phaius indochinensis Seidenf. & Ormerod Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (N); Vientiane (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet; without flowers, photo]). Epiphyte on tree trunks in montane forest on limestone, also lithophytic, 1400 m a.s.l. Phaius mishmensis (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb. f. Calanthe crinita Gagnep.; Calanthe ramosa Gagnep.; Limatodis mishmensis Lindl. & Paxton; Phaius augustinianus Klotzsch; Phaius crinitus (Gagnep.) Seidenf.; Phaius cupreus Rchb. f.; Phaius gracilis Hayata; Phaius roseus Rolfe. 304 India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Ryukyu Arch., Vietnam, Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB123); Louangphrabang (S). Terrestrial on the bank of a small stream in dense humid evergreen forest, 863 m a.s.l. October, November. Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Hér.) Blume Bletia tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Hér.) R. Br.; Calanthe bachmaensis Gagnep.; Calanthe speciosa Vieill.; Limodorum incarvillei Blume; Limodorum incarvillei Pers.; Limodorum tankervilleae Banks ex l’Hér.; Pachyne spectabilis Salisb.; Phaius australis F. Muell. var. bernaysii (Rowland ex Rchb. f.) Nicholls; Phaius bernaysii F. Muell. ex Bernays; Phaius bicolor Lindl.; Phaius blumei Lindl.; Phaius blumei Lindl. var. bernaysii (Rowland ex Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. ex Hook. f.; Phaius carronii F. Muell.; Phaius grandifolius Lindl.; Phaius grandifolius Lour. var. bernaysii (Rowland ex Rchb. f.) F. M. Bailey; Phaius grandifolius Lour. var. superbus Van Houtte; Phaius incarvillei (Pers.) Kuntze; Phaius leucophaeus F. Muell.; Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Hér.) Blume var. papuanus J. J. Sm.; Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Hér.) Blume var. pulchra (King & Pantl.) Karth.; Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Hér.) Blume var. superbus (Van Houtte) S. Y. Hu; Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex l’Hér.) Blume f. veronicae S. Y. Hu & Barretto; Phaius wallichii Lindl.; Tankervillia cantonensis Link. Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan, Burma, China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Pacific Is. Laos: Attapu (N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL932 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Savannakhet (S); Xiangkhoang (S). January
March. Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. var. assamica Mayr; Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. var. flava Braem ex Holle-de Raeve; Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. f. flava (Braem ex Holle-de Raeve) Christenson; Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. var. picta (Hassk.) H. R. Sweet; Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. f. sanguinea Christenson; Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb. f. f. thalebanii (Seidenf.) Christenson; Phalaenopsis devriesiana Rchb. f.; Phalaenopsis lamelligera H. R. Sweet; Phalaenopsis thalebanii Seidenf.; Polychilos cornucervi Breda; Polychilos lamelligera (H. R. Sweet) Shim; Polystylus cornucervi (Breda) Hasselt ex Hassk.; Polystylus cornucervi (Breda) Hasselt ex Hassk. var. picta Hassk. India (NE), Burma, Nicobar Is., Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL208 [B. Svengsuksa et al., OL1014 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1333 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB77; S). Epiphyte in a shady spot at the base of a steep limestone hill, also in lowland forest, 170
500 m a.s.l. April
October. Phalaenopsis deliciosa Rchb. f. Aerides latifolia Thwaites; Doritis deliciosa (Rchb. f.) T. Yukawa & K. Kita; Doritis hebe (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Doritis latifolia (Thwaites) Benth. & Hook. f.; Doritis philippinensis Ames; Doritis steffensii Schltr.; Doritis wightii (Rchb. f.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Kingidium deliciosum (Rchb. f.) H. R. Sweet; Kingidium deliciosum (Teijsm. & Binn.) H. R. Sweet var. bellum (Teijsm. & Binn.) O. Gruss & Roellke; Kingidium philippinense (Ames) O. Gruss & Roellke; Kingidium wightii (Rchb. f.) O. Gruss & Roellke; Kingiella hebe (Rchb. f.) Rolfe; Kingiella philippinensis (Ames) Rolfe; Kingiella steffensii (Schltr.) Rolfe; Phalaenopsis alboviolacea Ridl.; Phalaenopsis amethystina Rchb. f.; Phalaenopsis bella Teijsm. & Binn.; Phalaenopsis hebe Rchb. f.; Phalaenopsis hebe Rchb. f. var. amboinensis J. J. Sm.; Phalaenopsis wightii Rchb. f. Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1130 [P. Bonnet]; P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB134); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL308 [N. Soulivong]; S). Epiphyte in gallery forest along a large river; also lithophytic in a shady spot in humid evergreen forest on the slope of a steep limestone hill, 170
648 m a.s.l. May
September. Phalaenopsis gibbosa H. R. Sweet Doritis gibbosa (H. R. Sweet) T. Yukawa & K. Kita; Polychilos gibbosa (H. R. Sweet) Shim. Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB345); ‘Dank Gap’ (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest on a limestone hill, 722 m a.s.l. March
June. Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Doritis pulcherrima Lindl.; Doritis pulcherrima Wall. ex Lindl. f. alba O. Gruss & Roeth; Doritis pulcherrima Wall. ex Lindl. f. albiflora (Rchb. f.) O. Gruss & Roeth; Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. var. candidula (Rolfe) Guillaumin; Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. var. coerulea Fowlie; Doritis pulcherrima Wall. ex Lindl. f. coerulea (Fowlie) O. Gruss & Roeth; Phalaenopsis antennifera Rchb. f.; Phalaenopsis esmeralda Rchb. f.; Phalaenopsis esmeralda Rchb. f. var. albiflora Rchb. f.; Phalaenopsis esmeralda Rchb. f. var. candidula Rolfe; Phalaenopsis mastersii King & Pantl.; Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. f. alba (O. Gruss & Roeth) Christenson; Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. f. albifora (Rchb. f.) Christenson; Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. f. coerulea (Fowlie) Christenson. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1000 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1155 [M. Newman et al.]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1032 [V. Lamxay et al.]; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1126 [P. Bonnet]; NUOL cult. OL293 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL447 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Lithophyte in exposed places on almost bare rock at ground level on a hilltop covered with secondary forest, also in the mountains, 297
1300 m a.s.l. June
September. Pholidota articulata Lindl. Coelogyne articulata (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Pholidota articulata Lindl. var. minahassae (Schltr.) J. J. Sm.; Pholidota decurva Ridl.; Pholidota griffithii Hook. f.; Pholidota khasiyana Rchb. f.; Pholidota lugardii Rolfe; Pholidota minahassae Schltr.; Pholidota obovata Hook. f.; Pholidota repens Rolfe. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. Laos: Attapu (P. Bonnet PB528); Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB427; D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB467); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL7 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL615 [M. Newman et al.]; P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB1; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB366); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB270); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL448 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Phu Khao Khouai’ (S). Epiphyte in open montane conifer woodland, in dense humid evergreen forest close to a waterfall, in open semideciduous dipterocarp forest, in riverine forest, and in humid evergreen montane forest, also lithophyte on the summit of a small limestone hill covered with open xerophytic forest, 457
1077 m a.s.l. July. Pholidota chinensis Lindl. Coelogyne chinensis (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne corniculata Rchb. f.; Coelogyne pholas Rchb. f.; Pholidota annamensis Gagnep.; Pholidota corniculata (Rchb. f.) Hook. f.; Pholidota laucheana Kraenzl.; Pholidota pholas Rchb. f.; Pholidota pyrranthela Gagnep.; Pleione corniculata (Rchb. f.) Kuntze. Burma, Thailand, China, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB410); Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL877 [P. Thomas et al.]). Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall, 1077 m a.s.l. January, March, June. Pholidota convallariae (Rchb. f.) Hook. f. Coelogyne convallariae Rchb. f.; Pholidota fragrans Ridl. India, Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB595). Lithophyte on dry rock in the shade on a hilltop, also epiphytic, 1245 m a.s.l. February, March. 305 Pholidota imbricata Hook. Coelogyne conchoidea (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne crotalina (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne imbricata (Hook.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne loricata (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne triotos (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.; Cymbidium imbricatum Roxb.; Pholidota assamica Hort. Sander ex Regel; Pholidota beccarii Schltr.; Pholidota bracteata (D. Don) Seidenf.; Pholidota conchoidea Lindl.; Pholidota crotalina Rchb. f.; Pholidota grandis Kraenzl.; Pholidota henryi Kraenzl.; Pholidota imbricata Hook. var. longifolia Schltr.; Pholidota imbricata Hook. var. montana Schltr.; Pholidota imbricata Hook. var. papuana J. J. Sm.; Pholidota imbricata Lindl. ex Hook. var. platyphylla Schltr.; Pholidota loricata Rchb. f.; Pholidota pygmaea H. J. Chowdhery & G. D. Pal; Pholidota spectabilis Kraenzl. ex Guillaumin; Pholidota triotos Rchb. f.; Ptilocnema bracteatum D. Don. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, ?Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Solomon Is., New Caledonia, east to Tahiti. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB461); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL245 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Houaphan (N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1150 [M. Newman et al.]; P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB29; S); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB388); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB215; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL335 [S. Sopraseuth]; S); Xaisomboun (N); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte on tree trunk near a small stream in deciduous dipterocarp forest, in humid evergreen forest on a steep limestone hill, on a large ficus branch in riverine forest, also lithophytic on the summit of a small limestone hill covered with open xerophtic forest, 457
737 m a.s.l. July, August. India (NE), Burma, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1643 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). February. Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) B. S. Williams Coelogyne hookeriana Lindl.; Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) B. S. Williams f. alba Torelli & Riccab.; Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) B. S. Williams var. brachyglossa (Rchb. f.) Karth.; Pleione hookeriana (Lindl.) B. S. Williams var. milanii (Braem) Torelli & Riccab.; Pleione laotica Kerr; Pleione milanii Braem. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand. Laos: Xaisomboun (S). Epiphyte on mossy trees in evergreen upper montane forest, 2500
2700 m a.s.l. April. Note: this species currently holds the altitudinal record among Laotian orchids, but our knowledge of the orchid flora of the higher mountains in Laos is very scanty. The highest mountain in Laos, Phu Bia, from which this species is also recorded, reaches 2817 m a.s.l. Plocoglottis bokorensis (Gagnep.) Seidenf. Bulbophyllum bokorense Gagnep.; Plocoglottis mirabilis Seidenf. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, B. Laville PB654). Terrestrial in dense evergreen forest close to a small stream, 300 m a.s.l. June, July. Podochilus cf. khasianus Hook. f. Pholidota pallida Lindl. Podochilus intemedius Aver.; Podochilus sinensis Schltr. Coelogyne calceata (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne pallida (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Pholidota calceata Rchb. f.; Pholidota schlechteri Gagnep.; Pholidota tixieri Guillaumin; Pholidota yunnanensis Schltr.; Pholidota yunpeensis Hu. India (NE), Bhutan, China, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL s. n.); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB619). India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Pholidota recurva Lindl. Epiphyte at 2
3 m high on tree trunk in wet evergreen tropical forest at 10 m from the top of a large waterfall, 1070 m a.s.l. January, July, August, October. Note: even though we are not entirely confident about our identification we have included this taxon as it is the only recorded species of Podochilus from Laos. Coelogyne recurva (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, M. Coutaud PB626); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL749 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Epiphyte in humid evergreen montane forest, 1245 m a.s.l. August. Pholidota rubra Lindl. Coelogyne rubra (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne undulata (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Pholidota undulata Lindl. 306 Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & H. R. Sweet Callista flavescens (Blume) Kuntze; Dendrobium flavescens (Blume) Lindl.; Dendrobium parvum Seidenf.; Dendrobium polystachys Thouars; Dendrorchis zollingeri (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Epidendrum bidentatum J. Koenig; Epidendrum concretum Jacq.; Limodorum bidentatum (J. Koenig) Willd.; Maxillaria luteola (Sw.) Beer; Maxillaria purpurea (Wight) Beer; Onychium flavescens Blume; Polystachya flavescens (Blume) J. J. Sm.; Polystachya penangensis Ridl.; Polystachya pleistantha Kraenzl.; Polystachya purpurea Wight; Polystachya purpurea Wight var. lutescens Gagnep.; Polystachya siamensis Ridl.; Polystachya singapurensis Ridl.; Polystachya zeylanica Lindl.; Polystachya zollingeri Rchb. f. Pantropical. In Asia: Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. P12 [P. Bonnet]; P. Bonnet PB509); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB22); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB342; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB302); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB243; P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB574); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB69; S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Epiphyte on coffee trees and shrubs in montane coffee plantation, on a small tree trunk in evergreen forest, in dry evergreen forest near a waterfall, in mixed deciduous forest, in secondary Fagaceae-dominated evergreen montane forest, and on small trees near a small stream trough open montane conifer woodland, 441
1150 m a.s.l. June
September. Pomatocalpa angustifolium Seidenf. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1073 [M. Newman et al.]). November. Pomatocalpa naevatum J. J. Sm. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Attapu (NUOL cult. OL314 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL119 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1037 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL417 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL161 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL882 [P. Thomas et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB261); Vientiane (S); Xaisomboun (NUOL cult. OL367 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in montane humid evergreen forest, also in evergreen forest on limestone hill and in the lowlands, 170
907 m a.s.l. February
April. Pomatocalpa tonkinense (Gagnep.) Seidenf. Camarotis falciformis Tixier; Cleisostoma tonkinense Gagnep.; Pomatocalpa falciforme (Tixier) Garay; Pomatocalpa laoticum Seidenf. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Porpax elwesii (Rchb. f.) Rolfe Eria elwesii Rchb. f.; Porpax elwesii (Rchb. f.) Kraenzl.; Porpax meirax (Parish & Rchb. f.) King & Pantl. var. elwesii (Rchb. f.) R. C. Srivast. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Champasak (S); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL813 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB73; S). Epiphyte on trees along a river in dipterocarp forest, 300 m a.s.l., June, July. Lithophyte on large smooth boulders in a stream together with Eria spirodela and mosses, 791
1500 m a.s.l. October
December. Pomatocalpa siamense (Rolfe ex Downie) Summerh. Porpax fibuliformis King & Pantl. Cleisostoma siamense Rolfe ex Downie; Echioglossum siamense (Rolfe ex Downie) Szlach.; Pomatocalpa latifolium (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. var. siamense (Rolfe ex Downie) Tang & F. T. Wang. India (NE), Thailand. Laos: Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB68; S). Thailand. Laos: Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (N). Epiphyte on tree in open scrub and in evergreen lowland forest, 200 m a.s.l. April. Lithophyte on a small rock on the summit of a small hill in a montane conifer woodland, 556 m a.s.l. June. Porpax reticulata Lindl. India (Deccan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). 800
1500 m a.s.l. February. Pomatocalpa spicatum Breda Cleisostoma crassum Ridl.; Cleisostoma expansum Rchb. f.; Cleisostoma uteriferum Hook. f.; Cleisostoma vitellinum Rchb. f.; Cleisostoma wendlandorum Rchb. f.; Pomatocalpa expansum (Rchb. f.) J. J. Sm.; Pomatocalpa setulense (Ridl.) Holttum; Pomatocalpa vitellinum (Rchb. f.) Ames; Pomatocalpa wendlandorum (Rchb. f.) J. J. Sm.; Saccolabium flavescens Ridl.; Saccolabium hobsonii Ridl.; Saccolabium setulense Ridl.; Saccolabium uteriferum (Hook. f.) Ridl.; Saccolabium wendlandorum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl. Pteroceras teres (Blume) Holttum Aerides suaveolens Roxb.; Aerides teres (Blume) Lindl.; Dendrocolla teres Blume; Ornitharium striatulum Lindl.; Ornithochilus striatulus Hort. Calc. ex Lindl.; Pteroceras radicans Hassk.; Pteroceras suaveolens (Roxb.) Holttum; Sarcochilus palawanensis Ames; Sarcochilus suaveolens (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Sarcochilus teres (Blume) Rchb. f.; Sarcochilus teres (Blume) Rchb. f. var. exinflatus J. J. Sm.; Thrixspermum teres (Blume) Rchb. f. 307 India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB503, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. July
December. Renanthera coccinea Lour. Epidendrum renanthera Raeusch. Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, T. Keokene PB195; S); Khammouan (N); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (P. Bonnet PB475; S); Xiangkhoang (S); ‘can trap’ (S). Epiphyte in a tree crown in deciduous dipterocarp forest on rocky soil, at the base of a tree trunk on a small limestone hill, on tree in open scrub, also as a terrestrial climber in open secondary forest near a large waterfall. 200
307 m a.s.l. February
April. Rhynchostylis coelestis (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. ex Veitch Saccolabium coeleste Rchb. f.; Vanda pseudocaerulescens Guillaumin. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL329 [S. Sopraseuth]; NUOL cult. OL347 [S. Sopraseuth]); unspecified (S). May. retusus (L.) Kuntze; Gastrochilus rheedii (Wight) Kuntze; Gastrochilus spicatus (D. Don) Kuntze; Limodorum retusum (L.) Sw.; Orchis lanigera Blanco; Rhynchostylis gurwalica (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Rhynchostylis guttata (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Rhynchostylis praemorsa (Willd.) Blume; Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume var. macrostachya Rchb. f.; Rhynchostylis violacea (Lindl.) Rchb. f. var. berkeleyi (Rchb. f.) Stein; Saccolabium berkeleyi Rchb. f.; Saccolabium blumei Lindl.; Saccolabium blumei Lindl. var. major B. S. Williams; Saccolabium blumei Lindl. var. russelianum B. S. Williams; Saccolabium furcatum Hort. ex B. S. Williams; Saccolabium gurwalicum Lindl.; Saccolabium guttatum (Lindl.) Lindl.; Saccolabium heathii Hort.; Saccolabium holfordianum Hort.; Saccolabium littorale Rchb. f.; Saccolabium macrostachyum Lindl.; Saccolabium praemorsum (Willd.) Lindl.; Saccolabium retusum (L.) Voigt; Saccolabium rheedii Wight; Saccolabium spicatum (D. Don) Lindl.; Saccolabium turneri B. S. Williams; Sarcanthus guttatus Lindl. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL52 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL538 [B. Svengsuksa]; S); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB172); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB320; N); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL788 [P. Sengsomphou]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL396 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘Mekong’ (S); ‘Mt Singh’ (S); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). Epiphyte on the summit of a small limestone hill covered with open xerophytic forest, also in deciduous mixed montane forest on a hilltop, 222
1216 m a.s.l. May, June. Robiquetia spatulata (Blume) J. J. Sm. Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl. Anota densiflora (Lindl.) Schltr.; Anota gigantea (Lindl.) Fukuy.; Anota hainanensis (Rolfe) Schltr.; Anota harrisoniana (Hook.) Schltr.; Anota violacea (Lindl.) Schltr.; Gastrochilus giganteus (Lindl.) Kuntze; Gastrochilus violacea (Lindl.) Kuntze; Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl. var. petotiana (Rchb. f.) Guillaumin in Gagnep.; Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl. subsp. violacea (Lindl.) Christenson; Rhynchostylis violacea (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Saccolabium albolineatum Teijsm. & Binn.; Saccolabium giganteum Lindl.; Saccolabium giganteum Lindl. var. petotianum Rchb. f.; Saccolabium hanissonii Boxall ex Náves; Saccolabium harrisonianum Hook.; Saccolabium violaceum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Vanda densiflora Lindl.; Vanda hainanensis Rolfe; Vanda violacea Lindl. Burma, China (Hainan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1076 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL305 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL452 [V. Lamxay et al.]; S); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Lowlands. January, December. Aerides densiflora (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Cleisostoma robustum Guillaumin; Cleisostoma spatulatum Blume; Cleisostoma spicatum Lindl.; Gastrochilus densiflorus (Lindl.) Kuntze; Pomatocalpa densiflorum (Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Rhynchostylis densiflora (Lindl.) L. O. Williams; Saccolabium acutilabrum Gagnep.; Saccolabium borneense Rchb. f.; Saccolabium densiflorum Lindl.; Sarcanthus armeniacus Rchb. f.; Sarcanthus castaneus Ridl.; Sarcanthus densiflorus (Lindl.) Parish & Rchb. f.; Sarcanthus pendulus Klinge. India (NE), Burma, China (Hainan), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam,, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1097 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL268 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL717 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte on a liana over a large stream in humid secondary evergreen lowland forest, 169 m a.s.l. May, June. Robiquetia succisa (Lindl.) Seidenf. & Garay Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Aerides guttata (Lindl.) Roxb.; Aerides praemorsa Willd.; Aerides retusa (L.) Sw.; Aerides spicata D. Don; Aerides undulata Sm.; Epidendrum hippium Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Epidendrum indicum Poir.; Epidendrum retusum L.; Gastrochilus blumei (Lindl.) Kuntze; Gastrochilus gurwalicus (Lindl.) Kuntze; Gastrochilus 308 Cleisostoma virginale Hance; Pomatocalpa virginale (Hance) J. J. Sm.; Robiquetia succisa (Lindl.) Tang & F. T. Wang. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL354; S). Epiphyte in open riverine forest in the lowlands. June
August, October. Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Sarcoglyphis mirabilis (Rchb. f.) Garay Smitinandia micrantha (Lindl.) Holttum Sarcanthus gilbertii Hook. f.; Sarcanthus mirabilis Rchb. f.; Sarcanthus tixieri Guillaumin; Sarcanthus vientianensis Guillaumin. Ascocentrum micranthum (Reinw. ex Blume) Holttum; Cleisostoma micranthum (Lindl.) King & Pantl.; Cleisostoma petitiana Guillaumin; Cleisostoma poilanei Gagnep.; Cleisostoma tixieri Guillaumin; Gastrochilus parviflorus Kuntze; Pomatocalpa poilanei (Gagnep.) Tang & F. T. Wang; Saccolabium fissum Ridl.; Saccolabium micranthum Lindl.; Uncifera albiflora Guillaumin. Thailand, Vietnam, Burma. Laos: Champasak (S); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB264); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen lowland and montane forest, 170
1500 m a.s.l. March, April. Sarcoglyphis smithianus (Kerr) Seidenf. India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL36 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; N); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL297 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Sarcanthus smithianus Kerr; Sarcoglyphis yunnanensis Z. H. Tsi. China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB328; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB353); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB555); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman PB83); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte near a small waterfall in dry evergreen forest, in humid evergreen forest on a steep limestone hill, in mixed deciduous forest, and in a shady spot at the base of a steep limestone hill, 200
1150 m a.s.l. March
May. Schoenorchis gemmata (Lindl.) J. J. Sm. Cleisostoma dichroantha Gagnep. var. teurnamense Tixier; Cleisostoma dichroanthum Gagnep.; Cleisostoma evrardii Gagnep.; Saccolabium gemmatum Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB422); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB516; S). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest on an exposed fallen tree trunk, 1077 m a.s.l. May, June. On small trees on rocky limestone hill, 170
300 m a.s.l. January
June. Spathoglottis affinis de Vriese Spathoglottis lobbii Rchb. f. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Java. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. P5 [P. Bonnet]; S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL356 [S. Sopraseuth]; S); Xaisomboun (N); ‘Bolovens’ (S). Lithophyte on steep open rocky slope above a stream, also on boulders in open conifer woodland and terrestrial among shrubs along a road, 170
1000 m a.s.l. August
October. Spathoglottis eburnea Gagnep. Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB10; P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB13); Vientiane (S); Xaisomboun (N). Terrestrial in sandy soil in open deciduous mixed and dipterocarp forest, ca 550 m a.s.l. October. Seidenfadenia mitrata (Rchb. f.) Garay Aerides mitrata Rchb. f. Spathoglottis plicata Blume Burma, Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL s. n.). Bletia angustata Gaudich.; Bletia angustifolia Gaudich.; Calanthe poilanei Gagnep.; Limodorum unguiculatum Labill.; Paxtonia rosea Lindl.; Spathoglottis angustifolia (Gaudich.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Spathoglottis daenikeri Kraenzl.; Spathoglottis grandifolia Schltr.; Spathoglottis lanepoolei R. S. Rogers; Spathoglottis lilacina Griff.; Spathoglottis papuana F. M. Bailey var. puberiflora R. S. Rogers & C. T. White; Spathoglottis papuana F. M. Bailey var. puberula Schltr.; Spathoglottis regnieri Rchb. f.; Spathoglottis rosea (Lindl.) Nicholson; Spathoglottis spicata Lindl.; Spathoglottis unguiculata (Labill.) Rchb. f.; Spathoglottis vieillardii Rchb. f.; Spathoglottis wariana Schltr. Epiphyte in open forest. March, April. Smitinandia helferi (Hook. f.) Garay Gastrochilus helferi (Hook. f.) Kuntze; Saccolabium helferi Hook. f.; Saccolabium humile Ridl.; Smitinandia humilis (Ridl.) Holttum. 309 Sri Lanka, India, Burma, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Arch., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Pacific islands east to Fiji and Tonga. Laos: Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL358 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). May
September. Sunipia andersonii (King & Pantl.) P. F. Hunt Ione andersonii King & Pantl.; Ione pallida Aver.; Ione purpurata Braid; Sunipia purpurata (Braid) P. F. Hunt. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL874 [P. Thomas et al.]). October. Spathoglottis pubescens Lindl. Cymbidium guttatum Bureau & Franch. ex Gagnep.; Pachystoma fortunei (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Spathoglottis fortunei Lindl.; Spathoglottis plicata Blume var. pubescens (Lindl.) Hiroe; Spathoglottis pubescens Lindl. var. fortunei (Lindl.) Gagnep. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (photos seen); Houaphan (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Lithophyte on flat open rocky terrain covered with moss and herbaceous plants close to humid evergreen forest, 1245 m a.s.l. October. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames Aristotelea spiralis Lour.; Calanthe australis (R. Br.) Aiton ex Loudon; Epidendrum aristotelia Raeusch.; Gyrostachis amoena (M. Bieb.) Blume; Gyrostachis australis (R. Br.) Blume; Gyrostachis australis (R. Br.) Blume var. amoena Blume; Gyrostachis australis (R. Br.) Blume var. crispata Blume; Gyrostachis australis (R. Br.) Blume var. flexuosa Blume; Gyrostachis australis (R. Br.) Blume var. parviflora Blume; Gyrostachis australis (R. Br.) Blume var. wightiana Blume; Gyrostachis pusilla Blume; Gyrostachys stylites (Lindl.) Kuntze; Gyrostachys wightiana (Lindl.) Kuntze; Monustes australis (R. Br.) Raf.; Neottia amoena M. Bieb.; Neottia australis R. Br.; Neottia crispata Blume; Neottia flexuosa Sm.; Neottia parviflora Sm.; Neottia pudica (Lindl.) Sweet; Neottia sinensis Pers.; Ophrys spiralis Georgi; Spiranthes amoena (M. Bieb.) Spreng.; Spiranthes angustilabris J. J. Sm.; Spiranthes aristotelia (Raeusch.) Merr.; Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl.; Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl. var. pudica (Lindl.) Lindl.; Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl. var. suishaensis Hayata; Spiranthes australis (R. Br.) Lindl. var. wightiana Lindl. ex Hook. f.; Spiranthes crispata (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi; Spiranthes densa A. Rich.; Spiranthes flexuosa (Sm.) Lindl.; Spiranthes indica Lindl. ex Steud.; Spiranthes longispicata A. Rich.; Spiranthes neocaledonica Schltr.; Spiranthes novaezeylandiae Hook. f.; Spiranthes papuana Schltr.; Spiranthes parviflora (Sm.) Lindl.; Spiranthes pudica Lindl.; Spiranthes pusilla (Blume) Miq.; Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. australis (R. Br.) Hara & Kitam.; Spiranthes spiralis (Lour.) Makino; Spiranthes stylites Lindl.; Spiranthes suishaensis (Hayata) Schltr.; Spiranthes viridiflora Makino; Spiranthes wightiana Lindl. Tropical and subtropical continental Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Samoa. Laos: Khammouan (sight record [M. Newman et al.; photos seen]). Terrestrial in damp grassland. February. 310 Sunipia grandiflora (Rolfe) P. F. Hunt Ione grandiflora Rolfe. Thailand, Burma. Laos: Champasak (P. Bonnet PB526, found on local market, collected in the surrounding countryside). July. Sunipia scariosa Lindl. Ione siamensis Rolfe; Ione scariosa (Lindl.) King & Pantl.; Ione scariosa var. magnibracteata Kerr. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S); ‘Muang Nan Eka’ (S; possibly in Louangphrabang). Epiphyte on trees on rocky limestone mountain, 1500 m a.s.l. April. Taeniophyllum retrospiculatum (King & Pantl.) King & Pantl. Sarcochilus retrospiculatus King & Pantl. India (NE). Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB267). Epiphyte in dense evergreen montane forest close to a small stream, 1240 m a.s.l. October, November. Tainia angustifolia (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. Ania angustifolia Lindl.; Ascotainia angustifolia (Lindl.) Schltr.; Ascotainia sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie; Eulophia evrardii Guillaumin; Mitopetalum angustifolium (Lindl.) Blume; Nephelaphyllum evrardii (Guillaumin) Tang & F. T. Wang; Pachystoma angustifolium (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Tainia sutepensis (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf. & Smitinand. Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet PB651); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB8); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL780 [P. Sengsomphou]). Lithophyte on a small rock in secondary humid evergreen forest near a large stream, also terrestrial in open deciduous dipterocarp forest, 300
554 m a.s.l. September, October. Tainia latifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Ania latifolia Lindl.; Eria angulata Rchb. f.; Eria ania Rchb. f.; Eria hologlossa Parish & Rchb. f.; Eulophia hastata Lindl.; Mitopetalum latifolium (Lindl.) Blume; Tainia angulata (Rchb. f.) Benth. ex Kraenzl.; Tainia cordata Hook. f.; Tainia hastata (Lindl.) Hook. f.; Tainia hologlossa (Parish & Rchb. f.) Benth. ex Hook. f.; Tainia latifolia (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). February, March. Epiphyte on tree trunk in secondary humid evergreen forest near a large stream, also in the lowlands, 170
300 m a.s.l. May
July. Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) Blume Euproboscis pygmaea Griff.; Thelasis amboinensis (J. J. Sm.) J. J. Sm.; Thelasis celebica Schltr.; Thelasis elongata Blume; Thelasis elongata Blume var. amboinensis J. J. Sm.; Thelasis hongkongensis Rolfe; Thelasis triandra Blume; Thelasis triptera Rchb. f.; Thelasis zollingeri Rchb. f. Ania hookeriana (King & Pantl.) Tang & F. T. Wang ex Summerh.; Ania penangiana (Hook. f.) Summerh.; Ascotainia hookeriana (King & Pantl.) Ridl.; Ascotainia penangiana (Hook. f.) Ridl.; Ascotainia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie; Tainia hookeriana King & Pantl.; Tainia siamensis (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf. & Smitinand. India, Nepal, Burma, China, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, lesser Sunda Is., New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Is. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1114 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB65); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1202 [P. Bonnet]). India (NE), Bhutan, China (Hainan), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL885, OL903, OL1072, OL1145 [all M. Newman et al.]). January, February. Lithophyte on vertical rock in open montane conifer woodland, on moss-covered rocks in an open place at the top of a 15 m high waterfall, also epiphytic in mixed deciduous forest, 307
889 m a.s.l. April
August. Thaia saprophytica Seidenf. Thrixspermum centipeda Lour. Thailand. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB645). Aerides arachnites (Blume) Lindl.; Cleisostoma complanatum (J. Koenig) Lindl. ex Steud.; Dendrobium auriferum Lindl.; Dendrocolla arachnites Blume; Dendrocolla serraeformis (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Thwaites; Epidendrum complanatum J. Koenig; Epidendrum thrixspermum Raeusch.; Limodorum complanatum (J. Koenig) Willd.; Liparis serraeformis Lindl.; Sarcochilus arachnites (Blume) Rchb. f.; Sarcochilus aurifer (Lindl.) Rolfe; Sarcochilus centipeda (Lour.) Náves; Sarcochilus complanatus (J. Koenig) Hook. f.; Sarcochilus hainanensis Rolfe; Sarcochilus serraeformis (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Thrixspermum arachnites (Blume) Rchb. f.; Thrixspermum auriferum (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Thrixspermum auriferum (Lindl.) Schltr.; Thrixspermum complanatum (J. Koenig) Schltr.; Thrixspermum papillosum Carr; Thrixspermum serraeforme (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Vanda pauciflora Breda. Tainia penangiana Hook. f. Semi-lithophyte in small pockets of soil between limestone rock on hills covered with open semi-deciduous forest, 200 m a.s.l. September, October. Note: this species was originally described as a leafless ‘saprophyte’. Observations by the authors, as well as by Prapanth Iamwiriyakul (pers. comm.) in Thailand, have shown that this is a species with deciduous leafy shoots arising from a subterranean corm which flowers when the leaves have already died. Thecostele alata (Roxb.) Parish & Rchb. f. Acriopsis latifolia Rolfe; Collabium annamense Gagnep.; Collabium wrayi Hook. f.; Cymbidium alatum Roxb.; Pholidota elmeri Ames; Thecostele elmeri (Ames) Ames; Thecostele maculosa Ridl.; Thecostele poilanei Gagnep.; Thecostele wrayi (Hook. f.) Rolfe; Thecostele zollingeri Rchb. f. India (NE), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (photos seen); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1016); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL921 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1722 [B. Svengsuksa & B. Laville]; S); ‘between April and Achang’ (S). India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (P. Bonnet PB513); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB21; P. Bonnet, P. Kessler, K. Nanthavong, V. Vannachak PB48; N); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB335); Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL397 [Hul & Thebaud]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL406 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, in humid evergreen forest, in dry evergreen forest on a hilltop near a waterfall, on coffee trees in coffee plantation, 537
1150 m a.s.l. May, June, September
December. 311 Thrixspermum clavatum (J. Koenig) Garay Trias disciflora (Rolfe) Rolfe Dendrocolla maculata Ridl.; Epidendrum clavatum J. Koenig; Gastrochilus clavatus (J. Koenig) Kuntze; Limodorum clavatum (J. Koenig) Willd.; Saccolabium clavatum (J. Koenig) Lindl.; Thrixspermum ciliatum Schltr.; Thrixspermum infractum Schltr.; Thrixspermum ridleyanum Schltr.; Thrixspermum rubrocallosum Carr. Bulbophyllum disciflorum Rolfe. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL1290 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL830 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Epiphyte on small trees along a small stream through open conifer woodland, 500
759 m a.s.l. July
December. Epiphyte on the distal part of small branches in dipterocarp forest. June, December. Trias nasuta (Rchb. f.) Stapf India (NE), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL904 [M. Newman et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1199 [P. Bonnet]; S). Bulbophyllum nasutum Rchb. f.; Trias vitrina Rolfe. Thrixspermum leucarachne Ridl. Sarcochilus leucarachne (Ridl.) F. N. Williams. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL581 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Houaphan (NUOL cult. OL879 [P. Thomas et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL899 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (S). Lowlands. July, August, October, December. Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1440); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL421 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). January, October. Trias nummularia Aver. & Averyanova Vietnam. Laos: unspecified (Singapore Botanic Garden cult. SBG-O 3649, det. J. J. Vermeulen). Trichoglottis dawsoniana (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. Thrixspermum pusillum (Guillaumin) Garay Ascochilus pusillus Guillaumin; Pteroceras pusillum (Guillaumin) T. B. Nguyen & Duong Duc Huyen. Cleisostoma dawsonianum Rchb. f.; Sarothrochilus dawsonianum (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Staurochilus dawsonianus (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Trichoglottis multiloba Guillaumin. Vietnam. Laos: Vientiane (S). Burma, Thailand. Laos: Xaignabouri (S). Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Hook. f.) Kuntze Trichoglottis fasciata Rchb. f. Dendrocolla alba Ridl.; Dendrocolla trichoglottis (Hook. f.) Ridl.; Sarcochilus trichoglottis Hook. f.; Thrixspermum album (Ridl.) Schltr. Staurochilus fasciatus (Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Stauropsis fasciata (Rchb. f.) Benth.; Vandopsis leytensis Ames. India (NE), Burma, Andaman Is., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL413 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; S). Lowlands. March
November. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL127 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL330 [S. Sopraseuth]; S); ‘between Mekong and Hue’ (S; possibly Savannakhet). Epiphyte in heavy woods in the lowlands. March
May. Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Phaius albus Lindl. India (NE), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL589 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL949 [M. Newman et al.], OL1140 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1208 [P. Bonnet et al.]). Lithophyte on the top of a small moss-covered rock in humid woodland, 1100 m a.s.l. January, December. 312 Trichoglottis lorata (Rolfe ex Downie) Schuit. Ascochilus loratus Rolfe ex Downie; Pteroceras loratum (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf. & Smitinand; Staurochilus loratus (Rolfe ex Downie) Seidenf. Thailand. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB350; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB380). Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest on a limestone hill, also in secondary montane forest, 722
1236 m a.s.l. May. Trichoglottis orchidea (J. Koenig) Garay Ceratochilus orchideus (J. Koenig) Lindl.; Cleisostoma tenuicaule King & Pantl.; Epidendrum orchideum J. Koenig; Limodorum orchideum (J. Koenig) Willd.; Saccolabium cornigerum Ridl.; Saccolabium pantlingii Ridl.; Saccolabium peperomioides Kraenzl.; Trichoglottis cirrhifera Teijsm. & Binn.; Trichoglottis tenuicaulis (King & Pantl.) J. J. Sm.; Trichoglottis tetraceras Ridl. Thailand, Nicobar Is., Peninsular Malaysia, Java. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, F. Hallé PB_TX1); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL219 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Louangphrabang (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL331 [N. Soulivong]; S). Epiphyte on a small tree branch in dense secondary evergreen forest, 170
307 m a.s.l. January
April. Trichoglottis retusa Blume Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas. Laos: Vientiane (S). Note: at least some of the Indochinese specimens identified as T. retusa show clear differences from Malesian material, e.g. in the type of pubescence on the lip. Possibly more than one species have been recorded under this name. Trichoglottis seidenfadenii Aver. Trichoglottis tomentosa Seidenf. Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL150b [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Trichotosia dasyphylla (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kraenzl. Eria dasyphylla Parish & Rchb. f.; Eria evrardii Gagnep.; Pinalia dasyphylla (Parish & Rchb. f.) Kuntze. India (NE), Nepal, Burma, Thailand, China (Yunnan), Vietnam. Laos: Bolikhamxai (sight record [A. Schuiteman, P. Bonnet, D. Barthélémy, E. Hoogendijk; photo]); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL942 [M. Newman et al.]); Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB330); Vientiane (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman PB70; S); Xaignabouri (S); Xiangkhoang (S). Epiphyte in dry evergreen forest on a hilltop near a waterfall, also on small trees along a small stream through open conifer woodland, and in evergreen montane forest, 805
1200 m a.s.l. April, June, July. Trichotosia microphylla Blume Eria microphylla (Blume) Blume; Pinalia microphylla (Blume) Kuntze. Epiphyte near a waterfall in dense humid evergreen forest, 1077 m a.s.l. May. Trichotosia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kraenzl. Eria cristata Ridl.; Eria helleri A. D. Hawkes; Eria pulvinata Lindl.; Eria rufinula Rchb. f.; Pinalia pulvinata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Trichotosia cristata (Ridl.) Kraenzl. India (NE), Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, S. Lanorsavanh, C. Loinheuang PB571); Savannakhet (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL369 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Epiphyte in Fagaceae-dominated evergreen montane ridge crest forest, 976 m a.s.l. August. Tropidia angulosa (Lindl.) Blume Cnemidia angulosa Lindl.; Cnemidia semilibera Lindl.; Decaisnea angulosa Lindl.; Govindooia nervosa Wight; Tropidia bellii Blatt. & McCann; Tropidia calcarata Ames; Tropidia govindooi Blume; Tropidia semilibera (Lindl.) Blume; Tropidia somai Hayata. India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB348, not in flower). Terrestrial in humid evergreen forest on a limestone hill, 722 m a.s.l. Tropidia curculigoides Lindl. Tropidia assamica Blume; Tropidia formosana Rolfe; Tropidia graminea Blume; Tropidia hongkongensis Rolfe; Tropidia squamata Blume. India, Burma, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., New Guinea, Australia. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB637, not in flower); Louangphrabang (N); Xaignabouri (N); unspecified: ‘Massie sine no., fide Gagnepain’ (S). Terrestrial in dense humid evergreen forest between limestone hills, also in evergreen montane forest. Tropidia pedunculata Blume Schoenomorphus capitatus Thorel ex Gagnep.; Tropidia maingayi Hook. f. India (NE), Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, lesser Sunda Is., Moluccas, New Guinea. Laos: Xaignabouri (S). Vanda brunnea Rchb. f. Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Laos: Bolikhamxai (D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB418). Thailand, Burma. Laos: Phongsali (NUOL cult. OL500 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay 313 PB297); Oudomxai (sight record [P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay; photo]). Epiphyte in humid evergreen montane forest on a hilltop, also on tree trunk at margin of disturbed forest, 1365 m a.s.l. November, December. Vanda coerulescens Griff. India (NE), Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL554 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB205; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB236). Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest and in secondary Fagaceae-dominated evergreen montane forest, also on solitary trees in cultivated land. 900
1063 m a.s.l. April. hilltop, in secondary Fagaceae-dominated evergreen montane forest, and in humid montane evergreen forest, 700
1050 m a.s.l. April. Vanda lilacina Teijsm. & Binn. Vanda laotica Guillaumin. Burma, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL109 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]; NUOL cult. OL203 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Khammouan (P. Bonnet, P. Nasoukhoum, A. Schuiteman, V. Vannachak PB169); Savannakhet (S); Vientiane (NUOL cult. OL1053 [S. Sopraseuth]; S); ‘Bang Nuc and Khemmarath’ (S; possibly Khammouan). Vanda concolor Blume Epiphyte and lithophyte on the summit of a small limestone hill covered with open xerophytic forest, also in lowland dipterocarp forest, 170
222 m a.s.l. January
April. China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan), Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Vanda liouvillei Finet Vanda denisoniana Benson & Rchb. f. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Laos: Xiangkhoang (S). Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, China. Laos: Champasak (NUOL cult. OL1712); Louangphrabang (photos seen); Xiangkhoang (S). January, February, May. Vandopsis gigantea (Lindl.) Pfitzer Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson Aerides flabellata Rolfe ex Downie. China (Yunnan), Thailand. Laos: Bokeo (N); Bolikhamxai (S); Louang Namtha (N); Louangphrabang (P. Bonnet PB178; P. Bonnet PB183); ‘Tafa to Ban Houai’ (S). Fieldia gigantea (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Stauropsis chinensis Rolfe; Stauropsis gigantea (Lindl.) Benth. ex Pfitzer; Vanda gigantea Lindl.; Vanda lindleyana Griff. ex Lindl.; Vandopsis chinensis (Rolfe) Schltr. Burma, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. Laos: Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB213); Vientiane (S). Epiphyte on a Ficus tree on a river bank, 737 m a.s.l. February, April. Epiphyte on a tree trunk next to the top of a small waterfall, and on thick-barked tree trunks in deciduous dipterocarp forest on shallow, rocky, and nutrient-deficient laterite soil. April, May. Vandopsis lissochiloides (Gaudich.) Pfitzer Note: molecular studies indicate that this species belongs in the genus Vanda, rather than Aerides (A. Kocyan, pers. comm.). Fieldia lissochiloides Gaudich.; Grammatophyllum pantherinum Zipp. ex Blume; Stauropsis batemanii (Lindl.) Nicholson; Stauropsis lissochiloides (Gaudich.) Pfitzer; Vanda batemanii Lindl.; Vanda lissochiloides (Gaudich.) Lindl. Vanda flavobrunnea Rchb. f. Thailand, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (NUOL cult. OL1105 [D. Barthélémy, P. Bonnet, K. Chanthavongsa]; S); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL189 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]). Vanda pumila Hook. f. India, Nepal, Burma, China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam. Laos: Louang Namtha (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB371; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB386; P. Bonnet, V. Lamxay PB322); Phongsali (P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB244; P. Bonnet, A. Schuiteman, V. Lamxay PB280); Xiangkhoang (S). Lithophyte on the flat top of big rocks in dense secondary semi-deciduous forest about 30 m from a river, 307 m a.s.l. April
June. Vanilla annamica Gagnep. Epiphyte on trees along a small river, in humid evergreen forest on a limestone hill, in mixed deciduous forest on a 314 Vietnam. Laos: Louangphrabang (S). Vanilla aphylla Blume Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Java. Laos: Bolikhamxai (photos seen); Champasak (NUOL cult. OL276 [B. Svengsuksa et al.]); Savannakhet (NUOL cult. OL1029 [V. Lamxay et al.]); Vientiane (sight record; S). Terrestrial climber covering a tree trunk in secondary evergreen forest, 170
300 m a.s.l. July
November. Zeuxine affinis (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Adenostylis arisanensis (Hayata) Hayata; Hetaeria affinis Lindl.; Hetaeria mollis Lindl.; Zeuxine arisanensis Hayata; Zeuxine aurantiaca Schltr.; Zeuxine sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie. India (NE), Bhutan, Burma, China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, ?Philippines. Laos: Bolikhamxai (P. Bonnet PB650); Khammouan (NUOL cult. OL884 [M. Newman et al.]; N); Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in secondary evergreen forest close to a small stream, also in damp grassland. November, December. Zeuxine parvifolia (Ridl.) Ridl. ex K. Schum. & Fedde Adenostylis benguetensis Ames; Hetaeria parvifolia Ridl.; Zeuxine benguetensis (Ames) Ames; Zeuxine boninensis Tuyama; Zeuxine leucochila Schltr.; Zeuxine parvifolia (Ridl.) Seidenf.; Zeuxine sakagutii Tuyama; Zeuxine tenuifolia Tuyama; Zeuxine tonkinensis Gagnep. Burma, Taiwan, Ryukyu Arch., Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines. Laos: Vientiane (S). Terrestrial in bamboo forest in the lowlands. October, November. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. Adenostylis emarginata Blume; Adenostylis integerrima Blume; Adenostylis strateumatica (L.) Ames; Adenostylis sulcata (Roxb.) Hayata; Neottia strateumatica (L.) R. Br.; Orchis strateumatica L.; Pterygodium sulcatum Roxb.; Spiranthes strateumatica (L.) Lindl.; Strateuma zeylanica Raf.; Tripleura pallida Lindl.; Zeuxine bonii Gagnep.; Zeuxine bracteata Wight; Zeuxine brevifolia Wight; Zeuxine emarginata (Blume) Lindl.; Zeuxine evrardii Gagnep.; Zeuxine godefroyi Rchb. f.; Zeuxine integerrima (Blume) Lindl.; Zeuxine procumbens Blume; Zeuxine robusta Wight; Zeuxine rupicola Fukuy.; Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. f. rupicola (Fukuy.) T. Hashim.; Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. var. rupicola (Fukuy.) S. S. Ying; Zeuxine sulcata (Roxb.) Lindl. ex Wight; Zeuxine tripleura (Lindl.) Lindl.; Zeuxine wariana Schltr. Tropical continental Asia, Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. Naturalised in Florida. Laos: Vientiane (S); ‘Bang Muc’ (S); ‘Capra, Sambor’ (Harmand) (S). In rice fields in the lowlands. November. List of synonyms and questionable records in Newman et al. (2007) The following list contains taxa enumerated by Newman et al. (2007) that are reported under different names in our checklist, as well as a number of entries that in our opinion are either based on misidentifications (M) or require validation (V). It should be noted that for most of the species marked with ‘V’ the occurrence in Laos is to be expected. Acampe carinata A. papillosa Anoectochilus annamensis (V) A. praemorsa sensu Newman A. lylei (M) et al.  A. papillosa A. setaceus sensu Newman et al.  A. Aerides flabellatumVanda flabellata roxburghii A. siamensis (V) C. huettneriana ?C. viscosa Aphyllorchis annamensis (V) C. lactea C. flaccida A. caudata (V) C. prolifera (M) Apostasia nuda (V) Cymbidium cyperifolium (V) Armodorum siamense (V) C. nanulum (V) Ascocentropsis pusilla Dendrobium acinaciforme auct. non Roxb. Ascolabium pusilla D. spatella Ascocentrum curvifolium (V) D. albosanguineum (M) Bulbophyllum amplifoliun (V) D. anceps (V) B. bittnerianum (M) D. binoculare (V) B. crassipes (M) D. cathcartii (V) B. densiflorum (M) D. intricatum (V) B. fascinator (M) D. kentrophyllum (M) B. insulsum B. levinei D. linguella (V) B. longerepens (V) D. ochreatum (M) B. longibracteatum  B. macrocoleum D. palbebrae D. farmeri B. reclusum (V) D. parcifolium (sphalm.)  D. parciflorum B. skeatianum B. retusiusculum D. primulinum D. polyanthum B. stenophyllum (M) D. revolutum (M) B. suavissimum (V) D. trinervium (V) B. vaginatum (V) D. virgineum auct. non Rchb. f.  D. B. wallichii (M) schildhaueri Calanthe pulchra (V) D. wattii (V) Cleisostoma recurvum (ined.)  Eria porteri E. hindei C. rostratum E. spicata (V) Coelogyne fuscescens (V) Eulophia flava (V) Flickingeria fimbriata (V) Oberonia myosurus (V) F. macraei (M) O. rufilabris (V) Gastrochilus calceolaris (V) Otochilus porrectus (M) G. dasypogon (V) O. pseudoporrectus (V) Geodorum densiflorum (V) Panisea demissa (V) G. recurvum (V) Paphiopedilum bellatulum (V) Glomera erythrosma (V) Peristylus constrictus (V) Habenaria amplexicaulis (V) P. densus (V) H. digitata (V) Phaius indigoferus auct. non Hassk. P. H. hosseussi (V) indochinensis H. medioflexa (V) Phalaenopsis buyssoniana (V) H. reniformis (V) P. taenialis (V) H. roseata H. rostellifera Pholidota guibertiae (M) H. trichosantha (V) Pleione maculata (V) Hetaeria affinis (V) P. praecox (V) H. anomala (V) Podochilus microphyllus (M) Liparis acutissima (V) Staurochilus dawsonianus Trichoglottis L. averyanoviana (V) dawsoniana L. chapaensis (V) Thrixspermum hystrix (M) L. odorata L. nervosa T. merguense (V) L. siamensis L. nervosa Trias rosea (M) Luisia grovesii  L. filiformis Trichoglottis cirrhifera T. orchidea Mischobulbum longiscapum (V) Vanda pumila V. flavobrunnea Nervilia maculata (V) Zeuxine tonkinensis Z. parvifolia 315 Acknowledgements
The ORCHIS project was financed by grant LA/Asia Invest II/03 (114285) under the AsiaInvest programme of the European Union. This project was directed by project manager Dr D. Barthélémy, CIRAD, in collaboration with Mr A. Schuiteman from the National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Mr P. Bonnet, CIRAD, and staff of the Faculty of Sciences of the National University of Laos: Dr B. Svengsuksa, Mr V. Lamxay, Mr S. Lanorsavanh, Mr C. Loinheuang, Mr P. Nasoukhoum, Ms V. Vannachak, Mr K. Chanthavong, Mr T. Keokene. Research in the Nakai-Nam Theun NBCA was conducted with the assistance of Dr P. Kessler and Mr K. Nanthavong during the Biotik project. We thank Dr Phasy, dean of the Faculty of Sciences, Mr Phanthavong from the CITES Management Authority of Laos, as well as Mr Lovera and Mr Laville from Vientiane Orchidées for their support. Mr S. Luang Aphay shared his knowledge of Lao Paphiopedilum species and organised a field trip for one of the authors (AS). Dr J. J. Vermeulen kindly assisted with the identification of Bulbophyllum species. References Averyanov, L. V. and Averyanova, A. L. 2003. Updated checklist of the orchids of Vietnam.
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