Phytotaxa 52: 21–28 (2012) www.mapress.com/ phytotaxa / Copyright © 2012 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) Article PHYTOTAXA ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) Two new records of Jumellea (Orchidaceae) for Mauritius (Mascarene Islands) and their conservation status CLAUDIA BAIDER1, F. B. VINCENT FLORENS2, FANNY RAKOTOARIVELO THIERRY PAILLER4 3,4 JEAN BOSSER5 & 1 The Mauritius Herbarium, R. E. Vaughan Building, MSIRI, Réduit, Mauritius; e-mail: clbaider@msiri.mu Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius; email: v.florens@gmail.com 3 Département de Biologie et Écologie Végétales, Université d’Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; email: fannypatricka@yahoo.fr 4 Université de la Réunion, UMR C53 Cirad-Université, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioaggresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Saint-Denis Messag, Cedex 9, La Réunion, France; email: thierry.pailler@univ-reunion.fr 5 IRD, Herbier Phanerogamie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 2 Abstract Two new records of Jumellea for the island of Mauritius (Indian Ocean), J. exilis and J. rossii are reported from incorrectly attributed past collections. Sampling over the last four decades on Mauritius recorded only a few localities for J. exilis, while J. rossii is known from only a single collection. Recent surveys confirm that J. exilis is very rare, qualifying as Critically Endangered on Mauritius according to the IUCN Red List Criteria, and J. rossii should be considered as probably Extinct. An updated key to the Jumellea of Mauritius is provided. Threats besetting the species and other orchids in general in Mauritius are discussed and conservation measures suggested. Key words: angraecoid, biodiversity, epiphytes, invasive alien species, orchid, Réunion Island. Résumé Deux nouvelles espèces de Jumellea pour l'île Maurice (océan Indien), J. exilis et J. rossii sont signalées à partir d'échantillons d'herbiers incorrectement identifiés. L'échantillonnage au cours des quatre dernières décennies sur l'île Maurice n'a révélé J. exilis que dans quelques localités, tandis que J. rossii n'est connue qu'à partir d'une seule collection. Des relevés récents confirment que J. exilis est une espèce très rare, et qui se qualifie comme en danger critique d'extinction sur l'île Maurice selon les critères de la Liste Rouge de l'UICN, alors que J. rossii devrait être considérée comme probablement disparue. Une clé d'identification mise à jour pour les Jumellea de l'île Maurice est fournie. Les menaces qui pèsent sur ces espèces d'orchidées et d'autres en général à l'île Maurice sont discutées et des mesures de conservation sont proposées. Mots clés: angraecoïde, biodiversité, épiphytes, espèces exotiques envahissantes, orchidée, La Réunion. Introduction The Orchidaceae is the most diverse family of native angiosperms in the Mascarenes (on both Mauritius and Réunion) with around 160 species recorded so far, of which 93 have been recorded from Mauritius (Roberts 2001) and 149 from Réunion (CBNM 2010). This is in part due to the long history of botanical studies of the region dating back to about 250 years ago (Commerson 1768). The first monograph on orchids of Mauritius and Réunion was already published in the early 19th century (Thouars 1822). However, new records and new Accepted by C van den Berg: 13 Apr. 2012; published online in PDF: 27 Apr. 2012 21 species continue to be found (Roberts et al. 2004, Pailler et al. 2008, Pailler 2009), particularly under the impetus of the Flore des Mascareignes project, which started in the 1970’s with the aim of updating the Flora of the Mascarene Islands. This project is now near completion with three families to be published including Orchidaceae. Here we report on two new records of Jumellea Schlechter (1914: 609) for Mauritius. Jumellea is an African genus of about 60 species (Mabberley 2008), mostly confined to the Western Indian Ocean Islands, with a few species on mainland Africa. They are generally white-flowered with short or long spurs and grow as epiphytes, sometimes as lithophytes and rarely as terrestrial. All species of Jumellea endemic to the Mascarenes appear to have a Malagasy origin (Rakotoarivelo et al. unpubl.). There are a total of 9–10 species known from the Mascarenes, of which 5–6 are considered to be endemics (Rakotoarivelo et al. subm.). Until recently (Roberts 2001) four species were recorded from Mauritius: J. fragrans (Thouars 1822: pl. 54) Schlechter (1914: 609), J. recurva (Thouars 1822: pl. 56) Schlechter (1915: 430), J. recta (Thouars 1822: pl. 55) Schlechter (1915: 430), and J. triquetra (Thouars 1822: pl. 49) Schlechter (1915: 430), none of which being endemic to the island (Table 1). TABLE 1. Confirmed and putative species of Jumellea present in Mauritius, their distribution and estimated abundance, and the elevation at which they are recorded to grow. The maximum elevation in Mauritius is 828 m. Very rare (< 250 individuals); Rare (< 2,500 individuals); Common (> 10,000 individuals). MAU = Mauritius, REU = Réunion, ROD = Rodrigues, MAD = Madagascar. Species Distribution Elevation (m) Density Réunion* Density Mauritius** J. cf. fragrans REU, MAU 250–650 Rare Very rare J. rossii REU, MAU 600–1400 Common Very rare or extinct J. triquetra REU, MAU? 620–2100 Common Extinct or not present J. exilis REU, MAU, MAD 400–1300 Rare Very rare J. recta REU, MAU, ROD 100–1300 Common Rare J. recurva REU, MAU, MAD 300–850 Rare Very rare * based on quantitative survey by Jacquemyn et al. (2005); Rakotoarivelo et al., unpublished data. ** based on Roberts (2001); field observation by CB and FBVF Materials and methods We examined specimens of Jumellea collected on Mauritius and held mainly at The Mauritius Herbarium (MAU) and at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (P). We then carried out ca. 30 person days of field surveys in search of Jumellea at sites where the species of interest were collected and in a number of other potentially suitable habitats, paying particular attention to the plants’ ecology and the threats they face. Results New records of Jumellea for Mauritius Our examination of samples of Jumellea from Mauritius resulted in the addition of J. exilis (Cordemoy 1899: 416) Schlechter (1915: 429) (Fig. 1) and a putative case of J. rossii Senghas (1967: 244) to the orchid flora of the island. Both species were previously confirmed to occur only on Réunion (Cordemoy 1899, Senghas 1967, Jacquemyn et al. 2005). On Mauritius, the two species had previously been wrongly attributed to J. recta and J. fragrans respectively. The identity of J. fragrans of Mauritius is also currently being investigated. The putative Jumellea rossii has been collected only once in Mauritius in 1967 by R. E. Vaughan. The plant was growing as an epiphyte at about 10-13 m up an endemic Canarium paniculatum (Lamarck 1786: 768) Bentham (1862: 443) ex Engler (1883: 124) (Burseraceae), in the tall evergreen forest of Macchabé. 22 • Phytotaxa 52 © 2012 Magnolia Press BAIDER ET AL. Further studies are required to ascertain the precise identity of this species. Unfortunately, despite numerous surveys over four decades no new specimen has been found. It is worth to note that the distinction between J. rossii and J. fragrans had caused confusion, with their names being used under a unique taxon (usually as J. fragrans, e.g. Shum Cheong Sing et al. 1992) or interchanged (Jacquemyn et al. 2005, Jacquemyn et al. 2007); but now a genetic (Mallet et al., unpubl.) and morphological (Mallet et al., 2012) study clearly distinguishes the two species. FIGURE 1. Jumellea exilis from Mauritius. A. Side view of flower showing the long spur. B. Front view of flower. C. The largest known colony on Mauritius, growing near the summit of Le Pouce Mountain in steep cliffs inaccessible to introduced monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) which are known to rip and chew on Jumellea in Mauritius. Consequently, due to the lack of information about J. rossii on Mauritius, we concentrate this paper on J. exilis. Jumellea exilis was first collected on Mauritius by Boivin sometime between 1847 and 1852 at an unspecified locality. Further collections were made over a century later at Macchabé, Brise Fer, Tamarind Falls, La Nicolière and Le Pouce Mountain (Fig. 2). A voucher from Mondrain is, in fact, a plant transplanted from Tamarind Falls (D. Florens, pers. comm.). The localities where all these collections were made are fortunately still part of the island remnant native forest, although encroached upon to varying degrees by invasive alien plants and, to a small extent, farming of introduced deer (Tamarind Falls and La Nicolière). J. exilis is readily distinguished from all other Jumellea species so far confirmed to occur on Mauritius. We propose the following key for their identification: Key to the Jumellea of Mauritius 1. Plant acaulous or subacaulous ............................................................................................................ Jumellea triqueta NEW RECORDS OF JUMELLEA (ORCHIDACEAE) FOR MAURITIUS Phytotaxa 52 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 23 2. 3. 4. 5. - Plant with stem ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Spur longer than 8 cm................................................................................................................................................... 3 Spur shorter than 5 cm .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Stem ramose and creeping; leaves not porrect........................................................................................ Jumellea exilis Stem erect; leaves porrected at articulation with the sheath ......................................................................................... 4 Labellum rhombic....................................................................................................................................Jumellea recta Labellum spatulated............................................................................................................................ Jumellea recurva Spur twice the size of the labellum, leaf longer than10 cm..........................................................Jumellea cf. fragrans Spur same size as the labellum, leaf shorther than 7 cm ........................................................................Jumellea rossii FIGURE 2. Distribution of the newly recorded Jumellea exilis (black dots) and J. rossii (grey square) on Mauritius. Each symbol covers an area of 1×1 km. J. exilis (Cordem.) Schltr. (Fig. 1) Distribution:—Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar Specimens examined:—MAURITIUS. Mare Longue–Macabé Road, 11 October 1962, Vaughan s.n. (MAU 0002109) (fr.); Macabé, 1 November 1962, Vaughan s.n., (MAU); Macabé, 12 October 1968, Edgerley s.n., (MAU); Tamarind Falls, 21 December 1968, Wiehe s.n. (MAU); Brise Fer, 2 August 1982, Lamusse s.n. (MAU); Rivière Dimanche–Simonet, 21 March 1984, Lamusse s.n. (MAU 0008290) (fl., fr.); Mondrain, 14 June 1996, D. Florens & D’Argent s.n. (MAU); Rambouillet–La Nicolière, 400 m, 6 August 2009, 20º 09’ 53” S, 57º 36’ 53” E, Pynee et al. s.n. (MAU 0004857) (fr.); Brise Fer, 595 m, 10 June 2009, 20º 22’ 35’’ S, 57º 26’ 34” E, V. Florens & Baider CB 2244 (MAU 0008274) (fl.); Le Pouce, ca. 800 m, 20º 11’ 52” S, 57º 31’ 43” E, 24 September 2011, V. Florens & Baider CB 2523 (MAU 0009140) (fl.); s. loc., 1847-52, Boivin 1055 (MAU). Habitat:—In Mauritius: epiphyte in transitional and evergreen forest (400–650 m elev.) on canopy trees of 10–18 m high and lithophytic on micro ledge on steep cliffs at about 800 m elevation or on large boulders. Conservation status:—The species is assessed in Mauritius as Critically Threatened CR B1ab(i, ii, iii, iv) + B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv); C2a(i); D as per IUCN red list criteria (IUCN 2001). Phenology:—In Mauritius: flowering in June, September, October, November. Fruiting: October to December. Notes:—Jumellea exilis has a ramose, creeping stem with non-angled leaves, and oblong labellum. On the 24 • Phytotaxa 52 © 2012 Magnolia Press BAIDER ET AL. other hand, J. recta with which it has previously been confused on Mauritius, has a non-ramose erect stem with leaves angled above the articulation with the sheath, and a rhombic labellum. J. rossii Senghas Distribution:—Mauritius and Réunion Specimens examined:—MAURITIUS. Macabé, 27 July 1967, Vaughan, s.n. (MAU 0002113) (fr.). Habitat: —In Mauritius: epiphyte of evergreen forest with canopy reaching 15-18 m high. Conservation status:— The species is assessed in Mauritius as Extinct (EX) as per IUCN red list criteria (IUCN 2001), as it was collected only once in 1967 and there are no known individuals alive today on the island despite the many botanical surveys that have been carried out in its known locality over the last 44 years. Phenology:—Flowering in Mauritius: July (plant in cultivation). Notes: —This species has a spur of the same length as the labellum while in J. cf. fragrans the spur is twice the length of the labellum. Results of recent surveys We inspected over 20,000 potential native woody host plants during ca. 30 person days in 2009–2011 principally in the Brise Fer-Macchabé region, where both Jumellea exilis and J. rossii were previously collected. We found nearly 200 individuals of another Jumellea (J. recta), growing on seven different native trees, of five species. This species has small but widespread populations across the island. Nine isolated clumps of J. exilis were located in the Brise Fer forest, usually growing 8–10 m above ground mainly (77.8%) on mature endemic black ebony (Diospyros tessellaria Poiret 1804: 430, Ebenaceae) and on other large native canopy trees (Sideroxylon grandiflorum De Candolle 1844: 140, Sapotaceae and Nuxia verticillata Lamarck 1792: 296, Stilbaceae). Three other clumps were found growing on narrow ledges in a steep cliff near the summit of Le Pouce Mt. Six isolated clumps of J. cf. fragrans were found in Brise Fer, growing chiefly on Diospyros (four plants on D. tessellaria and one in D. neraudii De Candolle 1844: 227), and one plant on S. grandiflorum, constituting the only confirmed wild population of the species in Mauritius. However our surveys failed to relocate any plant of the putative J. rossii as did several previous surveys (Strahm 1993, Page & D’Argent 1997, Roberts 2001). That species thus appears to be exceedingly rare and on its way to extinction on Mauritius, if not already extinct (Table 1). Discussion In Mauritius, 30% of the orchid flora appears to be extinct (Roberts 2001), including another species of the genus Jumellea, J. triquetra. However, although J. triquetra was reported to occur in Mauritius by Thouars (1822) and Bojer (1837) no specimen exist in any herbaria, raising doubts about its existence in Mauritius. A recently reported rediscovery of another Jumellea species in Mauritius (J. recurva) (Sevathian 2011) turned out to be a misreporting (Baider et al. 2012), as this species has been collected from time to time over two centuries. The extant orchid species on Mauritius are mostly confined to remnants of native habitats (Bojer 1837, Roberts 2001) that now amount to 5% of the original native cover (Safford 1997). Clearly, a major driver of decline of orchids, including Jumellea, on Mauritius, has been the extreme levels of deforestation of the island particularly in the 19th century (Cheke & Hume 2008). For example, certain localities that were particularly rich in orchids, such as Quartier Militaire (Bojer 1837), have since been completely deforested. Current NEW RECORDS OF JUMELLEA (ORCHIDACEAE) FOR MAURITIUS Phytotaxa 52 © 2012 Magnolia Press • 25 deforestation, which is mostly illegal continues to be a threat but on a small scale mostly by virtue of only small areas being left with native vegetation. Some selective logging has been allowed, even within protected areas and must have also played a role in the decline of native orchids. For example, in the 1970’s in areas such as Macchabé, wood cutters were allowed to cut small poles (2.5–7.5 cm dbh) of ‘exotic woody weeds’. However, owing to lack of adequate controls, cutting of many native and endemic plants also occurred (Cheke 1987). Today, most native orchid species survive in habitats which are severely fragmented. This situation increases extinction risks, for example, through a reduction of pollination success or through deleterious edge effects (Primack 1998). It is also a common habit among lay Mauritians to collect wild orchids from the forests either to try to cultivate them in their gardens or for sale (FBVF, pers. obs). Jumellea being among the largest native species and having relatively pretty flowers are particularly at risk of such activities. Although this practice is illegal, it goes unabated since enforcement of conservation laws is generally non-existent in the country. Another threat comes from the fact that 99% of the remaining areas of native vegetation continue to degrade through the encroachment of invasive alien woody weeds, of which, the Strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine (1821: 317), Myrtaceae) is the most serious (Strahm 1993, Lorence & Sussman 1986, Florens 2008, Baider & Florens 2011). The remaining 1% of the native habitat is being restored in Conservation Management Areas mainly through the control of the alien plants. Psidium cattleianum seems to be particularly detrimental to epiphytic orchids as it has the habit of frequently shedding patches of its bark and with it any epiphytic orchid that would have become established. Jumellea is particularly at risk of such shedding as it has a relatively long development time from germination to maturity with the result that its chances of completing its life cycle on Strawberry guava stems would be very low, assuming it can establish on such substratum. We have never seen Jumellea growing on Strawberry guava stems. Invasive alien weeds also greatly reduce light penetration particularly in the lowermost 8 m of the tall forests. This is likely to result in substantial competition for light exerted on orchids growing in this volume of the forest. The predicament of orchids in Mauritius is worsened by herbivory by alien monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), which appears to preferentially attack the larger orchids like Jumellea. They often rip and chew on orchids before dropping the remains to the forest floor where conditions are often not suitable for the orchids, if still alive, to continue to grow. The absence of monkeys from certain areas in Mauritius correlates well with an abundance of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids (CB & FBVF, pers. obs.), as is also often seen on Réunion where monkeys have not been introduced. As lithophytes, J. exilis is known in Mauritius only from a steep cliff and a large boulder where the plants are largely out of reach of monkeys. Monkeys can inflict considerable damage as observed on a clump of J. cf. fragrans in Brise Fer, where 15–25% of all leaves were ripped following a single attack. Pollination problems may also have played a role in the decline of the orchids, like the small spurred Jumellea. For example, native butterflies are very scarce in forest areas invaded by alien weeds compared to forests cleared of these weeds as part of management to conserve biodiversity (Florens et al. 2010). Butterflies are often used as an indicator group for diversity of other insects (Kremen 1992). Assuming butterflies correctly reflect other insect groups’ diversity and given that short spur Jumellea are pollinated by insects, it is possible that the decline of some orchid species has been contributed to by reduced pollination success indirectly caused by alien plant invasion reducing native insect diversity. Conclusion The high rate of extinction of native orchids in Mauritius along with the rarity of many extant species, like the Jumellea spp. call for urgent conservation action of this group in Mauritius and serves as a warning for other places where orchids are not yet so badly affected. While it is important to conduct detailed ecological studies to empirically establish the importance of the different threats discussed above it is already apparent that alien plant invasion is strongly detrimental to the native orchid flora (Mawlah 2007). As current knowledge stands, the single most judicious and sustainable conservation action of orchids is the control of invasive alien plants 26 • Phytotaxa 52 © 2012 Magnolia Press BAIDER ET AL. that are degrading native vegetation remnants. Despite comprising by far the most diverse native plant family on Mauritius, orchids currently benefit from little specific conservation action. The need for large-scale habitat restoration (through alien plants control) has been recognised in the country’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP 2006). However expensive and low impact conservation actions continue to be generally pursued often at the detriment of the more judicious and sustainable ecosystem restoration approach (through competition for scarce funds and resources). Thus, at the midterm of the NBSAP, less than 10% of the targeted area to be restored has been reached. The conservation status of the new record presented here as Critically Endangered stresses the urgent need to embrace conservation from an ecosystem approach at a meaningful scale, if the country is committed to conserving its declining orchid and other native biodiversity. Acknowledgements CB and FBVF thank the National Parks and Conservation Service of Mauritius for granting permission to access areas in the Black River Gorges National Park. We thank the two reviewers and the subject editor, Cássio van den Berg, for their comments. Botanical referencing could not be done without the databases in Tropicos and digitalised books on Botanicus and Bibiloteca Digital del Real Jardín Botânico. References Baider, C. & Florens, F.B.V. (2011) Control of invasive alien weeds averts imminent plant extinction. Biological Invasions 13 (12): 2641–2646͘DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9980-3 Baider, C., Florens, F.B.V. & Pailler T. (2012) Jumellea recurva (Orchidaceae): not a rediscovery in Mauritius. 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