International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research
ISSN- 0975-7066
Vol 13, Issue 4, 2021
Review Article
HEDYCHIUM SPICATUM BUCH-HAM. (KUCHRI), A TREASURE HOUSE OF ESSENTIAL OILS
ISHA KUMARI, HEMLATA KAURAV, GITIKA CHAUDHARY*
Shuddhi Ayurveda Jeena Sikho Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur Punjab 140603
Email: shuddhi.research@jeenasikho.co.in
Received: 05 May 2021, Revised and Accepted: 28 Jun 2021
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants have a very significant role in the health care system. They are served as the primary source of modern drugs. One of such
important medicinal plant is Hedychium spicatum Buch-ham. which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family (ginger family). The plant is commonly
known as the spiked ginger lily in English and Kuchri in Hindi and Shati in Sanskrit. It is a commercially valuable plant due to its rhizomes. This
rhizomatous plant holds a significant place in Ayurveda due to its extraordinary disease-curing properties. It is mentioned as Shwasahara
mahakashaya dravya in Ayurveda. It is used in many folk cultures around the world as a remedy against many diseases like diarrhoea, liver-related
problems, pain, vomiting, stomachache, inflammation, nausea, headache, fever etc. It is a therapeutically important plant due to the presence of
numerous important essential oils as major phytochemical constituents like 1,8-Cineole, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene,
etc. The main therapeutic properties of the plant are anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, tranquilizer, antipyretic, anti-diabetic,
pediculicidal, anti-helminthic etc. The aim of the present review is to provide information related to phytochemistry, therapeutic properties,
traditional uses of Hedychium spicatum in Ayurveda and folk medicinal system.
Keywords: Kuchri, Rasapanchak, Camphene, Pediculicidal, Anti-inflammatory
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2021v13i4.42738 Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijcpr
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are the major segment of native traditional systems of
medicine for years. Herbal products are used in almost each and every
corner of the world (Intentional as well as domestic markets) under
various categories such as herbal drugs, botanical drugs, botanicals,
phytomedicines, traditional medicines, herbal medicines, traditional
Chinese medicines (TCMs), traditional herbal medicinal products,
natural health products, or plant food supplements, because of their
remarkable multi-target therapeutic actions, safety and easily availability
[1-4]. Medicinal herbs play a critical role in the manufacturing of new
drugs because they contain phytochemicals of diverse nature which are
medically important [5, 6]. In the modern era, half of the drugs which are
used clinically, have been developed primarily from plant sources [7].
There are numerous plants exist in mother nature which are extremely
valuable as they are the rich source of anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory,
anti-oxidant drugs. Hedychium spicatum Buch-ham. (fig. 1) is one of such
important medicinal plants which belongs to the zinger family
Zingiberaceae. The plant is commonly known as spiked ginger lily,
garland flower in English. Whereas it got its trade name Kapurakachari
due to its commercially valuable rhizomes [8]. Locally the plant is known
as ban haldi or kuchri. Zingiberaceae family is commonly known for its
extraordinary therapeutic properties. This family is found growing wild
in the tropical areas of the world like Southeast Asia. Gingers are served
as an important ingredient in food, spices, medicines, dyes and perfume
etc. There are approximately 53 genera having 1200 different variety of
species present in Zingiberaceae family. 20 genera and almost 200
different species of Zingiberaceae family have been reported from
various regions of India [9-11]. The genus name Hedychium is derived
from ‘hedys’ a greek word which means sweet and ‘chion’ means snow
[12]. It is a well-recognized genus for its specific aroma, beautiful foliage
and attractive, diverse and showy nature of flowers and comprises of
almost 50 different species [13]. Almost each species of this genus is
native to central and Southeastern Asia and more specifically found in
southern China and some Himalayan regions except H. peregrinum,
which is a native plant of Madagascar [14]. Hedychium spicatum has a
very rich history of its utilization in traditional medication systems and is
commonly known as an anti-diabetic plant [15]. It has a significant
position in World’s most traditional medicine system i.e. Ayurveda. It is
used in many Ayurvedic herbal formulations to treat a variety of
ailments. The use of Hedychium spicatum rhizome has been mentioned
in Ayurvedic literature for treating hair loss, digestion and problems
related to the respiratory system, joint pain, and hiccups and to maintain
cardiac health. In Ayurveda the plant rhizomes are usually consumed in
powder, syrup or tablet form [16]. Hedychium spicatum is a rich source
of various kind of essential oils which are responsible for its
extraordinary therapeutic properties like anti-microbial, tranquilizing,
anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, pediculicidal, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and anti-helminthic etc. The essential oils are used in
manufacturing of soap, hair oil, face powder and incense. Hedychium
spicatum is utilized by many different cultures and tribes of the world as
remedy to treat many diseases like asthma, piles, diarrhoea, liver-related
problems, constipation, dysentery, stomachache, bronchitis, cough,
headache, pain, inflammation and as an anti-venom against snakebites,
skin disorders, dropsy and hair fall. Rhizomes are used as an appetizer,
carminative and stimulant. Rhizomes are used for making well-known
tonic as well as food supplement called Chayawanprash. The roots and
leaves of this plant are used in Tibetan medicines. Apart from its clinical
and therapeutic use, it is famous for its sweet-scented flowers which are
used for ornamental purposes. The powdered form of dried rhizomes is
used as herbal holi color (an Indian festival of colors). The rhizomes are
used to provide aroma to tobacco. Due to the insecticidal properties of its
foliage, it is being used to make floor mats [17-26]. As per the
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources
(IUCN) report, H. spicatum has now listed under vulnerable species and
near threatened plant species containing essential oils. The main reason
behind it overexploitation and habitat degradation of the plant [27-29].
Vernacular names and taxonomic classification of Hedychium spicatum is
given in table 1 and 2 respectively.
Fig. 1: Hedychium spicatum plant
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Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 13, Issue 4, 25-31
Table 1: Vernacular names of Hedychium spicatum [30, 31]
English
Hindi
Sanskrit
Bengali
Gujrati
Kannada
Malayalam
Oriya
Punjabi
Tamil
Telugu
Kashmir
Marathi
Assamese
Arabic
Spiked ginger lily, Perfume ginger, Zedoaery
Kapur kachri, Sitruti, Kachoor, Van haldi
Palashi, Shatgrantha Subratha, Gandhmulika,
Gandharika, Gandhvadhu and Prathupalashika, Shati,
Gandhpalassi
Kapurakachri, Shati, Kachri
Kapurkachli, Kapurkachari, Kapur krachari
Gandhasati, Seenakachora, Kachora, Kacchura
Katcholam
Gandha sunthi
Khor, Kachoor, Kachur
Poolakizhangu, Kichilikizhangu
Gandha Kachurala
Kapurkachara
Kapurkachri, Gabla kachari
Katuri, Sati
Jaramdada
Table 2: Taxonomy of Hedychium Spicatum
Taxonomic rank
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Common Name
Taxon
Plantae
Magnoliphyta
Liliopsida
Zingiberales
Zingiberaceae
Hedychium
spicatum
Kuchri
Morphological features of Hedychium spicatum
Hedychium spicatum is a perennial rhizomatous medicinal herb with
an erect leafy stem and reaches up to the height of about 5-150 cm.
The leaves are long, broad, sessile, glabrous and ovate-lanceolate
with clasping sheaths and are about 30 cm in size. There is the
presence of a densely flowered spike of 30 cm. The bracts are large,
oblong and green. Flowers are hermaphrodite, fragrant and whitecolored with the base of orange-yellow or red color. The floral spikes
are dense, terminal and 15-25 cm long. Floral bracts are singled
flowered and large, oblong and green colored. The flowers bear 3lobbed calyx which is usually shorter than the bract and white
ascending and of closely imbricate type. Corolla is about 5-6.3 cm in
size which is larger than the calyx. The floral petals are white and
are linearly spread. White curate lip having 2 elliptical lobes with
orange or yellow base is present. The stamens are shorter than the
lip and have red filaments. Flowers bear linear anther of size 6-8.5
mm. The fruit capsules are globular having a lining of orange-red
color. Numerous seeds of black and white color with arils are
present. The rhizomes are 15–20 cm long, 2.0–2.5 cm in diameter
and are fleshy and horizontal. Externally the rhizome is yellowishbrown in appearance but on storage, they turn dark brown. Rough
reddish brown layer is present over the one edge of each piece
having numerous scars and circular rings and rudiments of rootlets
[32-34].
Geographical distribution of Hedychium spicatum
H. spicatum is a native plant of south-eastern Asian countries. It is
found more commonly in the subtropical Himalayas. In India it is
primarily found in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand at an
elevation of 1800-3000 m. Whereas it is also found in Jammu and
Kashmir, Thiruvananthapuram hills of Kerala. It is also found widely
growing in the Malysia, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Northern Thailand
and China [35,36]. The plant impressively tolerates wide range of
climatic conditions of forest margins from 1500 to 2800m asl. H.
spicatum grows well in light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy
(clay) soils. It prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils [37].
Phytochemical constituents of Hedychium spicatum
Hedychium spicatum contains phytochemical compounds like
alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, resins, saponins, steroid, tannin,
starch and glycosides, flavonoids and tritepenoids, albumin saccharine
and phytosterols [38, 39]. This medicinal plant is well recognized for
its wide range of essential oils which are the major phytochemical
constituents of this medicinal herb. The major compound classes of
essential oils present in the plant are monoterpene hydrocarbons,
oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and
oxygenated sesquiterpenes. 1,8-Cineole is the major constituent of
essential oil. Other essential oils such as camphene, sabinene, βpinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, δ-2-carene, α-terpinene, p-cymene,
limonene (z)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, trans-linalool oxide (furanoid),
cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), linalool, camphor, δ-terpineol, αterpineol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, allo-aromadendrene, 9-epi-βcaryophyllene, epi-cubebol, α-muurolene, γ-cadinene, β-himachalene,
δ-cadinene, hedycaryol, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (e)-nerolidol,
spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, epi-cubenol, eremoligenol, αcadinol, β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol, τ-muurolol, agarospirol, epi-βbisabolol, eicosane, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, ethyl cinnamate,
eucalyptol, endo-borneol, 3-carene, camphene, α-gurjunene, βcopaene, p-cymen-8-ol, α-pinene, verbenone, limonene oxide,
isobornylformate, eucarvone, thymol, o-cymene, longipinocarvone, βpinene, α-acorenol, camphor, caryophyllene oxide, d-limonene, (1r)-(-)
myrcenol, cubenol, (z)-pinocarveol, p-cymene, trans-α-bergamottin,
alpha-ylangene, linalyl anthranilate, pinocarvone, (-)-spathulenol, αcalacorene, cis-verbenol, 3-nitro propionic acid, linalool oxide,
rotundene, (R)-lavandulyl acetate are primarily present in the
rhizomes of the plant [40-45]. The rhizomes also contain sitosterol
and its glucosides, furanoid diterpene-hedychenone and 7hydroxyhedychenone. Total phenolic content of the plant indicates the
presence of phytochemicals like xanthophyll, α-carotene, β-carotene,
DL-α-tocopherol. These phenolic compounds are known to be
associated with antioxidant activity [46, 47]. Reddy et al., the study
discovered two novel labdane-type diterpene (1, 2), along with
compounds like yunnacoranarin D, coronarin-E, drimene, 4-methoxy
ethyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, chrymsin [48]. Chemical structures
of phytochemicals are shown are fig. 2.
Fig. 2: Chemical structures of some of the phytochemicals of Hedychium spicatum
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Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 13, Issue 4, 25-31
Traditional and modern view of Hedychium spicatum
Ayurvedic view of Hedychium spicatum
The origin of Ayurveda is almost 2500 and 500 BC old. The word
Ayurveda depicts the meaning “science of life”. Its treats the diseases
by balancing the three body components/doshas of the body i.e.
kapha (water and earth), pitta (fire) and vata (space and air) [4951]. Hedychium spicatum is a popular medicinal plant Ayurveda
science of life. It is commonly known as Shati in Ayurveda. It consists
of Kaphavataghna properties i.e. it balances the kapha and vata
Doshas. In Charak Samhita, Hedychium spicatum is mentioned under
Shwasahara mahakashaya dravya i.e. drugs having the potential to
treat cough and other problems related to the respiratory system. It
is mainly used to treat cough, wound ulcer, fever, respiratory
problems and hiccough, respiratory tract issues, dermatological
diseases, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia [52-55]. Rasapanchak
of Hedychium spicatum is given in table 3.
Table 3: Rasapanchak of Hedychium spicatum as per ayurveda [56]
Sanskrit/English
Virya/Potency
Vipak/Metabolic property
Guna/Physical property
Rasa/Taste
Sanskrit/English
Ushna/Hot
Katu/Pungent
Laghu/light, Teekshna/Pungent
Katu/Pungent, Tikta/Bitter,
Kashaya/Astringent
Properties of Hedychium spicatum as per Ayurveda [57]
Hedychium spicatum has “Rogaghnata” i.e. diseases curing properties
such as it is used to treat swelling (sandhishotha), pain (shoola),
toothache (dantashoola), halitosis (mukhadurgandha), wound
(vrana), apoplectic convulsions (apatantraka), rheumatoid arthritis
(amavata), tastelessness (aruchi), poor digestion (agnimandhya),
flatulence (adhamana), colic pain (udarashoola), diarrhoea (atisara),
piles (arsha), blood related isssues (raktavikara), allergic rhinitis
(pratishyaya) and cough (Kasa),
Actions of Hedychium spicatum as per Ayurveda [58, 59]
Vedansthapana (pain-killer), dur-gandhanashana (odour repellent),
deepana (appetizer), shoolaprashamana (pain-reliever), Hikkanigrahana
(treats hiccups), rakthashodhaka (blood purifier), jwaraghna (antipyretic), uttejaka (stimulant) and keshya (good for hair).
Ayurvedic formulations of Hedychium spicatum [60, 61]
The most famous Ayurvedic formulation of of Hedychium spicatum is
“Bharangyadi” is well known polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation which is
made up of Clerodendrum serratum, Hedychium spicatum and Inula
racemosa. In Ayurveda, it is used for treating allergic rhinitis and allergic
asthma. In vitro analysis of this polyherbal formulation done by Kajaria
D et al., suggested its use as a significant immunomodulatory as well as
an anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory drug.
Folk view of Hedychium spicatum
Some plants are used in many medicinal folk practices which
represent their rich ethnobotanical significance [62]. Ethnobotany
not only promotes the value of cultural beliefs but also plays a vital
role in the health care system and drug development [63].
Hedychium spicatum is associated with many ethnobotanical uses.
For instance, the root powder of this plant is used traditionally as a
remedy to asthma [64]. Kurumba tribal people of Chemmankarai,
Nilgiri use leaves to get relief from headache. They use preparation
made up of rhizome powder and goat milk as a cure to asthma [65].
In Western Mizoram, rhizome is traditionally used for many
medicinal purposes like, liver-related problems, pain, vomiting,
stomachache, inflammation and snakebite. The rhizome is used as
an expectorant, tonic, carminative and stimulant [66]. Some local
communities of Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand apply the root
paste topically in swelling [67]. In the Jaunsar-Bawar Hills of Uttra
Pradesh, people treat diarrhoea with the paste made up of
Hedychium spicatum rhizome [68]. In Darjeeling and Sikkim,
rhizome is used against stomach and liver-related issues and
vomiting whereas in some other regions it is used to cure asthma,
cough, diarrhoea, vomiting and headache [69, 70]. People from
Dhwaj sacred grove from the Central region of Indian Himalayas
traditionally treat cold, cough, tonic, asthma, gastric problem, liver
diseases, fever with the Hedychium spicatum rhizome [71].
Traditional healers of Bhubaneshwar, Odisha use rhizome powder of
H. spicatum to treat bronchial asthma, also used as an appetite
enhancer. They also treat local inflammation, nausea, hiccups,
halitosis and vomiting with the plant rhizome [72]. Tribes of
Koraput Odisha, use tuber paste externally as a remedy for
rheumatism and loose motion [73]. People use rhizome of this plant
in folk medicinal practices to treat asthma, piles, bronchitis, snake
bite and nausea in the Bageshwar valley of Uttarakhand [74]. In
Marginal hill community, Uttrarakhand, people use Hedychium
spicatum rhizome in gastrointestinal (problems related to the intestine
and used as a purgative, laxative and carminative) respiratory (it is
used to treat cough), dermatological problems (cosmetics and used
against lice) [75]. In Kumaun, Himalaya, people use root against
problems related to liver, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, inflammation,
pains [76]. Traditional healers of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,
Uttarakhand use this plant against asthma, piles and liver related
problems [77]. People in Siwalik region of Uttarakhand treats
dysentery traditionally with the plant rhizome [78]. Women from
Garhwali region use rhizome as a blood purifier and in treating
rheumatic pain [79]. In some areas of Uttarakhand root powder is
used to treat neuromuscular disorders and body pain, asthma and also
used as an anti-cancer and antimicrobial [80, 81]. The Migratory
Shepherds in Summer Hill of District Shimla use the plant rhizome
against asthma and cough [82]. In some areas of kullu, rhizomes are
used against asthma, bronchitis and as a blood purifier [83]. The
Kanwar tribe of Chhattisgarh, use Hedychium spicatum tuber in sexual
enforcement [84]. In many districts of Nagaland, plant is used to treat
diseases like fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, inflammation [85].
Some indigenous groups of Northern Chin State, Myanmar use
rhizome of the plant to get relief from menstrual bleeding, wound
bleeding, asthma, and kidney problems. They also use it as a tonic [86].
Some ethnic groups of Parbat district, Western Nepal use the rhizome
decoction against indigestion and high fever [87]. A Nepalese tribe
named Raji, use plant rhizome to enhance digestion, loss of appetite
and to treat constipation, stomachache [88]. Some native groups of
Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, use the rhizome
in cosmetics and as a spice [89]. The rhizome paste of this plant is used
around many parts of the world as a traditional remedy for abscesses
(dermatological disorder) [90, 91].
Modern view of Hedychium spicatum
Herbal medicinal products are preferred more because these have
negligible adverse impacts and toxicity associated with them. But
concerns regarding the safety of these products are raising due to
the practice of adulteration and contamination [92-96,].
Adulteration always leads to the degradation of herbal products
which may cause severe health risks [97]. Common adulterants of
herbal products are orthodox drugs and fake or inferior plant
materials and foreign materials. Species misidentification in the
Global market of herbal products is a very common type of
adulteration. Misidentification of plant species induces undesirable,
unrelated species which may have the potential to cause severe
impacts on consumer health. This can be intentional or
unintentional. Intentional adulteration is carried out to derive
maximum profit by cleverly increasing the weight or quantity of the
herbal product [98, 99]. For instance, Kaempferia galanga Linn is a
plant species whose rhizomes are sold out in the market as the same
name as that of Hedychium spicatum i. e Shati. This may happen due
to morphological similarity [100]. Improper packaging and storage
are also associated with contamination [101]. The quality of herbal
products can only be assured if proper standardization tools and
techniques are set up from the beginning of the process to the
ending i.e. from the collection of raw material to the production of
end product [102]. For the detection of adulteration, the most
preferred technique which is used nowadays is DNA barcoding. Its
molecular-based technique which has a great potential to identify
the species and detect out the adulterant and contaminants in the
herbal products [103].
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Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 13, Issue 4, 25-31
Therapeutic properties of Hedychium Spicatum
Hedychium spicatum has extraordinary therapeutic properties due
to its wide range of phytochemical constituents. Some of the
therapeutic properties of Hedychium spicatum are discussed below.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Chachad et al., conducted a comparative study to evaluate the antiinflammatory potential of Hedychium spicatum Buch-Ham ex Smith,
Kaempferia galanga Linn. and Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. The study
was conducted out on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models.
The ethanolic extract of Hedychium spicatum rhizome showed the
maximum anti-inflammatory behavior. The study confirms that the
plant is associated with anti-inflammatory activity [104].
Anti-microbial
As per the reports of Bisht et al., essential oil, petroleum ether and
chloroform extracts of Hedychium spicatum have anti-microbial
potential. They use gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (KI-1A), Staphylococcus
aureus) and gram-negative strains (Alkaligens faecalis, Escherichia coli,
Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), Klebsiella pneumoneae, Pseudomonas
aureginosa (MTCC 424), Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterae) to
evaluate the anti-microbial potential of Hedychium spicatum. The
fungal strains used were Alternaria saloni, Aspergilus fummigatus,
Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Candida albicans (MTCC 227),
Fusarium oxysporum, Mucar racemosus, Penicilium monotricales,
Penicilium spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma viride, and
Trichoderma lignorum. The extracts showed potent activity against the
used microbial strains suggesting the anti-microbial behavior of the
plant [105]. Feng et al., conducted a study to evaluate the antimicrobial behavior of flowers essential oil against Borrelia burgdorferi
(a gram-negative bacteria). The bacteria used in the study was in
stationary phase cycle. It was observed that essential oil at 0.1% (v/v)
concentration effectively eradicated B. burgdorferi and left with
negligible chances of the regrowth of the bacteria [106]. Arora et al.
also conducted a comparative study to evaluate the antimicrobial
potential of methanolic extract of Hedychium spicatum rhizome and
the antibiotic ciprofloxacin at 200 to 1200 µg/ml concentrations
against bacterial strains namely Shigella boydii, Shigella soneii, Shigella
flexneri, B. cereus, V. cholerae, E. coli, S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and K.
pneumonia. A similar inhibitory effect was noticed for both methanolic
extract and ciprofloxacin [107].
Hepatoprotective activity
Hepatoprotective activity of Hedychium spicatum was studied by
Joshi Uttara in an in vitro study. The study was conducted on
primary rat hepatocytes in which hepatotoxicity was induced by
paracetamol. Dietrpene isolated from methanol extracts significantly
worked on hepatocytes viability and other associated parameters
like glutamic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and total
protein by restoring them. The study suggested that Hedychium
spicatum has potent hepatoprotective activity [108].
Anti-diabetic
Kaur et al., conducted an in vivo study to evaluate the anti-diabetic
potential of Hedychium spicatum in rat models in which diabetes was
induced artificially by intraperitoneal injecting alloxan monohydrate
solution. The treatment of models by orally administering rhizome
essential oil at 0.3 Ml dose for 14 d, resulted in reduced levels of
blood glucose and urea. It was also observed that essential oil helped
Islets of Langerhans in regaining the original shape [109].
to evaluate the ameliorative actions of Hedychium spicatum. Root
powder of the plant showed its ameliorative actions by normalizing
the levels of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count
(TLC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), absolute
lymphocyte count (ALC), absolute heterophill count (AHC) and
lymphocyte and by reducing the value of differential
leucocyte count (DLC %) to normal. The study concluded that the
plant has ameliorative actions [111].
Pediculicidal
Jhadav et al., studied the pediculicidal activity of Hedychium
spicatum in an in vitro study. The study was conducted out on
Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse). It was observed that
essential oil extracted from rhizomes of the plant at the
concentration of 5%, 2% and 1% caused 95-100% mortality rate in
the models after the interval of 2 h of treatment with the extract. The
study confirms that the essential oil showed better results than the
1% permethrin-based products available in the market [112].
Anti-helminthic
Sravani et al., analyzed the anti-helminthic potential of Hedychium
spicatum in in vitro using adult Indian earthworms named Pheretima
posthuma and in silico study. It was found from the results of in vitro
study that beta-sitosterol extracted from the rhizomes showed
potent inhibitory actions than the standard drug called Piperazine
citrate. The time taken by beta-sitosterol for paralysis and death was
less than that of Piperazine citrate. Whereas no significant findings
were obtained from the in silico study [113].
Anti-pyretic
Arora et al., investigated the antipyretic activity of Hedychium spicatum
in an in vivo study on Wister strain albino rat models. The models were
induced with pyrexia artificially by Brewer’s yeast. Methanolic extract of
the plant was found to be an effective measure against pyrexia as it
significantly elevated the body temperature of models at the dosage of
100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Thus, the study suggested the use of
Hedychium spicatum as an antipyretic agent [114].
CONCLUSION
The present study is an attempt to provide detailed information
about an important medicinal plant species Hedychium spicatum.
Modern pharmacological studies indicated that this plant has
extraordinary biological potential. It is strongly believed that the
data presented in this review on the utilization of Hedychium
spicatum plant in Ayurveda and folk cultures might draw the
attention of researchers to use this plant in modern medicines. The
diverse kind of phytochemicals present in this plant can be the
promising
source
of
anti-microbial,
hepatoprotective,
immunomodulatory, pediculicidal drugs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are very thankful to the Department of Research and
Development of Jeena Sikho Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur Punjab for giving us
an opportunity to explore the ethnobotanical aspect of this
medicinal plant.
FUNDING
Nil
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
All the authors have contributed equally.
Tranquilizing activity
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Chopra et al., evaluated the tranquilizing activity of Hedychium
spicatum in rat models and the results showed that rhizome
essential oil is associated with the tranquilizing activity. It
significantly worked on avoidance response caused by the
depressed condition, performance of rota-rod and hypnosis induced
by phenobarbitone and analgesia induced by morphine in rats [110].
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
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