Eugenia dichasiata Giaretta, 2021

1. Eugenia acutata Miquel (1849: 535) . ≡ Calycorectes acutatus (Miq.) Toledo (1945: 40) . Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: ad Caldas, fl., s.d., Regnell 2-115 (lectotype designated here: P! [05156360]; isolectotypes: MEL [1540501- photo!], SP! [010821]). ( Figures 1B View FIGURE 1 , 4 View FIGURE 4 ).

= Calycorectes martianus O. Berg (1859: 596) , syn. nov. Eugenia martiana (O.Berg) Mattos (2005: 6) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: habitat prope Mandioca, fl., s.d., L. Riedel & Langsdorff s.n. (lectotype designated here: LE! [00004071]; isolectotype: P! [05229272]).

= Eugenia ademireana Mattos (2005: 6) , syn. nov. Calycorectes cucullatus Mattos (1989: 10) . Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Serra do Mar, na descida Jequitiba-Miracatu, fl., 20 September 1969, M. Kuhlmann s.n. (holotype: HAS; isotypes: FLOR, SP! [006200, 114160- herbarium number]).

= Eugenia ezechiasii Mattos (2005: 6) , syn. nov. Calycorectes heringerianus Mattos (1992: 1) . Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Lagoa Preta, margem do rio Paraopeba, fl., 30 October 1957, E.P. Heringer s.n. (holotype: ICN; isotypes: IAC, NY [00906791-photo!], SP! [028149]).

= Eugenia fontellae Mattos (2005: 5) , syn. nov. Calycorectes fluminensis Mattos (1974: 1) . Type:— BRAZIL. [Rio de Janeiro]: Itatiaia, lote 70, fl., 20 November 1918, C. Pôrto 840 (holotype: RB! [00265662]; isotypes: HBR, M, SPF!).

= Eugenia plicata Niedenzu (1893: 91) , syn. nov. Stenocalyx riedelianus O. Berg (1857: 349) , non Eugenia riedeliana O. Berg (1857: 261) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: habitat prope praedium Mandiocca, fl., February [1823], Riedel s.n. (lectotype designated here: P [00602809-photo!]; isolectotypes: BR [000000526056-photo!, 0000005260560-photo!], G, LE).

= Eugenia springiana O. Berg (1856c: 229) . Eugenia laurifolia Spring ex Martius (1837 (2Beibl.): 82), nom. illeg., non (DC.) Roxburgh (1832, 2: 489), non Cambessèdes (1829 [1833]: 357), nom. illeg. Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: in ‘sylvis humilioribus (Caapoens) ad fluvium Capivary’, fl., 1836, Padre da Silva Manso 283 (lectotype designated here: BR [000000526064-photo!]).

Shrubs or trees 1.5 to 30 m tall. Young leaves with brownish trichomes up to 1 mm, matted, appressed, dense or sparse, glabrescent. Young twigs flattened or compressed, pubescent, glabrescent; bark longitudinally striate exfoliating in membranaceous sheets, glabrous. Leaves with petioles 5–10 × 1–1.5 mm, canaliculate adaxially, glabrous or puberulent, often darkish when dry; blades 5–12 × 2–4.5 cm, elliptic or narrow–elliptic, chartaceous, discolourous, sometimes concolourous when dry, glabrous but sometimes sparse–puberulent abaxially; base acute or cuneate; apex acuminate, 0.5–2 cm long, often attenuate; midvein canaliculate adaxially; secondary veins 11–22 in each side, slightly prominent on both surfaces, often indistinct; marginal veins two, the innermost 2–3 mm from the margin, the outermost 0.5–1 mm from the margin, often indistinct, margin slightly revolute; glandular dots indistinct adaxially, slightly prominent abaxially, concolourous or discolourous. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, auxotelic, often recovering vegetative growth; bracts 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–2 mm, wide-ovate, puberulent or pubescent; rachis 3–30 mm long, flattened, pubescent; 1–4 pairs of flowers, rarely expressing 3–flowered dichasial arrangement, pedicels 10–30 × 1 mm, pubescent; up to one rachis per axil; bracteoles 3–6 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, puberulent or pubescent, deciduous before anthesis. Flower buds 6–8 × 4.5–7 mm, obovate, marked by 6–10 glandular dots per mm², calyx lobes partially fused but free at the tip leaving an aperture of 1–4 mm diameter, tearing regularly at anthesis in 4 lobes, two unequal pairs, the outermost 4–6 × 3–5 mm, wide–ovate, the innermost 3–5 × 2.5–4.5 mm, wide–ovate, puberulent, dense on hypanthium, or pubescent outside, puberulent or pubescent inside; petals 4–7 × 4–7 mm, obovate or suborbiculate, glabrous; stamens straight in the bud, filaments up to 9 mm long, anthers 0.8–1 mm long, oblong; staminal whorls flat, 4.5 mm diameter, squared, slightly tearing at anthesis, puberulent; style 6–8 mm long, glabrous; ovary with (1)2–locules, 5–17 ovules per locule. Fruits 12–20 × 10–15 mm, ellipsoid, yellowish when ripe, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, crowned by the remnants of the regular calyx lobes; seeds 1–2.

Etymology:— The specific epithet likely refers to the shape of the leaf apex.

Distribution and habitat:— Eugenia acutata is widely distributed, occurring in Southern (Paraná), Southeastern (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), Central-western (Goiás) and Northeastern Brazil (Bahia), known from several vegetation types in the Serra do Mar, Serra da Matiqueira, and Planalto Central, at elevations between 0 to 1100 m ( Figure 5 View FIGURE 5 ). It is usually a tree distributed along the coastal lowland and slope forests, sometimes reaching the coast in shrubby vegetation on well-drained sandy soil, within Ombrophilous Dense Forest, and inland in dry, semi-deciduous forest on calcareous soil, or more often in savanna gallery forest on basaltic soil, both in the Cerrado. Eugenia acutata also rarely occurs in Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (with Araucaria ).

Phenology:— Flowers of Eugenia acutata have been collected from August to March and fruit from September to July ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 ).

Conservation status:— Eugenia acutata occurs in seven protected areas (APA do Morro da Pedreira, APA do Carste de Lagoa Santa, APA Rios Piracicaba e Juquei-Mirim, APA Cabreúva, APA Serra do Mar, PES Furnas do Bom Jesus, PES Serra do Mar) and non-protected areas in well preserved and disturbed sites with EOO of 589,873 km ². Although not threatened regarding its entire distribution, populations in the northeast of the range are vulnerable to local extinction due to recurrent suppression of the coastal environments from urbanization. Populations in the extreme south of the species range occur in isolated remnants of Montane Mixed Forest. Thus, it is suggested that this species should be rated as Least Concern (LC).

Comments:— Five taxa are newly synonymised after examination of respective type collections and four lectotypes are designated. Eugenia acutata can be distinguished from other species of Eugenia sect. Schizocalomyrtus by the combination of the auxotelic inflorescence with one rachis per axis, highly variable in length, and often recovering vegetative growth (indicated by young leaves at the apex of the rachis), bracteoles lanceolate and flower partially fused, tearing regularly into four lobes (heterosepalous pattern). Eugenia acutata specimens with flowers arranged in dichasia can be confused with E. guanabarina but can be distinguished by the combination of 11-22 secondary veins (vs. 8-12) and calyx lobes tearing regularly in four lobes (vs. calyptra-like).

Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Porto Seguro, 12 July 1988, fr., G. L . Farias 206 ( CEN!); próximo Subauma , 10 February 1980, fl. and fr., A. P . Araújo 236 ( HRB!, RB!) . Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, 29 November 2007, fr., V . Demuner 4612 ( MBML!) . Goiás: Anápolis, Reserva do campus da Universidade Estadual de Goiás , 24 November 2007, fl., J.E.Q. Faria 245 ( UB!) . Caldas Novas, Parque Estadual Serra de Caldas Novas , 26 October 2009, fr., D.I. Junqueira 565 ( CEN!, UB!). Distrito Federal, 1 km após a entrada para a Colônia agrícola Ribeirão , Córrego do Ouro , 10 October 2001, fl., M . Carvalho-Silva 78 ( CEN!, SPF!). Ipameri, margem esquerda do rio Corumba , 300m a jusante da ponte São Bento, 19 March 1996, fl., G . Pereira-Silva 3530 ( CEN!, RB!, UB!). Padre Bernardo , margem da BR 414 , 17 March 2014, fr., J. E. Q . Faria 3949 ( UB!). Pirenópolis, 27 January 2011, fr., J. E. Q . Faria 1030 ( UB!) . Minas Gerais: 1838, fl., M . Claussen 740 ( P!); 1839, fl., M . Claussen s.n. ( G!); Brumadinho , Inhotim, 22 January 2008, fr., J. G . Oliveira 92 ( RB!). Cabeceira Grande , mata próxima ao túnel de fuga, 26 November 2012, fr., A. A . Santos 1653 ( CEN!). Felixlândia, Córrego Bagre , BR 040 , 8 September 2013, fr., R. G . Chacon 1243 ( JBB!). Lagoa Santa , APA de Lagoa Santa, 16 October 1995, fl., A. E . Brina s.n. ( MBM!, SP!). Lavras, defronte à entrada do Parque do Rio Bonito , estrada de Lavras-Luminárias km 8,5, 26 December 2002, fl., J . Chaddad-Jr. 152 ( ESA!); estrada para São João Del Rey, estrada para Serrinha , 3 km de asfalto, 25 December 2002, fr., J . Chaddad-Jr. 148 ( ESA!). Matozinhos, 3 December 2006, fr., G. C. T . Ceccantini 3039 ( SPF!); Lapa do Santo, fazenda Cauaia, 23 October 2006, fl., J. C. F . Melo Jr. 560 ( SPF!). Muriaé, fazenda Barra Alegre , 23 October 1989, fl., R . Simão-Bianchini 209 ( SPF!). Nazareno , 11 December 2011, fl., M . Sobral 14454 ( RB!, SP!). Pains , 28 October 2003, fr., P. H. A . Melo 920 ( SPF!). Palmital, área de encontro Ribeirão Jabuticaba e Rio Preto , 31 August 2001, fl., A. E . Ramos 1593 ( JBB!). Paraopeba, Estação Florestal , 5 February 1975, fr., E. P . Heringer 14377 ( UB!). Poços de Caldas , 7 December 1971, fl., J . Mattos 16387 ( SP!); estrada de Minas Gerais, 30 October 1981, fl., J. Y . Tamashiro 1647 ( ESA!, UEC!); ibid., fazenda Chiqueirão , 3 December 1981, fl., F. R . Martins 1611 ( ESA!, UEC!). Santana do Riacho , 25 February 1985, fr., P. M . Andrade 8730 ( MBM!); APA Morro da Pedreira, Pedra do Elefante , 14 October 2013, fl., M . Verdi 6538 ( RB!). São Roque de Minas , RPPN Cachoeira do Cerradão , 7 January 2008, fr., C . Proença 3476 ( ESA!, MBM!, UB!). Unaí, Garapuava , 26 November 2000, fl., L. C . Milhomens 22 ( UB!) . Paraná: Dois Vizinhos, foz do rio Chopim , 9 October 1974, fl., G . Hatschbach 35107 ( MBM!) . Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 26 January 2015, fl. and fr., A . Giaretta 1460 ( SP!, SPF!); cultivada no arboreto do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, canteiro 8 B . Indiv: 1979, 7 April 1999, es., Coleta do Arboreto s.n. ( RB!) . São Paulo: estrada Valinho-Itatiba, 30 August 1997, fl., A. C . Siani s.n. ( RB!, SPF!). Águas da Prata , 9 November 1966, fl., J . Mattos 14211 ( SP!); Floresta Estadual , 9 November 1966, fl., J . Mattos 14182 ( SP!). Amparo, Monte Alegre, fazenda Nossa Senhora da Encarnação , 8 May 1942, fl. and fr., E . Kuehn 1189 ( SP!, UEC!). Campinas , 13 October 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 275 ( RB!); 13 October 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 293 ( RB!); 13 October 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 295 ( RB!); 13 October 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 468 ( RB!); 13 October 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 654 ( RB!); 20 October 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 19 ( RB!); 28 December 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 21 ( RB!); 29 September 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 7736 ( MBM!); 5 August 1977, es., L. A. F . Mathes 300 ( RB!); 7 November 1977, fl., L. A. F . Mathes 124 ( RB!); s.d., fl., C . Novaes 1144 ( SP!); Bosque dos Jequitibás, 1965, fr., H. M . Souza s.n. ( SP!); ibid., 20 November 1969, fl., H. M . Souza s.n. ( MBM!); Bosque São José , 22 October 1993, fl., D. A . Santin 33602 ( ESA!); Chácara Valinhos , 17 December, fl., A. C . Leonello s.n. ( RB!); mata da Fazenda ( Fragmento G2 ), 13 September 2001, es., K . Santos 4109 ( ESA!); Sousas , 22 October 1996, fl. and fr., K . Santos 106 ( SP!). Cássia dos Coqueiros, sítio Nossa Senhora do Carmo , 9 November 1994, fl., A. M. G. A . Tozzi s.n. ( SP!, SPF!, UEC!). Funil , s.d., fl., C . Novaes 1321 ( SP!). Helvetia , 10 November 1943, fl., D. Ildefonso s.n. ( SPSF!); 18 January 1945, fr., D. B. J . Pickel s.n. ( SPSF!); 4 November 1943, fl., D. B. J . Pickel s.n. ( SPSF!); 4 November 1946, fl., D. B. J . Pickel s.n. ( SPSF!). Iguape , 13 December 1990, fr., M. P . Costa 10 ( SP!), 27 October 1993, fl., L . Rossi 1346 ( SP!, SPSF!); Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins , 14 December 1992, fl., L . Rossi 1222 ( SP!, SPSF!); ibid., 12 December 1990, fl., I . Cordeiro 793 ( SP!); ibid., 14 December 1990, fr., M. P . Costa 28 ( SP!). Itapira, fazenda Malheiros , 12 January 1994, fr., K . D. Barreto 1778 ( ESA!, SP!). Jundiaí, Estação Experimental do IAC , 5 April 1995, fr., S. L. J . Mendaçolli 1416 ( SP!). Lindóia , estrada de ferro velho, 3 September 1994, fl., G. F . Arbocz 749 ( RB!, SP!). Martinho Prado, fazenda Campininha , 21 June 1988, fr., S . Romaniuc-Neto 1114 ( SP!). Mogi Guaçu , 28 December 1961, fr., J . Mattos 9633 ( SP!). Mogi Guaçu, Estação Experimental , 26 November 1976, fl., P. E . Gibbs 3554 ( MBM!, UB!, UEC!); Reserva Florestal , 14 October 1973, fl., J . Mattos 16322 ( SP!). Pedregulho, Parque Estadual Furna do Bom Jesus , 16 November 1997, fl., E. E . Macedo 276 ( SPSF!). Piracicaba, Estação Experimental de Tupi , 10 November 1998, fl., E . Giannotti s.n. ( SPSF!). Piracicaba, Estação Experimental Tupi , 10 November 1998, fl., E . Giannotti s.n. ( ESA!). Santo Antônio da Alegria , bairro do Baú, 10 November 1994, fl., A. M. G. A . Tozzi s.n. ( SP!, UEC!). São João da Boa Vista , estrada para Andradas, 12 October 2001, fl., P. L. R . Moraes 2494 ( ESA!). São Paulo, 3 January 1992, fr., B . Lopes s.n. ( SPSF!); área administrativa, Arboreto Bassoti , 27 October 2005, fl., M. N . Sakita s.n. ( ESA!, SPSF!); Horto Florestal , 14 December 1942, fr., D. B. J . Pickel s.n. ( SP!). São Vicente , Parque Estadual Xixová-Japuí, trilha da pedreira, primeiro acesso após o mirante, 17 August 2001, fl., J. A . Pastore 1073 ( ESA!). Serra Negra , alto da serra, 22 November 1991, fl., F . Barros 2357 ( MBM!, MBML!, SP!, SPF!); ibid., 22 November 1991, fl., F . Barros 2363 ( MBM!, SP!, SPSF!, UEC!). Sete Barras, fazenda Intervales , 10 November 1994, fr., V. B . Zipparro 818 ( SP!); Parque Estadual Intervales , 12 January 1999, fl., D. Sampaio 157 ( SP!, UEC!); ibid., 14 November 2000, fl., V. B . Zipparro 2024 ( SP!); ibid., 15 November 2000, fl., V. B . Zipparro 2029 ( SP!); ibid., 15 November 2000, fl., V. B . Zipparro 2031 ( SP!); ibid., 15 November 2000, fl., V. B . Zipparro 2032 ( SP!), 15 November 2000, fl., V. B . Zipparro 2034 ( SP!); ibid., 16 January 2001, fr., V. B . Zipparro 2059 ( SP!); ibid., 16 November 2000, fl., V. B . Zipparro 2036 ( SP!); Rio Preto , sítio do Manuel Português, 16 January 2004, fr., N. M . Ivanauskas 5020 ( RB!). Socorro , estrada das guabirobas, 8 October 1994, fl., G. F . Arbocz 891 ( ESA!, SP!). Ubatuba, Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas , 18 December 1978, fr., A. F . Silva 9222 ( IBGE!). Valinhos, Estação Ecológica , 18 November 2002, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( MBM!, SPSF!); ibid., 2 November 2003, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( SPSF!); ibid., 6 October 2002, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( MBM!, SPSF!); ibid., estrada dos fundos, borda da mata natural, 6 October 2002, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( ESA!, SPSF!); Estação Experimental Valinhos ( IF), 6 October 1983, fl., S . Gandolfi 15618 ( IBGE!, INPA!). Vinhedo , 2 November 2002, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( SPSF!); Condomínio Estância Marambaia , 15 September 2002, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( SPSF!); ibid., 23 November 2003, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( MBM!); rodovia Anhanguera , km 74, borda da mata, 13 January 2003, fl., J. R . Guillaumon s.n. ( ESA!) .

2. Eugenia arvensis Vellozo (1829: 209) .

Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: “habitat fruticetis maritimus, ac mediterraneis”, J. M. C. Vellozo s.n. [probably lost] (lectotype designated here: the illustration of tabula 37, vol. 5 in Vellozo et al. (1831)). Epitype:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: restinga da Marambaia, praia da Armação , 24 October 1999, fl., L. F. T. Menezes 510 (epitype designated here: RB! [00680095]; isoepitype RBR [00012181-photo!]). ( Figure 7 View FIGURE 7 ).

= Eugenia oxyphylla O. Berg (1857: 251) , syn. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, s.d., Sellow 236 (lectotype designated here: LE [00007446-photo!]; isolectotype B [probably destroyed]).

= Eugenia rostrata O. Berg (1859: 282) , syn. nov. Type :— BRAZIL. s.d., Sellow s.n. (syntype B [probably destroyed]).

= Eugenia zuccarinii O. Berg (1857: 257) , syn. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: s.d., Sellow s.n. (lectotype designated here: K! [000276669]; isolectotypes B [probably destroyed], P! [01902285]).

Shrubs or trees 2 to 15 m tall. Young leaves glabrous or with brownish trichomes up to 0.1 mm, appressed, sparse, glabrescent. Leaves with petioles 5–10 × 1 mm; blades 2–12 × 1–4 cm, elliptic or narrow-elliptic; base cuneate or acute, rare obtuse; apex abruptly acuminate or acuminate, 0.5–2 cm long, falcate, less often acute; midvein canaliculate adaxially; secondary veins 6–16 in each side; single marginal vein, 1–3 mm from the margin. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, fasciculiform, rarely auxotelic, recovering vegetative growth; bracts 1–1.5 × 1–1.5 mm, wide-ovate; rachis 1–10 mm long, terete, puberulent; 1–4 pairs of flowers, pedicels 5–15 × 0.5 mm; up to three rachises sharing an axil; bracteoles 0.5–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm, ovate, glabrous, usually persistent but eventually caducous when fruiting. Flower buds 3–5 × 3–4 mm, obovate, calyx lobes apparently free but fused by ca. 1 mm long at the base, tearing discreetly at the base at anthesis by 1 mm long, two unequal pairs, the outermost 1–1.5 × 1.5–2 mm, wide-ovate, the innermost 2–2.5 × 2 mm, hemispherical, glabrous outside; petals 3–4 × 4–5 mm, wide-ovate; stamens straight in the bud, filaments up to 4 mm long, anthers 0.5–1 mm long; staminal whorls flat, 2.5–3.5 mm diameter, squared, not tearing at anthesis; style 4.5–5 mm long; ovary with 2–locules, 6–8 ovules per locule. Fruits 5–15 × 5–15 mm, globose or oblong, purplish or reddish when ripe, glabrous, crowned by the remnants of the calyx regular calyx lobes; seeds 1–3.

Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the type location, i.e. arvus from Latin means crop or open field likely in allusion to the open-shrub Restinga vegetation where the species often occurs.

Distribution and habitat:— Eugenia arvensis occurs in Southeastern (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and Northeastern Brazil (Bahia), known from coastal forest in the Serra do Mar and sandy plains, inland towards the Chapada Diamantina in gallery forests, at elevations between 0 to 900 m ( Figure 8 View FIGURE 8 ). Eugenia arvensis is shrub or tree found on slopes and lowland forests, reaching coastal scrub vegetation on well-drained sand soil called Restinga, within Ombrophilous Dense Forest in the Atlantic Forest, and in dense populations on welldrained litholic soil along streams in humid forests or in eroded rift valleys within semideciduous forest in the transition between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.

Phenology:— Flowers of specimens from Atlantic forest, including Restinga vegetation, have been mainly collected from August to November and in fruit from September to January ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 - Atlantic). Flowers and fruits of specimens from Caatinga were collected from January to April ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 - Caatinga).

Conservation status:— Eugenia arvensis is known from 11 protected areas (APA da Serra da Mantiqueira, APA Marimbus/Iraquara, APA de Petrópolis, APA da Serra do Mar, PARNA da Chapada Diamantina, PARNA de Itatiaia, PES Paulo César Vinha, PES da Pedra Branca, PES da Serra do Mar, REBIO Córrego do Veado, REBIO do Tinguá, RESEC de Jacarenema) and non-protected areas in well preserved and disturbed sites with EOO of 580,664.6 km ². Although this species is not threatened, there is a significant risk of local extinction due to suppression of coastal environments from urbanization, mainly in the northeastern range where morphological variability is wider. Although surrounded by a drier environment in the transitional zones in the Caatinga, populations are restricted to humid forest along streams or in the rift valley presumably caused by water erosion. The vulnerability of Eugenia arvensis to climate change has increased due to deforestation, not only locally, but also in up-stream localities that hamper riverflow. Thus, it is suggested that this species should be rated as Least Concern (LC).

Comments:— Examination of available type material and the protologues of Eugenia oxyphylla , E. rostrata and E. zuccarinii support the view they are the same species. The type of Eugenia rostrata was not found and presumably the only specimen was destroyed in the Berlin herbarium during the Second World War ( Scholz 1987). Additionally, it is concluded here that Eugenia arvensis Vellozo should be included in its circumscription. This decision is based on the protologue and in Berg’s assignment of Eugenia arvensis as related to E. oxyphylla ( Berg 1857) . Berg’s action is significant evidence of its identity since Eugenia arvensis is known only by a short description and an illustration ( Vellozo et al. 1831). The type of Eugenia arvensis was not successfully traceable as recurrent for Vellozo’s material for Florae Fluminensis and, therefore, the illustration was designated as lectotype (see Art. 7.8 of the Code). However, the illustration lacks detail in deep to fully support a reliable determination. Thus, it was assigned an epitype that serves as an interpretative type to support a precise application of the name (see Art. 9.9 of the Code). As consequence, Eugenia arvensis described by Vellozo has priority over Berg’s names and must be accepted as here proposed.Although Eugenia arvensis apparently has a flower with free lobes, discreet calyx fusion at the base of the lobes suggests circumscription within Eugenia sect. Schizocalomyrtus , also supported by the molecular phylogeny ( Giaretta et al. 2019b). Eugenia arvensis has been identified as E. rostrata in Restinga vegetation, however, careful examination finds no morphological characters to support the segregation into two species. Despite overlap of leaf dimensions, populations from Bahian Caatinga are often identified as Eugenia zuccarinii and tend to have narrow-elliptic leaves while elliptic or wide-elliptic leaves are frequent in coastal populations. Phenology also varies between populations of different vegetational biomes ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Phenological fluctuation among populations seems to be related to the environment but studies on genetic populations might reveal insights on their historical segregation or even reveal cryptic species.

Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. 16 December 1926, fr., W. J. Burchell 3672-2 ( K!). Bahia: Camacan, RPPN Serra Bonita , 15 January 2009, fl., A. M. Amorim 7747 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., 16 January 2009, fr., A. M. Amorim 7771 ( CEPEC!, SPF!); ibid ., 6 June 2006, fr., M. M. M. Lopes 810 ( CEPEC!). Ibirapitanga, Reserva Municipal Cachoeira do Pau , 19 March 2003, fr., W. W. Thomas 13450 ( CEPEC!, SPF!, UB!). Ilhéus , área do CEPEC , 25 August 1981, fl., J. L. Hage 1221 ( SPF!); CEPLAC , 31 October 1967, fr., R. S. Pinheiro 342 ( CEPEC!). Jacobina, mata dos Bandeirantes , 8 April 2001, fr., N. G. Jesus 1345 ( CEPEC!). Jequié , estrada para Serra dos Brejos , 5 February 2004, fl., W. W. Thomas 13828 ( CEPEC!). Lençóis, Chapadinha, entrada da mata do Grotão, fenda na Serra do Brejão , 25 April 1995, fl., M. C. Ferreira 1810 ( ALCB!, CEPEC!, HRB!, SPF!); Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina , 23 February 2003, fr., P. Fiaschi 1345 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., rio Mandassaia, Barro Branco , 22 January 2000, fl., A. A. Ribeiro-Filho 6 ( ALCB!); Serra da Chapadinha , 25 April 1995, fl., M. C. Ferreira 1810 ( K!); ibid ., 5 February 1995, fr., A. M. Giulietti 1572 ( RB!) ibid ., 8 July 1996, fr., H. P. Bautista 3482 ( CEPEC!, K!, SPF!). Palmeiras, Chapadinha, próximo ao rio Mucugezinho, rodovia Lençóis-Seabra , ca. 21 km NW de Lençóis , 17 February 1994, fl., R. M. Harley CFCR 14176 ( ESA!, SPF!); ibid ., 17 February 1994, fl., R. M. Harley CFCR 14179 ( ESA!, SPF!); rio Capivara, trilha Lençóis-Fumaça , 5 April 1997, fl. and fr., A. A. Conceição 491 ( SPF!); Palmeiras, Serra da Chapadinha , 28 April 1995, fr., A. Pereira 1901 ( CEPEC!, K!). Rio de Contas , mata da base do pico de Itoibira , 29 January 1999, fr., F. H. F. Nascimento 105 ( CEPEC!). Salvador, Jardim Botânico de Salvador , 12 May 2005, fl., E. P. Queiroz 1301 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., 25 November 2005, fl., E. P. Queiroz 1255 ( CEPEC!). Espírito Santo: Águia Branca, Santa Luzia , 18 May 2007, fl., V. Demuner 3992 ( MBML!); ibid ., 18 October 2006, fl., V. Demuner 2852 ( MBML!); ibid ., 3 October 2007, fl., H. Q. Boudet 3479 ( MBML!). Aracruz, Comboios , 28 September 1993, fl., O. J. Pereira 4996 ( RB!, VIES!); Reserva Biológica de Comboios , 27 September 1993, fl., O. J. Pereira 4967 ( RB!, VIES!); Vila do Riacho , 8 November 2010, fr., J. M. L. Gomes 3955 ( VIES!). Guarapari , 7 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 255 ( RB!); afloramento rochoso entre Peracanga e Bacutia , 7 June 2015, fr., A. C. S. Dal Col 376 ( VIES!); Parque Estadual de Setiba , 12 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 265 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 8 July 1992, fl., L. C. Fabris s.n. ( RB!); Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha , 10 October 2015, fr., D. T. Wandekoken 94 ( VIES!); ibid ., 14 October 1996, fr., J. M. L. Gomes 2225 ( VIES!); ibid ., 14 October 1999, fl., A. M. Assis 738 ( VIES!); ibid ., 16 September 1999, fr., A. M. Assis 726 ( VIES!); ibid ., 28 August 1996, fl., J. M. L. Gomes 2205 ( VIES!); ibid ., 28 August 1996, fl., J. M. L. Gomes 2219 ( VIES!) , 31 August 1998, fl., A. M. Assis 535 ( VIES!) , 5 September 1998, fl., A. M. Assis 619 ( VIES!); Setiba , 12 August 1992, fl. and fr., L. V. Rosa 267 ( VIES!); ibid ., 12 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 275 ( VIES!); ibid ., 12 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 277 ( VIES!); ibid ., 15 May 1992, fr., L. C. Fabris 823 ( VIES!); ibid ., 7 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 255 ( VIES!). Santa Leopoldina, fazenda Caioaba , 9 August 2006, fl., L. F. S. Magnago 1250 ( MBML!). Santa Maria de Jetibá, Belém , 19 November 2002, fr., L. Kollmann 5752 ( MBML!). Santa Teresa, Estação Biológica Santa Lúcia , 13 May 1993, fr., L. D. Thomaz 1463 ( MBML!). Vila Velha , 18 September 1983, fl., B. Weinberg 437 ( MBML!); Interlagos , 11 October 1996, fr., O. Zambom 303 ( VIES!); ibid ., 18 September 1983, fl. and fr., B. Weinberg s.n. ( MBML!); ibid ., 18 September 1997, fl., O. Zambom 329 ( VIES!); ibid ., 27 June 1996, fr., O. Zambom 311 ( VIES!); ibid ., 3 March 1997, fr., O. Zambom 314 ( VIES!); Reserva Ecológica de Jacarenema , 23 October 1996, fr., J. M. L. Gomes 2229 ( VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 583 ( GUA!, RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 592 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 593 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 595 ( VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 597 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 8 October 1997, fl., R. L. Dutra 275 ( VIES!); ibid ., September 1989, fr., L. D. Thomaz 600 ( RB!, VIES!); restinga da Barra do Jucu, próximo a morada do Sol, em frente ao camping Club , 28 September 1999, fl., C. N. Fraga 496 ( ESA!, MBML!, UB!). Minas Gerais: Rio Preto, Povoado do Funil , 28 November 2012, fr., J. E. Q. Faria 3102 ( UB!). Rio de Janeiro: Armação de Búzios, morro das Emerências , 22 August 2008, fr., J. C. Lopes 10 ( SPF!). Cabo Frio, distrito de Tamoios, condomínio Florestinha , 6 December 2001, fr., G. S. Z. Rezende 37 ( RB!). Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itaiaia, trilha do Hotel Simon para os Três Picos , 9 November 1993, fl. and fr., M. P. M. Lima 234 ( K!, MBM!); ibid ., 9 November 1993, fl., M. P. M. Lima 234 ( CEPEC!). Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia , 2 July 1999, fl., M. C. Souza 126 ( RB!); ibid ., 3 January 2002, fl. and fr., L. F. T. Menezes 884 ( RB!); ibid ., 24 October 1999, fl., L. F. T. Menezes s.n. ( RB!); ibid ., praia voltada para Baía de Sepetiba , 30 September 2001, fl., A. L. Melo s.n. ( RB!). Niterói, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca , 21 August 2002, fl., A. A. M. Barros 1668 ( RB!). Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá , 14 November 2001, fr., H. C. de Lima 5940 ( RB!). Paraty, Praia Negra , 13 March 1992, fl., C. Farney 3094 ( RB!). Rio de Janeiro, bosque da Barra , 23 January 2002, fr., s.c., s.n. ( RB!); Jacarepaguá , 15 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5935 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., 23 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5959 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., lado sul-oeste da pedra de Itaúna, 15 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5935 ( K!, SP!); ibid ., lado sul da pedra de Itaúna, 2 September 1969, fl., D. Sucre 5896 ( K!); ibid ., 23 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5959 ( K!, SP!); ibid ., lado leste da pedra de Itaúna, 8 October 1970, fl., D. Sucre 7283 ( K!). São Pedro da Aldeia, Serra de Sapiatiba , vertente norte , 22 September 2000, fl., C. Farney 4214 ( RB!). Saquarema, Reserva Jacarepiá , 22 November 1996, fr., C. Farney 3556 ( RB!). Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos , 20 November 2006, fl., E. J. Lucas 589 ( UB!). Tijuca , 6 March 1972, fl., D. Sucre 8204 ( RB!). São Paulo: Jupia , 4 April 1961, fl., J. Mattos 8873 ( CEPEC!). Juquiá , 4 April 1961, fl. and fr., J. Mattos 8872 ( SP!) , 4 April 1961, fl., J. Mattos 8872 ( SP!). Pariquera-Açu, Estação Experimental do IAC , 10 January 1995, fr., L. C. Bernacci 964 ( SP!, SPF!). São Bernardo do Campo, Parque Caminhos do Mar , 31 October 1990, fr., S. Ferreira s.n. ( SP!). São Vicente, Parque Estadual Xixová-Japuí , 5 September 2003, fl., J. A. Pastore 1255 ( SPSF!) .

3. Eugenia dichasiata Giaretta , sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Magé, estrada da Parada Modelo para Cachoeiras de Macacu, ramal de acesso ao Centro de Primatologia da FEEMA, 22º 29’ 44.1’’ S, 42º 54’ 42.8’’ W, ca. 50 m a.s.l., 2 September 2006, fl., P. Fiaschi & A.Q. Lobão 3141 (holotype: SPF! [176157-herbarium number] GoogleMaps ; isotypes: BHCB, K!, RB! [00484917]). ( Figure 9 View FIGURE 9 ) GoogleMaps .

Eugenia dichasiata is morphologically similar to Eugenia acutata but differs in having glabrous flowers (vs. puberulent or pubescent), with calyx lobes equal in size (vs. two unequal pairs), staminal whorls rounded and not tearing at anthesis (vs. squared and tearing slightly at anthesis), and inflorescences usually in 3–flowered dichasial arrangements (vs. rarely) with up to two rachises sharing an axil (vs. up to one rachis), glabrous (vs. pubescent).

Trees 3 to 16 m tall. Young leaves glabrous. Leaves with petioles 5–18 × 1.5–2 mm; blades 8–18 × 2–6 cm, oblanceolate or elliptic; base acute or cuneate; apex acuminate or abruptly acuminate, 1–2 cm long, or acute; midvein canaliculate adaxially; secondary veins 15–22 per side; marginal veins two, the innermost 1.5–3 mm from the margin, the outermost 0.5 mm from the margin. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, fasciculiform; bracts 1 × 1.5 mm, wideovate; rachis 1–20 mm long, terete, puberulent; 1–4 pairs of lateral flowers emerging from the rachis, pedicels 15–55 mm long, flattened, glabrous; flowers often expressing 3–flowered dichasial arrangement, middle flower sessile or with a pedicel up to 1 mm long, lateral flowers with pedicels 5–10 × 0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous; up to two rachises sharing an axil; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm (seen from young flower), lanceolate, glabrous, deciduous before anthesis. Flower buds 5–7 × 4–6.5 mm, obovate, calyx lobes partially fused but free at the tip leaving an aperture of 1–4 mm diameter with borders often abaxially revolute, tearing regularly at anthesis into 4 externally glabrous lobes, 2.5–4 × 2.5–3 mm,; petals 5–6 × 4.5–5 mm, wide-ovate; stamens straight in the bud, filaments up to 6 mm long, anthers 0.9–1.2 mm long; staminal whorls flat, 4–5 mm diameter, rounded, not tearing at anthesis; style 4–6 mm long; ovary 2–locules, 14–17 ovules per locule. Fruits 10–12 × 9–11 mm, ellipsoid, colour when ripe unknown, glabrous, crowned by the remnant of the regular calyx lobes; seed 1.

Etymology: —The specific epithet is in reference to the dichasial arrangement of the inflorescence.

Distribution and habitat: — Eugenia dichasiata is distributed in Southeastern (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and Northeastern Brazil (Bahia), known from the coastal forest in the Serra do Mar, at elevations between 30 to 200 m ( Figure 10 View FIGURE 10 ). Eugenia dichasiata is shrub or tree known from coastal vegetation on slopes and from lowland forests, within Ombrophilous Dense Forest in the Atlantic forest.

Phenology: —Flowers of Eugenia dichasiata have been collected from September to December and fruiting in December ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Fruiting period is unknown.

Conservation status:— Eugenia dichasiata is known from one protected area (REBIO União) and non-protected areas in well preserved and disturbed sites with EOO of 108,000 km ².Although this species is not threatened throughout its entire range, there is a significant risk of local extinction due to intense suppression of vegetation from urbanization in all States of its range that has left less than 20% natural vegetation ( SOS Mata Atlântica 2017). Fragmented landscape intensified by loss of habitat quality increases its risk of extinction, therefore regional assessment is encouraged to identify further threats. Thus, it is suggested that this species should be rated as Near Threatened (NT).

Comments:— Eugenia dichasiata has flowers with fused calyces that develop via the heterosepalous pattern and fasciculiform inflorescences often with the 3-flowered dichasial arrangement associated with Eugenia sect. Schizocalomyrtus .This placement is also supported by the molecular phylogeny ( Giaretta et al. 2019b).An inflorescence with a dichasial arrangement is assumed to be the standard condition, however, some specimens may not express this trait (see Almeida 68, Pirani 3390 and Hatschbach 68366), but other than this, these specimens lack morphological differences. When the inflorescence is fasciculiform, rather than dichasial, Eugenia dichasiata can be confused with E. acutata but differs by the inflorescence with up to two rachises sharing an axil (vs. up to one rachis per axil), leaves with darkish petioles when dry (vs. not darkish), and glabrous flowers (vs. pubescent or puberulent).

Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Itabela , 17 September 1968, fl., J . Almeida 68 (CEPEC!, RB!). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra , 10 October 1998, fl., G . Hatschbach 68366 ( G!, MBM!, MBML!, SP!); Marilândia, 5 December 1994, fl., J . R . Pirani 3390 ( SP!, SPF!) . Rio de Janeiro: Caxias , 17 November 1999, fl., S . J . Silva-Neto 1331 ( K!, RB!, UB!); Magé, 2 September 2006, fl., P . Fiaschi 3141 ( K!, RB!, SPF!); Rio das Ostras, 18 November 1997, fl., P . P . Oliveira 82 A ( SP!) , 10 December 1997, fr., P . P . Oliveira 82 B ( SP!) . São Paulo: Ubatuba , 16 November 1993, fl., P . C . Lobo 29370 ( SP!) .

2. Eugenia arvensis Vellozo (1829: 209) .

Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: “habitat fruticetis maritimus, ac mediterraneis”, J. M. C. Vellozo s.n. [probably lost] (lectotype designated here: the illustration of tabula 37, vol. 5 in Vellozo et al. (1831)). Epitype:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: restinga da Marambaia, praia da Armação , 24 October 1999, fl., L. F. T. Menezes 510 (epitype designated here: RB! [00680095]; isoepitype RBR [00012181-photo!]). ( Figure 7 View FIGURE 7 ).

= Eugenia oxyphylla O. Berg (1857: 251) , syn. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, s.d., Sellow 236 (lectotype designated here: LE [00007446-photo!]; isolectotype B [probably destroyed]).

= Eugenia rostrata O. Berg (1859: 282) , syn. nov. Type :— BRAZIL. s.d., Sellow s.n. (syntype B [probably destroyed]).

= Eugenia zuccarinii O. Berg (1857: 257) , syn. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: s.d., Sellow s.n. (lectotype designated here: K! [000276669]; isolectotypes B [probably destroyed], P! [01902285]).

Shrubs or trees 2 to 15 m tall. Young leaves glabrous or with brownish trichomes up to 0.1 mm, appressed, sparse, glabrescent. Leaves with petioles 5–10 × 1 mm; blades 2–12 × 1–4 cm, elliptic or narrow-elliptic; base cuneate or acute, rare obtuse; apex abruptly acuminate or acuminate, 0.5–2 cm long, falcate, less often acute; midvein canaliculate adaxially; secondary veins 6–16 in each side; single marginal vein, 1–3 mm from the margin. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, fasciculiform, rarely auxotelic, recovering vegetative growth; bracts 1–1.5 × 1–1.5 mm, wide-ovate; rachis 1–10 mm long, terete, puberulent; 1–4 pairs of flowers, pedicels 5–15 × 0.5 mm; up to three rachises sharing an axil; bracteoles 0.5–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm, ovate, glabrous, usually persistent but eventually caducous when fruiting. Flower buds 3–5 × 3–4 mm, obovate, calyx lobes apparently free but fused by ca. 1 mm long at the base, tearing discreetly at the base at anthesis by 1 mm long, two unequal pairs, the outermost 1–1.5 × 1.5–2 mm, wide-ovate, the innermost 2–2.5 × 2 mm, hemispherical, glabrous outside; petals 3–4 × 4–5 mm, wide-ovate; stamens straight in the bud, filaments up to 4 mm long, anthers 0.5–1 mm long; staminal whorls flat, 2.5–3.5 mm diameter, squared, not tearing at anthesis; style 4.5–5 mm long; ovary with 2–locules, 6–8 ovules per locule. Fruits 5–15 × 5–15 mm, globose or oblong, purplish or reddish when ripe, glabrous, crowned by the remnants of the calyx regular calyx lobes; seeds 1–3.

Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the type location, i.e. arvus from Latin means crop or open field likely in allusion to the open-shrub Restinga vegetation where the species often occurs.

Distribution and habitat:— Eugenia arvensis occurs in Southeastern (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and Northeastern Brazil (Bahia), known from coastal forest in the Serra do Mar and sandy plains, inland towards the Chapada Diamantina in gallery forests, at elevations between 0 to 900 m ( Figure 8 View FIGURE 8 ). Eugenia arvensis is shrub or tree found on slopes and lowland forests, reaching coastal scrub vegetation on well-drained sand soil called Restinga, within Ombrophilous Dense Forest in the Atlantic Forest, and in dense populations on welldrained litholic soil along streams in humid forests or in eroded rift valleys within semideciduous forest in the transition between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.

Phenology:— Flowers of specimens from Atlantic forest, including Restinga vegetation, have been mainly collected from August to November and in fruit from September to January ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 - Atlantic). Flowers and fruits of specimens from Caatinga were collected from January to April ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 - Caatinga).

Conservation status:— Eugenia arvensis is known from 11 protected areas (APA da Serra da Mantiqueira, APA Marimbus/Iraquara, APA de Petrópolis, APA da Serra do Mar, PARNA da Chapada Diamantina, PARNA de Itatiaia, PES Paulo César Vinha, PES da Pedra Branca, PES da Serra do Mar, REBIO Córrego do Veado, REBIO do Tinguá, RESEC de Jacarenema) and non-protected areas in well preserved and disturbed sites with EOO of 580,664.6 km ². Although this species is not threatened, there is a significant risk of local extinction due to suppression of coastal environments from urbanization, mainly in the northeastern range where morphological variability is wider. Although surrounded by a drier environment in the transitional zones in the Caatinga, populations are restricted to humid forest along streams or in the rift valley presumably caused by water erosion. The vulnerability of Eugenia arvensis to climate change has increased due to deforestation, not only locally, but also in up-stream localities that hamper riverflow. Thus, it is suggested that this species should be rated as Least Concern (LC).

Comments:— Examination of available type material and the protologues of Eugenia oxyphylla , E. rostrata and E. zuccarinii support the view they are the same species. The type of Eugenia rostrata was not found and presumably the only specimen was destroyed in the Berlin herbarium during the Second World War ( Scholz 1987). Additionally, it is concluded here that Eugenia arvensis Vellozo should be included in its circumscription. This decision is based on the protologue and in Berg’s assignment of Eugenia arvensis as related to E. oxyphylla ( Berg 1857) . Berg’s action is significant evidence of its identity since Eugenia arvensis is known only by a short description and an illustration ( Vellozo et al. 1831). The type of Eugenia arvensis was not successfully traceable as recurrent for Vellozo’s material for Florae Fluminensis and, therefore, the illustration was designated as lectotype (see Art. 7.8 of the Code). However, the illustration lacks detail in deep to fully support a reliable determination. Thus, it was assigned an epitype that serves as an interpretative type to support a precise application of the name (see Art. 9.9 of the Code). As consequence, Eugenia arvensis described by Vellozo has priority over Berg’s names and must be accepted as here proposed.Although Eugenia arvensis apparently has a flower with free lobes, discreet calyx fusion at the base of the lobes suggests circumscription within Eugenia sect. Schizocalomyrtus , also supported by the molecular phylogeny ( Giaretta et al. 2019b). Eugenia arvensis has been identified as E. rostrata in Restinga vegetation, however, careful examination finds no morphological characters to support the segregation into two species. Despite overlap of leaf dimensions, populations from Bahian Caatinga are often identified as Eugenia zuccarinii and tend to have narrow-elliptic leaves while elliptic or wide-elliptic leaves are frequent in coastal populations. Phenology also varies between populations of different vegetational biomes ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Phenological fluctuation among populations seems to be related to the environment but studies on genetic populations might reveal insights on their historical segregation or even reveal cryptic species.

Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. 16 December 1926, fr., W. J. Burchell 3672-2 ( K!). Bahia: Camacan, RPPN Serra Bonita , 15 January 2009, fl., A. M. Amorim 7747 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., 16 January 2009, fr., A. M. Amorim 7771 ( CEPEC!, SPF!); ibid ., 6 June 2006, fr., M. M. M. Lopes 810 ( CEPEC!). Ibirapitanga, Reserva Municipal Cachoeira do Pau , 19 March 2003, fr., W. W. Thomas 13450 ( CEPEC!, SPF!, UB!). Ilhéus , área do CEPEC , 25 August 1981, fl., J. L. Hage 1221 ( SPF!); CEPLAC , 31 October 1967, fr., R. S. Pinheiro 342 ( CEPEC!). Jacobina, mata dos Bandeirantes , 8 April 2001, fr., N. G. Jesus 1345 ( CEPEC!). Jequié , estrada para Serra dos Brejos , 5 February 2004, fl., W. W. Thomas 13828 ( CEPEC!). Lençóis, Chapadinha, entrada da mata do Grotão, fenda na Serra do Brejão , 25 April 1995, fl., M. C. Ferreira 1810 ( ALCB!, CEPEC!, HRB!, SPF!); Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina , 23 February 2003, fr., P. Fiaschi 1345 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., rio Mandassaia, Barro Branco , 22 January 2000, fl., A. A. Ribeiro-Filho 6 ( ALCB!); Serra da Chapadinha , 25 April 1995, fl., M. C. Ferreira 1810 ( K!); ibid ., 5 February 1995, fr., A. M. Giulietti 1572 ( RB!) ibid ., 8 July 1996, fr., H. P. Bautista 3482 ( CEPEC!, K!, SPF!). Palmeiras, Chapadinha, próximo ao rio Mucugezinho, rodovia Lençóis-Seabra , ca. 21 km NW de Lençóis , 17 February 1994, fl., R. M. Harley CFCR 14176 ( ESA!, SPF!); ibid ., 17 February 1994, fl., R. M. Harley CFCR 14179 ( ESA!, SPF!); rio Capivara, trilha Lençóis-Fumaça , 5 April 1997, fl. and fr., A. A. Conceição 491 ( SPF!); Palmeiras, Serra da Chapadinha , 28 April 1995, fr., A. Pereira 1901 ( CEPEC!, K!). Rio de Contas , mata da base do pico de Itoibira , 29 January 1999, fr., F. H. F. Nascimento 105 ( CEPEC!). Salvador, Jardim Botânico de Salvador , 12 May 2005, fl., E. P. Queiroz 1301 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., 25 November 2005, fl., E. P. Queiroz 1255 ( CEPEC!). Espírito Santo: Águia Branca, Santa Luzia , 18 May 2007, fl., V. Demuner 3992 ( MBML!); ibid ., 18 October 2006, fl., V. Demuner 2852 ( MBML!); ibid ., 3 October 2007, fl., H. Q. Boudet 3479 ( MBML!). Aracruz, Comboios , 28 September 1993, fl., O. J. Pereira 4996 ( RB!, VIES!); Reserva Biológica de Comboios , 27 September 1993, fl., O. J. Pereira 4967 ( RB!, VIES!); Vila do Riacho , 8 November 2010, fr., J. M. L. Gomes 3955 ( VIES!). Guarapari , 7 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 255 ( RB!); afloramento rochoso entre Peracanga e Bacutia , 7 June 2015, fr., A. C. S. Dal Col 376 ( VIES!); Parque Estadual de Setiba , 12 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 265 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 8 July 1992, fl., L. C. Fabris s.n. ( RB!); Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha , 10 October 2015, fr., D. T. Wandekoken 94 ( VIES!); ibid ., 14 October 1996, fr., J. M. L. Gomes 2225 ( VIES!); ibid ., 14 October 1999, fl., A. M. Assis 738 ( VIES!); ibid ., 16 September 1999, fr., A. M. Assis 726 ( VIES!); ibid ., 28 August 1996, fl., J. M. L. Gomes 2205 ( VIES!); ibid ., 28 August 1996, fl., J. M. L. Gomes 2219 ( VIES!) , 31 August 1998, fl., A. M. Assis 535 ( VIES!) , 5 September 1998, fl., A. M. Assis 619 ( VIES!); Setiba , 12 August 1992, fl. and fr., L. V. Rosa 267 ( VIES!); ibid ., 12 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 275 ( VIES!); ibid ., 12 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 277 ( VIES!); ibid ., 15 May 1992, fr., L. C. Fabris 823 ( VIES!); ibid ., 7 August 1992, fl., L. V. Rosa 255 ( VIES!). Santa Leopoldina, fazenda Caioaba , 9 August 2006, fl., L. F. S. Magnago 1250 ( MBML!). Santa Maria de Jetibá, Belém , 19 November 2002, fr., L. Kollmann 5752 ( MBML!). Santa Teresa, Estação Biológica Santa Lúcia , 13 May 1993, fr., L. D. Thomaz 1463 ( MBML!). Vila Velha , 18 September 1983, fl., B. Weinberg 437 ( MBML!); Interlagos , 11 October 1996, fr., O. Zambom 303 ( VIES!); ibid ., 18 September 1983, fl. and fr., B. Weinberg s.n. ( MBML!); ibid ., 18 September 1997, fl., O. Zambom 329 ( VIES!); ibid ., 27 June 1996, fr., O. Zambom 311 ( VIES!); ibid ., 3 March 1997, fr., O. Zambom 314 ( VIES!); Reserva Ecológica de Jacarenema , 23 October 1996, fr., J. M. L. Gomes 2229 ( VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 583 ( GUA!, RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 592 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 593 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 595 ( VIES!); ibid ., 3 September 1989, fl., L. D. Thomaz 597 ( RB!, VIES!); ibid ., 8 October 1997, fl., R. L. Dutra 275 ( VIES!); ibid ., September 1989, fr., L. D. Thomaz 600 ( RB!, VIES!); restinga da Barra do Jucu, próximo a morada do Sol, em frente ao camping Club , 28 September 1999, fl., C. N. Fraga 496 ( ESA!, MBML!, UB!). Minas Gerais: Rio Preto, Povoado do Funil , 28 November 2012, fr., J. E. Q. Faria 3102 ( UB!). Rio de Janeiro: Armação de Búzios, morro das Emerências , 22 August 2008, fr., J. C. Lopes 10 ( SPF!). Cabo Frio, distrito de Tamoios, condomínio Florestinha , 6 December 2001, fr., G. S. Z. Rezende 37 ( RB!). Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Itaiaia, trilha do Hotel Simon para os Três Picos , 9 November 1993, fl. and fr., M. P. M. Lima 234 ( K!, MBM!); ibid ., 9 November 1993, fl., M. P. M. Lima 234 ( CEPEC!). Mangaratiba, Ilha da Marambaia , 2 July 1999, fl., M. C. Souza 126 ( RB!); ibid ., 3 January 2002, fl. and fr., L. F. T. Menezes 884 ( RB!); ibid ., 24 October 1999, fl., L. F. T. Menezes s.n. ( RB!); ibid ., praia voltada para Baía de Sepetiba , 30 September 2001, fl., A. L. Melo s.n. ( RB!). Niterói, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca , 21 August 2002, fl., A. A. M. Barros 1668 ( RB!). Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá , 14 November 2001, fr., H. C. de Lima 5940 ( RB!). Paraty, Praia Negra , 13 March 1992, fl., C. Farney 3094 ( RB!). Rio de Janeiro, bosque da Barra , 23 January 2002, fr., s.c., s.n. ( RB!); Jacarepaguá , 15 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5935 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., 23 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5959 ( CEPEC!); ibid ., lado sul-oeste da pedra de Itaúna, 15 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5935 ( K!, SP!); ibid ., lado sul da pedra de Itaúna, 2 September 1969, fl., D. Sucre 5896 ( K!); ibid ., 23 September 1969, fr., D. Sucre 5959 ( K!, SP!); ibid ., lado leste da pedra de Itaúna, 8 October 1970, fl., D. Sucre 7283 ( K!). São Pedro da Aldeia, Serra de Sapiatiba , vertente norte , 22 September 2000, fl., C. Farney 4214 ( RB!). Saquarema, Reserva Jacarepiá , 22 November 1996, fr., C. Farney 3556 ( RB!). Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos , 20 November 2006, fl., E. J. Lucas 589 ( UB!). Tijuca , 6 March 1972, fl., D. Sucre 8204 ( RB!). São Paulo: Jupia , 4 April 1961, fl., J. Mattos 8873 ( CEPEC!). Juquiá , 4 April 1961, fl. and fr., J. Mattos 8872 ( SP!) , 4 April 1961, fl., J. Mattos 8872 ( SP!). Pariquera-Açu, Estação Experimental do IAC , 10 January 1995, fr., L. C. Bernacci 964 ( SP!, SPF!). São Bernardo do Campo, Parque Caminhos do Mar , 31 October 1990, fr., S. Ferreira s.n. ( SP!). São Vicente, Parque Estadual Xixová-Japuí , 5 September 2003, fl., J. A. Pastore 1255 ( SPSF!) .

3. Eugenia dichasiata Giaretta , sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Magé, estrada da Parada Modelo para Cachoeiras de Macacu, ramal de acesso ao Centro de Primatologia da FEEMA, 22º 29’ 44.1’’ S, 42º 54’ 42.8’’ W, ca. 50 m a.s.l., 2 September 2006, fl., P. Fiaschi & A.Q. Lobão 3141 (holotype: SPF! [176157-herbarium number] GoogleMaps ; isotypes: BHCB, K!, RB! [00484917]). ( Figure 9 View FIGURE 9 ) GoogleMaps .

Eugenia dichasiata is morphologically similar to Eugenia acutata but differs in having glabrous flowers (vs. puberulent or pubescent), with calyx lobes equal in size (vs. two unequal pairs), staminal whorls rounded and not tearing at anthesis (vs. squared and tearing slightly at anthesis), and inflorescences usually in 3–flowered dichasial arrangements (vs. rarely) with up to two rachises sharing an axil (vs. up to one rachis), glabrous (vs. pubescent).

Trees 3 to 16 m tall. Young leaves glabrous. Leaves with petioles 5–18 × 1.5–2 mm; blades 8–18 × 2–6 cm, oblanceolate or elliptic; base acute or cuneate; apex acuminate or abruptly acuminate, 1–2 cm long, or acute; midvein canaliculate adaxially; secondary veins 15–22 per side; marginal veins two, the innermost 1.5–3 mm from the margin, the outermost 0.5 mm from the margin. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, fasciculiform; bracts 1 × 1.5 mm, wideovate; rachis 1–20 mm long, terete, puberulent; 1–4 pairs of lateral flowers emerging from the rachis, pedicels 15–55 mm long, flattened, glabrous; flowers often expressing 3–flowered dichasial arrangement, middle flower sessile or with a pedicel up to 1 mm long, lateral flowers with pedicels 5–10 × 0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous; up to two rachises sharing an axil; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm (seen from young flower), lanceolate, glabrous, deciduous before anthesis. Flower buds 5–7 × 4–6.5 mm, obovate, calyx lobes partially fused but free at the tip leaving an aperture of 1–4 mm diameter with borders often abaxially revolute, tearing regularly at anthesis into 4 externally glabrous lobes, 2.5–4 × 2.5–3 mm,; petals 5–6 × 4.5–5 mm, wide-ovate; stamens straight in the bud, filaments up to 6 mm long, anthers 0.9–1.2 mm long; staminal whorls flat, 4–5 mm diameter, rounded, not tearing at anthesis; style 4–6 mm long; ovary 2–locules, 14–17 ovules per locule. Fruits 10–12 × 9–11 mm, ellipsoid, colour when ripe unknown, glabrous, crowned by the remnant of the regular calyx lobes; seed 1.

Etymology: —The specific epithet is in reference to the dichasial arrangement of the inflorescence.

Distribution and habitat: — Eugenia dichasiata is distributed in Southeastern (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and Northeastern Brazil (Bahia), known from the coastal forest in the Serra do Mar, at elevations between 30 to 200 m ( Figure 10 View FIGURE 10 ). Eugenia dichasiata is shrub or tree known from coastal vegetation on slopes and from lowland forests, within Ombrophilous Dense Forest in the Atlantic forest.

Phenology: —Flowers of Eugenia dichasiata have been collected from September to December and fruiting in December ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Fruiting period is unknown.

Conservation status:— Eugenia dichasiata is known from one protected area (REBIO União) and non-protected areas in well preserved and disturbed sites with EOO of 108,000 km ².Although this species is not threatened throughout its entire range, there is a significant risk of local extinction due to intense suppression of vegetation from urbanization in all States of its range that has left less than 20% natural vegetation ( SOS Mata Atlântica 2017). Fragmented landscape intensified by loss of habitat quality increases its risk of extinction, therefore regional assessment is encouraged to identify further threats. Thus, it is suggested that this species should be rated as Near Threatened (NT).

Comments:— Eugenia dichasiata has flowers with fused calyces that develop via the heterosepalous pattern and fasciculiform inflorescences often with the 3-flowered dichasial arrangement associated with Eugenia sect. Schizocalomyrtus .This placement is also supported by the molecular phylogeny ( Giaretta et al. 2019b).An inflorescence with a dichasial arrangement is assumed to be the standard condition, however, some specimens may not express this trait (see Almeida 68, Pirani 3390 and Hatschbach 68366), but other than this, these specimens lack morphological differences. When the inflorescence is fasciculiform, rather than dichasial, Eugenia dichasiata can be confused with E. acutata but differs by the inflorescence with up to two rachises sharing an axil (vs. up to one rachis per axil), leaves with darkish petioles when dry (vs. not darkish), and glabrous flowers (vs. pubescent or puberulent).

Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Itabela , 17 September 1968, fl., J . Almeida 68 (CEPEC!, RB!). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra , 10 October 1998, fl., G . Hatschbach 68366 ( G!, MBM!, MBML!, SP!); Marilândia, 5 December 1994, fl., J . R . Pirani 3390 ( SP!, SPF!) . Rio de Janeiro: Caxias , 17 November 1999, fl., S . J . Silva-Neto 1331 ( K!, RB!, UB!); Magé, 2 September 2006, fl., P . Fiaschi 3141 ( K!, RB!, SPF!); Rio das Ostras, 18 November 1997, fl., P . P . Oliveira 82 A ( SP!) , 10 December 1997, fr., P . P . Oliveira 82 B ( SP!) . São Paulo: Ubatuba , 16 November 1993, fl., P . C . Lobo 29370 ( SP!) .

3. Eugenia dichasiata Giaretta , sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Magé, estrada da Parada Modelo para Cachoeiras de Macacu, ramal de acesso ao Centro de Primatologia da FEEMA, 22º 29’ 44.1’’ S, 42º 54’ 42.8’’ W, ca. 50 m a.s.l., 2 September 2006, fl., P. Fiaschi & A.Q. Lobão 3141 (holotype: SPF! [176157-herbarium number] GoogleMaps ; isotypes: BHCB, K!, RB! [00484917]). ( Figure 9 View FIGURE 9 ) GoogleMaps .

Eugenia dichasiata is morphologically similar to Eugenia acutata but differs in having glabrous flowers (vs. puberulent or pubescent), with calyx lobes equal in size (vs. two unequal pairs), staminal whorls rounded and not tearing at anthesis (vs. squared and tearing slightly at anthesis), and inflorescences usually in 3–flowered dichasial arrangements (vs. rarely) with up to two rachises sharing an axil (vs. up to one rachis), glabrous (vs. pubescent).

Trees 3 to 16 m tall. Young leaves glabrous. Leaves with petioles 5–18 × 1.5–2 mm; blades 8–18 × 2–6 cm, oblanceolate or elliptic; base acute or cuneate; apex acuminate or abruptly acuminate, 1–2 cm long, or acute; midvein canaliculate adaxially; secondary veins 15–22 per side; marginal veins two, the innermost 1.5–3 mm from the margin, the outermost 0.5 mm from the margin. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, fasciculiform; bracts 1 × 1.5 mm, wideovate; rachis 1–20 mm long, terete, puberulent; 1–4 pairs of lateral flowers emerging from the rachis, pedicels 15–55 mm long, flattened, glabrous; flowers often expressing 3–flowered dichasial arrangement, middle flower sessile or with a pedicel up to 1 mm long, lateral flowers with pedicels 5–10 × 0.2–0.4 mm, glabrous; up to two rachises sharing an axil; bracteoles 2–3 × 0.5 mm (seen from young flower), lanceolate, glabrous, deciduous before anthesis. Flower buds 5–7 × 4–6.5 mm, obovate, calyx lobes partially fused but free at the tip leaving an aperture of 1–4 mm diameter with borders often abaxially revolute, tearing regularly at anthesis into 4 externally glabrous lobes, 2.5–4 × 2.5–3 mm,; petals 5–6 × 4.5–5 mm, wide-ovate; stamens straight in the bud, filaments up to 6 mm long, anthers 0.9–1.2 mm long; staminal whorls flat, 4–5 mm diameter, rounded, not tearing at anthesis; style 4–6 mm long; ovary 2–locules, 14–17 ovules per locule. Fruits 10–12 × 9–11 mm, ellipsoid, colour when ripe unknown, glabrous, crowned by the remnant of the regular calyx lobes; seed 1.

Etymology: —The specific epithet is in reference to the dichasial arrangement of the inflorescence.

Distribution and habitat: — Eugenia dichasiata is distributed in Southeastern (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and Northeastern Brazil (Bahia), known from the coastal forest in the Serra do Mar, at elevations between 30 to 200 m ( Figure 10 View FIGURE 10 ). Eugenia dichasiata is shrub or tree known from coastal vegetation on slopes and from lowland forests, within Ombrophilous Dense Forest in the Atlantic forest.

Phenology: —Flowers of Eugenia dichasiata have been collected from September to December and fruiting in December ( Figure 6 View FIGURE 6 ). Fruiting period is unknown.

Conservation status:— Eugenia dichasiata is known from one protected area (REBIO União) and non-protected areas in well preserved and disturbed sites with EOO of 108,000 km ².Although this species is not threatened throughout its entire range, there is a significant risk of local extinction due to intense suppression of vegetation from urbanization in all States of its range that has left less than 20% natural vegetation ( SOS Mata Atlântica 2017). Fragmented landscape intensified by loss of habitat quality increases its risk of extinction, therefore regional assessment is encouraged to identify further threats. Thus, it is suggested that this species should be rated as Near Threatened (NT).

Comments:— Eugenia dichasiata has flowers with fused calyces that develop via the heterosepalous pattern and fasciculiform inflorescences often with the 3-flowered dichasial arrangement associated with Eugenia sect. Schizocalomyrtus .This placement is also supported by the molecular phylogeny ( Giaretta et al. 2019b).An inflorescence with a dichasial arrangement is assumed to be the standard condition, however, some specimens may not express this trait (see Almeida 68, Pirani 3390 and Hatschbach 68366), but other than this, these specimens lack morphological differences. When the inflorescence is fasciculiform, rather than dichasial, Eugenia dichasiata can be confused with E. acutata but differs by the inflorescence with up to two rachises sharing an axil (vs. up to one rachis per axil), leaves with darkish petioles when dry (vs. not darkish), and glabrous flowers (vs. pubescent or puberulent).

Paratypes:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Itabela , 17 September 1968, fl., J . Almeida 68 (CEPEC!, RB!). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra , 10 October 1998, fl., G . Hatschbach 68366 ( G!, MBM!, MBML!, SP!); Marilândia, 5 December 1994, fl., J . R . Pirani 3390 ( SP!, SPF!) . Rio de Janeiro: Caxias , 17 November 1999, fl., S . J . Silva-Neto 1331 ( K!, RB!, UB!); Magé, 2 September 2006, fl., P . Fiaschi 3141 ( K!, RB!, SPF!); Rio das Ostras, 18 November 1997, fl., P . P . Oliveira 82 A ( SP!) , 10 December 1997, fr., P . P . Oliveira 82 B ( SP!) . São Paulo: Ubatuba , 16 November 1993, fl., P . C . Lobo 29370 ( SP!) .