Identifying sedges. Its English name is Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea) and its leaves look rather like the foliage of carnations, with the same attractive blue-grey colour. It is certainly the bluest leaf of all the common upland sedges.
It has different male and female spikes, 3 stigmas, hairless utricles and non-droopy female spikes, so it’s in Group F. Here are its measurement data:
Key F (Stace, p. 1005) #1 Leaf sheath hairy (left) or not (right). Not hairy so on to #2
#2 You need to look very closely at the surface of the utricle (x20). Is it covered in small, nipple-like structures (papillose, left) or not (right)? Not, so on to #3
#3 Look at the base of the lowest bract. Is the sheathing base of the bract big (more than 3mm) or small (2mm or less) ? The sheathing base is big (ours is 5.5mm), so on to #9.
#9 The blue-grey stems are loosely (not densely) tufted, so on to #10
#10 Are the utricles big (more than 5mm with long beaks, left) or small (3.4mm with a beak much less than 1.5mm, right) ? Small with a tiny beak, so on to #12
#12 Look closely at the edges of the beak (x20). Are they smooth or scabrid (rough) ? They are not really big enough to be scabrid ! So on to #13
#13 An easy one to finish with. Look at the long sheathing base of the lowest bract. Is it inflated and loose-fitting (left) or not (right)? It’s tight-fitting (right), so our plant is Carex panicea. This is confirmed by the tiny beak of the utricle (0.3mm).
The most important feature you would use in the field for Carex panicea has not appeared in the key. Look at the very tip of the leaf. It is solid with a flat upper surface and triangulasr in section (trigonous). The other blue leaf, C. flacca, is chanelled right up to the tip.
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Identifying sedges. You’re in a base-rich flush in the uplands. Your plant has 1 male spike and 3 upright female spikes, 3 stigmas, hairless utricles with a long-forked beak, putting it in Group F where we’ve been several times already.
The measurement data look like this:
Here we are in Key F. We know already that our plant is not Carex pallescens (hairy sheaths) or C. flacca (papillose utricles) so we go directly to #3. Look at the base of the lowest bract. Is it long-sheathing (more than 3mm, left) or not (right) ? Peduncles ensheathed so #9
Identifying grasses. A highly distinctive species is coming into flower on the heath. From head-height, the spikelets look like miniature silver-painted eggs, held close to the ground on almost horizontal stems. The glumes are so large that they hide the spikelets completely.
Here are its measurement data:
The ligule of hairs directs us to Group A (Stace, p. 1024). We start with a lot of opt-outs: is it a maize, sorghum, Tragus, Cenchrus, Setaria or a finger grass? No, it's none of these. The inflorescence is a narrow panicle, so on to #17.
Identifying grasses. Another one of the handful of “must know” grasses is coming into flower. It’s easy to identify because it is hairy all over. Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus) grows in all manner of grassy places like waste ground and roadsides. Let’s see what Group it is in.
It’s not a waterside plant with broad leaves (10mm or more), or a bamboo, or maize or a Zizania, or a spike, or a Finger Grass, and it’s not viviparous and doesn’t have a ligule of hairs (but note that the membranous ligule is hairy) or a hairy appendage to the ovary.
All the spikelets are bisexual and similar, and the awn is dorsal from the upper half of the lemma. This is Group I.
Identifying sedges. Sandy or peaty soils in upland grasslands and heaths are home to the widespread and locally abundant Carex pilulifera. It has contrasting male and female spikes and hairy utricles (x10), so it is in Group C.
Key C Stace p. 1002.
#1 Measure the length of the beak of the utricle. Is it long (more than 0.5mm, left) or short (less than 0.5mm, right)? Ours is 0.4mm so short, which takes us to #3
#3 The rhizomes question. Is the plant densely tufted (left) or spread out and patch-forming (right). Ours is clearly tufted, so on to #7
Identifying grasses. Today Brachypodium. It is the only genus in the Tribe Brachypodieae. Sugars in the endosperm are laevulose rather than saccharose. Its chromosomes are unusually small. It has a peculiar hairy terminal appendage to the ovary. In short, it’s a bit of a mystery.
We begin with Brachypodium sylvaticum. This is a droopy woodland plant with pale yellowish-green leaves in distinct tussocks that look, from above, as if they have petioles. All parts are hairy including the spikelets, the knees of the culm, and the appendage to the ovary.
First question: what Group is it in? Don't make the mistake of assuming that because it has a hairy appendage to the ovary that it's in Group H. It isn't. The raceme has 1 spikelet at each node with pedicel shorter than 2mm, so it's a spike (Group D).
Identifying sedges. We’re back in the same wet woodland where we have had Carex remota, C. acutiformis and C. pendula. Today’s plant is like a scaled-back version of C. pendula; it’s tussocky with hairless utricles, 3 stigmas and droopy female spikes, which puts it in Key E.
Key E is on p. 1003 in Stace.
#1 leaf sheaths hairy (left) or not (right). Not hairy, so on to # 2.
#2 look at the beak of the utricle (x10). Is it long (more than 1mm) and notched or distinctly forked (left) or not (less than 1mm and truncate; right)? It’s long and notched, so on to # 3.