BLEEDING FAMILIES IDENTIFICATION

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1 BLEEDING FAMILIES IDENTIFICATION
Nguyen Van Hieu 2015 –

2 Dipterocarpaceae -龙脑香科
CONTENT Sapotaceae -山榄科 Asclepiadoideae -萝藦科 Anacardiaceae -漆树科 Clusiaceae -藤黄科 Burseraceae -橄榄科 Dipterocarpaceae -龙脑香科 Euphorbiaceae -大戟科 Myristicaceae -肉豆蔻科 Moraceae -桑科 Asteraceae -菊科 Apocynaceae -夹竹桃科

3 SAPOTACEAE -山榄科 Sap or exudate present Leaves simple
General key characters: Sap or exudate present Leaves simple Leaves always entire Flowers bisexual Ovary superior Summary A pantropical family common in lowland and lower montance rain forests with c. 75 genera and 800 species. Also occur in swamp forests. Major genera include Pouteria (c. 330 species), Chrysophyllum ( species), Manilkara (c. 80 species). Madhuca kingiana Short description highlights spot characters for family: Leaves simple, entire, usually alternate, white latex; hairs branched. Flowers in axillary fascicles, sepals free and imbricate, corolla gamopetalous, stamens epipetalous. Fruit usually a fleshy berry. Seeds shiny with rough scar.

4 HABIT Xantolis tomentosa Chrysophyllum cainito
Tree showing simple, entire leaves Pouteria sapota Sap from cut bark HABIT Leaves in a pseudowhorl

5 Flowers in fascicles with fringed petals and two whorls of sepals
Chrysophyllum argenteum Flowers in fascicles with fringed petals and two whorls of sepals Manilkara zapota

6 FRUIT and SEEDS Manilkara zapota
Cut fruit showing persistent style and seed with scar FRUIT and SEEDS Pouteria cladantha Manilkara zapota Mature fruits Fruit, showing latex oozing out

7 SAPOTACEAE -山榄科 Sap or exudate present Leaves simple Leaves always entire Flowers bisexual Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Symplocaceae: no latex, simple hairs, serrate leaf margin, drupaceous fruits. Primulaceae-Myrsinoideae: stipules absent, black dots in the leaves, flowers and fruits. Ebenaceae: no latex, stipules absent, stamens twice the number of corolla lobes, flower unisexual. Violaceae (e.g. Rinorea): leaves serrate, placentation parietal, fruit unilocular. Apocynaceae: leaves opposite, flowers tubular, fruits paired.

8 ANACARDIACEAE -漆树科 General key characters: Sap or exudate present Stipules absent Leaves usually alternate Flowers actinomorphic Ovary superior Summary Pantropical with c. 873 species in 81 genera. Many genera are found in lowland tropical habitats such as lowland rain forest, swamp forest and peat swamp forest in Malesia. Also occurring in temperate zones. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Tree, shrub or liana; sap clear to milky, often drying darker. Leaves compound (sometimes simple), alternate (somes opposite). Style often excentric. Fruit drupaceous, winged or on an enlarged fleshy pedicel and receptacle.

9 SAP Sap milky Sap clear, turning dark Rhus taitensis Gluta renghas
cut bleeding

10 INFLORESCENCES and FLOWERS Trichoscypha acuminata Cauliflorous
Tapirira guianensis Schinus molle Terminal Flowers with both male and female organs

11 FRUIT Mangifera indica Anacardium occidentale
Enlarged hypocarp subtending the fruit Trichoscypha acuminata Various forms. Drupe FRUIT Cauliflorous infructescence of indehiscent drupes

12 ANACARDIACEAE -漆树科 Sap or exudate present Stipules absent Leaves usually alternate Flowers actinomorphic Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Burseraceae: sap often more resinous, petiolules swollen top and/or bottom, two ovules per locule. Rutaceae: pellucid gland dots, no milky sap, crushed fresh material with rank-citrus scent. Meliaceae: usually no sap, staminal tube in flower. Simaroubaceae: no milky sap, specimen “lightweight” when dried. Sapindaceae: usually no sap, aborted rachis tip.

13 BURSERACEAE -橄榄科 Sap or exudate present Flowers actinomorphic
General key characters: Sap or exudate present Flowers actinomorphic Ovary superior Summary 19 genera and c. 755 species. Found in the tropics, subtropics and drylands in lowland to montane habitats. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Tree or shrubs. Resinous sap. Stipules absent but pseudo-stipules occasionally present. Leaves alternate, compound; leaflets oftenwith swollen petiolules top and bottom. Flowers often 3-merous.

14 Bursera simaruba Dacryodes edulis Peeling bark Indehiscent
Commiphora angolensis Tetragastris panamensis Fruit and trifoliolate leaves Dehiscent

15 BURSERACEAE -橄榄科 Sap or exudate present Flowers actinomorphic Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Anacardiaceae: sap usually less resinous, drying black, one ovule per locule, style excentric. Sapindaceae: usually no sap, terminal rachis tip, filaments hairy, no crush odour. Rutaceae: pellucid gland dots, no sap, crushed fresh material with rank-citrus scent. Meliaceae: no sap, staminal tube in flower. Simaroubaceae: no sap, specimen “lightweight” when dried.

16 EUPHORBIACEAE -大戟科 Sap or exudate present Stipules present Leaves simple Flowers unisexual Ovary superior General key characters: Summary 225 genera and more than 6300 species with greatest diversity in the tropics. Hevea brasiliensis -橡胶树 Short description highlights spot characters for family: Latex often produced. Leaves usually simple, alternate, stipulate, often glandular. Flowers unisexual, often reduced; ovary superior; syncarpous, often 3-carpellate, one ovule per carpel. Fruit often dehiscent with central columella.

17 Glands at leaf base and stellate hairs
Habit, Glands and latex Herb Shrub Succulent Euphorbia cooperi Acalypha fruticosa Anthostema senegalense Bernardia nicaraguensis Conceveiba guianensis. Hevea brasiliensis Glands at leaf base and stellate hairs Latex collection Foliar glands

18 Flowers and inflorescences
Euphorbia punicea Codiaeum variegatum Cyathium with individual male flowers and single female inserted Male flowers Cnidoscolus urens Codiaeum variegatum var. moluccanum Female flowers Panicle showing males with petaloid calyx

19 Dehisced fruit with seeds
Euphorbia lathyris Suregada sp. Dehiscing fruits showing 1 seed per locule attached to central columella Fruit Mallotus philippensis Fruit and seeds Dehisced fruit with seeds

20 EUPHORBIACEAE -大戟科 Sap or exudate present Stipules present Leaves simple Flowers unisexual Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Phyllanthaceae: 2 ovules per locule, no latex, not glandular. Salicaceae: placentation parietal, leaves pellucid-punctate. Celastraceae: often bisexual, disk more prominent. Urticaceae: leaves with cystoliths, stigma usually solitary. Picrodendraceae: exine of pollen spiny, leaves often 3-foliolate.

21 MORACEAE -桑科 Sap or exudate present Leaves alternate
General key characters: Sap or exudate present Leaves alternate Stipules at petiole base Flowers unisexual Ovary superior Morus nigra Summary 40 genera and c species, mostly tropical, worldwide. Tropical evergreen lowland forest, seasonal montane forest (often as pioneer species) or understorey in upland rain forest, hemi-epiphytes in the canopy. Large genera Artocarpus, Ficus and Dorstenia. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Woody (rarely herbs) with white sap; stipules large often leaving circular scar. Leaves simple. Flowers unisexual, often grouped into dense complex heads; perianth 1 whorl; ovary superior; 1-2 stigmas.

22 LEAVES AND STEMS Ficus elastica Ficus elastica Ficus esquiroliana
Broussonetia kazinoki  Ficus elastica Serrate leaves, pinnate venation Stem apex with stipule Ficus elastica white latex exuding from cut petiole Indistinctly lobed leaves 3-veined from base Ficus esquiroliana

23 FRUIT AND INFRUCTESCENCES
Globose-capitate, free perianths FRUIT AND INFRUCTESCENCES Trophis caucana Prainea limpato Solitary fruit, enlarged tepals Artocarpus heterophyllus Broussonetia kasinoki Globose-capitate, long stigmas Globose-capitate, fused perianths

24 MORACEAE -桑科 Sap or exudate present Leaves alternate Stipules at petiole base Flowers unisexual Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Urticaceae: no sap, often herbs, cystoliths often elongate, stigma 1. Cecropiaceae: watery sap dries black, hollow stems, leaves often palmate, dichotomous inflorescences, stigma 1. Cannabaceae: no sap, flowers not in heads, stipules small, caducous. Magnoliaceae: no sap, flowers large solitary bisexual, many stamens and tepals. Euphorbiaceae: petiole geniculate, stigma 3, fruit breaks into 3 leaving columella.

25 APOCYNACEAE -夹竹桃科 Sap or exudate present Stipules absent Ovary superior
General key characters: Summary A large cosmopolitan family traditionally split into the woody Apocynaceae and herbaceous Asclepiadaceae. In this PPT, I treat Asclepiadoideae as the most derived subfamily of an enlarged Apocynaceae, the whole family totalling c. 375 genera and c species. Apocynum cannabinum Short description highlights spot characters for family: Climbers or trees. Sap or exudate present, usually white. Stipules absent. Leaves opposite, entire, often with regular secondary veins. Flowers bisexual with tubular corollas; ovary superior. Fruit often a pair or woody follicles.

26 HABIT Shrub Tree Aspidosperma pyrifolium Aspidosperma resonans
Stipecoma peltigera Tree Perennial twiner

27 Beaumontia sp. Subfamily Rauvolfioideae – corolla lobes overlapping to left Tabernaemontana divaricata Flowers Subfamily Apocynoideae – corolla lobes overlapping to right

28 FRUIT Alstonia Rauvolfia caffra Aspidosperma spruceanum Follicles
Beries FRUIT Alstonia Follicles

29 APOCYNACEAE -夹竹桃科 Sap or exudate present Stipules absent Ovary superior
Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Rubiaceae: sap lacking, leaves with interpetiolar stipules ovary inferior. Myrtaceae: leaves with pellucid gland dots, flowers usually with many anthers, ovary inferior. Clusiaceae: sap usually yellow, leaves often with pellucid dots or lines. Loganiaceae: sap lacking, style not swollen. Oleaceae: sap lacking, leaves often sub-opposite, stamens 2.

30 APOCYNACEAE: ASCLEPIADOIDEAE
General key characters: Sap or exudate present Leaves opposite Leaves simple Stipules absent Ovary superior Summary The largest and most derived of 5 subfamilies of Apocynaceae. C. 170 genera and 3000 secies. Ex: Matelea denticulata Short description highlights spot characters for family: Herbs, shrubs or twiners. Sap or exudate white or clear. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules absent. Corolla united; style and stamens fused to form gynostegium; pollen distributed as pollinaria. Fruit mostly of paired follicles.

31 HABIT Hoodia currorii Tuberous perennial Sarcostemma viminale
Brachystelma chloranthum Hoodia currorii HABIT Tuberous perennial Sarcostemma viminale Stem succulents Stem succulents

32 FLOWERS Brachystelma australe Hoya lanceolata ssp. bella
Oxypetalum coerulea Marsdenia macrantha Philibertia lysimachioides Philibertia gilliesii  FLOWERS Pachycarpus dealbatus Petalostelma sarcostemma Ceropegia denticulata Asclepias speciosa

33 FRUIT Paired follicles
Marsdenia australis FRUIT Marsdenia viridiflora subsp. tropica follicle cut open to show seed arrangement within Paired follicles

34 APOCYNACEAE: ASCLEPIADOIDEAE
Sap or exudate present Leaves opposite Leaves simple Stipules absent Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Apocynaceae: gynostegium absent, pollen granular, corona absent or on corolla only. Rubiaceae: sap lacking, leaves with interpetiolar stipules, ovary inferior. Clusiaceae: sap usually yellow, leaves, often with pellucid dots or lines. Loganiaceae: sap lacking, style not swollen. Oleaceae: sap lacking, leaves often sub-opposite, stamens 2.

35 CLUSIACEAE (GUTTIFERAE) -藤黄科 Sap present (yellow) Leaves simple Leaves opposite Leaves entire Ovary superior General key characters: Summary Clusia major A pantropical family of 14 genera with c. 600 species. The largest genera are Garcinia (with c. 250 species) and Clusia (with c. 400 species restricted to the Americas). The family has traditionally included the Calophyllaceae. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Tree or shrubs. Cut trunk, twigs or fruit with exudate, usually yellow sap; stipules absent. Leaves simples, opposite, no teeth. Flower bisexual or unisexual; ovary superior; style and stigma large, flat and expanded.

36 Opposite, simple leaves, note the clasping petiole bases
Garcinia latissima HABIT AND LEAVES Symphonia globulifera Opposite, simple leaves, note the clasping petiole bases showing yellow sap

37 INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS Clusia pratensis Clusia pallida
Calophyllum inophyllum Bisexual flowers with numerous stamens Clusia pallida Pistillate flower lacking stamens INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS Staminate flower with fused stamens

38 Dehiscent fleshy capsule
Clusia valeroi Dehiscent fleshy capsule Indehiscent fruit Garcinia mangostana

39 CLUSIACEAE (GUTTIFERAE) -藤黄科 Sap present (yellow) Leaves simple Leaves opposite Leaves entire Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Rubiaceae: sap absent, interpetiolar stipules present, corolla tubular; ovary inferior. Rhizophoraceae: sap absent, stipules present, flowers bisexual, ovary inferior. Celastraceae: sap absent, leaf margins serrate, stamens few, disk present, fruit capsular. Loganiaceae: sap absent, flowers bisexual, corolla tubular, stamens few. Theaceae: sap absent, leaves spirally.

40 DIPTEROCARPACEAE -龙脑香科
General key characters: Sap present, resiniferous Stipules present Leaves alternate, simple Ovary superior Summary Pantropical with 16 genera and c. 550 species; the family is overwhelmingly diverse in West Malesia (c. 270 spwcies in Borneo alone), and is characteristic of South-east Asian lowland rain forests. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Large straight lobed trees. Leaves simple, alternate, entire with stipules (often large and leaving scars); corolla contorted; calyx persistent and often enlarged and dry surrounding the nut during fruiting, forming a winged fruit with 2-5 subequal to equal wings.

41 HABIT and LEAVES Vatica rassak
Alternate leaves with prominent stipules HABIT and LEAVES Dipterocarpus baudii Canopy tree with straight bole

42 Terminal inflorescences at the branch apex, flower with distinct contorted corolla: inflorescence and flower detail Vatica rassak  Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Dipterocarpus crinitus Mature fruits with subequal wings surrounding the nut Immature fruit

43 DIPTEROCARPACEAE -龙脑香科
Sap present, resiniferous Stipules present Leaves alternate, simple Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Theaceae: sap absent , leaf margins serrate, flowers solitary, fruit dehiscent. Malvaceae (Grewioideae): leaf margins often serrate, venation palmate or triplinerved, sepals valvate in bud. Elaeocarpaceae: sap absent, petal margins fringed, fruit lacking wings. Malvaceae (Malvoideae): stamens fused in a tube, anthers with single theca, epicalyx often present.

44 MYRISTICACEAE -肉豆蔻科 General key characters: simple, for comparison across all families Sap present Stipules absent Leaves simple, alternate Ovary superior Summary Pantropical with 19 genera and approximately 370 species; the genera are restricted to single continents: five in Asia, five in America and eight in Africa and Madagascar. Most species are understorey tree in tropical rain forests to m; in Asia, some Knema species reach m. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Trees; sap red or orange, sometimes watery. Leaves simple, alternate, no teeth, no stipules. Flowers unisexual, small, tepals fused, in 3s. Fruit with single suture, red or orange aril surrounding a single seed; endosperm ruminate.

45 HABIT and LEAVES Horsfieldia wallichii Knema attenuate
Red sap from cut surfaces Leaves oblong, glaucous below HABIT and LEAVES

46 INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS Horsfieldia sylvestris Iryanthera juruensis
Knema globularia _ male flower Horsfieldia sylvestris Axillary, paniculate (male inflorescences) Three-merous flowers with stamens fused into a column Iryanthera juruensis INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS Spicate inflorescences

47 FRUIT Myristica fragrans Knema globularia
Cauliflorous immature fruit, note suture line Knema globularia Arils entire, completely covering the single seed

48 MYRISTICACEAE -肉豆蔻科 Sap present Stipules absent Leaves simple, alternate Ovary superior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Annonaceae: red latex rarely present, bark usually fibrous, flowers bisexual. Lauraceae: no red latex, stamens free, anthers dehiscing by flaps. Gutiferae: latex yellow, red or orange; leaves opposite, fruit many-seeded. Ebenaceae: no rex latex, cross-section not showing rays, fruit many-seeded. Magnoliaceae: no rex latex, stipules present, flowers large with numerous tepals.

49 ASTERACEAE -菊科(COMPOSITAE)
A poster with 12 different species of Asteraceae from the Asteroideae, Cichorioideae and Carduoideae subfamilies General key characters: Sap present Leaves alternate or opposite Compound inflorescences Corolla actinomorphic Ovary inferior Summary A family, conservatively, of three subfamilies (molecular studies have recognised six), divided into 13 tribes, c genera, and varying estimates of up to species. Short description highlights spot characters for family: Herbs and subshrubs, rarely tree. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers small, aggregated into a head; calyx reduced; corolla of 5 united petals; stamens 5, anthers united into a tube; ovary inferior. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded

50 HABIT HABIT Carduus crispus Dendrosenecio keniensis Herbs Herbs
Helichrysum italicum HABIT Shrubs

51 INFLORESCENCES and FLOWERS
Ageratum houstonianum Eupatorium saltense Individual flowers removed from a capitulum Terminal inflorescence of numerous “flowers” (capitula) Elephantopus carolinianus Xerochrysum strawburst INFLORESCENCES and FLOWERS Bracts surrounding heads Anthers united into tube

52 Porophyllum ruderale subsp. macrocephalum
FRUIT AND SEEDS Mature capitula at the fruiting stage with numerous 1-seeded indehiscent achenes or cypselas Trixis californica Taraxacum laevigatum

53 ASTERACEAE -菊科(COMPOSITAE)
Sap present Leaves alternate or opposite Compound inflorescences Corolla actinomorphic Ovary inferior Characters of similar families: (List of characters that distinguish similar families) Gesneriaceae: leaves opposite, flower zygomorphic, showy , many-seeded capsule or drupe. Lamiaceae: leaves opposite, flower zygomorphic, showy, fruit of up to 4 nutlets, or drupe with 1-5 stones. Acanthaceae: leaves opposite, cystoliths present, flower zygomorphic, showy, fruit a bilocular capsule. Urticaceae: leaves 3-veined, discolorous, cystoliths present, flowers minute, stamens free, inflexed in bud, stigma 1. Amaranthaceae: stems angular, nodes swollen, inflorescence of spikes or heads, flowers associated with dry papery bracts.

54 THANK YOU !