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Salvia officinalis L.
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Salvia officinalis (sage, also called garden sage, or common sage) is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to the Mediterranean region, though it has naturalized in many places throughout the world. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for a number of related and unrelated species.
Contents
§Names[edit]
S. officinalis has numerous common names. Some of the best-known are sage, common sage, garden sage, golden sage, kitchen sage, true sage, culinary sage, Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf sage. Cultivated forms include purple sage and red sage. The specific epithet officinalis refers to plants with a well-established medicinal or culinary value.[1]
§Taxonomy[edit]
S. officinalis was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has been grown for centuries in the Old World for its food and healing properties, and was often described in old herbals for the many miraculous properties attributed to it.[2] The specific epithet, officinalis, refers to the plant's medicinal use—the officina was the traditional storeroom of a monastery where herbs and medicines were stored.[1][3]S. officinalis has been classified under many other scientific names over the years, including six different names since 1940 alone.[4] It is the type species for the genus Salvia.
The second most commonly used species of sage is Salvia lavandulaefolia, which shares a similar composition with Salvia officinalis, with the exception that lavandulaefolia contains very little of the potentially toxic GABAA receptor-antagonizing monoterpenoid thujone.[5]
§Description[edit]
Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color, and foliage pattern, with many variegated leaf types. The Old World type grows to approximately 2 ft (0.61 m) tall and wide, with lavender flowers most common, though they can also be white, pink, or purple. The plant flowers in late spring or summer. The leaves are oblong, ranging in size up to 2.5 in (6.4 cm) long by 1 in (2.5 cm) wide. Leaves are grey-green, rugose on the upper side, and nearly white underneath due to the many short soft hairs. Modern cultivars include leaves with purple, rose, cream, and yellow in many variegated combinations.[2]
§History[edit]
S. officinalis has been used since ancient times for warding off evil, snakebites, increasing women's fertility, and more. Theophrastus wrote about two different sages, a wild undershrub he called sphakos, and a similar cultivated plant he called elelisphakos. Pliny the Elder said the latter plant was called salvia by the Romans, and used as a diuretic, a local anesthetic for the skin, a styptic, and for other uses. Charlemagne recommended the plant for cultivation in the early Middle Ages, and during the Carolingian Empire, it was cultivated in monastery gardens.[6]Walafrid Strabo described it in his poem Hortulus as having a sweet scent and being useful for many human ailments—he went back to the Greek root for the name and called it lelifagus.[7]
The plant had a high reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties and value.[8] It was sometimes called S. salvatrix (sage the savior), and was one of the ingredients of Four Thieves Vinegar, a blend of herbs which was supposed to ward off the plague. Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen all recommended sage as a diuretic, hemostatic, emmenagogue, and tonic.[7]
§Uses[edit]
§Culinary use[edit]
In Britain, sage has for generations been listed as one of the essential herbs, along with parsley, rosemary and thyme (as in the folk song "Scarborough Fair"). It has a savory, slightly peppery flavor. It appears in many European cuisines, notably Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cookery. In British and American cooking, it is traditionally served as sage and onion stuffing, an accompaniment to roast turkey or chicken at Christmas or Thanksgiving Day. Other dishes include pork casserole, Sage Derby cheese and Lincolnshire sausages. Despite the common use of traditional and available herbs in French cuisine, sage never found favour there.
§Essential oil[edit]
Common sage is grown in parts of Europe for distillation of an essential oil, though other species such as Salvia fruticosa may also be harvested and distilled with it. The essential oil contains cineole, borneol, and thujone. Sage leaf contains tannic acid, oleic acid, ursonic acid, ursolic acid, carnosol, carnosic acid, fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, niacin, nicotinamide, flavones, flavonoid glycosides, and estrogenic substances.[9][unreliable source?]
§Traditional medicine[edit]
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be removed. (July 2014) |
Salvia and "sage" are derived from the Latin salvere (to save), referring to the healing properties long attributed to the various Salvia species.[7] It has been recommended at one time or another for virtually every ailment by various herbals.[citation needed]
In traditional Tamil Siddha medicine, sage (Karpooravalli) is used for respiratory ailments like asthma and alleviating nasal discharge associated with upper respiratory infections.[citation needed] Sage leaves are crushed in boiling water and the fumes are inhaled.[citation needed]
In traditional Austrian medicine, S. officinalis herb has been used internally (as tea or directly chewed) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.[10]
Investigations have taken place into using sage as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease patients.[11][12][13][14] Sage leaf extract may be effective and safe in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.[15][non-primary source needed]
§Health[edit]
A number of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, balanced-crossover studies in healthy humans have demonstrated improved memory, attention/executive function, alertness and mood following single doses of cholinesterase-inhibiting sage extracts or essential oils.[16] A single, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a small cohort (n = 30) of Alzheimer's disease patients also demonstrated improved cognitive functioning and behavioral function (Clinical Dementia Rating) following a 16-week administration of a Salvia officinalis alcoholic tincture.[17]
According to Peter Rogers' team at Bristol University,[18] researchers have concluded that extracts of sage can enhance cognitive performance. This was contrasted to the similar effect of the caffeine found in tea and coffee.
§Cultivars[edit]
In favorable conditions in the garden, S. officinalis can grow to a substantial size (1 square metre or more), but a number of cultivars are more compact. As such they are valued as small ornamental flowering shrubs, rather than for their herbal properties. Some provide low ground cover, especially in sunny dry environments. Like many herbs they can be killed by a cold wet winter, especially if the soil is not well drained. But they are easily propagated from summer cuttings, and some cultivars are produced from seeds.
Named cultivars include:
- 'Alba', a white-flowered cultivar
- 'Aurea', golden sage
- 'Berggarten', a cultivar with large leaves, which rarely blooms, extending the useful life of the leaves
- 'Extrakta', has leaves with higher oil concentrations
- 'Icterina', a cultivar with yellow-green variegated leaves
- 'Lavandulaefolia', a small leaved cultivar
- 'Purpurascens' ('Purpurea'), a purple-leafed cultivar
- 'Tricolor', a cultivar with white, yellow and green variegated leaves
'Icterina'[19] and 'Purpurascens'[20] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
§See also[edit]
§References[edit]
- ^ a b Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
- ^ a b Clebsch, Betsy; Carol D. Barner (2003). The New Book of Salvias. Timber Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-88192-560-9.
- ^ Stearn, William T. (2004). Botanical Latin. Timber Press (OR). p. 456. ISBN 0-88192-627-2.
- ^ Sutton, John (2004). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias. Workman Publishing Company. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-88192-671-2.
- ^ Olsen, RW (25 April 2000). "Absinthe and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (9): 4417–8. PMID 10781032.
- ^ Watters, L. L. (1901). An Analytical Investigation of Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis, Linne). New York: Columbia University.
- ^ a b c Kintzios, Spiridon E. (2000). Sage: The Genus Salvia. CRC Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-90-5823-005-8.
- ^ An Anglo-Saxon manuscript read "Why should man die when he has sage?" Kintzios, p. 10
- ^ "Sage". OBeWise Nutriceutica. Applied Health. Retrieved 2008-02-04. [dead link]
- ^ Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B (Oct 2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". J Ethnopharmacol 149 (3): 750–771. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
- ^ Akhondzadeh, S; Noroozian, M; Mohammadi, M; Ohadinia, S; Jamshidi, Ah; Khani, M (February 2003). "Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial". Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 28 (1): 53–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x. ISSN 0269-4727. PMID 12605619.
- ^ Dos, Santos-Neto, Ll; De, Vilhena, Toledo, Ma; Medeiros-Souza, P; De, Souza, Ga (December 2006). "The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review" (Free full text). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 3 (4): 441–5. doi:10.1093/ecam/nel071. PMC 1697739. PMID 17173107.
- ^ Perry, Ek; Pickering, At; Wang, Ww; Houghton, P; Perry, Ns (Winter 1998). "Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: Integrating ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence". Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 4 (4): 419–28. doi:10.1089/acm.1998.4.419. ISSN 1075-5535. PMID 9884179.
- ^ Iuvone, T; De, Filippis, D; Esposito, G; D'Amico, A; Izzo, Aa (June 2006). "The spice sage and its active ingredient rosmarinic acid protect PC12 cells from amyloid-beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity" (Free full text). The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 317 (3): 1143–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.099317. PMID 16495207.
- ^ Kianbakht S, Abasi B, Perham M, Hashem Dabaghian F"Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Salvia officinalis L. Leaf Extract in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Phytother Res. 2011 Apr 19;
- ^ Kennedy, D. O.; Wightman, E. L. (11 January 2011). "Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals: Plant Secondary Metabolites and the Enhancement of Human Brain Function". Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal 2 (1): 32–50. doi:10.3945/an.110.000117. PMC 3042794. PMID 22211188.
- ^ Akhondzadeh, S; Noroozian, M; Mohammadi, M; Ohadinia, S; Jamshidi, AH; Khani, M (February 2003). "Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial.". Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 28 (1): 53–9. PMID 12605619.
- ^ Mosley, Michael. "Unexpected ways to wake up your brain". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Salvia officinalis 'Icterina'". Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Salvia officinalis 'Purpurascens'". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
§Further reading[edit]
- The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, Deni Bown (New York: DK, 2001)
§External links[edit]
- American Botanical Council
- USDA Plants Profile
- Historical medicinal use: from botanical.com
- Salvia officinalis in Plantarium Database - A Photo Guide.
- Salvia officinalis Israel native Plants
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salvia officinalis. |
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvia_officinalis&oldid=651606712 |
The species has a very broad distribution throughout southern and southeastern Europe. The exact native distribution is not well understood; considered to have originated in the Balkan Peninsulaand widely naturalised throughout much of southern Europe (e.g.,locally naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula prior to the cultivation of crops)by Castroviejo et al.(2010). However we consider hereSalvia lavandulifolia Vahl to be a synonym ofSalvia officinalis, andCastroviejo et al. (2010) stateSalvia lavandulifolia to be native to Spain (primarily eastern provinces), southeastern France, and northwestern Africa (coastal areas of Morocco and western Algeria).
Reales et al. (2004) in their review of the Salvia genus, found that records of this species from Africa refer to the S. fruticosa/S. blancoana group, which does however overlap with Salvia officinalis in some regions; thus the distribution ofSalvia officinalisis considered to be across northern and western Mediterranean, from the former Yugoslavia through the southern Alps to the southeastern Iberian Peninsula.
Although it is native to the Mediterranean region it is grown commercially in gardens all over Europe and has widely naturalised (USDA 2012, Forey 1991, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/203260 |
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/203260 |
Common sage (Salvia officinalis) is native to the northern coastal region of the Mediterranean and grows wild in the calcareous mountains of northern and central Spain, southern France, and the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is the most economically important species of the S. officinalis group and, along with S. fruticosa (Rivera et al. 1994), has a very long tradition as a medicinal and aromatic herb with a broad range of applications. Common Sage is cultivated in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, throughout the Mediterranean region, and in the United States. Although knowledge and use of Common Sage dates back to ancient Greece, its taxonomy, distribution, and variability remain poorly understood. Radosavljević et al. (2011) developed microsatellite genetic markers that may facilitate a better understanding of this species. (Radosavljević et al. 2011 and references therein)
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Rights holder/Author | Leo Shapiro, Leo Shapiro |
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Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The species has a very broad distribution throughout Mediterranean Europe. Although the exact native distribution is not well understood the species is assessed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats. It is cultivated and naturalised widely.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/203260 |
"Notes: Western Ghats, High, altitude, Cultivated, Native of Tropical America"
Population
Population Trend
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Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/203260 |
Canada
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Salvia+officinalis |
Major Threats
The are no known significant threats to this species and present-day collection from wild populations is assumed to be negligible across its range.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/203260 |
"Maharashtra: Pune Kerala: Idukki, Pathanamthitta Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri"