Asteliaceae

Taxonomy

Family name: Asteliaceae Dumort.

Synonym(s): [none]

Common name(s): silver spear family

*Number of genera/species: 3/37

List of genera records in GRIN-Global

Disseminule

fruit or seed

Description

Fruit usually indehiscentindehiscent:
not opening on its own, as in a fruit
, berryberry:
an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa.
, or apically dehiscentdehiscent:
(v. dehisce) splitting open at maturity to release contents (of a fruit)
capsulecapsule:
a dry, dehiscent fruit formed by two or more carpels
 (Milligania), 2–18 mm long, globoseglobose:
3D shape—more or less spherical
, ovoidovoid:
3D shape—ovate
, oblongoblong:
2D shape—much longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, corners are rounded
, flask-shapedflask-shaped:
3D shape—generally circular in cross-section, broadest at or below the middle, approximately globose below that and constricted above to a relatively narrow neck
, sometimes sulcatesulcate:
surface relief—having one or more elongate, relatively narrow and shallow depressions or grooves
, tereteterete:
approximately circular in cross section; width and thickness approximately equal
or triangulartriangular:
2D shape—three relatively straight sides with distinct corners; more angular than teardrop-shaped
in transectiontransection:
a cross section; representing a plane made by cutting across an organ at a right angle to its length
, few to many seeded, persistent perianthperianth:
collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower
. Pericarppericarp:
fruit wall or fruit coat
orange, red, green, fleshyfleshy:
texture—fairly firm and dense, juicy or at least moist, and easily cut
.         

Seed ovoid ovoid:
3D shape—ovate
to angularangular:
2D shape—having sides that meet at acute or obtuse angles  
, 1–2.5 mm long, with hilumhilum:
on seeds, the scar indicating where the funiculus was attached; on grass caryopses, the scar visible on the outer caryopsis surface revealing where the seed is attached on the inner fruit wall surface; or in Asteraceae cypselae, the scar visible on the pericarp revealing where the fruit was attached to the receptacle
larger than punctatepunctate:
surface relief—dotted with pits or with translucent, sunken glands or with colored dots, similar to pitted
. Seed coat black, shinyshiny:
uniformly reflecting a high proportion of incident light at all angles
, hard, crustaceouscrustaceous:
texture—thin, dry, indurate, and brittle
layer of black phytomelanphytomelan:
carbonaceous, opaque material that usually covers the seed coat to give it a black appearance, common in certain monocot families
, smooth or sculptured. Seeds embedded in funicular mucilaginousmucilaginous:
resembling mucilage; moist and sticky
hairs in Collospermum.

Embryo well developed, linearlinear:
(shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide
, straight or bentbent:
(of embryo) embryo is bent at an acute, V-shaped angle with the ends close together and generally thick cotyledons
. Endospermendosperm:
nutritive starch- and oil-containing tissue present in many seeds
copious.

Identification features

Fruit
Type	berry, capsule
Size range	2–18 mm long
Shape(s)	globose, ovoidovoid: 3D shape—ovate , oblongoblong: 2D shape—much longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, corners are rounded , flask-shaped
Texture	fleshyfleshy: texture—fairly firm and dense, juicy or at least moist, and easily cut
Surface relief	sometimes sulcate
Color(s)	orange, red, green
Unique features	Brightly colored berriesberries: an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with one or a few to many seeds. The flesh may be homogenous throughout. Or, if the outer part is hard, firm, or leathery, referred to as an hesperidium. Septa are present in some, and the seeds may be arillate or with a fleshy testa. with persistent perianthperianth: collective term for calyx and corolla of a flower and black, shinyshiny: uniformly reflecting a high proportion of incident light at all angles , phytomelanphytomelan: carbonaceous, opaque material that usually covers the seed coat to give it a black appearance, common in certain monocot families encrusted seeds.
Seed
Size range	1–2.5 mm long
Shape(s)	ovoid, ellipsoidellipsoid: 3D shape—elliptic , fusiformfusiform: spindle-shaped; broadest at the middle and tapering at both ends , polygonal
Surface relief	smooth or sculptured; with phytomelanphytomelan: carbonaceous, opaque material that usually covers the seed coat to give it a black appearance, common in certain monocot families crust
Color(s)	black
Unique features	Seeds with funicular mucilaginousmucilaginous: resembling mucilage; moist and sticky hairs in Collospermum and glabrousglabrous: without hairs in other genera.
Other
Embryo	well developed, linearlinear: (shape) long, narrow, and uniform in width; (of embryo) embryo is straight and much longer than wide , straight or bentbent: (of embryo) embryo is bent at an acute, V-shaped angle with the ends close together and generally thick cotyledons , one third to one half the length of the seed
Nutritive tissuenutritive tissue: tissue within the seeds that nourishes the developing embryo; such as endosperm, perisperm, or chalazosperm in angiosperms; megagametophyte in gymnosperms	endosperm endosperm: nutritive starch- and oil-containing tissue present in many seeds copious

 

Distribution

Australia, Pacific Islands, New Guinea, the Mascarenes, and South America (Chile).

Distribution map courtesy of Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

References

Baskin and Baskin 2021Baskin and Baskin 2021:
Baskin C and Baskin J. 2021. Relationship of the lateral embryo (in grasses) to other monocot embryos: A status up-grade. Seed Science Research 31 (3): 199-210. doi:10.1017/S0960258521000209; Birch 2015Birch 2015:
Birch JL. 2015. A revision of infrageneric classification in Astelia Banks amp; Sol. ex R.Br. (Asteliaceae). PhytoKeys 52 (1): 105ndash;132. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.52.4768; Dahlgren et al. 1985Dahlgren et al. 1985:
Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, and Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 520 pp.; Flora of Australia 2021+Flora of Australia 2021+:
Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Accessed January-May 2021. URL: http://www.ausflora.org.au; Kirkbride et al. 2006Kirkbride et al. 2006:
Kirkbride JH, Jr, Gunn CR, and Dallwitz MJ. 2006. Family guide for fruits and seeds, vers. 1.0. Accessed September 2020ndash;January 2022. URL: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/seedsfruits/keys/frsdfam/index.cfm .; Kubitzki et al. 1990+Kubitzki et al. 1990+:
Kubitzki K et al., eds. 1990+. The families and genera of vascular plants. 7+ vols. Berlin etc.; Stevens 2001+Stevens 2001+:
Stevens PF. 2001+. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Accessed September 2020-2022. URL: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/; Stevenson and Loconte 1995Stevenson and Loconte 1995:
Stevenson DW and Loconte H. 1995. A cladistic analysis of monocot families. In: Rudall PJ, Cribb PJ, Cutler DF, and Humphries CJ, eds. Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.; Takhtajan 2009Takhtajan 2009:
Takhtajan A. 2009. Flowering plants: Second edition. Springer Nature, Switzerland. 871 pp.; Watson and Dallwitz 1992+Watson and Dallwitz 1992+:
Watson L and Dallwitz MJ. 1992+. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 6th Accessed September 2020-September 2022. URL: delta-intkey.com

*The number of genera and species is based on Christenhusz and Byng 2016Christenhusz and Byng 2016:
Christenhusz MJM and Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201ndash;217. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1, which may differ from the number of genera in GRIN-Global.