Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics

Transcription

1 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Agriculture Handbook No. 642 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics An Inventory t

2 Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still relatively unknown in other parts of the Tropics*and should be promoted. Introducing new fruits into a country is often difficult, however, and must be done legally. Obtaining information on the fruits and their sources is a first step, and this publication provides much of that information. This publication also lists the minor fruits as completely as can be done with the present state of knowledge. Keywords: major tropical fruits, minor tropical fruits, tropical fruit cultivation, tropical fruit distribution, tropical fruit introduction, tropical fruits, tropical fruit utilization We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists and taxonomists throughout the world who have left written records of the fruits they encountered. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help was invaluable. We also thank the many individuals who read, criticized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albuquerque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D. de Guzman (Philippine fruits), R. B. Drummond (African fruits), Victor Galan Sauco (Canary Island fruits), Charles B. Heiser (minor South American fruits), L. Antonio Lizana (South American, especially Chilean, fruits), Raul Mosqueda Vazquez (Mexican fruits), Sunit K. Mukherjee (Indian fruits), Melicia Munoz (South American, especially Chilean, fruits), and Robert K. Soost (citrus fruits). Finally, we thank the typist, Migdalia Malave, for her long hours of dedication. Copies of this publication can be purchased from Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC Microfiche copies can be purchased from National Technical Information Office 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA Agricultural Research Service has no additional copies for free distribution.

3 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Agriculture Handbook No. 642 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics An Inventory By Franklin W. Martin Tropical Agriculture Research Station Mayaguez, PR Carl W. Campbell University of Florida. TREC Homestead, FL Ruth M. Ruberte Tropical Agriculture Research Station Mayaguez, PR

4 Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 2. Major Fruits Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives Minor Fruits of the Americas Minor Fruits of Africa Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution 220 References 242 Issued April 1987

5 1. Introduction No class of foods hias as muchi general appeal as fruits. Altfiough they are sometimes ricfi In vitamins, minerals, oils, starcfies, and even proteins, fruits are seldom consciously eaten for their nutritional value but for their beauty, texture, aroma, juiciness, and refreshing flavor. Fruits are usually not the main course. They are the desserts or the foods to be nibbled or devoured between meals. How many species of fruits are there in the Tropics?^ In our opinion there are thousands. Of these, 300 are major and 100 are excellent, but perhaps only 50 are already well known. Many tropical fruits are uni<nown to the temperate palate, and there are many still known in only a small part of the Tropics. There remains an immense task to know, to culture, to Improve, to show, and to share tropical fruits with the world. What Is a Fruit? In the botanical sense, all flowering plants (monocotyledons and dicotyledons) produce fruits (fig. 1). These are the results of reproductive growth, generally the structures developed from flowers or from clusters of flowers. Fruits may be only the reproductive organs of the plant or may include other parts of the flower, such as the receptacle, sepals, and pedicel. We use the word "fruit" in a more restrictive and popular sense. We consider only edible fruits of tropical or subtropical origin. We do not include in this Inventory certain Temperate Zone fruits grown in restricted areas of the Tropics, such as apples, peaches, and pears and their many relatives. Temperate Zone fruits in the Tropics are generally out of place and insignificant in their impact. But having said this, we realize that certain Temperate Zone fruits grapes, for example can be adapted to the Tropics, and we have Included such selections. We have further limited our selection to perennials. Thus, we do not consider the family Cucurbitaceae (fig. 2), although many have sweet fruits occupying the Figure 1, Botanical fruits of several kinds. iwe define the Tropics as that area betw/een the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (the Torrid Zone) w/ith warm day and night temperatures throughout the year. For our purpose we include adjacent areas in the Temperate Zone with this climate (the subtropics), and we include highlands with temperate climates in the Torrid Zone. Figure 2. Fruits of annual herbaceous plants.

6 Chapter 1 same position in ttie diet as any other fruit. On the other hand, we have included fruits of the family Solanaceae, although they are borderline by our definition. In addition, some might consider the Solanaceae to be "vegetables," but we could not find, based on use and perception, any such clear-cut distinction. ^Itg Fruits are often eaten raw, out of hand, but a few are eaten or are edible only when cooked. A cooked botanical fruit is often considered a vegetable. We have tried to eliminate botanical fruits that are used more as vegetables (fig. 3). Yet, there were traditional exceptions, including the breadfruit, clearly a fruit to everyone, yet used only as a vegetable. We have wrestled with the concept of "nut" as opposed to "fruit" and "seed." Botanically, a nut is a hard, indehiscent one-seeded fruit (fig. 4). In horticulture, however, many fruits that are considered to be nuts do not fit this definition. Moreover, the exact distinction between seeds and nuts is vague, and we may have included certain seed-bearing species that others may not consider to be either fruits or nuts. Figure 4. Nuts and seeds of various kinds. Although edibility was one of our prime criteria for including a selection, there are fruits that are considered edible by some and inedible by others. The distinction is fuzzy, and we cannot resolve the problem. We have preferred to err on the side of being inclusive in these cases. Size was another of our criteria. We have excluded very small fruits that are hardly worth the effort of harvest, except in emergency, but we have included many that are so tasty that their omission would be an error. Figure 3. Fruits used as cooked vegetables. The task of deciding which fruits to include was complicated by taxonomy. We have used the best sources of information available to us, but information is often lacking. For instance, experts are often confused by the variety of forms within broadly distributed species. Whether these forms are distinct species, in the sense that they are reproductively isolated from each other, or are only variants of one or more species often cannot be determined. Errors may also occur when the same form is given two or more s. In many cases we were not able to establish synonymy, and we believed it better to include too many s rather than too few.

7 Introduction Major and Minor Fruits We have attennpted to classify fruits as major (chapter 2 and part of 3) and minor (part of 3 and chapters 4-7), often a difficult task. Major fruits have often been introduced from one region to another and are frequently well known. They are usually large, but when small, they are of high quality. They may be marketed internationally, or they may be economically important only in certain regions. On the other hand, they may have little or no economic importance; nonetheless, we have considered them to be major if they are widespread, well known, or often used. In contrast, minor fruits are usually not widely distributed. They are often small. They may only grow wild and have little or no potential for cultivation and marketing. Most probably merit neglect, but some may have the potential to be improved and developed into a major fruit. Certainly, different cultures interpret edibility in different ways. But throughout primitive cultures a very wide variety of fruits was sampled. Thus, knowledge of minor fruits is large on all tropical continents. We have listed approximately 2,800 minor fruits 800 for the Americas, 1,200 for Africa, 500 for Southeast Asia, and 300 for India. We have segregated the major and minor fruits in separate chapters because we believe most people will want more information on the major fruits than on the minor fruits. However, with respect to Rutaceae, the citrus family, we have placed major and minor fruits in one chapter because of the intimate relationships among them and the difficulty of making a clear separation. Major fruits listed in chapters 2 and 3 are not included in any regional list of minor fruits, even though they may indeed be minor in some of those. On the other hand, minor fruits occurring in more than one region are listed in all appropriate chapters. Of the major fruits listed in chapters 2 and 3, we consider the 19 most important to be cashew, pineapple, papaya, sweet orange, lemon, grapefruit, avocado, Brazil nut, breadfruit, banana, guava, mango, coconut, oil palm, date, yellow passion fruit, macadamia nut, litchi, and cacao. Do these fruits have anything in common that might point to winners among less known fruits? Geographical origin seems to be related to greatness (fig. 5). The most important tropical fruits come from South America and Asia. Only the date palm comes Figure 5. Geographical origin of the principal tropical fruits. Eacti fruit is represented by a dot.

8 Chapter 1 from Africa, and it is really subtropical in origin. This is surprising considering the great number of native fruits in Africa, many of which are of considerable local importance. We believe that the fruits still to become great will be found in South America and Southeast Asia (see chapters 4 and 6). From a taxonomic standpoint, our selection of the greatest fruits is not restricted to a few families or to closely related families. Two families, Palmae and Rutaceae (Citrus), are represented by three species each, and one family, Anacardiaceae, is represented by two. It is noteworthy that the pineapple, which we consider to be one of the greatest fruits, is also one of the very few edible fruits in the family Bromeliaceae. Probably, ease of cultivation is an important factor i making a fruit great. Some of the best are 9^ ^^ ' only in great plantations but also in dooryards example, banana (fig. 6), mango (fig. 7), and citrus. Some great fruits are more difficult to grow, however or are not widely adapted for example, pmeappie (tig. 8), Brazil nut, and cacao. We are convinced that some fruits are great because of circumstance. These have been selected purposefully by man for development and have been systematically grown and marketed. The banana and citrus fruits are examples. Good shipping and keeping qualities probably help make fruit important. Although many of the great fruits do not keep well when ripe, they can be picked mature, shipped long distances, and then ripened. Others, such as guava, are normally picked when nearly ripe and are seldom shipped, although products made from them are shipped everywhere. Still, some important fruits (breadfruit, for example) do not play an important role in commerce. Figure 7. Mango, a peach of a fruit for the Tropics. Figure 6. Banana, the greatest and most ubiquitous tropical fruit.

9 Introduction Production of Major Fruits Estimating production of most fruits is difficult, for very important fruits are produced in quantity in dooryards throughout the Tropics, where they are both used and wasted extensively. Statistics are often meaningless except for fruits that are widely exported. It is conventional to rely on statistical data developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as the most reliable data available, but the limitations should be recognized. The fairly recent statistics below show the comparative productions of some of the best fruits from the Tropics and Temperate Zone. Very close to the banana, or even surpassing if in production when taken together, the citrus fruits are extremely important. A good proportion of these are produced in subtropical and even in temperate climate. The versatility of the genus is such that Japan is a major producer of tangerines, and Italy of lemons. There are few households throughout the world that have never known a citrus fruit. Annual production Principal producing (1,000 tons) countries Apple 21,500 France, United States, Germany Pear 7,100 Italy, Afghanistan, United States Peach and 6,100 France, Spain, Japan, nectarines United States Plum 4,600 Yugoslavia, Romania, United States Orange 28,900 United States, Brazil, Mexico Tangerine 6,400 Japan, Portugal, Greece Lemon, lime 4,000 Italy, United States, India Grapefruit 3,700 United States, Israel Avocado 1,000 Mexico, Dominican Republic, Brazil, United States Mango 11,800 fndia, Philippines Pineapple 4,300 United States, Thailand, Philippines Banana 35,800 Brazil, India, Ecuador For the majority of the tropical fruits no production statistics are available. On the basis of FAO data, and probably also when backyard consumption is taken into account, the most important of the tropical fruits is the banana. In spite of its soft structure and poor keeping qualities, the banana is widely known by many millions of persons who have never seen a banana plant (fig. 6). Bananas are produced in almost if not all tropical countries and are extremely widely adapted and versatile. The bananas seen in the Temperate Zone, represent only three to four varieties of the dozens of banana varieties known in the Tropics. Figure 8. Pineapple, variety Sugar Loaf, a great fruit everywhere.

10 Chapter 1 Figure 9. Avocado, in many forms, is great in ttie Tropics and even the vi/arm Temperate Zone. Apples, of course, are very important, but the majority are produced in the Temperate Zone. Mangoes (fig. 7) are tropical fruits that are still underutilized. Most of the production in India is for local consumption. Other outstanding fruits in international commerce are pineapples (fig. 8) and avocadoes (fig. 9). The date (fig. 10) is really a subtropical or warm temperate fruit. Figure 10. Date, a great fruit for the dry subtropics.

11 Introduction Fruits With Outstanding Nutritional Content Fruits contribute to the diet, chiefly by adding vitamins. Many fruits are very good sources of provitannin A, or carotene, often associated with yellow color. (There are no other external clues about the nutritional value of fruit.) Others supply more than adequate amounts of vitamin 0. They may contain small amounts of biotin and pantothenic acid, but the principal B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin are usually not found in useful amounts. Nuts are usually good sources of vitamin E and often of the B vitamins, and they are sources of proteins and oils as well. The fruits with the best nutritional content are as follows: The banana. When cooked green, it contains principally starch. As it ripens, the percentage of starch decreases and the percentage of sugar increases until, when fully ripe, almost all of the carbohydrate is in the form of sugars. The banana contains useful amounts of vitamin Bg and riboflavin. Bananas are easy to digest, especially when completely ripe. Citrus fruits of ail kinds. They are excellent sources of vitamin C, and the orange and other orange-colored citrus fruits are fair sources of provitamin A and good sources of calcium. The avocado. It is a very good source of highly digestible oil containing unsaturated fatty acids. Some varieties are good sources of phosphorus and riboflavin and excellent sources of vitamin A. Some varieties also contain useful amounts of protein. The mango. It is usually an excellent source of provitamin A but a variable source of vitamin C; as mangoes mature, vitamin G content decreases. The guava. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and iron and a good source of niacin. The passion fruit. It is an excellent source of provitamin A and perhaps the best fruit source of niacin. Its vitamin G content is fair. The papaya. It is a good source of provitamin A and ascorbic acid and, surprisingly, a fair source of calcium. The coconut. One of the best fruits with respect to protein, the coconut is an excellent source of oil, which unfortunately is mostly composed of saturated fatty acids. Its phosphorus content is high, and its iron content is excellent, but its vitamin B content is very low for a seed. The macadamia nut. An outstanding source of protein, oil, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, and riboflavin and a fair source of calcium and niacin. This is perhaps the most nutritious of all nuts. jhq acerola. This small berry contains more vitamin G than any fruit known. The tamarind. Its pulp is a very good source of calcium and phosphorus and an unusually good source of riboflavin. The durian. This little known fruit is a good source of iron and niacin as well as carbohydrates. The canistel. A fair source of protein and provitamin A, this fruit is one of the richest sources known of sugars. Problems of Introducing New Fruits The problems associated with introducing a new fruit into a region are numerous. The first problem is finding high-quality germplasm for introduction. A good beginning is to ask farmers, gardeners, nurserymen, agricultural extension agents, professors, and scientists at agricultural experiment stations around the tropical world about indigenous species or varieties desired. Most persons interested in rare and unusual fruits maintain a network of useful connections. One has to become part of this network. Joining organizations such as the Rare Fruit Gouncil International (see later) is one way of getting in touch with knowledgeable people. It is not enough to merely locate the species or variety desired. It is also necessary to obtain propagation material and perhaps propagation facilities. And one may be asked for materials or services in exchange. Perhaps the best way to get material is to find a person who grows the plant and knows it well. Museums, botanical gardens, agricultural experiment stations, and universities are also good places to look. Successful introduction is also a matter of securing the right kind of propagating materials at a favorable time. The seeds of many tropical fruits need to be planted within a few days of being removed from the fruit, for they die when dried. Budwood or scions for grafting must be transferred quickly. Bare-rooted trees are often difficult or impossible to transfer. Therefore, careful planning and attention to transportation details are necessary.

12 Chapter 1 The laws of various countries may restrict both the removal and the introduction of plant materials. While these regulations might seem to be unnecessary obstacles to the novice, they are generally based on a realistic assessment of the hazards of uncontrolled plant introduction. Permits are usually necessary for introduction, and inspection of the plant materials before and after introduction is often required. These requirements are time consuming. Transfer of plant materials within a country, however, is relatively unrestricted, so it is best to look for domestic materials before contemplating foreign introductions. The transfer of germplasm into a region is only the first step. Some material may have to be kept in quarantine for a time. Then, it must be cared for and multiplied. If a number of varieties or kinds have been chosen for introduction, evaluation to select the best plants is desirable, and this process is usually time consuming when the plants are fruit trees. Widespread distribution and testing over a number of years is also desirable another lengthy process. Finally, after good new fruit varieties are available comes the problem of distributing them to the public. Not only must the mechanics of distribution be worked out, but also the producing farmer and consuming public must be educated. If this last step is not taken, trees may be willfully destroyed (if they have been distributed free of charge) or the fruit may be ignored in the marketplace. When is the job of introducing a new fruit done? We consider the job done when 50 percent of the adult population in a country knows the fruit. By our criterion, fairly well known fruits have not been fully introduced. Major Sources of Information A complete list of our published sources is at the end of this book. Some of them deserve special mention. A most useful compendium was "Tanaka's Cyclopedia of Edible Plants of the World (1976)." This broadly based compendium is undoubtedly the best source of s of any kind of edible plant. Because of its breadth, it often lists little more than the scientific, the fact of edibility, and a reference. Synonyms are often marked, but others are sometimes overlooked. Furthermore, the extensive listing cannot suggest the close relationships that exist among some entities listed as separate species. Tanaka's list contains little information concerning the frequency of use, economic importance, quality, and potential of a given fruit. Tanaka's "Cyclopedia" relies heavily on certain regional publications to which we have referred frequently: For Southeast Asia, Burkill's "Dictionary" (1935) is the best available source of information, although it is now somewhat out of date. "Useful Plants of the Philippines," by W. H. Brown ( ), was also very useful. For India, Watt's "Dictionary of the Economic Products of India" (1893) was useful, but it may have led us into many errors because the relative importance of minor fruits was often not given. Still, we had no better source. For the worthwhile fruits of the American tropics, we relied heavily on Uphof's "Dictionary of Economic Plants" (1968). Short to long paragraphs are supplied for each fruit, but minor species are often omitted. For Brazil, the works by Fonseca (1954), Le Cointe (1934), and Gomez (1977) are excellent. In addition, the small book by Cavalcante (1976) is the best we know as a source of information on fruits of the Amazon basin. For Africa, Dalziel's book (1948) is an excellent source of information. Jardin's book (1967) is more comprehensive but less informative. The following list of institutions in the tropics might be useful in obtaining new information and specific fruits or seeds: Brazil Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Trópico Úmido Caixa Postal 48 Belém, Para Brazil Departamento de Fitotecnia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil Jardim Botánico do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Gaunabara Brazil Jardi'm Botánico do Sao Paulo Caixa Postal 4005 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Brazil

13 Introduction Chile Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile Colombia Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario Palmira Colombia Costa Rica Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza Turrialba Costa Rica Instituto Internacional para Cooperación en la Agricultural Apartado 55, Coronado San José Costa Rica England Tropical Products Institute Gray's Inn Road London WCIX 8LU England Guatemala Jardin Botánico Avenida de la Reforma 0-42 Zona 10 Guatemala Guatemala Honduras Tela Railroad Co. Division of Tropical Research La Lima Honduras Escuela Agrícola Paricana Apartado 93 Tegucigalpa Honduras Lancetilla Experiment Station and Wilson Popenoe Botanical Garden Apartado 46 Tela, Atlántida Honduras Hong Kong Hong Kong Herbarium Agriculture and Fisheries Department Canton Road Kowloon Hong Kong India Division of Horticulture College of Agriculture Dharwar India Calcutta University 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road Calcutta 19 India Horticultural Research Station Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh India Botanical Gardens Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India Indonesia Lembaga Penelitian Horticulture Pasarminggu Jakarta Selatan Indonesia National Biological Institute Bogor Indonesia Israel Division of Subtropical Horticulture Volcani Institute for Agricultural Research Beit-Dagan, Box 6 Israel

14 Chapter 1 Jamaica Castleton Gardens St. Mary Jamaica Royal Botanic Gardens Kingston Jannaica Malaysia MARDI Serdang, Sungei Besi Selangor Malaysia Mexico Comisión Nacional de Fruticultura Juan Soto #1 Veracruz, Xalapa México INIA, Departamento de Frutales Tropicales Apartado y México 6, D.F. México New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Auckland New Zealand Peru Universidad Nacional de la Selva Apartado 165 Tingo Maria Peru Departamento de Horticultura Universidad Nacional Agraria Apartado 456, La Molina Lima Peru Philippines College of Agriculture University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna Philippines Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore 10 Singapore South Africa University of Natal Pietermaritzburg Natal South Africa Taiwan Chia-Yi Experinnent Station Chia-Yi Taiwan Thailand Department of Horticulture Kasetsart University Bangkok 9 Thailand Trinidad University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad Uganda Entebbe Botanic Gardens P.O. Box 40 Entebbe Uganda United States California Rare Fruit Growers Star Route, Box P Bonsall, Calif U.S.A. Department of Horticulture University of California Riverside, Calif U.S.A. Department of Horticulture Universiity of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii U.S.A. 10

15 Introduction Department of Horticulture University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, P.R U.S.A. Fairchild Tropical Gardens Old Cutler Rd. Miami, Fla U.S.A Foster Gardens Honolulu, Hawaii U.S.A. Tropical Agriculture Research Station Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Box 70 Mayagüez, P.R U.S.A. Rare Fruit Council International, Inc Old Cutler Road Miami, Fla U.S.A. Texas A&M University Cooperative Research Unit Weslaco, Tex U.S.A. University of Florida, TREC S.W. 280th St. Homestead, Fla U.S.A. Subtropical Horticulture Research Unit Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Old Cutler Rd. Miami, Fla U.S.A. Venezuela Fondo de Desarrollo Fruticola Edificio Nuevo Centro, Piso 8 Avenida Libertador, Chacao Caracas Venezuela 11

16 2. Major Fruits Actinidiaceae Actinidia chinensis Planch. Common s: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi (English); yang-t'ao (Chinese); oni-nnatatabi (Japanese). Origin: China. Distribution: Subtropical areas; warm Temperate Zone. Cultural requirements: Requires prolonged cool weather during dormancy for successful development. Long days promote flowering. Tolerant of frost when dormant. Description: Deciduous vine, grown on trellises. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit production in 2-3 years from seed, 1 year from vegetative propagation. Flowers October-November in Southern Hemisphere, May-June in Northern. Dioecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, g, solitary or in clusters of 2-3; external color brown, internal green. Utilization: Internationally known, of growing economic importance. of fruit eaten fresh, cooked in preserves, pies. Flavor sweet, pleasant; wide appeal. Good source of vitamins A and C. Commercial production in China, New Zealand, South Africa, U.S.A. (California). Good potential for expansion in cool areas. Varieties: 'Abbott', 'Allison', 'Bruno', 'Greensill', 'Hayward', 'Matua', 'Monty', 'Tomuri'. References: Bailey 1961, Habart 1974, Nihoul Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Common s: cashew (English); marañen, merey, cajuil (Spanish); cajú (Portuguese); acajou (French). Origin: South America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Grows best in hot tropical climate below 1,000 m elevation. Soil ph Tolerant of poor soils and seasonally dry conditions. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, grafting, layering, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers February-March. Fruit matures in days. Consists of one seed (cashew nut, cm long) hanging below the enlarged peduncle (cashew apple). Solitary or in small clusters. Apple has red or yellow external color, pale-yellow internal color. Utilization: Nut highly commercialized and of high quality. Nut roasted to remove noxious oil; exce - lent flavor, universal appeal. Apple eaten fresh, as juice, preserve; flavor sweet, somewhat astringent, with moderate appeal. Nut rich in protein and oil apple in vitamin C. Nut important in international commerce, apple in local areas. Good potential for expansion. References: Araque 1968, Morton Anacardium giganteum Hanc. ex Engler Common s: anacardier géant, cajou (French); cajueiroacu-da-mata (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil, Guiana. Distribution: Brazil, Guiana. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers in December (Brazil). Fruit 2.5 cm long, edible peduncle 2 cm long, in small clusters; peduncle external color red, internal color pink. Utilization: Nut edible but small. Peduncle eaten fresh, as juice; flavor sweet or acid, astringent, refreshing; moderate appeal. Nut rich in protein and oil, peduncle in vitamin C. Potential unexplored, but probably fair. References: Cavalcante 1976, Fouque Bouea gandaria Blume ( = B. macrophiylla Griff.) Common s: maprang (English); kundangan, setar (Malaya); maprang (Thailand); gandaria (Java). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with monsoon climate. Not well adapted to calcareous soils. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production from grafts in 2-3 years. Flowers January-March. Fruit matures in 180 or more days. Fruit 4-7 cm long, in small clusters; external color yellow, internal yellow to orange. Utilization: eaten fresh or cooked in jams, chutney. Flavor of good selections sweet, pleasant; moderate appeal. Good source of vitamins A and C. Fair potential in areas where known, but not likely to be widely commercialized. Reference: Moleswort h Allen

17 Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb. ( = B. microphylla Griff.) Common s: plum mango (English); remenia (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with monsoon climate. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2.5 cm long; external color yellow, internal yellow to orange. Utilization: eaten fresh (green or ripe), cooked in jam, chutney. Flavor sour, pleasant; limited appeal. Good source of vitamins A and 0. Little potential. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Common s: almondette (English); kalompang (Malaya); piyal (India). Origin: India, Burma. Distribution: India, Burma, Malaya. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical-monsoon climate. Description: Medium-size tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 1.5 cm long, black exterior. Utilization: eaten fresh or dried; flavor sweet, pleasant; medium appeal. Seed roasted; used in confections and as source of oil; flavor similar to almond; source of protein and oil. Fair potential as almond substitute. References: Burkill 1935, Dastur Dracontomelum mangiferum Blume Common s: sekuang (Malaya); manguier mombin (French). Origin: Southeast Asia, India. Distribution: Southeast Asia, India. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit small, with scant pulp. Utilization: Fruit preserved as relish. Flavor sour; limited appeal. Locally used; of little economic value and potential. Reference: Burkill Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krause Common s: Kaffir plum, cape ash (English). Origin: South Africa. Distribution: Africa, India, U.S.A. Cultural requirements: Tropical and subtropical climates. Tolerant of dry conditions, poor soil. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit small. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into jelly. Esteemed locally or of local economic value. Little potential. Reference: Irvine Lannea acida A. Rich. Common s: bembé (Mali); sabaga (Volta). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: West Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Tolerant of poor, rocky soils and dry savanna conditions. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers December, fruit matures in 30 or more days. Fruit 1.5 cm long, in large clusters, red to purple exterior. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried. Flavor sour, somewhat resinous. Widely used in local areas but of limited appeal. Some possibility of expansion. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Mangifera caesia Jack. Common s: binjai (English); binjai, kemang (Malaya); lam-yai (Thailand); bonglo (Java). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with monsoon climate. Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm long; external color brown to yellowish brown, internal whitish. Utilization: of green or ripe fruit eaten fresh, cooked, preserved. Flavor sweet to sour, aromatic. Widely used but of limited appeal. Source of vitamin A. Little potential for expansion. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Mangifera foetida Lour. Common s: horse-mango (English); bachang, machang (Malaya); ma-mut (Thailand); xoai hoi (Vietnam). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with monsoon climate. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagated by seed. Fruit cm long; external color yellowish green, internal yellow to orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, more commonly in curries, chutneys, preserves. Flavor sweet; strong unpleasant odor. Source of vitamins A and C. Little potential outside of present area of culture. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen

18 Chapter 2 Manguera indica L. Common s: mango (English, Spanish, various other languages); nnangga (Malaya); nna-muang (Thailand). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Pantropic; hot subtropical areas. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, seasonally dry. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 6-10 years from seed, 3-5 years from grafts. Can flower at any time of year, depending on variety, latitude, and climate. Fruit matures in days. Most varieties selffertile but benefit from cross-pollination. Fruit 8-25 cm long, 200-1,800 g, solitary or in small clusters; external color green, yellow, orange, or red; internal color yellow to orange. Utilization: of green or ripe fruit eaten fresh, cooked, dried, canned, preserved, frozen. Flavor sweet, aromatic; universal appeal. Good source of vitamins A and C. One of the most important fruits of the world, with excellent potential for expanded cultivation. Hundreds of varieties exist. Variety collections and research programs in Central and South America, India, Indonesia, Israel, Malaya, the Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico). References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle and Ledin 1956, Singh Mangifera odorata Griff. Common s: kuini (English, Malaya); ma-mut (Thailand). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with monsoon climate. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted easily, but not a common practice). Fruit production in 6-9 years from seed. Flowering season variable, depending on latitude and climate. Fruit matures in 150 days. Fruit cm long, g, usually solitary; external color yellowish green, internal orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked in preserves, chutneys. Flavor sweet, highly aromatic, unpleasant to some. Source of vitamins A and C. Important in native area but little potential for expanded use. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Pleiogynium solandri Engler Common s: burdekin plum, hog plum (Engiisn;. Origin: Australia. ht Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics Dut rare. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium rainfall. Description: Tree to 20 m or more. Propagation by seed. Fruit oblate, 4 cm in diameter, exterior purple. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor subacid; pleasant. Seed also edible. Chiefly wild; little potential for cultivation. Reference: Neal Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engler Common s: ochol, bololo, mubulu (tropical Africa). Origin: Tropical Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands; often found in swampy areas. Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers January-February, June-July. Fruit matures in days. Fruit 2.5 cm long, exterior red or bluish black. scant. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, resinous; limited appeal. Little potential for further cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Sclerocarya birrea Höchst. Common : nobse (Mozambique). Origin: Tropical Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical savanna and forest areas. Description: Tree to 14 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Flowers in December-January. Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit 3.5 cm long, exterior yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked, in beverages. Seed edible. Flavor of pulp subacid, pleasant. Seed source of oil. Possibly useful if more widely extended. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine

19 Major Fruits Scierocarya caffra Sond. Common s: kaffir plum, cat thorn, marvala plum or nut (English). Origin: Eastern and southern Africa. Distribution: AU\ca, Madagascar, Australia. Cultural requirements: Tropical and subtropical dry savanna. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed, cutting. Fruit exterior yellow. Utilization: squeezed for juice, sometimes fermented. Seed edible. Little known outside Africa. Limited potential. Reference: Jardin Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Common s: marking nut, oriental cashew (English); bhilarva (India). Origin: Northern India. Distribution: Asia, east Africa. Cultural requirements: Adaptable to variety of tropical and subtropical conditions. Description: Small to medium tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2.5 cm long, exterior black. Enlarged pedicel yellow. Utilization: of pedicel roasted. Young fruit pickled. Seed roasted. Limited potential as food crop. References: Burkill 1935, Dastur Spondias cytherea Sonn. ( = Spondias dulcís Parkins) Common s: ambarella, Otaheite apple, golden apple (English); pomme cythère (French). Origin: South Pacific. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Best adapted to hot tropical lowlands with monsoon climate. Tolerant of a variety of soils. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from cuttings. Flowers March-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 200 or more days. Fruit ellipsoid, 5-8 cm long, in clusters of 8-12, exterior yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked in jam, chutney. Green fruit pickled. Flavor sweet to subacid, spicy; wide appeal. Good potential for local cultivation in Tropics. References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Ruehle et al Spondias mombin L. ( = Spondias lutea) Common s: hog plum, yellow mombin (English); ciruela, jobo (Spanish); mombin, mombin jaune (French); caja mirim (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with high rainfall or with marked dry season. Tolerant of a variety of soils. Description: Tree to 10 m or more. Propagation by seed, large cuttings. Fruit production in 4-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from cuttings. Flowers in March-April (Florida). Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, solitary, yellow exterior. Utilization: eaten fresh, used in jellies, sherbets. Flavor sweet, pleasant; general appeal. Good potential for cultivation in lowland Tropics. References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al Spondias pinnata Kurz Common s: hog plum (English); ambra (Laos); buah amara (Malaya). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, small. Utilization: pickled or used as flavoring in cooked foods. Flavor sour, strong. Little potential for cultivation outside native area. Reference: Burkill Spondias purpurea L. Common s: red mombin, purple mombin (English); jocote, ciruela roja (Spanish); mombin rouge (French); caja, ciriguela (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, wet to relatively dry. Tolerant of a variety of soils. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from cuttings. Flowers in March-April (Florida). Fruit matures in 120 or more days. Fruit cm long, solitary; external color red, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, used for beverages, jellies. Flavor sweet, pleasant; general appeal. Good potential for cultivation in lowland Tropics. References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al

20 Chapter 2 Spondias tuberosa Arruda Common s: imbu (English, Spanish, French); imbu, unnbu (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Very tolerant of dry conditions. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit 4 cm long, in clusters of 3-4; external color greenish yellow, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into beverages, jelly, desserts. Flavor sweet, pleasant; general appeal. Good potential for dry tropical areas. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Annonaceae Annona cherimola Mill. Common s: cherimoya (English); anon, chirimoya (Spanish); cherlmolier (French); chirimolia (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Tropical highlands or cool subtropical climate with well-distributed medium rainfall. Will not fruit well in hot, humid Tropics. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers April-May (Florida), sometimes two blooms per year. Hand-pollination needed in some areas for good production. Fruit matures in 150 days. Fruit cm long, 200-2,000 g, solitary; external color green, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into ice cream, sherbets. Flavor sweet, excellent; universal appeal. Good potential in suitable climate. Some variety selection and research in Spain, South America, U.S.A. (California). References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed g ing. Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, J years from grafts. Flowers in April-May (Flonaa). Fruit matures in 150 days. Fruit spherical to ovoid, cm in diameter, g, solitary, external color green or lavender, internal white or lavender. Utilization: eaten fresh, in sherbets, other desserts. Flavor sweet, aromatic, pleasant; wide appeal. Fair potential for cultivation in tropical lowland areas. References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al Annona montana Macfad. Common s: mountain soursop (English); guanábana cimarrona (Spanish); corossolier bâtard (French); araticum ape, araticum cagao (Portuguese). Origin: West Indies, South America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical climate with medium to high rainfall at low to medium elevations. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 5-6 years. Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit cm in diameter, solitary; external color green, internal white to yellowish. Annona diversifolia Saff. Common s: ilama (English); llama, papauce (Spanish); ilama, cherimole des terres basses (French). Origin: Central America, Mexico. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with low to medium rainfall. Very susceptible to frost injury. Poor fruit production is problem in many areas. Figure 11. Mountain soursop, unusually flavored and good for drinks or for eating out of hand. 16

21 Major Fruits Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor subacid, resinous; limited appeal. Little potential for development. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe Annona muricata L. Common s: soursop (English); catoche, guanábana (Spanish); añone, corossolier (French); curassol, coraçao de rainha (Portuguese). Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with high rainfall. Very susceptible to frost injury. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowering season May-June, October-November (Florida). Poor fruit set is a frequent problem, possibly because of poor pollination. Fruit matures in days. Fruit cm long, 1,000-4,000 g, solitary; external color green, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into juice, ice cream, other desserts. Flavor sweet to subacid, excellent; universal appeal. Potential for commercial production excellent. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle eta! Annona purpurea Moc. et Seseé Common s: soncoya (English); soncoya, cabeza de negro (Spanish); atier, corossol, coeur de boeuf (French); cabeça de negro (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, Central America. D/sir/öuf/on; Tropical America, Philippines. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm in diameter, solitary; external color brown to gray, internal orange. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor aromatic; limited appeal. Little potential. fíe/erences.'fouque 1974, Popenoe Annona reticulata L. Common s: custard apple, bullock's-heart (English); anon, anona corazón, chirimoya (Spanish); coeur de boeuf (French); condesa, coraçao de bol (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands or subtropical climate with medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 4-5 years. Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in 200 or more days. Fruit ovoid, 8-12 cm in diameter, 400-1,000 g, solitary; external color reddish to yellow, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet, insipid; fair appeal. Good source of vitamin C. Fair potential as food crop and useful as rootstock for other Annona species. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe Figure 12. Soursop, a sour fruit that almost everyone likes. Annona scleroderma Saff. Common : posh te (Spanish). Origin: Mexico, Guatemala. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala. Cultural requirements: Tropical climate at low and medium elevations. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 8 cm in diameter, solitary; external color green, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet, aromatic; low appeal. Potential limited to native areas. Reference: Popenoe

22 Chapter 2 Annona senegalensis Pers. Common s: wild custard apple (English); abo (Nigeria). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Grows in poor soils in low moist areas in hot tropical climates. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers February-April. Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit 5 cm in diameter, solitary, yellow exterior. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet; limited appeal. Little potential as a food crop. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Annona squamosa L. Common s: sugar apple, sweetsop (English); anon, rinon, anona blanca (Spanish); attier, anone écaillouse (French); ata, fruta de condessa (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands or subtropical climate, with medium rainfall. Will survive light frost. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 3-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers in April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, 5-10 cm in diameter, solitary; external color green, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in ice cream, sherbets, other desserts. Flavor sweet, good; general appeal. Moderate levels of vitamin C. Good potential for home garden and limited commerical production. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Utilization: eaten fresh, in sherbets, other desserts. Flavor sweet, excellent; universal appeal. Great potential for commercial production in tropical and subtropical lowlands. Variety improvement, cultural research in Israel, South Africa, Australia, U.S.A. (Florida). Reference: Campbell and Phillips Rollinia deliciosa Saff. ( = R- pulchrinervis DC.) Common s: biriba (English); biriba, fruta da condessa (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Brazil; introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Very susceptible to frost injury. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 90 or more days. Fruit 8-12 cm in diameter, solitary; external color yellow, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, as juice, in desserts. Flavor sweet, pleasant; good acceptance. Fair potential as crop in humid Tropics. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Rollinia mucosa Bail!. Common s: wild sweetsop (English); anon cimarrón (Spanish); cachimán creme, cachimán morveux (French); araticum pitaia, condessa (Portuguese). Origin: Central and South America, West Indies. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 90 or Annona squamosa x A. clierimola (hybrid). Common : atemoya (English). Origin: U.S.A. (Florida). Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical or subtropical climate. Tolerant of a variety of climatic and soil conditions and of light frost. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers April-June (Florida), sometimes two blooms a year. Some varieties need hand-pollination for good production. Fruit matures in days. Fruit 8-15 cm in diameter, g or more, solitary; external color green, interior white. Figure ^3. Rollinia mucosa, a very good annonacious fruit. 18

23 Major Fruits more days. Fruit 8-12 cm in diameter, solitary; external color yellow, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet, insipid. Little potential as food crop. Reference: Fouqué Utilization: eaten fresh, made Into sherbets, jelly, jam. Flavor sweet to subacid, sometimes astringent; moderate appeal. Potential as home garden food plant. Important as orntal. References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Apocynaceae Carissa carandas L. Common s: karanda, Christ's-thorn (English). Origin: India. Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Subtropical climate with low to medium rainfall and medium-acid soil. Description: Shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed, 1-3 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers all year. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, cm in diameter, solitary; external color black, internal red. Utilization: used in jelly, preserves, beverages. Flavor sour; fair appeal. Home garden crop; little potential for commercial production. References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al Carissa edulis Vahl Common : Egyptian carissa (English). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot climate with low rainfall. Description: Shrub. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Flowers March-August. Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit 1.5 cm In diameter, solitary; external color black, internal reddish. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into jam, vinegar. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Little potential for cultivation as food crop. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Carissa grandiflora A. DC. ( = C. macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC.) Common : Natal plum (English). Origin: Eastern and southern Africa. Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Grows well in variety of climatic and soil conditions and in wide range of altitudes and latitudes. Description: Shrub to 4 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers all year. Fruit matures in about 60 days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, solitary; external color red, internal pink. Hancornia speciosa Gomez Common s: mangaba (English, Portuguese); caoutchouc de Pernambouc (French). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate; sandy soils. Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 3-6 cm in diameter; external color yellow or red, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into sherbets, preserves, wine. Flavor subacid, pleasant; general appeal. Potential undeveloped, possibly high. References: Cavalcante 1976, Fouqué Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichón Common s: saba (English); anoma (Ghana). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Grows on fringe of forest zones, tropical climate. Description: Woody vine. Propagation by seed. Fruit 10 cm long; external color orange, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh. Probably little potential. Reference: Irvine Araceae Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Common s: ceriman, monstera (English); balazo, ceriman de Mexico, pina anona (Spanish); ananas de Mexico, ceriman (French); banana de brejo, banana do mato, fruta de Mexico (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, Guatemala. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands with fertile soil. Description: Large vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from cuttings. Flowers all year. Fruit matures in days. Fruit cylindrical, cm long, solitary; external color yellowish green, internal pale yellow. 19

24 Chapter 2 Figure ^A. Monste^a deliciosa, or ceriman, an unusual but delicious fruit. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into jellies, jam. Flavor sweet, aromatic, unpleasant to some because of irritating crystals in pulp. Limited potential as food plant. Important as orntal. References: Fouqué 1974, Ruehle et al, Balanitaceae Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Common s: desert date, soapberry tree (English). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa; introduced widely elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot arid climate; not tolerant of humid climate. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers January-February (Africa). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit 4 cm long, solitary, yellow exterior. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried; fermented to make alcoholic beverage. Flavor sweet, somewhat bitter; moderate appeal. Good potential as food crop in arid areas. Reference: Irvine Bignoniaceae Parmentiera edulis A. DC. Common s: parmentiera (English); cuachilote (Spanish). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Figure 15. Cuachilote, a banana-shaped fruit with a sugarcane taste. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Lowland forest areas with medium to high rainfall. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-5 years. Flowers all year. Fruit elongate, cm long, solitary on trunk and large limbs; external color yellow with red blush, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked, preserved. Flavor sweet, somewhat bitter; limited appeal. Little potential as food crop. References: Fouque 1974, Kennard and Winters Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata L. Common s: baobab, monkey bread (English); calabassier du Senegal (French); hijid (Arabic). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa, Australia; widely introduced elsewhere in Tropics but not common. Cultural requirements: Hot climate with low to medium rainfall. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 8-10 years. Flowers May-June (Africa). Fruit oblong, cm long, solitary; external color brown, interior reddish yellow. Utilization: used as flavoring or as food mixed with other ingredients. Seeds roasted or soaked and fermented. Flavor sour, pleasant. Important crop in native area; little potential elsewhere. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine

25 Major Fruits Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet, pleasant; moderate appeal. Potential as food crop limited except in native area. References: Hodge 1960, Popenoe 1924, Whitman Bromeliaceae Figure 16. Baobab, a fruit with dry but acidic pulp. Durio z'ibethinus L. Common s: durian (English, Malay). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Jrop\ca\ Asia; some introduction elsewhere in Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands with deep, fertile soil. Very susceptible to cold injury. Not tolerant of poor soils. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from grafts. Some flower all year. Fruit cm long, solitary; external color greenish yellow, internal white or yellowish. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, preserved, dried. Seeds boiled, roasted. Flavor sweet, with strong aromatic odor; great appeal. Good source of calories, vitamins B and C. Excellent potential in humid Tropics. Variety selection and cultural research in Thailand. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Matis'ia cordata H.B.K. [-Quararibea cordata (Humb. et Bonpl.) Gare, et Hern.] Common s: South American sapote (English); sapota, zapote chupachupa (Spanish); sapote du Pérou (French); sapota do Peru (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Very susceptible to frost injury. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers January-February (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit cm in diameter; external color brown, internal orange. Ananas comosus Merr. Common s: pineapple (English); pina (Spanish); ananas (French); ananas, abacaxi (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Warm to hot tropical climate with medium rainfall. Light, well-drained, acid soil. Description: Herb to 1 m. Vegetative propagation by crowns, slips, suckers. Fruit production in months. Flowers can be induced at any time of year. Plants self-sterile, but pollination not necessary because fruit develops parthenocarpically. Fruit matures in about 180 days. Fruit cm long, solitary; external color yellow to orange, internal white to yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, canned, frozen, dried; made into juice. Flavor sweet, aromatic; universal appeal. One of the most important fruit crops of the world, with commercial production in most countries of the Tropics. Reference: Ochse et al Burseraceae Canarium album Reanch. Common s: canarium, Chinese olive (English); kanran, ch'ing-huo (Chinese). Origin: Asia. Distribution: Asia. Cultural requirements: Subtropical or cool tropical climate. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Utilization: eaten fresh. Whole fruit preserved. Seed edible but small and not generally used. source of oil. Canarium indicum L. Common s: canary nut, Java almond (English). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely in Tropics. Cultural requirements: Tropical rain forest. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Utilization: Seed used in various food preparations and as source of oil. Flavor rich; wide appeal. Good potential for expansion. 21

26 Chapter 2 Canarium ovatum Engler Common s: pili nut (English); anangi, pili (Philippines). Origin: Philippines. Distribution: Widespread in Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 5-7 cm long, in large clusters; external color black, internal white. Utilization: cooked, source of oil. Seed roasted. Flavor excellent; high appeal. High oil and protein content. Great potential in humid Tropics. References: Brown 1920, Leon 1968, Wester Canarium schweinfurthii Engler Common s: incense tree, African elemi (English). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers March-May (Africa). Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit 3.5 cm long; external color bluish black, internal white to cream. Utilization: eaten fresh as condiment. Seed roasted, source of oil (shea butter). Flavor good. Limited potential outside native area. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Dacryodes edulis H. J. Lam. (= Pacfiylobus edulis G. Don) Common s: bush butter (English); safoutier (French). Origin: Tropical west Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa, Malaya. Cultural requirements: Relatively dry tropical savanna. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed. Fruit exterior color blue black. Utilization: eaten fresh, roasted, boiled as dessert, with curries. Flavor subacid, pleasant. Rich in oil and starch. Widely used in native area. Moderate potential for development. Reference: Dalziel Cactaceae Hylocereus undatus Britt. et Rose Common s: night-blooming cereus, strawberry pear (English); pitaya, pitahaya (Spanish); cierge lézard, poire de chardon (French). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Pantropic...u^ Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlanas w.i low to high rainfall. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, more commonly by cuttings. Fruit 7-12 cm long; external color red, internal white. r-i^w^r- Utilization: eaten fresh, used in desserts. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Locally important but little potential for commercial production. References: Fouque 1974, Ruehle et al Lemaireocereus thurberi Britt. et Rose Common s: sweet pitaya (English); pitaya, pitahaya (Spanish). Origin: Mexico, U.S.A. Distribution: Mexico, U.S.A. Cultural requirements: Dry, hot subtropical climate. Description: "Tree" to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit 4-7 cm long; external color red, interior red or yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Locally important but little potential for commercial development. Reference: Fouque Opuntia ficus-indica MiM. Common s: prickly pear, Indian fig (English); cardon de México, chumbo, higo, tuna (Spanish); chardon d'inde, figuier d'inde (French). Origin: Mexico. Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Cool semiarid climate. Calcareous soil best. Description: "Shrub" to 5 m. Propagation by seed, more commonly by cuttings. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from cuttings. Fruit matures in 90 or more days. Fruit 4-9 cm long; external color purple or red, internal red. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, made into jelly, candy, preserves. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Locally important but little potential for expansion as commercial crop. Reference: Fouque Pereskia aculeata Plum, ex MiM. Common s: Barbados gooseberry, lemon vine English); corona de novia, grosellero, guamacho (Spanish); cactier à fruits feuilles, groseillier de Barbade (French); mata velha (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with medium to high rainfall. 22

27 Major Fruits Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit cm in diameter; external color yellow, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet to sour, pleasant. High in vitamin A, medium in calcium. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Fouque 1974, Kennard and Winters Capparidaceae Boscia senegalensis Lam. ex Poir. Common s: avsen (West Africa); kursan (Arabic). Origin: Africa (Sahara, Sahel). Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, arid or semiarid climate. Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter. Utilization: Fruit cooked and eaten after soaking. Locally important. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Caricaceae Carica candemarcensis Hook. f. f=c. pubescens Lenné et K. Koch) Common s: mountain papaya (English); chamburo, papaya de tierra fria (Spanish). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Tropical highlands and cool subtropical areas with well-distributed rainfall. Description: Arborescent herb to 5 m or more. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 2 years. Fruit 6-20 cm long; external color orange, internal yellow. Utilization: made into preserves. Flavor sour, aromatic, pleasant. Locally important but little potential for large-scale cultivation. References: Badillo 1971, Fouque Carica papaya L. Common s: papaya, pawpaw (English); papaya, lechosa, fruta bomba (Spanish); papayer (French); mamâo (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical or subtropical climate, fertile soil, well-distributed rainfall. Not tolerant of frost or wind. Description: Arborescent herb to 8 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 8-10 months. Flowers all year. Dioecious or hermaphroditic. Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, cm long, 400-2,500 g, solitary or in small clusters; external color yellow to orange; internal color yellow, orange, or red. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into juice, preserves, desserts. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Excellent potential for commercial production in Tropics. Variety selection, propagation, culturalmethod research in South Africa, South America, U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii). References: Ochse et al. 1961, Yee et al Caryocaraceae Caryocar nuciferum L. ( = C. villosum Pers.) Common s: souari nut (English); nuez souari (Spanish); noisette indienne (French). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America; introduced into tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Humid lowland tropical forest. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm in diameter; exterior gray brown. Utilization: Seeds eaten fresh, roasted; source of oil. Flavor good. Locally important with fair possibility for further development. Reference: Fouque Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanus caco L. Common s: coco plum (English); icaco, hicaco Spanish); icaque (French); abajeru (Portuguese). Origin: Central and South America, West Indies. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, poor to fertile soils, coastal to inland sites. Usually found where soil moist or flooded. Description: Shrub or tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed or cuttings. Flowers in two or more flushes a year. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long; external color white, pink, or purple; internal color white. Utilization: eaten fresh, canned. Seed cooked. Flavor sweet, somewhat insipid. Important in local areas; little potential for large-scale production. Reference: Fouque Licania platypus Fritsh. Common s: sunsapote (English); zapote cabillo (Spanish), sansapote (Philippines). Origin: Central and South America. Distribution: Central and South America, Philippines. 23

28 Chapter 2 Figure 17. Papaya, a rapidly growing fruit appreciated everywhere in the Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands, seasonally dry. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 10 years. Flowers November- December. Fruit matures in about 250 days. Fruit oblong, 15 cm long, 900 g; external color greenish brown, internal orange yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh. dry, with sweet flavor. Locally important but little potential for extensive cultivation. Reference: Wester Parinari curatellifolia Planch, ex Benth. Common s: hissing tree (English); parinaire (French). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Tropical climate, light soils. Description: Tree to 8 cm. Propagation by seed. Flowers December-February. Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit diameter cm; external color reddish brown, internal red. Utilization: eaten fresh. Seed roasted. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Locally important. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. Common s: tropical almond, Singapore almond (English); almendro (Spanish). Origin: Pacific islands, Southeast Asia. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Grows well under great variety of conditions, including coastal strands. 24

29 Major Fruits Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers at various times of year. Fruit 5-6 cm long; external color greenish brown, internal white. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, cooked. Flavor good. Limited potential because kernel difficult to extract. Used more as orntal tree than as food crop. Reference: Burkill Terminaría edulis Blanco Common : dalison (English). Origin: Southeast Asia, Philippines. Distribution: Southeast Asia, Philippines, Hawaii. Cultural requirements: Tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 5 cm long; external color red. Utilization: eaten as preserves. Flavor sour. Little potential. Reference: Brown Terminaría kaernbachii Warb. Common : okari nut (English). Origin: Papua New Guinea. Distribution: Southeast Asia, Hawaii. Cultural requirements: Tropical lowlands. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 10 cm long; external color rose, internal white. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor good; high appeal. Good source of protein. Good potential for wider cultivation. Needs wider trial. Cycadaceae Cycas circinaiis L. Common : queen sago. Origin: Asia, Africa. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropics and subtropics. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ovoid, cm long, exterior color brown. Utilization: Seed leached with water to remove toxins, dried meal used as starchy food. Locally important as food crop. More important in many areas as orntal plant. Reference: Burkill Dilleniaceae Diilenia indica L. Common s: elephant apple (English); chalba (India). Origin: India. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm in diameter, solitary; exterior color green. Utilization: Fleshy sepals used as flavoring in curries, jams. Flavor has low appeal outside of native area. Little potential as food crop. References: Burkill 1935, Kennard and Winters Ebenaceae Diospyros discolor Willd. Common s: velvet apple, butter fruit (English); mabolo (Philippines). Origin: Philippines. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not common. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation mostly by seed; can be grafted. Flowers March-May (Florida). Dioecious, occasionally monoecious. Seedless selections known. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, 6-10 cm in diameter, solitary; external color purplish red to orange, internal white to yellowish. Utilization: of fruit eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet, aromatic; moderate appeal. Fair potential for wide cultivation. References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Diospyros ebenaster Retz. ( = D. digyna Jacq.) Common s: black sapote (English); zapote negro, zapote de mico (Spanish); barbacoa, bois d'ébène, sapote noir (French); ébano (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but not common. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate, low to middle elevations, relatively high rainfall. Well adapted to calcareous soils. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers March-May (Florida). Fruit mature in days. Fruit ovate, 7-12 cm in diameter, solitary; external color green to brown, internal brown to black. 25

30 Chapter 2 Utilization: eaten fresh, mixed with other fruits. Flavor sweet, insipid. Fair to good source of vitamin C. Moderate potential for development. Needs wider trial. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Diospyros kaki L. Common s: Japanese persimmon (English); kaki (Japanese). Origin: China, Japan. Distribution: Worldwide in warm temperate and subtropical areas and in tropical highlands. Cultural requirements: Requires seasonal cool period for successful flowering and fruiting, well-distributed rainfall. Description: Tree to 12 m (usually smaller). Propagation by seed, grafting. Flowers March-April (Florida). Dioecious or polygamous. Fruit matures in about 200 days. Fruit ovoid to oblate, cm in diameter, solitary; external color yellow or orange, internal orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, preserved. Flavor sweet, pleasant; wide appeal. Good source of vitamin A, fair source of vitamin C. Important fruit in Asia. Moderate potential for production elsewhere. Reference: Popenoe Diospyros mespiiiformis Höchst, ex A. DC. Common s: West African ebony, swamp ebony (English); kaki du brousse (French). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with low to medium rainfall. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Dioecious. Fruit 2.5 cm. in diameter. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, made into beverages by fermentation. Flavor sweet. Local importance as food crop but little potential for expansion. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Euphorbiaceae Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. Common s: bignay, salamandar (English). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not common outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Adapted to variety of soil conditions. Tolerates light frost. Figure 18. Bignay or salamander. The prolific fruits are useful in jellies. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers in April-May (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 1 cm in diameter, in clusters of 20-50; external color purple to black, internal purple. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into jelly and wine. Flavor sweet, often bitter. Little potential for expansion as food crop. References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al Antidesma dallachyanum BailL Common : Herbert River cherry (English). Origin: Australia. Distribution: Australia; introduced elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Tropical and warm subtropical climate. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers in May (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical, 1.5 cm in diameter, in clusters of 10-30; external color red, internal red. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into jelly. Flavor sour. Little potential as food crop. Reference: Ruehle et al

31 Major Fruits Baccaurea dulcís Muell.-Arg. Common s: rambai, chupa, kapundung (Malaya). Origin: Malay Peninsula, Indonesia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Description: Tree, moderate size. Propagation by seed. Fruit in snnall clusters. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed. Cultivated in native area but little potential for expansion. Reference: Burkill Baccaurea grifithii Hook. f. Common s: larah, taban, rambai utan (Malaya). Origin: Malay Peninsula. Distribution: Malay Peninsula. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Medium tree. Propagation by seed. Dioecious. Fruit matures July and December. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter, in clusters of 3-5; external color brownish, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed. Flavor sweet to subacid. Good potential as food crop if selection done for improved varieties. Reference: Moleswort h Allen Baccaurea motleyana Muell.-Arg. Common s: rambai (English); rambai, rambeh (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Dioecious. Fruit ovoid, cm long, in small clusters; external color brownish yellow, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flavor sweet. Good potential for expanded cultivation. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Elateriospermum tapes Blume Common s: tapos, kedui (Indonesia). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid Tropics. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Seed 5 cm long. Utilization: Seeds eaten after roasting or boiling to remove toxins. Sometimes pickled. Little potential as cultivated crop. Reference: Burkill Phyllanthus acidus L. Common s: Otaheite gooseberry (English); grosella (Spanish); chermai (Malaya). Origin: India, Madagascar. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soils, seasonal dry period. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Flowers February-April (Florida). Usually monoecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit oblate, conspicuously ribbed, cm in diameter; exterior color yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flavor very sour, refreshing. Locally important but little potential for widespread cultivation. References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Ruehle et a! Phyllanthus emblica Skeels Common s: emblic (English); melaka (Malaya). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Tropical Asia; introduced elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Tolerant of dry conditions. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Flowers June-July (Florida). Monoecious, occasionally dioecious. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter, solitary; external color greenish yellow or red, internal yellowish. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flavor very sour, sometimes bitter; little appeal. Very rich in vitamin G. Limited potential for development as food crop. References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Morton Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis abyssinica Warb. Common s: African dove plum (English); mukambura (Kenya). Origin: Ethiopia, Kenya. Distribution: Some introduction elsewhere but relatively rare. Cultural requirements: Adapted to hot, dry tropical climate but tolerant of higher rainfall. Grows poorly in calcareous soil. Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Dioecious. Fruit ovoid, 2.5 cm in diameter; external color light orange, internal yemow. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flavor sour to subacid; limited appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Eggeling 1940, Ruehle et al

32 Chapter 2 D. abyssinica x D. hebecarpa Common : hybrid dovyalis. Origin: U.S.A. (Florida). Distribution: Introduced into many tropical and subtropical areas. Cultural requirements: Tropical or subtropical climate. Tolerant of a great range of soil, temperature, rainfall conditions. Description: Shrub to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2 years from vegetative propagation. Several cycles of flowering and fruiting per year. Hermaphroditic or monoecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter; exterior color orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, in jams, jellies. Flavor subacid, pleasant. Good potential particularly for processing. Superior selections very productive, with good flavor. References: Knight and Winters 1966, Ruehle et al. 1958, Sturrock Dovyalis caffra (Hook. f. et Harv.) Warb. Common s: kei apple (English); umkokolo (South Africa). Origin: Southwestern Africa. Distribution: Widely introduced into tropical and subtropical areas but not common. Cultural requirements: Adapted to semiarid tropical and subtropical climates. Tolerant of high rainfall, hot weather, temperatures to -8 C. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers February and June (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit ovoid, 3-4 cm in diameter; exterior color yellow, solitary. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked, preserved. Flavor sour to subacid, pleasant. Locally utilized but little potential for further development. References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al Dovyalis hebecarpa Warb. Common s: Ceylon gooseberry, kitambilla, ketembilla (English). Origin: Sri Lanka. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics but not common outside native area. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Tolerant of variety of soils, light frost. 'Description: Shrub to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Dioecious. Fruit matures in M^V'^^^^^^^ October-November (Florida). Fruit ovoid, 2-2.b cm in diameter, solitary, exterior color purple to black Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked, preserved. Flavor sour; little appeal. Good source of vitamm C. Little potential as food crop. References: Ruehle et al. 1958, Sturrock Flacourtia indica Merr. ( = F. ramontchi L'Her.) Common s: governor's plum (English); ramontschi (India). Origin: Tropical Asia, Madagascar. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soils. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Flowers April-May (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, 2-3 cm in diameter, solitary; external color purple, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Plant vigorous, useful for local and home garden production but little potential for commercial development. References: Burkill 1935, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Flacourtia inermis Roxb. Common s: Martinique plum (English); lovi-lovi (language unknown). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Very susceptible to frost injury. Description: Tree to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit spherical, 2 cm in diameter; external color red, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor sour. Little potential for commercial development. Reference: Burkill Flacourtia jangomas Reausch. ( = F. cataphiracta Roxb.) Common s: runeala plum (English); prunier malagache (French). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but not common. 28

33 Major Fruits Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Shrub or tree to 5 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Flowers May-June (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter; external color purple, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Useful for local food production, but little potential for commercial development. Reference: Burkill Flacourtia rukam Zoll, et Mor. Common s: rukam, Indian prune (English). Origin: Philippines, Malaya Archipelago. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but not common. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Flowers May-June (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter; external color purple, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, jams. Flavor sweet, pleasant. Little potential for commercial development. References: Burkill 1935, Sturrock Garcinia dulcís Kurz Common : mundu (Malaya). Origin: Philippines, Borneo, Java. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit conical, 5-7 cm in diameter, solitary; external color pale orange, internal orange yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jams, as flavoring in other foods. Flavor sour to subacid. Rich in citric acid. Potential as home garden fruit in Tropics. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Gnetaceae Gnetum gnemon L. Common s: Spanish joint fir (English); meninjau (Malaya). Origin: Malaysia. Distribution: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit 3 cm long; exterior color yellow or red. Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, boiled, roasted. Leaves eaten fresh. Important in native area. Much potential as food crop. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Guttiferae Garcinia cambogia Desrouss. Common : goraka (Sri Lanka). Origin: Sri Lanka. Distribution: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried; used in curries. Flavor very sour. Little potential for development. Figure ^9. Garcinia dulcís, small but delicious. Garcinia livingstonei T. Anders. Common s: imbe (English); imbe (southeastern Africa). Origin: Eastern tropical Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not common. Cultural requirements: Originated in hot, dry tropical climate but grows well in more humid climate also. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 4-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers February-April, August-September (Florida). Dioecious. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm in diameter; external color orange, internal light orange. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, pleasant. scant in most selections. Little potential for development. References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al

34 Chapter 2 Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 7-8 years. Flowers in April-May, sometimes other seasons (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit conical, 6-7 cm in diameter, yellow externally and internally. Utilization: eaten fresh, in sherbets, jams; used as flavoring in other foods. Flavor very sour, aromatic. Rich in citric acid. Potential as food crop limited outside native areas. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Alien Figure 20. Imbe, Garcinia livingstonei. a prolific fruit from a strange tree. Garcinia mangostana L. Common s: mangosfeen (English); manggis (Malaya); mangoustanier (French). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Pantropic but rare outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Grows best in deep, fertile soils. Tolerant of heavy, poorly drained soils. Not tolerant of temperatures below 5 C. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagated by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed, 4-5 years from grafts. All known trees female; fruit develops parthenocarpically. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, 6-8 cm in diameter; external color purple or reddish purple, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, excellent; universal appeal. Little nutritional value. Potential excellent as fresh fruit in hot, humid Tropics. References: Almeyda and Martin 1976a, Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe Garcinia tinctoria W. F. Wight ( - G. xanthochymus Hook, f.) Common s: gamboge (English); asam kandis (Malaya). Origin: India, Burma, Thailand. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but rare outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Tolerant of shade, poor soils (Including high ph), light frost. Mammea africana Sabine Common s: African apricot (English); abricotier d'afrique (French). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, tropical monsoon climate. Description: Tree. Propagated by seed. Utilization: eaten fresh. Important in native area but little potential elsewhere. Mammea americana L. Common s: mamey apple (English); mamey, mamey de Santo Domingo (Spanish); abricotier des Antilles (French); abrico (Portuguese). Origin: \Nes\ Indies. Distribution: Pantropic but common only in tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate, low to high rainfall, variety of soil conditions. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed, 4-5 years from grafts. Dioecious. Fruit spherical, 8-15 cm in diameter, solitary; external color light brown, internal orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flavor sweet, pleasant; high appeal. Fair potential for wider use, fresh and processed. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Platonia insignis Mart. Common s: bacur (English); pacuri (Spanish); parcouri (French); bacupari, bacuri (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil, Guyana. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Tolerant of various soil conditions, including poor drainage. 30

35 Major Fruits Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers June-July (Brazil). Fruit nnatures in days. Fruit cm in diameter; external color yellow to brown, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor subacid, pleasant. Needs trial elsewhere in Tropics to determine potential. References: Cavalcante 1972, Fouque Rheedia madruno Planch, et Triana Common s: madrono (English); madroño, cozoiba (Spanish); madruno (French). Origin: South America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 3-7 cm long; external color yellow, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor subacid, pleasant; high appeal. Good potential for wider trial in Tropics. Reference: Fouque Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch Common s: pecan (English); nuez de pecan, nogal pecanero, pacana (Spanish); noix de pecan, pacanier (French). Origin: U.S.A., Mexico. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical highlands; warm Temperate Zone. Cultural requirements: Best in temperate and cool subtropical climates. Deep, fertile soil best. Cool weather during dormancy required for successful flowering. Description: Tree to 50 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in years from seed, 5-8 years from grafts. Flowers in April-May (U.S.A.). Monoecious. Fruit matures in about 150 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 4-5 cm long, brown. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted; used in many food preparations. Flavor excellent; universal appeal. Rich in oil. One of the most important nuts of the world. Good potential for expansion in production in all areas where adapted. Most important work in variety improvement and culture in U.S.A. (Texas and Florida). References: Phillips et al. 1960, Sargent 1922, Sharpe and Gammon Juglans honorei Dode Common s: Ecuador walnut (English); nogal (Spanish); noyer d'equateur (French); tocte (Quechua). Origin: South America (Andes). Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Cool climate, low to medium rainfall, altitude of 1,800-3,000 m in Andes. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Monoecious. Fruit cm long, brown. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, used in various food preparations. Flavor good; general appeal. Local importance as food crop. Important also for wood. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. Common s: avocado (English); aguacate, palta (Spanish); avocat (French); abacate (Portuguese). Origin: Central and South America, Mexico. Distribution: Tropics and subtropics of world. Cultural requirements: Tropical or subtropical climate, depending on race. Medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of soils. Good drainage essential because of susceptibility to Phytophthora root rot. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 5-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers February-March (Florida). Synchronous dichogamy in flowering; most varieties benefit from cross-pollination. Fruit matures in days, depending on race and variety. Fruit spherical, ovoid, ellipsoid, or pyriform, 8-20 cm long, 200-2,000 g; external color green, red, or purple; interior color yellow or whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, mixed with other ingredients in salads, desserts. Flavor nutty, buttery; general appeal. Good source of oil, minerals. Important commercial fruit with good potential for expansion. Large variety collections and work in all aspects of production in Central America, South America, Israel, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, U.S.A. (California, Florida, Puerto Rico). References: Popenoe 1939, Sauls et al

36 Chapter 2 Persea schiedeana Nées Common s: coyo, coyo avocado (English); coyo, coyocte, shucte, chucte (Spanish); avocatier du Guatemala (French). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical to subtropical climate. Good soil drainage essential. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Flowers February-April (Central America). Fruit matures in days. Fruit pyriform, 5-10 cm in diameter, g, solitary; external color green, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor rich, nutty. Good source of oil, minerals. often fibrous. Little potential outside native area because not as productive as avocado. Reference: Popenoe Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa Humb. et Bonpl. Common s: Brazil nut (English); nuez del Brazil (Spanish); amande d'amérique, noix de Brésil (French); castanha do moranhao (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America; introduced elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands with deep, fertile soil. Description: Tree to 45 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 8-12 years. Fruit spherical to ovoid, cm in diameter; external color brown, edible portion white. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor rich, excellent; general a,ppeal. Important commercial crop, limited possibility for expansion. References: Fouque 1974, Leon Grias cauliflora L. Common s: anchovy pear (English); paco, pera de anchoa (Spanish); poire d'anchois (French). Origin: \Nesi Indies, Colombia. Distribution: West Indies, South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; swampy areas. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit pyriform, 5-8 cm long; external color brown. Utilization: eaten fresh. Little potential for development. Reference: Fouque Figure 21. Brazil nut, one of the best tropical nuts. Lecythis elliptica Kunth Common s: monkey pot (English); olla de mono, sapucaia (Spanish); marmite de singe (French). Origin: South America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; deep, fertile soils best. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 9 cm long, 7.5 cm in diameter; external color brown, edible portion white. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor excellent; high appeal. Rich in oil, protein, B vitamins. Good potential for development as commercial crop. References: Fouque 1974, Leon Lecythis ollaria L. Common s: monkey pot (English); olla de mono (Spanish); noix de sapucaia (French); cambuça de macao, sapucaia (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: South America; introduced elsewhere but not common. 32

37 Major Fruits Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; deep, fertile soils best. Description: Tre^ to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 7-12 cm long, 8-15 cm in diameter; external color brown, edible portion white. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor rich, excellent; high appeal. Rich in oil and protein. Good potential for further development. Reference: Fouqué Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. ( = /.. usitata Miers) Common s: paradise nut (English); nuez de paraíso, nuez sapucaia, olla de mono (Spanish); noix de paradis, noix de sapucaia (French); sapucaia (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: South America; introduced elsewhere but not common. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; deep, fertile soil best. Description: Tree to 35 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm long, cm in diameter; external color brown, edible portion white. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor excellent; high appeal. Rich in oil, protein, B vitamins. Good potential for further development as food crop. References: Fouqué 1974, Leon Leguminosae Ceratonia siliqua L. Common s: carob, St.-John's-bread (English); algarroba (Spanish). Origin: Africa, Middle East. Distribution: Dry subtropics. Cultural requirements: Dry, seasonally hot subtropical climate with minimum of mm of rainfall without irrigation. Grows but does not fruit well in high-rainfall areas. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in years from seed, 5-6 years from grafts. Dioecious, but hermaphroditic selections known. Fruit a narrow pod, cm long, external color brown. Utilization: eaten fresh, processed as chocolate substitute and thickener. Rich in carbohydrates, fair source of protein. Good potential in arid climates. References: Coit 1949, Sturrock Cordyla pinnata Milne-Redh. ( = C. africana Lour.) Common s: wild mango (English); poivrier du Senegal (French). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit external color yellow. Utilization: eaten frest. Flavor sweet, astringent; limited appeal. Little potential for development. Reference: Dalziel Coumarouna odorata AubL ( = Dipteryx odorata Willd.) Common s: tonka bean (English); choiba, sarrapia (Spanish); gaiac de Cayenne (French); cumaru verdadeiro (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 5 years. Fruit 5-6 cm long, 3 cm in diameter, external color brown. Utilization: eaten fresh. Seed eaten after boiling to remove toxins. Little potential for development. References: Fouqué 1974, Perez-Arbelaez Cynometra cauliflora L. Common s: namnam (English); nam-nam (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia; introduced elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 5-10 cm long, 2.5 cm wide. External color brown, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked, pickled, in chutney, curries. Flavor sour, pleasant. Important in local areas. Little potential for commercial development. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Detarium microcarpum Quill, et Perr. Common : sweet dattock (English). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 4 cm long, 2.5 wide; external color brown, internal greenish. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried. Little potential for commercial development. Reference: Dalziel

38 Chapter 2 Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmelin Common : tallow tree. Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Tropical forest areas with rainfall of 1,500-1,600 mm. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit external color reddish, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried. Little potential for commercial development. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Dialium guiñéense Willd. Common s: velvet tamarind, black tamarind (English); tamarinier blanc (French). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical savanna with 1,000-1,600 mm of rainfall. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers in September-November, January-April (West Africa). Fruit matures in days. External color black, internal orange red. Utilization: eaten fresh, macerated in water. Flavor sweet-sour, pleasant. Used in native area. Little potential for expansion. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Dialium indum L. Common : tamarind plum (English). Origin: Indonesia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2.5 cm long, exterior color black. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Seldom cultivated. Little potential for development. Reference: Burkill Hymenaea courbaril L. Common s: West Indian locust (English); algarrobo, copal, courbaril (Spanish); caroubier de Guyane (French); jatai, jatoba (Portuguese). Origin: Central and South America, West Indies. Distribution: Central and South America, West Indies. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Adapted to variety of conditions. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 6-15 cm long; external color brown, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, powdered and made into gruel or cakes. Flavor sweet. Locally important but with lirriited potential for development. Reference: Fouque Inga edulis Mart. Common s: guamo (English); guaba, guama, guamo (Spanish); pois sucre (French); inga cipo, rabo de mico (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 2 years. Flowers all year. Fruit up to 100 cm long; external color green, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Not important as food crop. Little potential. References: Cavalcante 1972, Fouque 1974, Leon Inga feuillei A. DC. Common s: pacay (English); pacae (Spanish). Origin: Peru, Bol iva. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm long; external color green, internal white. Utilization: (aril) eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Used locally. Little potential. Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. Common s: guama (English); guabo, guamo (Spanish); pois doux (French). Origin: Central and South America, West Indies. Distribution: Tropical America, eastern tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 6-12 cm long, 4-8 cm wide; external color green, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet. Used locally. Little potential as food crop. Reference: Fouque Inga paterno Harms. Common s: paterna (English); paterno, guama (Spanish). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Mexico, Central America. Cultural requirements: Tropical climate, wet to rather dry forest. 34

39 Major Fruits Description: Medium tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 9-12 cm long, 4-5 cm wide; external color green, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Seeds cooked. Flavor of pulp sweet. Used locally. Little potential as food crop. Reference: Standley and Steyermark Inocarpus edulis Forst. Common s: Otaheite chestnut (English); gayam (Java). Origin: Malaysia and Pacific islands. Distribution: Southeast Asia and Pacific islands. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Utilization: Seeds roasted, boiled; moderate appeal. Good source of protein. Potential for trial in other areas. Reference: Burkill Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. Common : African locust (English). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; savanna, forest. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit long; external color brown, internal yellow. Utilization: made into a drink, mixed with other foods as flavoring. Seeds ground and fermented. Used in native area. Little potential for development. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Parkia speciosa Hort, ex Hassk. Common s: peté, sindutan (Java); patai (Sumatra); sataw (Thailand). Origin: Malaysia, Indonesia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Humid tropical climate. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Pods to 50 cm long, turning black when ripe. Utilization: of pods used as food, flavoring; pods pickled; seeds, leaves eaten fresh. Flavor strong, somewhat resembling garlic; esteemed in native area. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Burkill Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. Common s: jering (Java); jengkol, jaring (Sumatra); nieng, kanieng (Thailand). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Description: Tree to 20 m. Utilization: Young pods, immature and mature seeds eaten after boiling to remove toxins. Used mostly as flavoring. Flavor appreciated in native area. Little potential for development. Reference: Burkill Tamarindus indica L. Common s: tamarind (English); tamarindo (Spanish); tamarin (French); tamarindo (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical Africa. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soils if well drained and dry conditions. Does not fruit well where rainfall high all year. Large trees tolerant of light frost. Grows well in calcareous soils. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit 8-15 cm long, cm wide, in clusters, brown. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, candied, in beverages; flavoring in foods, sauces. Seeds cooked. Flavor of pulp sweet-sour; high appeal. Good source of calories, thiamine, minerals. Widely used but little potential for expansion. References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Malpíghiaceae Bunchosia armeniaca DC. Common s: ciruela, ciruela verde (Spanish); bunchosie des Andes (French); ameixa do Para (Portuguese). Origin: South A^nerica. Distribution: South America; some introduction elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Low to middle elevations, tropical climate. Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 2 years. Several crops of fruit a year. Fruit ellipsoid, 3-4 cm long, in clusters of 8-10; external color orange, internal cream or red. 35

40 Chapter 2 Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet but some somewhat astringent. Marketed locally but little potential for development. References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. Common s: nance, golden spoon (English); mañero, manteco, nance (Spanish); maurissi, moureiller des Caraïbes (French); murici, muruci (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, Central and South America, West Indies. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Tolerant of considerable range of rainfall, variety of soil conditions. Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm in diameter, ovoid, exterior color yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages; used to flavor liqueur. Flavor sweet, aromatic; general appeal. Potential for home gardens and local marketing. References: Fouqué 1974, Leon 1968, Standley and Steyermark Malpighia glabra L. ( = /W. punicifolia L.) Common s: West Indian cherry, Barbados cherry (English); acerola, cereza de Barbados (Spanish); acérolier, cerisier des Antilles (French). Origin: West Indies, South America. Distribution: Introduced throughout Tropics but rare in many areas. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, seasonal dry period. Description: Shrub to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Flowers April-October (Florida). Cross-pollination needed for good fruit production in most selections. Fruit matures in 30 days. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter, solitary; external color red, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages; processed into puree and juice. Flavor sour to sweet; moderate appeal. very rich in vitamin C. Potential for home garden and commercial vitamin C production. References: Fouqué 1974, Ledin Figure 22. Acerola, a compact package of vitamin C. Melastomaceae Melastoma maiabathricum L. Common s: Singapore rhododendron (English); kluruk (Java). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Small shrub. Fruit pulp red. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, slightly astringent; moderate appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Burkill Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Correa Common s: langsat, lanson (English); langsat (Southeast Asia); lanzon (Spanish); improved race with large fruit called duku (Malaya, English). Origin: Southeast Asia. 36

41 Major Fruits Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not common outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with mildly acid soil high in organic matter. Not tolerant of frost, drought. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 15 years from seed, 4-5 years from vegetative propagation. Fruit spherical or ellipsoid, in clusters of about 20 (duku 8-10); external color yellow, internal whitish. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, preserved, in jellies. Flavor subacid to sweet; universal appeal. High potential for wider cultivation of superior selections in hot Tropics. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Sandoricum koetjape Merr. ( = Sandoricum indicum Cav.) Common s: santol (English); sentui, kechapi (Southeast Asia). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics but common only in Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with fertile medium-acid soil. Large trees will tolerate light frost. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Flowers in April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in about 120 days. Fruit spherical, 4-8 cm in diameter; external color yellow orange, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved, in jellies. Flavor sour to sweet; good selections have universal appeal. Good potential for wider cultivation of superior selections. References: Burkill 1935, Leon Moraceae Artocarpus altilis Fosb. { = A. communis J. R. Forst.) Common s: breadfruit (English); fruta de pan (Spanish); arbre de pain (French); fruta pao (Portuguese). Seedy form called breadnut. Origin: Southeast Asia, Polynesia. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soils if well drained. Injured by temperatures below 5 C. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by cuttings, layering (seedy form by seed). Generally two crops of fruit mature during year, varying in time and duration. Monoecious. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter; external color greenish yellow, interior whitish or pale yellow. Figure 23. Breadfruit, a starctiy fruit usually eaten cooked. Utilization: Entire fruit baked, boiled, roasted, fried; preserved by fermentation. Seeds of seedy selections boiled. Flavor starchy; general appeal. Important food in hot Tropics. Good potential for wider cultivation. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967, Ochse et al Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. ( = A. cfiampeden Spreng.) Common s: chempedak (English); champedak, chepedak (Java); chubadak, kakan (Sumatra). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit cm long, cm in diameter, kg (sometimes more); external color yellowish to orange, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved, cooked with various other foods. Seeds cooked. Flavor sweet, aromatic; general appeal. Important in native area. Medium potential as food crop. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967, Ochse et al

42 Chapter 2 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. ( = A. integrifolius non L f.) Common s: jackfruit (English); nongka (Java); lamasa, malasa (Sumatra); khanunn (Thailand); jaca (Spanish); jaqueira, jaca (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate. Grows well in variety of soils if well drained. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 25 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Generally flowers June-July and December-February in Florida. Fruit matures in days. Fruit cm long, cm in diameter, to 60 kg but usually kg; external color yellowish, internal yellow. Utilization: Entire immature fruit cooked. Aril of mature fruit eaten fresh, preserved. Seeds roasted, boiled. Flavor sweet, strongly aromatic. Not widely esteemed outside Asia. Fair potential for wider cultivation in Tropics if good varieties introduced from Asia. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen 1967, Ochse et al Artocarpus odoratissima Blanco Common : Marang (English, Philippines). Origin: Southeast Asia, Philippines. Distribution: Southeast Asia, Philippines. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 6 years from seed. Utilization: Aril of mature fruit eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet, aromatic; general appeal. Source of iron, vitamin C. Good potential for introduction into other areas of Tropics. Reference: Burkill Artocarpus rigidus Blume Common : monkey jack (English). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Tropical Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit pulp yellow. Utilization: Aril of mature fruit eaten fresh. Seeds roasted. Flavor sweet. Needs further trial to determine potential. Reference: Burkill Brosimum aiicastrum Sw. Common s: Maya breadnut (English); ramon, nuez de pan (Spanish); noyer à pain (French). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical climate with seasonal dry period. Tolerant of a variety of soils, seasonal flooding. Grows especially well in shallow calcareous soils. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 5-6 years. Two or three periods of bloom and fruiting per year in Florida. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, cm in diameter, exterior color orange. scant, seed large. Utilization: eaten fresh; seed eaten fresh, cooked. Flavor of pulp sweet; seed has some bitterness unless cooked. Moderate appeal. Little potential for development. References: Cook 1935, Fairchild 1945, Fouqué Ficus carica L. Common s: fig (English); higo (Spanish); figue (French); figo (Portuguese). Origin: Asia. Distribution: Subtropics, cool Tropics. Cultural requirements: Develops best in relatively dry climate where cool season alternates with hot season. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Tolerant of temperatures below freezing when dormant. Fruiting poor in areas of high rainfall. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed, 1-2 years from vegetative propagation. Most types produce 2-3 crops of fruit per year. Pollination required for Smyrna type; other types parthenocarpic. Fruit pyriform, cm in diameter; external color green, yellow, red, or purple; internal color whitish, yellowish, or pink. Utilization: Syconium eaten fresh, dried, preserved, stewed. Flavor sweet; universal appeal. Potential as home garden and commercial crop great in areas where adapted to climate. Many varieties selected in subtropical areas of world. Research on culture in U.S.A. (California, Florida, Louisiana). References: Krezdorn and Adriance 1961, Storey and Condit Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart. Common s: Amazon tree grape (English); uvilla (Spanish); mapati, puruma, uva-da-mata (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. 38

43 Major Fruits Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit spherical, 2.5 cm in diameter, in clusters, exterior color purple. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor sweet. Limited potential as food crop. Reference: Cavalcante Treculia africana Decne Common s: African breadfruit (English); arbre de pain (French). Origin: Tropical west Africa. Distribution: Tropical west Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate, forest areas. Description: Tree to 26 m, propagation by seed. Tree monoecious. Fruit 45 cm in diameter, to 12 kg; external color yellowish brown, seeds brown. Utilization: Seeds boiled, roasted, consumed whole; ground into meal; used in sauces, flavorings; source of oil. Flavor similar to peanuts. Rich in oil. Food source in local areas. Little potential for expansion. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Musaceae Musa acuminata Colla and hybrids of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana Colla Common s: banana, plantain (English); banano, plátano, guineo (Spanish); banane, bananier (French). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate. Fertile well-drained soil. Description: Perennial herb to 8 m. Propagation of edible types by division. Fruit production about 12 months after planting. Flowers at any time of year depending on planting time, nutrition, and maturity. Fruit forms parthenocarpically. Fruit matures in days. Fruit 6-35 cm long, cm in diameter, 10 to 150 or more per cluster; external color greenish, yellow, orange, or red; internal color white, yellow, or orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, cooked in many ways. Flavor sweet to starchy; great appeal. Good source of carbohydrates; some types have moderate amounts of vitamin A and C. Important food source throughout the world. Scores of varieties exist. Extensive research in culture in various places where commercial production exists. References: Leon 1968, Ochse et al. 1961, Simmons Musa troglodytarum L. Common : fei banana (English). Origin: South Pacific islands, Tahiti, New Caledonia. Distribution: South Pacific islands. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Perennial herb. Propagation by division. Fruit cm long, 5-30 per cluster; external color yellow, orange, or brown; internal color white or yellow. Utilization: cooked. Flavor starchy; moderate appeal. Source of food in local areas. Little potential for expansion. Reference: Simmons Myristlcaceae Myristica fragrans (L.) Houtt. Common s: nutmeg, mace (English); nuez moscada (Spanish); muscade (French); noz moscada (Portuguese). Origin: Moluccas. Distribution: Pantropic; economically important only in limited areas. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with well-distributed rainfall. Light well-drained soil with high organic content. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 18 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 8-10 years from seed, 4-5 years from grafts. Flowers throughout the year. Dioecious. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 3-9 cm in diameter, solitary; external color yellow, seed brown, aril red. Utilization: Fruit pulp cooked. Seed (nutmeg) and aril (mace) dried as spices. Flavor of fruit pulp good when sweetened and stewed. Used as food crop only in limited areas. Nutmeg and mace are important spices, but conditions for successful production are exacting. References: Ochse et al. 1961, Rosengarten Myrtaceae Britoa acida Berg Common s: para guava (English); goyavier de Para (French); araca do Para (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Brazil. Cultural, requirements: Hot, dry tropical climate; light soils. Description: Shrub or tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 5-7 cm long; external color yellow, internal whitish. 39

44 Chapter 2 Utilization: made into jellies. Flavor sour, pleasant; general appeal. Some potential for processing. References: Gomez 1977, Popenoe Eugenia aggregata Kiaersk. Common s: cherry of the Rio Grande (English); cerise du Rio Grande (French). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Tropical America but rare outside Brazil. Cultural requirements: Grows well in tropical to subtropical conditions in a variety of soils. Not tolerant of drought; good supply of water needed especially during bloom and fruit development. Mature trees tolerate -6 C. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed. Flowers March-April (Florida). Flowers perfect but cross-pollination increases fruit set. Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit oblong, 2-3 cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color red or purple, internal yellowish orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Good home garden fruit and orntal tree. Little potential for commercial production. References: Fouque 1974, Ruehle et al Eugenia dombeyi Skeels ( = E. brasiliensis Lam.) Common s: grumichama (English, Spanish); cerisier du brésil (French); grumixama (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Widely introduced but not common outside tropical America. Cultural requirements: Warm, wet tropical lowlands. Grows best in medium-acid soil. Easily injured by frost. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit oblate, 2-3 cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color purple to black, internal orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Good home garden fruit and orntal plant. Little potential for commercial production. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch Common : pitomba (English, French, Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside Brazil. Cultural requirements: Tropical to warm subtropical climate. Not tolerant of drought especially at time of bloom and fruit development. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter; external color orange, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves. Flavor sweet to subacid; good appeal. Good home garden fruit. Little potential for commercial production. References: Fouque 1974, Ruehle et al Eugenia uniflora L. Common s: Surinam cherry, pitanga (English); cereza de Surinam, pitanga (Spanish); cerise carree, cerisier de Suri (French); pitanga, pitanga do norte (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Tropical and warm subtropical climates, medium to high rainfall, variety of soil conditions. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed. Main bloom March-May, occasionally at other times of year (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit oblate, conspicuously ribbed, cm in diameter; external color red, purple, or black; internal color orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet, sometimes resinous; limited appeal. No potential as commercial food crop. Important in some places as orntal hedge plant. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Eugenia uvaiha Camb. Common s: ubaia, uvaia, uvaiha (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside Brazil. Cultural requirements: Tropical or warm subtropical climates with low to medium rainfall. Tolerant of light frost and drought. 40

45 Major Fruits Description: Shrub or tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-4 years. Flowers March-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit spherical, 3-5 cm in diameter, external color yellow. Utiiization: eaten fresh, as juice, in jellies; flavoring in alcoholic beverages. Flavor sweet, insipid. Odor sometimes unpleasant. Little possibility for cultivation outside local areas. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe days. Fruit spherical, 2-3 cm in diameter, borne on trunk and large limbs; external color black, internal white or pink. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies; made into wines. Flavor sweet, excellent; wide appeal. Excellent home garden fruit with some potential for greater commercial production. Good orntal plant. Several varieties known in Brazil. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Feijoa sellowiana Berg Common s: pineapple guava, feijoa (English); feijoa, guayaba chilena, guaybo (Spanish); feijoa (French); feijoa, guayabo del pais (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Subtropics, cool Tropics. Cultural requirements: Best development in cool subtropical and highland tropical climates. Tolerant of considerable range in rainfall, variety of soil conditions. Fruits poorly in hot tropical lowlands. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 3-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers April-May. Plants often selfsterile; fruiting improved by cross-pollination. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-5 m long, 2-4 cm in diameter; external color green, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves. Flavor sweet, pleasant; moderate appeal. Mainly a home garden fruit. Little potential for development. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Myrciaria cauliflora Berg Common s: jaboticaba (English, French, Spanish); jaboticaba sabara, jabuticaba (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Introduced widely into tropical and subtropical areas but not common outside South America. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical and warm subtropical climates with medium to high rainfall. Fertile, mildly acid, well-drained soils best. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Shrub or tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Fruit production in 6-10 years or more from seed. Several cycles of flowers and fruit a year. Fruit matures in Myrciaria floribunda Berg Common s: guava berry (English); mirto, murta, mije, mijo (Spanish). Origin: Mexico, West Indies, South America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands; relatively dry to moist conditions, variety of soils. Poor growth in high-ph soils. Description: Shrub or tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit produciton in 6-8 years. Flowers May-June (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit spherical to ovoid, cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color red or yellow, internal yellow orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves; flavoring in alcoholic beverages. Flavor sweet, aromatic, pleasant. Little possibility of commercial development. Reference: Little et al Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (H.B.K.) Kausel Common s: monos plum (English); cereza de mono (Spanish). Origin: Venezuela. Distirbution: Venezuela, Florida. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, light frost. Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-5 years. Often two crops of fruit per year (Florida). Fruit ellipsoid, cm in diameter; external color orange, internal yellow orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet, insipid. Little potential for cultivation. Psidium araca Raddi ( = P. guiñéense Sw.) Common s: Brazilian guava (English); araca de Brasil, guayaba acida (Spanish); goyavier acide, goyavier du Brésil (French); araça, araça do campo (Portuguese). Origin: South America. 41

46 Chapter 2 Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside South America. Cultural requirements: Tropical to warm subtropical climates. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed or cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color pale yellow, internal white. Utilization: made into jellies. Flavor sour to subacid, pleasant; moderate appeal. Limited potential for processing. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe Psidium cattleianum Sabine Common s: Cattley guava, strawberry guava (English); cas dulce, guayaba de fresa (Spanish); goyavier de Cattley, goyavier fraise (French); Araca da praie, araca de coroa (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Tropics, subtropics. Cultural requirements: Cool to hot climate. Variety of soil conditions, swampy to well drained. Withstands temperature to -6 C without injury. Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 2-3 years from seed. Flowers several times a year (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color yellow or red, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, as juice, jellies, preserves, sherbets. Flavor sweet or subacid, aromatic; wide appeal. Good home garden fruit and orntal plant. Little potential for commercial production. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Psidium friedrichsthalianum Niedz. Common s: Costa Rican guava (English); cas, guayaba agria (Spanish); goyavier de Costa Rica (French). Origin: Central America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with medium to high rainfall; variety of soil conditions if well drained. Easily injured by frost. Description: Tree to 10 m (usually smaller). Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed. Main blooms March-April, September-October (Florida). Fruit matures in about 90 days. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 4-6 cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color yellow, internal pale yellow. Utilization: made into beverages, jellies, preserves. Flavor very sour, aromatic; moderate appeal. Limited potential as home garden fruit. References: Fouque 1974, Popenoe Psidium guajava L. Common s: guava, common guava (English); guayaba (Spanish); goyavier (French); goiaba (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Tropics, warm subtropics. Cultural requirements: Warm climate with medium rainfall. Thrives in variety of light to medium soils, even with poor drainage. (So widely adapted it is considered a weed in some areas.) Mature plants can tolerate very light frost. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed, 2-3 years from, vegetative propagation. Main blooms April-May, September- October (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical, ellipsoid, or pyriform; 3-8 cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color white or yellow, sometimes with pink blush; internal color white, yellow, or red. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, as juice, jellies, paste, preserves. Flavor sweet to sour, aromatic; high appeal. Rich in vitamin C. Good potential as home garden fruit or for commercial production for fresh market or processing. Variety improvement and cultural research in many countries, especially India and U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico). References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle Psidium microphyllum Britt. (= P. sartorianum Niedenzu) Common s: Puerto Rican guava (English); guayaba, pichiche (Spanish). Origin: West Indies, Central America. Distribution: West Indies, Central America. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical climate. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter, solitary on new growth; external color pale yellow, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweetish; low appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Fouque

47 Major Fruits Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight Common s: downy myrtle, hill gooseberry (English); kemunting (Malaya, Java). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into subtropical areas but not common outside Asia (except in Florida where naturalized). Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or warm subtropical climate; light acid soils (ph 4-6). Tolerant of wet soil conditions and temperatures to about -6 C. Will not grow in high-ph soils. Description: Shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, division of crowns. Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed. Flowers April-May (Florida). Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit ellipsoid, 1.5 cm in diameter, exterior color purple. Utilization: eaten fresh, in pies, jellies, preserves. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Burkill 1935, Ruehle et al Stenocalyx dysentericus Berg Common s: cageiteira (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Brazil. Cultural requirements: Dry tropical savanna. Description: Tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 3-5 cm in diameter; external color yellow, internal white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies; made into wine. Flavor subacid. Chiefly harvested from the wild. Reference: Fouque Utilization: eaten fresh, pickled. Flavor slightly sweet, insipid. Good eye appeal but limited taste appeal. Limited potential as commercial fruit in Southeast Asia, where many superior selections exist. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Syzygium cumini Skeels Common s: Java plum, jambolan (English); jambolan (Malaya); jamun (India); duhat (Philippines). Origin: Southeast Asia, Philippines. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Tropical lowland or hot subtropical climate. Tolerant of a variety of soils (even where poorly drained), seasonal dry period. Thrives under adverse conditions to the point of being a weed in some areas. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed (layering, grafting possible but seldom used). Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed. Flowers March-April (Florida), sometimes other seasons. Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm in diameter, 5-20 per cluster; external color purple, internal white to lavender. Utilization: eaten fresh, made into jellies, wine. Flavor sweet, usually astringent; low appeal. Marketed in Asia, but little potential for expansion. References: Burkill 1935; Molesworth Allen 1967; Popenoe Syzygium aqueum Burm. f. ( - Eugenia aquea) Common s: water rose apple, watery rose apple (English); jambu ayer (Malay). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not common outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with light, well-drained, mildly acid soils. Not tolerant of temperatures below freezing. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, layering (many selections seedless). Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from layers. Flowers May-July (Florida), sometimes other seasons. Fruit matures in days. Fruit pyriform, cm in diameter, solitary; external color green, white, or pink; internal color white. Figure 24. Java plum, an astringent fruit. 43

48 Chapter 2 Syzygium guiñéense A. DC. Common s: Water berry (English); musombo (Africa). Origin: Tropical Africa. Distribution: Tropical Africa. Culturai requirements: Tropical climate, varied conditions including seashore, streannbanks, savanna, forest. Description: Shrub or tree to 12 nn. Fruit cnn long. Utilization: eaten fresh, nnade into a beverage. Limited appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Syzygium malaccensis Merr. et Perry Common s: Malay apple, Malay rose apple, mountain apple (English); jambu merah (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate; variety of soil types. Not tolerant of high-ph soils, frost. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers May-June (Florida), often other seasons as well. Fruit matures in days. Some selections seedless. Fruit pyriform, 5-8 cm long; external color yellow, pink, red, or purple; internal color white. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved. Flavor sweet, insipid; moderate appeal. Good orntal tree. Commercial production in Asia but little potential for expansion. Reference: Molesworth Allen Syzygium samarangense Merr. at Perry ( = S. javanicum Miq.) Common s: Java apple, wax jambu (English); jambu ayer rhio (Malaya); jamelac (French). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but rare outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; variety of soil conditions. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, layering (some forms seedless). Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed. Flowers April-June (Florida), sometimes other seasons. Fruit matures in days. Fruit pyriform, 3-5 cm long; external color green, yellow, white, or pink; internal color white. Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved. Flavor sweet, insipid; moderate appeal. Marketed in Asia but little potential for expansion. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Naucleaceae Nauclea iatifolia Smith ( = A/, esculenta, Merr., Sarcocephalus esculentus Afzel. ex Sabine) Common s: African peach, country fig (English); pêcher des nègres (French); doundaké (West Africa). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare outside Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate. Adapted to conditions from savanna to moist forest. Description: Shrub or tree to 30 m, depending on moisture conditions. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 5-6 years. Flowers July-August (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, 4-6 cm in diameter, solitary, red inside and out. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried. Flavor sweet, slightly bitter; limited appeal. Little potential for extensive cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Olacaceae Coula edulis BailL Common s: African walnut (English); noyer du pays (French); bodwe (Ghana); emumu (Nigeria); kumen, kumini (Cameroon). Origin: Tropical west Africa. Distribution: Tropical west Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers April-May, October-January. Fruit spherical to ellipsoid, 3 cm long; external color brown, edible portion brownish. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, boiled, roasted. Flavor good; general appeal. Very rich in oil. Locally important but little potential for wider cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Ximenia americana L. Common s: tallowwood plum, hog plum (English); chocomico, manzanillo (Spanish); citron de la mer, prunier de mer (French); ameixa (Portuguese). Origin: Pantropic; warm subtropics. 44

49 Major Fruits Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics. Cultural requiremerits: Hot tropical lowland or subtropical climate. Tolerant of great range in rainfall, soil conditions. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Scandent shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-4 years. Flowers several times a year. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5 cm long, exterior color yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved; seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor of pulp subacid. Insipid; limited appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Fouqué Oleaceae Noronhia emarginata Thou. Common s: Madagascar olive (English); noronha (Madagascar). Origin: Madagascar, Sri Lanka. Distribution: Introduced around Tropics but not widely known. Cultural requirements: Tropical climate, often near seashore. Tolerant of poor soils, saline conditions, wind. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long, external color greenish. Utilization: preserved. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation as good food. Used as orntal tree in coastal areas. i Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. Common s: bilimbi (English); bilimbi, grosella (Spanish); belimbing asam (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced throughout Tropics but not common outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, seasonal dry period. Very susceptible to frost injury. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed. Several cycles of bloom and fruit during year. Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, shallowly ribbed, in small clusters on trunk and limbs of tree, greenish yellow inside and out. Figure 25. Bilimbi, a sour fruit for cooking or for chutneys. Utilization: used in curries, jellies, chutney, preserves, pickles. Flavor very sour; fair appeal. Good source of vitamin C. Important in home gardens and local marketing. Little potential for further commercial development. References: Leon 1968, Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe Averrhoa carambola L. Common s: carambola, starfruit (English); carambola (Spanish, Portuguese); belimbing manis (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced throughout Tropics but not common outside Asia. 45

50 Chapter 2 Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soils if well drained and mildly acid. Tolerant of seasonal dry period and light frost. Grows well in warnn subtropical areas. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Several cycles of bloom and fruit during year. Fruit matures in about 90 days. Fruit ellipsoid, conspicuously ribbed, 6-15 cm long, solitary or in small clusters on limbs and sometimes trunk of tree, yellow to orange inside and out. Utilization: eaten fresh, in preserves, jellies, sauces. Flavor sweet to very sour; improved varieties excellent, with wide appeal. Good source of vitamin 0. Marketed widely in Asia. Commerical production in Florida; fair potential for further commercial development. Many varieties selected in Southeast Asia, U.S.A. (Florida). References: Campbell and Malo 1972, Leon 1968, Molesworth Allen 1967, Popenoe Utilization: eaten fresh, in confections. Seed and pulp a source of edible fats. Flavor of moderate appeal. Fruit good source of vitamins A, B^, and C. Locally important but limited potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Fouqué Attalea cohune Mart. ( = Orbignya cofiune (Mart.) Dahlgr. ex Stand.) Common s: cohune palm (English); corozo (Spanish). Origin: Central America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 6 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers all year. Fruit ellipsoid, 6 cm long, in large clusters, exterior color brown. Utilization: candied. Seed a source of edible oil. Locally important oil source. Little potential for expansion. Palmae Areca catechu L. Common s: betel nut (English); aveline des Indes, noix d'arec (French). Origin: Southeast Asia, Pacific islands. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not economically important outside Asia and Pacific islands. Cultural requirements: Hot, humid tropical lowlands; monsoon climate. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 6-10 years or more. Flowers throughout year. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ovoid, 4-5 cm long, in clusters of , exterior color orange or red. Utilization: Seed chewed as stimulant. Low appeal outside Asia. Little potential for further development. Reference: Blatter Astrocaryum tucuma Mart. Common s: tucuma (English); cumare, tucuma (Spanish); aovara (French); tucum, tucuma acu (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Brazil. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands; sandy soils in coastal areas. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 14 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 5-6 cm in diameter, 70 g; external color greenish yellow to orange, internal yellow. Bactris minor Jacq. Common : tobago cane (English). Origin: Northern South America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; coastal regions. Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 1.5 cm long, in clusters, exterior color purple to black. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation as food crop. Reference: Fouqué Borassus flabellifer L. Common s: Palmyra palm, African fan (English). Origin: Southeast Asia, India. Distribution: Asia; introduced into plant collections elsewhere. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; sandy soils in coastal areas. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers March-April (India). Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit cm in diameter, in large clusters, external color brown. Utilization: Mesocarp of fruit eaten fresh, dried. Endosperm of immature seeds eaten fresh. Sap from cut inflorescences made into sugar, wine, vinegar. Important food crop in India. Limited potential for cultivation outside Asia. Reference: Blater

51 Major Fruits Borassus flabellifer L. var. aethiopica Warb. (= fî. aethiopium Mart.) Common s: deleb palm, African fan painn (English); ronier (French). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa; introduced into plant collections elsewhere. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with low to medium rainfall. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 15 cm in diameter, in large clusters, exterior color brown. Utilization: of fruit eaten fresh, dried. Endosperm of immature seed eaten fresh. Sap from cut inflorescences made into sugar, wine. Locally important crop in Africa. Little potential for expansion. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Butia capitata Becc. Common s: jelly palm, pindo, butia (English). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: \N'\öe\y introduced into tropical and subtropical areas. Cultural requirements: Subtropical or cool tropical climate. Adapted to wide range of soil conditions. Very resistant to freeze injury. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 8 m. Fruit globose, 2.5 cm in diameter, in large clusters, exterior color yellow to orange yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Seed is minor source of oil. Flavor of pulp subacid, pleasant. Little potential as food crop. Used as orntal plant. Reference: Fouque Cocas nucífera L. Common s: coconut (English); coco, cocotero (Spanish); cocotier (French); coqueiro da Bahia (Portuguese). Origin: Pantropic. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Description: Palm, single trunk to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 6-9 years. Flowers all year. Fruit matures in months. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter, in clusters of 10-20; external color brown, edible portion white. Utilization: Endosperm of seed eaten fresh, dried; prepared in many ways with other foods; used as source of edible oil. Flavor good; high appeal. Rich in oil, protein. An important food crop. Cultivation not likely to expand much. References: Leon 1968, Ochse et al Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Common s: African oil palm, oil palm (English); Palma de aceite, palma africana (Spanish); palmier à huile (French); dendezeiro (Portuguese). Origin: South America, Africa. Distribution: Hot Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with deep, fertile, well-drained soil. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-5 years. Flowers all year. Fruit irregularly shaped, 3-5 cm long, in large tight clusters of about 100; external color orange, red, or black; internal color yellow or orange. Utilization: and endosperm of seed processed for edible oil. Not consumed as fresh fruit. High oil and vitamin A content. Very important oil source, increasing in importance in Tropics. Important plantings in Southeast Asia, Central and South America. References: Leon 1968, Ochse et al Euterpe edulis Mart. (= E. olerácea Mart.) Common s: para palm (English); manaca, palmiche de Rio Negro (Spanish); pinot (French); açai do Para (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; sandy soils; marshy areas. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers all year. Fruit about 1.5 cm in diameter, external color black to purple. Utilization: eaten fresh, fermented into beverages. Important source of hearts of palm. Locally important. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque Guilielma gasipaes (H.B.K.) L. H. BaMey ( = Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) Common s: peach palm (English); pejibaye (Spanish); palmier-pêche (French); casipaes (Portuguese). Origin: Central America. Distribution: Central and South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; will not yield well under dry conditions. Description: Palm, single or multiple trunks, to 20 m. Propagation by seed (suckers to small extent). Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed. Flowers all year. Fruit variously shaped, cm long, in clusters of up to 300; external color green, yellow, orange, or red; internal color yellow to orange. 47

52 Chapter 2 Utilization: cooked, preserved. Seed eaten fresh, cooked. Flavor nutty, oily; high appeal. Rich in oil, vitamin A. Good source of hearts of palm. Good potential for commercial cultivation. Variety collection at Turrialba, Costa Rica. References: Camacho 1969, Fouque 1974, Hunter 1969, Johanessen Hyphaene thebaica Mart. Common s: doum palm, gingerbread palm (English). Origin: North Africa. Distribution: Africa, Middle East, elsewhere in plant collections. Cultural requirements: Dry tropical or subtropical climate. Description: Palm, branched trunk, to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ovoid, 8 cm long, exterior color brown. Utilization: eaten fresh, mixed with other foods. Endosperm of immature seeds eaten fresh. High protein and oil content. Locally important but little potential for expansion. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Jubaea chilensis Baill. ( = J. spectabilis H.B.K.) Common s: Chilean wine palm (English); coco de Chile, coquito (Spanish); cocotier du Chile (French). Origin: Chile. Distribution: Introduced into warm Temperate Zone areas and subtropical areas of world but not common. Cultural requirements: Warm temperate, cool subtropical, or high-altitude tropical climate. Very cold tolerant. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Fruit 4-5 cm long, 3 cm in diameter, exterior color yellow. Utilization: Sirup and wine made from sap of trunk; flavor excellent. Little potential for cultivation as food crop, but used as orntal. Wild population in danger of extinction because tree must be destroyed to obtain sap. Reference: Fouque Lodoicea maldivica Pers. Common s.-^double coconut, Seychelles nut (English). Origin: Seychelles. Distribution: Introduced into various palm collections in Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; various soil conditions. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 20 years or more. Dioecious. Fruit bilobed, 40 cm or more in diameter, 20 kg or more; external color brown, edible portion white. Utilization: Endosperm of seed eaten fresh. Limited appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. Mauritia flexuosa L. Common s: wine palm, mirity palm (English); aguaje, achual (Spanish); palmier bâche (French); miriti (Portuguese). Origin: Northeastern South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; poorly drained or periodically flooded soils. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 25 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 4-6 cm long; external color yellow to reddish brown, internal yellow to orange. Utilization: of immature fruit eaten fresh. Endosperm of seed eaten fresh. Starch extracted from trunk. Significant source of food in native area. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque Mauritia vinifera Mart. Common s: moriche palm (English); aguaje, morichi (Spanish); palmier bâche (French); Buriti' (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate; acid soils. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 4-6 cm long. Utilization: Fruit pulp fermented into wine. Little potential for wider cultivation. Nipa fruticans Thunb. Common s: nipa palm (English), gúlga (India). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Tropical Asia; introduced into plant collections elsewhere. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands; grows in tidal areas where soil inundated with saltwater. Description: Palm, prostrate trunk buried in soil. Propagation by seed. 48

53 Major Fruits Utilization: Sap from cut inflorescence fermented into wine. Endosperm of seed candied. Important only in native area. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Burkill Orbignya martiana Barb. Common s: babassu (English); babacu (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical monsoon climate. Description: Palm, single trunk, to 20 m. Fruit 6-12 cm long. Utilization: Seed eaten fresh, extracted for edible oil. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Fouqué Phoenix dactylifera L. Common s: date, date palm (English); datil (Spanish); datile, tamareira (Portuguese). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Dry subtropical and tropical areas of world. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry atmospheric conditions needed for proper fruit maturation, but irrigation needed for growth of plant. Tolerant of salinity in irrigation water, various types of soil, temperatures to about -5 C. Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 30 m (usually only one trunk allowed to grow large in cultivation). Propagation by seed or by suckers from base of trunk. Fruit production in 5-8 years from suckers. Dioecious. Fruit 5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter, in clusters of 1,000-1,500; yellow, greenish, orange, red, or brown. Utilization: dried, mixed with other foods. Flavor sweet, nutty; universal appeal. Rich in carbohydrates. Important article of commerce. Cultivation could be expanded. Many varieties in Middle East, California. References: Ochse et al. 1961, Popenoe 1913, Popenoe Phoenix redi nata Jacq. Common s: Senegal date palm, dwarf date palm (English); dattier à feuille panchées (French). Origin: Tropical Africa. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with medium rainfall. Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, in large clusters, brown when dry. Utilization: eaten fresh. Trunk tapped for sap to make wine. Little potential as food crop. Widely used as orntal plant. References: Dalziel 1949, Irvine Balacea edulis Reinw. Common s: Salak palm, salak (English). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Palm, multiple trunks, to 4 m. Propagation by seed, suckers. Dioecious. Fruit 5-7 cm long; external color brown, interior yellowish white. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet; high appeal, high potential for introduction into other areas of hot Tropics. Reference: Leon Pandanceae Pandanus leram Jones Common : Nicobar breadfruit (English). Origin: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Distribution: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Cultural requirements: Tropical lowlands. Description: Tree growing in coastal areas. Utilization: boiled, pressed into cakes. Source of carbohydrate. Moderate appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. Pandanus tectorius SoL ex Balf. f. Common s: screwpine, Nicobar breadfruit. Origin: Southeast Asia, South Pacific islands. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Sandy soils at seashore, tropical climate. Description: Tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit ovoid, 18 cm in diameter; exterior color red or yellow, yellowish inside. Utilization: Soft portion of pulp cooked. Seeds eaten fresh, cooked. Terminal buds eaten fresh. Important locally in Asia and Pacific; little potential elsewhere. Reference: Brown

54 Chapter 2 Passifloraceae Passiflora antioquiensis Karst Common s: banana passion fruit (English); curuba antioquena (Spanish). Origin: South America (Andes). Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Cool high-altitude areas in Tropics. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed. Fruit ellipsoid, 4-5 cm long, solitary; external color yellow or red, internal orange. Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Little potential for expanded cultivation. References: Martin and Nakasone 1970 Pooenoe Passiflora edulis Sims Common s: purple passion fruit, purple granadilla (English); maracuyá, granadilla, parcha (Spanish); grenadille violette (French); maracujá, maracujá común (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical climate with well-distributed medium rainfall and light well-drained soils. Not tolerant of frost or wind. Will not set fruit if mean temperature too high. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, less than 1 year from vegetative propagation. Flowers around March and September in Hawaii. Most vines self-incompatible, require crosspollination. Fruit spherical, 5-9 cm long, solitary; external color purple, internal yellow to orange. Utilization: Arils can be eaten fresh or in jellies, but used mostly as flavoring in beverages, desserts. Flavor sweet to subacid; high appeal. Good source of vitamins A and C. Potential good for increased cultivation if disease-resistant varieties developed. Cultivated in New Zealand, Hawaii, American Tropics. References: Akamine et al. 1956, Fouqué 1974; Martin and Nakasone 1970, Popenoe Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg. Common s: yellow passion fruit, yellow granadilla (English); granadilla, maracuyá, parcha (Spanish); grenadille (French); maracujá (Portuguese). Origin: Australia (not certain). Distribution: Pantropic; warm subtropics. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or warm subtropical climate with well-distributed medium rainfall. Adapted to a variety of soils if well drained. Tolerates heavy soils better than the purple granadilla does. Does not set fruit well if mean temperature too high. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, less than 1 year from vegetative propagation. Flowers around March and September in Hawaii. Most vines self-incompatible; cross-pollination necessary. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 6-10 cm in diameter; external color yellow, internal yellow to orange. Utilization: Arils used in jellies, as flavoring in beverages, desserts. Flavor subacid to sour; high appeal. High vitamin A and C content. Good potential for expansion of commercial production; more widely adapted than purple granadilla. Cultivated in New Zealand, Hawaii, American Tropics. References: Akamine et al. 1956, Fouqué 1974, Martin and Nakasone 1970, Popenoe Passiflora la urifolia L. Common s: water lemon, yellow granadilla (English); parcha, parcha de culebra (Spanish); maritambou, pomme d'or, pomme-liane (French); maracujá, maracujá común (Portuguese). Origin: West Indies, South America. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Sometimes used as rootstock for P. edulis because it is less susceptible to soilborne diseases. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit ovoid, 5-8 cm long; external color yellow to orange, internal yellow. Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts Flavor subacid; limited appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Fouqué 1974, Martin and Nakasone Passiflora ligularis Juss. Common s: sweet granadilla (English); granadilla, parchita amarilla (Spanish); grenadille douce (French). Origin: Central and South America. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but not common outside Central and South America. 50

55 Major Fruits Cultural requirements: Cool tropical climate with well-distributed medium to high rainfall. Does not grow or fruit well in hot tropical lowlands. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, 5-8 cm long, 4-5 cm in diameter, solitary; external color greenish, yellow, or orange; internal color white. Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts. Flavor sweet; limited appeal. Little potential for expanded cultivation. References: Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone 1970, Popenoe v» Passiflore maliformis L. Common s: sweet calabash (English); curuba, granadilla de hueso, parcha cimarrona (Spanish); liane à agoutis, pomme calebasse (French). Origin: West Indies, South America. Distribution: Limited introduction elsewhere in Tropics but common only in area of origin. Cultural requirements: Warm, wet tropical climate. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, less than 1 year from cuttings. Fruit cm in diameter; external color greenish, yellow orange; internal color yellowish orange. Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Limited potential for wider cultivation. References: Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone Passiflora quadrangularis L. Common s: giant granadilla (English); granadilla, badea (Spanish); barbadine (French); maracujá açu, maracujá grande, maracujá mamao (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, less than 1 year from cuttings. Fruit irregularly shaped, cm long, cm in diameter; external color yellowish green, mesocarp white, arils yellow. Utilization: Entire immature fruit eaten as a cooked vegetable. eaten fresh, in desserts. Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts. Flavor subacid, somewhat insipid. Widely cultivated. Moderate potential for expansion. References: Araque 1963, Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone Figure 26. Passiflora maliformis, one of many edible species. Passiflore serrate-digitate L. Common s: tagua (English); tagua-tagua (Spanish); pomme à agoutis, pomme-liane manicou (French); maracujá do mato, maracujá pedra (Portuguese). Origin: West Indies, South America. Distribution: Trop\ca\ America; introduced elsewhere but not well known. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands. Description: Vine. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit 4-5 cm in diameter; external color yellow, internal white. Utilization: Arils eaten fresh, in beverages, desserts. Flavor sweet; low appeal. Little potential for further cultivation. References: Fouque 1974, Martin and Nakasone

56 Chapter 2 Polygonaceae Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Common s: seagrape (English); uva de la playa, uva de mar, uvero macho (Spanish); raisinier, raisinier bord de mer (French); uva de praia (Portuguese). Origin: Tropical America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands, coastal areas. Tolerant of considerable range in rainfall, variety of soil conditions, salinity in soil. Easily injured by frost. Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m, depending on environment. Propagation by seed (can be propagated by cuttings, layering). Usually dioecious. Fruit spherical to ovoid, 1-2 cm in diameter, in clusters, exterior color red to purple. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet to subacid; limited appeal. Little potential as food crop. Important orntal plant. References: Fouqué Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson Common s: macadamia nut, rough-shell macadamia, spiny leaf macadamia, rough-shell Queensland nut (English). Origin: Australia. Distribution: Tropics and subtropics with suitable climate. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical climate with well-distributed rainfall. Fertile, deep, medium-acid soil. Not tolerant of frost or very hot weather. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Flowers February-April (Florida). Fruit matures September-November (Florida), September-January (California). Fruit spherical to ovoid, cm in diameter, in small clusters; husk green, nut brown, kernel whitish. Utilization: Kernel of seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor excellent; high appeal. Rich in protein, oil. Good potential for expanded cultivation. Commercial production in same areas as M. integrifolia. References: Hamilton and Fukunaga 1959, Storey 1959, Proteaceae Macadamia integrifolia Maiden et Betche Common s: macadamia nut, Queensland nut, smooth-shell macadamia (English); macadamia (Spanish, French). Origin: Australia. Distribution: Tropics and subtropics with suitable climate. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical climate with well-distributed medium to high rainfall. Not tolerant of frost or excessive heat. Areas of adaptation limited because of exacting climatic requirements. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Flowers February-April (Florida). Fruit matures September-November (Florida). Some fruit produced nearly all year in California. Fruit spherical, cm in diameter, in small clusters; husk green, nut brown, kernel white or yellowish. Utilization: Kernel of seed eaten fresh, roasted. Flavor excellent; high appeal. Good source of protein; rich in oil. Potential great for expansion in areas with suitable climate. Commercial production in Australia, Rhodesia, South Africa, U.S.A. (California, Hawaii). References: Hamilton and Fukunaga 1959, Leon 1968, Storey 1959, Figure 27. Macadamia nut, Australia's contribution to the Tropics. 52

57 Major Fruits Punicaceae Púnica granatum L. Common s: pomegranate (English); granada (Spanish); grenade (French); shih-liu (China). Origin: Middle East. Distribution: Subtropical and cool tropical areas. Cultural requirements: Subtropical climate. Well adapted to hot conditions, but can tolerate temperatures to -8 C. Tolerant of dry conditions, heavy soils, poor drainage. Poor growth in calcareous soils. Description: Shrub or small tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering. Fruit production in 3-4 years from seed. Fruit globose to ovoid, 5-10 cm in diameter; external color yellow or red, internal white, yellow, or red. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor sweet or subacid; moderate appeal. Little potential for expanded cultivation. References: Leon 1968, Popenoe Rhamnaceae Ziziphus ujuba MilL Common s: Chinese jujube, tsao (China). Origin: Asia. Distribution: Subtropics, warm Temperate Zone. Cultural requirements: Hot, relatively dry climate during growing season, cool to cold during dormancy. Tolerant of temperatures to -10 C during dormancy. Description: Deciduous tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long; external color dark red to brown, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, stewed, candied, preserved. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Important in native area; little potential for commercial production elsewhere. Many varieties in China. References: Popenoe Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Common s: Indian jujube (English); beri (India). Origin: India. Distribution: Tropics, warm subtropics. Cultural requirements: Warm to hot tropical climate with low to relatively high rainfall. Tolerant of poor soils, flooding; not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Flowers July-September (Florida). Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, solitary; external color brown, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, stewed, candied, preserved. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Important in native area; little potential for commercial production elsewhere. References: Popenoe 1939, Ruehle et al Ziziphus spinachristi Willd. Common s: Christ's-thorn (English). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa, Middle East. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical or subtropical climate with low to medium rainfall. Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2 cm long. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, cooked, preserved. Limited potential for wider cultivation. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Rosaceae Crataegus pubescens (H.B.K.) Steud. Common s: Mexican hawthorn, manzanilla (English); manzanilla (Spanish). Origin: Mexico. Distribution: Mexico; some introduction into other tropical and subtropical areas. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical climate. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed (can be grafted). Fruit ovoid, 1-2 cm long, external color. Utilization: eaten fresh, in jellies, preserves. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Good source of vitamins A and C, pectin. Limited potential for commercial production. References: Coetzee et al. 1950, Standley Cydonia oblonga MilL Common s: quince (English); membrillo, marumero (Spanish). Origin: Middle East. Distribution: Worldwide in Temperate Zone, subtropics, highland Tropics. Cultural requirements: Temperate, cool tropical, or subtropical climate with well-distributed rainfall, heavy soils. Grows poorly in hot tropical climate. Description: Shrub or tree to 7 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, grafting. Fruit irregularly shaped, 7-10 cm long; external color green or yellow, internal pale yellow or white. Utilization: used in jellies, preserves. Flavor sour to subacid, often used as rootstock for apples in Tropics. Reference: Bailey

58 Chapter 2 Eriobotrya japónica (Thunb.) Lindl. Common s: Loquat, Japanese plum (English); níspero del Japón (Spanish); néflier du Japón, bibace (French). Origin: China. Distribution: Subtropics, highland Tropics. Cultural requirements: Grows and fruits well in subtropical or tropical highland clinnates with welldistributed medium rainfall. Tolerant of variety of soil conditions. Does not fruit well in hot tropical climate or in areas where subjected to frost during bloom or fruit development. Description: Tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 5-6 years from seed, 2-3 years from grafts. Flowers in October- December, sometimes August-September (Florida). Fruit matures in about 120 days. Fruit ellipsoid to pyriform, 3-7 cm long, g, in clusters of 8-20; external color yellow or orange, internal white, yellow, or orange. Utilization: eaten fresh, stewed, preserved, in jellies. Flavor sour, subacid, or sweet; universal appeal. Excellent crop for home gardens and local marketing. Little potential as major commerical crop. Many varieties selected in China, Japan, India, U.S.A. (California, Florida). References: Condit 1915, Popenoe Fragaria vasca L. Common : Woodland strawberry (English). Origin: Eurasia, North America. Distribution: Temperate Zone, subtropics, highland Tropics. Cultural requirements: Cool climate with well-distributed medium rainfall. Description: Perennial herb to 18 cm. Propagation by seed, division. Fruit conical, 1-2 cm in diameter, red or white. Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in preserves. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Useful in development of cultivated strawberry varieties having good commercial potential. Prunus salicifolia H.B.K. ( = P. capollin Zuce.) Common s: capulín cherry (English); capulín, cerezo (Spanish); capulín, cerisier capulín (French). Origin: Central and South America. Distribution: Widely introduced into cool climates but common only in native area. Cultural requirements: Cool subtropical or tropical highland climate with well-distributed medium rainfall. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 6-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers September-October (Ecuador). Fruit globose, 1-2 cm in diameter, in clusters of 7-10; external color black or purple, internal greenish yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, canned, in liqueurs. Flavor sweet, often astringent; moderate appeal. Little potential for existing selections, but could be improved greatly through breeding and «election. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Rubus adenotrichus Schlecht. Common s: blackberry (English); frambuesa, mora, mora común (Spanish). Origin: Mexico, Central and South America. Distribution: Mexico, Central and South America. Cultural requirements: Subtropical or tropical highland climate. Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed, division. Fruit ellipsoid, 2 cm long, purple. Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in juice, jellies, desserts. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Important in local areas but little potential for commercial production. Reference: Popenoe Rubus glaucus Benth. Common s: Andean blackberry (English); mora de Castilla (Spanish); mûre des Andes (French). prigin: South America (Andes). Distribution: Widely introduced into tropical highland and subtropics but not common outside South and Central America. Cultural requirements: Subtropical or tropical highland climate with well-distributed medium rainfall. Description: Scandent shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 2 years from seed, 1 year from cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, red to purple. Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in juice, sirup, preserves, desserts. Flavor sweet to subacid, aromatic; high' appeal. Good potential for commercial production in suitable climate. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Rubus lasiocarpus Smith (= R albescens Roxb.) Common s: Mysore raspberry, Ceylon raspberry, hill raspberry (English). Origin: Mountains of tropical Asia. Distribution: Widely introduced but not common outside native area. 54

59 Major Fruits Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or subtropical climate with well-distributed medium to high rainfall. Not tolerant of drought or frost; tolerant of a variety of soil conditions. Description: Shrub to 3 m. Propagation by seed, tip layering, cuttings. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed, 1 year from vegetative propagation. Flowers December-April (Florida). Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit cm in diameter, in clusters of 10-15, purple. Utilization: eaten fresh, in juice, jelly, jam, desserts. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Good crop for home garden. Limited possibility for commercial planting. Reference: Led in Rubus macrocarpus Benth. Common s: mora, frambuesa (Spanish). Origin: South America (Andes). Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Tropical highland climate. Description: Shrub. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit ellipsoid, up to 5 cm long, red. Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, in juice, preserves, desserts. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little potential for commercial cultivation. Rubus rosaefolius Smith. Common s: thimbleberry (English); zarza, frambuesa (Spanish). Origin: India. Distribution: Introduced into many areas of Tropics. Cultural requirements: Warm to cool tropical climate at low and middle elevations. Description: Trailing shrub, propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit cm long, red. Utilization: eaten fresh, as juice, jelly, desserts. Flavor sweet; limited appeal. Little potential for commercial production. References: Leon 1968, Neal Rubiaceae Alibertia edulis A. Rich. Common s: purui', apurui', mermelada (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Description: Shrub or small tree. Propagation by seed. Dioecious. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter, exterior color yellowish brown. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages. Moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation. Reference: Hoehne Borojoa patinai Cuatr. Common : borojo (Spanish). Origin: Colombia. Distribution: Colombia. Cultural requirements: Warm tropical lowlands, with medium rainfall, heavy soils. Description: Small tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit globose, 6-8 cm in diameter; external color green, internal brown to black. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet, some bitterness; moderate appeal. Little potential as commercial crop. Reference: Pérez-Arbelaez Genipa americana L. Common s: genipap, marmalade box (English); bilito, genipa, huitu, jagua, maluco (Spanish); genipapo (Portuguese). Origin: West Indies, South America. Distribution: Some introduction into other areas of Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of seasonal dry period. Injured at temperatures a few degrees above freezing. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit globose, 5-8 cm in diameter, external color to gray. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages; fermented to make alcoholic beverages. Flavor sweet, aromatic; moderate appeal. Little potential for expanded production. References: Fouque 1974, Hoehne 1946, Popenoe Randia formosa K. Schum. Common : Blackberry jam fruit (English). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Introduced into various places in Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with acid soils. Description: Shrub. Propagation by seed. Fruit external color yellow, internal black. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor sweet; low appeal. No potential for commercial production. Reference: Neal

60 Chapter 2 Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. Common s: Spanish tamarind (English); voavanga (Africa). Origin: Africa, Madagascar. Distribution: Introduced into many areas in Tropics but not common. Culturai requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Shrub to 5 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm in diameter, greenish yellow inside and out. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages, other foods. Flavor subacid, aromatic. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Burkill 1935, Wester Rutaceae Casimiroa edulis Llav. et Lex. ( = C. tetrameria Millsp., a form of this species) Common s: white sapote (English); matasano, sapote blanco, zapote (Spanish); matasano, pomme mexicaine, sapote blanche (French). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Cool tropic areas and subtropics of the world but not common outside tropical America. Culturai requirements: Subtropical or tropical highland climate with medium rainfall. Tolerant of variety of soil conditions, seasonal dry period, frost. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-8 years from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers January-February (Florida). Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit spherical to oblate, cm in diameter, in clusters of 2-3; external color greenish yellow or yellow, internal white to yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh, in preserves. Flavor sweet, often bitter; moderate appeal. Good potential for home garden.and local marketing; little potenital for commercial.cultivation. Various d varieties in United States (California and Florida). References: Fairchild 1939, Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Sapindaceae Blighia sápida Koenig Common s: akee (English); aki, seso vegetal (Spanish). Origin: Tropical west Africa. Distribution: \N'\de\y introduced into Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Grows well where rainfall is well distributed or where seasonal dry period occurs. Well adapted to a variety of soils, including infertile rocky soils. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 3-4 years. Flowers April-May, often at other times (Florida). Fruit matures in about 90 days. Fruit pyriform, 7-8 cm long, 4-5 cm in diameter, in clusters of 3-10; external color red and yellow, internal cream; black seeds. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, cooked. Immature fruit very toxic. Flavor rich, nutty; general appeal. Seeds not eaten. Little potential for expansion of commercial production, partly because of toxicity. Cultivated in Africa, India, tropical America. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961, Leon 1968, Popenoe Erioglossum rubiginosum Blume Common s: katilaju (Java); pancovier (French), mertajam (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia to Australia. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare outside native area. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Flowers March-May (Florida). Fruit matures in about 100 days. Fruit ovoid, 1.5 cm long, in large clusters; external color red to purple, internal whitish. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor subacid, astringent; low appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Burkill Euphoria longana Steud. ( = Neptielium longana (Lam.) Carm.) Common s: longan (English); oeil de dragon (French); lungan (Malaya); lam yai (Thailand). Origin: Southern China to Thailand. Distribution: Introduced into cool tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical lowland or warm subtropical climate with well-distributed mediumto-high rainfall. Does not fruit well in hot lowland Tropics. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed, 3-5 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers March-April (Florida). Polygamous, usually self-fertile. Fruit matures in days. Fruit globose to ovoid, 2-4 cm in diameter, g, in clusters of 5-50 or more; external color yellow to brown; internal color whitish, translucent. Erratic in bearing. 56

61 Major Fruits Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, dried, canned, in jellies. Flavor very sweet, sometimes aromatic; general appeal. Good home garden fruit. Important in markets of Southeast Asia, where many varieties exist. Potential for commercial production would be greater if regularly bearing varieties were available. References: Groff 1921, Ruehle et al. 1958, Popenoe Litchi chinensis Sonn. Common s: litchi, lychee (English); lichi (Spanish); litchi (French); li chih (China). Origin: China. Distribution: Cool tropical and warm subtropical areas of the world. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical or warm subtropical climate with well-distributed medium rainfall, medium acid soil with high organic content. Not tolerant of drought. Does not fruit in hot lowland Tropics. Mature trees tolerant of light frost. Requirements exacting; not well adapted in many areas. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit produciton in 8-12 years or more from seed, 3-4 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers March-April (Florida). Polygamous, usually self-fertile. Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical, conical, or ovoid, cm in diameter, g, in clusters of 5-30 or more; external color yellow, pink, or red; internal color whitish, translucent. Erratic in bearing. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, dried, canned, preserved, in desserts. Flavor sweet, aromatic; universal appeal. Commercial production in China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia, India, U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii). Potential good for expanded commercial production if regularly bearing varieties can be found. Many varieties selected in Asia. Research on culture and variety improvement in Florida. References: Campbell and Malo 1968, Cobin 1954, Groff 1921, Leon Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. ( = Melicocca bijuga L.) Common s: Spanish lime, quenep, kenep (English); quenepa, mamón, mamoncillo, limoncillo (Spanish); kenépier, quenettier (French). Origin: West Indies, Central and South America. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but common only in Caribbean region. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with poor to good soils, low to high rainfall. Very resistant to drought; not tolerant of frost. Figure 28. Quenepa, a common and popular fruit in dry regions of thie American Tropics. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed, 4-5 years from vegetative propagation. Flowers in April (Florida). Dioecious; occasional hermaphroditic plants reported. Fruit matures in days, depending on selection. Fruit globose, cm in diameter, g; external color green, internal yellow to orange. Some varieties selected in Florida and Puerto Rico. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, in jellies, beverages. Seed roasted. Flavor of aril sweet to subacid (poor selections astringent); general appeal. Good for home garden and local marketing. Little potential for commercial produciton. References: Campbell 1976, Jackson 1967, Popenoe Nephelium eriopetalum Miq. Common s: lotong, rambutan hutan (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 3-5 cm in diameter; pulp whitish. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sour. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen

62 Chapter 2 Nephelium glabrum Noronha Common s: redan, rambutan pachat (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Description: Medium tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 1.5 cnn long, exterior color purple. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, astringent; low appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Nephelium lappaceum L. Common s: rambutan (Malaya, English, Spanish); ngo-phan (Thai). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics but rare outside Asia. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Not tolerant of frost, high-ph soils. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Male and hermaphroditic trees exist; fruiting increased by planting these together. Fruit ovoid, 5-6 cm long, in clusters of 10-12; external color greenish, yellow, or red; internal color whitish, translucent. Varieties selected in Southeast Asia. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, stewed, canned, in jams, jellies. Flavor sweet; great appeal. Good potential for expansion of commercial production in hot Tropics because of regular bearing. References: Burkill 1935, Leon 1968, Popenoe 1939, Valmayor et al Nephelium mutabile Blume Common s: pulasan (Malaya); ngo-khonsan (Thai). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia; some introduction elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 9 m. Propagation by seed, layering, grafting. Polygamous; some varieties bear parthenocarpic fruit. Fruit globose, 3-6 cm long; external color yellow or red, internal white. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, cooked, in jams, desserts. Flavor subacid to sweet; general appeal. Regular bearing. Good potential for wider cultivation in hot Tropics. Reference: Molesworth Allen Pometia pinnata Forst. Common s: Fijian longan (English); kasai, asam kuang (Malaya). Origin: Malaysia. Polynesia. Distribution: Introduced into other areas of the Tropics, mostly in Asia and South Pacific islands. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical climate at low and medium altitudes. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit globose, 5 cm long; external color brown, internal whitish. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Seed roasted. Flavor of aril sweet; low appeal. Little potential as food crop. References: Neal 1965, Wester Nephelium malaiense Griff. Common s: cat's-eye (English); mata kuching (Malaya). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Southeast Asia; some introduction elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 4-5 years. Flowers in March-May (Florida). Fruit matures in about 120 days. Fruit ovoid, cm in diameter, in large clusters; external color brown; internal color whitish, translucent. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, aromatic; moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation outside Asia. References: Burkill 1935, Molesworth Allen Talisia esculenta Radlk. ( = Sapindus esculentus St. Hil.) Common s: pitomba, pitombeira (Portuguese); pitoulier comestible (French). Origin: South America. Distribution: South America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers September-November (Brazil). Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit 3 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter; external color yellow; internal color white, translucent. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque

63 Major Fruits Talisia olivaeformis Radlk. Common s: yellow genip (English); cotoperiz, cotopriz, mamón de mico, tapai jocote (Spanish); pitoulier a fruits oliviformes (French). Origin: West Indies, Central and South America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere to small extent but rare outside tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with poor to good soils, low to high rainfall. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 18 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed. Flowers in April (Florida). Dioecious or hermaphroditic. Fruit matures in 120 days. Fruit globose to ovoid, cm long, in clusters of 6-10; external color yellowish green; internal color yellow, orange, or pink. Utilization: Aril eaten fresh, in jellies. Flavor sweet or subacid; moderate appeal. Marketed in local areas. Little potential for wider cultivation. References: Fouqué Sapotaceae Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Heine et J. H. Hemsley Common : wild plum (English). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Lowland tropical or subtropical climate. Adapted to wide range of environmental conditions. Description: Tree to 30 m. Propagation by seed. Utilization: of fruit widely used. Moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation outside Africa. Reference: Irvine Buiyrospermum paradoxum (Gaertn. f.) Hepper (= B. parkii (Don.) Kotschy.) Common : Shea butter tree (English). Origin: Tropical West Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with low rainfall and definite dry season. Grows well in poor lateritic soils. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit production in years. Flowers December- February (Ghana). Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit ovoid, 5 cm long, solitary. Edible fat extracted from seed used in cooking, soapmaking. Important source of edible fat. Good potential in Africa in areas where oil palm does not grow. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Calocarpum sapota Merr. (= C. mammosum Pierre) Common s: mamey sapote (English); mamey, mamey colorado, zapote (Spanish); lucume, mamey, sapote mamey (French); sapota (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, Central America. Distribution: Introduced into many areas in Tropics but rare outside tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium rainfall and seasonal dry period. Adapted to a variety of soil conditions. Not tolerant of frost, prolonged drought. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 8-12 years or more from seed, 4-5 years from grafts. Most flower in Florida April-July but some bloom all year. Hermaphroditic but yields generally improved by cross-pollination. Fruit matures in months. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, cm long, 300-1,300 g or more, solitary; external color brown, internal orange to red. Seeds 1-3. Utilization: eaten fresh, in preserves, marmalades, various desserts. Seed used to prepare material similar to chocolate. Flavor very sweet; general appeal. Good potential for commercial development in hot Tropics. Some varieties selected in Centria America, West Indies, Florida. References: Almeyda and Martin 1976b, Campbell 1967, Fouqué 1974, Malo 1970, Popenoe Calocarpum viride Pitt. Common s: green sapote (English); injerto (Spanish). Origin: Central America. Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical climate with well-distributed medium rainfall. Not tolerant of frost or very hot conditions. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit matures in about 12 months. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-12 cm long, solitary; external color green, internal orange to red. Utilization: eaten fresh, preserved, in desserts. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Moderate potential. Less widely adapted than the mamey sapote. Reference: Popenoe Chrysophyllum cainito L. Common s: star apple (English); caimito, cauje (Spanish); caimito, caimitier, pomme étoile (French); cainito (Portuguese). Origin: Central America, West Indies. Distribution: \N\cie\y introduced into lowland Tropics. 59

64 Chapter 2 Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Grows well in a variety of soil types. Not tolerant of frost or cool climate. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 8-12 years from seed, 4-5 years from grafts. Flowers August-October (Florida). Hermaphroditic, usually self-fertile. Fruit matures in about 180 days. Fruit globose, 5-8 cm in diameter, solitary; external color purple or light green, internal purple or white. Utilization: eaten fresh, in preserves, beverages. Flavor sweet; general appeal. Good for home garden and local marketing. Moderate potential for commercial planting. References: Campbell 1974, Fouqué 1974, Leon 1968, Popenoe Madhuca longifoiia Macbr. ( = Bessie longifolia L.) Common s: Indian butter tree, wild sapote tree (English); mahua, moha, mowa (India). Origin: India, Sri Lanka. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate with low to medium rainfall. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Fruit 5 cm long, external color yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh. Seeds most important as source of oil for cooking, soapmaking. Sap from flowers source of sugar, also used to make wine. Potential needs to be evaluated through wider introduction. Reference: Dastur Manilkara kauki Dubard ( = Mimusops kauki L.) Common s: sau, sawa (Malaya); pekola (Indonesia); bilat-bilat (Philippines). Origin: Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced into many places in Tropics. Cultural requirements: Tropical or warm subtropical climate. Tolerant of a variety of soil types, light frost. Description: Tree to 15 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ovoid, 3.5 cm long, exterior color orange. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, insipid. Little potential as food crop. References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Wester Origin: Central America. Distribution: Introduced widely into lowland Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with low to relatively high rainfall. Adapted to a variety of soil types, especially calcareous soils; poor growth in heavy clays. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed, grafting (layering reported successful in some areas). Fruit production in 6-10 years from seed, 3-5 years from grafts. Main bloom in September- October, some all year (Florida). Fruit matures in days. Fruit spherical, ellipsoid, or conical, 5-15 cm in diameter, g; external color brown; internal color white, orange, tan, or brown. Varieties selected in Florida. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet; wide appeal. Good potential for home garden and commercial production. Widely grown in tropical America, India, Philippines. References: Campbell et al. 1967, Popenoe Mimusops djave Engler Common s: djave nut, false shea butter nut (English); nyam (West Africa). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Large tree. Propagation by seed. Utilizetion: eaten fresh, with other foods. Seed a source of fat used in cooking. Flavor subacid; low appeal. Little potential outside native area. Reference: Dalziel Mimusops elengi L. Common nemes: bulletwood, Indian medlar (English); pokok tanjong (Malaya); borsali, bukul, elengi (India). Manilkara zapote Van Royen [ = Achras sapote (Mill.) Fosb.] Common s: sapodilla, naseberry (English); chicozapote, níspero (Spanish); sapotille (French); sapoti, sapota, sapotiiha (Portuguese). Figure 29. Mimusops elengi, a fruit with latex that bothers most persons. 60

65 Major Fruits Origin: India, Southeast Asia. Distribution: Introduced widely into Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands. Adapted to a variety of soil types. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ovoid, 2-3 cm long; external color yellow or orange, internal yellow. Utilization: eaten fresh. Flavor sweet, insipid; low appeal. Little potential as food crop. References: Molesworth Allen 1967, Neal Pouteria caimito Radlk. Common s: abiu (English, French); caimo, cauje (Spanish); abiu, abeiro (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere but rare outside tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with acid soils. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 7-10 years from seed, 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers June-August (Florida). Flowers hermaphroditic. Some trees selffruitful, others evidently require cross-pollination. Fruit matures in 180 days. Fruit ellipsoid to spherical, 5-10 cm long, solitary; external color yellow, internal whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, in desserts. Flavor sweet; wide appeal. Good potential for commercial production in hot Tropics. References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Pouteria campechiana Baehni ( = Lúcuma nervosa DC, L salicifolia H.B.K.) Common s: canistel, eggfruit, yellow sapote (English); canistel, fruta huevo, sapote amarillo (Spanish); canistel, janne d'oeuf (French). Origin: Central America, West Indies. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Well adapted to seasonal dry period, variety of soil types. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Fruit production in 5-7 years from seed, 3-4 years from grafts. Flowers June-August (Florida). Fruit matures in about 180 days. Fruit ovoid to conical, 4-12 cm in diameter, solitary on young shoots, yellow to orange inside and out. Utilization: eaten fresh; used in beverages, desserts. Flavor very sweet; moderate appeal. High in niacin, vitamins A and C, proteins, carbohydrates. Good potential for development because of productivity, adaptability, and nutrient content. References: Fairchild 1943, Popenoe Pouteria obovata Baehni ( = Lúcuma obovata H.B.K.) Common s: lucmo, lúcumo, lucma, lúcuma (Spanish); lucmo (French). Origin: South America (Andes). Distribution: Tropical America. Cultural requirements: Cool tropical climate with medium rainfall. Not well adapted to hot tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed, grafting. Flowers June-August (Florida). Fruit matures in about 180 days. Fruit ovate, 4-8 cm long, solitary, yellow inside and out. Utilization: eaten fresh, dried, powdered; used to flavor desserts, beverages. Flavor sweet; moderate appeal. Fair potential for commercial production but less widely adapted than the canistel. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Synsepalum dulcificum Daniell Common s: miracle fruit, miraculous berry (English). Origin: Tropical west Africa. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics but not common outside native area. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with acid soils having organic content. Grows well in light shade. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Shrub or tree to 6 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 4-5 years from seed. Flowers several times a year (Florida). Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long; external color red, internal white. Utilization: eaten with other foods to counter sour or bitter flavors; used to flavor palm wine. Flavor of pulp sweet, insipid. Not important as a food crop. Attempts to exploit the striking effect on perception of sour flavors in development of artificial sweeteners have not been successful but are continuing. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine 1961, Montagut Simaroubaceae Irvingia gabonensis Baill. Common s: wild mango, duiker nut, dika, dika nut (English). Origin: West Africa. Distribution: West Africa. Cultural requirements: Tropical monsoon climate. Description: Tree to 40 m. Propagation by seed. Flowers December-January (Africa). Fruit 5 cm in diameter, exterior color yellow. 61

66 Chapter 2 Utilization: eaten fresh. Seed eaten fresh or processed for fat. bitter and acid. Locally important but little possibility for cultivation outside native area. References: Dalziel 1948, Irvine Solanaceae Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. Common s: tree tomato (English); arbol de tomates, palo de tomate (Spanish); tomate d'arbre (French); tomate francés (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Tropical highlands and warm subtropics. Cultural requirements: Grows best in frost-free climate with warm days, cool nights, welldistributed rainfall. Prefers light, mildly acid soil. Not tolerant of wind, root-knot nematodes. Description: Herbaceous shrub to 4 m. Propagation by seed, cuttings. Fruit production in 1-2 years from seed. Some trees flower all year. Fruit set only if night temperatures cool. Fruit matures in days. Fruit conical to ellipsoid, 4-6 cm long, 3-5 cm wide; external color yellow, red, or purple; internal color yellow or orange. Utilization: eaten fresh but used mostly in jams, sauces. Flavor subacid to sour, some rather strong; moderate appeal. Fair potential for processing in highland Tropics, subtropics. References: Fletcher 1965, Fouqué Figure 30. Tree tomato, Cyphomandra, on lanky branches. Solanum muricatum Ait. Common s: melon shrub, pepino (English); pepino, pepino dulce (Spanish); melon-poire, poiremelon (French). Origin: Southwestern South America. Distribution: Jrop\ca\ America; limited introduction elsewhere. Cultural requirements: Subtropical to tropical highland climate with cool to hot days, cool nights, and well-distributed rainfall. Prefers light, fertile, well-drained soils. Grows poorly in hot tropical lowlands. Not tolerant of freezing temperatures. Description: Herbaceous shrub to 1 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-20 cm long; external color green, white, or yellow, often with purple stripes; internal color white or yellow. Good selections in Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. Utilization: eaten fresh, canned, preserved. Flavor sweet to subacid, much variation in quality; moderate appeal. Good potential for commercial production. References: Fouqué 1974, Popenoe Solanum quitoense Lam. Common s: naranjilla (English); lulo, naranjilla, naranjilla de Quito (Spanish); morelle de Quito; naranjilla (French). Origin: South America (Andes). Distribution: Some introduction into other areas but not common outside South America. Cultural requirements: Cool, moist tropical highlands with light, fertile, well-drained soil. Not tolerant of frost, wind, root-knot nematodes. Does not grow or set fruit well in hot tropical lowlands. Description: Herbaceous shrub to 2 m. Propagation by seed (grafting on nematode-resistant rootstocks has been done experimentally). Fruit production in months from seed. Flowers all year. Plants hermaphroditic, self-fertile. Fruit matures in days. Fruit globose to ovoid, 3-5 cm long, 4-6 cm in diameter, in clusters of 3-4; external color yellow or orange, internal green. Utilization: Juice consumed fresh, mixed with other juices, used as flavoring in desserts. Flavor subacid; universal appeal. Good potential for limited commercial production in areas with suitable climate. References: Gattoni 1957, Ledin 1952, Schultes and Cuatrecasas Solanum topiro Humb. et BonpL (mistakenly called S. hyporhodium) Common s: cocona (English); cocona, lulo, topiro (Spanish). 62

67 Major Fruits Origin: South America (upper Amazon). Distribution: South America; some introduction elsewhere but rare. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with light well-drained soils. Not tolerant of rootknot nematodes. Description: Herbaceous shrub to 2 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ovoid, 7-10 cm in diameter; external color white or yellow, sometimes with purple markings; internal color whitish. Utilization: made into preserves; eaten fresh only to small extent. Flavor sweet, insipid; limited appeal. Little potential because of limited adaptability. Reference: Fouqué Sterculiaceae Cola acuminata Schott et Endl. (a very similar species is C. nitida A. Chev.) Common s: cola nut, kola nut (English); obi abata (west Africa). Origin: Tropical Africa. Distribution: Widely introduced into Tropics. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with fertile, well-drained, medium-acid soil high in organic content. Not tolerant of high-ph soils or frost. Description: Tree to 20 m (usually smaller). Propagation by seed, layering, cuttings. Fruit 20 cm long, 6-7 cm in diameter, solitary; external color brown, internal whitish; seeds white, red, or pink. Utilization: Seeds used fresh as masticatory and as source of extracts for beverages and drugs. No potential as food crop. Moderate potential in production of beverages and stimulants. References: Burkill 1935, Dalziel 1948, Irvine Sterculia foetida L. Common s: Java olive (English); kelumpang (Malaya); sam (Thai). Origin: Tropical Asia. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Adapted to variety of soil types, seasonal dry period. Description: Tree to 16 m. Propagation by seed. Polygamous; some trees evidently need crosspollination for fruit set. Fruit lobed, 7 cm long, 12 cm in diameter; external color brown to red; seeds bluish or gray. Utilization: Seeds eaten fresh, roasted; source of cooking oil; adulterant for chocolate. Flavor nutty; moderate appeal. Purgative if eaten in quantity. Little potential for cultivation as food crop. References: Burkill 1935, Dalziel 1948, Neal Sterculia monosperma Ventenat ( = S. nobilis Smith) Common s: China chestnut, noble battle tree (English); pheng phok (Thai). Origin: China, Thailand. Distribution: China, Thailand, Sumatra, Taiwan. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Tolerates a variety of soil conditions. Description: Tree to 13 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 9 cm long, 5 cm in diameter, in clusters of 12 or more; external color red; seeds black. Utilization: Seeds eaten after cooking. Little potential for wider cultivation. Reference: Molesworth Allen Theobroma bicolor Numb, et Bonpl. Common s: mocambo, pataste (Spanish); cacao do Perú (Portuguese). Origin: Mexico, Central and South America. Distribution: Introduced elsewhere into Tropics but not common outside tropical America. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 12 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long, cm in diameter. Utilization: eaten fresh. Seeds roasted, cooked with other foods. Flavor of pulp subacid, pleasant; odor somewhat disagreeable. Little potential for commercial production. References: Fouqué 1974, Leon Theobroma cacao L. Common s: cocoa, cacao (English); cacao (Spanish); cacao, cacaotier (French); cacau (Portuguese). Origin: South America. Distribution: Pantropic. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands with fertile well-drained soils. Often grown in light shade. Not tolerant of frost. Description: Tree to 8 m. Propagation by seed, layering, cuttings, grafting. Flowers June-July, September-October (Northern Hemisphere). Selfsteriljty common; cross-pollination desirable. Fruit matures in days. Fruit ellipsoid, cm long; external color yellow, orange, red, purple, or brown; pulp white, pink, or brown. 63

68 Chapter 2 Utilization: eaten fresh; flavor subacid, pleasant. Seeds processed into chocolate. Not important for pulp; very important as source of chocolate. Good potential for greater production. Commercial production in many areas of hot Tropics. References: Chatt 1953, Ochse et al. 1961, Urquhart Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit 2 cm long, external color black. Utilization: eaten fresh, candied, mixed with other fruits and used in various ways. Flavor sweet (resembles prune). Widely used in native area; little potential for cultivation elsewhere. References: Dalziel 1948, Eggeling 1940, Irvine Theobroma grandiflorum K. Schum. Common s: cupuassu (English); cupuacu (Portuguese). Origin: Brazil. Distribution: Some introduction elsewhere into Tropics but common only in Amazon. Cultural requirements: Hot, wet tropical lowlands. Description: Tree to 20 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit cm long, cm in diameter; external color brown, internal yellowish or whitish. Utilization: eaten fresh, in beverages. Flavor subacid, aromatic; high appeal. Important in native area. Evaluation of potential elsewhere needed. References: Cavalcante 1974, Fouque Strychnaceae Strychnos spinosa Lam. Common s: Kaffir orange, monkey ball (English). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Introduced into many areas but not common outside Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot, dry tropical or subtropical savanna. Tolerant of light frost. Description: Shrub or tree to 10 m. Propagation by seed. Fruit globose, cm in diameter; external color yellowish orange, internal yellowish brown. Utilization: eaten fresh, fermented to make alcoholic beverage. Flavor subacid; moderate appeal. Little potential for cultivation as food crop. Vitaceae Vitis vinifera L. Common s: grape (English); uva (Spanish); raisin (French). Origin: Eurasia. Distribution: Tropics, subtropics, Temperate Zone. Cultural requirements: Best development in subtropical and temperate regions with fertile welldrained soils and good supply of soil moisture during growing season. In these regions, dormancy is induced by cool weather. In some hot tropical areas fruit production is achieved by pruning or withholding water to induce dormancy. In general, grapes are not well adapted to the hot, wet, lowland Tropics. Description: \NooOY deciduous vine. Propagation by cuttings, grafting. Fruit production in 3-4 years. Flowering occurs after dormant period. Fruit matures in 90 or more days. Fruit globose to ellipsoid, in large clusters; external color green, yellow, red, or purple; internal color white, pink, or red. Utilization: Fruit eaten fresh, dried; made into jellies, jams, wine, juice. Flavor sweet; universal appeal. Widely grown on a commercial scale, with many varieties adapted to subtropical and temperate regions. Varieties adapted to the Tropics are needed to stimulate more commercial production, for which there is good potential. References: Araque 1969, Olmo 1970, Tafurt et al Verbenaceae Vitex doniana Sweet (= V. cuneata K. Schum. et Thonn., V. cienl<owskii Kotschy et Perr.) Common s: black plum, African plum (English); prune noire (French); koro (Africa). Origin: Africa. Distribution: Africa. Cultural requirements: Hot tropical climate; savanna and deciduous forest with low to medium rainfall. 64

69 3. Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives The fruits commonly called citrus belong to three genera, Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus, in the family Rutaceae. There are numerous cultivated varieties, many d hybrids, and many fruits of uncertain origin and relationship. Citrus is produced from the warm Temperate Zone to the hottest parts of the Tropics (fig. 7), and the fruits and their products are shipped eveywhere. The best source of information concerning citrus fruit varieties and their status is Hodgson (1967). Principal Citrus Fruits The major citrus fruit species and varieties are given in table 1, some minor species are included because they represent a distinct fruit type. Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus Species, group, and variety Note Valued Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange: Common group: Baräo; Brazilian Belladonna Italian Berna (Bedmar, Bernia, Verda, Spanish Verna, Vernia) Biondo Comune (Nostrale Liscio)... Italian Biondo Piccio Italian Cadenera (Cadena Fina, Orero,... Spanish Précoce de Canarias, Prococe de Valence, Sin Jueso, Valencia sans Pépins) Calabrese (Ovale) Italian Castellana Spanish Clanor(Lanwilliam) South African Hamiin (Morris) Floridian Homosassa Floridian Jaffa (Florida Jaffa) Floridian Joppa Widespread Khettmali (Hitmali, Khatmali) Lebanese Macetera Spanish Malta (Malta Common) Indian Maltaise Blonde (Maltaise, Petite.. North African Jaffa, Portugaise Blonde) Maltaise Ovale (California or Careys Mediterranean Mediterranean Sweet, Maltese Oval) Marrs (Marrs Early) Texan Mosambi (Mosambique) Indian Natal Brazilian Parson (Parson Brown) Floridian Pera Floridian (Brazilian) Pineapple Floridian Pope (Glen Summer, Pope Summer) Floridian Premier Rhodesian Queen Floridian Salustiana Spanish Sathgudi Indonesian Seleta (Selecta, Siletta) Portuguese (Australian) Shamouti (Chamouti, Jaffaoui, Israeli Laffaoui, Palestine Jaffa)

70 Chapter 3 Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/ri/s Continued Species, group, and variety Note Value^ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange: Common group Con. Shamouti Masri (Egyptian Egyptian 3 Shamouti, Khalily White) Valencia (Hart Late, Hart's Tardiff, Portuguese 1 Valencia Late) Vicieda (Viciedo) Spanish 3 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange: Sugar group: Lima Brazilian 3 Succari (Sukkari) Egyptian 3 Sucrena(Cavamiel, Grande de Oro,. Spanish 3 Imperial, Real) Vainiglia (Dolce, Maltese, Vaniglia. Italian 4 Pigmented group: Bloodred (Blood Red Malta) Mediterranean, Indian, 3 Pakistani Doblefina (Blood Oval, Morlotte,... Spanish 2 Oval Sangre, Rojo Oval, Sanguina Oval, Sanguine Ovale) Doublefine Ameliroee (Gross Spanish (North African) 2 Sanguine, Pedro Veyrot, Washington Sanguine, Washington Sangre) Entrefina (Inglesa) Spanish 4 Maltaise Sanguine (Portugaise) Maltese 3 Moro (Belladonna Sanguigno) Sicilian 3 Murtera Spanish 4 Ruby (Ruby Blood) Mediterranean (U.S.A.) 3 Sanguigno Semplice Sicilian 4 SanguinelloComune Italian 3 Sanguinello Moscato Sicilian 3 Spanish Sanguinelli(Sanguinella,.. Spanish 3 Sanguinelli) Tarocco(Taroccodal Muso, Italian 2 Tarocco di Francoponte) Tarocco Liscio(Calabrese Sicilian 3 Sanguigno, Tarocco Ovalo) Tomango South African 3 Navel group: Australian Brazilian 4 Baianinha Piracicaba Brazilian 2 Frost Washington Californian 1 Gillette Californian 2 Leng Australian 2 Navelina (Dalmau) Californian (Spanish) 3 Oberholzer(Oberholzer Palmer) South African 2 Robertson Californian 3 Thompson (Thomson Improved) Californian 3 Washington (Bahia, Baia, Baina,... Brazilian (U.S.A.) 1 Riverside) 66

71 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/rt/s Continued Species, group, and variety Note Value^ Citrus aurantium (L) sour or bitter orange: Comnnon group: Seedlings Widespread 2 Sevillano (Agrio de España, Real)... Spanish 1 Bittersweet group: Bittersweet Floridian 3 Paraguay (Apepu) Paraguayan 3 Variant group: Abies Narrow Leaf Algerian 3 Bouquet (Bouquet de Fleurs) French 3 Bouquetier a Grandes Fleurs French 3 (Bouquetier a Peau Epaisse) Bouquetier de Nivea (Fleurs Doubles) French 3 Kabasu Japanese 3 Kikudaidai Japanese 3 Variegated (Panache) Californian 3 Willowleaf Unknown 4 Zadaidai Japanese 2 Myrtle-leaf group: Boxwood Leaf Chinotto Mediterranean 3 (Chinois a Fou Bois) Crispifolia Chinotto (Crinkle Leaf... Mediterranean 3 Chinotto) Dwarf Chinotto Mediterranean 3 Large Chinotto Mediterranean 3 Citrus bergamia Risso, bergannot: Castagnaro Mediterranean 3 Femminello Mediterranean 3 Melarosa Mediterranean 4 Piccola (Petite) Mediterranean 4 Torulosa (Striata) Mediterranean 4 Citrus unshiu Marc, marcovitch, satsuma mandarin: Early (Wase) group: Aoe Japanese 2 Iseki Japanese 4 Matsuyama Japanese 3 Miho Japanese 3 Miyagawa Japanese 1 Okitsu Japanese 2 Late (Unshu) group: Hayashi Japanese 2 Ishikawa Japanese 2 Nankan No. 4 Japanese 2 Owari Japanese 3 Silverhill Floridian 4 Sugiyami Japanese 1 Citrus nobilis Loureiro, king mandarin: King Malayan 3 67

72 Chapter 3 Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Pone/rus Continued Species, group, and variety Note Valued Citrus deliciosa Tenore, Mediterranean mandarin: Mediterranean Common (Willowleaf) Mediterranean Citrus reticulate Blanco, common mandarin: Beauty (Glen) Australian Campeona Uruguayan Clementina (Algerian) North African Cravo (Laranja Cravo) Portuguese Dancy Indian Ellendale (Ellendale Beauty) Australian Emperor (Emperor of Canton) Australian Encore Californian Fairchild Californian Fewtrell (Fewtrell's Early) Australian Fortune Californian Fremont Floridian Imperial Australian Kara Californian Kinnow/ Californian Lee Floridian Murcot(Murcott Honey, Smith) Floridian Nova Floridian Ortanique Jamaican Osceola Floridian Page Floridian Ponkan (Nagpur, Warnuco) Floridian Robison Floridian Tankan Chinese Wilking Californian Figure 31. Willow mandarin, an old variety of Citrus reticulata. 68

73 Citrus Fruits and Tineir Relatives Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/rus Continued Species, group, and variety Note Valued Mandarinlike fruits (often hybrids): Tanger group: Dweet Californian Mency Californian Temple Jamaican Umatilla Floridian Tángelo group: Allspice Californian Minneola Floridian Orlando Floridian Seminóle Floridian Thornton Floridian Ugli Jamaican Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, pummelo: Common group: Bampeiyu Malaysian Hirado Japanese Kao Pan (Kao Panne) Thailandese Kao Phunag Thailandese Mato Chinese Tahitian (Moanalua) Borneo Pigmented group: Chandler Californian Ogami Japanese Pandan Benor Indonesian Pandan Wangi Indonesian Siamese Pink (Slam) Thailandese Thong Dee Thailandese Sweet or nonacid group: Siamese Sweet Thailandese Ama (Mikado) Japanese Citrus paradisi Macfad., grapefruit: Common group: Duncan Floridian Marsh Floridian Triumph Floridian Walters Floridian Pigmented group: Foster (Foster Pink) Floridian Redbush (Red Marsh, Red, Red... Texan Seedless, Ruby) Thompson (Pink Marsh) Floridian Fruits like grapefruit Tángelo group: K-Early Floridian

74 Chapter 3 Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/yt/s Continued Species, group, and variety Note Value^ Fruits like grapefruit Con. Orangelo group: Chironja Puerto Rican 3 Natsudaidai Japanese 1 Poornnan (Poornnan Orange) Oriental 2 Wfieeny Grapefruit Australian 3 Citrus medica L., citron: Acid group: Diamante (Cedro Liscio) Italian 2 Etrog (Atrog, Ethirog) Israeli 2 Sw/eet group: Corsian Corsican 2 'X$^^gB3iHKraaiifegey^. ^1 " Tîirïliffilïïïï'^^'iFÎlIgTTWTiTrTi^ -^ b^ *,,, Figure 32. Chironja, probably a hybrid of orange and grapefruit, under development In Puerto Rico. 70

75 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/rus Continued Species, group, and variety Note Value^ Citrus limon (L) Burm, f., lemon: Acid group: Berna (Bernia, Verna, Vernia) Spanish 1 Eureka Californian 1 Femminello Ovale (Comune, Italian 2 Ruvittaru) Femminello Sfusato Italian 3 (Favazzina, Siracusa) Interdonata (Spéciale) Italian 3 Lisbon Portuguese 1 IVIesero Spanish 3 Monachello Italian 2 Villafrancha Sicilian 2 Sweet group: Dorshapo Brazilian 4 Fruits similar to lemon Meyer Chinese 2 Rough Indian 2 Figure 33. A tropical lemon as large as a grapefruit.

76 Chapter 3 Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus ConWnueá Species, group, and variety Note Value^ Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swingle, lime: Small fruited acid group: West Indian (Key, Mexican) Widely extended 1 Large fruited acid group: Tahiti (Persian) Mediterranean 2 Bearss (Bearss Seedless) Floridian 2 Citrus limettioides Tan. Indian Sw/eet, Palestine Indian 3 Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle, kumquat: Nagami, Oval Japanese 2 Fortunella crassifolia Swingle Meiwa, Large Round Japanese 3 Fortunella japónica (Tfiunb.) Swingle Marumi, Round Japanese 3 Fortunella hindsii (Champ.) Swingle Hongkong Japanese, Chinese 3 Fortunella obovata Tan. Changshow Japanese, Chinese 4 Fortunella polyandra (Ridl.) Tan. Malayan Malaysian 4 Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., trifoliate orange: Root-stock group: Rubidoux Calfornian 1 Figure 3A. Poncirus trifoliata, a trifoliate orange with small fruits and large thorns. 72

77 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives Table 1. Principal cultivated varieties of Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/r 7s Continued Species, group, and variety Note Value^ Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rat., trifoliate orange Con. Orntal group: Flying Dragon Japanese 3 Hybrid group: Carrizo Floridian 1 ^Value: 1, Widespread, highly commercialized, very important. 2, Widespread, somewhat commercialized, very promising. 3, Localized use or little known, but appreciated. 4, Minor importance. Other Fruits of the Orange Subfamily Other fruits in subfamily Aurantioideae are given in table 2. These fruits, having citruslike characteristics, are many in number, widely scattered, and often unknown except in localized areas. The work of Swingle and Reece (1967) has been very useful in making up this table. Table 2. Fruits of the orange subfamily Aurantioideae, excluding Citrus, Fortunella, and Poncirus Species Common Origin Use Value^ Aegle mérmelos (L.)Corr,... Indian bael India, eaten fresh, 1 used in drinks Afraegle paniculata (Schum. Powder-flask fruit.. West Africa Oil extracted etthonn.) from seeds Atalantia monophylla Kurz.. Indian atlantia India Immature fruits 3 pickled Citropsis articulate (\N'\\\(i.). West African cherry West Africa Fruit eaten fresh 4 Swingle et M. Kell. orange Citropsis schweinfurthii... Uganda cherry orange East Africa Fruit eaten fresh 4 Swingle C/irops/s fana/cae Swingle et Sierra Leone cherry East Africa Fruit eaten fresh 4 M. Kell orange Clauseneenisete(W\\\ó.)... Mokolokale Southern... Fruit eaten fresh 4 Hook f. Africa Clausena anisum-olens Kayumanis Philippines Fruit eaten fresh, 3 (Blanco) Merr. fermented into liquor Clausene dentate var. dulcis Indian wampee,... India Fruit eaten fresh 2 (Bedd.) Swingle wampi

78 Chapter 3 Table 2. Fruits of the orange subfamily Aurantioideae, excluding Citrus, Fortunella, and Fonc/rus Continued Species Common Origin Use Value^ Clausena dentate var. henryi Ichang China Fruit eaten fresh 4 Swingle Clausena excavata Burm. f.. Pink limeberry China Fruit eaten fresh, 4 leaves stewed in curry Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Karumphul Southeast.. Leaves used to.. 4 Wight, et Am. Asia flavor chewing tobacco Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliv India Fruit eaten fresh 4 Clausena lansium (Lour.)... Wampee China Fruit eaten fresh 2 Skeels Clausena lunulata Hayata.. Hime-wannpi Taiwan Fruit eaten fresh 2 Clausena mollis Merr Wampee Philippines Fruit eaten fresh 4 Clymenia polyandra (Jan.).. Clymenia New Ireland Fruit eaten fresh 3 Swingle Eremocitrus glauca (L'\r\ó\.). Australian desert Australia... Fruit used in juice 3 Swingle lime and jam Feronia //mon/a Swingle.... Wood apple Tropical Asia Fruit eaten fresh, 3 used in drinks, desserts Feroniella lucida (Scheit).. Java feroniella... Indonesia.. Fruit eaten fresh 4 Swingle Feroniella oblata S\N'\r\g\e.. Indochina feroniella Indochina.. Cooked fruit used 4 as condiment Glycosmis citrofolia (Willd.) Chinese glycosmis. China Fruit eaten fresh 4 Lindl. Glycosmis pentaphylla Correa Glycosmis Tropical Asia Fruit eaten fresh 4 Hesperethusa crenulata... Hesperethusa India, Cooked fruit used 3 (Roxb.) Roem. Indochina as condiment Luvunga scandens (Roxb.).. Trifoliate liana-lime India, Fruit used for... 4 Buch.-Ham. Southeast perfumed Asia medicine oil Microcitrus australasica(f.. Australian finger... Australia... Fruit eaten fresh 4 Muell.) Swingle lime Microcitrus australis Australia... Fruit eaten fresh 4 (Planch.) Swingle Microcitrus garrowayi(f. M. Garroway's... Australia... Fruit eaten fresh 4 Bail.) Swingle Australian lime Microcitrus warburgiana... NewGuinea wild... Papua New Fruit eaten fresh 4 (F. M. Bail.)Tanaka lime Guinea 74

79 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives Table 2. Fruits of the orange subfamily Aurantioideae, excluding Citrus, Fortunella, and Ponc/Vivs Continued Species Common Origin Use Valued Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Curry leaf Murraya paniculata (L.) Jasmine orange... W. Jack Severinia buxifolia Tenore.. Chinese box orange Severinia disticha (Blanco).. Philippine box Swingle orange Triphasia trifolia (Burma, f.) Triphasia, limeberry P. Wilson ''Value: 1 Widespread, higtily commercialized, very important. 2, Widespread, somewhat commercialized, very promising. 3, Localized use or little known, but appreciated. 4, Minor importance. Tropical Asia Leaf used to flavor curries China Ripe fruit, leaves used as condiment China, India Leaves used in Chinese yeast cake Vietnam,... Fruit eaten fresh Philippines Southeast., Asia Fruit candied; orntal Figure 35. rr/p/7as/a trifolia, foliage, flowers, and fruits. 75

80 Chapter 3 Other Minor Fruits of the Family Rutaceae Rutaceae contains many other genera with edible species. Usually these fruits, given in table 3, do not resennble citrus. The best source of information about them is Tanaka (1976). Table 3. Minor species of the family Rutaceae, excluding the subfamily Aurantioideae Species Common Where found Use Acronychia pedunculataw\q.. Baiba, bai bai India, Southeast Asia eaten fresh, leaves raw. Adenandra formosana Hayata Ang-tan Okinawa, Taiwan... eaten fresh. Adenandra fragrans Roem. et South Africa, leaves Schult. brewed as tea. Adenandra ryukyuensis Okinawa eaten fresh. Masamune Calodendron capensis Thunb. Cape chestnut South Africa Nuts eaten. Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. White sapote, Mexico, Central... eaten fresh. Mexican apple America Correa alba Andr Cape Barren tea Australia Tea brewed from leaves. Evodia daniellii Hemsl Sui-nam Korea, northern China Oil extracted from pulp and seeds. Evodia fraxinifolia Hook, f Kanukpa Bengal, Nepal Oil extracted from pulp and seeds. Evodia lunu-ankenda Merr Stenggek... Thailand, Malaysia, Leaves used as burong India tea. Evodia ptelaefolia Merr Awadan Taiwan, southern... Tea brewed from China, Vietnam leaves. Fagara chalybea Engler Iguga Tropical Africa Leaves used as condiments. Fagara inaequalis Engler Bolongolo... Tropical Africa Oil extracted from seeds. Fagara lemaire De Wild Bolongolo... Niger, Oil extracted from seeds. Fagara okinawensis Nakai.... Shima-mu-... Okinawa Shoots used as zanshô condiment. Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam Western tropical... Dried leaves used Africa as condiment. Feretia apodanthera Del Northern Cameroon Seeds brewed as coffee. Melicope ternata Forst Ternate-leaved New Zealand Gums chewed. melicope Melicope triphylla Merr Wadan Okinawa Leaves cooked. Orixa japónica Thunb Ko-kusagi... China, Japan Leaves cooked. Orixa swynnertoniiyeró Zimbabwe eaten fresh. Ptelea tomentosa Rafin Southwestern U.S.A. eaten fresh. Ptelea trifoliata L Wafer ash,... North America Fruit used to flavor common hop beer, tree. Ruta graveolens L Rue Throughout Leaves used as Temperate Zone condiment, and Tropics 76

81 Citrus Fruits and Their Relatives Table 3. Minor species of the family Rutaceae, excluding the subfamily Aurantioideae Continued Species Common Where found Use Ruta tuberculata Forsk Iran, Arabia, north.. Oil extracted from Africa leaves. Skimmia laureola Sieb, et Zuce India Oil extracted from leaves. Teclea afzelii Engler West Africa Fruit eaten fresh. Teclea englerima Kimena Fruit eaten fresh. Teclea natalensis Bastard South Africa Fruit eaten fresh. ironwood Toddalia aculeata Pers Wild orange.. India, Sri Lanka,... Leaves and pulp Madagascar chewed. Toddalia asiática Lam Daung Okinawa, Philippines Fruit eaten fresh, leaves used as condiment. Figure Z&. Chaetospermum glutinosum, a handsome fruit not used as a food. 77

82 Chapter 3 Table 3. Minor species of the family Rutaceae, excluding the subfannily Aurantioideae Continued Species Common Where found Use Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Laos Leaves used as DC. condiment. Zanthoxylum ailanthoides S\eb. Karasu-zanshô Japan, China, Korea, Leaves are eaten et Zuce. Taiwan Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.... Timbur China, Taiwan, Fruit, leaves used Malaysia as condiment. Zanthoxylum avicennae DC... Cay sen lai... Southern China,... Leaves used as Taiwan condiment. Zanthoxylum beecheyanum.. Hire-zanshô.. Okinawa Fruit and bark used K. Koch. as condiment. Zanthoxylum budrunga Wall... Clavarier Asian Tropics Various parts used as condiment. Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai 0-shanshô... Korea Leaves eaten fresh. Zanthoxylum heterophyllum Madagascar, Réunion Fruit, bark used Smith as condiment. Zanthoxylum nitidum DC Sung China, Vietnam... Leaves, seeds used as condiment, made into beverage. Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgw. Mezenga India Shoots eaten frosh. Zanthoxylum piperatum DC... Sanshô Japan, China Leaves, fruit, bark used as condiment. Zanthoxylum planispinum S\eb. Fuyu-sanshô. Japan, China, Korea, Peel used as et Zuce. condiment. Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC Baharmani... India, Iran, Indonesia Seeds, rind, bark used as condiment. Zanthoxylum schinifolium S\eb. Inu-zanshô... Japan, China, Korea Leaves, fruit eaten fresh. Zanthoxylum senegalense DC. Senegal prickly Senegal Fruit eaten fresh, ash fermented. Zanthoxylum simulans Hance Pepper bush.. China Fruit used as condiment. Zanthoxylum triphyllum Wight India Fruit used as condiment. Zanthoxylum usitatum Lanessak Xuong Vietnam Fruit used as condiment. 78

83 4. Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Actinidaceae Saurauia pulchra Sprague Moquillo Colombia Alangiaceae Metteniusa edulis Karst Kanji Colonnbia Seed Anacardiaceae Anacard ium excelsum Skeels Caracoli' Colombia Peduncle Anacardium humile St. Hil. Monkey nut Brazil Nut Anacardium macrocarpa Engler Caju-assu Brazil Fruit stalk Anacardium microcarpum Ducke Caju-do-cannpo Brazil Fruit stalk Anacardium nanum St. Hil. Brazil Nut Anacardium negrense Pires et Froes. Cajutim Brazil Nut Anacardium pumilum St. Hil. Cajueiro rasteiro Brazil Nut Anacardium rfiinocarpus DC. Wild cashew, caracoli Brazil Anacardium spruceanum Benth. Cajuaçu Brazil Nut Nut Campnosperma pansis Standl. Sajo Colombia Poupartia amazónica Ducke Cerdo branco Brazil Seh i nus iatifolius Engler Schinus moiie L. Chilean pepper tree California pepper tree Chile Brazil Spondias macrocarpa Engler Taperyba assu Brazil Spondias myrobalanus Veil. Brazil Spondias venuiosa Mart. Brazil (wine) (wine) 79

84 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Annonaceae Annona acutiflora Mart. Pau de Guiñe Brazil Annona cinérea Dona! Rinón Venezuela Annona coriácea Mart. Araticum-detabuleiro Brazil Annona cornifolia St. Hil. Aranticó mirim Brazil Annona crassiflora Mart. Marolo Brazil Annona densiconia Mart. Araticum-do- Brazil mato Annona exalbida Veil. Araticum alvadio Brazil Annona furfuracea St. Hil. Araticum grande Brazil Annona glabra L Pond apple Florida, South America, West Indies Annona globiflora Schlecht. Anonita de papagayos Mexico Annona involucrata Raiil LJCll 1 1. Central America, Trinidad Annona jalinii Saff. Manirito Venezuela Colombia Annona longiflora S. Wats. Wild cherimoya Mexico Annona lutescens Saff. Annona marcgravii Central America Mart. Pohne Central America Annona montana Macfad. Mountain Brazil soursop West Indies Annona nutans R. E. Fries Araticunn Paraguay Annona paludosa Abu! Guiana Annona palustris L Araticunn-paná Brazil Annona pisonis M. Araticunn apê Brazil Annona punctata Abul. Guiana Annona rodriguessi Barb. South America Annona sancta-crucis S. Moore South America 80

85 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Annona scleroderma Saff. Poshte Central America, Mexico Anona testudínea Saff. Annona de! nnonte Central America Coussapoa ruizii Klotzsch. Cibuero South America Duguetia bracteosa Mart. Pinhao Brazil Duguetia lanceolata St. Hil. Beribazeiro Brazil Duguetia longifolia Baill. Guiana, Trinidad, Peru Duguetia marcgraviana Mart. Duguetia spiaxana Brazil ^ r' Mart. Biribarana Brazil Porcelia nitidifolia Ruiz et Pav. Peru I 1-J 1 f^ Porcelia saffordiana Rusby Bolivia Rollinia discreta L. Guiana RoHinia edulis Tr. et PI. Anón Colombia Rollinia em arg i nata Schlecht. Mirinn Brazil, seeds Rollinia jimenzii Saff. Anonilla Costa Rica Rollinia lau ri fol i a Schlecht. Anonilla Costa Rica Rollinia longifolia St. Hil. Brazil Rollinia multiflora Anoncillo Surinam Rollinia mucosa Baill. Wild cachimán Tropical South America, West Indies Rollinia orthopetala A. DC. Biribá South America Rollinia pulcherinervia A. DC. Guiana Rollinia sylvatica St. Hil. Articunn do mato Brazil RoHiniopsis discreta Saff. Fructa de macaco Brazil Innna riircreta L. Guiana 81

86 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Apocynaceae Ahouai nítida M. Pichón Tomate del diablo Colombia Ambelania acida Aubl. Pepito do mato Brazil Ambeiania tenuifolia MuelL-Arg. Pepito do mato Brazil Bonafousia longituba Mgf. Paiuetu Brazil Bonafousia tetrastachya Mgf. Azúcar Colombia Couma guianensis Abul. Sorva Guiana, Brazil Couma macrocarpa Barb. Sorva grande Brazil Couma rigida Muell.-Arg. Itapeuá Brazil Couma utiiis Muell. Couma, huansoco Brazil Lacmelia edulis Karst Lechemiel Venezuela Lacmelia floribunda Benth. et Hook. f. Tachuelo Colombia' Lacmelia speciosa Perillo Colombia Macoubea guianensis Pequia nut Brazil, Guiana Nut Parahancornia ampa Ducke Amapá Brazil Vallesia glabra Cav. Central America Florida, West Indies Zsc/7o/c/cea arborescens Muell.-Arg. Molongo Brazil Araceae Montrichardia arborescens Schott Arracacho Colombia Seeds Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott Banana de macaco Brazil 82

87 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Araucariaceae Araucarie brasiliensis Lam. Pinheiro brasileiro Brazil Seeds Asclepiadaceae Vincetoxicum selvinii Standl. Cuchamper Central America Berberidaceae Mahonie pinnate Fedde Mahonie trifoliate Fedde Lena amarilla Agrito Mexico, U.S.A. Mexico, U.S.A. Betulaceae Cerpinus ceroliniana Walt. American hornbeam Central America, Mexico, U.S.A. Nut Bignoniaceae Crescentia cujete L. Calabazo Tropical Americas, seeds Fermentiere stenocerpe Dug. Palo vela Colombia, seeds Teneecium liliecinum Seem. Bombacaceae Emossé berog Panama Guiana, Bombex equeticum Schum. Bombax gracilipes Schum. Bombex menguba Mart. Bombax spruceenum Ducke Cacao selvagen Manguba Mamorana grande Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Seed Seed Seed Seed Cavan i lies i a platenifolie H.B.K. Macondo Colombia Seed Eriodendron aesculifolium DC. Mexico, seed 83

88 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Pachira grandiflora Tussac. Pachira macrocarpa Schlecht. Cayenne nut, sapotón West Indies Central America, Mexico Seed Seed (as cocoa) Patinoa aim i rajo Cuatr. Almirajó Colombia Seed Boraginaceae Cord i a den tata Po ir. Cordia dodecandra DC. Uvito Siricote Colombia Mexico Tournefortia hirsutissima L. Nigua Colombia Bromeliaceae Aechmea hoppii L. B. Smith Tropical Americas Aechmea magdalenae Andre ex Baker Pita Tropical Americas Ananas ananasoides L.B.S. Brazil Ananas bracteatus Schult. Carauatá Brazil Brom el ia chrysantha Jacq. Bromelia karatas L. Bromelia pinguin L. Bromelia trianae Mez. Piñuela Piñuela Pinguin Piñuela South America Tropical Americas West Indies Colombia, vegetative Greigia sphacelata Regel. Chupón Chile Burseraceae Bursera icicariba Baill Lja.111. Brazil Bursera leptophleos Mart. Emburana Brazil Protium brasiliense Engler Protium heltaphyllum March. Almecera Breu branco Brazil Brazil, Guiana Seeds (oil) 84

89 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Cactaceae Acanthocereus pentágonos L. Pitahaya morada Mexico, South America Acanthocereus pitajaya Dug. Pitahaya West Indies Borzicactus acanthurus Britt. et Rose Peru '^, A ) ^1 Figure 37. Bromelia pinguin, a wild but tasty fruit of the Caribbean. 85

90 Chapter 4 Scientific Borzicactus eriotrichus Britt. et Rose Borzicactus sepium Britt. et Rose Carnegia gigantea Britt. et Rose Cephalocereus russelianus Rose Cereus variabais Pfeift. Cereus hexagonus Mill. Cereus jamacaru P. DC. Cereus margaritensis Johnst. Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lem. Echinocereus congiomeratus Forst. Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm. Eciiinocereus engelmannii Rumpl. Echinocereus trichochidiatus Engelm. Epiphyllus phylianthus Haw. Escontria chiotilla Rose Espostoa lanata Britt. et Rose Eulychnia acida Phil. Eulychnia spinibarbis Britt. et Rose Common Where found Peru Ecuador Sahuaro Mexico, U.S.A. Cardón peludo Colombia, Venezuela Junnbeba Brazil Cacto colunnnar South America, West Indies Mandacaru Brazil Cardón higo Colombia Mexico Pitahaya de Mexico agosto Strawberry cactus Mexico, U.S.A. Mexico, U.S.A. Mexico, U.S.A. Calaguala Central America Chiotilla Mexico Cotton ball. Soroco Ecuador, Peru Copao Chile Guillave Chile Part used 86

91 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Haageocereus decunfibens ^1 ^ \^ \jt it 9 Ä^ \^ * f \^ Backeb. fc^ *^* ^^» ^»^»«^ Peru Haageocereus pseudo-melanostele Backeb \J Q v^ 1 \ V»/ Peru Hamatocactus unninstus Orcutt Mexico Harrisia bonplandii Parn. Brazil Harrisia eriophora Rritt pt Rose Cuba Harrisia guelichii Rritt et Rose Argentina Î3 Harrisia portorricence Rritt LJ 1 1 I I. et ^ I Rose 1 IV/\J w Puerto Rico Hylocereus costaricensis Britt. et Rose Pitahaya Costa Rica Hyiocereus guatemalensis Britt. et Rose Pitahaya Costa Rica, Guatennala Hylocereus ocamponis Britt. et Rose Pitahaya Mexico Hylocereus polyrhizus Britt. et Rose Pitahaya Colombia, Pananna Hylocereus trigonus Saff. Pitahaya West Indies Hylocereus undatus Britt. et Rose Pitahaya Central Annerica, Mexico Lemaireocereus chichipe Britt. et Rose Chichipe Mexico Lemaireocereus deficiens Britt. et Rose Lemaireocereus Venezuela griseus Britt. et Rose Cardón Curacao, Venezuela Lemaireocereus lateus Britt. et Rose Ecuador Lemaireocereus queretaroensis Saff. Pitahaya Mexico 87

92 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Lemaireocereus stellatus Britt. et Rose Lemaireocereus thurberi Britt. et Rose Lemaireocereus weberi Britt. et Rose Pitahaya dulce Mexico Mexico, U.S.A. Mexico, seeds Lopfiocereus schottii Britt. et Rose Ciña Mexico Machaerocereus gummosus Britt. et Rose Pitahaya agria Mexico, seed Mammillaria spp. Central Annerica, South Annerica, West Indies Myrtiiiocactus geometrizans Console Garannbullo Guatennala, Mexico Nopalea cochineilifera Salnn- Dyck. Nopalea dejecta Salnn-Dyck. Cochineal plant, nopal Nopal channacuero Mexico Mexico Nopaloxochia ackermanii Britt, et Rose Beni-kujaku Mexico Opuntia azurea Rose Opuntia bonplandii Pfeift. Opuntia chlorotica Engelnn. et Bigel. Opuntia dillenii Haw. Opuntia dobbieana Britt. et Rose Opuntia fulgida Engelm. Opuntia imbricata DC. Opuntia leucotricha DC. Opuntia megacantha Salm-Dyck. Nopalillo Prickly pear Velas de coyote Xoconostle Nopal duraznillo Nopal, tuna Mexico Ecuador Mexico, U.S.A. Tropical Americas Ecuador Mexico, U.S.A. Mexico, U.S.A. Mexico Mexico 88

93 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Opuntia phaecantha Engelm. Mexico 1» 1 ^^ f^ 1 ^^ x^ j U.S.A. ^^ x^ r 1 Opuntia soederstromiana Britt. et Rose Ecuador b_ \^ \tm K^ X^ \^ 1 Opuntia versicolor Engelm. Mexico, U.S.A. Pacfiycereus coiumna-trajani Britt. et Rose Higos de tetezo Mexico Pachycereus pectanaboriginum Britt. et Rose Cardón Mexico Pachycereus pringlei Britt. et Rose Cardón U.S.A., seeds Pereskia bahiensis Guerke Brazil, Pereskia bleo DC. Bleo de chupa Colombia, Panama Pereskia colombiana Guamacho Colombia Pereskia grandifolia Haw. Brazil Pereskia guamacho Weber Colombia, Venezuela Pereskiopsis aquosa Britt. et Rose Tuna de agua Mexico Pereskiopsis porteri Brandeg. Alcajer Mexico Phyllocactus biformis Labour. Honduras %-1 f-' Pilocereus royenii Runnpl. Sebucán Puerto Rico Selenicereus grandiflorus Britt. et Rose West Indies Tephrocactus ferocior Backbg. Bolivia, Peru Trichocereus chiloensis Britt. et Rose Cardón de candelabro Chile 89

94 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Trichocereus coquimbanus Britt. et Rose Copao Chile Trichocereus schickendantzii Britt. et Rose Argentina Capparidaceae Crataera tapia L. Tapia Tropical Americas Morisonia americana L. Zorrocloco, higicho Venezuela Caprifoliaceae Sambucas australis Cham, et Schiet. Brazil, Chile Caricaceae Carica candicans Gray Mito Peru Carica cauliflora Jacq. Papaita Venezuela Carica cest ri flora Solms Papaya de tierra tria Colombia Carica chilensis Solms Palo gordo Chile Carica chrysopetala Heilb. Chamburo, higacho Ecuador Carica chrysophylla Heilb. Chihualcan, Southeastern higacho Colombia, Ecuador Carica digit ata Poepp. Mamáo Brazil Carica frutifragrans H. Garcia B. et J. Hernández C. Chamburo Colombia Carica goudotiana Tr. et PI. Tapaculo, papayuela Colombia Carica pétala Hook. et Arn. Papaya de mica Central America Carica pentágona Heilb. Babaco Ecuador 90

95 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Carica quercifoiia Benth. et Hook. Mountain papaya Tropical Americas Jaracatia dodecaphyiia A. DC. Jaracatia Brazil Jaracatia mexicana A. DC. Papaya orejona Central America, Mexico Jaracatia spinosa A. DC. Mamào bravo Brazil Jarilla caudata Standl. Jarilla Mexico Caryocaraceae Caryocar amygdaliferum Cav. Almendrón Colombia, Nut (oil) Ecuador, Peru Caryocar brasiliense Camb. Brazil Caryocar butyrosum WilJd. Tropical Americas Nut Caryocar glabrum Pers. Piquiá-arana Brazil, Guiana Nut Caryocar tomentosum Willd. Piquiá nut French Guiana Nut Caryocar viiiosum Pers. Piquiá nut Brazil, Guiana Nut Celastraceae Elaeodendron attenuatum Rich. Goupia polyandra Peri tassa laevigata A. C. Smith Gogo Guadeloupe South America Brazil Vengúela Aril Chrysobalanaceae Couepia bracteosa Benth. Couepia chrysocalyx Benth. Couepia guianensis Aubl. Couepia longipendula Pilg. Pajurá Parinari Merecure Castanha-de galinha Brazil, Guiana Brazil Colombia Brazil Nut 91

96 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Couepia polyandra Rose Mexico ^ r^ Couepia subcordata Benth. Marirana Brazil Hirtelia americana L. Pasito Colombia, seeds Hirtelia triandra Swartz Pasito Colombia, seeds Licania apétala Fritsch. Ajurú Brazil, Guiana Licania heteromorpha Benth. Ajurú Brazil Licania incana Aubl. Ajurú Brazil, Guiana Licania macropfiylla Benth. Anauerá Brazil Licania montana Aubl. Pajurá-da-mata Brazil Licania parinarioides Hub. Copuda Brazil Seed Licania parviflora Benth. Ajurú Brazil Licania péndula Benth. Ajurú Brazil Licania pyrifolia Griseb. Merecure Colombia Licania tomentosa Fr. Braganca Brazil, Guiana Parinarium campestre Aubl. Parinarium Brazil, Guiana 1 VJ 1 f^ montanum Aubl. Pajurá da mata Brazil, Guiana Parinarium pachyphyllum Rusby Perehuétano Colombia Compositae Wulfia stenogossa Hub. Jannbu Brazil Convolvulaceae Maripa pansis Hemsl. Miel quemada Colombia Coriariaceae Corlarla ruscifolia L. Dew Chile, Peru (wine) 92

97 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Ebenaceae Diospyros conzatti Standl. Uzxaca Mexico Diospyros inconstans Jacq. Negra lora Antilles, South America Diospyros texana Scheele Mexico Maba inconstans Grlp^^h West Indies Ehretiaceae Auxemma oncocalyx Fr. All. Pau branco Brazil Cordia alliodora Cham. Capá Central America, Mexico Cordia calocephala Cham. Claraiba Brazil Cordia collococca L. Clammy cherry West Indies Cordia den tata Poir. Chachalaca Central America Cordia dodecandra DC. Chacopte Guatemala, Mexico Cordia grandiflora DC. Jaguara muru Brazil Cordia sebestena L. Geiger tree Mexico, West Indies Cordia seliowiana Cham. Mata fome Brazil Cordia superba Cham. Babosa branca Brazil Ehretia bourreria L. Currant tree Jamaica Ehretia elliptica DC. Mexico, U.S.A. Ehretia tinifolia L. Bastard cherry West Indies Elaeocarpaceae Aristotelia chiiensis Stuntz Maqui Chile Muntingia caiabura L. Capulín Tropical Americas Ericaceae Cavendishia cord i fol i a Hoar. Uvo Tropical Americas 93

98 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Clethra tinifolia Sw. Soap wood Tropical Americas Disterigma margaricoccum Blake Disterigma popenoei Blake Tira Englerodendron a lata Hörold. Para silvestre Gaylussacia buxifolia H.B.K. Macleania ecuadorensis Hoerold Macleania urina Blake Chaqui-lulu Macleania popenoei Blake Joyapa Macleania rupestris A. C. Smith Uva camarona Plutarchia guascensis A. C. Smith Thibaudia alata Dun. Thibaudia floribunda H.B.K. Coral Thibaudia grantii A. C. Smith Chorota Thibaudia imrayi Hook. Thibaudia melliflora Ruiz et Pav. Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Colombia Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Tropical Americas Colombia Colombia, Ecuador Colombia Dominica Mexico, Peru, West Indies, seeds Vaccinium floribundum H.B.K. Colombian blueberry Andes Vaccinium leucanthum Schlecht. Mexican blueberry Mexico Vaccinium méridionale Sw. Jamaican blueberry Jamaica Vaccinium mortinia Benth. Mortina Colombia, Ecuador 94

99 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Euphorbiaceae Apuleia férrea Mart. Pau ferro Brazil Caryodendron orinocense Karst Cacay Colombia Seeds Hieronyma colombiana Cuatr. Motilón Colombia Omphalea diandra L. Omphalea megacarpa L. Omphalea triandra L. Comadre de vaquero Hunter's nut Jannaica cobseed Tropical South America, West Indies West Indies Tropical Americas Seed Seed Seed Flacourtiaceae Gasearla parviflora Wilid Gasearla pringlei Brig. Martinique Mexico Aril Aril Mayna grandifolia Warb. Achiote de venado Colombia Aril Gesneriaceae Besleria violácea Aubl. Brazil, Guiana Gnetaceae Gnetum nodiflorum Brongn. Gnetum urens Blume Hava Blume Huá-assú Brazil, Brazil Gu iana Seed Seed Guttiferae Garcinia cochinchinensis Choisy Mangostâoamarelo Brazil Rheedia acuminate Planch, et Triana Peru Rheedia benthamiana Planch, et Triana Bacuripari selvagem Brazil 95

100 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Rheedia brasilienses Planch, et Triana Bacupari Brazil Rheedia edulis Planch, et Triana Berba Central America, South America Rheedia lateriflora 1. Wild mammey Venezuela Rheedia macrophylla Planch et. Triana Bacupari Brazil Hippocrateaceae Salada campestris Salp. Laranginha do Brazil campo Salada dulcis Benth. Waiateima Brazil Salada polyanthomaniaca Barb. Bochecha de velho Brazil Salada scabra DC. Guiana Salada silvestris Walp. Bacuparis-do-mato Brazil Houmiriaceae Endopleura uchi Cuatr. Uchi, uxi Brazil Hippocratea volubilis L. Fava-de-arara Brazil Seeds Hourimiri balsamifera Pers. Guiana Hourimiri floribunda Mart. Umiri Brazil Saccoglottis cuspidata Urb. Uchi Brazil Saccoglottis guianensis Benth. Vaxiva Brazil, Guiana Saccoglottis uchi Hub. Uchi Brazil Saccoglottis verrucosa Ducke Uchi-coroa Brazil Icacinaceae Poraqueiba paraensis Ducke Marl Brazil Aril Poraqueiba sericea Tul. Mari Brazil Aril 96

101 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Pecan Mexico, U.S.A. Nut Carya mexicana Sarg. Mexico Nut Carya myristiciformis (Michx. f.) Nutt. Nutmeg hickory Mexico, U.S.A. Nut Juglans boliviana (C. DC.) Dode Bolivian black Bolivia Nut walnut Juglans honorei Dode Nogal, tocte Ecuador Nut Juglans jamaicensis DC. West Indies Nut Juglans olanchana Stand, et Will. Lardizabalaceae West Indian walnut Central American walnut Central America Lard izábala biternata Ruiz et Pav. Aquibuquil Chile, Peru Lardizabala triternata Ru 7 pf Pav Chile Lauraceae Bielschmiedia anay Kostern. Escalan Mexico Cryptocarpa alba Looser Peumo Chile Persea leiogyna Baike Florida avocado Florida Persea schiedeana Nees Cayo Costa Rica, Mexico Lecythldaceae Couroupita guianensis Abul. Cannonball tree Brazil, seed Couroupita subsessilis Pi Ig. Brazil Couroupita surinsis Mart. Brazil, Guiana Nut nria.<z hauohtii Knuth Colombia 97

102 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Gustavia meubertii Saccha mango Brazil, Peru Nut Gustavia nana Pitt. Paco Colombia, Nut Panama Gustavia speciosa DC. Chupa Colombia Nut Gustavia superba Berg. Paco Tropical South America Nut Lecythis amapaensis Ledoux Sapucaia do amapa Brazil Nut Lecythis amazonii Mart. Sapucaia Brazil Seed (oil) Lecythis angustifoiia Endl. Sapucaia, mirim Brazil Seed (oil) Lecythis constaricensis Pitt. Cocoboloa Central America Nut Lecythis grandiflora Aubl. Guiana Nut Lecythis lanceolata Poir. Sapucaia branca Guiana, Brazil Seed (oil) Lecythis minor Jacq. Olla de mono Colombia Seed Lecythis ovata Cambess Sapucaia Brazil Seed (oil) Lecythis paraensis Hub. Castanha sapucaia Brazil Nut Lecythis usitata Miers. Castanha sapucaia Brazil Nut Leguminosae Cassia leiandra Benth. Marimari Brazil Seed Coumarouna oleifera Taub. Almendro South America Seed Erythrian edulis Tr. ex Micheli Chachafruto, Brazil, seeds boleú Central America Geoffraea superba Humb. et Bonpl. Almendoa Brazil Seed Inga alba Willd. Inga chichica Brazil Inga cinnamomea Spruce Ingá-acu Brazil Inga f agi folia Willd. Inga curumim Brazil Inga falcistipula Ducke Inga chichica Brazil 98

103 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Inga heterophylla Willd. Inga chichica Brazil Inga ingoides Guamo cafetero Colombia Inga insignis Kunth Guama Ecuador Inga laurina Willd. Guama Tropical Americas Inga leptoloba Schlect. Pepito Mexico Inga macrophylla N.B.K. Ingá-peua Brazil Inga multijuga Benth. Guavitos Colombia Inga spuria Willd. Churimo Colombia Inga thibaudiana DC. Inga chichica Brazil Inga velutina Willd. Ingá-de-fogo Brazil Pachylecythis egleri Ledoux Sapucaia grande Brazil Nut Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Manila tamarind Tropical Americas Aril Pithecellobium hymenaeaefolium Benth. Barba de ángel Colombia Aril Pithecellobium lanceolatum Benth. Buche Colombia Aril Prosopis alba Hieron. Algarrobo blanco Argentina Whole fruit Prosopis agarobilla Griesb. Algarobia Argentina, Whole fruit Brazil Prosopis chilensis Stuntz Mesquite, honeypod Tropical Americas Whole fruit or pulp Prosopis dulcís Kunth Mesquite Puerto Rico Whole fruit or pulp Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Mesquite, North America, Whole fruit or honeypod South America pulp Prosopis juliflora DC. Algarobeira Tropical Americas Prosopis laevigata M. C. Johnst. Mesquite Mexico Prosopis nigra Hiprnn 11 loi wi 1. Brazil Whole fruit or pulp Samanea saman Merr. Rain tree Tropical Americas 99

104 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Uribea tamarindoides Dug. et Rom. Tannarindo de monte Colombia Zollernia Hicifolia Vog. Brazil Malpighiaceae Banisteria crotonifolia A. Juss. Brazil Bunchosia armeniaca Rich. Ciruela verde Peru Bunchosia costaricensis Rose ex Pitt. Cereza Costa Rica Byrsonima amazónica Griesb. Murici vermelho Brazil Byrsonima apicata Rich. Maricao Brazil Byrsonima coriácea DC. Maricao Puerto Rico Byrsonima crispa A. Juss. Murici-da-mata Brazil Byrsonima crysophylla H.B.K. Murici pinima Brazil, Venezuela Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. Gangica Brazil Byrsonima lancifolia Juss. Murici-dacopoeira Brazil Byrsonima locidula Hub. Murici vermelho Brazil Byrsonima sericea DC. Murici Brazil Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich. Murici-rasteiro Brazil Malpighia angustifolia L. Maipighia aquifolia L. Malpighia beteruaba Spreng. West Indies West Indies Guadeloupe Malpighia en i de Spreng. Dominician Republic Malpighia coccitera L. West Indies 100

105 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Malpighia emarginata Moc. et Sessé Malpighia facata Ker Gawl. Malpighia grandiflora Jacq. Malpighia incana Mill. Malpighia macrophylla Willd. Malpighia nitida Crantz Malpighia obovata H.B.K. Malpighia setosa Spreng. Malpighia urens L. Mexico Jamaica Martinique Honduras Brazil Venezuela South Annerica West Indies West Indies Malvaceae Malvaviscas arbóreas Cav. Quesito Colonnbia Melastomataceae Bellacia aabletii Naud. Bellacia axinanthera Triana Bellacia brasilierisis Naud. Bellacia costaricensis Cogn. Ex. Bellacia grossalarioides Bellacia i m perlai i s Said, et Cogn. Missel Manzana de corona Papaturro agrio Manzana de corona Araça de anta Guiana Venezuela Brazil Costa Rica Venezuela Brazil Blakea laarifolia Naud. Guadeloupe endemia hirta D. Don Camasey peludo Colombia Conostegia xalapensis D. Don Capiroto Mexico Henriettea flavescens Triana Guiana 101

106 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Henriettea succosa, DC. Guiana Huilaea macrocarpa (L) Uribe Tuno Colombia Loreya arborescens DC. Guiana Maieta guianensis Aubl. Guiana r Maieta heterophylla DC. Peru Maieta poeppigii Mart. Peru Maieta rubra Bail!. Martinique Miconia albicans Triana Central America, Mexico Miconia desmantha Colombia, ^ r' Venezuela Miconia holosericia Bello Colombia, r* Venezuela Miconia ligustrina Triana Esmeraldo Colombia Miconia prasina DC. Camasey Puerto Rico Mouriria apiranga Spruce ex Triana Apirange Brazil Mouriria domingensis Spach Murta Puerto Rico Mouriria grandiflora DC. Camutin Brazil Mouriria pseudogeminata Pitt. Pauji Venezuela Mouriria pusa Gardn. Silverwood Brazil Myriaspora decipiens Naud. Tuno Colombia Tocota guianensis Aubl. Guiana Meliaceae Cabralea cangerana Said. Cangerana Brazil Gura rea trictiiliodes L. Muskwood Tropical Americas 102

107 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Menispermaceae Chonododendron platyphyssum Miers Jabuticabeira-decipó Brazil Chonododendron tomentosum Ruiz at Pav. Brazil, Peru Monimiaceae Peumus boldus Mol. Boldo Chile, Peru Fruit Moraceae Bagassa guianensis Aubl. Tatajuba Brazil Brosimum potabile Ducke Annapá doce Brazil Brosimum acutifolium Hub. Muirá piranga Brazil Seeds Brosimum caudichaudii Tree. Manninha-decadela Brazil Brosimum costaricanum Liebm. Costa Rica Seeds Brosimum discolor Schott. Muirá pininna Brazil Seeds Brosimum galactodendron D. Don Palo de vaca Central Annerica Sap Broussonetia xantlioxylum Mart. Tayuva Brazil Castilloa uiei Warb. Caucho Brazil Chlorophora tinctoria Gaud Dinde Colonnbia Ficus anthelminthica Mart. Caxinguba Brazil Ficus du Ici aria Dug. Higuerón guayabo Colonnbia Ficus gigantosyce Dug. Higuerón Colombia Ficus glabrata H.B.K. Higo Honduras Ficus involuta Miq. Matapalo Mexico Ficus padifolia H.B.K. Camichón Mexico Ficus paluda Vahl Higuito Colombia Ficus sápida Miq. Higuito Colombia Ficus velutina H.B.K. Oticón Colombia Sap 103

108 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Madura mora Grieseb. Argentina Madura xanthoxilon Endl. Tatajiba Brazil Morus celtidifolia H.B.K. Central America, Mexico Morus multicaulis Perr. Brazil Paratocarpus wood i i Merr. Mexico 1 1 \^ X\ 1 \^ V^ Poulsenia armata Standl. Cocuá Colombia Pourouma acuminata Mart. Imbauba puruma Brazil Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart. Mapati Brazil Pseudolmedia rígida Cuatr. Guaimarillo Northern South America Sahagunia racemifera Hub. Janitá Brazil Sahagunia strepticans Liebm. Brazil Myristocaceae Compsoneura atopa A. C. Smith Josebé Colombia Seed Dialyanathera acuminata Standl. Cuángare Colombia Aril Myrsinaceae Ardisia coricea Sw. Beefwood Jamaica Ardisia escailoniodes Schlect. et Cham. Marlberry Central America, West Indies Ardisia esculenta Pav. South V^ V^ ^gi* ^11 / Amprira \ \^ 1 1 \y ta Ardisia manglillo Duchas. Manglillo Pacific Coast Ardisia guadelupensis Duchas. Guadeloupe 104

109 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Ardisia longistaminea A. C. Smith Capulí Colombia Ardisia revoluta H.B.K. Guastomate Colombia Ardisia sápida Cuatr. Hayuelo Colombia Ardisia semi-crenata Mart. Icacoré-caatinga Brazil Icacorea guianensis Aubl. Icacoré-caatinga Brazil, Florida, West Indies Rapanea ovalifolia Mez. Jómirim Brazil Myrtaceae Abbevillea fenzniar)a Berg. Guabiroba Brazil Britoa sellowiana Berg. Sete casacas Brazil Calyptranthes grandifolia Grieseb. Brasaviva Brazil Calyptranthes obscura DC. Brazil Calyptranthes pallens Grieseb. Tapón blanco Florida, West Indies Campomanesia aromática Grieseb. Guavaberry West Indies Campomanesia caerulea Berg. Guabiroba Brazil Campomanesia corn i folia H.B.K. Palilho Brazil Campomanesia guaviroba Benth. et Hook. f. Guabiroba Brazil Campomanesia 1 i neat i folia Ruiz et Pav. Michinche Peru Eugenia acapulcensis Steud. Capulín Mexico Eugenia aeruginea DC. Guasábara Puerto Rico Eugenia arrabidae Berg. Uvaia Brazil Eugenia biflora Krug et Urb. Pitangueira Puerto Rico 105

110 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Eugenia cabelludo Kiaersk Eugenia capuli Berg. Eugenia Eugenia Berg. Eugenia Standl. Eugenia Eugenia DC. Eugenia Eugenia Eugenia Kiaersk Eugenia Willd. catinga BaiII. caul i flora conzattii crenata Veil. dichotoma distycha DC. dulcis Berg. eggersii fragrans Eugenia guabiju Berg. Eugenia haennatocarpa Alasin Eugenia inocarpa DC. Eugenia itacolumensis Berg. Eugenia ligustrina Willd. Eugenia longipes Berg. Eugenia myrobalana DC. Eugenia nhanica Cambess Eugenia obtongifolia Sagot Eugenia origanoides Berg. Eugenia pisiformis Cambess Eugenia procera Poir. Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. Eugenia pumila Gardn. Eugenia selloi Berg. Eugenia stipitatata McVaugh Cabelluda Capulín Cambuhy Wild coffee Guasábara Zebra wool, guayabillo Guabiju Uvillo Palo de nnuleta Guabirobeira Vara real Capuli'n Ironwood Pitanga tuba Aracá-boi Brazil Central Annerica, Mexico Guiana Brazil Mexico Brazil West Indies West Indies Brazil Puerto Rico Mexico, West Indies Brazil Puerto Rico Brazil Brazil Puerto Rico Florida Brazil Brazil Colombia Mexico Brazil Tropical Americas Martinique Brazil, Guiana Brazil Brazi Eugenia supraaxillaris Spreng. Tala Brazil 106

111 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Eugenia tomentosa Cambess. Cabelluda Brazil Eugenia umbelluiifera Krug et Urb. Ciruelas South America, West Indies Marliera edulis Ndz. Cambucazeiro Brazil Marliera giomerata Berg. Cambucá Brazil, Guiana Myrcia sphaeocarpa DC. Cambuizeiro Brazil Mrycia splendens DC. Hoja menuda Puerto Rico My r ci aria dubia McVaugh Guayabo Colombia, Venezuela Myrciaria floribunda Berg. West Indies Myrciaria linearifolia Berg. Cambuizeiro Brazil Myrciaria piicatocostata Berg. Cambucá Brazil Myrciaria tenelia Berg. Cambuizeiro preto Brazil Myrciaria truncifiora Berg. Brazil Myrtus alba Piso Cambui' amarelo Brazil Myrtus arayan H.B.K. Peru Myrtus cisplatensis Muell. Brazil Myrtus edulis Muell. Arrayán Uruguay Myrtus foliosa H.B.K. Arrayán Tropical Americas Myrtus incana Berg. Brazil Myrtus mucronata Camhp<^s vy k./v^ O O. Brazil Myrtus rubra Piso Cambuizeiro Brazil verdadero Paivaea langsdorffii Berg. Cambucizeiro Brazil Psidium acutangulum Mart. Aracá pomba Brazil Psidium albidum Cambes Aracazeiro branco Brazil Psidium aromaticum Aubl. Brazil Psidium cinereum Mart. Brazil 107

112 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Psidium fluviatile Rich. Psidium grandifolium Mart. Psidium humiie Veil. Psidium incarnescens Sw. Psidium littorale Raddi Araça do praia Where found Guiana Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Part used Psidium molle Bertol. Psidium multiflorum Cambess Psidium oerstedeanum Berg. Psidium sartorianum Niedz. Psidium sylvestre Stenocalyx suleatus Berg. Olacaceae Guisaro Guabiroba das gérais Arrayán Pichiché Araça piranga Pitanga Central Annerica, Mexico Brazil Central America Mexico Brazil Brazil Ximenia coriácea Engler Ameixeira brava Brazil Onagraceae Fuchsia corymbifolia Ruiz et Pav. Fuchsia dent i culata Ruiz et Pav. Fuchsia fulgens Moc. et Sessé Fuchsia magellanica Lam. Fuchsia racemosa Lam. Fuchsia splendens Zuce. Fuchsia Peru Peru Guatemala, Mexico Tropical Americas Tropical Americas Mexico Opiliaceae Ave ledo a nuciferum Pitt. Venezuela Nut 108

113 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Palmae Acanthorrhiza aculeata H. Wendl. Mexico, Trinidad Juice (wine) Acrocomia lasiospatha Mart. Mucujá Brazil, West Indies Acrocomia media Cook. Corozo Puerto Rico Seed Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Palmito de coyol Central America,, seed Mexico (oil) Acrocomia sclerocarpa Mart. Grugru, mucajá South America,, seed West Indies Acrocomia totai Mart. Totai Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay (oil) Seed (oil) Acrocomia vinifera Oerst. Coyol Central America Aiphanes acanthophylla Burret Coyor Puerto Rico, seed Aiphanes caryotifolia Wendl. Chascara Colombia, seed Aiphanes minima Burret Coyor Central America, South America, seed Astrocaryum acuale Mart. Palnneira lú Brazil, Guiana Astrocaryum ayiri Mart. In Brazil Seed (oil) Astrocaryum jauary Mart. Jauary Brazil Seed (oil) Astrocaryum macrocarpum Hub. Palmeira-tucumáassi Brazil Astrocaryum mubaca Mart. Mumbaca Brazil Seeds Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. Murú murú Brazil, seed (oil) Astrocaryum princepa Barb. Tucumá-assu Brazil 109

114 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Astrocaryum standleyanum Bailey Astrocaryum tucuma Mart. Astrocaryum vulgäre Mart. Tucuma Cumari Honduras Brazil Brazil, seed (oil), seed (oil) Attalea cohune Mart. Attalea compacta Mart. Attalea excelsa Mart. Attalea funifera Mart. Attalea h um 11 is Mart. Attalea princeps Mart. Attalea speciosa Mart. Attalea spectabilis Mart. Attalea ubérrima Dug Cohune palm Pindoba Urucury Coquille Indaya Naya Babassú Guruá Taparo Central America Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Colombia, seed (oil) Seed (oil) Seed (oil) Seed (oil) Seed (oil) Seed (oil) Seed (oil) Seed (oil) Nut Bactris arundinacea Trail Bactris major Jacq. Bactris m a raj a Mart. Bactris minor Jacq. Palmeria lú-i Peach palm Marajah palm Coyolito Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil, Colombia, seed (oil) Figure 38. Astrocaryum standleyanum, one of many marginally edible palm fruits. 110

115 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Bactris pi ranga Trail Bactris setosa Mart. Bactris subglobosa H. Wendl. Palmeira marajapiranga Tucum Brazil Brazil El Salvador, seed (oil) Brahea dulcis Mart. Brahea salvadorensis H. Wendl. Raima dulce Mexico Central America (oil) Butia eriospatha Becc. Brazil Butia yatay Becc. Coqueiro-yatay Brazil, Uruguay Seeds Chamaedorea elegans Mart. Central America, Mexico Fruits Cocos schizophylla Barb. Cocos vagans Bondar Aricuri Ariri Brazil Brazil Seed (oil) Copernicia cerifera Mart. Carnaubeira Brazil Seed Desmoncus macroacanthos Mart. Desmoncus prunifera Poepp. Jacitara Jacitara tipiti Brazil Peru Dictyocaryum schultzei Burret Palma real Colombia Endocarp Diplothenium campestre Mart. Diplothenium maritimum Mart. Brazil Brazil Elaeis melanococca Gaertn. Caiaué Brazil Seed (oil) Erythea arm ata S. Wats. Erythea edulis S. Wats. Mexican blue palm Guadeloupe palm Mexico Mexico Euterpe badiocarpa Barb. Euterpe contreversa Barb. Açai-pardo Açai-caatinga Brazil Brazil (wine) 111

116 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Guilielma insignis Mart. Chonta Northern South America Jessenia bataua Burrett Jessenia polycarpa Karst Seje, patauá Brazil Brazil (oil) Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace Leopoldinia puichera Mart. Pissava lara Brazil Brazil (oil) (starch) Manicaria saccifera Gaertn. Temiche Central America, South America Seed (oil) Mauritia aculeata H.B.K. Mauritia armata Mart. Mauritia huberi Burrett Mauritia m art i ana Spr. Caraná-i Buritirana Caraná-grande Caraná Brazil Brazil Brazil Tropical South America Maximiliana inajay Spr. Maximiliana maripa Drule. Maximiliana regia Mart. Inajaî Maripá Inajá Brazil Brazil, Guiana Brazil Seeds (oil) Seeds (oil) Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Oenocarpus d i stich us Mart. Oenocarpus minor Mart. Oenocarpus multicaulis Spr. Bacaba Batauá Bacaba Becabinha Bacaba Brazil, Guiana, Brazil Brazil, Uruguay Brazil Brazil, Peru (oil) (beverage) (beverage) (beverage) Orbignya guacuyule Hernandez X. Coquito de aceite Mexico (oil) 112

117 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Orbignya speciosa Barb. Orbignya SfDectabilis Burret Common Babaçu Carua Where found Brazil Northern South America Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz et Pav. Ivory nut Tropical South America Part used Young fruit Pyrenoglyphis maraja Burret Maraja Brazil Raphia taedigera Mart. Jupaty Brazil Rhyticocos amara Becc. Coco nain Lesser Antilles (beverage) Roystonea borinquena Cook Royal palnn Puerto Rico Sabal paimetto Lodd. ex Schult, f. Cabbage palnnetto U.S.A., West Indies Scheelea iiebmannii Becca. Coyol real Trithrinax brasiliensis Mart. Mexico Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay (oil) Washingtonia sonorae S. Wats. Palma branca Mexico Passifloraceae Passifiora alata Ait. Passiflora amethystina Karst Passiflora cearensis Barb. Passiflora ci nein nata Mart. Passiflora coccínea Aubl. Passiflora foetida L. Maracujá grande Maracujá de serra Peora Maracujá-mochila Guacú Parchita de montana Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Tropical Americas 113

118 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Passiflora incarnata L. Passiflora laurifolia L. Maypop, Maracujazeiro vermelho Yellow granadilla, nnaracujá Brazil Brazil Passiflora manicata Juss. Parcho Andes Passiflora membranaceae Benth. Granadilla beilisinna Andes Passiflora mucronata L. Maracujá Brazil, Venezuela Passiflora nitida H.B.K. Maracujá-de- Brazil, rato Venezuela Passiflora organensis Gardn. Nensi Brazil Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. Galupa Chile, Passiflora platyloba Kíllíp Passiflora popenovii Killip Monesa granadilla Grandilla de quijos, chisiqui Colombia Central America Ecuador Passiflora psilantfia Killip Gullan Ecuador Passiflora riparia Mart. Maracujá Brazil Passiflora rubra L. Passiflora serrata L. Maracujazeiro suspiro Maracujazeiro-donnato Brazil Brazil Passiflora schlimiana Tr. et PI. Curuba Colombia, Venezuela Passiflora tripartita Poir. Tasco Ecuador Passiflora villosa Mart. Nuxilla Brazil Passiflora vitifolia H.B.K. Chulupo Colombia 114

119 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used PInaceae Pinus cembroides Zunn. Piñón Mexico, U.S.A. Seeds Pinus nelsonii Shaw Mexico Seeds Polygalaceae Moutabea aculeata Poepp. et Endl. Caimito do monte Tropical Americas Moutabea angustifolia Hub. Gogo de guariba Brazil Moutabea chodatiana Hub. Gogo de guariba Brazil Polygonaceae Coccoloba caracasana Meissn. Central America Coccoloba divers i fol i a Jacq. Pigeon plum Florida, West Indies Coccoloba obovata H.B.K. Uvillo Pantropics Coccoloba pichuna Hub. Pixuna Brazil Coccoloba venosa L. Calambrena Puerto Rico Quiinaceae Lacunaria grandiflora Ducke Moela de mutum Brazil Lacunaria enmani Ducke Moela de mutum Brazil, Guiana Rliamnaceae Condalia mexicana Schlect \J\J ^ v./1. Mexico W- 1 f-r Reynosia septentrionalis Urb. Guamaberry, Florida, darling plum West Indies Reynosia uncinata Urb. Cascarola Puerto Rico Ziziphus angolito Stand. Angolito Colombia Ziziphus endlichii Loes Mexico 115

120 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. Joazeiro Brazil Ziziphus misto! Griesb. Argentine jujube Argentina Rosaceae Crataegus pubescens Steud. Crataegus stipulosa Steud. Manzanilla Manzanilla Guatemala, Mexico Guatemala to Ecuador Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. Heteromeles ferruginea Benth. Christnnas berry Cerote Mexico, U.S.A. Colombia Licania incana Aubl. Licania Brazil Prunus occidentalis Sw. Prunus serótina Ehrh. West Indian cherry laurel Ceresa West Indies, seeds Tropical Americas Rubus adenotrichos Schlecht. Rubus bogotensis H.B.K. Rubus brasiliensis Mart. Rubus constaricanus Liebnn. Mora Mora Ecuador, Mexico Colombia Brazil Costa Rica Rubus geoides J. Snn. ex Hook. Rubus hondurensis Bail!. Rubus nubigenus H.B.K. Rubus porphyromallus Focke Rubus roseus Poir. Rubus urticaefolius Poir. Minemine Zarzannora Mora Mora Mora de rocota Mora Chile Honduras Colombia Colombia Ecuador, Peru Ecuador, Peru, Brazil 116

121 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where found Part used Rubiaceae Alibertia hexagina Karst Alibertia melloana Hook. f. Alibertia sessilis Schum. Pera Madroño Marmelinho do campo Colombia Southern Brazil Brazil Amajova edulis Baill. Amajova guianensis Aubl. Boiabeira prêta Amaina Brazil Brazil, Guiana Duranta macrophylla Hub. Duranta plumieri Jacq. Puruhi grande Brazil Brazil, West Indies Du roi a s ace i fera Hook. f. Cabeca-de-uruba Brazil Gardenia brasiliensis Spreng. Gardenia suaveolens Veil. Bacupari-açu Brazil Brazil Guet tard a speciosa L. Guettarda uruguensis Cham, et Schlecht. Angelica Velvet seed Brazil Brazil, Uruguay Hamelia patens Jacq. Scarlet bush, bálsamo Puerto Rico, Martinique Pentagonia brachyotis Standl. Pentagonia macrophylla Benth. Murciélago Murciélago Colombia Central America, Colombia Posoqueria acutifolia Mart. Posoqueria latifolia Roem. et. Schult. Bacupari-mirim Jazmin de monte Brazil Brazil Aril Randia aculeata L. Cruceto, cambrón Antilles, Central America, America South 117

122 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where found Part used Thieleodoxa sorbilis Ducke Thieleodoxa stipularis Ducke Thieleodoxa vertid I lata Ducke Puruhi grande Brazil Brazil Brazil Tocoyena formosa K. Schum. Genlpapo do campo Brazil Santalaceae Acanthosyris falcata Griseb. Acanthosyris spinescens Griseb. Sombra de touro Sapindaceae Bolivia, Paraguay Brazil l\/leliococca lepidopetala Radlk. Central America, West Indies Paullinia cupanà H.B.K. Guaraná Brazil Paullinia macrophylla H.B.K. Bejuco prieto Colombia Aril Paullinia subrotundata Pers. Peru Seeds, ari Schmidelia edulis St. Hil. Fructa de parao Brazil Talisia escalenta Radlk. Pitomba Brazil Talisia hexamphylla Vahl. Mamón cutuplis Venezuela Sapotaceae Bumelia altamiranoi Rose et Standl. Mexico Bumelia laetevirens Hemsl. Tempixtle Mexico Latex Bumelia sartorum Mart. Quixaberia Brazil Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. West Indies 118

123 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Chrysophyllum auratum Miq. Níspero-caimito Colombia Chrysophyllum bicolor Poir. Caimillo Puerto Rico Chrysophyllum excelsum Hub. Sorva do Peru Brazil Chrysophyllum macoucow Aubl. Guiana Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brand, ex Standl. Caimito, cimarrón Colombia, Peru Chrysophyllum microcarpum Swantz West Indies Chrysophyllum monopyrenum Swartz Satin leaf Tropical Americas Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. Satin leaf Florida, West Indies Glycoxylon huberi Ducke Pao doce Brazil Glycoxylon inophyllum Ducke Pao doce Brazil Glycoxylon pedicellatum Ducke Ajará-y Brazil Labourdonnaisia albescens Benth. Almique Cuba Lúcuma arguacoensium Karst Lúcuma dissepela Ducke Lúcuma lasiocarpa Mart. Lúcuma laurifolia DC. Lúcuma multiflora A. DC. Lúcuma palmer! Fern. Lúcuma paraensis Standl. Lúcuma parviflora Benth. Lúcuma procera Mart. Nawe, manzano Ablurana grande Abîurana Guapeba Jácana Mexican sapodilla, huicon Abiu Muira-pixi Macarandiba Colombia Brazil Brazil Brazil Puerto Rico Mexico Brazil Brazil Brazil Lúcuma rivicola Gaertn. Cutitiribá, egg fruit Brazil 119

124 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Lúcuma serpentaria H.B.K. Cuba Lúcuma speciosa Ducke Pajurá Brazil / uruma torta DC Brazil ^Li \.f Li 111 o I \y 1 Id 1-/ >-/ Lúcuma valparadisea A. DC. Palo colorado Chile Manilkara balta Dub Brazil, Guiana Manilkara bidentata Dub. Ausubo Puerto Rico Manilkara coriácea Miq. Abricoteiro-donnato Brazil Manilkara huberi Stand. Maçaranduba Brazil Manilkara sieberi Dub L^KJVJ. Mimusops elata Fr Alemao Maçaranduba vermeiha West Indies, Florida Brazil Mimusops excelsa Ducke Maçaranduba Brazil Latex Mimusops huberi Ducke True nnaçaranduba Brazil Mimusops triflora F. Allem. Maçaranduba Brazil Ocythece fabrilis Pierre West Indies (drink) Pou ter i a carabobensis Pitt. Chupón torito Venezuela Pouteria macrocarpa Baehni Cutite-grande Brazil Pouteria macrophylla Eyma Cutite Brazil Pouteria pariry Baehi Pariri Brazil Pouteria speciosa Baehni Pajurá-de-obidos Brazil Pouteria su avis Hemsl. Uruguay Pouteria tovarencis Engler Níspero de nnonte Venezuela Pouteria ucuqui Pires et Schultes Ucuqui Colonnbia Sideroxylon amigdalicarpum Pitt. Chupón colorado Venezuela 120

125 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Sideroxylon capiri Pitt. Zapote de ave Sideroxylon Mexico foetidissimum Jacq. Mastic West Indies Sideroxylon rugosum Roem. et Schult. Mecieira de boi Brazil Vitellaria multiflora A. DC. Zapatillo Colombia Saxifragaceae Gumillea auriculata Ruiz et Pav. Peru Seeds (coffee substitute) Simarubaceae Simaruba glauca Sw. Paradise tree Florida, South America, Mexico, West Indies Solanaceae Acnistus arborescens Schlect. Palo de gallina Colombia Cyphomandra crassifolia Macbr. Tomate silveste South America Cyphomandra hartwegi Sendt. Cyndra Argentina, Chile Cyphomandra heterophylla Taub. Pepinillo Colombia Cyphomandra naranjilla Pitt. Naranjilla Colombia Physalis angulata L. Camapu Brazil Physalis peruviana L. Uchuva South America Physalis pubescens L. Camapu Brazil Solandra grandiflora Sweet Trumpet flower, Jamaica, gusaticha Venezuela Solanum agrarium Sendt. Brazil Solanum asarifolium Kth et Bcke Bolivia Solanum caripense Humb. et Bonpl. Frijolitos South America 121

126 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Solanum georgicum R. E. Schultes Tonto-rande Colombia Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz et Pav. Fructa de lobo Brazil, Peru Solanum hirtum Vahl Colombia, Trinidad Solanum hirsutissimum Naranjillo Costa Rica to Standl. Ecuador Solanum liximltante R. E. Schultes Coconilla Ecuador, Peru Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade Tropical Americas Solanum piloferum Benth. Mexico Solanum platyphyllum Humb. et BonpL' Lulo Amazon and Orinoco River area Solanum pseudolulo Heiser Colombia Solanum scabrum Vahl Arana gato Antilles, Central America, South America Solanum sessillflorum Dun. Cubio, cubil Brazil (Amazon and Para River areas) Solanum sisymbrlfolium Lam. Guinda South America Solanum stramonlifolium Jacq. Jua Andes Solanum tequilense A. Gray Central America, Mexico Solanum vestissimum Dunal Colombia, Venezula Solanum torvum Swartz Wild eggplant Tropical Americas Green pulp Sterculiaceae Guazuma tomentosa H.B.K. Bastard cedar Tropical Americas Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. West Indian South America, guácima West Indies Sterculia apétala Karst Capera Panama Seed Sterculia chicha St. Hil. Castanha do para Brazil Seed 122

127 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Theobroma albiflora Goud. Cacao montaras Colombia Seed Theobroma bicolor H.B.K. Cacao, perúcocoa Amazonia, Central America, Peru Seed Theobroma grandiflorum K. Schum. Cupuassú Amazonia Seed, Theobroma mariae Schum. Cacaoti Brazil Seed Theobroma martiana Dietr. Brazil Seeds Theobroma microçarpa Mart. Cacao-rana Brazil Seeds Theobroma obovatum Bern. Cabeça de drunú Brazil Theobroma pentágona Bern. Cacao lagarto Central America Seeds Theobroma purpureum Pitt. Cacao de mico Central America Seeds Theobroma speciosa Willd. Cacao do mono Brazil Seeds Theobroma spruceanum Bern. Cacao azul Brazil, seed Theobroma stipulatum Cuatr. Chocolate Colombia Theobroma subincanum Mart. Symplocaceae Cupuahy, cacaorana Amazonia Seeds Symplocos serrulata Hunnb. et Bonpl. Azajar Colombia Taxaceae Podocarpus andina Poepp. Lieuque Chile Podocarpus macrostachyus Pari. Pinete Colombia, Ecuador Theophrastaceae Jaquinia caracasana H.B.K. Venezuela Tiliaceae Sloanea dentata L. Urucurana Brazil, Guiana 123

128 Chapter 4 Scientific Common Where Part found used Ulmaceae Celtis glycicarpa Mart. Grao de gallo Brazil Celtis iguanaea Sarg. Uña de gato Colombia Celtis tala Gill. Mexico Phyllostylon rhamnoides Taub. Sabanaemico Colombia Nut Vacciniaceae Vaccinium meridionals Sw. Agraz Colombia Verbenaceae Callicarpa americana L. French mulberry U.S.A., West Indies Citharexylum fruticosum L. Florida, fiddle- Florida, West wood, péndula Indies Lantana cámara L. Mountain sage Tropical Americas Lantana trifolia L. Wild sage Tropical Americas Wiex capitata Vahl Aceituno Colombia, Venezuela y/fex cymosa Hub. Aceituno Brazil Vitex ducke i Hub Brazil 1 V-I I ^ Vitex flavens H.B.K. Turumá turia Brazil, Peru Vitex gigantea H.B.K. Pechichi Ecuador Wrex mo///s H.B.K. Uvalama Mexico Vitex adora ta Humb. Turumá cheiroso Brazil Vitex orinocensis H.B.K. Guarataro Brazil, Venezuela Vitex triflora Hub. Brazil, Guiana Violaceae Gloeospermum sphaexocarpum Tr. et PI. Pepito Peru Leonia triandra Cuatr. Yema de huevo Brazil, Peru 124

129 Minor Fruits of the Americas Scientific Common Where Part found used Vitidaceae Vitis caribaea DC. Uva silvestre Central America, Mexico, West Indies Vit is sicyoides Miq. Tropical Annericas Vochysiaceae Er ism a caí car at urn Warna Jabuti Brazil Erisma apura Spruce Japura Brazil 125

130 5. Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Acanthaceae Barleria bornuensis S. Moore Jatibolohi Northern Cameroon Agavaceae Dracaena afromontana Ikenke Dracaena butayei Diaria mbula Dracaena capitulifera Bodelo Dracaena dundusanensis Lubete Dracaena fragans Ipepe Dracaena hookeriana Bastard apple, southern Africa Dracaena laurentii Kwikwi Dracaena poggei Lilandala Dracaena reflexa var. nitens Ebiannba Dracaena rubro- aurantiaca Lile Dracaena thalioides Gungowa Dracaena vanderysti Honda Anacardiacaea Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre West Africa V- f^ Antrocaryon micraster A. Chev. et Guillaum. Tropical Africa, seed Antrocaryon nannanii De. Wild. Seed Glycycarpus racemosus Dalz. Amberee Tropical Africa Haematostaphis barter'! Hook. f. Blood plunn West Africa Lannea alata Engler Wa'anreh East Africa Lannea discolor Engler Live-long East and southern Africa Lannea edulis Engler Wild grape Southern Africa Lannea fulva Engler Malawi Lannea kirkii Burtt- Davy Tree grape Southern and east Africa 126

131 Scientific Common Where Part found used Lannea stuhlmannii Engler Mango, mvure Malawi Lannea velutina A. Rich. Sambitouliga Upper Volta, Lannea welwitschii Engler Kumbi Ozoroa ret culata R. et A. Fernandez East Africa Pi era lima el Hot i i Stapf West W W ^te^ Vi^ V Africa /»III \^ VA Rhus albida Schousb. Hawthorn Southern and west Africa Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss Garri East Africa Rhus tenuinervis Engler Southern Africa Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande Dmah West Africa Rhus vulgaris Meikle Muthigio East Africa Sclerocarya schweinfurthiana Schinz Mungongo Angola Sorindeia grandifolia Engler. Sierra Leone Sorindeia uglandifolia Planch. ex Oliv. Damson West Africa Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. Grape mango Madagascar Sorindeia warneckei Engler Tropical Africa Trichoscypha acuminata Engler Dole, Angola Trichoscypha arbórea A. Chev. West Africa Trichoscypha ferruginea Engler West Africa Trichoscypha longifolia Engler West Africa Trichoscypha reygaertii De. Wild. 127

132 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Anisophylleaceae Anisophyllea fruticulosa Engler et Gilg. Mufungo Zambia Anisophyllea laurina R. BR. ex Sabine Monkey apple Tropical Africa Anisophyllea poggei Engler Prune du Kasai Annonaceae Annona arenaria Thonn. Bagra, lolo Annona cuneata R. E. Fries var.glabrescens Robyns et Gherq. Elolo Annona glabra L. Pond apple, nnonkey apple West Africa Annona stenophylla Engler et Diels ssp. nana Robson Anonidium mannii Engler et Diels Mongongwe Equatorial Africa Artabotrys boonei Aganboli Artabotrys likimensis Kakannbo Artabotrys malchairi Entsala Artabotrys species Mukukuma Madagascar, east Africa Artabotrys thomsonii Longuro Cleistopholis bequaerti Musoka Cleistopholis glauca Ominga Cleistopholis grandiflora Montóle Cleistopholis patens Engler Bontolei Cleistopholis pynaertii Bontole Cleistopholis verschuereni Bontole Enneastemon foliosus Robyns et Gherq. Equatorial Africa 128

133 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Enneastemon schweinfurthii Robyns et Gherq. Enneastemon sereti Enneastemon vogelii Keay Nangdjangu Central Africa West Africa Hexalobus crispiflorus A. Rich. Hexalobus monopetalus Engler et Diels Keyiowo, mosome, ilumbe Mukundu Central Africa, Equatorial and Southern Africa, nut Popow!a caffra Popowia congensis Engler Popowia obovata Engler et DIels Popowia pynaerti Dwaba berry Pome Southern Africa Southern Nigeria East Africa Uvaria afzelii SC. Elliot Uvaria cabrae De Wild. Uvaria cliamae Beauv. Uvaria doeringii Diels Uvaria leptocladon Oliv. Uvaria ovata A. DC. Uvaria scabidra Mundembo Bush banana Kuatiliu West Africa Sierra Leone West Africa Kenya West Africa (aril) Apocynaceae Acokanthera longiflora Stapf Kenya Ancylobothrys amoena Hua Ancylobothrys pyriformis Pierre Ancylobothrys scandens Pichón Bulempe Tanzania, Sudan West Africa (beverage) Anthoclitandra robustior Pichón Azanza garckeana Exell et Hillcoat Quarters, snotapple Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe 129

134 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Carissa bispinosa Desf. ex Brenan Num-num Carissa ferox DC. Carissa haematocarpa Carpodinus gracilis Stapf Carpodinus vertid fata De Wild. et E. Laurent Amatungulu Clitandra arnoldiana De Wild. Ciitandra cirrhosa Radlk. Oban rubber Conopharyngia elegans Stapf Kakope, toad tree Dictyophleba leonensis Pichón Hunteria el Hot i i Pichón Jasminochyla ugandensis Pichón Nandi rubber vine Where found Southern Africa, Kenya Southern Africa Southern Africa, Kenya Southern Africa Tropical Africa West Africa Zambia West Africa Sierra Leone East Africa Part used Landoiphia calabarica E. A. Bruce Landoiphia capensis Oliv. Wild apricot Landolpliia droogmansiana De Wild. Landoiphia dubreucquiana De Wild. Landoiphia duicis Pichón Landoiphia gentiiii De Wild. Lisuki Landoiphia heudeiotii DC. Guinea gunnvine Landoiphia hirsuta Pichón Landoiphia humiiis K. Schum. Sierre Leone Southern Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Senegal, tropical Africa Tropical Africa (beverage) 130

135 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Landolphia kirkii Dyer Landolphia lanceolata Pichón Landolphia landolphioides A. Chev. Landolphia macrantha Pichón Landolphia owariensis Beauv. Landolphia parvifolia K. Schum. Landolphia petersiana This.-Dyer Landolphia thollonii Dewevre Coast rubber vine White rubber vine, white ball rubber Londi-londi Malawi, southern Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Malawi East Africa (beverage) Roupellia grata Wall, et Hook. f. Creann fruit Tropical Africa Saba florida Bullock Saba senegalensis Pichón Chiwo Saba, Sudan, west Africa Tropical Africa Thespesia dan is Oliv. Danisa Kenya Araliaceae Cussonia angolensis Cussonia arbórea Cussonia brieyi Cussonia corbisieri Cussonia delovoyi Cussonia holstii Cussonia kirkii Seem Cussonia natalensis Cussonia pan icu lata Cussonia spicata Thunb. Cussonia thyrsiflora Cussonia umbellifera Lombilla Dikasa ya tambu Loka-loka Dikasa-diatembo Kitompo Muamve Cabbage tree Cabbage tree Unnbrella tree Cabbage tree, kipersol Kipersol Cabbage tree Malawi Southern Africa Southern Africa Malawi, southern Africa Southern Africa Pentadiplandra brazzeana Bai

136 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Asclepiadaceae Leptadenia pyrotechnica DC. Asabai Niger Sarcostemma viminale R. Br. Creeper East and southern Africa Balanitaceae Balan i tes aegyptiaca Del. Desert date Senegal, Sudan, (dried) Uganda Balanites glabra Mildr. et Schlecht. OIngaswa Kenya Balanites maughamii Sprague Torch fruit tree Southern Africa Nut Balanites quarrel Wabagana Nut Balanites wilsoniana Dawe et Sprague Uganda, Nut Berberidaceae Berberís holst!i Engler East Africa Bignoniaceae Colea mauritiana Boj. Sofint sohy Madagascar Colea tel f ai rea Boj. Voansakalava Madagascar Phyllarthorn bojerianum DC. Zahana Madagascar Phylloctenium decaryanum H. Perr. Balmy fruit Madagascar Bombacaceae Adansonia madagascariensis Baíll. Madagascar baobab, Zaha Madagascar Pochota glabra Bullock Pachira nut West Africa, Nut 132

137 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Brexiaceae Brexia madagascariensis Thouars ex Ker Gawl. Tanzania Burseraceae Commiphora africana Engler Mbambara East and southern Africa Commiphora caraifolia Cork tree Southern Africa Commipliora liarveyi Cork tree Southern Africa Commiphora peduncuiata Engler Hill mango West Africa Dacryodes buettneri Lam. Gabon «^ Dacryodes edulis H. J. Lam. Eben tree West Africa Dacryodes klaineana H. J. Lam. Damson Sierre Leone Protium macgregorii Leehn. Kaibas East Africa * Santiria trimera Aubrév. Balsamier West Africa Cactaceae Opuntia di lien i i Haw. Prickly pear Madagascar Opuntia megacantha Salm-Dyck Mispel Southern Africa Opuntia stricta Haw. Figuier de barbarie, Madagascar prickly pear Opuntia tuna Mill. Tuna, prickly pear Senegal Opuntia vuigaris MIN. Cochineal fig Southern Africa Canellaceae Warburgia ugandensis Sprague Capparidacea East Africa 1 W«1 ^ Boscia albitrunca Gilg. et Bened Emigrants' tree Southern Africa Boscia an gust i foi i a A Rich West Africa Boscia senegalensis Lam. ex Poir. Kursan Tropical Africa 133

138 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Capparis citrifolia Capers Southern Africa Capparis corymbosa Lam. Mordo Tropical Africa Capparis fascicularis DC. Northern Cameroon Capparis hypericoides Southern Africa Capparis zeheri Wait-a-bit Southern Africa Courbonia edulis G i Ig et Bened. Courbonia glauca Gilg et Bened. Courbonia virgata A. Tanzania, east Africa East Africa Brongn. Kurdan Sudan Crateva adansonii DC, Congo, Sudan Euadenia eminens Hook. f. Sierra Leone Maerua angolensis DC. Knob bean, Southern Africa, jabsabsa Maerua angustifolia Snake egg bush Southern Africa, Maerua aprevalina Esembe Maerua cabra White bushwood Southern Africa Maeru crassifolia Forsk. Eb nennbe Mauritania Maerua denliardtiorum Gilg Kukupe Kenya Maerua júncea Kasakala Maerua oblongifolia A. Rieh. Sudan PulD Celastraceae Cassine burl<eana Cassine capensis Cassine croceae Cassine eucleaeformis Cassine l<raussiana Cassine maurocenia L. Cassine papulosa Cassine schlechter i Davison Red pear Hottentot cherry Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Mozambique 134

139 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Cassine spliaeropfiyila Cassine tetragona Maytenus acuminata Maytenus cymosa Maytenus peduncularis Maytenus polyacanttia Maytenus senegalensis Exell Maytenus tenuispina Maytenus undata Cape cherry Dry liver Silky bark Walt-a-bit Blackwood Volfa Koko tree Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Botawana, southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Mystroxylon aethiopicum Loes. Mystroxylon kuba Eckl. at Zeyh. Spoon wood Kubu Uganda, southern Africa Southern Africa Pachystigma bowkeri Robyns Southern Africa Salada caillei A. Chev. Salada demeusei Salada den tata Baker Salada erecta Wal p. Salada lomensis Loes. Salada nítida N. E. Br. Salada pyriformis Steud. Salada rehmannii Schinz et DC. Salada senegalensis DC. Salada stuhlmanniana Loes. Salada togoica Loes. Seka Tsimatra Tontel Wild orange, malombo Tropical Africa Madagascar Tropical Africa West Africa West Africa Sierra Leone Southern Africa, Sierra Leone, West Africa Tanzania Togo, west Africa Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanus ellipticus Soland. ex Sabine Odora pear West Africa 135

140 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Chrysobalanus orbicularis Schum. et Thonn. Mafuli, seed Grangeria madagascariensis 0. Hoffmg. Morasira Madagascar Hirtella zanzibarica Oliv. East Africa Magnistipula bangweolensis Grah. Tanzania Parinari benna SO. Elliot Tropical Africa Parinari bequartii Mukuwe Parinari congensis F. Didr. Mampombo Parinari curatellifolia Planch. Cork or hissing Equatorial and Nut tree, mobola southern Africa plum, imbombo Parinari emirnensis Baker Vandevenona Madagascar Parinari excelsa Sabine Parinari glabra Oliv. Parinari latifolia Exell Parinari macrophylla Sabine Rough-skinned plum, grey or Guinea plum, busumbi Tropical Africa, nut Nut Sand apple Southern Africa Cayor apple, gingerbread plum Senegal Parinari mobola Oliv. Mabo, sand apple, southern Africa Parinari pumila Mildbr. Combretaceae Pommier du cayor, parinarium Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. Tarrafe Bissago Nut Strephonema pseudocola A. Chev. Awuruku West Africa Nut Terminalia párvula Pampan Megag Somalia Nut Nut, pulp Nut Nut 136

141 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Connaraceae Cnestis ferruginea DC. Nkualisende Cnestis iomalla Bankala Cnestis nataiensis Wild peach Southern Africa Cnestis sapinii De Wild. Cnestis setosa Bankaka Cnestis urens Biesende Rourea piatysepaia Baker Voampika Madagascar Santaioides gudjuanum Schellenb. West Africa Cycadaceae Cycas thouarsii Gaudich. Fatra Madagascar Nut Encephaiartos altensteinii Lehm. Bread tree Equatorial and southern Africa Encephaiartos caffer Miq. Bushman bread Southern Africa Encephaiartos cycadifolius Kaffir bread tree Southern Africa Encephaiartos eugene-maraisii Wild date Southern Africa Encephaiartos ferox Bread palm Southern Africa Encephaiartos horridus Kaffier bread Southern Africa Encephaiartos Id lafifrnns nil vy» /o Southern Africa Encephaiartos lehmannii I^IIIIIXAllllll Southern Africa Encephaiartos longifolus Bread palm, cycad Southern Africa Encephaiartos paucidentatus Encephaiartos Southern Africa transvenosus Modjadji's palm Southern Africa Encephaiartos vil OS us Southern Africa Dichapetalaceae DIchapetalum cymosum Poison leaf Southern Africa 137

142 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Dichapetalum edule Engler Dichapetalum flexuosum Engler Dichapetalum toxicarium Baill. Dichapetalum venenatum Engler et Gilg Makaou, machaow Where found Part used Tropical Africa West Africa West Africa West Africa Ebenaceae Diospyros atropurpúrea Guerke Diospyros austroafricana var. microphyla Diospyros austroafricana var. rubriflora Fire bush Diospyros barteri Hiern. Diospyros bequaerti Innbimbo Diospyros bipidensis Guerke Pandi Diospyros boala Boala Diospyros canaliculata De Wild. Flint bark Diospyros crassiflora Hiern. Ekili Diospyros dendo Welw. Diospyros dichrophylla Monkey apple Diospyros elliotti F. White Diospyros heudelotti Hiern. Diospyros kamerunensis Guerke Diospyros kimba-kimba Kinriba-kimba Diospyros lycioides sp. guerkei Diospyros lycioides sp. lysioides Jackal berry Diospyros lycioides sp. sericeae Diospyros mespiliformis Höchst. ex A. DC. Monkey guava West Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Southern Africa Sierra Leone Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Tropical Africa 138

143 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Diospyros nataiensis Brenan Smalbead Southern Africa Diospyros paliens Southern Africa Diospyros ramuiosa Southern Africa Diospyros scabrida Southern Africa Diospyros simii Star apple Southern Africa Diospyros staudtii Belinda Diospyros thomasii Hutch, et J. M. Dalz. West Africa Diospyros tricoior Hiern. West Africa Diospyros wtiyteana African bladder nut, wild coffee Southern Africa Diospyros viridicans Hiern. Gabon ebony West Africa Euclea crispa Southern Africa Euclea crispa var. ova ta Southern Africa Wl ^ Euclea divin or urn Hiern. Musaki Uganda Euclea katangensis Sakonida Southern Africa Euclea lancea Southern Africa Euclea linearis Southern Africa Euclea milbraedii Botuna, kinga. kenga Euclea nataiensis A. DC. Southern Africa Euclea ovata Burch. Southern Africa Euclea polyandra Guarri Southern Africa Euclea pseudebenus E. Mey. Black ebony Angola, southern Africa Euclea racemosa Guarri Southern Africa Euclea schimperi Dandy Ogum East and southern Africa, Sudan Euclea k» Wff ^y f \^ wt I tomentosa ^/ 9 t f ^^ f «C ^^ ^^ %êa Southern Africa Euclea undulata Thunb. Southern Africa Euclea undulata var. myrtina Southern Africa Ehretiaceae Cordia africana Lann. Mukumari Tropical Africa Cordia balanocarpa Rrpnan l_/l ^1 lui 1 Tanzania Cordia caffra Southern Africa Cordia charaf B. Ehren ex Aschers. Marer, maded East Africa 139

144 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Cord i a myxa L. Sapistan, sebestan, West Africa Assyrian plum Cordia ovalis R. Br. Sandpaper tree Angola Cordia somaliensis Baker Pumbazi Kenya Ehretia amoena Southern Africa Ehretia petiolaris Lam. Betel tree Mauritius Ehretia rígida Cape lilac Southern Africa, Kenya Elaeagnaceae Eiaeagnus angustifolia L. Chalet Algeria Eiaeagnus multiflora Thunb. North Africa Ericaceae Arbutus canarier)sis Duham. Arbutus unedo L. Canary madrone Strawberry tree Canary Islands North Africa Vaccin i urn andringitrense Perr. Vaccinium emirnense Hood. Vaccinium littorale H. Perr. Vaccinium stanleyi Schweinf. Myrtillier du Congo Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Euphorbiaceae Antidesma laciniatum An tides m a madagascariense Lam. Antidesma membranaceum Muell.-Arg. Antidesma venosum E. Mey. ex Tul. Esutu Taindalitra, verana Itombo Madagascar Uganda, Tropical and southern Africa Bridelia atroviridis Bridelia brideliifolia Bridelia ferruginea Benth. Mondjako Mutako Utulu Northern Cameroon, Malawi, 140

145 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Bridelia micrantha Raill LJOM 1. Tropical and southern Africa Bridelia schleronerua Muell.Arg. Kimwindu Tropical Africa, Crotonogyne poggei Pax Mondondo Drypetes arguta Hutch. Bastard white ironwood Southern Africa Drypetes finvorensis Hutch et J M Dalz West Africa Drypetes floribunda Hutch. West Africa Drypetes gerrardii White ironwood Southern Africa Drypetes gilgiana Pax pt C I Hoffm 1 1 VJ West Africa Drypetes ivorensis Hutch et Dalz West Africa Drypetes natalensis Stink bush Southern Africa Hymenocardia acida Tul. Tropical Africa Lingelsheimia gilgiana Hutch. West Africa Macaranga angolensis Ebili Macaranga barteri Esenge Macaranga dibeleensis Botimeli Macaranga gilleti Bolongo Macaranga heterophylla Muell.-Arg. West Africa Macaranga laurentii Esenge Macaranga monandra Mondonnbe Macaranga neomildbraediana Mushasha Macaranga saccifera Kilokote Macaranga spinosa Boengi n,, 1 Macaranga rosea Itele Macaranga lecomtei Itele Macaranga vermoeseni Sasa 141

146 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Maesobotrya barteri Hutch. Olowun West Africa Maesobotrya bertramiania Ekakoloko Maesobotrya floribunda Benth. var. hirtella Pax Bolongo Maesobotrya sparsiflora Hutch.. West Africa Maesobotrya staudtii Hutch. Manniophyton fulvum Muell.-Arg. Microdesmis zenkeri Pax Microdesmis puberula Hook. f. ex Planch. Phyllanthus capillaris Phyllanthus delpyanus Phyiiantlius discoideas Muell.-Arg. Phyllantlius incurvus Phyllanthus medraspatensis Phyllanthus muellerianus Exell Phyllanthus niruri Phyllanthus polyanthus Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Pseudolachnostylis glauca Hutch. Pseudolachonstylis maprouneifolia Pax Eselebele Kolokole Mukarara, red pear Dye bush, kridia Bolombwe Sonso Mokolokala Mkasiri Nigeria Nut West Africa West Africa Southern, west and east Africa; Southern Africa, Southern Africa East Africa Southern Africa Malawi Ricinodendron rautinenii Schinz Mokuru Angola 142

147 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Securinega virosa Bâill. Mkwamba Tetracarpidium Sudan, Kenya conophorum Hutch. et Dalz. Awusa nut West Africa, seeds Fagaceae Quercus ilex L. Evergreen oak North Africa Seed Quercus suber L. Cork oak North Africa Seed Flacourtiaceae Caioncoba crepiniana Kuma Caloncoba gilgiana Gilg Gorii West Africa Caioncoba glauca Gilg Gorii, bakala West Africa, Caioncoba mannii Obobondo Caioncoba welwitschii Bosanku Dovyalis celastroides Send. Cranberry Southern Africa Dovyalis giorgii Bokoma Dovyalis macrocalyx Warb. East Africa Dovyalis rhamnoides E. Mey. Cape cranberry, Southern Africa wineberry Dovyalis trist i s Sim. Southern Africa Dovyalis zeyheri Warb. Southern Africa 1 V<1 f-/ Flacourtia flavescens Willd. Flacourtia liirtiuscula Oliv. Niger plum, berry tree Upper Volta Southern and southeast Africa Fruit Flacourtia vogelii Hook. f. Blackberry Sierra Leone Oncoba spinosa Fursk. Oncob, snuffbox Tropical Africa Prockia rotundifolia Eck!, et Zeyh. Raw son i a lucida Southern Africa v. 1^ Harv. et Sond. East Africa 143

148 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Scolopia mundii Red pear Southern Africa Scolopia thorneroftii Southern Africa 1 «1 ^ Scolopia zeyheri Szyszyl. Red pear, thorn pear East Africa Smeathmannia laevigata Soland. West Africa 1 \^lf^ Soyauxia gabonensis Oliv. Nigeria Goodeniaceae Scaevola plumieri Vahl Ngoli foyi Senegal Guttiferae Garcinia afzelii Engler West Africa Garcinia cernua Baker Madagascar Garcinia conrauana Engler Ntu, false cola West Africa, seed Garcinia epunctata Stapf Botata Garcinia giadidi De Wild. Ngadidi Nigeria, Garcinia huillensis Welw. ex Oliv. Gadi, east Africa Garcinia kola Heckel Bitter kola Nigeria,, seed Garcinia mann i i Oliv. Balala, west Africa Garcinia mlanjiensis Dunkiey Southern ^^ % ** VII X^ III Africa r\lli V^ ^la j Malawi Garcinia natalensis Schlechter Ebony, wild plunn West Africa Garcinia ovalifolia Oliv. Italonga Garcinia poiyantha Oliv. Akv\/ala Garcinia smeathmannii Oliv. False chewstick West Africa Garcinia verrucosa Jum. et Perr. Madagascar 144

149 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Garcinia wentzeliana Engler Magola Tropical Africa Harungana madagascariensis Hypericum aethiopicum Hypericum ianceolatum Hypericum peplidifolium A. Rich. Hypericum roperianum Montoni Sukibile, St.- Johnswort Mohanga Kabalebale West Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Southern Africa East Africa Mammea gilletii De Wild. Pentadesma butylaceae Sabine Rheedia pervillei Planch, et Triana Owala oil tree Dahomey Tropical Africa Madagascar Seed Symphonia fasciculata BaiII. Symphonia louveiii Jum. Symphonia macrocarpa Jum. Kiza Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Tsimatimia pervillei Jum. et Perr. Madagascar Houmiriaceae Aubrya gabonensis Baill. Sacoglottis gabonensis Urb. Ozouga Gabon Liberia, Ghana 1 W.1^ Icacinaceae Alsodeiopsis staudtii Engler Tropical Africa Icacina claesensi Kukbukumbu 145

150 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Icacina guessfeldtii Aschers, ex Engler Icacina mannii Mumu Icacina senegalensis A. Juss. False yam Tropical Africa Nut, pulp Rhapiostylis beniniensis Planch. West Africa Seeds Ixonanthaceae Desbordesia glaucescens Pierre West w W ^^ ^^» Africa V 1 1 I 1 S^ %^, seed Irvingia gabonensis Baill. Dika nut Tropical Africa Nut Irvingia grandifolia Engler Kumakuma Tropical Africa Nut Irvingia oblonga A. Chev. Gabon Nut, pulp Irvingia smith i i Hook. f. central Nut, pulp Africa Klainedoxa elliptica Bonkesa Nut Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex Engler Sopei Sierre Leone, Nut, pulp Klainedoxa longifolia Lolo Klainedoxa oblongifolia Musombo Klainedoxa ovalifolia Wangata Lauraceae Bequaertiodendron magalismontaun Heine et J. H. Hemsley Stemfruit Southern and tropical Africa Bequaertiodendron natalense Heine et J. H. Hemsley Natal plum, Southern Africa, mwamba Kenya Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum Heine et J. H. Hemsley Tropical Africa 146

151 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Leeaceae Leea guiñeen si s G. Don Voanka zoambana, West Africa, Madagascar, Leguminosae Acacia albida Del. Seeds Acacia macrostacliya Reich, ex Benth. Upper Volta Seeds Acacia nilotica Willd. ex Del. Cameroon Seeds ^^ \^ \^ \ji \^ Acacia torthis Hayne Djodjailmo Central Africa, Seeds, Angola Afzelia africana Smith Lovolovo Tropical Africa Seeds Afzelia belle Harms Bolinga Seeds Afzelia bijuga Gray Madagascar Seeds Afzelia brieyi Nkokongo Seeds Afzelia pachyloba Harms Nigeria Seeds Afzelia quanzensis Welw. Mahogany bean Southern Africa Andira inermis DC. Northern Cameroon Baufiinia bequarti Kitunju Pods Bauhinia escalenta Burch. Gemsbuck bean Southern Africa Pods Baufiinia fassagleensis Kotschy Kadaranda Pods Bauhinia galpinii Pride of the cape Southern Africa Pods Bauhinia kirkii Marama bean Southern Africa Pods Bauhinia macrantha Oliv. Camel's foot Angola, Seeds southern Africa Bauhinia petersiana Bolle Mutata Pods Bauhinia rufescens Lam. Nigeria, Pods,seeds Senegal Bauhinia tomentosa L. Dembademba Southern Africa Pods Beilschmiedia manii Benth. et Hook. Spicy cedar, Laurier Tropical Africa Brachystegia appendiculata Benth. Tropical Africa 147

152 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Busses massaiensis Harms Tanzania Seeds Bussea occidentalis Hutch. Samanta West Africa, seeds Cassia alata L. Tropical Africa Seeds Cassia delagoensis Harv. Sierra Leone Seeds Cassia sennal L Coffee senna Tropical Africa Seeds Cassia singueana Del. Sierre Leone Seeds Cattiormion altissimum Hutch, et Dandy Zegelia West Africa Cordyla ricliardii Planch, ex Milne- Redhead Kalindi Uganda Dichrostachys cinérea Wight et Arn. Bastard acacia, Chinese lantern tree, kisanga Ghana, Nigeria Drepanocarpus lunatus G. F. W. Mey. Sierrre Leone, Madagascar Guibourtia coleosperma J. Leon. Mushi, bastard teak Tropical Africa, seed Seeds Lemuropisum edule H. Perr. Madagascar Parkia bicolor A. Chev. African locust, Tropical Africa, Seeds arbre a farine. nere, nete, libamba Parkia clappertoniana Keay African locust, arbre a farine, nere, nete Tropical Africa Seeds Parkia filicoidea \Ne\\N. African locust. Tropical Africa, Seeds arbre a farine. nere, nete, bolembelembe Parkia oliveri Macbride African locust, arbre a farine, nere, nete Tropical Africa, seed Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. Olive bean tree Tropical Africa Seeds 148

153 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Pi Host ig m a reticulatum Höchst. Piliostigma thonningii Milneredh. Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Prosopsis africana Taub. Pseudocadia zambesiaca Harms Pterocarpus santalinoides L'Herit. Sesbania pachycarpa DC. Sesbania sesban Merr. Tetrapleura tetraptera Taub. Linaceae Bauhinia, kifumbi Picture frame tree Mesquite Nyala tree Padouk Bulesa Tropical Africa Tropical and southern Africa, Sudan Madagascar Tropical Africa Southern Africa Tropical Africa Senegal Tropical Africa West and east Africa, Pods, seeds Pods, seeds (aril) Seeds Seeds Seeds Seeds, pods Wings and ridges of fruit Hugonia obtusifolia C. M. Wright Bondesobe, west Africa Pods Loganiaceae Stactiynos triclisioides Baker West Africa Loranthaceae Lorantlius discolor Engler Lige, mpoa Malvaceae Abutilón mauritianum Sw. Country mallow West Africa Pod Melastomataceae Dinophora spenneroides Benth. Fundoka Equatorial Africa, Dissotis canescens Dissotis erecta Dandy Dissotis hensii Cogn. Dissotis princeps Ordeal bean Southern Africa Southern Africa 149

154 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Tristemma hirtum Beauv. Tristemma Conao incompletum R. Br. Enuatoriai Africa Tristemma virusanum Commers. ex Juss... Madaaascar Bprrip<^ Meliaceae Ekebergia arbórea Bak. f. Malawi Ekebergia capensis Dog ash Southern Africa Ekebergia meyeri Dog plum Southern Africa Ekebergia pterophyiia Southern Africa Ekebergia ruppeiiana Musimba Trichilia buchanani Mbayu Trichilia emética Vahl Red ash, thunder Nigeria, tree southern Africa Trichilia heudelotii Soko Trichilia kisoko Kisoko Trichilia lancei Soko Trichilia montchali Esao Trichilia prieureana Mbula, mambobo Trichilia rubescens Libembe Trichilia urbrosa Soko Tur rae a cab rae Monganagana Turraea floribunda Honeysuckle Southern Africa Turraea nilotica Kotschy et Peyr. Malawi Turraea vogelii Niambe, boboie IVIenispermaceae Burasaia madagascariensis Thouars. Chasmanthera welwitschii Trou p. Cocculus cebatha DC. Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii Diels Sphenocentrum ollyanum Pierre Madagascar Central Africa North Africa West Africa, pulp Til i acora diel si ana Hutch, et Dalz. Tiliacora gilletii Efiliti West Africa 150

155 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Monimiaceae Xymalos monospora Baill. ex Warb. Moraceae Wild lemon, lemonwood Malawi, southern Africa Bosquiea angolensis Ficalho Bofunge Cardiogyne africana Bureau Mbambo Kenya Chlorophora excelsa Benth. et Hook. f. Moreira Chlorophora regia A. Chev. West Africa Ficus abutilifolia Miq. West Africa 1 Firij<i 1 \^ LI fo amridiensis CI f / / U U f ^1 > w 1 O Ficus artocarpoides Warb. Eze, Likumo North Nigeria, west Africa Ficus asperifolia Miq. North Cameroon, Madagascar Ficus baronii Bak. Adabo Madagascar Ficus barteri Sprague West Africa Ficus brachypoda Kot i Ficus bubu Mbubu Ficus burkei Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus burrt-davyi Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus capensis Thunb. Kaya, southern Africa Ficus capensis var. ostiolata Apapa Ficus capreifolia Del. Willow wild fig,, southern. sannura east, and west Africa Ficus cordata Thunb. Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus congensis Engler Equatorial Africa, Ficus crassipedicellata Bongonguru Ficus cyathistipula Kimbale Ficus dryepondtiana Lotola Ficus elegans Miq. West Africa Ficus eriobotryoides Kunth et Bouche West Africa Ficus eucalypîoides Batt. et Trab. Libya Ficus exaspérât a Vahl Likoyo Southern Africa, 151

156 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Ficus glumosa Del. Ficus gnaphalocarpa Tropical Africa Steud. ex A. Rich. Tropical Africa I ^ r^ Ficus homblei De Wild. Ficus Hicina Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus ingens Miq. Glabrous fig Southern Africa, Malawi Ficus iteophylla Miq. West Africa Ficus kisantuensis Nsanda Ficus leprieuri Mulumba Ficus lingua Moabu Ficus luteola Ambuta Ficus mallotocarpa Kikuya, southern Africa Ficus megapoda Baker Madagascar Ficus mucosa Welw. ex Filcalho Kibembe West Africa Ficus natalensis Höchst. Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus nekbudu Warb. Nekbudu Ficus ovata Vahl var. ocîomelifolia Leba Ficus peîersii Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus petitiana A. Rich. Ethiopia Ficus platyphylla Del. Tropical Africa Ficus poli ta Vahl Tropical Africa Ficus populifolia Vahl Sudan, central Africa Ficus pretoriae Burtt Davy Wonderboom Southern Africa Ficus preussii Warb. Dikanda Ficus pseudo-carica Miq. Ethiopia Ficus recurvata Andom Ficus rupium Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus sakalavarum Baker Adabo Madagascar Ficus salicifolia Milumba Ficus smutssii Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus soldenella Wild fig Southern Africa Ficus sonden Kitabataba, southern Africa Ficus storthophylla Adzogni Ficus stuhlmannii Warb. Makuyu,, Stuhlmann's southern Africa wild fig 152

157 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Ficus sycomorus L. Sycamore North, east, and Ficus teloukat Batt. et Trab. Teloukat southern Africa Sahara, Libya Ficus thonningii Bodo, nogi Ficus tihifoiia Baker Madagascar Ficus tu bereu lata Milumba Ficus umbehata Vahl Muteri, Malawi Ficus urceolaris Welw. ex Hiern., east Africa Ficus vailis-choudae Del. Vuruma Tropical Africa, Ficus verruculosa Warb. Bwilembo Angola, Ficus vestitobracteata Akai Ficus vogeliana Miq. West Africa Ficus vogelii Miq. Mtemboe Tanzania Ficus wildemansiana Sonkunu Morus mesozygia Stapf Mûrier du Senegal West Africa Myriaceae Myrica cordifolia My rica fay a AW. Southern Africa Firetree Canary Islands Myristicaceae Scyphocephalum ochocoa Warb. Ochoco West Africa Myrtaceae Eugenia arthroopoda Drake Eugenia capensis Harv. Eugenia gerrardii Sim. Eugenia goviaia H. Perr. Eugenia owariensis P. Brauv. Eugenia sakalavarum H. Perr. Eugenia tisserantii Aubrev. et Pellegr. Mukulumbi Aliago-ngu Madagascar Southern Africa Southern Africa Madagascar Madagascar Central Africa 153

158 Chapter 5 Scientific Eugenia tropophyla Eugenia zeyheri Harv. Syzygium corda tu m Höchst, ex Sond. Syzygium gilietti Syzygium guiñéense DC. Syzygium macrocarpum Syzygium owariense Benth. Syzygium parvifolium Common Blacktea bush, wild jambos, wild myrtle Waterberry Mpese Alika Kpwokpwo Luamba Mokote Where found Madagascar Madagascar East and southern Malawi, Part used Napoleonaceae Napoleonaea heudeiotii A Juss. Napoleonaea imperiaiis Hutch, et Dalz. Napoleonaea leonensis Hutch, et Dalz. Napoleonaea parviflora Bak. f. Napoleonaea vogelii Hook, et Planch. West Africa West Africa West Africa West Africa West Africa, nut Naucleaceae Cephalanthus natalensis Oliv. Nauclea diderrichii Merr. Nyctaglnaceae Quinineberry Southern Africa Tropical Africa Boerhavia diffusa L. Hogweed, tanguinarh West Africa Ochnaceae Ochna afzelii R. Br. ex Oliv. Ochna arbórea Ochna debeerstii Ochna holstii Redwood Kinkunga Real red pear West Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa 154

159 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Ochna katangensis De Wild. Mulolo Ochna natalitia Redwood Southern Africa Ochna o'connori African boxwood Southern Africa Ochna pretoriensis Mountain plunn Southern Africa Ochna pulchra Wild pear, wild Southern Africa plum Ochna schweinfurthiana F. Hoffm. Kitete Ochna suberosa Kasukasuka Ou ratea arnoldiana Mosange Carpels Ou ratea brun neopurpurea Bosaka Carpels Ouratea callophylla Mpandjandji Carpels Ouratea coriácea Bonpandja Carpels Ouratea den si flora Bongolu Carpels Ouratea dewevrei Bolo Carpels Ouratea elongata Bukali Carpels Ouratea engama Engama Carpels Ouratea flava Hutch. pt nal7 West Africa Carpels d l_/cii^. Ouratea goosensi Kosaka Carpels Ouratea lax i flora Mbete Carpels Ouratea likimiensis Bokwabangi Carpels Ouratea macrobotrys Bofafuta Carpels Ouratea pel lucida Sati Carpels Ouratea refracta Fendjinjoko Carpels Ouratea subumbellata Mbogo Carpels Ouratea thonneri Akwala Carpels Ouratea welwitschii Mokamba Carpels Olacaceae Coula edulis BaiII. var. cabrae J. Leon. African walnut, West Africa, kumunu,, Nut, pulp mombombo Gabon Heister i a parvifolia Sm. Longuanta, Liberia Nut, pulp Heisteria parvifolia var. angustifolia Lokuanta Nut, pulp Heisteria parvifolia var. grandifolia Bokala Nut, pulp Heisteria trillesiana Pierre Gabon Nut, pulp Olax pynaertii De Wild. Nut 155

160 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. Miti Ghana Ongokea gore Pierre Boleka Tropical Africa Nut Strombosia grandifolia Hook. f. ex Benth. M'senha Tropical Africa Nut Ximenia caffra Sond. Sour plum East and southern (juice) Ximenia caffra var. natalensis Oleaceae Natal plum, wild plum Africa, Malawi Southern Africa Jasminum bieleri Tete Jasminum Vahl Kisjinko Uganda, (juice) Olea africana Mill. Olea capensis L. Olea ex a s pe rata Olea hochstetterl Olea laurifolla Lam. Olea macrocarpa Wright Olea wood lana Knobl. Wild or brown olive, muke Snakewood Ndobo East and southern Africa, Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Opíliaceae Opilla celtidifolla Endl. ex Walp. Kenya Palmae Hyphaene coriácea Gaertn. Hyphiaene crinata Gaertn. Hyphaene dankaliensis Becc. Hyphaene guiñéense Hyphaene schatan Boj. Hyphaene thebaica Mart. Hyphaene ventricosa Kirk. Gingerbread palm Fan palm, iiala palm Mako Satra Dum palm Fan palm East Africa Southern Africa Eastern Ethiopia Madagascar Tropical Africa Southern Africa Nut Unripe kernel Medenríia argun H. Wendl. North Africa 156

161 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Phoenix canariensis Hort. Podococcus harten Mann, et Wend!. Canary Islands West Africa Nut Raphia farinifera Hylander Rafia Raphia hookeri Mann. et Wendl. Raffia Raphia vinifera Beauv y on it r a util is Jum. Vonitra Pandanaceae Madagascar Ivory Coast Tropical Africa Madagascar Nut, Nut Microdesmis puberula Hook. f. ex Planch. Iseke Tropical Africa Pandanus candelabrum Pandanus edulis Thouars Pandanus utilis Bory Makeke Madagascar Madagascar, seed Passifloraceae Adenia hastata Schinz Davy Southern Africa Passiflora caerulea L. Passiflora foetida L. Passiflora incarnata L. Passiflora laurifolia L. Passiflora stipulata Aubl. Passionflower Stinky passion fruit Apricot vine Lemon apple Grenadine Southern Africa Tropical Africa Madagascar Tropical Africa Madagascar Pentadiplandraceae Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baill. Pistaciaceae Pistacia atlántica Desf. Betoum. Pistacia vera L. Pistachio nut Northern Africa Tunisia, Near East Nut Nut Polygalaceae Atroxima afzeliana Stapf West Africa 157

162 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where found Part used Carpolobia alba G. Don Carpolobia goetzei Guerke Carpolobia lutea G. Don Proteaceae Bondjeke, biembe Mtindapo West Africa, Kenya, Tanzania West Africa Brabejum stellatifolium L. Wild almond Southern Africa Seed (beverage) Rhamnaceae Berchemia discolor Hemsley Bird plum Equatorial and southern Africa Berchemia zeyheri Pink ivory, Southern Africa, red ivory Swaziland Maesopsis eminii Engler West and southern Africa Rhamnus zeyeri Sond. Red ebony Southern Africa Scutia myrtina Kurz Cat thorn Uganda, southern Africa Ziziphus abyssinica Höchst, ex A. Rich. Catch thorn Southern Africa Ziziphus helvola Small wait-a-bit Southern Africa Ziziphus ujuba Mill. Kankole Ziziphus lotus Lam. Lotus fruit Tunisia, western Sahara Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Buffalo thorn East and southern Africa Ziziphus pubescens Oliv. Mkone East Africa Ziziphus zeyheriana Sond. Rhizophoraceae Sekhalo, wait-a-bit Southern Africa Cassipourea congoensis R. Br. ex DC. (aril) Poga oleosa Pierre Inoi nut Cameroon Nut Rhizophora mangle L. Meuma Embryo Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Red mangrove Southern Africa Embryo Rhizophora racemosa G. F. W. Mey. Tarrafe, mema Bissago, Embryo 158

163 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Rosaceae Crataegus azarólas L. Crataegus pubescen s Steud. Azaróle Mexican hawthorn North Africa Southern Africa Mespilus germánica L, Pancovia laurentii Gilg ex De Wild. Pyrenacantha scandens Medlar Bodumbe North Africa Overripe pulp Rubus apetalus Poir. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh Rubus fellatae A Chev. Rubus fruticosus L. Rubus idaeus L. Rubus ludwigii Rubus myrianthus Baker Rubus pauciflorus Baker Rubus pinnatus Willd. Rubus rigidus Sm. Rubus rosiefolius Sm. Rubus runssorenis Engler Rubus steudneri Schweinf Rubus transvalliensis Rubus volkensii Engler Voaromainty Gozzard's curse Blackberry, brannble Wild raspberry Wild raspberry Voarnnainty South African blackberry Hinnalayan raspberry Branne Madagascar, west and east Africa Southern Africa West Africa Southern Africa Madagascar Southern Africa Madagascar Madagascar, Canneroon Madagascar East Africa Southern Africa East Africa Sorbus domestica L. Service tree North Africa Rubiaceae Cant h it im nil ist um Canthium crassum M iprn Cantfiium longiflorum Hiern. Cantfiium gilfillanii Southern Africa Kenya, Malawi Tropical Africa Southern Africa 159

164 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Canthium glabriflorum Mukula Canthium gueinzii Sond. Monkey rope Southern Africa Canthium huillense Southern Africa Canthium inerme 0. Ktze. Cape date, turkeyberry Southern Africa Canthium lactescens Hiern. East Africa Canthium mundtianum Rock alder Southern Africa Canthium obovatum Quar Southern Africa Canthium oddoni Bokiri Canthium pauciflorum Southern Africa Canthium spinosum Canthium venosum Mabunga Southern Africa 1 M 1 l-r Euciinia iongifiora Salisb. West Africa w I f-r Fadogia cienkowskii Schweinf. Tropical Africa Fadogia fragrans Wild date Southern Africa Fadogia odorata Krause Malawi Fadogia saiictaria Katuba Fadogia schumanniana Kibusji Fadogia tomentosa Lumpembe Gardenia aquaiia Stapf et Hutch. Tropical Africa Gardenia boonei Yapingu Gardenia cornuta Wild apple Southern Africa Gardenia erubescens Stapf et Hutch. Madju Tropical Africa Gardenia imperialis Mutoto Gardenia jasminoides Cape jessamine Southern Africa Gardenia jovistonantis Hiern. Ngbege Sudan, Gardenia lutea Fres. Ethiopia Gardenia neuberia Eck!, et Zeyh. Kaffir cherry Southern Africa Gardenia nítida Hook. Ghana Gardenia ternifolia Schum. et Thonn. Sudan Genipa rutenbergiana Baill. Karipedahy Madagascar 160

165 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Heinsia cri ni ta G. Tayl. Bush apple Tropical Africa Heinsia puichelia var. ptiyiiocalyx Bwongo Ixora astericus Matshi Ixora brachypoda DC. Batiango, litumba Gambia, west Africa, Ixora longipedunculata De Wild. Bolombo Ixora odorata Singa Ixora soyauxii Monyenye Morelia senegalensis A. Rich. Nigeria Mussaenda arcuata Lam. Groseillier de Tropical Africa, l'afrique Centrale, Mapinga Mussaenda elegans Schum. et Thonn. Alambili West Africa, Mussaenda erytlirophylla Lofandja Mussaenda stenocarpa Mpalambambu Mussaenda tenuiflora Bompampango Oxyanthus gerrardii Whipstick tree Southern Africa Oxyanthus tubiflorus DC. Sierre Leone v> ^ Pauridiantha canthiifolia Molikuana Pauridiantha dewevrei Bremek. Mpapungo Pouchetia gilletii De Wild. Bokana Pygmaeotliamnus zeyheri Robyns Southern Africa Rothmannia capensis Candiewood Southern Africa Rottimannia hispida Botumba Rothmannia latent lora Bita Rothmannia longiflora Salisb. Tropical Africa Rothmannia manganjae Garcia Malawi 161

166 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where found Part used Rut idea glabra Hiern. Nserewedua Ghana Rytigynia tomentosa Robyns Tropical Africa \Mtf^ Sabicea africana Happer Central Africa Sabicea calycina Ibango Sabicea elliptica Hepper Central Africa Sabicea goosensis Ntsinga-ntumu Sabicea laurentii Boanga Sabicea venosa Sama Sabicea vogelii Benth. Sierre Leone Stierbournia bignoniiflora Hua. West Africa 1 w 1 ^ Sherbournia calycina Hua West Africa, Tapiphyllum parvifolium Robyns Berg mispel Southern Africa Temnocalyx fuchsioides Robyns Makumbakumba Temnocalyx obovatus Robyns Buliansimba Malawi, Temnocalyx verdickii Pombao-mwefu Vangueria acutiloba Robyns East w\^ \^ K Africa # \ 1 1 N^ %^ Vangueria api culata K. Schum. East Africa Vangueria esculent a S. Moore Munjiro Mozambique Vangueria infausta Burch. Wild medlar, Equatorial and mabolela southern Africa Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel. Spanish tamarind Madagascar Overripe pulp Vangueria reygaerti Bolenge Vangueria tomentosa Höchst. Wild medlar Equatorial and southern Africa Vangueria venosa Höchst. Wild medlar Africa Vangueriopsis lanciflora Robyns Wild medlar Southern Africa Warburgia ugandensis Sprague East Africa 162

167 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Rutaceae Calodendron capensis Thunb. Clausena anisata Hook. f. ex Benth. Feretia apodanthera Del. Oricia swynnertonii Verd. Teclea afzelii Engler Teclea englerima Teclea natalensis Salvadoraceae Cape chestnut Mokolokale Kimena Bastard ironwood Southern Africa Nut, southern Africa Northern Cameroon, Chad Zimbabwe West Africa Southern Africa Dobera roxburghli Planch. Tropical Africa Salvadora angustifolia Salvadora pérsica L. Lion bush Toothbrush tree Southern Africa Scattered throughout Africa Sapindaceae Aphania senegalensis Radlk. Blighia milbraedii Blighia wildemaniana Gilg. ex De Wild. Soapberry Kokole Bosi Senegal, east Africa (aril) (aril) Cardiospermum alatum Southern Africa (aril) Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Pumpum Northern Cameroon Chytranthus gerardii De Wild Chytranthus macrobotrys Exell. et Mendonca Chytranthus mannii Hook. f. Bodumbe West Africa Tropical Africa 163

168 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Chytranthus mortehanii De Voldere Odomba Deinbollia borbónica Scheff. Mkilimu Deinbollia giorgii Mombia Deinbollia grandifolia Hook. f. Deinbollia laurentii Lifake Deinbollia pin nata Schum. et Thonn. Deinbollia pynaertii Eshu Deinbollia variabilis Limbangi Eriocoelum microspermum Boembe Eriocoelum racemosum Baker Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. ex Benth. Papea capensis Eckl. et Zeyh. Wild plunn Paullinia pinnata L. Lusambo Sapindus senegalensis Poir. Senegal cherry Zanha golungensis Hiern. Sapotaceae Afrosersalisia afzelii A. Chev. Afrosersalisia cerasifera Aubrév. Afrosersalisia malchairi Ebe Aningueria robusta Aubrév. et Pellegr. Baillonella toxisperma Pierre Djave Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum Heine et J. H. Hemsley Musambya Bequaertiodendron natalina Heine et J. H. Hemsley Mwamba Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum Heine et J. H. Hemsley Where found Tropical Africa Kenya Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Ivory Coast West Africa Southern Africa West Africa West Africa Togo, Malawi West Africa Equatoual Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Kenya Tropical Africa Part used, seed Nut 164

169 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don White star apple Tropical Africa Chrysophyllum brieyl Kalolongi Chrysophyllum claessensl Agbulu Chrysophyllum delevoyi De Wild. Mwalu, African star apple, west Africa Chrysophyllum lacourtianum De Wild Bonono West Africa, Chrysophyllum longifolium Inginge Chrysophyllum longipes Amekwiru Chrysophyllum lungi Lungi Chrysophyllum magalis-montana Send. Stam vrugte Southern Africa Chrysophyllum mortehani Bosabe Chrysophyllum obovatum Sabine Tropical Africa Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Mildbr. ex Hutch, et Dalz. Monkey star apple Tropical Africa Chrysophyllum pruniforme Pierre ex Engler Prunier du Gabon West Africa Chrysophyllum vermoeseni Dilonge Malacantha ainlfolia Pierre Bulanga Tropical Africa, Manilkara butugi Chiov. Luduiio Kenya Manilkara cunelfolla Dubard N-kunya Uganda Manilkara mochisia Dubard Mnago East Africa Manilkara obovata J. H. Hemsley African pearwood West Africa Mimusops affinis Mungagu Mimusops angolensis Kungulu Mimusops bagshawei ^ \J. fjinciff^ l i\j\jl C East and 1 «I ^ southern Africa Mimusops boonei var. acuminata Bulongo Mimusops djave Engler Muabi Tropical Africa,, seed (oil) 165

170 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Mimusops giorgii Mutondo Mimusops heckelii Hutch, et J. M. Dalz. Baco nut Tropical Africa Seed (oil) Mimusops kummel Bruce East and southern Africa Mimusops obovata Red milkwood Southern Africa Mimusops schimpferi Höchst. Egypt, Ethiopia 1 «1 ^ Mimusops zeylieri Sond. Transvaal milk- Zambia wood southern Africa Neolemonniera adolfi-friderici Muhagi Neolemonniera clitandrifolia Heine Tropical Africa, seed Neolemonniera inerme White milkwood Southern Africa Omphalocarpum agglomeratum Sangasanga Omphalocarpum bomanehense Bofamba Omphalocarpum boyankombo Boyankombo Omphalocarpum brieyi Nsala Omphalocarpum busange Busange Omphalocarpum ghesquierei Bomate, sanga sanga Omphalocarpum laurentii Mubata Omphalocarpum lujai Bodimba Omphalocarpum mortehani Bolubu Omphalocarpum procerum Beauv. Ghana, west»- I-' \y^\^\^f^/ (soup) Africa Omphalocarpum sankuruensis illula Omphalocarpum vermoeseni Sálala Pachystela brevipes Baill. ex Engler Moplka Tropical Africa Pachystela long i sty la Bokoloku Pachystela msolo Engler Monbongome Uganda, Kenya, Sideroxylon inerme L. Milkwood Southern Africa 166

171 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Synsepalum attenuatum Hutch, et J. M. Dalz. Miracle fruit Nigeria Synsepalum dulcificum Daniel Miracle fruit Dahomey, Ghana, Synsepalum glychdorum Wernham Miracle fruit Tropical Africa Synsepalum stipulatum Eng 1er Miracle fruit Tropical Africa Synsepalum subcordatum De Wild Tropical Africa Sarcolaenaceae Rhodolaena bakeriana Bail!. Fotona Madagascar Scytopetalaceae Scytopetalum tieghemii Hutch, et Dal? Sierra Leone Simarubaceae Odyendea gabonensis Engler Smilacaceae Gabon Nut Smilax kraussiana Meisn. Wait-a-bit Sterculiaceae Cola acuminata Schott et Endl. Abata kola West Africa Seeds Cola carlcifolla K. Schum. Monkey cola West Africa Seeds, pulp Cola chlamydantha K. Schum. Ekom Cameroon Cola cordifolla R. Br. Boro, tropical, seeds Africa Cola der um er i Viniu Cola diversifolia De Wild, et Th. Dur. Ikaie, kurrajong, tropical Africa Seeds ColagilletiiDeW\\ó. Skaie Tropical Africa, Cola griseiflora Mokekeri 167

172 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Cola heterophylla Schott, et Endl. Ikaie Tropical Africa, Cola lateritia K. Schum. Likoko Sierra Leone to Seeds Cola lau rent a Vuvunga Cola lepldola Cola nalaensis Boboi Cola nítida Schott et Endl. Kola Tropical Africa Seeds Cola pachycarpa Cola rhodophylla Mbwakila Cola subverticiuata Ekongo Cola togoensis Engler et Krause Monkey cola West Africa Seeds Cola variantifolia Lokeke Cola verticillata Stapf ex A. chev. Slipperly cola West Africa Seeds Hildegardia barter! Kosterm. West Africa Seeds Scaphopetalum amoenum A. Chev. Liberia, Ivory Seed Coast Sterculia foetida L. Javo olive Senegal Seed Sterculia oblonga Mart. Cameroon Seed Sterculia setigera Del. Strychnaceae West Africa, Uganda Seed Strychnos boonei Malekv\/e Strychnos cocculoides Baker Polopopo, kaffir, southern orange Africa Strychnos congolana Goyo Strychnos dale Dale Strychnos decussata Gilg. Mdolongwe, cape Kenya, southern teak Africa Strychnos dewevrei Gilg. Mbundu Strychnos dundusanensis Benge Strychnos gerrardii N. E. Br. Monkey apple Mozambique, Swaziland Strychnos henningsii Gilg. Cape hard pear Southern Africa 168

173 p- Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Strychnos innocua Del. Monkey apple Uganda, tropical Africa Strychnos likimiensis Bosisllit Strychnos malchairi Mobau Strychnos miniungansamba Kakunta-puku Strychnos mortehani Mongonda Strychnos pungens Solered. Drikondu, kaffir, souttiern orange Africa Strychnos reygaerti Malegwe Strychnos schumanniana Gilg. Strychnos spinosa Soutfiern Africa Lam. Natal orange Southern Africa, Madagascar Figure 39. Strychnos spinosa, a fruit witfi edible pulp and poisonous seeds. 169

174 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Strychnos subaquatica Benge Strychnos suberosa De Wild, Polopopo Strychnos unguacha A. Rich. Sanza Strychnos vacacoua Baill. Bakanko Strychnos volkensii Gilg. ex Engl. Moage Thymelacaceae Dicranolepsis baertsiana Intoe Dicranolepsis oligantha Limbala Dicranolepsis persei Cummins Dicranolepsis pulcherrima Embala Pedalea africana Peddiea fischeri Engl. Kurandoli Tiliaceae Desplatsia chrysochlamys Milbr. et Burret Desplatsia dewevrei Burret Nokamba Desplatsia subericarpa Grewia barteri Burret Grewia bicolor yjuss. Gurku Imijij dargaza Grewia caffra Grewia carpinifolia Juss. Ntamba Grewia cissoides Hutch, et. Dalz. Grewia claessensi Akamba Grewia conocarpa K. Schum. Grewia coriácea Grewia ectasicarpa S. Moore Msokote Where found Madagascar East Africa Ghana Southern Africa Guinea Central Africa Central Africa, Southern Africa Northern Nigeria Mauritania, Nigeria, southern Africa West Africa, Northern Cameroon Tanzania Kenya Part used 170

175 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where Part found used Grewia flava DC. Brandy bush, Southern Africa wild currant Grewia flavescens Juss. Abba Tropical and southern Africa Grewia homblei Malembwe Grewia inacquilatera Southern Africa Grewia kapiriensis Butola Grewia iasiocarpa Elephant's ear Southern Africa Grewia malacarpa Abasa Grewia megalocarpa Juss. Tropical Africa Grewia mollis Juss. Kpoyo, gombo Tropical Africa, Grewia ^ff f ^ V r r Vt Iff monticola ^^ ff V ft ff ^^ %^ > %A Beries Grewia occidentalis Four-corners-berry Southern Africa Grewia pachycalyx K. Snhum vj vy 1 1 U Tanzania Grewia pinnatifida Mabasa, epumbu Grewia pubesceris Beauv. West Africa Grewia \jli ^ Ww 1 o 1 robusta \J%J\A «J t U Southern Africa Grewia sereti Masani Grewia sirr)ilis K. Snhum \EJ\J I I U 1 I I. East Africa Grewia subargentea Bakba, balawa Grewia tenax Fiori Gleia Western Sahara, Nigeria, Sudan Grewia trichocarpa Höchst, ex A. Rich. East Africa Grewia venusta Mulennbe Grewia villosa Willd. Goursoumi Tropical Africa Grewia woodiana K. Schum. Malawi Leptonychia batangensis Burrett Bofunnbo Leptonychia multiflora Indembu Uapacaceae Uapaca albida Masuku Uapaca angustipyrena Djangasenge pv., 1 _ Uapaca bossenge Bosenge Uapaca brieyi Samfi Uapaca casteeisi Bosenge na mokili Uapaca clusioides n,, 1 _^ Baker Tapia Madagascar Uapaca corbisieri Djangasenge Uapaca dubia De Wild. Malobe 171

176 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Uapaca ealeansis Bosenge na moküi Uapaca esculenta A. Chev. ex Aubrév. et Leandri West Africa Uapaca ferrar i Makala Uapaca goosensi Djangasenge Uapaca guineensis Muell.-Arg. Equatorial Africa Sugarplum, bosenge na mai Uapaca heudelotii Baill. Mbula Equatorial Africa Uapaca homblei Masuku Uapaca kibuati Kibuati Uapaca kirkiana Muell.-Arg. Wild loquat, Zambia, Malawi, mzhanzhe,, southern masuku Africa Uapaca laurenti Bosenge Uapaca lebruni Bosenge Uapaca macrostipulata Bosenge na mokili Uapaca masuku Masuku Uapaca multinervata Bosenge na mai Uapaca munsis Tokongo Uapaca meo-masuku Masuku Uapaca nitida Muell.-Arg. Musenge Uapaca pilosa Hutch. Mukonkola Tropical Africa Uapaca pynaerti D'angasenge Uapaca robynsi Misuku Uapaca samfi Samfi Uapaca sansibarica Pax Tropical Africa Uapaca staudii Pax West Africa Uapaca togoensis Pax Tropical Africa Uapaca vanhouttei Nkalankala kimasa Ulmaceae Ce It i s africana Cannibal stinkwood Southern Africa Celtis brieyi De Wild. Diania Celtis durandii Lingenge Celtis integrifolia Lam. Nettle tree Tropical Africa Trema oriental i s Blume Esese, pigeonwood, southern Africa 172

177 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used Urticaceae Musanga cecropiodes R. Br. Musanga smithii R. Br. Corkwood, umbrella tree, mambamba Tropical Africa (beverage) Myrianthus arboreus Beauv. Myrianthus tiolstii Engler Myrianthus iibericus Rpnrilp Myrianthus preussi Myrianthus serratus Benth. Mobambu Yellow giant mulberry, mwamba Ekoka Anyankoma West Africa,, east Africa Liberia West Africa Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Verbenaceae Lantana cámara L Lantana repens Lantana rhodesiensis Mnlripnkp Lantana rugosa Lantana tri foi i a L. Lantana Wild rosmary Birds brandy Lantana Tropical Africa East Africa Tropical Africa Premma hoistii Guerke Vitex bequaerti Vitex congolensis Vitex eren ata A. Chev. Vitex ferruginea.^rhiim pf Thnnn Vitf^y fi^nhf^ri (oiiprkp Vitex g rand i fol i a C^i ipr <p Vitex huillensis Vitex kapirensis De Wild. Vitex keniensis Turrill Vitex longipetiolata Guerke Vitex madiensis Oliv. Vitex micrantha Guerke Vitex mombassae Vatke Mvumbangombe Musuku Bolombe Alia Molankunda Mufutu Mufutu, nembule Samba Tropical Africa Equatorial Africa West Africa Tanzania West Africa Tanzania Equatorial Africa Liberia Tanzania, Malawi, 173

178 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where found Part used Vitex payos Merrill Vitex phaeotricha Mildbr. ex Pieper Vitex polyantha Vitex poora Corbishley Vitex rivularis Guerke Vitex simplicifolia Oliv. Vitex strickeri Vatke et Hildebr. Vitex thomasi Vitex thonneri Vitex vermoeseni Vitex wellensi Vitex welwitschii Guerke Vitex zeytieri Mufutu-kinka Stinkbessie, stickberry Mufutu Esesele Palabikunda Mbannba Monnposo Pipestem tree Zimbabwe Equatorial Africa Southern Africa West Africa West and equatorial Africa Tanzania Southern Africa Vitidaceae Ampelocissus abyssinica Planch. Ampelocissus bombycina Planch. Ampelocissus calophylla Ampelocissus cavicaulis Planch. Ampelocissus chantinii Ampelocissus edulis Gilg. et Brandt. Ampelocissus elephantina Planch. Ampelocissus gracilipes Stapf Ampelocissus grantii Planch. Ampelocissus lecardii Planch. Ampelocissus leonensis Planch. Ampelocissus malchairi Ampelocissus multistriata Planch. Bonze Mingonsa Kisanganna Kansugana Vigne de Madagascar Wild grape Libakoko Tanzania West Africa Madagascar West Africa West Africa, Zinnbabwe West Africa West Africa Tropical Africa Unripe berries 174

179 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Ampelocissus schimperiana Höchst. Ampelocissus venenosa Ampelocissus verdickii Cissus adenocaulis Steud. ex A. Rich. Cissus afzelii Cissus aralioides Planch. Common Milundu Munganza Madapa Monzonzo Elongo Cissus argute Hook. f. Cissus barbeyana Ngula Cissus barteri Boloko Cissus bul lata G i Ig. et Brandt. Cissus caesia Afzel. Cissus chevalieri Gilg. et Brandt. Cissus cornifolia Planch. Moganza Cissus dasypieuris Jackal grapes Cissus debilis Gabo Cissus deweverei Kuobegela Cissus diversilobatus C.A.Smith Cissus doeringii Gilg. et Brandt. Cissus flavicans Planch. Cissus gilletti Ngalanda Cissus guerkeana Bilabila Cissus homblei Bubonbolin Cissus integrifolia Lendja Cissus atrophoides Planch. Cissus lonicerifolius Pepper bush Cissus mugansa Mugansa Cissus natalitus Tickberry bush Cissus obovataoblonga Sannmaba Cissus orondo Gilg. et Bemed. Cissus plamatifolia Planch. Cissus petiolata Bokengo Cissus peynaerti Gwakulu Cissus polyantha Idjongo Cissus populnea Guill. et Perr. Where found Sudan, west Africa West Africa Tropical Africa West Africa West Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Southern Africa Southern Africa Tropical Africa West Africa Tropical Africa Part used 175

180 Chapter 5 Scientific Common Where Part found used Cissus producía Abalábala Cissus quadrangularis L. Climbing cactus Tropical and southern Africa Cissus rubiginosa Planch. Mokila na West Africa, kabonde Cissus smithiana Mosembe Cissus succulentus Snake grapes Southern Africa Cissus unguiformifolius C. A. Smith Southern Africa Cissus woodii Gilg. et Rrandt LJ 1 Cl 1 1 vj L. Southern Africa Rhoiclssus capensis Planch. Wild grape Southern Africa Rhoicissus cuneifolia Planch 1 1 \^ 1 1 %^ Ils Southern Africa Rhoicissus dig i tat a Wild potato Southern Africa Rhoicissus erythrodes Planch. Southern Africa Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. Tropical Africa Rhoicissus rhomboidea Planch. Kaffir ropewood Southern Africa Rhoicissus tomentosa Monkey rope, wild grape Southern Africa Rhoicissus tridentata Wild, et Dummond Wild grape Malawi, southern Africa Rhoicissus verdickii Kaluma-kalendja Vitis labrusa L. Fox grape Madagascar Vitis microdiptera Baker Madagascar Vitis mult i strata R;)kpr Tropical Africa Zingiberaceae Aframomum angustifolium K. Schum. Longozy Madagascar, Tanzania Aframomum danielh'i K. Schum. Bastard Southern Africa melengueta Aframomum latifolium K. Schum. West Africa 176

181 Minor Fruits of Africa Scientific Common Where found Part used sanguineum K. Schum. Matungulu Equatorial Africa Aframomum sulcatum K. Schum. West Africa 177

182 6. Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Anacardiaceae Buchanania florida Shauer Xang tao Buchanania sessilifolia Blume Dracontomelum dao Merr. et Rolfe Dao Dracontomelum edule Skeels Lamio Dracontomelum sylvestre Blume Dracontomelum vitiense Engler Gluta renghas L. Gluta velutina Blume Paknam Mangifera altissima Blanco Mangifera balba Gen. Mangifera caloneura Kurz. Mangifera camptosperma Mangifera cochichinensis Engler Mangifera dupperreana Pierre Mangifera equina Gen. Mangifera gracilipes Mangifera kemanga Blume Mangifera lagenifera Griff. Mangifera laurina Blume Mangifera longipes Griff. Mangifera longipetiolata King Mangifera macrocarpa Blume Pahutan Queo Xoai ngua Kemang Lanjut Monjet Vietnam Malaysia Indonesia, Philippines Indonesia Indonesia Fiji Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Malaysia, Philippines Indonesia Thailand Thailand Indonesia, Malaysia Vietnam Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Malaysia Malaysia, Thailand Indochina, Indonesia Seeds Seed 178

183 Scientific Mangifera maingayi Hook. f. Mangifera microphylla Griff. Mangifera minor Blume Mangifera obiongifolia Hook. f. Common Mangifera oryza Gen. Mangifera pentandra Mangifera pentaphylia Hook. f. Mangifera reba Pierre Xoai som Mangifera rumptiii Pierre Mangifera siamensis Warb. Mangifera syivatica Roxb. Mangifera verticil lata C. B. Rob. Bauno Semecarpus atra Veil!. Semecarpus cassuvium Roxb. Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco Semecarpus gigantifolia Vidal Annonaceae Ligas Mandu Where found Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia to Pacific Islands Malaysia, Thailand Indochina Thailand Malaysia Vietnam Indonesia Thailand Indochina Philippines New Caledonia Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines Philippines Part used Seeds Fruit stalk Fruit stalk Fruit stalk Alpfionsea elliptica Hook. f. et Thorns. Alpfionsea ventricosa Hook. f. et Thoms. Aphania ochnoides Pierre Aphania viridis Pierre Arytera littoralis Blume Cyathocalyx globosus Merr. Desmos mesnyi Pierre Goniothalamus repevensis Pierre Nogacola Unone Malaysia Malaysia Thailand Thailand Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines Indochina Indochina, seed, seed 179

184 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Oxy mitra biglandulosa Scheff Malaysia Polyalthia fruticosa Lour. Cay bogie Burma, Malaysia, Vietnam Sphaerocoryne aberrans Ridl. Malaysia, Vietnam Stelechocarpus burahol Hook. f. Kepel Indonesia, Malaysia Uvaria dulcis Dun. Indonesia, Malaysia Uvaria lancifolia Merr. Calabao Philippines Uvaria macrophylla Roxb. Malaysia Uvaria purpurea Blume Indonesia, Malaysia Uvaria redleyi King Malaysia Uvaria rufa Blume Indonesia, Malaysia Uvaria sorzogonensis Presl. Philippines Apocynaceae Chilocarpus denudatus Blume Indonesia, Philippines Leuconotis eugeniifolius DC. Malaysia Meiodinus monogynus Roxb. Malaysia -, seed Ochrosia littoralis Merr. Philippines Seeds Oclirosia oppositifolia K. Schum. Tropical Asia Seeds Parameria panicuiatum Benth. Serapit Indonesia Urceola elástica Roxb. Malaysia Seeds Vallaris heynii Spreng. Chama net Malaysia, Thailand Willughbeia coriácea Wall. Malaysia Willughbeia dulcis Rjdi. Malaysia 180

185 Minor Fruits of Australia, Soutlieast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Will ugh bei a edulis Roxb. Barringtoniaceae Common Goul Where found Part used Burma, Malaysia Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. Barringtonia asiática Kurz. Barringtonia butonia Forst. Barringtonia edulis Seenri. Barringtonia excelsa Blunne Barringtonia magnifica Lauter Barringtonia procera Knuth. Barringtonia scortechinii King Kamdol Vietnann Tropical Asia, Pacific Islands Pacific Islands Fiji Pacific Islands Pacific Islands Pacific Islands Malaysia Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Figure AO. Uvaria lancifolia, its bright red fruits borne in a cluster. 181

186 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum Vent. Sward fruit tree Tropical Asia Young fruit Bombacaceae Boschia microphylla Griff. Plum mango Durio carinatus Mast. Durio dulcís Beccari Durio grandiflorus Kostermans & Soegeng Durio graveolens Beccari Durio griffithii Bakh. Durio lowianus Scorb Durio malaccensis Planch. Durio mansoni Bakh. Durio oxieyanus Griff. Durian daun Durio pinganianus Rd. Lahiia kutejensis Hassk. Burseraceae Canariellum oleiferum Engler Canarium amboinensis Hochr. Java almond Canarium decumanum Gaertn. Cariarium denticulatum Blume Canarium grandiflorum Benn. Canarium littorale Blume Kikanari Canarium luzonicum A. Gray Elemi Canarium mehenbetene Gaertn Canarium nitidum Benn. Canarium nungi Guill Canarium patentinervium Miq. 182 Tropical Asia Borneo Borneo Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Southeast Asia Thailand Indonesia, Malaysia New Caledonia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Malaysia, Philippines Pacific Islands Malaysia Pacific Islands Indonesia Seeds Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut

187 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Canarium polyphyiiurn K. Schum. Canarium ruf urn Benn. Canarium secundum Benn. Canarium solomonenge Burtt. Canarium venosum Craib. Canarium williamsii C. B. Rob. Dacryodes expansa H.J. Lam. Dacryodes macrocarpa H. J. Lann. Garuga floribunda Decne. Protium javanicum Burm. f. Santiria grandiflora Kalkman Santiria laevigata Blunne Santiria tomentosa Blunne Scutinanthe brunnea Thw. Common Where found Part used Indonesia, Nut New Guinea Indonesia, Malaysia Malaysia Nut Pacific Islands Nut Thailand Nut Gisau Philippines Nut Sabal Borneo Indonesia Indonesia Bernang Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Capparidaceae Capparis hórrida L. f. Capparis loureeri Tanaka Capparis micrantha DC. Capparis mitchelii Crataeva nurvala Hamilt. Crataeva roxburghii R. Br. Crataeva speciosa Volkens. Philippines Pods Philippines Pods Tropical Asia Pods Native orange Australia Pods Garlic pear Tropical Asia Pods Cambodia Pods /^bich Pacific Islands Pods 183

188 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Celastraceae Kurrima panícula ta Wall. Salada flavescens Kurz. Salada grandiflora Kurz. Salada macrophylla Blume Salada naumannii Engler Salada prinoides DC. Salada roxburghii Wall. Siphonodon celastrinum Griff. Chrysobalanaceae Ampedal ajam Salacia Xungda Malaysia, Thailand Malaysia, Thailand Malaysia Malaysia Pacific Islands Tropical Asia Vietnam Malaysia, Vietnam Parinaria corymbosa Miq. Parinaria excelsa Sabine Parinaria nanda F. Muell. Gray plum Nanda Indonesia Malaysia Australia, seed Combretaceae Terminalia angustifolia Jacq. Terminalia bellerica Roxb. Terminalia chebula Retz. Terminalia copelandii Elmer Terminalia longespicata Sloot. Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Terminalia sepicana Diels Terminalia solomonensis Exell Belleric Malaysia Tropical Asia Malaysia Indonesia, Philippines Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Eastern New Guinea Seeds Seeds Seeds Seeds 184

189 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Cornaceae Alangium slaviifolium Wangerin Akola Malaysia Cycadaceae Cycas media R. Br. Australia Cycas revoluta Thunb. Japanese sago Tropical Asia, Japan Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum timoriense Engler Malaysia Kernels Kernels Dilleniaceae Dillenia elliptica jhunb. Indonesia Dillenia megalantha Merr. Indonesia Dillenia meliosmifolia Hook. f. Malaysia Dillenia mindanensis Elm. Philippines Dillenia obovata Hoogl. Indonesia, Malaysia D/7/en/a ovata Wall. Thiu Indonesia Dillenia philippensis Rolfe. Kalmon Philippines Dillenia reifferscheidia F. Vil Malaysia, Philippines Dillenia talaudensis Hoogl. Malaysia, Indonesia Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanopsis aromática Gaertn. Indonesia, Malaysia Dryobalanopsis oblongifolia Dyer Shorea apetara Buck Shorea gisok Foxw. Shorea robusta Gaertn. Keladang Bornes shorea Gisok Sal tree Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines Indochina, Malaysia Nut Nut Nut 185

190 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Shorea stenoptera Burck Indonesia Nut Ebenaceae Diospyros chamaethamnus Millbr. Diospyros ehretioides Wall. Diospyros gianduiosa Lace. Diospyros lycioides Desf. Diospyros mollis Griff. Diospyros montana Roxb. Diospyros packmanii L B. Clarke Diospyros pallens F. White Diospyros peregrina Guerke Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Diospyros siamensis Hochr. Maba buxifolia Per. Tandam Gab Anang Australia Thailand Thailand Australia Thailand Southeast Asia, Australia Thailand Australia Tropical Asia Philippines Thailand Pacific Islands Seeds Ehretiaceae Cordia dichotoma Forst, f. Cordia myxa L. Cordia subcordata Lannk. Clammy cherry Sapistan Tropical Asia Tropical Asia Pacific Islands Seeds Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus calomala Merr. Elaeocarpus edulis Tejsm. et Binn. Elaeocarpus jackianus Wall. Elaeocarpus madopetalius Pierre Kalomala Cana Philippines Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Malaysia Vietnam 186

191 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where Part found used Elaeocarpus oppositifolius Miq. Muntingia calabura L. Eleagnaceae Belimbin Manila cherry Indonesia Pantropics Elaeagnus latifolia L. Bastard oleaster Malaysia Elaeagnus philippensis Perk. Lingaro Philippines Ericaceae Gautheria cumingiana Vidal Philippines Gautheria fragrantissima Wall. Indian winter- Malaysia green Vaccinium hasseltii Miq. Malaysia Vaccinium malaccense Wight Malaysia Vaccinium myrotoides Miq. Philippine blue- Philippines berry Vaccinium whitfordii Merr. Philippines Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana Willd. Candle nut Pacific Islands Nut Antidesma dallachyanum Baill Australia Antidesma d i and rum ^, Spreng. Amii Southeast Asia Antidesma fruticosa ^, MuelL-Arg. Indochina Antidesma ^., ^. D..^ ghaesembilla Gaertn. Heloch Tropical Asia Antidesma ^ ^ ^ ^. o. montanum Blume Southeast Asia Antidesma st i pu tare. ^ ^. D.,I^ Blume indochma, Malaysia Antidesma tomentosa o, Java Blume Antidesma ^,,. D,,,^ velutinosum Blume Malaysia Aporosa prainiana ^^ King 187

192 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Baccaurea bracteata Muell.-Arg. Malaysia, Sumatra Baccaurea brevipes Hook. f. Malaysia Baccaurea dulcís Muell.-Arg. Chupa, tupa Southeast Asia Baccaurea griffithii Hook. f. Malaysia Baccaurea lanceolata Muell.-Arg. Malaysia Baccaurea macrophylla Muell.-Arg. Malaysia Baccaurea malayana King Tampoi Malaysia, Sumatra Baccaurea parviflora Muell.-Arg. Malaysia Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f. Malaysia Baccaurea pyriformis Gage Malaysia Baccaurea sápida Muell.-Arg. Leteku Tropical Asia Baccaurea sylvestris Lour. Vietnam Baccaurea velutina Rjcji. Malaysia Baccaurea wallichii Hook. f. Malaysia Baccaurea wrayi King Malaysia Blumeodendron kurzii J.J. Smith Malaysia Bride! i a minutiflora Hook. Tropical Asia Bridelia retusa Spreng. Tropical Asia Elateriospermum tapes Blume Thailand Eupfiorbia cambodiana L Indochina Fluggia virosa Baill. Tropical Asia Gelonium multiflorum A. Juss. Ban-naringa Malaysia Hymenocardia wallichii Tul. Malaysia Macaranga tanarius Muell.-Arg. Philippines Phyllanthus gomphocarpus Hook. f. Southeast Asia 188

193 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Phyllanthus pectinatus Hook. f. Malaysia Phyllanthus urinaria L. Tropical Asia Part used Fagaceae Castanopsis argéntea A. DC. Sanintero Indonesia, Malaysia Castanopsis inermis Benth. et Hook. f. Malaysia, Sumatra Castanopsis javanica /^ DC. Indonesia Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble Malaysia Castanopsis philippensis Vidal Philippine chestnut Philippines Castanopsis wallichii King Malaysia Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia euphlebia Merr. Lanagon Philippines Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. Indian plum Tropical Asia Hemiscorpia trimera Sioot. Indonesia Homalium cochinchinensis Druce Acomas Vietnam Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre Thailand to Malaysia Pangium edule Reinw. Philippines Ryparosa caesia Blume Indonesia Ryparosa hullettii King Pitoling Malaysia Ryparosa multinervosa Sloot Mausea uru Indonesia Scolopia spinosa Wark. Rukem Malaysia Seeds Gnetaceae Gnetum brunonisnum Griff. Indonesia, Malaysia 189

194 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Gnetum genmonoides Brongn. Gnetum I at i fol i urn Blume Gnetum tendifolium Ridl. Bulso Barringtonia dinner Indonesia Indonesia, Philippines Malaysia Seeds, seed Guttiferae Calophyllum inophyllum L. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Garcinia bancana Miq. Garcinia barretiana Wester Garcinia benthamii Pierre Garcinia binucao Choisy Garcinia celebica L. Garcinia cochinchinensis Choisy Garcinia costata Hemsl. Garcinia cowa Roxb. Garcinia globulosa Ridl. Garcinia gracilis L. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Garcinia macrophylla Miq. Garcinia mindanensis Merr. Garcinia microstigma Kurz. Garcinia mooreana Wester Garcinia negrolineata Planch. Garcinia Oliver i Pierre Maria Buruguru Kadis Binukau Boras Buanha Thung-thale-anee Kandis hutan Bua rung Pantropics Malaysia Malaysia to Thailand Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines Vietnam Malaysia Thailand Malaysia Thailand Malaysia Philippines Philippines Southeast Asia Philippines Malaysia Indochina Young seeds 190

195 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Garcinia parviflora Miq. Garcinia planchoni Pierre Garcinia prainiana King Garcinia rubra Merr. Garcinia schomburghiana Piprrp Garcinia sizygiifolia Pierre Garcinia subelliptica Merr. Garcinia tetrandra Pierre Garcinia venuiosa Choisy Garcinia vidaiii Merr. Garcinia vilersiana Pierre Common Yellow kandis Cherapu Funi Temil Gatasan Pilis Vang nhura Where found Indochina, Malaysia Indochina, Malaysia Malaysia, Philippines Philippines Thailand Indonesia, Vietnam Philippines Indochina, Philippines Philippines Philippines Indochina Part used Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Cryptocarva wiisonii Guill. Litsea glutinosa C. B. Robins. Micropora curtisii Hook. f. Robbins Tropical Asia Pacific Islands Tropical Asia Malaysia Leeaceae Leea indica Merr. Leea rubra Blume Tropical Asia Indonesia, Malaysia Seeds Leguminosae Cassia acutifolia Del. Cassia angustí folia Vahl Sudan senna Indian senna Thailand Thailand Pods Pods 191

196 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where Part found used Castanospermum australe A. Cunningh. et Fraser Moreth bay chestnut Australia Seeds Dial i um lau ri n um Baker Malaysia r' Dialium maingayi Baker Keranji Malaysia Dialium patens Baker Malaysia Dialium platysepalum Baker Monkey kerang Malaysia Parkia biglandulosa Wight, et Arn. Parlóla biglobosa Malaysia W fi^ Benth. Malaysia, seed Parkia intermedia Hassk. Petir Indonesia, Malaysia Seeds Parkia javanica Merr. Kedawung Indonesia, Seeds Malaysia Parkia speciosa Hort. Petal Indonesia, Young seeds Malaysia Pithecellobium affine Baker Malaysia I M ^ Pithecellobium bulbalinum Benth. Keredas Malaysia, seed Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Madras thorn Pantropics Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. Djering Tropical Asia Pongamia pinnata Merr. Robinier Tropical Asia Whitfordiodendron erianthum Dunn. Tulang daeng Malaysia Melastomataceae endemia hirta D. Don Malaysia M a rumia stellulata Blume Indonesia fi/ledinilla hasseltii Blume Indonesia %^ v^ ^^ x^ *^ f^emecylon caeruleum Jacq. Javanese kulis Tropical Asia Memecylon edule Roxb. Ironwood tree Tropical Asia Ochtocharis borneensis Blume Indonesia, Malaysia 192

197 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Meliaceae Aglaia acida Koord. et Val. Langsatan Java Aglaia elliptifolia Merr. Philippines Aglaia everettii Merr. Bunguas Malaysia, Philippines Aglaia glabriflora Hiern. Malaysia Aglaia glomerata Merr. Karamiras Philippines Aglaia harmsiana Perk. Melatumbaga Philippines Aglaia kingiana Ridley Malaysia Aglaia oligantha DC. Mantan Philippines Aglaia rufibardis Ridley Malaysia Aglaia trichostema Ridley Malaysia Chisocheton glomeratus Hiern. Malaysia Chisoclieton penduliflorus Planch Malaysia Dysoxylon excelsum Blume Malaysia Lansium dubium Merr. Mamata-babae Philippines Sandoricum nervosum Blunne Kechapi Indonesia, Malaysia Sandoricum radiât um King Kechapi Malaysia, Philippines Walsura elata Pierre Indochina Walsura villosa Wall Indochina Menispermaceae Limada scandens ^^. ^ Lour. Vietnam IVIoraceae Artocarpus blancoi Merr. Antipolo Philippines Artocarpus camansi Dhiiinnmoc Blanco Kamansi Philippines Artocarpus chaplashus Roxb., seed 193

198 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Artocarpus cumingiana Tree. Artocarpus dudak Miq. Artocarpus glauca Blume Artocarpus gomeziana Wall. Artocarpus involucrata K. Schum. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Artocarpus lanceaefolius Roxb. Artocarpus odoratissima Blanco Artocarpus polyphema Pers. Artocarpus rotundata Merr. Broussonetia papyri fera L'Merit, ex Vent. Cudrania cochinchinensis Kudo. Tapang Monkey jack Morang Paper mulberry Philippines Sumatra Java Malaysia Papua New Guinea Tropical Asia Thailand Philippines Java Indonesia, Malaysia Tropical Asia Tropical Asia, seed Ficus áspera Forst. Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Roxb. Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus King Ficus auriculata Lour. benglialensis L. conora King g lomera ta hirta Vahl hispida L. f. lacor Hamilt. nota Merr. obpyramidata pilosa Reinw. Ficus pumila L. Ficus rostata L. Ficus ru m phi i Blume Ficus séptica Thunb. Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Ficus variegata Blume Tongue fly Timia Banyan Cluster fig Gobia Kahimal Australia, Pacific Islands Tropical Asia Malaysia Indonesia Tropical Asia Tropical Asia Tropical Asia Malaysia Philippines Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Pantropics Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines Tropical Asia 194

199 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Gymnartocarpus woodii Merr. Philippines Parartocarpus venenosas Malanangka Philippines Part used Seeds Myricaceae Myrica avanica Blume Indonesia Myrica sápida Wall. Box nnyrtle Tropical Asia, seed iviyristicaceae Horsefieldia australiana Blake Australia Horsefieldia ridleyana Warb. Malaysia Horsefieldia sylvestris Warb. Indonesia, Malaysia Knema laurina Warb. Malaysia Myristica argéntea Warb. Papua nutmeg Papua New Guinea Myristica cagayanensis Merr. Philippines Myristica crassa King Malaysia Seeds Seeds Seeds Myrsinaceae Ardisia lurida Blume Southeast Asia Ardisia squamulosa Presl. Philippines Embelia philippinensis DC. Lendo Philippines Embelia ribes Burm. f. Tropical Asia Myrtaceae Decaspermum fruticosum Forst. Tropical Asia Eugenia aherniana C. B. Rob. Turana Philippines Eugenia mananquil Blanco Philippines Eugenia polycephaloides C. B. Rob. Maigang Philippines 195

200 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where Part found used Syzygium accuminatissimum DC. Indonesia, Malaysia Syzygium arnottianum Walp. Indonesia Syzygium calubcob Merr. Kalubkub Philippines Syzygium clavifforum Wall. Borsrem Malaysia, Philippines Syzygium curanii Merr. LipotI Philippines Syzygium densiflorum Brongn. et Gris Kelat asam Indonesia, Malaysia Syzygium grande Wall. Indochina to Indonesia Syzygium ambos Alston Roseapple Pantropics Syzygium lineatum Merr. et Perry Guava berry Indonesia, Malaysia Syzygium oblatum Wall. Malaysia Syzygium poiycepfiaium Merr. et Perry Gowok Southeast Asia Syzygium punctuiatum Wall. Syzygium simile Malaysia Merr. Panglomboien Philippines Syzygium xanthophylla LapinI Philippines Nyssaceae Nyssa avanica Wangerin. Ochnaceae Tropical Asia Ochna integerrima Merr. Mai bong vang Vietnam Olacaceae Anacolosa luzonensis Merr. Galo nut Philippines Nut 196

201 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where Part found used Ochanostachya amentácea Masters Olax inbricata Roxb. Olax scandens Roxb. Dheniani Malaysia Burma, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. Indonesia, Malaysia Oxalidaceae Connaropsis grifithii Planch. Pupoi Malaysia Connaropsis macrophylla King Malaysia Connaropsis monoptiyiia Planch. Malaysia Palmae Actinorhytis calapparia H. Wendl. et Druce Tangalo Malaysia, Philippines Adonidia meriilii Becc. Manila palm Southeast Asia Nut Areca caliso Becc. Philippines Nut Arenga pinnata Merr. Sugar plum Tropical Asia Nut Calamus litoko West. Litoko Philippines Calamus mitis Becc. Tebdas Philippines Calamus ornatus Blume Puffed rattan Indonesia, Malaysia Calamus salicifolius Becc. Lempeak Vietnam Calamus us i ta tus Blanco Abet Philippines Corypha utan Lam. Buri palm Tropical Asia Young seeds Daemonorhops palembanicus Blume Uwi nangga Indonesia Daemonorhops periacanthus Miq. Rotan gelang Indonesia, Malaysia Daemonorliops ruber Mart. Pendjalin sepet Indonesia, Malaysia Eugeissona triste Griff Ni^l 1 1 I. Malaysia Young fruit Latania commersonii J. F. Gmel. Bourbon palm Tropical Asia 197

202 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where Part found used Livistona cochinchinensis Blume Vietnam Livistona saribas MGrr. Tropical Asia Onocosperma tig HI aria RIdl. Anibong Tropical Asia Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Malaysia, Thailand Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. Inchu Malaysia Raphia vinifera Beauv. Wine raffia Malaysia Salacca affinis Blume Salak batool Malaysia Salacca clemensiana Becc. Dalubi Philippines Salacca conferta Griff. Salak hutan Indonesia, Malaysia Salacca glabrescens Griff. Malaysia Salacca wallichiana Mart. Kumbur Malaysia Veitchia oanennis H. Wendl. Fiji Nut Pandanaceae Freycinetia milnei Seem Pandanus brosimos Merr. et Perry Pandanus conoideus Fiji Pacific Islands Seeds Lam. Marita Southeast Asia, seed Pandanus dubius Spreng. Southeast Asia Seeds Knob-fruited screwpine Pandanus fischerianus Mart. Pacific Islands Seeds Pandanus houlletii Carr. Malay screwpine Malaysia Pandanus iulianettii Mart. Pacific Islands Seeds Pandanus obliquus Kanehira Pandanus Pacific Islands spodiophyllus B. 0. Stone Papua New Guinea Pandanus tectorius Sol. Pacific Islands Seeds, pulp 198

203 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Podocarpaceae Podocarpus neriifolia D. Don New Guinea Seeds, pulp Proteaceae Grevillea elacocarpifolia Guill. Pacific Islands Seeds Kermadecia leptophylla Guill. Pacific Islands Seeds Kermadecia sinuata Brongn. et Gris Pacific Islands Seeds Rhamnaceae Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Chinese raisin Asian subtropics Peduncle Sageretia oppositifolia Brongn. Drangu Indonesia Sageretia theezans Brongn. Indochina Ziziphus agrestis Roem. et Schul. Cay na Indochina Ziziphus attoensis Pierre Indochina Ziziphus calophylla Wall Malaysia Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre Putrea Indochina Ziziphus funiculosa I_l3^ Malaysia Ziziphus hoaensis P\Q^^Q Vietnam Ziziphus oenoplia ^, Mili. Anor Tropical Asia Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera eriopetala.. _. \j^q^ ^ Pacific Islands Carallia brachiata,. _. Merr. Carallia wood Malaysia Rosaceae Angelesia splendens,,,.... Indonesia, Korth.... Malaysia 199

204 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where Part found used Rubus copelandii Merr. Finit Philippine Islands Rubus ellipticus Sm. Yellow Himalayan Asian subtropics raspberry Rubus elmeri Focke Bunut Philippines Rubus elongatus Smith Indonesia Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. Palanau Indonesia, Philippines Rubus macgregorii F. V. Muell. New Guinea Rubus moluccanus L. Ceylon blackberry Tropical Asia Rubus niveus Thunb. Pilai Philippines Rubus pectinellus Maxim. Atkbulnak Philippines Rubus rolfei Vidal Dutung Philippines Rubus sorbifolium Maxim. Tropical Asia Rubiaceae Anthocephalus cadamba Benth. Meo Tropical Asia Anthocephalus morindaefolius Korth. Tropical Asia Canthium horridum Blume Tropical Asia Canthium micrantha DC. Tropical Asia Ixora arguta R. Br. Mata pelandok Malaysia, Thailand Morinda citrifolia L. Indian mulberry Pantropics Young fruit Morinda urn bel lata L. Tropical Asia Young fruit Nauclea maingayi Hook. f. Malaysia Nauclea subdita Merr. Pa vet ta indica L. Randia anisophylla Malaysia Tropical Asia Hook. f. Malaysia Randia dumetorum Lam. Maindal Malaysia Randia esculenta Merr. Indochina Randia uliginosa Poir. Pindalu Malaysia 200

205 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where Part found used Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata Miq. Bai bai Tropical Asia, leaves Aegle marmelos Corr. Bengal quince Tropical Asia Glycosmis citrifolia Lindl. Malaysia, Thailand Glycosmis pentaphylla Corr. Ban nimbu Tropical Asia Hesperethusa crenulata Swingle Indochina Murray a pan icu lata (L) Jacq. Jasmin orange Tropical Asia Toddalia asiática Lann. Daung Philippines Sabiaceae Meliosma nitida Blume Indonesia, Malaysia Santalaceae Ctiampereia griffithiana Planch. Burma, Malaysia Eucarya acuminata Sprague et Summerhayes Quandong nut Australia Seeds San tal urn lanceolatum R. Br. Plum bush Australia Sapindaceae AllophyUus cochinchinensis H. Lee. Schmidelia Malaysia Cubilla blancoi Blume Kubili nut Indonesia, Philippines Erioglossum rubiginosum Blume Mertajam Tropical Asia Euphoria didyma Blanco Alupag Philippines Euphoria nephelioides Radlk. Philippines Hedyachras philippinensis Radlk. Mala-chico Philippines Litchi philippinensis Radlk. earning! Philippines, seed 201

206 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Mishocarpus sumatranus Blume Nephelium bassacense Pierre Nephelium chryseum Blume Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz. Nephelium philippense Búlala Nephelium obovatum L. Nephelium xerospermoides R. D. K. Aluao Otophora a lata Blume Chinese averrhoa Otophora cambodiana Pierre Otophora fruticosa Blume Lunan nut Otophora furcata Pierre Chon chom Otophora spectabilis Blume Palaqium burkii Lam. Siak ilipe nut Palaqium hexandrum Engl. Palaqium javense Burck. Java nato tree Palaqium macrocarpum Burck. Palaqium oleiferum Blanco Palaqium philippense C. B. Rob. Palaqium rostratum Burck. Palaqium semaran Lam. Samaran Palaqium walsurifolium Pierre Butam Where found Indonesia, Malaysia Malaysia, Vietnam Philippines Thailand Philippines Thailand Philippines Tropical Asia Malaysia, Thailand Vietnam Tropical Asia Vietnam Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia, Malaysia Malaysia Philippines Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia, Malaysia Part used Nut, nut Nut Nut Nut 202

207 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Xerospermum intermedium Radlk. Burma Malaysia Xerospermum laevigatum Radlk. Malaysia Xerospermum macrophyllum Pierre Xerospermum wall ich i i King Truong Vietnam Malaysia Sapotaceae Imbricarla malabarica Poir. Madhuca esculenta Fletch. Madhuca grandifolia Fletch. Madhuca lancifolia Lam. Kelaki Madhuca I at i folia Macbr. Butter tree Madhuca leerii Merr. Edoloyan Madhuca obovatifolia Merr. Manik Manilkara hexandra Dubard Mimusops manilkara G. Don. Mimusops parviflora R. Br. Wild dilly Saxifragaceae Indonesia Thailand Thailand Indonesia Tropical Asia Tropical Asia Malaysia, Philippines Tropical Asia Philippines Philippines, Pantropics Seeds Seeds Davidsonia pruriens Muell.-Arg. Davidson's plum Australia Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia caseolaris Engler Perepat Sonneratia grifithii Kurz. Sonneratia ovata Back. Bogan Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam Malaysia Indonesia 203

208 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where found Part used Sterculiaceae Sterculia apétala Karst. Pantropics Seed Sterculia cermica R. Br. Philippines Seed Sterculia foetida L. Sterculia ob Ion gat a R. Br. Java olive Pantropics Philippines Seed Seed Strychnaceae Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychnos pungens Solered. Strychinin Botter Klapper Indonesia Australia Tetrameristaceae Tetramerista glabra Miq. Poonah Indonesia, Malaysia Thymeliaceae Phaleria capitata Jack. Tiliaceae Diplodiscus edules Merr. Diplodiscus eriocarpa Juss. Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz. Balobo Diplodiscus stylocarpa Warb. Grewia eriocarpa Juss. Bariu-an Grewia fibrocarpa Mast. Grewia latifolia Mast. Grewia philippinensis Perk. Balukok Grewia stylocarpa Juss. Muling Grewia subinaequalis DC. Phalsa Indonesia, Malaysia Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines Tropical Asia Indonesia, Malaysia Malaysia Philippines Philippines Tropical Asia Seeds Seeds Seeds Seeds 204

209 Mi nor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Microcos paniculate L. Microcos stylocarpa Burrett. Tropical Asia Philippines Urticaceae Hullettia dumosa King et Hook. f. Lapourtea Stimulans Miq. Jelatang Procris laevigata Blume Steblus asper Lour. Taxotrophis macrophylla Boerl. Verbenaceae Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia Tropical Asia Tropical Asia Indonesia, Malaysia Fruit stalk Gmelina arbórea L. Vitex glabrata R. Br. Malay bush beech Malaysia Burnna, Malaysia, Thailand Violaceae Rhionera pachycarpa Craib. Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand Vitidaceae Ampellocissus martina Planch. Cissus quadrangularis L. Cissus triloba Merr. Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Bika Ayo Southeast Asia Pantropics Indochina Malaysia, Philippines Tetrastigma lanceolarium Planch. Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. Vitis lawsoni King Vitis pallida Wight et Am. Ojod Tropical Asia Philippines Malaysia Tropical Asia 205

210 Chapter 6 Scientific Common Where Part found used Zingiberaceae Phaenomeria atropurpúrea K. Schum. Ondje Indonesia, Malaysia Phaenomeria speciosa Koord. O'.dji Tropical Asia Vanoverbergia sepulchrei Merr. Philippines 206

211 7. Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Scientific Alangianciae Common Where found Part used Alangium lamarckii Thw. Alangium salviifolium Wang. Akola Akola India, Indochina India, Indochina Anacardianceae Bouea burmanica Griff. Buchanania angustifolia Roxb. Buchanania lancifolia Roxb. Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Buchanania 1 at i folia Roxb. Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. Mangifera zeylanica Hook. f. Nothopegia colebrookiana Blunne Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. Spondias acuminata Roxb. Spondias boronica Marian fruit Pedda sara Piyal Ceylon nnango Grape nnango India, Indochina, Burnna India India India, Burnna India, Burnna India, Indochina Sri Lanka India, Sri Lanka India India Mauritius Seeds Seeds Annonaceae Alphonsea ventricosa Hook. f. et Thonns. Cyathocalyx marfabaninijs^ Hook f Fissistigma polyanthum Merr. Fissistigma vprrijcn^ium Mprr Miliusa velutina Hnnk f Pt Thnm«^ Polyalthia cerasoides Benth. et Hook. f. Noga-cola India India, Burnna, Assam India India Indochina, Burma, Bangladesh India 207

212 Chapter 7 Scientific Common Where found Polyalthia longiflora Benth. et Hook. f. India Polyalthia suberosa jhw. India, Burma Saccopetalum tomentosum Hook. f. et Thorns. 'ndia Uvaria macrophylla Roxb. India, Sri Lanka Part used Apocynaceae Carissa lanceoiata Dalz. India Carissa macrophylla Wall. India Carissa opaca Stapf. Karaunda India Carissa paucinowia DC. India Carissa spinarum L Karaunda India Melodinus monogynus Roxb. India Ochrosia oppositifolia K. Schum. India Urceola esculenta Benth. India, Burma, Sri Lanka, seed Burseraceae Boswellia serrata Roxb. Olinanum India Canarium bengalense Roxb. India, Burma, Sri Lanka Canarium strictum Roxb. Canarium zeylanicum Blume Garuga pinnata Roxb. Black dammer Kekuna Khapat India, Indochina India, Sri Lanka India Nuts Nut Nut Nut Capparidaceae Capparis micrantha DC. Maerua arenaris Hook. f. et Thoms. India, Indochina, Burma India Pods 208

213 Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Scientific Common Where found Part used Combretaceae Terminalia bellerica Roxb. Terminalia chebula Retz. Connaraceae India, Sri Lanka India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan Nut Seed (oil) Rourea commutata Planch. India, Burma Aril Dilleniaceae Dilíenla áurea Sm. Dillenla indica L. Dillen I a pentagyna Roxb. Dillenla scabrella Roxb. Pentagyna coromandeliana DC. Sempoor Elephant apple Aggai Banj-ou India India India India India (spice) Dipterocarpaceae y atería acuminata Hayne. India, Sri Lanka Ebenaceae Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. Diospyros ebenum Koenig Diospyros exculpa Ham. Diospyros íanceaefoíía Roxb. Diospyros marítima Blunne Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Diospyros montana Roxb. Diospyros peregrina Guerke Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Diospyros ramifiera Roxb. Ninei Ceylon ebony Coromandel ebony Gab India India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan India Burma, India, Nepal India India, Sri Lanka India, Sri Lanka India India India 209

214 Chapter 7 Scientific Common Where found Part used Diospyros tomentosa Roxb. Diospyros toposia Ham. Tendu Toposi India India, Sri Lanka Maba major Forst, f. Maba nigrescens Daiz. Ruktoora India India Ehretiaceae Cord i a dich oto m a Forst, f. Cordia myxa L. Cordia rothii Roem. et Schlecht Cordia vest i ta Hook. f. et Thorns. Ehretia laevis Roxb. Clammy cherry Sapistan Kúm-paiman Chamror India India India, Pakistan India India Eiaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus serrât US L. Veralu Sri Lanka Eleagnaceae Eleagnus kologa Schlecht. Eleagnus I at i folia L. Mirica-tenga India India Ericaceae Vaccinium leschenaultii Wight India, Sri Lanka Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana Willd. Antidesma acuminatum Wall. Antidesma menasu Muell.-Arg. Aporosa lindleyana Baill. Baccaurea courtallensis Muell.-Arg. Baccaurea dulcís Muell.-Arg. Indian walnut Paniheloch Kumbyung Vittil India India India, Burma Andamam Island India India India Seeds 210

215 Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Scientific Common Where found Baccaurea parviflora Muell.-Arg. India Bridelia retusa Sprang. Kuhir, khaja India Bridelia stipularis Blume India Caragana ambigua Stocks India Fluggea leucopyrus Willd. India Gelonium multiflorum A. Juss. Ban-naringa India Macaranga roxburghii Wight Chanda India Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. India Trewia nudifolia L Bhillaura India, Sri Lanka Part used Pods Fagaceae Castanopsis argéntea DC. India Castanopsis diversifolia King India, Burma Castanopsis indica DC. Hinguri India, Indochina, Burma Castanopsis tribuloides DC. Phul-hingori India Lithocarpus xylocarpus Markgraf. Ir>dia Nut Nut Nut Nut Nut Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia montana J. Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. Attak Indian plunn India India Gnetaceae Gnetum uia Brongn. India Seeds Guttiferae Calophyllum apetalum Willd. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Poonstar Maria India India 211

216 Chapter 7 Scientific Common Where Part found used Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Guru-guru India Garcinia cambogia Desrouss. Goraka India, Sri Lanka Garcinia campanulata Roxb. Bitmara India Garcinia cornea L. India Garcinia cowa Roxb. Cowa India Garcinia indica Choisy Kokambutter tree India, seed Garcinia lanceaefolia Roxb. India Garcinia morella Desr. Tamal India Garcinia paniculata Roxb. Bubi-kowa India Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. Tikul India, Indochina Mesua férrea L. Nag Champa India, Indochina Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. Nag kesar India Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica Colebr. Indian chestnut India, Nepal Seeds Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa C. B. Robins. India PulD Leeaceae Leea áspera Edgew. Kawá okhár India Leea crispa L. India, Burma Leea indica M err. India Leguminosae Bauhinia vahlii Wight. et Arn. Maljhan India Seeds Cassia fistula L. Purging cassia India Seeds Dialium ovoideum Thw. Velvet tamarind Sri Lanka Entada phaseoloides Merr. Modama India Seeds F leming i a macrophylla 0. Kze. India Pods F leming i a semi al ata Roxb. India, Pakistan Pods 212

217 Minor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Scientific Common Where found Part used Humboldtia bourdilloni Plain. Parkia biglandulosa Wight et Arn. Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. Madras thorn Djering India India, Indochina India India Malvaceae Abutilón asiaticum G. Don Kanghi, mudra India, Sri Lanka Seeds Melastomataceae Melastoma malabathricum L. Singapore rhodendron India Memecylon caeruleum Jack. Kulis India Meliaceae Aglaia edulis A. Gray Late maheva Burma, Assam Aglaia roxburgiana Miq. Yerra aduga India, Sri Lanka Moraceae Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Monkey jack India Artocarpus nobilis Thw. Wild bear fruit Sri Lanka, seed Chlorophora excelsa Benth. et Hook. f. Iroko fustic tree India Ficus au ri cu lata Lour Timla India Ficus benghalensis L. Banyan India, Pakistan Ficus cunia Buch.-Ham. Khewnaw India, Burma Ficus glomerata Roxb. Guiar India, Pakistan Ficus heterophylla L. India India Ficus hirta Vahl Ficus hispida L. Goblá India Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham. Kahimal India Ficus lanceo lata Buch.-Ham. India 213

218 Chapter 7 Scientific Common Where found Part used Ficus mysorensis Heine Ficus nemoral is Wall. Ficus palmate Forsk. Ficus pomífera Wall. Ficus religiosa L. Ficus rumphii Blume Ficus virgata Roxb. Dudhia Fagwara Peepul Pilkhan Anjir India India India India India, Sri Lanka India, Burma India Myricaceae M y rica in teg ri fol la Roxb. My rica sápida Wall. Sophee Box myrtle India, Indochina India Myrsinaceae Ardisia humilis Vahl Ardisia neriifolia Wall. Ardisia polycephala Wall. Ardisia willisii Mez. f^aesa argéntea Wall. f^aesa indica Wall. ti/lyrsine semiserrata Wall. India, Sri Lanka India India, Burma, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka India India India, Burma Myrtaceae Careya arbórea Roxb. Cleistocalyx obovatum Merr. Tummy wood Kiamoni Syzigium arnottianum Walp. Syzygium calophyllifolium Walp. Syzygium claviflorum Wall. Borsrem Syzygium cordifolium Klotz. Syzygium mabaeoides Wight Nyssaceae Nyssa javanica Wang. India Burma, Bangladesh India, Sri Lanka India, Sri Lanka India India, Sri Lanka India, Sri Lanka India 214

219 Mi nor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Scientific Common Where found Part used Olacaceae Olax scandens Roxb. Dheniana India Oleaceae Olea cuspid ata Wall. Olea dioica Roxb. Kahu Parrjamb India India Palmae Areca concinna Thw. Calamus erectus Roxb. Calamus extensus Roxb. Calamus rotang L. Calamus tenius Roxb. Nannorhops ritchieana H. Wendl. Phoenix acaulis Roxb. Phoenix hanceana Haud. Phoenix lourliri Kunth. Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. Phoenix robusta Hook. f. Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. Phoenix zeylanica Trin. Raphia vinifera Beauv. Rottan Bet Manzani Khajur Wild date Inchu Wild date Ceylon date Wine raffia Sri Lanka India India India India India, Pakistan India, Burnna India India, Burma, Indochina India India India India India, Sri Lanka India Nut Nut Nut, seed Pandanaceae Pandanus andamanensium Kurz. Pandanus lerana Jones Andaman Island Nicobar 215

220 Chapter 7 Scientific Common Where found Part used Rhamnaceae Ziziphus nummularia Wight et Am. Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Ziziphus xyiopyrus Willd. Anor Bhand Kat-ber India India India, Burma India Rosaceae Rosa odorata Sweet. Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rubus moluccanus L. Rubus niveus Thunb. Manipur wild India tea rose Yellow Himalayan India raspberry Ceylon Sri Lanka, India blackberry Mysore raspberry Sri Lanka, India Rubiaceae Anthocephalus cadamba Benth. et Hook. f. Gardenia campanulata Roxb. Gardenia gummifera L. Gardenia latifolia Ait. Gardenia lucida Roxb. Ixora arguta R. Br. Ixora parviflora Vahl Morinda citrifolia L. Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Morinda tomentosa Heyne Morinda um bel lata L. Pavetta indica L. Rand i a dumetorum Lam. Randia macrantha DC. Randia uleginosa Poir. Meo Boxwood gardenia Indian mulberry Indian mulberry Mamdal Pindálu India Burma India India India, Burma Burma India India India India India India India India India, Burma 216

221 Mi nor Fruits of the Indian Subcontinent and Adjacent Places Scientific Common Where found Part used Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata Miq. Glycosmis pentaphylla Corr. Hesperethusa crenulata Swingle Toddalia aculeata Pers. Bai bai Orangeberry Naíbel Wild orange tree India, Indochina India India, Burma, Indochina India, Sri Lanka Salvadoraceae Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadora decides Decne. Kantagur-kamai Kabbar India India Santalacaceae Champeria griffithiana Planch. Pyrularia edulis DC. Sansi India, Burma India Sapindaceae AHophylus cob be Blume Chrysophyllum roxburgii G. Don Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radik Mishocarpus sumatranus Blume Mishocarpus sundanicus Blume Schleichera oleosa Merr. India India India India India India, Sri Lanka Sapotaceae Madhuca latifolia Roxb. Madhuca longifolia Macbr. Manilkara hexandra Dubard Mimusops bojiri A. DC. Mauwa Mowa India India India Sri Lanka, Mauritius Seed (oil) Seed (oil) 217

222 Chapter 7 Scientific Common Where Part found used Sideroxylon elengioides Be nth. et Hook. f. Pala India Sonneratiaceae Sonnerat i a alba Smith India, Burma Sonneratia caseolaris Engler India, Sri Lanka, Indochina Sonneratia grifithii Kurz. Burma Sterculiaceae Pterospermum canescens Roxb. India Sterculia apétala Karst Panama nut India Seed Sterculia coccínea Roxb. India Seed Strychnaceae Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychinin India, Sri Lanka Strychnos potatorum L. Clearing nut India Tiliaceae Grewia damlne Gaertn. Bather India Grewia flavescens Juss. Areicha India Grewia hainesiana Hole. Phalsa India Grewia hirsuta Vahl Kakarundah India, Indochina Grewia oppositifolia Buch.-Ham. Biul India Grewia rhothii DC. India \^tf^ Grewia subinaequalis DC. Phalsa India, Sri Lanka Grewia tenax Asch. et Schwf. India Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl Phalsa India Grewia villosa Willd. Padekhado India 218

223 Minor Fruits of Australia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands Scientific Common Where found Part used Ulmaceae Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Kanji India Unripe fruit Urtlcaceae Pseudostreblus indica Bureau. Taxotrophis macrophylla Boer!. India India Verbenaceae Faradaya spendida F. V. Muell. Gmelina arbórea L. Gamhár Gmelina asiática L. Badhara Lantana salvifolia Jacq. Wfex glabrata Br. Vitex leucoxylon L. f. Goda Vltldaceae Ampelocissus rugosa Planch. Bhinana Cissus edulis Dalz. Cissus repens Lam. Commiphora caudata Engler Hill mango Diploknema butylacea Lam. Indian butter tree India India India India India, Burnna India, Burma India, Burma India India India India Nut (oil) 219

224 8. Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution ^>iî Of the many thousands of fruits in the Tropics, most of the best have been fairly well distributed, although even these are frequently underutilized. Nevertheless, there are good fruits still to be distributed, still to become part of every backyard scene in the Tropics, and still to be commercialized in the Tropics and the Temperate Zone. Of these, most are from the American Tropics, and the rest are from the Asian Tropics. From the African Tropics have come many thousands of minor but very few major fruits. The discussions concerning care of tropical fruits with potential have not been complete with respect to fertilization because in most cases good information is not available for minor tropical fruits and because tropical soils vary so much in fertility. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that all trees need added nutrients to obtain maximum growth and production. Tropical soils with sufficient nitrogen are rare. As a general rule, a fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) can be used when trees are small. This is applied several times a year at the rate of 100 to 200 grams per centimeter of the trunk diameter at each application. The area under the tree is cleaned of vegetation; and the mineral fertilizer is placed on the soil well under the outside edge of the crown. It is sometimes buried in shallow holes or is broadcast after very light disking. Fertilizer applied to the surface should be carried into the soil by a penetrating irrigation. sapote, the morang, and the okari nut. These fruits are discussed in the final parts of the following sections concerning tropical American and Southeast Asian fruits. Fruits of the American Tropics The mamey sapote, Calocarpum sapota Merr. (family Sapotaceae), is one of the most notable and talkedabout fruits of the Tropics (fig. 41). While not appealing at first to all palates, its flavor Is rich and distinctive, and very much appreciated by its fans. Little known outside the American Tropics, the mamey sapote is found chiefly in Mexico, Central America, northern South America, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. It is also found in Florida, where its popularity is increasing. It is not well known in Puerto Rico or the Lesser Antilles. Occasional trees are found elsewhere throughout the Tropics, but nevertheless the species can be considered poorly extended. The mamey sapote is an attractive medium-sized tree seldom reaching 20 meters in height and 45 centimeters in trunk diameter in very old age. It tends to be uniform and hemispherical. The leaves are entire, obovate or oblanceolate, and 20 to 45 centimeters long. They are dark green and shiny on the upper surface, with yellowish veins, and light The same fertilizer mixture can be applied to mature orchards at the maximum rate of 2,000 kilograms per hectare per year. Organic materials such as compost and manure, when well rotted, can be applied on the soil, under the ground, or carefully disked into the soil. They should not be applied near the trunk. Careful observations should always be made so that the appropriate amounts of fertilizer to stimulate growth without damaging the foliage are learned with experience. No single judge is capable of selecting the fruits that will be great in tomorrow's world. Some of the commonest, most extended fruits in the Tropics the tamarind, for example are not great. It is tempting to believe that some really great fruits just wait to be discovered. There is no sharp line between fruits of great potential and just ordinary fruits, part of the difference depends on human actions. Three such borderline fruits worthy of mention are the black Figure 41. Mamey sapote, terminal leaves and subterminal flowers and fruits. 220

225 green on the underside. The leaves are grouped in whorls of 8 or 10 near the ends of young branches. The flowers, small and almost sessile, develop in large numbers along bare branches below young leaves. The calyx consists of 8 to 10 imbricated sepals; the corolla is 5 white petals united in a tube. Within are five fertile stamens, five staminodes, and a conical, pilose pistil terminating in a simple stigma. The ovary consists of five carpels with a single ovule in each cell. The fruit is ovoid or ellipsoid. The calyx persists at the base, and sometimes the remnants of the pistil are seen at the apex. The fruit is 10 to 25 centimeters long and 8 to 12 centimeters wide and has a thin but strong exocarp with a rough, rusty-brown surface. The pulp is from salmon to reddish brown in color, thick, and very sweet and aromatic. Usually, a fruit contains only one seed, ellipsoidal or spindle shaped, 5 to 6 centimeters or more long with a hard, shiny testa and a large cream colored or opaque hilum, but fruits of some varieties commonly contain 2 or 3 seeds. Varieties of mamey sapote are being developed. In the past the species has been propagated almost exclusively by seedlings, which are quite variable, especially with respect to form and size of the fruit, and the color and quality of the pulp. In El Salvador, 'Magana' is known for its very large fruit (up to 1.5 kilograms). This variety was introduced in Florida in 1962 and is now cultivated commercially. Another variety in Florida is 'Cubana No. V, with fruits up to 23 centimeters long and 1 kilogram in weight. Several other selections are,being evaluated at Homestead, Fla. Very good trees can be obtained through sexual propagation, although this technique is not recommended as explained above. If attempted, the seeds should be planted free of flesh but fresh from the fruit because viability decreases rapidly as the seeds dry. Increased and more uniform germination has been achieved by removing the testae carefully and planting the seeds in a sterile medium. Asexual propagation, though difficult, is preferred. The most successful technique is approach grafting. The seedling that is to be the stock is suspended in its container near the branch that is to be grafted. Similarly sized and shaped portions of the stems are cut from the stock and the branch, and the two are carefully pressed together, wrapped with tape, and sealed with vinyl tape. After months the grafted branch is progressively cut from the mother tree until it is entirely supported by the stock. The mamey sapote is best adapted to tropical lowlands, but its adaptation is wide, and the tree is also found in the subtropics and in tropical highlands. It does not tolerate frost. It seems to be well adapted to various soils and has been found growing in sands, calcareous soils, and heavy clays. The optimum soil seems to be fairly deep and acid, with moderate permeability, good drainage, and at least average fertility. Trees should be transplanted about 6 to 8 meters apart in prepared fields at the beginning of the rainy season. Seedlings are generally larger than grafted trees and need more space. Young trees need regular fertilization. Liquid should be applied during the first year at the rate of 25 grams per tree each 3 months. The fertilization rate should gradually be increased to about 5 kilograms per year, with half applied at the beginning of spring rains and half at the beginning of flowering. Although the mamey sapote is somewhat resistant to drought, young trees should be watered regularly, and weeds should be removed. Very little pruning is necessary. Because the mamey sapote has not been grown in large plantings, little is known of its diseases and pests. Termites make their nests in the trees. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) is a rare but severe disease. The sugarcane root borer, Diaprepes abbreviatus L., sometimes damages roots. No treatments are registered for these conditions in the United States. Healthy seedling trees begin to produce after about 7 years, while grafted trees produce earlier. The fruits mature after 10 to 15 months on the tree. Maturity must be judged carefully by the size of the fruit and a slight internal color change, which can be revealed by scraping the fruit with a fingernail. An immature fruit is green inside, while a mature fruit is yellow or reddish. The fruits should be picked when mature but still hard. They will then ripen in a few days. The pulp is normally consumed fresh, but it is also used in drinks or milkshakes and in jellies and preserves. The canistel, Pouteria campechiana Baehni (family Sapotaceae), is a widely adapted yet little known fruit that, while delicious, requires some development of appreciation (fig. 42). It has several relatives somewhat similar in appearance and usage. The canistel is best known in Mexico, Central America, the Greater Antilles except Puerto Rico, southern Florida, and northern South America. It has been introduced in various other tropical countries, where it is usually no more than a curiosity in the botanical garden. 221

226 Chapter 8 stamens and five staminodes. The ovary of six carpels is topped with an erect style. Fruits are often produced over a long period of the year. Outside, the mature fruit is yellow, orange, or pinkish. The exocarp is thin and easily damaged, and may be slightly rough. The fruit is spherical to slightly elongated, often prominently pointed at the stylar end. The pulp is yellow or orange and mealy or very smooth. Some compare the pulp's appearance with an egg yolk's. The seed (there may be one or several in a fruit) is large, with a thick, smooth, shiny, dark-brown testa. The hilum is lighter brown. Very little has been done to develop better varieties of canistel. There are great differences among trees, and outstanding trees with high yields of large, flavorful fruit containing seeds can be propagated easily by grafting branches onto seedlings. The cleft graft has proved very useful in Puerto Rico; veneer grafting has given good results in Florida. Propagating from cuttings or air layers is difficult. Propagation by seeds is still the chief technique and gives rise to some excellent trees. Seeds should be cleaned and planted while quite fresh, for the dried seed loses its viability rapidly. Figure 42. Canistel, several good varieties shown. The climatic requirements of the canistel are flexible. The tree prefers rather dry tropical lowlands but nevertheless is found up to 1,800 meters of altitude and in humid climates with frequent heavy rainfall. In Florida it adapts very well to the superficial soils on limestone roci<. It can also be grown on very sandy soils and heavy clays. Its best development occurs where soils are not too heavy and rainfall is moderate. The tree is small to medium; in deep soils it is rarely very large. The crown is usually somewhat open and thin. The branches tend to hang downward with age, especially when fruiting heavily. The leaves are alternate, oblanceolate on a short petiole, smooth, and 10 to 25 centimeters long. They occur in rather loose clusters near the tips of young branches. The flowers are small and inconspicuous. They occur among the leaves of young branches and are usually produced at the beginning of the rainy season or a little later. The calyx consists of four to six sepals, and the corolla, of five to six petals. There are five fertile Little is known about the nutritional requirements of the canistel. In deep soils of normal fertility, a balanced mineral fertilizer such as should be used each 3 months at the rate of 50 grams per application per tree, and this should be increased as the tree grows. Mature trees need nitrogen (up to about 0.5 kilogram of pure nitrogen) two or three times each year, potassium once a year, and phosphorus about every 3 years. In poor sandy or calcareous soils or in shallow soils, these quantities should be doubled. The trees should be planted 7 to 12 meters apart, 7 meters being more appropriate for grafted trees because they will fruit while still quite small. Newly planted trees should be watered frequently until well established. Mature trees need no pruning except to shape them as desired and remove dead branches. Because large orchards have not yet been developed, there has been little opportunity to study pests and diseases. White scales may reach serious proportions and may encourage the growth of fungus that disfigures the fruit. Rust is occasionally seen and may cause the loss of mature leaves. The fruits are relatively resistant to fruit flies. The canistel should be harvested just before it is fully ripe. It is eaten out of hand when soft, sometimes with a little lime juice. The pulp is used to flavor milkshakes, 222

227 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution ice cream, and baked goods. Cooking intensifies the flavor. The fruit is a good souce of vitamin A and carbohydrates. The peach palm, Guilielma gasipaes (H.B.K.) Bailey (family Palmae), is poorly d, for neither the tree nor fruit bears any resemblance to the peach (fig. 43). The fruit is delicately flavored, making it perhaps the best of the palm fruits after the coconut and the date. The plant is economically important for its heart of palm as well as its fruit. It is almost unknown in the Eastern Hemisphere, and it is not as widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere as its value merits. The peach palm is distributed chiefly through the tropical lowlands of Central America and northern South America, especially in Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is also found in tropical South America, where it is believed to have been introduced, although its origin is uncertain. A few trees in Puerto Rico have grown and fruited very well. We believe that the peach palm could be grown successfully in many areas of the Tropics, even at elevations up to 1,500 meters. The trees are tall, reaching 20 meters in exceptional cases. They tend to be straight and slender (diameters of 15 to 20 centimeters. Most trees are protected by wide circular rings of long, sharp, black spines, but some are spineless. Spines make harvest more difficult. The trunk is unbranched but tends to sucker at the base, so that several mature trees will often be found in a clump. These suckers can be used as new plants. Many trees do not form suckers readily, and these are difficult to propagate asexually. The leaf is pinnately compound, 3 to 4 meters long, and graceful in appearance. Its large rachis often is slightly spiny. The flowering clusters are produced among or just below the leaves. A spathe opens and falls when the flowers are ready to open. Both male and female flowers, small and yellowish white, are produced in large racemes. There are many more male than female flowers. The male flower consists of a small lobed corolla and three pairs of stamens. The female flower Is characterized by a leathery calyx, a three-lobed corolla, and a threechambered ovary with three short stigmas. The fruits occur in clusters of 10 kilograms or more. Several clusters are produced each season. Since several stems are often in a clump, the total production per tree can be very high. Fruits need about 6 months Figure 43. Peach palm, crown and spiny trunk. to mature and may change color slightly on maturing. The fruits are conical or ovoid and from 2.5 to 5 centimeters long. The leathery calyx is persistent. The outer skin is thin but tough and may be green, yellow, or red. The flesh around the seed is dry, firm, and mealy, or may be slightly to very oily, and varies from yellow to dark orange. The large angular seed is black, with a kernel resembling a coconut. Peach palm is adapted to areas of medium to strong tropical rains. It is generally found on fairly heavy clay soils typical of many areas of the Tropics. Although the method is not recommended, many trees are propagated from seed. Seeds should be cleaned of pulp and planted while fresh. The offspring will vary in size and fruit quality as well as in yield and tendency to sucker. Seedless varieties, which are the most highly valued, cannot, of course, be propagated this way. The best propagation method is planting suckers taken from the base of top-quality trees. On separating the suckers from the mother plant, care should be taken to avoid damage to either. Suckers should be grown in 223

228 Chapter 8 containers or nursery beds to pernnit the establishnnent of a good root system before transplanting. The transplanting should be done at the beginning of the rainy season, and the trees should be placed 5 to 6 nneters apart. Newly planted trees need considerable care, especially watering. As the tree begins to grow, sonne of the suckers that develop at the base are left to fornn a clunnp. Others are rennoved for propagation or to keep the clunnp fronn becoming too large and therefore unproductive. A tree will begin to fruit in about 6 years and will produce for 50 to 75 years. However, as individual trunks grow in height, the harvest of the fruit becomes progressively more difficult. Therefore, old trunks are removed and new suckers are allowed to grow. The mature fruits are marketed in bunches or are cooked and sold in small amounts, often as a snack food. The uncooked fruits last for about 2 weeks. The fruits need a long boiling time, about 3 hours, in salt water. They are then used in many ways. The mealy flesh is eaten. The boiled fruits may be retained for several days before eating, or they may be dried and stored for months and then reconstituted by boiling again. The dried fruits may also be ground into a meal. The kernels of the seeds are also eaten. The food value of the pulp is high (roughly 3 percent protein, 7 percent fat, 41 percent carbohydrate), and indeed the fruit is a staple food In some parts of Latin America; at times little else may be eaten. There is much interest in this palm as a source of hearts of palm. Selections which sucker freely are particularly desirable for this purpose. The asai, or Para palm, Euterpe olerácea Mart, (family Palmae), is neglected outside of Brazil, but it is a tree of much promise for other parts of the Tropics. While it has been introduced into India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and to a lesser degree elsewhere, it remains unknown to most people in the Tropics. It is a tree of many uses, considerable economic value, and much potential. The asai is at its best in tropical lowlands. In the Amazon basin, it occurs in frequently flooded lowlands as well as on firm land. In many parts of Para, Brazil, it is the principal and dominating tree of the landscape. It occurs in large clusters of up to 25 trunks or more because it suckers at the base. A cluster generally consists of trunks of all ages, and as older trunks die, younger trunks grow to fill their places. Thus, a clump of trees has an indefinitely long lifetime. The individual trunk is slim and tall (reaching 20 meters). The long pinnate leaves have pendulous segments. The tree is elegant in appearance, a choice palm for gardens. It flowers and fruits the year around, but during the dry season the fruit is most abundant. The fruit, in large clusters, is small and round, 12 to 15 millimeters in diameter. Its collection from large trees is a difficult and dangerous task. The fruit pulp has an unusual flavor described as similar to raspberries or blackberries but with a nutty taste also. It can be eaten fresh, out of hand. It is very popular crushed in drinks, and it is made into a sirup or sauce to be used with other food. In Brazil it is especially appreciated cooked with cassava meal. The fruit is also used in many baked products. In addition, the asai is one of the best sources of palm cabbage. Because the tree occurs in clusters, old trunks can be removed for cabbage without destroying the tree itself. The fruit pulp is high in calories because of its starch and sugar contents. It is also a good source of vitamin A. Its calcium, phosphorus, and iron contents are significant. The buriti and miriti palms, Mauritia vinifera Mart, and M. flexuosa L. (family Palmae), are closely related trees of great potential value. They are found almost exclusively in equatorial Brazil, the former at low elevations in acid soils. They occur in groves, characteristically along rivers and around lakes, as if planted by design. They are said to be the most magestic trees of the Amazon basin. The trees are tall (25 meters) and have thick trunks (30 to 60 centimeters). The crown consists of 15 to 20 feathery fan-shaped leaves arranged openly. These fall to the ground as they age. The inflorescences of the two species differ in detail, but in both they are large and pendent, with up to 100 fruits each. Five to eight of these fruit bunches, in various stages of maturity, can be found in a tree at any one time. The fruit of both species are globose or oblate, covered with rhomboidal shiny-brown scales. The mesocarp is a rather thin cap of spongelike pulp around the large, hard seed. The fruits fall from the tree mature but still unripe. The fruits are used chiefly to prepare a drink. They are immersed several days in water to make it easier to remove the skin. During this period, they soften. The pulp is crushed to remove the juice, which is then used in drinks and in desserts and baked products. The pulp is also used to make a thick jellied candy. 224

229 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution In addition to these uses for the fruit, the trunk is a source of starch similar to sago. The sap is used as a drink or is fermented to yield a wine. The leaves are used as a source of fiber for cords aipd ropes. The mamey or mammee apple, Mammea americana L. (family Guttiferae), is widely adapted throughout the American tropics (fig. 44). It probably originated in the West Indies, where wild trees are still common. It must have been introduced very early into South America, for it has spread throughout the Amazon basin. It is usually grown as a dooryard fruit and is often harvested from the wild. The attractive tree is medium to large, occasionally reaching 25 meters. The dark trunk is straight and upright, with large lateral branches having dense foliage. The leaves are paired, elliptical in shape, with short, thick petioles. The blade is coriaceous and shiny, with the margin entire. Trees bear either hermaphroditic or male flowers. The hermaphroditic flowers are several centimeters in diameter, with calyx and corolla spreading. They consist of many stamens around a simple pistil. The fruit is large, weighing up to several kilograms. It is covered with a thick, brownish, leathery exocarp that can be cut open easily and peeled away. This exocarp protects the fruit well during transport. Within, the flesh is yellow to dark orange, firm and meaty, slightly aromatic. It is appreciated by most people, even on first contact. Imbedded in the fruit are one to four very large seeds (each 100 grams or more in weight). These have rough woody testae. The mamey is found in many tropical climates, but not at high altitudes. It appears to do best where the rainy season is long and strong followed by a pronounced dry season. Its soil requirements seem to be flexible, for trees are often found in sand, sterile latérites, and heavy clays. Mamey trees are most easily grown from seed. Seeds germinate on the forest floor under conditions of heavy rainfall. Seeds should be selected from trees that produce large quantities of high-quality fruit. They are best planted in a permanent site, 10 meters apart, in a rich soil mixture that includes perhaps moss or organic material to help maintain humidity. The seeds germinate in 2 to 3 weeks and produce vigorous seedlings rapidly. These need lots of water until well established; then they are relatively drought resistant. Mamey is also propagated by bud and terminal grafting of good trees, but formally propagated varieties are almost unknown. Figure 44. Mammee apple, thick, firm, edible flesh. Little information is available on postplanting care of the trees. Protection from weeds and regular fertilization would of course be necessary. Pruning should rarely be necessary. Young trees begin to bear at 7 or 8 years of age. When ripe, the fruits fall to the ground and are often damaged. Damage can easily be avoided by harvesting the fruit when it is mature but not ripe. It is not possible to determine the degree of maturity by color, but fortunately the time of harvest is quite flexible. Mature fruits ripen satisfactorily after harvest. The fruits are normally eaten fresh, out of hand, or sliced for serving. The best are sometimes compared to apricots. The pulp is also stewed as a preserve, incorporated into pies, or made into a liqueur. All parts of the mamey have insecticidal properties. Although the fruit is widely eaten, it may be detrimental to health in large, regular amounts. Even so, it appears 225

230 Chapter 8 to have many good qualities and must be considered a neglected potentially great fruit. The giant granadilla, Passiflora quadrangularis L (family Passifloraceae), is a relative of the common yellow passion fruit, Passiflora edulis flavicarpa Deg. While it is extensively distributed throughout the Tropics, it is not well known anywhere. But it has may attractive qualities that should serve commercial purposes, if carefully handled. The giant granadilla is a vigorous woody vine having a fairly short lifetime (5 to 10 years). The stem is quadrangular and with its large ovate leaves, serves to distinguish it from other Passiflora species. The vine climbs with tendrils, and so it is best maintained on a trellis that limits its height. Flowering is seasonal. The flowers are large (10 to 12 centimeters in diameter) and attractive, in shades of purple and maroon. The fruit of the giant granadilla is up to 10 centimeters in diameter and 15 to 30 centimeters long. It is light green, with a thin, easily damaged epidermis over a soft pulp. The cavity of the fruit is filled with seeds surrounded by juicy arils. The giant granadilla is summer flowering, and to assure good fruit set, hand pollination, easily accomplished with a small brush, is recommended. The species appears to be self-compatible. On the other hand, some plants set fruits well without hand pollination. These can be propagated by rooting stem cuttings. Many forms of the species are quite similar. Variation could be introduced by crossing with the related P. a fata L. The young fruits of the giant granadilla are cooked as a vegetable. A drink is made from the juice of the arils. A common technique for eating the fruit is to prepare the juice and sprinkle it over cubes of the pulp. The flavor is pleasant, aromatic, and subacid. The atemoya (family Annonaceae) is an excellent fruit that is widely adapted in the Tropics and subtropics and has promise for widespead cultivation in the future. It originated as manmade hybrid between the sugar apple, Annona squamosa L., and the cherimoya, A. cherimola Mill. The best varieties of atemoya combine the best qualities of both parent species and are adapted to a wider range of environmental conditions than either of them. The atemoya is well known now in Australia, Central America, Florida, India, Israel, New Zealand, into the Philippines, South Africa, and South America, and has been introduced into many other places. The plant is a small tree. Mature specimens can reach a height and spread of 10 meters, but for successful commercial production the tree is kept smaller by periodic pruning. The leaves are alternate, 10 to 20 centimeters long and 4 to 8 centimeters wide. They may be lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate. The tree loses its leaves for a time each year, the length of time depending upon climatic conditions. The trees make one main bloom per year and usually an additional minor bloom. The period from bloom to fruit maturity is 5 to 6 months. The fruit is spherical, conical, or ovate, with a weight of 250 to 600 grams. The shape and surface texture of the fruit are quite variable, even among fruit from the same tree. The fruit surface may be relatively smooth, or the distal ends of the individual carpels may project as rounded protuberances. The fruit has a thin green rind that becomes yellowish green at ripeness. The flesh of good varieties makes up a large proportion of the fruit weight. It is very sweet, with a pleasant flavor, and is soft when ripe. The hard black seeds are 10 to 15 millimeters long, and there are 15 to 40 of them per fruit. The atemoya is a relatively new crop, and little work has been done on selection and propagation of superior varieties. Some d varieties are 'Mammoth', or 'Pink's Prolific', and 'Island Gem' (Australia); 'Bernitski', 'Gefner', 'Hette', 'Kabri', 'Kaller', and 'Malamud' (Israel); and 'Bradley', and 'Page' Florida, U.S.A. Seedling progeny of atemoya are extremely variable, and possibilities for further variety improvement are excellent. It is advisable to grow seedling populations in all areas where this crop is adapted and to make selections that are adapted to local conditions. Plants can be grown from seed easily and will bear fruit at 3 to 5 years of age. The best method of vegetative propagation is grafting. The best time appears to be near the end of the dormant period, but it can be done at other times if necessary. Successful rootstocks include pond apple, Annona glabra L.; custard apple, A. reticulata L.; and atemoya seedlings. The atemoya tree is adapted to a variety of soils. Trees on atemoya or custard apple rootstocks should be planted in well-drained sites, but trees on pond apple rootstocks can tolerate poor drainage to some extent. Where the soil is infertile or fruit production is heavy, the trees respond well to fertilizer, particularly nitrogen. The tree is best adapted to areas of moderate rainfall but can be grown in dry areas with irrigation. The fruit can be harvested when mature but still firm and will ripen to excellent eating quality. This allows it 226

231 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution to be shipped to distant marl<ets successfully. The fruit finds a ready market wherever people are acquainted with it. Most people like the flavor at first trial. The atemoya is a superb fruit for fresh consumption. The pulp can be used in sherbets and ice creams. The fruit is a good source of phosphorus and a fair to good source of thiamine and ascorbic acid. The white sapote, Casimiroa edulis La Llave et Lex. (family Rutaceae), surely ranks among the really good but neglected fruits of the world (fig. 45). A native of the highlands of Central America and Mexico, the white sapote appears to be well adapted and can be found from the warm Temperate Zone to the hot lowland Tropics. Although the literature often reports that it is of limited value in the Tropics below 900 meters of elevation, we have seen the tree grown successfully at low elevations in Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. A relative, the wooly-leafed white sapote, C. tetrameria Millsp. is found in the highlands of South America. It also grows and produces very well in Florida. We believe that the white sapotes have not yet been widely enough introduced and tested. The white sapote is a medium-sized spreading tree with a much-branched trunk. The alternate leaves are palmately compound, normally with five leaflets. They are light green and have undulated but usually entire margins. The very small flowers are produced on terminal or axillary inflorescences, and the fruits follow, sometimes in clusters of 10, 12, or more. The fruits vary from 4 to 9 centimeters long at maturity, usually according to the number of seeds they contain. The fruit is green at first but ripens to a pale yellow. The epidermis is thin and easily damaged. The pulp of the fruit is white, cream, or yellowish and very soft, without fiber. It is sweet but has a characteristic bitter taste that some people do not like. Varieties vary in bitterness and acceptability; the most bitter, distasteful fruits to some, are the most delicious to others. Within the fruit there are usually one to five large seeds, but some trees consistently produce small seedless fruits. The white sapote prefers a subtropical climate. It is adapted to many soils, however, and to poor fertility, and will tolerate a heavy rainy season. It is normally planted from seed, although improved varieties developed in California and Florida can be propagated by budding and grafting. These include 'Blumenthol', 'Coleman', 'Dade', 'Harvey', 'Pike', 'Suebell', and 'Wilson'. Trees from seed fruit in 7 or 8 years; grafted trees fruit in 4 or 5 years. The jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora Berg, (family Myrtaceae), is a common everyday fruit in some parts of Brazil, including Rio de Janeiro, but one that has hardly been introduced elsewhere (fig. 46). As far as can be seen at the present time, the jaboticaba is subtropical; although introductions made so far in humid tropical lowlands grow very well, they do not flower. The fruit is attractive, readily accepted, and marketable, and it would probably be of much use in other tropical countries. Collection of a wide range of germplasm, including related species, appears desirable so that adaptable forms can be obtained for all parts of the Tropics. Although the jaboticaba reaches a height of 12 meters, most trees in cultivation are much smaller and indeed begin to fruit when only 2 or 3 meters tall. The tree has an irregular, ill-defined, very much branched trunk with a very smooth bark. The leaves are simple and opposite. The leaflets are 2.5 to 8 centimeters long, sessile or almost so, ovate and entire, very dark green, and leatherlike. Small white flowers are borne on the trunk and main branches in small clusters. The fruits grow rapidly and mature in 1 month. They are almost spherical, dark purple to black, and 1.3 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The skin is tough; the pulp is very soft, juicy, and subacid. One or a few seeds are found in each fruit. The flavor is attractive and said by some to resemble that of grapes. The fruit is eaten fresh or made into jellies. It makes a good red wine. Several fruit crops can be produced each year. Figure 45. White sapote, leaves and fruits Jaboticabas are grown perhaps exclusively from seeds. These germinate readily to produce small, slow-growing trees similar to the mother tree. Nucellar embryony is 227

232 Chapters distinctive flavor, it is not readily appreciated by adults who try it the first time, but introduced gradually, it becomes a favorite. The lucmo is from the low Andes and the foothills and even coastal plains of Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is most highly developed in areas of moderate rainfall, but it is not as widely adapted as the related canistel. The temperatures where it occurs are cool to warm. It is very important for the lucmo to have good drainage; the tree will not stand flooding. The lucmo is a large tree of the forest, but it begins to produce when quite small and can be maintained small. The tree has a straight strong trunk and numerous lateral branches. The crown is hemispherical and attractive. The alternate leaves are elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, tapering at the base to a short petiole; they reach 25 centimeters in length and 10 centimeters in width. The margins are entire, and the surface is dark shiny green. The petioles and young twigs are pubescent. The hermaphroditic flowers are 1 centimeter wide and 2 centimeters long. They are borne in moderate numbers among the lowermost leaves near the tips of branches. '.». *s--, "-.-i*,.v r**.,. 5- *--<'V,-." ; Figure 46. Jaboticaba tree loaded with fruits. believed to be the cause of the similarity. Trees can be maintained for up to 2 years in plastic bags or other containers, until they are ready for transplanting to the field. Plants may require 10 years or more to flower and fruit, a principal obstacle to their popularization. Young trees in Florida grow better in peat with complete mineral nutrients added. Approach grafting of mature trees on younger seedlings is sometimes done to stimulate earlier fruiting. Jaboticaba seems to be well adapted to sands, acid soils, and even heavy clays. It appears to tolerate very wet climates, but it sets fruit poorly in dry regions. The lucmo, Pourteria obovata H.B.K. (family Sapotaceae), is one of the excellent fruits of South America that has hardly been distributed from its area of origin. It is quite similar to the canistel, but judged by many to be superior. A fruit of many uses and with a The fruits are more or less spherical or somewhat flattened, often with a prominent point on the styiar end, and 4 to 17 centimeters in diameter. They are green colored but often change to a pale yellow or orange as they ripen. The epidermis is smooth to wrinkled and may be slightly scaly; it is thin and easily broken. Inside, the pulp is yellow, smooth, mealy, soft or hard according to the variety, and dry. Several large seeds are embedded in the pulp. The odor of the fruit is strong and penetrating, and Intensifies with cooking. The lucmo is propagated from seeds. In common with many tropical fruit seeds, they should be planted while fresh and before drying. In Peru they are stored and stratified before planting, but this may not be necessary. Seeds can be started in seedbeds, and the seedlings can be transplanted to containers until large enough for planting in fields. Seedlings about 1 centimeter In diameter are used for grafting. Although the scion can be obtained from any tree with high yields and good fruit quality, selected varieties (stocks) are now available In Peru. Trees to graft are kept rather dry for about 3 weeks before grafting, and then they are well watered the last few days to initiate new growth. The terminal cleft graft is suitable for the lucmo. 228

233 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution Newly grafted trees need special care until the graft union is well formed. Four to six meters should be left between transplanted trees. Newly planted trees need regular irrigation but within a short time can stand short periods of drought. Fertilization has hardly been studied, and general recommendations are difficult to make. Mineral fertilizers at the rate of 50 grams four times a year may be applied to each tree the first year. Thereafter, fertilization should be twice yearly. Weeds must be controlled to give the young trees the opportunity to grow rapidly. Pruning is done chiefly to form the tree and in later years to restrict the growth of the tree. Diseases and insects will vary from one place to another, so general procedures cannot be given. The fruits should be harvested before they are completely mature. They can then be handled and transported easily. Mature fruits ripen 6 to 10 days after harvest. The fruit is often eaten fresh, and it has great potential for cooking in pies, cakes, preserves, breads, puddings, etc. The fruit is rich in carotene, niacin, and carbohydrates. The cupuazu, Theobroma grandiflorum Schum. (family Sterculiaceae), is a very important fruit of the Amazon basin of Brazil. Related to the cocoa, T. cacao L., the cupuazu is generally used for its pulp, although the seeds are sometimes used to make chocolate. They contain good quantities of the stimulant alkaloids caffeine and theobromine. The cupuazu is almost unknown outside Brazil, where, in some regions, it is found in almost every dooryard. The tree fruits when quite small (6 to 10 meters) but has the potential of reaching 20 meters in height. The leaves are 25 to 35 centimeters long, coriaceous, and short petioled. The flowers occur singly or in small groups in the axils of the leaves or along the bare branches. The fruit is ellipsoidal or oblong, 12 to 25 centimeters long, 10 to 12 centimeters in diameter, and up to 1.5 kilograms in weight. The woody pericarp is easily broken open to expose the edible aril around the individual seeds. The mature fruit can last for about 10 days. The pulp is used fresh or in wines, is made into fresh drinks, or is stewed. The bacury, Platonia insignis Mart, (family Gutifferae), is almost unknown outside its native Brazil and Paraguay, where it is well distributed and widely used. It is a large (25 meters) tree that tends to become weedy, to spread, and to dominate adjacent vegetation. The trunk is strong and straight, supporting an invertedcone-shaped crown. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, thick, and shiny green, with slightly undulate margins. The attractive, pink flowers are large (7-centimeter diameter) and have five petals and numerous stamens partially united in five groups. The flowers are produced during the dry season and mature as the rainy season begins. The fruit is large and ovoid or almost globose and weights about 900 grams. The fruit contains one to several segments (like those of an orange) of white pulp with an agreeable flavor. Each segment may contain one large seed, but some fruits are seedless; these are preferred. The pulp may be eaten fresh, out of hand, or it may be made into a drink or stewed. The tree is considered very easy to grow and may sprout from the roots. Because of its weedy tendency and persistence, it should be tried in new regions with extreme caution. The caimito, Chrysophyllum cainita L. (family Sapotaceae), is a widely distributed tree, but the fruit is not used extensively in any region (fig. 47), including its native West Indies and Central America. Individual seedlings are sometimes of excellent quality, and the preservation and distribution of these as clonal varieties would probably make the species successful. This can be done by marcottage, inarching, or cleft grafting. The tree prefers coastal forests where monsoon climates prevail, but it can probably be found, at least occasionally, throughout the Tropics. It has been introduced into Brazil and Guiana, where it is both cultivated and wild. Figure 47. Caimito, typical fruits and velvety leaves. 229

234 Chapters The tree, medium to large, with open spreading crown, is attractive. The alternate elliptic leaves of medium length (10 to 12 centimeters) are usually dark green or bright on the upper surface and orangish or rusty brown below. The brownish color is caused by a fine silky pubescence. The inflorescence consists of 10 to 30 small flowers in axillary umbels. Flowering and fruiting may occur several times a year. The fruit is a spherical berry 6 to 9 centimeters in diameter, light or dark green, often tinged or colored deeply purple by anthocyanin. The pulp of the mesocarp is somewhat jellylike, greenish or purplish, and amply supplied with white latex, which becomes less as the fruit ripens. The pulp is sweet and free of acidity, and has a weak distinctive taste. Within the pulp are 1 to 10 flat seeds 1 to 2 centimeters long. Ripe fruits do not fall from the tree but must be handpicked when mature but beginning to soften. The black sapote, Diospyros ebenaster Retz (family Ebenaceae), is a popular fruit in subtropical and tropical reaches of Mexico, and it has been introduced into Florida and, to a small extent, the West Indies (fig. 48). The tree is small, with dark glossy leaves, and grows rapidly when well taken care of. The fruits are up to 8 centimeters in diameter, with a green exterior, a thin skin, and a soft blackish-brown pulp. The appearance discourages some people, but the taste is attractive. This fruit, while eaten fresh, could well be used in puddings and ice creams, where its contribution would be appreciated. It is rich in vitamin C. Fruits of Southeast Asia The mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. (family Guttiferae), is surely one of the world's best fruits (fig. 49). It is so aromatic and delicious that everyone who tries it enjoys it. The tree itself is attractive and would make a fine orntal in any garden. Nevertheless, the mangosteen is almost unknown in the Western Hemisphere. It merits extensive trial throughout the humid tropics. The mangosteen is a fruit of the hot, humid regions of tropical Asia, especially the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines. It has been introduced on a small scale into Central America and the Caribbean, where it has adapted very well in hot, humid areas. The tree is small, with a columnar or slightly pyramidal form. It reaches a height of 12 meters and a trunk diameter of 0.6 meter only in advanced age. The straight, very dark trunk produces numerous upright or horizontal branches. The evergreen opposite leaves are large (7 to 13 centimeters wide and 15 to 25 centimeters long), and elliptical and oblong. They are coriaceous and smooth, with entire margins. Figure 48. Black sapote, a handsome tree with fruits that are dark green until ripe. Figure 49. Mangosteen fruits, w/ith juicy sections, and leaves. iii^mmt 230

235 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution The attractive flowers, solitary or in pairs, are 3.8 to 5.0 centimeters in diameter and female; male flowers are not produced. The flowers have four thick petals and four sepals. The fruit is almost spherical or slightly flat and 5 to 8 centimeters in diameter. The cortex rapidly changes color from a rusty green to a dark purple as the fruit matures. Inside, the fruit is divided into white, juicy, translucent segments, the largest of which contain seeds. The seeds vary in size. The mangosteen does not grow in a wide variety of soils. It definitely fails in sandy soils, calcareous soils, soils with poor water-holding capacity, and soils that are subject to frequent drying out. On the other hand, it tolerates relatively heavy soils and high water tables, but it should not be flooded frequently. A high content of organic material is desirable. Trees are frequently found growing by lakes and streams. The mangosteen is propagated from seeds; grafting and vegetative techniques have not been successful. Since the seeds are asexually produced, all trees are exactly like the mother tree. The only disadvantage of propagation from seeds is that the trees grow very slowly. During the first 3 years, seedlings may produce no more than four or five pairs of leaves. Seeds for planting should be cleaned as free of pulp as possible and should soon after be placed in loamy soil. The best technique is to plant several seeds in the site a tree will occupy when mature. (This site can be improved with better soil, and so on.) Only the most vigorous seedling should be permitted to live. Since the mangosteen is such a small tree for many years, the distance between trees need only be 5.5 to 7 meters. Mangosteens grown in containers are difficult to transplant. First of all, the containers should be deep, and transplanting should be done on a cool or cloudy day, with much care. The trees should then be watered regularly, probably the most important cultural requirement, for they will die back during the dry season otherwise. Light shade should be provided during establishment and should not be removed then only gradually until the tree is 3 or 4 years old. During the first few years of growth fertilizer requirements will be light but important. Twenty-five grams of should be applied three or four times a year to each tree. Later, fertilize twice a year, when growth begins at the start of the rainy season and when flowering begins. About 6 to 8 kilograms of mineral fertilizer per year is needed for a mature tree. Mangosteen trees should be kept free of weeds. They are so small and slow growing that a few weeks of weed growth can completely hide them. The trees require little pruning except to remove deadwood and repair injuries. Few pests have been found attacking mangosteen. A tree exposed to light and air movement seldom is attacked. After diseases and insects have been identified, treatments used for other species can be tried. Under very good conditions a mangosteen tree may begin to produce fruit in 7 years, but most trees require 10 to 15 years. The trees are still small when they begin to produce; with time and care, a tree will produce from 500 to 1,500 fruits a year. The fruit's purplish color increases with maturity. When the pericarp softens slightly, the fruit may be picked. It can be opened with a cut around the "equator" or can be pried open with the thumbs. Mangosteens are eaten out of hand. The durian, Durio zibethinus Murr, (family Bombbacaceae), is perhaps the most controversial fruit of the Tropics (fig. 50). To those that love it, there is no better fruit. To those who can't eat it, even the odor is offensive. In areas where the fruit is used, restrictive laws have been passed to protect those who wish to avoid it. From Southeast Asia to the Philippines, everyone knows the durian, and whether it is loved or not, it is always talked about. The durian is distributed through the hot, humid Tropics of Asia, especially in Indonesia, the Philippine Islands, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is scarcely known in Africa or the American Tropics. It should be a remarkable fruit wherever it is introduced, if given a reasonable chance to establish itself and become known. The durian is strictly tropical in its growth requirements. It is found from sea level to about 300 meters of altitude. It prefers a humid climate and especially a very long rainy season. Little is known about optimum soils, but durian does occur where soils are acidic and heavy and where organic material has accumulated. The tree ranges from medium to very tall (20 to 40 meters). At times it is pruned to maintain a single straight trunk with a few lateral branches, but at other times large principal branches are allowed to develop. The crown is irregular and dense. The dark-gray bark has conspicuous fissures and a tendency to flake away 231

236 Chapter 8 in large pieces. The small branches are covered with fine scales colored from copper to gray. The leaves are alternate with short petioles. They are more or less eliptical to obovate and measure 6 to 25 centimeters in length by 2.4 to 9 centimeters in width. The thick leaves are smooth, dark green, and shiny on top and finely pubescent and gray to yellowish on the underside. The flowers are produced on the lateral leafless branches, close to the trunk. They fall the day after blooming unless fruit set occurs. They have a bad odor, which attracts insects and bats that pollinate them. Self-pollination may occur within the bud. The fruits vary in size from that of a grapefruit to an unhusked coconut. They are covered with short, thick, pyramidal spines. As the fruits mature, the color changes from green to clear yellow, and with overmaturity, to copper brown or cream-and-coffee. When the fruit is sufficiently ripe, a slight pressure will break it into five valves, or segments. These consist of a white cortex and a chamber for the seeds. Each chamber contains one to three seeds, each surrounded by an aril colored from white to yellow (fig. 51). This pulp is soft, smooth, and attractive, but it has a strong odor. The seed, too, is attractive, with a brown or cream seedcoat and a broad area where the pulp is attached. Most durian trees in Asia are grown from seed, and in general, the exact parentage is unknown. Almost all of the fruits are edible, although some have an odor that is just too strong for comfort. In Thailand and t^/lalaysia excellent varieties are known, and these are conserved by asexual propagation. A good variety of durian is characterized by high yields, large fruits with small or rare seeds, and abundant pulp. The best varieties have only a touch of the strong odor that characterizes this fruit, and have a light, agreeable appearance. Improved varieties have been introduced into the Western Hemisphere only as isolated instances, and they are not now available. Until improved varieties are available, the best way to establish durian is by seed. These should be obtained from fresh, mature fruits. The pulp is removed and the seed is washed well. The seed can be superficially dried but should not be completely dried before planting. The seeds retain their viability only 3 or 4 days under normal circumstances, but their lifetime can be prolonged for 2 to 3 weeks at cool temperatures. A seed should be planted under 3 to 5 centimeters of humid soil. Germination begins within days. The first sign of germination is the emergence of the crooked neck of the hypocotyl, and this may need several weeks to emerge completely. (It is useful to establish seedlings in containers of 4 to 5 liters of soil until they are ready for field planting.) Seedlings can be grafted at 1 year of age by bud or wedge techniques. Planting is best made at the beginning of the rainy season, with normal precautions. Very little experience with fertilization is available, but the soil used for Figure 50. Durian fruit with its thick, prickly spines. Figure 51. Durian fruit Interior showing pulp around seeds. 232

237 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution transplanting should be fertile, and mineral fertilizers as well as organic nnaterials can be used as the tree becomes established. Newly planted trees should be watered regularly and copiously. Light shade is useful during the first year or two of growth. Diseases and pests are almost unknown in the Western Hemisphere, but they will probably occur as soon as orchards are established. The trees grow rapidly and begin to produce in 7 or 8 years. The fruits mature during the rainy season, and if not harvested from the tree, fall to the soil 1 to 4 days before opening and can be injured. Therefore, almostripe fruits should be harvested. The ripe fruit is delicate and cannot be easily transported long distances. The pulp is eaten fresh or, in Indonesia, in a fermented dish made from rice, sugar, salt, onion, and vinegar, and'cooked. The seed is eaten also roasted or sliced and fried. The pummelo, Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (family Rutaceae), is an extremely appealing citrus fruit more characteristic of the Tropics than are most related cultivated species (fig. 52). It originated in subtropical China and evolved in Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is easy to produce, easy to use, and easy to enjoy. singly or in small groups in the axis of the leaves, or as subterminal inflorescences. They are white or cream and have 5 sepals and 5 petals, 20 to 25 stamens with large anthers, and a globose ovary of 12 to 18 segments. The pummelo is probably the largest citrus fruit, for it reaches 60 centimeters in diameter and 10 kilograms in weight, although most fruits are 20 to 25 centimeters in diameter. The fruit is globose, oblate, or pyriform. The peel is very thick; green, yellow green, or yellow; and easy to remove. The segments of the fruit are easily separated, and the membrane, while tough, is easily separated from the juice sacs without spilling liquid. The pulp is white, pale green, pink, or red. The seeds are large, thick, and rough. Although there are many varieties of pummelo, few are known outside of their area of origin. They can be divided into three groups, the Chinese, the Thailandese, and the Indonesian, distinguished by form, quality, and minor details. The principal varieties in the Western Hemisphere are 'Nakon', 'Kao', 'Panne', 'Kao Phunag', The pummelo is widely distributed and well known in the Asian Tropics; it is known but not widly distributed in tropical Africa and in the Americas. In Asia it is best known in China and Thailand, where the best varieties have developed, but it is also well known in Malaysia and Indonesia. The pummelo is one of the most versatile of the citrus species. It is more frost tolerant than lime, more or less like grapefruit, and can be grown in both wet and dry regions of the Tropics. It grows in the warmest parts of the United States. Nevertheless, the pummelo grows best in the hot, humid Tropics. The tree is large for a citrus, ranging from 5 to 19 meters in height. The central trunk is very much divided into principal branches with brown bark. New branches are angled and pubescent, and often have long spines. The leaves are thick, coriacious, shiny, alternate, large, ovate or ovate-elliptic, with the tip blunt, the base rounded broadly or subcordate, the principal vein frequently pubescent. The wings of the petiole are broadly extended, sometimes continuous with the leaf blade. The flowers, also, are very large for a citrus, measuring from 3 to 7 centimeters in diameter. They develop Figure 52. Pummelo tree with several fruits. 233

238 Chapter 8 Thong Dee', 'Chandler', 'Reinking', 'Mato Butan', 'Amoy', 'Banpeiyu', 'Herado Butan Pandan Bener', 'Pandan Wangi', 'Red Shaddock', 'Webber', 'Tannbun', and 'African'. Although the punnnnelo is frequently propagated from seeds, the quality of the seedlings is quite variable and is usually inferior to that of grafted, nanned varieties. Both bud and terminal grafts are satisfactory, and seedlings of any variety can be used for the stock. A few varieties, such as 'Tresca' in Puerto Rico and Florida, can be propagated easily by cuttings. Air layering is also used. Trees are normally established in plastic bags before field planting. The pummelos of Thailand are grovt/n in heavy soils with a high water table and are exposed to and tolerate high levels of salt. Most varieties tolerate a wide variety of soils and even grow well in soils not usually used for agricultural purposes (tin tailings in Malaysia, for example). the hottest parts of the Tropics. Sporadic introductions have shown that while seedlings are hard to establish, mature trees can be produced and are fruitful in the American Tropics. Rambutan is apparently native to Malaysia, and its chief variations appear from Thailand to Indonesia. It is less common in India, and it has apparently been introduced into Madagascar. About 20 fruiting trees are found in Puerto Rico. The tree is of medium stature, reaching about 10 meters at maturity, but trees as small as 5 meters can be found. The trunk, which reaches 30 centimeters in diameter, is upright, with rather large branches. The bark is very dark and rugose. The crown is somewhat open. The leaves are pinnately compound and consist of 2 to 4 pairs of leaflets and sometimes a terminal leaflet. The leaflets are oblong or elliptical, shiny dark green Young trees are normally planted 7 to 10 meters apart at the beginning of the rainy season. A good mixture of soil should be used to fill the holes so as to stimulate growth. Trees should be watered at planting and regularly thereafter. Once trees are established, about 100 grams of a balanced mineral fertilizer should be applied each 4 months. For minor-element fertilization and pest and disease control, local recommendations for other citrus species should be followed. Young trees should be pruned to a few principal branches, and a mature, spreading form will gradually emerge. Little other pruning is required. Normally, the peel color will change slightly as the fruits ripen, and in a cool climate, the color change will be more pronounced. Since the ripe fruit does not fall, it is necessary to know the proper time and stage for harvest. The fruit of some cultivars will dry out if left on the tree too long. The fruit lasts well and can be transported with minimum risk. The tree is almost always eaten fresh as a dessert or snack. First, it must be peeled carefully, the segments separated, and the membrane removed. The pulp is sweet and aromatic, and appeals to everyone. The rind is often made into a citronlike candy. The rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. (family Sapindaceae), is another well-known fruit of Southeast Asia that is still almost unknown in the Western Hemisphere (fig. 53). A relative of the more familiar litchi and the lesser known pulasan, the rambutan is the most tropical of the group and probably adaptable to even Figure 53. Rambutan tree with heavily fruiting branch. 234

239 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution above and lighter below. The leaf measures 5 to 10 centimeters in length and 2 to 10 centimeters in width. The flower cluster consists of terminal or axillary panicles. Trees are male, female, or mixed. The male flowers have five to eight stamens 3 to 4 millimeters long with pubescent anthers. The female flowers consist of a pistil formed by two carpels. Normally a fruit develops from only one carpel, although bicarpellate fruits are sometimes seen. The fruit is an ovate or ellipsoidal drupe 3 to 8 centimeters long and 2 to 4 centimeters wide, with a short, thick pedicel. The pericarp is red or yellow and is covered with smooth appendages that look like curved thorns but that are soft and flexible. The interior aril is smooth, white, translucent, juicy, and sweet. The seeds, usually one to a fruit, are ellipsoidal and 2 to 3 centimeters long. The rambutan is strictly tropical and prefers a long rainy season. It does not do well in subtropical areas such as Florida, even where other tropical trees thrive. Its soil requirements are generally not demanding except that a chlorosis apparently stemming from poor mineral nutrition is common in small seedlings. A cure for this condition, which can be fatal, is not known. Named varieties of rambutan are well known in their native regions. As in the case of many fruits, the grafted varieties are far superior to the average seedling. But when propagating from seed, clean and plant the seed promptly after its removal from the fruit. Seedlings can be started in seedbeds and transplanted to plastic bags for establishment. They need 8 to 12 months before they are transplanted to the field or are used for grafting. The patch bud technique, cleft graft, approach graft, and aerial layering (marcot) are all successful propagation techniques. Young trees should be planted 7 meters apart. transplanting, establishment, and prolonged droughts. Weed control is also necessary. Pruning to shape the tree and remove deadwood should be done as necessary. Rambutan trees may begin to bear as early as the third year of growth, but they normally begin after 5 or 6 years. The fruits can be collected when they begin to turn from green to reddish. The greater part of the harvest is eaten out of hand. In Southeast Asia some rambutan is canned, alone or with other fruits. While it is not great, the rambutan is a pleasant fruit that eveyone likes. The longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour. = Euphoria longana Lam. (family Sapindaceae), is well known and esteemed in Asia, where it is cultivated from southern China to India (fig. 54). It has been introduced widely into the tropical and warm subtropical areas of the world, but it has not yet become an important crop outside Asia. It has good potential as a commercial crop elsewhere. The tree, a handsome evergreen with a dense, rounded canopy, grows to a height of about 12 meters and a spread of about 14 meters. The dark-green leaves are pinnately compound, with 6 to 12 leaflets up to 30 centimeters long. The small greenish-yellow flowers are borne in large terminal panicles. Bloom occurs once a year, and the fruit takes about 4 months to mature. The fruit, borne in large clusters, is spherical to ovoid and 2 to 4 centimeters in diameter, and has a thin, leathery, brown pericarp. The edible pulp is a translucent, clear to whitish aril surrounding a single dark-brown shiny seed. The pulp is juicy and sweet, and has low acidity. Superior varieties have been propagated vegetatively in Asia for a long time, particularly in China and Thailand. Little information on fertilization is available, and many trees in Southeast Asia are not fertilized or are treated only with mulch and manure. Nevertheless, regular fertilization of young trees is recommended to avoid the chlorotic condition previously described. Applications of mineral fertilizer should gradually increase to a maximum of 8 kilograms per tree per year. Because the rambutan is a tree of the hot, humid Tropics, it needs regular irrigation, especially during,2.^^f^:' 5?iaw.'? ".-i,*;:>.. Figure 54. Longan trees, young but fruiting. T( 235

240 Chapter 8 Some of them are 'Blackball' (China); 'E Bure,' 'E Dol', and 'E Haw' (Thailand); and 'Shek Kip' (Hong Kong). In the United States, 'Kohala' was developed in Hawaii. In Florida, no varieties have been selected yet because of the erratic bearing of all the plantings made so far. Trees can be grown from seed easily, but since they require 6 to 9 years before bearing and since their fruit quality is not predictable, seedlings are not recommended for the home garden or commercial planting. Air layering is widely used in Asia for vegetative propagation. It is also used in Florida, but grafting has proved to be more dependable there. Longan seedlings are used as rootstocks. The longan tree grows best in a well-drained soil of good fertijity, but its requirements are not exacting, and it can be grown in a variety of soils. Like the litchee, mature longans can tolerate brief exposure to temperatures a few degrees below freezing without severe injury. For successful flowering, the tree needs prior exposure to cool weather, so it does not flower dependably in lowland areas where the temperature is uniformly high the year round. The longan blooms and fruits erratically even where environmental conditions are favorable. Bearing in alternate years can be partly corrected by removing some of the flower clusters in years of heavy bloom. The consequent reduction in crop size evidently reduces the depletion of the tree's reserves and increases the chance of an adequate bloom the following year. Thinning of flower clusters has the additional advantage of increasing the size of the fruit; fruit size is greatly influenced by the total production of the tree. The fruit can be eaten fresh, frozen, canned, or dried. It is a fair source of vitamin C. greenish brown to brown, with long fissures. When cut the trunk exudes a white latex. The leaves are large and pinnately compound, with five to nine leaflets. The entire leaf reaches 30 to 50 centimeters in length; the petiole is an additional 5 centimeters. The leaflets are 15 to 30 centimeters long by 7 to 13 centimeters wide. The upper side is shiny dark green, whereas the lower is pubescent and light green. The inflorescence is a spike up to 30 centimeters long that is produced on the trunk or the large branches. The yellow flowers are perfect, 1 to 1.5 centimeters in diameter, and have 5 petals, 5 sepals, and 10 united stamens. A panicle usually produces 10 to 30 fruits. The fruit is ellipsoidal and up to 5 centimeters long. It is first green but changes to a light yellow or a grayish yellow as it matures. The peel is rather parchmentlike and, while tough, is easily peeled away. Inside the peel are five segments of usually different but sometimes equal size. They are whitish, translucent, juicy, and subacid. The larger segments contain soft seeds that may reach 2 centimeters in length. Lanson does not tolerate cold or long dry seasons, and is not recommended for altitudes over 650 meters; it is at its best in a monsoon climate with a short dry season. Judging from its growth in different countries, it seems to tolerate a variety of soils, but it prefers a slightly acid soil rich in organic material. The varieties we have seen in the Western Hemisphere do not vary much. A special type, duku, which is preferred in Indonesia and Malaysia, differs from the usual types by being a more spreading tree with less latex and having larger, rounder fruit, with a thicker peel. Both the regular and duku types are grown from seed. The seeds are short lived and should be well cleaned of The lanson or langsat, Lansium domesticum Correa (family Meliaceae), is a tree of the wet forest and seems to resist cultivation away from other trees (fig. 55). The fruit's unique appearance and flavor are widely appreciated. The lanson is best known in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines; it is less frequently seen in India and other parts of the Asian Tropics. It has been introduced into a few isolated spots in the Western Hemisphere, where it appears to have adapted. It has great promise as a new fruit for the American Tropics. The tree is erect and symmetrical, reaching about 15 meters of height. The branches are horizontal or slightly inclined toward the ground. The bark is Figure 55. Lanson, a cluster of fruits. 236

241 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution pulp and planted immediately without a chance to dry. Reproduction has not been studied much, but it may be by apomixis. The seed germinates readily and needs no special care. Trees are also propagated by grafting, from cuttings, and from air layers. The trees should be planted about 8 meters apart in their permanent site when they are about 1 meter high. Experience in Puerto Rico suggests that light shade is desirable at first. This can be gradually reduced as the tree grows, but some shade may always be desirable. Newly planted trees need careful and frequent watering until well established. Insect pests that have been seen in Puerto Rico are the sugarcane root borer, Diaprepes abbreviatus L.; various scales; and spider mites (Tetranychus species). Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is the only important fungus disease that has been seen. The lanson fruit is most often eaten out of hand, but it may also be candied. The salak, Zaiacca edulis Reinw. (family Palmae), grows wild in the dense shade of lowland Asian rain forests, and it is also cultivated widely for its fruits (fig. 56). Although geographical range would be restricted by its particular climatic requirements, there are many areas of the Tropics where it could be grown. At the present time salak is almost entirely confined to the Asian Tropics, from Malaysia through Indonesia to the Philippine Islands. It is particularly popular in Java. The fruit is attractive in appearance and taste, and while it is not great, it would normally be appreciated on first taste and should find a ready market. the skin of a reptile. These are dark brown, shiny, and attractive. The scales can be easily peeled away to reveal a translucent whitish or yellowish flesh. The salak palm can be propagated from seeds, but asexual propagation of trees known to produce high quality fruit is recommended. Seeds should be obtained from a tree that produces good fruit and from a fruit with two or more seeds because single-seeded fruits produce mostly males. The seeds should be cleaned free of pulp and planted while fresh and undried. Unlike many palm seeds, salak seeds germinate readily. The easiest vegetative propagation technique is layering: the trunk is placed horizontally on the ground and new plants grow from the nodes. Basal shoots can also be used for propagation, but they are difficult to remove from a palm without damaging it. Salak palms prefer the wet, heavy soils of the rain forest. They can best be seeded or planted from offshoots directly in their permanent site, perhaps below the shade of larger fruit trees. Sunny locations should The salak is a small compact palm. It seldom reaches 5 meters in height, and it produces its fruit only a few feet above the ground. The palmate fronds are long, with long petioles. All parts of the plant except the flowers and fruit are covered with long, sharp spines that make fruit harvest hazardous. Male and female inflorescences are borne on separate plants. These develop at the base of the fronds and consist of large numbers of flowers, in panicles, on short rachises. Pollination is probably by wind, and to insure good pollination, one male palm is needed for each five or six females. The fruit is produced in large clusters very close to the trunk among the bases of the fronds. The fruits vary from 2.5 to 10 centimeters in length and from 5 to 8 centimeters in width and are globular or top shaped. The fruit surface is covered with overlapping scales like Figure 56. Salak palm, a young tree. 237

242 Chapter 8 be avoided. Extra shade can be provided by temporary plantings of banana around tlie new trees. The palms should be protected from weed competition, watered frequently, and fertilized regularly. The fruits can be shipped and handled easily. In Asia they are readily sold. They are eaten when fully ripe and softening, and by then they are delicate and easily split. Most fruits are eaten out of hand, but they are also stewed or pickled. The gandaria, Bouea macrophylla Griff, (family Anacardiaceae), is well known in Southeast Asia for its many forms of sweet or sour mangolike fruits. A careful attempt should be made to obtain representative materials for transfer to the Western Hemisphere, where the species is almost unknown. The gandaria is a medium-sized tree about 10 meters in height. The trunk is thick, dark, and often branched near the base. The young branches are horizontal or drooping. The leaves are opposite, 10 to 35 centimeters long, thick, and glabrous; they resemble a mango's leaves. The small flowers are male or hermaphroditic and occur in large clusters. The fruits are ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth surfaced, yellow or orange when ripe, and 3 to 5 centimeters long by 3 to 4 centimeters wide. The epidermis is thin; the pulp is thick and juicy, orange or yellow, and resinous in flavor like that of many mangoes. The gandaria is planted from seeds. Selected clones are known, however, and any special tree can be propagated by the techniques used for mangoes. Orchards are unknown; so far, the gandaria is strictly a dooryard tree. lose their leaves for a time during the year. The wood of the trees is weak, and the limbs are easily broken by windstorms, but the trees recover from such damage rapidly. The small flowers are borne in panicles, either terminally on new growth or laterally on small or large branches. The fruit occurs singly or in clusters of a few to many. The fruit of the ambarella and the yellow mombin is yellow. The red mombin has both red and yellow forms. The fruits are ellipsoid to obovoid in shape and range in length from 2.5 to 4 centimeters for the red and yellow mombin to 5 to 7.5 centimeters for the ambarella. The yellow pulp adheres to a single seed, which in some varieties is smooth and in others is rough, with strong woody fibers projecting into the flesh. All of these species may be grown from seed, but vegetative propagation is preferable because some of the superior trees have few viable seeds and, in any case, the species do not breed true. The most widely used method is the rooting of mature cuttings. Large limbs cut from the tree and set directly in the ground will form roots and grow if conditions are favorable. The Spondias species can be propagated by grafting and budding also. There is much variation in fruit quality in the Spondias species. Superior selections have been made and propagated in some areas, but they have not been described in the literature or disseminated to other areas. There are great possibilities for improvement of these crops through collection and dissemination of existing selections. The various forms of the red mombin probably have the greatest possibility for future development. The sweet forms of gandaria are eaten out of hand. Sour forms are pickled or used in chutneys. Some Spondias species (family Anacardiaceae) are valued for their fruit (fig. 57). The most important of these are the ambarella, or golden apple, Spondias dulcís Parkins; the yellow mombin, S. mombin L.; and the red or purple mombin, S. purpurea L. The ambarella is native to the islands of the South Pacific, while the yellow mombin and red mombin are native to tropical America. All of them have been distributed widely in the Tropics and are potentially important because of their wide adaptation and abundant production of nutritious fruit. The ambarella and yellow mombin are large trees; the red mombin is relatively small. All have open, spreading canopies and pinnately compound leaves. The trees Figure 57. Yellow mombin tree loaded with fruits. 238

243 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution The Spondias species are primarily plants of hot lowlands, although the red monnbin can be found up elevations of 1,500 to 1,800 nneters. They are not well adapted to cool clinnates. Small trees are killed by exposure to freezing temperatures. Larger trees are injured severely by frost, but they will recover quickly if conditions are favorable. The Spondias species are well adapted to a variety of soils. Usually they are grown without application of fertilizer, although they will respond well to fertilizer application in infertile soils. The trees tolerate dry conditions very well. The fruit of better varieties is sweet and has a pleasant flavor. Most is consumed fresh. Where the trees are widely planted, the fruit is sold in local markets and undoubtedly is an important part of the diet when in season. The fruit can be dried or made into jellies, sauces, or preserves. The fruit is a good source of minerals and vitamin C. The mabolo (also known as velvet apple and butter fruit), Diospyros discolor W\\\d. (family Ebenaceae), is perhaps the best of the tropical persimmons (fig. 58) (The kaki must be regarded as temperate to subtropical.) It is native to the Philippine Islands and is cultivated to a smaller extent in Malaysia and Indonesia. The mabolo has been introduced widely, but always on a small scale, and so remains almost unknown. The mabolo tree is medium to large, reaching 25 meters in height. It begins to flower when small to medium. Unless pruned, the tree is upright, with a heavy dark trunk and numerous drooping branches. The attractive leaves are simple, alternate, long (25 centimeters by 8 centimeters wide), with short petioles, shiny, and usually elongate or elliptical. They are evergreen, somewhat coriaceous, and slightly pubescent below. The trees are male, female, or hermaphroditic. Isolated female trees usually bear seedless fruits, but at times, a few fertile seeds are produced, probably because the trees have occasional male flowers. The flowers are small (male, 0.60 centimeter in diameter; female, 1.2 centimeter) white, waxy, and aromatic. They are borne on the axils of the leaves or the undersides of young woody branches. The fruit, about the size and often the shape of a peach, is covered with a thick soft pubescence (which can sting the skin) colored from orange to black, or in some cases, from pink to red. Seedless fruits are flat or Figure 58. Velvet apple, cut open to reveal seedless flesh. top shaped. The rind is thin and easily broken open to reveal a dry, cream-colored, mealy pulp. Up to eight brown seeds are embedded in the pulp. The mabolo is most often propagated from seeds, which germinate readily and give rise to rapidly growing, healthy trees. Beyond its being a strictly tropical species, little is known about its growth requirements. It does appear to be more drought resistant than many tropical fruits, yet it also grows in very wet areas, so it appears to be broadly adaptable. It shows iron deficiency symptoms in the calcareous soils of Florida, easily corrected with iron chelates. The fruits are generally eaten when ripe and soft. The mealy flesh has a strong odor and unusual but pleasant taste. The champedak, Artocarpus ctiampeden Spreng, (family Moraceae), the breadfruit, and the jackfruit are the three best fruits of this large genus (fig. 59). But 239

244 Chapter 8 whereas the breadfruit has been introduced throughout the Tropics and the jackfruit is sporadically distributed, the champedak is almost unknown outside tropical Asia. The fruit has many uses, and is liked by almost everyone. The tree is medium sized (up to 18 meters), somewhat smaller than the jackfruit. The trunk is straight, with smooth grayish bark. New shoots, including petiole and pedicels, are covered with thin, brown, wiry hairs. Like its relative, the sap is milky in appearance and sticky. The tree is widely branched with a full crown. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, with short petioles, sometimes three lobed, but on older trees obovate or elliptical and entire. The upper side is green and shiny and almost glabrous, and the lower side is covered with long brownish hairs and short white ones. The leaves are about 5 to 25 centimeters long and 5 to 10 centimeters wide. The small flowers are borne in dense spikes that later become the fruit. Male and female flowers are borne in different inflorescences, the females on large branches or the trunk itself. The large multiple fruit is quite similar in appearance to jackfruit but much more cylindrical. The fruits reach 35 centimeters in length and up to 15 centimeters in diameter. Thus, the fruit is much smaller than most jackfruits and much more convenient to utilize. The rind is covered with hundreds of polygonal raised projections similar to those of the jackfruit. Beneath the rind is a very attractive yellow pulp in which 30 or more large seeds are embedded. The champedak can be easily propagated from fresh seeds chosen from good trees. It is also possible to propagate good trees by bud grafting. Because of the latex of the tree, the modified Forkert method is used. Even trees grown from seed bear fruits in 5 years. They need very little attention and are successful in many soils. They are, however, limited to the hot, humid Tropics. The fruits of the champedak must be watched very carefully and harvested when they begin to soften. The fruit is sliced near the stem end and the core is pulled out. The seeds with their fleshy arils can then be easily removed. The fleshy aril is eaten as a dessert. It is soft and pleasantly aromatic. The seeds are eaten after boiling or roasting. With its simple growth habits, the champedak should be easy to introduce. What is needed is a modern Captain Bligh. The carambola, Averrhoa carambola L. (family Oxalidaceae), has been cultivated since ancient times, but only recently has it been considered to have commercial potential in the Western Hemisphere (fig. 60). It is grown extensively from southern China to India, and although it is known throughout the Tropics, it is relatively rare outside Asia. Small commercial plantings have been made in Florida in recent years. The tree is relatively small, reaching a maximum height of 7.5 to 9 meters and a spread of 6 to 7.5 meters. The canopy is dense and attractive. The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, and dark green. The leaves are retained on the tree throughout the year. The small pink flowers are borne in clusters on young branches. Figure 59. Champedak, a young tree. Figure 60. Carambola, fruits and leaves. 240

245 Fruits Meriting Wider Distribution Older branches, or the trunk of the tree. There are several flushes of bloom during the year and hence several successive crops of fruit. Mature healthy trees can produce 130 to 180 kilograms or more of fruit per year if they receive good care. The fruit is ovoid to ellipsoid, with four to six prominent longitudinal ribs; in cross section it has a star shape. The fruit is 7 to 15 centimeters long and 5 to 10 centimeters wide, and when ripe, it may be white, yellow, or orange. The flavor varies from sweet and acidless to very sour. The rind is thin and tender and is generally consumed with the pulp. The surface of the fruit is smooth and waxy. The fruit attains best eating quality if ripened fully on the tree, but it is easily injured at this stage by handling during harvest. Fruit harvested when it is not quite fully colored is easier to handle without injury and will ripen to good eating quality. Seedling trees require 6 to 10 years to come into bearing, and their fruit quality is likely to be poor. Therefore, it is best to grow vegetatively propagated trees of superior varieties such as 'Dah Pon', 'Mih Tao', and Tean Ma' (Taiwan); 'Maha'; 'Fwangtung' (Thailand); 'Golden Star' and 'Newcomb' (Florida, U.S.A.). The most reliable method of vegetative propagation is grafting on carambola seedling rootstocks. Air layering is used extensively in many areas, but under some conditions it is less dependable than grafting. The carambola tree grows best in warm tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall and a welldrained, moderately acid soil. In soils of high PH, deficiencies of zinc, manganese, and iron are likely to occur. The tree will tolerate a seasonal dry period well, but if dry conditions are severe and prolonged, some irrigation is needed to prevent defoliation and maintain fruit production. Mature trees can survive a brief exposure to temperatures a few degrees below freezing, so the carambola can be grown in areas where frost occurs occasionally, provided that the climate is otherwise favorable. Research in Florida indicates a probable selfincompatibility and cross-incompatibility associated with a condition of distyly in the flowers. So to assure good yields of fruit, it is advisable to plant trees of more than one variety together, although some varieties are known to bear a satisfactory crop in isolation. The carambola tree is a beautiful orntal, and the fruit has good prospects for expanded commercial production. The green immature fruit can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The ripe fruit is eaten fresh or squeezed to make a refreshing juice. The fruit can be Figure 61. OI<ari nut tree, young but vigorous. preserved in both the immature and mature stages. It is a good source of vitamin C and a fair source of vitamin A. The morang, Artocarpus odoratisima Blanco (family Moraceae), is native to and best known in northern Borneo; it is somewhat known from Thailand to the Philippine Islands. The fruit resembles in many ways a jackfruit. The fruits are smaller, however, and the pulp is white. The pulp is sweet, aromatic, and much more delicate than that of jackfruit. The seeds are roasted, as in the case of related species. The okari nut, Terminalia kaernbachii V^arb. (family Combretaceae), is a large tree of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and scattered locations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands (fig. 61). It is a handsome tree with large leaves covered below with a rusty-colored pubescence. The large, somewhat flat fruit, 10 centimetes long, contains a single seed with a large (5 to 6 centimeters in diameter) edible kernel. Unlike the common T. catappa L., the fruit can be easily split open to release the kernel. It is considered a prize nut wherever grown. 241