The Article and facts below in italics is from the Government web site – http.www.environment.gov.au – on the Environment. The top section strongly reflects the author’s personal feelings on the matter. For this I make no apology. I pondered for weeks whether to print this section in this Chapter because of the strong emotional feelings associated with it. This is the only section in the 12,500 pages of written work to date where I have broken away from the normal course of writing to express those emotions while still adhering to the facts and reality of the situation that confronts everyone of us at this very moment in time. In the end I succumbed to the reality that the facts need to be expressed or I would also be yielding to the pressures of minority vested interest groups. The tables are directly taken without change from the government web site – http.www.environment.gov.au – The web is a powerful tool for information dissemination.
Nature serves man’s investment for survival yet we attempt to destroy every living organism which crosses our path to prosperity.
Before I commence my emotive plea written from the heart and not protocol lets look at the one area man has done well in. Even here I have pilfered many of the statements from Lance Richardson’s article from the Age Newspaper April 24 2015. Thanks for the inspiration in the following article.
Of all the remarkable ideas to have evolved from man’s thinking; a surveyor’s, from the United States of America has out performed all other ideas.
When President Ulysses S. Grant signed a law creating the “Yellowstone National Park” in 1872 little did he realize that this one piece of legislation would have the greatest impact on the future of the environment and would create the most controversial decisions and divisions with every country in the 21st century pitting GREENS, Environmentalists, governments and entrepreneurs against each other. His intention at the time was simply to stop the area’s “decorations” from being exploited by developers. The surveyors had noted the geysers, hot springs and waterfalls and acted accordingly to prevent predatory developers destroying the unique beauty which is now protected within the National Park. In sense these surveyors were the original environmentalists with foresight, integrity and awareness.
It was only later that our modern conception of National Parks and their importance to the environment came into focus. As the American frontier began to vanish, conquered all the way to the Californian coast, “thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people” began to realize, in the words of John Muir, that “going to the mountains is going home; that wilderness is a necessity; and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life”.
National Parks might be taken for granted in Australia and it is easy to forget they might never have existed and very well have folded into Sydney’s sprawling suburban sprawl were it not for the foresight of Sir John Robertson. The Royal National Park was established in 1879 and is the world’s second oldest National Park. The idea of national Parks may not be Australian but we were quick to pilfer the idea and certainly established it as an Australian traditional icon.
Since the establishment of The Royal National Park, near Cronulla; originally stolen from the Dharawal Aborigine people, National Parks have been established across the breadth of Australia from the coast to mountains, to the deserts, the off shore Islands including the Great Barrier Reef and caves beneath its surface.
I conduct small educational tours of Chinese students introducing the magnificence of our Parks and have them imagine what life was really like before man’s confrontational footprint. Now imagine Australia without the National Parks. Sitting in just 100 square meters of National Park now imagine the 28 million hectares of National Park that is part of Australia. Imagine what the country was like 300 years ago. You against the wilderness, survival is in your hands. What will you eat tomorrow, what will collect what will you hunt and where will you drink? Amazingly each group came up with very similar answers, similar not only to the previous group but similar to what Australian students thought and told me.
Returning to reality can we resist consuming just one more cove, one more valley in the mountains to satisfy our greed to conquer to overpopulate? Our desire to live surrounded by nature’s beauty, or to use every available resource she has to offer for human enrichment, would ensure catastrophic development upon this beauty until absolutely nothing is left.
What do we stand lose? The most important loss of course is biodiversity but selfishly, we would lose tranquil walks, quiet weekend picnics with the family, places to fish, areas to ride bicycles or horses, places to practice camping skills, places to be alone and places to spend time with family to relax and enjoy the simplicities of family bonding and relaxation in natural surroundings. While there is an immediate advantage to a few in developing wilderness areas or National Parks the community and its people in general lose all the benefits a reserve offers. The natural resources, biodiversity and environmental stabilities are lost to future generations to encompass and understand the intricacies of complex societies that are held within each park.
National Parks remind me of the compulsive greed of short sighted entrepreneurs. They highlight the bad habits of society and our fragility in the over all scheme of life and what is really important. Yellowstone is a good example here: despite the hotels and highways, people are regularly killed by bears and other natural calamities. It has happened so often that the park historian, Lee H. Whittlesey, has written an entire book called Death in Yellowstone. “The Park is the untamed and unfenced wildlife and the amoral energy of thermal wonders,” he says. “It cannot be treated lightly; when it is it erupts in death.” In one memorable incident, a father puts his infant on the back of the bison, hoping to snap a family photo, only to be gored to death by its horns. You would think this kind of incident is enough to dissuade visitors from coming to Yellowstone, but the book is actually a bestseller. Perhaps this is because people love to amble up to the abyss and peer over, frightening them. National Parks allow us to feel the real wildness. to touch its exquisite beauty, endure its ruggedness but relinquish to its tamed, wild extremities is to feel life to its fullest.
The U.S.A. is also responsible for conceiving the concept of some National Parks being ranked higher as Wilderness Areas. In 1924 with the persistence of Aldo Leopold a state forester, conversationalist and latter a professor, the US Forest Service designated the Gila Wilderness in New Mexico as a National Park. An avid outdoorsman, Leopold saw value in “Continuous stretches of virgin country side being preserved in its natural state, free from lawful hunting and fishing, devoid of roads, artificial trails, cottages, or other works of man yet large enough to absorb a two week back pack hiking trek.”
Where as a National Park could have hotels and caravan access Leopold argued that areas should be set aside strictly as wilderness areas and remain free of man made developments of any kind meaning they should remain untouched (excepting, of course, indigenous cultural uses). In 1964, the American congress passed the Wilderness Act, and now America has these areas all over the map.
Australia has wilderness areas too for the truly intrepid explorer but unfortunately some state governments are not protecting or upholding the true principals of Wilderness. The South West Wilderness of Tasmania is under threat of being devolved for tourism and the inexplicable thought of logging. The revised management plan states that, “The changes would enable greater private tourism investment in the World Heritage Area and allow for logging of specialty timbers. The thin edge of the wedge being squeezed between the greedy insatiable and the learned majority”
http://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/kt-wilderness-and-why-it-matters/#sthash.OTwCZMLG.dpuf
Declared wilderness areas in New South Wales are being derogated and put at risk by incompetent Governments by allowing horse riding trail trials to commence. These have resulted in the removal/killing of endangered plants. One such ride includes 32 kilometres of trails in the Kosciusko wilderness area which is already suffering from global warming and has bought a wrath of criticism from conversationalists.
Unlike National Parks, the rationale for wilderness has always been deliberately anti economic. We have become very accustomed to perceiving land in terms of financial economic worth as a resource to be exploited or cut up as real estate. We often forget that life’s fulfillments are also catered by abstract values and not material values. Wilderness places these values as a priority which include biological, scientific and restoration worth. Wilderness areas protect biotic communities and genetic material to which we are only starting on the road to comprehend. They are crucial in the fight against climate change, water purification and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately wilderness is often regarded as a “control” and is the only control to measure in controlling civilization’s ultimate conclusion.
The more interesting rationale for adopting and protecting wilderness areas from exploitation are what makes them controversial. The very concept of wilderness as a place for freedom, solitude and appropriate self recreation to vitalize original thought is, as George Orwell’s 1984 claim “wilderness is outlawed by the totalitarian government for this very reason.”
The expressions released in isolation of the shear magnitude of wilderness are truly inspiring. Leopold expressed “adventure” as one of his six necessities in life, along with work, love, food, air and sunshine. The vast majority of people; even Australians, have never experienced an adventure, have never wondered more than a few meters from the safety of a designated path in a forest yet feel the exhilaration than comes from wilderness.
Despite describing to my students the magnificence of wilderness, nothing could prepare him for that moment. One of my students Eric from China claimed, “The most beautiful site I have ever seen was above the Eagles Nest (New England National Park Wilderness Area) before sunrise watching the clouds and mist steal the colour, a failure for my eyes but the feeling that overcame me in true isolation in the twilight zone, not knowing where I was allowed the mind to be free for the first time in its life.”
Conformity is impossible in wilderness because there are no guidelines, no rules, no paths to follow except the ones you make with your own two feet and desires. By embracing the moment as Eric 谢易霖 had, you embrace your full potential. “There are no conformities in thinking nor are there restraints upon your mind, it’s yours to hold, yours to exploit like no other has done before.“
Nick 唐海峰 told me that morning “I have seen more animals and more flowers in the wild, in three weeks than most Chinese will see in a lifetime. But what unfolded before my eyes from the darkness through the sunrise will lighten my life for a lifetime.”
Barney 万生豪 said “The rigors of the past hour have left my body as though I am flying…..You know like that scene from Titanic. Freedom like this cannot be explained. It’s absolutely magical”
Roy’s 熬嘉祯 claims were simple, “I have no words to explain what I feel, the grandeur the beauty, the exquisiteness and the naturalism are all mere words.”
The very concept of wilderness as a place for freedom, solitude and appropriate self recreation to vitalize original thought was fully realized by 4, 12 year old foreign students. In a breathtaking hour despite it being cold, drizzly and misty the warmth released in this spiritual situation gave expressions that could not have been made in the classroom. How many Australian students can claim they have felt true wilderness and have had their thoughts freed in such a manner?
Of all the tours I have conducted, of all the people I have asked the question, what do feel? Not one has mentioned anger, not one has mentioned hatred, racism disgust, evil or anguish they all feel well different, uplifted with love and freedom that comes from Wilderness.
The hysterical romanticism at that time made me very aware that “Wilderness is a part of our national identity but more importantly it is a part of me and a huge part of my life. While the bush and the outback, the landscapes that so typify Australian wilderness is inspiring to everyone who can experience it, I must never again, take them for granted as all are different beautifully different.”
So when I try to imagine Australia without its natural reserves, I inevitably conjure up images of endless high rise buildings, litter, a place without love, emotion or a heart. Without Wilderness areas and National Parks we are rootless, destined to become a different and less distinctive kind of people over time. We will become loveless, emotionless and heartless. We need National Parks and Wilderness areas they don’t need us. We need them because they are a stark reminder of who we once were and how we once lived.
Once the good news surrounding National Parks and Wilderness areas has been concluded my attention finally draws to the end and the not so pessimistic side of the planet but the reality of what is happening to our wildlife areas and wildlife. The picture is a dismal record of our poor skills to manage what was once a balanced truly functional ecosystem functioning sustainably at all levels, on all continents in all environments.
Extinction is a natural process or is it? Parts are rewritten from Euan Ritchie’s lecture. Lecturer in Ecology at Deakon University
My message, no the promulgation of nature’s critical survival needs to be delivered far and wide to have any great impact so here it is.
Extinctions recorded in Australia in the past 200 years now stand at 185. Australia has the worst mammal extinction rates in the world, with 22 mammals becoming extinct over the past 200 years. “Even with this evidence some mammal species have already disappeared from more than 90{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of their past range in Northern Australia. Such is the seriousness of the situation……..” Professor Iain Gordon from CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems.
In the grand scheme of life we think Australia is pretty impressive.
Since I began writing this book I realized that Australia’s contribution to the biological world is not all that spectacular in the actual number of genre or specie that occupies our country. Not including Prokaryota specie which Australia counts for just 0.5{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the known species our numbers range from 3.4{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} to 43{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the world’s wildlife in the different Classes.
In the fascinating world of plants we don’t fair much better with just 7.1{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the world’s plants being found within our boundaries and just 7.8{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} in total of all species counting both Flora and Fauna.
Over 4{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of our wildlife is now considered vulnerable to being seriously endanger of Extinction. At the present rate of extinction the world will see over 10{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of its species disappear by 2050 and with Global warming a figureof 25{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of all species are facing EXTINCTION by 2050. Australia presently has the highest rate of extinctions in the world either directly or indirectly caused from human activities in the past 200 years. This is truly a horrific figure when we consider the ratio of our population to land and ocean area. We cannot save the wildlife that has met that fete but we can do something to help save those that are facing the same demise. Good town planning and good conservation planning is required with nature corridors preserved, the cessation of logging in virgin and naturally occurring old growth regenerated forests, the re establishment of epiphyte communities, preservation and consolidation of coastal ecosystems and riverine communities and the better utilization of urban communities with people and nature in mind before it is too late.
Australians are lucky. 24 million people have the responsibility to ensure the survival of 7.8{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the world’s wildlife including those that live in the Oceans and Airways that surround our great nation. Participating in environmental activities like ours will help ensure the health and well being of our unique environment for future generations.
This to me places more significance on the problem and urgent need for protection of every specie within our hostile boundaries at every stage of development. We are more fortunate than most countries that most of our wildlife is endemic to Australia, is not threatened by border disputes or over population yet. We still have an excellent opportunity to render the mistakes of other nations and the past to save our environment from mass extinction leaving what is left as mere images in the minds of those who may survive.
I do not intend to mince words on the environment, to do so would be an injustice to the environment and flatter those who consider themselves above the creatures who have shared this planet with us for the past 5 million years. Our Planet is in dire trouble and Australia’s wildlife is critically ill trailing other nations by 10 or maybe 20 years at the most. What took 4.5 billion years to create and evolve has taken us just 200 years to lay the foundations for its annihilation. We Human Beings think and act as though we are the only living things on the planet that need attention and all living things were created or evolved merely for our short term satisfaction. In our arrogance we, see ourselves as the kings, dictatorial leaders over all living things not just the serfs in small despotic nations hidden away in some isolated part of the world.
It has been said that terror is the principle of despotic governments. To Australia’s wildlife our government resembles, if not acts like a vicious despotic marauding tyrant who is desperately searching for the next tree to plunder the next animal to massacre. The same voice that espouses greatness, fairness and wealth for all silently and stealthily unleashes pain, agony, death and even extinction on those that have no voice of their own. Those that have no weapons of mass destruction and no strength in their dwindling numbers fall on their knees awaiting their inevitable turn to be exiled from their once beautiful green Planet.
They cede their land meter by meter without a murmur against those who indulge for their royalties placed upon their scalps or timber extracted from the forests. You hear the perpetrators of these crimes screaming, cry for mercy and beg our Governments for leniency so that these selfless villains can be treated to even more and more of the dwindling reserves that belong to everyone of us. Yet there is no mercy for the innocent, no mercy for the evicted, no mercy for the unfortunate who stand in the way of the axe men’s progress, no mercy for humanitarians on the planet who witness or oppose the shameful and scandalous actions of those who self justify their fortunes gained, while those around them suffer death, sickness and starvation.
Society owes protection not just to its peaceful citizens who epitomize love and affection of all living things and endeavour to save the planet from the ravages of so called progress. Society’s protection needs to be further extended to include love and cohabitation to its peaceful fauna and flora who wish to live in harmony with us.
The conspirators don’t offer peace or dialogue but are offered the world to annihilate, but soon, very soon there will be no world to offer at least no natural world only the memories. This terrible war that is waged by greedy multinationalists and oligopolies; on our soil, in pursuit of their billions is a divisive war cloaked by a thin green belt which hides from view the real destruction being foisted upon every living thing in every corner of the world on a daily basis. The enemies of our environment are within our ranks. They have by enlarge infiltrated our Governments and every organization that opposes their “legal rights” to destroy our environment. They stalk the hallways of office secretly pampering to the elected members disguised as lobbyists pretending to offer impartial advice. The assassins of the environment rip our country apart dividing our citizens who care on one hand and pit them against powerful corrupt lobbyists and their masters on the other. Lobbyists interfere with government procedures and officials; who are paid by the people to present people friendly sustainable economic facts, in favour of their multi national masters who often live thousands of kilometers from their destructive non sustainable ventures into murder. The thieves who hold the people’s mandate like their business peers have no consciences, have no ethics and have no loyalties to the environment just to dollars. The mercenary pamphleteers and bloggers are hired to censor, to dishonor the people’s cause, to obliterate public virtue, to stir up the fire of hell and to cause civil discord among otherwise peaceful citizens. Their hatred and vitriolic statements are seen in every newspaper, every day across this fair land we call Australia while their lies spread like wildfires and their propaganda dismembers the truth, all, in the interests of their master’s dollars.
Their hatred of the people, who their masters purport to represent and care for, is unmistakingly blatant to every man, women and child who have a big heart that feels for our wonderful Australian environment and future generations both human and otherwise. These are the people who understand the facts and are able to view the facts like scientists without bribes and coercion from these marauding felons of the environment.
“At best, in 40 years, a host of wildlife will be committed to extinction because of human induced climate change and our ravaging of their environment. At worst, the outcome does not bear thinking about. It is crucial that we take drastic action now, to cut dangerous, poisonous emissions. It is clear that everyone, especially the USA, India and China” needs to participate. China’s renewable energy will pass Americas total use of energy by 2015 but their emissions is still expected to increase until 2030.
This brings me to my last post in this book “Terror and fear is the tool of the Anarchist.” I stand not afraid of their terror but am strengthened by their terror. My thoughts are pure and green with love and enthusiasm for a humane world where people love, care and want to coexist with nature. I hope that some day the wildlife that still abounds around me can have the same freedom, free from terror and fear of extinction and the greed of a few whose only love is money are banished forever.
Increased individual numbers is due to the refinement of DNA testing, research into mostly smaller plants and animals and the incursion into areas that were inaccessible only a few decades earlier. This in no way reflects a real increase of the numbers on the planet’s diversity. It only reflects the better observational powers of zoologists, botanists with better equipment and scientific methods and the large increase in amateur biologists.
The numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World was first published in 2006. It was a collation of information from taxonomic literature, online resources and previous compilations, augmented by discussions with systematists. It is updated and revised in this new edition, taking into account newly published species, and refined estimates and corrections, again with considerable input from the taxonomic community. Insects are subdivided further than before, with separate figures being given for the component orders, and the algae and fungi are rearranged in line with more recent classifications.
The total number of accepted described species in the world is estimated to be close to 1 900 000, well above the 1 786 000 given in 2006. Worldwide, about 18 000 new species are being described each year and for the year 2007, 75{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of these were invertebrates, 11{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} vascular plants and nearly 7{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} vertebrates.
For Australia a figure of 147 579 accepted described species is now determined, below the 2006 figure of 172 200, and the estimate of the number of species overall is 566 398. The reduction in numbers is due in large part to refinement of the estimates of numbers of insects, and feedback on the earlier edition of this report which led to more extensive collaboration to develop revised estimates. In a coarse breakdown of these figures, the estimates for Australia are 8 128 accepted described chordate species, 98 703 invertebrates, 24 716 plants (including plant algae and bryophytes), 11 846 fungi and around 4 186 in other groups. These figures include new records and newly described species for Australia for the past three years, among them approximately 1 184 vascular plants, 48 reptiles, 8 frogs and 8 mammals, 904 arachnids, 148 myriapods and 60 sponges. Endemism is high in some groups. For example, 41.3{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the chordates are endemic (including 87{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of mammals, 45{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of birds, 93{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of reptiles, 94{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of frogs) and some 92{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the vascular plants.
Nationally, the number of Australian species under threat are 246 chordates (3{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of chordate species, including 20{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of mammals and 14{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of amphibians), 1 260 vascular plants (6.5{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f}), 32 invertebrates, two algae and one bryophyte.
Chordates:
Brusca and Brusca (2003) estimated that there are 49 693 published and accepted vertebrate species for the world, whereas Groombridge and Jenkins (2002) gave an estimate of 52 000 accepted vertebrate species and an estimate of about 55 000 chordate species in total. Adding up the individual estimates documented in the previous report provided a much higher figure of 60 979 published chordate species (Chapman 2006). This report has again increased that figure, to 64 791—an increase of about 6.2{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f}. The group with the greatest increase was the fishes, but all groups have had new species published since the previous report. The number of published species in Australia has increased from 7 561 to ~8 128 (an increase of 7.5{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f}) again with most of the increase in the number of fish species. It is estimated that just over 40{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of Australian chordate species are endemic.
Invertebrates:
The number of published, accepted invertebrate species in the world has increased since the previous report to 1 359 367—largely due to an increase in the number of insects. In this report I have been able to report on the numbers of insects by Order and this has allowed for a more accurate estimate for the total number of species. By contrast, the estimate for the total number of published insect species in Australia has decreased from approximately 80 000 to 62 000. The estimates for the total numbers of species, however, has altered very little. Estimates for endemism have now been supplied for many more groups, but an overall estimate is still not possible due to the unknowns in most of the larger groups, including the spiders, nematodes and platyhelminths.
Note: Where a range is given in number of species for a group the higher figure of the range is used in this table.
Plants:
In this report, I have included plant algae, including the green algae, red algae and glaucophytes, making a direct comparison with the previous report impossible, however I have added a comparison for plants excluding the algae. Estimates for published species of the Magnoliophyta for the world have increased by about 10 000 since the previous edition, but the estimate for the total number of species has dropped considerably from ~422 000 to ~352 000 in line with recent research.
Plants
Plant algae, including the green and red algae and glaucophytes, making a direct comparison with the previous report was impossible, however I have added a comparison for plants excluding the various algae. Estimates for published species of the Magnoliophyta for the world have increased by about 10,000 since the previous edition, but the estimate for the total number of species has dropped considerably from around 422,000 to around 352,000 in line with recent research.
Fungi:
In the previous report, lichens were included as a separate group to the fungi. In this edition the lichens (or more correctly lichen-forming fungi) have been included under the fungi, although the numbers for lichens are included in the table in brackets. A number of groups previously regarded as fungi but which are now regarded as belonging to either Chromista or Protoctista have been excluded from the fungi and included under those groups respectively—in the previous report they were included in the fungi.
Others:
This group includes mainly single-celled, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms. It includes many species that were previously thought to be fungi or algae, but which are now regarded as belonging to Chromista or Protoctista. In the previous report, fungi and lichens were included within this category, but have now been transferred to a separate section. Algae were also included here, but have now been included under plants except for those species more correctly regarded as belonging to the Chromista, Protoctista or Cyanophyta, which are included here under those groups respectively.
Extinction is a natural process or is it? Rewritten from Euan Ritchie’s lecture. Lecturer in Ecology at Deakon University
It is important to note that extinction, or the permanent loss of species, is a natural process that works in conjunction with speciation – the creation of new species through evolution.
“Normal” rates of extinction vary through time but are typically in the order of one to two species per year world wide. Current rates of extinction, however, are estimated to have reached up to 45,000 times this rate in particular areas or particular classes. The Amphibians are retiring at the upper end of all past based predictions. The annual species body count is no longer a mere handful; it’s out of control spiraling upwards.
There have been at least five episodes of mass extinctions in the past which relates to one about every 50 million years, during which anywhere from 60{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} to 96{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of existing species became extinct. In fact, 99{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of all existing species that have ever existed are now extinct.
The causes range from volcanic eruptions and asteroid impacts are among the prime suspects as the cause of previous mass extinctions including the demise of the dinosaurs . The difference this time is that human beings are at the centre of the sixth mass extinction event. Through human induced impacts such as habitat clearing and modification, the spread of introduced vermin and weed species, the poor use of water, chemicals and climate change.
It is important to note that extinction, or the permanent loss of species, is a natural process that works in conjunction with speciation, – The creation of new species through evolution to fill the void.
Some 875 species “have been recorded” as declining to extinction between 1500 and 2009 which is entirely consistent with an extinction rate of 1 to 2 species per year. The actual current rate of extinction exceeds this value by a huge margin.
The key phrase is “have been recorded.” The majority of species have not been identified or described. It is reasonable to make the supposition that unclassified species are lost at a rate comparable with those that are known.
More recently species such as the Baiji Dolphin, the Alaotra Grebe and the Japanese River Otter have disappeared. The large scale hunt for a mate for “Lonesome George” ended in tragedy with him; the last individual Pinta Island Tortoise succumbing to the inevitable. Closer to home, our most recent casualty was a small bat, the Christmas Island Pipistrelle.
An exclusive focus on extinction is inappropriate, given that many surviving species are hanging on to their existence in isolated pockets of National Parks or private land. (In Nana Glen the only tree of Niemeyera whitei known on private property was ignorantly and deliberately removed placing the species in further endanger of extinction. The neighbours cleared land for horses removing one of two naturally occurring populations of Boronia umbellata on private property and further destabilizing the adjacent population which had also reduced in numbers since the last count. This ignorance of the plight of Boronia umbellata to sending the species into oblivion was unnecessary as the council; when it sold the land, knew that the population along with other rare and endangered plants existed on the property.) Most private timber getters, land holders and farmers are not aware of rare and endangered species in their area and clear indiscriminately. This undoubtedly proves that an urgent need for a national registry for plants listed as rare, endangered and critically endangered on both public and private land for the protection of these specie is required.
The dire situation of Australia’s marsupials is stark evidence. Even the iconic and once abundant Tasmanian Devil is now on the brink of extinction like its predecessor the Tasmanian Tiger.
The big problem now is coextinctions of species. This is when one species disappears, the other animals, plants or parasites that relied on the original organism quickly succumb to the same fete.
As an individual I do not have the power to change the future but as one of a mass I do have the power to make a difference. I hope that this book will start the revolution needed to improve the quality of life all for all who survive on this once extremely beautiful planet, magnificent Country, exquisite state and exceedingly diverse potent district I call home.
Plants and animals are listed as extinct at the federal level under the auspices of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . The Act lists all plants considered to have become extinct since the commencement of European settlement of Australia in 1788. There are 52 plants currently listed as extinct under the Act.
The list does not include species that have become extinct in a single state. A good example is Banksia integrifolia which is now extinct in Tasmania but is still common along the east coast of Australia.
Pimelea spinescens subsp. pubiflora was presumed extinct after 1901, but a population was rediscovered in 2005. The orchid Diuris bracteata was also considered extinct after its first collection in 1899, but it was also rediscovered in 1998. Neither have been removed from the EPBC list of extinct plants but are not included on the following list. The Spiny Everlasting (Acanthocladium dockeri) was reclassified as critically endangered in 2006 after it was rediscovered in 1999. These are all single populations in the wild.
Extinct
| Name | Common name | Location(s) |
| Acacia kingiana | WA | |
| Acacia prismifolia | Diel’s Wattle | WA |
| Acianthus ledwardii | QLD | |
| Amperea xiphoclada var. pedicellata | NSW | |
| Amphibromus whitei | QLD | |
| Argyreia soutteri | QLD | |
| Caladenia brachyscapa | Short Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia pumila | Dwarf Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Calothamnus accedens | WA | |
| Coleanthera virgata | Hidden Coleanthera | WA |
| Deyeuxia lawrencei | TAS | |
| Didymoglossum exiguum | QLD | |
| Diplocaulobium masonii | QLD | |
| Euphrasia ruptura | NSW | |
| Frankenia conferta | Silky Frankenia | WA |
| Frankenia decurrens | Decurrent-leaved Frankenia | WA |
| Hemigenia clotteniana | QLD | |
| Huperzia squarrosa | Water Tassel-fern | QLD |
| Hutchinsia tasmanica | TAS | |
| Hymenophyllum lobbii | QLD | |
| Hymenophyllum whitei | QLD | |
| Hypsela sessiliflora | NSW | |
| Lemmaphyllum accedens | QLD | |
| Lepidium drummondii | Drummond’s Lepidium | WA |
| Leucopogon cryptanthus | Small-flowered Leucopogon | WA |
| Lycopodium volubile | QLD | |
| Marsdenia araujacea | QLD | |
| Monogramma dareicarpa | Grass Fern | QLD |
| Musa fitzalanii | QLD | |
| Oberonia attenuata | QLD | |
| Olearia oliganthema | NSW | |
| Opercularia acolytantha | WA | |
| Ozothamnus selaginoides | Clubmoss Everlasting, Table Mountain Daisy Bush | TAS |
| Paspalum batianoffii | QLD | |
| Persoonia laxa | NSW | |
| Persoonia prostrata | QLD | |
| Philotheca falcata | Sickle-leaved Waxflower | WA |
| Pimelea spinescens subsp. pubiflora | Spiny Rice-flower | VIC |
| Prostanthera albo-hirta | QLD | |
| Prostanthera marifolia | NSW | |
| Pterostylis valida | Robust Greenhood | VIC |
| Ptilotus pyramidatus | Pyramid Mulla-mulla | WA |
| Pultenaea maidenii | Maiden’s Bush-pea | VIC |
| Senecio georgianus | Grey Groundsel | NSW, SA, VIC |
| Tetratheca fasciculata | Cronin’s Tetratheca | WA |
| Thomasia gardneri | Mount Holland Thomasia | WA |
| Tmesipteris lanceolata | QLD | |
| Trianthema cypseleoides | NSW | |
| Vanvoorstia bennettiana | Bennett’s Seaweed | NSW |
The following list of threatened flora of Australia includes all plant species listed as critically endangered or endangered in Australia under the EPBC Act .
Critically endangered
| Species | Common Name | Location(s) |
| Abutilon julianae | Norfolk Island Abutilon | Norfolk Island |
| Acacia sp. Graveside Gorge (V.J.Levitzke 806) NT Herbarium | a shrub | NT |
| Achyranthes arborescens | Chaff Tree, Soft-wood | Norfolk Island |
| Achyranthes margaretarum | Norfolk Island | |
| Arachnorchis actensis | Canberra Spider-orchid | ACT |
| Argentipallium spiceri | Spicer’s Everlasting | TAS |
| Arthrochilus huntianus subsp. nothofagicola | Myrtle Elbow Orchid | TAS |
| Asplenium listeri | Christmas Island Spleenwort | Christmas Island |
| Barbarea australis | Native Wintercress | TAS |
| Boehmeria australis var. australis | Tree Nettle, Nettletree | Norfolk Island |
| Caladenia anthracina | Black-tipped Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia campbellii | Thick-stem Caladenia | TAS |
| Caladenia dienema | Windswept Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia lindleyana | Lindley’s Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia pallida | Rosy Spider-orchid, Pale Spider-orchid, Summer Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia saggicola | Sagg Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia sp. aff. venusta | Kilsyth South Spider-orchid [1] | VIC |
| Caladenia sylvicola | Forest Fingers | TAS |
| Caladenia tonellii | Robust Fingers | TAS |
| Calystegia affinis | a creeper | NSW |
| Clematis dubia | a creeper, Clematis | Norfolk Island |
| Corunastylis ectopa | Brindabella Midge-orchid, Ectopic Midge-orchid | ACT |
| Eidothea hardeniana | Nightcap Oak | NSW |
| Elatostema montanum | Mountain Procris | Norfolk Island |
| Elymus multiflorus var. kingianus | Phillip Island Wheat-grass | AET, NSW |
| Epacris barbata | Bearded Heath, Freycinet Heath | TAS |
| Epacris limbata | Border Heath | TAS |
| Epacris stuartii | Stuart’s Heath | TAS |
| Euphorbia norfolkiana | a shrub, Norfolk Island Euphorbia | Norfolk Island |
| Euphrasia fragosa | Shy Eyebright, Southport Eyebright | TAS |
| Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. psilantherea | a herb | TAS |
| Genoplesium firthii | Firth’s Midge-orchid | TAS |
| Gyrostemon reticulatus | Net-veined Gyrostemon | WA |
| Haloragis platycarpa | Broad-fruited Haloragis | WA |
| Hibiscus insularis | Phillip Island Hibiscus | Norfolk Island |
| Hydatella leptogyne | Few-flowered Hydatella | WA |
| Lomatia tasmanica | King’s Lomatia | TAS |
| Melicytus latifolius | Norfolk Island Mahoe | Norfolk Island |
| Meryta latifolia | Shade Tree, Broad-leaved Meryta | Norfolk Island |
| Muehlenbeckia horrida subsp. abdita | Remote Thorny Lignum | WA |
| Myoporum obscurum | Popwood, Sandalwood, Bastard Ironwood | Norfolk Island |
| Persoonia pauciflora | North Rothbury Persoonia | NSW |
| Phebalium daviesii | Davies’ Waxflower, St Helens Waxflower | TAS |
| Philotheca freyciana | Freycinet Waxflower | TAS |
| Phreatia limenophylax | Norfolk Island Phreatia | Norfolk Island |
| Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens | Plains Rice-flower, Spiny Rice-flower, Prickly Pimelea | VIC |
| Pneumatopteris truncata | fern | Christmas Island |
| Prasophyllum castaneum | Chestnut Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum favonium | Western Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum milfordense | Milford Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum olidum | Pungent Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum perangustum | Knocklofty Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum pulchellum | Pretty Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum robustum | Robust Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum stellatum | Ben Lomond Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Pterostylis commutata | Midland Greenhood | TAS |
| Pterostylis wapstrarum | Fleshy Greenhood | TAS |
| Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point | Genowlan Point Pultenaea | NSW |
| Sagina diemensis | Pearlwort | TAS |
| Tetratheca gunnii | Shy Susan | TAS |
| Thelymitra jonesii | Sky-blue Sun-orchid | TAS |
| Wikstroemia australis | Kurrajong | Norfolk Island |
Endangered
| Prostanthera albo-hirta | QLD | |
| Prostanthera marifolia | NSW | |
| Pterostylis valida | Robust Greenhood | VIC |
| Ptilotus pyramidatus | Pyramid Mulla-mulla | WA |
| Pultenaea maidenii | Maiden’s Bush-pea | VIC |
| Senecio georgianus | Grey Groundsel | NSW, SA, VIC |
| Tetratheca fasciculata | Cronin’s Tetratheca | WA |
| Thomasia gardneri | Mount Holland Thomasia | WA |
| Tmesipteris lanceolata | QLD | |
| Trianthema cypseleoides | NSW | |
| Vanvoorstia bennettiana | Bennett’s Seaweed | NSW |
The following list of threatened flora of Australia includes all plant species listed as critically endangered or endangered in Australia under the EPBC Act .
Critically endangered
| Species | Common Name | Location(s) |
| Abutilon julianae | Norfolk Island Abutilon | Norfolk Island |
| Acacia sp. Graveside Gorge (V.J.Levitzke 806) NT Herbarium | a shrub | NT |
| Achyranthes arborescens | Chaff Tree, Soft-wood | Norfolk Island |
| Achyranthes margaretarum | Norfolk Island | |
| Arachnorchis actensis | Canberra Spider-orchid | ACT |
| Argentipallium spiceri | Spicer’s Everlasting | TAS |
| Arthrochilus huntianus subsp. nothofagicola | Myrtle Elbow Orchid | TAS |
| Asplenium listeri | Christmas Island Spleenwort | Christmas Island |
| Barbarea australis | Native Wintercress | TAS |
| Boehmeria australis var. australis | Tree Nettle, Nettletree | Norfolk Island |
| Caladenia anthracina | Black-tipped Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia campbellii | Thick-stem Caladenia | TAS |
| Caladenia dienema | Windswept Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia lindleyana | Lindley’s Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia pallida | Rosy Spider-orchid, Pale Spider-orchid, Summer Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia saggicola | Sagg Spider-orchid | TAS |
| Caladenia sp. aff. venusta | Kilsyth South Spider-orchid [1] | VIC |
| Caladenia sylvicola | Forest Fingers | TAS |
| Caladenia tonellii | Robust Fingers | TAS |
| Calystegia affinis | a creeper | NSW |
| Clematis dubia | a creeper, Clematis | Norfolk Island |
| Corunastylis ectopa | Brindabella Midge-orchid, Ectopic Midge-orchid | ACT |
| Eidothea hardeniana | Nightcap Oak | NSW |
| Elatostema montanum | Mountain Procris | Norfolk Island |
| Elymus multiflorus var. kingianus | Phillip Island Wheat-grass | AET, NSW |
| Epacris barbata | Bearded Heath, Freycinet Heath | TAS |
| Epacris limbata | Border Heath | TAS |
| Epacris stuartii | Stuart’s Heath | TAS |
| Euphorbia norfolkiana | a shrub, Norfolk Island Euphorbia | Norfolk Island |
| Euphrasia fragosa | Shy Eyebright, Southport Eyebright | TAS |
| Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. psilantherea | a herb | TAS |
| Genoplesium firthii | Firth’s Midge-orchid | TAS |
| Gyrostemon reticulatus | Net-veined Gyrostemon | WA |
| Haloragis platycarpa | Broad-fruited Haloragis | WA |
| Hibiscus insularis | Phillip Island Hibiscus | Norfolk Island |
| Hydatella leptogyne | Few-flowered Hydatella | WA |
| Lomatia tasmanica | King’s Lomatia | TAS |
| Melicytus latifolius | Norfolk Island Mahoe | Norfolk Island |
| Meryta latifolia | Shade Tree, Broad-leaved Meryta | Norfolk Island |
| Muehlenbeckia horrida subsp. abdita | Remote Thorny Lignum | WA |
| Myoporum obscurum | Popwood, Sandalwood, Bastard Ironwood | Norfolk Island |
| Persoonia pauciflora | North Rothbury Persoonia | NSW |
| Phebalium daviesii | Davies’ Waxflower, St Helens Waxflower | TAS |
| Philotheca freyciana | Freycinet Waxflower | TAS |
| Phreatia limenophylax | Norfolk Island Phreatia | Norfolk Island |
| Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens | Plains Rice-flower, Spiny Rice-flower, Prickly Pimelea | VIC |
| Pneumatopteris truncata | fern | Christmas Island |
| Prasophyllum castaneum | Chestnut Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum favonium | Western Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum milfordense | Milford Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum olidum | Pungent Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum perangustum | Knocklofty Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum pulchellum | Pretty Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum robustum | Robust Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum stellatum | Ben Lomond Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Pterostylis commutata | Midland Greenhood | TAS |
| Pterostylis wapstrarum | Fleshy Greenhood | TAS |
| Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point | Genowlan Point Pultenaea | NSW |
| Sagina diemensis | Pearlwort | TAS |
| Tetratheca gunnii | Shy Susan | TAS |
| Thelymitra jonesii | Sky-blue Sun-orchid | TAS |
| Wikstroemia australis | Kurrajong | Norfolk Island |
Endangered
| Species | Common Name | Location(s) |
| Acacia aprica | Blunt Wattle | WA |
| Acacia aristulata | Watheroo Wattle | WA |
| Acacia ataxiphylla subsp. magna | Large-fruited Tammin Wattle | WA |
| Acacia auratiflora [1] | Orange-flowered Wattle | WA |
| Acacia brachypoda | Western Wheatbelt Wattle | WA |
| Acacia cochlocarpa subsp. cochlocarpa | Spiral-fruited Wattle | WA |
| Acacia cretacea | Chalky Wattle | SA |
| Acacia enterocarpa | Jumping-jack Wattle | SA, VIC |
| Acacia gordonii | NSW | |
| Acacia insolita subsp. recurva | Yornaning Wattle | WA |
| Acacia lanuginophylla | Woolly Wattle | WA |
| Acacia leptalea | Chinocup Wattle | WA |
| Acacia lobulata | Chiddarcooping Wattle | WA |
| Acacia pharangites | Wongan Gully Wattle | WA |
| Acacia pinguifolia | Fat-leaved Wattle | SA |
| Acacia porcata | QLD | |
| Acacia pygmaea | Dwarf Rock Wattle | WA |
| Acacia recurvata | Recurved Wattle | WA |
| Acacia rhamphophylla | Kundip Wattle | WA |
| Acacia ruppii | Rupp’s Wattle | NSW |
| Acacia sciophanes | Wundowlin Wattle, Ghost Wattle | WA |
| Acacia sp. Dandaragan (S.van Leeuwen 269) | Dandaragan Wattle | WA |
| Acacia subflexuosa subsp. capillata | shrub | WA |
| Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis | Sunshine Wattle | NSW |
| Acacia vassalii | Vassal’s Wattle | WA |
| Acacia volubilis | Tangled Wattle, Tangle Wattle | WA |
| Acacia whibleyana | Whibley Wattle | SA |
| Acronychia littoralis | Scented Acronychia | NSW, QLD |
| Adenanthos dobagii | Fitzgerald Woollybush | WA |
| Adenanthos eyrei | Toolinna Adenanthos | WA |
| Adenanthos pungens subsp. effusus | Sprawling Spiky Adenanthos | WA |
| Adenanthos velutinus | Velvet Woollybush | WA |
| Agrostis adamsonii | Adamson’s Blown-grass | VIC |
| Alectryon ramiflorus [1] | QLD | |
| Allocasuarina defungens | NSW | |
| Allocasuarina emuina | Emu Mountain Sheoak | QLD |
| Allocasuarina glareicola | NSW | |
| Allocasuarina portuensis | NSW | |
| Allocasuarina thalassoscopica | QLD | |
| Amyema scandens | NSW | |
| Andersonia axilliflora | Giant Andersonia | WA |
| Andersonia gracilis | Slender Andersonia | WA |
| Anigozanthos bicolor subsp. minor | Small Two-colour Kangaroo Paw | WA |
| Apatophyllum constablei | NSW | |
| Aponogeton bullosus | QLD | |
| Aponogeton proliferus | aquatic herb | QLD |
| Archontophoenix myolensis | The Myola Archontophoenix | QLD |
| Aristida granitica | QLD | |
| Asterolasia elegans | NSW | |
| Astrotricha roddii | NSW, QLD | |
| Atalaya collina | QLD | |
| Austromyrtus fragrantissima | Scale Myrtle, Sweet Myrtle | NSW, QLD |
| Austromyrtus gonoclada | Angle-stemmed Myrtle | QLD |
| Baeckea kandos | a shrub | NSW |
| Ballantinia antipoda | Southern Shepherd’s Purse | VIC |
| Banksia brownii | Brown’s Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia | WA |
| Banksia cuneata | Matchstick Banksia, Quairading Banksia | WA |
| Banksia oligantha | Wagin Banksia | WA |
| Bertya ingramii | a shrub | NSW |
| Bertya sp. Beeron Holding (P.I.Forster 5753)]] | QLD | |
| Bertya tasmanica subsp. tasmanica | Tasmanian Bertya | TAS |
| Beyeria lepidopetala | Short-petalled Beyeria, Small-petalled Beyeria | WA |
| Billardiera mollis | Hairy-fruited Billardiera | WA |
| Blechnum norfolkianum | Norfolk Island Water-fern | ACT |
| Boronia capitata subsp. capitata | WA | |
| Boronia exilis | Scott River Boronia | WA |
| Boronia granitica | Granite Boronia | NSW, QLD |
| Boronia repanda | Repand Boronia, Border Boronia | NSW, QLD |
| Boronia revoluta | Ironcap Boronia | WA |
| Borya mirabilis | Grampians Pincushion-lily | VIC |
| Brachyscome muelleri | SA | |
| Brachysema papilio | Butterfly-leaved brachysema | WA |
| Burmannia sp. Melville Island (R.Fensham 1021)]] | NT | |
| Cajanus mareebensis | QLD | |
| Caladenia amoena | Charming Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia arenaria | NSW | |
| Caladenia argocalla | White-beauty Spider-orchid | SA |
| Caladenia atroclavia | QLD | |
| Caladenia audasii | McIvor Spider-orchid, Audas Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia behrii | Pink-lipped Spider-orchid | SA |
| Caladenia bryceana subsp. bryceana | Dwarf Spider-orchid | WA |
| Caladenia busselliana Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Caladenia caesarea subsp. maritima | Cape Spider-orchid | WA |
| Caladenia carnea var. subulata | Striped Pink Fingers | VIC |
| Caladenia colorata | Small Western Spider-orchid, Coloured Spider-orchid | SA, VIC |
| Caladenia dorrienii | Cossack Spider-orchid | WA |
| Caladenia elegans Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Caladenia excelsa Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Caladenia fragrantissima subsp. orientalis | Cream Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia fulva | Tawny Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia gladiolata | Bayonet Spider-orchid, Clubbed Spider-orchid | SA |
| Caladenia hastata | Melblom’s Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia hoffmanii Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Caladenia huegelii Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | Grand Spider-orchid, King Spider-orchid | WA |
| Caladenia lowanensis | Wimmera Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia macroclavia | Large-club Spider-orchid | SA |
| Caladenia richardsiorum | Little Dip Spider-orchid | SA |
| Caladenia rigida | White Spider-orchid | SA |
| Caladenia robinsonii | Frankston Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia rosella | Rosella Spider-orchid, Little Pink Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia tensa | Greencomb Spider-orchid, Rigid Spider-orchid | NSW, SA, VIC |
| Caladenia thysanochila | Fringed Spider-orchid | VIC |
| Caladenia viridescens Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Caladenia winfieldii Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Caladenia xanthochila | Yellow-lip Spider-orchid | NSW, SA, VIC |
| Caladenia xantholeuca | White Rabbits, Flinders Ranges White Caladenia | SA |
| Callitris oblonga subsp. oblonga | TAS | |
| Calochilus psednus | Bearded Orchid | QLD |
| Calochilus richiae | Bald-tip Beard-orchid | VIC |
| Calotis moorei | NSW | |
| Calytrix breviseta subsp. breviseta | Swamp Starflower | WA |
| Carronia pedicellata | QLD | |
| Centrolepis caespitosa | WA | |
| Chamelaucium sp. Gingin (N.G.Marchant s.n. 4/11/1988) | Gingin Wax | WA |
| Chingia australis | QLD | |
| Chordifex abortivus | Manypeaks Rush | WA |
| Chorizema humile | Prostrate Flame Pea | WA |
| Chorizema varium | Limestone Pea | WA |
| Conospermum densiflorum subsp. unicephalatum | One-headed Smokebush | WA |
| Conospermum toddii | Victoria Desert Smokebush | WA |
| Conostylis dielsii subsp. teres | Irwin Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis drummondii | Drummond’s Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis lepidospermoides | Sedge Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis micrantha | Small-flowered Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis misera | Grass Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis seorsiflora subsp. trichophylla | Hairy Mat Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis setigera subsp. dasys | Boscabel Conostylis | WA |
| Conostylis wonganensis | Wongan Conostylis | WA |
| Coopernookia georgei | Mauve Coopernookia | WA |
| Coprosma baueri | Coastal Coprosma | AET |
| Coprosma pilosa | Mountain Coprosma | AET |
| Corchorus cunninghamii | Native Jute | NSW, QLD |
| Correa lawrenceana var. genoensis | Mountain Correa | NSW, VIC |
| Corybas sp. Finniss (R.Bates 28794) | Finniss Helmet-orchid | SA |
| Cossinia australiana | Cossinia | QLD |
| Craspedia preminghana | Preminghana Billybutton | TAS |
| Crepidium lawleri | QLD | |
| Crepidomanes endlicherianum | Middle Filmy Fern | AET |
| Cyathea exilis | QLD | |
| Cycas megacarpa | QLD | |
| Cycas ophiolitica | QLD | |
| Cynanchum elegans | White-flowered Wax Plant | NSW |
| Cyperus cephalotes | QLD | |
| Cyphanthera odgersii subsp. occidentalis | Western Woolly Cyphanthera, Western Cyphanthera | WA |
| Danthonia popinensis | TAS | |
| Daphnandra johnsonii | NSW | |
| Darwinia acerosa | Fine-leaved Darwinia | WA |
| Darwinia apiculata | Scarp Darwinia | WA |
| Darwinia carnea | Mogumber Bell | WA |
| Darwinia chapmaniana Marchant & Keighery ms | WA | |
| Darwinia collina | Yellow Mountain Bell | WA |
| Darwinia ferricola N.G.Marchant & Keighery ms. | WA | |
| Darwinia oxylepis | Gillham’s Bell | WA |
| Darwinia sp. Carnamah (J.Coleby-Williams 148) | Harlequin Bell | WA |
| Darwinia sp. Williamson (G.J.Keighery 12717) | Abba Bell | WA |
| Darwinia wittwerorum | Wittwer’s Mountain Bell | WA |
| Davidsonia jerseyana | Davidson’s Plum | NSW |
| Davidsonia sp. Mullumbimby-Currumbin Ck (A.G.Floyd 1595) | NSW, QLD | |
| Daviesia bursarioides | Three Springs Daviesia | WA |
| Daviesia cunderdin | Cunderdin Daviesia | WA |
| Daviesia euphorbioides | Wongan Cactus | WA |
| Daviesia megacalyx | Long-sepalled Daviesia | WA |
| Daviesia microcarpa | Norseman Pea | WA |
| Daviesia pseudaphylla | Stirling Range Daviesia | WA |
| Daviesia speciosa | Beautiful Daviesia | WA |
| Decaspermum sp. Mt Morgan (D.Hoy 71) | QLD | |
| Dendrobium antennatum | Antelope Orchid | QLD |
| Dendrobium brachypus | Norfolk Island Orchid | AET |
| Dendrobium lithocola | QLD | |
| Dendrobium mirbelianum | dendrobium orchid | QLD |
| Dendrobium nindii | QLD | |
| Deyeuxia appressa | NSW | |
| Deyeuxia drummondii | Drummond’s Grass, Drummond Grass | WA |
| Dianella amoena | Matted Flax-lily | VIC |
| Digitaria porrecta | Finger Panic Grass | NSW, QLD |
| Diospyros mabacea | Red-fruited Ebony, Silky Persimmon, Ebony | NSW |
| Diplazium pallidum | QLD | |
| Diploglottis campbellii | Small-leaved Tamarind | NSW, QLD |
| Dipodium pictum | QLD | |
| Diuris basaltica D.L. Jones ined. | VIC | |
| Diuris bracteata [2] | NSW | |
| Diuris fragrantissima | Sunshine Diuris, Fragrant Doubletail, White Diuris | VIC |
| Diuris lanceolata | Snake Orchid | TAS |
| Diuris pedunculata | Small Snake Orchid, Two-leaved Golden Moths, Golden Moths, Cowslip Orchid, Snake Orchid | ACT, NSW, QLD |
| Diuris purdiei | Purdie’s Donkey-orchid | WA |
| Dodonaea subglandulifera | SA | |
| Drakaea confluens Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Drakaea elastica | Glossy-leaved Hammer-orchid, Praying Virgin | WA |
| Drakaea isolata Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Drakonorchis drakeoides Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Drummondita ericoides | Morseby Range Drummondita | WA |
| Dryandra anatona | Cactus Dryandra | WA |
| Dryandra aurantia | Orange Dryandra | WA |
| Dryandra ionthocarpa | Kamballup Dryandra | WA |
| Dryandra mimica | Summer Honeypot | WA |
| Dryandra montana | Stirling Range Dryandra | WA |
| Dryandra nivea subsp. uliginosa | WA | |
| Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek (G.Read AQ 562114) also known as Elaeocarpus sedentarius | Minyon Quandong | NSW |
| Elaeocarpus williamsianus | Hairy Quandong | NSW |
| Endiandra cooperana | QLD | |
| Endiandra floydii | Floyd’s Walnut | NSW, QLD |
| Epacris apsleyensis | Apsley Heath | TAS |
| Epacris exserta | South Esk Heath | TAS |
| Epacris glabella | Funnel Heath | TAS |
| Epacris grandis | Grand Heath | TAS |
| Epacris hamiltonii | NSW | |
| Epacris sp. aff. virgata graniticola | Mt Cameron Heath | TAS |
| Epacris virgata sensu stricto Beaconsfield | Pretty Heath, Dan Hill Heath | TAS |
| Epiblema grandiflorum var. cyanea K.Dixon ms. | WA | |
| Eremochloa muricata | QLD | |
| Eremophila denticulata subsp. trisulcata Chinnock ms. | WA | |
| Eremophila lactea | Milky Emu Bush | WA |
| Eremophila nivea | Silky Eremophila | WA |
| Eremophila pinnatifida Chinnock ms. | WA | |
| Eremophila resinosa | Resinous Eremophila | WA |
| Eremophila scaberula | Rough Emu Bush | WA |
| Eremophila subteretifolia Chinnock ms. | WA | |
| Eremophila ternifolia | Wongan Eremophila | WA |
| Eremophila veneta Chinnock ms. | WA | |
| Eremophila verticillata | Whorled Eremophila | WA |
| Eremophila virens | Campion Eremophila, Green-flowered Emu bush | WA |
| Eremophila viscida | Varnish Bush | WA |
| Eriocaulon australasicum | Southern Pipewort | SA, VIC |
| Eriocaulon carsonii | Salt Pipewort, Button Grass | NSW, QLD, SA |
| Eryngium fontanum | Blue Devil | QLD |
| Eucalyptus absita | Badgingarra Box | WA |
| Eucalyptus balanites | Cadda Road Mallee, Cadda Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus beardiana | Beard’s Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus brevipes | Mukinbudin Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus burdettiana | Burdett Gum | WA |
| Eucalyptus conglomerata | Swamp Stringybark | QLD |
| Eucalyptus copulans | NSW | |
| Eucalyptus crenulata | Silver Gum, Buxton Gum | VIC |
| Eucalyptus crucis subsp. praecipua | Paynes Find Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus cuprea | Mallee Box | WA |
| Eucalyptus dolorosa | Dandaragan Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata | Miena Cider Gum | TAS |
| Eucalyptus imlayensis | NSW | |
| Eucalyptus impensa | Eneabba Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus insularis | Twin Peak Island Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus leprophloia | Scaly Butt Mallee, Scaly-butt Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus morrisbyi | Morrisbys Gum | TAS |
| Eucalyptus pachycalyx subsp. banyabba | NSW | |
| Eucalyptus phylacis | Meelup Mallee | WA |
| Eucalyptus pruiniramis | Midlands Gum, Jingymia Gum | WA |
| Eucalyptus recurva | Mongarlowe Mallee | NSW |
| Eucalyptus sp. Howes Swamp Creek (M.Doherty 19/7/1985 NSW 207054) | NSW | |
| Euphrasia collina subsp. muelleri | Purple Eyebright, Mueller’s Eyebright | VIC |
| Euphrasia collina subsp. osbornii | Osborn’s Eyebright | SA |
| Euphrasia semipicta | Peninsula Eyebright | TAS |
| Euphrasia sp. fabula | TAS | |
| Fimbristylis adjuncta | QLD | |
| Fontainea oraria | Coastal Fontainea | NSW |
| Frankenia parvula | Short-leaved Frankenia | WA |
| Frankenia plicata | SA | |
| Gardenia actinocarpa | QLD | |
| Gastrolobium glaucum | Spike Poison, Wongan Poison | WA |
| Gastrolobium graniticum | Granite Poison | WA |
| Gastrolobium hamulosum | Hook-point Poison | WA |
| Genoplesium brachystachyum | Short-spiked Midge-orchid | TAS |
| Genoplesium plumosum | Plumed Midge-orchid | NSW |
| Genoplesium rhyoliticum | Pambula Midge-orchid | NSW |
| Genoplesium tectum | QLD | |
| Gentiana baeuerlenii | ACT, NSW | |
| Gentiana wingecarribiensis | Wingecarribee Gentian | NSW |
| Gingidia montana | NSW | |
| Glyceria drummondii | Nangetty Grass | WA |
| Graptophyllum reticulatum | Veiny Graptophyllum | QLD |
| Grevillea acanthifolia subsp. paludosa | NSW | |
| Grevillea althoferorum | WA | |
| Grevillea batrachioides | Mt Lesueur Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea beadleana | Beadle’s Grevillea | NSW |
| Grevillea caleyi | Caley’s Grevillea | NSW |
| Grevillea calliantha | Foote’s Grevillea, Cataby Grevillea, Black Magic Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea christineae | Christine’s Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea curviloba subsp. curviloba | Curved-leaf Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea curviloba subsp. incurva | Narrow curved-leaf Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea dryandroides subsp. dryandroides | Phalanx Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea dryandroides subsp. hirsuta | Hairy Phalanx Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea guthrieana | NSW | |
| Grevillea humifusa | Spreading Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea iaspicula | Wee Jasper Grevillea | NSW |
| Grevillea infundibularis | Fan-leaf Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea involucrata | Lake Varley Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea maccutcheonii | shrub | WA |
| Grevillea masonii | NSW | |
| Grevillea maxwellii | Maxwell’s Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea mollis | NSW | |
| Grevillea molyneuxii | NSW | |
| Grevillea murex | WA | |
| Grevillea obtusiflora | Grey Grevillea | NSW |
| Grevillea pythara | Pythara Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea rara | Rare Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea rivularis | Carrington Falls Grevillea | NSW |
| Grevillea scapigera | Corrigin Grevillea | WA |
| Grevillea wilkinsonii | Tumut Grevillea | NSW |
| Habenaria macraithii | QLD | |
| Hakea dohertyi | a shrub | NSW |
| Hakea pulvinifera | NSW | |
| Haloragis eyreana | Prickly Raspwort | SA |
| Haloragodendron lucasii | Hal | NSW |
| Helicteres sp. Glenluckie Creek (N.Byrnes 1280) Cowie | NT | |
| Hemiandra gardneri | Red Snakebush | WA |
| Hemiandra rutilans | Sargents Snakebush | WA |
| Huperzia carinata | Keeled Tassel-fern | QLD |
| Huperzia dalhousieana | Blue Tassel-fern | QLD |
| Huperzia filiformis | Rat’s Tail Tassel-fern | QLD |
| Huperzia squarrosa | Rock Tassel-fern, Water Tassel-fern | QLD |
| Hydatella dioica | One-sexed Hydatella | WA |
| Hypocalymma longifolium | WA | |
| Hypolepis distans | Scrambling Ground-fern | TAS |
| Indigofera efoliata | NSW | |
| Irenepharsus trypherus | Delicate Cress, Illawarra Irene | NSW |
| Isoglossa eranthemoides | NSW | |
| Isopogon uncinatus | Hook-leaf Isopogon | WA |
| Jacksonia pungens J.Chappill ms. | WA | |
| Jacksonia quairading J.Chappill ms. | WA | |
| Jacksonia sp. Collie (C.J.Koch 177) | Collie Jacksonia | WA |
| Kennedia macrophylla | Augusta Kennedia | WA |
| Lachangrostis limitanea [1] | Spalding Blown Grass | SA |
| Lambertia echinata subsp. echinata | Prickly Honeysuckle | WA |
| Lambertia echinata subsp. occidentalis | Western Prickly Honeysuckle | WA |
| Lambertia fairallii | Fairalls Honeysuckle | WA |
| Lambertia orbifolia | Roundleaf Honeysuckle | WA |
| Lasiopetalum pterocarpum E.M.Benn. & K.Shepherd ms. | WA | |
| Lasiopetalum rotundifolium | Round-leaf Lasiopetalum | WA |
| Lastreopsis calantha | Shield-fern | AET |
| Lechenaultia laricina | Scarlet Leschenaultia | WA |
| Leionema equestre | SA | |
| Leionema lachnaeoides | NSW | |
| Lepidium hyssopifolium | Basalt Pepper-cress | NSW, QLD, TAS, VIC |
| Lepidium monoplocoides | Winged Pepper-cress | NSW, VIC |
| Lepidium peregrinum | a herb | NSW, QLD |
| Lepidosperma rostratum | Beaked Lepidosperma | WA |
| Leucochrysum albicans var. tricolor | Hoary Sunray | TAS, VIC |
| Leucopogon confertus | NSW | |
| Leucopogon gnaphalioides | Stirling Range Beard Heath | WA |
| Leucopogon marginatus | Thick-margined Leucopogon | WA |
| Leucopogon obtectus | Hidden Beard-heath | WA |
| Leucopogon sp. Coolmunda (D.Halford Q 1635) | QLD | |
| Lychnothamnus barbatus | QLD | |
| Macadamia jansenii | Bulberin Nut | QLD |
| Macarthuria keigheryi | Keighery’s Macarthuria | WA |
| Macrozamia cranei | QLD | |
| Macrozamia lomandroides | QLD | |
| Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi | Pineapple Zamia | QLD |
| Macrozamia platyrhachis | QLD | |
| Marattia salicina | King Fern, Para, Potato Fern | AET |
| Melaleuca sciotostyla | Wongan Melaleuca | WA |
| Melichrus hirsutus J.B.Williams ms. | NSW, SA | |
| Melichrus sp.Gibberagee (A.S.Benwelll& J.B.Williams 97239) | NSW | |
| Microcarpaea agonis | QLD | |
| Micromyrtus grandis | NSW | |
| Microstrobos fitzgeraldii | Dwarf Mountain Pine, Blue Mountains Dwarf Pine | NSW |
| Microtis angusii | NSW | |
| Muehlenbeckia australis | Shrubby Creeper, Pohuehue | AET |
| Muehlenbeckia tuggeranong [1] | Tuggeranong Lignum | ACT |
| Mukia sp. Longreach (D.Davidson AQ279935) | QLD | |
| Myoporum turbinatum | Salt Myoporum | WA |
| Myriophyllum lapidicola | Chiddarcooping mMriophyllum | WA |
| Ochrosia moorei | Southern Ochrosia | NSW, QLD |
| Olearia flocktoniae | Dorrigo Daisy-bush | NSW |
| Olearia hygrophila | Swamp Daisy, Water Daisy | QLD |
| Olearia microdisca | Small-flowered Daisy-bush | SA |
| Orthrosanthus muelleri | South Stirling Morning Iris | WA |
| Pandanus spiralis var. flammeus | Edgar Range Pandanus | WA |
| Paracaleana dixonii Hopper & A.P.Brown ms. | WA | |
| Parsonsia dorrigoensis | Milky Silkpod | NSW |
| Patersonia spirafolia | Spiral-leaved Patersonia | WA |
| Pennantia endlicheri | Pennantia | AET |
| Persoonia hirsuta | NSW | |
| Persoonia micranthera | Small-flowered Snottygobble | WA |
| Persoonia mollis subsp. maxima | NSW | |
| Persoonia nutans | NSW | |
| Petrophile latericola Keighery ms. | WA | |
| Phaius australis | Lesser Swamp-orchid | NSW, QLD |
| Phaius bernaysii | QLD | |
| Phaius tancarvilleae | Swamp Lily, Greater Swamp-orchid | QLD |
| Phalaenopsis rosenstromii | QLD | |
| Philotheca basistyla | White-flowered Philotheca | WA |
| Philotheca wonganensis | Wongan Eriostemon | WA |
| Phreatia paleata | an orchid | AET |
| Pimelea spicata | NSW | |
| Pimelea venosa | NSW | |
| Pityrodia scabra | Wyalkatchem Foxglove | WA |
| Plectranthus habrophyllus | QLD |
| Plectranthus nitidus | NSW, QLD | |
| Plectranthus omissus | QLD | |
| Plectranthus torrenticola | QLD | |
| Plesioneuron tuberculatum | QLD | |
| Pomaderris cotoneaster | Cotoneaster Pomaderris | NSW, VIC |
| Pouteria costata | Bastard Ironwood | AET |
| Pouteria eerwah | Shiny-leaved Condoo, Black Plum, Wild Apple | QLD |
| Prasophyllum affine | Culburra Leek-orchid, Kinghorn Point Leek-orchid, Jervis Bay Leek Orchid | NSW |
| Prasophyllum amoenum | TAS | |
| Prasophyllum apoxychilum | Tapered Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum correctum | Gaping Leek-orchid | TAS, VIC |
| Prasophyllum diversiflorum | Gorae Leek-orchid | VIC |
| Prasophyllum frenchii | Maroon Leek-orchid, Slaty Leek-orchid, Stout Leek-orchid, French’s Leek-orchid | SA, VIC |
| Prasophyllum petilum | ACT, NSW | |
| Prasophyllum secutum | TAS | |
| Prasophyllum suaveolens | Fragrant Leek-orchid | VIC |
| Prasophyllum subbisectum | Pomonal Leek-orchid | VIC |
| Prasophyllum tunbridgense | Tunbridge Leek-orchid | TAS |
| Prasophyllum uroglossum | Wingecarribee Leek-orchid, Dark Leek-orchid | NSW |
| Prostanthera askania | Tranquility Mintbush | NSW |
| Prostanthera eurybioides | Monarto Mintbush | SA |
| Prostanthera junonis | Somersby Mintbush | NSW |
| Pteris kingiana | King’s Brakefern | AET |
| Pteris zahlbruckneriana | Netted Brakefern | AET |
| Pterostylis aenigma | Enigmatic Greenhood | VIC |
| Pterostylis atriola | TAS | |
| Pterostylis basaltica | Basalt Greenhood | VIC |
| Pterostylis despectans | Lowly Greenhood | SA, VIC |
| Pterostylis gibbosa | Illawarra Greenhood, Rufa Greenhood, Pouched Greenhood | NSW |
| Pterostylis rubenachii | TAS | |
| Pterostylis saxicola | Sydney Plains Greenhood | NSW |
| Pterostylis sp. Botany Bay (A.Bishop J221/1-13) | Botany Bay Bearded Greenhood | NSW |
| Pterostylis sp. Halbury (R.Bates 8425) | Halbury Greenhood | SA |
| Pterostylis sp. Hale (R.Bates 21725) | Hale Dwarf Greenhood | SA |
| Pterostylis sp. Northampton (S.D.Hopper 3349) | Northampton Midget Greenhood | WA |
| Pterostylis ziegeleri | TAS | |
| Ptilotus fasciculatus | Fitzgerald’s Mulla-mulla | WA |
| Ptychosperma bleeseri | NT | |
| Pultenaea parrisiae subsp. elusa | Elusive Bush-pea | NSW |
| Pultenaea selaginoides | Clubmoss Bush-pea | TAS |
| Quassia sp. Mooney Creek (J.King s.n. 1949) | NSW | |
| Randia moorei | Spiny Gardenia | NSW, QLD |
| Ranunculus prasinus | TAS | |
| Rapanea sp. Richmond River (J.H.Maiden & J.L.Boorman NSW 26751) | Purple-leaf Muttonwood, Lismore Muttonwood | NSW |
| Rhizanthella gardneri | Underground Orchid, Western Australian Underground Orchid | WA |
| Ricinocarpos trichophorus | Barrens Wedding Bush | WA |
| Roycea pycnophylloides | Saltmat | WA |
| Rulingia prostrata | Dwarf Kerrawang | NSW, VIC |
| Rulingia sp. Trigwell Bridge (R.Smith s.n. 20/6/1989) | Trigwell’s Rulingia | WA |
| Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides | Button Wrinklewort | ACT, NSW, VIC |
| Sankowskya stipularis | QLD | |
| Sclerolaena napiformis | Turnip Copperbur | NSW, VIC |
| Senecio behrianus | Stiff Groundsel | VIC |
| Senecio evansianus | a daisy | AET |
| Sphenotoma drummondii | WA | |
| Spirogardnera rubescens | Spiral Bush | WA |
| Spyridium microphyllum | TAS | |
| Spyridium sp. (Little Desert) | Forked Spyridium | VIC |
| Stemodia haegii W.R.Barker ms. | SA | |
| Stenanthemum pimeleoides | Spreading Stenanthemum | TAS |
| Stipa wakoolica | NSW, VIC | |
| Streblus pendulinus | Siah’s Backbone, Sia’s Backbone, Isaac Wood | AET |
| Stylidium coroniforme | Wongan Hills Triggerplant, Wongan Triggerplant | WA |
| Swainsona recta | Small Purple-pea, Mountain Swainson-pea | ACT, NSW, VIC |
| Symonanthus bancroftii | Bancrofts Symonanthus | WA |
| Synaphea quartzitica | Quartz-loving Synaphea | WA |
| Tectaria devexa | AET, QLD | |
| Tetratheca deltoidea | Granite Tetratheca | WA |
| Tetratheca paynterae | Paynter’s Tetratheca | WA |
| Thelymitra epipactoides | Metallic Sun-orchid | SA, VIC |
| Thelymitra manginii K.Dixon & Batty ms. | WA | |
| Thelymitra stellata | Star Sun-orchid | WA |
| Thomasia sp. Green Hill (S.Paust 1322) | Green Hill Thomasia | WA |
| Toechima pterocarpum | QLD | |
| Toechima sp. East Alligator (J.Russell-Smith 8418) NT Herbarium | a tree | NT |
| Trachymene saniculifolia | NSW | |
| Triplarina imbricata | NSW | |
| Triplarina nowraensis | Nowra Heath-myrtle | NSW |
| Triunia robusta | QLD | |
| Tylophora linearis | NSW, QLD | |
| Tylophora rupicola | QLD | |
| Tylophora woollsii | NSW, QLD | |
| Typhonium jonesii | a herb | NT |
| Typhonium mirabile | a herb | NT |
| Typhonium taylori | a herb | NT |
| Uromyrtus australis | Peach Myrtle | NSW |
| Verticordia albida | White Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia densiflora var. pedunculata | Long-stalked Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia fimbrilepis var. fimbrilepis | Shy Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia hughanii | Hughan’s Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia pityrhops | WA | |
| Verticordia plumosa var. ananeotes | Tufted Plumed Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia plumosa var. pleiobotrya | Narrow-petalled Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia plumosa var. vassensis | Vasse Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia spicata subsp. squamosa | Scaley-leaved Featherflower, Scaly-leaved Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia staminosa subsp. cylindracea | Granite Featherflower | WA |
| Verticordia staminosa subsp. cylindracea | WA | |
| Villarsia calthifolia | Mountain Villarsia | WA |
| Vrydagzynea paludosa | QLD | |
| Westringia crassifolia | Whipstick Westringia | VIC |
| Westringia kydrensis | NSW | |
| Wollemia nobilis | Wollemi Pine | NSW |
| Wurmbea calcicola | Naturaliste Nancy | WA |
| Wurmbea tubulosa | Long-flowered Nancy | WA |
| Xanthorrhoea bracteata | TAS | |
| Xanthostemon formosus | QLD | |
| Xerothamnella herbacea | QLD | |
| Xylopia sp. Melville Island (J.Russell-Smith 2148) NT Herbarium | a shrub | NT |
| Zehneria baueriana | Native Cucumber, Giant Cucumber | AET |
| Zieria adenophora | Araluen Zieria | NSW |
| Zieria baeuerlenii J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria buxijugum J.Briggs & J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria covenyi J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria floydii J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria formosa J.Briggs & J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria granulata | Hill Zieria, Hilly Zieria, Illawarra Zieria | NSW |
| Zieria ingramii J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria lasiocaulis J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria obcordata | NSW | |
| Zieria parrisiae J.Briggs & J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria prostrata J.A.Armstrong ms. | NSW | |
| Zieria sp. Brolga Park (A.R.Bean 1002) | QLD |
If the above were cute furry little animals there would be a human outcry at the numbers with millions world wide given to help their plight but because they are plants not a whimper can be heard.
It is the 67{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of middle class who owns less than 8{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the wealth who commands the attention of the elite and powerful for without their agreement through the polls they would lose their grip on the destruction of the natural world. It is their fear of losing what they have now and not what they are losing around them in nature in the future, that drives their survival instincts despite their ability to think and reason more clearly.
It is the 25{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} lower class who owns just 2{98c9b985d4dc543f86c0cb8c6df3d397ea5754df614d759fdd5c1720a0a9cf2f} of the wealth, who can think clearly without the coerciveness of short term profits but are usually frightened into submission out of fear that they will be killed, tortured, starved or lose their family, without thinking that they have nothing to fear but fear itself from the governments and multinationalists that deride pleasure from their misery.
If I could speak for the plant kingdom and animal kingdom in mass I am sure they would ask me to tell the leadersfor just one thing and that is “A fair go Australia and Lets Advance Australia fair for all its inhabitants.”
Take care and be happy,
andi Mellis (andi 安地 is my adopted name from the Yizu minority in China who bestowed the name upon me. “An as in anquan to care for and Di as in Diqui the earth. To take care of the land.”)
Further Comments from Readers:
information is included in good faith and has been thoroughly researched prior to printing. The website or the author does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy of any information on these pages, nor does the website or the author accept any responsibility for any loss arising from the use of the information found within. The views and opinions are strictly those of the author or those members who chose to actively participate in the contents herein.
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In the spirit of reconciliation we acknowledge the Bundjalung, Gumbaynggirr and Yaegl and all aboriginal nations throughout Australia and their connections to land, sea and community. We pay our respect to their Elders past, present and future for the pleasures we have gained.