biodiversity
Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Board
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Threatened Species of AP

Threatened Species of AP

List of 65 threatened species, which was identified by the Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Board. The list contains names of 22 plants, 19 birds, 10 mammals, 12 fish, and two reptiles.

List of Threatened Plants of Andhra Pradesh
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Asterids
  • : Lamiales
  • : Acanthaceae
  • : Andrographis
  • : beddomei C. B. Clarke
Common/Vernacular name

False water willows

Habit

Low Decumbent herbaceous

Habitat

Grasslands, Forests and even a drop of water available

Distribution
  • 1. Lankamalai, Kadapa district
  • 2. Kurnool hills, Kurnool district
  • 3. Diguvametta Prakasam district
Technical Description

Small herbaceous plant, Rootstock very thick and 4 angled. Stem glandular, hairy; Nodes and internodes and not distinguished but swollen at the node’s region. Inflorescence axillary or terminal sometimes branched. Flowers are bisexual and deeply purple in colour. Seeds are narrow, ovoid, very hard, deeply pitted and yellowish brown in colour. ovoid, oblique at base, obtuse at apex, very hard deeply pitted, yellowish brown.

Flowering and Fruiting

August - April.

Medicinal Importance

Andrographis species find extensive application in traditional medicine in the treatment of dyspepsia, influenza, malaria and respiratory infections.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Lingalapalli GP, Veerapanayani palle (M), YSR Kadapa (D)
  • 2. Vonthithatipalli (GP), Sidhout (M), YSR Kadapa (D)
  • 3. Jagannadhagutta (GP), Jagannadhagutta (M), Kurnool (D)
  • 4. Diguvametta (GP), Diguvametta (M), Prakasam (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

Seeds proved to be the best planting material for raising under cultivation. Freshly collected seeds remain viable for four months. For raising nursery, the freshly collected seeds should be used

References
Whole plant
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Cycadopsida
  • : Cycadales
  • : Cycadaceae
  • : Cycas
  • : sphaerica Roxb
Habit

Arborescent

Habitat

Tropical deciduous forests and woodlands on hills

Distribution

Occasionally in Northern most part of Srikakulam district in deciduous forests and woodlands of Palakonda, Donubayi, Seetampet areas, Jalanthrakota Reserve Forest of Srikakulam, Pinjarikonda Reserve Forest of East Godavari

Technical Description

Stems arborescent: leaves bright green, semiglossy. Petiole 45-60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. Median leaflets simple, weakly discolours. Section flat; apex softly acuminate. Cataphylls narrowly triangular, soft, soft, persistent. Pollen cones narrowly ovoid, orange. Megasporophylls 15-25 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-5, glabrous; Seeds sub-globose, 25 mm long; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent.

Flowering and Fruiting

May - August

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Dhonubai (GP), Seethampeta (M), Srikakuloam (D)
  • 2. Sompeta (GP), Sompeta (M), Srikakulam (D)
  • 3. Kanchili (GP), Kanchili (M), Srikakulam (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

Seeds - best sown as soon as they are ripe, though the seeds of many species will take a few months to finish maturing the embryo before they are ready to germinate. Sow the seeds in a tray in a freely-draining medium and place in moderate shade. Bottom heat at about 27°c will hasten seed germination dramatically. Young roots are quite brittle and once germination takes place; the root grows rapidly. It is important to pot up the seedlings at this time in order to give them enough root-space. Grow on the plants in pots until large enough to plant out. Division of off-sets or suckers is best carried out just before the plant comes in to new growth at the start of the growing season.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Asterids
  • : Lamiales
  • : Apocyanaceae
  • : Asclepiadoideae
  • : Brachystelma
  • : penchalakonenses
Common/Vernacular name

Not founded

Habit

Perennial herb

Habitat

Wet lands, semi – evergreen areas and water availability areas

Distribution

Penchalakona Nellore district Indian sub-continent and Asia-Tropical regions of Andhra Pradesh

Technical Description

Perennial herb. Tubers fusiform, brownish. Stem erect, unbranched, greenish-yellow and internodes 3-9 cm long. Leaves sessile, simple, opposite- decussate. Inflorescence slightly extra-axillary sessile 3-flowered. Buds ampulliform, greenish-white with a red ring at base. Bract and bracteoles linear acuminate. Calyx yellowish, linear. Corolla very showy, Corolla tube convex with radial compressions with dark green-coloured.

Flowering and Fruiting

September – October.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Penchalakona GP, Rapur (M), Nellore (D)
  • 2. Gonupalli GP, Gonupalli (M), Nellore (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Critically Endangered (CR)

Conservation Techniques

As a contribution to the sustainability of Brachystelma species, micro propagation protocols are available. To enhance the efficiency, continuous optimization is required.

Propagation Methods

Tubers proved to be the best planting material for raising under cultivation. Freshly collected Tubers remain viable for four months. For raising nursery, the freshly collected tubers should be used.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Asterids
  • : Lamiales
  • : Apocyanaceae
  • : Asclepiadoideae
  • : Brachystelma
  • : Pullaiahi
Common/Vernacular name

Nakshathrala mokka, Nemithi-gadda

Habit

Perennial herb

Habitat

Found in dry deciduous forests and grows on black and red soils mixed with slate rock on open hill slopes among grasses at an altitude range of 400-600m

Distribution
  • 1. Eastern Ghats, Southern Andhra Pradesh, India.
  • 2. The species has restricted distribution in Rayalaseema, Nallamalais and Lankamalleswaram hills
Technical Description

Perennial herb up to 1.6 m high. Tubers brownish. Stem erect, unbranched-sparsely branched, filled with watery sap, green downwards. Nodes purple-tinged, internodes 15 cm long. Leaves linear or filiform, simple, opposite, decussate, fleshy, sessile, acute at apex, entire, glabrous. Inflorescence axillary, sessile. Flowers with long pedicels, bracts and bracteoles linear, pinkish-green. Calyx 5-lobed, pinkish-green. Corolla 5 star-shaped, ash- glabrous colour. Pollinia yellow and waxy.

Flowering and Fruiting

June-December.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Siddavatam (GP), Siddavatam (M), YSR Kadapa (D)
  • 2. Ahobilam (GP), Allagadda (M), Kurnool (D)
  • 3. Mittapalli (GP), Thavanampalle (M), Chittoor(D)
  • 4. Bachepalli (GP), Allagadda (M), Kurnool (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Critically Endangered (CR)

Conservation Techniques

As a contribution to the sustainability of Brachystelma species, micropropagation protocols are available. To enhance the efficiency, continuous optimisation is required.

Propagation Methods

Tubers proved to be the best planting material for raising under cultivation. Freshly collected Tubers remain viable for four months. For raising nursery, the freshly collected tubers should be used.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Asterids
  • : Lamiales
  • : Acanthaceae
  • : Brachystelma
  • : volubile Hook.f.
Habit

Climber herb

Habitat

Deciduous forests

Distribution

Chittoor District.

Technical Description

Climbers, herbaceous, branched, glabrous, from 1 or 2 subterranean tubers; tubers discoid. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long petiole. Inflorescences a cyme, extra-axillary, 2or 3-flowered. peduncles 5 – 7 mm long. bracts 2, pedicels long, purplish green. Calyx glabrous, purplish green. Corolla densely covered with fine white hairs. The anthers slightly shorter and yellow in colour. Seeds flattened, comose, brown coloured.

Flowering and Fruiting

August-April

Medical Importance

Preliminary Study of Clinical Antidiabetic Activity of Salam Leaves (Eugenia Polyantha) and Sambiloto Leaves (Andrographis Paniculata) In Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Optimization of production parameters for Andrographolide-loaded Nano emulsion preparation by micro fluidization and evaluations of its Bioactivities in skin Cancer cells and UVB radiation-Exposed skin

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Nerabailu (GP), Yerravaraipalem (M), Chittoor(D)
  • 2. Kotakadipalli (GP), Sodam (M), Chittoor (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Critically Endangered (CR)

Propagation Methods

Tubers proved to be the best planting material for raising under cultivation. Freshly collected Tuberss remain viable for four months. For raising nursery, the freshly collected tubers should be used.

References
Whole plant
Flower
Inflorescene
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Asterids
  • : Apiales
  • : Apiaceae
  • : Bupleurum
  • : Andhricum M.P.Nayer & R.N.Benerjee
Habit

Erect herb

Habitat

Tropical semi – evergreen forest

Distribution
  • 1. Palakonda, Rampachodavaram, East Godavari District
  • 2. Sunkarimetta, Laxmipur, Visakhapatnam District
  • 3. Devagiri parlakimidi, Srikakulam District
  • 4. Gadikonda of Northern Eastern Ghats
Technical Description

Erect herb, up to 1m tall, branchlets glabrous and lower leaves alternate, simple, oblong at base. Margins entire, membranous. Inflorescence terminal, axillary, umbel, unequal rayed. Flowers are bisexual and yellow in colour. Peduncle unequally rayed, umbel. Involucre leaves glabrous, many unequals. Calyx conspicuous, very short. Petals pale yellow, Stamens 5 long, Style short divaricate. Fruit oblong, vallecular and commissural vittae.

Flowering and Fruiting

August - December.

Medicinal Importance

Bupleurum is used for respiratory infections, including the flu (influenza), swine flu, the common cold, bronchitis, and pneumonia; and symptoms of these infections, including fever and cough. Some people use bupleurum for digestion problems including indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Balijepalli (GP), Rampachodavaram (M), Chittoor(D)
  • 2. Rampachodavaram (GP), Rampachodavaram (M), East Godavari (D)
  • 3. Dhonubai (GP), Seethampeta (M), Srikakulam (D)
  • 4. Pubbada (GP), Pubbada (M), Srikakulam (D)
  • 5. Rayagadajammu (GP), Gummalakshmipuram (M), Vizianagaram (D)
  • 6. Punyagiri (GP), Srungavarapu kota (M), Vizianagaram (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Critically Endangered (CR)

Propagation Methods

Seeds proved to be the best planting material for raising under cultivation.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Sapindales
  • : Burseraceae
  • : Boswellia
  • : Ovalifoliolata Balakr. & A.N.Henry
Common/Vernacular name

Konda sambrani

Habit

Larege Tree

Habitat

Terrestrial

Distribution

Seshachalam hills and Palakonda region of Eastern Ghats of India

Technical Description

The plant is medium to large-sized deciduous tree grown up to 18 m in height and 2.4 m in girth. Bark is greenish grey, yellow or reddish, fairly thick, smooth, exfoliating in thin, papery flakes and resinous inside. Leaves are long up to 30-45 cm, opposite, sessile, variable in shape. The leaflets are 2.5-6.3 cm X 1.3- 3.0 cm ovate- lanceolate. Flower is small, white, in auxiliary racemes or panicles. Petals are long and ovate. Fruit is trigonous, 12 mm long drupe, splitting along 3 valves.

Flowering and Fruiting

April – May

Medical Importance

The extract of this plant is used for rheumatic pains by folklore and wood of this species is specially used in toy making industry besides its commercial importance as aromatic resin yielding plant. Recently Reddy et al. (2003) found two new macrocyclic diaryl ether heptanoids, ovalifoliolatin A and B, in this species which show antibacterial activity.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Nerabailu GP, Yerravaraipalem(M), Chittoor(D)
  • 2. Perur GP, Tirupathi(M), Chittoor(D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

In vitro techniques are therefore exploited for the conservation of valuable plants especially B.ovalifoliolata which are difficult to propagate by conventional means. Seeds of Boswellia ovalifoliolata were collected during April and May from a small population of trees and used for nursery beds.

References
Whole plant
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Asterids
  • : Gentiales
  • : Apocyanaceae
  • : Asclepiadoidae
  • : Ceropigieae
  • : caralluma
Habit

Fleshy succulent herb

Habitat

Dry deciduous forests and scrub jungles

Distribution

Endemic to South western ghats

Technical Description

Indian Caralluma is a small fleshy herb. Leaves are minute, falling off. Flowers are born in umbels at branch ends. Flowers are broadly bell shaped and red-brown to purple in colour. Petals are broadly ovate, pointed, straight and hairy. Pollina is erect, pellucid at tip, style tip 5 angled.

Flowering and Fruiting

July - October

Medical Importance

They possess antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial characteristics. In addition, a number of Corallium species have been reported in the traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, tuberculosis, skin rashes, scabies and fever.

IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Critically Endangered (CR)

Propagation Methods

Propagated by stem cuttings and seeds.

References
Whole plant
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Liliopsida
  • : Poales
  • : Poaceae
  • : Chrysopogon
  • : velutinus (Hook.f.) Bor
Habit

Herb

Habitat

Dry deciduous Forests

Distribution

Kadapa district

Technical Description

Perennials, stem tufted. Leaves to 20 x 0.2 cm, linear, pubescent with long hairs at the base; sheath rounded. Panicles 10 cm, branchlets and peduncles capillary, 2 cm; callus hairy; sessile spikelets , upper glume aristate, lemma awned, awns to 20 mm; pedicelled spikelets , narrowed, glumes pubescent, pedicels 1 mm, fulvous.

Flowering and Fruiting

December- February

Medicinal Importance

Used in Folk Medicine

IUCN Conservation category

Critically Endangered (CR)

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Siddavatam (GP), Siddavatam (M), YSR Kadapa (D)
  • 2. Peddulapalli (GP), Galiveedu (M), YSR Kadapa (D)
References
Whole plant
Flower
Inflorescence
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Cycadopsida
  • :
  • : Cycadaceae
  • : Cycas
  • : beddomei Dyer
Common/Vernacular name

Perita, Madhana-Kamashi, Beddome’s Cycas, Kondeetha

Habit

Arborescent plant

Habitat

They occur in dry deciduous forests and on the exposed quartzite rock and sandy black soils

Distribution

This species is the global endemic of Seshachalam hills (formerly called as Cuddapah - Tirupati hills) of the Southern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.

Technical Description

Shrubs to 2 m high, dioecious; bark brown, exfoliating in rectangular scales. Leaves up to 1 m long; rachis quadrangular, petiole up to 15 cm long with minute spines on upper portion, base clothed with tufted tomentum; leaflets narrow, linear, 10 - 18 x 0.2-0.35 cm, margins revolute, apex pointed. Male cone oblong-ovoid, up to 35 x 16 cm with a short peduncle; microsporophyll oblong, deltoid, tapering, acuminate at apex, lower erect, upper strongly recurved. Megasporophylls ovate-lanceolate, up to 4 x 2 cm; ovules usually 2 - 4. Seeds globose.

Flowering and Fruiting

April- August

IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Medicinal Importance

The male cones are pruned away by local tribals for its professed medicinal properties and are used as a major ingredient in rejuvenating tonics. The male cones of this plant are also considered to possess the narcotic properties, rheumatoid and muscle pains. The seeds are used as a poultice to treat skin complaints such as wounds, sores and boils.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Nerabailu (GP), Yerravaraipalem (M), Chittoor (D)
  • 2. Perur (GP), Tirupathi(M), Chittoor(D)
Conservation Techniques
  • 1. The seedlings produced via vegetative and seeds are conserved in ex-sit conservation mode in various botanic gardens.
  • 2. The natural cycad localities should be designated as Cycad Conservation Sites by respective forest departments.
Propagation Methods

1. By Seeds. Sow the seeds in a tray in a freely-draining medium and place in moderate shade. Bottom heat at about 27°c will hasten seed germination dramatically. Young roots are quite brittle and once germination takes place, the root grows rapidly. It is important to pot up the seedlings at this time in order to give them enough root-space.

2. Vegetative propagation is also possible.

References
Whole plant
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Lamiales
  • : Acanthaceae
  • : Acanthoidea
  • : Dicliptera
  • : beddomi C. B. Clarke
Habit

Herb

Habitat

Tropical dry deciduous forest

Distribution

Nallamalai range, Areas of Rollapenta to Pecheruvu, Kurnool district

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Pecheruvu GP, Kurnool(D)
  • 2. Siddapuram GP, Atmakur(M), Kurnool(D)
  • 3. Vadlaramapuram GP, Atmakur(M), Kurnool(D)
Technical Description

Erect slender herb, branches striate, tall. Leaves ovate, pubescent beneath, base acute, margin entire, apex acuminate. Flowers in trichotomous cymes on lax panicles, rachis bristly hairy; inflorescence bracts linear-oblong, mucronate, ciliate, gradually reduced to linear, flower bracts spathulate-obovate. villous calyx lobes 5, linear, 2.5 mm, corolla pink, distinctly bilabiate. stamens 2 and anther 2-celled, superposed. Capsule clavate, Pubescent. seeds verrucose, ovoid-orbicular.

IUCN Conservation Category

Critically Endangered (CR)

References
Whole plant
Flower
Inflorescence
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Malpighiales
  • : Euphorbiaceae
  • : Dimorphocalyx
  • : Kurnoolensis R.Venkatar. & Pullaiet
Common/Vernacular name

Erratandra

Distribution

Kurnool district

Flowering and Fruiting

January- March

IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Critically Endangered (CR)

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Somayajulapalli GP, B.Atmakur(M), Kurnool(D)
  • 2. Nallakaluva GP, B.Atmakur(M), Kurnool(D)
  • 3. Kaluvabugga GP, Kurnool(D)
References
Whole plant
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Malvales
  • : Malvaceae
  • : Eriolaena
  • : lushingtonii Dunn
Habit

Tree

Habitat

Terrestrial tree

Distribution

Nallamala forests, Kurnool district

Technical Description

Terrestrial Tree. Leaves orbicular to ovate, rounded at base, irregularly dentate at margin, acuminate at apex. Flowers 1-3 in axillary cymes. fragrant; bracteoles laciniate; pedicels and bracteoles pubescent. Sepals linear, acuminate. Petals obovate, yellow with tomentose claws. Stamens 12-15 long, pubescent; anthers linear, basifixed. Ovary ovoid, 5-loculed; style pubescent. stigma minutely lobed. Capsules ovoid, woody, pubescent. Seeds winged above.

Flowering and Fruiting

June- August

Medical Importance

The plant is used as an antidose for snake bites and scorpion stings

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Ahobilam GP, Allagadda(M), Kurnool(D)
  • 2. Harinagaram GP, Rudravaram(M), Kurnool(D)
  • 3. Mittapalli GP, Bangarupalem(M), Chittoor(D)
  • 4. Mutyalapadu GP, Chagalamarri(M), Kurnool(D)
IUCN Conservation Category

Vulnerable (VU)

Propagation Methods

Seeds proved to be the best planting material for raising under cultivation. Freshly collected seeds remain viable for four months. For raising nursery, the freshly collected seeds should be used.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Malvales
  • : Malvaceae
  • : Sterculioideae
  • : Hildegardia
  • : Populifolia (Roxb.) Schott.&Endl.
Common/Vernacular name

Malaipuvarasu, Delibuda, Dalibuda, Gali Budda, Gali Budaga, Pichipolki, Buddapolki

Habit

Tree

Habitat

Terrestrial, found mostly on forest slopes

Distribution

Found in certain parts of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh. Some areas of Ananthapur (Chinnapalle), Kadapa and Chittoor districts, Rayalaseema.

Technical Description

They are growing up to 20m and mature plants are recognizable for their pale green coloured bark. Leaves are ovate-cordate. Flowers are purple, erect with leathery perianth. Leaf-stalks are long,leaves large, round, deeply heart-shaped at the base, tapering at the tip, and with entire margins. The scarlet flowers are borne in leaf-axils and at branch-end, in panicles which are shorter than the leaves. The flower buds are oblong. The seeds are ovate-oblong, pale brown, and 15-20 mm long.

Flowering and Fruiting

April, June- February

Medicinal Importance

The Stem bark extract is applied externally and decoction given orally for dog bite. Stem extract is also used in curing malaria.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Chinnapalle GP, Talupula(M), Ananthapur(D)
  • 2. Peddulapalli GP, Galiveedu(M), YSR Kadapa(D)
  • 3. Perur GP, Tirupathi(M), Chittoor(D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Vulnerable (VU)

Propagation Methods

Conventional propagation by seeds and they are viable for few months. Vegetative propagation by cuttings. For large scale field cultivation of woody saplings, in vitro culture can be adopted.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Saxifragales
  • : Crassulaceae
  • : Kalanchoe
  • : Cherukondensis Subba Rao & Kumari
Distribution

Srikakulam district, East Godavari

Flowering and Fruiting

January- April

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Dhonubai GP, Seethampeta(M), Srikakulam(D)
  • 2. Pubbada GP, Pubbada(M), Srikakulam(D)
  • 3. Kadiyam GP, Kadiyam(M), East Godavari(D)
  • 4.
IUCN Conservation Category

Critically endangered (CR)

References
Whole plant
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Myrtales
  • : Melastomataceae
  • : Memecylon
  • : madgolense Gamble
Distribution

Madgol hills (Visakhapatnam district)

Flowering and Fruiting

January- April

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. V.Madugula GP, Chodavaram(M), Visakhapatnam(D)
  • 2. Kothapalle GP, Chodavaram(M), Visakhapatnam(D)
IUCN Conservation Category

Critically Endangered (CR)

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Fabales
  • : Fabaceae
  • : Faboideae
  • : Rhynchosia
  • : ravii K. Prasad & A. Narayana Swamy
Habit

Erect shrubs

Habitat

Open deciduous forests, rocky hills

Distribution

Batrepalli forest, Talapula forest (Ananthapuram district ), Mangapatnam forest (Kadapa district)

Flowering and Fruiting

November – April

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Batrepalli GP, Talapiula(M), Anantapuram(D)
  • 2. Mangapatnam GP, Kondapuram(M), YSR Kadapa(D)
IUCN Conservation Category

Critically Endangered (CR)

Technical Description

Erect shrubs grow up to 1.2 m high, with glandular tipped hairs, and with glands in the leaves. Branches erect; mature branches woody, young branches slender, pale golden-yellow or greyish-white pubescent. Leaves 6–10 cm long, alternate, 3-foliolate; Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 1- 3 racemes per axil, slender, filiform, golden-yellow pubescent and 6-8-flowered. Bracts ovate, bracteoles absent. Flowers solitary1 cm long, zygomorphic. Calyx pale green with pale rose tinge. Corolla standard yellow, rounded and emarginate at apex. Stamens 10, white, diadelphous, 9 + 1, unequal, yellow colour and dehiscent. Ovary sessile, with white hairs. stigma pale yellow. Pod compressed, longer than the calyx, septate between the seeds, incurved beak, tomentose; seeds 2, subreniform, strophiolate.

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Equisetopsida
  • : Malvales
  • : Dipterocarpaceae
  • : Shorea
  • : tumbuggaia Roxb.
Common/Vernacular name

Green dammar tree, karuppu dammar, Googilapu, Nallaguggilamu, Thamba

Habit

Tree

Habitat

Terrestrial, Deciduous trees

Distribution
  • 1. Talakona RF, Tirumala Hills (Chittoor district),
  • 2. Nellore district, Veligonda (Kadapa district),
  • 3. Sesachalam Hills (Kadapa and Chittoor districts)
Technical Description

Trees grow about 12-18 m tall, girth up to 2 m, crown of mature trees dome shaped. Bark thick, rough, dark brown,wood hard with white resin. Leaves simple, alternate, base truncate to shallow emarginate, margins entire, dark green, glabrous on both sides. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, panicles, up to 20 cm long, glabrous or hairy. Flowers bisexual, cream white, pedicel subsessile, calyx 5 lobed white. Anthers sub-globose, appendages hairy, Ovary enclosed inside calyx tube, narrow ovoid, pubescent, tri-locular. Fruit capsule or nutlike. Seed 1, cotyledons large, fleshy.

Flowering and Fruiting

March - August

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Kapilathertam GP, Tirupathi(M), Chittoor(D)
  • 2. Penchalakona GP, Rapur(M), Nellore(D)
  • 3. Gonupalli GP, Gonupalli(M), Nellore(D)
  • 4. Renigunta GP, Tirupathi(M), Chittoor(D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

1. Seed, best sown as soon as possible. It does not require pre-treatment, but it is recommended to soak the seed for hours prior to sowing. The seeds are sown in seed beds, where they are covered with a mixture of sand and soil (1:1) or with a thin layer of saw dust.

2. Invitro propagation is a best alternative method to conserve this plant. High rate of success of germination percentage was obtained by placing healthy seeds on MS medium

References
Whole plant
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Fabales
  • : Fabaceae
  • : Faboideae
  • : Tephrosia
  • : calophylla Bedd.
Common/Vernacular name

Adivivempalli, Dumpavempalli, Gadda Vempalli

Habit

Woody herb

Habitat

Tuberous woody herbs growing in shady areas

Distribution

Talakona hills of Chittoor district

Medical Importance

Shade dried whole plant is powdered and taken in with honey in empty stomach heals pectic ulcers, spleen, heart and blood disorders. Whole plant decoction

Flowering and Fruiting

March - August

Technical Description

Glabrescent, tuberous woody herbs growing in shady areas. Leaves simple, 7-10 cm X 2-3 cm. Petiole to 8 cm long; blade indurate along margin, oblanceolate, obtuse, coriaceous, to 12 X 4 cm. Flowers in 10-15 cm long terminal raceme. Calyx lobes as long as tube. Corolla brick red, 1.2 cm long. Pod to 6.5 X 0.5 cm, nearly straight, glabrous.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Kapilathertham (GP), Tirupathi (M), Chittoor (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Vulnerable (VU)

References
Whole plant
Twig
Flower
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Gentiales
  • : Rubiaceae
  • : Wendlandia
  • : gamblei Cowan
Habit

Tree

Distribution

Srikakulam district, Rampa hills of East Godaveri districts

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Rampachodavaram (GP), Rampachodavaram(M), East Godavari (D)
  • 2. Dhonubai (GP), Seethampeta (M), Srikakulam (D)
  • 3. Pubbada (GP), Pubbada (M), Srikakulam (D)
IUCN Conservation category

Vulnerable (VU)

References
Whole plant
Flower
Seeds
Bark
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Magnoliopsida
  • : Fabales
  • : Fabaceae
  • : Pterocarpus
  • : santalinus Linn.f.
Common/Vernacular name

Sanders, Agaru, Ruby wood, Yerra chandhanam

Habit

Tree

Habitat

Deciduous tree growing on rocky hills

Distribution

Sesachalam, Veligonda, Lankamala and Palakonda running through the five districts namely Chittor, Kadapa, Kurnool, Nellore and Prakasham.

Flowering and Fruiting

April- may

Medical Importance

It is a well-known traditional medicinal plant. It’s mentioned in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.

  • 1. It is used in treatment of ulcers, skin diseases, bone fracture, leprosy, high cough inducing vomiting and mental aberrations.
  • 2. It possesses properties like anti-hyperglycaemic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-helmintic. diaphoretic
  • 3. In combination with other drugs, the wood is used for treating snake bites and scorpion stings.
Technical Description

Small tree with round crown, compound leaves with3 broadly elliptic leaflets. Flowers are yellow shorter than calyx. Bark blackish brown cleft into rectangular plates and exuding a red gum wh en blazed. Pod 3.8 cm across, obliquely circular, gradually narrowed to a short stalk. Seeds one or two, 1-1.5 cm long, reddish-brown, smooth and leathery.

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Ahobilam GP, Allagadda(M), Kurnool(D)
  • 2. Gonupalle GP, Gonupalle(M), Nellore(D)
  • 3. Veligondla GP, Urvakonda(M), Anantapuram(D)
  • 4. Kapilatertham GP, Tirupathi(M), Chittoor(D)
IUCN Conservation category

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

Conventional vegetative propagation techniques such as grafting and air-layering have limited scope in large-scale multiplication of this species and rooting of cuttings was also poor. In-vitro propagation of the species was successful no significant growth differences were reported. Monoculture is possible.

References
Whole plant
Systematic position
  • : Plantae
  • : Tracheophytes
  • : Cycadopsida
  • : Cycadales
  • : Cycadaceae
  • : Cycadaceae
  • : sphaerica Roxb
Habit

Arborescent

Habitat

Tropical deciduous forests and woodlands on hills

Distribution

Occasionally in Northern most part of Srikakulam district in deciduous forests and woodlands of Palakonda, Donubayi, Seetampet areas, Jalanthrakota Reserve Forest of Srikakulam, Pinjarikonda Reserve Forest of East Godaveri

Technical Description

Stems arborescent: leaves bright green, semi-glossy. Petiole 45-60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. Median leaflets simple, weakly discolors. section flat; apex softly acuminate. Cataphylls narrowly triangular, soft, soft, persistent. Pollen cones narrowly ovoid, orange. Megasporophylls 15-25 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-5, glabrous; Seeds sub-globose, 25 mm long; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent.

Flowering and Fruiting

May - August

Available BMCs near by
  • 1. Dhonubai GP, Seethampeta(M), Srikakuloam(D)
  • 2. Sompeta GP, Sompeta(M), Srikakulam(D)
  • 3. Kanchili GP, Kanchili(M), Srikakulam(D)
IUCN Conservation Category

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

Seeds - best sown as soon as they are ripe, though the seeds of many species will take a few months to finish maturing the embryo before they are ready to germinate. Sow the seeds in a tray in a freely-draining medium and place in moderate shade. Bottom heat at about 27°c will hasten seed germination dramatically. Young roots are quite brittle and once germination takes place; the root grows rapidly. It is important to pot up the seedlings at this time in order to give them enough root-space. Grow on the plants in pots until large enough to plant out. Division of off-sets or suckers is best carried out just before the plant comes in to new growth at the start of the growing season.

References
List of Threatened Mammals of Andhra Pradesh
Cuonalpinusdukhunensis Pallas, 1811
Common/Vernacular name

Indian Wild Dog, Dhole, Asiatic Wild dog, Red dog

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Mammalia
  • : Carnivora
  • : Canidae
  • : Cuon
  • : alpines Pallas, 1811
IUCN Conservation Status

Endangered (EN)

Diagnostic Features:

Dholes are large canids (typically 12–20kg) usually having a reddish or brown coat and a darker, bushy tail (sometimes with a white tip). Sexual dimorphism is not very distinct. The ears are triangular with rounded tips. The pinnae are usually whitish-fawn on the inside and reddish-brown on the outside. The muzzle is brown, relatively short, and slightly convex in profile. The nose is black and the eyes slightly hooded with amber irises. The dorsal and lateral pelage is red to brown and the foreneck, chest and undersides are often whitish or light ginger coloured. In the south and south-west of the dhole’s, the fur is shorter and rusty-red colord. The legs are notably shorter and the coat is a yellowish-grey colour. The coat is more uniform brown and occasionally grizzled. The toes are red, brown and white.

Habitats

Tropical dry forest, semi-evergreen and alpine steppe forest.

Distribution
  • India: Western Ghats, Central Indian high lands, Eastern Ghats, Himalayan and Northern India
  • Andhra Pradesh: Eastern Ghats
Threats

Depletion of prey base, Habitat loss and fragmentation, Diseases and pathogens

Protect measures required
  • 1. Awareness of the habitat and role of the fauna species in ecosystem balance to be understand by BMCs/Students
  • 2. Protection of RET species to given priority by BMC members
References
Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758
Common/ Vernacular Name

Leopard, Chirutha Puli (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Mammalia
  • : Carnivora
  • : Felidae
  • : Panthera
  • : Pardus Linnaeus1758
IUCN Conservation Status:

Endangered (EN)

Diagnostic Features:

Size considerably less than that of the tiger or lion. Sexual dimorphism will be observed. The coat varies greatly in length, thickness, and texture, according to the season, in some races; the ground colour above is also exceedingly variable, from greyish or whitish-buff, with sometimes hardly a trace of buff, to olivaceous. Cheek and the lower side of the tail and the inner surfaces of the limbs, it is generally wholly white, and sharply contrasted with the tint of the upper side and outside of the limbs, though the paws may be paler than the rest of the limbs. The pattern is very different from that of the tiger, but not unlike the pattern of some lion-cubs. It consists of solid black spots on the head, sometimes for a short distance behind it, on the outer side of the limbs and on the belly, which is typically heavily spotted. The " black " variety is the commonest of them. In this type the blackness is due to the deposit of black or dark brown pigment in the hairs that are normally yellow or white.

Distribution
  • INDIA: Throughout India but best seen at Sanjay Gandhi NP, Borivili NP (Maharashtra) and Gir NP (Gujarat).
  • In A.P.: Eastern Ghats (PNP, SB, RWLS, Kamalakonda)
  • 3. Kanchili (GP), Kanchili (M), Srikakulam (D)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Propagation Methods

Seeds - best sown as soon as they are ripe, though the seeds of many species will take a few months to finish maturing the embryo before they are ready to germinate. Sow the seeds in a tray in a freely-draining medium and place in moderate shade. Bottom heat at about 27°c will hasten seed germination dramatically. Young roots are quite brittle and once germination takes place; the root grows rapidly. It is important to pot up the seedlings at this time in order to give them enough root-space. Grow on the plants in pots until large enough to plant out. Division of off-sets or suckers is best carried out just before the plant comes in to new growth at the start of the growing season.

References
Melursus ursins ursins (Shaw, 1971)
Common/Vernacular name

Sloth bear

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Mammalia
  • : Carnivora
  • : Ursidae
  • : Melursus
  • : melursus ursins (Sham1971)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Vulnerable (VU)

Diagnostic Features:

Length about 5 feet; height nearly 3 feet; tail about 7 or 8 inches. Fur long and coarse, longest between the shoulders. In the skull the palate is broad and concave, and extends back further than in other bears, covering about two thirds of the space between the posterior molars and the hinder terminations of the pterygoids. Colour black, end of muzzle dirty grey; a narrow white horse-shoe-shaped mark on the chest. Claws white.

Habitats

Terrestrial, Found all over in forests and grassland. It is the only species of bear found in tall elephant-grass or wet savannah in addition to forests in the plains and foothills

Distribution

India : Patna and Bihar

Threats

Habitat loss and poaching

Protect measures required

1. BMC member/students have to visit nearby forests, waste lands and wet lands to understand the function of Nature etc.,

2. Involvement of schools/college science teachers/lecturers & Scientists to be there for proper summary, departmental studies and specific conversation measures required for RET species conservation.

References
List of Threatened Birds of Andhra Pradesh
Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors, 1831)
Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Otidiformes
  • : Otididae
  • : Ardeotis
  • : nigriceps (Vigors, 1831)
Common/Vernacular name

Great Indian Bustard, InIUCN Conservation Statusdian Bustard, Batta meka/Batta Myaka (Telugu), Godawan (Rajastan)

IUCN Conservation Status:

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria A2a+4acd; C1, Geoprivacy, IWPA (1972), Schedule I, CITES Appendix I

Diagnostic Features:

A heavy ground bird reminiscent of a young ostrich. Unmistakable, large, brown-and-white bustard with black crown and wing markings. Males have whitish neck and underparts with narrow black breast-band. In flight, the white outstretched neck and underparts, black crown and gorget, and a large whitish patch near tip of wings prominent. Females are smaller, with greyer neck and typically no or incomplete breast-band.

Habits:

Affects open sparse grass and scrub plains country interspersed with cultivation. Good runners and heavy in take-off, but once launched flies strongly with steady rhythmical flapping of broad wings.

Nesting Season:

March - September

Habitat and Ecology

Inhabits arid and semi-arid grasslands with scattered short scrub, bushes and low intensity cultivation in flat or gently undulating terrain.

Distribution

India: Western Rajasthan, Kachchh, Andhra Pradesh (Rollapadu)

Others: Pakistan

Threats

Habitat loss and fragmentation, Agriculture land expansion, Hunting, Mining, Stone quarrying, Pollution, Urbanization and Industrialization, Energy Production, Deforestation, Over grazing, Antagonism

Protect measures required
  • 1. Protection of RET species to given priority by BMC members
  • 2. Waterholes, small ponds and artificial supply of water can be done in summer.
References
Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811)
Common/ Vernacular Name:

Greater Spotted Eagle, Spotted Eagle, Kaljanga (Hindi), Nalla gadda (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Accipitriformes
  • : Accipitridae
  • : Clanga
  • : clanga (Pallas, 1811)
IUCN Conservation category and distribution

Endangered (EN)

Diagnostic Features

Dark blackish brown with minute white specks on wings and body. Paler below. Sexes alike. Female larger. Any dark eagle without a whitish head seen near water is likely to be of this species. Distinguished from the very similar Lesser Spotted Eagle by the pure white under tail-coverts. Immature birds with paler crown and nape and whitish upper tail-coverts, seen as a broad crescentic patch above tail in flight.

Habits, Habitats and Ecology:

An habitue of well-watered areas frequenting jheels and other water bodies. Less sluggish in fight than the Tawny Eagle. Forest, Shrubland, Grassland, Wetlands (Inland), Marine Intertidal, Marine Coastal/Supratidal, Artificial/ Terrestrial, Artificial/ Aquatic & Marine

Nesting:

Season – April - June

Distribution:

India: Resident in North India. It moves to South in winter

Others: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Mongolia, Estonia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Russia, Ukraine

Threats

Habitat fragmentation and destruction, Natural system modifications, Human intrusions & disturbance, Residential & Commercial Development, Agricultural & Aquaculture, Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases, Energy Production & Mining, Transportation & service corridors, Hunting, Trapping

Protect measures required
  • 1. BMC member/students have to visit nearby forests, waste lands and wet lands to understand the function of Nature etc.,
  • 2. Involvement of schools/college science teachers/lecturers & Scientists to be there for proper summary, departmental studies and specific conversation measures required for RET species conservation.
References
Gyps indicus (Scopoli, 1786)
Common/Vernacular name

Indian Vulture, Long-billed Vulture, Podugumukku boruva (Telugu), Gidh (Hindi)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Accipitriformes
  • : Accipitridae
  • : Gyps
  • : indicus (Scopuli, 1786)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria A2abce+4abce, Geoprivacy, IWPA, (1972), Schedule I, CITES Appendix II

Diagnostic Features:

Robust, strong features giving eagle-like bearing. Perched adults have pale-yellowish bill and cere; pale eye rings; large white neck-ruff; and buff back and upper wing coverts. The stout blackish neck has pale down. Juveniles have dark bill with pale culmen; pinkish head and neck covered in pale down and dingy heavily streaked underparts. In flight thighs are heavily feathered and concolorous with the rest of the underparts.

Brown above with features, pale edged (scalloped). Head, Neck and nape naked (Himalayan race) or patchily covered with hair-like features or down (Peninsular race).

Nesting

Season- November – March

Habits, Habitat and Ecology:

Takes shelter on trees. It also lives as colony in the rock cliffs and ruins in the absence of trees. Forest, Savanna, Shrubland, Grassland, Rocky areas (eg. Inland cliffs, mountain peaks).

Distribution
  • India : Rajasthan, Gujarat and the peninsula south of the Gangetic plains, north to Delhi, east through Madhya Pradesh, south to the Nilgiris.
  • Others : South -East Pakistan
Threats

Hunting and trapping, human intrusions and disturbance, natural system modifications, climate change.

Remarks

The most serious threat to this species is by kidney failure through consumption of cattle treated with the anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac. ketoprofen, another veterinary drug in use in India, has also been recently identified as being lethal to this bird species.

Protect measures required

1. Should protect the small natural water bodies like ponds etc., for sheltering migrated birds locally

2. keep necessary food & feed for RET species

3. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police

References
Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788)
Common/Vernacular name

Oriental White-backed Vulture, Asian White-backed Vulture, Matti pudum-gadu, Tellaveepu boruva (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Accipitriformes
  • : Accipitridae
  • : Gyps
  • : bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria A2abce+4abce, Geoprivacy, IWPA Schedule I, CITES Appendix II

Diagnostic Features:

75-85 cm. Medium-sized, dark vulture. Adult has blackish plumage, white neck-ruff, rump and underwing-coverts, silvery panel on upper surface of secondaries, dark head and neck, and rather short, heavy, mostly silver bill. Juvenile dark brown with prominent white shaft-streaks, especially below. White down on head and neck and usually a brownish nape- patch. Subadult drabber brown. The white back is an important diagnostic character during flight.

Breeding Season

October - March

Habits

It feeds on carrion, both putrid and fresh. While feeding considerable aggregations can form, and regular communal roost sites are used. It is social and usually found in conspecific flocks.

Habitat and Ecology:

Mostly in plains and less frequently in hilly regions where it utilizes light woodland, villages, cities, and open areas.

Subtropical/Tropical dry Forests, Dry savannas, Sub-tropical/Tropical moist Shrublands, Sub tropical/Tropical dry/ seasonally flooded Grasslands, Artificial/Terrestrial structures.

Distribution
  • India : Throughout the Union.
  • Others :Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan.
Threats

Habitat fragmentation and destruction, Deforestation, Electrocution, Collision with energy infrastructure, Hunting, Poisoning, Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases, Pollution.

Protect measures required

1. BMC member/students have to visit nearby forests, waste lands and wet lands to understand the function of Nature etc.,

2. Involvement of schools/college science teachers/lecturers & Scientists to be there for proper summary, departmental studies and specific conversation measures required for RET species conservation.

References
Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821)
Common/Vernacular name

Indian Vulture, Long-billed Vulture, Podugumukku boruva (Telugu), Gidh (Hindi)Lesser Adjutant, Lesser Adjutant-Stork, Dodalkonga, Doidal gatti gadu (Telugu), Chhota garur (Hindi), Mevakokku (Tamil)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Ciconiiformes
  • : Ciconiidae
  • : Leptoptilos
  • : javanicus (Horsfield,1821)
Diagnostic Features:

Similar to, but smaller in size than the Adjutant with less erect carriage and glossy metallic black instead of slaty upperparts; white below. It has a bare head. Lacks neck pouch. It has a straight upper bill edge with a paler base and appears slightly trimmer and less hunch-backed. It has long legs. It is dark grey to black on the wings and black and white on the underside. Sexes alike. Breeding males show coppery spots on median coverts, narrow whitish edges to lower scapulars, tertials and inner greater coverts and redder head sides. Juvenile is duller and less glossy above, with more down on head and neck

Habitats and Ecology:

Forest, Savanna, Wetlands (inland), Marine Intertidal, Marine Coastal/Supratidal, Artificial/ Terrestrial. Inland birds inhabit natural and human-modified wetlands, both open and forested and Coastal populations move to the mangroves and intertidal flats. It nests colonially in large trees and historically on cliffs,

often at traditional sites in or adjacent to wetlands. It utilises small wetlands within Asian dry forest, and can breed some distance from these; shrinking of pools during the dry season and limited availability can lead to overlap with human uses and resulting disturbance.

IUCN & Other Conservation Status:

Vulnerable (VU), Criteria A2cd+3cd+4cd, IWPA, (1972) Schedule IV, Not included in CITES

Nesting

Season- November to January

Habits, Habitat and Ecology:

Takes shelter on trees. It also lives as colony in the rock cliffs and ruins in the absence of trees. Forest, Savanna, Shrubland, Grassland, Rocky areas (eg. Inland cliffs, mountain peaks).

Distribution
  • India : North East region, Assam, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal
  • Others : Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Bhutan
Threats

Habitat fragmentation and destruction, Agriculture & Aquaculture, Energy Production & Mining, Hunting, Trapping, Introduction of invasive species, Over exploitation of aquatic resources, Human intrusions and disturbances, Pollution

Remarks

Resident and locally migratory bird.

Protect measures required

1. Should protect the small natural water bodies like ponds etc., for sheltering migrated birds locally

2. keep necessary food & feed for RET species

3. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police

References
Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845)
Common/Vernacular name

Yellow-throated Bulbul, Kondapoda pigli (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Passeriformes
  • : Pycnonotidae
  • : Pycnonotus
  • : xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845)
IUCN & other Conservation Status:

Vulnerable (VU), Criteria A2ac+3c+4c; C2a(i), IWPA, (1972) Schedule IV

Diagnostic Features:

A plain uncrested grey and yellow bulbul with bright yellow crown, chin, throat, thighs and under tail-coverts. Wings and yellow tipped tail brown. Sexes alike. Its call resembles that of the Red-vented Bulbul with which it is sometimes found.

Habits, Habitat and Ecology:

Seen in sparse scrub jungle with trees among stony hillocks. A confirmed skulker shy and restless.

Forest, Shrubland, Rocky areas (Inland Cliffs, Mountain Peaks)

Nesting:

Season- May to July, Breeding- between June- August

Distribution

Endemic to Peninsular India

  • India : Patchily in the Deccan between the Krishna and Cauvery rivers – Southern Andhra, Eastern Karnataka (Bellary, Chitaldurg, Biligirirangans), Tamil Nadu (Chitteri Range, Sankaidurg, Shevaroy hills) and Kerala (An old record from Anamalai). Eastern Ghats, West of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
Threats

Natural system modifications like fires, Habitat fragmentation and destruction owing to residential purposes, commercial quarrying for granite, cutting and lopping of trees for fuelwood, clearance for cultivation and intensive browsing of berry-bearing shrubs by domestic live-stock, facilities for transportation and service corridors.

Protect measures required

1. Should protect the small natural water bodies like ponds etc., for sheltering migrated birds locally

2. keep necessary food & feed for RET species

3. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police

References
Rynchops albicollis (Swainson, 1838)
Common/Vernacular name

Indian Skimmer, Scissor bill, Pachira (Hindi)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Charadriiformes
  • : Laridae
  • : Rynchops
  • : albicollis (Swainson,1838)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Vulnerable (VU), Criteria C1+2a(ii), IWPA, (1972), Schedule IV

Diagnostic Features:

Relative Size to Crow ±,measures 40 to 43 cms and has a wingspan of 110 cm. It is a unique bill which has a much longer lower mandible and is perfectly adapted to their specialised feeding technique of skimming the water’s surface for prey. A very long and pointed-winged tern-like bird of pied plumage, chiefly blackish brown above, glistening white below, with a peculiar laterally flattened knife-blade lie orange-yellow bill and bright red legs. Sexes alike: female smaller. Seen singly or in small parties flying low over the water surface in rivers.

Habits, Habitat and Ecology:

Rather tern-like. Hunts actively up and down the river in daytime as well as during moonlit nights. Skims with quivering wing-tips over placid water with tip of lower mandible immersed at an angle lightly ploughing the surface, the short upper mandible raised open in readiness to snap on any fish touching the edge and hold it in a vice-like grip. Wetlands (inlands), Marine Intertidal. Primarily they occur on larger, sandy, lowland rivers, around lakes and adjacent marshes and in the non-breeding season, estuaries and coasts.

Nesting

Season- February – May

Distribution
  • India : Northern India- Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra etc. South to about the Krishna; Vagrant to Kutch, Jodhpur, Mt. Abu, Bombay. Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu.
  • Others : Nepal terai, Bangladesh, Pakistan (old records)
Threats

Habitat fragmentation and destruction, Natural system modifications, Anthropogenic intrusions & disturbance, Hunting, Pollution by industrial and military effluents, agricultural and forestry effluents, Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases, Energy production & mining.

Protect measures required

1. Should protect the small natural water bodies like ponds etc., for sheltering migrated birds locally

2. keep necessary food & feed for RET species

3. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police

References
Rhinoptilus bitorquatus (Blyth, 1848)
Common/Vernacular name

Jerdon’s Courser, Double-banded courser, Adavi-wuta-titti (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Charadriiformes
  • : Glareolidae
  • : Rhinoptilus
  • : bitorquatus (Blyth, 1848)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria C2a (ii), Geoprivacy, IWPA, (1972) Schedule I

Diagnostic Features:

An unmistakable first cousin of the Indian Courser. Upper Parts pinkish sandy brown. Crown and hindneck dark brown with broad whitish supercilium from lores to nape. Chin and throat whitish. Fore neck rufous, separated from brown breast by a white band. A second white band across lower breast. Rest of the underparts whitish. Tail white and black. A white wing-bar prominent in flight. Sexes alike.

Habitat and Ecology:

Shrubland, Scrub-forest and bushes, interspersed with patches of bare ground, in gently undulating, rocky foothills.

Threats

Habitat fragmentation and destruction, Agriculture & Aquaculture, Energy Production & Mining, Hunting and Trapping.

Remarks

Endemic Peninsular India

Distribution
  • India : Peninsular India- Eastern Ghats. Pennar and Godavari Valley of Andhra Pradesh.
  • Others : Nellore, Kadapa, Sironcha, Bhadrachalam and Anantapur neighbourhoods. Gunakala Kodi (P), Turayi Kodi (P), Killada (P), Donubhai (P), Darapadu (P), Pagulu chennuru (P)
Protect measures required

1. BMC member/students have to visit nearby forests, waste lands and wet lands to understand the function of Nature etc.,

2. Involvement of schools/college science teachers/lecturers & Scientists to be there for proper summary, departmental studies and specific conversation measures required for RET species conservation.

References
Sypheotides indicus (J.F Miller, 1782)
Common/Vernacular name

Lesser Florican, Nela Nemali (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Otidiformes
  • : Otididae
  • : Sypheotides
  • : indicus (J.F Miller, 1782)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd, Geoprivacy, IWPA, (1972) Schedule I, CITES Appendix II

Diagnostic Features:

Size of like of a village hen and have longer neck and legs. Hen sandy buff, mottled and streaked with blackish. Cock in non-breeding plumage like hen and minus the upwardly curled head plumes. Retains a good deal of the white in the wings. Singly, or widely separated pairs in tall grassland.

Habits

Affects all grass country and standing fields of cotton, millets etc. not gregarious. Flight like bustard’s but the more rapid wing strokes produce resemblance to a lapwing in silhouette.

Habitat and Ecology:

Dry grassland with scattered bushes.

Distribution
  • India : The greater part of Indian plains except the NE hill states
  • Others : Pakistan
Threats

Hunting, Residential & commercial development, Agriculture & Aquaculture, Energy production & mining, Transportation & service corridors, Biological resource use, Human intrusions & disturbance, Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases, Climate change.

Remarks

The most serious threat to this species is by kidney failure through consumption of cattle treated with the anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac. ketoprofen, another veterinary drug in use in India, has also been recently identified as being lethal to this bird species.

Protect measures required

1. BMC member/students have to visit nearby forests, waste lands and wet lands to understand the function of Nature etc.,

2. Involvement of schools/college science teachers/lecturers & Scientists to be there for proper summary, departmental studies and specific conversation measures required for RET species conservation.

References
Sterna acuticauda (J.E Gray, 1831)
Common/Vernacular name

Black- bellied Tern, Kali Taheri (Punjabi)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Aves
  • : Charadriiformes
  • : Laridae
  • : Sterna
  • : acuticauda (J.E Gray, 1831)
IUCN Conservation Status:

Endangered (EN), A2cde+3cde+4cde, Geoprivacy, IWPA, (1972) Schedule IV, Not listed in CITES

Diagnostic Features:

A river tern with a deeply forked tail. Ash grey above black below in summer. Forehead, crown and crest glossy black. Cheeks, chin, throat white. In winter, head streaked with black and black patch behind eye. Greyish white below

Habits

Seen on large rivers and jheels in large or small flocks quartering the river a few metres above the surface. Rest in packed flocks on sandbanks all facing into the wind.

Habitats

Terrestrial, Freshwater- wetland (Inland waters)

Threats

Destruction of breeding habitat, increased level of pollution, Increased predator rate, natural disasters.

Distribution
  • India : Wide spread in India
  • In A.P : Nizampatnam (P), Vodaveru (P)
  • Others : Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These tern species are now possibly extinct in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
Protect measures required

1. Should protect the small natural water bodies like ponds etc., for sheltering migrated birds locally

2. keep necessary food & feed for RET species

3. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police

References
List of Threatened Species of Andhra Pradesh
Neolissochilus bovanicus (Day, 1877)
Synonym

Barbodes bovanicus (Day, 1877)

Common/Vernacular name

Bovany Barb, Bhavani kendai (Telugu) Tain

Systematic Position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Actinopterygii
  • : Cypriniformes
  • : Cyprinidae
  • : Neolissochilus
  • : bovanicus (Day, 1877)
Diagnostic Features:

A moderately deep bodied fish, without any bands or spots, four barbels, dorsal ray osseous, strong; smooth, as long as body depth or slightly shorter. Lateral line complete with 24 to 26 scales. Its colour is greenish with a golden tinge, darkest along back. Dorsal profile somewhat more convex than ventral. Head moderate. Mouth subterminal its width equal to or greater than inter nostril distance. Lips thin, plain, lower labial fold complete in the adult, with a moderately developed median lobe which is not apparent in juveniles. Two pairs of barbels. Dorsal fin inserted nearer tip of snout

than caudal base. Last unbranched ray osseous, strong, smooth as long as body depth below it or slightly shorter than it. Dorsal fin base greater than least depth of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fins extend to pelvic fins; latter not reaching anal opening. Anal fin when laid flat reaching root of caudal fin.

IUCN Conservation Status

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria D (Possibly Extinct), Geoprivacy, IWPA (1972) Not included, CITES- Not evaluated

Habitats

Wetlands (Inland) - Freshwater Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks

Artificial/Aquatic & Marine – Water Storage areas

Distribution
  • Endemic
  • India: Restricted to Cauvery River and it recorded from Bhavani River system at the base of Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu. (Mettur & Mudumalai – got specimens before but not so sure now
Threats

Fishing, Pollution

Protect measures required
  • 1. keep necessary food & feed for RET species
  • 2. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police Authorities.
References
Labeo potail (Sykes, 1839)
Common/ Vernacular Name

Deccan Labeo, Hoobali (Kannada)

Systematic Position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Actinopterygii
  • : Cypriniformes
  • : Cyprinidae
  • : Labeo
  • : potail (Sykes, 1839)
IUCN & Other Conservation Status:

Endangered (EN), Criteria A2acde+3cde+4acde, Geoprivacy, CITES – Not evaluated

Diagnostic Features:

A species of Labeo with elongate body, its dorsal profile slightly more convex than ventral; head length 5 times in SL; snout overhanging mouth, often with fine pores; eyes not visible from underside of head, its diameter 4–6 in head length; mouth small and inferior; one pair of maxillary barbels; dorsal fin inserted slightly nearer to tip of snout than caudal fin base; 39–40 lateral line scales.

Habitat and Ecology

Inland Wetlands – Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks

It is a benthopelagic species which inhabits rivers and streams in the upper reaches.

Distribution
  • Endemic to Western Ghats
  • India: Tributaries of Krishna River system – Bhima River & tributaries, Tungabhadra River, Cauvery River system Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Presence in Andhra Pradesh is uncertain.
Threats

Habitat alterations, Fishing, Anthropogenic activities, Pollution, Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases.

Protect measures required

1. Awareness of the habitat and role of the fauna species in ecosystem balance to be understand by BMCs/Students

2. Protection of RET species to given priority by BMC members

References
Lepidopygopsis typus (Raj, 1941)
Common/Vernacular name

Periyar trout, Peninsular Hill Trout, Brahmanakendai (Malayalam)

Systematic Position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Actinopterygii
  • : Cypriniformes
  • : Cyprinidae
  • : Lepidopygopsis
  • : typus (Raj, 1941)
IUCN & Other Conservation Status:

Endangered (EN), Criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), Geoprivacy, IWPA, (1972) – Not included, CITES – Not evaluated

Diagnostic Features:

A species of Lepidopygopsis having elongate and compressed body; no scales on head, only a few on interior part of body consisting of a patch at scapular region, a few scattered scales on base of dorsal spine and a continuous row of enlarged scales along lateral line, elongated tile like scales forming a sheath to vent and base of anal; lateral line complete and decurved with 54 to 60 scales.

Distribution

Endemic to South India

Habitat and Ecology

Inland Wetlands – Fresh water - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks Found in fast flowing torrential streams with boulders, cobbles and bed rock as substrates. Known to be a habitat specialist with affinity towards cascades and riffles. Also occurs in confluence zone of lakes and feeder streams.

Threats

Natural system modifications – Dams & water management/use, Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases

Protect measures required

1. Awareness of the habitat and role of the fauna species in ecosystem balance to be understand by BMCs/Students,

2. Protection of RET species to given priority by BMC members

References
Thynnichthys sandhkol (Sykes, 1839)
Common/Vernacular name

Sandkhol Carp, Banga (Kannada), Sandkhol (Marathi)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Actinopterygii
  • : Cypriniformes
  • : Cyprinidae
  • : Thynnichthys
  • : sandhkol (Sykes, 1839)
IUCN & Other Conservation Status:

Endangered(EN),Criteria A2acde+3cde+4acde, Geoprivacy, IWPA (1972) – Not included, CITES – Not evaluated

Diagnostic Features:

A Cyprinid species with small scales, lateral line with about 120 scales; no barbels; no gillrakers; dorsal fin inserted slightly anterior to pelvic fins; head broad, half of its length; mouth terminal; silvery white with a purplish head and hyaline fins.

Distribution

Endemic, Deccan Rivers

India : Maharashtra (Pravara River and Godavari), Andhra Pradesh (Godavari and Mahanadi, Karnataka (Krishna River and Tungabhadra River)

Habitats

Wetlands (inland), Artificial/Aquatic & Marine

Threats

The species is threatened by the construction of numerous dams, anicuts and barrages, pollution and indiscriminate exploitation of rivers and lack of conservation and stocking introduced species such as carps from other rivers systems in India and China. Mining and quarrying for energy production is also worsens.

Protect measures required

1. Awareness of the habitat and role of the fauna species in ecosystem balance to be understand by BMCs/Students

2. Protection of RET species to given priority by BMC members

References
List of Threatened Reptiles of Andhra Pradesh
Crocodylus palustris (Lesson, 1831)
Common/Vernacular name

Crocodile, Marsh Crocodile, Moseli (Telugu), Mugger (Hindi), Muthalai (Tamil)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Reptilia
  • : Crocodylia
  • : Crocodylidae
  • : Crocodylus
  • : palustris (Lesson, 1831)
IUCN & Other Conservation Status

Vulnerable (VU), Criteria A2cd, Geoprivacy, IWPA, (1972) Schedule I, CITES Appendix I

Diagnostic Features:

In the field, the mugger and the estuarine crocodile are difficult to distinguish from each other, but normally they do not occur together. Snout broad and without distinct ridges in front of the eyes. A row of 4, distinct, sharply raised scales just behind the head called post occipitals, back armored with 16 or 17 transverse and 6 (rarely 4) longitudinal series of bony plates (scouts) embedded in the skin. Ventrally the skin lacks armor. Tail with two series of flattened, vertical scales merging and continued as a single row to the tip. Toes webbed. Coloration is Olive above the speckles of black which are more evident in young. White or yellowish white below.

Reproductive period

Mid-January- March

Habits

All Indian River systems and their connected streams, lakes, sizeable ponds and jheels. The crocodiles those who are living in the transitory waters moves to more permanent sources during night time in the summer season. The open mouth of basking crocodiles is a method of heat control. They also make burrows

Habitat and Ecology:

Inland wetlands- permanent rivers/streams/creeks/permanent freshwater lakes/permanent freshwater marshes/permanent inland deltas

Marine Neritic – Coral lagoon reefs

Artificial/Aquatic – Water storage areas, ponds Inhabits rivers, lakes, hill streams, village ponds and other large water bodies in the plains and up to 600 m in the hills.

Distribution
  • India: Throughout the sub-continent, from Baluchistan in the west to Assam in the east, and from Nepal in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, East and west sides of peninsula in Karnataka, Goa, Orissa, Middle Ganges areas, Chambal River
  • Others: Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Iran, Myanmar (possibly extinct)
  • In AP: Godavari River. Coastal areas
Threats

Habitat destruction due to agricultural and industrial expansion, Entangled and Drowning of fishing equipment, Egg predation by humans, Hunting- illegal poaching for skin and meat.

Protect measures required
  • 1. Awareness of the habitat and role of the fauna species in ecosystem balance to be understand by BMCs/Students
  • 2. Protection of RET species to given priority by BMC members
References
Nilssonia leithii (Gray, 1872)
Synonym

Aspideretes leithii

Common/ Vernacular Name

Leith Softshell Turtle, Deccan Softshell, Nadi Tabelu (Telugu)

Systematic position
  • : Animalia
  • : Chordata
  • : Reptilia
  • : Testudines
  • : Trionychidae
  • : Nilssonia
  • : leithii (Gray, 1872)
IUCN & Other Conservation Status:

Critically Endangered (CR), Criteria A2cd+4cd, Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Schedule IV, CITES Appendix II

Diagnostic Features:

It is a large freshwater turtle which can grow upto 1 m with average adult size varying from 700 mm to 1 m. The carapace or disc coloured olive-green with lighter vermiculations. The edge of the carapace near its neck has a few raised tubercles in most individuals which is absent in Gangetic softshells which can be used to differentiate between the species.Head greenish. Black longitudinal streaks from between eyes to nape with side streaks. The young individuals have orange coloured spot near the end of the lip and the ocelii often have an orange rim on the iris.

Reproduction

The females are known to lay eggs in two seasons, one in June and one in December.

The nest is often built along the soft soil along the riverbank. The eggs are round like all the other softshell turtles and are 28.8-31.1. mm in diameter.

Habitat and Ecology:

Large freshwater systems like Reservoirs, Rivers/Lakes/Streams.

Distribution
  • Peninsular India – Large rivers and reservoirs
  • INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Telengana (Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, Siwaram Wildlife Sanctuary), Tamil Nadu, Karnataka (Kali River), Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.
Threats

Poaching, Habitat fragmentation and Mining & Quarrying, Fishing, Human intrusions &, Pollution, Climate change.

Remarks

Endemic to peninsular India. Rare, encountered occasionally from the protected areas.

Protect measures required:

1. keep necessary food & feed for RET species

2. Should observe the movement of any hunters and report the matter to Forest /Police

References
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